a

CATALOGUE

BIRDS

BEITISH MUSEUM.

VOLUME XI.

L 0 N D 0 ]S' :

PRINTED BY OEDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1886.

CATALOGUE

PASSERIFORMES,

PEEOHING BIRDS,

COLLECTION

BRITISH MUSEUM.

FRINGILLIFORMES: Part II.

CONTAINING THE FAMILIES

CCEKEBID.E, TANAGEID^, AND ICTEKID^.

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1886.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
EED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

Ornithologists will perceive with pleasure that full justice has
been done to the unrivalled series of South-American Passerine
Birds which the British Museum now possesses by securing the
aid of Mr. Selater, who for many years has been the principal
authority on the subject, and who has also undertaken to prepare
one of the succeeding volumes.

The New-World Passerine Birds were but poorly represented in
the British Museum before the acquisition of the Salvin-Godman
and Selater Collections ; and only a few of the specimens of the
old collection, viz. those of which the precise origin is known, or to
which some special interest is attached, have been retained and
are recorded in the present volume.

ALBERT GUNTKEE,

Keeper of tlie Department of Zoology.
British Museum, N. H.,
May 7, 1886.

INTRODUCTION.

The Tanagers were the subject of some of my earliest studies in the
class of Birds. After -writing many preparatory papers and notes on
this group, I communicated, in 1856, to the Zoological Society of
London a Synopsis of the whole family, which appeared in their
' Proceedings ' for that year ; and in the following year I published
an Illustrated Monogi'aph of one of the most extensive and brilliant
genera. I may add that I have never lost sight of the si;bject
since that period, but have always taken special interest in the
group. It was therefore with great pleasure that I acceded to
Dr. Giinther's request that I should prepare the Catalogue of the
specimens of Tanar/ridce in the British Museum, to which my own
series, the result of some thirty-five years' assiduous coUectiug,
has been receiitly added. The two families Coerehidce and Icteridoi,
with which I had also a considerable previous acquaintance, were
likewise assigned to me to make up the volume.

The species of Coerebidse recognized in the present Catalogue are
70. Of these 63 are represented in the Collection by 672 specimens,
15 of which are types. Thus only 7 species of CcBrebidse have no
representatives in the National Collection.

The Tanagridte are a much more extensive family, no less than
377 species being acknowledged as valid in the present volume.
Only 20 of this number have no representatives in the Collection.
The remaining 357 are very fully represented by 3413 specimens,
of which 7-4 are actual types or typical specimens.

Of the remaining family, Icteridie. the number of valid species

Vlll INTRODUCTION.

accepted in the present work is 128. Of these 3 only are unrepre-
sented in the National series, while the remaining 125 species are
weU represented by a fine series of 1409 specimens, amongst which
are 12 typos of species.

Putting the three families together, it will be found that the
total number of species treated of in the present volume is 575,
represented in the British-Museum Collection by 5494 specimens,
referable to 545 species, leaving only 30 species deficient to the
Collection, whilst the series of specimens in most cases are very
extended, and serve admirably to show the geographical distribu-
tion of the species.

The CoerebidK, Tanagridte, and Icteridfe are three families of
nine-primaried Oscines, restricted to the New World, and especially
characteristic of the Neotropical Eegion. The CoerebidiB I consider
to be nearly allied to the Tanagrida3 ; and it is indeed somewhat
difficult to separate them by external characters. They appear to
perform the same functions in Nature in the Neotropical Region
as the Nectariniida3 and Dicseidse in the tropics of the Old World.
The Tanagridse are also very closely allied to the Fringillidse, and
are in fact fruit- and insect-eating Finches. They come in very
naturally between tho Mniotiltida3 and Ca3rcbida3 on the one side,
and the Fringillidaj on the other. But whether the Icteridse
should immediately follow the Tanagridoe in a natural series is, I
think, a little open to question. To my mind, the Icteridse,
although their outer primary is entirely aborted, present many
points of alliance with the Sturnidce ; and it would therefore be
better, I think, to place them after tho Fringillidae, and in the
immediate neighbourhood of the former family. But, under Mr.
Wallace's system of arrangement of the Oscines according to the
number of their primaries, which has been adopted in this part of
the Catalogue of Birds *, the Icteridae do very well in their present
situation.

Many valued friends and correspondents have rendered me mate-
rial assistance in the compilation of this volume by the loan of
* See Mr. Sharpe's remarks on this subject. Cat. Birds, vol. x. p. 1.

INTRODUCTION. IX

specimens. Amongst these I particularly wish to record mj- thanks
to : — Herr August von Pelzeln, of Vienna ; Prof. Baird and Mr. Ridg-
way, of the U.S. National Museum, Washington ; M. L. Taczanowski,
of Warsaw ; Hans, Graf von Berlepsch, of Mucnden ; and Mr. G. N.
Lawrence, of New York.

Finally, I must ask to be allowed to express my admiration of
the noble gift made to the Nation by Messrs. Osbert Salvin and
F. DuCane Godman of their unrivalled series of New- World Birds,
the accession of which has enormously increased the wealth of
the National Collection as regards the families treated of in the
present volume.

I must also ask these gentlemen to accept my grateful acknow-
ledgments of the liberal manner in which they have given me
unrestricted access to their specimens, so that I was enabled to
catalogue them before their transfer to the British Museum. The
facilities thus generously afforded have greatly lessened my labours
on the present Volume.

PHILIP LUTLEY SCLATER.

3 Hanover Square, W.,
19th April, 1886.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Order PASSERIFORMES.

Suborder PASSERES.

Section FRINGILLIFORMES.

Fam. CcEREBiD^.

Subfam. I. Diglossix^^.

Page

1. Diglossa, Waffle?- 2

1. baritula, JVaffl 3

2. sittoides, crOrb. et Lafr. . 4

3. gloriosa, 8cl. et Salr. .... 6

4. brimneiventris, Lafr. ... 5

5. pectoralis, Cab 6

6. mystacalis, Lafr 6

7. carbonaria, d'Orb. et Lafr. 6

8. major, Cab 7

9. lafresnayi, Boiss 7

10. hiirueralis, Fraser 8

11. aterrima, Lafr 8

12. albilateralis, Lafr 9

13. pktmbea, Cab 9

14. personata, Fraser 10

15. indigotica, Scl 10

16. glauea, ScL et Salv 11

2. Diglossopis, Scl 11

1. caerulescens, <S'e/ 11

Subfam. II. Dacnidin^.

3. Oreomanes, Scl 12

1. fraseri, Scl 12

4. Conirostrum, rrO;-J. rfZo/"/-. 13

1. sitticolor, Lafr 13

2. cj'aneum, Tacz 14

3. rufum, Lafr 14

4. ferrugiueiventre, Scl 15

5. fraseri, iSW 15

6. einereum, d'Orb. et Lafr. 15

7. albifrous, Lafr 16

8. atrocyaneum, Lafr 16

5. Xenodaciiis, Cab 17

1. parina, Cab 17

Fage

6. Hemidacni.s, Scl 17

1. albiventris, Scl 17

7. Dacnis, C/iv 18

1. cayana, Linn 19

2. ccErebicolor, Scl 21

3. nigripes. Pelzeln 21

4. angelica, TJe Filippi .... 22

5. egregia, Scl 22

6. yiguieri, Salv. et Godm. . 23

7. flaviventris,rf'0r6. efJifl/V-. 23

8. yenusta, Lawr 24

9. pulcherrima, Scl 24

10. leucogenys, Lafr 25

11. analis, dOrb. et Lafr. . . 25

12. speciosa, Max 26

13. plumbea, Lath 26

14. salmoni, Scl 27

8. Certbidea, Gould 27

1. oliyacea, Goidd 28

2. fusca, Scl. et Scdv 28

Subfam. III. Ccerebin^.

9. Cblorophanes, Reichenh. . . 29

1. spiza, Linn 29

2. purpura.scens, Scl. et Salv. 31

10. Crereba, Vieill. 31

1. cj'anea, Linn 32

2. cserulea, Linn 33

3. lucida, Scl. et Salv 35

4. nitida, Hart.l. 35

11. Certhiola, Su7ul 36

1. babamensis, Heichenb. . . 37

2. caboti, Laird 38

3. tricolor, Ridgiu 38

4. mexicaua, Scl 38

5. luteola. Cab 40

6. bananivora, Gm 40

7. portoricensis. Sand 41

8. saucti-tlioma;, Fidyw. . . 42

9. bartbolemica, Spar)-m. . . 42

10. saccbarina, Laivr 42

11. flayeola, Linn 43

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

12. newtoni, Baird 43

13. dominicana, Taylor. ... 44

14. suudevalli, Ridgio 44

15. chloropyg-a, Cab 44

in. barbadensis, Baird 46

17. martinicana, Reiehenb. . 46

18. finschi, i2/f7^!r 47

19. atrata, Laivr 47

Subfam. IV. Glossiptilinje.

12. Glossiptila, Scl 47

] . ruficollis, Gm 48

Fam. Tanagrid^.
Subfam. T. PEOCNiAXiNiE.

1. Procnias, 11.1 50

1 . tersa, Linn 50

Subfam. II. Euphoniin^.

2. Chloropbonia, Bp 53

1. viridis, Vieill 54

2. longipennis, Du Bus . . 54

3. torrejoni, Tacz 55

4. frontalis, Scl. 55

5. roraimffi, Salv. et Godm. 56

6. flavirostris, Scl 56

7. pretiii, Lafr 56

8. occipitalis, Du Bus .... 57

9. callophrys, Cab 58

3. Euphouia, Desm 58

1. musica, Gtn 59

2. insignia, Scl. et Salv. . . 60

3. sclateri, Bp 60

4. nigricollis, Vieill. 61

5. elegantissiraa, Bp 62

6. flavifions, Sparrm 63

7. chlorotica, Linn 64

8. affinis, Less 65

9. trinitatis, StricM 66

10. xantbogastra, Sund. ... 67

11. ruficeps, Lafr. et d''Orh. 68

12. luteicapilla," Cab 68

13. gi-acilis. Cab 69

14. conciuna, Scl. 69

15. linscbi, Scl. et Salr 70

16. saturata, Cab 70

17. minuta, Cab 71

18. annfe, Cass 72

19. fulvicrissa, Scl 73

20. violacea, Linn 74

21. birundinacea, Bj) 75

22. gnatbo. Cab. 76

23. laniirostris, (VOrb. et

Lafr 76

Page

24. \iy^oxax\i\ia.,Berl.et Tacz. 77

25. melaniira, Scl 78

26. rufiventris, Vieill 79

27. vittata, Scl 80

28. pectoralis, Lath 80

29. cayana, Linn 81

30. goiildi, Scl 81

31. mesocbrysa, Salvad. .... 82

32. chrysopasta, Scl. et Salv. 82

33. plumbea, Du Bus .... 83

4. Hypopbpea, Cab 84

1. chalybea, Mikan 84

5. Pyrrbupbonia, Bp 85

1. Jamaica, Linn 85

Subfam. III. Tanagrin^.
a. Tanagrince tenuirostres.

6. Tanagrella, Siv 87

1. velia, Linn 87

2. iridina, Hartl 88

3. cyanomelaena, Max. ... 88

4. calopbrys, Cab 89

7. Cblorocbrysa, Bp 89

1. calliparia, Tsch 90

2. pbceuicotis, Bp 90

3. nitidissima, Scl 91

8. Pipridea, Sw 91

1. melanonota, Vieill 92

9. Procnopis, Cab 93

1. vassori, Boiss 93

2. branicliii, Tacz 94

3. atricserulea, Tsch 94

10. Calliste, Boie 95

1. tatao, Linn 96

2. yeui, d" Orb. et Lafr .• . . . 97

3. fastosa. Less 98

4. tricolor, Gm 99

5. f estiva, Shaiv 1 00

0. cyaneiventris, Vieill. . . 100

7. tboracica, Temm 101

8. gouldi, Scl 102

9. scbranki, Spix 102

10. florida, Scl. et Salv 103

1 1. punctata, Linn 104

12. punctulata, Scl. et Salv.. 104

13. guttata. Cab 105

14. xantbogastra, Scl 106

15. graminea, Spiv 106

16. rufigularis, Scl 107

17. aurulenta, Lafr . 108

18. sclateri, Lafr 108

19. artbusi, Less 109

20. pulcbra, Tsch 109

21. icterocepbala, Bp HO

22. vitriolina, Cab HI

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

23. caj'ana, Linn Ill

24. versicolor, Lawr 113

25. cuciiUata, Siv 113

26. flava, Gm 113

27. pretiosa, Cab 114

28. melanonota, Scl 115

29. gyrola, Linn 116

30. laviuia, Cassin 116

31. gyroloides, Lafr 117

32. albertiua?, Pefc 118

33. desmaresti, Gray 118

34. brasiliensis, Linn 119

35. flaviveutris, Vie ill 120

36. boliviana, B}} 121

37. inornata, Gould 121

38. nigriviridis, Lafr 122

39. cabanisi, Scl 123

40. dowi, Salv. . 124

41. larvata, Du Bus 124

42. nigricincta, Bp 126

43. cyaneicollis, d'Orb. et

Lafr 127

44. cyanopygia, Scl. 128

45. ruficervix, Prev. et Des

Murs 129

46. taylori, Tacz. et Berl. . . 130

47. fulvicervix, Tacz 130

48. labradorides, Boiss 130

49. melanotis, Scl 131

60. cyanotis, Scl 131

51. rufigenis, Scl 132

62. parzudakii, Lafr 132

53. lunigera, Scl 133

64. venusta, Scl 133

55. xanthocephala, Tsch. . . 134

66. chrysotis, D21 Bus .... 134

57. cyanoptera, Stv 135

58. whitelyi, Salv. et Godm. 136
69. atrieapilla, Lafr 136

60. argentea, Tsch 137

61. argyrophenges, Scl. et

Salv 137

11. Pseudodacnis. Scl 138

1. hartlaubi, Scl. 138

/3. TanagrincB fortirostres.

12. Iridomis, Lesson 139

1 . dubusia, Bp 140

2. reinhardti, Scl 140

3. jelskii, Cab 141

4. porpliyrocephala, Scl. . . 141
6. analis, Tsch 141

13. Delotluaupis, Scl. 142

1. castaneiventris, Scl. . . . 142

14. Stephanophoriis, Sfrickl. . 143
1. leucocephalus, Vieill. . . 143

15. Pcecilotliraupis, Cab 144

1. lunulata, Ba Bus 144

2. ignx\enivis,d'' Orb.etLctfr. 145

3. palpebrosa, Lafr 146

4. lacrymosa, DuBus .... 146

5. melanogenys, Salv. et

Godm 147

16. Buthraupis, Cab 147

1. montaua, Lafr. et d'Orb. 148

2. cucullata, Jard 148

3. chloronota, Scl 148

4. eximia, Boiss 149

5. arcaei, Scl. et Salv 149

6. edwardsi, Llliot 150

17. Compsocoma, Cab 1,50

1. -victorini, Lafr 150

2. sumptuosa, Less 151

3. A&Yimichu, d'Orb.et Lafr. 152

4. notabilis, Jard. . 152

18. Dubusia, Bji 152

1. taeniata, Boiss 152

19. Tanagra, Limi 153

1. episcopus, Linn 154

2. coelestis, Spia.' 155

3. sclateri, Bei-lej)sch .... 155

4. cana, Siv 156

5. cyauoptera, Vieill. 157

6. sayaca, Linn 168

7. glaucocolioa. Cab 159

8. palmarum, Ma.v 159

9. ornata, Sparrm 161

10. abbas, Licht 162

11. cyauocephala, d'Oi-b. et

Lafr 162

12. olivicyanea, Lafr 163

13. bonariensis, Gm 164

14. darwini, Bp 165

20. Spindalis, Jard. et Selb. . . 165

1. nigricepbala, Jameson . . 166

2. portoricensis, Bryant . . 167

3. multicolor, Vieill 167

4. pretrii. Less 168

5. benedicti, Ridgzc 1 68

6. zena, Linn 169

21. Ehamphocoelus, Desm. . . 169

1. brasilius, Lhm 170

2. dorsalis, Scl. 171

3. nigrigularis, Sjiix 171

4. dimidiatus, Lafr 172

5. luciani, Lafr. ' 173

6. uropygialis, Bp 173

7. jacapa, Linn 174

8. atrosericeus, Lafr. et

cVOrb 175

9. passeriuii, Bp 176

10. flamniigerus,Ja?-c?.ei*S'e/6. 177

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

11. chvvsonotus, Lafr 177

V2. icteronotus, lip 177

22. I'hloo-othraupis, >Se/.ei.SWc. 178
1. sanguinoleuta, Less 178

23. Caloehc-etes, Scl 179

1. coccineus, .SW 180

y. TaiiM/rince seLirostrL's.

24. Pyranga, Vieill 181

1. sestiva, G)h 182

2. cooperi, Bkhiw 184

8. testacea, Sd. et Salv. . . 184

4. hfemalea, Sah. et (fudm. 18o

5. figliua, Salv. et Godin. . . 185

6. saira, Spiv 185

7. azarse, <JOrb 186

8. hepatica, Sw 186

9. roseigiilaris, Cabot .... 187

10. rubra, Linn 188

11. erythromeliena, i?'c7i<. . . 189

12. ardens, Tsch 190

1.3. bidentata, Sw 190

14. ludoyiciana, Wils 191

15. rubriceps, Gray 192

16. erythrocephala, Siv 192

25. Cyanicterus, Bp 193

l.'venustus, Bp. 193

26. Orthogonys, Strickl 193

1. viridis, Spix 194

27. Chlorothvaiipis, Ridgio. . . 194

1. carmioli, La^vr 194

2. olivacea, Cassin 195

3. stolzmanni, Bed. et Tacz. 195

28. Pbcenicotlu-aupis, Cab. . . 195

1. rubica, Vieill 196

2. vinacea, Laxvr 197

3. rubicoides, Lafr 197

4. rubra, Vieill 198

5. rhodinolama, Salv. et

Godm 109

6. fuscicauda, Cab 199

7. salvini, Bed 200

8. cristata, Laicr 201

9. gutturalis, Sd 201

29. Lanio, Vieill 201

1. aurantius, Lafr 202

2. leucothorax, Salv 203

3. melanopygius, Ridgw.. . 203

4. atricapilius. Gm 204

5. versicolor, rr 0/-6. e? io/r. 204

6. lawrencii, Sd 205

30. Tachyphonus, Vii-ill 205

1. melaleucus, Sparnn. . . 206

2. IvLcinoias, Lafr. dd' Orb. 208

3. phoeniceus, Sw 208

4. xantliopygius, Sd 209

Page

5. chrysomelas, Sd. et Salv. 210

6. cristatus, Gin 210

7. surinamus, Linn 211

8. nattereri, Peh 213

9. rufiventris, Spix 213

10. coronatus, Vieill 213

11. nitidissimus, Salv 214

12. delattrii, Lafr 215

31. Creurgops, Scl 215

1. verticalis, Sd 215

32. Malacothraupis, Sd. et Salv. 216
1. dentata, Sd. et Salv. . . 216

33. Eucometis, Sd 217

1. penicillata. Spix 217

2. aXUcoWis, Lafr. etd' Orb. 217

3. cristata, DuBus 218

4. spodocepbala, Bp 219

5. cassini, Lawr 219

34. Trichotliraupis, Cab 220

1. quadricolor, Vieill 220

8. Tanagrince debilirostres.

35. Cvpsnagra, Less 221

l.'ruficolli.s Lidit 221

36. Pyrrliocoma, Cah 222

1. ruficeps, S'rickl 222

37. Nemosia, Vieill 222

1. pileata, Bodd 223

2. rourii. Cab 224

3. guira, Linn 224

4. ruficapilla, Vieill 225

5. flavicollis, Vieill 225

6. peruana, Bp 227

7. albigularis, -SW 227

38. Thlypopsis, Cab 228

1. sordida, Lafr. dd'Orb.. 228

2. amazonum, Sd 229

3. clirysnpis, Sd. et Salv. . . 229

4. fulviceps, Cab 229

0. inornata, Tacz 230

6. orriata, Sd 230

7. pectoralis, Tacz 230

8. ruficeps, d'Orb. et Lafr. 231

Subfam. IV. Lamphotin^.

39. Lamprotes, Stv 231

1. loricatus, Licht 231

40. Sericossyplia, Less 232

1. albicristata, Lafr 232

Subfam. V. Phcenicophilin^.

41. Plio?nicopbilu.s, Strickl. . . 233

1. palmarum, Linn 234

2. poliocephalus, Bp 234

42. Calyptophilus, Cori/ .... 235
1. frugivoru.s, Gary 235

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page
Subfaui. VI. PiTVLlX.E.

a. Pifj/Uncs parvirostres.

43. Chlorospinjjus, Cab 237

1. ophthalmicus, Du Bus. . 238

2. albitemporalis, ,Scl. 239

3. olivaceus, i)/j 240

4. postociilaris, Cab 240

5. signatus, Tacz.et Berl. . . 241
G. punetuhxtus, iScl. et Sale. 241

7. pileatus, Sulv 241

8. tiayipectus, Lafr 242

9. caniguhii'is, Lafr 242

10. phpeocephalus,<S'c/.e<iSV(/r. 243

11. flavigukris, &/ 243

12. hTpopha-us, Scl. et Salv. 243

13. flavovirens, Laicr 244

14. semifuscus, Scl. et Salv. . 244
lo. cinereocephahis, Tacz.. . 244

16. atripileus, Lafr 245

17. auricuhiris, Cab 245

18. calophrys, Scl. et Salv. . 245

19. rubnrosti'is, Lafr 246

20. chr_ysogaster, Tacz 246

21. superciliaris, Lafr 246

22. reyi, Berlepsch 247

23. chrTsophrvs, Scl. et Salv. 247

24. ignobilis, Scl 248

25. verticalis, Lafr 248

26. xanthopbthalmus, Tacz. 249

27. leucogaster, Tacz 249

28. castaneicoUis, Scl 249

29. goeringi, Scl. et Salv. . . 250

30. melanotis, Scl 250

31. berlepschi, Tacz 251

32. ochraceus, Berl. et Tacz. 251

44. Urothraupis, Berl. et Tacz. 251
1. !ito\zma,um, Berl. et Tacz. 251

45. Microspingus, Tacz 252

1 . trifasciatus, Tacz 252

/3. Pitylince frinyillirostres.

46. Pezopetes, Cab 253

1. capitalis, Cah 254

47. Buarremon, B]> 254

1 . toiquatus, d' Orb. et Lafr. 256

2. phffiopleunis, Scl 256

3. assimilis, Boiss 257

4. virenticep.s, Bp 257

5. brunneiniicha, Lafr. . . 258
('). inornatiis, <SW. et Salv.. . 259

7. atiicapillus, Laivr 259

8. gutturalis, Lafr 259

9. s.lhinuc]ia,cr Orb. et Lafr. 260

Page

10. melanocephalus, Salv. et

Gudm 261

11. leucopis, Scl. et Salv. . . 261

12. castaneiceps, Snl. 261

13. crassirostris, Cass 262

14. tibialis, Lawr 262

15. melanolaemus, Scl. et Salv. 262

16. Tu.iinuc}ia,d' Orb. et Lafr. 263

17. melauops, Salv. et Scl.. . 263

18. latinucha, Du Bus .... 264

19. spodionotus,.S'eZ. et Salv. . 264

20. comptus, Scl. et Salv. . . 264

21. elaeoprorus, Scl. et Salv. . 265

22. albifreuatus, Boiss 265

23. meridffi, Scl. et Salv. . . 266

24. leucopteriis, Jard 266

25. di-esseri, Tacz 266

26. seebohmi, Tacz 267

27. schistaceus, Boiss 267

28. taczanowskii, .SW. ff<(S'a/f. 267

29. castaneifions, Scl. et Salv. 268

30. pallidinucha, Boiss 268

31. tricolor, Tacz 269

32. semirufus, liuiss 269

33. personatus. Cab 270

34. fulviceps, d'Orb. et Lafr. 270

35. citrinellus, Cab 270

48. Nesospingus, Scl 271

1. speciiliierus, La^vr 272

y. Piti/lince cmiirostres.

49. Arremon, Vieill 272

1. silens, Bodd. 273

2. orbignii, Scl 274

3. flavirostris, Stc 274

4. devillii, Scl. 274

5. spectabilis, Scl. 275

6. aurantiirostris, Lafr. . , 275

7. nigrirostris, Scl 276

8. semitorquatus, Siv 277

9. axillaris, Scl 277

10. nigriceps, Tacz 277

11. wucbereri, Scl. et Salv. . 278

12. polionotus, Bp 278

13. abeillffii, Less 278

14. schlegeli, Bp 279

50. Diucopis, Bp 279

1. fasciata, Licht 279

51. Conothraiipis, Tacz 280

1. speciiligera, Goidd .... 280

S. PifijliiKe validirustres.

52. Psittospiza, Bp 281

1. riefteri, Boiss 281

2. elegans, Tsch 282

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

53. Saltator, Vieill 282

1. atriceps, Less 283

2. magnoides, Lafr 284

3. maguus, Gm 285

4. atripeunis, Scl 286

6. similis, d'Orb. et Lafr. . 287

6. maxillosus, Cab 287

7. grandis, Licht 288

8. plumbeiceps, Later 289

9. olivascens, Cab. 289

10. cffirulescens, Vieill 290

11. siiperciliaris, Spix .... 291

12. orenocensis, Lafr 291

13. aurantiirostris, Vieill. . . 292

14. laticlavius, Scl. et Salv. . 292

15. atricollis, Vieill 293

16. rutiventris, cVOrb. et

Lafr 293

17. flavidicollis, Sol 294

18. albicollis, Vieill. 294

19. guadalupensis, Lafr. . . 295

54. Lamprospiza, Cab 296

1. melanoleuca, Vieill. . . 296

65. Orchesticus, Cab 297

1. abeillii, Xess 297

e. Pitylince tumidirostres.

56. Oreothraupis, Scl 298

1. arremonops, Jard 298

57. Cissopis, Vieill 299

1. lereriana, G7n 299

2. major, Cab 300

68. Schistochlamys, Reichb. . . 301

1. capistratus, Max 301

2. atra, Gm 301

59. Pitylus, Cuv 303

1. grossus, Linn 303

2. fuliginosus, Daud 304

3. erythromelas, Gm 305

4. celseno, LicM 305

5. viridis, Vieill 306

6. brasiliensis, Cab 306

7. poliogaster, Bu Bus . . 307

8. humeralis, Laivr 307

Fam. IcTEHiD.i;.
Subfam. I. Cassicin^.

1. Clypeicterus, Bp 310

1. osei-yi, Deville 310

2. Ocyalus, Wuferh 311

1. latirostris, Siu 311

3. Eucorystes, Scl 311

1. wagleri, Gray 312

4. Gymnostinops, Scl 312

1. montezumse, Less 313

Page

2. bifasciatus, Spix 313

3. guatimozinus. Bp 314

4. yuracarium, d'Orb. et

Lafr 314

5. Ostinops, Cab 315

1. decumanus, Pall 315

2. viridis, Miill 316

3. atrovivensjd' Orb. et Lafr. 317

4. salmoni, Scl 317

5. alfredi, Des Mars .... 318

6. sincipitalis, Cab 318

7. oleagineus, Scl 319

8. angustifrous, Spix .... 319

6. Cassicus, Cuv 320

1. persicus, Linn 321

2. Havicrissus, Scl. 322

3. chrysonotus, d'Orb. et

Lafr 322

4. leucorhamphus, Bp. . . 323

5. albirostris, Vieill 323

6. hagmorrhous, Unn 324

7. affinis, Sw 325

8. uropygialis, Lafr 325

9. microrhynchus, Scl. et

Salv 325

7. Amblycercus, Cab 326

1. solitarius, Vieill 326

2. holosericeus, Licht 327

8. Cassiculus, Sw 328

1. melanicterus, B]) 328

9. Cassidix, Less 329

1. oryzivora, Gtn 329

Subfam. II. AGELiEiN^.

10. Dolichonj'x, Siv 331

1. ory-zivorus, Limi 331

11. Molothrus, Sw 332

1. pecoris, G7n 333

2. ajneus, War/l 334

3. armenti, Cab 335

4. bonariensis, Gtn 335

6. purpurascens, Cassin . . 337

6. atrouitens, Cab 337

7. cassini, Finsch 337

8. rufo-axillaris, Cassin . . 338

9. badius, Vieill 338

10. fringillarius, Spix .... 339

12. Agelffius, Vieill 339

1. phceniceus, Lititi 340

2. assimilis, Gundl. 341

3. gubemator, Wagl 341

4. tricolor. Aud 342

5. humeralis, Vif/ 342

6. xan thorn us, Scl 343

7. thilius, Mol 343

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

8. imthurmi, Scl. 344

9. cyanopus, Tieill 344

10. forbesi, Scl 345

11. icterocephalus, Li7m. . . 34o

12. flavus, Gm 346

13. frontalis, Vieill 347

14. ruficapillus, Vieill 347

13. Leistes, Sw 348

1. f^uianensis, Linn 348

2. superciliaris, Bp 349

14. Xanthocephalus, Bp 349

1. longipes, Sw 350

15. Amblyrhamphus, Leach . . 350
1. holosericeus, Scop 351

16. Pseudoleistes, Scl 351

1 . guirahuro, Vieill. 352

2. virescens, Vieill, 352

17. Nesopsar, Scl 353

1. nigerrimus, Osburn .... 353

18. CuTseus, Scl... ^ 354

1. aterrimua, Kittl 354

Subfam. III. Stubnellin.5:.

19. Trupialis, Bp 356

1. militaris, Linn 356

2. bellicosa, Be Filippi . . 357

3. defilippii, Bp 357

20. Sturnella, Vieill 358

1. magna, Linii 358

Subfam. IV. Ictehin.*;.

21. Gymnomystax, Reichenh. . 361
1. melanicterus, Vieill. . . 362

22. Icterus, Brisson 362

1. baltimore, Linn 364

2. bullocki, Sw 365

3. abeillii, Less 366

4. spurius, Zmn 366

5. bonana, Limi 368

6. pyrrhopterus, Vieill. . . 368

7. chrysocephalus, Li7in. . . 369

8. cayanensis, Linn 369

9. tibialis, Sw 370

10. hypomelas, Bp 370

11. domiuicensis, Linn 371

12. portoricensis, Cassin . . 371

13. laudabilis, Scl 372

14. oberi, Lawr 372

15. wagleri, Scl 372

16. prosthemelas, Strickl. . . 373

17. maculi-alatus, Cassin . . 373

18. parisorum, Bp 374

19. melanocephalus, Wagl. . 375

20. cucuUatus, Siv 376

21. auricapillus, Cassin .... 377

22. hauxwelli, Scl 377

23. grace-annfe, Cass 378

24. mesomelas, Waffl 378

25. giraudi, Cass 379

26. xanthornus, Giyi 380

27. curasoensis, Ridgio 381

28. dubusi, Scl 381

29. auratus, Bp 382

30. vulgaris, Daud 382

31. jamacaii, Gm 383

32. croconotus, Wagl 383

33. gularis, Wayl 384

34. sclateri, Cass 385

35. pectoralis, Wagl 385

36. pustulatus, Wagl 38(>

37. graysoni, Cass 387

38. leucopteryx, Wagl 387

Subfam. V. Quiscalin^e.

23. Lampropsar, Cah 388

1. tanagrinus, Spix 388

24. Scolecophagus, Siv 390

1. ferrugineas, Gm 390

2. c}'anoceplialus, Wagl. . . 390

25. Dives, Cass 391

1. sumiclirasti, Df Satis. . . 392

2. wareewiezi. Cab 392

3. atroviolaceus, d^Orh. . . 393

26. Quiscalus, Vieill 393

1. versicolor, Vieill. 394

2. major, Vieill. 395

3. macrurus, Sw 396

4. assimilis, Scl 396

5. graysoni, Scl 397

6. tenuirostris, Sw 397

7. gundlaehi, Cass 398

8. niger, Bodd 398

9. crassirostris, Sio 398

10. bracliypterus, Cass 3H9

11. fortirostris, Lawr 400

12. inflexirostris, Sio 401

13. guadeloupensis, Lawr. . . 401

14. luminosus, Lawr 402

15. lugubris, Sw 402

27. Macragelaeus, Cass 403

1. subalaris, Boiss 403

28. Hypopyrrhus, Bp 403

1. pyrypogaster, De Tarr. 403

29. Aphobus, Cab 404

1. chopi, Vieill 405

CATALOGUE

BIRDS

Order II. PASSERIFORMES

(Cat. E. Tol. iii. p. 1).

Suborder I. PASSERES

(Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1).

Section B. FRINGILLIFORMES

(Cat. B. vol. X. p. 1).

Family CGEREBIDiE.

The Ccerehidie, or Guit-giiits, are a group of nine-primaricdOsciiies
peculiar to the Neotropical Region, and, indeed, to the forest-covei'cd
portion of that region, which extends from the tierra caliente of
Southern Mexico on the north to the Gulf of Guyaquil on the western
coast of South America, and to the southern limits of the wood-
region of S.E. Brazil and the great Amazonian valley on the eastern
side of the Andes.

The Ccerebidce are all of small size : they have typical Oscinine
tarsi, with the posterior face smooth, and with indications of several
scutes more or less obsolete on the anterior face. The wings are of
moderate length, without any indication of the first or external
primarj', and with the second, third, and fourth primaries usually
nearly equal and longest. The bill is small and slender and without
any notch at the extremity of the upper mandible, but varies in
structure in the four Subfamilies. The tongue is pencilled at the
extremity.

The members of this family are mostly of brilliant colour, and
when such is the case the plumage of the male is usually quite distinct
from that of the female.

It is in some instances difficult to distinguish the C'oerehidce from
the Tanagridce on the one side and from the Mniotiltidce on the other;
but the more slender unnotched bill and filamentous termination
of the extensile tongue, when the latter character is discernible, will
usually serve to indicate a Coerebine bird.

VOL. XI. B

0

Key to the Suhfanillies.
a. Bill straight ; upper mandible lengthened

and curved over the tip of the lower. . 1. DIGLOSSIN^, p. 2.
h. Bill straight ; mandibles equal in length

and pointed at the ends 2. BACNIBIN^E, p. 12.

c. Bill lengthened; both mandibles incurved 3. CiEREUINAi,^. 2d.

d. Bill short, thick, conical, slightly in-

curved 4. GLOSSIPTILINjE,

[p. 47

Subfamily I. DIGLOSSIN^.

Key to the Geneva.

a. Bill strongly hooted at the extremity 1. Diglossa, p. 2.

h. Bill very slightly hooked at the extremity . . 2. Diglossopis, p. U.

1. DIGLOSSA.

Type.

Diglossa, Waffler, Ms, 1832, p. 280 D. baritula.

Agrilorhinus, Bp. Nuov. Ann. So. Nat. Bologna, i.

p. 408 (1838) D. baritula.

Uncirostrum, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 100 D. carbouaria.

Serrirostrum, (TOrb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 24 (1838) . D. carbouaria.

Campylops, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 56 (1854) D. baritula.

Tephrodiglossa, Cassin, Pr. Ac. So. Phil. 1864, p. 273 . D. carbonaria.

Pyrrhodiglossa, Cassin, op. cit. p. 274 I), mystacalis.

Cyanodiglossa, Cassin, ibid. D. personata.

Melanodiglossa, Cni'^-'v, ibi-1 D. lafresnayi.

Structure of Diglossa major.

1. DIGLOSSA. 3

The genus Diglossa contaius about sixteen species of small Tit-like
birds easil}' recognized by their peculiar hooked bill. The}- arc dif-
fused over the more northern portion of tlie Neotropical llegion, from
Southern Mexico to Bolivia, and are confined nearly entirely to the
upland forests above 6000 feet in altitude. They are said to frequent
the bushes and trees at the edges of the forests, and to be usually
fouud in small parties, ever active in search of insects.

The nests of two of the species taken by Salmon in Antioquia {cf.
P. Z. S. 1879, p. -iOG) were open and cup-shaped. The eggs (pp. cit.
pi. xlii. fig. 1) are spotted with brown on a greenish ground.

Key to the Species.

Sect. i. Plumage more or less varied with rufous.

a. Abdomen and crissum alike rufous;

f throat plumbeous 1. baritula, p. 3.

J throat rufous like the beUy 2. sittoides, p. 4.

1 throat black all over . . 3. gloriosa, p. 5.

[ throat black iu middle, sides rufous .... 4. brunneiventris, p. 5.

b. Abdomen black ; crissum rufous ;

I pectoral band rufous 5. pectoralis, p. 6.

) no pectoral band 6. mystacalis, p. 6.

c. Abdomen cinereous ; crissum rufous ;

I breast black 7. carbonaria, p. 6.

j breast cinereous like the belly 8. major, p. 7.

Sect. ii. Plumage uniform or nearly so.

d. Black above and below ;

ibend of wing bluish 9. hifresnayi, p. 7.

bend of wing y reyish 10. liumeralis, p. 8.

bend of wing black , 11. aferrima, p. 8.

bend of wing white . 12. ulbilaferah's, p. 9.

e. Plumbeous above and below 13. jiluinbea, p. 9.

f. Bluish above and below.

a'. Face black 14. personata, p. 10.

b' . Face like the body :

I brighter, purplish blue 1.5. indu/otku, p. 10.

j darker, with ouly a bluish wash .... 16. glaiico, p. 11.

1. Diglossa baritula.

Diglossa baritula, Wm/l. Ms, 1832, p. 281 ; Hahn, Orn. Atl xii. tab. 1
et 2 ; HaHl. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 56 ; Gray et Mitch. Gen. B. i.
p. 157, pi. 42 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 401 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 18.36, p. 286,
1859, pp. .364, 376, et 1864, p. 173 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 48 ; id. Ibis,
1875, p. 207 ; Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 97 ; Sclater et Salvin, Ibis, 1859,
p. 14 : ReicJi. Ha/nib. p. 233, t. dliv. ff. 3762, 3763 : Cass. Pr. Ac.
Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 273 ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. Jv. H. i. p. 548 ;
Gray, Hand-l.\. p. 118; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 15; Salv. Cat.
Strickl. Coll. p. 174 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. C.-A., Aves, i. p. 242.

Campylops hamulus, Licht. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. p. 56 (descr. nulla).

Agriloilnuus sittaceus, Bp. Nuov. Ann. Sc. Nut. Boloqna, i. p. 408
(1838).

Uncirostrum brelayi, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 18.39, p. 100.

Unciroslrum sittaceuui, lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 292.

Agiilorhiuus olivaceus, I'raser, P. Z, S. 1840, p. 22.

b2

4 CCERERID^.

Above plumbeous, head, wings, and tail darker ; below ferruginous
red ; throat plumbeous like the back ; under wing-coverts red like
the bellj' ; upper mandible dark, lower and feet carneous : whole
length 4-5 inches, wing '2-4:, tail 1"9. Female. Olive-green : wings
and tail blackish, edged with olive ; secondaries broadly edged with
pale fuscous ; below pale yellowish olive.

Hab. S. Mexico and Guatemala.

Guatemalan specimens have less plumbeous on the throat, thereby
approaching D. siitoides.

Purchased.
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.

Zool. Soc. Coll. (Type
of Ai/rilor/iinus olivaceun.)
Sc'later Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
SaU'in-Godmau Coll.

Selater CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CuU.

Selater Coll.

2. Diglossa sittoides.

Serrirostrum sittoides, cVOrb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 25 (1838) ; d'Orb.

Voy., Ois. p. 374, t. 58. fig. 3.
Diglossa sittoides, Bridqes, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 29 ; Gray et Mitch. Gen.

B. i. p. 137 ; Beich. Handh. p. 233, t. dliv. f. 3766 ; Ca&sin, Pr. Ac.

So. Phil. 1864, p. 273 ; Grm/, Hand-l. i. p. 118 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 15 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 496 (Antioquia), 596 (Bolivia) ; Tacz.

P.Z.S. 1874, p. 511, et 1882, p. 8; id. Orn. Perou, i. p. 417 ;

Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 208.
Diglossa similis, Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1846, p. 318 ; Selater, P. Z. S. 1855,

p. 138, et 1868, p. 170; id. Cat. A. B. p. 48; Bj). Comp. i. p. 401 ;

Beich. Handb. p. 233, t. dliv. f. 3764 ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864,

p. 273 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 118 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 15.
Diglossa hyperythra, Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 97 (1850) (ex Venezuela).
Uncirosti-um d'orbignii, Boiss. Bet. Zool. 1840, p. 5.
Diglossa d'orbignyi, Beich. Handb. p. 233 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 118.

Above plumbeous, front and sides of head darker : below uniform
ferruginous red ; upper mandible dark, lower and feet carneous :
whole length 4-4 inches, wing 2*25, tail 1'8. Female. Olive, wings
and tail blackish with olive edgings ; below pale yellowish olive.

Bah. Highlands of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and
Bolivia.

Lafresnaye has been followed by other authors in separating the

a. <S ad. St.

Mexico.

h, c. <S ad. sk.

Mexico.

d. 2 \v. sk.

Mexico.

e. $ ad. sk.

Mexico.

/. 2 ad. sk.

Mexico.

g. S ad. sk.

Near the City of Mexico.

h. (S ad. sk.

Jalapa, South Mexico {de

Oca).

i. (S jr. sk.

Jalapa, South Mexico {de

Oca).

j. cJ ad. sk.

Quesaltenango, Guatemala

(Salvin).

k,l. d 2ad.sk.

Calderas, Volcan de Fuego

(Salvin).

m. 2 ad. sk.

Cohan, Vera Paz (Salvin).

n. 2 ad.sk.

Santa Cruz Mts., Vera Paz

(Salvin).

0. (S ad. sk.

Guatemala (Cunstancia) .

1. DIGL0S3A. 5

Colombian form of this species a:s D.simiJ is, but I cannot agree with
this view (see ' Ibis,' 1875, p. 209). Ecuadorian specimens are
rather paler below.

a. c? ad. sk.

Caracas, Venezuela {Goe-
ring).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

b,c. (^2 ^'^- sk.

Boorota.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. S ; e,f. 5 ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.

(/. 2 ^■d. sk.

San Sebastian, Colombia.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. cj ad. sk.

Viciuityof Quito, Ecuador.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. 2 sk.

Pallatanga, Ecuador
{Fraser).

Sclater Coll.

j. S ad. sk.

Jima, Ecuador {Buckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. c? ad. sk.

Ecuador.

Gould Coll.

I. S ad. sk.

Ecuador.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. (S ad. sk.

Yungas, Bolivia (D. Forbes).

Sclater Coll.

n,o. (S 2 ad. St.

Bogota.

Purchased.

3. Diglossa gloriosa.

Diglossa gloriosa, Scl et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 784, pi. 46. fig. 1 ; iid.
Nomencl. p. 15 ; Scl. Ibis, 187-5, p. 210.

Above black, rump passing into cinereous ; smaller ■wing-coverts
and ill-defined superciliaries grej- ; below black, middle of abdomen
and crissum red ; under wing-coverts blackish ; bill black ; feet horn-
colour : whole length 5-2 inches, wing 2-5, tail 2-2. Female not
known.

Hah. Andes of Merida, Venezuela.

The only specimens known of this rare species were obtained by
Gearing in the Andes of Merida.

fl, 6. cJ ad. sk. Merida, Venezuela (Goerj«/;r). Sclater Coll. (Types

of the species. )"
c, d. c? ad. sk. Merida, Venezuela {Goering). Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. Diglossa brunneiventris.

Diglossa brunneiventris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 318 ; Des Murs,
Icon. Orn. pi 4.3 ; Cassirl, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 274 ; Heidi.

P- , ... . .

Peroii, i. p. 420 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 322, 1873, p. 780 ; id. Ibis,

1875, p. 211.

Above black, rump passing into cinereous ; lesser wing-coverts
hoary white ; below chestnut-red, middle of throat black, with red
lateral stripe on each side ; flanks and under wing-coverts light grey ;
thighs black ; bill and feet black : whole length o'o inches, wing 2-8,
tail 2-5. Female. Like the male. Youmj. Above cinereous, obso-
letely striped with black ; wings and tail blackish, edgings of wing-
coverts pale ; below pale fuscous, throat more cinereous, breast with
distinct longitudinal blackish streaks.

JIab. Andes of Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia,

6

C(EREBID.E.

a. S ad. st.
h. (S ad. sk.
c, d. (S ad. sk.
e. S jr- sk.
/, g. S ad. sk.
/«. c5' ad. sk.
i. cJ ji\ sk.
j. S ad. sk.
k. S ad. sk.
I. cJ jr- sk.
wj. c? ad. sk.
w. c? ad. sk.

o. ^ ad. sk.

Bolivia (Bridc/es).
Khapaouia, Bolivia (BucJdiy).
yimacu, Bolivia (Bucldey).
Bolivia (Buchlcy).
Tinta, Peru ( Whitely).
Paucartambo,Peru ( Whitely).
Paucartambo, Peru( TJliifely).
Cosuipata, Peru ( TJliifely).
Puraamarca, Peru (Jclslci).
Pumamarca, Peru (Jehki).
Central Peru (Je/ski).
Santa Elena, Autioquia

(Salmon).
Medelliu, Antioquia (Sabnon).

5. Diglossa pectoralis.

Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Diglossa pectoralis, Cab. J.f. O. 1873, p. 318; Tacz. P. Z. S.1874,
p. 511 : id. Orn. Perou, i. p. 419 j Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 212, pi. iv.

Black ; uropygium and scapulars cineraceous ; mystacal stripes
and square patch on the breast milky white, the upper margin of
this patch and crissum chestnut-red ; bill and feet black : whole
length 4-75 inches, wing 2"9, tail 2*4. Female. Similar, but colours
less distinct.

Huh. Andes of Peru.

Only known from specimens obtained by Jelski in Central Peru,
one of which has been figured in the ' Ibis,' I. c, and is here de-
scribed. A species at once distinguishable by its pectoral iiatch.

6. Diglossa mystacalis. (Plate I.)

Diglossa mj'stacalis, Lafr. Eev. Zool. 1846, p. 818 ; Bridqes, P. Z. S.

1847, p. 29 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.. ISM, p. 274 ; Peich. Ilamlb.

p. 232, t. dlii. f. 3756 ; Bp. Cump. i. p. 401 ; Grat/, Hand-l. i. p. 119 ;

Sol. Ibis, 1875, p. 212 ; Scl. et. Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p 596 (BoHvia).
Diglossa mystacea. Gray et Mitch. Gen. B. pi. 42(1846).

Black ; bend of the wing hoary grey ; under wing-coverts white ;
broad mystacal stripes pale red; crissum chestnut-red: whole length
6 inches, wing 2-8, tail 2-2.

Hab. Andes of Bolivia.

A species discovered by Bridges in the province of Yungas, Bolivia,
in 1844, and again recently obtained by Buckley in the same district.

a, h. c? ad. st.

c. (5 ad. sk.

d, e. J ad. sk.
/. J ad. sk.

Bolivia {Bridges).
Bolivia {Bridyes).
Bolivia (Buckley).
Bolivia (Buckley).

Purchased.
Eyton Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

7. Diglossa carbonaria.

Serrirostrum carhonarium, d'Orb. et lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 25; d'Orb.

Voy., Ois. p. 373, t. Iviii. tig. 1.
Disrlossa carbonaria, Bridges, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 29 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 15; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 596; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864,

1. DIGLOSSA. 7

p. 273 ; Eekh. Hanclb. p. 232, t. dlii. f. 3765, et t. dliii. ff. 3760,
37H1 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 137 ; id. Hand-l. i. p. 118 ; Scl. ILis.
1875, p. 213. '

Above black, lesser wing-coverts and uropygium gre)- ; below
cinereous, throat and breast black, crissum pale chestnut-red ; under
wing-coverts and inner margins of remiges pale grey ; bill black ;
feet flesh-coloured : whole length 5*2 inches, wing 2-'7, tail 2.

Hab. Andes of Bolivia.

A well-marked species discovered by d'Orbigny in the Andes of
Bolivia, and also obtained by Bridges at an altitude of from SOOO
to 10,000 feet.

w-c? ad.sk. Bolivia (rrO/i.). Selater Coll. (One of

d'Orbignv"s types.)
b, c. d ad. sk. Bolivia {Bitckleij). Salvin-Godman'CoU.

d. cJ ad. St. Bolivia. T. Biidges [0.].

8. Diglossa major.

Diglossa major, Cab. in Sclwmh. Guian. iii. p. 676 ; id. MiiJi. Heiii. i.
p. 98; lii'ich. Handb. p. 2-30, t. dli. b. f. 4065; Scl. et Sale.
Nomencl. p. 15; Grai/, Hand-l. i. p. 118; Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 214:
Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 206.

Above black, with linear stripes on the rachides of the feathers
and the margins of the wing- and tail-feathers obscure blue ; sides
of head black ; below paler, more cinereous ; crissum chestnut ; bill
plumbeous ; feet horn-colour : whole length G-7 inches, wino-' 3-4
tail 3-2. ' a ,

Bab. Eoraima Mountains, British Guiana, alt. 6000 feet.

«. d ad. sk. British Guiana (Sc/wm- Selater Coll. (One of

buTffk). the tvpes ofZ). viajor.)

b, c. c? ; d, e. 2 Eoraima, British Guiaua Salvin-Godman Coll.

ad. sk. (WMteli/).

9. Diglossa lafresnayi.

Uncirostrum lafresnayi, Boiss. Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 4.

Diglossa lafresnayii, Gray et Mitch. Gen. B. i. p. 1.37 ; Grai/ Hand-l
i. p. 119 ; Selater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 138 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 49 ; id
Ibis, 1875, p. 214; Cub. Mm. Hcin. i. p. 97; Bp. Consp. i. p. 401 •
Retch. Handb. p. 231, t. dliii. f. 3757 ; Cass. Br. Ac. Sc. Phil 1864,
p. 274; Scl. et Salv. Numencl. p. 15 ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885*
p. 75 (Ecuador). '

Agrilorhinus bonapartii, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 22.

Diglossa intermedia, Cab. Miis Hcin.i. p. 97; Beich. Handb. p. 231 (?).

Black with metallic reflections ; upper wing-coverts bluish grev ;
under wing-coverts and inner margins of remiges cinereous ; bill aiad
feet black : whole length .5-8 inches, wing 3, tail 2-5,

Hub. Andes of Colombia and Ecuador.

«. Ad. St. Bogota. Purchased.

6. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

8

CCEREBID^.

C, d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad.sk.
g. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

San Lucas, Ecuador (Buckley).

Vicinity of Quito, Ecuador.

Ecuador.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

10. Diglossa humeralis.

Agrilorhinus humeralis, Frnser, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 22.

])iglossa humeralis, Cab. Mus. Jlein. i. p. 27 (uote) ; Reich. Handb.

p. 231, t. dlii. f. 3754; Caasin, Pi: Ac. Sc. Phil. 181 i4, p. 275;

Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 119; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 324; 8cl. et Salv.

Nomencl. p. 15 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 49 ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 215.

Black with slight metallic reflections ; uropygium passing into
cinereous ; upper wing-coverts hoary grey : inner margins of wing-
feathers cinereous : whole length 5-7 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2-4.

Hab. Andes of Colombia and Ecuador.

Very similar to D. lafresnai/i, but smaller ; perhaps its female.

«, 6. Ad. st.

c. Ad. sk.

d, e. Ad. sk.
/, ff. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.

i. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Bogota.

Bogota.

Bogota.

Pamplona, U. S. C.

Ecuador.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Cull.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

11. Diglossa aterrima.

Diglossa aterrima, Zafr. Rev. Zuo/. 1846, p. 319 ; Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 401 ;
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 138, et 1858, p. 551 ; id. Cat. A. B.
p. 49 ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 218; Reich. Handb. p. 232, t. dliii. f. 3759;
Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 275 ; Grai/, Hand-l. i. p. 119 ;
Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 15 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 224, et 1880,
p. 193 ; id. Orn. Peroii, i. p. 419 ; Salv. et Godni. Ibis, 1880, p. 119 ;
Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 287.

Uniform black ; inner webs of remiges passing into cinereous ;
bill and feet black : whole length 5 5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2-5.

Hah. Andes of Ecuador and Peru, and Sierra Nevada of Sauta
Iklarta.

a-L. (5 ad. sk. Sierra Nevada de Santa

Marta, U. S. C. (Stmojis).

d. Ad. sk. Sierra Nevada de Santa

Marta, U. S. C. (Simons).

Colombia.

Vicinity of Quito, Ecuador.
San Lucas, Ecuador

(Buckley).
Titiacun, Ecuador (Frasei-).
Jr. Sical, Ecuador (Buckley).

Ecuador (Buckley).
Ecuador.

e.

Jr.!

?k.

f.

Ad.

sk.

9-

Ad.

sk.

h.

Ad,

, sk.

i.

Ad.
sk.

sk. ;

k.

Ad

. sk.

I.

Ad.

sk.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

1. DIGLOSSA. 9

12. Diglossa albilateralis.

Diglossa albilateralis, Lafr. Eev. Zuol. 1843, p. 99, et 1846, p. 317 ;
Sdater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 138, et 1859, p. 138 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 48;
id. Ibis, 1875, p. 21G, pi. v. tigs. 1 d' , 2 2 5 -S/J. Consp. i. p. 401 ;
Cassin, P>: Ac. Sc. Phil. 18G4, p. 275 ; Sd. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 780 ; iid. Nomend. p. 15 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 324 ; Tacz. P. Z. S.
1879, p. 224, 1880, p. 193 ; id.'Orn. Perou, i. p. 418 ; Salv. et Godm.
Ibis, 1880, p. 119 (S. Marta); Berl. J. f. 0. 1884, p. 285 (Biica-
ramanga) ; Perl, et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 287 (W. Ecuador) ;
Tacz. et Perl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 75 (Ecuador).

Dark ciuereous ; axillaries, flanks, and under wing-coverts pure
■white ; bill and feet black : whole length 4-5 inches, wing 2-3, tail 2.
Female. Dark rufous olive : wings and tail blackish, with the edges
of wing- coverts and secondaries rufescent ; below buffj' rufous, flanks
white.

Hab. Andes of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

The white flanks distinguish this widely spread species in both
sexes and in all ages.

a, b. S 2 a^d. st. Venezuela {Dyson). Pui'cliased.

c. cJ ad. sk. Aragua, Venezuela. Purchased.

d, e. (S ad. et 5 jr. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

./") !J- d 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

h. 2 ad. sk. Antioquia (Sahnon). Purchased.

i. 5 ad. sk. Antioquia {Salmon). Sclater Coll.

j. cS ad. sk. Retiro, Antioquia {Sal- Salvin-Godman Coll.

nion).
f'', I- d 2 ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Salmon).
m. (S ad. sk. ; n. c5 Son Sebastian, U. S. C. Salviu-Godman Coll.

jr. sk. {Simons).

0. cJ ad. ; j). d jr. Jima, Ecuador {Buckleij). Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk.
q. (S ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador Sclater Coll.

{Fraser).
r. cJjr.sk.; s. 2 ad. Puellaro, Ecuador (i^yase?-). Sclater CoU.

sk.
t. c? ad.sk. Tambillo, Peru(<S'<ofc?wan?i). Sclater CoU.

13. Diglossa plumbea.

Diglossa plumbea, Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 411 ; Laivr. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ix. p. 97 ; v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 297 ; Salvin, P. Z. S.
1870, p. Is5 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 275 ; Scl. et Salv.
Nomend. p. 15 ; Scl. Ibis, 1875, p. 217 ; Puucard, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 64; Salu. et Godm. Biol. C.-A., Aves, i. p. 243, tab. xv. a. ligo-.
1 et 2. ^

Plumbeous, head darker ; wings and tail blackish ; below paler,
middle of bellj' whitish ; under wing-coverts cinereous ; bill black
at point, base of lower mandible pale ; feet hazel : whole length
4'3 inches, wing 2-2, tail 1'6. Female. Greyish olive ; wings and
tail blackish ; wing-coverts with rufous edgings.

Hab. Costa Rica and Veragua.

10

CCEKEBIDJi.

A small, nearly uniformly coloured species, first detected in Costa
Rica by V. Erantzius, and extending southwards to Chiriqui.

a, b. c? ad. ; c. J
ad. sk.

d. S fid. sk.

e. S ad. sk. ; /, y.
ad. sk.

h. (5 ad. sk.
i. $ ad. sk.

Irazu distr., Costa Rica

(liof/ers).
Costa Rica (Van Fatten).
Southern Slope, Volcan de

Chiriqui (Arce).
Chiriqui (A)-ce).
Chiriqui (Arce).

14. Diglossa personata.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Scdater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Agrilorhiuus personatus, Frascr, P. Z. .S'. 1840, p. 23.

Uncirostruai cj^aneum, Lafr. liev. Zool. 1840, p. 102.

Diglossa cyauea. Gray et Mitch. Gen. L.i. p. 137; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 401 ; Jard. Contr. 1849, p. 44.

Diglossa uielanops, Tsch. in Wiegm. Arch. x. i. p. 294.

Diglossa personata, Hartl. Syat. Verz. p. 19 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855,
p. 138, 1858, p. 557, et 1859, p. 138 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 49 ; id. Ibis,
1875, p. 218 ; Reich. Handb. p. 231, t. dlii. f. 3753 ; Tsch. F. P.,
0?-w. p. 2.37; Cnssin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 274; Cab. "

1884, p. 285 (Bucaramanga) ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 287 ;
Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 75 (Ecuador).

Dull purplish blue, wings and tail black, with edgings like the
body; front, sides of head, and throat black ; bill and feet black:
Avhole length 5-8 inches, wing 3, tail 2-5. Fem/ile. Like the male,
but rather smaller, and duller in colour, especially below.

Hub. Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

a. Ad. st.

b, c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.

e,f. J 2 ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
h. (S ad. sk.

i. Ad. sk.
J. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
/. Jr. sk.
tn. S ad. sk.
n. 2 ad. sk.
0. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Bogota.

Bogota.

Retire, Antioquia (Salmon).

Antioquia (Salmon).

Santa Elena, Antioquia

(Salmon).
"Vicinity of Qiuto, Ecuador.
San Lucas, Ecuador (Buckley).
Sta. Rita, Ecuador (Buckley).

Pallataiiga, Ecuador.

Matos, Ecuador (Fr«Av;-).

Pinipi, Ecuador (Fraser).

Kawarani, Bolivia (Buckley).

Tilotilo, Bolivia (Buckley).

Bolivia (Buckley).

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
L. Fraser [C.].
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

15. Diglossa indigotica.

Diglossa indigotica, Sclater, Ann. i^' Maq. N. H. ser. 2, xvii. p. 467
(1856); id. P. Z. S. 18C0, p. 85; id' Cat. A. B. p. 49; id. Ibis,
1875, p. 218 ; Caxsin, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 274 ; 'Gray, Hand-l.
i. p. 119 ; Scl. et Scdv. Nvmencl. p. 15 ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885,
p. 75.

2. D1GL08S0PI3. 11

Deep purple-blue ; wings and tail black, edged with blue ; lores
black; bill and feet black: whole length 43 inches, wing 2-2, tail 1-4.
Hab. Andes of Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll. (Type

of the species.)

b. Ad. sk. Foot of Pichincha, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Wluimper).

c. Ad. sk. Nauegal, Ecuador {Fraser). Sclater Coll,

d. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Gould Coll.

16. Diglossa glauca.

Diglossa glauca, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 253, et 1879, p. 596.

Dark cinereous, with slight blue edgings to the feathers ; wings
and tail black, similarly edged ; below rather darker ; inner margins
of remiges pale ashy ; bill horn-colour, base of lower mandible pale
yellow ; feet dark brown : whole length 4 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-6.
Female. Above olive, beneath ochraceous ; wings and tail dark brown
with margins like the back ; bill and feet brown, with the base of
the lower mandible whitish.

Bab. Andes of Bolivia.

Only known from the typical pair obtained by Buckley. The
species is somewhat similar to D. indirjotica, but smaller and of much
duller colour.

a 6 ad. sk. Nairapi, Bohvia (^«cZ;/f2/). ( (Types of the species.)

b. $ ad. sk. Bolivia (C. Jiuckley). j v jr r /

2. DIGLOSSOPIS.

Type.

Diglossopis, Scl. Ann. 4" Mag. N. H. ser. 2, xvii.

p. 467 (1866) D. cseiulescens.

The single species of this geniis somewhat resembles Diglossa j^er-
sonata in plumage, but is at once distinguishable by its more slender
and less hooked bill, the upper mandible being but just incurved over
the lower. It is Ibund in the higher Andes from Venezuela through
Colombia and Ecuador to Central Peru. The nest and eggs obtained
by Salmon in Autioquia in 1877 resemble those of Diglossa.

1. Diglossopis cserulescens.

Diglossopis cserulescens, Scl. Ann. i.^- Mag. N. H. ser. 2, xvii. p. 467
id. Cat. A. B. p. 49 ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 219 ; Oi-ay, Hand-l. i. p. 119
Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 627, 1879, p. 496 ; iid. Nonmicl. p. 15
Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 324; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 225, 1882, p. 8
id. Oni. Perou, i. p. 422.

Diglossa cserulescens, Perl. J. f. 0. 1884, p. 286 (Bucaramanga).

Diglossa personata J , Reich. Handb. p. 231, t. dhi. f. 3752.

Bluish cinereous, below paler ; belly and crissum more ashy ;
wings and tail black with margins similar to the back ; front, lores.

12

CCEREBIDJE.

and chin black : whole length 6 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2'3.
similar to male.

Bab. Andes of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Female

a. Ad. sk.

b. cJ ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

/, (/. d ? ad. sk.

Caracas, Venezuela (Salle).

Caracas, Venezuela (Goermg).
Caracas, Venezuela.

Sclater Coll. (Type
of the species.)

Salvin-Godman Coll.

P. L. Sclater, Esq.
[P.],

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Bogota.
Bogota.
Santa Elena, Antioquia, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Siilmon).
Tambillo, Peru (Stohviann') . Sclater CoU.

Subfamily II. DACNIDIN^.

Key to the Genera.

a. Bill thin, elongated, about as long as the head ;

< wings rather long, tail short 3. Oreomanes, p. 12.

I wings shorter, tail longer 4. CoNiROSTRUM,p. 13.

b. Bill short, thick, Parine in form 5. Xenodacnis, p. 17.

c. ]jill short, stout, rather widened at base.

, rp -1 J if bill very short G. Hemidacnis, p. 17.

a. 1 ail moderate ■{ ,.„ , ■', ^ T-k. .-,.,,„ „ iq

1 bill short 7. Uacnis, p. 18.

b'. Tail 8hort 8. Certhibea, p. 27.

3. OREOMANES,

Type.
Oreomanes, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 75 O. fraseri.

Bill and foot of Oreomanes. (P. Z. S. 1860, p. 75.)

This is an exaggerated form of Conirostriim, distinguished by its
larger size, longer wings, and shorter tail. Only one species is known.

1. Oreomanes fraseri.

Oreomanes fraseri, Sol. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 75, pi. 159 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 49 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 15 ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885,

p. 76.
Conirostrum (Oreomanes) fraseri, Gray, Hancl-1. i. p. 119.

4. CONIROSTRXIM. 13

Above cinereous ; wings and tail blackish, wing-coverts and
secondaries margined with cinereous ; ear-coverts white ; supercili-
aries and body below deep chestnut ; under wing-coverts and thighs
white : whole length &'3 inches, wing 3'5, tail '2-4.

Hah. Andes of Central Ecuador, alt. 14,U00 feet.

Discovered on Chimborazo by Fraser in 1859, and occasionally
since brought in collections from Quito. In 1876 Mr. C. Buckley
obtained a single specimen at Sical in Eastern Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk. Panza, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

(Type of the species.)

b. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Pasto, Ecuador {Lehmann). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Purchased.

4. CONIROSTRUM.

Type.
Conirostrum, d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Ac. ii. p. 25 (18.3SJ . . C. cinereum.

This genus contains a group of about eight small species, distin-
guished by their straight, pointed, conical bills, and found only in
the higher Andean forests from Colombia to Bolivia. The sexes are
similar, except in 0. albifrons and C. atroct/aneum.

Ken ^^ '^*^ Species.

A. Abdomen rufous.

a. Throat black | ^^"Pei'ciliaries black .... 1 sitticohr, p. 13.

jsuperciharies blue .... 2. cyaneum, ^. l-i.

b. Throat like the belly ;

) superciliaries rufous 3. rufum, p. 14.

) superciliaries white 4. ferruyineiveii*re, p. lo.

B. Below uniform pale fuscous 5. fraseri, p. lo.

C. Below uniform cinereous 6. cinereum, p. 15.

1). Below black ;

j back bluish ; cap white 7. albifrons, p. 16.

\ back black ; cap blue 8. atrocyaneum, p. 16.

1. Conirostrum sitticolor.

Conirostrum sitticolor, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 102 ; Scl. P. Z. S
1855, pp. 75, 138 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 49; Graij et Mitch. Gen. B (.
p. 102, pi. 34 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 402 ; C'a,ssin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864
p. 272 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 119 : Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 780
(Venezuela) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 15 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 193 ; id.
Orn. Perou,i. p. 423 ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z.S. 1885, p. 75 (Ecuador).

Conirostrum bicolor, Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 275.

Above dull purple ; head, wings, and tail black; wing-coverts and
secondaries edged with purple ; below deep rusty red ; throat and
neck black like the head; under wing-coverts red; inner mar"-ins
of wing-feathers cinerascent ; bill and feet black : whole length°4-5
inches, wing 2-6, tail 2-1. Female similar.

Bab. Andes of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and iS'. Peru.

14 CCEREBID^.

Originally described from Bogota skins, but extends into Ecuador
and N. Peru on the one side and Venezuela (Andes of Merida) on
the other.

a. 5 ad. sk. Merida, Venezuela Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Goermg) .

b. Ad. st. Bogota. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. ; e. Jr. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

/, (/. Ad. sk. San Lucas, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Bifckley).
h. Ad. St. Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

2. Conirostrum cyaneum.

Conirostrum cyaneum, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 512 ; id. Orn. Perou,
i. p. 42.3 ; Scl. et Salt: P. Z. S. 1879, p. 596.

Above dark purple : head black, with broad suporciliarics and sides
of neck purple like the back ; wings and tail black, wing-coverts
and secondaries edged with purple ; below deep ferruginous red ;
throat and fore neck black with a strong purplish gloss ; under
wing-coverts rufous ; inner margins of wing-feathers cinerascent :
whole length 4'5 inches, wing 2-G, tail 2-1. Female similar.

Hah. Andes of Central Peru and Bolivia.

This species only differs from G. sitticolor in its purple superci-
liaries and the bluish gloss on the fore neck.

a, b. Ad. sk. Bolivia (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Conirostrum rufum.

Conirostrum rufum, Za/;-. Mag. de Zool. 1843, sub tab. 35 (1843).; Scl.

P. Z. S. 185-5, pp. 75, 138 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 50 ; Cam'n, Pr. Ac.

Sc. Phil. 1804, p. 272 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 15 ; Wyatt, Ihi.i,

1871, pp. 128, 324.
Dacuis rufo-cinerea, Bjo. Atti Scieyiz. It. 1845, p. 404 ; id. Consp. i.

p. 401.

Above cinereous ; wings and tail blackish, wing-coverts edged
with grey and secondaries with whitish ; front, superciliaries, and
body beneath deep chestnut-red ; under wing-covcrts and inner
margins of wing-feathers whitish ; bill and feet dark brown : whole
length 4-5 inches, wing 2-3, tail 2-2. Female similar.

Hah. Andes of Colombia.

Not uncommon in "Bogota" collections, and recently obtained by
Mr. Simons on the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, at 9200 feet
altitude.

a. Ad. sk. Sierra Nevada de Santa Sclater Coll.

Marta (Simons).

b,c. cJ 5 ad. sk. Sierra Nevada de Santa Salvin-Godman Coll.

Marta {Simons).

d. Ad. st. Bogota. Pm'cbased.

e,f. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

y, h. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

4. COXIROSTRUM. 15

4. Conirostnun ferrugineiventre.

Conirostrum ferrugineiventre, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 74, Aves, pi. Ixxxv. ;
Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 678, 1879, p. 596 ; iid. Nomencl.
p. 15 ; Gray, Iland-l. i. p. 119 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. oil ; id. Orn.
Pe'roM, i.p. 424.

Above plumbeous, Avings and tail blackish edged with plumbeous ;
cap blackish ; superciliaries ■white ; beneath bright ferruginous brown ;
under wing-coverts and inner margins of wing-feathers white : bill
and feet blackish. Whole length 5-2 inches, wing 2'S, tail 2-1.

Hab. Andes of Bolivia and Southern Peru.

Easily known from C. rufum by its white superciliaries.

a. Ad. sk. Cachupata, Peru ( Jlliitchj). Sclater Coll.

5. Conirostrum fraseri. (Plate II. fig. 1.)

Conirostrum fraseri, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 4-52, 1860, p. 65 ; id.
Cat. A. B. p. 50 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 119 ; Scl. et Salv. Noviencl.
p. 15 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 288 (Ecuador) ; iid. P. Z. S.

1885, p. 76.

Above cinereous, somewhat rufescent ; wings and tail blackish ;
tips of greater wing-coverts, edges of secondaries, and speculum at
the base of the primaries white ; superciliaries and body below pale
fuscous ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of wing-feathers
white ; bill and feet dark brown : whole length 4*2 inches, wing 2-3,
tail 2"2. Female similar.

Hab. Andes of Western Ecuador.

Discovered by Eraser in Ecuador, and not yet obtained elsewhere.

a. Ad.sk. ; h. Jr. sk. Sical, Ecuador {Buckley'), Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador (Bvckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Yieinitv of Quito, Ecuador Salvin-Godman CoU.

(Biickley).

e. f. S 2 fid. sk. Cuenca, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll. (Types

of the species.)
g. Ad. sk. Ecuador (Fraser). Purchased.

A. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Purchased.

6. Conirostrum cinereum.

Conirostrum cinereum, d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 25 ; d'Orb. Voy.,
Ois. p. 374, t. 49. tig. 1 ; Tsch.'F. P., Orn. p. 236 ; Cab. J. f. O.
1873, p. 64; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 102; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 984, 1868, p. 569, 1879, p. 596 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 15 ; Cassin,
P): Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 272; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 119; Scl.
P. Z. S. 1873, p. 780; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 511, 1879, p. 225;
id. Orn. Perou, i. p. 425.

Above pure cinereous ; wings and tail blackish, tips of greater
wing-coverts, edges of secondaries, and a small speculum at the base
of the primaries white ; superciliaries white ; body below pale
cinereous ; under ■« ing-coverts and inner margins of wing- feathers

16 CCEREBID^.

white ; bill and feet dark brown : whole length 4 inches, wing
2-5, tail 1-9. Female similar, but body beneath tinged with rufous.

Hab. Andes of Bolivia and Peru.

A southern representative of C. fraseri ; always distinguishable by
its greyer tinge above and much paler colour below.

a,b. J' 2 ad. sk. Arequipa, S.W. Peru Salvin-Godmau Coll.

{Whitely).

c. Ad. sk. Arequipa, SAV. Peru Purchased.

( mutely).

d. Ad. sk. SAV. Peru (Whiteh/). Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Maraynioc, Peru (jekki). Sclater Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Lima, Peru {Nation). Sclater Ccill.
(/: Ad. sk. Bolivia {B. Forbe:i). Sclater Coll.

7. Conirostrum albifrons.

Conirostrum albifrous, Lafr. Rev. Zoul. 18i2, p. 301 ; id. Ma//, de
Zool. 1843, Ois. t. 35; Bp. Consp. i. p. 402; Gray, Gen. B. i.
p 102 ; Sd. P. Z. S. IBoo, pp. 75, 138, et 1859, p. 138 ; Casun,
Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 272 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 119 ; Scl. Cat.
A. B. p. 50 ; Scl. et Salt. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 496 ; iid. Numencl. p. 15.

Conirostrum cseruleifrons, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 302 ; Scl. Cat.
^. ^. p. 50(?).

Above black, strongly glossed with purplish blue except on the
back and sides of the neck ; cap pure white ; wings and tail black,
slightly edged with purplish blue ; below black ; biU and feet black :
whole length 5 inches, wing 2-9, tail 3-4. Youikj male. Like the
adult, but with the cap blue, or blue mixed with white. Female.
Above bright green, wings and tail blackish edged with green ; sides
and back of neck dark cinereous ; cap blue ; throat and breast
cinereous : belly pale green ; under wing-coverts and inner margins
of remiges whitish.

Hab. Andes of Colombia and Ecuador.

The sexes of this bird were originally described by Lafresnaye as
distinct species, but I find a nearly perfect series of specimens con-
necting the two plumages.

a, b. 6 5 ad. ; c, Bogota. Sclater Coll.

d. S ji*- sk.

e,f. J 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(/jh. S 2 ad.sk. Santa Elena, U.S. C.('SV</OTon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. j. (S ad. sk. Vicinity of Medellin, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Salmon).

k, I. S 9- ad. sk. Jiuia, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

7)1. 2ad.sk. Yauayaca, Ecuador (i?«c7i/e^). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n, 0. d 2 ad. st. ; S. America. Purchased.

p. J jr. St.

8. Conirostrum atrocyaneum.

Conirostrum atrocvaneum, Lafr. Rev. Zoal. 1848, p. 9 ; Tacz. P. Z. S.
1874, p. 511, et 1879, p. 225 "; id. Orn. Peroit, i. p. 426 ; Scl. et Salv.
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 597 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 288 (Ecuador).

5. XENODACNIS. 6. HEMIBACNIS. 17

Above black ; cap, uropygium, and upper wing-coverts shining
blue ; below black ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 4-5
inches, wing 2*7, tail 2"2. Female (according to Taezanowski) with
the cap clearer blue, back of neck cinereous, back green, rump yel-
lowish, throat cinereous, and belly greenish yellow.

Hab. Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

The adult of this species somewhat resembles the young male of
C. albifrons, but is at once distinguishable by its black back.

a, b. (S ad. sk. Bolivia {Jitwklei/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. cS ad. sk. PaUatanga, Ecuador (-F?-a5er). Piu'chased.

5. XENODACNIS. Type.
Xenodacnis, Cab. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 311 X. parina.

This peculiar form is, as Dr. Cabanis has well observed, hard to
place satisfactorily, but is better referred to the neighbourhood of
Dacnis than to any other position. The bill is very Parine in form,
but without any nasal bristles. There is no tenth primary apparent.
The feet are strong.

1. Xenodacnis parina.

Xenodacnis parina, Cab. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 312, tab. iv. figs. 1, 2 ; Tacz,
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 510; id. Orn. Perou, i. p. 434.

Uniform dull purplish blue, rather paler on the beUy, brighter
on the head and rump ; wings and tail-feathers ashy black edged
with blue ; bill dark brown ; feet black : whole length 4-5 inches,
wing 2-5, tail 2'1. Female (according to Cabanis) above brownish,
cap blue ; lesser wing-coverts and rump bluish ; beneath reddish
brown, middle of belly whitish.

Hab. Central Peru.

a. (S ad. sk. Maraynioc, Peru {Jekki). Sclater Coll. (One of the

typical specimens.)

6. HEMIDACNIS.

Type.
Hemidacnis, Sd. Cat. A. B. p. 50 (1862) H. albiventris.

This is again a monotypie form, but much more nearly allied to
Dacnis, from which it scarcely differs except in its shorter bill.

1. Hemidacnis albiventris,

Piprjeidea albiventris, Sclater, JRev. Zool. 1852, p. 8 ; id. Contr. Orn.
1852, p. 131, pi. 100. %. 1.

Diva albiventris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 158.

Hemidacnis albiventris, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 50 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc.
Phil. 1864, p. 271 ; Scl. et Salt: P. Z. S. 1867, p. 749, et 1873,
p. 259 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 16 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, i. p. 427.

Dacnis albiventris, Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 118.

Above bright purplish blue ; front, lores, and ear-coverts black ;

VOL. XI. c

6.

c? jr.

sk.

c,

d. d 2 ad.

sk.

e.

cJ ad.

sk.

f.

c? ad.

sk.

(/'

. c7 ad.

St.

h.

J jr.

sk.

18 . CCEREBID^.

wings and tail black, the wing-coverts and secondaries with edgings
like the back ; below as above, but the middle of the abdomen and
crissum pure white ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of wing-
feathers white ; bill and feet black : whole length 4-1 inches, wing
2-4, tail 1-6. Female. Above green, brighter on the rump ; wings
and tail blackish, edged with green ; below greenish yellow, brighter
on the middle of the belly.

Eab. Colombia, Ecuador, and Eastern Peru.

a. c? ad. sk. Chamicm-os, Peruvian Ama- Salvin-Godman Coll.

zons (Bartlctf).

Xeberos, Peru (Bartlett). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Xeberos, Peruvian Amazons Sclater Coll.

(Bartlett).

Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Bogota. Purchased.

Bogota. Purchased.

Bogota. Sclater Coll.

7. DACNIS. Type.

Dacnis, Cuv. R'egn. An. i. p. 395 (1817) D. cayana.

Cyanodacnis, Cassiyi, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 268 . . D. cayana.

Polidacnis, C'assin, op. cit. p. 269 1). angelica.

Eudacnis, Cassin, op. cit. p. 270 D. fiaviventris.

Ateleodacnis, Cassin, ibid D. leucogenys.

This genus contains about thirteen species extensively distributed
in the Neotropical Hegiou from Nicaragua down to the southern
limits of the Brazilian wood-region. They are forest-loving birds,
and occur at low rather than at high elevations, though some of
the species are certainly met with only in the higher Subandean
valleys.

In the first nine or ten, more typical, members of the group the
males are clad in very brilliant plumage, and differ much from the
sombre females ; but, as is often the case, in some of the more
aberrant species the plumages of the two sexes are nearly similar.

Key to the Species.

A. Head blue : interscapulium black.

a. Throat black.
a'. Feet red.

Body bright blue 1. cayana, p. ] 9.

Body purplish 2. coere.bicolor, p. 21.

b'. Feet black 3. niyripes, p. 21.

b. Throat blue

e'. Sides of head black ;

J middle of belly white 4. angelica, p. 22.

1. middle of belly yellow 5. eyregia, p. 22.

d'. Sides of head blue 6. viguieri, p. 23.

B. Head green; abdomen yellow 7. fiaviventris, p. 23,

C. Head blue ; abdomen black 8. venustu, p. 24.

D. Head black; abdomen silvery green 9. pulcherrima, p. 24.

7. DACXIS. 19

E. General plumage grey.

e'. Crissuin chestnut.

a". Cap black ; back grey 10. kiicogenys, p. 25.

b". Cap grey like the back;

r below bluish grey 11. analis, p. 25.

\ below whitish grey 12. speciosa, p. 26.

f. Crissum like the belly 13. plunihea, p. 26.

F. Male unknown ; female above dark yellowish

olive 14. salmoni, p. 27.

1. Dacnis cay ana.

Sylvia cayanensis cserulea, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 5-34.

Blue Manakin, Edioards, Birds, pi. 203.

MotaciDa cayana, lAnn. S. N. i. p. 336.

Le Pipit bleu de Cayenne, Dauh. PL mi 6G[). fig. 1 ( d )•

Grimpereau verd de Bresil, Daub. PI. Enl. 578. fig. 1(5).

Fringilla cyanomelas, Gm. S. N. i. p. 024.

Motacilla cyanocephala, Gm. S. N. i. p. 000 ( 2 ).

Nectarinia bicolor, BecM. Nouv. Mem. Soc. Mosc. i. p. 378, pi. xxiii.

Nectarinia cyanocephala, Sw. Zool. III. ser. i. pi. 117 ($).

Ccereba cserulea. Max. Beitr. ii. p. 766.

Dacnis cyanater, Less. Tr. d^Orn. p. 458 ; d'0)-b. et Lafr. Syn. Av.'\.

p. 21.
Dacnis cyanomelas, Burtn. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 153 ; Reichenb. Handb.

p. 227 ; Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1873, p. 235.
Dacnis cayana, StricM. C'ontr. Orn. 1851, p. 15; Bp. Consp. i. p. 400 ;

Scl Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 106; id. Cat. A. B. p. 60; id. P. Z. S.

1854, pp. 110, 252, 1855, p. 137, 1858, p. 452; id. Ibis, 1863,

p. 313 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil 1864, p. 268 ; Taijlor, Ibis, 1864,

p. 81 (Trinidad) ; Scl et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 179, 1867, pp. 570,

749, 977, 187.3' p. 259, 1875, p. 237, 1879, pp. 496, 597; iid.

Nomencl p. 16 ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 185 ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 313 ;

Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 378 (Lower Amazons) ; Leotaud, B. of

Trinidad, p. 124; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 510, 1882, p. 9; id. Orn.

Perou, i. p. 428; Sah. et Godm. Biol C.-A., Ares, i. p. 244; Salv.

Ibis, 1885, p. 207 (Brit. Guian.).
Dacnis cyanocephala. Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 102; d'Orb. Voy., Ois.

p. 221 ; Cab. in ScJiomb. Guian. iii. p. 675.
Dacnis nigripes, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil 1864, p. 269.
Dacnis coerebicolor, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. vii. p. 291.
Dacnis ultramarina, Lawr. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil 1864, p. 106 ; id. Ibis,

1865, p. 106 ; id Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 179, ix. p. 97 ; Scl et Salv.

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 348 ; iid. Nomencl p. 16 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil

1864, p. 269 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol C.-A., Aves, i. p. 244.

Shining blue, with a greenish tinge ; interscapulium, front, lores,
and throat black ; wings and tail black ; wings edged with blue ;
under wing-coverts and underside of wings cinereous ; bill horn-
colour ; feet flesh-colour : whole length 4-2 inches, wing 2-2, tail 1-6.
Female. Bright green ; head blue ; throat cinereous.

Hah. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and South America down
to S. Brazil and Bolivia.

In some specimens from Panama and northwards {D. vltramarina
of Lawrence) the male is distinguishable by its deeper shining blue
colour, with less greenish tinge. But I can only regard this form

c2

20

as a subspecies, especially as some of the Chiriqui specimens agree
completely with Guianan skins *.

a. Subsp. iiltramarina.

Chontales, Nicaragua (^c^?). Salvin-Godman Coll.
Cliontales, Nicaragua (Jaw- Salvua-Godmau Coll.

son).
Veragua {ArcS). Purchased.

Chepo, Veragua (^Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

a. c? jr- sk.

b. c? ad. sk.

c. d. c? 2 ad. sk.
e,f. (S jr. sk ; ff.

2 ad. sk,
Ji. c? ad. sk.
i. c? fid. sk.

j, k. (S 2 'i<i- sk.

/. (S ad. sk. ; vi,

n. 2 s-d- sk.

a. (S ad. sk.
b,c. cJ 5 ad. sk.
d. S ad. sk. ; e. c?

jr. sk.
/. c? ad.sk.
ff. c? ad. sk.
h. (5 ad. sk.

t. cT ad. sk.
j. 2 ad. sk.
k. tS ad. sk.
/, m. cJ 2 ad. sk.

n. c? ad. sk.

0. 2 ad. sk.

p. 2 ad. sk.

q. S ad. st.

•,s. (S 2 ad. sk.
r 2 ^^- sk.

S 2 ad. sk.

w, X. S ad. sk. ; y.

2 ad. sk.
s. S ad. .sk. '
a', b'. tS 2 ad. sk.

c', d'. cJ 2 ad, sk.

e'. S ad. sk.
/. $ ad. St.

Veragua {Arce).
Lion Hill, Panama

(McLeannan).
Panama {McLeannan).
Isthmus of Panama

{McLeannan).

b. Subsp. typica.

Volcan de Chiriqui (Arce).
Bugaba, Chiriqui {Arce).
Bogota.

Pebas, E. Peru {Hauxioell).

Chamicuros, E. Peru.

Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buck-
ley).

Simacu, Bolivia {Buckley).

Bolivia {Buckley).

Trinidad.

Bartica Grove, British Gui-
ana {JVJiitely).

Roraima, British Guiana
{JVJtitely).

Roraima, British Guiana
( Whitely).

Camacusa, British Guiana
{Whitely).

British Guiaua {Schom-
burgk).

Cayenne.

Para, Lower Amazons
( Wallace).

Pernambuco, Brazil {W,
A. Forbes).

Bahia, Brazil ( Wuchcrer).

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil

{Joyner).
Pelotas, Rio Grande do

Sul, Brazil {Joyner).
Sao Paido, Brazil {Joyner).
Brazil.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Pm'chased.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.

* Cf. Salviu and Godman, Biol. C.-A., Aves, i. p. 244.

7. DACNI3.

21

2. Dacnis ccerebicolor. (Plate III.)

Dacnis ccerebicolor, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 106 • id P Z S
1854, p. 252, 1855, p. 137 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 51 ; id. Ibis, 1863, p."314 ;"
Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 117 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 324 (Bucaraiuauo'a) ;
Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 497; iid. Nomencl. p. 16; Berlemch,
j; /: 0. 1884, p. 286 (Bucaramanga). ^ '

ArbelorMna ccerebicolor, Reichenb. Handb. p. 236.

Deep purple-blue; front, lores, iuterscapulium, wings, and tail
black; wing-coverts and secondaries with blue edgings like the
back ; below blue as above ; chin and throat-patch black ; bill horn-
colour, darker at tip ; feet carneous : whole length 4-5 inches, wiu»
2-8, tail 1-9. Female. Green ; cap blue ; throat cinereous, like that
of B. cayana.

Hah. Andes of Colombia.

This species, first described from " Bogota " skins, was met with
by Mr. Wyatt at Bucaramanga (about 2000 feet above the sea-level)
and in the province of Antioquia by Mr. Salmon. In distribution
of colour it exactly resembles D. cayana, but is at once distinguish-
able by its dark purple plumage.

a. cJ ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. (Type of

species.)

b. c? ad. sk. Colombia. ' Salvin-Godmau Coll.

c. c? ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

d. 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

e. c? ad. sk. Remedies, Antioquia Sclater Coll.

(Salmo7i).

3. Dacnis nigripes.

Dacnis nigripes, Pelzeln, Sitzmigsb. Akad. Wien, 1856, xx. p. 154,
tab. i. figs. 1, 2 ; id. Om. Bras. p. 25 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 263 ; id.
Cat. A. B. p. 51 ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 314 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.
1864, p. 269 ; Graij, Hand-l. i. p. 117 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.
p. 16 ; Berlei^sch, J.f. O. 1873, p. 237.

Bright blue, nearly as in D. cayana ; interscapulium, front, lores,
and large gular patch black ; wings and tail black ; wing-coverts,
secondaries, and central tail-feathers edged with blue ; bill and feet
black: whole length 4-4 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-5. Female.
Brownish olive ; cap and rump tinged with blue ; below pale ochra-
ceous.

Hah. S.E. Brazil.

Only known from S.E. Brazil, where Beske discovered it near
Kovo Eriburgo, and transmitted ten specimens to the Vienna
Museum. Easily distinguishable from D. cayana by its bluish feet
and short tail.

a,h. (S2 ad. sk. S.E. Brazil (Beske). Sclater CoU.

c. $ ad. sk. S.E. Brazil. Sclater Coll,

22 CCEREBID^.

4. Dacnis angelica.

Le Pipit bleu de Cayenne, Daub. PI. Enl. 669. fig. 2 (J).

Sylvia cavana y, Luth. Ind. Ovii. p. 546.

Sylvia cayana, Vieill. Gal. Ois. p. 269, pi. 165.

Dacnis cayana, Grat/, Gen. B. i. p. 102 ; d''Orh. et Lafr. Syn. Av. i.

p. 20 ; Tsch. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 37 ; Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii.

p. 675 ; Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 400 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 153 ; Pelzeln,

Orn. Bras. p. 25.
Dacnis angelica, De Filijypi, Atti sesta Riun. Sc. It. p. 404 (1845) ;

id. Cat. Mus. Medial. (1847) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 400 ; M. Contr.

Orn. 1851, p. 107 ; id. P. Z. S. 1854, pp. 110, 252, 1855, p. 137,

1857, p. 263 ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 815 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, i. p. 429;

Sah: Ibis, 1885, p. 207 (Brit. Guian.).
Dacnis uielanotis, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 16 ; Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 61 ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 315 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 269 ;

Sel. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 179 (Ucayali), 1867, p. 749 (E. Peru),

p. 977 (Pebas), 1873, p. 185 (S. Peru), p. 259 (E. Peru), 1879,

p. 597 ; iid. Noniencl. p. 16.
Dacnis archangelica, Bp. Cat. Ois. de Cayenne, p. 7.

Bright blue ; broad front, sides of the head and neck, and inter-
Bcapulium jet-black ; wings and tail black ; secondaries edged exter-
nally -with blue ; middle of belly, crissum, thighs, under wing-
coverts, and inner margins of wing-feathers pure white ; bill and
feet black : whole length 3"2 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-5. Female.
Above slaty brown with an olive tinge ; beneath much paler, more
cinereous ; under wing- coverts white.

Hah. Colombia, the Guianas and Amazonia, extending to Eastern
Peru and Bolivia.

The name " angelica " was originally intended for the Colombian
variety of this widely diffused bird, which was formerly mis-
called D. cayana (cf. Strickland, I. s. c). But as the Colombian and
Guianan forms are quite inseparable, and as Strickland's "mela-
notis," bestowed on the Guianan bird, bears a more recent date,
" angelica " becomes the correct name of the species wherever it
occurs.

a,b. S 2 s<l- s^- Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

c, d. c? 5 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Gui- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ana ( Whitely).

e. cJ ad. st. Demerara. Purchased.

/. 5 a.d. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. (S ad. St. Bogota. Purchased.

h, i. cJ ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

j, Jc. (^ 2 fid. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ley).

I, m. c? ad. sk. Intaj, Ecuador (Bucklm/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n, 0. c? ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peru ( Hau.nvell) . Salvin-Godman Coll.

p. cJ ad. sk. Ucayali River, E, Peru. Purchased.

q,r. <5jr., etjad. St. S.America. Purchased.

5. Dacnis egregia.

Dacnis egregria, Scl. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 252, 1855, p. 1.37, 1860,
pp. 65, 292 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 51, pi. vii. ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 316;

7. DACNIS. 23

Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 117 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 497 (Antio-
quia) ; id. Nojnend. p. 16; Berlepsch, J. f. 0. 1884, p. 286 (Buca-
ramanga).
Dacnis egregia asquatorialis, Berl. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 69 ; Berl. et Tacz.
P. Z. jS. 1883, p. 543.

Bright blue ; broad front, sides of head and neck, and intersca-
pulium glossy black ; wings and tail black ; secondaries edged exter-
nally with blue ; middle of beUy, crissum, thighs, and under wing-
coverts sulphur-yellow ; bill and feet black : whole length 4-3
inches, wing 2-5, tail 1-5. Female. Above olive-brown, wings and
tail brown ; tail beneath paler ; abdomen yellowish.

Bab. Interior of Colombia and "Western Ecuador.

In skins from "Western Ecuador (subsp. cequatorialis) the blue
colour has a more greenish hue. This species is nearly similar to
D. angelica, except in having the abdomen and under wing-coverts
bright yellow instead of white.

a. Subsp. tijpica.

a. (S ad. St. Bogota. Purchased.

b,c. cJ 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

d,e. (S 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

/. S ad. sk. Remedies, Autioquia {Sal- Salvin-Godman Coll.

mon).

b. Subsp. (pquatonalis.

a, h. S ad. sk. Napo, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c,d. c? $ ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. c? ad. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador (J?-ase?-). Salvin-Godman CoU,

f,9- d ? ad. sk. Esmeraldas, Ecuador {Fra- Sclater Coll.
ser).

6. Dacnis vignieri.

Dacnis viguieri, Salv. et Godm. Biol. C.-A., Aves, i. p. 246, tab. xv a
fig. 3. y > ■ •

Greenish blue ; lores, iuterscapulium, and tail black ; wings black ;
secondaries edged externally with greenish blue ; under wing-
coverts white ; bill and feet black : whole length 4-5 inches, wino-
2-4, tail 2. {Oustalet.) "

Hab. Isthmus of Darien.

Only known from the single specimen in the Paris Museum.

a. Drawing from the typical specimen {Eeulemans). Salvin-Godman Coll.
7. Dacnis flaviventris.

Dacnis flaviventris, d'Orb. et Lafr. Si/n. Av. i. p. 21 ; Bp. Cotisp i
p. 400 ; Scl. Contr. Oni. 1851, pp. 108, 114; id. P. Z. S. 1854, p 252"
1857, p. 263; id. Cat. A. B. p. 51; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 316; Cassin,
Pr. Ac. Se. Phil 1864, p. 270; Pelz. Oni. Bras. p. 25; Gray

p. oy/ ; nrf. JSomencl. p. io ; I acz. Urn. Perou, i. p.
Couirostrum ! flaviventre, Reichenb. Handb. p. 229.

24 CCEBEBII)^.

Bright yellow ; front, sides of head, interscapulium, throat-patch,
wings, and tail black ; cap bright green ; under wing- coverts white ;
bill and feet black: whole length 4-5 inches, wing 2-5, tail 1-5.
Female. Olive-brown; beneath paler, somewhat ochreous ; wings
and tail dark brown.

Hab. Eastern Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia.

A very distinct species, originally obtained by d'Orbigny in the
forests of Yuracares, Bolivia ; since received in several collections
from Upper Amazon:' a.

a. S ad. St. Ucayali. Purchased.

b. $ ad. sk. Lower Ucayali (R Barf- Sclater Coll.

left).

c. c? ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peni {Hauxivell). Salviu-Godmau Coll.

d. (S jr. sk. Yquitos, Upper Amazons Salviu-Godman Coll.

( Whifely).

e. S ad. sk. Peruvian Amazons {Haux- Sclater Coll.

well).

f. g. (S ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buck- Salvin-Godmau Coll.

ley).
^, «. (J ad. St. Amazons (?). Purchased.

8. Dacnis venusta.

Dacnis, sp., Lawr. Ann. Lj/c. N. Y. vii. p. 319.

Dacnis venusta, Lawr. Ann. Lijc. N. Y. vii. p. 404, ix. p. 97 Scl.
Ibis, 1863, p. 315, t. 7 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 348, 1879,
p. 497 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 160 ; Casshi, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.
1864, p. 269 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 117 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 185.

Above bright blue ; front, lores, space round the eyes, intersca-
pulium, wings, and tail glossy black ; below glossy black ; thighs
scarlet ; under wing-coverts whitish ; bill and feet black : whole
length 4-5 inches, wing 2-6, tail 1-6. Female. Above dirty greenish ;
rump bluish ; below ashy ochraceous.

Ilah. Costa Rica, Panama, and interior of Colombia.

This species is readily distinguished by its scarlet thighs and
glossy black under surface. It is best known from Costa Eica and
Panama, but has also been obtained in Antioquia by Salmon.

a,h. c? 2 ad. sk. ; c. (S Tucurriqui, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman CoU.

jr. sk. (Arce).

d, e. c? $ ad. sk. Costa Rica {Carmiol). Sclater Coll.

f. (5' ad. sk. Volcan de Chiriqui (^rce). Sclater Coll.

'^. cJ ad. sk. Bugaba,Chiriqui(ylrcej. Sclater Coll.

A. 5 ad.sk. Chiriqui (ylrce). Sclater Coll.

i,j. c? ? ad. sk. Panama (ilfcZfrtnwaH). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. S ad. sk. Remedios, U.S. of Co- Salviu-Godman CoU,
lombia (Salmon).

9. Dacnis pulcherrima.

Dacnis pulcherrima, Sclater, Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 480 ; id. P. Z. S.
1854, p. 252, et 1855, pp. 84, 137 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 51, pi. viii. ;
id. Ibis, 1863, p. 316 : Cassiti, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 270 ; Graij,

7. DACNIS. 25

Hand-l. i. p. 117; Scl. et Salt: Nomencl. p. 16: Tacz P Z S
1874, p. 510 ; id. Orn. Perou, i. p. 432.

Dacnis pulclierrima, j5. aiireinucha, Ridciw. Pr. U.S. N M 187S

p. 484 ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 76. ' " '

Above black ; a distinct cervical collar pale golden yeUow ; middle
of interscapulium and whole lower back pale silvery green ; wings
and tail black ; margins of wing-coverts and slight edgings to secon-
daries aiid tail-feathers blue ; below pale silvery green ; throat
black ; under wing-coverts white ; bill black, pale at the base ; feet
dark brown : whole length 4-5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 1-8. Female
(probably) like the male.

Hah. Interior of Colombia and Ecuador.

This conspicuous species has rather a thicker biU than its con-
geners, and may possibly be a Tanager, as supposed by Du Bus. It
was described from Bogota skins, but extends from Colombia into
Ecuador under a very slightly different phase, which Mr. Eidgway
has separated as a subspecies, having the nuchal band of a more
golden tinge.

a. Subsp. typica.

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. (Type
, . , , T. ^ of the species.)

b. Ad.sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Bogota.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

b. Subsp. aureinnclia.

a, b Ad sk. Intaj, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll

c. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godmau Coll"

d. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Salviu-Godman Coll.'

10. Dacnis leucogenys.

Dacnis leucogeuys, Z«/r. B. Z 1852, p. 470; Sclater, Ibis, 1863,
p. 317; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 270; Gray, Hand-l. i
p. 117 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 16.

Above dark bluish grey; cap black; ear-coverts white; wings
and tad blackish, edged with grey ; below ])aler, whitish grey ; cris-
sum chestnut ; under wing-coverts white ; bill and fect"^ blackish •
whole length 3-6 inches, wing 2-2, tail 1-4. Female. Above grey,"
wmgs and tail blackish ; beneath pale yellowish ; sides greyish.

Hab. Interior of Colombia.

Very easily known by its black cap and red crissum ; only yet
met with in " Bogota " collections.

a, b. S ad. sk. ; c. $ ad. sk. Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll

d, e. (S ad. sk. ; /. $ ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

11. Dacnis analis.

26

C(EREBID^.

a.

S ad.

sk.

h.

<S ad.

sk.

c.

S ad.

sk.

d.

6 ad.

sk.

e.

c? ad.

sk.

/■

$ ad.

sk.

9-

$ ad.

sk.

Helinaia brevipenuis, Giraud, Ann. Lye. N. Y. v. p. 40 (18.58) ($).
Daenis brevipennis, C'as.sm, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 271 ( $ ).
Dacnis modesta, Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p. 64 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,

p._510, et 1882, p. 9(2).
Conirostrnm, sp. inc., Sel. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 17 ( $ ).

Above dark purplish blue ; wings and tail blackish, edged with
blue ; beneath rather paler ; crissum chestnut ; under wing-coverts
and the bases of the primaries white ; bill and feet blackish : whole
length 4 inches, wing 2'2, tail ]"5. Female. Above green; head
grey ; wings and tail blackish edged with green ; below whitish ;
flanks and crissum tinged with green.

Hab. Guiana, Amazonia, Peru, and Bolivia.

Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

Bogota. Sclater Coll.

Ucayali, Peruvian Amazons Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Bartlett).

Upper Ucayali (Bartlett). Sclater Coll.

Ucayali. Purchased.

Huambo, Peru {Stolzmann). Sclater Coll.

Maranura, Peru ( WJiitely). Sclater Coll.

12. Dacnis speciosa.

Svlvia speciosa, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 708.

Dacnis speciosa, Scl. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 101 ; id. P. Z. S. 1854,

p. 252 ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 317 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 51 ; Reichenb.

Handb. p. 228 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 270; Pelz. Orn.

Bras. p. 26 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 118 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 16.
Sylvicola speciosa, Bu7-m. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 117.

Above slaty blue ; wings and tail blackish, edged with blue ; below
pale grey ; crissum chestnut ; under wing-coverts and primaries at
their bases white ; bill grey ; feet brown : whole length 4 inches,
wing 2-2, tail 1"5. Female. Above greenish ; head and neck grey ;
wings and tail blackish, edged with green ; below white tinged with
ochreous ; under wing-coverts white ; bill pale, feet dark brown.

Hab. Wood-region of S.E. Brazil.

This is a southern representative of the preceding species, and only
distinguishable by its paler colour, especially below.

a. (5 ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherei-). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b,c. cJ 2 ad. sk. S.E. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

d. (5 ad. sk. S.E. Brazil. Sclater CoU.

13. Dacnis plumbea.

Sylvia plumbea, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 553 (1790).

Dacnis plumbea. Gray et Mitch. Gen. B. i. p. 102 ; Tsch. F. P.

p. 236 ; Reichenb. Handb. p. 228 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 155 ;

Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 102 ; id. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 252 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 52 ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 317 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.

1868, p. 627 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 16 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, i. p. 433.

8. CERTHIDEA.

27

Sylvia bicolor, Vieill. Ois. d'Am. Sept. ii. p. 32, pi. 90 (1807) ; tV^.

Nouv. Diet. xi. p. 167 ; id. Enc. Meth. p. 431.
Dacnis bicolor, Cassin, Fr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 270 ; Gray, Hund-l.

i. p. 118.
DendrcEca bicolor, Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 71.

Above pale bluish grey; wings and tail brown, edged witb grey;
beneath pale ochraceons ; under wing-coverts white ; bill horn-
colour ; feet reddish : whole length 4'5 inches, wing 2-5, tail 1*7.
Female. Abo'ce pale olive-green ; wings and tail blackish, edged
with brown ; beneath yellowish.

Hah. Wood-region of S.E. Brazil ; Venezuela and Trinidad.

a,

6. c? 2 ad. sk.

Tucacas, Venezuela (Goe

ring).

Sclater CoU.

c.

c5' ad. sk.

Trinidad.

Zool._ Soc. Coll.

d.

$ ad. sk.

Yquitos, E. Peru {Bartlett).

Salviu-Godman Coll

e.

2 ad. sk.

Pemambuco (TJ'''. A.

Foi

•bes).

Sclater Coll.

f.

2 ad. sk.

Baliia ( Wucherer).

Salvin-Godman Coll

9-

(S ad. sk.

Bahia.

Sclater Coll.

h,

i. S ad. sk.

Brazil.

Salvin-Godman Coll

J-

d jr. sk.

Brazil.

M. Claussen [P.].

14

Dacnis salmoni. (

Pla

tell.

fig. 2.)

Female. Above dark yellowish olive ; wings and tail blackish
brown, margined with yellowish olive ; beneath white, breast and
crissum with a rufous tinge ; under wing-coverts pure white ; inner
margins of wing-feathers pale yellow ; bill brown ; feet hazel :
whole length 4*4 inches, wing 2'3, tail 1*5.

Bab. Remedies, Antioquia (Salmon).

This is a female of what will doubtless prove to be a brilliantly
coloured species of Dacnis. Cf. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 497.

a. 2 sk.

Remedies, Antioquia (Salmon).

Sclater Coll.
(Type of the species.)

8. CERTHIDEA.

Certhidea, Gmdd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 7

Type.
C. olivacea.

Structure of Certhidea. (Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 477.)

28

C(BR£BID^.

This genus consists of two species peculiar to the Galapagos Archi-
pelago. Its true place is perhaps a little uncertain, but it seems to
como nearest to Conirostnim and Dacnls. From Conirostrum,
Gcrtliidea differs in having the wings and tail much shorter ; but
the form of the nostrils, the scntellation of the tarsi, and the propor-
tionate length of the toes are nearly alike in the two genera.

1. Certhidea olivacea.

Certhidea olivacea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 7 ; Darioin, Zool. Voy.
Beagle, iii. p. 106, t. xliv. ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 ;
iid. Nomencl. p. 16 ; Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 476.

Above olive-brown ; wings and tail darker brown ; wing- coverts
slightly margined with pale brown ; below pale ochraceous brown ;
under wing-coverts white ; bill pale brown, darker at the point ;
feet pale brown : whole length 3-8 inches, wing 2, tail 1-5. Female
similar, but rather paler.

Hah. Chatham, James, and Indefatigable Islands, Galapagos.

a-c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.

e,f. S 5 ad. sk.

g. (S ad. sk. ; h-f'. J
ad. sk. ; k. Ad. sk.

Galapagos (Darwin).
Galapagos.

Indefatigable Island, Gala-
pagos (Habel).

Indefatigable Island, Gala-
pagos (Habel).

C. Darvdn, Esq. [P.].
Capt. Burnett and
Lieut. Fitzroy [P.].
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Certhidea fasca.

Certhidea fusca, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 324 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 16 ;
Salvin, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 477.

Above brown ; below gropsh white ; under wing-coverts white ;
bill and feet black; whole length 3'7 inches, wing 2, tail 1*5.

Hab. Bindloes and Abingdon Islands, Galapagos Archipelago.

Closely allied to C. olivacea, but generally of a more brownish
colour, and bill and feet black.

a. cJ ad. sk. Abingdon Island, Galapagos.

b. c? ad. sk. Abingdon Island, Galapagos

(Habel).

c. c? ad. sk. Bindloes Island, Galapagos

(Habel).

Dr. A. Habel [C.].
Sd™.G„d,ua„ i

Salvin-Godman (
Coll. 'P^'^'^'-

9. CHioKopHAiras. 29

Subfamily III. CCEREBIN^.

Key to the Getiera.

a. Bill strong, slightly incurved 9. Chlorophane8, p. 29.

6. Bill thin, lengthened, much inciu-ved . . 10. Ccereba, p. 31.
c. BiU thin, short, slightly incurved 11. Cebthiola, p. 36.

9. CHLOROPHANES.

Chlorophanes, Reichenh. Handb. d. sj). Orn. p. 233 (1853).

This form is somewhat intermediate between Dacnis and Ccereba,
but easily known from either by its strong, slightly incurved bill.
It consists of one widely distributed species, and a second, at pre-
sent onlj- known from a single skin.

1. Chloropliaiies spiza.

Certhia spiza, Lum. Syst. Nat. i. p. ISG.

Grimpereau a tete noir de Bresil, Daub. PI. Enl. 578. fig. 2 (cJ).

Grimpereau verd de Cayenne, Daub. PL EnL 682. tig. 1(5).

CcEreha spiza, Ma.v. Beitr. iii. p. 771.

Dacnis spiza. Cab. Miis. Hein. i. p. 95; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 152.

Chlorophanes spiza, Cas-shi, P-. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 267 ; Later.

Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 174; Salmn, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 177;

id. Lbis, 1885, p. 206 (Brit. Guiana); Salvin ^- Godman, Biol. C-

A., Aves, i. p. 247 ; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 242 ; id. J.f. 0. 1884,

p. 286 (Bucaramanga) .
Ccereba atricapilla, Vieill. Koiiv. Diet. xiv. p. 50 (1817).
Dacnis atricapilla, Scl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 108 ; id. P. Z. S. 1854,

p. 110; Finseh, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 560 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 26.
Chlorophanes atricapilla, ReicJieiib. Handb. p. 234: Scl P Z S

1854, p. 252, 1857, p. 263, 1861, p. 129; id. Cat. A. B. p. 52;

Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 349, 1866, p. 179, 1867, p. 749 et

p. 977, 1868, p. 166, 1873, p. 260, 1879, p. 497 ; iid. Ibis, 1859,

p. 14, 1860, p. 32 ; iid. Nomenel. p. 16; Taijlor, Ibis, 1864, p. 81 ;

Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 324; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 9; id. Orn.

Perou, i. p. 435.
Nectarinia miti-ata, Licht. Donbl. p. 15.
Chlorophanes guatemaleusis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 129 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 52 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 349, 1870, p. 836 ; Salvin, Ibis,

1866, p. 203, 1872, p. 315 ; id. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 137, 1870, p. 185.
Chlorophanes spiza, var. giiatemalensis, Laur. Ami. L. N. Y vs.

p. 97 ; Frantzius, J.f. O. 1869, p. 297.
Chlorophanes spiza exsul, Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 543.

Bright shining green, with a bluish tinge, more especially below
in some specimens ; cap and sides of head black ; wings and tail
blackish edged with green; under wing-coverts blackish; beak
yellow, the upper portion of the upper mandible and feet black :
whole length 5-2 inches, wing 2-9, tail 1-5. Female. Uniform grass-
green, paler medially below ; upper mandible blackish, lower yel-
lowish ; feet brown.

Hab. From Guatemala southwards throughout Central America,
and all over South America down to S.E. Brazil and Bolivia.

30

CCERERIDJB.

This widely distributed species is subject to considerable local
variation, and at one time I thought it possible to separate the
Central-American form as C. gtuitemalensis ; but Messrs. Salvin and
Godman (J. s. c.) have shown that examples from Guatemala and
Guiana cannot always be distinguished. Most specimens from
Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru have a strong bluish cast on the body
below. Cassin (Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, pp. 267, 268) has described
four "varieties " of this species from different localities under the
names " spiza," "• gua'.emalensis" ^^ccendescens," and '"'■ mclanopus."

I cannot myself recognize more than three local forms :— (1) gua-
temalensis, extending from Guatemala to Panama and Western
Ecuador — a larger bird, of a lighter green ; (2) ccerulescens, with a
strong bluish tinge, from Colombia, Eastern Ecuador, and Peru ;
and (3) typica, from Trinidad, Guiana, and S.E. Brazil, rather
smaller, and intermediate between the two. But I confess that I
could not undertake to separate some of the third series from those
of the first.

a. Subsp. guatemalensis.

Choctum, Vera Paz {Salviii).

a. S jr- sk. ;
h. ? ad. sk.

c. cJ ad. sk.

d. J ad. sk.

e,f. S $ ad. sk.

g. S ad. sk.

h, i. c? 2 ad. sk.
j, k. S2 ad. sk.
I. (S ad. sk.

m. c? jr. sk.
w, 0. c? 2 ad. sk.
p,q. 6 2 ad. sk.

r. 6 ad. sk.

a,b. c? 2 ad. sk.
c,d. si ad. sk.
e. (S ad. sk.
/. S ad. sk.
g, h. c? ad. sk.
i. 6 ad. sk.
j. (S ad. sk.

k. 2 ad. sk.
I. S ad. sk.

Sources of Rio de la Pasion,

Vera Paz (Salvin).
Yaxcamnal, Vera Paz (Salvin

^ Godmmi).
Guatemala (Salvin).

San Pedro, Honduras

( Whitely).
Cliontales, Nicaragua (Belt).
Turrialba, Costa Rica (Arce).
Cordillera de Tole, Veragua

(Arce).
Calovevora, Veragua (Arce).
Bugaba, Chiriqui (Arce).
Lion Hill, Isthmus of Panama

(McLeannan).
Balzar Mountains, Ecuador

(Illingworth).

b. Subsp. ccerulescois.
Bogota.
Bogota.
Bogota.

Medellin,Antioquia(<S'a^>now).
Rio Napo (Buckley).
Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley).
Yquitos, Upper Amazous

(Whitely).
Nairapi, Bolivia (Buckley).
Simacu, Bolivia (Buckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

SclaterColl. (Types of

Chi. guatemalensis.)
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sclater Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

a. S ad. sk.
h. rj ad. sk.

Trinidad.
Trinidad.

c. Subsp. typica.

Sclater Coll.
Purchased.

10. CCEREBA. 31

c,d. (S 2 ad.sk. Bai'tica Grove, Brit. Guiaua Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Wliitely).

e,f. (S 2 ad. sk. Roraima, Brit. Guiaua Salviu-Godman Coll.

( IVhitely).

g. S ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

h, i. (S 2 ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil ( W. A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Forhes).

J. 2 ad. sk. Baliia, Brazil (WMcAere?-). Salvin-Godman Coll,

h. (5' ad. sk. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.

iJoyner).

I. c? ad. St. South America. Prof. Lichtenstein [P.].

m. (S ad. st. South America. Hardwick Bequest.

n. 2 ad. St. South America. Major Finch [P.].

2. Chlorophanes purpurascens. (Plate IV.)
Chlorophanes purpurascens, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. pp. IG, 167.

Dullish purple-blue, with the lower black colour of the feathers
showing through in places ; front space round the eyes, wings, and
tail black ; wing-coverts and secondaries with slight blue edgings ;
lower mandible yellow, upper black ; feet brown. Whole length
4'9 inches, wing 2-8, tail 1'7.

Hab. Venezuela.

This species, described from the only known specimen, has quite
the habit of C spiza, but is at once distinguishable by its colour.

a. c? sk. Venezuela. Sclater Coll. (Type of

the species.)

10. C(EREBA.

Type.

Ccereba, Vieill. Ois. Ain. Sept. ii. p. 70 (1807) C. cyanea.

Arbelorhina, Cab. Arch.f. Nat. p. 325 (1817) C. cyanea.

The brilliant group of " Blue Creepers " which constitute this
genus pervades the tropics of America from Cuba and Mexico to
{Southern Brazil and Bolivia. Four forms only seem to me worthy
of specific separation, and two of these are but slightly different
representatives of the same structure. The Ccereba are at once
known from their relatives of the same group by the deep blue
colour of the males and the slender Creeper-like bill. They are low-
ranging birds, not apparently ascending to high elevations, and fre-
quent the edge? of the forests and the trees and shrubs of the more
open districts, where they arc perpetually in search of their insect
food among the branches ; but they also eat ripe fruit.

Key to the Species.

A. Interscapulium black ; throat blue ; inner webs of

primaries yellow _ 1. cyanea, p. 32.

B. Interscapulium blue ; throat black ; inner webs of

primaries blackish.
u. Bill longer.

General colour deep purple 2. ccrrulea, p. 33.

General colour brighter purple 3. Incida, p. 35.

b. Bill shorter 4. nitida, p. 35.

32 CCEREBID^.

1. Coereba cyanea.

Certbia cayana, Linn. S. N. i. p. 187 ( $ ) ?
Certhia cyanea, Linn. S. N. i. p. 188 ( j ).
Grimpereau de Bresil, Daub. PI. Mil. S3. fi». 2.

Certhia cyanogastra, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 295.

Le Giut-guit, And. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 69, tt. 41, 42, 43.

Coereba cyanea, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. GIO ; id. Gal. Ois. i. p. 288,
pi. 176; Ma.v. Beitr. iii. p. 761; Bp. Consp. i. p. 399; id. Notes
Or«. p. 50; d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 24; Pelz. Orn. Bras.
p. 25 ; Laim: Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 97 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.
1864, p. 266 ; Btirm. Syst. Ueh. iii. p. 150 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856,
pp. 140, 286, 1857, p. 263 ; id. Cat. Am. B. p. 52 ; Tat/lor, Lhis,
1864, p. 81 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 179, 1867, pp. 570, 749,
1868, pp. 166, 627, 1870, p. 836, 1873, p. 260, 1879, p. 597 ; iid.
Nomencl. p. 16 ; Fimch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 561 ; Salvin, Lhis, 1872,
p. 315, 1885, p. 207 (Brit. Guian.) ; id. Cat. StricU. Coll. p. 177 ;
Salv. et Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 199, 1880, p. 119 ; iid. Biol. C.-A.,
Aves, i. p. 248 ; Lai/ard, Ibis, 1873, p. 378 ; Forbes, I/ns, 1881,
p. 330 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 9 ; id. Orn. Permi, i. p. 436.

Arbelorhina cyanea, Cah. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 675; id. Mus.
Hein. i. p. 96 ; Giindl. Orn. Cuba, p. 105.

Coereba carneipes, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 376, 1864, p. 173 ; id. Cat.
A. B. p. 52 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 32 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 349 ; Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. vi. pp. 291, 318, viii. p. 175 ; Salv.
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 137, 1870, p. 185 ; Sumichr. Mem. Boat. Sac. N.
H. i. p. 548.

Arbelorhina brevipes et A. exiniia. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 96.

Coereba cyanea, C. eximia et C. brevipes, Peich. Handb. pp. 236-7.

Coereba cyanea eximia, Berl. J.f. 0. 1884, p. 287 (Bucaramanga).

Above and below bright purple-blue ; lores, space round the eyes,
interscapulium, -wings, and tail velvety black ; cap pale blue ; under
wing-coverts and inner webs of wing-feathers sulphur-yeUow ; bill
black ; feet flesh-colour : whole length 4-4 inches, wing 2-5, tail
1-4. Female. Above dark green, superciliary stripe whitish ; wings
and tail blackish, edged with green ; below paler, yellowish green,
obsoletely striated ; under wing-coverts and inner webs of wing-
feathers yeUow ; biU i.orn-colour ; feet brown.

Hah. From Southern Mexico over Central and Southern America
down to S.E. Brazil and Bolivia. Also found in Cuba.

The varieties of this species differ principally in the length of the
biU and in other dimensions. But although I formerly separated
the form from the north of Panama as C. carneijies, I now agree
with Messrs. Salvin and Godmau {op. s. c), that neither this nor
the other forms can be satisfactorily arranged as species or even as
subspecies.

a-b. c? ad. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico (Boucard). Sclater Coll.

c. S ad. sk. Cuba. Salviu-Godman CoU.

d-e. $ ad.sk. Coziunel 1., Yucatan (©. Salviu-Godman Coll.
F. Gaumer).

f. 5 ad. sk. Belize (Blancaneata). Salviu-Godman CoU.

g. (S ad. sk. Corosal, Brit. Honduras Salvin-Godman CoU.

(Jioe).

10. COEEEBA.

33

h. (J ad. sk.

f. S jr. sk.
j. (S ad. St.
k. (^ ad. sk.
/. $ ad.sk.

m,n. (5 ad.,etd"

jr. sk.
o,p. 2 ad. sk.
q. (S ad. sk.
r. cS ad. sk.
s. <S ad. sk.
i. c? ji'- sk.
M. 2 ad. sk.
V. S ad. sk.

w. c? jr. sk.
a?,y- d 2 ad.

sk.
a. c? ad. sk.

a'. (S ad. sk.

h'. c? ad. sk.

c'. (S ad.sk.

<Z'. d ad.sk.
e',f. d 2 ad.sk.

g'. (S ad. sk.

h'. S ad. sk.

ij- 6 2 ad. sk.
k'. 2 ad. sk.
^'. 2 ad. sk.
in', n'. S 2 ad.

sk.
o',p'. (S ad. sk. ;

g'. 2 ad. sk.
r'. cJ ad. sk.

«'. d jr. sk.
t'. cJ ad. St.

m'. cJ jr. St.
v'. c? jr. St.

Medio Monte, Guatemala
(Sa/vin) .

Duenas,Guateniala(<S'«/i'»i).
Vera Paz.

Lanquin, Vera Paz (Salvin).
Retaleiileu, Guatemaka (>S'«/-

vin) ,
Bebedero, Nieoja, Costa

Rica (Arce).
Costa Rica.

Chontales,Nicaragiia(i?eft).
Cbitra, Veragua (Arce).
Santa Fe, Veragua (Arce).
Santiago de Veragua(^r(7e).
Castillo, Veragiia (Arc^).
Cordillera de Tole, Veragua

(Arce).
Bugaba, Cbiriqui (Axe).
Lion Hill, Panama (Mc-

Leannan).
Manaure, Santa Marta,

Colombia (Simons).
Minca, Santa Marta, U. S.

C. (Simons).
Gorgona I., U. S. C.

N.W. coast of S. America.

Venezuela.

Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana

(Whitely).
Camacusa, Brit. Guiana

Cn'Ttitely).
Roraima, Brit. Guiana

(Whitely).
Caj-enne.

Lower Amazons( Wallace).
Ega, Amazons (Bates).
Pernambuco, Brazil ( W.

A. Forbes).
Babia, Brazil (Wncherer).

Rio Clare, Goyaz, Brazil

(Joyner).
Brazil.
Brazil.
S. America.
S. America.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
O. Salvin, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt. Kellett & Lieut.

Wood [P.]
Capt. Kellett & Lieut.

Wood [P.].
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater CoU.
Purchased.
Piu'chased.
Pm-chased.

2. Ccereba caerulea.

Certhia caerulea, Linn. S. N. i. p. 185.

Grimpereau verd tacheti? de Cayenne, Daub. PL Enl. 682. fig. 2 ( 2 ).
Certhia ochrochlora, Gm. S. K. i. p. 472.
Certhia surinamensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 295.
Le Guit-guit noir et bleu, Aud. et Vieill. Ois. Dor. ii. p. 74t 14,
46, 46. '

VOL, XI. D

34 CCEREBID^.

Coei-eba c^rulea, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 610 ; Schd. P. Z. S. 1855,

p. 137, 1857, p. 26.3 ; id. Cut. A. B. p. 53 ; Tmihr, Ibis, 1864, p. 81 ;

Sclat. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 570, 749, 977, 1868, p. 167, 1873,

p. 185, 1879, p. 497 (Antioquia), p. 597 (Bolivia) ; iid. Nomencl.

p. 16 ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 378 ; Salv. et Godm. Ibis, 1880,

p. 119 ; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 207 (Brit. Guian.) ; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras.

p. 25 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, i. p. 437 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883,

p. 543.
Arbelorhina CEerulea, Cab. in Schomh. Guian. iii. p. 675; id. M^is.

Hein. i. p. 96 , Reichenb. Haiidb. p. 235.
Arbelorhina brevirostris, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 96.
Arbelorhina longirostris, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 96.
Ccereba longirostris, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 561 ; Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 53 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 267.
Ccereba brevirostris, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 53: Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.

1864, p. 267.
Ccereba cferiilea microrhvTicha, Berl. J. f. O. 1884, p. 287 (Bucara-

manga).

Atiove and below purple-blue ; lores, throat, wings, tail, and
under wing-coverts velvety black ; bill black ; feet flesh-colour :
whole length 3*7 inches, wing 2-2, tail I'l. Female. Above dark
green ; lores rufous ; below pale yellowish, with dark green stria-
tions : throat rufous ; bill blackish ; feet brown.

Hal. South America, from Colombia down to Amazonia, Eastern
Peru and Bolivia ; to the north of Colombia replaced by the next
species.

This is also a somewhat variable species ; but after examining
several large series, I think it better to keep all the specimens from
countries to the south of Panama under one specific name. This
bird does not seem to occur in South-east Brazil, but extends all
over Amazonia. The descriptions are taken from Cayenne skins.

n, b. (5 $ ad. sk. Miuca, Santa MartajU.S.C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Simo)is).

c. (5 ad. sk. Eemedios, Antioquia, Salvin-Godman Coll.

U. S. C. {Salmon).

d. (S ad. sk. Venezuela. Purchased.

e. (5 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

f. c? ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. h. c? 2 ^^- sk. Bogota. J. Gould, Esq.
i. (S jr. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

j, k. J 5 ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Buchley).

I. cS ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. 2 ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. c? jr. sk. Gorgona I., U. S. C. Capt. Kellett& Lieut.

Wood [C.].

o, p. c? $ ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peru (Haiixicell). Salvin-Godman Coll.

q. S ad. sk. Ega, Amazons (Bates). Purchased,

r. 5 iid. sk. Santarem,Amazons(5a<<?s). Purchased.

s. j ad. sk. Eastern Peru (Farris). Salvin-Godman Coll.

t. 5 ad. sk. Eastern Peru. Sclater CoU.

u. (S ad. sk. Nairapi, BoUvia {Buckley). Salvin-Godman CoU.

V. $ ad. sk. Simacu, Bohvia {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

w. (S ad. sk.

X. S fid. sk.

y,s. 6 2 ad. sk.

a'. 2 ad. St.
b\ 5 ad. sk.

C, (T. c? $ ad. sk.
e'. (S ad. sk.

/'. S jr. St.
^'. 6 ad. St.
/*'. (5 ad. St.

10. CCEREBA.

Eoraima, Brit. Guiana

(Whiteli/).
Camacusa, Brit. Guiana

Cn'/iih'h/').

Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana

( TMiitely).
Berbice.
Maroni R., Siuinam (Kap-

pler).
Caj-eune.
Para, Lower Amazons

( Wallace}.
S. America.
S. America.
UcaYali.

35

Salvin-Godman Cull.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mrs. Atkins [P.].
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

Mai or Finch [P.].

J. Gould, Esq.

3. Ccereba lucida.

Ccereba cperulea, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 140 (Veragua).

Ccereba lucida, Scl. et Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 14 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1864,

p. 349 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 16 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 53 ; Scl.

Cat. A. £. p. 53 ; Cass. P): Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 267 ; Salvin,

P. Z. S. 1867, p. 137. 1870, p. 185 ; Laivr. A7171. L. N. Y. vii.

pp. 291, 318; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 117 ; Sah. et Godm. Biol. C.-A.,

Aves, i. p. 249.

AboTe and below deep purple ; lores, throat, and front of neck,
wings, tail, and under wing-coverts velvety black : bill black ; feet
flesh-colour : whole length 4-5 inches, wing 2-4, tail l'2o. Female.
Above dark green ; lores rufous ; below pale yellowish, with dark
green striations ; throat rufous.

Nab. Guatemala and Central America, south to Panama.

This northern form of C. ccerulea I follow Messrs. Salvin and
Godman in keeping distinct; although it is onlj- recognizable by its
paler tint of purple-blue, the slightly greater extension of the black
throat towards the breast, and its rather larger size.

a,

b. S 9- ad.

c. S jr. sk.

<!;

.e. 6 2 ad.

/. 6 jr. sk.

[/■

6 jr. sk.

h.

6 ad. sk.

h

j. d 5 ad. i

k.

6 ad. sk.

sk.;

sk.;

sk.

Guatemala. Sclater Coll.

(Types of the species.)
Choctum,Vera Paz (Salmi). Salvin-Godman CoU.

/. 2 ad. sk.

Guatemala.
Veragua (Arce).
Bugaba, Chiriqui (Arce).
Lion Hill, Panama

{McLeannan).
Central America.

4. Ccereba nitida.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

J. Gould, Esq.

Ccereba mt\ia., Hartl. Pev. Zool. 1847, p. 84; Strickl. Contr. Onu
1850. p. 147, pi. 66. f. 1 ; Pp. Consp. i. p. 400 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857,
p. 264 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 53 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 267 ;
Scl. et Sah. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 749, 977, 1873, p. 260 ; iid. Nomencl.
p. 16 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 25 ; Gray, Haiid-l. i. p. 117 ; Tacz. Oni.
Perou, 1. p. 439.

d2

36 C(EREBrD.E.

Arbelorliina nitida, Cah. Mus. Hein. i. p. 96 ; Reichenh. Handb.
p. 235.

Bright bluish purple-blue ; lores, throat-patch extending over
breast, wings, tail, and under wing-coverts velvety black ; bill black;
feet pale flesh-colour: whole length 3-5 inches, wing 2, tail 1.
Female. Dark green ; throat and middle of belly pale ochraceous ;
sides of body striated with whitish ; crissum yellowish.

Hah. Colombia and Upper Amazonia.

This is a well-marked species, easily known by its small size, short
bill, the extension of the black of the throat over the chest, and the
brighter tint of the blue, especially above.

a. (S ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

b. (f ad. sk. Amazons (6r'o??Zf7). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. (S ad. sk. Pebas, Eastern Peru {nat(x- Salvin-Godman Coll.

7oell) .

d. 5 !id. sk. Xeberos, Eastern Peru Sclater Coll.

{Bartlett).

e. (S jr. sk. Ega, Amazons (Bates). Purchased.
/. c? ad. sk. Ucayali, Peru. Purchased.
ff. cJ ad. sk. S. America. Sclater Coll.

11. CEETHIOLA.

Type.
Certhiola, Sund. (Efrers. Vet.-AL Handl. 1835, p. 99 . . C. flaveola.

The group of little Flower-peckers comprised in this genus com-
prehends about eighteen or nineteen local forms all moulded and
coloured exactly on the same type. Some of them, especially the
continental representatives, present but slight points of difference
and run one into the other. But as Mr. Kidgway has lately pub-
lished a synopsis of this genus, drawn up upon the large series in
the United States National Museum, I have thought it best to foUow
his system as nearly as possible, and to consider all the fairly sepa-
rable forms as specific.

The nests of Certhiola are constructed of moss and silk-cotton,
and placed in low trees and shrubs ; they are domed over. The
eggs are two, of a dull white spotted with reddish brown. (Cf.
Gosse, B. Jam. p. 85, and Euler, J. f. 0. 1867, p. 406.)

Key to the Species.

A. Above olivaceous or blackish ; below yellow.
a. Alar speculum distinct.
a'. Throat greyish white.

rt^. Yellow below confined to breast .... 1. haliamensis, p. 37.
b-. Yellow extending over abdomen ;

j back lighter 2. cahoti, p. 38.

I back darker 3. tricolor, p. 38.

h' . Throat ashy grey.

c^. Back brownish slate 4. mexicana, p. 38.

d\ Back blackish.

«^. Rump bright yellow ;

I speculum elongate 5. Ivteola, p. 40.

I speculum quadrate G. bananivora, p. 40.

46.

11. CEETHIOIA. 37

a*. Throat lighter.

a'. Wing-spot distinct ;

\ back darker 7. portoricensis, p. 41.

] back lighter 8. sancti-thomce , p. 42.

h'\ Wing-spot ver}' small 9. bartholemica, p. 42.

6'. Throat darker.

c". Throat rather darker 10. saceharina, p. 42.

(P. Throat much darker.

) wing-spot extended 11. fiamola, p. 43.

] wing-spot restricted 12. newtuni, p. 43.

h. Alar speculum obsolete.
c' . Throat uniform.
e-. Throat dark ash ;

I supercihary stripe white 13. dominicana, p. 44.

( superciliary stripe yellowish .... 14. sundevalli, p. 44.

/-. Throat light ash 15. clduropyya, p. 44.

d'. Throat particoloured ;
g^. Throat blackish, with a white central

spot 16. barhadensis, p. 46.

h"^. Throat blackish, with a white me-
dian line ;

I superciliary stripe white 17. 7nartinicana, p.

I superciliary stripe yellowish .... 18. Jinschi, p. 47.
B. Above and below black 19. atrata, p. 47.

1. Certhiola bahamensis.

Bahama Titmouse, Cateshy, Car. i. t. 59.

Certhia bahamensis, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 620.

Certhia iiaveola, var. /3, Linn. S. N. i. p. 187.

Certhiola bahamensis, Reichenh. Handb. p. 253 (1853) ; Cassin, Pr.

Ac. Sc. rhU. 1864, p. 271 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, pp. 264, 276, et N.A.B.

i. p. 427; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 120; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 327;

Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 752 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 16 ; Cory, B. of Bahamas, p. 76 ; Ridyio. Fruc. U.S. N. M. 1885,

pp. 27, 29.
Certhiola flaveola, Baird, B. N. A. p. 924, et Atl. t. Ixxxiii. fig. 3 ;

id. Am. Nat. vii. p. 612 ; Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. iV. H. vii.

p. 117 (1861).
Certhiola bairdi. Cab. J.f.O. 1865, p. 412 ; Sund. CEfv. Vet.-Ak.

Fork. 1809, p. 621.

Above dark slaty blackish ; rump yellow ; broad superciliarics
from front to neck white ; white wing-spot distinct and rather
elongated ; below pale ashy white, with a broad yellow band across
the belly; crissum, nnder wing-coverts, and inner margins of wing-
feathers white ; tail black, tipped with white ; bill black ; feet dark
brown : whole length 4-4 inches, wing 2-4, tail 1-6. Female
similar, but slightly paler.

Hab. Bahama Islands.

This at least is a perfectly distinct species, immediately recog-
nizable by the pale white colour of the throat.

a. Ad. sk. Inagua, Bahamas (Bryant). Mrs. H. Bryant.

b. Ad. sk. Inagua, Bahamas (Bryant). Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Inagua, Bahamas (Bryant). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Nassau, Bahamas (Cory). Salviu-Godnian Coll.

38 CCEREBID-S;.

2. Certhiola caboti.

Certhiola caboti, ^oiVrf, Am. Kat. vii. p. 612; id. N. A. B. i. p. 427 ;
Fimch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 790; Salmn, Ibis, 1874,
p. 327, et 1875, p. 189 ; Sali>. et Godm. Biol. C.-A., Aves, i. p. 251 ;
mdffw. Pr. U. S. A\ M. 1885, p. 27.

Above slaty blackish ; rump rellow ; superciliaries white ; white
wing-spot distinct, rather square ; below, throat pale ashy white,
abdomen yellow ; flanks ciuerasceut ; crissum yeUowish ; under
wing-coverts white ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length
4*2 inches, wing '2 b, tail 1"6.

Hah. Island of Cozumel, Yucatan (Cabot).

Similar to C. bahamensis, but " the yellow of the underparts is
darker and more extended, the alar speculum squarer, and the tail
less conspicuously tipped with white."

a. Ad. sk. Cozumel Island, VV. I. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Devis).
b-i. Ad. sk. Cozumel Island, W. I. Salvin-Godman CoU.

(G. F. Gaumer).

3. Certhiola tricolor.

Certhiola tricolor, Ridcjw. Pr. U. S. N. M. 1884, p. 178, et 1885,
pp. 27, 29.

" Similar to C. bahamensis, but larger, upper parts darker ; yellow
on rump more extended, and posterior lower parts pale yeUowish."
(^Hichjiva)/.)

Hub. Old Providence Island, W. I.

Examples of the adult and young of this species are in the U.S.
National Museum.

4. Certhiola mexicana.

Certhiola mexicana, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 286, 1859, pp. 364, 376 ; id.

Cat. A. B. p. 54 ; Sabin, Ibis, 1861, p. 352 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.

1864, p. 349, 1879, p. 497 (Antioquia) et p. 597 (Bo^^•ia) ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 17 ; Cassin, Proc. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 271 ; Lawrence,

Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. -98 (Costa Eica) ; Sund. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fork.

1809, p. 623 : Gray, Hmid-l. i. p. 120 ; Fimch,'Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,

1871, p. 772 ; Baird, N. A. B. i. p. 428 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S.

1883, p. 543; Berl. J. f. O. 1884, p. 288 (Bucaramanga) ; Bidffw.

Pr. U. S. N. M. 1885.' p. 27.
Certhiola luteola, Scl. P. Z. S. 18-55, p. 138 (Bogota), 1858, p. 452,

I860, pp. 85, 292 (Ecuador) ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1807, p. 137 (Veragua) ;

Laiorence, Ann. L. N. Y. vii. p. 291 (Panama), et viii. p. 174

(Veragua).
Certhiola columbiana, Cab. J. f. 0. 1805, p. 412 ; Siind. (Efv. K. Vet.-
Ak. Forh. 1809, p. 622 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 120.
Certhiola peruviana. Cab. J.f. O. 1865, p. 413; Baird, N. A. B. i.

p. 428 ; Sund. (Eft. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1869, p. 623 ; Graij, Hand-l.

i. p. 120 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 512, et 1879, p. 225 ; id. Orn. Perou,

i. p. 439 (Peru).
Certhiola, sp., Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 225.
Certhiola magnirostris, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 193; id. Orn. Perou,

p. 441 (?).

11. CEETHIOLA.

39

Above dark gre}-, with olive tinge on the back ; head black ; rump
olivaceous yellow ; superciliaries from front to neck white ; wing-
spot square, white, distinct ; below, throat light ashy, belly yellow,
sides olivaceous ; crissum, under wing-coverts, and inner margins of
wing-feathers white ; tail black, outer rectrices slightly tipped
with white: whole length 3-7 inches, wing 2-2, tail 1-3. Female
similar.

Hah. South Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, and
Peru.

I cannot agree with Prof. Baird and Mr. Eidgway in keeping
C. colombiana distinct from C. mexicana. As regards the rump-
patch (the point of difference given by them), I find Mexican and
Peruvian specimens quite similar. But in Peruvian specimens the
wing-spot is decidedly smaller, and shows a deviation towards
C chloropyga, to which I have actually referred the Bolivian
examples. I have before me two examples of the form called by
M. Taczauowski 0. magnirostris ; but I doubt their distinctness,
though the beak is decidedly longer than in normal specimens.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

f-h. Ad. sk.

i,j. Ad.; k. Jr. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

m. S ad. sk.

n, o. (S ad. et jr. sk.

p-s. (S 2ad.etjr.sk.

t, u. (S 2 sk.
V. Ad. sk.

w. Ad. sk.

.r, j/. Ad. sk.

2. Ad. sk.

a',b'. cS 2 a.d. sk.

c'. Ad. sk.
d'. Ad. sk.
e'. $ ad. sk.

(j'.dJT^-; 2ad.sk.
. (f ad. sk.

cJ ad. sk.

Ad. sk.
, /'. Ad. et jr. sk.
'. Ad. sk.

Mexico (Salle).

Jalapa, Mexico (V/e Oca).

Choctum, Vera Paz

(Salvin).
Choctum, Vera Paz

(Salvin).
Choctum, Vera Paz (Sah:

et Godman).
Turrialba, Costa Rica

(Arce).
Costa Rica (Arce).
Bugaba, Chiriqui (Arce).
CordUlera del Chucu, Ve-

ragua (Arce).
LiouHill Station, Isthm. of

Panama (McLean nan).
Panama (McLeannan).
Paraiso Station, Isthm. of

Panama (Hughes).
Gorgona I., U. S. C.

Bogota.

Bogota.

Medelliu,U. S. C. (Sal-
mon).

Vicinity of Quito, Ecuador.

Intaj, Ecuador (BucMey).

Esmeraldas, Ecuador
(Fraser).

Zamora, Ecuador (Fraser).

Gualaquiza, Ecuador
(Fraser).

Nanegal, Ecuador (Fraser).

Ecuador.

Ecuador.

Ecuador.

Purchased.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

O. Salvin, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

O. Salvin, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt. Kellett & Lieut.

Wood [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater CoU.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater CoU.

Sclater CoU.
Purchased.
Gould CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

40

»'. Ad. sk.

o'. Jr. sk.
p'. Ad. sk.

q'. Ad.

r'. Ad.

Sarayacu, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

(^Buckley).

Sarayacu, Peru (T?7«('ei'y). Sclater Coll.

Pacasmayo, Peru {Stolz- Sclater Coll.

niann).

Callacate, Peru {Stok- Sclater Coll.

mami). (C magnirostris, Tacz.)

Guajauja, Peru QStolz- Sclater Coll.

matm). (C. magnirostris, Tacz.)

5. CertMola luteola.

Certhiola luteola, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 96 (Puerto Cabello) ; Sund.

(Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1869, p. 621 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.

1864, p. 271 ; Reichenb. Handb. p. 251 ; Sclat. Cat. A. B. p. 53 ;

Tttiilor, Ibis, 1864, p. 179 (Trinidad) ; Scl. et Sab>. P. Z. S. 1866,

p. 179, 1868, p. 167; iid. Nomencl. p. 16 ; Graij, Hand-l. i. p. 120 ;

Fii^ch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 561 ; id. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 767;

Wi/att, Ibis, 1871, p. 324 ; Salo. et Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 119 ; Baird,

N. A. B. i. p. 427 ; id. Am. Nat. vii. p. 612 ; Ridgw. Pr. U. S. N.

M. 1885, p. 28.
Certhiola ilaveola, Leotatid, Ois. Trinidad, p. 126.

Above sooty black ; rump bright yellow : superciliaries from front
to neck white ; white wing-spot large and distinct ; below, throat
ashy (as in C. portoricensls) ; belly bright yellow ; crissum, under
wing-coverts, and inner margins of wing-feathers white ; tail black,
tipped with white, which in outer web of outer tail-feather is but
slightly apparent ; bill black ; legs and feet dark brown : whole
length 4-3 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-5. Female similar.

Hah. Trinidad, Venezuela, and north coast of Colombia.

This species was established by Cabanis upon a specimen from
Puerto Cabello, and I have taken my description from a female
from Carupano, Venezuela {Goeriag). It seems to me rather diffi-
cult to say whether the Guianan form (C. major. Cab.) should be
referred here or to C. Moropyga ; but as the wing-spot is almost,
and in some skins quite, obsolete, I place it under the latter head.
Nor am I quite satisfied as to the Bogota form ( C. Columbiana, Cab.) ;
but, on the whole, I prefer to follow Finsch in uniting it to C. mexi-
cana, rather than to the present species.

a. Ad. sk. Santa Marta, U. S. C.

(^Si7nons^.

b. Ad. sk. Santa Marta, U. S. C.

c. S ad. sk. Valle Dupar, U. S. C.

{Simons).

d. 'S ad. sk. Carupano, Venezuela

{Goering).

e. 2 ad. sk. V^enezuela {Goering).

f. Ad. sk. Trinidad.

6. Certhiola bananivora.

Bananiste, Buff. H. N. Ois. v. p. 332.
Motacilla bananivora, Gm. S. N. i. p. 951.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

11. CERTHIOLA. 41

Certhiola clusiiB, Hartl. Kaumamiia, ii. pt. 2, p. 56 (1852) ; Finsch
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 771 ; Scl. et Salt: NumencL

p. 17.
Certhiola, sp. inc., Sdatei; P. Z. S. 1857, p. 233.
Certliiola bananivora, Baird, N. A. B. i. p. 427: id. Am Nat vii

p. 612; Ridgw. Pr. U. S. N. M. 1885, p. 28.

Above sooty black; rump yellow; superciliaries from front to
neck white ; wing-spot white ; below, throat ashy, rather darker
than in C. portoricensis ; crissum, under wing-coverts, and inner
margins of wing-feathers white; tail black tipped with white,
which is but very slightly apparent on the outer web of the outer
tail-feathers ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 4-5 inches,
wing 2-5, tail 1-5.

Hob. S. Domingo.

Dr. Fiusch speaks of the wing-spot being very small in this
species. Eut although this is the case in the example in the col-
lection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman (Hearne) which he examined,
the wing-spot is large and weU-developed in another example in the'
same collection, received from Mr. Cory, from which my description
IS taken, and I regard the former specimen as immature. Prof.
Baird correctly gives the wing-spot as like that of C.flaveola, but
less extended. The form comes very near G. portoricensis, but the
throat is rather darker, and the outer web of the outer rectrix has
hardly any white on it.

a. S ad. sk. Samana, San Domingo, W. I. Salvin-Godman Coll

{Cory).

b. c? ad. sk. San Domingo {McGregor). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. San Dommgo {Gould). Salvin-Godman CoU.

7. Certhiola portoricensis.

Certhiola fiaveola, Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 166.

Certhiola flaveola, var. portoricensis, Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. N H
X. p. 252 (1866).

Certhiola portoricensis, Smid. CEfv. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1869, p. 622 •
Fimch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wim, 1871, p. 760; Gundl J. f. 6
lb/ 4, p. 312, et 1878, p. 179 ; id. Ah. Soc. Fsp. H. N. vii. p 216
(lb/8) ; Baird, N. A. B. i. p. 427 ; id. Am. Xat. vii. p. 611 ; Scl. et
Salv. Notneticl. p. 16.

Above sooty black; rump yellow; superciliaries from front to
neck white ; wing-spot white, conspicuous ; below, throat ashy
coDtrastmg with black sides of head; beUy yellow ; crissum, under
wmg-coverts, and inner margins of wing-feathers white ; taU black
tipped with white, which is broad on both webs of outer tail-
feathers ; bill black, feet dark brown : whole length 4 inches, wing
2-5, tail 1-6. Female similar.

Ilab. Porto Eico.

On the nesting of this species cf. Gundlach, -J. f. 0. 1S78, p. 179.

a. Ad. sk. Porto Rico {Bryant). Mrs. H. Bryant.

b. Ad. sk. Porto Eico (Bryant). Sclater CoU.

42

COEKEBID^.

c. Ad. sk. Porto Rico {Latimer). Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Porto Rico {Bri/atit). Salvin-Godinan Coll.
e-ff. Ad. sk. Porto Rico (Latimer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
A. Ad. sk. Porto Rico {Gundlach). Salvin-Godman Coll.

8. CertMola sancti-thomaB.

Certhiola portoriceusi.?, Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 760

(part.) ; Baird, N. A. B. i. p. 427 (part.).
Certhiola sancti-thomae, Ridgw. Pr. U. S. K M. 1885, p. 29.

Similar to C. iwrtoricensis, but throat (perhaps) rather darker
grey.

Hah. St. Thomas, W. I.

I confess I should hardly have separated this form, as far as my
specimens go, from 6'. portoricensis, hut I follow Mr. llidgway's
lead.

a. Ad. sk. St. Thomas (E. Newton). Sclater Coll.

h. Ad. sk. St. Thomas {E. Newton). U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. St. Thomas {Swift). Sclater Coll.

d, e. Ad. sk. St. Thomas (0. Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. Ad. sk. St. Thomas {Akhurst). Salvin-Godman Coll.

9. CertMola bartholemica.

Certhia bartholemica, Span-m. Mus. Carls, t. 57 (1788) ; Sund. R.
Vet.-Ak. Hnndl. n.f. ii. 3, p. 10 (1857).

Certhiola bartholemica, Reichenh. Handh. p. 253 ; Sund. (Efr.K. Vet.-
Ak. Fork. 18G9, pp. 584, 622 ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871,
p. 763; Baird, N. A. B. i. p. 428 ; id. Am. Nat. vii. p. 612 ; Ridgw.
Pr. U. S. N. M. 1885, p. 28.

" A peculiar species, distinguishable by the greyish-white fore-
head, the slight olivaceous yellow uropygial band, and the very
small wing-spot." {Finsch.)

Hah. St. Bartholomew, W. I.

I am not sure that the white front is a very reliable character,
as it appears in one specimen of C. newtoni and not in another.

10. CertMola saccharina.

Certhiola saccharina, Lator. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Set. i. p. 150 ; id. Proc.
U. S. N. M. 1878, pp. 190,487 ; Ridgio. Pr. U. S. N. M. 1885, p. 28.

Above sooty black ; rump bright yellow ; saperciliaries from
front to neck white ; wing- spot white ; below, throat dark ashy,
belly bright yellow ; crissum, under wing-coverts, and inner mar-
gins of wing-feathers white ; tail black, tipped with white ; bill
black ; feet dark brown : whole length 4 inches, wing 2"3, tail 1"4.

Hah. St. Vincent and Grenada, W. I.

The description is from a Grenada skin kindly lent by Mr. Law-
rence. The species seems nearest to G. newtoni, but has a broad
yellow rump and more yellowish belly.

11. CEETHIOLA. 43

11. Certhiola flaveola.

Black and Yellow Creeper, Edwards, Birds, iii. t. 123.

Certhia flaveola, Linn. S. K. i. p. 187.

Certhiola flaveola, Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 102; Gosse, B. of Jam.^.M,

etlllustr. t. xvi. ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 402 ; Reichenh. Handb. p. 250 ; Scl.

P. Z: S. 1861, p. 73 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 54 (part.) ; Cassin, Pr. Ac.

Sc. Phil. 18(34, p. 271 ; Cab. J.f. 0. 1865, p. 412; Sund. CEfv. K.

Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1869, p. 621 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 120 ; Finsch,

Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 756 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 16 ;

Baird, N. A. B. i. p. 427 ; id. Am. Nat. vii. p. 611 ; Ridgw. Pr.

U. S. N. M. 1885, p. 28.

Adxdt male. Above sooty black ; rump bright j-ellow ; super-
ciliaries from front to neck white ; broad -wing-spot and outer
margins of primaries white ; below, throat dark ashy, belly yeUow ;
crissum, under wing-coverts, and inner margins of wing-feathers
white ; tail black, tipped with white, which is broad on both webs
of the outer tail-feathers ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length
4 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-4. Female similar.

Hah. Jamaica.

The extension of the white of the wing-spot over the outer
edges of the primaries and the bright yellow of the rump are the
leading characteristics of this species.

a. S ad. sk. Jamaica (Bryant). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Jamaica (Bryant). Mrs.H. Bryant [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Jamaica (Bryant). Sclater Coll.

d. c? ad. sk, Moncague, Jamaica ('S'a/y. Sclater Coll.

et Godm.).

e. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Purchased.
/, (J. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Coll.

12. Certhiola newtoni.

Certhiola flaveola, A. S,- E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 67.

" Certhiola sti.-thomse, Newton," Sund. OEfv. K. Vet.- Ah. FiJrh. 1869,

p. 622.
Certhiola bartholemica, Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 763

(part.).
Certhiola newtoni, Baird, N'. A. B. i. p. 427 (1874) ; id. Am. Nat.

vii. p. 611.

Above sootj- black ; rump olivaceous yellow ; superciliaries from
front to neck white ; -wing-spot white ; below, throat dark ashy,
belly yellow ; cnssum, under wing-coverts, and inner margins of
wing-feathers white ; tail tipped with white, which is broad on both
webs ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whcle length 4 inches, wing 2"3,
tail 1'4. Female similar. Young. Above dark olive-browu ; super-
ciliaries yellowish ; rump yellowish ; below, throat pale ashy,
belly yellowish.

Hab. St. Croix, "West Indies.

The quadrate wing-spot and more olivaceous rump separate this
form from C.fiaveola. Dr. Finsch has referred it to C. bartholemica.

44 CQEKEBID^.

but in that species the white wing-spot would appear to be almost
obsolete ; in the bird from St. Croix it is well marked.

a, h. Ad. sk. ; St. Croix {Neivton). Sclater Coll.

c, d. Jr. sk.

13. Certhiola dominicana. (Plate V. fig. 2.)

Certhiola dominicana, Trtyfor, Ibis, 1864, p. 167 ; Simd. (Efo. K. Vet.-

Ak. Fork. 186y, p. 623 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 120 ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b.

Ges. men, 1871, p. 787; Sda'ter, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 765 (Montserrat) ;

Grisdale, Ibis, 1882, p. 486 (Montserrat) ; Set. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 17 ; Baird, Am. Nat. \\\. p. 612; Lawrence, Proc. U. S. N. M.

1878, p. 56 (Dominica) ; id. op. cit. p. 233 (Antigua) et p. 239

(Barbuda).
Certhiola frontalis, Paird, Am. Nat. vii. p. 612 ; id. N. A. B. i. p. 428

(Antigua).

Above dark ashy black ; uropygial band slight, olivaceous yellow ;
superciliaries elongated, white ; no wing-spot ; below, throat ashy
black, paler than head ; breast and beUy yellow ; crissum, under
wing-coverts, and inner margins of wing-feathers white ; tail black
tipped with white ; biU black, feet dark brown : whole length 4'5,
wing 2-5, tail I'G. Female similar.

Hab. Dominica, Montserrat, Antigua, and Barbuda.

Like 0. martinlcana, this species has the uropygial band very
slightly marked ; but there is no trace of white on the throat,
which is of a uniform dark ashy colour. According to Mr. Law-
rence, C. frontalis was based upon a young bird of this species.

a,b. cJ 5 ad. sk. Dominica, West Indies Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Oier)-
c,d. J 5 ad. sk. Dominica, West Indies Sclater CoU.
(O/w).

e. Ad. sk. Dominica, West Indies Sclater Coll. (Type of the

{Tayloj-). species.)

f. Ad.sk. Montserrat, West Indies Sclater Coll.

{Sturge).

14. Certhiola suEdevalli.

Certhiola sundevaUi, Pidyw. Pr. U. S. N. M. 1885, p. 26.

Similar to C. dominicana, but superciliary stripe witb at least
the anterior half yellow, and the back rather more slaty (Ridgivai/).

Hab. Dominica and Guadeloupe.

I agree with Mr. Eidgway that this is probably only a phase of
C. dominicana. The yellowish superciliaries I have found in young
examples of other species, e. g. C. sanctl-thomce.

15. Certhiola chloropyga.

Nectarinia flavlcola, Licht. Doiibl. p. 15.
Ccereba flaveola, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 774.

Certhiola flaveola, Ptirm. Si/st. Ueb. iii. p. 155 ; Cab. in Schomb.
Gitian. iii. p. 675 ; Euler, J. f. 0. 1867, p. 406 (nest).

11. CEETHIOLA.

45

Certliiola chloropyga, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 97 (1851) ; Reichenb.

Handb. p. 252 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 53 ; Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 120 ;

Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 272 ; Scl. 8,- Sale. P. Z. S. 1867,

p. 570 (Lower Amazons) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 17; Pelzebi, Orn.Bras.

p. 26 ; Reinhardt, Fuglef. Camp. Bras. p. 244 ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b.

Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 779 ; 'Baird, Am. Nat. 1873, p. 613 ; id. N. A. B.

i. p. 428; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 330 (Pernambuco) ; Ridgiv. Pr.

U. S. N. M. 1885, p. 28 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 207 (Biit. (iuian.).
Certhiola guianensis. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 97; Reichenb. Handb.

p. 252 ; Grajj, Hand-l. i. p. 120.
Certbiola majuscula. Cab. J. f. O. 1865, p. 413; Gray, Hand-l. i.

p. 120.

Above dark ashy grey ; head black, rump olivaceous yellow ;
superciliaries from the front to the neck white ; no visible wing-
spot ; below, throat pale ashy, abdomen yellow, flanks olivaceous ;
crissum, under wing-coverts, and inner margins of wing-feathers
white ; bill black, feet dark brown : whole length 4 inches, wing 2*2,
tail 1'8. Female similar. Young. Above dark slaty olive, with the
white superciliaries and yellow rump only faintly indicated ; below
mediallj' yellowish, passing into cinereous at the sides.

Hah. Cayenne, Lower Amazonia, S.E. Brazil and Bolivia.

This species presents transitional forms in Bolivia to C. mexicana
and in Guiana to C luteola, as already remarked under the heads of
these species. Some Bolivian skins show a small white alar specu-
lum, in others this is obsolete.

Salviu-Godman Coll.
Sclater CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salviu-Godman Coll
Salvin-Godman Coll,

a. cJ ad. sk. ; b,
c. 2 ad. sk.

d. (^ ad. sk.

e. 2 ad. sk.

/, f/. c? ? ad. sk.

h, I. (S 2 ad. sk.

j. S jr. sk.

k. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o. 2 ad. sk.

p. S ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.
r. c? ji". sk.

s. (S ad. sk.
t, u. Ad. sk.

V. S ad. sk.

xv-z. Ad. sk.

Roraima, Brit. Guiana

( Whitely)._
Roraima, Brit. Guiana

{Whitely).
It. Atapurow, Brit. Guiana

{Whitely).
Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana

( Whitely).
Camacusa, Brit. Guiana

( Whitely).
Camacusa, Brit. Guiana

( Whitely).
British Giuana {Spence).
Oyapok, Cayenne.
Oyapok, Cayenne.
Cayenne.
Cobati, Rio Negro

( Wallace).
Para, Lower Amazons

( Wallace).
Para, Lower Amazons.
Island of Mexiana, Lower

Amazons ( Wallace^.
Lower Amazons ( Wallace).
Pernambuco, Brazil ( W. A.

Forbes).
Pernambuco, Brazil ( W. A.

Forbes).
Babia, Brazil {Wucherer).

Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

46 CCEREBir^.

a', b'. Ad. sk. Eio, Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(•'. c? ad. sk. ; d'. Pelotas, Uio Grande do Siil, Sahin-Godman Coll.

Ad. sk. Brazil {Joipier).

e'. Ad. sk. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil Sahin-Godman Coll.

(Joj/ner).

f. Ad. sk. ; /;'. Bagaiiti, Bolivia (BucJdey). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Jr.sk.

h'. Ad. sk. Baganti, Bolivia (Biukleij). Sclater Coll.

i',j'. Ad. St. S. America. Purcbased.

16. Certhiola barbadensis.

Certhiola barbadensis, Baird, Am. Nat. vii. p. 612 ; id. N. A. B. i.
p. 428 (1874); Salvin, Cat. Sfrickl. Coll. p. 178; Ridyio. Pi:
U. S. KM. 1885, p. 28.
Certbiola martinicana, Scl. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 174.

Above asby black, witb a very faint olive uropygial band ; super-
ciliaries wbite ; sides of bead and tbroat black, witb a small median
wbite blotcb on tbe latter ; breast and belly yellow ; crissum, under
wing-coverts, and inner margin of wing-featbers wbite ; tail black,
tipped witb wbite : wbole lengtb 4-5 incbes, wing 1-5, tail 1-5.

Hah. Barbadoes.

a. Ad. sk. Barbadoes (Schomhurffk). Purcbased.

b. Ad. sk. Barbadoes (Brir/r/s). Sclater Coll.

17. Certhiola martinicana. (Plate V. fig. 1.)

Certbia martinicana sive saccbarivora, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 611.
Certbiola martinicana, Reichenh. Handb. p. 252 (185.3) ; Cassin, Pr.

Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 271 ; Graij, Hand-l. i. p. 120 ; Sclat. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 269 (St. Lucia); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1871,

p. 788 ; Semper, P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 649 ; Lawrence, Pr. U. S. N. M.

1878, p. 354 (Martinique) ; Baird, Am. Nat. vii. p. 612 ; id.

N. A. B. i. p. 428.
Certbiola flaveola, Scl. Ibis,1862, p. 288.
Certbiola albigula, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 259 (1854) ; id. Notes Orn.

p. 51 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 167 ; Sund. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fdrh.

1869, p. 624.

Above asby black, witb a faint olive-yellow uropygial band ;
superciliaries wbite ; below, middle of tbroat wbite, cbin and sides
of tbroat black ; breast and belly yellow ; crissum, under wing-coverts,
and inner margins of wing-featbers wbite ; tail black, tipped witb
wbite ; bill black, feet dark brown : wbole lengtb 4*5 incbes, wing
1-5, tail 1-5. Female similar.

Hah. Martinique and St. Lucia.

Tbis is a distinct species, baving tbe rump-band almost obsolete,
and a pure wbite patch in tbe middle of tbe tbroat.

a. Ad. sk. IMartinique. Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Santa Lucia, West Indies Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Semper).
c-e. Ad. sk. Santa Lucia, West Indies Sclater Coll.

{Semper).

12. GLOSSirTILA. 47

IS. Certhiola finscM.

Certbida finschii, Eiclyiv. Pr. U. S. X. M. 1885, p. 25.

Similar to C. marfinicana, but back slate- colour ; superciliary-
stripe mostly yellow ; a small white spot on each side of nape.
{Ridgimy. )

Hah. Dominica (?).

My impression is that these yellow-browed birds are in young
plumage.

19. Certhiola atrata.

Certhiola atrata, Laim: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. i. p. 150 ; id. P)-oc.

U. S. Nat. Mh.9. 1878, pp. 190, 269, 487 ; Lister, Ibis, 1880, p. 40 ;

liidf/ii'. P. U. S. N. M. 1885, p. 30.
Dicaeiim aten-imum, Zesson, Traite d'Orn. i. p. 303 (1831) ; Pucheran,

Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 134 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. C.-A., Aves, i.

p. 251 (?).

Uniform dull black ; slightly olivascent on the rump and abdomen ;
bill and feet black : whole length 4-5 inches, Aving 2-5, tail 1'5.
Female similar, but rather smaller.

Hab. St. Tincent and Grenada, W. I.

a. Ad. sk. St. Vincent, W. I. {Bailey). Sclater Coll.

b, c. (S ad. sk. ; d. Grenada, W. I. {J. Grant Sclater Coll.
? ad. sk. Wells).

Subfamily IV. GLOSSIPTILIN^.

The correct position of the monotypic form Glossiptila is, perhaps,
still a little uncertain. It was formerly placed with the Tanagers
in the genus TanayrclJa. Bonaparte in his ' Conspectus ' associated
it with the Finches of the genus Lo.rigilla. But the structure of the
tongue, as described by Gosse, led me in 1856 to isolate it under
the generic name Glossiptila, that of Neornis (previously suggested
by Hartlaub) having been already ajipropriated. I now propose to
raise this curious Antillean type to the rank of a subfamily among
the Ccerehidir.

12. GLOSSIPTILA. ^

Tj'pe.
Neornis, Hartl. Nachtr. z. I'erz. Mits. Brem. p. 8 (1846),

nee Hodgson G. rufieollis.

Glossiptila, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 269 G. ruficolhs.

The nesting of Glossiptila is described by Gosse (B. Jam. p. 236).
The nest is cup-shaped ; the eggs white, spotted with duU red.

48

CCEREBID^.

1. Glossiptila ruficollis.

Motacllla campestris, Linn. S. N. i. p. 329 ($) ?
American Hedge-Sparrow, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iii. pi. 122.
Rufous-throated Tanager, Lath. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 241.
Tanagra ruficollis, Gin. S. N. ii. p. 894.

Structure of Glossiptila.

Tanagrella ruficollis, Gray et Mitch. Gen., App. p. 17 ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 236 ; Gosse, B. of Jam. p. 236; id. HI. B. Jam. pi. 58.
Tachyphonus rufigularis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 320.
Pyi-riiulagra ruficollis. Bp. Consp. p. 493 {excl. syn.).
Neornis cserulea, Hartl. Nachtr. z. Verz. Mus. Brem. p. 8 (descr.

nulla).
Rufous- chinned Finch, var. A, Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. p. 126.
Glossiptila ruficollis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 269, 1861, p. 73;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 54 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomcncl. p. 17.
Certhiola ruficoUis, Gray, Hand-l. i. p. 120.

Above and below dull plumbeous blue ; lores black ; throat chest-
nut-red ; wings and tail dull black, slightly edged with blue ; bill
black ; feet dark brown : whole length 4-8 inches, wing 2-8, tail
1-8. Female. Dull grey, beneath paler ; with a brownish tinge on
the back ; wings and tail brownish.

Hah. Jamaica.

«, i. c? 2 ad. sk.
c,d. 6 $ ad. sk.
e,f. <S $ ad. sk.
g. (S ad. sk.
h. (S ad. sk.
h j- 6 2 ad. St.

Moncague, Jamaica {Bryant).
Moncague, Jamaica (Bryant).
Moncague, Jamaica (Bryant).
Chesterfield, Jamaica.
.Jamaica.
Jamaica.

Mrs. Bryant [P.].
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.

TANAGEIDJi:. 49

Family TANAGRID^.

The Tauagers are another family of nine-primaried Oscines
characteristic of the Neotropical llegion, to which, with the ex-
ception of some species of Pt/ranga that visit North America in
summer, they are altogether resti'icted. Thej' are mostly birds of
small size, the largest Fiti/U and Saltatores barely exceeding a Song-
Thrush, and the smallest being some of the Euphonuv, which are
hardly four inches in length. In essential structure the Tanagers
are closely allied to the Finches, and it is in many cases exceedingly
difficult, if not impossible, to draw a line between the two grou])S
(compare some of the Buarremoncs with Atlapetcs). On the other
hand, some of the Tanagers have also nearlj' equally close relations
with the Miilotilfidie and the derebidce ; and I do not think it is at
present practicable to give any absolute characters which would serve
to differentiate the birds of these three families in all cases.

As a general rule the Tanagers are separable from the Finches by
the possession of a notch near the end of the upper mandil)le,
and may therefore be called " Dentirostral Finches." Eut this
notch is obsolete or scarcely apparent in certain genera (e. g. Chlo-
rochrysa and Arremoii), while it is very strongly developed in
others {Taclv/phonus and Lanio). The principal food of the typical
Tanagers appears to be ripe fruit, and in the case of the Euphoidince
(see p. 53) the digestive organs seem to have undergone a very
peculiar modification from long persistence in this diet ; but other
Tanagers feed on seeds and grain after the manner of Finches.

Certain genera of Tanagers [CJtJorochri/sa, Calliste, Mhamphoccelm,
Pi/ranga) are remarkable, even in the Ornis of South America, for the
rich colours of their plumage. In some cases (Pt/ranga and Rliamplio-
coelns) this brilliancy is confined to the male sex ; in others {Calliste,
C'Jilorochrgsa, &c.) the sexes are nearly alike in brilliant colouring.

Keg to the Suhfconilit'S.

A. ]3ill very short, much broadened at

the base ; upper mandible hooked,
slightly notched : wings long ; first
three primaries nearly equal and
longest; tail moderate I. PROCNIATIN.E, p. 50.

B. Bill short, swollen at base, but not

so mucli broadened ; upper man-
dible hooked, with a terminal notch
and usually two or three slight .
serrations behind it ; wings mode-
rate, first three primaries nearly
equal and longest ; tail very short ;
tarsus short II. EUPHONIIN.E, p. 52.

C. Bill more lengthened, subulate, with

a single terminal notch (sometimes
obsolete) on the upper mandible ;
tail moderate ; tarsus moderate .. III. TANAGRIN.E, ^. SQ.

VOL. XI. E

50 TAKAGRID-E.

D. Bill straight, stout; terminal hook

strong, no median tooth ; gonys
straight; tail moderate ; feet large,
clawl strong and sharp IV. LAMPROTINM, p. 231 .

E. Bill much lengthened and com-

pressed, with a slight terminal
notch; tail moderate or long ; tarsus
rather short V. PHCENICOPHILIN.^,

F. Bill short, stout, conical, Fringilline, [p. 233.

terminal notch sometimes ohsolete ;
-wings rather shorter than in Tana-
(irince : tail usually moderate, some-
times elongated VI. riTYLIN.E, p. 236.

Subfamily I. PROCNIATINtE.

The peculiar form denominated " Procnias " by Illiger in 1816,
from its large Swallow-like gape and lengthened wings, was con-
sidered to be allied to the Cotingidce, until Dr. Cabanis, in 1845,
first pointed out the incontrovertible fact that, having only nine
primaries and caligated tar.si, it was an Oscinine form, and would be
better placed in the Tanagridae. I cannot, however, consider
Procnias so closely allied to the Euphonian Tanagers as to justify
us in putting Cidorophonia virkUs in the same genus, as Dr. Cabanis
formerly proposed to do. But having elevated Procnias to the rank
of a subfamily, I tliink it may be placed at one end of the Tanagridae,
although its nesting-habits rather point to an alliance with the
Eirundinidce, for Herr Carl Euler tells us (J. f. 0. 1867, p. 411)
that Procnias nests in holes in trees or in the ground, sometimes
using those made by Jacamars, and lays three or four pure white eggs.

1. PROCNIAS.

Type.

Procnias, HI. Prodr. p. 228 (1811) P. tersa.

Tersa, Vieill. A?iah/se, p. 38 (1816) P. tersa.

Tersina, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiii. p. 400 (1819) P. tersa.

Procnias is extensively distributed in the Neotropical Eegion,
from the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta down to South Brazil.
Two local forms may be recognized, distinguishable only by size.

1. Procnias tersa.

Ampelis tersa, Linn. S. N. i. p. 298.

Procnias ventralis, III. Prodr. p. 228 ; Te7mn. PI. Col. 5 ■ Max.

Beitr. iii. p. 315 ; Tsch. F. P., Aves, pp. 29, 196.
Tersina ceerulea, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiii. p. 401 ; id. Gal. Ois. ii.

pi. 119 ; d'Orb. et Lafr. Si/n. Av. i. p. 41 ; d'Orb. Voy., Ois. p. 298.
Procnias hirundinacea," -Sm'. Zool. III. ser. 1, pi. 21.
Procnias tersa, i>p. Conqh i. p. 232 ; Cab. Mvs. Hein. i. p. 329 ; P,urm.

Si/st. Ueb. iii. p. 191 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 55 ; Gray, Hand-l. ii.

p. 77 ; Salv. ^ Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 199 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.

1879, p. 597 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 17 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 132 ; Salv.

Cat. Stricld. Coll. p. 178 ; id. Ibis, 1885, p. 207 (Brit. Guiana ).
Procnias crerulea, Dm6o2s, Eev. Zool. 1861, p. 620 ; Berlepsch, Ibis,

1881, p. 244.
Procnias occidentalis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 240, 1855, p. 15-3, 1858,

1. PEOCXIAS.

51

pp. 74, 452, 1860, p. 375 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 55 ; Gray, Hand-l. i.
p. 77 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 56G (Ucayali),'l867, p. 749
(E. Peru) et p. 977 (Pebas), 1868, p. 167 (Venezuela), 1869, p. 597
(W. Peru), 1873, p. 260 (E. Peru) ; ikJ. Nomencl. p. 17 ; Pelz. Om.
Bras. p. 132 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 518 (Central Peru) ; id. Orn.
Perou, ii. p. 437.
Procnias Cferulea occidentalis, Berl. J.f. 0. 1884, p. 288; Berl. et
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 76.

Structure of Procnias.

Brigtt turquoise-blue ; -svings aud tail black, edged with similar
blue ; front, sides of the face, and throat jet-black ; middle of belly
and crissum pure white ; sides of belly blue, traversed by narrow
black cross bauds ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 6
inches, wing 3-7, tail 2-2. Female. Above bright green ; wings
and tail brownish black, edged with similar green : below green,
crossed by narrow yello^\^sh transverse bars ; middle of belly and
crissum pale yellow ; throat greyish brown, minutely freckled ; bill
plumbeous ; feet brown.

Hah. South America from Colombia down to Bolivia and S. Brazil.

Specimens of Procnias, except those from S.E. Brazil, seem rather
referable to the smaller subspecies, occidentalis. But some of them
are certainly intermediate in size ; I therefore now quite agree
with Messrs. Salvin and Godman (Ibis, 1879, p. 199) that the
smaller form is untenable as a species, the difference being solely
one of dimensions, in which also there is considerable variation.

e2

52

TANAGKID.E.

(t, b. S 9 a.l.

c. cJ ji'- sk.
d, e. (5 5 ad.
f. c? ad. sk.
>/, h. (5 2 ad.
i, j. S ad. St.

2 ad. St.

sk. ;

sk.

sk.
■,k.

a, 6. (5 2 ad.
c. (3 jv. sk.
d. J ad. sk.
('. S ad. sk.
/. 6 ad. sk.
//, h. d" 2 ad

sk.;

sk.

/. cJ ad. st.
j, h. d 2 ad.
I. J ad. sk.

sk.

'tu. d ad. sk.
n. d ad. sk.
«. d ad. sk.
7). d ad. sk.
(J. d ad. sk.
r. d ad. sk.

a. Subsp. tijpim.

Pernambuco, Brazil (^W. A. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Forhlis).

Eahia, Brazil (Wncherer). Sahiu-Godiuan Coll.

Eio Janeiro, Brazil (Youds). Salviii-Godiriau Coll.

Sao Paulo, IJrazil {Joi/ner). Salviii-(Todman Coll.

S. America. J. Gould, Esq.

b. Subsp. occidentalis.
Roraima, British Guiaua

(W/ntcl>j).
Cayenne.

A'enezuela (Spei/re).
Carijie, Venezuela {Giieniit/).
Bogota.

Colombia.

Remedios, Antioqnia ('S'a???jo?j).
Mauaure, Santa Marta, Co-
lombia (Simons).
Minca, Colombia {Simons).
Babahoyo, Ecuador (Fraaer).
Sarayacu, Ecuador {Biichht/).
Santa Rita, Ecuador {Buckley).
Eastern Peru (Farris).
Bolivia {Buckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll. (Types
of F. occidentalis.)
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvln-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Subfamily II. EUPIIONIIN^.

The Eiqihoniina', although more closely allied to the typical
Tanagcrs than the Procniatince, present "well-marked external
differences in their short swollen bill, thick head, and short tail.
The iij)per mandible in the Eui^honiino' is usually provided with

Stomach of Euphonia violacea. (P. Z. S. 1880, p. 145.)
A portion of the alimentary canal of EiqjJi07iia violacea, twice the natural size,
cut ojicn and seen from behind, to show the proventriculus {p), the
narrow zone representing the gizzard {z). and the commencement of the
small intestine {sm.i) The liver and spleen are also seen, as is the end
of the (Ksophagns, which is opened up.

2. cnLOEornoNiA, 53

several small serratious, sifuated behind tlie normal notch ; but
these are barely discernible even in some species of true Enphonia,
and in Pyrrhnphonia and Hiipophwa seem to be altogether
obsolete.

The very peculiar structure of the digestive tube of the Euphonias
was first pointed out by Lund. Forbes's article (P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 144) contains an account of all that Tve yet know upon this
interesting subject.

Key to tJie Genera.

A. Upper mandible with a terminal notch. [p. 5.3,

a. Plumage bright green 2. Chlohophonia,

h. Plumage mostly black and yellow 3. Euphonia, p. 58.

B. Upper mandible without anj' terminal notch.

c. Tail rather long _. 4. Hypoph^a, p. 84.

d. Tail short (as in Euphonia) 5. Pyebhuphonia

[p. 85.

2. CHLOROPHONIA *.

Type.

Chlorophonia, Bp. Her. Zool. 1851, p. 137 C. viridis.

Triglyphidia, lieich. Av. Syd. Nat. pi. Ixiii. (1850) No type given.

Acrocompsa, Cab. J. f. O. 1861, p. 88 C. callophrys.

This group of nine species is, as Messrs. Salvin and Godman have
lately pointed out (Biol. C.-A., Aves, i. p. 252), barely separable
from Euplionia in structure, although their bright grass-green
colour renders them easily recognizable. The area occupied by the
group extends fiom South Mexico to Southern Brazil and Bolivia,
being nearly the same as that of Euphonia.

Key to the Species.

A. Cap bright green.
a. Bill black.

a'. Front green.
a". Rump blue :

I belly pale yellow 1. viridis, p. 54.

I belly dark yello\\ 2. lonyipeuiiis, p. 54.

h". Hump green 3. torrejoni, p. 65.

V . Front yeUow :

j interscapulium green 4. frontalis, p. 55.

] interscapulium blue 5. 'roraim<p, p. 56.

h. Bill yellow 6. favirostris, p. 56.

B. Cap bright blue 7. 2>retrii, p. 5(>.

C. Cap green, with a bright blue nuchal spot.

c. SuperciHaries green 8. occi/iita/is, p. 57.

d. Superciliaries yellow 9. calltiphrys, p. 58.

* Euphonia cyaiwdorsalis, Dubois, Eev. Zool. 1869, p. 49. tab. 2, from
Guatemala, is a very doubtful species of this genus (c/. Berlepscb, Ibis, 1881,
p. 17U). The type is lost.

54 TANAfilUD.E.

1. Chlorophonia viridis.

Tanap^a viridis, Vicill. Koiw. Did. xxxii. p. 42G; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 784 : Temm. PI. Col. 36. fig. 3.
Pipra chlorocapilla, Shaw, Zuol. xiii. p. 255.
Eupbouia Tiridis, JBp. Consp. i. p. 233 ; Sclater, Contr. Oni. 1851,

p. 88; Burm. Si/st. Ueh. iii. p. 107.
Procnias viridis, Cab. in Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 197.
Chlorophonia viridis, i?/A Mev. Zool. 1851, p. 137; id. Note s. I. Tariff.

p. 12 ; Sclafer, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 269 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 95 ; id.

Cat. A. B. p. 55 ; Scl. et Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 81 ; iid. Nomencl.

p. 17; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 598 (Bolivia); Pelz. Orn. Bras. ■^.202.

Briglit grass-greca ; whole back and tail-coverts and eye-circlet
shining blue ; wings and tail black, edged with green, the wing-
coverts suffused with blue : abdomen bright yellow ; under wing-
coverts and inner margins of wing-feathers white ; bill dark
plirmbeous ; feet brown : whole length 4-5 inches, wing 2-6,
tail 1-5. Female. Similar, but not so bright, and with the blue of
the back only on the back of the neck and rump ; abdomen yellowish
green.

Eah. S.E. Brazil.

a, b. c? 2 ad. sk. ; Brazil. Sclater Coll.
c. 6 ji'-

d. d ir- st. S. America. Purchased.

e. $ ad. St. Eio. R.H.Wood,Esq.[P.].
/, (/. d 2 ad. sk. Piio Janeiro, Brazil (Totals). Salvin-Godman Coll.
h. cJ ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godman CoU.
i. $ ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Joyner).
j. 5 ad. sk. Brazil {Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Chlorophonia longipennis.

Euphonia longipennis, Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Brux. xxii. pt. i. p. 156

(1855).
Chlorophonia longipennis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 158, 1856, p. 270 ;

id. Syn. Av. Tun. p. 96 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 55 ; Scl. et Salv. Ex. Orn.

p. 82, t. xli. fig. 2 ; iid. No^nencl. p. 17.

Similar to C. viridis, but M'ith the abdomen brighter yellow, and
more clearly defined in contrast with the green of the breast; wing
perhaps rather longer.

Hah. Colombia and Ecuador.

I look upon this as a very doubtful species, but am un-
willing to unite it with C. viridis without access to a fuller series
of specimens from intermediate localities.

a. c? ad. St. Bogota. Purchased.

h. (S ad. sk. Bogota. J. Gould, Esq.

c, d. d 2 *d. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

e,f. cS ad.sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman CoU.

ff. d ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Buckley).

2. CHLOROrHONIA. 55

3. Chlorophonia torrejoni.

Chlorophoiiia viridis, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 225.
Chlorophonia torrejoni, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 9, pi. i. fig. 1 ; id. Oni.
Per. ii. p. 438.

Bright grass-green, riimp rather brighter ; broad patch on
the back of the neck and eye-circlet shining bhie ; abdomen
greenish yellow, brighter in the middle ; under wing-coverts and
inner margins of the wing-feathers white; bill dark horn-colour ;
feet brown : whole length 3-7 inches, wing 2-4, tail 1*3. Female
similar, but less bright in colours (Tacz.).

Hab. Colombia, Pera, and Bolivia.

Had not M. Stolzmann obtained examples of both sexes of this
species, I should have taken it for the female of C. viridis or C. lon-
gipennis, which it nearly resembles, except in the rump being bright
green without any trace of blue. A skin from Bolivia (Bucl-ley)
and another from Ecuador both appear to belong to this species,
as does one skin from Bogota.

a. c? ad. sk. Chirimoto, Peru (Stolzmann). Sclater Coll.

b. (^ ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. S ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

d. (S ad. sk. Bolivia (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. Chlorophonia frontalis.

Euphonia frontalis, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 89.

Chlorophonia frontalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 270 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan.

p. 96 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 55 ; Scl. et Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 81, t. xli.

fig. 1 ; lid. Nomencl. p. 17 ; Salv. et Godtn. His, 1879, p. 199.

Bright grass-green : broad coUar on nape, eye- circlet, rump, and
upper tail-coverts bright blue ; wings and tail black, edged with
green ; front yellow ; abdomen bright yellow ; under wing-coverts
pale yellowish; inner margin of wing-feathers white: bill dark
horn-colour; feet brown: whole length 5 inches, wing 2-6, tail
1*5. Female. Like the male, but not so bright ; blue collar on nape
less distinct ; rump green ; yellow front less evident ; abdomen
greenish yellow.

Hah. Venezuela and Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta.

This species was originally based on a specimen obtained from
Verreaux, of Paris, and labelled " Ecuador." But I hare little
doubt this locality was an error, and that the skin was really from
Venezuela, whence specimens of the same species were transmitted
by Levraud to the Paris Museum. Examples from the Sierra Nevada
of Santa Marta (Simons) seem to be similar to the Venezuelan bird,

a. <S ad. sk. A^enezuela. Sclater Coll. (Type of

E. frontalis, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1861, p. 88.)

b. 2 ad. sk. Venezuela. Sclater CoU.

c. (S ad. St. Caracas (Di/son). Purchased.

d. 2 ad. sk. Sierra Nevada de Santa Salvin-Godman Coll.

Marta, Colombia (Si>no7is).

e. 2 ^^- s^- Valley of Chinchichiia, Santa Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mai'ta, Colombia (Simons).

56 TANAGEID.E.

5. Chlorophonia roraimsB. (Plate VI. fig. 1.)

ChloropLonia i'oi'aima>, Salv. et Godm. Ibis, 1884, p. 444 ; Suhnn,
Ibis, 1885, p. 208.

Bright grass-green ; nuchal collar, cj-c-circlet, rump, and upper
tail-coverts bright blue : interscapulium strongly glossed with the
same colour ; Avings and tail black, edged with green ; front yellow ;
abdomen bright yellow ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of
wing-feathers white, axillaries pale yellow ; bill dark horn-colour ;
feet brown : whole length 4'5 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-4. Female
similar, but colours not so bright ; intei-scapulium wholly green ;
abdomen greenish yellow.

Bah. llorairaa Mountains, Eritish Guiana.

Eather smaller than C. frontaUs, and with the interscapulinm in
the adult male strongly washed with blue. The female also diflers
from C. frontalis 2 in having the rump blue.

a-c. c? ad. sk. ; Roraima, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

d-e. 2 ad.sk. (Tfliiteh/). (T-siiPsof the species.)

/>&■ c? ? ad. sk. Eoraima, JBrit. Guiana Sclater Coll.

{W/iiteh/).

6. Chlorophonia flavirostris. (Plate YI. fig. 2.)

CHorophouia flavirostris, Schif. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 129 ; id. Cat. A. B.
p. 55 ; 8d. et Salv. Ex. Om. p. 84 ; iid. Notnencl. p. 17.

Uniform bright grass-green ; wings and tail black, edged with
similar green : below rather paler ; middle of belly and crissum
pale yellow ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of wing-feathers
white ; eye-circlet and slight chin-spot pale yellow ; bill and feet
yellow : whole length 4 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1"2.

Hah. Ecuador.

The type specimen, which is at present uniqiie, is probably a
female. If is at once distinguished by its yellow bill and the
narrow circlet of yellow feathers round the eye.

a. 5 (?) sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

(I'ype of the species.)

7. Chlorophonia pretrii.

Tanagra (Euphouia) pretrei, lafr. Rev. Zool. 184-'), p. 97 ; id. Mar/.

ZooL 1843, Ois. pi. 42 ( d )• "
Euphouia pretrei, Up. Consp. i. p. 233 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851,

p. 89.
Chlorophonia pretrei, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1851, p. 138; id. Notes. I. Tang.

p. 12 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 159, 1856, p. 270 ; id. Syn. Av.

Tan. p. 96; id. Cat. A B. p. 55: Scl. et Salv. Ex. Orn.^ -p- ^4;

iid. Komencl. p. 17 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 780 (Merida), 1879, p. 498

(Antioquia).
Eupbonia pyn-hophrys, Scl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 89, t. 75. fig. 2 ($).

Above dark green ; cap bright blue ; front green, divided from

2. cnLOEOPHOSiA. 57

the blue cap by a dark red line, which is continued over the eyes ;
rump yellow ; wings and tail black, edged with green : below, throat
and neck bright grass-green, bordered below by a narrow dark
maroon hand ; middle of belly and crissum dark chestnut ;
sides of belly bright yellow ; under wing-coverts and inner margins
of wing-feathers white : bill black ; feet brown : whole length
5 inches, wing 2-6, tail 1-5. Female. Above dark green ; cap
blue ; front and superciliaries chestnut : below, throat and neck
bright green ; abdomen greenish yellow.

Hab. Colombia, and Andes of Merida, Venezuela.

This splendid species is easily recognizable by its blue cap and
the chestnut in the middle of the belly. Euplionia piirrlioiihnjs was
based on the female.

a. S ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

b. 5 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. (Type

of E. p!/)-rJiophri/s.)

c. <S ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. e. (^ ad. ; Bogota. Gould Coll.'
/, g. 2 ad. sk.

hji. S $ ad. sk. Vicinitv of Medellin, Salvin-Godmau Coll.

U. S." C. {Salmon).
;'. c? ad. sk. Merida, Venezuela Salvin-Godman Coll.,

{Goering).

8. Chlorophonia occipitalis.

Euphonia occipitalis, Du Bus, Esq. Orn. pi. 14 (2); Jard. Ibis,
1860, p. 103 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 2.33 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 90.

Chlorophonia occipitalis, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1851, p. 138 ; id. Note s. I.
Tang. p. 12 ; Cass. Bep. U.S. Astr. Exp. ii. p. 182, pi. 20. i.2{S)-
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 270, 1857, p. 205, 1859, p. 364, 1864,
p. 173 ; id. Sgn. Av. Tan. p. 96; id.Cat. A. B. p. 55 ; Sclat. et Salv.
Ibis, 1859, p. 17 ; iid. E.v. Orn. p. 83, t. xlii. ; iid. Nomencl. p. 17 ;
Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 550 ; Lawr. Bull. U. S. N. M.
no. 4, p. 18 ; Salr. et Godm. Biol. C.-A., Aves, i. p. 253.

Acrocompsa occipitalis, Cab. J.f. O. 1861, p. 89.

Above bright grass-green ; wings and tail black, edged with similar
green ; large occipital spot and narrow neck-band brilliant pale
blue : below, throat and breast bright green, bordered below by a
narrow band of dark maroon ; centre of belly and crissum yellow ;
sides of belly and flanks bright green ; under wing-coverts whitish ;
inner margins of wing-feathers pale cinereous ; bill dark slate-
colour ; feet brown: whole length 5 inches, wing 3*1, tail 1"8.
Female. Above like the male, but with the blue collar less strongly
marked ; below rather duller green, centre of belly and crissum
yellowish.

Hab. Southern Mexico and Vera Paz.

The bright occipital spot distinguishes this species from all others
except C. callojihrys, from which it differs in the want of the yellow
superciliaries.

58 TANAGEIB.55.

a, b. J 5 fid. sk. Near City of Mexico Salviu-Gudman Coll.

( White).

c. S ad. sk. Jalapa, Mex. {de Oca). Sclater Coll.

d. (S ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz {Sale. Salvin-Uodman Coll.

et Godm.).

e. 2 ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz (Salvhi). Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. 5 ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz (Salvi/i). Sclater Coll.

g. 2 ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salvin).
ft, i. (S $ ad. St. Coban, Guatemala. Pm'cliased.

9. Chloroplionia callophrys.

Triglypbidia callophrys, Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. .331.

Acrocompsa callophrys, Cab. J.f. O. 1801, p. 88.

Chlorophonia callophryS; Laivr. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 98 ; Scl. et
Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 8-i ; iid. Nomencl. p. 17 ; Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869,
p. 297; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 18-5; Boncard, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 54 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. C.-A., Aves, i. p. 254.

Above bright grass-green ; wings and tail blackish, edged with
similar green ; broad superciliaries, widened on the nape, golden
yellow ; whole of occiput bright turquoise-blue, passing into a
narrow posterior neck-collar of more greenish blue : below, throat
and breast bright green, bordered below by a narrow dark maroon
band ; abdomen bright yellow ; sides of belly and flanks bright
green ; inner margins of wing-feathers pale cinereous ; bill black ;
feet dark brown: whole length 5 inches, wing 3, tail 1"8. Female.
Bright green, najie turquoise-blue ; below rather paler, centre of
abdomen yellow.

Bab. Mountains of Costa Ptica and Veragua.

Readily known from the preceding by its yellow superciliaries
and the turquoise-blue of the occiput. The female is much like
that of C. occipitalis, but is also distinguishable by the ditferenfc
blue on the head.

a. cJad.sk. Costa. Jiica, (Caj-miol). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b, c, d. <S 2 ad. et Irazu distr., Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.
jr. sk. {Rogers).

e, f. S 2 ad. ; g, h. Calovevora, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

■ S 2 ¥■ .*. {Arce).

i,j. (S 2 ad. sk. Volcan de Chiriqui, south- Salvin-Godman Coll,

ern slope {Arcc).
k,l. (S 2 ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). Sclater Coll.

3. EUPHONIA.

Type.
Euphonia, Desm. Hist. Isat. d. Tang, sub tab. 19

(1805) E. musica.

Cj'anophonia, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1851, p. 138 E. musica.

Aeroleptes, I Bp. Ann. Sci. Nat. s6r. 4, vol. i. p. 127

Iliolopha, ( (1854) No types given.

Phonasca, Cab. J. f. O. 18C0, p. 330 E. violacea.

Aeroleptes, Cab. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 00 E. chlorotica.

3. EUPHONIA. 59

This rather extensive genus is widely diffused in the Neotropical
Eegion, from Southern Mexico to Bolivia and Paraguay. It is
rejiresented by a small group of three species in the Antillean Sub-
region, but in the Patagonian Eegion is absent, except that one
species occurs in the Sierra of Cordoba and probably in other
northern wooded districts of the Argentine Republic.

The true Euphonia; are all of smaU size, and as regards the male
sex mostly of brilliant colours. They are arboreal in their habits
and fly little, but are said to congregate in considerable numbers in
fruit-bearing trees, eating iucessautly. Little is known of their
nesting ; but eggs of E. elegatitissbna, taken at Juquila in Oaxaca, in
May, were of a creamy white with a few scattered spots and blotches,
principally at the larger end, of two shades of brown (P. Z. S. 1859,
p. 37«).

Key to the Sections of Euphonia.

A. Cap blue Sect. L, p. 59.

B. Cap not blue.

a. Plumage above glossy black ; front of head
yellow :

i throat black ; belly yellow Sect. II., p. 63.

I whole under surface yellow Sect. III., p. 73.

h. Plumage above uniform glossy black Sect. IV., p. 79.

c. Plumage above olive-green Sect. V., p. 81.

Sect. I.
Species with cap blue : allied to E. musica. (Euphonia.)

Key to the Species of Sect. I.

A. Back glossy black : rump yellow.

a. Front yellow, boi-dered with black.
a'. Throat black, abdomen yellow :

I abdomen orange-yellow 1. musica, p. 59.

I abdomen golden yellow 2. indgtiis, p. 60.

b'. Throat orange-yellow, uniform with

abdomen 3. sclateri, p. 60.

b. Front black in c? , orange-yellow in J ... . 4. nigricollis, p. 61.

B. Back and rump alike glossy black 5. eJegantissima, p. 62.

C. Back yellowish green 6. Jlacifrons, p. 63.

1. Euphonia musica.

L'Organiste, Bnff. H. N. Ois. iy. p. 290.

L'Organiste de S. Domingue, Dmih. PI. Enl 809. fig. 1.

Pipra musica, Gm. S. K i. p. 1004 (1788).

Tanagra musica, Vi'eill. Enc. Meth. p. 783.

Euphonia musica, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 367 ; id. Hand-l. ii. p. 77 ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 232 ; Sclat. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 82; id. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 271,J857, p. 231; id. Syn. Av. Tan.^. 97; Scl. et Sale

Nomencl. p. l7 ; Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168.
Euphonia c?eruleocephala, Sic. Class. B. ii. p. 286 (1837).

60

tanagrid.t:.

Above puri)lisli black ; broad front j-ello-^', bordered behind by a
black line ; cap blue ; rump and upper tail- coverts orang-e-yellow :
below orauge-yellow ; throat glossy black ; axillaries pale yeUow ;
under ■\ving-coverts and inner margins of wing-feathers white ; bill
and feet black : whole length 4-4 inches, wing 2-5, tail 1-5.
Female. Olive-green, below rather lighter and yellowish ; cap blue ;
front tinged with orange-yellow.

Hub. San Domingo.

The statement of Lembeye that this species occurs in Cuba is afl
error. (C/. Gundlach, J. f. 0. 1855, p. 470, and 1861, p. 409.)

a. (S jr. ; b. San Domingo (^3IcGrigor). Sclater Coll.

5 ad. .sk.

c-e. c? ad. sk. San Domingo (Salle). Purchased.

/. Jad.sk. Samana, San Domingo (Cor^). Salviu-Godman Coll.

2. Euphonia insignis.

Euphonia insignis, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 621, pi. 52. fig. 1 ;
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 10.

Glossy black ; cap and nape blue ; front chestnut-yellow, bordered
behind by a black line ; rump yellow, upper tail-coverts glossy
black like the back ; below bright yellow, throat black : whole
length 4-6 inches, wing 2'6, tail 1-6.

Ifah. Jima, Ecuador (Bucl-ley).

Besides the two male specimens of this fine Euphonia from Messrs.
Salvin and Godman's collection, I have seen but one other, from
Ecuador also. The species is very near E. muska, but distingiiish-
able by its narrower and more chestnut-yellow front, the hhuh upper
tail-coverts, and brighter yellow under-plumage. The female is not
known.

a, b. (S ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

(Types of the species.)

3. Euphonia sclateri.

Euphone organiste, De.<:m. Taiuj. i. 10 ( J) et 20 ($) ; Vieill. Gal.

Ois. Suppl. pi. s. n. ( c? et $ ).
Cyanophonia musica, Bj). Pev. Zool. 1851, p. 138; id. Note s. I. Tariff.

p. 12.
Euphonia fiavifrous, Scl. P. Z. S. 185G, p. 271 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 07

(jiec Sparrm.).
Euphonia sclateri, Bp. in Mus. Par. ; Sund. Q^fv. Vet.-Ak. Fork.

1800, p. .506; Sclaf. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 17 ; Gundl. J.f. O. 1874,

p. 311, 1878, p. 160 ; id. An. Soc. Esp. H. K. 1878, p. 101.
Euphonia bryanti, Baird, MS.

Above purplish black ; cap blue ; front orange-yellow, bordered
behind by a black line ; rump and body below orange-yellow : whole
length 4-2 inches, wing 2-4, tail 1-4. Fanale. Olive-green, rump
rather lighter ; cap blue ; front red ; below yellowish olive-green.

Hah. Porto Eico.

3. EUPHOXIA. 61

Mauge's specimens of this species are still in the Paris Museum,
and were formerly confounded by me (Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 82) with
Euphonia musica. Bonaparte (Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 138) also fell
into the same error, but on discovering the mistake designated the
species in MS. E. scJaftri, which name was adopted by Sundevall.
The Porto-liico bird is clearly distinguishable by the absence of the
black throat.

a, Q sk. Porto Rico {Gibnan). Sclater Coll.

h, c. S 2 ^^- ^^^^'^° ^^^*^° {Stahl). Sclater Coll.

4. Euphonia nigricoUis.

Lindo azul y oro cabeza celeste, Azara, A^mnt. i. p. 390.

Euphone musica, 31a.r. Beitr. iii. p. 443.

Pipra cyanocephala, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xix. p. 165 ($).

Tanagra uigricoUis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 412 ; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 782.
Tanagra aureata, Vieill. Enc. 3Ietli. p. 782.
Tanagra chrysogastra, Cui\ Regn. Anim. i. p. 366 (1829).

(Venezuela), 1870, p. 780 (Merida), 1873, p. 260 (E. Peru), 1879,
p. 498 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 17 : Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 579 (Trinidad); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 518 (Centr. Peru),
1879, p. 225 (N. Peru), 1880, p. 194 (N. Peru); id. Orn. Per. ii.
p. 439 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 288 (Ecuador) ; Salv. Ibis,
1885, p. 208 (Brit. Guian.).

Euphouia aureata, d'Orb. Vuij. p. 267; Bp. Consp. i. p. 233; Hartl.
Lid. Az. p. 7.

Cyanophonia aureata, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 138; id. Note s. I. Tang.
•p. 13.

Above glossy purplish black ; rump yellow ; cap and nape blue ;
front black : below orange-yellow, throat and sides of the head
black ; axillaries pale yellow ; under wing-coverts whitish, inner
margins of wing-feathers pale cinereous ; bill black ; feet pale
brown: whole length 4-5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 1-5. Female.
Above olive-green, rather lighter on the rump ; cap blue ; front
chestnut, with a narrow dark margin between it and the blue cap ;
below yellowish olive-green, brighter on the bcUy.

Hah. South America from Colombia down to Paraguay and
Central Peru. Specimens from Western Ecuador (subsp. pelzelni,
v. Berlepsch) are of a paler (less orange) yellow on the rump aud
below.

a,h. J5ad.sk. Medelliu, Aiitioquia, U.S.C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(^Salmon).

c,d. cJ 2ad.sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. S ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

f. 2 jr. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

'<j, h. (5 2 ad. sk. Intaj, Ecuador {Buckley). Salviu-Godniau Coll.

J ad. sk. Govinda, Ecuador {Buckley). Sclater Coll.

62

TANAGRID^.

,/, k. c? 2 ad. sk.
I. cJ ad. sk.
m. 2 ad. sk.
n. 2 ad. sk.
0, p. (S ad. sk.

q, r. <S 2 ad. sk.
s, <. c? 2 ad. sk.
u. (f ad. sk. ;
V. 2 ji"- sk.
w. S ad. St.
X. 2 ad. St.

Quito, Ecuador.

Tambillo, Peru {Stohmann).

Carip^, Venezuela {Goering).

Triuidad.

Rorairaa, Brit. Guiana

( TV/lit eh/).
Bahia, Brazil (Wucherer).
Ypanema, Brazil {Natterer).
Brazil.

S. America.
S. America.

Gould Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Purchaised.
J. Gould, Esq.

5. Euphonia elegantissima.

Pipra elegantissima, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 112.

Euphonia coelestis, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 42.

Pipra galericulata, Giraucl, B. of Texas, no. 10, pi. 5. fig. 2 (1841).

Euphonia elegantissima, Bp. Consp. i. p. 232 ; Sclater et Salvin, Ibis,
1859, p. l(^) ; iid. Numencl. p. 17 ; Du Bus, Esq. Orn. pi. 8 ; Sclater,
Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 88 ; id. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 6(3, 1856, pp. 272, 30.3,
1858, p. 303, 1859, pp. 364, 378, 1864, p. 173 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.
p. 98 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 56 ; Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 331 ; Laiu-
rence, Ami. L. N. Y. ix. p. 98 ; v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 297 ;
Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 185; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i.
p. 550 ; Sah. et Godm. Biol. C.-A., Ares, i. p. 256.

Euphone tibiceu, Licht. Preis-Verz. p. 2 (y. Cab. J. f. 0. 18G3,
p. 56).

Above dark glossy purplish black ; cap and nape blue ; narrovr
front dark chestnut, bordered posteriorly by a narrow black line :
below deep brownish orange-red, throat black ; under wing-coverts
and inner edges of wing-feathers white ; bill black ; feet pale
brown: whole length 4-5 inches, wing- 2-5, tail I'o. Female. Above
olive-green, cap blue ; front chestnut ; below yellowish olive, brighter
in the middle of the belly, throat pale red.

Hah. Southern Mexico and Central America down to Panama.

A very distinct species in both sexes, the male having the rump
not yellow but like the back, and the female a red throat.

a,
0.

b. 6 2 ad.
cJ ad. sk.

d.

2 ad. sk.

e.

(5 ad. sk.

f.

cj ad. sk.
(^ ad. sk.

h.

cJ ad. sk.

i.

i

cJ jr. sk.
2 ad. sk.
cJ ad. sk.

I. c? jr. sk.

Mexico.

Near City of Mexico.
Orizaba, Mexico.
Oaxaca, W. Mexico (Fe-

nochio).
Mexico,
llidge above Caldera*, \o\-

can de Fiiego (Salvin).
Choctum, Vera Paz (-S'«//7'«).
Cobau, Vera Paz (Salvin).
Guatemala (Salvin).
Vokan de Cartage, Costa

Rica (Arce).
Irazn distr., Costa Rica

(Rogers).

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. EUPHONIA. 63

m. $ ad. sk. Turrialba, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Ai-ce).

n, o. cJ 2 ad. sk. Calovevora,Veragua(.4rce). Salvin-Godmaii Coll.

p, q. (S 2 3.d. sk. Verag;ia (Arce). Sclater Coll.

6. Euphonia flavifrons.

Emberiza flavifrons, Sparnn. Mus. Carls, iv. uo. 92 (1788).

Tanaprra flavifrons, Lath. Ind. Orti. Suppl. p. 47 ; Vieill. Enc. MeLh.
p. 775.

Euphonia flavifrons, Sund. CEfv. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1809, p. 58.3 (S. Bar-
tholomew) ; Lawr. Proc. U. S. N. M. 1878, p. 56 (Dominica),
p. 190 (St. Vincent), p. 269 (Grenada), p. 354 (Martinique),
p. 455 (Guadeloupe), et p. 487 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 56 ; id. P. Z. S.
1876, p. 14 (S. Lucia) ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 17.

Above dark olive-green, rump rather more yellowish ; cap aud
nape blue ; broad front yellow, bordered posteriorly by a black line :
below olive-green, rather yellowish on the throat, darker on the sides
of the head ; axillariea pale yellow ; under wing-coverts and inner
margins of wing-feathers whitish ; bill dark plumbeous, feet brown :
whole length 4-2 inches, wing 2-4, tail 1-4. Female similar but
rather paler in coloiir.

Hah. Lesser Antilles : S. Eartholomew, Guadeloupe, Dominica,
Martinique, St. Lucia, aud Grenada.

I formerly confounded this species with the female of E. sclateri,
which it somewhat resembles ; but it may be at once distinguished
on comparison by the broad well-defined frontal band.

a, b. Ad. sk. Martinique, W. I. Sclater Coll.

c, d. Ad. sk. St. Lucia, West Indies. Saivin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. St. Lucia, W.L(&mj3<?r). Sclater Coll.

/. Ad. sk. West Indies. Salvin-Godman Coll.

y,h. d 5 ad. sk. Guadeloupe, W. I. {Oher). Sclater Coll.

Sect. II.

Species with cap and belly yellow or red ; throat black : allied
to E. chlorotica. (Aceoleptes, Cab.)

Key to the Species of Sect. II.

A. Crissum yellow or orange, like the belly.
a. Tail below marked with white.
a'. Front half of cap only yellow:

j back purplish black 7. chlorotica, p. 64.

j back bluish black 8. affiiiis, p. 05.

b'. Whole cap yellow 9. trinitatis, p. Q(\.

c'. Whole cap orange-yellow 10. xanthoc/astra, p. 67.

d'. Whole cap red 11. rufccps, p. 68.

6. Tail below black.
e'. Belly yellow.

Whole cap yellow 12. htteicapilla, p. 68,

64 TAXAGKIDJ.

Front of cap ouly yellow :

j black throat far extended 18. f/racilis, p. 69.

I black throat restricted 14. concinna, p. 69.

f. Belly deep orange.

"Whole cap orange-yellow 15. fin»chi, p. 70.

Front of cap only orange-yellow .... 16. saturafn, p. 70.

B. Crissiini white, distinct from belly.

Front of head j'ellow 17. minuta, p. 71.

"Whole cap orange-red 18. (inna-, p. 72.

C. Crissum fiilvous, distinct from belly 19. fidvivrissa, p. 73.

7. Euphonia cMorotica.

Tanagra chlorotica, Linn. S. N. i. p. 317 ; Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 782.

Tuuagra yiolacea, var. /3. chlorotica, Gm. S. N. i. p. 890.

Enphonia chlorotica, Licht. Doubl. p. 29 ; Sund. Vet. Ah. Handl.

1833, pi. X. figs. 2, 3; Bp. Consp. i. p. 232; id. Rev. Zool. 1851,

p. 136 ; id. Note s. I. I'ang. p. 10 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851,

p. 84 ; id. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 273 ; id. Syn. Av. Tun. p. 99 ; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 57 ; Burin. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 194 ; Sd. et Sah. Nomencl.

p. 17 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 598 (Bolivia) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 202.
Phonasca chlorotica, Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 330.
Acroleptes chloroticus, Cab. J. f. O. 1861, p. 91.
Acroleptes -s-iolaceicollis, Cab. J. f. O. 1865, p. 409.
Euphona (Acroleptes) Tiolaceicollis, Cab. J. f. O. 1878, p. 195.
Euphonia serrirostris, d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 30; d'Orb. Voy.

p. 267, t. 21. fig. 2; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 367; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 233; Scl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 90; id. P. Z. S. 185G, p. 273 ; id.

Syn. Av. Tan. p. 99 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. r!P2; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880,

p. 194 ; id. Or7i. Per. i. p. 440.
Phonasca serriro.stris. Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 330.
Acroleptes serrirostris. Cab. J.f. O. 1861, p. 91, 1865, p. 409.
Lindo azul y oro, Azara, Aptint. i. p. 393.

Above dark purple-black ; front half of the cap yellow : below
yellow, throat purple-black ; tail beneath black, with a large white
patch ou the inner webs of the two exterior tail-feathers ; under
surface of wings black, with a large white patch on the inner
webs of the remiges ; bill and feefc black : whole length 3'3 inches,
-wing 2-1, tail 1"2. Female. Above greyish olive-green, with a
yellowish tinge on the front and rump : below rather more yel-
lowish, with the centre of the breast and belly pale ashy, flanks
and crissum pale yellow ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of
■wing-feathers whitish.

Bab. Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Eastern Peru.

This widely diffused bird varies considerably in difiereut localities ;
but, so far as I can tell from available materials, the differences are
hardly sufficient for siiecific separation. The bird described above
is the typical Guianan form. The Brazilian form (E. violaceicollis.
Cab.) is larger (whole length 3-5 inches, wing 2-2, tail 1-3) and
has more violet-purplish sheen on the fore neck. The Bolivian
form (upon the female of which I believe E. serrirostris, d'Orb. &
Lafr., to have been established) is again rather larger (whole length
3"7 inches, wing 2-4, tail 1-5), but scarcely otherwise separable

3. ETTPHONIA.

65

from the Brazilian race. In Peru, however, a form occurs which is
certainly rather strikingly different in the pale tint of the yellow
crown and abdomen ; this is the Euplionia strrirostris of Tacza-
nowski, but not, I believe, of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny. I call it
subspecies taczanowsJcii.

a. c? jr. st.

b. 2 St.

c. d. c? ad. sk.
e. 5 ad. sk.

a. 2 ad. sk.

b. cj ad. sk.

c. (S jr. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e,f. cJ 2 ad. sk.
g, h. (S 2 ^'d. sk.
i. (S ad. sk.

a,h. <S2 ad. I

c. S ad. sk.

d. (S ad. sk.
c. c? ad. sk.
/. cJ ad. sk.

a. Subsp. typica.

Cayenne.
S. America.
Cayenne.
Demerara.

Purchased.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll,
Gould CoU.

b. Subsp. violaceicollis.

Pemambuco (Forbes). Sclater CoU.

S.E. Brazil (NaU.). Sclater Coll.

Brazil. Sclater Coll.

Catamarca, rep. Arg. Sclater Coll.

(WJiite).
Tilotilo, Bolivia (Buckley). Sclater CoU.

Bolivia (Buckky). ' Salvin-Godman Coll.

Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.].

c. Subsp. taczanowsMi.

Callacate, Peru [Stokmann).

E. Peru (Farris).

E. Peru (Farris).

Peru.

Peru,

8. Euphonia affinis.

Tauagi'a (Euphonia) afhnis, Less. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 175.
Euphonia affinis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 2.33 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 274,

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.

^yc. j.\.j:. IX. p[). yo, -\j\j , cu. ±t±tiii. ^juotuii. <jut,. x>. -u.. ij. ^. -. « ,

ul. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 1 8 ; i: Frantz. J.f. 0. 1869, p. 297 ;

Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 442 (Yucatan) ; Sumichr. Mem. Best.

Soc. N. H. i. p. 550 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i.

p. 257.
Phonasca affinis, Cab. J. f. 0. 1860, p. 332.
Acroleptes affinis, Cab. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 91.

Above bluish black, with purplish tinge on the neck ; front half
of cap yellow : below yellow, throat bluish black ; tail below black,
with white patches on the inner webs of the two outer rectrices ;
wings below black, under wing-coverts and a large patch on the
inner webs of the wing-feathers white ; bill black, feet dark
brown : whole length 3-8 inches, wing 2-1, tail 1-4. Female. Above
greyish olive, with a yellowish tiuge on the rump and forehead ;
below pale yellowish.

Hah. S, Mexico and Central America down to Costa Rica.

TOL. XI. I"

66

TANA&RID^,

Closely allied to E. cJilorotica, but without the purplish tinge
on the back, and with the yellow head and abdomen of a paler
tint. The female differs from the corresponding sex of E. chlorotica
in being nearly of a uniform greyish, tinged with yellowish green
below.

a, b. c? 2 ad. sk.

c. 5 ad. sk.

d, e. S 2 ad. sk.
/. 5 ad. sk.

ff. (S ad. sk.

h. (5 ad. sk.

i. 2 ad. sk.

J, h.. cJ ad. ; I, m. S
jr. ; n, o. 5 ad. sk.
p. (S ad. sk.

Orizaba, Mexico {Botteri).
Mexico (Boiicard).
Northern Yucatan (Gaumer).
Belize, Brit. Honduras {Blan-

canemix).
Calderas, Volcan de Fuego

{Sahin).
Duenas, Guatemala (Salv. Sf

Godm.}.
Savana Grande, Guatemala

(^/Saloin).
Retalhuleu, Guatemala (Salv.

^- Godtn.).
Central America {Delattre).

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

SalTUi-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater CoU.

9. Euphonia trinitatis.

Euphonia trinitatis, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 72 ; Sclater, Contr.

Orn. 1851, p. 84 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 274 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 100 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 67; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167 (Venezuela),

1879, p. 498 ( Antioquia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 17.
Phonasca trinitatis, Cab. J. f. 0. 1860, p. 3o0.
Acroleptes trinitatis, Cab. J.f. O. 1861, p. 91.

Above steel-bluish black, whole summit of cap yellow : below
yellow, throat blue-black ; tail beneath black, with white patches
on the inner webs of the two outer rectrices : under surface of
wings black, with white patches on the inner webs of the wing-
feathers ; bill black, feet dark brown : whole length 3-8 inches,
wing 2-1, tail 1-3. Female. Above yellowish green ; below brighter,
middle of breast and belly cinereous.

Hah. Trinidad, Venezuela, and Northern Colombia.

This species may be distinguished from E. chlorotica by the
extension of the yellow over the whole top of the head, where it is
rounded behind, and by the steel-blue-black of the back, with a
slight purplish tinge only on the nape of the neck.

a, b. ($ ad. sk. ;

Trinidad.

Sclater CoU.

c. S jr. sk.

d-f. (S jr. sk.

Trinidad.

Purchased.

g. 5 ad. sk.

Trinidad.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

A. cJ ad. sk.

Caracas, Venezuela ( Goering) .

Salvin-Godman CoD.

i. c? ad. sk.

Caracas, Venezuela.

Purchased.

j. c? ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.

k. cJ ad. sk.

Remedios, Antioquia {Sal-
mon).

Sclater Coll.

/. cjad. ; jn.cJ jr.

sk, Santa Marta.

Sclater Coll.

n. 2 sk.

Colombia.

Purchased.

3. EUPHONIA. 87

10. Euphonia xanthogastra.

Euplionia xanthogastra, Sund. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1833, p. 310, pi. 10. f. 1 ;
B}). Consp. i. p. 233; Sclater, Cuntr. Orn. 1851, p. 85; id. P. Z. S.
1851, p. 115, 1855, p. 159, 1856, p. 275, 1858, pp. 74, 452, 1859,
p. 140, et 1860, pp. 87, 275 ; id. Sipi. Av. Tan. p. 101 ; id. Cat A.
B. p. 57 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 179 (Ucayali), 1868,
p. 627 (Veuezuela), 1873, p. 780 (S.W. Peru), 1879, p. 498 (An-
tioquia); iid. Nomencl.^. 17; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 518 (C. Peru),
1882, p. 10 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 444 ; Bed. et Tacz.
P. Z. S. 1883, p. 544, 1884, p. 288 (Ecuador) ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S.
1885, p. 77 (Ecuador) ; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 208 (Brit. Guiau.). •

Phonasca xanthogastra. Cab. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 330.

Acroleptes xauthogaster. Cab. j.f. O. 1861, p. 91.

Euphonia ochrascens, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. o26.

Euphonia brevirostris, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 136 ; id. Note s. I. Tana,
p. 10.

Acroleptes brevirostris, Cab. J. f. O. 1865, p. 408.

Above glossy purplish black ; whole summit of head and abdomen
deep orange-j-ellow ; throat purplish black like the back ; tail
beneath black, with a white patch ou the inner web of the outer
feather ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of wing-feathers
white ; biU black, feet dark brown : whole length 4 inches, wing 2-3,
tail 1-4. Female. Darkish olive-green, nape more cinereous, front
yellowish ; below yellowish ; throat, breast, and middle of the belly
buffy cinereous, with a strong rufescent tinge in some specimens.

Rab. S.E. Brazil, Amazonia, Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, and
Peru.

This species, originally described from Brazil, is widely diffused,
as will be seen by the list of localities below. It is easily distin-
guished from E. chlorotica by its deep orange-yellow colour and
larger size, and by having only one of the external rectrices marked
with white. I cannot separate the Colombian form, E. brevirostris
of Bonaparte.

S.E. BrazU. Sclater Coll.

Novo Fribourgo, Rio de Ja- Salvin-Godman CoU.

neiro (Youds).
Brazil. Gould Coll.

R. Atapiu'ow, Brit. Guiana Salvui-Godman Coll.

(W/iitehj).
Merume Mts., Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll

( Whitely).
Camacusa, Brit. Guiana Sclater Coll,

(Whitely).
Camacusa, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Whitely).
Bogota. Salvin-Godman CoU.

Bogota. Sclater Coll.

Antioquia, Colombia {Salmon), Salvin-Godman CoU.
Napo, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman CoU.

Napo, Ecuador {Jameson). Sclater CoU.
Napo, Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

3p2

a.

cJsk.

b.

(S ad.

sk.

e.

c^ad.

sk.

d.

d ad.

sk.

e.

S ad.

sk.

f. 6 ad.

sk.

y-

2 ad.

sk.

h,

i.6i

1 ad. sk.

ji

k. c? ad.;

I. 5 ad. sk.

m

. dad

,8k.

n.

cJ ad.

sk.

0.

d ad.

sk.

V.

$ad.

sk.

68 TANAGRIDiE.

q, r. (S ad. ; Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

s. 2 ad. sk.
t. S ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Salviu-Godman Coll.

u,v. c5' 2 ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (-Fraser). Sclater Coll.
w, X. 2 ad. sk. Yquitos, Upper Amazons

{JVhitely). SalTin-Godman Coll.

11. Euphonia ruficeps.

Euphonia ruficeps, iq/r. et cFOrh. Syn. Av. in May. de Zool. 1837,

p. .30 ; cFOrb. Voy. p. 268, pi. 22. f. 2 ; 5^j. Consp. i. p. 232 ; id. Eev.

Zool. 1851, p. 136; id. Note s. I. Tarn/, p. 10; Sclater, Cuntr. Orn.

1851, p. 85 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856. p. 27*6; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 102 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 58; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 598 (BoHvia) ;

iid. Nomencl. p. 17.
Phouasca ruficeps, Cah. J. f. 0. 1860, p. 330.
Acroleptes ruficeps, Cah. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 91.

Above purplish black, with violaceous tinge at the back of the
head ; crown of head dark chestnut-red : beneath orange-yellow,
with a slight rufous tinge in the middle of the abdomen ; throat
black ; tail beneath black, the external feather with a white patch ;
under wiiig-coverts white; bill black, feet dark brown: whole
length -4-2 inches, wing 2-4, tail 1-3. Female. Above olive-green,
nape plumbeous, anterior half of crown tinged with rufous ; below
yellowish olive, throat and middle of abdomen ochraceous, with a
strong rufous tinge on the middle of the belly and crissum.

Hah. Bolivia and Venezuela.

This well-marked species was discovered in Bolivia by d'Orbigny.
I have also seen specimens from Venezuela, but not as yet from
intermediate localities. The female is much like that of E. xwntlio-
gastra ; but the front of the head is rufous instead of yellowish, and
there is a stronger rufous tinge on the middle of the abdomen.

a. c? ad. sk. Bolivia (d'Orbiyny). Sclater Coll.

b, c. d ad. sk. Bolivia (BucMcij). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. c? ad. sk. Boli-via (Buckley). Sclater Coll.

e. 2 ad. sk. Bolivia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. 2 ad. sk. San Esteban, Venezuela Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Goeriny).

g. 2 ad. sk. Venezuela (Goering). Sclater Coll.
h, i. S 2 ad. sk. Venezuela. Sclater CoU.

12. Euphonia luteicapilla.

rhonasca luteicapilla, Cab. J.f. O. 1860, p.- 332.

Euphonia luteicapilla, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 186 (Chu-iqui) ; Laivr.
Ann. Lye. N. ¥. ix. p. 98 (Costa Rica) ; v. Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869,
p. 297 (Costa Eica) ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 17 ; Salv. et Godtn.
Biol. Centi-.-Am., Aves, i. p. 260, tab. xvi. fig. 1.

Acroleptes luteicapillus, Cab. J.f. O. 1861, p. 91.

Above steel-bhie ; whole cap of head bright yellow ; below bright
yellow, throat steel-blue ; tail beneath black ; under wing-coverts
and inner webs of wing-feathers white ; bill black, plumbeous at

3. EtrPHONIA. 69

the base; feet black: whole length 4 inches, wing 2-2, tail 1-3.
Female. Above olive-green; beneath yellowish, brighter in the
middle ; under wing-coverts white.

Hah. Costa Eica and Yeragua.

Easily known from its immediate congeners by the wholly yellow
cap, which extends down to the nape.

«, b. (S ad. sk. Costa Rica. Sclater Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Turrialba, Costa Rica ( Car- Salvin-Godman Coll,

niiol).

d. S ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Arce).
e,/. (5' ad. sk. Boquete de Chitra, Veragua Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Arce).
g. c? jr. sk. Cordillera del Chucu, Ve- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ragua {Arce).
h. cJ ad. sk. ; Paraiso Station, Isthmus of Salviu-Godman Coll.

i. c? ji"- sk. Panama (Hughes).

j. $ ad. sk. Chepo, Isthmus of Panama Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Arce).

13. Euphonia gracilis.

Phonasca gi-acihs, Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 333.

Euphonia gracilis, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 359; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 186

(Veragua) ; Laior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 98 ; v. Frantz. J. f. O.

1869, p. 297; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 17; Salv. et Godm.'Biol.

Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 259, tab. xvi. fig. 3.
Acroleptes gi-acihs, Cab. J.f. O. 1861, p. 91.

Above dark bluish blaclv, with purplish tinge on the neck;
anterior half of cap bright yellow : below, throat and whole of
breast bluish black, abdomen yellow ; under wing-coverts white ;
tail beneath black ; bill plumbeous ; feet dark brown : whole length
3-6 inches, wing 2-1, tail 1-2. Female. Above ohve-green ; beneath
yellowish olive.

Hab. Costa Rica and Veragua.

The extension of the black throat far down on the breast separates
this species from its nearest allies.

a, b. 2 sk. Costa Rica {Hoffmann). Sclater Coll.

c, d. S ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Arce).

e. S ad. sk. Volcan de Chiriqui, south Salvin-Godman Coll.

side {Arce).

f. S ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). Sclater CoU.

14. Euphonia concinna. (Plate VII.)

Euphonia concinna, Scl. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 98, pi. Ixv. fig. 2, 1855,
p. 159, 1856, p. 275 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 101 ; id. Cat. A. B.
p. 57 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 17.

Euphonia hirundinacea, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 1.86; id. Note s.l.
Tang. p. 10 (?)

Phonasca concinna, Cab. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 330.

Acroleptes concinnus. Cab. J.f. O. 1861, p. 91.

70 TAIiTAGEID^.

Above dark bluish black, purpurascent on the interscapulium and
back of the neck ; small round patch on the top of the head yellow ;
front black : below bright yellow ; throat slightly extended on to
breast, blue-black : tail beneath black ; under wing-coverts white :
whole length 3-5 inches, wing 2-1, tail 1"4. Female. Above olive,
rather brighter on rump ; narrow front yellow ; below yellowish
olive, brighter in the middle of the abdomen.

Hah. Colombia.

Originally described from Bogota skins, but occurring h\ other
districts of Colombia. The circular yellow patch on the crown does
not quite extend to the front, which is black. In all specimens
before me the tail below is black ; but I have seen a skin in Graf
von Berlcpsch's collection, apparently belonging to this species, with
indications of white marks.

a. S ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. (Type of

the species.)

h. S ad. sk. ; c, d. $ Bogota. Sclater CoU.

ad. sk.

e, f. S ad. sk. ; g. S Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

jr.sk.: h, i. 5 ad.sk.

J, k. (S 2 ad. sk. Colombia. Sclater Coll.

I, m. (S $ ad. sk. Colombia. Purchased.

n. 5 ad- sk. Cayenne (?). Sclater Coll.

15. Euphonia finschi. (Plate YIII. fig. 1.)

Euplionia concinua, Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 203 (teste Berlepsch).
I'Aiphoiiia finschi, Scl. et Sa/v. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 19.
Eupbonia melanura, Natt. MS.

Above glossy purplish black : anterior half of crown orange-
yellow : below reddish orange-yellow ; throat purplish black ; tail
beneath black ; under wing-coverts and inner webs of wing-feathers
white ; bill and feet black : whole length 3"5 inches, wing 2*1,
tail 1'2. Female. Similar to E. violacea $ , but much darker and
more yellowish underneath {Pelzeln).

Hah. Interior of Guiana ; Rio Brancho (Natt.).

Graf von Berlepsch tells me that Pelzeln 's E. concinna belongs to
this species, which was described in 1877 from a single skin
received in exchange from the Bremen Museum, and said to have
been obtained from Demerara.

a. cJ sk. British Gmana (Wilkens) . Sclater Coll. (Type of

the species.)

16. Euphonia saturata. (Plate VIII. fig. 2.)

Phonasca saturata, Cab. J.f. 0. 18G0, p. 336.

Acroleptes saturatus, Cab. J.f. O. 1861, p. 91, 1865, p. 407.

Euphonia satm-ata, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 19 ; iid. Nomencl.

p. 17; Tacz. P.Z.S. 1877, p. 744 (W. Peru); id. Orn. Per. ii.

p. 443 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 288 (Ecuador) ; Tacs. et

Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 76 (Ecuador).

3. EFPHONIA. 71

Above glossy purplish black, violaceous on the upper back and
neck ; whole crown of head orange-yellow : beneath deep orange-
yellow ; throat purple-black ; tail beneath black ; under wing-
coverts and inner margins of wing-feathers white; bill dark
plumbeous ; feet dark brown : whole length 3-6 inches, win"- 2-2
taill-2. °

Hah. Western Ecuador and Peru,

Similar to E. finschi, but with the whole summit of the crown
orange.

a. (S sk. Tumbez, W. Peru (Jelski). Sclater Coll.

b. cJad.sk. Balzar Mts., Ecuador (///inywrt/j). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. S ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

17. Euphonia minnta.

Euphouia olivacea, Desm. Tariff, pi. xxvii. (?).

Tanagra olivacea, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 782 (?)

Euphonia minuta, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 671 ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1855, p. 159, et 1856, p. 274 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 100 ; id. Cat.
A. B. p. 57 ; id. Ibis, 1873, p. -373 (Nicaragua) ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis,
1860, p. 275 (Guatemala) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 179 (Ucayali),
1807, p. 749, et 1873, p. 260 (E. Peru), 1879, p. 498 (Antioquia) :
ltd. Nomencl. p. 17 ; Laior. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 332 (Panama) :
Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 203 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 186 (Yeragua) ;
id. Cat. Stricld. Coll. p. 180; id. Ibis, 1885, p. 208 (British
Guiaua) ; Sah. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 258.

Phonasca miuuta, Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 330.

Acroleptes minutus, Cab.'j.f. O. 1861, p. 91.

Euphonia strictifrons, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 72: Scl. Cunir
Orn. 1851, p. 84.

Acroleptes strictifrons. Cab. J.f. O. 1861, p. 91.

Euphonia pumila, Bp. Bet: Zool. 1851, p. 136 ; id. Note s. I. Tang.
p. 10.

Phonasca humihs, Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 334.

Acroleptes humilis, Cab. j.f. O. 1861, p. 9.

Euphonia hmnilis, v. Franiz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 297.

Euphonia leucopyga, Natt. MS.

Above shining greenish black, upper back and neck purplish;
broad frontal band yellow : below yeUow, throat purplish black ;
lower belly and crissum white ; tail beneath black, with a large
white patch on the inner webs of three outer feathers ; under wing-
coverts and inner webs of wing-feathers white; bill plumbeous:
feet black : whole length 3-3 inches, wing 1-8, tail 1*1. Female.
Above olive-green ; below yellowish olive, throat and centre of
abdomen pale cinereous white.

Hub. Guiana, Lower Amazonia, Colombia, Panama, and Central
America up to Guatemala.

The white crissum and narrow yeUow frontal band will distinguish
this species, of which the female resembles that of E. clilorotica. I
agree with Messrs. Salvin and Godmau in not recognizing E. Immilis
as distinct, although the dimensions of Central-American specimens
are somewhat larger.

72

TANAGRID^.

a. c? fid. sk.

b. S B.A. sk. ; c, d.
2 ad. sk.

e. (S ad. sk. ; f. S
jr. sk. ; ff, h. $
ad. sk.

i. S ad. sk.

j. S ad. sk. ; k. <5
jr. sk. ; Z. 2ad.sk.

m. S ad. sk.

n. S ad. sk.
0. 2 ad. sk.
J). (S ad. sk.

q. cJ ad. sk.

?•. 2 ad. sk.
s. cj ad. sk.

t. c? ad. sk.
M. cJ ad. sk.

V. S ad. sk.
?p. <S ad. sk.

Cayenne.

Camapiisa, Brit. Guiana

( WhUehj).
Bartica Grove, British

Guiana {Wliitely).

Bon^ota.
ta.

Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buck-

ley).
Nauta, Amazons.
Upper Ucayali.
Remedios, Antioquia

{Salmon).
Bugaba, Chiriqui, Yera-

gua {Arce).
Chiriqui {Arce).
Calovevora, Veragua

{Arce).
Costa Rica ( Van Patten).
Chontales, Nicaragua

{Belt).
Cobau, Vera Paz {Salvin).
Vera Paz {Hague).

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

E. Bartlett [C.].
E.Bartlett[C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,

18, Euphonia annaB.

Eupliouia arinfE, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1865, p, 172 (Costa Rica) ;
Salv. P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 137, et 1870, p. 186 (Veragua) ; id. Ibis, 1874,
p. 329 ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 98 (Costa Rica) ; v. Franta.
J.f. 0. 1869, p. 297 (Costa Rica) ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 17 j
Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 265.

Euphonia rufivertex, Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 71, pi. vii.

Above violaceous black ; whole crown of head chestnut : beneath,
throat black, breast and belly yellow, crissum white ; wings and
tail beneath black ; a large white patch on the inner web of the
two exterior tail-feathers ; inner webs of wing-feathers at their
bases and under wing-coverts white ; bill dark plumbeous ; feet
brown : whole length 4"5 inches, wing 2*5, tail 1-5. Female. Above
olive-green ; neck plumbeous ; front of head rufescent : below
yellowish olive ; throat, breast, centre of abdomen, and crissum
cinereous.

Hah. Costa Rica and Veragua.

The combination of the red head and white crissum renders this
species unmistakable. The female is very similar to that of F. xan-
thogastra and E. rvficeps.

a, b. S ad. : c. 2 Santiago de Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Types of E. rvfivertex)
Santa Fd, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
Calovevora, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman CoU.
Angostura, Costa Rica {Car-

miol).
Costa Rica {Carmiol).
Turrialba, Costa Rica {Arce).

ad. sk.
d. 2 ad. sk.
e,f. S 2 ad. sk,
(/. S ad. sk.

h, i. (S 2 ad. sk
./. d" jr. sk.

Salvin-Godman Coll

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. ETJPHONIA. 73

19. Euphonia fulvicrissa.

Euplionia fulvicrissa, Sd. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 276 (S. Marta) ; id. Syn.
Av. Tan. p. 102 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 58 ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1860,
p. 143 (Rio Truando); Sd. etSalv.P. Z. S. 1864, p. 349 (Panama),
1879, p. 498 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nomend. p. 18 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 264, tab. xvi. fig. 2 ; Berl. J. f. 0. 1884,
p. 288.

Phonasca fulvicrissa, Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 330.

Acroleptes fulvicrissus. Cab. J. f. 0. 1861, p. 91.

Euplionia gouldi, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 3.32 ; Salv, P. Z. S.
1870, p. 186 (err.).

Above shining bluish black ; anterior part of the head to the eyes
yellow : below yellow, throat extending on to the upper breast bluish
black ; crissum fulvous ; thighs black ; under surface of tail black,
with a white patcli on the inner web of the outer rectrix ; inner
margins of wing-feathers at their bases white ; bill black ; feet dark
brown: whole length 3-6 inches, wing 2, tail 1'2. Female. Above
olive-green, with a strong bronzy tinge ; beneath greenish yellow ;
crissum slightly fulvous.

Hah. N^orthern Colombia and Isthmus of Panama.

The fulvous crissum and rounded yellow patch on the anterior
part of the head render this species easily distinguishable. The
female is somewhat similar to the corresponding sex of E. gouldi.

a. S ad. sk. Santa Marta. Sclater Coll. (Type

^ of the species.)

b. c? ad. sk. Eemedios, Antioquia, U.S.C. Salvin-Godmau CoU.

(Salmon).

c. 5 ad. sk. Nichi, Antioquia (Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. e. 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Pui'chased.

.fjff- cJ^ad. sk. Lion Hill,Isthmus of Panama Salvin-Godman Coll.

{3IcLea7itian).
h. c? ad. sk. San Pablo Station, Isthmus Salvin-Godman Coll.

of Panama (O. Salvin).
i. 5ad.sk. Volcano of Chiriqui, southern Salvin-Godman Coll.

slope (Aree).
j. 2 ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. c? ad. sk. Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sect. III.

Species with the cap yellow and under surface wholly yellow,
allied to E. violacea. (Phonasca, Cab.)

Key to the Species of Sect. III.

A. External rectrices with white patches on
the inner webs.
a. Anterior half of crown only yellow.

Back violaceous blue 20. violacea, p. 74.

Back steel-blue :

) bill moderate 21. hirundinacea, p. 75.

\ bill much thickened i2. yaatho, p. 76.

74

TANAGBIDai.

b. Yellow of anterior half of crown pro-
duced and rounded behind.

Yellow terminating: at nape 23. laniirostris, p. 7G.

Yellow extending- over nape 24. hypoxantha, p. 77.

B. External rectrices without any white .... 25. melanura, p. 78.

20. Euphonia violacea.

Tanagra violacea, Linn. S. N. i. p. .315 ; Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 783.
Euphonia violacea, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 441 ; Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 671

Sclat. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 86, et 1856, p. 277; id. St/n. Av. Tan

p. 103; id. Cat. A. B. p. 58; ^^;. Cmisp. i. p. 232; id. Rev. Zool.

1851, p. 136; id. Note s. I. Tan(/. p. 10 ; Bttrm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 195

Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 627 (Venezuela) ; iid. Nometicl.

p. 18 ; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 204 ; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 208 (Brit,

Guian.).
Phonasca violacea, Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 330, et 1861, p. 90.
Phonasca brachyptera ?, Cab. J. f. O. 1865, p. 410 (?).
Euphone violacea, var. minor, Licht. Doubl. p. 29.
Phonasca hchtensteini. Cab. J.f. O. 1860, p. 331, 1861, p. 90.
Euphonia Hchtensteini, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 204.
Euphonia purpurea, i««CT'. Ann. L. N.Y. viii. p. 466 (1867); cf.

Scl. Ibis, 1885, p. 272.

Above dark shining violaceous blue ; front of head to a line with
the eyes orange-yellow : below orange-yellow, rather paler on the
belly ; tail beneath black, with white patches on the two external
rectrices ; under surface of wings black, with a large white patch
occupying the inner webs of the wing-feathers ; bill and feet black :
whole length 3"7 inches, wing 2-3, tail IS. Female. Above olive-
greeia, below yellowish olive ; inner webs of wing-feathers at their
bases white.

Hah. Guiana, Trinidad, Lower Amazonia, and S.E. Brazil.

The S.E. Brazilian form (subsp. licJitcnsteini) is rather larger in
dimensions, but similar in plumage.

a. Subsp. typica.

a. c? fid. St. British Guiana (Schoni- R. Geogr. Soc. [P.].

hirgh) .

b, c. S <id. sk. ; Roraima, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.
d. 5 ad. sk. ( Whitely).

e,f. (5 $ ad, sk. Eoraima, Brit. Guiana Sclater Coll.

( Whitely).

g, h. (S 5 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Whitely).

hj- 6 2 ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

k. (S ad. sk. Cayenne. J. Gould, Esq.

I. 2 ad. sk. Cayenne. Purchased.

m. 2 ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater Coll.

b. Subsp. licJitensteini.

a, 6. c? 2 ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil ( TT^. v4. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Fo7-bes).

c, d. ^ ad. sk. ;

e. $ ad. sk.
/. d ad. sk.

g. S ad. sk.

h, i- 6 ? ad. 8k.

/. 2 ad. sk.
h. cJ jr. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.

3. ETJPHONIA. '7'5

Bahia, Brazil {Wmherer). Salvin-Godman CoU.

Novo Fribourgo, Rio de Salvin-Godman CoU

Janen-o {Youds).

Rio Clare, Goyaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman CoU.

(Joyner^.

Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Brazil (Joyner).

Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll

™il- Sclater Coll.

S- Brazil. Sclater CoU.

21. Enphonia hirundinacea.

EupLonia liirundinacea, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 117 ; id. Consp. i. p. 232 ;

fn Si ?7« ^q- J^'^' I ^-^ ^r'-^^ 1^^^' PP- 278, 303, et 18o9
^P'r^o 'e ,'^ (S. Mexic,,^ ; id Syn. Av. Tan. p. 104 ; id Cat. A. B.
p. 59: Sd et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 16; iid. P. Z. S. 1870, p 836
(Honduras); t^d. Nomend. p. 18; v. Frantz. J. f. O 1869 n '^97 •
BoucardP. Z Sl^Q, p. 443 (Yucatan) ; Lawr. Ann. Lyc'.N. T.
IX. p 98 (Costa Rica) ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p 18 (S W

«^r^cy. (?o«. p. 180 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i.

Pbonasca hinmdinacea, Cah. J. f. O. I860, p. 334, et 1861, p. 91.

Above shining bluish black ; anterior portion of the crown to a
line with the eyes, and body beneath bright yeUow; tail beneath
black, with a white patch on the two external rectrices, which is
carried on to the apex of the feather ; wings beneath black, with a
large white basal patch occupying the inner webs of the feathers;
bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 4 inches, wing 2-4
tail 1-4. Female. Above pale olive-green ; beneath cinereous white '
chm, sides of breast and beUy, and erissum pale greenish yeUow.

Mab. Southern Mexico and Central America south to Costa Rica.

Ihere has been some confusion between this species and E. lanii-
/•osi^-is, which occupies the Central-American isthmus south of Costa
Rica. (Cf. halv. & Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 261.) But the
present species may, I think, always be distinguished bv the abrupt
termination ot the yellow forehead on a line with the"eyes and by
the different colour of the female.

a. S .jr. sk.

b. (S jr. sk. ;
c. 2 ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. cj ad. sk.

/, ff- 6 ad. sk.

/'. c? ad. sk.

i. S ad. sk.
j-l. 6 ad. .sk.

S. Mexico (Salle).
Orizaba (Botteri).

Mexico.
Northern Yucatan

(Gaumer).
Corosal, Brit. Honduras

(Boe).
BeUze, Brit. Honduras

(Blaticaneaii.r).
Pine-ridges of Poctun,

Vera Paz (Sali-in).
Choctum, Vera Paz

(Saluin).

Sclater CoU.
Purchased.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

76 TANAGEID^.

m. 2 ad. sk. Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. 2 ad. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq.

0. (S ad. sk. San Pedro, Honduras SaMn-Godmau Coll.

{Whitely).

p, q. S ad. sk. Costa Rica {Endrcs). Salvin-Godman Coll.

r, s. cJ 2 ad. sk. Costa Rica ( Carmiol). Salvin-Godman Coll.

t. tS ad. sk. Costa Rica {Carmiol). Sclater Coll.

?«. d ad. sk. Costa Rica {Arce). Sclater Coll.

V. (S ad. st. Central America. Pm'chased.

22. Euphonia gnatho.

Plionasca gnatho, Cab. J.f. O. 1860, p. 3-35, 1861, p. 90.

Euphonia gnatho, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 98; v. Frantz. J.f. 0.

1869, p. 297 ; Scl. et Salt). Notnencl. p. 18 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol.

Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 262.

Like E. Jiirnndinacea, but with the bill larger, stronger, and much
swollen : whole length 4*5 inches, wing 2-4, tail 1*4.

Hah. Costa Rica.

Concerning this somewhat doubtful species, consult the remarks
of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, I. s. c.

a. c? ad. sk. Costa Rica (Van Patten). Sclater Coll.

b. cJ ad. sk. Tempate, Nicoya, Costa Salvin-Godman CoU.

Rica {Arce).

c. (S ad. sk. Tuirialba, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Arce).

23. Euphonia laniirostris.

Euphonia laniirostris, Lafr. et d'Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 30; d'Orb. Voy.

p. 266, pi. 23. tig. 1 ; Gray, Gen. B. i. p. 367 ; Bp. Comp. i. p. 232 ;

id. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 136 ; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 11 ; Scl. ' Coiitr.

Dm. 1851, p. 86 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 277 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 103 ;

Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 204; Salv. et Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 199 (S.W.

Mex.); Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 598 (Bolivia); Salv. Cat. Sfrickl.

Coll. p. 180 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 262.
Euphonia crassirostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 277, 1857, p. 19

(Bogota) ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 103 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 58 ; Scl. et

Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 349 (Panama) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 18 ; Salvin,

P. Z. S. 1867, p. 138, et 1870, p. 186 (Veragua) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. viii. p. 174 (David) ; Berl. J. f. 0. 1884, p. 289 (Buca-

ramanga).
Phonasca laniirostris, Cab. J.f. O. 1860, p. 331, 1861, p. 90.
Euphonia hu'uudinacea, Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 298 (Panama).

Above shining blue-black ; anterior half of head, extending bej'oud
the eyes and rounded behind, and body beneath bright yellow ;
under surface of tail black, with a large white patch on the inner
webs of the two outer feathers, but not carried quite to the apes ;
under surface of wings black, with a large white basal patch on the
inner webs of the feathers ; bill and feet black ; whole length
4 inches, wing 2*5, tail 1-5. Female. Above olive-green ; beneath
yellowish green, brighter on the middle of the belly and crissum.

3. ETJPHONIA. 77

Hah. Yeragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Upper Amazonia,
Peru, and Bolivia. Occasional in Costa Rica, where E. liirund'inacea
is the prevalent species.

I follow Mr. Salvin in uniting the Colombian bird, which we
formerly called E. crassirostris, with E. laniirostns of Bolivia,
although it is still expedient to examine Bolivian specimens
minutely before the absolute accuracy of this proceeding can be
substantiated.

a. $ ad. sk.

b. ^ ad. sk.

c. (j" ad. sk. ; d. c?
jr. sk.

e,f. d 2 ^^- ^^•
g. (S jr. sk.

h. cT ad. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.

J, k. S ? ad. sk.

/, m. (^ 2 ad. sk.

n. 2 ad. sk.

o. cJ ad. sk.
2}. d ad. sk.

q, r. d 2 ad. sk.
s. d ad. sk. ~

t, u. d ad. et (S

jr. sk.
V, w. d ad. et S

jr. ; X. 2 ad. sk.
y,z. S $ ad. sk. ;

a', d jr. sk.
b'. d ad. sk.
^\ d'- d jr. sk.
e'. 2 ad. sk.
/'. d jr. sk.

ff'. d ad. sk.
A'. 2 ad. sk.

Angostura, Costa Rica
{Cai'miol).

Santa Fe, Veragua {Arce).

Calovevora, Veragua
{A)-ce).

Chitra, Veragua (Arce).

Cordillera de Tole, Vera-
gua (Aj-ce).

Chiriqui (ITicks).

Chii'iqui.

Isthmus of Panama (Mc-

Leannmi).
Isthmus of Panama (Mc-

Leannan).
Paraiso Station, Isthmus

Panama {Hrighes).
Miuca, U. S. C. (Simons).
Santa Marta, U. S. C.

{Simo7is).
Santa Marta (Simons).
Santa Marta.

Atanques, Santa Marta

(Simons).
Bogota.

Bogota.

Bogota.

Colombia.

Venezuela.

San Esteban, Venezuela

(Goering).
Caracas, Venezuela {Salle).
Maranura, Peru ( Whitehj).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Capt. Kellett and Lt.

Wood [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater CoU.
Sclater CoU.
(Ty]5e of E. crassirostris.)
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sclater CoU.

P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.].
Pm-chased.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

24. Euphonia hypoxantha.

Euphonia crassu-ostris, Scl. P. Z. S. 18C0, p. 275 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877,

p. 320.
Euphonia hypoxantha, Perl, et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 554 ; id. Orn,

Per. ii. p. 445; Bei-l. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 77 (Ecuador).

Above violaceous black (almost as in E. viohcea) ; crown of head
produced on to the nape and widened behind and whole body beneath

78 TANAGEID^.

bright yellow ; tail beneath black, with white patches on the inner
webs of the external feathers ; wings beneath black, the inner
webs of the feathers edged with white ; biU and feet black : whole
length 4: inches, wing 2-5, tail 1'4.

Hah. Western Ecuador and N.W. Peru.

This species differs from E. laniirostris iu the violaceous tinge of
the back, the purer yellow of the head and lower surface, and the
extension of the yellow cap on to the nape. I have not yet seen the
female, but there is a young male in the series of Messrs. Salvin
and Godman which shows the same tint below.

a. cJ ad. sk. Ohimbo, Ecuador (Stolz- Sclater Coll.

manu).

b. cf ad. sk. Babahayo, Ecuador Sclater Coll.

{Fraser).

c. (J ad. sk. ; d. S Santa Rita, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.
jr. sk. {Buckley).

25. Euphonia melanura. (Plate IX.)

Euphonia melanura, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 86; id. P. Z. S. 1855,
p. 159, et 1856, p. 278 ; id. Sijtt. Av. Tan. p. 104 ; id. Cat. A. B.
p. 59 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 179 (Ucayali), 1867, p. 977
(Pebasj, 1878, p. 261 (E. Peru); iid. Nomencl. p. 18; Tacz. Orn.
Per. ii. p. 447.

Phonasca melanura, Cab. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 331, 1861, p. 90.

Above violaceous black : crown of head and body beneath golden
yellow : tail beneath black ; wings beneath black, under wing-
coverts and inner margins of wing-feathers at their bases white ;
bill and feet black : whole length 4 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-3.
Female. Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish, edged with
olive ; below yellowish green, brighter in the middle line.

Hab. Upper Amazonia and Colombia.

The absence of white markings on the tail distinguishes this
species from its allies.

a. S ad. sk. Barra do Rio Negro Sclater CoU.

( Wallace). (Type of the species.)

b, c. cJ 2 ^^- ^^- ! Yquitos, Peru {Whitely). Sclater Coll.
d. S jr. sk.

e. 5 ad. sk. Pebas, Peru {Hau.xwell). Sclater Coll.

f, g. cJ $ 3,d. sk. Pebas, Peru {Hauxivell}, Salvin-Godman CoU.

h. (S ad. sk. Sarayacu, Peru. E. Bartlett [C.].

i. S ad. sk. Ucayali (Hauxivell). Gould CoU.

j. 2 ad. sk. Maranm-a, Peru ( TVTiitely). Salvin-Godman CoU.

k. cJ ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

I. cJ ad. sk. Bogota. J. Gould, Esq.

m. 2 ad. sk. Georgetown, Demerara (?). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. EUPHONIA. 79

Sect. IV.

Species -with the whole upper surface and throat shining black,
allied to E. rufiventris. (Iliolopha.)

Key to the Sj)ecies of Sect. IV.

A. Belly reddish orange :

( front like the head 26. rufiventris, p. 79.

I front slightly banded with yellow 27. vittata, p. 80.

B. Belly dark chestnut 28. pectoralis, p. 80.

C. Belly dark bluish black 29. cayana, p. 81.

20. Euphonia rufiventris.

Tanagi"a rufiventris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 426 ; id. Enc. Meth.
p. 781 ; id. Gal. Ois. Suppl. tab.

Euphonia rufiventris, B}}. Consp. i. p. 233 ; id. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 13-5
id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 10 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. ^1
id. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 279, et 1858, p. 74 ; id. S'i/». Av. Tan. p. 105
id. Cat. A. B. p. 59 ; Cass. Rep. U. S. Astr. Kip. ii. p. 182, pi. 20.
fig. 1; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 749, 977, 1873, p. 261
(E. Peru) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 18 ; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 205 ; Tacz.
Orn. Per. ii. p. 447.

Euphonia bicolor, StricM. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 48, pi. 49. f. 2.

"Tauagra chrysogaster, Ciiv." Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 461.

Euphone ochrogastra, Aatt. MS.

Above shining purplish black ; below, throat and fore neck, pro-
duced centrally on to breast, purplish black ; abdomen deep rufous
orange, more yellowish on the sides of the neck and breast ; wings
and tail beneath black : under wing-eovcrts and inner margins of
wing-feathers white ; bill bluish black ; feet brown : whole length
4-5 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-3. Female. Above olive-green, with a
dark patch on the nape : below cinereous ; chin, sides of neck and
breast, and flanks yellowish green ; crissum rufous ; under wing-
coverts and inner margins of wing-feathers white.

Hcib. Upper Amazonia and Rio Xegro.

This species occurs in nearly all collections from the Upper
Amazonian district, and as far up as Sarayacu, Eastern Ecuador
{BucMey). batterer got it also at several localities on the Eio
Xegro, but I doubt the locality Oyapock (spec. j).

a,b. (S 2 ad. sk. Eastern Peru. Sclater CoU.

c, <^- c? $ ad. sk. Ucayah, Peru (Hauxivell). J. Gould, Esq.

e. cJ ad. sk. Ega, Upper Amazons Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Bates).

f. (S ad. sk. Pebas, Eastern Peru {Haux- Salvin-Godman Coll.

well.)
(/. (S ad. sk. Intaj, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman CoU.

h, i. (5 ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buck- Salvin-Godman CoU.

ley).
f. (S ad. sk. Oyapock, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman CoU.

80 TANAGRID^.

27. Euphonia vittata. (Plate X.)

Euplionia vittata, Scl. F.Z. 8. 1861, p. 129; id. Cat. A. B. p. 58;
Scl. et Sale. Nornencl. p. 18.

Above shining purplish black, with a slight 5ellow bar across the
forehead : below, throat and fore neck bluish black ; abdomen deep
orange, more yellowish on the sides of the breast and flanks ; tail
beneath black, with a small oval white spot on the inner web of
the outer feather ; under wing-coverts and inner webs of wing-
feathers white : whole length 4-2 inches, wing 2-4, tail 1-4.

Hah. Brazil.

I have never yet met with a second specimen of this apparently
distinct species, which in general resembles E. rujlventris, but is at
once distinguishable by the narrow frontal band and white spots on
the outer tail-feathers.

a. (S sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. (Type of the species.)

28. Euphonia pectoralis.

Gold-breasted Manakin, Lath. Gen. Spi. Su])})!. ii. Add. p. 374.
Pipra pectoralis, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ivii (1801).
Euphonia rufiventris, Licht. Douhl. p. 30 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 447.
Tanagra chlorocyanea, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 427 ; Puch. Arch.

Mus. vii. p. 355.
Euphonia pectoralis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 233 ; id. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 135 ;

id. Note s. I. Tanq. p. 10 ; Sclater,Conti:Orn. 1851, p. 87 ; id. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 279; id. St/n. Av. Tan. p. 105; id. Cat. A. B. p. 59;

Burm. Syst. TJeh. iii. p. 196 ; Scl. et Salv. Nornencl. p. 18 ; Pelzeln,

Orn. Bras. p. 205.
Tauagra umbilicalis. Less. Tr. d'Orn. i. p. 460 ( $).
Euphonia umbilicalis, Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 233; id. Rev. Zool. 1851,

p. 400 ; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 11.
Euphone a ventre marron, Vieill. Gal. Ois. Suppl. tab.

Body above and throat and breast below shining bluish black ; belly
dark chestnut ; on each side of the breast a yellow patch ; wings and
tail beneath black, under wing-coverts white ; bill black ; feet dark
brown : whole length 4-5 inches, wing 2-5, tail 1-5, Female. Above
bright olive-green, with a large dark cinereous blotch on the nape ;
below, throat and breast cinereous ; sides of the breast and belly
olive-green ; crissum clear rufous.

Hah. "Wood-region of S.E. Brazil.

The deep chestnut belly renders this species unmistakable.

a,h. c? 2 ad. sk. S.E. Brazil Sclater Coll.

c. S ad. sk. Novo Eribourgo, Rio de Salvin-Godman Coll.

Janeiro {Yoiids).

d. 2 ad. sk. Registro do Sai, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Natterer).

e. cJ ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sul, Brazil (Joyner).

f. c? ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.
V/, h. S ? ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

i, j. 6 $ ad. St. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

k'. Skel. BrazU. Eyton Coll.

3. EUPHONIA. 81

29. Euphonia cayana. '

Tanagra cajana, Linn. S. N. i. p. 315.

Tanagra cayennensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. SO-t.

Euphonia cayennensis, Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 671.

Euphonia cayana, Bp. Consp. i. p. 233; id. Bev. Zool. 1851, p. 135; id.

Note s. I. Tariff, p. 9 ; !Sclate); Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 88 ; id. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 278 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 104 ; id. Cat.. A. B. p. 59 ;

Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 197; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 204; Scl. et

Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 570 (Para) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 18 ; Salvin,

Ibis, 1885, p. 208 (Brit. Guian.).

Above and below shining bluish black ; a conspicuous yellow
patch on each side of the breast ; under wing-coverts and inner
margins of wing-feathers white ; bill black ; feet dark brown :
whole length 4 inches, wing 2-5, tail 1-4. Female. Above bright
greenish olive, with a dark cinereous patch on the nape : below
cinereous ; chin, sides of breast, and flanks yellowish olive ; under
wing-coverts white.

Hub. Cayenne, Guiana, and Lower Amazonia.

a.

S ad. sk.

Cayenne.

Sclater Coll.

b.

(S ad. sk.

Cayenne.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

c.

6 ad.

Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana
( Whitehj).

Sclater Coll.

d,

e. S 2 ad. sk.

Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiaua
{Whitelij).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

f.

S ad. sk.

Camacusa, Brit. Guiana
( Mliitehj).

Salvin-Goduian Coll.

il-

c^ ad. st.

Demerara.

Purchased.

h.

(S ad. sk.

Lower Amazons ( Wallace).

Sclater Coll.

Sect. V.

Species with the upper surface dark olive-green or plumbeous
olive. Group of E. gouldi.

Keif to the Species of Sect. V.

A. Back dark olive ; throat olive or yellow.

a. Front yellow :

I belly chestnut 30. fioukli, p. 81.

j belly yellow 31. mesochri/sa, p. 82.

b. Front olive, slightly yellowish 32. chn/sopasta, p. 82.

A. Back and throat plimibeous olive 33. phimbea, p. 83.

30. Euphonia gouldi,

Euphonia ?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 303.

Euphonia gouldi, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 66, pi. 124, et p. 229; id.
Cat. A. B. p. 60 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 17 ; iid. No7nencl.
p. 18 ; Sahin, Ibis, 1860, p. 194 (Guat.), 1872, p. 315 (Nicaragua) ;
id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 186 (Veragua) ; v. Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 298
(Costa Rica) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bast. Soc. N. H. i. p. 550 (Vera
Cruz) ; Laivr. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 98 (Costa Rica) ; Boucard,
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 54 (Costa Rica) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i. p. 263.

VOL. XI. G

82

TANASRID^.

Above shining bronzy green ; anterior half of head j'ellow: below
olive-green, middle of belly and crissum chestnut, sides of belly
slightly freckled with yellow ; under wing-coverts white ; bOl dark
plumbeous, feet brown : whole length 3-10 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-1.
Female. Above bronzy green like the male ; front dark rufous ;
below yellowish olive ; crissum chestnut.

Hah. Southern Mexico and Central American isthmus down to
Costa Rica.

a,h. c? ? ad. sk.

c, d. J ad. sk. ; e

2 ad. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.

(J. (S ad. sk.

h, {. cJ ad. sk,
j. (S ad. sk.

k. 2 ad. sk.

Choctum, Vera Paz (aS'«^-

liti).
Choctum, Vera Paz (Sal-

vin).
Kamkhal, Guatemala

{Salvin).
Belize, Brit. Honduras

(Blancmiemix).
CLontales, Nicaragua (Belt).
Angostura, Costa Rica

( Carmiol) .
Valza, Costa Rica {Car-

miol).

31. Euphonia mesochrysa.

Sclater CoU.

Salvia-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Euphonia mesochrysa, Salvad. Atti B. Accad. Sc. Tor. viii. p. 193

(187.3_; ; id. Ibis,' 1878, p. 200.
Euphonia clialcopasta, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. pp. 18, 157 (1873) ;

Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 10 ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 449.

Above bronzy green, nape darker ; wings and tail blackish, edged
with green ; broad front yellow : below yellowish green ; centre of
belly and crissum orange-yellow ; wings and tail below dark
cinereous ; under wing-coverts white ; bill plumbeous ; feet pale
brown : whole length 3-7 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-3. Female. Like
the male, but without the yellow front and with the centre of the
beUy pale huffy cinereous instead of yellow.

Hab. Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

The male of this species is not unlike the male of E. gouldi, but
has no chestnut on the belly. I believe Count Salvadori's name,
founded on a specimen in the Turati Collection, has a slight pre-
cedence over mine. The female is described from a specimen from
Huambo, Peru (Stolzmann), in Count Salvadori's Collection.

a. c? ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.
(Tj^e of U. chalcopasta.)

b. cJ ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater CoU.

c. c? ad. sk.

Bogota.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

d, e. S ad. sk.

Bogota.

Pm-chased.

/. tS ad. sk.

Chu'imoto,
mann).

Peru (Siok-

Sclater CoU.

32. Euphonia chrysopasta.

Euphonia chlorotica, Pek. Oin. Bras. p. 202 (partim).
Euphonia chrysopasta, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 438, pi.

XXX.

3. ETTPHONIA. 83

figs. 1, 2, 1878, p. 261 (E. Peruj, 1879, p. 598 (Bolivia) ; iid.
Nomencl. p. 18 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 448.

Above dark bronzy green ; nape dark cinereous ; front, sides of
the head, and rump tinged with yellow : below golden yellow,
brighter in the middle, and slightly freckled on the breast and
flanks with green ; under surfaces of wings and tail dark cinereous ;
under wing-coverts white ; bill plumbeous ; feet brown : whole
length 4-3 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-5, Female. Above like the male ;
below pale cinereous, whiter on the middle of the beUy ; flanks and
crissum pale yeUow ; under wing-coverts white.

Hab. Amazonia, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia.

Examples of this species were obtained by jSTatterer on the Rio
Negro in 1830, and referred by v. Pelzeln to the young male of
E. chlorotica. E. clirysopasta ma}' be easily distinguished from E.
mesoclirysa by the absence of the distinct yellow forehead.

a. S ad. sk. Lower UcayaU (Barthtt). Sclater Coll.

(Type of the species.)

b. c? ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ucayali. E. Bartlett [C.].

c. (S ad. sk. - Upper UcayaU. E. Bartlett [0.].

d. e. c? 5 ad. sk. Rio Napo. Sclater CoU.

/, ff. 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman CoU.

/*. cJ ad. sk. Eio NegTO (Natterer). Salvia-Godmau CoU.

i,j. dS ad.sk. Simacu, Bolivia (^Mc^^ey). Salvin-Godman CoU.

k. $ ad. sk. BoUvia {^Buckley). Salvia-Godmau CoU.

33. Euphonia plumbea.

Euphonia poUocephala, Xatt. in Mus. Vindob.

Euphonia plumbea,i)it Bus, Bull. Acad.Brux. xxii. pt. i. p. 156 (1855) ;

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 205; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 280; id. Syn. Av.

Tan. p. 106; Scl. et Salv. Nomenel. p. 18; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 208

(Brit. Giiian.).

Body above and throat dark plumbeous, with a slight olive tinge
on the back ; abdomen and crissum golden yellow ; wiugs and tail
below dark cinereous ; under wing-coverts white ; bill dark plum-
beous ; feet brown: whole length 3-3 inches, wing 1-8, tail 1.
Female. Above paler, and whole back tinged with olive ; below,
throat pale cinereous ; belly pale yellow.

Hah. Lower Amazonia and British Guiana.

This is the smallest species of the genus, and easily recognizable
by its distinct colouring.

a,b. c? $ ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Gui- Salvin-Godman CoU.

ana ( mifely).
c, d. c? 5 ad. sk. Meriim»5 Mountains, British Salvin-Godman CoU.

Guiana ( JVhitely).

e. (S ad. sk. Roraima, British Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Whitely).

f, g- 6 2 ad. sk. Roraima, British Guiana Sclater Coll.

( Whitely).

g2

84

TANAGRIUJ..

4. HYPOPH^A.

Type.

Ypophsea, Bp. Ann. Sc. Nat ser. 4, vol. i. p. 127

(1854) C^'o type given.)

HypophiBa, Cab. J.f. 0. 1861, p. 91 H. chalybea.

Structure of Ht/pophaa.

The longer tail and thickened and swoUen bill, which shows no
traces of dentations in its upper mandible, may allow us to keep the
Tanaqra chah/bea of Mikan separate from the other Euphonias, as
proposed by Bonaparte and Cabanis.

The home of Hypo])hcm is in the southern portion of the great
Brazilian wood-region in the provinces of Sao Paulo, Sta. Catharina,
and Rio Grande do Sul.

1. Hypophaea chalybea.

Tanagra chalybea, Mikan, Fauti. et Flor. Bras. tab. 3. fig. 1 c? , 2 $

(1820).
Euphonia asnea, Sund. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 18.34, p. 309, pi. 11. f. 4; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 233; id. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 136 ; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 11,
Tanagi'a (Euphonia) pardalotes, Less. Echo d. M. S. 1844, p. 31.
Euphonia chalvbea, Sclafer, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 85 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856,

p. 276 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 102 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 58 ; Bunu. Syst.

Ueb. iii. p. 194 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 204 ; Scl. et Salv. Nojnencl. p. 18.
Phonasca chalybea, Cab. J.f. O. 1860, p. 330.
Hypophasa chalybea, Cab. j.f. O. 1861, p. 91.

Above dark bronzy bluish green ; front yellow : beneath yellow ;
upper part of throat green like the back ; under surfaces of wings
and tail dark ashy ; under wing-coverts white ; bill dark plumbeous ;
eet: brown whole length 5 inches, wing 2-6, tail 1-6. Female.
Above olive ; front, rump, and margins of wings and tail rather

5. PTKKHTJPHONrA. 85

more yellowish ; below cinereous ; sides of breast, flanks, and
crissum yellowish olive ; under wing-coverts white.
Hah. S.E. Brazil.

a, 6. c? ? ad. sk. S.E. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

c. cJ ad. sk. S.E. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

cl. (S ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Rio de Salvin-Godman Coll.

Janeu'O {^Yoiids).

e. (S ad. sk. S.E. Brazil. Purchased.

f,ff. cS 2 ad. sk. S.E. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

5. PYRRHUPHONIA. „

Type.
Pyrrhuphonia, J5p. C. R. sxxi. p. 423 (1850) P. Jamaica.

This is likewise a monotypic form which, I think, may be con-
veniently separated from the bulk of the Euphonias. It has a much
thickened bill, as Hypopliaa, but shorter and not so much hooked
at the extremity. There are slight indications of a single tooth.

This form is peculiar to Jamaica, where it feeds principally on
fruit and builds a domed nest amongst the parasitic Tillandsice ou
the trees {cf. Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 240).

1. Pyrrhuphonia Jamaica.

Grey Grosbeak, Brown, III. p. 62, pi. 26.

Fringilla Jamaica, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 323.

Euphonia Jamaica, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 238 ; id. III. Orn. Jam. pi. 59 ,}

et 2 ; Bp. Cojisp. i. p. 233 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 91 ; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 60 ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 73 ; Set. et Salv. Komencl. p. 18.
Pyrrhuphonia Jamaica, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 137; id. Note s. I. Tang.

p. 11.
Euphonia cinerea, Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1846, p. 277 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 235.
Euphonia jamaicensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 280 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan,

p. 106.

Above bluish grey : below paler ; middle of belly yellowish ;
crissum whitish ; axiUaries pale yellow : under wing-coverts and
inner webs of wing-feathers white ; bill dark plumbeous ; feet dark
brown: whole length 4-3 inches, wing 2-5, tail 1-3. Female. Above
pale green ; head bluish grey ; beneath pale bluish grey, flanks
tinged with green.

Mab. Jamaica.

a. c? ad. st. Jamaica. Purchased.

b. 5 ad. St. Jamaica (Gosse). Pm-chased.

c. cj ad. sk. Moneague, Jamaica (Bry- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ant).

d. 5 ad. sk. Moneague, Jamaica {Salv. Salvin-Godman Coll.

et Godm.).

e. 5 ad. sk. Metcalfe Parish, Jamaica Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Allen).

f. (S ad. sk. St. Ann's, Jamaica (Salv. Salvin-Godman Coll.

et Godm.).

g. h. cJ 5 ad. sk. Jamaica (Bryant). Bryant Bequest.
i. $ ad. sk. Jamaica (Oshurn). Sclater Coll.

86 TANAGEID^,

Subfamily III. TANAGRIN^.'

The typical Tanagers (Tanar/rina') consist of over 200 species, of
moderate size and generally of the most brilliant colours. The blue
and yellow Tanagrcv, the scarlet Pyrcmgce and Rlmmjilwco'li, and
the varied coloured CaUistce are ^ome of the most splendidly clothed
groups of the Neotropical Ornis. The structure of the Tanagrinaj,
so far as we can tell it from their dried skins, is very uniform.
Except in the bill it is very difficult to find definite structural cha-
racters of any kind, and the numerous genera (36) into which they
have been divided have been based more on colour than on struc-
ture. I do not propose to revolutionize this arrangement, but I con-
fess that I am not able to assign proper characters to these thirty-six
(so-called) genera, which, however, I do not doubt are fairly natural.

The Tanar/rina' may be divided conveniently into five categories,
distinguished by the structure of their bills, as follows : —

a. BUI slender ; no median tooth ; ter-
minal notch slight, sometimes almost

obsolete ; no rictal bristles TanayrincB tenuirostves, p. 86.

^. BiU thicker, rather strong ; terminal

notch well defined ; no median

tooth ; rictal bristles slight if any. . Tanagrince fortirostres, p. 139.
y. Bill thick, rather strong; terminal

notch well defined; median tooth

more or less well marked ; rictal

bristles well developed Tcmagrina setirostres, p. 180.

8. Bill slender, weak ; terminal hook

almost obsolete ; no median tooth ;

rictal bristles slight TanagrincB dehilirostres, p. 221.

a. TANAGRIN^ TENUIROSTRES.

The slender-billed Tanagers consist of the genus CctUiste and the
allied forms, in which the bill is smaller and less Fringilline than in
any other part of the group. They form altogether 73 species,
divided into sis genera, of which Calliste is by far the most nume-
rous, embracing no less than 61 species, as here recognized. Nearly
all of these are of brilliant and varied colours. They are diffused
over the whole of the Tanagrino area in the Neotropical liegion, but
are especially prevalent in the higher vaUeys of the Andes of Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Key to the Genera,

Bill thin, elongated ; tei-minal notch obsolete. [p. 87.

BUI more compressed ; plumage black and blue 6. Tanagbella,
Bill more conical ; plumage bright grass-green 7. Chloeochkysa,
Bill shorter and thicker ; terminal notch apparent. [p. 89.

Bill rather widened at the base.

Tail longer 8. Pipbidea, p. 91.

Tail shorter 9. Procnopis, p. 93.

Bill rather compressed.

Bill larger ; tail longer 10. Calliste, p. 95.

Bill smaller: tail shorter 11. Pseudodacnis,

[p. 138.

6. TANAGEELLA. 87

6. TANAGRELLA.

Type.

Tanagrella, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 286 (1837) T. cyanomelfena.

Hypotlilypis, Cah. in Schomb. Jteise, iii. p. 667 (1848) T. velia.

This is the most " tenuirostral " genus of the typical Tanagers,
and exhibits but very slight traces of a dentation in the upper man-
dible. The four known species are of a brilliant blue in general
colouring, and are distributed over Guiana, Amazonia, and the \?ood-
region of S.E. Brazil.

Key to the Species.

A. Lower belly and crissum chestnut.

a. Breast dark blue.

) Front and sides of head blue 1. velia, p. 87.

I Front and sides of head purple 2. iridina, p. 88.

b. Breast bright greyish blue 3. cyanomelana, p. 88.

B. Lower belly and crissum black 4. calophrys, p. 89.

1. Tanagrella velia.

Red-bellied Blue-bird, Echo. Nat. Hist. B. pi. 22.

Motacilla velia, Linn. S. N. i. p. 336 (partim).

Le Pipit bleu de Surinam, Daub. PI. Enl. 669. fig. 3.

Tanagravelia, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 424 ; id. Enc. Meth. p. 780.

Tanagra varia, Steph. Shaw, Zool. xiv. p. 7 ; Cuv. Reg. Anim. i. p. 367.

Hypothlypis iridina. Cab. in Schomb. Gnian. iii. p. 667.

Tanagrella velia, Bj:). Consp. i. p. 236 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 97 ;

id. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 267 ; id. Sijn. At: Tati. p. 93 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 60 ; *SW. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 18 ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379

(Para); Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 209 (Brit. Guian,).

Above velvety black ; forehead, sides of head, external edgings
of wing- and tail-feathers, and upper tail-coverts bright blue ; lower
back shining silvery green : below bright blue, irregular collar across
the throat black ; middle of belly and crissum chestnut-red ; under
wing-coverts white ; bill black, feet dark brown : whole length
4"10 inches, wing 2-8, tail 2. Female similar, bi;t not quite so bright
in colouring.

Hah. Cayenne and Guiana.

The specimens from the interior of British Guiana are of a rather
darker blue on the head, and thus somewhat approximate to 2\
iridina,

a. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

b. Ad, sk. Cayenne, J. Gould, Esq.
e. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. Cayenne, Purchased.

e,f. S 9- ^d. slv. Bartica Grove, British Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Wliitely).

g, 2 ad. sk. Merumi? Mts., British Guiana. Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. S ad. sk. Camacusa, British Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

{WJiitebj).

i, j. S ad. sk, ; Roraima, British Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll,

'Ic. 5 ad. sk. (Whifely).

I. Ad. sk, British Guiana ( Whiiely). Salvin-Godman Coll.

88 TANAGRTDJE.

2. Tanagrella iridina.

Tanagra iridina, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 305.

Tanagi-ella elegantissima, J. et E. Vot. Rev. Zool. 1853, p. 195 ;
ScMer, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 158, 1856, p. 267 ; id. Sijn. Av. Tan. p. 93.

Tanagrella iridina, ^clater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 264 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 60 ;
Peheln, Orn. Bras. p. 205; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 261 (Rio
Javari) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 18 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 453.

Tanagra ultramarina, Nait. MS.

Above velvety black ; forehead, sides of the head, external edgings
of wings and tail-feathers and upper tail-coverts purple-blue ; lower
back of a pale silvery green : below purplish blue ; irregular throat-
collar black ; middle of belly and crissum chestnut-red ; under wing-
coverts pure white ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length
5'2 inches, wing 3, tail 2-2.

Hab. Upper Amazonia, Rio Negro, and interior of Colombia.

Very nearly allied to T. velia, but separable by the purplish tint
of the blue, especially on the head, and the larger size.

a. Ad. sk. Yquitos, Peru. Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Ucayali, Peru (Hau.nceH). J. Gould, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Rio Javari, Peru. Purchased.

d. e. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman CoU.
/. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley). Sclater Coll.

g, h. Ad. sk. Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i,j. Ad.sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

k. Ad. sk. Oyapock, Cayenne (?). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Ad. St. Bogota. Pm-chased.

3. Tanagrella cyanomelaena.

Sylvia surinamensis ccerulea, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 536 ?

MotaciUa velia, Gm. S. N. i. p. 991 (partim).

Tanagi-a cyauomelas, Ma.v. Beitr. iii. p. 453 (1830).

Tanagrella multicolor, Siv. An. in Menag. p. 313 (1838).

Tanagrella tenuirostris, Hw. Class. B. ii. p. 121.

Tanagrella velia. Gray, Gen. B. p. 366, sp. 1.

Tanagrella cvanomelas, Bp. Consp. i. p. 2.36 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851 ,

p. 97 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 268 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 94 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 60; Burm. Syst. Ueh. iii. p. 178 ; Scl. et Salv. Nometicl. p. 18.

Above velvety black ; front, sides of head, outer edgings of wing-
and tail-feathers and upper tail-coverts bright blue ; summit of head
above the front and lower back pale shining silvery green : below
bright greyish blue ; throat blue like the sides of the head ; irregular
neck-collar black ; middle of belly and crissum chestnut-red ; under
wing-coverts white ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length
5"5 inches, wing 3, tail 2"3. Female similar.

Hab. S.E. Brazil.

Easily known from the two preceding species by its bright pale
green head-spot, which is nearly of the same colour as the lower back.

a. Ad. St. Brazil. Purchased.

b, c. Ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil ( W. A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Forbes).
d-g. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil ( Wwherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

t . CHLOEOCHRTSA.

89

h. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil. Sclater Coll.

i,j. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

k. Ad. sk. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Joi/ner).

4. Tanagrella calophrys.

H^-pothlypis callophrys, Cab. in Schoinb. Guian. iii. p. 668 (note).

Tanagrella callophrys, i?/j. Coinpt. Send. xxxii. p. 77 ; id. Hev. Zool. 1851,
p. 130; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 5 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 98,
pi. 74 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 268 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 94 ; id. Cat.
A. B. p. 60 ; Scl. et Salv. Noinencl. p. 18.

Above velvety black ; forehead and wide superciliaries and lower
back shining silvery green ; upper tail-coverts and external edgings
of wing- and tail-feathers purple-blue : beneath purple-blue ; middle
of belly and crissum black ; under wiug-coverts black ; biU and feet
black : whole length 5-3 inches, wing 3, tail 2-1.

Hah. Upper Amazonia.

At once distinguishable from the three preceding species by its
broad superciliaries and black vent.

a. Ad. St. Ecuador. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Upper Amazons. » Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Yquitos, Peru. Sclater CoU.
d-f. Sk. Ucayali (^Hauxicell). J. Gould, Esq.

y-i. Ad. .sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {BucJcIei/). Salvin-Godman CoU.

7. CHLOROCHRYSA.

lype.

Chlorochrysa, Up. C. B. xxxii. p. 76 { 1851) C. calliparia.

Calliparaea, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 129 C. caDiparia.

Structure of ChJoiochrysa photnicotis.

90

TANAGRID^.

This charming group of Tanagers, closelj' allied to Tanagrella in
structure, but with the rostral notch still more nearly obsolete, and
distinguished by its brilliant green colouring, consists of three
species, which inhabit the forests of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Their habits appear to resemble those of the CaJUstce.

Key to the Species.

Throat black ; middle of belly bluish- green .... 1. calliparia, p. 90.

Throat and whole under surface gTeen 2. ^^^io^icotis, p. 90.

Throat yellow ; middle of belly black .3. nitidissima, p. 91.

1. Chlorochrysa calliparia.

Callospiza calliparsea, Tsch. in Wieym. Arch. 1844, pt. i. p. 286 ; id.

Faun. Per. p. 202.
Calliste calliparsea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 2.35.
Calliste bourcieri, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxii. p. 76.
Calliparsea bourcieri, Bit. Rev. Zool. 18.51, p. 129; id. Note s.l. Tang.

p. 3.
Chloroclnysa calliparsea, Sclnter, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 99, pi. 73. fig. 1 ;

id. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 168, 1856, p. 266, et 1858, p. 74 ; id. Syn. Av.

Tan. p. 92 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 61 ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 465;" Scl. et

Salv. Nomencl. p. 18 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 515 ; id. Orn. Per. ii.

p. 4.52.
Tanagrella dubusii, Dubois, Arch. Cosmol. vol. i. p. 118, t. 7 (1867).
Aglaia chapoul, Parzudaki, MS.
Chlorochrysa bourcieri, Berl et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 77.

Brilliant silky grass-green ; spot on the crown and the rump
orange, the latter bordered above and below with bluish feathers ;
throat black, with a large deep chestnut blotch on each side of the
neck ; middle of abdomen passing into blue ; under surface of wings
and tail black ; bill and feet black : whole length 4"7 inches, wing
2' 8, tail 1-8. Female similar. Younrj bird nearly uniform green;
head-spot and blotches on neck faintly marked ; rump orange ; below
paler, throat brownish.

Hah. Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia.

I have not had an opportunity of examining Peruvian specimens
of this species, but cf. Berl. et Tacz. I. s. c. Skins from Bogota and
Ecuador agree very well together.

a. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Bucklet/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Rio Napo, Ecuador (Bucklej/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Rio Napo, Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador (Bruce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll.
/. Ad. ; (/. Jr. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.
h. Ad. ; ^. Jr. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

2. Chlorochrysa phoenicotis.

Calliste phoenicotis, Bp. Comj^t. Rend, xxxii. p. 76.
Calliparsea phoenicotis, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1861, p. 129; id. Note s. I. Tang.
p. 3.

8. PIPEIDEA. 91

Cliloroclirvsa plicenicotis, Sclater, Cmitr. Orn. 1851, p. 100, pi. 73.

f. 2 ; id'. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 2C6,'l8G0, p. 87 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 92 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 61 ; id. Ibis, 187o, p. 466; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 18.
CUoroclirysa sodiroi, Pelz. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1878, p. 19.

Above and below nearly uniform shiniug grass-green ; auricular
spot of thickened feathers coral-red ; a small spot in front of this
and a spot under the eye on each side, also the lesser wing-coverts
and the thighs of a shining yellowish olive ; under surface of wings
and tail blackish ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 5 inches,
wing 3, tail 1-7.

Hab. Western Ecuador,

a. Ad. sk. Nauegal, Ecuador (Bourcier). Sclater Coll. (One of

Bonaparte's types.)

6. (j" ad. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador (J'rasw). Sclater Coll.

e. Jr. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d, e. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Gould Coll.

/, g. Ad. sk. Napo, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Goduian Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

j. Ad. sk. Pasto, Ecuador {Lehmann). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Chlorochrysa nitidissima.

Chlorochrysa nitidissima, Scl. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 728 ; id. Ibis, 1875,
p. 466, pi. X. •

Above brilliant grass-green ; lower back bluish, and with faint
indications of orange on the rump ; interscapularies pale lemon-
yellow ; forehead, face, and throat golden yellow, growing lighter
at the back of the head and behind the ears, and passing into orange
on the neck below ; abdomen shining bluish green ; middle of belly
and a distinct spot on each side of the neck below the eye velvety
black ; under surfaces of wings and tail blackish ; bill black ; feet
dark brown : whole length 5 inches, wing 2'7, tail 1'75.

Hab. Antioquia, U.S. of Colombia.

The only specimens of this brilliant species as yet procured were
obtained by the late Mr. T. K. Salmon.

a. Sk. Antioquia {Scdmon). Sclater Coll. (Type

of the species.)

b. (J ad.sk. Jerico, Antioquia, U. S. C. (&/»!o»). Salvin-Godman Coll.

8. PIPRIDEA. ^

Type.

Pipraeidea, Sio. Zoo!. Joiini. iii. p. 173 (1827) P. melanonota.

Procnopis, Bj}. C. R. xxxii. p. 80 (1851), nee Cab. . . P. melanonota.

This rather widely distributed form varies slightly in different
localities, and at one time I thought it was possible to discriminate
two species. The examination of specimens from intermediate
localities has led me to reduce this supposed species to the rank of

92 TANAGEIDJE.

subspecies. Pipridea ranges from Venezuela into Paraguay, and is
also found in Western Ecuador and Peru. If M. Stolzmann's account
of its internal anatomy is correct (//. Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 226),
Pipridea may have to be removed to the Eiqjhoniina'.

1. Pipridea melanonota.

Pico de pimzon azul y canela, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 413.

Tauagra melanonota, Vicill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 407.

Tanagra melauotha, Vieill. Enc. Mcth. p. 773.

Tanagi-a vittata, Temm. PI. Col. 48.

Piprteidea cyanea, 8iu. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 174 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 231.

Aglaia vittata, Danu. Voy. Beayle, Zool. iii. p. 98.

Calliste vittata, Gray, Gen. B. p. 306 ; Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 7.

Procnopis melanota, Bp. Conipt. Mend, xxxii. p. 80 ; id. Rev. Zool.

p. 134 ; id. Note s. I. Tany. p. 8.
Calliste melanonota, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 60.
Pipridea melanonota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 265 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 91 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 61 ; Sclat. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 598 ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 18 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 226, 1882, p. 10 (Peru).
Pipridea venezuelensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 265, 1860, p. 63; id.

Syn. Av. Tan. p. 91 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 61 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.

1870, p. 780 ; TFyatf, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (Colombia).
Pipridea melanonota venezuelensis, Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1884,

p. 289 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. 450.

Above violaceous blue ; whole interscapular region darker, blackish ;
wings and tail black, edged with blue ; narrow front, lores, and
sides of the head deep velvety black, well defined : body beneath
and under wing- coverts clear ochraceous ; under surfaces of wings
and tail blackish ; bill black ; feet brown : whole length 5"8 inches,
wing 3"1, tail 2'2 Female. Above dark brown, tinged with blue
on the head and rump ; below like the male.

Hah. Paraguay, S.E. Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Vene-
zuela.

The diffei'ences upon which I established P. venezuelensis in 1856
do not seem to be constant in the same locality.

a. Subsp. typica.

a. (S ad. st. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

h-d. S ad.sk.; Bahia, Brazil ( W«c/(erf/'). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. 5 ad. sk.

/. cj ad. sk. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Joyner).

y. 5 ad. sk. Pelotas, Bio Grande do Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sul, Brazil (Joyner).

h, i. cJ 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

j. (5 ad. sk. Tilotilo, Bolivia (Buckley). Sclater Coll.

k. (S ad. sk. Bolivia (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Subsp. venezudensis.

a. (S ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela (Salle). Sclater Coll.

I, c. (5 ad. sk. lutaj, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

9. PRocNOPis. 93

d. (^ ad. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

e. cJ ad. .sk. Quito, Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq.

f. ff. 5 ad. sk. Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq.

9. PROCNOPIS.

Type.
Procnopis, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, pt. i. p. 284. ... P. atrocserulea.
Diva, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Specif, p. 16 (1854) P. vassori.

This little group of three species comes very close to Calliste, but
has a shorter and wider bill and rather longer wings in proportion.
Its range embraces the elevated districts of Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador, and Peru.

Ket/ to the Species.

A. Interscapulium blue.

Nape blue like the back 1. vassori, p. 9.3.

Nape pale silvery grey 2. hranickii, p. 94.

B. Interscapulium black 3. atroccertdea, p. 94.

1. Procnopis vassori.

Tanagra (Euphone?) vassorii, Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 4: id Man.

(^e ZrW. 1841, pi. 23.
Tanagra (Aglaiaj diva. Less. Echo d. M. S. 1844, p. .57 ; id. Descr. d.

Mamm. et Ois. p. 347.
Calliste vassorii, Bj). Consp. i. p. 235; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 18.51,

p. 60.
Procnopis vassori, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxii. p. 80; id. Rev. Zool. 1851,

p. 134 ; id. Note s. I. Tayif/. p. 9.
Diva vassori, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 158, 1856, p. 264, et 1860,

p. 87 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 90; id. Cat. A. B. p. 62 ; Scl. et Salv.

P. Z. S. 1875, p. 234 (Venezuela), 1879, p. 498 (Antioquia) ; iid.

Nomerwl. p. 18 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 226 (N. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per.

ii. p. 4,54; Berl.J.f. 0. 188-3, p. 289; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885,

p. 77.

Above and below nearly uniform shining deep purple-blue ;
narrow front, lores, wings, and tail black ; wing-coverts edged with
blue like the back ; bill and feet black : whole length 4*6 inches,
wing 2"7, tail 1"9. Female similar, but less bright in colour.
Younff. Cinereous, washed with blue ; wings and tail blackish.

Hah. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

a. 5 ad. sk. Sierra Nevada, Venezuela Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Goerinff).

b. (S ad. St. Bogota. Purchased.
(', d. cJ $ ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

e. (S ad. .sk. ; Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Jr. sk.

g, h. S ad. sk, Bogota. Gould CoU.

i. <S ad. sk. Medellin, U. S. C. (Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

94

TANAGRID^.

/. cJ ad. sk.

Santa Elena, Autioquia

{^Salmon) .
Ecuador.
Puna Island, Ecuador

(Buckley).
Above Puellaro, Ecuador

(Fraser).
Tambillo, Peru (Stot-

mann).

Sclater OoU.

A-, /. (5 ad. sk.
m, 11. c? ad. sk.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

0. 2 ad. sk.

27. (J ad. sk. ;
q. Jr. sk.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

2. Procnopis branicMi,

Diva branickii, Tacz. F. Z. S. 1882, p. 10, pi. i. fig. 2 ; id. Orn. Fer. ii.
p. 465.

Above shining deep purple-blue ; head and nape greyish green
■with a silvery tinge ; lores, narrow front, wings, and tail black ;
wing-coverts edged with blue like the back ; bill and feet black :
whole length 4'5 inches, wing 3, tail 1"9. Female similar, but
less briUiaut in colour, and back rather greyish.

Hah. N.E. Peru.

Exactly like D. vassori in structure, but distinguished by the
differently coloured head in both sexes.

a, b. (3 2 ad. sk. Tamiapampa, N.E. Peru (Stolzmann). Sclater Coll.

3. Procnopis atricaBrulea.

Procnopis atrocserulea, Tsch. in Wieym. Arch. 1844, pt. i. p. 285 ; id.

F. P., Aves, p. 199, pi. 13. fig. 2.
Calliste atrocserulea, Grai/, Gm.B., App. p. 17; Sclater, Contr. Orn.

1851, p. 59 ; id. F. Z. 8. 18oC), pp. 19, 259 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 84 ;

id. Mon. Call. p. 69, t. xxxi. ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 235 ; Tacz. F. Z. S.

1874, p. 515 (Centr. Peru) ; Scl. et Salv. F. Z. S. 1879, p. 599

(Bolivia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 19.
Chalcotbraupis atrocserulea, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p. 144; id. Note s.l.

Tany, p. 19.
Diva atrocserulea, Tacz. Orn. Fer. ii. p. 456.

Above, head and neck greyish blue, with an indistinct rounded
nuchal patch of pale straw-colour ; lores and iuterscapulium black ;
rump and upper tail-coverts bright blue ; wings black, edged with
bright blue like the rump ; tail black, narrowly edged with bright
blue : below bright blue ; throat rather silvery ; breast and flanks
variegated by slight black spots; biU blackish; feet dark brown:
whole length 4-8 inches, wing 3, tail 1-5. Young. Dusky grey,
beneath slightly varied with whitish ; wings and tail dark, with slight
blue edgings to the remiges and rectrices.

Hah. Peru and Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Bolivia {Buckley). Sclater Coll.

J, c. Ad. sk. Bolivia {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. jr. sk. Nau-ari, Bolivia {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

10. CALLISTE. 95

10. CALLISTE.

Type.

Calliste, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 974 0. tricolor.

Afilaia, Sjv. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 347 (1827) 0. tatao.

Calospiza, G. R. Grmj, List of Gen. B. p. 44 (1840) C. tricolor.

Gyrola, Reichenh. Av. Si/st. Nat. t. Ixxvii. (1850) . . C. gyi'ola.

Tatao, £p. C. JR. xxxii. p. 80 (1851) C. tatao.

Chrysothraupis, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 142 C. auruleuta.

Ixotbraupis, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 143 C. punctata.

Cbalcothraupis, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 144 0. labradorides.

Euschemon, Scl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. Uo 0. flava.

Euprepiste, Scl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 95 C. brasiliensis.

The most numerous and, as its name implies, perhaps the most
beautiful group of the tj-pical Tanagers is widely diffused in the
Neotropical Region, from the forests of Tabasco in Southern Mexico
to those of Paraguay and Southern Brazil. On the western slope of
the Andes Callistce only occur as far south as the Gulf of Guyaquil.
Thus the Patagoniau Subregion is entirely without this form, and
but one species has yet been detected iu the AntiUean Subregion.
In the Central-American Subregion, as Messrs. Salviu and Godman
have shown us, nine species are found, and the genus reaches its
maximum of development in the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and
Peru.

Salmon found three species of Calliste nesting in the State of
Antioquia. The nest is open, made outwardly of moss, and lined
with fine roots, fibres, and horsehair. The eggs are pale greenish
in colour, more or less thickly spotted and blotched with various
shades of brown *. See also Euler's description of the nest and
eggs of Calliste tricolor (J. f. 0. 1867, p. 410).

The sixty-one species of Calliste known to me may be divided for
convenience into twelve sections, for which, however, it is only
possible to give general characters of plumage.

Sect. I. Group of C. tatao.

Cap of bright green, squamosa feathers ; rump bright scarlet or yellow.

(2 species.) p. 96.

SEcr. II. Group of C. tricolor.

General plumage bright green or blue, varied with yellow and red ; body
beneath not spotted. (8 species.) p. 98,

Sect. III. Group of C. punctata.

General phmiage gi'een ; breast and belly more or less spotted with
rounded black spots. (6 species.) p. 103.

Sect. IV. Group of C. aurulenta.

Plumage generally of a golden yellow ; interscapuhum black, variegated
with yellow (5 species.) p. 108.

» See P. Z. S. 1879, p. 498, pi. xlii. fig. 2.

96 TANAGEID^.

Sect. V. Group of C.flava.

General plumage dull green or pale yellow ; cap rufous or yellow. (7
species.) p. 111.

Sect. VI. Group of C. </yrola.
General plumage bright green ; cap rufous. (5 species.) p. 116.

Sect. VII. Group of C. brasiliends.

General plumage black and blue ; interseapulium black ; bend of wing
blue. (3 species.) p. 119.

Sect. VIII. Group of C. inornata.
General plumage dull cinereous; bend of wing bright blue. (1 species.)

LP- 121.

Sect. IX. Group of C. nu/riviridis.

General plumage more or less black edged with blue, forming squamula-
tious ; rump shining green or blue. (3 species.) p. 122.

Sect. X. Group of C. larvuta.

Interseapulium and chest black ; rump shining blue or green. (4 species.)

[p. 124.

Sect. XI. Group of C. riificervix.
Eump and body beneath .shining blue or green ; middle of abdomen
rufous. (12 species.) p. 129.

Sect. XII. Group of C. cyanoptera.

Back silvery green : cap black ; sexes different in plumage. (5 species.)

[p. 135.

Sect. I. Group of C. tatao.

Key to the Sjjecies.

Eump, upper half scarlet, lower yellow 1. tafao, p. 96.

Rump wholly scarlet 2. yeni, p. 97.

1 . Calliste tatao.

Tanagra tatao, Limi. S. iV. i. p. 315 ; Kittl. Kiipf. d. Vog. p. 23,

t. xxxi. tig. 3 ; Vieill. Enc. Me/h. p. 778.
Aglaia paradisea, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 286.
Callispiza tatao, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 669 ; Cab. Miis. Hein.

i. p. 26.
Tatao paradiseus, Bp. Note s. I. Tang. p. 15 ; id. Eev. Zoul. 1851, p. 141 .
Calliste tatao, Bp. Consp. i. p. 234 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 187 ;

Sclater, Contr. Om. 1851. p. 50 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 1, pi. i. 1. 1 ; id.

P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 244 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 70 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 62 ; ScL et 8alv. Nomencl. p. 18 : »S'ff/r. Ibis, 1885, p. 209 (Brit.

Guian.).
Calliste coelicolor, Sclater, Contr . Orn. 1851, p. 51 ; id. P. Z. S. 1855,

p. 157, et 1856, pp. 19, 245; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 71 ; id. Mon.

10. CALLISTE.

97

Callist. p. 3, pi. i. f . 2 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. i'05 ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

188-2, p. 10 (Huambo, N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 458.
Tangara du Br^sil, Daub. PL Enl. 127. fig. 2.
Taugara septicolor, De&m. Tang. tab. 1.

Above velvety black ; bend of wing turquoise-blue ; edgings of
wing-coverts and primaries purple-blue ; lower back golden yeUow,
with the upper portion scarlet ; top and sides of the head covered
with bright grass-green scaly feathers : below turquoise-blue, throat
purple, lower beUy and crissum black ; under wing-coverts turquoise-
blue ; under surface of wings and tail blackish ; bill black ; feet
dark brown : whole length 4*7 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2. Female
similar to the male. Young. Duller in colour, and with scarcely
any traces of scarlet on the back.

Rah. Caj^enne, Guiana, Rio Negro, Colonibia, and N.E. Peru.

I do not now distinguish the Colombian form which I formerly
separated as C. coelicohr ; except in rather larger size it is scarcely
different from Cayenne skins. It is very curious that this species
seems to cross the range of C. yeni (which occurs in Eastern
Ecuador) into N.E. Peru.

a. Ad. St.

h. tS ad. sk. ; c. Jr. sk,

d. c? ad. sk.

e, /. cj 2 ad. sk. ;
g. S F- sk.

h, i. (S ad. sk. ; J. $
ad. sk.; k. $ jr. sk.
I. (S ad. sk.
m, n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.

p. Jr. sk.
q. Ad. sk,
r, c? ad. sk.

Cayenne.
Cayenne.
Cayenne.
Merume Mts., Brit. Guiana

{W/nfe/y).
Roraima, Brit. Guiana

(TJlntelg).
Marabitanas {Natterer).
Bogota, New Granada.
Anolaima, Colombia.

Auolaima, Colombia.

Bogota.

Huambo, Peru {Stolzmann) .

Pm'chased.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll. (Tvpe

of C. ccdicolor.)
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.

2. Calliste yeni.

Aglaia chUensis, Vig. P. Z. S. 1832, p. 3 ; Jard. et Selb. HI. Orn. n. s.

pi. 25.
Aglaia yeni, cTOrb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. in Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 31.
Callospiza yeni, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 201.
Tanagra yeni, d'Orb. Voy. p. 270, pi. 24. f. 2.
Calliste yeni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 234 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 51 ;

id. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 245, 1858, p. 453, 1873, p. 780 (Cosni-

pata) ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 71; id. Cat. A. B. p. 62; id. Mon.

Callist. p. 5, pi. 2 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 180 (Ucavah),

1867, pp. 749, 977, 1873, p. 261 (E. Peru), 1870, p. 598 (Bolivia);

iid. Nomencl. p. 18 ; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 206 (Matogrosso) ; Tacz.

P.Z. S. 1874, p. 514 (Centr. Peru), 1882, p. 11 (N.E. Peru); id.

0/-W. Per. ii. p. 457 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 77 (Ecuador).
Tatao yeni, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 141 ; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 15.

Above velvety black ; bend of wing turquoise-blue ; edgings of
wing-coverts and primaries purple-blue ; lower back bright scarlet ;

VOL. il. H

a. Ad. st.

Bolivia.

b. Ad. sk.

Bolivia (Buckley).

c, d. c? ? ad. sk.

Typuani, Bolivia {Buckley).

e. (S ad. sk.

Tilotilo, Bolivia (Buckley).

/. Ad. sk.

Bolivia (I). Forbes).

g. S ad. sk.

Pebas, Eastern Peru

(Hauxivell).

h. Ad. sk.

Eastern Peru (Farris).

«'. Ad. st.

Peru.

y, ^. Ad. sk.

Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley).

/. Jr. sk.

Ecuador (Buckley).

m. Ad. sk.

Rio Napo, Ecuador.

98 lANAGKlD^.

top and sides of head covered with bright grass-green scaly feathers :
belovr turquoise-blue, throat purple ; lower belly and crissum
blackish ; under wing-coverts turquoise-blue ; under surface of wings
and tail blackish ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 5
inches, wing 3-2, tail 2-2. Female like the male. Young. Not
so bright, mixed with greenish below ; rump orange.

Hctb. Bolivia, Peru, Upper Amazouia, and E. Ecuador.

The uniform scarlet rump at once distinguishes this splendid
species from G. tatao.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sahdn-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sect. II. Group of C. tricolor.

Key to the Species.

A. Head blue or green : interscapulium black.

Lower back wholly orange 3. fastosa, p. 98.

Lower back, upper portion orange, lower

green 4. tricolor, p. 99.

Lower back bright green 5. /estiva, p. 100.

B. Head yellow, or green variegated with black ;

interscapulium black, varied with green or
yellow.

Nape yellow, striated with black 6. cyaneiventris, p. 100.

Nape green, striated with black :

( throat yellow 7. thoracica, p. 101.

\ throat bluish black 8. goiddi, p. 102.

Nape yellow 9. schranki, p. 102.

Nape green, washed with golden 10. florida, p. 103.

3. Calliste fastosa.

Tanagra fastuosa, Less. Cent. Zool. pi. 58, p. 184.

Calliste fastuosa, Bp. Consp. i. p. 235; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1861, p. 52;

id. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 246 ; id. Man. Callist. p. 9, pi. 4 ; id. Syn.

Av. Tan. p. 72 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. Q2 ; Scl. et Bah. Nomencl. p. 18 ;

Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 331.
Tatao fastuosa, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 142 ; id. Note s. I, Tang. p. 16.

Above, head and neck bluish green ; front and upper back black,
lower back and external edges of outer secondaries brilliant orange;
wings and tail black edged with purple, the lesser wing-coverts
shining greenish blue like the head : below dark purple -blue, pass-

10. CALLISTE. 99

ing into lighter, silvery, blue on the breast ; middle of throat black,
separated from the black chin by a Hne of greenish blue which joins
the similarly coloured sides of the head ; under surface of wings
and tail blackish ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 5"o
inches, wing 2*8, tail 2. Female similar to the male, but rather
less brilliant in colour.

Hah. Province of Pernambuco, Brazil.

a. Ad. st.

Brazil.

Purchased.

b. Ad. St.

Brazil.

Mr. J. Abrahams [P.]

c. Ad. sk.

Pernambuco.

Sclater CoU.

d, e. Ad. sk.

Pernambuco (Forbes).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Jr. sk.

Pernambuco (Forbes).

Sclater Coll.

g, h. Ad. ak.

Brazil.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

4. Calliste tricolor,

Tanagra tricolor, Gm. S. iV. i. p. 891 ; Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 779 ;

Temm. PI. Col. 215. f. 1 ($).
Tanagra tatao, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 459.
Calliste tricolor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 234 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 187 ;

Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 51 ; id. P. Z. S. 185(3, pp. 19, 246 ;

id. Mon. Callist. p. 7, pi. 3 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 72 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 63; Scl. et Salv. Nomeiicl. p. 18; Euler,J.f. O. 1867, p. 410

(nest) ; Peheln, Orn. Bras. p. 206.
Callispiza tricolor, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 26 ; id. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 83

(Rio).
Tatao tricolor, B}}. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 141 ; id. Note s. I, Tang. p. 16.
Tang, varid a tete verte de Cayenne, Daub. PI. Enl. 32. fig. 1.
Taug. tricolor, male, Desm. Tang. t. 3.
Green-headed Tanager, Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. p. 24.

Above shining green, cap greenish blue ; narrow front and inter-
scapulium black ; a large blotch on the lower back below the inter-
scapulium orange ; wings and tail black, edged with bright green,
the lesser wing-coverts purple : below, middle of throat black,
divided from the narrow black chin by a line of shining greenish
blue, which connects the similarly coloured sides of the head ; breast
and upper belly shining blue ; lower belly, flanks, and crissum bright
green ; under surface of wings and tail dark cinereous ; under
wing-coverts pale cinereous white ; bill black ; feet dark brown :
whole length 5"2 inches, wing 4'7, tail 2'1. Female similar, but
less bright in colours.

Hah. S.E. BrazU : provinces of Bahia, Rio, Sao Paulo, and
Goyaz.

On the nesting of this species, <•/. Euler I. s. c.

a. (S ad. st. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

b. $ ad. St. Rio Janeiro. R. H. Wood, Esq. [P.].

c. j ad. st. BrazU. Lord Stuart de Rothesay

LP-]-

d. e. c? ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Wiicherer). Salvin-Gcidman Coll.
fj9- 6 2 ad. sk. Rio, Brazil. Sclater CoU.

h, i. (jP 5 ad. sk. Rio, Brazil (Youds). Salviu-Godmau CoU.

h2

100 TANAORIB^.

j. 5 ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Brazil {Joyner).
k, ;. c? 2 ad sk. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Joyner).
m. 2 ad. sk. S. Brazil. Sclater CoU.

5. Calliste festiva.

Tanagra tricolor, var. /3, Gtn. S. N. i. p. 892.

Tanagra festiva, Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi. 637.

Tanagra cyanocephala, Vieill.Notiv.Dict. xxxii. p. 425; id. JEnc. Meth.

p. 780; Temm. PI. Col. 215. f. 2 ($).
Tanagra tricliroa, Licht. Doiibl. p. 30.
"Tanagra rubricollis, Temni.,^' Max. Beitr. iii. p. 456.
Aglaia cyanocephala, Sio. Orn. Dr. pi. 5.
Calliste festiva, Bp. Consp. i. p. 234 ; Burm. Syst. Ueh. iii. p. 188 ;

Sclater, Contr. Or?i. 1851, p. 61 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, pj). 19, 246;

id. Mon. CalUst. p. 11, pi. 5 ; id. Syn. Ar. Tan. p. 72 ; id. Cat. A.

B. p. 63 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 19 ; Peheln, Orn. Bras. p. 206 ;

Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 302; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 332.
Callispiza festiva, C'«6. iifMs. ifem. i. p. 26; id.J.f. 0.1874, p. 83

(Rio).
Tatao festiva, Bjk Rev. Zool 1851, p. 141 ; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 16.
Taug. varie a tete bleue de Cayenne, Daub. PL Enl. 33. iig. 2.
Tang, tricolor, femelle, Desm. Tang. t. 4.
Green-headed Tauager, var. A, Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. p. 25.

Above and below bright grass-green ; front, chin, and upper back
black, cap and throat blue, sides of the head and broad neck-collar
behind scarlet; wings and tail black, edged with green like the
back, lesser wing-coverts black, with a slight orange bar across the
tips : under surface of wings and tail cinereous, under wing-coverts
white ; bill black ; feet brown : whole length 5 inches, wing 2-5,
tail 1'9. Female similar, but rather less bright, and the inter-
scapuliuni variegated with green.

Hah. S.E. Brazil : provinces of Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio, and
S. Paulo.

Though confounded by the older authors with C. tricolor this is a
most distinct species, easily known from every other Calliste by the
conspicuous red collar on the back and sides of the head.

a. c? ad. St. S. America. Purchased.

b. (S ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil. Sclater Coll.

c. d. cS 2 ad. sk. Rio, Brazil. Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Rio de SaMn-Godman Coll.

Janeiro (Youds).

f, g. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.
k, i. S 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

6. Calliste cyaneiventris.

Tanagra cyanoventris, Vieill. Nouv. Dirt, xxxii. p. 426 (1819) ; id.

Enc. Meth. p. 781.
Tanagra elegans, Max. Meise n. Bras. i. p. 187 (1820).
Tanagra citrinella, Tenmi. PI. Col. 42. f. 2 (1823) ; Max. Beitr. iii.

p. 464.

10. CAILISTE. 101

Calliste citrinelk, Bp. Consp. i. p. 234; Burnt. Syst. Ueh. iii. p. 184.
Chrysothraiipis citrinella, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1851, p. 142 ; id. Note s. I.

Tang. p. 17.
Calliste cyaneiventris. Scl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 52 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856,

pp. 19, 247 ; id. Mm. Callist. p. 13, pi. 6 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 73 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 63 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 19 ; Pelzeln, Orn.

Bras. p. 206.
Aglaia citrinella, Sw. Orn. Ih\ pi. 6.

Above golden yeUow, variegated, especially on the interscapulium,
■with black ; broad front black ; wings and tail black, broadly edged
with bright green : npper tail-coverts bright green : below turquoise-
blue, passing into bright green in the middle of the belly ; crissum
fulvous ; throat black, divided from the black chin by a yellowish
line ; under wing-coverts white ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole
length b-2 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2'1. Female similar.

Hah. S.E. Brazil: provinces of S. Espiritu, Rio, and S. Paulo.

A very isolated species, easily distinguished by its golden head
and back, variegated with black between the wings.

a. Ad. St. Brazil. Lord Stuartde Rothesay [P.].

b. Ad. St. Brazil. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Brazil. Gould Coll.

d. Ad. sk. BrazU. Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Rio, Brazil. Sclater Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Ypanema, Brazil {Natterer). Salvin-Godman CoU.
g. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

7. Calliste thoracica.

Tanagia thoracica, Temm. PI. Col. 42. f. 1 (1823).

Calliste thoracica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 234; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851,

p. 54 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 247 ; id. Man. Callist. p. lo, pi. 7 ;

id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 73 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 63 ; Scl. et Salv. Nontencl.

p. 19 ; Burm. Syst. Ueh. iii. p. 186 ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 206.
Callispiza thoracica, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 26.
ChiTsothraupis thoracica, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 143; id. Note s. I.

Thig. p. 17.

Above bright grass-green, variegated with triangular black
striations ; front black ; a sUght band above the fi-ont and feathers
round the eye bright turquoise-bluc ; wings and tail black, edged
with bright green like the back; the lesser wing-eoverts edged with
golden yellow : below bright green, large circular pectoral patch
orange-yellow ; middle of the beUy, crissum, and under wing-
coverts pale ycUow : a small gular patch black, separated from the
narrow black chin by a yellowish line, which is connected on each
side with the yellow breast ; bill blackish ; feet pale brown : whole
length 5-4: inches, wing 2-8, tail 2-4. Female similar to the male,
but not quite so bright ; gular patch blackish.

Hab. S.E. Brazil : prov. of Rio, Minas, Goyaz, S. Paulo, and Rio
Grande do Sul.

Another distinct species, readily known by its conspicuous orange-
yellow pectoral patch.

102 TANAGKID^.

a. (J ad. St. S. America. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Brazil. yalvin-Godman Coll.

c. d. (5' ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sul, Brazil (Joi/ner).

e. c? ad. sk. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman CoU.

(Joyner).

f, ff.S2 ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.
^t i- 6 ? ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.
j. Skel. Brazil. Eyton Coll.

8. Calliste gouldi.

CaUiste gouldi, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 849.

Above shining green ; interscapulium varied with black ; front and
lores black ; forehead and ocular region blue : wings and tail
black, edged with bright green, smaller wing-coverts tinged with
golden : below bright green, passing into bluish green on the sides
of the belly ; chin black ; a large throat-patch bluish black ; middle
of lower belly and crissum pale fulvous ; under wing-coverts white ;
biU black ; feet pale brown : whole length 4-8 inches, wing 2'7, tail 2.

Hah. S.E. Brazil.

The single specimen from the Gould Collection is apparently
of Brazilian " make." The species is very like C. thoracica in its
upper plumage, but at once distinguishable by the large bluish-
black guttural patch.

a. Ad. sk. S.E. Brazil. Gould Coll. (Type of the species.)

9. Calliste schranki.

Tanagra schrankii. Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 38, pi. 51 ; (TOrh. Vm/.
p. arO, pi. 24. f. 1,

Aglaia schrankii, Lafr. et cV Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 31 ; Bp. P. Z. S.
1837, p. 122.

Aglaia melanotis, Siv. An. in Menag. p. 355 ( $ ).

Calliste schrankii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 235, sp. 18 ; Sclater, C'ontr. Orn.
1851, p. 54 ; id. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 115. 186G, pp. 19, 248, 18.57,
p. 264, et 1858, pp. 74, 453 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 17, pi. 8 ; id. Syn.
Av. Tan. p. 74 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 64 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 180, 1867, pp. 749, 977, 1873, pp. 185, 261 (Peru), 1879, p. 598
(Bolivia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 19 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 514 (Central
Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 459.

CaUospiza schrankii, l^sch. I'aim. Per. p. 201.

Chrysothraupis schrankii, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 143; id. Note s. I.
Tang. p. 17.

Above golden yellow ; front of head up to eyes and sides of head
black ; interscapulium black, variegated with bright green ; wings
and tail black, edged with greenish blue ; secondaries and scapulars
edged with green like the back : below bright green, middle of breast
and belly golden yellow ; chin black ; crissum yellowish ; under
surface of wings and tail dark cinereous ; under wing-coverts

10. CALIISTE. 103

whitish ; bill black ; feet brown : whole length 4-6 inches, wing 2-7,
tail 1"7. Female similar, but not so bright ; head green ; rump
green, slightly tinged with yellow.

Hob. Eastern Ecuador, Upper Amazonia, Peru, and Bolivia.

a. tS ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b,c. S $ ad.sk. Napo, Ecuador (i?«cA/e«/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d, e. S ad. sk. ; Pebas, Eastern Peru (Haux- Salvin-Godman CoU.

f- 6 jr. sk. well).

5f. (Jad. sk. Eastern Peru (-Fflrns). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h, i. S 2 ad. sk. Ucayali (Hauxwell). Goidd Coll.

J. (J ad. sk. Peruvian Amazons {Hmux- Sclater CoU.

iveU).

k. $ ad. sk. Central Peru (Jelski). Sclater Coll.

I, m. (S ad. sk. Nairapi, Bolivia {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

11,0. c? 2 ad. Bolivia. Purchased.

St.

p. (S ad. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll.

q, r. 2 ad. St. S. America. Purchased.

10. Calliste florida.

Calliste florida, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 416, pi. 28; iid.
Nomencl. p. 19; Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 114; Sclater, Ibis, 1876,
p. 409 ; Salvin et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 267, t. xvii.
fig. 1.

Above bright grass-green, nape and rump washed with golden
yeUow ; interscapuKum black, variegated with green ; wings and
tail black, edged with green ; front and auricular region black :
below bright green, middle of the beUy and crissum yellow ; under
wing- coverts white ; bill black : feet dark brown : whole length 5
inches, wing 2-5, tail 1"7. Female similar, but not quite so bright,
and no golden colour on the nape.

Hah. Costa Eica and Veragua.

a. 2 ad. sk. Costa Rica ( Carmiol). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. 2 ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). Sclater Coll.

c. cJad. sk. Veragua (^?-ce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sect. III. Group of C. punctata.

General plumage green ; breast more or less spotted with rounded
black spots.

Key to the Species,

A. Throat white, slightly spotted.

Superciliaries whitish.

Outer edges of wing-coverts green .... 11. punctata, p. 104.

Outer edges of wiug-coverts golden. . . . 12. jnincfulata, p. 104.
Superciharies golden 1-3. guttata, p. 105.

B. Throat green, slightly spotted.

Middle of belly yeUow 14. xanthogastra, p. 106.

Middle of beU}' gi-een 15. graminea, p. 106.

C. Throat red, unspotted 16. rufigularis, p. 107.

104 TANAGEID^.

11. Calliste punctata.

Tanagi-a punctata, Linn. S. N. i. p. 316.

Calliste punctata, i?/;. ConspA. p. 234; Sdat. Contr. OiTi. \S^\,

p. 55 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 248 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 19, pi. 9 ;

id. Syn. Av. Tun. p. 74 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 64; Scl. et Sulv. Nomencl.

p. 19 ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 206 (Eio Negro) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii.

p. 460 ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 77 (Ecuador) ; Salv. Ibis,

1885, p. 209 (Brit. Guian.).
Ixothraupis punctata, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 143; id. Note s. I.

Tang. p. 18.

Above bright green ; feathers of head, upper back, and wing-
coverts black, edged with green, and thus showing rounded black
spots : below white tinged with green, especiallj' so on the flanks,
and spotted down to the middle of the belly with rounded black
spots, which occupy the centres of the feathers ; middle of the belly
white, unspotted ; crissum greenish white, slightly spotted ; under
surface of wings and tail ashy black ; under wing- coverts white ;
bill and feet bluish black : whole length 4-6 inches, wing 2-5, tail
1-6. Femahsvanlax, but rather smaller, and the black spots smaller
and more faint.

Hah. Cayenne, British Guiana, and Eio Negro.

a. S iid. sk. ; Cayenne. Sclater CoU.

S, e. 2 ad. sk.
d. (S ad. sk. Oyapoc, Cayenne (JelsJci). Salvin-Godman CoU.

e,f. cj $ ad.sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

( WMtely).
(J, h. <S 2 fid. sk. Merum^ Mts., Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

( J]niitely).
i,j. cT ad. sk ; Roraima, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. 2 ad. sk. ( miitely).

I. (S ad. st. S. America. Purchased.

12. Calliste punctulata.

Calliste punctulata, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 353, 1879, p. 598 ;
Sclater, Ibis, 1876, p. 408.

Similar to C. punctata, but larger, brighter, and more strongly
marked ; sides of neck and breast and wing-coverts Avashed with
golden j'ellow : whole length 4*5 inches, wing 2'Q, tail 2.

Hah. Bolivia and Ecuador.

The specimens from the collection of Messrs. Salvin and Godman,
obtained by Mr. Buckley at the two localities below mentioned, are
the only examples I have seen of this not very distinct species.

a. S ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia {Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll.

Icy). (Type of the species.)

b. c? ad. sk. Bolivia (Buckley). Salvin-Godman CoU.

c. (S ad. .sk. San Jose, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

10. CALLISTE. 105

13. Calliste ^ttata.

Spotted Emerald Tanager, Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. p. 19.

OaUospiza punctata, Cab. in Schomh. Guian. iii. p. 669.

Callispiza guttata, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 26.

Calliste guttulata, B2). Compt. Rend, xxxii. p. 76; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1855, p. 157, et 1856, p. 19.
Calliste cbrysophrys, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 24, pi. 69. f. 2, et

Ixothraupis guttulata, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1851, p. 144 : id. Note s. L
Tany. p. 18. ' f '

Calliste guttata, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 249 ; id. Mon. Callist.
p. 21, pi. 10; id. Sijn. Av. Tan. p. 75 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 64;
Leotaud, B. Trinidad, p. 305 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 627,
et 1875, p. 2;j7 (Venezuela) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 19 ; Finsch, P. Z. S.
1870, p. 579 ; Tarjlor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82 (Trinidad) ; Latvr. Ann.
L. N. Y. ix. p. 98 (Costa Rica) ; v. Frantz. Journ. f. O. 1869,
p. 298 (Costa Rica); TF>/att, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (Ocana, Col.);
Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 187 (Chiriqui) ; id. Ibis, 1885, p. 209
(Brit. Guian.) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 267 ;
Berl. J.f. O. 1884, p. 289. > ^ tf .

Above bright green ; feathers of head, iijiper back, and wing-coverts
black, edged with green, and thus showing rounded black spots ;
lores black ; narrow front and feathers round the eye golden yellow :
below white, tinged with green on the flanks ; sides of the throat
and breast spotted with well-defined oval black spots ; middle of
belly and under wing- coverts white; crissum yellowish; bill
blackish, lower mandible plumbeous; feet dark brown: whole
length 5 inches, wing 27, tail 2-1. Female similar, but less distinctly
marked, and slightly smaller in size.

Hah. British Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad, jS'orthern Colombia,
and Isthmus of Panama north to Costa liica.

The larger size and golden-yellow front and eye-region appear to
distinguish this species very satisfactorily from the two preceding.
As regards its alleged occurrence in Ecuador (upon which Messrs.
Salvin and Godman, I. s. c, have lately cast some doubt) we have
only Bourcier's authority, and there was probably some error.

a,b. cJad.sk.; Roraima, Brit. Guian. (TF/«Ve/'y). Sahin-Godman Coll.
c. 2 ad. sk.

d. cJ ad. sk. Venezuela {Dyson). Sclater Coll.

(Type of C. chrysophrys.)

e. S ad. sk. Puerto Cabello. Sclater Coll.
/, g. d ad. sk. Caracas. D. Dyson [C.].

A. c? ad.sk. San Cristobal, Venezuela (ffoe- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ring),

i. d ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll.

J,k. d 2 ^^^- Trinidad. Sclater CoU.

I. d ad. sk. ; m, Bogota. Gould CoU.

n. 2 "d. sk.

0. d ad. sk. Colombia. Sclater Coll.

p. d ad. f^k. Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

q. d ad. sk. Southern slope of A'olcan de Salvin-Godman Coll.

Chiriqui (Arce).

r. d ad. sk. Chiricui (Arce). Sclater CoU.

106 TAXAGETB^.

s. S ad. sli. TucuiTiqui, Costa Rica (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

t. (S ad. sk. Augostura, Costa Rica (Car- Salviu-Godman Coll.

77liol).

u. 2ad.sk. Costa. Hica. (CarmioT). Sclater Coll.

14. Calliste xanthogastra.

Calliste xanthogastra, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, pp. 2-3, 55; id.

P. Z. S. 1854, p. 115, 1855, p. 157, et 1856, pp. 19, 249 ; id. Mon.

Callist. p. 23, pi. 11 : id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 75 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 64; Sd. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 180, 1867, p. 977, et 1873,

p. 261 (Upp. Amazons) ; iid. Komend. p. 19; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,

p. 514, et 1882, p. 11 rid Orn. Per. ii. p. 461 (Peru) ; Salv. Ibis,

1885, p. 209 (Brit. Guian.).
Ixothraupis chrysogaster, Bp. Pev. Znol. 1851, p. 144 ; id. Note s. I.

Tang. p. 18.

Above bright green, interscapulium bluish green, slightly varied,
except on lower back, ■with rounded black spots occupying the centres
of the feathers ; wings and tail black, edged with bluish green like
the interscapulium : below bright green, slightly spotted with round
black spots ; middle of belly and crissum sulphur-yellow ; under
surface of wings and tail dark cinereous ; under wing-coverts white ;
bill blackish ; feet dark cinereous : whole length 4*2 inches, wing
2'5, tail I'o. Female similar : not quite so bright.

Hah. Upper Amazonia, Eastern Ecuador, Colombia, and Roraima,
Brit. Guiana.

This is quite a distinct species, readily known by its yellow belly.

a. S ad. sk. Upper Amazons. Sclater Coll. (Type

of C. xanthogastra, Sol.)

b. 2 ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peru (Hana-welT). Salviu-Godman Coll.
c-e. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Rio Napo. Salvin-Godman CoU.

g. Ad. sk. Colombia. Sclater Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Colombia. Purchased.

j, k. 2 ad. St. Colombia. Purchased.

/, m. S ad. sk. Roraima, Brit. Guiana ( UHiiteh/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. 2 ad. sk. Kukenam, Brit. Guiana Salviu-Godman Coll.
(TVIiiteIg).

15. Calliste graminea.

Tangara tachetd de Cayenne, Buff. PI. Enl. 301. f. 1.

Tangara petit Syacou, Less. Tr. d'Orii. p. 462.

Tanagra graminea. Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 40, pi. 53. f. 2 ( 2 ).

Calliste virescens, Sclat. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 22, pi. 69. f. 1, et

p. 56.
Ixothraupis pusiUa, Bp. Bet: Zool. 1851, p. 144 ; id. Note s. I. Tang.

p. 18.
Calliste gi-aminea, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 250 ; id. Mon. Callist.

p. 25, pi. 12 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 76 ; id. Cat. A. 5. p. 64 ; Scl. et

Salv. Nomencl. p. 19.

10. CALLISTE. 107

Above and below bright green ; interscapulium bluish green ;
wings and tail blackish, edged with bluish green hke the inter-
scapulium ; head and breast varied with a few small, almost obsolete
blackish spots ; middle of belly slightly yellowish ; wings and tail
beneath pale ashy ; under wing-coverts white ; bill nearly black :
feet brown : whole length 4 inches, wing 2-3, tail 1-5. Female. N^early
uniform grass-green, rather yellowish on the belly.

Hah. Cayenne and Lower Amazonia.

This is a scarce species. It clearly belongs to the present group,
but the usually characteristic rounded spots are but slightly apparent.
It is also of remarkably small size.

a. (S ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll. (One of the

types of C. virescens.)
h. (J ad. sk. Cayenne. vSalviu-Godman Coll.

c. (S ad. sk. Cayenne. Gould Coll.

d. (S ad. sk. ; e. Pull. sk. Cavenue. Purchased.
/. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

16. Calliste ruflgularis.

Tanagrella rufigula, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxii. p. 77 ; id. Rev. Zool.

1851, p. 130; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 4.
Calliste rufigula, Sclater, C'ontr. Orn. 1851, p. 55.
Calliste rutigularis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 250, 1859, p. 440,

1860, p. 86 ; id. Man. Callist. p. 27, pi. 13 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 76 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 65 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 19.

Above, head black ; interscapulium and wing-coverts black, edged
with green ; wings and tail black, slightly margined with green ;
lower back green, slightly spotted with blackish : below white,
breast and flanks spotted with rounded black spots, which are edged
with green ; throat rusty red : crissnm washed with rufous ; under
wing-coverts white ; bill blackish ; feet dark brown : whole length
4'7 inches, wing 2'5, tail 1"7. Female like the male.

Hah. Ecuador.

A very distinct species from its black head and red throat, but
clearly belonging to this group of Calliste, and not to Tanagrella.

a. Ad. sk. ; b. Jr. sk. Nauegal, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

d, e. Ad.sk. Quito, Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. Ad.sk. Ecuador {Boitrcier). Salvin-Godiuau Coll.

(One of the types of the species.)
<;. Ad. sk. Pasto, Ecuador (Ze/(?«a«w). Sdvin-Godmau Coll.

\i. Ad.sk. Intaj, Ecuador (i^i/c/iVc//). Salvin-Godman Coll.

j. Ad.sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (i/we/o/ff/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

108 TANAQRrD.ai,

Sect. IV. Group of C. aurulenta.

General plumage golden yeUow ; interscapulium black, varied
with yellow.

Key to the Species.

A. Throat yellow or chestnut :

fwhole uuder surface golden 17. aurulenta, p. 108.

I whole under surface chestnut 18. sclateri, p. I08.

<^ abdomen chestnut, throat and mid belly

I golden 19. arthusi, p. 109.

[abdomen yellow ; throat chestnut 20. pulchra, p. 109.

B. Throat silvery grey 21. icterocephala, p. 110.

17. Calliste aurulenta.

Tanagra (Aglaia) aurulenta, Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1843, p. 290, et 1854,

p. 207.
Calliste aurulenta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 235 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851,

p. 52 (partim) ; id. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 157, 1856, pp. 19, 250, 1859,

p. 140, 1860, pp. 86, 87; id. Mon. Callist. p. 30, pi. 14. f. 2;

id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 76 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 65 ; Sd. et Salv.

Nomencl. p. 19 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 498 (Antioquia) ; Be7-l. et Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1884, p. 288 (W. Ecuador).
Chrysothraupis am'ulenta, B]}. Bev. Zool. 1851, p. 142 ; id. Note s. I.

fang. p. 16.

Above orange-yellow ; interscapulium black, variegated with
yellow ; lores, auricular spot, wings, aud tail black ; wing-coverts
and secondaries edged with yellow : below golden yellow ; a slight
chin-spot black ; under vriug-coverts and inner margins of wing-
feathers white ; bill black : feet dark brown : whole length 5
inches, wing 3, tail 2. Female like the male.

Hah. Colombia and Ecuador.

Colombia. Purchased.

Bogota, Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Bogota, Colombia. Purchased.

Bogota, Colombia. Sclater CoU.

Frontino, Antioquia, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman ('oil.

{Sahnoji).

Antioquia (Salmon). Sclater CoU.

Antioquia (Salmon). Sclater CoU.

San Jose, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Pallatanga, Ecuador (jPr«.se/-). Sclater Coll.

Ecuador. Goidd Coll.

18. Calliste sclateri.

Calliste aurulenta, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 52.

Calliste sclateri, Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1854, p. 207 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855,

p. 157, 1856, pp". 19, 250 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 31, pi. 14. f. 1 ;

id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 77 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 65 ; Scl. et Salv. Noniencl.

p. 19.

a. Ad. St.

b, c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.

9-
h.

i,
k,
m

Ad. sk.

cJ ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
I. c? ad. sk
. Ad. sk.

10. CAXLISTE. 109

Similar to C. aurulenta, but body beneath of a deep uniform
chestnut.

Hub. Int. of Colombia (Bogota collections).

a. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

d. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Gould CoU.

e,f. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Pm-chased.

»

19. Calliste arthusi.

Tauagi-a arthus, Less. III. Zool. pi. 9.

Calliste arthus, £p. Cons]}. i. p. 235, sp. 36.

Calliste arthusi, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 63 ; id. F. Z. S. 1856,

pp. 19, 251 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 35, pi. 16 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 77 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 65 ; Sd. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 19.

Above orange-yellow ; interscapulium blacli, varied with yellow ;
lores, auricular spot, wings, and tail black ; wing-coverts and
secondaries edged with yellow : below dark chestnut ; throat and
middle of belly bright yellow ; under wing-coverts and inner
margins of wing-feathers white ; bill black ; feet brownish : whole
length 5-5 inches, wing 3-2, tail 2-3. Female similar to the male.

Hah. Venezuela, forests of the Andes.

a. Ad. sk. Venezuela {Dysoii). Sclater Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Venezuela. D. Dyson [C.].

c. Ad. sk.. Venezuela. Salvin-Godmaa Coll.

d, e. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Purchased.
/. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Gould CoU.

20. Calliste pulchra.

Calospiza pulchra, Tsch. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, pt. 1, p. 285 ; id
Faun. Per. p. 200, pi. 18. f. 2 ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1854, p. 206.

Calliste pidchra, Bp. Consp. i. p. 235, sp. 32 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,
pp. 19, 261, et 1858, p. 74 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 33, pi. 15 ; id. Syn.
Av. Tan. p. 77; id. Cat. A. B. p. 65; Scl. et Salv. F. Z.S. 1873,
p. 186 (S. Peru), 1879, p. 698 (Bolivia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 19 ; Tacz.
F. Z. S. 1874, p. 514 (Central Peru), 1882, p. 11 (N.E. Peru) ;
id. Orn. Fer. ii. p. 462.

Calliste pulchra sequatorialis, Tacz. et Berl. F. Z. S, 1885, p. 77.

Above orange-yellow ; rump golden yellow ; interscapulium black
variegated with yellow ; lores, large auricular spot, wings, and tail
black ; wing-coverts and secondaries edged with ycUow : below
bright yellow ; throat dark orange or chestnut ; broad chiu-spot
and sides of biU black ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of
wing-feathers white ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length
5'5 inches, wing 3, tail 2'1. Female like the male.

Hah. Eastern Ecuador (Napo district), Peru, and Bolivia
The extension of the black chin and dark orange or almost chest-
nut throat readily distinguish this species from its three foregoing
aUies.

110

TANAGEIBJE.

a. Ad. sk. Rio Napo, Ecuador.

h. Ad. sk. Ecuador.

c, d. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Biuikley).

e. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley).

f. Ad. sk. Machay, Ecuador {Stohmmui).

g. S ad. sk. San Antonio, Peru (Whiteli/).
h. 2 ad.sk. Cuzco, Peru (ir/iiVe/y).

t. Ad. sk. Bolivia {Buckley).

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

21. Calliste icterocephala.

Cfalliste icterocephala, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxii. p. 76 ; Sclater, Contr.
Orn. 1851, p. 63, pi. 70. f. 1 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 251, et 1860,
p. 87 ; id. Mon. CalUst. p. 37, pi. 17 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 77 ; id.
Cat. A. B. p. 65 ; Sahin, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 138, et 1870, p. 186
(Veragua) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 198; Frantz.J.f. 0.
1869, p. 298 (Costa Rica) ; Boiicard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 54 ; Scl. et
Salv. Nomencl. p. 19 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 498 (Antioquia) ;
Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Ani., Aves, i. p. 269.

Callispiza (Chrysotkraupis) frantzii, Cab. J. f. O. 1861, p. 87.

Calliste frantzii, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 169 ; Sclater, Ibis, 1863,
p. 451, 1868, p. 72, et 1876, p. 407.

Above bright yellow ; interscapuliiim strongly variegated with
black ; wings and tail black, edged with green ; the wing-coverts
edged with greenish yellow : below bright yeUow as above, but
with throat and ueck, together with a slight collar on the upper
surface, of a pale silvery greenish ; under wing-coverts and inner
margins of wing-feathers ashy white ; bill blackish ; feet dark
brown : whole length 5 inches, wing 3, tail 2. Female like the
male, but not so bright in colours, and of a greenish yellow above.

Hab. Costa Eica, Veragua, Colombia, and Ecuador.

Although apparently belonging to this section, C. icterocephala
is at once recognizable by the peculiar silvery greenish colour of the
throat and fore ueck, which is also slightly apparent on the back of
the neck.

a. (S ad. sk.

b, c. (S ad. sk.

d. S ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/. J ad. sk.

y, h. (S ad. sk.
i. 5 ad. sk.
j. 2 ad. sk.
k. J ad. sk.

I. S ad. sk.

m. J ad. sk.
n. c? ad. sk.
0, p. Ad. sk.
q. c? ad. sk.

r. (S ad. sk.

Barranca, Ccsta Rica (CVwwn'o^).
Turrialba, Costa Rica (Arce).
Dota, Costa Rica (Carmiol).
S. Jos(5, Costa Rica {Canniol).
Cordillera de Tole, Veragua

(Arce).
Calovevora, Veragua (Arce).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Santa Fe, Veragua {Arce). Salviu-Godmau Coll.

Southern slope of the Volcano Salvin-Godman Coll.

of Chiriqui {Arce).

Chii'iqui {Arce). Sclater Coll.

Frontino, U. S. C. {Salmon). Salvin-Godman CoU.

Pasto, Ecuador (Lehmann). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Napo, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Ecuador {Bourcier). Sclater CoU. (One of
the types of C. ictei-ocephala.)

Nanegal, Ecuador (Frasei-). Sclater CoU.

10. CALLISTE. Ill

Sect. V. Group of C. flava.
General plumage dull green or pale yellow ; cap rufous or yellow.

Key to the Sjjecies.

A. Cap rufous, distinct from nape and back.

Body below pale greenish cinereous 22. vitriolina, p. Ill,

Body below ochraceous.

Throat dark bluish 23. cuyana, p. 111.

Throat uniform.

Cap bright rufous 24. versicolor, p. 11.3.

Cap dark chestnut 25. cucvllata, p. 113.

B. Cap and whole body above fidvous yellow . . 26. fiava, p. 113.

C. Cap and hind neck chestnut.

Interscapulium chestnut 27. pretiosa, p. 114.

Interscapulium black 28. melanonota, p. 115.

22. Calliste vitriolina.

CaUispiza vitriolina, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 28.

Calliste ruhcapilla, Sclafer, Contr, Orn. 1851, p. 61 ; id. P. Z. S.

1855, p. 158, et 1856, p. 19.
CaUiste vitriolina, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 252, 1860, p. 86 (Ecuador) ;

id. Mon. Callist. p. 39, pi. 18 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 78 ; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 66 ; Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 139 ; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 13 ;

Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 498 (Antioquia) ; id. Nomencl. p. 19 ;

Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (OcanaJ ; Berl. J.f. O. 1884, p. 298

(Bucai-amanga).

Above greyish green ; cap rufous ; wings and tail blackish, edged
with green : below paler, cinereous tinged with green, middle of the
belly whitish, crissxim washed with fulvous ; under wing-coverts
white ; bill and feet brown : whole length 5-5 inches, wing 2*9,
tail 2*1. Female similar.

Rab, Colombia and Ecuador.

In this plainly coloured species the sexes seem to be similar.
In all the other members of this group they are more or less
different.

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

(Type of C. riijicapilla.)

b-d. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e,f. cJad. sk. Medelliu, Antioqiua, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Salmon).

g. Ad. sk. Pasto, Ecuador (Zehmann). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Baisa, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i, j. <S 2 ad. sk. Perucho, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater CoU.

23. Calliste cayana.

Tauagra cayana, Linn. S. y. i. p. 315 ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 892.

Fringilla autumuaUs, imw. S. N. i. p. 320 ?

Calliste cavana, Pp. Consp. i. p. 234 ; id. Rev. Zoo^. 1851. p. 140;

id. Note's. I. Tang. p. 14; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 2o2 ;

id. Mon. Callist. p. 41, pi. 19 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 78 ; id. Cat. A.

112 TANAGRIDiE.

B. p. 66 ; Scl. et Salr. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 780 (Venezuela) ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 19; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (Ocana); Pelzehi, Orn.

Bras. p. 206 ; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 209 (Brit. Guian.).
Calospiza cayana, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 670 ; id. Mus. Hein.

i. p. 27.
Calliste chrysonota, Sclatei-, Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 50, pi. 51, et 1851,

p. 62.
CaUiste cyanolaima, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 140; id. Notes s. I. Tang.

p. 14.
Calliste cyanolsema, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 252 ; id. Mon. Callist.

p. 43; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 78; id. Cat. A. B. p. 66; Scl. et Salv.

Nomencl. p. 19 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 463.

Above shining ocliraceous yellow ; cap coppery rufous ; sides of
head black ; wings and tail blackish, edged with bluish green :
below ochraceous yellow ; throat and fore neck dark bluish, more or
less bright; under wing-coverts white; bill bluish black; feet brown :
whole length 4-8 inches, wing 2-8, tail 1-8. Female similar, but
duUer in coloui-, and throat but very slightly tinged with bluish.

Hah. Cayenne, Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, and E. Peru.

I have always been doubtful about the propriety of keeping G.
cijanolcema separate (<•/. Mon. Call. p. 43). An examination of
a larger series has convinced me that it may be safely uuited to
C. cayana, from which it differs solely in rather greater dimensions.
Some of Mr. Whitely's skins from Eoraima are quite as large as a
skin from the Rio Negro, which is, I believe, one of the types of
G. cyanolaima. As a rule Peruvian specimens are rather larger in
dimensions, and the blue on the throat is rather brighter.

a. (S ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll. (Type

of C. chrysonota, Scl.)
h. 2 S'd. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

c. c? ad. sk. Cayenne. P. L. Sclater [P.].

d, e. 2 ad. sk. Cayenne (Jelski). Salviu-Godman Coll.
/. c? ad. St. British Guiana. Schomburgk [C.].

</, A. cJad. ; i.(S jr.; Merume Mts., Brit. Guiana Salviu-Godman CoU.

/. $ad. sk. {Whitehi).

k, I. S ad. sk. ; m. Poraima, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

$ ad. sk. ( Jlliitehj).

n, 0. J $ ad. sk. Poraima, Brit. Guiana Sclater Coll.

(Jlliitehj).

p. cJ ad. Rio Negro.' Sclater Coll. (One of

the types of C. cyanolaima^

q. (S ad. sk. Rio Negro. Salvin-Godman Coll.

r, s. cJ 2 ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll.

t. c? ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater Coll.

M. 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

V, 20. c? 2 ad. sk. Ocana, Magdalena valley Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Wyatf).

.r, y. S 9- ad. sk. Puerto CabeUo, Venezuela. Sclater Coll.

S) a'. S ? ad. sk. Eastern Peru {Farris). Sclater Coll.

b', c'. c? ad. sk. Eastern Peru {Fan-is). Salvin-Godman Coll.

10. CALLISTE. 113

24. Calliste versicolor.

Calliste versicolor, Laior. Ann. X. Y. Acad. Sc. i. p. 152 (1878) ; id.
Fruc. U. S. N. 31. i. p. liJO (_St. Vincent), p. 209 (Grenada) et
p. 487.

Above and below shining ochraceons yellow, with slight violaceous
reflections below ; sides of head blackish ; cap dark coppery chest-
nut ; wings and tail blacKish, edged with bluish green ; under wing-
coverts pale ochraceons ; bill black, under mandible paler ; feet
dark brown : whole length 5- 7 inches, wing 3, tail 2-2. Female.
Above pale greenish mixed ^ith cinereous ; head as in male, but
rather darker ; wings and tail black with greenish edgings : below
buff)' cinereous ; middle of the belly and crissum rather more
ochraceous ; under wing-coverts white.

Hah. St. Vincent and Grenada, W. I.

At one time Mr. Salvin and I were inclined to believe that this
species was the same as C. cucuUata, Sw. (cf. Ibis, 1879, p. 357),
and that there might have been some error in the statement that
Swainson's species comes from Venezuela.

a. S ad. sk. St. Vincent, W. I. (Obe?-). Sclater Coll.

b. 5 ad. sk. Grenada, W. I. (Ober). Sclater Goll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Grenada, West Indies Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Ober).
d,e.(S2 ad. sk. Venezuela (?). Salvin-Godman Coll.

25. Calliste cucuUata.

Aglaia cucuUata, Sw. Orn. Dr. pi. 7.

Calliste cucuUata, Grai/, Gen. B. ii. p. 366; Bp. Cofisp. i. p. 2.34;

id. Rev. et Mac/, de Zool. 1851, p. 140 ; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 14 ;

Sclater, Contr.'Orn. 1851, p. 63 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19^ 253 ; id.

Syn. Av. Tan. p. 79 ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 410 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 19.

Above shining greenish ochraceous ; wings and tail black, edged
with bluish green ; cap very dark chestnut or cinnamon-colour ;
ear-coverts black : below ochraceous, washed with bluish, crissum
rufous ; under wing-coverts white ; bill dark horn-colour, paler
below ; feet blackish : whole length 5-3 inches, wing 2-2, tail 2.

Hah. Interior of Venezuela.

The present species is closely allied to 0. ver.ncoJor, but apparently
recognizable by the extremely dark colour of the cap, which is also
smaller and more restricted to the top of the head.

a. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll.

26. Calliste flava.

Yellow Tanager, Lath. Syn. ii. p. 244.

Tanagra flava, Gm. S. X. i. p. 896 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 467.

Lindo beUo, Azara, Apunt. 387.

VOL. XI. I

114 TANAHRID^.

Panagi'a formosa, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 407 ; id. Enc. Meth.
p. 773.

Tanagra cliloroptera, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 407.

Aglaia flava, Siv. Zool. III. n. s. pi. 31.

Calliste flava, Bp. Consp. i. p. 234; id. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 140; id.
Note s. I. Tang. p. 14 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 61 ; id.
P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 253 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 47, pi. 21. fig. 1 cJ ,
2 $ ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 79; id. Cat. A. B. p. 66; Pelzeln, Orn.
Bras. p. 207; Scl. et Salv. Noniencl. p. 19; Forbes, Ibis, 1881,
p. 332 (Pernambuco) ; Burni. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 181.

Callispiza flava, Cab, Mus. Hein. \. p. 27.

Above clear fulvous yellovp ; wings and tail black, edged with
bluish ; lores, sides of the head, chin, throat, breast, and middle of
the belly black ; rest of plumage below fulvous yellow like the
back, but rather darker ; under wiug-coverts blackish ; bill and feet
blackish : whole length 5"8 inches, wing 2'9, tail 2'2. Female.
Greenish fulvous ; wings and tail black, edged with greenish : below
paler, middle of throat and belly whitish; sides of throat and breast
slightly varied with dark markings ; flanks and crissum ochraceous.

Hah. S.E. Brazil, from Pernambuco to Eio Grande do Sul.

a,b. cJ 5 ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil ( W. A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Forbes).

Cjd. (5 2 ad.sk.; Pernambuco, Brazil (TF. ^. Sclater Coll.

e,f. S ji'- sk. Forbes).

(/, h. cJ ad.sk. Bahia, Brazil ( Tr«<c/*erer). Salvin-Godman CoU.

i. r? ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Rio de Salvin-Godman Coll.

Janeiro {Youds).

j. (S ad. sk. Bio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. (S ad. sk, Ypaiiema, Brazil (Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. 2 ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joi/ner). Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. c? ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Salviu-Godmau Coll.

Brazil (Joyner).

n. 2 ^^- sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman CoD.

o,p. (5 2 ^d- sk. Brazil. Sclater CoU.

27. Calliste pretiosa.

Lindo precioso, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 381.

Aglaia cayana, Lafr. et d'Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 32.

Tanagra cayana, d'Orb. Voy. p. 272.

Calliste cayana, Hartl. Ind. Azar. p. 6.

Tanagra gyrola, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 471 ; Dubois, Orn. Gall. p. 131,

pl.87(cJ).
Callispiza preciosa. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 27.
Calliste castanonota, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 63; id. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 19.
Calliste pretiosa, Bp. Eev. Zool. 1851, p. 139 ; id. Note s. I. Tang.

p. 14 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 254 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 50,

pi. 22 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 80; id. Cat. A. B. p. 66 ; Scl. et Salt.

Nomencl. p. 19 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 207.
Calliste preciosa, Btirtn. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 182.
Tanagra ochronota, Natt. MS. (teste Pelzeln).

Above, whole head, neck, and middle of back dark coppery chest-

10. CALLISTE. 115

nut ; wing-coverts and lower back bright ochraceous ; wings and tail
black, edged with bluish : below greenish blue, middle of belly-
brighter and more bluish ; lower flanks, thighs, and crissum chest-
nut ; bill black ; feet brownish black : whole length 6-3 inches,
wing 3'3, tail 2-3. Female. Above dark green : wings and tail
blackish, edged with green ; head and upper back suffused with
coppery chestnut : below paler and less pure, middle of belly
whitish ; crissum tinged with rufous.

Hah. Southern Brazil and Paraguay.

A larger species than G.fiava, and easily known by its deep
chestnut head and back.

a,h. c? $ ad. sk. Rio Grande do Sul (Plant). Sclater Coll.

c. S ad. sk. Curytiba, Brazil (Natterer). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

d. d ad. sk. S. Brazil. P. L. Sclater [P.]. ■

28. Calliste melanonota.

Tanagra peruviana, Destn. Tan. pi. 11 (cJ ) ; Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 778.
Tanagra gyrola, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 471 (partim) ; Dubois, Orn. Gall.

p.l31,pl.87($).
Aglaia melanota, Stv. Orn. Dr. pis. 31 (cJ), 43 ( $ ).
Calliste peruviana, 3p. Consp. i. p. 2.34 ; id. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 140 ;

id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 14 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. (J4 : id.

P. Z. S. 1856, p. I'J.
Calliste melanonota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 254 ; id. Mon. Callist.

p. 51, pi. 23. figs. 1 c? , 2 $ ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 80 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 67 ; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 207 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 19.

Above, head and neck dark coppery chestnut ; interscapulium deep
black ; wing-coverts and lower back clear ochraceous ; wings and
tail black, narrowly edged with bluish : below nearly uniform
greenish blue ; lower flanks and crissum chestnut ; under wing-
coverts white ; bUl and feet brownish black : whole length 5"8 iuches,
wing 3, tail 2-2. Female. Above dark green, darker on the inter-
scapulium, lighter on the rump ; head and neck tinged with coppery
chestnut ; wings and tail blackish, edged with gi'een : below paler ;
middle of belly whitish ; crissum pale rufous.

Hah. Southern Brazil (Sao Paulo, Goyaz, and Panama).

This species is at ouce recognizable by the well-defined black back
of the male. In C. pretiosa, its near ally, the interscapulium is of
the same chestnut as the head.

a,b. cj 5 ad. sk. S. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joyner). Salvin-Godman CoU.

d. cS .jr. sk. ; e. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman CoU.
2 ad. sk. [Joyner).

f. (S fid. sk. Santa Catarina, Brazil Salvin-Godman CoU,

(^Rodger s).

g. 2 ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Salvin-Godmau CoU.

Brazil (^Joyner).
h, i. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

I 2

116 TANAGRID^.

Sect. VI. Group of C. gyrola.
General colour bright green ; cap bright rufous.

Key to the Species.

A. Middle of belly bright blue.

a. Rump green like the back.

I Wing-coverts green 29. gyrola, p. 116.

I Wiug-coYeits chestnut 30. lavinia, p. 116.

b. Rump bright blue.

j Wing-coverts green 31. gyroloides, p. 117.

I Wing-coverts chestnut 32. alhertince, p. 118.

B. Middle of belly green 33. desmaresti, p. 118.

29. Calliste gyrola.

TanagTa gyrola, Lhm. S. N. i. p. 315.

Tangara du Perou, Dauh. PL Enl. 133. fig. 2.

Tangara rouverdin, Desm. Tang. p. 6.

Aglaia chrysoptera, Sw. An. in Menag. p. .So6.

Calliste gyrola, i?^j. C'o?isp. i. p. 234 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 18-51, p. 67 ;

id. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 255 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 55, pi. 25 ; id.

Syn. Av. Tan. p. 81 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 67 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 19 ; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 209 (Brit. Guiana).
Callispiza gyrola, Cab. Mtis. Hein. i. p. 2^.
Gyrola chrysoptera, Bji. Pcv. Zool. 1851, p. 139; id. Note s. I. Tang.

p. 13.

Shining grass-green ; head chestnut ; slight line round the nape
and bend of wing golden ; middle of beUy bright blue ; thighs
rufous ; bill and feet dark brown : whole length 4*8 inches, wing
2-7, tail 1"8. Female similar, but colours duller.

Hab. Cayenne and British Guiana.

a. Ad. sk. ; b, c. Jr. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

d, e. c? 2 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guiana ( TJ^iitcli/).
f. Ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Sclater Coll.

Guiana ( Wliitely).
y. S ad. sk. Camacusa,Brit.Gmana Salvin-Godman Coll,

{Whitely).
h. c? ad. sk. Merum6 Mts., Brit. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guiana {T^liitely).
i,j. (S ad. sk. ; k. $ Roraima, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

ad. sk. ( TMiitely).

I, m. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Salvin-Godman Coll.

30. Calliste lavinia.

Calliste lavinia, Casdn, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1858, p. 178, et 1860, p. 142,
t. 1. fig. 1 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 315 (Nicaragua) ; Scl. Ibis, 1863,
p. 461, et 1876, p. 409 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 19; Salv.et Godm.
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 271.

Shining grass-green ; head and edgings of wing-coverts and

10. CALLISTE. 117'

primaries dark chestnut ; back of neck glossed with golden yellow ;
middle of belly bright blue ; thighs rufous ; bill horn-colour ; feet
brown : whole length 5 inches, wing 3, tail 1-9. Female similar,
but colours less bright.

Hah. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, and Darien.

a, b. Ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt). Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. ; d. Chontales, Nicaragua {Belt). Salyin-Godman Coll.

Jr. sk.

e. Ad.sk. Nicaragua (Jfl!«sf«)- Salvin-Godnmn Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Costa Rica ( Van Patten). Salvin-Godman Coll.

g, h. Ad. sk. ; Veragua {Arce). Salviu-Godman Coll.

i. Jr. sk.

31. Calliste gyroloides.

Aglaia gyrola, Lafr. d d'Orh. Syn. Ai\ i. p. 32.

Tanagra gyrola, d'Orh. Voy. p. 272.

Aglaia peruviana, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 356 (1838).

Callispiza gyrola, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 202.

Aglaia gyroloides, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 277.

Calliste gTi'oloides, Bp. Consp. i. p. 234; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851,

p. 67 ; 'id. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 115, 1855, p. 158, 1850, pp. 19, 255,

1857, p. 264, 1858, pp. 74, 453, 1859, p. 139, et 1860, pp. 87, 292;

id. Man. Callist. p. 57, pi. 26 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 81 ; id. Cat. A.

B. p. 67 ; Lawr. A?m. L. N. Y. vii. p. 332 (Panama) ; Frantz. J. f.

0. 1869, p. 298 (Costa Rica) ; Cass. Rep. U.S. Astr.Exp. ii. p. 182,

pi. 19. f. 1 ; Salr. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 138, et 1870, p. 186 (Veragua);

Scl. et Salt. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 350 (Panama), 1867, p. 749. 1873,

pp. 185, 261 (E. Peru), et 1879, pp. 499 (Antioquia), 599 (Bolivia) ;

iid. Nomencl. p. 19 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 514, et 1882, p. 11 ; id.

Orn. Per. ii. p 463 ( Peru) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 ; Pelzeln, Orn.

Bras. p. 207 (Marabitanas) ; Berl. J.f. 0. 1883, p. 289 (Bucara-

manga) ; Scdv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Ares, i. p. 270 ; Tacz. et

Bert. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 78 (Ecuador).
Calliste cyanoventris, Oray, Gen. B. ii. p. 366 (1844).
Gvrola cyanoventris, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 139 ; id. Note s. I. Tang.

•p. 13.

Shining grass-green ; head bright rufous ; rump and body below
bright blue, passing into green on the flanks and crissum ; thighs
rufous ; bill and feet brown : whole length 5'2 inches, M'ing 3-1,
tail 2'2. Female similar, but not so bright.

Hccb. Costa Rica, and southwards over Colombia, Ecuador, and
Peru to Bolivia ; also Amazonia as far down as Rio Negro.

I should have supposed that Rio-Negro specimens would have
belonged to C. gyrola, but Herr v. Pelzeln (Ibis, 1877, p. 338)
refers them to this species. In some specimens (especially those
from Eastern Peru and Ecuador) the nape and bend of the wing are
strongly washed with golden yellow.

a. Ad. sk. Costa Rica {Arce). Sclater Coll.

b. $ ad. sk. Guiatil, Costa Rica (CrtrOT?'oZ). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. d. Ad. sk. Turrialba, Costa Rica (Arce). Salviu-Godman Coll.
e,f. cJ 5 ad. sk. Santa Ee, Veragua (.<4ree'). Salvin-Godman Coll.
g' d ad. sk. ; h. Calovevora, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

?jr. sk.

118 TANAGRID^.

i.

Ad. sk.

J.

Ad. sk.

k.

$ ad. sk.

I.

S ad. sk.

m

. Ad. sk. ;

Jr. sk.

0,

p. Ad. sk.

<!■

Ad. sk.

r.

Jr. sk.

s.

S ad. sk.

t.

Ad. sk.

u

Ad. sk.

V.

Ad. sk.

w

Jr. sk.

x

Ad. sk.

y-

Jr. sk.

Ad. sk.

a

. Ad. sk.

Veragua (Arce). Sclater Coll.

Bugabn, Cbiriqui (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Lion Hill, If-tlimus of Panama Salvin-Godman Coll.

{McLeamtun).

Isthm. of Panama {McLeannan) . Salvin-Godman Coll.

Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Colombia. Gould CoU.

Bogota. Purchased.

Bogota. Sclater Coll.

Eemedios, Antioquia, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman CoU.

(Salmon).

Concordia, Antioquia (Salmon). Sclater Coll.

San Jose, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Rio iS'apo. Gould Coll.

Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Ega, Amazons. Purchased.

Eastern Peru (Farris). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Eastern Peru (Farris). Sclater Coll.

32. Calliste albertinae.

Calliste albertinJB, Peh. Ibis, 1877, p. 3-37.

Calliste gyroloides (part.), Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 207 (1871).

Head, cheeks, and chin rufous chestnut, upper surface generally-
green ; neck yellowish green, but without a distinct collar; shoulders
bright reddish chestnut ; rump and under surface blue ; under tail-
coverts green ; thighs pale reddish : whole length 5 inches, wing 2-8,
tail 1-10.

JIab. Madeira river, near Salto de Girao (Natterer).

I transcribe Herr v. Pelzeln's description of this species, of which
the only known specimen is in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna. It
resembles C. lavinia in its chestnut shoulders, but has a blue rump
lite C. gyroloides.

33. Calliste desmaresti.

Tangara rouverdiu, femelle, Desm. Tan. pi. 7 (?).

Tauagra gyrola, Sw. Zool. III. n. s. pi. 28.

Calliste desmaresti, Gray, G. B. ii. p. 366 (1844) ; Sclater, Contr.

Orn. 1851, p. 67 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 256 ; id. Man. CalKst.

p. 59, pi. 27 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 82 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 68 ; Taylor,

Ibis, 1864, p. 82; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 627 (Venezuela) ;

iid. Nomencl. p. 19 ; Cass. Pep. U.S. Astr. Exp. ii. p. 182, pi. 19.

fig. 2; Finsch, P.Z.«. 1870, p. 579 (Trinidad); Salv. et Godm.

Ibis, 1880, p. 120 (SifTra Nevada of S. Marta).
Aglaia viridissima, lafr. Pev. Zool. 1847, p. 277.
Gyrola viridissima, B]}. Pev. Zool. 1851, p. 139; id. Note s. I. Tang.

^■}^- ....
Calliste viridissima, Bp. Consp. i. p. 234.

Bright grass-green ; wings and tail blackish, edged with green ;

10. CAHI8TE. 119

head chestnut ; bill and feet brown : whole length 5-3 inches,
wing 3-3, tail 2-1.

Hub. Venezuela, Trinidad, and northern littoral of Colombia.

a. Ad. st. S. America. Purchased.

b. Ad.sk. San Esteban, Venezuela (G-'oe;'«i(/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-CTodman CoU.

d. Ad. sk. Venezuela (Dysmi). Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Venezuela {Spence). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. Ad. sk. ; Trinidad. Sclater Coll.

g. Jr. sk.

h. Ad. sk. ; Trinidad. Piu'chased.

i. Jr. sk.

_;. cJad.sk. Minca,SantaMarta,U'.S.C.(<S/mows). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sect. VII. Group of C. hrasiliensis.
Black and blue ; interscapulium black ; bend of wing blue.

Key to the Species.

a. Belly white 34. hrasiliensis, p. 119,

b. Belly pale yellow.

Bend of wing thalassine blue 35. Jlaviventris, p. 120.

Bend of wing blue like the throat .... 36. boliviatia, p. 121.

34. Calliste hrasiliensis.

Tanagi'a hrasiliensis, Zinn. S. JV. i. p. 316 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 477.
Calliste brasiUensis, B}}. Consp. i. p. 234; Sclater, Coivtr. Om. 1851,

p. 68 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 256 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 61, pi. 28 ;

id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 82 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 68 ; Burin. Syst. Ueb.

iii. p. 180 ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 207 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 19.
Callospiza hrasiliensis, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1851, p. 468 ; id. Note s. I. Tang,

p. 19 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 27.
Tangara barbadensis cserulea, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 8 (?).
Tangara bleu de Cayenne, Buff. PI. Enl. 155. fig. 1 ; id. Hist. Nat,

iv. p. 282 (?).
Tanagra barbadensis, KkM, Tnd. PI. Enl. p. 3 ; Temm. Tabl. Meth.

p. 41.
Calliste albiventris, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 306 ; Scl, Cat. A. B. p. 68 ;

Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. v. 19.
Callospiza barbadensis, Bp. Compt. Bend, xxxii. p. 80.

Above black ; fore part of cap (except narrow front), sides of
neck, wing-coverts, narrow margins of primaries, rump, and upper
tail-coverts liright blue : below bright blue, neck and flanks varied
with black ; middle of abdomen, crissum, and under wing-coverts
white; bill black; feet dark brown: whole length 6 inches, wing
3-4, tail 2-3. Female similar, but rather smaller.

Hah, S.E. Brazil.

In some former aiiicles upon this genus, I have recognized
Calliste albiventris of Cayenne as distinct, having been induced to
do so from the fact of having a skin, apparently of " Cayenne "
make, which is smaller in dimensions than the typical C. hrasiliensis ;

120 TANAGEID^.

but there is no recent authority for the occurrence of this form in
('ayenne.

a. Ad. St. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

b-d. Ad.sk. Biihia, Brazil (Wucherer). Salvin-Godiuan Coll.

e,f. Ad.sk.; (/. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

Jr. sk.

h, i. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

.;. Ad. sk. Cayenne (?). Sclater Coll. (C.albi-

ventris, Sclater, olim.)

35. Calliste flaviventris.

Taaagi'a mexicana, Linn. S. N. i. p. 315.

Tanagra flaviventris, Vieill. JVouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 410 ; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 774.
Calliste mexicana, Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 235.
Callospiza mexicana, Cab. in ScJiovib. Gidan. iii. p. 670.
Calliste flaviventris, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 69 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856,

pp. 19, 257 5 id. Mon. Callist. p. 63, pi. 29 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 83 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 68 : Scl. ef Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 571 (Lower

Amazons) ; iid. Numencl. p. 19; Lnyard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379 (Para) ;

Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 210 (Brit. Guiana); Pekeln, Orn. Bras. p. 207

(partim).
Callispiza flaviventris. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 27.
Callospiza cayaneusis, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 169 ; id. Note s. I.

Tany. p. 20.
Callospiza mexicana, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxii. p. 80 ; id. Rev. Zool.

1851, p. 169 ; id. Note s. I. Tatty, p. 20.
Calliste vieilloti, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 257; id. Mon. Callist.

p. 65 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 83 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 69 ; Taylor, Ibis,

1864, p. 82 (Trinidad) ; Scl. et Salv. N&mencl. p. 19 ; Finsch, P. Z. S.

1870, p. 579 (Trinidad).

Above black ; fore part of cap (except narrow front), sides of head,
margins of larger wing-coverts, and rump bright blue ; smaller upper
wing-coverts bright turquoise-blue, narrow outer margius of pri-
maries bright greenish blue : below blue, varied on the throat and
flunks with black ; middle of abdomen and crissum pale sulphur-
yellow ; under wing-coverts white ; bill black ; feet dark brown :
whole length 5-4 inches, wing 2-7, tail 1-8. Female like the
male.

Hah. Lower Amazonia, Cayenne, Guiana, Venezuela, and Tri-
nidad.

In former writiugs I have kept a form of this species distinct as
C. vieilloti; but the difference (consisting merely in the stronger
tinge of the yellow belly) is so slight that I have now united the
two forms as subspecies.

a. Subsp. typica.

a. Ad. st. Cayenne. Purchased.

b, c. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Ad. sk. British Guiana (Spence). Sclater Coll.

Ad. sk. Barra do Rio Negro (Wal- Sclater Coll.

lace).

10. CALLISTE.

121

a, h. S ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk. ;
^r. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. St.

/. Jr. sk.

b. Snbsp. vieiUoti.

Bai'tica Grove, Brit. Guiana

[Whitehj).
Venezuela.
Trinidad.

Trinidad.
Trinidad.
Trinidad.

Salvin-Goduian Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Sclater Coll. (Type

of C. vieUloti.)
Purchased.
P. L. Sclater [P.].
Purchased.

36. Calliste boliviana.

Aglaia mexicana, Lafr. et iVOrh. Sipi. Av. i. p. 32.

Tanagra flaviventris, c?'0/-&. Voy., 0«s. p. 270.

Callospiza boliviana, Bji. Compt. Rend, xxxii. p. 80 ; id. Rev. Zool.
1851, p. 169; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 20.

Calliste boliviana, Sclater, Cotilr. Orn. 1851, p. 69; id. P. Z. S. 1856,
pp. 19, 258, et 1857, p. 264 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 67, pi. 30 ; id.
Syn. Av. Tan. p. 84 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 69 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.
Ib66,p. 180 (Ucayali), 1867, p. 571 (Lower Amazons), 1867, p. 977
(Pebas), 1873, p. 261 (E. Peru), 1879, p. 599 (BoUvia) ; iid. No-
mend, p. 19; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 464.

Calliste flaviventris, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 207 (partim).

Above black, fore part of cap (except narrow front), sides of head,
margins of wing- coverts, and rump bright blue ; narrow margins of
primaries greenish blue : below blue, throat and flanks varied with
black ; middle of abdomen and crissum pale sulphur-yellow ; under
wing-coverts white; bill black; feet dark brown: whole length
5"2 inches, wing 2*8, tail 1-9. Female similar.

Hub. Colombia, Eastern Ecuador, Amazonia, and Bolivia.

Exactly like C. flaviventris, but without the turquoise-blue on the
bend of the wing, and of a deeper yellow below.

a. Ad. sk, Bogota.

h. Ad. sk. Bogota.

c, d. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley).

e. Ad. sk. Ecuador (Buckley).

f. Ad. sk. Pebas, Eastern Peru {Hauxwell).

g. Ad. sk. Ucayali (Jfau.rwell).
h. Ad. sk. Upper Amazons.

i. Ad. sk. Ega, Amazons {Wallace).

J. Ad. sk. Capim r., L. Amazons {Wallace).

Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Giidman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould CoU.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Sect. VUI. Group of C. inornata.

General colour cinereous ; bend of wing bright blue.

Of this group only one species is at present known. It is probably
a development of the immature form of the ancestor of the group of
C. hrasiliensis.

37. Calliste inomata.

CaUiste inomata, Gmdd, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 158 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,
p. 258; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 84 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 103, pi. 45 ;

122

TANASRID^.

Laivrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 298 (Panama) ; Cassin, Pr. Ac.
Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 142 (Turbo) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 3o0
(Panama), 1879, p. 499 (Antioquia); iid. Nomencl. p. 19; Salv. et
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 273 ; Bed. J.f. 0. 1884, p. 291
(B ucaramanga) .

Above dusky cinereous ; wings and tail blackish, small upper
coverts of the wing bright shining blue : below paler, middle of
belly and crissum almost white ; under wing-coverts white ; bill
blackish ; feet dark plumbeous: whole length 4'7 inches, wing 2-6,
tail 2. Female similar.

Hah. Veragua, Panama, and Colombia.

This is quite a peculiar species as regards its colours. The bright
spot on the upper wing-coverts induces me to place it near the group
of G. brasiliensis.

a. Ad. sb. Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Panama (Markham). Salvin-Godraan Coll.

c. d. c? 2 ad. sk. Lion Hill,Panama(McZe«!M?»«w). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Paraiso Station, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Ifiiffhes).

f. Ad. sk. Panama (McLeannan). Sclater Coll.
ff. Ad. sk. Panama. Sclater Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Bogota. Gould Coll. (Type

of the species.)

/. Jr. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

k. Ad. sk. Eemedios, Antioquia (&&wo«). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. Ad. sk. Nichi, Antioquia {Salmon). Sclater Coll.

m. Ad. sk. Antioquia {Salmon). Sclater Coll.

Sect. IX. Group of C. nigriviridis.

Neck- and breast-feathers black edged with green or blue, forming
squamulations ; rump shining green or blue.

Key to the Species.

A. Cap-feathers black, broadly edged with blue.

Interscapulium black 38. nigriviridis, p. 122.

Interscapiilium green 39. cabanisi, p. 123.

B. Cap black ; nuchal spot rufous 40. dowi, p. 124.

38, Calliste nigriviridis.

Tanagra nigroviridis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 69 ; id. Mag, de Zool.

1843, pi. 43.
Calliste nigro-viridis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 235 ; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851,

p. 56 ; id. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 158, et 1856, pp. 19 , 260 ; id. Mon.

Callist. p. 77 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 86 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 69 ; Scl. el

Salv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 237 (Venezuela), et 1879, p. 499 (Antioquia) ;

iid. No7nencl. p. 19 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1 874, p. 514 (Gentr. Peru), 1879,

p. 226 (N. Peru), et 1880, p. 194 (N. Peru) ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z.S.

1884, p. 289 (W. Ecuador).

10. CALLI8TE. 123

Callispiza nigroviridis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 27.

Chalcotliraupis nigro-Yiridis, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 145; id. Notes.

I. Tang. p. 19.
Calliste cyanescens, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 260 ; id. Mon. Callist.

p. 79, pi. 35 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 80 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 70.
Calliste nig-riviridis berlepschi, Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 469.

Above, front, sides of the head, and interscapulium black ; cap-
feathers black, broadly edged with shining greenish blue ; rump
greenish blue ; wings and tail black margined with blue ; bend of
wing bright blue : below black, all the feathers broadly terminated
with greenish blue ; middle of belly and under wing-coverts whitish ;
biU black, pale at the base : feet dark brown : whole length 4-8 inches,
wing 2-8, tail 2. Female similar.

Mab. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

I formerly separated the larger and more bluish Venezuelan form
specifically as 0. cyanescens, but a fuller series of specimens has
convinced me that I was wrong in doing so ; nor can I keep dis-
tinct M. Taczanowski's C. nigriviridis berlepschi of Peru, in which
the terminal spots of the feathers have a rather more greenish
tinge.

a. Ad. st.

Bogota.

Purchased.

b,c. Ad.sk.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.

d, e. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Purchased.

g. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Gould Coll.

h. Ad. sk.

St. Helena, Antioquia {Salmon).

Sclater Coll.

i. Ad. sk.

Medellin, Antioquia (Salmon).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

./. c? ad. sk.

Envigado, U. S. of Colombia

{Salmon).
Envigado, U. S. of Colombia

Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. Ad. sk.

Sclater Coll.

(Salmon).

/. Ad.sk.

Paste, Ecuador (Lehmann).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

m, n. Ad. sk.

lutaj, Ecuador (Buckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

0. Ad. sk.

Ecuador (Jameson).

Sclater Coll.

I). Ad. sk.

Ecuador.

Gould Coll.

q. Ad. sk.

Venezuela.

Sclater Coll. (Type of
C. cyanescens.)

r, s. Ad. sk.

Caracas, Venezuela (Goeritig).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

t. S ad. sk.

San Cristoval, Venezuela
(Goering).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

u. Ad. sk.

Venezuela.

Sclater Coll.

V. Ad. sk.

Aragua, Venezuela.

U. Dvson [C.].

?{7. Ad. sk.

Venezuela.

Gould CoU.

39. Calliste cabanisi.

Calliste (sive Callispiza) sclateri, Cab. J. f. 0. 1866, p. 163.
Calhste cabanisi, Scl. Ibis, 1808, p. 71, t. iii., et 1870, p. 407; Scl.ef,

Salv. Nomencl. p. 12 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i.

p. 271.

Above greenish blue ; wings and tail black margined with blue ;
interscapulium green ; cap black margined with blue : beneath pale

124 TANAGEID-E,

greenish blue, middle of belly whitish ; breast-feathers spotted with
black ; bill black, at base plumbeous ; feet black : whole length
5"7 inches, wing 8 -i, tail 2'3.

IJuh. Costa C'ucii district of Guatemala.

The characters are taken from the unique specimen in the Museum
of Berlin which I examined in 1868.

40. Calliste dowi.

Calliste dowi, Salv. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 168, at 1870, p. 187 ; Scl. Ibis,
1863, p. 451, t. xii., et 1876, p. 407 ; Lawr. Aim. L. N. Y. ix. p. 98 ;
Frantz. J.f. O. 1869, p. 298 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 19 ; Salv. et
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 272.

Above black ; slight nuchal spot rufous ; feathers of back of neck
and sides of head terminated with pale silvery green ; rump greenish
blue ; wings and tail black with slight blue edgings ; bend of wing
bright blue : below, throat black ; breast-feathers black with pale
silvery-green edgings ; whole abdomen rich rufous ; under wing-
coverts pale rufous : whole length 4-8 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2.
Female similar.

Bab. Costa Eica and Yeragua.

A species very easily known by its rich rufous abdomen, apparently
coming nearest to C. nigrivh-idis.

a, h. Ad. sk. Irazu dist., Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Rogers).

c. Ad. sk. Kancho Redondo, Costa Salvin-Godman Coll.

Rica (Doiv).

d. Ad. sk. Navarro, Costa Rica (Cooper). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. 5 ad. sk. Quebrada Honda, Costa Salvin-Godman Coll.

Rica (ZeledoH).
ft 'J- d 2 ad. sk. Cordillera del Chucu, Vera- Salvin-Godman Coll.

gua (yAj-ce).
h. Ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). Sclater Coll.

Sect. X. Group of C. larvata.
Interscapulium and chest black ; rump shining blue or green.

Key to the Species.

A. Middle of abdomen white.

Nape coppery yellow 41. larvata, p. 124.

Nape liliac-blue 42. nigridncta, p. 126.

B. Middle of abdomen black or slightly glossed

with purple.

Rump green 43. cyaneicollis, p. 127.

Rump blue 44. cyanoinjyia, p. 128.

41. Calliste larvata.

Calliste larvata, Bu Bus, Esq. Orn. pi. 9 ; Bjj. Consp. i. p. 236 ; Sclater,
Contr. Orn, 1851, p. 04; id. P. Z. S.lQbQ, pp. 19,260; id. Man.

10. CALLISTE. 125

Callist. p. 81, pi. 36 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 8(3 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 70 ;
Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. io, LSGO, p. 33 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836,
et 1879, p. 499 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 19 ; Salo. Ibis, 1859,
p. 467, et 1872, p. 316 ; Salv. et Godm, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aocs, i.
p. 274.

Tatao larvatus, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1851, p. 142 ; id. Note s. I, Tang. p. 16,

Aglaia fanny, Lafr. Bev. Zool. 1847, p. 72.

Calliste fanny, Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 236; l)es Blurs, Icon. Orn. pi. 56. fig. 1.

Calliste franciscse, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 142, 261 ; id. Mon. Callist.
p. 83 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 87 ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii.
pp. 298, 332, viii. pp. 175, 179, ix. p. 98 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 350; Salv. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 169, 1867, p. 138, 1870 p. 187;
V. Frantz. J.f. O. 1869, p. 298.

Above, front, lores, line round the eye, upper back, and scapularics
black ; nape and sides of neck brilliant pale golden-copper colour';
sides of face bluish ; whole lower back bright blue ; wings and tail
black ; remigcs and rectrices narrowly margined with greenish blue ;
wing-coverts margined with bright blue ; bend of wing purplish
blue: below black : throat bright golden-copper colour; middle of
abdomen white, sides glossed with purple or blue ; under wing-
coverts, white ; biU black ; feet dark brown : whole length 5 inches,
M'ing 2"9, tail 1*9. Female similar, but rather less brilliant.

Hub. S. Mexico and Central America, southwards to Paiiama and
Northern Colombia.

The South-Mexican and Guatemalan form of this species ( Calliste
larvafa tijpica) was long kept distinct from the more southern form
(Calliste larvata franeescce) ; but I agree with Messrs. Salvin and
Godman (Biol. Centr.-Am. I. s. c.) that the differences are not suffi-
cient for specific distinction : they consist mainly in the darker
shade of the nape and throat in the northern form.

a. Subsp. typica.

a. Ad. st. Honduras. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Behze, British Honduras Salviu-Godman Coll.

{Blancaneau.v).

c. (S fid. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz {Salvin Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sj- Godman).

d. cJ ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz (Salmi). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz (Salvin). Sclater CoU.

/. c? ad. sk. Sources of River de la I'a- Salvin-Godman Coll.

sion. Vera Paz (Salvin dy

Godman).
(/. Ad. sk. Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. c? ad. sk. Yzahal, CTuatemala (Salvin). Salviu-Godman Coll.

i,j. Jr. sk. Chisec, Guatemala. Salviu-Godman Coll.

k. Ad. sk. San Pedro, Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Wtitehj).

b. Subsp. francescce.

a. Ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h, c. Ad. sk. Turrialha, Costa Uica (Arce). Salvin-Godman Cull.

d. Ad. sk. Turiialba, Costa Kica Salviu-Godman Coll.

(COOJK)-).

126 TANAeEID^,

e. (5' jr. sk. AngostiU'a, Costa Rica (Car- Sal vin-Godman Coll.

tmul).

f. (J ad. sk. Cordillera de Tole, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Arce).
ff. 2 ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. c? ad. sk. Mina Chorcba, Chiriqui Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Arce).
i. cJ ad. .sk. Santa Fe, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

j,k. cJ ad.,jr. sk. Castillo, Veragua (./4rce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

^. Ad. sk. ; m. Jr. V&-Qd.m.& (McLeannan), Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. ; n. 5 sk.
0. Jr. sk. Paraiso Station, Isthmus of Salvin-Godman Coll.

Panama (Hughes).
p. Ad. sk. Antioquia (Salmon). Sclater Coll.

q. (S ad. sk. Remedies, Antioquia, U. S. Salvin-Godman Coll.

C. (Salmon).

42. Calliste nigricincta.

Aglaia nigro-ciucta, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 121.

Calliste nigro-cincta, Bp. Consp. i. p. 2.3-5 ; Scl. Confr. Orn. 1851, p. 68.

Chalcotbraupis nigro-cincta, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 145; id. Notes. I.

Tang. p. 19.
CaUiste thalassina, StrickJ. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiii. p. 419 ; Scl.

Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 57 ; id. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 115, 1855, p. 158.
Aglaia wilsoni, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 71 .
Calliste wilsoni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 236, sp. 37 ; Des Murs, Icon. Orn.

pi. 56. fig. 2.
Chrysotbraupis thalassina, Bp, Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 143 ; id. Note s. I.

Tang. p. 17.
Calliste larvata, Cass. Rep. U.S. Astr. Exp. p. 182, pi. 18. -fig. 2.
CaUiste uigTicincta, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 261 ; id. Mon. Callist.

p. 85, pi. 37 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 87 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 70; Scl. et

Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 185 (S. Peru), 1879, p. 599 (Bolivia) ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 19 ; Peheln, Orn. Bras. p. 208 (Marabitanas) ; Tacs.

P.Z.S. 1882, p. 2 (N.E. Peru); id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 471; Sakin,

Ibis, 1885, p. 210 (Brit. Guian.).

Above, head and neck lilac-blue ; sides of face greenish ; inter-
scapulium black ; whole lower back bright blue ; wings and tail
black ; remiges and rectrices narrowly edged with green ; larger
wing-coverts green, smaller bright blue like the back : below,
throat lilac-blue with slight greenish gloss ; breast black ; middle
of abdomen white, sides bright blue ; under wing-coverts black ;
bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 4-8 inches, wing 2-7,
tail 1"9. Female similar, but rather less brilliant.

Hah. Bolivia, Peru, Eastern Ecuador, Colombia, Upper Amazonia,
Eio Negro, and Eoraima mountains of British Guiana.

A widely diffused species, very easily recognizable by its Hlac
head and throat and white belly, and not apparently showing much
variation according to locality.

a, Jr. sk. Maipari, BoHvia (Buckley), Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. ; c. Jr. Ucayali, Peru (Hau.vtvell). Goidd Coll.

10. CALtlSTE. 127

d. Ad. sk. Eastern Peru (Farris). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e, f. Ad.sk.; ff. Sarayacu, Ecuador (^McA;/ey). Salvin-Godman Coll.
Jr. sk.

/i. Ad. sk. Sarayacu,Ecuador(5?/eW«/). Sclater Coll.

i. Ad. sk. ; /. Jr. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

sk.

k. Ad. sk. ; I. Jr. Bogota. Purchased.

sk.

m~v. (J ad. sk. ; Roraima, British Guiana Salvin-Godman CoH.

p. 2 ad- sk. ; (JJ^iitebj).

q. 2 jr. sk.

r, s. 5 ad. sk. Roraima, British Guiana Sclater CoU.
( Whitely).

43. Calliste cyaneicollis.

Aglaia cyanicollis, Lafr. et d'Orh. Si/n. Av. i. p. 3.3.

Tanagra cyanicollis, cVOrh. Voy. Ois. p. 271, pi, 25. fig. 1.

Callospiza cyanicollis, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 202.

Aglaia cjeruleocephala, Sw. An. iyi Menag. p. 356.

Calliste cseruleocephala, Bp. Comp. i. p. 235, sp. 19 ; Tacz, et Berl.

P. Z. S. 1885, p. 79 (Ecuador).
Calliste cyanicollis, Scl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 115 ; id. P. Z. S. 1854,

p. 115, 1855, p. 158 ; Cass. Rep. U.S. Astr. Exp. ii. p. 181, pi. 18.

fig.l.
Calliste cyaneicollis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 262 ; id. Mon. C'alHst.

p. 87, pi. 38 ; id. Sy?i. Av. Tan. p. 88 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 70 ; Scl.

et Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 252 (Venezuela) et p. 597 (S. Peru),

1870, p. 780 (Merida), 1875, p. 237 (Tachira), 1879, p. 499

(Antioquia) ; iid. Komencl. p. 19 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1882, p. 12

(Colombia) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 515 (Centr. Per.), 1882, p. 12

(N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 472.
Calliste hannahife, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 287, pi. i. fig. 2 ;

Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 252 ; Berl. J.f. O. 1884, p. 290.
Calliste cseruleocephala, subsp. gi'anadensis, Berl. J. f. O. 1884,

p. 290.

Above, head and neck shining blue ; lores black ; interscapulium,
wings, and tail black : rump and edgings of wing- and tail-feathers
shining green ; wing-coverts glossed more or less with coppery :
below black, glossed more or less with purple on the flanks ; whole
neck blue like the head above, with more or less purplish tinge on
the middle of the throat ; crissum slightly tinged with greenish : under
wing-coverts black : bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 4-7
inches, wing 2"5, tail 1"9. Female similar.

Hah. Bolivia, Peru, Eastern Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela.

The description is that of the typical form from Bolivia. It is
generally possible to distinguish three other local forms, which I can
only regard as subspecies. In Northern Peru C. c. cceruleocephaJa
shows a strong purplish tinge on the throat ; in Colombia C. c. gra-
nadensis does not exhibit the coppery glance on the wings ; aud in
Venezuela C. c. liannahia has the beUy black without any purplish
tinge.

128

TANAGRIDiE.

a. Subsp. typica.

a. Ad. sk.

Tilotilo, Bolivia (Buckley).

Sclater CoU.

6, c. Ad. sk.

Bolivia (Bucklei/).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk.

Ilamosani, Bolivia (Bucklei/).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk.

Cosnipata, S. Peru ( Whitely).

Sclater Coll.

•

b. Subsp. cceruleocejjJicda.

«. Ad. sk.

Eastern Peru (Farris).

Sclater Coll.

h. Ad. sk.

Eastern Peru (Farris).

Salvin-Godman Coll

c. Ad. sk.

Chiquinda, 'EcuAdov{ Bucklei/).

Salvin-Godman Coll

(?. Ad. sk.

Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

e,f. Ad. sk.

Jima, Ecuador (Buckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll

//, Jr. sk.

Ecuador.

Salvin-Godman Coll

h, i. Ad. sk.

Rio Napo, Ecuador.

c. Subsp. (jranadensis.

Gould Coll.

o, 6. Ad. St.

Colombia.

Purchased.

c, d. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Salvin-Godman Coll

e. Ad. sk. ; /.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.

Jr. sk.

(/. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Gould CoU.

h. Jr. sk.

Bogota.

Purchased.

i. Ad. sk.

Medellin, Antioquia (Salmon).

Salvin-Godman Coll

j. Ad. sk.

Concordia, Antioquia (Sal-
mon).

d. Subsp. hannahice.

Sclater Coll.

rt. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.

b. 2 ad. sk.

San Cristoval, Venezuela

Salvin-Godman Coll

c. Ad. sk.

(Goering).
Valencia, Venezuela ( Goering) . Sclater Coll.

44. Calliste cyanopygia.

Calliste cj aneicoUis, Scl. P. Z. S. IS-^S, p. 452, 1860, p. 292.
Calliste cyanopjgia, Scl. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 6-5.3 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S.
1883, p. 545.

Above, bead and neck shining blue ; lores black ; interscapulium,
•wings, and tail black ; lower buck and edgings of wing- and tail-
feathers Ijrilliant blue like the head ; lesser wing-coverts burnished
with rich copper : below black, strongly glossed with purple on the
belly, which passes into greenish blue on the crissum : whole fore-
neck blue like the head, without any purplish tinge ; chin black ;
bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 4*7 inches, wing 2*6,
tail 1'7. Female similar.

Hah. Western Ecuador.

This form seems to be si;iRciently distinct from C. cy aneicoUis to
be specifically separated. It is at once recognizable by the rump
being blue like the head, instead of green.

a. Ad. sk. Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Fraser).

Sclater CoU. (Type of
the species.)

10. CiLLISTE. 129

Sect. XI. Group of C. ruficervix.

Rump and body below shining green or blue ; middle of abdomen
fulvous or chestnut.

A. No yellow or scarlet on head.

a. Nape with a cross band more or less
complete.
a'. Forehead black, grlossed with purple :

i cross band narrower, rufous .... 4o. rvficervLv, p. 1 29.
I cross band -ndder, yellowish .... 46. tmjlori, -a 130
h'. Forehead blue like the back .... 47. fulvicervix, p. 130
0. IS ape black. . "

c'. Interscapulium green like the rump 48. labradorides, p. 130
d'. Interscapulium black or blackish :

) ear-coverts black 49. mflanotis, p. 131.

I ear-coverts bluish 50. ci/anofis, p. 131

c. Is ape green : ear-coverts rufous 51. rujigenis, p. 132.

B. Head more or less ornamented with yellow
or scarlet.

d. Interscapulium black :

1 sides of face scarlet 52. parzudakii, p. 132.

I sides of face orange 53. lunigera, p. 133.

e. Interscapulium variegated :

icap and sides of head yellow 54. venuda, p. 1-33.

cap orange; sides of head yellow. 55. xatUhocephala, ■p.134:.
cap black j sides of head golden

gi'een 56. chrysotis, p. 134.

45. CaUiste ruficervix.

Tauagra ruficendx, Prev. et Des Murs, Zool. Voy. Venus, Atlas, Ois

t. V. fig. 1 (1846). > > •

Tanagra ( Calliste) ruQvertex, Prev. et Des 3hirs, Zod. Voy Venus

p. 212 (1855). •^ '

Arremon rufivertex, Gra;/, Gen. B. ii. p. 361.
Chalcothraupis ruficervix, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 144 ; id. Note s. I.

Tang. p. 18.
Calliste ruficervix, Scl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 58; id. P. Z 8 1855

p. 158, 1856, pp. 19, 259, 1859, p. 139; id. Mon. Ca/list. -p. 71,'

pi. 32; id. St/n. Av. Tan. p. 85 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 69 ; Scl. et Salv.

Komencl. p. 19; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 499 (Antioquia); Bed. et

Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1884, p. 288 (W. Ecuador).
Calliste leucotis, 8cl. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 58.

Above blue, slightly mottled with blackish on the interscapulium ;
rump brighter ; head black, glossed with purple : lores black ; nape
crossed by a distinct rufous-orange baud ; wings and tail black
edged with blue ; lesser wing-coverts rather brighter : below blue ;
middle of belly and crissum pale fulvous ; under wing-covcrts white ;
biU black : feet brown : whole length 5 inches, wing 2-9, tail 1-9.
Female similar.

Hah. Colombia, TTesteru Ecuador, and North Penu

130 TANAGRID^.

a, h. Ad. St. Colombia. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Gould Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

e. Ad. sk. ; /. Bogota. Sclater Coll.
Jr. sk.

g. cJ ad. sk. Antioquia, U. S. C. {Salmon'). Salvin-Godman Coll.

A. Ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (J^;-ase?-). Sclater CoU.

46. Calliste taylori.
Calliste taylori, Tacz. et Bed. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 78.

Similar to C. rujicervix, but with the nape-band broader and of a
golden yellow ; aLso rather brighter below.

Hah. Eastern Ecuador.

I am a little doubtful whether this form is anything more than a
subspecies of C. riificervLv.

a. Ad. sk. Machay, Ecuador {StoJzmami). Sclater Coll. (One of

the tj-pes of C. taylori.)

b, c. Ad. sk. Rio Napo, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.
d. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Gould Coll.

47. Calliste fulvicervix.

Calhste ruficervix, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 514.

Calliste fulvicervix, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 354, pi. xxx. fig. 1,
1879, p. 599 ; Scl. Ibis, 1876, p. 408 ; Tacz. Orn. Ph: ii. p. 465.

Above bright blue with a purplish tinge, rather brighter on the
rump and purple on the head, which is crossed on the nape by a
faint fulvous band ; lores black ; wings and tail black, edged with
blue; lesser wing-coverts purplish blue : below purple -blue ; middle
of belly and crissum fulvous ; under wing-coverts white ; bill black ;
feet brown : whole length 4-3 inches, wing 2-9, tail 1-9.

Hah. Bolivia.

The only known specimen is in the collection. The species is
distinguishable from C. ruficervix by the purplish colour of the back
and breast and the faint fulvous nape- stripe.

a. Ad. sk. Boli%-ia {Buckley). Sdvin-Godman Coll. (Type

of the species.)

48. Calliste labradorides.

Tanagra (Aglaia) labradorides, Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 67.
Tanagra labradorides, Prev. et Des Murs, Voy. Venus, Zool. p. 213,

et Atlas, Ois. t. v. fig. 2.
Calhste labradorides, 5/). Co«s;;.i.p. 235; Scl. Contr. Orw. 1851,p. 57;

id. P Z.S. 1855, p. 158, 1856, pp. 19, 262, 1858, p. 294; id. Mon.

Callist. p. 89, pi. 39 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 88 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 70 ;

Scl. et Salv. Komencl. p. 19 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 499 (Antioquia).
Chalcothraupis labradorides, Bp. Eev. Zool. 1851, p. 144 ; id. Note

s. I. Tang. p. 18.

Above, head in front and broad superciliaries shining greenish

10. CALLISTE. 131

blue with silvery reflections ; lores narrow ; space round the eye,
hack of head, and nape black ; whole back shining greenish blue ;
wings and tail black ; remiges narrowly edged with blue ; lesser
wing-coverts shining blue : below nearly uniform shining bluish
green ; middle of belly and crissum fulvous ; under wing-coverts
white ; bill black ; feet pale brown : whole length 4-5 inches, wing
2"6, tail I'S. Female similar.
Hah. Colombia and Ecuador.

a, b. Ad. St. Colombia. Purchased.

c, d. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

e,f. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. Ad. sk. Bogota. Gould Coll.

h. (S ad. sk. Antioquia (Salmon). Salvin-Godman CoU.

i. Ad. sk. Concordia, Antioquia {Salmon). Sclater Coll.

/. Ad. sk. SantaElena, Antioquia(iS'«^wiow). Sclater Coll.

k. Ad. sk. Pasto, Ecuador (Lehmanii). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Ad. sk. San Lucas, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

49. Calliste melanotis.

Calliste cyanotis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 441 ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 451 (err.).
Calliste melanotis, Scl. Ibis, 1876, p. 408, pi. xii. fig. 1 ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1882, p. 12 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 473 ; Tacz. et Berl.

P. Z. S. 1885, p. 79 (Ecuador).

Above black : broad supereiliaries, lower hack, lesser wing-coverts,
and outer margins of larger wing-coverts bright bluish green ; jjri-
maries and rectrices with very narrow bluish margins : below bluish
green ; middle of belly and crissum fulvous ; under wing-coverts
white; bill black; feet brown: whole length 5 inches, wing 2-8,
tail 1-9. Female (probably) similar.

Hah. Eastern Ecuador and N.E. Peri:.

The original specimen of this species was first regarded as the
adult stage of C. cyanotis, a mistake afterwards corrected.

a. Ad. sk, Eio Napo. Sclater Coll. (Type of C. mela-

notis, Ibis, 1876, p. 408. )

b. Ad. sk. Chu-imoto, Peru Sclater Coll.

(Stolzmann).

50. Calliste cyanotis.

Calliste cyanotis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 294 (Eio Napo) ; id. Cat.
A. B. p. 71, pi. 9 ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 408, pi. xii. tig. 2 ; Scl. et
Salv. Nomencl. p. 20 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 599 (BoUvia).

Above, head black, broad supereiliaries bright bluish green ; in-
terscapulium blackish green : lower back bright bluish green ; wings
and tail black, edged with bluish green : below bluish green ; middle
of belly and crissum fulvous ; under wing-coverts white ; bill black ;
feet brown : whole length 3-8 inches, wing 2-5, tail 1*7.

Hah. S. Peru and Bolivia.

k2

132 TANAGRID^.

Nearly allied to C. mclanotis, but distiiigiushable by its dusky
green back and bluish-green ear-coverts.

a. Ad. sk. S.Peru. Selater Coll. (Typeof the species,

r. Z. S. 1858, p. 294.)
h. Ad. sk. Bolivia {Buckley). Salviu-Godiuan OoU.

51. Calliste rufigenis.

Calliste rufigenis, Selater, P. Z. S. 185(3, p. .311 ,et 1857, p. 66 ; id. Mon.
Callist. n. 91, pi. 40; /(/. Cat. A. B. p. 71 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.
p. 20.

Above and below shining green ; head and rump rather more
bluish ; interscapulium darker ; lores, chin, and sides of the head
dark fulvous brown : middle of belly and under wing-coverts pale
fulvous ; crissum rufous ; bill black ; feet brown : whole length
5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 1-7. Female (probably) similar.

Hah. Venezuela.

An vmmistakable species, distinguished by the well-marked rufous
sides of the head and general green colour.

a. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Selater Coll. (Tvpe of tbe

species, P. Z. S. 18-56, p. 311.)

b. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Selater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Venezuela, Purchased.

52. Calliste parzudakii.

Tanagra parzudakii, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 97 ; id. Mag. de Zool.

1843, Ois. pi. 41.
Calhste parzudakii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 235, sp. 26 ; Selater, Contr. Orn.

1851, p. 66 ; id. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 11-5, 185.5, p. 1.58, et 1856, pp. 19,

263 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 93, pi. 41 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 89 ; id.

Cat. A. B. p. 71 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 20 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,

p. 515 (Centr. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 474.
Chrysothraupis parzudakii, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 143; id. Note s. I.

Tatig. p. 18.

Above, cap and nape golden yellow ; broad front and sides of head
scarlet ; back black ; rump and upper tail-coverts shining silvery
green ; wings and tail black ; lesser wing-coverts and edgings of
greater wing-coverts shining silvery green, like the lower back :
below shining silvery green with an ochraceous tinge ; chin black ;
middle of belly and crissum fulvous ; bill black ; feet brown : whole
length 5'5 inches, wing 3'i3, tail 2. Female similar.

Hah. Colombia, Eastern Ecuador, and Peru.

The scarlet face and golden cap render this species easily dis-
tinguishable.

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Selater Coll.

b-d. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Colombia. Gould Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador (Buchley). Selater Coll.

y. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

10. CALLISTE. 133

h. Ad. sk. Chiquinda, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Buckley).

V ^|d- sk. Rio Napo. ' Gould Coll.

J. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Salvin-Godniin Coll.

53. Calliste lunigera.

Calliste lunio-era, Sclater, Cuntr. Orn. l8ol, p. 65, pi. 70 f 2 • id
P Z. S. isoti, pp. 19, 203, et 1860, p. 87 ; id. Jlon. Cakist. p.' 95*
pi 42 ; id. Sipi. Av. Tan. p. 89 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 71 ; Sd. et Sale.
Nomencl. p. 20 ; B,frl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 289 (W. Ecuador).

Above, cap and sides of head orange ; lores and rounded patch on
the side of the head black ; nape and interscapulium black ; lower
back shining green ; wings and tail black ; M'ing-coverts and secon-
daries edged witli shining green : below shining green mixed with
rufous; chin black; middle of belly and crissum dark brownish
fulvous ; bill black ; feet brown : whole length 5-3 inches, wing 2-8,
tail I'S. Female similar.

Hab. Western Ecuador.

Nearest to C. parzudcdii, but without any scarlet on the face.

a. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll. (Type described,
, . , , ^^ Coutr. Orn. 1^51, p. 6').)

b. Ad. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador Sclater Coll.

{Fraser).

c. Ad. sk. Quito. J. Gould, Esq.

d. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Gould Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/, g. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

54. Calliste venusta.

Calliste xanthocephala, Sclat. Cuntr. Orn. 1851, p. 58 ; id P Z S
1854, p. 115 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 227 (N. Peru).

Calliste venusta, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 248, 1855, p. 158 1856
pp. 19, 264, et 1858, p. 74 ; id. Mon. Cullist. p. 101, pi. 44. f. 2;
id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. tiO ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 72 ; Wi/aft, Ibis, 1871,
p. 325 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 20 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884,
p. 289 (W. Ecuador) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 470 : Tacz. et Berl.
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 80 (Ecuador).

Above, cap and sides of head yellow ; lores and nape black ; in-
terscapulium black, variegated with shining blue ; lower back
shining blue ; wings and tail black, edged with shining blue : below
shining blue ; chin black ; middle of belly and crissum fulvous ;
under wing-coverts pale fulvous : whole length 4-5 inches, wing 2-5,
tail 1'5. Fenude similar.

Hah. Colombia, Western Ecuador, and IS". Peru.

Distinguished by having the cap and sides of the head of a
uniform golden yellow.

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. (Typa

of the species.)

b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

134 TANAGKID^i;.

c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godinan Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

e. Ad. St. Bogota. Purchased.

f. Ad. sk. Antioquia, Colombia {Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.
'g,h. Ad.sk. Antioquia, Colombia (»S'a/?«oM). Sclater Coll.

t. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Gould Coll.

j. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

55. Calliste xanthocephala.

Callospiza xanthocephala, Tsch. in Wiegm. Arch. 1844, pt. 1. p. 285 ;

id. Faun. Per. p. 200, pi. 17. f. 2 (tig. pass.) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 235.
Calliste lamprotis, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 65.
Chrysothraupis xanthocephala, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 44-3 ; id. Note

s. I. Tang. p. 17.
Calliste xanthocephala, Sclater., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 248, 1856, pp. 19,

264, et 1858, p. 294 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 99, pi. 44. f. 1 ; id. Syn.

Av. Tan. p. 90 ; id. Cat. A. B.^.ll; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879,

p. 599 (Bolivia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 20 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 515

(Ceutr. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 475.

Above, cap brilliant orange ; sides of head bright yellow ; lores
and nape black ; interscapulium black, varied with greenish blue ;
lower back greenish blue ; wings and tail black, margined with
greenish blue : below greenish blue ; chin black ; middle of belly and
crissum fulvous ; bill black ; feet brown : whole length 5-5 inches,
wing 2-9, tail 1-9. Female similar.

Hah. Peru and Bolivia.

Nearly allied to C. venusta, but at once distinguishable by its
orange crown contrasted with the pure yellow ear-coverts.

a, b. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Bolivia. _ T. Bridges [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Juanaui, Bolivia {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Bolivia {Buckley), Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Peru. Salvin-Godman Coll.

56. Calliste chrysotis.

Calliste chrysotis, Du Bus, Esq. Oni. pi. 7 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 236 ;

Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 66 : id. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 19, 263, et

1859, p. 440 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 97, pi. 43 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 89 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 71 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 20 ; Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1882, p. 12 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 475 ; Tacz. et

Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 79 (Ecuador).
Chrysothraupis chrysotis, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 142 ; id. Note s. I.

Tang. p. 17.

Above, cap black ; front and ear-coverts bright shining green
glossed with golden chestnut ; superciliaries, sides of neck, and lower
back bright sliining green ; interscapulium black, varied with bright
green ; wings and tail black, edged with bright green : below bright
shining green ; middle of belly and crissum chestnut-brown ; under
wing-coverts blackish ; bill black ; feet brown : whole length
5-5 inches, wing 2-9, tail 1-9. Female similar.

10. CALLISTE. 135

Hah. Eastern Ecuador and jS". Peru.

The black head and rather chestnut golden ear-coverts at once
separate this well-marked species from its allies.

a. Ad. sk. Upper Amazons. Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Rio Napo. Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Machay, Ecuador {Stolzviann). Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Ecuador {Buckley). Salviu-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador (Bruce). Salviu-Godman Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Ecuador. L. Eraser [C.].

Sect. XII. Group of C. cyanoptera.
Cap black ; back silvery green. Female different from male.

Key to the Species.

A. Throat black, like the head ; belly silvery

green :

I wings black, edged with bhie . . 57. ajanoptera, p. 1.35.
I wings black 58. tckitelyi, p. 136.

B. Throat and chest green; belly purplish. . 59. atricupilla, p. 136.

C. Belly black :

I throat shining fulvous 60. argentea, p. 137.

( throat green 61. argyrophenges, p. 137.

57. Calliste cyanoptera.

Aglaia cyanoptera, Sw. Orn. Dr. pi. 8 (1841).

Tanagra argentea, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 69.

Calliste cyanoptera, ^/>. C'onsp. i. p. 234 ; id. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 140 ;

id. Notes. I. Tang. p. 15 ; Sclat. Cuntr. Orn. 1851, p. 64 ; id. P. Z. 8.

1856, pp. 19, 254; id. Mon. CalHst. p. 53, pi. 24; id. Syn. Av.

Tan. p. 80 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 67 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167

(Caracas) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 19 ; Salv. et Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 200,

et 1880, p. 120 (Sierra Nevada of S. Marta).
Callispiza cyanoptera. Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 27.

Silvery green ; head and neck all round and wings and tail
black ; remiges and rectrices narrowly' edged with blue ; under
wing-coverts white ; bill black; feet brown : whole length 5-5 inches,
wing '6, tail 2. Female. Above green, brighter on the rump ; wings
and tail black edged with green : below paler, ashy on the throat
and breast, buffy white in the middle of the belly, and greenish on
the flanks.

Hah. Venezuela and N. Colombia.

a. S ad. St. Venezuela. Purchased.

b,c. (5 $ ad. sk. Venezuela. Sclater Coll.

d. c? ad. sk. Venezuela. Salviu-Godman Coll.

e. S ad. sk. Venezuela. Gould CoU.

f,g. (5 $ ad. sk.; Minca, Santa Marta, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. S ji'- sk. {Simons).

i. cJ ad. sk. San Jos4, Santa Marta, Salvin-Godman Coll.

U. S. C. {Simons).

136 TANAGRID^.

58. Calliste whitelyi.

Calliste wbiteljd, Salv. et Godin. Ibis, 1884, p. 445, t. xiii. ; S<^^>^-
Ibis, 1885, p. 210.

Silvery green, beneath obsoletely mottled ; head and neck all
round and wings and tail black ; under wing-coverts white ; bill
black ; feet dark brown : whole length 5-3 inches, wing 2'8, tail
1-9. Female. Above dark green ; darker on the head, paler on the
rump ; wings and tail black edged with green : beneath pale biifFy,
obsoletel}' mottled with ashy ; Hanks and crissum greenish.

Hub. lloraima, British Guiana.

Closely similar to C. cyanoptera, but without any blue edgings to
the wing- and tail-feathers, and darker below.

a, b. c? ad. sk. ; c. $ ad. lloraima, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman GoU.
sk. ; d. (S jr. sk. {Whitely). (Types of the species.)

e,f. (S $ ad. sk. Roraima, Brit. Guiana. tSclater Coll.

59. Calliste atricapilla.

Tanagra (Aglaia) atricapilla, Lafr. Hen. Zool. 1843, p. 290.
Calliste atricapilla. Up. Consp. i. p. 235; Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851,

p. 59 ; id. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 249, 1855, p. 158, 1856, p. 259 ; id. Syn.

Av. tan. p. 85 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 69 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 73, pi. 33.

f. 1 c? , 2 5 ; Scl. et i>alv. Notnencl. p. 19; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 499

(Antioquia) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325.
Ohalcothraupis atricapilla, lip. Rev. Zuol. 1851, p. 144 ; id. Note s. I.

Tajig. p. 19.
Procnias heinei, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 31 (jr.) ; Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851,

p. 134 ; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 8.

Above silvery bluish grey ; cap black ; wings and tail black
edged with bluish grey : below dark purplish blue ; feathers of side
of head, neck, and breast lanceolate, black at their bases, and
broadly terminated with bright green ; under wing-coverts white ;
bill black; feet dark brown: whole length 4-8 inches, wing 2-8,
tail 1*7. Female. Above green, cap rather bluish green : below
ashy. Hanks passing into green ; throat and breast with green
lanceolate feathers, but not so bright as in the male.

Hah. Colombia and Venezuela.

a,b. cJ 2 ^^- ^- Bogota. Sclater Coll.

c. J ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman CoU.

d. (S ad. sk. Bogota. Gould ColL

e. S ad. sk. Colombia (Delattre). E. Wilson, Esq.
f,(/. J ad. sk. ; Retiro, Antioquia, Colombia Sidvin-Godman Coll.

h. 5 ad. sk. {Salmon).

i. 2 ad. sk. Frontino, Colombia (<S'a/»?iow). Salvin-Godman Coll.

j. Jad.sk. Frontino, Colombia (<S'a/?/io?j). Sclater Coll.

A, ^. c? ad. sk. ; Venezuela. D. Dyson [C.].

m, n. 2 ad. sk.

10. CALLISTE. 137

60. Calliste argentea.

Procnopis argentea, Tsch. Wieqm. Arch. 1844, p. 285 ; id. F. P., Aves,

p. lUi), pi. 14. fig. 2.
Calliste ai-gentea, Gray, Gen., App. p. 14 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 235 ;

Sclater, Contr. Oni. 1851, p. 60 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 259; id. Si/ti.

Av. Tan. p. 85 ; id. Mon. Callist. p. 75, t. xxxiv. ; Scl. et Sulv.

Nomencl. p. 19; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 514 (Centr. Peru), 1879,

p. 226 (N. Peru), 1882, p. 11 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii.

p. 46(3.
Chalcothraupis argentea, Bp. R. Z. 1851, p 145; id. Note s. I. Tana.

p. 19.
Calliste argentea vii-idicollis, Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 468.

Above greenish silvery grey ; cap black ; wings and tail black,
with edgings like the back but darker : below black ; flanks silvery
grey like the back ; throat and sides of head of a dark golden straw-
colour ; under wing-coverts white ; bill black ; feet dark brown :
whole length 5 inches, wing 3-1, tail 2-3. Female. Above bright
green, wings and tail darker ; cap dark brown : beneath cinereous,
breast and flanks rather greenish ; throat as in the male, but rather
paler.

Hah. Peru and Ecuador.

In the form from Southern Peru {G. argentea viridicoUis) the back
and flanks have a much more bluish tinge, and the throat is more
of a greenish yellow. But some of the North-Peruvian skins are
rather intermediate between this form and Ecuador specimens, in
which the throat is almost of a bright copper-colour.

a. Subsp. typica.

a,h. cJ 2 ad. sk. Tambillo, Peru {Stolzmann). Sclater Coll.
c. (S *id. ik. Jinia, Ecuador {Biicklei/). Sclater Coll.

d,e. cJ ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador (Buck/ei/). Salvin-Godman CoU.

b. Subsp. viridicoUis.

a,b. cJ 5 ad. sk. Huero, valley of Urubamba, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Peru (Orton).

61. Calliste argyrophenges.

Calliste argTrophenges, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 354, t. xxx.
tig. 2, 1879, p. 599 (Bolivia) ; Scl. Ibis, 1876, p. 408 ; Tacz. P. Z. S.
1882, p. 12 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 468.

Above of a bright silvery ochre ; cap, wings, and tail black
below, middle of body black, flanks silvery ochre like the back
throat green; under wing-coverts black ; bill black; feet dark brown
whole length 4"5 inches, wing 2-8, tail 1-9. Fonale. Eack greenish
ochre ; head, wings, and tail blackish, feathers edged with green :
below cinereous, throat greenish ; flanks ochraceous. (Mas. Varsov.)

Hah. Peru and Bolivia.

The bright ochreous hue of the silvery back and the green throat

138 TANAGRID^.

at once distinguish this fine species from C. arcjentea. The female
is only known to me from a specimen in the Warsaw Museum.

a. J ad. sk. Boli\ia (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll. (Type

of the species.)

b. c? ad. sk. Huambo, Peru.' Sclater Coll.

11. PSEUDODACNIS, gen. nov.

Bill and foot of Pscudodacnis.

General characters of Calliste, hut bill rather longer and more
slender. Wings rather long, first four primaries equal and longest.
Plumage of Dacnis.

1. Pscudodacnis hartlaubi.

Dacnis hartlaubi, Scl. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 2ol.
Callispiza hartlaubi, Cab. J.f. O. 18G1, p. 88.

CaUiste hartlaubi, Scl. Ibis, 1863, pp. 312, 452, 1876, p. 410 ; Scl. et
Salv. Nomencl. p. 20.

Above and below bright shining turquoise-blue ; lores, broad line
through the eyes, and interscapvdium black ; wings and tail blackish ;
Bcapularies and tips of the outer secondaries turquoise-blue ; under
wing-coverts cinereous ; bill and feet black : whole length 4*5 inches,
wing 2-6, tail 1'7.

Hah. Colombia (Bogota).

This bird, originally described by myself as a Dacnis, was sub-
sequently referred by Dr. Gabauis to the Tanagers. I am at present
not sure which view is correct, but at all events I do not think that
the species can remain under Calliste.

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

12. IRID0ENI8. 139

fi. TANAGRIN^ FORTIROSTEES.

As Tanagrlnce fortirostres I propose to arrange the various genera,
allied to typical Tanagra, with stronger bills than in the last sec-
tion, and a generally well-marked tooth in the upper mandible.
They embrace altogether 57 species, divided into 12 genera. In
the first part of the series blue is the prevailing colour, only varied
with j-ellow. In MhampJiocoelns this is replaced by bright scarlets
and marroous. These birds are spread over the whole Tanagrine
area of the Neotropical Region.

Keif to the Genera.

A. Bill short, much compressed :

(very short; terminal notch distinct 12. Iridorxis, p. 1.39.

) longer; terminal tooth less distinct 13. Delothraupis, p. 142.

B. Bill short, much widened at the base ;

head crested 14. Stephanophorus,

C. Bill longer, slightly widened at the [p. 143.

base.
«. Gonys nearly straight.
a'. Bill broader at base :

J bill thinner; size small 15. Pcecilothratipis, p. 144.

t bill thicker ; size large 10. Buthraupis, p. 147.

b'. Bill more constricted :

("terminal notch obsolete .... 17. Cojipsocoma, p. 150.

\ terminal notch distinct 18. Dubusia, p. 152.

b. Gonys slightly ascending:

r upper mandible slightly swollen 19. Ta:^agra, p. 15.3.
\ upper mandible much swollen. . 20. Spindaxis, p. 165.

D. Bill longer, much widened at the base.

c'. Lower mandible naked at base . . 21. Rhamphoccelus, p. 169.
d'. Lower mandible feathered :

f tail longer 22. Phlogothraupis, p. 178.

X tail shorter 23. Caloch^tes, p. 179.

12. IRIDORNIS.

Type.

Iridosornis, Zessoti, Echo d. M. S. 1844, p. 80 I. dubusia.

Poecilornis, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 369 I. dubusia.

Euthraupis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 30 (1850) I. dubusia.

This brilliant little group contains five species, inhabitants of the
remote Andean valleys of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, and re-
markable for their short stout bill, which bears a well-marked
terminal notch. Their structure is otherwise typical.

Keij to the Sjpecies.

A. Tliroat black ; nuchal spot yellow,
rt. Belly black :

1 middle of cap orange ; front black .. 1. dubusia, ^.l-iO.
i cap black; large nuchal spot yellow . 2. reinkardti, p. 140,
b. Belly chestnut 3. jelskii, p. 141.

140 TANAGRID^.

B. Throat yellow ; no nuchal spot :

\ belly purple 4. povphyrocephala, p. 141.

] belly rufous 5. analis, p. 141.

1. Iridornis dubusia.

Arremon rufivertex, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. ?>-jO (err.).
Iridosornis rufivertex, Less. Echo d. M. S. 1844, p. 80 ; id. Rev. Zool.

1844, p. 4.31 ; id. Bescr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 350.
Pcecilornis rufivertex, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 369.
Tanagi-a dubu.sia. Up. Consp. i. p. 2.39.
Euthraupis dubusia. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. .30.
"Tanagrra chrysolopha, auct.," Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 131 ; id. Note

s. I. Tang. p. 6.
Iridosornis dubusia, Stricld. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 127, pi. 94.
Iridornis dubusia, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 157, 1856, p. 242 ; id. Si/n.

Av. Tan. p. 68 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 72 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 20 ;

iid. P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 500 (Antioquia) ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885,

p. 80 (Ecuador).

Above and below black, strongly glossed with purple on the back
and abdomen ; large vertical crest orange ; crissum and lower belly
chestnut ; wings and tail black ; greater coverts, secondaries, and
tail-feathers margined with blue ; lesser coverts purple like the
back ; bill black, under mandible whitish at the tip ; feet dark
brown : whole length 6 inches, wing 3*2, tail 2"8. Female similar.

Hub. Colombia and Ecuador.

a. Ad. st. Colombia. Purchased.

b, c. Ad. fk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Bogota. J. Gould, Esq.

/. S ad. sk. Sauta Elena, U. S. C. (Salmon). Salvin-CTodman Coll.

(/. Jr. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Quito. J. Gould, Esq.

i,j. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (Bucklei/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Iridornis reinhardti.

Iridornis reinhardti, Scl. Ibis, 1865, p. 495, pi. 1] ; Scl. et Sale.
Nomencl. p. 20 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 514 (Centr. Peru) ; id. Orn.
Per. ii. p. 477.

Above black, strongly glossed with purple on the back ; lower
back and margins of the wing- and tail-feathers greenish blue ; a
large and conspicuous broad band on the back of the neck golden
yellow : below black, glossed strongly with purple on the breast and
with greenish blue on the belly and crissum ; bill black, tip of lower
mandible whitisb ; feet dark brown : whole length (3-3 inches, wing
3-2, tail 2-6.

Hob. Central Peru.

At once distinguishable from /. dubusia by its golden-yellow
nuchal plaque.

12. IRIDORKIS. 141

3. Iridornis jelskii.

Iridornis jelskii, Cah. J. f. O. 1873, p. 316, pi. v. fig. 1 ; Tacz
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 614 (Peru^ ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 478 ; %l. et Salt
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 599 (Bolivia).

Above black ; inl-erscapulium, scapularies, and lesser wiug-covorts
purple ; lower back and edges of wing- and tail-feathers^grcenish
blue ; back of head and sides of neck occupied by a bright golden-
yellow patch, M^hich leaves the face black : below chestnut, throat
black ; bill black, tip of under mandible whitish ; feet dark brown :
whole length 5 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2-4. Fc^maJe similar.

Ilab. Peru and Bolivia.

The large nuchal patch and chestnut belly at once distinguish
this fine species.

a, b. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Buchley).

4. Iridornis porphyrocephala.

Lidornis porphyrocephala, Scla/er, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 227, pi. 110
1856, p. 243; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 69; id. Cat. A. B. p. 72; Scl.
et Salv. Nomencl. p. 20; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 500 (.'\utioquia).

_ Above dark purple, passing into greenish blue on the rump ;
sides of head black ; wings and tail black, edged with greenish
blue : below purple, passing into greenish ashy on the sides ; whole
throat bright yellow ; middle of belly fulvous ; crissum chestnut ;
bill pale plumbeous ; feet brown : whole length 5-6 inches, wing'
2-9, tail 2-3. Female similar.
Hah. Ecuador and Colombia.

a. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll. (One of the

types of the species. )

b. Ad. sk. Quito. J. Gould, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Medellin, Antioqiiia (Salmon). Sclater Coll.

d. cS ad. sk. Medelliu, Autioquia, U. S. C. Salviu-Godmau Coll.

{Salman).
€. Ad. sk. Antioquia, U. S. C. (Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/-/*. Ad. sk. Intaj, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. Iridornis analis.

Tanagra analis, Tsch. in IViegm. Arch. 1844, pt. i. p. 287 ; id. Faun.
Per., Aues, p. 205, pi. 18. f. 1 ; Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 71.

Calliste analis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 236.

Euthraupis analis, Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 30 (note).

Iridornis analis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 227, 1850, p. 243; id. Syn.
Av. Tan. p. 69 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 72 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomeiicl. p 20 •'
iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 185 (S. Peru) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874 p 514
(C. Peru), 1882, p. 12 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 479.

Above dark cinereous, strongly glossed with purple on the head,

142

TANAGRID^.

and with greenish hlue on the lower back and margins of the wing-
and tail-feathers ; lores and sides of head black : below rufous, passing
into cinereous on the sides ; whole throat bright yellow ; crissum
chestnut; under wing-coverts rufous; bill plumbeous; feet dark
brown : whole length 6 inches, wing 3-2, tail 2-5. Female similar.

Hah. Peru.

Closel)^ allied to /. porjjJv/rocephala, but distinguished by the
rufous under surface and under wing-coverts.

rt.Ad.sk. Fevii (Tsclimh). Sclater Coll.

6. Ad. sk. San Antonio, Veni (JJ^ite/i/). Sal vin-Godman Coll.

13. DELOTHRAUPIS*.

Bill of Delotliraapis.

Under this name I propose to separate the species until lately
called Pipridea casianeiventris, which cannot certainly go along
with P. melcnionota, and seems more nearly allied to Iridornis,
from which it differs in its longer and more compressed bill.

1. Delothraupis castaneiventris.

Calliste castaneoveiitris, Sclater, Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 61.

Pipridea castaneiventris, Sclater, Tan. Cat. iS)j. p. 13 ; id. P. Z. S.
1856, p. 266; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 92 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 518
(Centr. Peru) : id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 451 : ScL et Salv. Nomencl.
p. 18 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 598 (Bolivia).'

Above dark greyish blue ; front and sides of head black ; wings
and tail black, edged with greyish blue ; beneath bright chestnut ;
chin paler, with a slight black rictal stripe on each side ; bill blackish,
lower mandible paler ; feet dark brown : whole length 5"8 inches,
wing 3-1, tail 2-8.

Hab. Bolivia and Peru.

a. Ad. sk. Bolivia {Buckley). Sclater Coll.

J, c. Ad. sk. HolWrn {Buckley). Salviu-Godman Coll.

Delothraupis, geuus noTum (^f;Xos, maiiifestus, et 6pov7ris, taiiagra).

14. STEPHANOPHOETJS.

143

14. STEPHANOPHORUS.

Stephanophoms, Strickl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 30

Type.

S. leucoceplialus.

Structure of Stephanophoms.

This IS a cunous monotjpic form, at once distinguishable by its
short, swollen, almost pyrrhuline bill and elevated crest It is
pecnhar to Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and the northern part of
the Argentine Eepublic. ^

1. Stephanophoms leucocephalus.

^^Sr ^^y^T^^P'^''''*''' ^'''''«'^^- ^^''^''- -0«f^. xxxii. p. 408; id. Eve.

Pyrrhula carulea, VieiU. Gal. Ois. i. p. 61 pi 54

Nemosia diademata, Shp/i. ZooL siv. p. r,'

Stephanophorus cffinUeus, Strkkl. P. Z. S. 1841, p. 31 : £p Pons}} i

^^ p. 238; Pnrm. Si/st. Ueb. iii. p. 205. ' ^ ' ^' -"""'P'^-

Stephanophorus leucocephalus, Ifartl. Ind. Az. p. 6; Sdater P. Z. S.

144 TAXAGRID.T5,

1856, p. 241 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 67 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 73 ; Scl.
et Salv. Nomend. p. 20 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 161 et p. 632 (Rep.
Arg.) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 208 ; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 114.

Black -u'ith a strong bluish tinge, especially on the rump and
sides of the head ; lesser wing-coverts blue ; back of head silky
white, with a small crimson vertical crest in front of it ; forehead,
lores, and chin black ; feathers of forehead short and erect ; bill
brownish black, below paler ; feet brown : whole length 7 inches,
wing 4, tail 3-3. Female similar, but not quite so bright in colour ;
and red in crest barely apparent.

Hub. Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and N. of Argentine
llepublic.

n.

Ad. St.

Brazil.

J. Gould, Esq.

h

c. 6 5 ad.

sk.

Novo Frihourgo, Rio de
Janeiro ( Youds).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

d.

2 ad. sk.

Curytiba, Brazil {Natterer).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

«7

/. 6 ? ad.

sk.

Sao Paulo, Brazil {Juyner).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

9-

S ad. sk.

Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil
{Joyner).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

h.

Ad. sk. ; i
sk.
Ad. sk. ; k.

Jr.

Campana, Uruguay.

A. Peel [C.].

J.

Jr.

Buenos Ayres {Hasle-

Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk.

htist).

I,

m. <5 2 ad

. sk.

Conchitas, Buenos Ayres
{Hrtdson).

Sclater Coll.

n

2 ad. sk.

Conchitas, Buenos Ayres.

H. Durnford [C.].

0.

Skel.

Brazil.

Eyton Coll.

15. PffiCILOTHRAUPIS.

Type.

Pcecilothraupis, Cah. Mus. Hein. i. p. 30 (18-50) P. lunulata.

Anisognathus, Eeich. Av. S. N. pi. 77 (1850). No type given, but

apparently intended for P. lunidata.

This little group is recognizable by its shorter and wider bill, but
is otherwise of the same general conformation as Iriclornis. The
five known species are confined to the Andean valleys of Colombia,
Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Key to the Species.

A. Abdomen scarlet ; throat black.

Remiges uniform black 1. himdata, p. 144.

Remiges edged v^nth blue 2. igniventris, p. 145.

B. "Whole under surface yellow.

a. Under surface orange-yellow :

I with a yellow lateral neck-spot 3. palpehrom, p. 146.

I without yellow neck-spot 4. lacnjmosa, p. 146.

b Under surface clear yellow 5. 7nelanogenys,

[p. 147.
1. Pcecilothraupis lunulata.

Tanao-ra lunulata, Dv Bus, Btdl. Acad. Brvx. v). pt. 1, p. 439 (cum

figO (1839) ; id. Esq. Orn. pi. 4 ; Bjy. Consp. i. p. 239.
Tanaora (Euphone?) constantii, Boiss. Rev. Zoul. 1840, p. 3.

15. PCECII,0THRAUfI3.

145

Ag-laia ervthrotis, Jard. et Selbi/, III. Orn. n. s. pi. 36 (1840).

Tanaj^n-a erythrotis, Less. Echo' d. M. S. 184.3, p. 947.

Tanagra ig-niventris, Tsch. in Wieym. Arch. 1844, pt. 1, p. 287 ;

id. Faun. Per. p. 205 ?
Pcecilothraupis igniventri.s, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. .30.
PcBcilothraupis lunulata, Sclater, P. Z. S. 185f!, p. 241, 1858, p. 551,

1860, pp. 76, 86 (Ecuador) ; id. Si/n. Ai\ Tan. p. 67 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 72; Scl. et Sah: Notnoirl. p.' 20 ; Wrjatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325

(Colombia) ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 280 (W. Ecuador).
Pcecilothraupis atricrissa, Cab. J.f. O. 1866, p. 165.
PcBcilothaaupis lunulata atricrissa, Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885,

p. 80 (Ecuador).
Pcecilothraupis ignicrissa. Cab. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 317 ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1874, p. 514 (Centr. Peru), 1882, p. 13 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn.

Per. ii. p. 482.

Above black ; rump and lesser wing-coverts blue ; auricular
patch scarlet : below scarlet, throat and fore neck black ; crissum
black, or with the feathers more or less tipped with scarlet ; bill
and feet black : whole length 7 inches, wing 3-8, tail 2-9. Female
similar.

JJab. Colombia, Ecuador, and N. Peru.

In specimens from Ecuador (P. atricrissa, Cab.) the crissum is
usually quite black without anj^ scarlet, but MM. v. Berlepsch
and Taczanowski have shown (P. Z. S. 1884, p. 289) that this is
not alwa3's the case. I have therefore given P. atricrissa only the
rank of subspecies. Another subspecies is P. ignicrissa of Northern
Peru, in which the crissum is said to be wholly scarlet.

a, b. Ad. St.

c. Ad. sk.

d, e. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. ; (/. Jr. sk.

a. Subsp. typica.

Colombia.

Bon^ota.

Bogota.

Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.

a. 2 ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.

c. cJ ad. sk.

d. Jr. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk.

g. Ad. sk.

b. Subsp. atricrissa.

Matos, Ecuador (Fraser).
Andes of Ecuador (Jatne-

son).
Lloa, Ecuador (Fraser).
Quito, Ecuador.
San Lucas, Ecuador

(Buckley).
San Lucas, Ecuador

(Buckley) .

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater CoU.

2. Pcecilothraupis igniventris.

Aglaia igniventris, d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 32.
Tanagra igniventris, d'Orb. Voy. p. 275, pi. 25. fig. 2 ;

Bp. Consp.

i. p. 239 (partim)
Ansiognathus igniventris, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 11.
Pcecilothraupis igniventris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 242; id. Syn. Ao.

VOL. XI. I"

146 TANAGKID^.

Tan. p. 68; Sd. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 678 (Cuzco), 1879,
p. 600 (Bolivia); iid. Nomencl. p. 20; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 482.

Above black ; rump and lesser wing-coverts and narrow edgings
of wing- and tail-feathers blue : below scarlet, throat black; crissum
uniform with abdomen ; bill and feet black : whole length 6 inches,
wing 3'5, tail 2'5. Female similar.

Hub. S. Pern and Bolivia.

Only different from P. lunulata in having the wing- and tail-
feathers edged with blue, and no traces of black on the crissum.

a. Ad. sk. Bolivia {Buckley). Sclater Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk. Tilotolo, Bolivia {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Brido-es [C.].

e. Ad. sk. Cachupata, Peru (U7jei!tZ2/). Sclater Coll.

3. Pcecilothraupis palpebrosa.

Tanagra palpebrcsa, Lafr. Jiev. Zool. 1847, p. 71 ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 239.
Anisognathus lacrimosus, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 11.
Pcecilothraiipis lacrimosa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 242 ; id. Syn. Av.

Tan. p. 68 ; id. Cat. v4. ^. p. 73 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 780

(Merida), 1879, p. 500 (Antioquia); Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 227;

id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 481.
Poecilothraupis palpebrosa, Cab. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 317; Scl. et Salv.

Nomencl. p. 20; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 194; Berl. et Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1885, p. 80 (Ecuador).

Above blackish ; rump, lesser wing-coverts, and edgings of wings
and tail purplish blue ; sides of head blackish ; spot under the eye
and on each side of the neck yellow ; under surface orange-yellow ;
bill and feet black : whole length 7 inches, wing 2"6, tail 1"9.
Female similar.

ffab. Yeuezuela (Merida), Colombia, Ecuador, and N. Peru.

a. 2 ^^- ^^- Merida, Venezuela {Goe- Salvin-Godman CoU.

7-inf/).

b, c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

d. Ad. sk. Colombia {Delattre). F,. Wilson, Esq.

e. Ad. sk. Antioquia {Salmon). Sclater Coll.

/, ff. cJ ad. sk. ; h. Santa Elena, Antioquia, Salvin-Godman Coll.

2 ad. sk. Colombia (Salmon).

i, j. Ad. sk. San Lucas, Ecuador Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Bt(ckley).

k. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq.

/. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

m. $ ad. sk. Cutervo, Peru (Stokmann). Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. Poecilothraupis lacrymosa.

Tachvphonus lacrimosus, ilri Bus, Esq. Orn. pi. 10; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 237.
Dubusia lacrymosa, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 424(1850).

16. BUIHRAtrpiS. j^-.

Pcecilothraupis lacrymosa, Cab.J.f. O. 1873 xi ^17 ■ <?,./ ./ c ,

Above blackish ^vith a strong bluish-grey tinge; rump lesser
wing-coverts and edges of wings and tdl purplish blue^-' round
spot under the eye yellow ; under surface orange-yellow /bill' bla k

Hah. Central and Southern Peru.

Similar to P. palpehrom, but diifering in the bluish tinge of the
iipper plumage, and in the want of the lateral neck-spot
a. Ad. sk. Higos, Peru {JelsM). Sclater CoU.

5. Pcecilothraupis melanogenys.

Pcecilothraupis melanogenys, Sah. et Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 120,

Above blackish with a blue tinge ; head and rump purplish blue ;
sides 0 head black with a round yellow spot below the eye; wings
and tail black, slightly edged with blue; below clear yellow ; thi-L
blackis^h; bill and feet black: whole length 7-5 inches, wing 3 6^

Hah. Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta, Colombia
Easily distinguishable from the two preceding species by the clear
yeUow below and the black sides of the head.

a. cJ ad. sk. Templado, Sierra Nevada, Salvin-Godman Coll.

^ =. . J a. ... s.^si.s.trui 0. SELixrs^

(oimons).

Ifi. BUTHRAUPIS.

Buthraupis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 29 (1850) B. cucSlata.

Buthraupis embraces the strongest and largest of the true
ranagers— a group clad in brUHant blues and yellows, and peculiar
to the Andean Ranges.

Key to the Species.

Abdomen yellow ; throat black ; no pectoral snol
Head black. ^

Nape silvery blue, distinct from back . . 1. montana, p 148

IVape purple-blue like back 2. cucullata, p 148

Head blue ; back green. ^

Rump green like the back 3. chloronota, p 148

w aa\ r ■ ■ v-,1 V, 4. e.dmia, p. 149.

Head and back purplish blue 5. arceei p. 149

Abdomen olive ; throat black ; pectoral spot '

.^«11°^ 6. edtuardsi, p. 150.

1.2

148 TANAGRTD^.

1. Buthraupis montana.

Aglaia montana, Lafr. et d'Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. o^.

Tanagra montana, d'Orb. Voy. p. 275, pi. 23. fig. 1 ; Gmy, Gen.

B. ii. p. .3G5 ; Bp. Consp. \. p. 239.
Buthraupis montana, Sclafer, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 10 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan.

p. 6o ; id. r. Z. S. 1850, p. 239 ; Scl. et Salo. Nomencl. p. 20 ; iid.

P. Z. S. 1879, p. GOO (Bolivia).

Above purple-blue ; nape with a conspicuous silvery-blue band ;
head and throat black ; abdomen yellow ; bill black ; lower mandible
at base cariicous ; feet black : whole length 8 inches, wing 5, tail 3-8.
Female similar.

Hah. Andes of Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yungas, Bohvia Sahin-Godman Coll.

(Buckley),

h. Ad. sk. Ramosani, Bolivia (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Bolivia (Buckley). Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.].

e. Ad. .sk. Bolivia. J. Gould, Esq.

2. Buthraupis cucullata.

Tanagra cucnllata, Jard. III. Orn. n. s. pi. 43 (1841).
" TanagTa montana, d'Orb.," Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 348.
Dubusia gigas, Up. Rev. Zuol. 18">1, p. 171 ; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 22.
Buthraupis cucullata, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 157, et 1856, p. 239 ; id.

Syn. Av. Tan. p. 65 : id. Cat. A. B. p. 73 ; Scl. et Salo. P. Z. S.

1873, pp. 186, 780 (S. Peru), et 1879, p. 500 (Antioquia) ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 20; Tacz. P.Z.S. 1874, p. 513 (C. Peru); id. Orn.

Per. ii. p. 483.

Above purple-blue ; head black : below, throat black ; abdomen
yellow ; bill and feet black : whole length 8-5 inches, wing 5-2,
tail 3-6. Female rather duller in plumage.

Hab. Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

At once distinguishable from B. montana by the absence of the
silvery nape-band. In South-Peruvian skins the belly is rather
more of an orange-yellow, and this colour ascends higher in the
middle of the throat.

a, b. Ad. St. Colombia. Purchased.

c, d. Ad. sk. Bogot:i. Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Antioquia, Colombia (Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

y. Ad. sk. Ecuador (Gould). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h, i. Ad. sk. Chiquinda, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

j. c? ad. sk. Iligos, Central Peru (Jp^s^z). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. Ad. sk. Iluas.impilla, Peru ( Whitely). Sclater Coll.

/ Ad.sk. \ia^A-<\m\)\\\'A (Mliitdy). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Buthraupis chloronota.

Buthraupis chloronota, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 97, pi. 64, 1856,
p. 240, et 1858, p. 551 ; id. Si/tt. Av. Tan. p. 66 ; id. Cat. A. B.
p. 73 : Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 20; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 80.

16. BUTHRAUPIS.

149

Above green ; cap and lesser wiug-coverts blue ; wings and tail
black, larger coverts and secondaries edged with green : below
yellow ; sides of head, throat, and breast black ; bill and feet black :
whole length 8-5 inches, wing 4-4, tail ;{-8. Fonalc similar.

I^lah. Western Ecuador.

Larger than B. eximia, and at once known by its wholly green
back.

a. 2 ad. sk. Matos, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

c. d. Ad.sk. Intaj, Ecuador (BiwJdci/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (L'uck/ei/). Salviu-Goduian Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.
y. Ad. sk. Ecuador (Gould). Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. Buthraupis eximia.

Tanagra eximia, Boisf:. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. G6 ; Bj). Consp. i. p. 239.
Tanagra (Saltator) eximia, Less. Descr. d. Momm. et Ois. p. 346.
Buthraupis eximia. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. "^9; Scl.P.Z.S. 1855, p. 157,

et 1850, p. 240; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 66; id. Cat. A. B. p. 73;

Set. et Sail}. Nomenel. p. 20.

Above green ; cap, lesser wiug-coverts, and rump blue ; wings
and tail black, greater wing- coverts and secondaries edged with
green : below yellow ; throat, breast, and sides of head black ; bill
and feet black : whole length 7 inches, wing 4-5, tail 3-5. Female
similar.

Hah. Colombia.

Onl}' known to me from Bogota skins.

Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

a, h. .\d. St.

Bogota.

c, d. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

e,f. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

//. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

5. Buthraupis arcsei.

Buthraupis arctei, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 439, pi. 31 ; iid.
Nomenel. p. 20; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 187 (Veragua) ; Salv.
et Godtn. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aws, i. p. 27().

Above dark purplish blue : wings and tail black, edged with
bluish ; lores and throat black ; abdomen yellow ; bill black ; feet
dark brown : whole length 5-5 inches, wing ;j'5, tail 2. Female
similar.

Hah. Veragua.

The small size and dark bluish back at once distinguish this
species.

«, h. (S ? fid. sk. Cordillera de Cliucu, \'eragua

{Afce).
c. S ad. sk. Calobre, Veragua (Arcc).

rf. .\d. sk. Veragua (Arve).

Salviu-Godman Coll.
(Types of tlie species.)
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

160 TANAQRID^.

6. Buthraupis edwardsi.

Buthraupis edwardsi, Elliot, Nouv. Arch. d. Mus. i. Bull. p. 77, tab. iv.
tig. 2 (18U5) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 307.

Above olive-green ; cap and lores black ; sides of head blue ;
wings and tail blackish, edged with bluish green : below yellowish
olive ; throat black ; patch in the middle of the breast orange-
yeUow ; bill horn-colour, darker above ; feet brown : whole length
5-5 inches, wing 3'3, tail 2-2. Female. Paler ; throat and head
more olivaceous.

Hah. Western Ecuador.

A very distinct species, at once known by its yellow pectoral
patch.

a, h. (S ad. sk. ; Pasto, Ecuador {Lehmann). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk.

17. COMPSOCOMA.

Compsocoma, Cab. Mus. Hetn. i. p. 140 (1850) C. victonni.

The four species of Compsocoma are all closely allied and have the
under surface altogether of a brilliant yellow. The structure is
much the same as in Buthraupis, but the bill is more produced and
conical. This is again a group peculiar to the Andes of South
America.

Key to the Species.

A. Whole under surface yellow.

Back olive-green ]. victorini, p. 150.

Rack black j rump greeuish 2. sumptuosa, p. 151.

Back black ; rump blue 3. Jlavinucha, p. 152.

B. Chin black ; rest of under surface orange .... 4. notabilis, p. 152.

1. Compsocoma victorini.

Tachyphonus victorini, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1842, p. 336.

Tanagra victorini, Bp. Consj). i. p. 239.

Compsocoma victorini, Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 140 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855,
p. 84, 1856, p. 238; id. Syn. Av. Tati. p. 64; id. Cat. A. B.
p. 73; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 20; Berl. J. f. O. 1884, p. 291
(Bucaramanga) ; I'acz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 80 (E. Ecuador).

Above olive-green ; wings and tail black, edged with bright blue ;
lesser wing-coverts purplish blue ; head black ; a broad medial stripe
from the vertex to the uape and the body beneath bright yellow ;
bill aud feet black : whole length 6-5 inches, wing 3-6, tail 2-8.
Female similar.

Hab. Colombia and Eastern Ecuador.

a. Ad. St.

Bogota.

Purchased.

b. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.

e-d. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Salvin-Godman Coll

e. Ad. sk.

Colombia.

J. Gould, Esq.

/. Ad. sk.

Ecuador.

Salvin-Godman Coll

17. COMPSOCOMA. 151

2. Compsocoma sumptuosa.

Tachyplionus sumptuosus, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 463 ; Puch. Arch. Mus.

Par. vii. p. 379, pi. 23.
Tanao-ra sumptuosa, Bp. Consp. i. p. 239.
Compsocoma sumptuosa, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 140; Sclater, P. Z. S.

185-5, p. 84, 185(3, p. 238, 1859, p. 139, et 1860, p. 86 (Ecaador) ;

id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 64 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 74 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.

1868, p. 167 (Venezuela), et 1879, p. 50 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nomencl.

p. 20 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 513 (0. Peru), et 1882, p. 13 (N.E.

Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 484.
Tachyplionus flaviiiucha, Tsck. Faun. Per. p. 208.
Tacliyphonus elegaus, Less. Echo d. M. S. 1844, p. 57 ; id. Descr. d.

Mamm. et 0/s. p. 349 (?) ; Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 171.
Compsocoma elegaus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 140; Scl. Cat. A. B.f. 74.
Compsocoma cyanoptera, Cab. J.f. O. I860, p. 235.
Compsocoma sumptuosa evanoptera, Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883,

p. 546, et 1884, p. 289 (W. Ecuador).

Above black, passing more or less into olivaceous green on the
rump ; wings and tail black ; lesser wing-coverts and outer margins
of the wing- and tail-feathers bine ; head black ; a broad stripe from
the vertex to the uape and the body beneath bright yellow ; bill and
feet black : whole length 7 inches, wing 4, tail 3"2. Female
similar.

Hah. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

In examples from the vicinity of Quito the blue edgings to the
wing- and tail-feathers are of the same hue as the shoulders (C.
cyanoptera) ; in Venezuelan, Eastern-Ecuador, and Peruvian skiua
the blue edgings are much brighter in hue ; but examples from
Antioquia are more or less intermediate. {Cf. P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 500.)

a. Subsp. typica.

a. Ad. st. Caracas, Venezuela. D. Dyson [C.].

h. c? ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela {Goering). Salvin-Godman CoU.

c. Ad. sk. San Lucas, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. San Jos^, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. S ad. sk. Marca, Peru {Jelski). Sclater Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Peruvian Amazons. Sclater Coll.

g. Ad.sk. Eastern Peru (rsc/jKc?*"). Sclater Coll.

a'. Intermediate between subsp. typica and subsp. cyanoptera.

a. Ad. sk. St. Helena, Antioquia {Salmon). Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Ketiro, Antioquia {Salmon). Sclater Coll.

c. d. cJ $ad. sk. Retire, Antioquia {Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Subsp. cyanoptera.

a. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq.

6. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk, Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

d, e. Ad. sk. Baisa, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman CoU.
f. Ad. sk. Paste, Ecuador {Lehmann^. Salvin-Godman Coll.

152 tanagrid.t:.

3. Compsocoma flavinucha.

Tachvphonus fl<avinucba, d'Orb. etLafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 29; (VOrb. Voi/.

p. i27t>' pi. 21 ; aray, Gen. B. ii. p". 365.
Tanagra flavinucha, Bp. Co/t-sp. i. p. 239.
Compsocoma flavinucha, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 140 ; 8nl. P. Z. S 1856,

p. 238 ; 7d. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 64 ; Scl. et Salv. Nometicl. p. 20 ; iid.

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 600 (Bolivia).

Above black ; rump, lesser wing-coverts, and edgings of tail-
feathers blue, edgings of primaries lighter blue ; broad nuchal band
and body below bright yellow ; bill and feet black : whole length
(5 inches, wing 3'5, tail 2'7. Female similar.

Hah. Bolivia.

At once recognizable by its blue rumj:).

a. Ad. sk. Simacu, Bolivia (BiicMei/). Salvin-Godnian Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Ymigas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Biicklet/).

c. Ad. sk. Bolivia ( Buckley). Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.].

4. Compsocoma notabilis.

Tanagra notabilis, Jard. Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. u. s. ii. p. 119; Scl.

P.Z.S. 1855, p. 84, pi. 91.
Compsocoma notabilis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 239; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 65 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 74 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 20.

Above yellowish olive ; wings and tail black, larger wing-coverts .
edged with blue, the smaller yellowisb olive like the back ; whole
head and chin black ; large nuchal spot yellow ; body below orange-
yellow ; bill and feet black : whole length 7 inches, wing 3"6,
tail 2-8.

Hah. Western Ecuador.

Very distinct, from its black chin and yellowish-olive back.

a. Ad. sk. Quito {Jameson). Sclater Coll.

h, c. Ad. sk. Intaj, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman CoU.

d. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Salviu-Godman Coll.

e,f. Ad. sk. Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq.

IS. DUBUSIA.
Dubusia, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 424 (1850).

The single species of this genus is aUicd to Compsocoma, but dis-
tinguished by its more compressed bill with a more rounded culmen,
and the longer tail. It is peculiar to the Andes of Colombia and
Ecuador.

1. Dubusia taeniata.

Tanagra (Tachyphonus) tasniatus, Boiss. Jiei\ Zool. 1840, p. 67.
Tacliyplionus tseniatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 237.
Arremou taeniatus, Gray, Gen. B., App. p. 16.

IHibusia titniata, Scl. Pl Z. S. 1855, p. 157, 1856, p. 237 ; id. Syn. Av.
Tan. p. 63 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 74 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 21 ; iid.

I

19. TANAGRA. 153

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 500 (Antioqiiia) ; Bed. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884
^ p. 289 (Ecuador) ; Tacz. et JJerl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 81 (Ecuador).
Tanagra selysia, Bp. Consp. i. p. 239.
Dubusia selysia, Bp. Compt. Rend. xxxi. p. 424 (1850), et xxxii

p. 81 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 2:>>7 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 63 ; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 74; Scl. et Sah: Nomencl. p. 21.

Above black, more or less tinged with bluish ; lesser wing-coverts
light greyish blue ; wings and tail black, margined vdth. duU blue ;
whole head and nape black ; the points of the feathers on the front
and sides of the head and neck light blue, forming long well-marked
superciliaries ; breast-band and crissum pale buff ; belly yellow ;
bill and feet black : whole length 7-3 inches, wing 3-7, tail S-s!
Femak' similar.

Bah. Colombia and Ecuador.

Some examples from Ecuador (perhaps not quite adult) have the
back olivaceous instead of bluish. Upon such Bonaparte established
his D. selysia . Others agree well with Bogota skins.

«, b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

c, d. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salviu-Godman Coll.

e. 2 ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia Salviu-Godman Coll.

{Salmon).

/, g. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h, i. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

j. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. J. Goidd, Esq.

19. TANAGEA. Type.

Tanagra, Linn. S. N. i. p. 313 (17G6) Type not given, but

Tanayra episcoptis by
general consent.
Thraupis, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 974 T. archiepiscopus.

The fourteen species comprehended in this genus are all of moderate
size and typical structure. They are distributed throughoi;t the
Neotropical Region from Southern Mexico to the southern limit of
the forests in Bolivia and the Argentine Republic, but do not intrude
on the Pampas. The species of the blue-grey section of this genus
allied to 2\ eplscopus are very difficult to distinguish, and even with
the large series before mo I do not pretend to have been able to
arrange them satisfactorily. The nesting of several species of this
genus is known to us. They build an open nest, like our Finches,
and lay spotted eggs. {Cf. Euler, J. f. O. 1867, p. 41U.)

Key to the Species.

A. Rump uniform with back : sexes similar :
A. I'lumage above and below of a bluish
grey. . , .

«. Lesser coverts silvery white :

greater coverts slightly edged with

white 1. episcopus, p. 164.

greater coverts broadly edged with

white 2. calestis, p. loo.

154 TANAGRID^.

b. Lesser coverts violet 3. sclateri, p. 155.

c. Lesser coverts blue :

I smaller : head greyisli 4. cana, p. 156.

I larger : head greenish white 5. ci/anoplera, p, 157.

d. Lesser coverts greenish :

) breast grey 6. sayaca, p. 158.

( breast violet 7. glaiicocolpa, p. 159.

B. Plumage above and below of an olive-
green.

e. No yellow on wings 8. palma7-u}n, p. 159.

f. Wings ornamented with yellow :
' tips of lesser wing-coverts yellow .. 9. omnia, 'p. 161.
I yellow speculum at the base of the

primaries 10. abbas, p. 162.

c. Plumage above yellowish olive ; head
blue :

abdomen cinereous 11. cyanocejihala, p. 162.

abdomen blue 12. olivicyanea, p. 163.

B. Hump yellow, distinct from back : sexes
different :

I interscapulium black 13. bonariensis, p. 164.

( interscapulium olive 14. darivini, p. 165.

1. Tanagra episcopiis.

Episcopus avis, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 40.

Tanagra episcopus, Limi. S. N. i. p. 316; Strickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xx.
p. 332 (1847) ; Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 670; Bp. Rev. Zool.
1851, p. 170 ; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 21 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 157,
1856, p. 231 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 58 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 74 ; Scl. et
Sulv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 571 (Para) ; iid. Nomend. p. 21 ; Layard, Ibis,
1873, p. 379 (Para); Pelz. Oni. Bras. p. 208; Salv. Ibis, 1885,
p. 210 (Brit. Guian.).

Tanagra glauca, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 364.

Tanagra serioptera, >S'w. An. in Menag. p. 313 ; Cab. in Schomb. Guian.
iii. p. 670.

Thraupis serioptera, Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 28.

Tanagra leucoptera, G. R. Gray, in 3Ius. Brit. (Bogota) ; Scl. Cat.
A. B. p. 74.

Pale bluish grey, rather darker on the interscapulium, and tinged
with violet on the rump and breast ; wings and tail blackish mar-
gined with blue ; lesser wing-coverts clear bluish white ; bill dark
horn-colour ; feet brown : whole length 6 inches, wing 3-5, tail 2'5.
Female similar, perhaps rather duller in plumage.

Hah. Guiana, Lower Amazonia, and Colombia.

Bogota skins show sUght indications of bluish-white edgings
to the larger wing-coverts, and are thus varying towards T. ccelestis.
They have been designated Tanagra leucoptera in G. R. Gray's MS.

a. Subsp. typica.

a, b. (J ad. sk. ; Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. {Jlliitely).

d. (J ad. ak. Camacusa, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Vf^itely).

19. TANAGRA.

155

e,f. (S ad. sk.

ff, h. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
j. Ad. sk.

Roraima, Brit. Guiana

( Jlliitely).
Cayenne.

Cayenne.
Cayenne.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Purchased.

H. C. Eothery, Esq.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. Ad. sk.

Para, Amazons {Wallace).

b. Subsp. leucoptera.

a, b. Ad. sk.
c, d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.

Bogota.
Bogota.
Bogota.

Sclater CoU.
Purchased.
J. Gould, Esq.

2. Tanagra ccelestis.

Tanagra ccelestis, Spi.v, Av. Bras. ii. p. 42, pi. 55. fig. 2; Bp. P. Z. S.
1837, p. 121 ; id. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 169 ; id. Note s. I. Tung. p. 20 ;
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 115, 1856, p. 232, 1858, p. 453 ; id. Si/n.
Av. Tan. p. 58 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 75 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 180 (Ucavali), 1867, p. 749 (£. Peru), 1869, p. 597 (Cosni-
pata), 1873," p. 261 (E. Peru), 1876, p. 16 (S. Peru) ; iid. Komsjicl.
p. 21 ; Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 513 kC. Peru), 1879, p. 227, 1880,
p. 195 (N. Peru), 1882, p. 13 (N.E. Peru); id. Orn. Per. ii.
p. 485 ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 81 (Ecuador).

Tanagra episcopus, <S't/. et Sale. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 185 (S. Peru).

Pale bluish grey, rather darker on the interscapulium ; rump and
body below more or less tinged with violaceous ; wings and tail
blackish, margined with blue ; lesser wing-coverts and broad mar-
gins of the greater wing-coverts clear bluish white ; bill dark horn-
colour ; feet brown : whole length 6 inches, wing 3-6, tail 2-6,
Female similar.

Hah. Upper Amazonia and Ecuador.

The amount of the white on the larger wing-coverts varies slightly,
but the conspicuous white wing-band renders this form generally
well distinguishable.

a. Ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk. ; c.

Jr. sk,

d. Ad. sk. ; e

. Jr.

sk.

f,9. d5ad.

sk.

h, i. Ad. sk.

j, k. Ad. sk.

I. cj ad. sk.

m. (S ad. sk.

Eastern Peru ( Tschudi).
Eastern Peru {Farris).
Eastern Peru {Farris).

Yquitos, U. Amazons ( Tfltite-

/!/)■
Sarayacu, Ecuador {Biakley).
Monji, Ecuador {Btwkley).
Gualaquiza, Ecuador {Frasei-).
Kio Xapo.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.

3. Tanagra sclateri.

Tanagra glauca, Leotaud. Ois. Trinidad, p. 293.
Tanagra glaucocolpa, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 75 (err.).
Thraupis cana, Fi7tsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 580 (Trinidad).
Tanagra sclateri, Berlepsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 112; Ridgic. Pr. U.S.
N. M. 1884, p. 173 (Trinidad).

156 tanagrid.t;.

I'ale bluish grey, rather darker on the interscapulium, more
violaceous on the rump and chest ; wings and tail blackish, edged with
blue ; lesser wing-coverts bright shining violet ; bill dark horn-
colour ; feet brown : whole length 6-5 inches, wing 3*7, tail 2'7.
Female similar.

Jfah. Trinidad.

This species in the colour of its upper wing-coverts is intermediate
between T. episcopus and T. cuna.

a, b. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Trinidad (?). Purchased.

4. Tanagra cana.

Tanagra cana, Sw. Orn. Dr. pi. 37, J (1841); Strickl. Ann. Nat.

Hist. XX. p. 332; Jard. Ami. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 332 (Tobago);

Sc/afer, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 157, 185G, p. 232, 1859, p. 139, 1800,

pp. 274, 292; id. iSi/n. Av. Tun. p. 58; id. Cut. A. B. p. 75;

Cassin, Pi: Ac. Sc. Phil. 18G0, p. 141 (Turbo); Lawr. Ann. L. N.

Y. vii. p. 297 (Panama) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 325 (Colombia) ;

iS'c'^. et Salv. Notnencl. p. 21 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 500 (Antioquia) ;

Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 545, 1884, p. 290 (Ecuador) ; Salv.

et Godm.Biul. Ccnfr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 277; Berl. J. f. O. 1884,

p. 291 (Bucaramauga) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 4b6; Tacz. et Berl.

P. Z. S. 1885, p. 81 (Ecuador).
Tanagra ca^Iestes, Siu. Orn. Dr. pi. 41 (jr.) ?
Tanagra swaiusoni. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3(34.
Thraupis cana, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 29.
Tanagra sayaca, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 170; id. Note s. I. Tuny.

p. 21.
Tanagra cyauopttra, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877. p. 320 (N. Peru).
Tanagra (Aglaia) diaconus, Less. Per. Zool. 1842, p. 175.
Tanagra episcopus, Bj). P. Z. >S. 1837, p. 110.
Tanagra diaconus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1850, pp. 142, 2.33, 303, 1859,

pp. 59, 304, 1804, p. 173 ; id. Sya. Av. Tan. p. 59 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 75; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, \859, p. 10, 1800, p. 33; iid. P.Z.S.

1864, p. 350 (Panama), 1870, p. 830 (Honduras); Taylor, Ibis,

1860, p. Ill ; Salvin, P.Z. S. 1867, p. 138, 1870, p. 187 (Veragua) ;

id. Ibis, 1872, p. 316 ( Cliontales) ; Laior. Ann. L. N. I', viii.

p. 175 (Veragua), ix. p. 99 (Costa Pica); Sumichrast, 3Ieni. Bost.

Sac. N. H. i. p. 550 (Vera Cruz) ; Frantz. J.f. 0. 1809, p. 298

(Costa Rica).

Pale bluish grey, darker on the interscapulium ; bluish on the
rump, and in some specimens on the breast ; wings and tail blackish,
edged with greenish blue ; upper wing-ooverts bright shining blue ;
bill dark horn-colour : feet black : whole length 6 inches, Ming 2*5,
tail '2.U . Female similar.

Hah. Southern Mexico, and throughout Central America to
Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and N. Peru.

There are slight variations in the shades of the blue and grey in
examples from different localities, but on the whole 1 am .satisfied
that the most reasonable plan is to refer all the birds from America
north of Panama to this species, which extends soutliwards to
Colombia and Western Ecuador.

19. TANAGRA.

157

a. 2 ad- sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.
</. Ad. sk.

e,f. Ad. sk.
.9. Ad. sk.
'h. 2 ad. sk.
i. 2 3.d. sk.
,/. (5' ad. sk.
A. Ad. sk.
I. Ad. slv.

m. Ad. sk.
?(. c? ad. sk.

o. Ad.sk.

;>. Ad. sk.
y. cJ ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
^■, <. Ad. sk.
M. Ad. sk.

r, 10. S 2 ad. sk.
X, y. Ad. sk. ;

Jr. sk.
z. 2 ad. sk.

a'. 2 ad. sk.

b', c'. S 2 ad.

sk.
d'. (S ad. sk.
e'. Ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
g'. Ad. sk.

h', i'. Ad. sk.
j'. Ad. sk.
'A;', v. Ad. sk.
»»', m'. Ad. sk.
o\ p' • 6 2 ad. sk.
y', »*'. S 2 ad. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
t' , u'. Ad. sk.

v'. Ad. sk.

M*'. Ad. sk.

Orizaba, Mexico.

Orizaba, Mexico.

Mexico.

Belize, Brit. Honduras (Blan-

caiiemix).
British Honduras.
Retalhuleu, Guaty mala (Salvin).
Duenas, Guatemala (Salrin ).
Yaxcamnal, Guatemala ( Salvin).
Lanquin, Guatemala (SaJvin).
San Pedro, Honduras ( Whitehj).
Irazu Distr., Costa Rica

{Rogers).
Tucurriqui, Costa Eiea (Arce).
Punta Arenas, Costa Rica

(Sa/rin).
Bebedero, Nicoja, Costa Rica

(A)-cc).
Costa Rica (Cnrmiul).
Santa Fe, Veragua {Arce).
Calovevora, Verapua {Arce).
Verao-ua {Arce).
Paraiso Station, Isthmus of

Panama {Hughes).
Panama {McLeannnn).
Santa Marta.

Santa Marta, Colombia

{Simons).
Santa Marta, Colombia

(Simms).
Medellin, Antioquia {Saimo>i).

Medellin, Antioquia [Salmoti).

Bogota.

Bogota.

San Esteban, Venezuela

{Hanke).
Venezuela.
Trinidad.
Tobago {Kirk).
Tobago P

Babahoyo, Ecuador {Fraser).
Pallatanga, Ecuador (Fraser).
Quito.
Puna Island, Guyaquil ( T'illa-

gomez).
Loja, Ecuador.

Choco Bay, Pacific coast of
Colombia.

Salvin-Godraan Coll.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater
Salvin-
Salvin-
Salvin-
Salvin-
Salvin-
Salvin-(

Coll.

■Godman Coll.
•Godnian Coll.
Godman Coll.
Godnian Coll.
■Godman Coll.
Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll,
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Kellett and Wood

[C.].
Kellett and Wood

[C.].

5. Tanagra cyanoptera.
Lindo saihobi, Azar. Pa.r. i. p. 370.
Saltator cvanopterus, Tleill. Noui\ Diet, xiv
p. 790. ■

p. lOi : id. F»c. Meth.

158 tanagridjE.

Tanagra sayaca, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 484 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 176
(c?) ; Sd. et Sah. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 600 (Bolivia).

Tanagra virens, Siickl. Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 332 (1847).

Aglaia episcdpu.s, cVOrh. et Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 33.

Tanagra episcopus. Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 6; d'Orb. Voy. Ois. p. 274;
Sw. Om. Dr. pi.' 39 (adult).

Tanagra inornata, Sw. Om. Dr. pi. 40 (jr.) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 238.

Tanagra argentata, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 364.

Tanagra pra3latu.s, Less. Tr. d' Om. p. 402.

Tanagra cvanoptera, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 170; id. Note .s. /. Tang.
p. 21 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 233 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 59 ; id.
Cat. A. B. p. 75 ; Sd. et Salv. P. Z. S. "1868, p. 139 (Buenos
Ayres) ; iid. Nomend. p. 21 ; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 114 ;
Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 303 ; Berl. J.f. O. 1873, p. 240.

Thraupis cyanoptera, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 29 ; id. J.f. 0. 1866, p. 305.

Bluish grey with a greenish tinge above ; below much paler,
especially in the middle of the belly ; wings and tail blackish, edged
with greenish blue ; lesser wing-coverts bright shining blue (nearly
as in T. cana) ; bill dark plumbeous ; feet brown : whole length
6-6 inches, wing 3-9, tail 2-8. Female similar, but rather less
brilliant in colour, and lesser wing-coverts greenish blue.

Hah. Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Buenos Ayres, and Bolivia.

The large size and greenish tinge on the head render this species
readily distinguishable from T. cava. It is, however, very difficult
in some cases to decide whether specimens should be referred to this
species or to T. sayaca. This is specially so in Bolivian and
Argentine examples, where the blue of the lesser wing-coverts is
not so bright as in specimens from Southern Brazil.

a,b. cJ $ ad.sk. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Joyner).

c, d. J 9 ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil {Joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. c5' ad. sk. Pelotas, liio Grande do Sul, Salvin-Godman CoU.

Brazil (Joyner).

f. Ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Rio da Salvin-Godman Coll.

Janeiro {Yotids).

g. Ad. sk. Rio Grande do Sul (Plant). Sclater Coll.
h, i. (S 2 ad. sk. S. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

j, k. <S^ ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

/, m. Jr. sk. Uruguay. Allan Peel [C.].

n. (S ad. sk. Oran, Salta, rep. Arg. ( Tfliite). Salvin-Godman Coll.

o, p- 6 2 ad. sk. Oran, rep. Arg. ( White). Sclater CoU.

q. S jr. sk. Misiones, rep. Arg. ( White). Sclater Coll.

r. Jr. sk. Buenos Aji'es {Haslehust). Salvin-Godman Coll.

s. Jr. sk. Belgrano, Buenos Ayres. H. Durnford [C.].

t. Ad. sk. Sorata, Bolivia {Buckley). Sclater Coll.

M, V. Ad. sk. Sorata, Bolivia {Buckley). Salviu-Godman Coll.

10. Ad. sk. Bohvia {Forbes). Sclater Coll.

X. Skel. Brazil. Purchased.

6. Tanagra sayaca.

Tanagra sayaca, Litm. S. N. i. p. 316 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 176
(?); Pelz. Om. Bras. p. 208; Euler,J.f. O. 1867, p. 410 (nest
and egffs).

19. TANAGRA. 159

Thraupis sayaca, Cnh. Mus. Hein. i. p. 28 ; id. J.f. O. 1860, p. 305.
Tanagra caelestis, Sic. Orn. Dr. t. 41.
Tanagra swainsoni, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 364.

Bluish grey, paler below ; wings and tail blackish, edged with
greenish bhie ; lesser wing-coverts dull greenish blue like the
edgings of the wings ; bill plumbeous ; feet brown : whole length
6 inches, wing 3'6, tail 2*7. Ft'inale similar.

Bab. Eastern Brazil ; Pernambuco (Forbes).

Dr. Cabanis, in 1866 (J. f. 0. 1866, p. 305), first pointed out the
distinctness of this species from T. cyanoptera, and soon afterwards
obligingly furnished me with specimens. Although I am disposed
to agree with his views, I find much difficulty in deciding to which
form to refer some of the skins before me. Probably the young of
T. cyanoptera closely resembles T. sayaca adult.

a. Ad. ak. Ceara, N. Brazil (Jesse). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil (TV. A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Forhes).

d. (S ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil ( W. A. Sclater Coll.

Forbes).

e. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (JI'Mc/iere?-). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. :S ad. sk. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Nut- Salvin-Godman Coll.

terer).
g,h. cJ $ ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

i,j. Ad. sk. Brazil (Sella). Sclater CoU. (Re-

ceived from the Berlin Mus.)

7. Tanagra glaucocolpa.

Thraupis daucocolpa, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 28 (1850) ; Finsch,

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 580 ; id. Orn. DelaUre, p. 62.
Tanagra cyanilia, Bp. Cumpt. Hetid. xxxviii. p. 383 (1854).

Above bluish grey, darker on the head and back, lighter on the
rump ; wings and tail blackish, edged with greenish blue ; lesser
wing-coverts slightly more bluish : below paler ; throat greyish
white ; breast and flanks glossed with violet-blue ; middle of beUy,
crissum, and under wing-coverts white ; bill corneous ; feet dark
hazel: whole length 6-2 inches, wing 3-6, tail 2-5.

Hah. Venezuela.

Apparently quite distinct, as pointed out by Cabanis, and easily
recognizable by its violaceous breast and the greenish-blue lesser
wing-coverts.

a. Ad. sk. Venezuela (Goering). Sclater CoU.

b. Ad. jk. Venezuela. Purchased. (Type of

T. cyanilia.)

8. Tanagra palmarnm.

Tanagra palmarum, Ma.v. lieise, ii. p. 76 (1821) ; id. Beitr. iii.
p. 489 ; Sclater, F. Z. S. 1856, p. 234 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 60 :
id. Cat. A. B. p. 76 ; Scl. et Salt: P. Z. S. 1867, p. 571 (Lower
Amazons), 1873, p. 186 (S. Peru) et p. 262 (E. Peru), 1879,
p. 500 (Antioquia) et p. 600 (Bolivia) ; iid. Notnencl. p. 21 ;

160 TANAGRID.E.

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 200 ; Lm/nrd, IbU, 1873, p. 370 (Para) ; Bou-
card, r. Z. S. l^i78, p. 55 (Gosta Rica) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 13
(N.E. Peru); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 210 (Brit. Guiana).

Thraupis palraaruni, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 580 (Trinidad).

Tanagra olivascens, Licht. Doubl. p. 32 (1823) ; (TOrb. Vo>/.,Ois. p. 274 ;
Sw. Orn. Dr. pi. 38 ; Cab. in Schomh. Oman. iii. p. 070 ; Burm.
Si/st. Ueb. iii. p. 175; Leotaud, Ois. Trin. p. 295; Tsch. Faun.
Per., Ave.'f, p. 204

Thraupis olivascens, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 28.

Tanao-ra melanoptera, Hartl. MS. ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 235,
1858, p. 74 (Rio Napo) et p. 453 (Ecuador), 1860, p. 292
(Ecuador); id. Si/n. Ac. Tan. p. 61 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 76; Pelz.
Orn. Bras. p. 200; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 350 (Panama),
1866, p. 180 (Ucayali), 1867, p. 740 (E. Peru), 1868, p. 627 (Vene-
zuela) ; Salv. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 13S (Veragua) ; Fruntz. J. f. 0. 1869,
p. 298 (Costa Rica) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326 (Colombia) ; Bei--
lepsch, J.f. O. 1873, p. 243 (S. Catharina) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 513 (C. Peru) ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. .iV. Y. ix. p. 99 (Veragua).

Tanagra p dmarum violilavata, Bvrl. vt Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 546
(Ecuador).

Tanagra palniarum melanoptera, Berl. J.f. O. 1884, p. 291 (Ecuador) ;
Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 486.

Taugava eveque, femelle, Desm. Tang. pi. 16.

Olive-green, lighter on the head and darker on the back ; wings
and tail brownish black : wing-coverts edged with olive like the
back ; bastard wing, reraiges, and rectrices more or less margined
with darker olive ; under wing-coverts pale olive ; under surface
of wing-feathers towards their bases creamy white: bill dark horn-
colour ; feet brown : whole length 7"5 inches, wing 3-8, tail 3.
Female similar, but rather smaller.

Bah. From 8. Brazil and Bolivia northwards to Trinidad, Vene-
zuela, Colombia, Panama, and Costa ilica.

The western form {T. nwlanojdira) is hardly distinguishable
as a species, as there are many intermediate grades ; but in general
there are no olive-green edgings to the wing- and tail-feathers in
western specimens. In Guiauan skins these edgings are slightly
manifest.

a. 8ubsp. tripica.

a,b. cS ^ ad. sk. Perr.ambuco (Forbes). Sclater Coll.

c, d. Ad. sk. Pernambuco {Forbes). Salvin-Godraan Coll.

e,/. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (TT^itcAc/-f 7-). Salviu-Godman Coll.

g. Sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

h, i. S ad. sk. ; Brazil. Sclater Coll.

j. 2 ad. sk. (Varieties from captivity.)

b. Subsp. melanoptera.

a. Ad. sk. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Ad.sk. Costa Rica (C'annto/). Sclater CoU.

c. 5 ad. sk. Santiago de Veragua {Arve). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Paraiso Station, Isthmus of Salvin-Godman Coll.

Panama (Hughex).
e,f. d 2 ad. sk. Panama (MeLeannan). Salviu-Godman Coll.

ff,h. cS 2 ad. sk. Panama {MeLeannan). Sclater Coll.

i. 2 ad. sk.

./. Ad. sk.
k. 2 ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
71. Ad. sk.
0. Ad. sk.
p, q. Ad. sk.
r. cS ad. sk.
s. d ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
?<, i). Ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.

a. Ad. sk.

6, f. (5' 2 ad. sk.

d,c. c? 2 ad. sk.

/. $ ad.sk.
ff. Ad. sk.

h. Ad.sk.

«. Ad. sk.

1!). TAXAGRA.

Minca, U. S. of Colombia
(Si?no7is).

Santa Marta, Colombia.

Remedies, U. 8. of Colombia.

Bogota, Colombia.

Bogota, Colombia.

Ivio Napo.

Rio Napo.

Saiayacu, Ecuador (Buckley).

Esmeraldas, Ecuador (Fraser).

Yquitos, E. Peru ( Whitchj).

Saravacu, Peru (JJliife/j/)'.

Cangalli, Bolivia {Buckley).

Bolivia.

c. Intermediate forms.

British Guiana (Whitely).
Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana

( Whitely).
Roraima, J>rit. Guiana

{Whit.'ly).
Maroui R., Surinam (Kappler).
Island of Mexiana, Lower

Amazons ( Wcdlace).
Island of Mexiana, Lower

Amazons ( Wallace).
Trinidad (?).

0. Tanagra omata.

161

Salvin-Godman Coil.

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-CTodman Coll.
Salviu-Godmau Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-C.Todman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Tanagi-a ornata, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, pi. 95 ; Stc. Orn. Dr. pi 42 •
Bp. Consp. i. p. i>;38 ; id. Rev. Zool. Lsol, p. 170 ; id. Xote s. I Tanq
p. 21 (partim) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 231 ; id. &i/ii. Av. Tan
p. 00: id. Cat. A. B. p. 76; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 21 ; Barm
Sy.st. Ueb. iii. p. 174; Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 30-3 (S. Paulo)-
Berl. J.f. O. 1873, p. 242 (S. Catharina) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. -p. 209'

lanagra archiepiscopus, Desm. Tan. pis. 17 et 18 ; Spix, At: Bras. ii.
p. 42, pi. 55. f. 1 ; Ma.c. Beitr. iii. p. 481 ; Cab. in Schonib. Gaiaii
111. p. 670.

Tbraupis ornata, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 28.

Above olive-green, interscapulium darker, head blue : wings and
tail blackish, margined with olive ; lesser wing-covcrts bluisht with
bright yellow edgings : below grey, strongly washed with blue on
the throat, breast, and flanks : under wing-coverts creamy white ;
inner margins of wing-feathers ashy ; bill black, feet brown : whole
length 7 inches, wing 3-8, tail 3. 'Female similar, but rather paler

Hah. S.E. Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Rio de

Janeiro ( Youds).

b, c. 2 ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Juyner).

d. Ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul,

Brazil (Juyner).

e. (S ad. sk. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil

(Joyner).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

162 tanagridjE.

f. A.d. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

y, h. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

j, k. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Clausseu [P.].

10. Tanagra abbas.

Tanag^ra abbas, Licht. Preis- Verz. p. 2, no. 70 (1831) ; Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 235, 303, 1858, p. 358, 1859, pp. 364, 378, 1864,
p. 173 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 61 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 76 ; Sclater et
Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836 (Honduras) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 21 ;
Sumichrast, Mem. Post. S. N. H. i. p. 550 ; Lamr. Bull. JJ. S.
Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 19 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 189 ; Salv. et
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 278.

Tanagra (Aglaia) vicarius. Less. Cent. Zool. pi. 68.

Tanagra vicarius, Bjj. Cotisj). i. p. 238 ; id. P. Z. S. 1837, p. IIG; id.
Eev. Zool. 1851, p. 171 ; id. Note s. I. Tang. p. 22 ; Scl. et Salv.
Bis, 1859, p. 16 (Guatemala); Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 69
(Honduras) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill (Honduras).

Thraupis vicarius, Cah. Mus. Hein. i. p. 29.

Olive-green ; interscapulinm darker, slightlj' variegated with
black; head blue ; wings and tail black; wing- coverts olive ; pri-
maries and secondaries crossed by a bright yellow band : below
brighter and rather more yellowish : throat tinged with bluish ; bill
dark horn-colour, feet brown : whole length 6-5 inches, wing 3-9,
tail 2*8. Female similar, but rather duller in colour.

Hah. South Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras.

a, b. Ad. St. Mexico. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Orizaba, Mexico. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. Jalapa, South Mexico {de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll.
e,/. Ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll.

y. Ad. sk. Behze, Brit. Honduras {Blanca- Salvin-Godman Coll.

neaux).

h. Ad. sk. Cahabon, Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

{. Ad. sk. Coban, Vei-a Paz {Salving. Salvin-Godman Coll.

;. c?ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz (;S'«Zmh). Salvin-Godman CoU,

k. Ad. sk. Cbisec, Vera Paz {Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. Ad. sk. Dueiias, Guatemala (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. Ad. sk. Retalhuleu, Guatemala (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. Ad. sk. San Pedro, Honduras (JF7«eYe?»/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

11. Tanagra cyanocephala.

Aglaia cyanocepliala, <^'0/'6. etLafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 32.

Tanagra maximiliaui, d'Orb. Voy., Ois. p. 276, pi. 23. f. 2.

Tanagra cyanocephala. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 364 ; Bj). Consp. i. p. 238 ;
Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 205; Sclatei-, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 236, et 1859,
p. 139; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 62; id. Cat. A. B. p. 77; ^-e^. et
Salv. Nomencl. p. 21 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 501 (Antioquia) et
p. 600 (Bolivia) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 513 (C. Peru), 1879,
p. 227 (N. Peru), 1882, p. 13 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 490 ;
Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 290 (Ecuador).

Thraupis cyanocephala, Cab. Mus. Hein, i. p. 29.

19. TANAGEA.

163

Dubusia cyanocephala, Sclate)\ P. Z. S. 1855, p. 157, et 1856,

p. 2o6.
Dubusia auricrissa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 227.
Tanagi-a auricrissa, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 236 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 62 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 77 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 780

(Venezuela) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326 (Colombia).
Tanaofra subcinerea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 129 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 77 ; Leotaud, Ois. Trin. p. 296.

Above dark yellowish olive, cap blue ; sides of head blackish :
below cinereous ; flanks and crissum yeUow, more or less tinged
with olive ; under wing-coverts and inner webs of wing-feathers
bright yellow ; bill dark horn-colour ; feet brown : whole length
6'5 inches, wing 3-5, tail 3. Female similar.

Hah. Andes of Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela.

In the Colombian form i^T. c. auricrissa) the crissum is of rather
a brighter yellow ; in the Venezuelan bird {T. c. subcinerea) the
under surface is rather more ashy.

rt, h. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
//. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
_/. Ad. sk.

a. Ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.
c,d. c^2

ad. sk.
e. 2 ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.

g. Ad. St.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

a. Subsp. typica.

Ramosani, Bolivia {Buckley).

Tilotilo, Bolivia {Buckley).

Bolivia.

E. Peru (Tschudi).

Puuamarca, Peru (Jehki).

Pallatanga, Ecuador (Praser).

Ecuador.

San Lucas, Ecuador ( Villayomez).

Jima, Ecuador {Buckley).

b. Subsp. miricrissa.

Bogota.

Antioquia (Salmon).
Retiro, Antioquia {Scdmon).

Santa Elena, Antioquia {Salmon).
Canuto, Magdalena valley

{Wyatt).
Colombia.

c. Subsp. subcinerea.

Venezuela.
Trinidad.

Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godmau Coll.
T. Bridges [C.J.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater CoU.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater CoU.
Salviu-Godmau CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll. (Type
of T. auricrissa, Scl.)
Sclater CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

Sclater CoU. (Type
of T. subcinerea, Scl.)
Sclater CoU.

12. Tanagra olivicyanea.

Tanagra olivicyanea, Lafr. Eev. Zool. 184-3, p. 69 ; i?/>. Consp. i. p . 238 ;

Sclafer, P. Z. S. 1856", p. 237 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 63 ; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 77 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 21 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167

(Venezuela).
Tachyphonus oUvicyaneus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 365.
Dubusia olivicyanea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 157.

m2

Ig4 TANAGKID^.

Above dark yellowish olive ; whole head and body beneath bright
blue ; crissum yellowish olive ; under wing-coverts and thighs sulphur-
yellow ; bill black ; feet brown : whole length 7 inches, wiug 3-6,
tail 2-9. i^ema?e similar.

Bah. Andes of Venezuela and Colombia.

Like T. cyanoa'pliala, but at once recognizable by the bright blue
head and under surface.

a, h. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela ( Goe- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ring) .

d, e. Ad. sk. Venezuela (?). J. Gould, Esq.

13. Tanagra bonariensis.

Loxia bonariensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 850.

Lindo celeste oro v negro, Azara, Apunt. \. p. 377.

Tanagra striata, Gm. 8.N. i. p. 899; cTOrb. Voy., Ois. p. 273; £p.

Consp. i. p. 239 ; Hartl. Lid. Az. p. 6 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 97

(note), et 1856, p. 236 (partim) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 77; Scl. et Salv.

Nomencl. p. 21 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 139 (Buenos Ayres), 1869,

p. 597 (S. Peru), 1879, p. 600 (Bolivia) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 596;

Tacx. Orn. Per. ii. p. 489.
Tanagra chrysogaster, Ctiv. Peg. Anim. i. p. 3G6 (1829) ; Ptich. Arch.

Mus. Par. vii. p. 344.
Aglaia striata, Lafr. et d'Orh. Sijn. Av. i. p. 32; Danviii, Zool. Voy.

^Beagh, iii. p. 97 (partim).
Tanagra darwini, Gray, Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii. pi. 34.

Lores, region round the eyes, and back black ; rump orange ;
head all round and edgings of wings and tail blue : abdomen
yellow, passing iuto orange on the breast ; bill horn-colour, lower
mandible whitish ; feet brown : whole length 7 inches, wing 3-6,
tail 2-8. Female. Greyish brown ; beneath paler, tinged with
yellowish olive on the rump and throat.

Hah. South Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentine Republic, and
Bolivia.

a. S ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

h. 2 ad.sk. Bio Grande do Sul (P/««^). Sclater CoU.

c, d. cT ? ad. sk. Uruguay. A. Peel [C.].

e f rT 2 ad. sk. Maldouado, Uruguav. Bm-nett aud Fitzrov

(7 2 ad sk. Corrientes, Arg. Rep. Sclater Coll.

"' ^ ■ (White).

/(_ 9 ad. Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres. H. Uuruford [C.].

t rj ad sk PampiHs, Argentiuas (L^y- Salvin-Godman Coll.

hold).

j k. (S 2 ad. sk. Mendoza, Arg. Rep. {Bur- Salvin-Godman Coll.

meistei').

I. (J ad. sk. Ciuti, Bolivia (Buekley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

»». 6 i^- sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll.

20. SPIXDALIS.

165

14. Tanagra darwini.

Tanagra darwinii^^^. p. Z. S. 1837, p. m ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 18-58
pp. 4o3, 551 (Ecuador), 1800, p. 86, 1866, p. 97 1867 p 341

i- \^\\^^Jc^ P- ^^^' ^S*^^' P- 569, 1869, p. 151, 1876: p 16 fS
Peru), et ] 879, p. 600 (BoUvia) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874 p 5 3(0 Peru)
1880 p. 195 (X. Peru), 1882, p. 13 (N.E. Peru)? £ O.-l '^'i '
p. 488 ,BerL et Tacz. R Z S. 1884, p. 290 (Ecuador). '

Tanagra fru-ileg„s, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, pt. 1, p 986 • id

Oalliste friigilegus, Bp. Consp. i p -^m

^'i;? w7''l7™"'^^°"'' ^^'- ^""- ^"°^- ^^^' P- 1^'5 ^'^^^ ^"^''''''
Aglaia strikta, Darwin, Zool. Vol/. Beagle, iii. p. 97, pi. 34 (partim)
Tanagra striata, Sclafer, P Z. ^.1856, p. 2.35 (partim). ^P*"'^""^'

Lores and line round the eye black ; back olive-green ; rump
yeUow; head and neck all round, and edges of ^ings and Z
blue: abdomen yellow; bill hom-colour, lower mandible whitish-
feet brown : whole length 6-7 inches, wing 3-5, tail 2-9. Kmcde.

ti';iwX"i?owi.:r^ "^^^^ ''-'^'-'^ '-'^^ p^^--' ^^^--

ffab. Bolivia, Peru, and Western Ecuador

l^.?^^'V'f"''f'^ ^li^ /.striata, hut (juite distinct and easily
known by the olive back of the male. "^

«. dad. sic. TilotiloYuugas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(BucA-tei/).

d % i^f- '''■ !"''*"' ^'''li^r (£'"^^^1^!/)- Salvin-Godman Coll.

'^- ^ ''^- ^''^- Arequipa S.W. Peru Salvin-Godman Coll.

( // /life/i/).

e, .f. d 2 ad. sk. Western Peru ( Tschudi). Sclater Coll.

: f fooA 1 ^^araynioc, Peru (J./.;l^•). Sclater Coll.

ik i 9 J- i p'"^' ^T^°' (^"i;^-%)- Salvin-Godman Coll.

■/'J;; ^ L 1 1 • S"'^^^^' Ecuador ( J-;mw). Sclater Coll.

'' '''■ ^ ? ^'i- '^- Ecuador. L. Eraser [C.].

20. SPINDALIS.

Spindalis /«r^. et Selb^Ill. Orn. n. s. tab. ix. (1836) . . S. nigilcephala
bpizampehs, Brganf, Proc. Bast. Soc. N. H x p •■>.53

(^^66) ^ :..:.. S.pretiii.

This is a small group peculiar to the Antilles. It is hardly
different in structure from TaiHKjra, but may be kept distinct con-
veniently on account of its distribution and peculiar ornamentation
The male dress is of a brilliant orange, varied with black and white
stripes and markings. The females are duller and distinct in
plumage. The nest of ^S". nkjrkephala, as described by Gosse is
open and cup-shaped, and placed in trees or shrubs. The en-o-s are
spotted. ""

166 TANAGEID^.

Key to the Species.

A. Rump olive like the back.

Nape olive like the back 1. nigricephala, p. 166.

Nape orange 2. portoricensis, p. 167.

B. Rump chestnut, distinct from the back.

Back dark oUve.

Nape yellow ; belly yellow 3. multicolor, p. 167.

Nape orange ; belly white 4. pretrii, p. 168.

Nape chestnut ; be'lly white 5. benedicti, p. 168.

Back black ; nape ches'tnut 6. zena, p. 169.

1. Spindalis nigricepliala.

TaBagra nigricephala, Jameson, Ed. N. Phil. Journ. xix. p. 213

(1835) ; Gosse, III. B. Jam. pi. 56.
Spindalis bilineatus, Jard. et Selb. III. Orn. n. s. pi. 9 (1836).
Tanagra zena, Gosse, B. Jam, p. 231.
Tanagra zenoides, Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pi. 40 (1847).
Spindalis nigricephala, Bp. Consp. i. p. 240 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,

p. 230, 1861, p. 74 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 66; id. Cat. A. B. p. 77 ;

Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 21.

Yellowish olive ; head, wings, and tail black ; broad superciliaries,
edgings of greater wing-coverts and remiges, and terminal spots on
inner webs of outer rectrices white : below orange-yellow ; throat
black, with a large white patch on the chin, and a broad mystacal
band on each side white ; flanks and lower part of belly greenish
yellow ; under wing-coverts and crissum white ; bill and feet black :
whole length 7 inches, wing 3-8, tail 3. Female. Above olive,
more yellowish on the rump ; wings black, edged with white ; tail
blackish, with slight olivaceous edgings and white terminal spots on
inner webs of outer rectrices : below yellow, breast passing into
orange, flanks into olive : throat grey ; middle of belly, crissum, and
under wing-coverts white.

Hah. Jamaica.

a. S ad. st. Jamaica. Purchased.

b, c. cJ 2 sk. Jamaica. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. <S sk. Moneague, Jamaica {Sal- Salvin-Godman Coll.

vin).

e. S sk. Moneague, Jamaica (Brij- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ant) .

f. d ad. sk. Moneague, Jamaica (Bi-y- Mrs. Bryant [P.].

a7it) .

g. 5 sk. Metcalf Parish, Jamaica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Allen).
h. 2 ad. sk. Spanish Town, Jamaica Smiths. Inst. [P.].

{Marsh),
i. 2 ad. sk. Jamaica {Gosse). Sclater Coll.

j. $ sk. Jamaica. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

20, SPINDALIS. 167

2. Spindalis portoricensis.

Spindalis portoricensis, Bryant, Boston Soc. N. H. x. p. 252 (1866) ;
Gtmdl. J. f. O. 1874, p. 311, 1878, pp. 159, 168 ; id. Anal. Soc. Esp.
■ H. N. 1878, p. 188 ; Set. et Salv. Xomeiicl. p. 21.
Tanagra (Spindalis) portoricensis, Sund. K. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1869,
p. 596.

Above olive ; head black ; superciliaries white ; uape orange-
yellow ; wings and tail brownish black, with slight white margins
to the greater coverts and outer secondaries, and slight olive margins
to the lesser coverts, primaries, and rectrices ; bend of wings bright
chestnut : below yellow, a large spot on centre of breast orange ;
throat black ; large chin-spot while varied with black and yellow,
and bordered on each side by a broad white mystacal stripe ; lower
belly, crissum, and under wing-coverts white ; bill and feet blackish :
whole length 6 inches, wing 3'3, tail 2-5. Female. Above olive ;
wings and tail brown edged with olive ; beneath greyish white, with
blackish shaft-stripes on breast and beUy.

Hah. Porto Eico.

Much smaller than 8. nigricepJiala, and also recognizable by its
distinct yellow nape and the chestnut spot on the bend of the
wing.

a,b. cT 2 sk. Porto Rico (Sicifi). Sclater Coll.

c, d. d sk. Porto Eico {Swift). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. 5 sk. Porto Rico (Swift). Salvin-Godman Coll.

f,9- d 2 ad. sk. Porto Rico (Sivtft). Smiths. Inst. [P.J.

3. Spindalis nmlticolor.

Tanagi'a multicolor, Vieill. Enc. Metli. p. 775 ; id. Gal. Ois. i. p. 100,

pi. 76.
Spindalis multicolor, Bp. Consp. i. p. 240 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,

p. 230 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 57 ; Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 231 ;

Corij, Bidl. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 152 ; id. B. of Haiti, p. 54,

tab. 7 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 21.
Tanagi-a dominicensis, Bn/ant, P-oc, Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 92

(1866).

Above olive, rump chestnut, nape yellow ; head black, with long
white superciliaries ; wings black, with white edgings to the greater
coverts and secondaries and a dark chestnut spot on the bend of the
wing ; tail brownish black : below, chin and broad mystacal stripe on
each side white ; middle of throat yellow ; sides of throat black ;
breast chestnut ; belly yellow ; flanks grey ; crissum and under wing-
coverts white ; bill and feet plumbeous : whole length 6 inches,
wing 3-4, tail 2-8. Female. Above olive ; back slightly striated ;
wings and tail blackish brown, edged with olive ; outer margins
of wing-coverts whitish : beneath greyish white, clearer on the
beUy ; with blackish shaft-stripes on the breast.

Hah. San Domingo.

EasUy known from its allies by the yeUow belly.

a,h. c? 2 ad. sk. San Domingo. M. Sall^ [C.].

c, d. cJ jr. sk. Sau Domingo {McGregor-). Salvin-Godman CoU,

168 TANAGRID^.

4. Spindalis pretrii.

Tanagra zena, d'Orb. La Sayra's Cuba, Zool. p. 74, t. xi.

Tanagi-a pretrei, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 103 ; id. Cent. Zool. p. 122,

t. xlv. ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 3U5.
Spindalis pretrei, Bp. Consp. i. p. 240 ; Gundl. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 476,

1861, p. 328, J862, p. 189, 1872, p. 419; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 21 ; Breicer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Ii. vii. p. 307.
Spindalis zena, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 231 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 57-
Tanagra (Spindalis) pretrei, Gimdl. J.f. O. 1871, pp. 266, 275.

Above olive, nape and rump orange ; head black, with long white
supcrciliaries : wings black, with broad white margins to wing-
coverts and secondaries, and a white speculum on the primaries ;
spot on bend of the wing chestnut ; tail black, the three outer rec-
trices with a large ]mrt of the terminal halves white, but tipped
with black : below reddish orange ; chin and broad mystacal stripe
on each side white ; middle of throat yellow, bordered on each side
by a distinct black line ; flanks greyish ; lower belly, crissum, and
under wing-coverts white ; bill plumbeous ; feet blackish : whole
length o-oinches, wing 2-9, tail 2-3. Female. Above dirty olive ;
head blackish, with white superciliaries ; wings black, edged with
white ; tail black, with a large part of the terminal halves of the
outer rectrices white : below white, breast sufl'used with olivaceous ;
flanks greyish.

Uah. Cuba.

This fine species is nearest to S. zena, but distinguishable at once
by its olive back.

«, h. S ad. ; c, San Cristobal, Cuba {G. Salvin-Godman Coll.

' d. 5 ad. sk. F. Gaumer).

e. (S ad. sk. Cuba. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. cJ ad. sk. Cuba. Sclater Coll.

5. Spindalis benedicti.

Spindalis benedicti, Rid(jic. Pr. Biol. Soc. Washington, iii. (March

1875).
Spindahs exsul, Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 180, pi. v. (Aprd 1875).

Above dark olive ; nape and rump dark chestnut ; head black
with long white superciliaries ; wings black, wing-coverts and
secondaries margiuedwith white ; a white speculum on the primaries
and a dark chestnut spot on the bend of the wing ; tail black, large
portion of the terminal halves of the three outer rectrices white ;
chin and broad mystacal stripe white ; middle of throat yellow,
bordered on each side by a black j)atch ; breast chestnut, upper part
of belly yellow ; flanks cinereous ; middle of lower part of belly,
crissum, and under wing-coverts white ; bill dark plumbeous ; feet
blackish : whole length 6 inches, wing 3-4, tail 2-6. Female. Above
cinereous olive : wings and tail blackish, wing-coverts margined
with whitish ; speculum white ; beneath much paler, middle of the
bellv whitish.

II ah. Cozumel I., coast of Yucatan.

21. RHAMPH0CCELU3. 169

A very distinct species, which may be known from S. zena by its
dark olive back, and from S. pretrii by its dark chestnut nape and
rump, besides other characters.

a. c? ad. sk. Cozumel Island, Yucatan Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Devis), (Type oi Spindalis exsid.)

b-e. ^ ad. sk. ; Cozumel Island, Yucatan Salvin-Godman Coll.
/-/. 5 '^^- s^- (^- F. Gaumer).

6. Spindalis zena.

Fiingilla bahamensis, Briss. Oni. iii. 1G8 ; Cateshy, Car. i. pi. 42.
Fringilla zena, Linn. S. N. i. 320.

Tanagra zena, Bryant, Proc. Bod. Sue. N. H. vii. p. Ill (18o9).
Spindalis zena, Bp. Consp. i. p. 240 ; Pe/zelii, Ibis, 1873, p. 29 ; Cor^/,
B. of Bahamas, p. 92, cum tab.

Above black ; nape-band and rump chestnut ; long superciliaries,
broad margins of wing-coverts and secondaries, and narrow edgings
to primaries white ; tail black, with a large portion of the terminal
halves of the outer remiges and the tips of the others white ; chin
and broad mystacal stripe on each side white ; centre of throat
yellow, bordered on each side by large black patches which nearly
meet below ; breast and upper belly j^ellow, passing into chestnut on
the upper part below the yellow throat ; lower belly, crissum, and
under wing-coverts white ; flanks cinereous ; bill plumbeous, paler
below ; feet blackish : whole length 5-8 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2-4.
Female. Above olivaceous grey, wings and tail brownish black with
white edgings : beneath paler; lower belly, crissum, aud under wing-
coverts white.

Hah. Eahama Islands.

The black back at once distingiiishes this species from its five
congeners.

a,b. (5 2 ad. sk. Bahamas {Bryant). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c,d. J 2 ad. sk. Bahamas {Bryant). Sclater Coll.

«,/• 6 2 ad. sk. Bahamas (Bryant). Mrs. Brvant [P.].

g. S ad. sk. Nassau, New Providence, Sah in-Godman Coll.

Bahamas (Cory).

21. RHAMPHOCGELUS. Type.

Rampliocelus (corr. Ilhamphocoelus*), i3ie«?«. Tany.et Ma7i.

sub tabb. 28, 29 (1805) R. brasilius.

Eamphopis, Vieill. Analyse, p. 32 (1816) li. jacapa.

Jacapa, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 178 R. jacapa.

The lihamphocceli form a group of about 12 species, readily known
by the brilliant scarlet- or yellow-and-black plumage of the males,
and by the peculiar enlargement and coloration of the naked base of

* I pre.sume that the etymology of this term is pri^^os and (coiXos, from the
widening out of the base of the lower mandible.

170 TANAGKID^.

the lower mandible, which is also most developed in the male sex.
The sexes are alwaj^s different. The Rhampliocceli are distributed
through the forests of the Neotropical Region from Guatemala to
Bolivia and Southern Brazil.

R. hrasilius breeds among the grass in low swamp}' places and
makes a flattish open nest. The eggs are greenish, spotted with
red. The egg of li. Jlammiqerus is figured, P. Z. S. 1879, pi. xlii.
fig. 3.

Key to the S2)ecies.

A. Lower surface uniform scarlet :

j interscapulium scarlet 1. brasilim, p. 170.

I interscapulium darker 2. dorsalis, p. 171.

B. Lower surface scarlet, middle of belly black.

a. Throat black 3. nigrigularis, p. 171.

b. Throat dark scarlet.

a'. Interscapulium dark scarlet 4. dimidiatus, p. 172.

h'. Interscapulium black :

I lower back scarlet 5. lueiani, p. 17.3.

j only upper tail-coverts scarlet 6. iiropygialis, p. 173.

C. Lower surface dark maroon :

( belly like breast but darker 7. jacapa, p. 174.

) beUy black 8. atrosericeus, p. 175.

D. Lower surface shining black.

c. Rump scarlet :

I smaller, wing 3-0 9. jyasseritiii, p. 176.

I larger, wing 3'5 10. Jlamniigerus, p. 177.

d. Iiump orange . 11. chrysonottis, p. 177.

e. Rmnp sulphur-yellow 12. icteronotus, p. 177.

1. Rhamphoccelus brasilius.

Tauagra brasilia, Linn. S. N. i. p. 314 ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 888 ; Lath.

Lid. Orn. i. p. 420 ; Ma.v. Beitr. iii. p. 515 ; Dubois, Oni. Gal.

pi. 124.
Eamphocele scarlatte, Desm. Tang. tabb. 28, 29.
Eampbocelus coccineus, Vieill. Ene. Meth. p. 797 ; id. Gal. Ois. i.

p. 106, pi. 79.
Rampbopis coccinea, Sw. Orn. Dr. pis. 18, 19.
Ramphopis brasilia, Gray, Geji. B, ii. p. 363.
Ramphocelus brasilius, Bp. C'onsp. i. p. 242 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,

p. 127 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 51 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 78 ; Burm. Syst.

Ueb. iii. p. 173 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 21 ; Forbes, Ibis, 1881,

p. 333 (Pernambuco) ; Eider, J.f. 0. 1867, p. 409 (nest and eggs) ;

Cab. J.f. O. 1874, p. 83 (Rio).
Brazilian Tauager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 3.
Tangara du BresU, Danb. PI. Enl. 127. fig. 2.

Bright scarlet ; wings, tail, and thighs dull black ; bill black,
base of lower mandible white ; feet dark brown : whole length
7'5 inches, wing 3-3, tail 3'3. Female. Brown ; rump and abdomen
rosy rufous.

Hal. S.E. Brazil.

21. EHAMPHOCCELTJS. 171

a. cJ ad. st. Brazil. Lord Stuart deRothe-

say [P.].

b. 2 ad. st. ; c. cJ Brazil. Pui'chased.
jr. St.

(^) ^-6 2 ^^- sk. ; Pernambuco, Brazil ( W. SalTin-Godman Coll.

/. c? jr. sk.; (/. A. Fories).

2 ad. sk. ■
h,i. (S adsk. ; Bahia, Brazil (TFwc^erer). Sal vin-Godman Coll.

j. $ ad. sk.
k. ^ ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil. Goiild Coll.

I. S ad. sk. Santa F6, ]\Iinas Geraes Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Rogers),
m. (S ad. sk. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Jot/ne)-).
n. S ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Rio de Salvin-Godman Coll.

Janeiro (Youds).
0. 2 ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Rhamphoccelus dorsalis.

Ramphocelus dorsalis, Scl P. Z. S. 1854, p. 97, 1856, p. 127 ; id. Sijn.

An. Tan. p. 51 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 78.
Rampliocelus epbippialis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 1-30 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 78 ; Pelzein, Oryi. Bras. p. 210; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 21.

Bright scarlet, interscapulium darker, purplish ; wings and tail
dull black ; bill black, base of lower mandible white ; feet dark
brown: whole length 7 inches, wing 3"-l, tail 3-3. Female. Brown;
rump and abdomen rosy rufous.

Hah. South Brazil (prov. Parana, Natt.).

I think that MM. Yerreaiix were in error as to the supposed
locality of if. ephippialis. and that this bird is the same as R. dorsalis,
i. e. a southern form of 7?. hrasiJius, of which batterer appears to have
obtained specimens in the province of Parana. {Cf. Pelzein, I. s. c.)

a,b. (5 5 sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

(Types of R. dorsalis.')
c, d. (S 2 sk. Upper Ajnazons (?). Sclater Coll.

(Types of R. ephippialis.)
e. c? ad. sk. Brazil. P. L. Sclater, Esq.

[P.].

3. Rhamphoccelus nigrigularis.

Tanagra nigrogiilaris, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 35, pi. 47 (1825).
Tanagra (liampbopis) ignescens. Less. Cent. Zool. pi. 24.
Ramphoeelus ignescens, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1837, Ois. t. 81.

amphopis nigrigularis, Sw. Orn. Dr. pi. 17 ; Gray, Gen, B. ii.

p. 363.
Ramphoeelus niorigularis, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 121 ; id. Consp. i. p. 242 ;

Sclat. P. Z. S^\i<rA\, p. 128 ; id. St/n. Av. Tan. p. 52 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 78 ; Bunn. Si/st. Ueb. iii. p. 173 : Pekfln, Orn. Bras. p. 210 ; Scl.

et Salv. P. Z. S' 1866, p. 180, 1867, pp. 571, 503, 977 (Amazonia);

iid. Nomencl. p. 21 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. i. p. 494.

Bright scarlet ; front, sides of head, throat, interscapulium, wings,

172

TANAGRIB.E.

tail, middle of belly, and lower half of crissum jet-black ; bill black ;
base of lower maudible bluish white ; feet black : whole length
1 inches, wing 3'4, tail 3-2. Female similar, but of a duller red, and
black portions of plumage tinged with brown ; middle of abdomen
brovrn.

Hab. Upper Amazonia and "Western Ecuador.

a. 2 ad.sk.

h. ? ad.sk.
c, d. <S 2 ad.

e. S ad. sk.
/. Jr. sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.

h. (S ad. sk.
i. J ad. sk.
j, k. d2 ad.
I. 2 ad. sk.

sk.

Bavra do Rio Negro ( Tf'a/-

lace) .
Eaira do Rio Negro.
Pebas, Eastern Peru

{Hauxicell).
Ucayali ( Hauxioell) .
Yquitos, E. Peru ( Whitely).
Yquitos, Amazons

( Whitely).
Sarayacu, Peru {Whitely).
Rio Javari.

Sarayacu, ^Q\xa,dior (Buckley).
Napo, Ecuador {Buckley).

Sclater Coll.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. Rhamphoccelus dimidiatus.

Ramphocelus dimidiatus, Lafr. Maq. de Zool. 1837, t. 81 ; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 242; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1855, p. 156, 1856, pp. 129, 142 (Ve-
ragua), 1858, p. 73 (Rio Napo); id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 53; id. Cat.
A. B. p. 79; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 141 (Turbo) ; Lawr.
Ann. Lye. N.H. N. Y. vii. p. 331 (Panama), viii. p. 175 (David) ;
Scl. et 'Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 350 (Panama), 1868, p. 627 (Vene-
zuela), 1870, p. 780 (Venezuela), 1879, p. 501 (Antioquia) ; iid.
Nvmencl. p. 21 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 138, 1870, p. 187 ("S^e-
ragua) ; id. Cat. Sfrickl. Coll. p. 191 ; Salv. et Godm. Ibis, 1880,
p. 120 (S. Marta) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326 (Colombia) ; Salv.
et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 283 ; Beiiepsch, J. f. O.
1884, p. 291 (Bucaramanga).

Ramphopis dimidiatus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 363.

Head and neck all round, with interscapulium and scapularies,
dark crimson ; lower back bright scarlet ; abdomen scarlet, with a
blackish patch in the middle of the belly ; thighs black ; bill black,
base of lower mandible bluish white ; feet brown : whole length
6-4 inches, wing 3-2, tail 3. Female. Head and neck brown ;
interscapulium dull crimson ; lower back and abdomen dull red ;
wings and tail blackish.

Hah. Veragua, Colombia, and Venezuela.

a. 2 ad. St. S. America.

b. (S ad.sk. MiuaChorcha, Cliiriqui(^cce).

c. (S ad. sk. Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua

(Arce).

d. 2 ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (Arce).

e. (S ad. sk. Chitra, Veragua (Arce).

f. cJ ad. sk. Santa Fe, Veragua (Arce).
'</. S ad. sk. Chiriqui.
'//. cJ ad. sk. Istliuuis of Panama (Arce).

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Kellett & Wood [P.l
Salvin-Godman Coll.

21. KHAMPHOCCELTTS. 173

(,./• J 2 ad. sk. Isthmus of Panama (.Iff- Sdviii-Godmau Coll.

Leannan).

k,l. c? 2 fid. sk. Paraiso Station, Isthmus of Salvin-Godman Coll.

Panama {Hughes).

m. 5 ad. sk. Panama {MarJJiam). Salvin-Godman Coll.

w. 2 ad. sk. San Antonio, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Shnons).

0, p. c? ad. sk. Remedios, Antioquia, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Salmo?i).

q. 2 ^^- sk. Antioquia, U. S. C. (Salmun). Salvin-Godman Coll.

r, s. c? 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Gould Coll.

t. 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

u. 2 ad. sk. Bog-ota. Purchased.

V. d ad. sk. Zulia, Venezuela (&'oe/-w_(7). Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. Ehamphoccelus luciani.

Ramphocelus luciani, Lafr. It. Z. 1838, p. 54 ; id. Mag. de Zool. 18.39,

Ois. t. 2 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. i>42 ; .•Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 130 ; id. Sgn.

-Av. Tan. p. o4 : Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 21 ; Laior. Ann. Lye.

N. H. N. Y. vii. p. 331 (Panama) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 4tl4 ;

Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 284.
Eamphopis melauogaster, Sio. An. in. Men. p. 359 (1838) ?
Eamphopis luciani, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 363.

Head and ueck all round dark crimson ; middle of back, wings, and
tail black ; lower back and abdomen bright scarlet, with a large
patch in the middle of the belly and the thighs black; bill black,
base of lower mandible bluish white ; feet black : whole length
7'3 inches, wing 3*4, tail 3*2. Female. Above dark brown, wings
and tail blackish ; rump and bodj- below reddish brown, throat
darker.

Hah. Panama, Colombia, and Peru.

Allied to R. dimidialm, but at once recognizable by its black
back. In R. dhnidiatMS the back is of the same dark crimson as the
bead.

a, b. cJ ad. sk. E. Peru {Farris). Sclater Coll.

c,d. S 2 ad. sk. E. Peru {Farris). Salvin-Godman Coll.

6. Rhamphoccelus uropygialis.

Ramphocelus uropvgialis, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 178 ; id. Note s. I

Tang. p. 29 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 130 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 54 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 79; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 193; Scl. et Salv.

Nomencl. p. 21 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Ares, i. p. 284

t. xviii. tig. 2.
Rampliocelus afiinis. Lesson, R. Z. 1840, pp. 1, 133 (?).

Above brownish black ; lower part of rump and upper tail-coverts
bright crimson ; head and ueck all round dark crimson ; abdomen
bright crimson, with a central patch on the belly and slight
fiammulations on the sides black : thighs black ; bill black, lower
mandible except the tip bluish white ; feet brown : whole length
G-y inches, wing 3*3, tail 3-1.

174 TANAGRID^.

Hah. Guatemala.

This species is most like 11. luciani, but at once recognizable by
the blood-red uropygium and upper tail-covcrts, the rest of the
back being dark brownish black. The type specimen is at present
unique.

a. (5' sk. Guatemala. SclaterCoU. (Typeof

a. urojjygialis, Bp.)

7. Ehamphoccelus jacapa.

Taiiagra jacapa, Linn. S. A. i. p. 313; Gm. S. A^. i. p. 888; Lath.

Ind. Orn. i. p. 419.
Rampbocelus pinpureus, Vieill. Enc. Metli. p. 796.
Ramphopis atrococcineus, Sw. Orn. Dr. pi. 20 ; Cah. in Schomb.

Guian. iii. p. 668.
Kamphocelus jacapa, Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 132 ; i?^j. Consp. i.

p. 241 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. ] 28 ; id. Syu. Av. Tan. p. 62 ; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 78 ; Burm. Syst. TJeh. iii. p. 172 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866,

p. 180 (Ucayali), 1867, pp. 571, 749, 977 (Amazonia), 1869, p. 597

(S. Peru) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 21 ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379 (Lower

Amazonia) ; Tacz. P. Z. *'. 1882, p. 14 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per.

ii. p. 491 ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 81 (Ecuador) ; Salv. This,

1885, p. 210 (Brit. Guiana).
Ramphopis jacapa, G7-ay, Gen. B. ii. p. 363.
Rampbocelus venezuelensis, Lafr. Pev. Zool. 1853, p. 243 ; Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1856, p. 129 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 53; id. Cat. A. B. p. 79 ;

Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167 (Venezuela).
Rampbocelus magnirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1863, p. 243 ; Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1856, p. 129 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 53 ; id. Cat. ^. i?. p. 79 ;

Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82 (Trinidad) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 581

(Trinidad).
Rampbocelus unicolor, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 128, 1867, p. 19,

et 1858, p. 453 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 52 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 79.
Red-breasted Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 2.
Tangara pouipre de Cayenne, Daub. PL Enl. 128.
Tanagra albirostris, Bodd. Tail. p. 8 (1783).
Rampbocele bec-d' argent, Desm. Tang. tabb. 30, 31 .
Rampbocelus albirostris, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 210.
Rampbocelus atrosericeus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 211 (part.).

Dark velvety black, more or less glossed with crimson ; head and
neck all round and breast dark crimson, which is brightest on the
breast and gradually passes into black on the belly ; under wing-
coverts black ; bill black, widened base of lower mandible bluish
grey; feet black: whole length 6-5 inches, wing 3-2, tail 2-9.
Female. Dark brownish black ; face, rump, and body beneath dark
rosy rufous ; bill and feet brown.

Hah. Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Upper and Lower Amazonia, and Brazil.

A more careful study of an extensive series of this Tanager has
induced me to sink under one head three geographical forms which
I formerly recognized. I cannot even make distinct subspecies of
them. A specimen of Natterer's from Goyaz, referred by Heir v.
Pelzeln to R. atrosericeus, belongs also, in my opinion, to this

21, RHAMPHOCCELtrS. J^g

species, although it is nearly black on the back. But I have seen
similar examples from other localities:

a. c? ad. St.

b. 2 ad. St.

c. d. c^ 2 ad- sk.

«,/. c? ad. sk.

!/■ d ad. sk.

h. (S ad. sk.
i. d ad. sk.
./, fc. d $ ad. sk.

/. d ad. sk.

»'. 2 ad. sk.

«. c? ad. sk.
o. d jr. sk.
p. d ad. sk.

</, r. c? 2 ad. sk.
s, i!. d" ad. sk.
u. d ad. sk.
v,w.d2 ad. sk.
•^■> y? =• d ad. sk.

«'. d ad. sk.
6'. d" ad. sk.
c'. d ad. sk.

d'. d ad. sk.
e'. d ad. sk.
/'. d ad. sk.
.9', /»'. d ad. sk. ;
«'. 2 ad. sk.

British Guiana.
British Guiana.
Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana

( Wliitely).
Roraima, Brit. Guiana

iWhitehj).
Georgetown, Brit. Guiana

{Brown).
Cayenne.

Oyapoe, Cayenne.
Mexiana, Lower Amazons

( Wallace).
Para, Lower Amazons

( Wallace).
Para, Lower Amazons

( Wallace),
Amazons ( Wallace).
Nauta, Amazons.
Pebas, Eastern Peru {Haux-

well) .
Rio Napo.

Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley).
Gualaquiza, Ecuador {Fraser).
Ecuador.

Bogota.

Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer).

Goyaz, Brazil {Natterer).

{R. magnirostris.)

Caracas, Venezuela {Goerhiq).
Venezuela {Salle).
Trinidad.
Trinidad.

Pui'chased.

Roy. Geogr. Soc. [P.],
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sahin-Godman Coll.

Selater Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Sclater Coll.
L. Eraser [C.].
Sclater Coll. (Types

of It. unicolor.)
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.

8. Rhamphoccelus atrosericeus.

Ramphocelus atrosericeus, i«/r. e« ^'O;-^,. ,SV«. .4. i „ 2,X- rVn.h
Voy., Ois. p. 280 nl 2fi fio- 1- t^.^j r 7, ^" ' ^^>o-

Comp.l-p.24ti il P Aw 'fi.^TI- ^"'- P- -06; Sp.

,. RHA/B V -'xP".., (^- Peru), 187a p. 16 fS Pern^ 1«7Q
p. 600 (Bolivia); tid. Nomencl. p. 21: Tac P 7 k ^R7A Ih
(nest) ; id. Oni. Per. ii. p. 49.3 ^ ' ' ^ *' ^^'^' P- ^12

Ramphopis atrosericeus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p 363
Kamphocelus aterrimus, Lafr. R. Z. 1853, p. 244 (jr )

176 TANAGRIB^.

Female. " Blackish ; rump, breast, belly, and crissum reddish brown"
(cVOrb.). Young male. Nearly uniform brownish black.

Hub. Bolivia and Southern Peru.

Distinguishable from R. jacapa by the absolutely black back and
belly.

a, b. J ad. sk. Bolivia. Selater Coll.

c. ? ad. sk. Bolivia (Bndqes). Selater Coll.

<^, e. c? 2 ad. sk. Bolivia. " T. Bridges [C.].

f, ff. (S 2 <'^d. sk. Kamosaui, Bolivia (Bucl-lry). Salvin-Godinan Coll.

/*. S ad. sk. Ramosani, Bolivia (Uucklci/). 8clater Coll.

i. c? ad. sk. Bolivia. Salviu-Godniau Coll.

J. (S ad. sk. ; Bolivia. Purchased.

k. d jr.

9. Ehampliocoelus passerinii.

Ramphocelus passerinii, i)^5. Antolof/ia, 1831, no. 130, p. 3; id.Consp.
i. p. 24:3; Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 133 (excl. syn.) ; Selater,
P. Z. S. ISoP). pp. 130, 142 ; irh Syn. Av. Tan. p. 54 ; id. Cat. A.
B. p. 79 ; Svlnt. et Sale. Ibis, 1859, pp. 5, 16, et 1860, p. 32 (Gua-
temala) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 278 (Mosquitia), 1870, p. 836 (Hon-
duras) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 21 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 467, 1872,
p. 316 (Choutales) ; id. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 138, et 1870, p. 187
(Veragua) ; 3Ioore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 59 (Honduras): Cab. J. f. O.
1860, p. 330 (Costa Rica) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill (Honduras) ;
Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 299 (Costa Rica) ; Salr. et Godm. Biol.
Centr.-Am'., Aves, i. p. 281 ; Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 175
(Chiriqui) et p. 179 (Nicaragua), ix. p. 99 (Costa Rica).

Ramphopis passerinii, Bp. Notes Orn. p. 52.

Ramphopis Hammigerus, Baird, Stansbury's Exp. to Gt. Salt Lake,
App. p. 330 ?

Velvetv black ; lower half of back and upper tail-coverts bright
crimson-red ; bill bluish lead-colour, darker at tip ; feet black :
-whole length 6*2 inches, wing 3-1, tail 2"7. Female. Above yel-
lowish olive, darker on the interscapulium ; wings and tail brownish
black ; head and neck aU round greyish brown ; abdomen yellowish
olive tinged with grey.

Hah. Central America, from Honduras and Guatemala to Chiriqui.

a, 6. c? ? ^^- st. Coban, Guatemala. Purchased.

c,d. 2ad.sk. Choctum, Vera Paz (<S'«^rm)- Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. c? ad. sk. Sources of Rio de la Pasion, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Vera Paz , Guatemala ( Salvin).

f. (S ad. sk. Bi'lize {Blancaneaux) . Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. J jr. sk. Honduras. E. L. Layard [C.].
h. cJad.sk. San Pedro, Honduras (H^^/^Wy). Salvin-Godman Coll.
i,j. cJ ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (5^/0. Salvin-Godman Coll.
k, I. d 2 ad- ^^- Tucurriqui, Costa Rica (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
m, n. c? $ ad. sk. Angostura, Costa Rica ( Car- Salvin-Godman Coll.

miol).
o,p. c? 2 ad. sk. La Barranca, Nicoya, Costa Salvin-G( dman Coll.

Rica (Arce).
a. cJ jr. sk. San C'arlos, Costa Rica (C'«r- Salvin-Godma i Cull.

miol).

21. EHAMPHOCCELUS. 177

r. 2 ad.sk. Costa. TAca. (Canmol). Salvin-Godman Coll.

a. cj ad. sk. Eiigaba, Cbiriqui (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

t. (S ad. sk. Nicaragua {Nutting). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

u. cJ jr. sk. Minca Chorea, Cliiriqui (.4?-c^). 8ahin-Godman Coll.

'ViW- 6 S ad.sk. Cbiriqui {Arce). Sclater Coll.

10. Rhamphocoelus flammigerus,

Eampbopis flammigerus, Jard. et Selh. III. Orn. iii. pi. 1.31 (1835) ;

Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. oB-S.
Rampbocelus flammigerus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 185.5, p. 157, et 1856,

p. 1.'31 ; uL St/n. Ac. Tan. p. 55; id. Cat. A. B. p. 79; Scl. et Salv.

P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 501 (Antioquia) ; ild. Nomencl. p. 21.
Rampbocelus varians, var. 3, Lafr. R. Z. 1847, p. 217.

Velvety black ; lower back and upper tail-coverts bright crimson-
red ; bill bluish lead-colour ; feet black : whole length 7 inches, wing
3'7, tail 3'2. Female. Above brownish black ; lower back crimson-
red, not so bright as in male : below yellow, passing into crimson on
breast and crissum ; throat greyish.

Hah. Colombia.

The larger size distinguishes this species from E. passer inii.

a, b. S ad. sk. ; Colombia. Sclater CoU.

c. c5' jr- sk.

<?,e. c?$ad. Colombia (Z»e/««/r). E.Wilson, Esq. [P.].

fj9- d 2 ad. sk. Medelliu, Antioquia {Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. (S ad. sk. ; Antioquia {Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. c? jr. sk.

/, ^. cJ $ ad. sk. Antioquia (Sahnon). Sclater Coll.

/. (S ad. sk. Antioquia {Salmon). Goidd Coll.

11. Rhamphocoelus chrysonotus.

Rampbocelus varians, var. 2, Lafr. Ii. Z. 1847, p. 216.
Rampbocelus chrysonotus, Lafr. R. Z. 1853, p. 246 ; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1855, p. 157, et 1856, p. 131 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 55 ; Scl. et Salv.

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 501 (Antioquia).

Velvety black ; lower back and upper tail-coverts bright orange-
red ; biU plumbeous ; feet black : whole length 7 inches, wing '64,
tail 3.

Hah. Colombia.

This may possibly be only a variety of E. chrysonotus, from which
it differs merely in the colour of the lower back.

a. S ad. Antioquia {Salmon). Sclater Coll.

i, c. (5 $ ad. Antioqiua {Sahnon). Salvin-Godman CoU.

12. Ehamphoccelus icteronotus.

Rampbocelus icteronotus, Bj). P. Z. S. 1837, p. 121 ; id. Rev. Zool.
1838, p. 8; Sclater, P.Z.S. lbo5, p. 157, 1856, p. 131, 1859,
p. 139, et 1860, ] p. 65, t6, 274, 2t)2; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 55; id.
Cat. A. B. p. 80; Cassin, I'r. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 141 ; Lanr.
Ann. Lye. A, 1'. vii. p. 297 (Panama) ; 6c/. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864
VOL. XI. N

178 TANAGKID.'E.

p. ooO (Panama), et 1879, p. 501 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nomeyui. p. 21 ;
Sah. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 139 (Verasjua) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 332
(0. Peru); Berl. et Tacz. P. Z.^S. 1883, p. 546, et 188-4, p. 290
(W. Ecuador) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 282.

Eampliopis icteronotus, DitJBiis, JEsq. Orn. t. xv. ; Gray, Gen. B. ii.
p. 303.

Eamphocelus vaiians, var. 1, Lcifr. R. Z. 1847, p. 216.

Velvety black : lower back and upper tail-coverts sulphur- j-ellow ;
bill plumbeous : feet black ; whole length 7 inches, wing 3-6, tail 3-2.
Female. Blackish brown ; lower back and body beneath pale sulphur-
yellow.

Hab. Veragua, Western Colombia, and Western Ecuador.

a. S ad. sk. Santiago de Veragua {Arcs). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. S ad. sk. Paraiso Station, Isthmus of Salvin-Godman Coll.

Panama (Huf/hes).

c. d. c? 2 ad. sk. Isthmus of Panama (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
e,f. c? $ ad. sk. Panama {McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll.
q. (S ad. sk. Choco Bav, Colombia. Capt. KeUett and

Lieut. Wood [C.].

/(. cJ ad. sk. Sallango, Colombia. Capt. KeUett and

Lieut. Wood [C.].

i. S ad. sk. Guayaquil {Cajjt. Belcher, Gould Coll.

i?".A:).

j. c? ir. sk. ; 7v, /. Pallatanga, Ecuador. L. Eraser [C.].

Pull. sk.

m,n. d' 2 ad. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

o, p. c? ? ad. sk. Santa Rita, Ecuador ( Villa- Salvin-Godman Coll.

(jomez).

q. 2 ad. ,sk. Remedies, U. S. C. (Sahnoii). Salvin-Godman Coll.

r. cj ad. sk. Medellin, U. S. C. (Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

s. (S ad. sk. Bogota. Gould Coll.

22. PHLOGOTHRAUPIS. j,^^

Phlogothraupis, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 155 (1873) . . P. sanguinolenta.

This monotypic form, of Central America, is allied to Bha-mjyho-
coelus ; but the sexes are coloured alike, and there is no denudation
or enlargement of the base of the lower mandible.

1. Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta.

Tanagra (TachyphoDus) sanguinolentus, Ze.s.s. Ce7it. Zool.-p. 107, pi. 39.
Tachyphonus sanguinoleutus. Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 365.
Eampliocehis sanguinoleutus, J?^. Consp. i. y>. 242; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1856, pp. 132, 303, et 1859, p. 377 ; id. Syn. Av.' Tan. p. 56 ; id.

Cat. A. B.Y>.80; Sclat. et Salv. Ihis. 1859, p. 16; iid. P. Z. S.

1867, p. 278 (Mosquitia), 1870, p. 836 (Honduras) ; Zawr. Ann.

L. N. Y. ix. p. 99 (Costarica) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 59 (Peten) ;

Salvin, Ilm, 1872, p. 316 (Chontales) ; Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. i99

(Costa Rica) ; Svmichr. Mem. Boston Soc. N. H. i. p. 549 (^Vera

Cruz).
Phlogothraupis sanguinolenta, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 21 ; Salv. et

Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 285.

23. CALOCn^ETES.

179

Dull black ; back of head and neck behind united to a broad band
on the breast, and upper and under tail-covcrts and under winp;-
coverts scarlet ; bill uniform plumbeous ; feet dark brown : whole
length 7"2 inches, wing 3'7, tail 3-5. Female similar.

IIa/>. Central America, from Southern Mexico to Costa Rica.

a. Ad. sk.

b, c. cJ ad. sk. ;
$ ad. .sk.

e. Jr. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
(/. Ad. sk.

h. Ad. St.
i,j. Ad. sk.
k. cJ ad. sk.

I.

Ad. sk.

. Ad. sk.

Ad. sk.

S. Mexico.
d. Choctum, Vera Paz (Salvin).

Vera Paz (Salvhi).
Belize {Blancanean.r).
San Pedro, Honduras

( Whltely).
Honduras.

Chontales, Xicaragua {Belt).
Antjostura, Costa Rica ( Car-

miol).
Navarro, Costa Rica( Cooy^e?-).
Tucurriqui, Costa Rica (^ircej.
Central America.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Codmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

D. Dyson [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Pm-chased.

23. CALOCH.ffiTES.

Euchastes, Sd. P. Z. S. IS-'tS, p. 7;j
Calochffites, Sd. Ibis, 1S79, p. :i'<S ,

Type.
C. coccineus.
C. coccineus.

Structure of Calochtefcs.

This is another monot}'pic form, of brilliant scarlet \ lumage, only

h2

180 TANAGEID.^.

yet met with in Eastern Ecuador. The bill is shorter and stonter
than in Rhamphoccdus, and the terminal notch in the npper man-
dible more developed. The tail is short and rather squared.

1. Calochaetes coccineus.

Euchffites coccineus, <SW. P. Z. S. 18-j8, p. 73, t. cxxxii. fig. 1 ; Scl. et

Scih\ Nomencl. p. 22.
Calochaetes coccineus, Scl. Ibis, 1879, p. 388.

Brilliant scarlet ; lores, line round the eyes, sides of face anterior
to eyes, throat and neck in front, and wings and tail black ; bill
black ; feet dark brown : whole length 6 inches, wing 3"7, tail 2*5.

Hab. Eastern Ecuador ; Eio Napo.

a. Ad. sk. Rio Napo. Sclater Coll.

b. Ad sk. Eastern Ecuador (BuchJei/). Sclater Coll.

c-e. Ad. sk. Chiquinda, Ecuador {Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ley).

y. TANAGRIN^ SETIROSTRES.

Although there are bristles at the gape of all or nearly all the
Tanagritice, more or less manifest on close inspection, the rictal
setceare more developed in this section of the Tanagrime than in the
others. In Trichothravpis this is especially the case, as its name
indicates. The median notch of the upper mandible which pre-
vails in many genera is another sign that these birds much affect
an insect diet.

The present section embraces 55 species of Tanagers, which I
refer to 11 genera. They are spread over the whole Tanagrine area
of the Neoti'opical Region, and four or five members of the genus
Pyranga have become more or less permanent denizens of the
Nearctic Region.

Key to tlie Genera.

A. Culmen slightly inflexed ; terminal hook

slight ; gonys slightly ascending 24. Pyranga, p. 181.

B. Culmen much inflexed ; terminal hook

distinct.

a. Gonys qiiite straight.

a'. Bill lono-er 25. Cyanictertjs, p. 193.

b'. Bill shorter :

j commissure regularly curved. ... 26. Ohthogonys, p. 193.

I commissure festooned 27. Chlobothbatipis,

b. Gonys more or less ascending. [p. 194.
c'. Bill moderately long, broad at base . 28. Phcexicotheaupis,
(T . Bill slender, lengthened, compressed : [p. 195.

{gonys ascending rapidly at the
tip 29. Lanio, p. 201.
gon} s slightly ascending through-
out 30. Tachyphonus, p. 205.

24. PTRANGA. 181

Bill short, stout,
a". Median tooth distinct :

I bill widened at base 31. Creurgops, p. 215.

] bill not widened 32. Malacothraupis,

b". Median tooth obsolete ; [p. 216.

I rictal bristles slight 33. Eucojietis, p. 217.

) rictal bristles strong 34. Thichothraupis,

[p. 220.

24. PYRANGA.

Type.
Piranga, Vieill. Ois. de VAm. Sept. vol. i. pref. p. iv (1807) . . P. rubra,

Pyranga, Vieill. Analyse, p. .32 (1816) P. rubra.

Phoenisoma, Sw. Class. Birds, ii. p. 284 (1837) »,•••• P- rubra.

Pha3nicosoma, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 24 (1850) P. rubra.

The genus Pyranga contains a series of about 16 species, the
males of which are known hy their brilliant scarlet dress, which in
the females is replaced by j'ellow or olive. Three of the species
visit the North-American continent for breeding-purposes, and thus
attain a more uorthern range than any other members of the family.
The others are distributed through Central and South America down
to the Argentine Republic.

In some species of Pyranga the tooth in the middle of the com-
missure is very prominent (P. hidentata), in others (P. erythroce-
pliala) it is almost or quite obsolete.

The Pyrangce of the United States build in trees, making an open
nest, and lay bluish eggs spotted with reddish.

Key to the Species.

A. General plumage, including wings, red.

a. Interscapidium red.

a'. Bill pale brownish ; commissure not
toothed.

I Head red, uniform vrith back 1. (estiva, p. 182.

j Head lighter than back 2. cooperi, p. 184.

b' . Bill dark, commissure toothed.

a". Commissure strongly toothed ; colour
above uniform.
a'". Above rich brick-red :

] below similar, but lighter .... 3. testacea, p. 184.
( below rosy on throat and belly . . 4. luemaha, p. 185.

b'". Above darker brick-red 5. Jiglina, p. 185.

b". Commissure indistinctly toothed ;

head and rump lighter than back. . 6. saira, p. 185.

b. Interscapulium more or less cinereous.

c'. Auriculars reddish 7. azarcp, p. 186.

d'. Auriculars greyish 8. hepatica, p. 180.

B. General plumage ashy ; wings and tail

reddish 9. reseigularis, p. 187,

C. General plumage red ; wings black.

c. Wings uniform black 10. rub)-a, p. 188.

182 TANAGKID^.

d. Wings barred with wliite.

c'. Interscapiiliimi red : [p. 189.

J front black 11. erytliromelcena,

\ front scarlet 12. ardens, p. 190.

/'. Interscapulium spotted with black .... 1.3. bidentata, p. 190.
D. Body yellow ; head more or less red.

e. Interscapulium black 14. ludoviciana, p. 191.

f. Interscapulium green :

j lesser wing-coverts yellow lo. rubricejjs, p. 192.

1 lesser wiug-coverts green 1(3. eryilirocephala,

[p. 192.

1. Pyranga sestiva.

Muscicapa rubra, Linn. S. N. i. p. .326.

Tanagra sestiva, Gm. S. N. i. p. 889 ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 422 ;
Wilson, Am. Orn. i. p. 95, t. vi. tigs. 3, 4 ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. i.
p. 2.32, V. p. 518, t.xliv.

Tangara du Mississipi, Dauh. PL Enl. 741 (?).

Tanagra mississipensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 889.

Le Tangara du Mississipi, Desm. Tang. tt. 32, 33.

Tanagra coccinea, Bodd. Tabl. d. PL EnL p. 46.

Summer Tanager, Lath. G. II. vi. p. 8.

Tanagra variegata. Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 421.

Variegated Tauager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 9, t. xciii.

Pyranga sestiva, VieilL Nouv. Diet, xxviii. p. 291 ; id. Enc. Meth.
p. 799; Bj). P. Z. S. 1837, p. 117; id. Comp. i. p. 241 ; Sclater,
P. Z. S. 1855, p. 166, 1856, pp. 123, 142, .303, 1858, pp. 73, 358,
1859, p. 364, et 1860, pp. 65, 293 (Ecuador) ; id. Stjn. Av. Tan.
p. 47; id. Cat. A. B. p. 80; Sclat. et Salt: Ibis. 1859, p. 15
(Guatemala) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 350 (Panama), 1867, p. 278
(Mosquitia), 1870, p. 836 (Honduras), et 1879, p. 502 (Antioquia) ;
iid. Nv7nencL -p. 22 ; GmuU.J.f. O. 1859, p. 298, 1861, p. 328,
1872, p. 421 (Cuba); Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill; Jones, Nat.
Bermud. p. 31 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. PhiL 1860, p. 140 (Turbo) ;
Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 479 (Texas) ; Franfzius, J. f. O. 1869,
p. 299 (Costa Rica) ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 139 (Veragua),
et 1870, p. 187 (Veragua) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 316 (Nicaragua) ;
id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 191 ; Ridyio. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil 1869, p. 130 ;
Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y.Yii. p. 297 (Panama), \'iii. p. 175 (Chiriqui),
et ix. p. 99 (Costa Rica) ; id. Bull U. S. iV. M. no. 4, p. 19 (S.W.
Mexico) ; m/atf., Ibis, 1871, p. 326 (Colombia) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.
1879, p. 227' (N. Peru) ; id Orn. Per. ii. p. 494 ; Leotaud, Ois.
Trin. p. 290 (Trinidad) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. S. N. H. i. p. 550
(Vera Cruz) ; Salv. et Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 200, et 1880, p. 121 (S.
Marta) ; iid. Biol. Centr.-Am., Ares, i. p. 289; Boucard, P. Z. S.
1883, p. 443 (Costa Rica) ; BerL et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 546
(W. Ecuador); Berlepsch, J. f. 0. 1884, p. 292 (Bucaramanga) ;
■ Tacz. et BerL P. Z. S. 1885, p. 81 (Ecuador) ; Salv. Ibis, 1885,
p. 210 (Brit. Guian.).

Phoinicosoma sestiva. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 25; id.J.f. 0. 1855,
p. 477 (Cuba).

Phoenisoma sestiva, Cab. J.f. O. 1860, p. 329 (Costa Rica).

Pyranga sestiva, var. sestiva, Baird, Brew., et liidyio. N. A. B. i.
p. 441.

Nearly uniform rosy scarlet, rather lighter below, and rather

24. PYRANGA.

183

darker on the interscapulinm ; wings ashy, with margins above like
the back ; under wing-coverts rosy ; tail-feathers ashy, strongly
tinged with scarlet ; bill pale horn-colour, without any well-marked
tooth on the commissure ; feet brown : whole length 6'5 inches,
wing 3-8, tail 2-8. Female. Above oHve, wings and tail blackish,
margined with olive ; below ycUowish.

Hah. jS". America (as a summer visitant), and southwards through-
out the Antilles, Mexico, and Central America, to Colombia, Ecua-
dor, and Peru (in winter).

rt. S jr. St.

b. (S ad. sk,

c. J jr. sk. ;
ad. sk.

e. S ]r. sk.
/. ? ad. sk.
ff. j ad. sk.
A, {. c? 5 fid.

J. c? jr. sk.
k-o. (S ad.

p. 5 ad. sk
q. c? ad. sk.
?■. (^ ad. sk.
s. 5 ad. sk.
t. S jr. sk.
u. c? jr. sk.

V. 5 ad. sk.

w. (^ ad. sk.

d. 2

sk.

X.

c? ad. sk.

y-

d jr. sk.

z.

(S ad. sk.

a',

b'. c? 2 ad

sk.

c',

d'. c? 2 ad.

sk.

e'.

S ad. sk.

f

(S ad. sk.

9'-

2 ad.sk.

h'

i'. d 2 ad.

sk.

f-

d ad. sk.

k'

d ad. sk.

/'.

d ad. sk.

m

. d ad. sk.

n'

d jr. sk.

o'

d ad. sk.

P'

d ad. sk.

?'

r'. c? 2 ad

sk.

.s'

d ad. sk.

t'.

2 ad. sk.

N. America.
N. America.
Ilhnois (Cuale).

Pliiladelphia (Kride)-).

Texas (Coale).

Mexico.

Orizaba, Mexico (Bottei-i).

Cozumel Island, Yucatan
(G. F. Gauiner).

Dueuas, Guatemala {Salvin).

Choctum, Vera Paz (Salvin).

Chisec, Vera Paz (Salvin).

Tactic, Vera Paz (Salvin).

Sayana Grande, Guatemala
(Salvin).

Liviugston, Guatemala (Sal-
vin).

San Pedro, Honduras
(Wkiteli/).

Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).

Nicoya, Costa Pdca (Arce).

Atiro, Costa Rica (Carmiol).

Irazu, Costa Rica (Rogers).

Chiriqui, Veragua (Arce).

Calovevora, Veragua (Ai'ce).

Santa Fe, Veragua (Arce).

Chepo, Panama (Arce).

Panama (McLeannan).

Santa Marta (Simons).

MedeUin, U. S. C. (Salmoti).

Antioquia (Salmon).

Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley).

Rio Napo.

Ecuador (Buckley).

Ecundor.

Pallatanga, Ecuador (Fraser).

Bogota.

Roraima, British Guiana
( WJiitely).

Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

J. Taylor, Esq. [P.].

Purchased.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

184 TANAGRID^.

2. Pyranga cooperi.

Pyrangacooperi, Ridgw. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. LS60, p. 130 ; Salv. et Godm.

'Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 290.
Pyranga sestiva, var. cooperi, Baird, Brew., et. Ridgiv. N. A. B. i.

p. 444 ; Laicr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 273 (Mazatlan).
Pyranga jestiva, Finsch, Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, ii. p. 338 (N.W.

Mex.).

Like P. (estiva, but rather larger in size ; bill longer ; head, rump,
and body below rather brighter : whole length 8 inches, wing 4-2,
tail 3-5. Female. Similar to P. astiva, but paler in colour.

Hah. Western Mexico, and Eio Grande and Colorado districts of
the United States.

I consider this barely more than a subspecies of P. cfstiva, but I
follow Messrs. Salvin and Godmau in allowing it the higher rank.

a. c? ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico {Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. d ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

c. $ ad. sk. Mexico. J. Gould, Esq.

3. Pyranga testacea.

Pyranga testacea, Scl. et S'alu. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 388 (Veragua),
et 1879, p. 502 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 22 ; Ridqw. Pr. Ac.
Sc. Phil. 1869, p. 133 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 187 (Veragua) ;
Zeledon, Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 7 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i. p. 292, t. xix. figg. 1, 2.

Pyranga hepatica, Salv. P. Z. -S. 1867, p. 139 (Veragua).

PhcBnisoma azarae, Tsch. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 206.

PjTanga azarje, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 514, 1877, p. 332, 1879,
p. 227, 1880, p. 195, et 1882, p. 14; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 495
(Peru).

Above nearly uniform dark testaceous red ; wings dark ashy, with
margins like the back : below brighter, almost scarlet, rather darker
on the sides ; under wing-coverts rosy ; tail testaceous red through-
out ; biU dark, with a strong median tooth on the commissure ; feet
brown : whole length 7 inches, wing 3-6, tail 3-1. Female. Yel-
lowish olive ; below yellow, more cinereous on the flanks.

Hah. From Nicaragua and Costa Eica southwards to Colombia,
Ecuador, and Bolivia.

Southern males (from Bolivia and Peru) are rather brighter in
colour, but not otherwise distinguishable.

a. S jr- sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt). Salvin-Godman Coll,

b. 5 ad.sk. Costa Rica rFa?i Paf'few). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (Aree). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. e. (S ad. sk. Chitra, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. (S ji'- sk. Santa F6, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
g, h. S 2 ad. sk. Concordia, U. S. C. {Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.
i. 2 ad. sk. Antioquia {Scdmon). Sclater Coll.

;. tS ad. sk. Concordia, U. S. C. {SaU Sclater Coll.

mon).

24. rTRANGA. 185

k. (^ ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador (Bucklei/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. cJ ad. sk. Chirimoto, Peru (Stokmami). Sclater Coll.

m, n. (^ ad. sk. Cinti, Bolivia (^Bucklei/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

o. 2 ad. sk. CangaUi, Bolivia (Buckle//). Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. Pyranga haBmalea.

Phoenisoma azarae, Cab. in Schonib. Guiun. iii. p. 668.
Pyranga hepatica, Leotaud, Ois. Trin. p. 291.

Pyranga baemalea, Sain, et Goclin. Ibis, 188-3, p. 205 ; Salt: Ibis, 188.5,
p. 211 (Brit. Guian.).

Above dark testaceous red, nearly as in P. testacea ; below rather
more of a blood-red than in P. testacea, and lighter on the throat
and belly : whole length 7 inches, wing 3"7, tail 3"1. Female.
Above olive ; below yellow, passing into olivaceous on the breast
and flanks.

Ilab. Guiana, Venezuela, and Trinidad.

A very close ally of P. testacea, and, in my opinion, a rather doubt-
ful species.

a, b, c. (^ ad. sk. ; Roraima, British Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

d, e. 2 ad. sk. ( Whifeli/). (T\^es of P. hcemalea.)

f. 5 ad. sk. Trinidad. Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. j jr. sk. Trinidad. Salvin-Godman Coll.
h. 2 ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater Coll.

5. Pyranga figliua.

Pyranga saira, var. testacea, Baird, Breiv., et Ridgtv. N. A. B. i.

p. 4;i4.
Pyranga figlina, Salv. et Gudm. Biul. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 293.

Similar to P. testacea, but red colour not so bright and of a
browner tint ; ear-coverts brown. Female. Like the female of
P. testacea, but duller in colour.

Bab. British Honduras and pine-ridges of Guatemala.

a. 2 ad. sk. Pine-ridge of Poctum, G uate- Salvin-Godman Coll.

mala (Suluiti).

b. 2 ad. sk. Guatemala. J. Gould, Esq.

6. Pyranga saira.

Tanagra mississipensis, Licht. IJoubl. p. 30 ; 3fa.v. Beit)-, iii. p. 521.

Tanagra saira, Spiv, At: Bras. ii. pi. 48. fig. 1(5).

Pyranga saira, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 124 ; id. Sijn. Av. Tan.

p. 48 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 80 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. 'Coll. p. 192 ;

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 211 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 22.
Pyranga coccinea, Biirm. Sgst. Veb. iii. p. 171 ; id. J. f. O. 1860,

p. 253.
Phcenicosoma azarffi. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 25.

Bright rosaceous scarlet above and below ; interscapulium and
margins of wings and tail darker ; under wing- coverts rosy red ;
bill dark plumbeous, commissure indistinctly toothed ; feet dark

186

TANAGRID^.

brown : whole length 7 inches, wing 3"S, tail 3. Female. Olive,
front and sides of head and body beneath yellow.

Hah. S.E. Brazil.

There is a considerable contrast between the bright head and
rump and the darker back in this species, and the red is much
brighter than in P. testucea and its allies ; but the back is not cine-
reous as in P.ozarce and P. hepatica.

a, b. S atl. sk. ; c. 2
ad. sk. ; d. J jr. sk.
e. (^ jr. sk.

/. S ad. sk.

(/. (S jr. sk. ; h. $ ad. sk.

Babia, Brazil ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Pelotas, Rio Grande do Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sul {Joijuef).

Rio, Brazil. Sclater Coll.

Brazil. Sclater Coll.

7. Pyranga azarse.

Saltator ruber, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 792 (cJ), et S. flavus, ej. p. 791
( 2 ), ex Azara.

Pyranga mississippiensis, cTOrb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 31.

Pyranga azarse, d'Orb. Vuy., Ois. p. 264 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 241 ; Hidgw.
Fr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1869, p. 182 ; Scl. et Scdv. P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 601
(Bolivia) ; White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 37 (Arg. Rep.) ; Salvin, Ibis,
1880, p. 3.>3 (Arg. Rep.) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 192.

Pyranga coccinea, Bunn. La Plata Reise, ii. p. 479.

Above dull rosy red ; interscapulium and wing-edgings with a
decidedly cinereous tinge : below much brighter, nearly uniform
rosy red, rather duller on the sides ; bill dark plumbeous, with a
very slight commissural tooth ; feet dark brown : whole length 7'2
inches, wing 3-S, tail 3-1. Female. Greyish olive; beneath yellow,
passing into cinereous on the flanks and belly.

Hub. Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentine Republic, and Bolivia.

Apparently quite distinct from P. saira, as above pointed out, and
most nearly related to P. he_putica, but of smaller size.

a. S ad. sk.

h, c. (S ad. sk. ; d,

e. 5 fid. sk.
/. S ad. sk. ; g. S

jr. sk.
h. cS ad. sk.

i. (S ad. ; j. $ ad. ;

k. S jr. sk.
I. (5 jr. ; m. 2 ad. sk.
n, o. S ad. sk.
p, q. S ad. sk.

Uruguay.
Cordova, Arg. Rep.

{White).
Cordova, Arg. Rep.

( JVhite).
Salta, Arg. Rep. {Burn-

fovd).
Salta, Arg. Rep.

Tucuman (Dumfurd).
Cinti, Bolivia {Buckley).
Bolivia.

Alan Peel [C.].
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

H. Durnford [C.].

Pm-ebased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
T. Bridges [C.].

8. Pyranga hepatica.

Pyranga hepatica, Siv. Phil. Muq. n. s. i. p. 438 (1827) ; Sclater,
P.Z.S. 1856, p. 124, 1857, p. 213, ] 858, p. 303, 1859, pp. 364,
377, ]864, p. 373 (Mexico); id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 48; id. Cut. A.
B. p. 81 ; Sclat. et Sal v. Ibis, 1859, p. 15 ; iid. l\oviencl. p. 22 ; Baird,

24. Pl'RAXGA.

187

B. N. Am. p. 302 ; Smnichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. S. i. p. 549
(Vera Cruz) ; Ridg^v. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 18G9, p. 132 ; Lawr. Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 274 (N.W. Mexico) ; id. Bull. U. S. N. M.
no. 4, p. 19 ; Ridgic. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1869, p. 132 ; Baird, Brew.,
et Ridgw. N. A. B. i. p. 440; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 192 ; Salv.
et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 291.

Phoenicosoma hepatica, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 25.

Phffinisoma dentata, LicJit. in Mus. Berol.

Pyranga azarae, Sityreaves Re}), p. 82 (New Mexico).

Above dull rosy red, with a strong cinereous tinge on the back
(except the rump), cheeks, and scapularies ; wings dark cinereous,
edged with dull ros}' red ; tail dull cinereous tinged with rosy red,
with brighter margins : below bright rosy red, flanks washed with
cinereous ; bill dark plumbeous, with a slight median notch ; feet
clear brown : whole length 8 inches, wing 4'1, tail 3'3. Female.
Above olive, front yellowish, lores blackish ; beneath yellowish olive.

Hah. Arizona, Mexico, and Guatemala.

Nearest to P. azane, but of larger dimensions, and with greyish
cheeks and a more decidedly cinereous tinge on the back.

a, h. cj jr. sk.

c. (S ad. sk.

d, e. cJ 2 ad. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.
g,h. (5 5 ad. sk.
i. (5 ad. sk.

j. 2 ad. sk.
k. is ji"- sk.

Arizona (Henshmv).

Villa Alta, Mexico {Boucard).

Mexico City.

Jalapa, Mexico {de Oca).

Orizaba, Mexico (Botteri).

Mexico.

Mexico.

Guatemala (Salvin).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
ydater CoU.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

9. Pyranga roseigularis.

Pyranga roseigularis, Cabot, Bost. Jovrji. N. H. v. p. 416 ; Schit.
P. Z. S. 1857, p. 6 ; id. B)is, 1873, p. 125, t. 3 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis,
1859, p. 15 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. .327, 1885. p. 190 ; Laicr. Ann.
N. Y. Ac. Sc. ii. p. 245 ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 443 ; Salv. et
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 293.

Above dark cinereous ; cap and margins of wing and tail dark
rosy red : below pale cinereous ; throat, middle of abdomen, and
crissum rosy red ; bill pale brown, with a slight commissural tooth ;
feet brown : whole length G'o inches, wing 3-1, tail 2'7. Female.
Above dark cinereous, cap, wings, and tail washed with yellowish ;
beneath pale cinereous, throat and crissum washed with yellowish.

Hah. Yucatan.

A very well-marked and peculiar species, apparently confined to
Northern Yucatan and Cozumel Island.

a. (S ad.sk. Chem Jonat forest, Yucatan Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Gamner).

b. (5jr.sk. Tzalam, Yucatan (Ga««ie)-)- Salvin-Godman CoU.

c. Jr. sk. Cozumel Island {I)evis). Salvin-Godman Coll,
d-f. 5 ad. sk. ; g-i. Cozumel Island (6-'. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

2 ad. sk. Guumcr).

188

TANASRID^.

10. Pyranga rubra.

Tanagra rubra, Linn. S. N. i. p. 314 ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 889 ; Lath. Ind.
Orn. i. p. 420 ; Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 42, t. xi. figs. 3, 4 ; Aud.
Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 388, t. cccliv. ; Desm. Tang. t. 34.

Tangara du Canada, Daub. PI. Enl. 156. fig. 1.

Red Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 5.

Pyranga rubra, Sw. North. Zool. ii. p. 273 ; Jard. Wils. Am. Orn. i.
p. 192 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 241 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 156, 1856,
p. 123, et 1858, p. 73 ; id. Sgn. Av. Ta7i. p. 47 ; id. Cat. A. B.
p. 80 ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 187 (Veragua) ; id. Ibis, 1872,
p. 316 (Choutales); id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 191; Gosse, B.
Jamaica, p. 235 ; Jones, Nat. Bermud. p. 31 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z, S.
1864, p. 352 (Panama), 1879, p. 501 (Antioquia\ 1879, p. 601
(Bolivia) ; iid. Nomejicl. p. 22 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 479 (Te.xas) ;
Laiur. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 331 (Panama), ix. p. 99 (Costa Rica) ;
Snmichr. Mem. Bost. Soe. N. H. i. p. 5oO (Vera Cruz) ; Baird,
Brew., et Ridi/w. N. A. B. i. p. 435 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 514
(C. Peru); Gundl. J. f. O. 1859, p. 298, 1861, p. 328, et 1872,
p. 421 (Cuba); Fra)iiz. J.f. O. 1869, p. 299 (Costa Rica); Salv.
et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 287; Berlepsch, J.f. O.
1884, p. 292 (Bucaramanga) ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 81
(Ecuador) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 55 (Costa Rica), 1883,
p. 443 (Yucatan).

Phffinicosoma rubra, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 24 ; id. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 477
(Cuba).

Pvi'anga erythromela?, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxviii. p. 293 ; id. Enc.
"Meth. p. 800.

Above and below scarlet ; wings and tail black ; bill horn-colour,
feet brown : whole length 6"7 inches, wing 3'8, tail 2"8. Female.
Olive, beneath more j-ellowish ; wings and tail brown.

Hah. Eastern N. America (in summer) and throughout the
Antilles and Central America to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and
Bolivia (in winter).

a,h. c? $ ad. st.
c,d. cJ 5 ad. sk.
e,f. <S ad.sk.; g. $

ad. sk.
h, i. (S 2 ad. sk.
j. 2 ad. sk.
k. $ ad. sk.
I. (S ad. sk.

m. 2 ad. sk.

n-q. (J ad. sk. ; r, s.

5 ad. sk.
<. j jr. sk.
u. c? jr. sk.

V. (S sk.

w. (^ ad. sk.

J", c? ad. sk.

N. America.
Niagara.

IMicliigan.

Pennsylvania.

Illinois (Coale).

Illinois (Coale).

Rockport, Ohio {Kirt-
laml).

Washington (Drexler).

Cozumel Island, Yucatan
{G. F. Gaumer).

Vera Paz, Guatemala.

Irazu, Costa Rica
{Rogers).

Calovevora, Veragua
{Arce).

Lion Hill Station, Pa-
nama {McLeannan).

Bogota.

Duke of Sussex [P.].
J. Gould, Esq.
Prof. Steere [P.].

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

24. PTKANGA. 189

y. S jr. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

z, a'. (S jr. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

b'. (S ad. sk. Eemedios, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salmon).

c'. S ad. sk, Sarayacu, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Bucklet/).

cV. (^ jr. sk. Quito, Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq.

e'. cJ jr. sk. Pillou, Bolivia (^Hc7i;Ze?/). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

11. Pyranga erythromelaena.

Tanagra erythromelas, Licht. Preis-Verz. d. Siing. u, Vog. no. 69

(18.31).
Pyi-anga leucoptera, Trudeau, Journ. Acad. Philad. viii. p. 160 (1837);

Bp. Consp. i. p. 241.
Pyranga bivittata, Lafr. Mev. Zool. 1842, p. 70.
Pyranga erythromelaena, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 126, 303, 1859,

■p. 364, et 1864, p. 173 (Mexico); id. Syn. At: Tan. p. 50 ; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 81 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 15 (Guatemala) ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 22 ; Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 100, 1861, p. 147 (Guatemala) ;

id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 87 (Chiriqui) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 192;

Lajor. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 99 (Costa Pica) ; Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869,

p. 299 (Costa Pica) ; Simichi: Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 549

(Vera Cruz) ; Sah. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 295.
Phoenicosoma bivittata, Cab. Mas. Hein. i. p. 24.

Scarlet ; front, lores, space round the eyes, chin, wings, and tail
black ; interscapulium more or less varied with black ; tips of
greater and lesser wing-coverts white, forming two white bars ; biU
and feet black : whole length 5-5 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2-2.
Female. Olive, beneath yellowish ; wings and tail brownish black ;
wing-coverts with white spots as in male.

Hah, Southern Mexico and Central America down to Panama.

0, 6. c? $ ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico {de Oca). Sclater Coll.

c. cS ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (Hoge). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. S ad. sk. Orizaba, Mexico (Botteri). Purchased.

e. (S ad. sk. Volcan de Agua, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salvin).

f. (S ad. sk. Savanna Grande, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll,

(Salviti).

g. (S jr. sk. Retalhuleu,Guatemala(<S'fl^OTVi). Salvin-Godman Coll.
h. cj ad. sk. Chisec, Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.
i. cJ ad. sk. Pastiche, Vera Paz (Salviti). Salvin-Godman Coll.
j. 2 ad. sk. Vera Paz (Salviti). Salvin-Godman CoU.
k. cJ ad. sk. Barranco Hondo, Guatemala Sclater Coll.

(Salvin).

1. cJ ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Blancaneau.v).

m. c? ad. sk. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. 2 ad. sk. Dota, Costa Rica ( Carmiol). Salvin-Godman Coll.

o,p. c? 2 ad. sk. Volcano of Chiriqui (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

q. 2 ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman CoU.

190 TANAGRTD^E.

1 2. Pyranga ardens.

Phrenisoma ardens, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1844, i. p. 287.
Phcenisoma bivittata, Tsch. Faun. Per., Ois. p. 207.
Pyranga ervthromelas, Sclciter, P. Z. 8. 1855, p. 156.
Pvvanga ardens, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 126, 1859, p. 1-39 (W.
'Ecuador) ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 50 ; irl. Cat. A. B. p. 81 ; ScL et

Sa/r. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167 (Venezuela) ; ii'd. Komencl. p. 22 ;

Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 326 (Colombia) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 14

(N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 497 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S.

188.3, p. 546 (W. Ecuador) ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 18

(Ecuador) ; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 211 (Roraima).

Scarlet ; lores, scapularies. wings, and tail black ; tips of greater
and lesser wing-coverts white, forming two white cross bars ; bill
and feet black : whole length 5-5 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2-2.
Female. Olive ; wings and tail blackish, with two white cross bars
on the wing-coverts ; beneath yellowish.

Hah. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Eoraima, British
Guiana.

Closelj- allied to P. erytliromela'na, but distinguishable bj- the
black colour on the face being confined to the lores.

a.h. (^ 2 ^^- sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

c, d. cJ 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

e. cJ jr. sk. Bogota. J. Gould, Esq.

fi 9- <S ■? ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (Frnser). Sclater Coll.

h, i. (S ad. sk. Imtac, Ecuador (Bucklei/). Salvin-Godraan Coll.

_/. c? ad. sk. Peru (Stolzmann). Sclater Coll.

k. (S ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela. I). Dyson [C.].

I. (5 ad. sk. Caiipe, Venezuela (Goeriny). Sahin-Godman Coll.

m, n. c? 2 ad. sk. Roraima, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

( W/iitely).

o. c? ad. St. Bogota. Purchased.

13. Pyranga bidentata.

Pyranga bidentata, Siv. Phil. J/wr/. 1827, p. 428 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 241 ;

' Sclater, P. Z. S. 18.56, p. 126,' 1857, p. 205, et 1859, p. 364; id.

Syn. Av. Taji. p. 50; id. Cat. A. B. p. 82 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1860,

p. 32 (Guatemala) ; iid. Noynencl. p. 22 ; Cassiii, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.

1865, p. 171 (Costa Rica) ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 187 (Chiriqui) ;

Lam-. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 99 (Costa Rica) ; id. Alem. Bost. Soc. N.

H. ii. p. 274 (Tres ]Marias I.) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i.

p. .549 (Vera Cruz); Frantz. J.f. 0._ 1869, p. 299 (Costa Rica) ;

Finsch, Abh. nat. Ver. z. Bremen, ii. p. 388 (N.W. Mexico) ;

Grayson, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. II. xiv. p. 281 (Tres Marias I.) ; Salv. et

Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 296.
Pyranga sanguinolenta, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 97 ; Bp. Consp.

"i. p. 241.
Phoinicosoma bidentata. Cab. Mns. Hein. i. p. 24.

Rosy scarlet ; interscapulium yellowish brown variegated with
black ; wings brownish black ; tips of greater and lesser wing-
coverts and of outer secondaries white ; tail brownish black, three

1

24. PYRANGA. 191

outer remiges tipped with white ; bill corneous ; feet brown : whole
length 7'3 inches, wing 4, tail 3-jJ. Female. Olive, beneath
yellowish olive : interscapulium variegated with black ; wings and
tail brownish black ; greater and lesser wing-coverts tipped with
white.

Hah. Mexico and Central America, south to Chiriqui.

a. c? ad. St. Mexico. Purchased.

h. (S ad. sk. Jalapa, S. Mexico {de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Jalapa, S. Mexico (de Oca). Sclater Coll.

d. (S jr. sk. ; e. J Orizaba, Mexico i^BoUeri). Purchased,
ad. sk.

./) ff- (? 2 ad. sk. Tres Marias I., W. INIexico Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Forrer).
h, i. cJ 2 ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salcin).
j. (^ jr. sk. Puenas, Guatemala (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. (S ad. sk. Barranco Hondo, Volcan de Salvin-Godman Coll.

Fuego {Salvin).
I. (^ jr. sk. Barranco Hondo, Volcan de Sclater Coll.

Fuego {Salvin).
m, n. (S 2 ad. sk. Irazu, Custa Rica {Rogers). Salvin-Godman Coll.
o. (5 ad. sk. Costa Eica {Frantziu.%). Sal\"in-Godman Coll.

p. 2 ad.sk. Parita, Costa Pica (C«;vj»'oZ). Salvui-Godman Coll.

?! '■■ 6 $ ad. sk. S. slope of Volcano of Salvin-Godman Coll.

Chiriqui {Arce).

14. Pyranga ludoviciana.

Tanagra ludoviciana, Wils. Am. Orn. iii. p. 27, pi. 20. fig. 1.

Pvranga ludoviciana, -Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 117; id. Consp. i. p. 241 ;
'Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 125, 1857, p. 213, 1859, p. 377, 1862,
p. 19 (Mexico) ; id Syn. Av. Tan. p. 49 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 81 ; Sclat.
et Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 15 (Guatemala) ; iid. Noinencl. p. 22 ; Baird,
B. N. Am. p. 303 ; Sumichr. Mem. Boston Soc. X. H. i. p. 550
(Vera Cruz) ; Laicrence, Bull. U. S. N. 31. no. 4, p. 19 (S.W.
^ftlexico) ; Breicer, Ibis, 1878, p. 205 ; Baird, Breu\, et Ridc/w. N.
Am. B. i. p. 437 ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 192 ; Salv. et Godm.
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 297.

Tanagi'a columbiana, Jard. Wils. Am. Orn. i. p. 317.

Pvranga ervthropis, Vieill. Nonv. Diet, xxviii. p. 291 ; id. Fnc. Meth.
■p. 799.

Yellow : head and throat more or less strongly stained with
scarlet ; interscapulium, wings, and tail black ; greater and lesser
wing-coverts tipped with yellowish, forming two conspicuous bars ;
bill pale horn-colour; feet brown: whole length 6-7 inches, wing
3'9, tail 2-9. Female. Olive, beneath yellow; wings and tail
blackish ; tips of greater and lesser wing-coverts and of outer
secondaries white.

Hah. Western X. America, Mexico and Guatemala.

a. c? ad. sk. ; b. West slope of Rocky Moun- J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].

2 ad. sk. tains.

c. tS ad. sk. Vancouver Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].

192 TANAGRTD^.

d. 2 ^^- ^^- Oregon, U. S. A. (Fon-er). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. (5 ad. sk. Yreka, Siskayou, Cal., U. S. A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Viulle).

f. c? jr. sk. Camp Lowell, Arizona, U. S. A. Sclater Coll.

(Sfep/wns).

g. h. c? 2 ad. sk. Soutliern U. S.. Sclater CoU.
V, ;'. c?jr., 2 *'k. Orizaba, 3Iexico. Purchased.

k. 6 jr. sk. Off St. Bias, Mexico. Capt. Kellett and Lt.

Wood [C.].

l-n. Jr. sk. Diienas, Guatemala {Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

15. Pyranga rubriceps,

Pvranga rubriceps, Gray, Gen.B.n. p. 364, pi. 89; Bp.Rer, Zool. 1851,
'p. 178 ; id. Note s. I. 'Tang. p. 29 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 156, et
1856, p. 125 ; id. Sgn. Av. Tun. p. 49 ; id. Cat A. B. p. 81 ; Scl. et
Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 502 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 22 ; Tacz.
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 195 (N. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 496 ; Tacz.
el Perl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 81 (Ecuador).

Pyranga eiytlirocepliala, Gray, Gen. App. p. 16 (err.).

P^-rauga pyrrhocepliala, Massena, MS.

Bright yellow ; whole head and nape and body below down to
the middle of the breast bright scarlet ; wings and tail black, lesser
■wing-coverts yellow ; outer secondaries and tail-feathers slightly
edged with olivaceous ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length
7 inches, wing 3-6, tail 3. Female. Like the male, but the scarlet
colour of the head only extending to the nape and throat.

Hah. Colombia.

a. S ad. st. Bogota. Purchased.

h. cT ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

e. <S ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d,e. J 2 ad. sk. Medellin, U. S. C. {Salmon). Sclater Coll.

/. cJ ad. sk. Medellin, U. S. C. {Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

9,li- 6 2 ^*i- ^^^- San Lucas, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

16. Pyranga erythrocephala.

Spermagi'a erythrocephala, <S'm-. P/iil. Mag. 1827, p. 437.

Pvranga cucullata, iMi Bus, Btill. Acad. Brtix. xiv. pt. 2, p. 105

'(1847) ; id. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 245 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 241.
Pvranga erythrocephala, Bp. Eev. Zool. 1851, p. 178 ; id. Note s. I.

'Tang. p. 29 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 125, 1859, p. 377 (Oaxaca),

1864, p. 173 (City of Mexico) ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 49 ; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 81 ; Du Bus, Esq. Orn. t. 32 ; Scl. et Salr. Nomencl.

p. 22 : Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Ares, i. p. 294; Pidgw.

Ibis, 1883, p. 400.

Olive-green, beneath yellow ; head and throat all round scarlet ;
lores black : whole length 2-9 inches, wing 3, tail 2-7.
Hob. Tableland of Mexico.

a. (S ad. sk. Mexico (Salle). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. (5 jr. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll.

c. (S ad. sk. Juquila, Mexico (Salle). Purchased.

25. cYA^riciEEUs. — 26. orthogoxts. 193

25. CYANICTERUS.

Type.

Cyaiiicterus, £p. Consp. i. p. 240 (18-jO) (J. venustus.

Callithraupis, Berl. Orn. Centr. 1879, p. 63 0. veuustus.

The single species of this genus is closely allied to Pyranya, but
has a longer bill, with the culraen more incurved, and is clad in
purple and yellow instead of scarlet. It is peculiar to the interior
of Guiana and Cayenne. The sexes are quite ditierent.

Pyranga cyanictera, Vieill. N. D. d'H. N. xxviii. p. 290 (cf jun.) ;
id. Enc. Meth. p. 798 ; id. Gal. Ois. p. 112, pi. 81 ; '

\

1. Cyanictems venustus.

viii. p. 29€

Gray, Gen.

B. ii. p. 364.
Pyranga icteropus, Vieill. N. B. d H. X. xxviii. p. 291 ; id. Enc.

'Meth. p. 799 ; Fuch. Arch. Mus. Par. vii. p. 356.
Tachyphonus chloi-icterus, Vieill. X. D. d'H. X. xxxii. p. 360 ( $ ) ;

id." Enc. Meth. p. 804?? ; Puch. Arch. Mus. Par. vii. p. 379.
Tachyphone a epaulettes bleues, Less. Tr. d Orn. p. 463 ( $ J ; Puch.

Arch. Mils. Par. vii. p. 378, pi. xxii.
Cyauicterus venustus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 240.
Orthogonys cyanicterus, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 8 ; id. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 122; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 46; Scl. et Salv. Xomencl.

p. 22; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 211.
Callithraupis cyanictera, ^e;-/. Or7i. Centr. 1879, p. 63; id.J.f. O.

1879, p. 206."

Above bright purple-blue ; wii]gs and tail black with blue mar-
gins ; lores black : below, throat and breast purple-blue as above ;
abdomen bright yellow; bill black; feet pale ilesh-colour : whole
length 7 inches, wing 3-8, tail 3. Fenudc. Above greenish blue ;
wings and tail blackish margined with blue ; sides of the head and
body below yellow ; bill pale horn-colour ; feet yellowish.

Hab. Cayenne and Guiana.

a,h. ij 2 ad. st. Cayenne. Purchased.

c. J ad. sk. Meruiue Mt., Brit. Guiana Sclater Coll.

(miitely).

d, e. (J ad. sk. ; Meriime Mt., Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll
/. 2 ad. sk. ( Wliitehy).

g. $ ad. sk. Mazaruni liiver, Brit. Guiana Sclater Coll.

{im Thurm).
h. 2 ad. sk. British Guiana. Sclater Coll.

26. ORTHOGONYS.

Type.
Orthogonys, Strickl. Ann. Xat. Hist. xiii. p. 421 (1844) 0. viridis.

This form is closely allied to the preceding, but has a more
rounded tail, and the sexes are clad alike in a dull yellow and olive
dress. It is peculiar to S.E. Brazil.

VOL. XI. o

194 T.VNAGIUDJE.

1. Orthogonys viridis.

Tanagra viridis, Spu; Ai\ Bras. ii. p. 36, pi. 48. fig. 2.

Orthogonys viridis, Sfrickl. Ann. N. H. xiii. p. 421 ; Bp. Coiisp. i.

p. 331; Sclnter, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 122; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 46;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 82 ; Bwrm. Si/st. Uvh. iii. p. 170 ; Pelz. Orn.

Bras. p. 211 ; Sd. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 22; Berl. J. f. 0. 1873,

p. 243 (St. Catharina) ; Salo. Cat. Strickl. CM. p. 193.
Tanagra vegeta, Litht. in Miis. Berol.

Above olive-green ; wiags brownish black, margins like the back ;
tail nearly uniform olive ; boncabh yellowish olive : bill dark horn-
colour ; feet pale brown : whole length 8 inches, wing ;i'7, tail 3'5.
Female similar.

Eab. S.E. Brazil.

a. Ad. st. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

b, c. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.J.
d, e. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

/. cJ ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joyner'). Salvin-Godman Coll.

g, h. (S ad. sk. Rio Grande do Sul {Royers). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i,j. (S $ ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Joynei').

k. Skeleton. Brazil. Eyton Coll.

27. CHLOROTHRAUPIS.

Type.
Chlorothraupis, Eidyw. Pr. U. S. N. M. 1883, p. 412 ... . C. carmioli.

Under this term Mr. Ridgway has lately separated some uniform
olive species formerly assigned to Ortlioijonys, of which we know
little at present. The bill is shorter and stouter than in Orthogonys,
and more like that of some species of Pyramja.

Key to the Species.

A. Colour above olive-ereen.

Lores and rim round the eye olive 1. carmioli, p. 194.

Lores and rim round the eye yellow 2. olivacea, p. 19o.

B. Colour above brownish olive 3. stolsmanni, p. 195.

1. Chlorothraupis carmioli.

Phoenicothraupis carmioli. Later. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 100 (Costa

Rica) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 186, 780 (S. Peru) ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 22 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 313 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii.

p. 499; Biihjw. Pr. U. S. JV. M. 1883, p. 411 (Costa Rica) ; Frantz.

J.f. Orn. 1869, p. 299 (Costa Rica).
Chlorotliraupis carmioli, Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aues, i.

p. 299, t. XX. fig. 1.

Uniform olive ; below rather paler ; throat slightly tinged with
yellowish, and obscurely freckled with dark striations ; bill and
feet dark plumbeous : whole length (r7 inches, wing 3'5, tail 2-6.

Hab. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Peru.

The Central-American specimens are rather darker below, and it

28. PHCENICOTURAUPIS. 195

is po^ible that tho Peruvian examples assigned here may belong to
C. stolzmanni.

a. cJ ad. sk. Turrialba, Costa Rica {Car- Salviu-Godman Coll.

■miol).

b. Ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua {Belt). Salvin-Godinan Coll.

c. (5 ad. sk. Cosaipata, Peru ( Whitely). Sdater Coll.

d. e. (^ ad. sk. Cosuipata, Peru ( Whitelij). Salviu-Goduian Coll.

2. CUorothraupis olivacea.

Orthogonys oliv'aceus, Cassin. Pi: Ac. Sc. Phil. 1830, p. 140, 1884,
p. 287, 't. 2 (Panama) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 582 (Antio-
quia).

Chlorothraupis olivacea, Salv. et Godin. Biol. Ceiitr.-Ain., Aues, i.
p. 298.

Rather dark olive-green, paler bolow ; rim round the eye, lores,
and centre of throat yellow; sides of throat and under wing-coverts
with slight yellowish markings ; bill and feet dark plumbeous :
whole length 6-7 inches, wing '2-o, tail 2'6.

Hah. Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk. Remedios, Antioquia {Salmon). SclaterCoU.

b. Ad. sk. Remedios, Antioquia {Salmon). Salvia-Godman Coll.

c. Ad.sk. Nichi, Autioquia ("SW/wtori). Salvin-Godman Coll.
f?. Ad. sk. Vic. of Pasto, Ecuador (Ze/j/Hrtww). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Chlorothraupis stolzmanni.

Phcenicothraupis stolzmauni, Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. oi(3.

Above brownish olive ; below paler ; middle of abdomen and
crissum ochraeeous brown ; throat pale yellowish ochraceous ; under
wing-coverts rufescent orange : length of wing 3-5 inches. {Berl. et
Tacz.)

Hah. AVestern Ecuador.

Only known from the specimens in tho Warsaw Museum.

28. PHGENICOTHRAUPIS.

Type.
Phoeuicothraupis, Cab. Mas. Ilein. i. p. 24 (18-50) P. rubica.

Of the nine species of this genus as here recognized, eight aro
closely similar in plumage and in structure to the typical form, and
represent each other in various parts of the Neotropical Region
from Southern Mexico to Brazil and Paraguay, their areas in some
cases apparently overlapping. The ninth (a Colombian species) is
of a generally blackish plumage, but betrays its alliance by its rosy
throat.

In structure Phanicothraupis is not far from Pi/ranf/a, but has
a more conical bill and elongated tail. The gonys is slightly in-
curved. The commissure is a little inflexed, but the median tooth
is obsolete.

o2

196 TANAGKlDJi.

Euler has described the nesting of P. ruhica. The structure is
cu])-shaped, like that of most Tanagrince. The eggs are of a pale
bluish grey, with numerous brown markings. The egg of P. yut-
turalis is figured P. Z. S. IST'J pi. slii. fig. 4.

Key to the impedes.

A. General plumage rosy red.

a. With a red median crest slightly extended.
a'. Crest bordered on each side by a dis-
tinct dark margin.

a". Throat didl red, scarcely brighter
than body below.
) Tail above brighter than back . . 1. ruhica, p. 196.

] Tail above like back 2. vinncea, p. 197.

b". Throat brighter red than body below 3. riibicoides,^.^^!.
c" . Throat and body below rosy red;

size smaller 4. rubra, p. 198.

b'. Crest without anj' distinct dark margin.

d". Size smaller; wings reddish 5. rliodinolcEma, p. 199.

f". Size larger; wings more or less cine-
reous.

J Tail below cinereous 6. fuscicauda, p. 199.

j Tail below tinged with red .... 7. sci/vini, p. 200.

b. With a distinct prominent red crest .... 8. cnstata, p. 201.

B. General plumage blackish 9. gutturalis, p. 201.

1. Phcenicothraupis rubica.

Saltator rubicus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xiv. p. 107 ; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 792 (ex Azara) ; d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 36.
Tanagra tiammiceps, Temm. PI. Col. 177 ; Mnx. Beitr. iii. p. 497.
Tanagra porphyrio, Licht. Doubl. p. 31.
Pyranga rubica, (VOrb. Voy., Ois. p. 265.
Piicenicothraupis rubica. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 24 ; Sclater, A?in. N. H.

xiv. p. 24 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 119 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 43 ; id.

Cat. A. B. p. 82 ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 212'; Sol. et Salv. P. Z. S.

1879, p. 001 (Bolivia); iid. Nomencl. p. 22; Salv. Cat. Strickl,

Coll. p. 193.
Tachyphonus rubicus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 168.

Above testaceous red ; head brownish cinereous, Avith a scarlet
medran crest ; wings brown, edged with testaceous red ; tail nearly
uniform testaceous red, brighter than the back ; below testaceous
red, nearly uniform, but mixed with cinereous on the belly and
flanks ; under wing-coverts and inner margins of wing-feathers
rosy red ; biU dark horn-colour, feet pale brown : whole length
7''i inches, wing 3'9, tail 3"7. Female. Brown : head darker, with
a yellowish-brown median crest slightly indicated ; below paler.

Hah. Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia.

I am not sure whether Bolivian specimens belong to this form or
to P. rhodiiwlcema.

a. cS ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

b. d ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil {Xaffercr). Sclater Coll.

28. PH(ENICOTHRATrPIS. 197

c. 2 ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil. Sclater Coll.

d. (S ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. (S ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Rio, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Youds).

f. S ji". sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joijner). Salvin-Godman Coll.
ff. cJ jr. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Siil Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Joi/ncT).
h. 5 ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

2. Phcenicothraupis vinacea.

Plicenicothraupis vinacea, Lawr. Proc. Ac. PMl. 1867, p. 94
(Panama) ; id. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 99 (Costa Rica) ; Frantz. J.
f. O. 1869, p. 299 (Costa Rica) ; Salu. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 187
(Veragua) ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 22 ; Salv. et Godm. Biul.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. -301.

Phcenicothraupis rubica, Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 139.

Above testaceous red ; head dark cinereous brown, with a scarlet
median crest ; wings brown, with edgings like the back ; tail nearly
uniform testaceous red, like the back : below brighter testaceous
red, with a cinereous tinge on the flanks; under wing-coverts and
inner margins of wing-feathers dull rosy red ; bill dark horn-colour ;
feet pale brown : whole length 7 inches, wnng 3'7, tail 3"5.
Female. Dark olive-brown, beneath paler, especiall}' on the throat
and middle of the belly ; median head-crest yellowish brown.

Hah. Costa Rica, Veragua, and Panama.

This is a very close ally of P. ruhica, and in some cases it would
be difficult to separate male specimens without knowing the loca-
lities. This sex appears, however, usually to be distinguishable by
the tail in the present species being of the same testaceous red as
the back, instead of brighter as in Ph. ruhlcoides. On the back it
is also slightly darker. The female is quite distinct from that
of Ph. salvini, being of an olive-brown, with a yellowish tinge
below.

a. c? ad. sk. ; b. Grecia, Costa Rica (Carmior). Salvin-Godman CoU.

cJ jr. sk.

c,d. cJ $ ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (A7-ce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Cff- 6 9 ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (Arce). O. Salvin, Esq. [P.].

ff, h. c? 2 ad. sk. Santa Y€, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h.j- 6 2 ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). Sclater Cull.

k. c? ad. sk. Volcano of Chiriqid {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Phcenicothraupis rubicoides.

Saltator rubicoides, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 41 ; Cassin, Proc. Acad.
8c. Philad. iv. p. 90.

Phcenicothraupis rubicoides, Cah. Mus. Hein. i. p. 24 ; Sclater, Ann.
N. H. xiv. p. 25 ; id. P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 120, 303, 1859, pp. 364,
377, 1864, p. 173 (City of Mexico) ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 44; id.
Cat. A. B. p. 83; Scl.' et Sale. Ibis, 1859, p. 15, 1860, p. 32; iid.
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836 (Honduras) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 22 ; Moore,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 58 (Honduras) ; Sttmichr. Mem. Post. Soc. N H.

198 TANAGKID.T.

i. p. 549 (Vera Cruz) ; Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat Mus. no. 4, p. 19 ;

Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 193 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Are.-<, i. p. 300.
Pyrain^a ii;iiicapill.i, IJcht. in Mus. Berol., (^ .
Pyiaiiya quajacina, Lirht. in Mus. Berol., $.
Phoeuicotliraupis igiiicapilla, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 581.

Above testaceous red ; median crest scarlet, bordered on each side
by a well-marked dark blackish margin ; outer margins of wings
like the back ; tail throughout reddish testaceous ; below more rosy
testaceous red, and throat considerably brighter than belly ; flanks
much tinged with cinereous; under wing-coverts and inner margins
of wing-fcathei's dull rosy : beak dark horn-colour ; feet pale brown :
whole length 7 inches, wing 3'9, tail 3'3. Female. Above olive-
brown ; median crest yellowish brown, bordered by blackish ; below
yellowish brown, darker on the sides.

Hab. Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras.

This species may be distinguished from P. rnhica and P. vinacea
by the much brighter throat, the general colour of the abdomen
being nearly the same in all three species.

n. 2 ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

b. (} ad. sk. Jalapa (de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. (J ad. sk. Volcano de Agua, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

{S'(ilpin).

d. cj jr. sk. Aloteuango, Guatemala (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.
f, f. 2 ■'^d. sk. Barranco-Hondo, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Sab-in).
ff. c? fid. sk. Barranco-Hondo, Guatemala Sclater Coll.

{Sdlniti).
h. 2 ad. sk. Eetalhuleu, Guatemala (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.
^>J- 6 2 ad.sk. Choctum, Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. 2 fid. sk. Chisec, Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. cJ ad. sk. Savana Grande, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salvi7i).
w. S ad. sk. ; Sources of R. de la Pasion, Gua- Salvin-Godman Coll.
n. cJ jr. sk. ; temala (Salvin).
0. 2 ad. sk.
p. <S jr. sk. Vera Paz (Constancia). O. Salvin, Esq. [P.].

4. Phcenicothraupis rubra.

Tachyphonus ruber, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 359; id. Fnc. Mcth.

p. 804 ; Leotaud, Ois. Trin. p. 297.
Phcenicothraupis rubica ex ins. Trinit., Sclater, Ann. N. H. xiv.

p. 24.
Plice.uicothraupis rubra, Sclater, F. Z. S. 185G, p. 120 ; id. Sr/n. Av.

Tan. p. 44 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 83 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 212 '; Scl. et

Salv. Nomencl. p. 22 ; Fi7isch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 581 (Trinidad).

Above testaceous red, tail rather brighter ; median crest scarlet,
bordered on each side by dark cinereous ; below nearly uniform
dull rosy red, passing into cinereous on the flanks ; bill dark brown ;
feet pale brown: whole length 6-8 inches, wing 3-5, tail 3.

28. PHCENICOTHEAUPIS. 199

Female. Olive-brown, wings and tail-margins rather more yellowish ;
median crest yellowish buff ; below pale fulvous.

Hah. Trinidad and Venezuela.

This is a smaller species, recognizable by its rosy red colour
below and the pale colour of the female.

a, h. cJ ad. sk. Trinidad, Selater Coll.

c. 5 fid- sk. Venezuela. Selater Coll.

d, e. (5 5 ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. Phcenicothraupis rhodinolaema.

Phcenicothraupis rubica, Sci. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 749, et 1873,

p. 262 (E. Peru); Tacz. P.Z.S. 1874, p. 513 (C. Peru), 1882,

p. 14 (N.E. Peru).
Phcenicothraupis rhodinolajma, Salv. et Goihn. Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Aves, i. p. 300 (1883).
Phcenicothraupis peruvianus, Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 498 (1884) ; Scl.

Ibis, 1885, p. 272.

Above dull brownish red, tail brighter ; median crest scarlet ;
below cinereous, throat and upper part of breast bright testaceous
red ; centre of belly, crissum, inner wing-coverts, and inner margins
of wing-feathers rosaceous ; bill hazel-brown, paler below ; feet
pale brown : whole length 6 inches, wing 3*6, tail 2"7. Female.
Brown, wing and tail-margins rufous ; median crest yellowish
fulvous ; below pale ashy brown, darker on the sides.

Hab. Western Ecuador.

A small species, most nearly resembling P. rvhra, but with the
dark colour on each side of the crest not so distinct, and with the
colour below different. The females of the two species are much
alike.

a. c? jr. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Biwhley'). ) Pclater Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (B^icldey). > Salviu-Godmau Coll.

c. 5 ad.sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (5^^t7l/e^/J. ) Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Tj^pes of the species).
d,e. (5 2 ad. sk. Chamicuros {Hauxwell) . J. Gould, Esq.

f. cJ ad. sk. Eg'i) Amazons. Purchased.

6. Phcenicothraupis fuscicauda.

Phcenicothraupis fuscicauda, Cab. J. f. O. 1861, p. 86 (Costa Pica) ;

Aves, i. p. 302 ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 55 (Costa Rica).
Phcenicothraupis erythrolfema, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 83.
Phcenicothraupis ruhicoides, Laur. Ann. L. N. T. vii. p. 297

(Panama) ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 171 (Costa Rica).

Above dull testaceous red ; median crest scarlet, the crest-feathers
more or less tipped with ashy brown like the sides of the head;
wings and tail externally ashy brown, with a slight reddish tinge

20O taxageid.t;.

on the outer margins of the latter : below brighter testaceous red
mixed with ashy ; throat bright rosj- red ; wings and tail beneath
pale cinereous, under wing-coverts slightly tinged with rosy ; bill
dark horn-colour ; feet pale brown : whole length 7 3 inches, wing
4, tail 3"8. Female. Above olive-brown, without any indication
of the median crest ; below much paler, yellowish on the throat.

Ilab. Nicaragua, Costa Ilica, Panama, and vicinity of Santa Marta,
Colombia.

A large species, distinguished bj' its half-concealed crest, which
has no signs of the lateral blackish border, but is partially tipped
with dull ashy brown, and the ashy-browu wings.

a. (5 ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (Jcmseti). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. (^ ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 5 sk. Nicaragua (A'm^/«((/). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

d. (S ad. sk. Nicoya, Costa Rica (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. c? ad.sk. Panama (ilfcZeaMwa?;). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. $ ad. sk. Lion Hill Station, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll.

{3IcLeannan).
g, A. cT 2 ^d. sk. Panama (llcZecmntm). Sclater CoU.

i. c? ad. sk. Santa Marta, Colombia. Sclater Coll. (Type of

P. enjthroJcema, Sclater.)

7. Phcenicothraupis salvini.

Phoenicothraupis salvini, Berl. Ibis, 1883, p. 487 ; Salv. et Godm.

Biol. Cenfr.-Am., Aves. i. p. 303.
Phoenicothraupis rubicoides, Boucard, P. Z. S. 188.j, p. 443

(Yucatan).

Above testaceous red ; crest scarlet, the feathers slightly tipped
with brown, which is the colour of the front and sides of the head ;
wings ashy brown, with margins like the back; tail like the back
but rather duller : below rosy red, with a strong cinereous tinge on
the abdomen ; under surface of wings ashy, of tail reddish ashy ;
bill dark plumbeous ; feet pale brown : whole length 7*2 inches,
wing 3'9, tail 3-6. Female. Above brown, without signs of any
median crest ; below brighter brown, yellowish on the throat and
middle of the belly.

Hah. S. Mexico, Yucatan, Honduras, and Guatemala.

I follow Graf v. Berlepsch and Messrs. Salvin and Godman in
placing this species as distinct and as the northern form of F. fusci-
cauda. But I must say I find some difficulty in distinguishing the
males of P. ruhicoiJes and P. i^alviui in some cases, although the
females (if correctly understood) are obviously different. The male
of P. salvini seems distinguishable from that sex of P. fuscicauda
by the reddish tinge of its tail below.

«. tS ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

h. S jr. sk. ; e. Mexico. Sclater Coll.
$ ad. sk.

d. cS ad. sk. Mexico. J. Gould, Esq.

e. cJ ad. sk. ; /. Tehuantepec (Siimic/irnsf). Salvin-Godman Coll.
djr. sk.

I

29. LANIO. 201

g. S ad. sk. Tzalani, Xoithem Yucatan Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Gaumer).

h. (^ ad. sk. Belize (BUincaneaux). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

i. S iid. sk. Corosal, British Honduras {Roe). Sah-in-Godiuan Coll.

j. c? ad. sk. : k, Chisec, Vera Paz {Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. 2 ad. sk.

8. Phcenicothraupis cristata.

PhcEnicothraupis cristata, Luwr. Ann. L. N. Y. xi. p. 70 (Bogota) ;
Scl. et Salt-. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 582 (Antioquia).

Above diill brownish testaceous ; wings dark brown with external
testaceous edgings : tail nearly uniform testaceous red ; elongated
vertical crest scarlet : below slightly paler ; sides of head, throat,
and upper breast bright red, almost rosaceous ; under surface of
wings and under wing-coverts cinereous ; bill dark horn-colour ;
feet brown : whole length 7'5 inches, wing 3-7, tail 3"4. Female
similar, but rather smaller, not so bright, and wings externally
brown.

JIdb. Colombia.

Very easily distinguished from all the preceding species by its
long projecting crest.

a, b. c? 2 ad. sk. Antioquia (Scilmon). Sclater Coll.

c. (^ ad. sk. Antioquia (Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

9. Phcenicothraupis gutturalis. (Plate XI.)

Phcenicothraupis gutturalis, .St/. Ann. X. IT. 18.54, xiv. p. 2o ; id.
P. Z. S. 1855, p. 156, 185'), p. 120 ; id. Si/ti. Av. Tan. p. 44 ; Wi/att,
Ihh, 1871, p. 326 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. oS-2 (Antioquia) ;
iid. Nomenvl. p. 22.

Xearly uniform blackish grey above and below ; projecting
vertical crest bright scarlet : throat scarlet, paler in the centre ; bill
black; feet dark brown : whole length 7*3 inches, wing 3-9, tail3-6.
Female similar, but rather smaller, and paler in colour.

Hah. Colombia.

a. (^ ad. sk. Colombia. Purchased.

(Type of the species.)

b. c5' ad sk. Remedios, Antioquia (Salmoti). Sclater Coll.

r. 2 ad. sk. Remedios, Antioquia {Sal»207i). Salvin-Gudman Coll.

d. (5 ad. sk. Nichi, Antioquia {Sabnon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. 5 ad. sk. Naranjo, U. S. C. ( Wi/atf). Sclater Coll.

29. LANIO.

lype.

Lanio, Jleill. Analyse, p. 40 (1816) L. atricapillus.

Pogouothraupis, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 669. . . . L. atricapillus.

In typical Lanio the curious commissural tooth of this section of
the Tuna(jri)ia' takes its greatest development, and the upper man-

202

TANAGRID^.

dible has also a strong terminal hook. The feet are weak, the tail
long and rather squared at its extremity. The Lmiiones are mostlj-
clad in 3-ellow and black, with black heads, black wings, and a more
or less pronounced white scapi;lar patch. Thej' range from South
Mexico to Bolivia, but are not found in South-eastern Brazil.

Structure of Lanio auranfms.

Key to tlie Species.

A. Size large ; rump yellow or black.

a'. Throat black 1. aurcmthis, p. 202.

b'. Throat white :

rump yellow 2. lencothorax, p. 203.

rump black 3. melunopyyius, p. 203.

B. Size small ; rump orange :

j throat black ; gr. wing-coverts black . 4. africajnllus, p. 204.
j throat olive ; gr. wing-coverts white . 6. versicolor, p. 204.

C. (Only known in immature dress) 6. hncrencii, p. 205.

1. Lanio aurantius.

Lanio aurantius, Lafr. i?«'. ZooL 1846, p. 402 ; I)u Bus. JEsq. Oin.
t. 21 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 240 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, ])p. 119, 303, et
1857, p. 229 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 43 ; id. Cat A. B. p. 83 ; Sclat.
et Salr. Ibis, 1859,"p. 15 (Guatemala) ; iid. E.r. Orn. p. 61, t. 31 ;
lid. Nomfncl. p. 22 ; Suviichr. Mem. Bast. »Soc. K. If. i. p. 549 (Vera
Cruz); Latvr. Bull. U. S. N. M. no. 4, p. 19 (N.W. Mexico);
Salv. et Godm. Biol. Cetifr.-A>n., Ares, i. p. 304.

Above and below bright yellow : head and neck all round and

a.

6

ad.

sk.

h,

c.

62

ad. sk.

(I.

6

ad.

sk.

e.

d

ad.

sk.

f- 2

ad.

sk.

ff-

d

ad.

sk.

h.

2

ad.

sk.

i.

6

ad.

sk.

i

29. LANio. 203

■wings and tail black ; lesser upper -wing-coverts and under wing-
coverts -white ; breast stained -with orange ; thighs black ; bill black;
feet brown : whole length 7"5 inches, wing 4-2, tail 3'8. Female.
Above dark olive-brown ; rump j-ellowish brown ; head greyish
olive : beneath greenish yellow, throat grey ; crissum stained with
orange ; under wing-coverts whitish.

Hab. Southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras.

S. Comapan, South Mexico Sclater Coll.

(Salle).

British Honduras (Blan- Salvin-Godman Coll.

caneau.i').

CJuatemala (Salvin). Sclater CoU.

Cohan, Vera Paz (Constancid). Salviu-Godman Coll.

Choctum, Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Chisec, Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I\amkhal,Guatema]a('S'afcwi). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Honduras (Dyson). , Purchased.

2. Lanio leucothorax.

Lanio leucothorax, Sali\ P. Z. S. 1864, p. 581 (Veragua) ; id. Ibis,
1873, p. 317 (Niearao-ua) ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 171
(Costa Eica) ; Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 299 (Costa Rica) ; Scl. et
Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 63 (part.), t. 32 ( 2 ) ; iid. Nommcl. p. 22.

Above and below bright yeUow ; head, wings, and tail black ;
lesser upper wing-coverts, i;nder wing-coverts, and middle of throat
white ; thighs black ; bill black ; feet brown : whole length 7'S
inches, wing 4-1, tail 3"S. Female. Above olive-brown, head greyish:
beneath orange-brown; throat greyish; middle of belly yellow.

Hah. Nicaragua and Costa Eica.

The white throat at once distinguishes this species from L.
aurantius, which it otherwise closely resembles.

a, b. S ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Angostura, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Canniol).

d,e. (5 2 ad.sk. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica (^rce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Lanio melanopygius.

Lanio leucothorax, Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 139, et 1870, p. 188
(Veragua); Scl. et Salv. F.v. Orn. p. 63 (part.), t. 32 (6); Hd.
Komencl. p. 22.

Lanio melanopygius, Pidc/w. Pr. U. S. N. M. 1883, p. 412 (Costa
Rica) ; Salv. ei Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 305.

Above bright yellow ; head, wings and tail, and lower half of
back black ; lesser upper wing-coverts, under wing-coverts, and
throat white ; thighs and crissum black, the latter sometimes slightly
tipped with yellow ; bill black : feet brown : whole length 7'S inches,
wing 4-1, tail 3-8. Female. Above olive-brown , head greyish; be-
neath orange-brown ; throat greyish, middle of belly yellow.

Hab. Costa llica and Veragua.

204

tanagPvId.t:.

A representative form of L. leucotlwra.v, distinguishable by the
black lower back. The crissiim is also black, but in some specimens
the feathers are slightly edged with yellow.

a. (S ad. sk.

b. S ad. sk.

c. S jr. sk.

d,e. cJ 2 ad. sk. ; f.

6 jr. sk.
g. S ad. sk.
h. 5 ad. sk.

Calovevora, Veragua (Arce).
Cordillera de Toll, Veragua

(Arce).
Santiago deVeragua(^/re').
Bugaba, Ohiriqiii (Arce).

Veragua (Arce).
Verao-ua,

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Arce [C.].

4 Lanio atricapillus.

Tangara jaune a tete noire, Daub. PL Enl. 809. fig. 2.

Tanagra atricapilla, Gm. S. N. i. p. 899 ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 224.

Lanio atricapillus, I'ieill. Noiiv. Diet, xvii. p. .305; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 741; id. Gal. Ois. p. 223, pi. 138; Bp. Consp. i. p. 240; Scl.

P. Z. S. 1855, p. 156, 1856, p. 118, et 1858, pp. 72, 454; id. Syn.

Av. Tan. p. 42 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 83 ; Scl. et Salv. Ex. Orn. p. 64 ;

iid. Nomencl. p. 22 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 193 ; id. Ibis, 1885,

p. 211 (Brit. Guian.).
Pogonothraupis atricapilla, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 669.
Black-headed Tanager, Lath. G. IT. vi. p. 14.

Above and below orange-yellow, passing into dark orange-brown
on rump and fore neck ; head all round and wings and tail black ;
a portion of scapularies white : under wing-coverts M'hite stained
with ferruginous ; bill black ; feet brown : whole length 6-3 inches,
wing 3-6, tail 3-1. Female. Brown ; rump and body below paler ;
throat washed with cinereous ; under wing-coverts pale fulvous.

Hab. Cayenne, Guiana, Colombia, and Ecuador.

a. (S ad. St.

b. (J ad. sk.

c. (^ ad. sk.

d. e. (S $ ad. sk.

/. S ad. sk.

ff. S ad. sk.

/(, i. J ad. sk.
/. J ad. sk.
k,l. c? 2 ad. sk.

m. cJ ad. sk.
n. 2 ad. sk.

S. America.

Cayenne.

Cayenne.

Bartica Grove, British

Guiana ( Whitely).
Merunie Mts., British

Guiana ( Whitely).
li. Atapurow, British

Guiana ( Whitely).
Bogota.

Monji, Ecuador (i?M(:A7«/).
Sarayacu, Ecuador

{Buckley),
Ecuador {Buckley).
llio Napo.

5. Lanio versicolor.

Purchased.

Sclater Coll.

H. C. llothery, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater CoU.

Tachyphonus versicolor, d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. i. p. 28.
Pyi-anga versicolor, d'Orb. Voy. p. 262, pi. 19. fig. 1.
Lanio versicolor, ia/r. P. Z. 184U, p. 203; Gray, Gen.B. ii. p. 364; Bp.
Cu7isp. i. p. 240 ; 'Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 119 ; id. Syn, Av. Tan. p. 43 ;

30. TACHYPHONTJS. 205

Scl. et Sah: P. Z. S. 1873, p. 185 (S. Peru) et p. 262 (E. Peru),
1879, p. 601 (Bolivia) ; iid. Ex. Orn. p. 64 ; iid. ]S'omt7icl. p. 22 ;
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 513 ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 500.

Above bright yellow, passing into orange on the upper back ; head
black, the feathers of the vertex slightly tipped with olivaceous
yellow ; wings and tail black, wing-coverts white : below yellow,
passing into orange on the breast ; throat greenish olive ; under
wing-coverts white ; bill black ; feet brown : whole length 6*3
inches, wing 3-4, tail 3. Female. Above orange-brown, brighter on
the rump, more olivaceous on the head : below bright brownish
orange, middle of belly yellow ; under wing-coverts ashy white.

Hah. Bolivia and South Peru.

The large expanse of white on the wing-coverts and the olive
throat render this species readily recognizable. The tooth on the
commissure is but -slightly apparent.

a. cjjr.sk.; b. $ Cosnipata, Peru (nV^Vc/^). Sclater Coll.
ad. sk.

c. c? ad. sk. Cosnipata, Peru (Tlldtely). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. S fid. sk. Rio .Tavari. Purchased.

e. (S ad. sk. Bolivia. Purchased.

C. Lanio lawrencii.

Tachyphonus atricapillus, Laicr. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1868, p. 360.
Lanio lawrencii, Sclater, Ibis, 1885, p. 272, t. vi. fig. 2.

Above olive-green, with indications of black coming out on the
interscapulium ; wings and tail brownish black edged with olive ;
upper surface of head and nape black ; sides of head brownish ;
throat greyish white ; middle of abdomen ferruginous orange ; sides
passing into olive ; under wing-coverts white ; bill blackish, pale at
the base below ; feet clear brown : whole length 4"8 inches, wing
2-4, tail 2-2.

Hab. Trinidad {Alexander').

Mr. Lawrence having kindly sent me his unique example of this
species for examination, I have come to the conclusion that it is a
young male of a species of Lanio, allied to L. versicolor, and re-
markable for its small size.

30. TACHYPHONUS.

Tvpe.

Tachyphonus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 33 (1816) T. mejaleucus.

Pyrrota, Viei.ll. Analyse, p. 45 (1816) T. melaleucus.

Comarophagus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 074 T. melaleucus.

In the smaller and weaker Taclu/phoni the dental tooth is hardlv
apparent, but the general conformation is that of Lanio. The genus
consists of twelve or thirteen species, which do not range higher in
Central America than Costa Kica, but extend southwards to Para-
guay and Bolivia.

The nesting of T. melaleucus has been well described by Euler

206 TANAGRIB.E.

(J. f. 0. 1SG7, p. 40S). The nest is placed in thick bushes near the
ground, and is open and cup-shaped. The eggs are flesh-colour,
marked and spotted with dark reddish. See also a figure of the egg
of this species, P. Z. S. 1879, pi. xlii. fig. 5.

Key to the Sjjecies.

A. Head without a vertical crest.

a. Head black.

a'. Rump black.

a". Bend of wing pure white :

' larger : lesser wing-coverts

black 1. 7nelaleiicics, p. 206.

I smaller : lesser wing-coverts

( white 2. luctuosus, p. 208.

b" . Bend of wiug white, with a red

spot 3. phccniceus, p. 208.

h' . Rump yellow 4. xanthopi/f/iiis, p. 209.

b. Head yellow 5. chrijsomelas, p. 210

B. Head with a median vertical crest.

c. Lower back pale fulvous.
c' . BeUv black.

c". With a fulvous throat-spot 6. cristatus, p. 210.

d". Throat uniform black, without any
spot;

j crest fulvous 7. sitrinamus, p. 211.

I crest orange 8. nattereri, p. 213.

d' . Belly rufous 9. rujiventris, p. 213.

d. Lower back black.
e' . Under wing-coverts white :

rest scarlet 10. coronatus, p. 213.

I crest yellow 11. nitidissimus, p. 214.

f . Under wing-coverts black . . 12. delattrii, p. 215.

1. Tachyphonus melaleucus.

Oriolus melaleucus, Sparnn. 3Ii(s. Carls, no. xxxi. (1787).

Tangara noir d'Amerique, Daub. PL Enl. 179. fig. 2 {S )■

Le Tangaroux de Cavenne, Daub. I'l. Enl. 711 ( $).

Tanagra rufa, Bodd.'Tabl. d. PI. Enl. p. 44 (1783).

Oriolus leucopterus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 392 (part.) (1788).

Tanagra nigerrima, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 81)9; Eesm. Tang. tt. 45, -iC;
Max. Beitr. iii. p. 534.

Tachvphouus leucopterus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 358; id. Enc.
Mkh. p. 803; id. Gal. Ois. p. 113, pi. S'l ; D'Orb. Voy., Ois. p. 277.

Pyrrota leucoptera, Bp. Consp. i. p. 238.

Tachypbonus nigerrimus, Sw. Quart. Journ. Sc. 182(5, p. 62 ; Lafr.
et d'Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 29; Cab. in Scliomb. Guian. iii. p. 669;
id. Mus. Hein. i.'p. 22; Burin. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 166.

Tachvphonus melaleucus, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 113 ; id. 8i/n. Av.
Tan. p. 37 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 84 ; 8alv. Cat. 8trickl. Coll. p. 194 :
Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1864, p. 351 (Panama), 1867, p. 571 (Lower
Amazons), 1868, p. 167 (Yeuezuela), 1876, p. 16 (S. Peru), 1879,
p. 503 ( Antioquia) ; iid. Ex. Orn. p. 68; iid. Nvmvnd. p. 23;
Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 82 (Trinidad) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327

30. TACHXPnONFS.

20:

(Colombia) ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 379 (Lower Amazons) ; Forbes,
Ibis, 1881, p. 333 (Pernambuco) ; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 212; Lawr.
Ann. L. N. Y. vii. p. 331 (Panama) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 15
(X.E. Peru); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 582 (Trinidad); Zeledon,
Vat. Avvs Costa Rica, p. 7 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am.,
Ares, i. p. 309 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 504 ; Berl. J. f. O. 1881,
p. 292; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 211 (Brit. Guiana).

Pyrrota valerii, /. ^- E. Verr. R. Z. 18.55, p. 351.

Tachyplionus valerii, IScl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 114; id. 8yn. Av. Tan.
p. 38.

Tacbyphonus beaupertbu-^-i, Bp. C. R. xxxii. p. 82 (1851) ; Scl. Cat..
A. B. p. 85 ; Levtaud, bis. Trin. p. 299.

Uniform silky black ; upper lesser Aving-coverts and under wing-
coverts pure white ; bill and feet black : whole length 7 inches,
■wing 8-6, tail 3-2. Female. Rusty brown, below rather paler ; bill
dark horn-colour ; feet brown.

Hab. Costa Rica, Panama, and S. America down to S.E. Brazil
and Peru.

a. (S ad. sk.

b. S ad. sk.
c,d. (5 2 ^d. sk.
e,f. c? 2 ad. sk.
g. 2 ad. sk.

h. (j ad. sk.

i. (S ad. sk. ; j. ^

jr. sk.
k. cJ ad. sk.
I. S ad. sk.
m. 2 ad. sk.
n. S ad. sk.
0, p. 2 ad. sk.
q. S ad. sk.
r, s. c? 2 ad. sk.
t. cJ ad. sk.
u,v. ,5 2 ad. sk.

IV. 2 ad. sk.

X. J ad. sk.
y. S ad. sk.
s, a'. cJ ad. sk. ;

b'. 2 ad. sk.
'c',d'. c? 2 ad.sk.
e' . c? ad. sk. ;/'.

jr. sk.
(/. S ad. sk.

h'. cT ad. sk.
t'J'- S 2 ad.; W.
6 jr. St.

Costa Rica (Van Patten).
Veragua (Arce).
Panama (Arcs).
Panama (McLeannan).
MedelUu, Colombia {Sahnon).
Eemt'dios, Antioquia, U. S. C.

(Salmon).
Bogota.

Venezuela.

Venezuela.

Caracas, Venezuela.

Trinidad.

Trinidad.

Tobago (Kirk).

Cayenne (Jelski).

Cayenne.

Bartica Grove, British Guiana
( Whitely).

Para, Lower Amazons (Wal-
lace).

Rio Tocantins ( Wallace).

Baiao, Rio Tocantms ( Wallace).

Pernambuco, Brazil ( W. A.
Forbes).

Pernambuco ( W. A. Forbes).

Bahia ( Wuckerer).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

Sclater CoU.
D. Dvson [C],
D. Dyson [C.J.
Sclater Coll.
Zool. Soc. CoU.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Rio Claro, Goyaz, BrazU (Joy- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ner).

Rio I'arana (Xatterer). Salvin-Godman Cull.

S. America. Pm-chased.

208 TANAGEID-E.

2. Tachyphonus luctuosus.

Tachvphonus luctuosus, Lafr. et (TOrb. Si/n. Av. i. p. 29; Sclnter,
P.^Z. S. 1854, p. 115, 185o, p. 156, 1856, p. 114, 1860, pp. 274, 292 ;
id. Sij7i. Av. Tan. p. 38 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 85 ; Sd. et Salv. P. Z. S.
1864, p. 351 (Panama), 1868, p. 167 (Venezuela), 1879, p. 503
(Antioquia) et p. 601 (Bolivia) ; u'd. Ex. Oni. p. 68 ; iid. Numencl.
p. 23 ; Peh. On}. Bras. p. 213 (Int. of Brazil) ; Cas.nn, Pr. Ac. Sc.
Phil. 1860, p. 141 (Truando), et 1865, p. 171 (Costa Rica) ; Lawr.
Ann. L. K. Y. vii. p. 297 (Panama), ix. p. 100 (Costa Pica) ;
Frantz. J. f. O. 1809, p. 299 (Costa Pica) ; Fmsch, P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 582 (Trinidad) : Sahin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 188 (Veragua) ; id. liii,
1872, p. 317 (Niearap-ua) ; id. Cat. Sfrickl. Coll. p. 194; Tacz.
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 332 (W. Ecuador) ; Sfdv. et Godm. Biol. Cenfr.-
Am., Aves, i. p. 310 ; Bed. J.f. O. 1884, p. 292 (Bucaramano-a) ;
Ridg^o. P. U. S. N. M. 1883, p. 412 (Costa Rica) ; Berl. et Tacz.
P. Z. S. 1883, p. 547 (W. Ecuador) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 211 (Brit.
Guiana).

Pyranga luctuosa, d'Orb. Voy. p. 263, pi. 20. f. 1 J, 2 2 •

Lanio tenuirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 240.

Tachyphonus albispeciilaris, Leotaud, Ois. Trin. p. 300.

Silky black : lesser wing-coverts and under wing-coverts white ;
bill black, at base plumbeous ; feet black : whole length 5 inches,
wing 2-5, tail 2-1. Female. Olive; head greyish ; beneath yellow,
throat whitish ; under wing-coverts white.

Nab. Nicaragua, Costa Eica, Panama, and S. America down to
Trinidad and Guiana on the east and Bolivia on the west. Not
found, apparently, in the main valley of the Amazons, but obtained
by batterer on the Madeira and on the Bolivian frontier of Brazil.

a. c? ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (Jansen). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b, c. cJ ad. sk. ; Angostiu-a, Costa Eica ( Car- Salvin-Godman Coll.
(5 jr. sk. miol).

d. tS ad. St. Panama (Arc.e). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. (S ad. St. Chepo, Panama (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. S ad. sk. Santa Marta, Colombia. Sclater Coll.

g. (S ad. sk. Remedios, Antioquia i^Suhnon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h, i. S 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

J. (5' jr. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

k, I. (5 2 ad. sk. Santa Eita, Ecuador {Villa- Salvin-Godman Coll.

(/omez).

m,n. S 2 ad.sk. Esmeraldas, Ecuador {Fraser). Sclater Coll.

0. (S ad. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll.

p. S ad. sk. Eng. do Gama, Brazil {Natt.). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

q. (S ad. sk. ; r. Trinidad. Sclater Coll.

6 jr- sk.

s, t. cT ad. sk. ; Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana. Salvin-Godman Coll.

u. 2 ad. sk.

3. Tachyphonus phceniceus.

Tachy]ihonus phceniceus, Siv. An. in Men. p. 311 (Peru) ; id. Class. B.
ii. 'p. 285; Bp. Cmisp. i. p. 237; <SV/. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 116; id.
8ijn. Av. Tan. p. 40 ; Sd. et Salv. P. Z. S. 18(;7, p. 754, et 1873,
p. 262 CE. Peru) ; iid. E.v. Orn. p. 65, tab. xxxiii. : iid. Nomend.
p. 23; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 214} Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 194; Salv.

30. TACHYPHOXLTS.

209

et Godm. 75« 1883, p. 203 rGuiana) ; Tacz. Om. Per. ii p 50
Sah. Ibis, 188o, p. 212 (Brit. Guian.). ^'

Tachyphonus saucius, Strickl. Ann. Nat. Sist. xiii. p. 419 n844^
Tanagra leucocanipter, Licht. hi Alus. Berol. lio4*j.

Silky black; uppermost lesser wing-coverts and under win-

and feet black : whole length 6 inches, wing 2-8, tail 27. Female
Above greyish brown, wings and tail rather darker; below dirtv'
M^hi^e, flanks cinereous ; an obsolete brown spot on the bend of the

Ca^tne:^^'^'"' ^''''' ^^^"''^'^^''^' ^"^^""^ «f British Guiana, and

"' h ik' ^^' '^' ' ''■ "^ ^^^^™^ E. Peru {Bart- Sclater Coll.

ff^f:^ 1 J. n ?.Perup,mV). Sclater Coll.

ad ,1. rJ ■^' I ^ ^^''"'"^ -Mountains, Brit. Salvin-Godman CoU.
att. sk , ». cT jr.sk. Guiana {Whitely).

hk. S2 ad. sk. Eoraima, Brit. Giiiana Salvin-Godman Coll

( Whitely).
■ ^ ^"^^ ^^- Cayenne. Purchased.

4. Tachyphonus xanthopygius.

Tachyphonus xanthopygius, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 158, pi 69
^Va ^^^■']' P; f/ ^^^^ ^^)' ^t 1856, p. 116; id. 'Syn. Al.Tan
p. 40; Scl.et Sah. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 351 (Panama), 1879, p 503
(Annoquia ; «r/. ^.r. 0;-«. p. 68 ; /tV/. i\W«c/. p. 23; Cas.Jn Pr
^cSc.PM. 1860, p. 142 (Truando) ; La^cr. An. L. Tk'S^.

1883^ p o4/ (^V . Ecuador) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am.,Aves

1. p. oil. ' ^

Lanio auritus, i);/fi„s, Bull. Ac. Brux. xxii. p. 153 (1855)
lachyphonus rubiifrons, Lawr. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1865 p 106

(Panama) ; AW. et Sah. Ex. Orn. p. 68. ' ^'

Tachyphonus prcpinquus, Laivr. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867 n 94 ■ id

Ami. L. iV. Y. ix. p. 101 (Costa Rica) ; Frantz. J.f. O. km, p. 209."

V "^iJf ^'-^"^^""^^.^ ''"'^ ^'''''^^ wing-coverts bright lemon-yellow ; a
slight white superciliary stripe developing into a scarlet band behind
the eye: under wing-coverts white; bill and feet black: whole
length . inches, wmg 3-6, tail 2-8. Female. Dark cinereous ; beneath
paler : rump yellow ; under wing-coverts white.

Hah. Costa Eica, Panama, and Colombia.

The bright red post-superciliary stripe of the male renders this
species very easily distinguishable.

^.'dad.'sk.' loS'a' Sclater Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.'

efyph.V S"^"^- . • • Salvin-Godman Coll.

e,.r. 6 ¥ ad. slv. Kemedios, Antioquia Salvin-Godman Coll

{Salmon).

210 TANAGK1DJ5.

9j ^^- S ? fid. sk. Remedios, Antioquia Sclater Coll.

(^Salmon).

i. $ ad. sk. Panama {McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll.

j, k. 2 ad. sk. Yeragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. Tachyphonus clirysomelas.

Tachyphonus clirysomelas, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 18(39, p. 440, t. .32 ;
iid. Nomencl. p. 23 ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 188 (Veragua) ; Salv.
et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 3li, pi. xxi. fig. 1.

Bright golden yellow, rather paler below ; narrow rim round the
eye, iuterscapulium, wings, and tail black ; under wing-coyerts
white ; biU and feet black : whole length 4-G inches, wing 2-5,
tail 1"S. Female. Olive; wings and tail brown, margined with
olive ; beneath yellowish ; under wing-coverts white.

Hab. Veragua.

a, b. (5 ad. sk. ; c. 2 Cordillera del Chucu, Ye- Salvin-Godman Coll.
ad. sk. ragua {Arce). (Types of the species.)

d, e. (5 5 ad. sk. Yeragua (Arce). Sclater Coll.

6. Tachypbonus cristatus.

Tangara hupe de Cayenne, Datib. PI. Enl. 7. fig. 2.

Tauagra cristata, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 898 ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 422 ;

Desm. Tang. tt. 47,48; 3Iax. Beitr. iii. p. 474.
Tanagra brunnea, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 37, t. 49. fig. 2 ( $ ).
Lanio vieilloti, Lafr. R. Z. 1846, p. 204.
Crested Tanager. Lath. G. H. vi. p. 11.
Tacliypli(3nus cristatus, Sw. Quart. Journ. Se. 1826, p. 66 ; Cab. in

Schomb. Gnian. iii. p. 608 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 155, 1856,

p. 115, et 1857, p. 264; id. St/tt. Av. Tati. p. 39; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 85; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 213 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 194 ;

id. Ibis, 1885, p. 212 (Brit. Guian.) ; Cab. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 82

(Rio) ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 262 (E. Peru) ; iid. Komencl.

p. 23 ; iid. Ex. Orn. p. 68 ; Burin. Syst. lleb. iii. p. 165.
Tanagra gubernatrix, Temm. Tab. Meth. d. PI. Col. p. 40 (1836).
Tachyphonus cristatellus, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 86 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.

1867, p. 571 (Lower Amazons), p. 977 (Upper Amazons) ; iid. E.v.

Orn. p. 68.
Tachyphonus iutercedens, Berlepsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 113.

Above black ; large elongated crest covering the top of the head
scarlet or orange ; rump fulvous ; lesser upper wing-coverts white:
below black ; throat-stripe fulvous ; under wing-coverts white ; bill
and feet black : whole length 5*8 inches, wing 3'2, tail 2*9. Female.
Ferruginous brown, beneath paler ; wings blackish, edged with
brown like the back.

Hab. Guiana, Cayenne, Colombia, Amazonia, and Brazil, down
to llio Grande do Sul.

Guianan specimens of this species are distinguishable by the crest
being orange, with a slight reddish tinge. They agree with the
type of T. iutercedens, Berlepsch, but I can only regard them as

30. TACHYPHOXUS.

211

subspecitically different. On the other hand, in Brazilian skins the
crest is usualh' more highly developed and of a brilliant scarlet, and
the throat-stripe is slightly larger. This may stand as a second
subspecies, TacJu/photius cristatus brasiliensls. The form from
Cayenne, Colombia, and Amazonia (for which I formerly proposed
the name T. cristatellm) must remain as the typical form, as the
name cristatus was originally based upon the Cayenne bird. This
has rather a shorter crest, partially orange in front, and a smaller
gular stripe.

a. Subsp. intercedens.

a, b. S 2 ^^- sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Guian. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(miitel!/).

c. t3 jr. sk. Merume M., Brit. Guiau. Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Whitely).

d. o 'id. sk. River Atapuiow, Brit. Guian. Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Tfliiteh/).

a. S ad. sk.

b. d ad. sk.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d. (S ad. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.

ff,h. cJad.sk.; i. $

ad. sk.
_;. (5 ad. sk.

a, b. S 2 f^d. sk.
c. cJ ad. sk. ; d. c?
jr. sk.

e. 2 F- ^^^

f. j ad. sk.
ff. ,5 ad. sk.

h. cS ad. sk.

i, j. S 2 ad. sk.
k'. S ad. St.

I. 2 ad. St.

b. Subsi). tijpica.

Cayenne.

Guia, llio Negro {Wallace).

Para, Amazons (Wallace).

Ega, Amazons (Wallace).

Pebas, Peru (Haiutuell).

Yquitos, Peru.

Saravacu, Ecuador (Buck-

ley).
Bogota.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Sclater CoU.
(Type of T. cristatellus.)

c. Subsp. brasiliensis.

Bahia (Wucherer).
Novo Fribourgo (Youds).

S. Paolo, Brazil (Joi/ner).
Rio Claro, Goyaz (Joi/ner).
Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul

(Joyner).
En*, do Gama, Brazil (JVaf-

terer).
Brazil.
Brazil.

S. America.

Salvin-Godman Coll
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sclater Coll.

Ld. Stuart de Rotbe-

sey [P.].
Purchased.

7. Tachyphonus surinamus.

Merula Surinam ensis, Briss. Orn. App. p. 4G, t. 3. fig. 1.

Turdus sminamus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 2i)7.

Tachyphonus surinamensis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 202 ; Bp. Compt.

Rend, xxxii. p. 81.
Tachvphonus surinamus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 18.j6, p. 114, et 18o7, p. 2G4 ;

id.'Syn. Av. Tan. p. 38; id. Cat. A. B. p. 85; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 213;

Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. lO.j ; id. Ibis, 1885, p. 212 (^Brit. Guian.) ;

p2

212 TANAGRID^.

Scl. et Sah: P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 571 (Lower Amaznns) et p. 754

(Upper Amazons), 18(i9, p. 440, 1873, p. 262 (]<]. Peru); tid. Ex.

Orn. p. ()8 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 23.
Tauagrra martialis, Temm. Man. Analyse, p. Ixv.
Tanagra desmaresti, Sw. Quart. Journ. Sc. 1826, p. 67.
Tachyphonus ochropygos, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 668; id.Miis.

Hein. i. p. 22.
Lanio cristatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 240 (partim).
Tachvpbouus napensis, Laior. Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 42 ; Scl. Ibis,

188.5, p. 273.
TachTpliniius surinanms napensis, Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 503.
Tangara hupe de la Guiane, Daub. PI. Enl. 301. fig. 2.
Tanagi-a cristata, Temm. Tabl 3Ieth. d. PI. Col. p. 40 (18-36).

Above shining black ; median head-crest bright fulvous, with a
golden tinge ; rump fulvous ; lesser upper wing-coverts white : below
shining black, under wing-coverts and axillarics white, with a slight
fulvous tinge on the front portion of the axillaries ; lower part of
flanks bright rufous ; bill and feet black ; whole length 0 inches,
wing 3-5, tail 3. Female. Above olive-green, wings blackish brown
edged with olive-green ; head cinereous ; beneath pale fulvous,
under wing-coverts white, crissum tinged with yellowish.

Hah. Guiana, Cayenne, Colombia, Ecuador, and Amazonia.

Although confounded together by the older authors, this species
and T. cristatus are very distinct in the colours of both sexes.
Besides, the present bird has a longer and more slender beak. Mr.
Lawrence has proposed to separate the Upper-Amazonian form as
T. napensis, but the differences (consisting mainly in the rather
darker uropygium and smaller crest) are not, to my mind, sufficient
for specific, although they may serve for subspecific, distinction.

a. Subsp. tyinca.

a. S ad.sk.;

b,c.

Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana

Salvin-Godman Coll.

$ ad. sk.
d,e. S2 ad.

sk.

( miitely).
Merume Mts., Brit. Guiana

Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. S ad. sk.

( IVliitely).
R. Atapurow, Brit. Guiana

Salvin-Godman Coll.

q. 2 ad. sk.

(imtekj).
Cayenne (Jclski).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

'h, i. S 2 ad.

sk.;

Oyapoc, Cayenne.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

j. (^ jr.sk.
k,l. 6 9- ad.

sk.

Cayenne.

Sclater CoU.

m. (S ad. sk.

Maroni River, Surinam

Salvin-Godman CoU.

n, 0. d 2 ad

sk.

(Kappler).
Para {Wallace).

b. Subsp. napensis.

Sclater Coll.

a. cJ ad. sk.

Guia, Rio Negro ( Wallace).

Sclater Coll.

b. S ad. sk.

Yquitos, Peru.

Sclater Coll.

c. (5 ad. sk.

Ega, Amazons.

Purchased.

d,e. cJ $ ad

sk.

Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

/: 2 ad. sk.

Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley).

Sclater Coll.

0 S ad. sk.

Bogota.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. cJ ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.

30. TACHYPHONTJS. 213

8. Tachyphonus nattereri.

Tachyphonus nattereri, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 214 ; Sdafer, Ibis, 1885,

p. '212, t. vi. fig. 1.
Tanagra cristatella, Natt. MS.

Black ; median head-crest orange ; rump fulvous ; lesser upper
wing-coverts and under wing-coverts white : whole length 5'4 inches,
wing 2-7, tail 2-4. Female. Eufous, below paler.

Hah. Matto Grosso, Brazil.

Only known from batterer's specimens : nearest to T. delattrii,
but recognizable by its fulvous uropygium and white lesser wing-
coverts.

9. Tachyphonus rufiventris.

Tanagra rufiventer, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 37, pi. 50. fig. 1.

Tachyphonus rufiventer, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 18o0, p. 49, pi. 50 ;
Sctater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 115, 1857, p. 264 (Eio Javari) ; id. Syn.
Av. Tan. p. 39 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 86 ; Sd. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 188 (Ucavali), 1867, p. 749, 1873, p. 185 (S. Peru) et
p. 262 (E. Peru), 1879, p. 601 (Bolivia) ; iid. Ex. Orn. p. 68; iid.
Nomeml. p. 23 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 513 (C. Peru), 1882, p. 14
(N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 503.

Above black ; median crest pale yellow ; lower back fulvous ;
lesser upper wing-coverts white : below dark chestnut-red ; flanks
paler, fulvous ; middle of throat fulvous ; sides of throat and
breast, nearly uniting in the middle line, black ; under wing-
coverts white ; biU black ; feet dark brown : whole length 6 inches,
wing 3-1, tail 2-8. Female. Olive-green, rump yellowish ; throat
cinereous ; abdomen fulvous yellow ; under wing-coverts white.

Hab. Upper Amazonia, Peru, and Bolivia.

The chestnut abdomen immediately distinguishes this species.

a. cJ ad. sk. Upper Amazons. Sclater Coll.

h. S ad. sk. Upper Amazons (Bates). Sclater Coll.

c, d. (S ad. sk. ChamicLU-os, E. Peru {Haux- J. Gould, Esq.

well).

e. 2 ad. sk. Ucavali {Hauxivell). J. Gould, Esq.

f. $ ad. sk. Eio'Napo (?). Sclater Coll.

'(J, h. (S ad. sk. Nairapi, Bohvia (BucJdeij). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

10. Tachyphonus coronatus.

Agelaius coronatus, VieiU. Nouv. Did. xxxiv. p. 535 ; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 711 (ex Azara).
Tanagra coryphseus, Licht. Doubl. p. 31.
Pyrrota coryphfeus, Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 238.
Tachyphonus vigorsi, Siv. Quart. Journ. Sc. 1826, p. 63 ; Jard. III.

Or«. pL36.fig. 1.
Tachvphonus coronatus. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 22 ; Sdater, P. Z. H.

1856, p. 114 ; id. /Spi. Av. Tan. p. 38 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 85 ; Pelz. Orn.

Bras. p. 213 ; Salv. Cat. Sf7-ickl. Coll. p. 195 ; Burm. Si/st. Ueb. iii.

p. 166 ; Sd. et Salv. Ev. Orn. p. ij6; iid. Nomend. p. 23 ; Berl. J.

214 TANAGRIDJ5.

f. O. 1873, p. 244 (St. Catbarina) ; Cah. J. f. O. 1874, p. 82
"(Rio).
Tacliyplionus cristatus. White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 597 (Misiones) (?).

Above and below shining black ; small median head-crest crimson ;
lesser upper wing-coverts and under wing-coverts white ; bill dark
plumbeous ; feet brown : whole length (!'8 inches, wing 3'4, tail 3.
Female. Above ferruginous brown, head slightly tinged with cinereous ;
below paler, throat and breast freckled with cinereous ; crissum like
the back.

Hah. S.E. Brazil.

The bill is rather strong in this species, but there is very little
trace of any commissural tooth, and the terminal hook is also almost
obsolete.

a. S ad. st. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

h. 5 ad. st. Brazil. Pm-chased.

c. 2 ad. sk, Santa Fe, Minas, Brazil {Rogers). Sclater Coll.

d. <S ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Rio de Janeiro Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Youds).

e. c? ad. sk. Registro do Sai, Brazil {Nat- Salvin-Godman Coll.

terer).

f,g. (S ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/;. $ ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Brazil {Joyner).

i. 2 ad. sk. Rio Grando de Sul {Plant). Sclater Coll.

j. (S ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

k. c? jr. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

11. Tachyphonus nitidissimus.

Tachvplionus nitidissimus, 8alv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 188 (Verairua~) ;

id.' Ibis, 1874, p. 308 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 23; Eidqio. P. U.

S. N. M. 1883, p. 142 (Costa Rica) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-

Am., Aves, i. p 312, t. xxi. figs. 2, 3.
Chlorospingus axillaris, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. x. p. 395 (cJ jr., cf.

Sahin, I. s. c).
Tachyphonus luctuosus, Cassiti, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 171.

Shining black ; crest orange ; lesser upper wing-coverts and under
wing-coverts white ; bill black, whitish at the base ; feet brown :
whole length 5-5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2-5. Female. Olive-green ;
beneath lighter, more yellowish ; under wing-coverts white,

Ifah. Costa Rica and Veragua.

A small but very distinct species, most like T. hiefuosns, but dis-
tinguished by its crest, which in some individuals (apparently not
quite mature) is yellowish, in others deep orange-red.

a, h. (5 ad. sk. ; c. S Bugaba, Chiriqui, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

jr. sk.; f^. 2 ad.sk. (Arce). (Types of the species.)

e,f. S >td. sk. Bibalaz, Chiriqui {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(/. (S ad. sk. Chiriqui {A7-ce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h, i. J 2 fid. sk. Chiriqui {Arcf). Sclater Coll.

j. 2 ad. sk. Valzn, Costa Rica {Car- Salvin-Godman Coll.
mini).

31. CREFRGOPS. 215

12. Tachyphonus delattrii.

Tacliyphonus delattrii, Lnfr. 1{. Z. 1847, p. T2 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 237 ;

adat. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 116, 1859, p. 139 (W. Ecuador) ; id. Syn.

Av. Tan. p. 40; id. Cat. A. B. p. 86; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.

18U0, p. 142 (Truando), 1865, p. 171 (Costa Eica) ; Zaior. Ann.

L. N. Y. Tii. p. 331 (Panama), ix. p. 180 (Costa Eica) ; Scl. et

Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 351 (Panama), 1879, p. 503 (Antioquia) ; iid.

Ex. Orn. p. 67, t. 34 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 23 ; Frantz. J. f. O. 1869,

p. 299 (Costa Eica) ; Sakiti, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 740, et 1870, p. 180

(Veragua) ; Boncard, P. Z. iS. 1878, p. 55 (Costa Eica) ; Salv. et

Gudm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 312.
Clilorospingus brunneiis, Laicr. Ann. L. N. Y. x. p. 395 {'^,cf. Salv.

Ibis, 1874, p. 308).

Uniform black ; crest orange ; nnder wing-coverts dull black ;
bill and feet black: whole length 5-5 inches, wing 3, tail 2-5.
Female. Above black ; head and neck and body beneath dark oli-
vaceous brown, rather lighter on the throat ; flanks and crissum
blackish.

Bah. Costa Pdca, Veragua, Panama, Colombia, and N. Ecuador.

The black under wing-coverts isolate this species. Fraser's female
from Pallatanga, Western Ecuador (_y), may possibly belong to
another species, but the bii'd certainly reaches as far south as Paste
(see specimen Ic).

a. c? ad. sk. Santa F^, Veragua [Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. Santiago de Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. S ad- sk. Panama (McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. cJ ad. sk. Panama {McLeannan). Sclater Coll.

e. (5 ad. sk. Gorgona Island, coast of Co- Kellett & Wood [C.].

lombia.

f) !/■ c? 2 ad. sk. Eemedios, Antioquia {Salnw}i). Sclater Coll.

h. (S ad. sk. Eemedios, Anticquia (Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. cJ ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

?j. 5 ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

k. (5 ad. sk. Pasto, Ecuador (Lehman). Salvin-Godman Coll.

31. CREURGOPS. „

Type.
Creurgops, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 75 C. verticahs.

The median commissural notch is well developed in this form, and
there are scarcely any signs of rictal bristles. In other respects
Greuryops comes near to the preceding genus. The type is only
known from Colombia and Ecuador.

1. Creurgops verticalis.

Creurgops verticalis, Scl P. Z. S. 1858, p. 73, t. 132, 1866, p. 180, et
1873, p. 262 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 513 ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 501 ;
Scl. et Sail'. P.Z. S. 1879, p. 583 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 23 ;
Tacz. et Berl. P. Z.S. 1885, p. 81 (Ecuador).

Above slaty grey, wings and tail rather blacker ; head blackish,

216

TANAGRIDJi.

with a half-concealed median crest of pale fulvous mixed with fer-
rus^inous : below uniform reddish ochraceous ; under wing-coverts
like the belly ; bill dark plumbeous, pale at the base ; feet pale
brown: whole length 6-5 inches, wing 3-6, tail 2-8. Female
similar, but head uniform grey like the back.
Hah. Colombia and Ecuador.

a. (S ad. sk.
h,c. c? 2 ad. sk.
d. S ^^. sk.

St. Elena, Antioquia (Salmon).
St. Elena, Antioquia (Salmon).
Antioquia (Sabnon).

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

32. MALACOTHRAUPIS.

Malacothraupis, Scl. et Salt: P. Z. S. 1876, p. 353

Type.
M. dentata.

Structure of Malacothraupis.

This is a much weaker form, of abnormal colouring of grey and
rufous, but with a distinct commissural notch. The single species
known is Eolivian.

1. Malacothraupis dentata.

Malacothraupis dentata, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 353, pi. xxxi.,
1879, p. 601 (^Bolivia).

Above cinereous, rather darker on the head ; narrow superciliaries
prolonged to the nape, white ; sides of head and body below clear
chestnut ; chin, middle of abdomen, and under wing-coverts white ;
crissum white, tinged with cinereous ; bill above blackish, below
brown ; feet dark plumbeous : whole length 5-5 inches, wing 2-7,
tail 2-7.

Hab. Bolivia.

.1. Ad. sk.

Bolivia (^Buckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
(Type of the species.)

33. EUCOMETIS. 217

33. EUCOMETIS.

Type.
Eucometis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 117 E. penicillata.

Eucometis consists of four representative species, and a single
divergent form. They range from Southern Mexico southwards to
Bolivia. The structure is intermediate between P/jramja and Tachy-
phonus ; it is weaker than in Pyranga, and the coloration is generally
duller. The sexes are similar. The short nuchal crest is a special
character, and there is a slight development of rictal setae.

Key to the Sjjecies.

A. Body above yellowish olive.

a. Throat white, with a slight greyish tinge.

Crest longer, white tipped with grey . . 1 . penicillata, p. 217.

Crest shorter, uniform grey 2. albicollis, p. 217.

h. Throat cinereous.

Crest longer, grey like the throat 3. eristata, p. 218.

Crest short, darker than the throat .... 4. spodocephala, p. 219.

B. Body above blackish 5. cassini, p. 219.

1. Eucometis penicillata.

Tanagra penicillata, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 36, pi. xlix. fig. 1 (1825).

Tachyphonus penicillatus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 237.

Eucometis penicillata, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 117 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.
p. 41 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 84 ; Pdz. Orn. Bras. p. 212 ; Scl. et Salv.
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 180 (Ucayali), 1867, p. 571 (L. Amazons), 1873,
p. 262 (E. Peru) ; iid. Aomencl. p. 23 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 500.

Above yellowish olive ; wings blackish, with margins like the
back ; tail pale brown, with yeUowish-olive margins ; head grey,
with a projecting crest of white feathers tipped with grey : below
bright brownish yellow, throat pale cinereous white ; under wing-
coverts yellowish; bill hazel, whitish below; feet pale brown:
whole length 7"3 inches, wing 38, tail 3'5. FtmaU similar.

Hub. Cayenne, Amazonia, W. Ecuador, and E. Peru.

a. Ad. sk. Cavenne. Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. St. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Lower Amazons ( Wal- Sclater Coll.

luce).

d. cj ad. sk. Mexiana, Lower Amazons Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Wallace).

e,f. c? ? ad. sk. Yquitus, Peru (TFMeZy). Salvin-Godman Coll.

g,h. (5' 5 ad. sk. Yquitos, Peru ( Whitely). Sclater Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Upper Amazons. Pm-chased.

j. Ad. sk. Rio Napo. Sclater Coll.

k. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

2. Eucometis albicollis.

Pyranga albicollis, Lafr. et d'Orb. Syn. Ac. i. p. 33 (1837); d'Orb.
Voy. p. 265, pi. xxvi. fig. 2; Bp. Consp. i. p. 241.

218 TANAGEIDiE,

Trichothraupis albicollis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 23 (note).
Eucometis albicollis, Scl.P.Z.S. 1856, p. 117; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 41 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 84; Pch. Orn. Bras. p. 212; Scl. et Salv.

i\o7nencl. p. 23; rid. F. Z. S. 1879, p. 001 (Bolivia).

Above yellowish olive ; wings blackish, with margins like the
back ; tail pale brown tinged with olive and with olive margins ;
head subcrestcd, brownish cinereous : below yellow, throat dirty
white ; ear-coverts brownish cinereous ; under wing-coverts creamy
white tinged with yellowish ; bill pale horn-celour ; feet pale brown :
Avhole length 6-2 inches, wing 3-8, tail 3.

Udh. Bolivia and interior of Brazil.

The description is from one of Xatterer's skins from Goiaz. It is
possible that the Bolivian bird may be different ; at any rate it re-
quires comparison. But the present species is, I think, separable
from E. jwxicillafa, having a shorter uniform crest, brownish ear-
coverts, and a paler throat.

a. 2 afl- Goiaz {Natterer). Sclater Coll.

3. Eucometis cristata.

Pipilnpsis cristata, DuBus, Bull. Acad. Bru.v. xxxii. p. 154 (1855).
Trichothraupis penicillata, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 156 (err.).
Eucometis cristata, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 118 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 42 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 84 ; Cassin, Pr. An. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 141 ; Zawv.

Ami. L. N. T. vii. p. 298 (Panama) ; Scl. et Sn!v. P. Z. S. 1864,

p. 350 (Panama), 1868, p. 627 (Venezuela) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 23 ;

Salv. et Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 121 (S. Marta); iid. Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Aves, i. p. 306.

Above yellowish olive ; wings blackish, with margins like the
back ; tail brownish olive ; head crested, cinereous : below bright
yellow ; throat pale cinereous ; under wing-coverts yellowish : bill
black : feet pale brown : whole length 6-5 inches, wing 3-4, tail 3.
Femctle similar.

Bab. Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela.

a,

6. cJ 2 ad. sk.

Panama {McLeannan).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

c,

d. Ad. sk.

Panama {McLeannan).

Sclater Coll.

e.

Ad. sk.

Paraiso Station, Isthmus of
Panama (Huffhc.").

Salvin-Godman Coll.

f.

S ad. sk.

Arihueca, Colombia
(Sin70)is).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

!!■

c? ad. sk.

Santa Marta, Colombia.

Sclater Coll.

h.

2 ad. sk.

Minca, Santa Marta
(Simons).

Sclater Coll.

i.

Jr. sk.

Bogota.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

)■

Jr. sk.

Bogota.

Purchased.

h.

Ad. sk.

Colombia.

Sclater Coll.

I.

2 ad. sk.

San Esteban, Venezuela
(Goei'iny).

Salviu-Godman Coll.

m

. Ad. sk.

Venezuela.

Sclater Coll.

33. EUCOMETIS, 219

4. Eucometis spodocephala.

Chlorospingus spodocephahis, Bp. Cmnpt. Eend. xxxix. p. 922; id.

Notes Orn. p. 22 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856; p. 91 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 29.
Eucometis spodocephala, Scl et Salv. Ibis, 1800, p. 274 (Guatemala);

iid. F. Z. a. 1870, p. 836 (Honduras) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 23 ; Scl. Cat.

A. B. p. 84 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 139, 1870, p. 188 (Veragua) ;

id. Ibis, 1872, p. 316 (Nicaragua) ; Lutvr. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 130

(Costa Rica); Frantz. J.f. O. 1809, p. 299 (Costa Rica); Boucard,

P. Z. S. 1883, p. 443 (Costa Rica) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-

Atner., Aves, i. p. 307, t. xx. fig. 2.

Above yellowish olive ; wings blackish, margined with yellowish
olive ; tail yellowish olive ; head slightly firested, dtirk cinereous :
beneath bright yellow, inclining to orange ; throat cinereous ; under
wing-coverts tinged with yellowish : whole length 6-7 inches, wing
3' 6, tail 3"1. Female similar.

Hcib. South Mexico and Central America southwards to Chiriqui.

This form is distinguishable from its southern ally E. cristata
by its shorter and much darker crest.

a, h. Ad. sk. Northern Yucatan {Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Yucatan. Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. British Honduras (Blanca- Salvin-Godmau CoU.

jieau.r).

e. Ad. sk. Cohan, Vera Paz (Constancia). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Virgin Bav, Lake of Nicaragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

JBridffe's).
g. Ad. sk. Nicaragua (Salle). Sclater Coll.

h. 2 ad. sk. Nicaragua {Kiitting). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

i. Ad. sk. Nicoya, Costa Rica (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

_/. $ ad. sk. Santa F^, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. Jr. sk. Mina Chorcha, Chiriqui, Ve- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ragua (Arce).

I. cJ ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. Jr. sk. Chiriqui (Arce). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

5. Eucometis cassini.

TachA-phonus cassini, Laicr. Arm. L. N. Y. vii. p. 297 (Panama) ;

Frantzius, J.f. O. 1869, p. 299 (Costa Rica).
Eucometis cassini, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1804, p. 351, t. SO (Panama),

1879, p. 503 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nornencl. p. 23 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867,

p. 1.39 (Veragua); Sale, et Godm. Biol. Cenfr.-A7n., Aves, i.Tp.S07.
Tachyphonus, sp., Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 142 (Rio Tru-

ando).

Above dark blackish grey, wings and tail rather darker ; head
black, with a large triangular patch of yellowish olive on the nape
and vertex : below yellowish olive-brown, crissum tinged with ful-
vous : throat and under wing-coverts cinereous ; bill plumbeous,
lower mandible whitish ; feet brown : whole length 6*7 inches,
wing 3-4, tail 3*1. Female similar.

220 TAXAGEID^.

Uab. Costa Rica, Yeragua, Panama, and Colombia.
An aberrant species, with stronger feet than in typical Eucomctis,
and of peculiar coloration.

rt. Ad. sk. Costa Rica {Carmiol). Salviu-Godman Coll.

h. (^ ad. sk. Santiago de Veragua (Arce). Salviii-Godmau Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. ; d. Panama {McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Jr. sk.

e. (5' ad. sk.; f. Panama (iT/cieoMwaw). Sclater Coll.

Ad. sk.

g. $ ad. sk. Nichi, Antioquia (Salinon). Sclater Coll.

h, i. (S 2 f^d. sk. Nichi, Antioquia (Sal/non). Salvin-Godman Coll.

34. TRICHOTHRAUPIS.

Tricliotbraupis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 23 (1850) .... T. quadricolor.

This monotypic Brazilian form is at once recognizable by the
well-developed rictal setas and concealed yellow crest, which give
it a superficial resemblance to some of the Ti/rcomidir;. This is,
however, no doubt its proper place, and it is nearly allied to Tacliy-
jihonus, but it has a weaker, broader bill, and no signs of the com-
missural tooth.

1. Trichothraupis quadricolor.

Tachyphonus quadricolor, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 359 ; id. Enc.

Meth. p. 803; Bp. Consp. i. p. 237; Bunn. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 164.
Muscicapa melanops, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xxi. p. 452 ; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 827 (ex Azara).
Tanagra am-icapilla, Spi.v,Av. Bras. ii. pi. Iii. p. 39; Max. Beitr. iii.

p. 538.
Muscicapa galeata, Licht. Douhl. p. 56.
Tachyphonus suchii, Sw. Quart. Journ. Sc. 1826, p. 66.
Trichothraupis quadricolor, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 23 ; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1856, p. 117; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 41; id. Cat. A. B. p. 84; Pelz.

Orn. Bras. p. 212 .; Berl. J.f.0. 1873, p. 244 (S. Catharina) ; Scl. et

Salv. Nomencl. p. 23 ; Salv'. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 194; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1874, p. 513 (C. Peru), 1882, p. 14 i^N.E. Peru); id. Orn. Per.

ii. p. 506.

Above greyish olive ; a large recumbent vertical crest briglit yel-
low ; sides of the head and wings and tail black ; l)elow pale ful-
vous ; under wing-coverts and a cross-bar near the base of the wing-
feathers white ; bill whitish, plumbeous at the base ; feet pale
brown : whole length 6 inches, wing 3-3, tail 2-9. Female similar,
but without the vertical crest.

Hah. Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and ili.siones, Arg. Eep.

a,h. (S 9. ad. st. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

c. ^ ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Kio de Salvin-Godman Coll.

Janeiro ( 3 'ciiu/*'). i

d. <S ad. sk. Ypanema, ±5razil {Nat- Sa vin-Godman Coll.

terer).

35. CYPSNAGRA. 221

^1 f- 6 $ ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sul, Brazil {Joyner).
g. c? ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

h, i. S 2 ad. sk. : /. Brazil. M. Clau^sen [P.].

i jr. sk.
k. cS ad. sk. San Javier, Misiones, rep. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Ai-g. { White).

a. TAXAGRIN^E DEBILTROSTRES.

In the genu-s Kmnosia and its allies the bill becomes much
■weaker and the terminal notch almost obsolete. The group thus
constituted is a small one, embracing onlj- 17 species referable to
-i genera. None of these species occur north of Panama, but south-
■wards they range down to the edge of the Brazilian and Bolivian
wood-regions. They are mostly of dull or not ver}' bright colours.

Key to the Genera.

A. Bin rather long; wings lengthened; feet

stronger 85. Cypsxagra, p. 221.

B. Bin short ; wings shorter ; feet weaker.

a. Bill stouter 36. Pybhhocoma,

b. Bill weaker. [p. 222.

Eictal bristles obsolete 37. Nemosia, p. 222.

Kictal bristles present 38. Thly-popsis, p. 228.

35. CYPSNAGRA.

Type.

Cypsnagra, Less. Man. d'Orn. p. 460 (1831) .... C. riilicollis.

Leucopygia, Sic. Class. B. ii. p. 285 (1837) C. ruficollis.

In this monotypic Brazilian form the commissure is incurved,
b\it there is no trace of any tooth. The bill is rather more pro-
duced and the wings longer than in Tachyphonus, to which it
otherwise approximates.

1. Cypsnagra raflcollis.

Tanagra ruficollis, Licht. Dunhl. p. 30 (1823).

Tanagra hirundinacea, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 460.

Leucopygia ruficollis, Sxo. An. in Menag. p. 312 ; Cab. Mus. Hein.

i. p. 137; Burm. Sgsf. Ueb. iii. p. 162.
Tachyphonus ruficoUis, d'Orb. Vog. Ow. p. 277.
Cvpsnagra ruficolhs, Bp. Consp. i. p. 232 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,
'p. 112 ; id. Sipt. Ar. Tan. p. 36 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 86 ; Pelz. Orn.

Bras.-p. '2li; Salr. Cat. StricM. Coll. -p. 195; Scl. et Salv. Xomencl.

p. 23; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 601.
Tanagra fumigata, Tetmn. in Mus. Lndg.

Above black; bar across the wing-coverts, wing-speculum, and
lower back white : below white, throat ferruginous red ; under

222 TANAGRID^.

wing-coverts white ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length
(3 inches, wing 3-2, tail 2-7. Fcnvde similar.

Nab. Southern Brazil and adjoining districts of Bolivia.

a,b. S 2 ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Lusch- Salvin-Godman Coll.
nath).

c. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil ( Wuclierer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d, e. Ad. sk. Kio, Brazil. Sclater Coll.
f. Ad. St. S. America. Purchased.

36. PYERHOCOMA. „

Type.
Pyrrhocoma, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 1-38 (1851) P. ruiiceps.

This form has a stoutish bill like Tacluiphonvs, but without any
trace of a commissural tooth. In coloration it rather approaches
Nemosia, and may be conveniently placed next to it.

1. Pyrrhocoma ruficeps.

Tachyphomis ruficeps, Strickl. Ann. N. H. xiv. p. 419 (1844) ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 237.
Pipilopsis ruficeps, Bp. Consp. i. p. 485 ; Des Miirs, Zool. Voy.

Casteln., Ols. p. 69, pi. 20. fig. 2. _
Nemosia ruficeps, Burm. Si/sf. Ueh. iii. p. 1.59.
Pyrrhocoma ruficeps, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 138 ; Sclate?: P. Z. S. 18-56,

p. 108 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 32 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 88 ; Peh. Orn.

Bras. p. 216 ; Sab. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 196 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 24.

Dark cinereous, rather paler below ; whole head and throat
chestnut ; front, sides of head, and chin black ; bill plumbeous,
lower mandible paler: whole length .5-6 inches, wing 2-6, tail 2-5.
Female. Pale cinereous, washed with olive, below lighter ; head and
neck fulvous, throat paler.

Hah. S.E. Brazil.

a. c? ad. St. S. America. Purchased.

b. d" ad. sk. Rio. Sclater Coll.

c. S ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

d. 5 ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.
e,/. c? ?ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

(/. d" ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/*. S ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Salviu-Godmau Coll.

Brazil {Joyner).

, 37. NEMOSIA.

' Type.

Nemosia, Vieill. Analyse, p. .32 (1810) N. pileata.

Hemithraupis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 21 (1850j N. ruficapilla.

In Nemosia, of which the seven species here recognized are dis-
tributed over South America from Colombia to Brazil, the com-
missural tooth is wholly lost, and the terminal notch is but very

I

\

37. NEMOSIA. 223

slightly indicated. Otherwise the structure is not essentially
ditl'eront from that of Tachyphonus. The sexes are distinct in
colour.

Key to the Species.

A. Plumage grey and black, no yellow.

\ Throat white 1. pileata, p. 223.

j Throat red 2. rourii, p. 224.

B. Plumage varied with yellow.

a. Throat black .3. guira, p. 224.

h. Throat red 4. 7-uJicapilla, p. 22o.

c. Throat yellow.

I Wings uniform black 5. Jlavicollis, p. 225.

I Wing-coverts spotted with j'ellow 6. iJeruana, p. 227.

d. Throat white 7. alhigularis, p. 227.

1. Nemosia pileata.

Tang, a coiffe noire de Cavenne, Daub. PI. Enl. 720. fig. 2.
Tanagra pileata, Bodd. Tahl. d. Fl. Enl. p. 45 ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 898.
Nemosia pileata, Vieill. Kouv. Diet. xxii. p. 490; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 787; d'Orb. Voy., 0«s. p. 201; Bp. Consp. i. p. 236; Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1856, p. 109; id. St/n. Av. Tan. p. 33; id. Cat. A. B.

p. SO ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 158 ; Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 214 ; Scl.

et Sa/v. P. Z. S. 1806, p. 180 (Ucayali), 1807, p. 671 (Para) et

p. 977 (Pebas), 1873, p. 203 (E. Peru), 1879, p. 002 (Bolivia) ;

iid. Xomencl. p. 23 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 195 ; Tacz. Orn.

Per. ii. p. 613 ; 8alv. et Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 121 (Santa Marta) ;

Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 334 (Pernanibuco).
Hylophilus cyanoleucus, 3Iax. Beitr. iii. p. 734 (d').
Hylophilns creruleus. Max. Beitr. iii. p. 731 ( $ ).
Hooded Tanager, Luth. G. H. vi. p. 13.
Tang, a coiffe noire, Uesm. Tany. t. 41.
Pico de punzon negro azul y bianco, Azara, Aptmt. i. p. 414 ( J )

etp.423(5>).

Above bluish grey ; lores white ; head above and baud passing
down the neck on each side black ; inner webs of wing- and tail-
feathers blackish ; beneath white ; bill black ; feet yellow : whole
length 5 inches, wing 2-8, tail 2. Female above bluish-grey ; lores
and body below white ; breast tinged with ochreous ; bill brown ;
lower mandible and feet yellow.

Hnh. Littoral of Colombia, Venezuela, Cayenne, Brazil, Paraguay,
and Bolivia.

a,b. S 9- ^d. sk.

Valencia, U. S. C. (Simons).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. S ad. sk.

Mcxiana, Lower Amazons

( Wallace).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. $ ad. sk.

Mexiana, Lower Amazons
( Wallace).

Sclater Coll.

e. S ad. sk.

Lower Amazons.

Purchased.

f,g. 6 2 ad- sk.

Pernambuco, Brazil (TF.
A. Forbes).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

/(. c? ad. sk.

Pernambuco, Brazil (If.
A. Forbes).

Sclater Coll.

224 TAXAGIUD.E.

«', /. c? ad. sk. ; A', I. Baliia, Brazil (Witcherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

2 ad. sk.
VI. cJ ad. sk. Araguay, Brazil (j\"rt<ferer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Nemosia rourii.

Nemosia rourei, Cab. J. f. 0. 1870, p. 4-59, et 1872, t. i. fig. 1.

Above cinereous, beneath ■white ; throat scarlet ; front, sides of
head, wings, and tail black ; feet pale : whole length 5'5 inches,
■wing 3-2; tail 2'3.

Bab. S.E. Brazil.

A very peculiar species, distinguished by its bright red throat ;
and only known from the specimens (procured by Euler on the llio
Parahyba do Sul, in S.E. Brazil) in the Beiiin Museum.

3. Nemosia giiira.

Sylvia brasiliensis -vii-idis, Sn'ss. Orn. iii. p. 5-53.

Miitacilla giiira, Linn. S. X. i. p. 33o.

Hylophilus guira, Max. Beifr. lii. p. 736.

Nemosia guira, Bp. Omsp. i. p. 236 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 1.55, et

1856, p. 109 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 33 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 87 ;

Burm. Si/st. Ueb. iii. p. 161; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 215; Scl. et

Salv. P.Z. S. 1866, p. 180 (Ucayali), 1873, p. 269 (E. Peru),

1879, p. 602 (Bolivia); iid. Komencl. p. 23; Salv. Cat. Strickl.

Coll. p. 195 ; id. Ibis, 1885, p. 212 (Brit. Guian.) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1877, p. 744 (N.W. Peru), 1882, p. 15 (N.E. Peru); id. Orn.

Per. ii. p. 510.
Nemosia guirina, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 110 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 34 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 87 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 554 ; Berl. et

Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 547 (W. Ecuador;; Berl. J.f. O. 1884,

p. 292 (Bucaramauga).
Tang, olive a gorge noire de Cayenne, Daub. PI. Enl. 720. fig. 1.
Tanagra nigrigula, Bodd. Tabl. d. PL Enl. p. 45.
Tanagra nigricollis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 894.
Nemosia nigrisularis, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 87.
Guira Warbler, Lath. G. H. vii. p. 193.
Pico de punzon amarilla barba negra, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 400.

Above Yellowish olive-green ; superciliary stripe yellow ; lower
back reddish orange, passing into yellow on the upper tail-coverts ;
wings and tail blackish, edged with olive ; sides of head and throat
black ; sides of neck yellow ; breast rufous-orange ; belly greenish ;
flanks cinereous ; crissum yellowish ; irnder wing-coverts white ;
bill reddish ; culmen dark brown ; feet brown : whole length 5
inches, wing 2-7, tail 2-1. Female. Above olive-green, beneath
yellowish ; flanks cinereous ; under wing-coverts white.

Hah. S. America, from Colombia to Paraguay and Bolivia.

The various geographical forms of this species are, I now think,
scarcely separable, even subspecifically. The Cayenne form (olim
N. nirjricolli.s, mihi) is rather smaller in dimensions.

a. J ad. St. S. America. Baron Laugier's Coll.

b. c? ad. sk. ; c. (^ Cayenne. Sclater Coll.
jr. sk.

37. NEMOSIA. 225

d, e. S ad. sk. ; /. $ Roraima, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

ad. sk. ( Whitely).

g, h. S2 ad. sk. Roraima, B. G. {Whitebj). Sclater Coll.

i. cJad. sk. Colombia. Salyin-Godman CoU.

j, k. c? 5 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

/. (S ad. sk. Bogota. I Sclater Coll.
m. (5 ad. sk. Guaunco, Peru. ( (Ty^QS, oi N. guirina,^c\.)

n. c? ad. sk. San Esteban, Venezuela Sal\ia-Godman Coll.

( Goering) .

0. (^ ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

p. (S ad. sk. Kawarani, Bolivia {Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ley).

q. $ ad. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll.

r. cjad. sk. ; s. c? Bakia, Brazil ( Wi<cAe?'6'?'). Salvin-Godman Coll.

jr. sk.

t. Jad. sk. Pelotas,RioGrandedoSul, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Brazil (Joyner).

u, V. c? 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

4. Nemosia ruficapilla.

Nemosia ruficapilla, Vieill. Kouv. Diet. xxii. p. 49.3 : id. Ene. Meth.

p. 788; B}}. Comp. i. p. 236; Sclat. P. Z. S. 18.56,'p. Ill ; id. Syn.

Av. Tan. p. .35 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 87 ; Burm. Si/st. Ueb. iii.

p. 161 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 21-5 ; Salt: Cat. Strickl. 'Coll. p. 196 ;

Scl. et Salv. Nomend. p. 23.
Hemithraupis ruficapilla, Cab. J. f. 0. 1860, p. 327.
Sylvia ruficapilla, Vieill. Gal. Ois. Siippl. pi. 3.
Hylopliilus ruticeps, Ma.r. Beifr. iii. p. 72.5.
Hemithraupis ruficeps, Cab. Miis. Hein. i. p. 21 ; Bp. Consp.\. p. 311.

Above bright yello-wish olive ; wings and tail blackish, edged
with olive ; nimp orange-red ; whole head and throat chestnut,
passing into reddish orange on the breast ; patch on each side of
the neck golden yellow ; belly pale yellowish, crissum brighter ;
flanks more cinerascent ; under wing-coverts white : bill yellowish,
culmen dark ; feet cinereous : whole length 5 inches, wing 2-6,
tail 2'2, Female. Above olive-green, beneath pale yellowish ; sides
cinerascent ; under wing-coverts white.

Hab. S.E.Brazil.

a. c? ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

b. S .F- sk- Brazil. Sclater Coll.

c. S ad. ; d. J jr. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].
e. c? ji'- sk. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

/. c? ji"- sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman CoU.

g. c? ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Jb;/«er). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. J ad. sk. Novo Fribourgo, Rio Salvin-Godman CoU.

(Tcmds).

5. Nemosia flavicollis.

Jsemosia flavicollis, Vieill. Xouv. Diet. xxii. p. 401 ; id. Enc. Meth.
p. 788; id. Gal. Ois. p. 99, pi. 75; Bp. Consp. i. p. 236; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1856, p. 110, et 1857, p. 264; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 34;

VOL. XI. Q

22G

TANAGEIDiE.

id. Cat. A. B. p. 87 ; Burni. Si/sf. Ueh. iii. p. 10 ; Peheln, Orn.

Bras. p. 215 ; Salv. Cat. Sfricki. Coll. p. 100 ; Scl. d Salv. P. Z. S.

1873, p. 203 (E. Peru), 1879, p. G02 (Bolivia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 23;

Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 511.
Tanao-ra speculifera, Temm. PI. Col. 36. fig. 1 c? , 2 $ .
Sylvia melanoxautha, Licht. Doubl. p. 34.
Hylophilus melaiioxantha, i>i«.r. Beitr. iii. p. 736.
Hemitliraupis ilavicoUis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 312.
Ileniitliraupis melanoxantlia, Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 21.
Neniosia auiicollis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. Ill ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 35 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 87 ; Pclzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 215 ; Scl. et

Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 750 (E. Peru).
Isemosia iusigaiis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 110 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan.

p. 34 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 87 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 215.

Above dull sooty black ; vring with a slightly concealed white
speculum ; lower back bright yellow : below white, with slight
cinereous frccklings ; throat and crissum yellow ; under wing-
coverts wliite ; upper mandible dark, lower whitish ; feet brown :
whole length 5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2-1. Female. Above brownish
olive ; rim round the eye and edgings of wings and tail yellow :
below dull yellow ; under wing-coverts white.

JIab. Guiana, Cayenne, Brazil, and Bolivia.

Specimens from Cayenne are the smallest, those from S. Brazil
(Nemosia insir/nis) largest in size, and in the latter the yellow
back extends further up. Skins from Bolivia seem to be inter-
mediate.

a, b. cS 2 ^^- st-

c. c? 'id. sk.

d, e. S 2 ^^- sk.
/. S ad. sk.

ff, h. <S ad. sk.

i. S ad. sk.
j. S ad. sk.
k,l. 6 tid. sk.

m-o. (S ad. sk.
p cJ ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
s. 5 ad. sk.
t. Skeleton.

a. Subsp. typica.

S. America.
Cayenne.

Oyapock, Cayenne.

Cayenne.

Merume Mts., Brit. Guiana

{Whitely).
Ucayali {iraiLrwelF).
Simacu, Holiyia, (Bucldei/).
Pernambuco, Brazil

(Forbes).
Bahia, Brazil (JVucherer).
Pdo, Brazil.
Brazil.
Brazil.
Brazil.
S. America.

Purchased.

Sclater Coll. (Type

of N. avricollis. )
S<alviu-Godman CoU.
P. L. Sclater, Esq.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

J. Gould, Esq.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.

rt, b. S 2 ad. sk.
c. S .jr. sk.

b. Subsp. ins'i(jnis.
South Brazil.

Sclater Coll. (Types of
N. insif/nis.)

37. NEMOSIA. 227

6. Nemosia peruana.

Hemitliraupis peruana, i>/j. Itev. Zool. IS-jI, p. 173 ; id. Note s. I.

Tang. p. 24.
Nemosia peruana, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. Ill ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 35 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 23 ; Tacz. Orn. Fcr. ii. p. 512.

Above black ; lower back and spot on the wing-coverts bright
yellow ; a concealed alar speculum white : beneath white, slightly
variegated with ashy on the breast ; sides of neck, throat, and
crissum yellow ; under wing-coverts white ; bill horu-colour, lower
mandible at base whitish ; feet brown : whole length 4'5 inches,
wing 2-6, tail 2. Female. Above brownish olive ; wings and tail
blackish with olive edgings ; beneath yellow, cinerasccnt on the
flanks.

Hah. Colombia, Upper Amazonia, Peru, and Eolivia.

Similar to N. jiavicoUis, but known by the yellow wing-spot.

a, b. c? 2 f'd. sk. Upper Amazons. Sclater Coll.

c. (S jr. sk. Pebas, Peru {IlauxiveU). Salvin-Goduian Coll.

d, e. c? $ ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ec. (Bucklei/). Sclater Coll.

/) 9-6 9- ^^- '^^^ Sarayacu, Ec. {Buckley). Salviu-Godman Coll.

h. (S ad. sk. Peru (?). Purchased.

7. Nemosia albigularis. (Plate XII.)

Nemosia albigularis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 109, pi. 99, et p. 155,
1856, p. Ill ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 35 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 87 ; Sd. et
Salv. Nomencl. p. 2;3; iid. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 503 (Antioquia); Berl.
J.f. 0. 1884, p. 292 (Bucaramauga).

Above black ; binder back yellow; concealed alar speculum white :
below white, slightly varied with cinereous ; patch on each side
of the neck and crissum yellow ; under wing-coverts white ; bill
pale horu-colour, lower mandible whitish : whole length 4-2 inches,
wing 2"5, tail 1"8. Female. Above jellowish olive ; wings and tail
blackish edged with olive ; rump bright yellow ; below white, throat
and crissum pale yellow.

Hah. Colombia.

The white throat at once distinguishes this species.

a. S ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. (Type of

the species.)

6, c. J 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

d, e. cS 9 f'd. sk. ; Bogota. Purchased.

/. c? jr. sk.

ff, h. S ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. S ad. sk. Bogota. J. R. Elsey, Esq. [P.],

j. (S ad. sk. Eemedios, Antioquia Salviu-Godman Coll.

(Salmon).

q2

228 TANAGEIDJ,.

38. THLYPOPSIS. „

Type.
Thlypopsis, Cah. Mm. llvin. i. p. 138 (18ol) T. fulvescens.

In TJiJi/popsis the bill is more slender and more elongated than in
Nemosia, and the general form comes very near to that of some of
the Mniotiltida; {BasUmterus) ; but the rictal bristles are shorter
and less conspicuous than in the last-named genus.

The sexes are coloiired nearly alike. The area of the genus is
confined to South America from Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia
and Brazil.

Key to the Species.

A. Abdomen pale, cinereous or fulvous.
a. Head orange-red ; throat yeUov?.

I Flanks" fulvous 1. sordida, p. 228.

1 Flanks cinereous 2. amazonum, p. 229.

h. Head yellowish ; throat yellow 3. chrysopis, p. 229.

c. Head bright rufous.

) Abdomen cinerous 4. fulviceps, p. 229.

"I Abdomen fulvous 5. inornata, p. 230.

B. Abdomen more or less dark rufous.

Breast and flanks dark rufous 6. ornata, p. 230.

Breast rufous, flanks grey 7. pectoralis, p. 230.

C. Abdomen yellow '. 8. rujiceps, p. 231.

1. Thlypopsis sordida.

Nemosia sordida, Lafr. et d'Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 28; d'Orh. Voy.

p. 261, pi. 18. fig. 2; Gray, Gen. ii. p. 366; Bp. Consp. i. p. 236;

Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 24; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 602 (BoUvia).
Nemosia fulvescens, Strickl. Ann. N. II. xiv. p. 420 ; Bp. Cons}}, i.

p. 23(3 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 24 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 215 (part.) ;

Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 196 ; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 334 (Pernam-

buco).
Thlypopsis fulvescens, Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 138; id. J.f. 0. 1866,

p. 232.
Nemosia blanda, Licht. in Mus. Berol.
Nemosia fulviceps, Burm. St/st- Ueb. iii. p. 159.
Nemosia sordida, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 119; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 36;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 88.

Above cinereous ; head and neck orange-red, yellowish on the
front and sides of the head : below pale ochraceous, middle of belly
passing into white ; throat yellow ; under wing-coverts white ; bill
plumbeous ; feet cinereous : whole length 4-7 inches, wing 2-6,
tail 2'1. Female similar.

Hah. S.E. Brazil and Bolivia.

I can find no difference between Brazilian specimens of this species
and a Bolivian example obtained by Bridges. I have therefore
reunited T. fulvescens to T. sordida. But the Upper-Amazonian
bird {T. sordida of Cab., and oUm of Scl. and Salv.) seems to differ

38. THLYPopsrs. 229

constantly iu the cinereous (not pale fulvous) colour below ; I liave
therefore kept it separate as T. amazunum.

a-d. Ad. sk. S.E. Brazil. Sclater CoH.

e. Ad. sk. Pernambuco. Sclater Coll.

f. d ad. sk. Pernambuco (Forbes). Sclater Coll.

ff. (S ad. sk. ; h. ^J Pernambuco (Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll.

jr. sk.

i, j. Ad. sk. Babia ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k'. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.].

I. Ad. St. S. America. Purchased.

2. TMypopsis amazonum, sp. nov.

Nemosia sordida, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 180 (Ucayali) ; Tmz.

Orn. Per. ii. p. 508.
Neniosia fulvescens, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 263 (E. Peru).
Thlypopsis sordida, Cab. J.f. O. 1866, p. 232.

Above cinereous ; head and uape orange-red, passing into yellow
on the sides : below pale cinereous, on the middle of the belly
whitish ; throat pale yellowish orange ; under wing-coverts white ;
bill plumbeous ; feet cinereous : whole length 4-7 inches, wing 2-7,
tail 2-1. Female similar.

Hab. Bolivia, adjoining frontiers of Brazil and Upper Amazonia.

Very clearly related to M. sordida, but distinguishable by its
cinereous belly without ochraceous tint.

a. Ad. sk. Lower Ucayali (Bartletf). Sclater Coll. (Tvpe

of the species.)
h. Ad. sk. Lower Ucayali (Bartlett). Purchased.

c. 5 ^d. sk. Pebas, Peru (Hauxwell). Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Nauta, Peru (Bartlett). Salvin-Godman Cull.

e. (S sk. Cuyaba (Natterer). Sclater Coll.

3. Thlypopsis chrysopis.

Nemosia chrysopis, Scl. et Sale. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 15.5.

Above cinereous, strongly washed with yellowish except on the
lower back, outer secondaries, and tail ; lores, sides of the head, and
throat yellow ; abdomen yellowish, brighter on the breast ; middle
of belly bufi'y white ; band of wing yellowish ; under wing-coverts
and inner margins of wing-feathers white; bill hazel; feet plum-
beous : whole length 5-2 inches, wing 2*7, tail 2'2.

Hab. Eastern Ecuador and Peru.

The general yellowish tinge renders this species easily recognizable.

a. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Type of the species.)
h. Jr. sk. Santa Cruz, E. Peru. E. Bartlett [C.].

4. Thlypopsis fulviceps.

Tachyphonus ruficeps, Lafr. llev. Zool. 1848, p. 173.

Nemosia ruticeps, Sclater, P.Z.S. 1856, p. 112 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 36 ;

230 T.VNAGEIDJ5.

id. Cat. A. B. p. 88 ; Scl. et Sah: P. Z. S. 18GS, p. 1G7, et 1870,

p. 780 (Venezuela).
Thlypopsis fiilviceps, Cab. Mm. Ilein. i. p. 138; id. J.f. 0. 18GG, p. 232.
Nemosia fulviceps, iSd. et Scdv. Nomend. p. 24.

Cinereous ; paler below and whiter in the middle of the belly ;
whole head and neck bright chestnut-red, rather paler on the
throat ; under wing-coverts white ; bill plumbeous ; feet hazel :
whole length 5 inches, wing 2-5, tail 2.

II ah. A'cuezuela.

a. Ad. sk.

Caraccas.

Sclater CoU.

b. S ad. sk.

Caraccas {Guering).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. .St.

Oaia:cas {Dyson).

Purchased.

5. Thlypopsis inornata. (Plate XIII. fig. 2.)

Nemosia inornata, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 228, et 1880, p. 195 (N.
Peru) ; id. Oni. Per. ii. p. 509.

Above cinereous ; cap bright chestnut-red ; sides of the head
and bod}- below pale fulvous, whiter on the middle of the belly;
\inder wing-coverts white : whole length 5 inches, wing 2*8, tail 2-2.
Female similar, but cap merely washed with rufous ; sides of the
head rufescent.

Ilab. Peru.

Ileadily distinguishable by its pure pale fulvous under surface.

a. c? ad. sk. Tambillo, Peru (Stohmann). Sclater Coll.

b. cJ ad. sk. Callacate, Peru {Stohmann). Sclater Coll.

6. Thlypopsis ornata. (Plate XIII. fig. 1.)

Nemosia ornata, Sdater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 138 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 88 ;
Sd. et Salv. Nomend. p. 24 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 515 (C. Peru),
1879, p. 227, et 1880, p. 195 (N. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 507 ;
Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 290 (W. Ecuador).

Thlypopsis ornata. Cab. J.f. O. 1866, p. 233.

Above cinereous ; whole head and body below rich chestnut-red,
rather paler on the throat ; middle of belly and under wing-coverts
white ; bill plumbeous ; feet brown : whole length 4-7 inches, wing
2*4, tail 2. Female similar, but head aud body below pale fulvous.

Hah. Ecuador.

a, b. J ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador Sclater Coll. (Types

(Fraser). of N. oniuta.)

c. c? ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador Purchased.

(Fraser).

d. S ad. sk ; e, f. Monji, Ecuador (Buddei/). Salvin-Godman Coll.
2 ad. sk.

7. Thlypopsis pectoralis.

Nemosia pectoralis, Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 508.

Above grey ; whole head and neck above with throat and breast

39. LAMPROTES, 231

bright rufous ; bellj- white, sides cinereous, crissum slightly tinged
■with rufous ; bill and I'cct plumbeous : whole length 5 inches,
wing 2-5, tail 2-1.

Hah. Central Peru.

M. Taczanowski has kindly lent me the type specimen of this rare
species. It is nearest to T. ornata, but is easily recognized by the
sides of the belly being cinereous, instead of rufous like the breast.

S. Thlypopsis ruficeps.

Sylvia ruficeps, Lafr. et d'Orh. Syn. Av. i. p. 29.
Hylophilus ruficeps, d'Orh. Vot/., Ois. p. 216, t. xili. fig. 1.
Nemosia ruficeps, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 2o ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 00-3 (Bolivia).

Above cinereous ; cap bright chestnut-red ; beneath yellow ;
flanks tinged with cinereous ; under wing-coverts white ; bill plum-
beous ; feet pale brown : whole length 5 inches, wing 2-5, tail 2.

Hah. Bolivia and Tucuman, Argentine liepublic.

a. c? ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yucgas, Bohvia (Buckley). Salvin-Godman CoU.

b. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Ym:gas, Bolivia (Buckley). Sclater Coll.

c. c? ad. sk. Sorata, Bolivia {Buckley). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Bolivia (-D. Forhes). Sclater CoU.

e. Ad. sk. Tucuman, rep. Arg. (Schiih). Sclater Coll.

Subfamily IV. LAMPROTIN^.

The genera Lamprotes and Sericossi/pJia stand apart from the
other Tanagers in possessing large feet, armed with sharp curved
claws, and may, I think, be most conveniently arranged as forming
a peculiar subfamily. The bill is straight and stout, and carries a
strong terminal hook. But one species of each genus is yet known.
Of the two species, one is found only in the forests of S.E. Brazil,
the other in those of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Kei/ to the Genera.

a. Nostrds naked ; wings short 39. Lamprotes, p. 231.

b. Nostrils almost covered by frontal plumes ;

wings long 40. Seeicossypha, p. 232.

39. LAMPROTES. t,

lype.
Lamprotes, Siv. Class. B. ii. p. 263 (1837) L. loricatus.

The peculiar long and sharpened claws and glossy black plumage
at once distinguish this Brazilian type.

1. Lamprotes loricatus.

Tanagra loricata, Licld. Douhl. p. 31 (1823), $ ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 237.
Tanagra rubricollis, tipi.v, Av. Bras. ii. p. 43.
Tanagra rubrigularis, Spir, Av, Bras. ii. tab. hi. fig. 1.

232 TAXAGKID^.

Tanao^a bonariensis, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 530.

Lamprotes loricatus, Sdater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 121 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 45 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 82 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 22 ; Salv.

Cat. Sfrickl. Coll. p. 193.
Tachyphouus loricatus, Bunn. Syst. Ueh. iii. p. 107.

Uniform glossy black ; middle of tbroat and breast scarlet ; bill
and feet black : whole length &b inches, wing -l-G, tail 3. Female.
Uniform glossy black.

Hah. S.E, Brazil.

a. S ad. St. Bahia, Purchased.

h. 2 ad. St. Brazil. Purchased.

c. S ad. sk. Bahia. Sudbury Mus. [E.].

d. (S jr. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

e. S ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

f. 2 ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (Wucherer). Sclater CoU.
'g. S ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

/(. c? ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

40. SERICOSSYPHA.

Type.
Sericossypha, Less. Echo d. M. S. 1844, p. 382 S. albicristata.

Sericossypha is closely allied to Lamprotes, and has similar sharp
elongated claws. But the bill is shorter and not so strong, and the
singular projecting frontal plumes extend over the nostrils. The
habits of this Colombian form are said to be rather those of the
Cotingidce than of the typical Tanagers {cf. Taczanowski, Orn.
Per. ii. p. 3S7), but I cannot believe that it has anything to do with
the former group.

1 . Sericossypha albicristata.

Tanagi-a (Lamprotes) alhocristatus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 132.
Lamprotes alhocristatus, Lafr. May. de Zool. 1844, pi. 50 ; Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1856, p. 121 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 45 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 82 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 22.
Sericossypha sumptuosa, Less. Echo d. 31. S. 1844, p. 382, et 1855,

p. 156 ; id. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 354.
Sericossypha albocristata, Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 387.

Yelvety black, wings and taU glossed with purple; cap pure
white : whole throat and breast blood-red ; bill and feet black :
whole length 9 inches, wing 5-5, tail 4. Female. Like the male,
but throat much darker, of a deep beetroot-red. Nestling. Uniform
dull black ; cap white.

Ilah. Colombia and Peru.

a,h. c? ? ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

c, d. (S ad. sk. Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. S ad. sk. Colombia. Salvin-Godman CoU.

/. 5 ad. sk. Colombia. Purchased.

y. 5> ad. sk. Yauayaca, Ecuador Purchased.

{Biichley').

h. PuU. sk. Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq.

41. PHCEXICOPHILIJS.

233

Subfamily V. PHCENICOPHILIN^.

This

_ IS subfamily consists of two well-marked genera peculiar to the
ishmd of ban Domingo, and remarkable for their lengthened and
compressed beak. In plumage one of them, PlicenicophUus shows
some resemblance to Arremon, and has consequently been usuaUv
placed among the Pitylbice next to that genus. But the resemblance
seems to be merely superficial ; and I have some doubts whether the
Fhosnuoplahnce ought to be included at all in the Taiiagrine series
famil ^''''"'^' ^°''^^^''' ^^""y "^^y r^'^^i'i bere as a distinct sub-

Key to the Genera.
A. Bill slightly widened at the base ; tarsi

±5. Bill constricted at the base ; tarsi rather f • --">■

longer and stouter; tail much rounded 42. Calyptophilus p '^35

41. PH(ENICOPHILUS.

Phcenicophilus, StricM. Contr. Orn. lHol, p. 104 .

Type.
P. palmarum.

Structure of Phanicophilus.

234 TANAGRID^.

This very remarkable form, peculiar to San Domingo, somewhat
reminds one of Arrcnwn in its plumage, but is at once distin-
guishable by its long straight beak, short tarsi, and squared tail.

lu'u to the Species.

Cap black 1. pahiianini. p. 234.

Cap grey 2. puliocq)hulus, p. 234.

1. Phcenicophilus palmarum.

Turdus palmarum, Linn. S. N. i. p. 295; Vivill. Ois. de VAm. mer.

ii. p. 16, pi. Oy c? , 70 2 .
Tacliypliouus palmarum, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxii. p. 359 ; id. Enc.

Mcfh. p. 803.
rhcenicophilus palmarum, Stricld. Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 104; Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1856, p. 84, et 1857, p. 232 ; id. Si/n. Ai\ Tan. p. 22 ; id.

Cat. A. B. p. 92 ; Scl. et Salv. Noniencl. p. 25 ; Salv. Cat. StricM.

Coll. p._198; Tristram, Ibis, 1874, p. 168; Cory, Bull. Xutt. Orn.

Cbib, vi. p. 152 ; id. Birds of San Domingo, p. 56.
Arremon palmarum. Gray, Gen. B. Siippl. p. 16 ; Bryant, Pr. Bast.

Soc. N. H. xi. p. 92 (1866).

Above bright olive ; head black, a spot above the lores on each
side, another (larger) above the eye, and a narrow stripe below the
eye pure white ; neck cinereous : beneath white, sides passing into
cinereous ; bend of wing yellow ; under wing-coverts white ; bill
black ; feet plumbeous : whole length 7-3 inches, wing 3-7, tail 2-7.
Female similar, but slightly smaller.

ifah. San Domingo.

a-c. Ad. sk. San Domingo {Salle). Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. San Domingo (Salic). Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. sk. San Domino;o. Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. PhcenicopMlus poliocephalus.

Dulus poliocephalus, Bp. Bev. Zool. 1851, p. 78; id. Note s. I. Tang.

Phoenicophilus poliocephalus, Stricld. Contr. Orti. 1851, p. 104.
Phoenicophilus palmarum § , Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 84 ; id. Sy?i.

Av. Tan. p. 22.
Phoenicophihis dominlcensis, Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 129

(1881) ; id. Birds of San Domingo, p. 58, pi. viii.

Like P. palmarum, but with the cap greyish plumbeous like the
neck. Female similar.

Ilab. AVestern coast of San Domingo.

This species was first characterized by Bonaparte, but subse-
quently gcnerallj' supposed to be the female of P. j)(dmarvni.
There can be no doubt, however, from Mr. Cory's observations, that
it is distinct. ♦

42. CALYPTOPniLUS.

23j

42. CALYPTOPHILUS.

Calyptnpliilus, Corij, Aitk, i. p. 1 (1884)

Type.
C. friwivorus.

Structure of Cali/ptojjJnlus.

This singular genus, also peculiar to San Domingo, is cvidentlj-
allied to PluenicopMlm, but easily distinguished by its much more
compressed bill and much rounded tail.

1. CalyptopMlus fmgivorus.

rhoenicopbilus frugivorus, Cnnj, Jouni. Bost. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 45

(1888).
Calyptophilus frugivorus, Cori/, Auk, 1884, p. 3 ; td. Birds of San

JJomiiiffo, p. 50, pi. ix.

Above olive-brown ; head dark cinereous, with a slight yellow
loral spot : below white, flanks and crissum passing into brownish
cinereous ; axillaries and under wing-coverts pale lemon-yellow ;
bill above plumbeous, below whitish ; feet hazel : whole length
7-3 inches, wing 3-G, tail 3-5. Female similar, but rather smaller
and duller in colour.

Hah. San Domingo.

a, b. Ad. sk.

Arenoso, San Domingo
(McGrcf/or).

Salvin-Godmaa Coll.

230 TANAGRID^.

Subfamily VI. PITYLIN^.

In the Pitiflince we have the most Fringilliue of Tanagers, and iu
some cases 1 find it impossible to draw any line between forms
assigned to the present subfamily and the trne FriwjlUidcv. Dr.
Cabauis has, in fact, placed the whole series of Piii/lince in the last-
named family ; and Bonaparte, apparently following his lead, has
done the same. I3ut to adopt this course is merely to shift the
difficulty from one place to another ; for it is by no means easy to
decide whether to place such forms as Schisiochlaim/s with the
Piiyliiice or with the typical Tanagrince. Again, in other points
some of the Pitylince approach nearly the MniotUtidce, some of
the more slender-biUed Chlorosphu/i being very likely to be mis-
taken for Basileuteri and allied forms. On the whole, therefore,
it seems to be best to retain the PityJince within the limits of the
Tanayridce, placing them at the end of the series, where Cardinalis
and such-like forms among the FringiUidce would naturaUj^ follow
them.

To divide the Pitylince into genera is not difficult ; but to arrange
these genera in a form adapted for explanation by a key seems to
be well-nigh impracticable without bringing them into an unnatural
series. The only way to get over the difficulty is to divide the sub-
family into sections, as follows : —

a. Bill short, pointed, subconical, iu some

cases almost Mniotiltine ; feet mode-
rate or weak; wings short PifyhrKS pnrvirostres, p. 236.

^. Bill longer, stronger, in some cases

almost FringiUiue ; feet large and

strong Pitylina fringilUrostres, p. 253.

y. Bill conical; culmen slightly incurved;

wings short ; feet weak Pitylince conirostres, p. 272.

8. Bill larger, stronger ; culmen more

incurved ; feet larger Pitylina validirostres, p. 280.

e. Bill very strong; upper mandible

swollen ; culmen much incurved . . Pitylince tuniidirostres, p. 297.

a. PITYLIN^ PAHVIEOSTEES.

This section embraces Chlorospinyus and the allied genera, in
which the beak varies much in thickness, and in the extreme forms
comes very near that of some of the Mniotiltince. These are all
arboreal birds, clad in dull olives and browns.

Key to the Genera.
Bill thicker.

\ Tail moderate, more or les^quared . . 43. Chlorospingus, p. 237.

( Tail lengthened, much rounded .... 44. Ubothraupis, p. 251.
Bill very thin and slight 45. Micbospingus, p. 252.

43. CHLOEOSPINGUS.

237

43. CHLOEOSPINGUS. „

Type.
Chlorospingiis, Cab. Mm. Thin. i. p. 139 (1851). . C. ophthalmicus.
Hemispingii8, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 139 (1851) . . C. superciliaris.
Dacnidea, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 131 C. leucogaster.

Structure of Chlorospingus o'plithalmiciis.

\

This genus has an extensive range in the Neotropical Eegion, from
Southern Mexico to Bolivia. The species are clad in sober hues of
olive and brown, and are mostly found in the elevated regions of
the Andes. The biU, rather stout in the typical forms, becomes
much weaker in the more aberrant species, and approximates these
latter to some of the Mniotiltidce so much that it is diihcult to draw
the line in some cases.

The eggs of C.flavipectus were obtained by Salmon in Antioquia,
and are figured, P. Z. S. 1879, pi. xlii. fig. 6. T.hey are of a pinkish
white, spotted with grey and browu.

Key to the Species.

Sect. A. Bill shorter, thicker, more Fringilliue. (Chloeospingus.)
a. With a white postocular spot.
a' . Without white superciliaries.

a . Cap dark brown, without a mesial
band:

throat white 1. ophthalmicus, p. 238.

throat brownish white, speckled

with blackisli 2. albitewporalis, p. 239.

P. Cap dark brown, with a pale

mesial band 3. olivaceus, p. 240.

238

TANAGEID^.

C-. Cap uniform grej'isli brown 4. postocularis, p. 240.

d'^. Cap fjrey 5. sif/natns, p. 241.

e-. Cap black 6. inmctidatus, p. 241.

&'. With white superciliaries 7. 2nleatus, p. 241.

6. ^^'ithout a white postocular spot.
c'. With a pale j-ellowish breast-band :

1 throat brov.-nish white, speckled 8. Jlavipectus, p. 242.

■< throat clear greyish white 9. canujularis, p. 242.

(throat brownish, unspeckled .... 10. pJtceocephahis, p. 243.
d'. Without a yellowish breast-band.
/'-. Head yellowish olive :

{throat and chin yellow 11. farif/ularis, p. 243.

throat yellow ; chin white . . 12. kypophceus, p. 243.
whole under surface yellowish

olive 13. Jlavovirens, p. 244.

g'-. Head dark cinereous :

( throat cinereous 14. semifusus, p. 244.

I throat whitish 15. cinercocephalus, p. 244.

Sect. B. Bill longer, thinner, more Sylviine. (Hemispingus.)

c. Back olive.
e'. Cap black.

li^. Superciliaries white :

) cheeks olive 16. atripileus, p. 24o.

j cheeks black 17. atiricidaris, p. 245.

i^. Superciliaries reddish yellow .... 18. culophrys, p. 245.
/'.Cap grey. _

_/^. Ihroat cinereous ; abdomen yellow :

I bill red 19. rtihrirosfris, p. 246.

f bill dark corneous 20. chrysogaster, p. 246.

k'. Whole under surface yellow :

I superciliaries white 21. super ciliaris, p. 246.

j superciliaries olive 22. reyi, p. 247.

. g'. Cap olive, like the back :

j abdomen yellow 23. chrysophrys, p. 247.

I abdomen olive 24. ignoUlis, p. 248.

d. Back grey or olive-brown.
h'. Under surface grey.

/-. No white superciliaries :

i head black, vertex rufous .... 25. verttcaKs, p. 248.

I head uniform cinereous 26. lant/tophf/iabm/s, ]).2-i9.

m-. Superciliaries white 27. leucugaster, p. 249.

i'. Under surface rufous.

n'. Head black ; superciliaries white :

I chin black ; breast red 28. castaneicollis, p. 249.

j chin red like breast 29. goeringi, p. 250.

0'. Head plumbeous ; superciliaries
indistinct.
«3. Sides of head black :

j superciliaries whitish 30. melanoth, p. 250.

I superciliaries obsolete 31. berlepschi, p. 251.

b^. Sides of head fuscous 32. ochraceus, p. 251.

1. Chlorospingus ophthalmicus.

Arremon ophthalmicus, Dn Bus, Bidl. Acad. Brux. xiv. pt. 2, p. 106
(1847) ; id. Bcv. Zool. 1848, p. 247.

I

43. cnLOKosrESTGUs. 239

Clilorospingiis leucnpbrys, Cah. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 139.
Pipilopsis ophthalmicus, Bp. C'onsp. i. p. 485 (partim).
Chlorospingus ophthahnicus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 89, 302, et

1859, pp. .364, 377 ; id. Sijn. Av. Tan. p. 27 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 88 ;

Cah. J. f. 0. 1866, p. 162 ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 549

(Vera Cruz) ; Selat. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 32 ; iid. Nomend. p. 24 ;

Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 196 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am.,

Aves, i. p. 314.

Above olive-green ; cap and sides of head dark brown, beneath
the eye blackish ; postocular spot white : below yellowish olive,
throat and middle of belly greyish white ; under wing- coverts
white ; bill black ; feet hazel : whole length 5'8 inches, wing 2-9,
tail 2"4. Female similar.

Hah. Southern Mexico.

a. Ad. St. Mexico. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Orizaba {Botteri). Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Orizaba (Botteri). Sclater Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Valley of Mexico (Ze Strange). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (f/e Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (Hot/e). Salvin-Godman Coll.
ff. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

2. Chlorospingus albitemporalis.

Tachvphonus albitempora, Zafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 12 ; Bi). Consp.

i. p. 237.
Chlorospingus albitemporalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 155, 1856, p. 89,

et 1858, p. 293 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 28 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 89 ;

Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 171 (Costa Rica) ; Laicr. Ann.

L. N. Y. ix. p. 101 (Costa Rica) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 188

(Chiriqui) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 196 ; Scl. et Scdv. P. Z. S. 1868,

p. 630 (Venezuela), 1879, p. 602 (Bolivia) ; iid. Nomend. p. 24 ;

Wi/aft, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 (Colombia) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 513 ;

Berl. J.f. O. 1884, p. 293 (Bucaramanga).
Chlorospingus flaviventris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 91 (cf. Salv. Cat.

Strickl. Coll. p. 197).

Above olive-green ; cap and sides of the head dark brown ; post-
ocular spot white : beneath yellowish olive ; throat dirty white,
slightly speckled with blackish points; middle of belly greyish
white ; under wing-coverts white ; bill black ; feet hazel : whole
length 5-8 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2-3. Female similar.

Ilab. Costa Kica, Yeragua, Colombia, Venezuela, and Bolivia.

A close ally of C. oj^hthahnicus, but distinguishable by its more
brownish throat, the brighter yellowish olive below, the smaller
postocular spot, and the lighter colovu' under the eye.

a, b. (5 ad. sk. Costa Rica (Carmiol). Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Costa Rica {Fra7itzius). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Volcano de Cartage, Costa Salvin-Godman Coll.

Rica {Ai-ce).

e. Ad. sk. Irazu distr., Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Rogers).

240

XANAORID^.

h. Ad. St.
i. Ad. sk.
,/, k. Ad. sk.

/, m. Ad. sk.
71. c? ad. sk.
o. 2 ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.

Southern slope of Volcan
de Cbiriqui (^Arce).

Caraccas {Dyson).

Venezuela ( Goeriiir/).

Tilotilo, Yungas, BoliAia
{Buckley').

Bolivia {Bridyes).

Soiata, Bolivia (Biirklet/).

Nairapi, Bolivia (Bnckley).

Bolivia {Buckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

3. Chlorospingus olivaceus.

Poospiza olivacea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 473.

Chlorospinous olivaceus, Set. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 90 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.
p. 28; Sah. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 315.

Above olive-green ; cap and sides of the head dark brown, with a
slight cinerascent occipital band ; postocular spot white : below
yellowish olive, throat and middle of the belly greyish white ;
under wing-coverts white ; bill black ; feet hazel : whole length
o'O inches, wing 2"7, tail 2'3. Female similar.

Hah. Vera Paz, Guatemala.

Very closely allied to C. oj)hthalmicus, but distinguishable by its
greyish occipital band.

a. Ad. sk. Cohan, Vera Paz {Sahnn).

b. Ad. sk. Cohan, Vera Paz {Salvin).

c. Ad.sk. Kamkbal, Guatemala (iS'fl/w'w).

d. Ad. sk. Central America.

e. f. Ad. sk. Guatemala.
ff. Ad. sk. Guatemala.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
J. Gould, Esq.

4. Chlorospingus postocularis.

Chlorospingus postocularis, Cab. J. f. O. 18G6, p. 1G3 ; Salv. et Godm.
Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 314.

Above olive-green; cap and sides of the head uniform greyish
brown ; postocular spot white : below yellowish olive, throat and
middle of the belly greyish white ; under wing-coverts white ; bill
black ; feet hazel : whole length 5-9 inches, wing 3-7, tail 2-5.
Female similar.

Hah. Guatemala, Volcan de Fuego and Volcan de Agua.

Another very close ally of C. ophthalmicus, apparently only dis-
tinguishable by the greyish tint of the brown cap.

a.

Ad. sk.
c. 2 ad. s

d.
e.

2 ad. sk
Ad. sk.

Duenas, Guatemala {Sahiii).
k. Volcano de Fuego, Calderas

{Salvin).
Volcano de Fuego { Salvin).
Volcano de Agua, San Diego

{Salvin).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

43. cnioEosi'iNGrs. 941

o. ChlorospingTis signatus.

Chlorospirio-usj siguatus, Tacz. et Bed. R Z. S. 1885, p. %2.

Above oKve-green; cap and sides of the head uniform dark

fh middle oft' f'll "'■ ^'^"^ P'^'^ ^'^'"^ ^■^^^^' ^'^--^ "^

the middle of the belly : a narrow pectoral band and the crissum

Em ffarS; T' 't'T^ °^^^ -der wing-coverts whle"

Bab. Ecuador, Eastern slope.

This species is quite distinct, and easily recognized by its -rev

Sr sjlt" "'''' ^'^ ''• ^^"^''^'•^■^' ^^^ ^^^ a%ell-m4ed iS

«. c? ad. sk. Ecuador iStokmann). Sclater Coll. (One of

h. 2 ad. sk. Mapota, Ecuador (SM.nann). '' sSt^rColl.' ^'^"'"-^

6. Chlorospingus punctulatus.

Above olive; cap and sides of head black ; postocular spot white-
beneath yd owish ohve ; breast tinged with orange ; throat yeUowh'
faiiely pointed w.th black; middle of belly whi^e; undlr win--'
Wi%"? l"^^'' "^'^^"""^^ Wll black; feet'brown: whole

u\ V '°'^''' "^'"8' - "' t^^l --• ^^'"«?''' similar.
riab. \ eragua.

Easily known by its black head and punctured throat.

""ad^^k'^- '^•' ^- ^ ^'T^^''^ del C'hucu, Salvin-Godman Coll.
e, f. \d sk V ^'"'^°"^i^!;''^'> (Types of the species.)

e,J..^a.s\.. \ eragua (^rce). Sclater CoU.

7. Chlorospiugiis pileatus.

^^LaTZ:fTv'-''"^^m''rr''- ^J^^' P" ^^l (Costa Eica) ;
il'I-i^f- ^-^A i-'^'S- Pl (Costa Eica) ; 8cl. et Salv. NomJc
p. 24; &ah. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 316 t xxii
fag. 2 ; Ii^dff^c. Pr. U. S. Ji. M. 1883, p.'412 (CostlRkaj.

Above olive; cap and sides of the head dull black; long super-
ciliary stripe and postocular spot running into it white : beneath
jel owish olive, throat and middle of the belly greyish whiS
under wmg-coverts white: bill black; feet pale brown: w lol;
length 0-4 inches wing 1>7, taH 2-6. Female similar. YouT
Above hke the adult but duller; beneath yellowish, with sliS
blackish sagittate spots : lower mandible yellowish. "

Bab. Costa Eica and Chiriqui.
_ Eeadily known by the long white superciliary stripe. The s^ace
just above the eye is black, above which is the white stripe

VOL. XI. <^<-^^l>^..

242 TANAGRID^.

o, b. Ad. sk. Volcan de Cartago, Costa Salvin-Godman Coll.

'Rica, {Arce). (Types of the species. )

c. Ad.sli.; f/. Jr.sk. Irazu, Costa Rica {Rogers). Salviu-Grodman Coll.

e. Ad.sk. Irazu, Costa Rica (-Rof/e/'A'). Sclater Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Cliiriqui {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

8. Chlorospingus flavipectus,

Arremon flavipectus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 227.

Tacbyphonus flavipectus, Lafi: Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 11 ; Bj). Consp.

i. p. 237.
Pipilopsis flavipectus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 485.
Chlorospingus flavipectus, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 139 ; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1855, p. 155, et 1856, p. 90 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 28 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 89 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 24 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 503

(Antioquia) ; Salt: Cat. StricJd. Coll. p. 197.

Above olive ; cap dark cinereous, sides of the head blacker : be-
neath yellowish olive, brighter on the breast ; throat greyish white,
with slight black puuctulations ; middle of belly white ; bill black ;
feet dark brown : whole length 5-8 inches, wing 2-8, tail 2-4.
Female similar.

Hub. Colombia and Ecuador.

a, b. Ad. sk. Bogota, Colombia. Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Bogota, Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d, e. cJ 5 ^^- sk- Santa Elena, Antioquia, Salvin-Godman Coll.

U. S. C. (Salmon).

f. c? ad. sk. Retiro, Antioquia, U. S. C. Salviu-Godman Coll.

(Salmon).
(/. Ad. sk. Medellin, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salmon).
h. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman CoU.

9. Chlorospingus canigularis.

Tachvphonus canigularis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 11 ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 2.37.
Pipilopsis canigularis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 485.
Chlorospingus canigularis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 139 ; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1855, p. 155, 1856, p. 90, et 1859, p. 138 ; id. Sijn. Av. Tan. p. 28;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 89 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 24 ; Berl. et Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1883, p. 547 (Ecuador) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 197.
Hemispingus veneris, Bpi. Notes Orn. p. 22.

Above olive ; cap and sides of the head cinereous : beneath yel-
lowish olive, throat and middle of the belly pure greyish white ;
under wing-coverts white : bUl black ; feet brown : whole length
4"8 inches, wing 2*7, tail 2"2. Female similar.

Hah, Colombia and Ecuador.

Very like C. flavipectus, but smaller, and always recognizable by
its lighter grey head and purer greyish-white throat.

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

b. c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. cT ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (Fraser). Purchased.

I

43. CHLOKOSPINGFS. 243

10. Chlorospingus phaeocephalus.

Chlorospingus pliseocepbalus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 521,

pi. 52. fig. 2 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 290.
Chlorospingus albitemporalis, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 89 (517, c.)

Above olive-green ; cap and sides of head dark cinereous ; throat
pale brownish ; breast, flanks, and crissum olive-green ; middle of
belly cinereous ; under wing-coverts whitish ; bill dark corneous ;
feet brown : whole length 5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2-2. Female
similar.

Hah. Western Ecuador.

Nearest to C. jiavipectux, but distinguishable by its darker un-
speekled throat, and much less bright breast and flanks.

a. cJ ad. sk. Ecuador (Sfulzmcom). Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Chdlaues, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater CoD.

c. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador [Biwkley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

11. Chlorospingus flavigularis.

Pipilopsis fia.vigularis, Scl. Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 8; id. Contr. Orn.
1852, p. 131, pi. 98.

Chlorospingus flavigidaris, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 155, 1856, p. 91, et
18U0, p. 86 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 29 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 89 ; Scl. et
Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 750, 1873, p. 185 (S. Peru) et p. 263
(E. Peru), 1879, p. 602 (Bolivia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 24 ; Berl. et
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 547, et 1885, p. 81 (Ecuador) ; Tacz. Orn.
Per. ii. p. 514.

Above yellowish olive : wings and taU brown edged with olive :
beneath pale cinereous, almost white in the middle of the belly ;
throat yellow ; crissum yellowish ; under wing-coverts white, slightly
tinged with yellow : bill dark plumbeous, paler below ; feet
plumbeous : whole length 5-9 inches, wing 3'4, tail 2-5. Female
similar.

Hah. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Bogota. Sclater Coll.

Bogota. Salviu-Godman Coll.

Vicinity of Quito, Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq.

Nanegal, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater CoU.

Chavavetas, Eastern Peru Salvin-Godman Coll.

{ijardett).

Chavavetas, Eastern Peru Pui-chased.

{Bartktt).

Cosnipata, Peru (Wliitely). Sclater Coll.

Simacu, Bolivia {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

12. Chlorospingus hypophaeus.

Chlorospingus hypopliajus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 389 ; iid.
Nomencl. p. 24 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 188 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol.
Cenf.r.-Am., Aves, i. p. 317, t. xxii. fig. 3.

Above uniform yellowish olive ; throat yellow, growing paler,

e2

«)

h. Ad. sk.

c.

Ad. sk.

d.

Ad. sk.

e.

Ad. sk.

f. S ad. sk.

9-

$ ad. sk.

h.

Ad. sk.

i.

Ad. sk.

244 TANAGKID^,

almost white, on the chin ; abdomen pale cinereous, white in the
middle, with a tinge of brown on the breast and of olive on the
crissum ; under wing-coverts dirty white, with a slight tinge of
yellow ; bill dark horn-colour, paler below ; feet brown : whole
length 5'5 inches, wing 2'7, tail 2. Female similar.

Hab. Veragua.

Nearest to G. Jlavu/ularis, but easily distinguished by its whitish
chin and the brownish tinge of the breast.

a, b. 2 £id. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Types of the species.)

c. Ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (Arce). 0. Salviu, Esq. [P. j.

d. cJ ad. sk. Chitra, Veragua (A)-ce). Salviu-Grodman Coll.
e,f. c? ad. sk. Veragua (Arce). Sclater Coll.

13. Chlorospingus flavovirens.

Buarremon flavovirens, Lawr. Aim. L. N. 1'. viii. p. 467 (1867).
Chlorospingus flavovhens, Sclater, Ibis, 1885, p. 274.

Above clear yellowish olive ; below brownish yellow^ ; flanks
somewhat cinereous ; under surfaces of wings and tail brownish
cinereous ; bill dark horn-colour; feet brown : whole length 6 inches,
wing 3-5, tail 2-5.

Hab. Ecuador.

Only known from a single skin (apparently of Quito make) in
Mr. Lawrence's collection. Upper surface like that of G. hypo-
■phaus, lower clear uniform brownish yellow.

14. Chlorospingus semifuscus.

Chlorospingus semifuscus, Scl. et Sain. Komejicl. pp. 24, 157.

Above olive-green ; cap, nape, and sides of the head dark brownish
cinereous : below rather paler brownish cinereous, lighter in the
middle of the belly ; lower flanks, crissum, and under wing-coverts
dull olive: whole length 5-5 inches, wing 3*1, tail 2-5.

Hab. Vicinity of Quito, Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Type of the species.)

15. Chlorospingus cinereocephalus.

Chlorospingus cinereocephalus, Taez. P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 132, 516.

Above olive-green ; head and neck cinereous : below jiale whitish
cinereous, throat with a slight fulvous tinge : middle of belly almost
white ; flanks and crissum yellowish olive ; under wing-coverts white
tinged with yellow ; bill blackish, paler below ; feet brown : whole
length 5-2 inches, wing 2-6, tail 2-2.

Hub. Central Peru.

A distinct species, recognizable by its pale colour below and by
the slight fulvous tinge on the throat. The specimen kindly lent

43. CHLOEOsprN^GUs, 245

to me by M. Taczanowski had slight traces of white on the cilite of
the eye : but as this is more apparent on one side than the other, it
may be due to individual variation.

IG. ChlorospingTis atripileus.

Ai-remon atripileus, Lafr. Eev. Zool, 1842, p. 335.

Pipilopsis atripileus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 48-5.

Cblorospingus atripileus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 155, 1856, p. 91, et

1860, pp. 76, 80 ; id. Sijn. Av. Tan. p. 29 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 89 ; Scl.

et Salv. Nomcncl. p. 24 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 604 (Antioquia) ;

Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 197 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 81

(Ecuador).

Above olive-green ; cap black ; sides of head dark olive ; long
superciliary stripe "white : beneath yellowish olive, brighter in the
middle ; bill horn-colour, paler below ; feet pale brown : whole
length 5'9 inches, wing 2'S, tail 3. Female similar.

Hah. Colombia and Ecuador.

a, h. Ad. sk. Colombia. Purchased.

c. cJ ad. sk. Colombia. Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Medellin, U. S. C. {Salmon). Salvin-Godmau Coll.
/. 5 ad. sk. Lloa, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

ff. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

17. Cblorospingus auricularis.

Cblorospingus (Ilemispineus) auricularis. Cab. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 318 ;
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 516 ; id. Om. Per. ii. p. 519.

Above olive-green ; cap and sides of head black ; long and broad
superciliary stripe white : beneath yellow, throat tinged with orange,
flanks and lower belly more olivaceous ; bill plumbeous ; feet pale
brown : whole length 5"5 inches, wing 2'9, tail 2"8. Female
similar, but throat not so bright.

Ilab. Peru.

Closely allied to C. atripileus, but with the sides of the head
decidedly black like the cap, and more brightly coloured below.

a. $ ad. sk. Central Peru {Jelski). Sclater Coll.

18. Cblorospingus calopbrys.

Cblorospingus calopbrys, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 354, 1879,
p. 602 (Bolivia).

Above olive-green, cap and sides of head black ; broad superciliary
stripe bright orange-rufous : below yellow, passing into orange-
rufous on the throat ; flanks and crissum yellowish olive ; bill pale
plumbeous, lower mandible whitish ; feet pale brown : whole length
5-5 inches, wing 2-0.

Hah, Bolivia.

246

TANAGKID.^.

This is another representative of C. atripilens, but quite distinct
with its orange-rufous eyebrows and throat.

a. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll. (Type
{Buckley). of the species.)

19. Chlorospingus rubrirostris.

AiTemon rubrirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 227.

Nemosia rubrirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 11.

Pipilopsis rubrirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 485.

Ilemispingus rubrirostris. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 138.

Chlorosping-us rubrirostris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 155, 1856,

p. 92 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 30 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 89 ; Scl. et Salv.

Nommcl. p. 24 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 504 (Antioquia) ; Salv. Cat.

Strickl. Coll. p. 197.

Above olive-green ; head and neck cinereous ; beneath yellow,
throat and upper breast pale cinereous ; flanks and crissum olive-
green ; bill red ; feet pale brown : whole length 5'7 inches, wing 3*1,
tail 2-7. Female similar.

Hab. Colombia and Ecuador.

a-c. Ad. sk. Bogota, U. S. C. Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Bogota, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Medellin, U. S. C. {Salmon). Salvin-Godman CoU.
/. cJ ad. sk. Santa Elena, U. S. C. (Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.
ff, h. Ad. sk. Santa Rita, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

20. Chlorospingus chrysogaster.

Chlorospingus chrysogaster, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 517; id. Orn.
Per. ii. p. 515.

Above olive-green ; head and neck cinereous : below bright
yellow ; throat and breast pale cinereous ; bill and feet brown :
whole length 5-6 inches, wing 3-1, tail 2-5.

Hah. Peru.

I am greatly indebted to M. Taczanowski for the loan of a
specimen of this distinct species. It is nearest to C. nihrirostris,
but the bill is dark horn-colour instead of red, and the whole belly
is clear yellow.

21. Chlorospingus super ciliaris.

Arremon superciliaris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 227.

Nemosia superciliaris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 11.

Pipilopsis supercUiaris, Bp. Con.s]). i. p. 485.

Hemispingus supercUiaris, Cab. Mvs. Hein. i. p. 138.

Chlorospingus superciUaris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 155, 1856, p. 92,

et 1860, pp. 05, 86 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 30 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 90 ;

Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 24 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 229 (N. Peru),

1880, p. 195 (N. Peru); id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 517; Salv. Cat.

Strickl. Coll. p. 197.
Hylophi]us leucophiys, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 81.

43. CHXOROSPINGTJS. 247

Clilorospinj^us nigrifrons, Lmvr. Ibis, 1875, p. 384 ; Bed. et Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1884, p. 290.
Chlorosping-us superciliaris nigrifrons, Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. 8. 1885,

p. 81.

Above olive-green ; front half of cap and side.s of head cinereous ;
superciliary stripe white : below yellow ; bill plumbeous ; feet pale
brown : whole length 5-3 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2-5. Female
similar.

Hob. Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

In Western Ecuador specimens present a darker forehead and sides
of the head (C. nif/rifi-ons, Lawrence). But it is in some cases
difficult to say to which form a specimen should be referred, and I
think it is better to regard this as a case of subspecies.

a. Subsp. typiea.

a, b. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater CoU.

c. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Purchased.

d, e. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

b. Subsp. nigrifrons.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

a. Ad. sk.

Ecuador.

Purchased.

b. Ad. sk.

Ecuador.

Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk.

Ecuador.

J. Gould, Esq.

d. Ad.sk.

Ecuador (Fraser).

Sclater CoU.

e,f. Ad. sk.

Sical, Ecuador (Buckley).

Sahin-Godmau Coll.

g. Ad. sk.

Jima, Ecuador (Buckki/).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

22. Chlorospingus reyi.

Chlorospingus reyi, Berlepsch, Ibis, 1885, p. 288.

Above olive ; cap cinereous : below yellow ; flanks olivascent ;
under wing-coverts yellowish ; beak plumbeous ; feet pale brown :
whole length (about) 5-5 inches, wing 2"7.

Hab. Merida, Venezuela.

Nearest to C. sujyerciliaris, but without any white superciliaries.
A single, not quite perfect, skin is in Graf v. Berlepsch's collection :
I am greatly indebted to him for the loan of it.

23. Chlorospingus chrysophrys.

Chlorospingus xanthophrys, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 780 {nee

Scl).
Chlorospingus chrysoplnys, 8cl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 235.

Above olive-green ; superciliary stripe yellow : beneath yellow ;
under wing-coverts whitish ; bill plumbeous ; feet brown : whole
length 5'5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2'3.

Hah. Merida, Venezuela.

Of the same structure as C. siiperciliaris, but distinguishable by its
j-ellow supercUiaries.

248

TAXAGRTU^.

a. 2 ad. sic. Merida, VeuezueLa (Gomw^). SclatevColI. (Type

of the species.)

b. 5 ad. sk. Merida, Yeuezuela (Goerinr/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

24. Chlorospingus ignobilis.

Sphenops ignobilis, Scl. P. Z. S. 18G1, p. -379 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. IGO.

Sphenopsis ignobilis, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. xvi.

Chlorospingus ignobilis, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 784 (Venezuela),

1879, p. 504 (Antioquia).
Chlorosping'us oleagineus, Scl. P.Z.S. 1S62, p. 110; id. Cat. A.B.

p. 3o9; Scl. et Sale. Notnmcl. p. 24 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 517

(C. Peru), 1879, p. 229 (N. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 516; Tacz.

et Bcrl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 81 (Ecuador).

Above olive -green ; wiugs and tail brownish ; wing-coverts edged
with olive ; slight snperuiliary stripe yellowish : beneath yellowish
olive with a slight rufeseent tinge ; bill and feet pale brown : whole
length 5-5 inches, wing 2-8, tail 2-7. Female similar.

J/ah. Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

a, h. Ad St. Venezuela (2)yso7i). Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. South America. Sclater Coll. (Type of

Sphenops ignobilis, Sclater.)
rf.cJad.sk. Merida, Venezuela (G^oez-iWY/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. (Type of

Ch. oleagineus, Sclater.)

f. Ad. sk. Bogota, Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. $ ad. sk. Santa Elena, Colombia {Sal- Salvin-Godman Coll.

mvn^.

25. Chlorospingnis verticalis.

Nemosia verticalis, Lafr. Eev. Zool. 1840, p. 227 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 2-36.
Chlorospingus verticalis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 155, 1856, p. 93 ;

id. Si/H. Av. Tan. p. 31 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 90 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 24 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 604 (Antioquia) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl.

Coll. p. 197.
Chlorospingus lichtensteiai, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 30 ; id. Sgn.

Av. Tan. p. 31 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 24.

Above cinereous ; wings and tail dark brown ; head black, broad
vertical stripe pale rufous : below pale cinereous, middle of belly
whitish ; throat black ; under wing-coverts white ; bill black ; feet
dark brown : whole length 5 inches, wing 2'8, tail 2-8. Young
like the adult, but throat white.

Hah. Colombia and Ecuador.

I am not quite sure whether the female resembles the male in
this species or has the throat white. There are several transitional
s]jecimens iu the series between the young white-throated bird
(C lichtemteini, mihi, olim) and the adult.

«. Ad. ; 6, e. Jr. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. KA.;e,f,g. Jr. Bogota. Sclater Coll.
sk.

43. CHLOEOSPINGTTS. 249

h, i. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purcliased.

_/. Ad. .sk. jNIedellin, U.S.C. (Salmon). Salviu-Godman Coll.

A-. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

26. Chlorospingus xanthophthalmus.

Dacnis xanthophthalma, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 510, 1882, p. 9.
Chlorosping'us xanthophthalmus, Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 522.

Female. Above nearly uniform brownish grey, with a very slight
tinge of chocolate-brown on the head : below pale whitish cinereous,
clear in the middle and more ciuerasccnt on the sides ; under wing-
coverts white ; crissum slightly tinged with fulvous; bill blackish ;
feet brown : whole length 5-5 inches, wing 2-6, tail 2-5.

Hah. Northern and Central Peru.

My characters are from one of the two only known examples of
this species, kindly lent to me by the Warsaw Museum. In accor-
dance with M. Taczanowski's latest view, that this is probably the
female of a Chlorospingus allied to C. verticalis, I place it here,
but I am not at all sure that the discovery of the male may not
result in causing the species to be moved back into the Ccerebidce.

27. Chlorospingus leucogaster.

Dacnidea leucogaster, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 131, pi. xix. fig. 2.
Dacnidea albiventris, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 510.
Chlorospingus leucogaster, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 15 ; id. Orn. Per.
ii. p. 518.

Above cinereous ; head rather darker, superciliary stripe from the
front to beyond the eye white; lower back slightly tinged with
oUve ; wings and tail blackish, edged with olivaceous cinereous :
beneath white, breast and flanks cinerascent ; crissum and flanks
slightly tinged with fulvous ; under wing-coverts white ; bill and
feet plumbeous : whole length 5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2-4. Female
similar.

JIab. Peru.

I agree with M. Stolzmann's opinion, recorded by M. Taczanowski
(Orn. Per. ii. p. 519), that this is a Chlorospingus, and that the
genus Dacnidea may be suppressed.

a. 5 ad. sk. Chachapoyas, Peru {Stolzmann). Sclater Coll.

28. Chlorospingus castaneicollis.

Chlorospingus castaneicollis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 293 ; id. Cat.
A. B. p. 90, pi. X. ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 24 ; iid. P. Z. S.
1879, p. 602 (Bolivia) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 617 (C. Peru), 1879,
p. 229 ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 520.

Above olive-brown ; head dark greyish black ; sides of head

250 TANAGEID^.

blnck, bordered above bj- distinct white superciliaries ; wings and
tail dark brown, with olivaceous edgings on the wings : below
ehcstnut-red, much paler and more fulvous on the middle of the
belly ; chin and upper part of throat black ; under wing-coverts
rufous : bill black ; feet pale brown : whole length 5-3 inches,
wing 2-4, tail 2-4.

Hah. Peru and Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Peru. Sclater Coll. (Type

of the species.)
6. Ad. sk. Bolivia (Bucklei/). Sclater Coll.

c-e. Ad. sk. Ramosaui, Bolivia {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

29. Chlorospingus goeringi.

Chlorospingus goeringi, <S'c/. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 784, pi. xlvi.
fig. 1 ; lid. Nomencl. p. 24.

Above dark slate-colour, head black ; long and broad supercilia-
ries white ; wings and tail brownish black : below chestnut-red,
flanks brownish ; bill dark plumbeous ; feet pale brown : whole
length 6 inches, wing 2-5, tail 2-5.

Hah. Andes of Merida, Venezuela.

This is a very well-marked species, with its broad white superci-
liaries and chestnut under surface.

a. Ad. sk. Paramos of Merida, Venezuela Sclater CoU. (Type

(Goerinff). of the species.)

30. Chlorospingus inelanotis.

Chlorospingus melanotis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 157, pi. 68, 1855,
p. 155, 1856, p. 92 ; id. 8yn. Av. Tan. p. 30 ; Scl. et Snln. Nomencl.
p. 24; Tacz. et Bed. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 82 (Ecuador).

Above dark plumbeous, lower back tinged with olive ; wings and
tail brownish black, with olivaceous edgings ; lores and sides of
head black, bordered above by slight whitish superciliaries : below
reddish ochraceous, brighter in tlie middle, and passing into brown
on the flanks ; under wing-coverts fulvous ; bill dark plumbeous ;
feet pale rufous : whole length 5-2 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2"6.
Female similar, but above paler and more olivaceous.

Hah. Colombia.

Only known to me from specimens received in " Bogota " col-
lections ; but the two following species, from Ecuador and Peru, are
very closely allied.

a, b. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Purchased. (Types of the species.)

e, d. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.

e,f. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

44. UR0THRAT7PIS. 251

31. Chlorospingus berlepschi.

Cblorospingus berlepschi, Tacz. F.Z.8. 1880, p. 195; id. Orn. Per.

Female. Above olive-brown, wings and tail more rufescent; cap
plumbeons; sides of head black: below chestnut-red, passing, into
fulvous on the middle of the belly and into brownish on the flanks •
under wmg-coverts pale fulvous : whole length 5-2 inches, wing 2-l\

Hah. Central Peru.

..Ifr'^°''^^' ^f""^-^^ the preceding, but without any traces of
superciliaries, and with the plumbeous cap weU defined. I am
much indebted to the Warsaw Museum for the loan of the typicS
mXS '' ^ *'''°'''^*'' ^""^ ^^^ "^""^^ ^'^ probably not differ

32. Chlorospingus ochraceus.
CMoro^spingus ochraceus, Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 291, pi. xxiv.

^J^'^a''^ t^ ?• '"f^«r^^"*' '^"* ^'^^ tJie sides of the head brown
instead of black, middle of belly darker, and crissum more rufous

Mab. \Vestern Ecuador.

Dcscnbed from female examples in Graf v. Berlepsch's collection
obtained by Hiemeradzki. Posslhhj not different frim C. melanotis'.

44. UEOTHRAUPIS.

Urothraupis, Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 83 U. stokmanni.

The single species of this genus from Western Ecuador might
almost be placed along with the more slender-billed Ciaorospinai
from which, however, it differs in its longer and much rounded £0!

1. Urothraupis stolzmanni.

Urothraupis stolzmanui, Berl. et Tac%. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 83, pi. viii.

h.W ^\^-!.^'^ ' '•''^^' a^f^edges of wing-coverts slightly olivaceous •
below whire, varied on the breast and belly with schistaceous
flanks, crissum, and under wing-coverts schistaceous, with slio-ht
olivaceous tinge; bill black; feet dark brown: wh^le leno-th H

dark'ii'ilohfu?'^' ^^ ^'^' ^''""^'' ^'"'^^ '™^^'' '^^^ ^°* ^""^^"^ ««
Bab. Eastern slope of Andes of Ecuador.

«. 6 ad. sk. San Rafael, Ecuador (Stolz- Sclater Coll. (One of the
""'''")• types of the species.)

252

TAN.VGRID-E.

45. MICROSPINGUS.

Mi crospinp-us, Tacz. P. Z. S. isri, p. 1-'!l'

Type._
M. trifiisciatus.

Structure of Microsinngus trifasciatus.

This little bird, ■n'ith its short, straight, and slender bill, is, per-
haps, better placed in this position than in any other that I can at
present suggest for it. But it is certainly a very abnormal Tanager,
as evidenced not only by its structure but also by its style of colora-
tion. It is peculiar to the Andes of Peru and Bolivia.

1. Microspingus trifasciatus.

Microspingus trifasciatus, Tacz. F. Z. S. 1874, p. 132, pi. xix. fig. 1,
et p. 517 ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 523 ; Hcl. ct Salv. P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 002.

Above brownish olive ; cap blackish, with a broad vertical oliva-
ceous band slightly indicated, and a well-marked fulvous superci-
liary stripe on each side, carried on to the nape ; wings and tail

46. PEZOPETES,

253

broM-iiish black, edged with olivaceous ; tips of greater and lesser
wmg-coverts palo fulvous, forming two irregular wing-bands-
beneath bright fulvous, paler on the chin ; bill dark brown • feet
reddish brown : whole length 5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2-5. '
Hub. Peru and Bolivia.

a, h. Ad. sk.

Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia
{Buckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

/3. PITTLm.E FRIXGILLIEOSTEES.

Under this head I place the most Finch-like of the Tanagers and
their near aUies. As already stated, it is very difficult to decide
where to draw the hue between some of these forms and the Ground-
Fmches allied to Pij)Uo.

A. Bill more conical, culmen straight.

I Feet very large 46. Pezopetes, p. 253.

Feet large 47. BuAnEEMox; p. 254.

t>. iJill larger, culmen much incurved 48. NESOsPLXGvs/p.aZl

40. PEZOPETES.
Ptztpctes, Cah. Jvurn.f. Orn. ISGO, p. 415 .

Type.
P. capitalis.

Foot of Fe;opetcs capitals

Pezopetes has most of the general characters of BiKtrremon but is
distniguishable by its very large feet, in which respect it comes
near the Ground- Finches {Pqnlo). It is peculiar to the highlands
ot Costa Eica and Yeragua.

254 TANAUKID^.

1. Pezopetes capitalis.

Pezopetes capitalis, Cab. J.f. 0. 1800, p. 415; Sah. P.Z.S. 1870,

p. 189.
Buarremon capitalis, Scl. et Salt: Nomencl. p. 24 ; Boucard, P. Z. S.

1878, p. 55 (Costa Rica) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves,

i. p.322, t. xxiii. %. 1.

Above dark olive-greeu ; wings and tail Idackish, wings edged
with olive-green ; caj) black ; a slight occipital stripe and sides of
head dark cinereous : beneath olive-green, paler in the middle of
the 1)elly, and slightly tinged with brown on the flanks and crissum ;
chin black, passing into dark cinereous on the upper throat ; bill
black; feet dark brown: whole length 7'5 inches, wing 3'3, tail
3'4. Female similar.

Hah. Costa Rica and Chiriqui.

a, h. Ad. sk. Volcau de Cartage, Costa Eica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Arce).
c, d. Ad. sk. Irazu district, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Rogers) .
e. Ad. sk. S. slope of volcano of Chiriqui Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Arce).

47. BUARREMON.

lype.

Buarremon, Bp. Comp. i. p. 483 (1850) B. torquatus.

Chrysopoga, Bp. Consp. i. p. 480 (1850) B. gutturalis.

Pipilopsis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 485 (1850) B. semirufus.

Carenockrous, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 87 B. latinucha.

Under the head of Buarremon, I place a series of about thirty-
five species, generally recognizable by their rather elongated conical
bill, with the tip pointed and the culmen slightly incurved, short
wings, and only moderately strong feet. The plumage is generally
dull, of olive-grey and yellowish, and the sexes ar6 alike.

Buarremon ranges over the whole Tanagrine area of Central and
South America, from Mexico to Bolivia and Southern Brazil, but
is especially an Andean type.

The eggs of B. elaopronis obtained by Salmon in Antioquia are of
a reddish white, thickly blotched and spotted with red and lilac.

I will treat of this extensive group under two subgenera : —

I. BUAEBEMON.

This section embraces the larger and stronger species, with a larger
and more elongated bill, longer tail, and stronger feet, to suit their
terrestrial habits.

II. Pipilopsis.

The members of this group, distinguished by their shorter bill and
smaller feet, are said by M. Stolzmann (P.Z. S. 1880, p. 197) to be
exclusively aiboreal in their habits.

47. BUAEREMON, 255

Key to the Species.

A. BUAEEEMON.

A. Throat white ; middle of belly white ;

flanks cinereous or olive.

a. Head black, with well-marked super-

ciliaries and vertical stripe.
'I. With a black pectoral collar :

) flanks olive 1. torqtmtm, p. 256.

I flanks brown 2. fliceopleurxm^ p. 256.

h' . With no pectoral collar:

j vertical stripe o;rey 3. assimilis, p. 257.

( vertical stripe olive 4. virenticeps, p. 257.

b. Front black, with three white points ;

crown chestnut :

I with a black pectoral collar 5. brimneinucha, p. 258.

I without a black pectoral collar 6. inornatus, p. 259.

c. Whole head black 7. atricapillm, p. 259.

B. Throat yellow ; belly yellow or white.

d. Head black, with a white vertical stripe :

) throat yellow ; belly white 8. yutttiralis, p. 259.

). whole under surface yellow 9. alhimicha, p. 260.

e. Head uniform black 10. melatioeephalus, p. 261.

C. Throat blackish ; abdomen dark olive.

/. Back blackish ; eye-region white 11. leucopis, p. 261.

(/. Back olive ; eye-region black.

c'. Middle of belly olive 12. castaneiceps, p. 261.

d'. Middle of belly yellow 13. crassirustris, p. 262.

D. Under surface black ; thighs yeUow .... 14. tibialis, p. 262.

B. PiPILOPSIS.

A. Sides of head black ; cap red : abdomen

yellow.
a. With no white mystacal stripe.

a'. Tliruat black 15. melanolavms, p. 263.

b'. Throat yellow like the belly.
a'-. Back black.

rt^. No alar speculum :

I lores yellow 16. ntfinucha, p. 263.

I lores black 17. melnnops, p. 26S.

6-\ With a white alar speculum. ... 18. latinucha, p. 264.
b'^. Back cinereous :

j lores black 19. spodionotus, p. 264.

I lores yellow 20. cnmptus, p. 264.

c". Back olive 21. elceoprorus, p. 265.

h. With a white mystacal stripe :

j throat white 22. albifrenatus, p. 205.

{ throat yeUow 23. merida, p. 266.

B. Sides of head black ; occiput red or ful-

vous ; abdomen white :

j front red 24. leucopterm, p. 266.

I front black 25. dresseri, p. 266.

C. Sides of head black : cap red ; abdomen

more or less cinereous.
c. Middle of belly white; crissum ochra-

ceous 26. seebohmi, p. 267.

256 TANAGRIDJi.

(/. 'N'S'liolo under surface cinereous.
c'. Narrow front blacli :

I alar speculum white 27. schistaceus, p. 267.

I no alar speculum '2S. taczanoxcskii, p. 267.

d'. Front chestnut like cap 29. castaneifrons, p. 268.

D. Sides of head black ; front and broad

occipital stripe white or fulvous ; abdo-
men yellow :

I nape whitish ; 30. paUidinucha, p. 268.

I nape yellow 31. tricolor, p. 269.

E. Sides of head chestnut like the cap.

e. Breast chestnut 33. seminifm, p. 2G9.

f. Breast yellow :

j back "slaty 33. persontitus, p. 270.

I back light olive-green 34. fuhiceps, p. 270.

F. Sides of head yellow, with an olive auri-

cular patch 35. citrincllus, p. 270.

A. Subgenus Buaeremon.
1. BuarremoD torquatus.

Embernagra torquata, d'Orb. et Lafr. Si/n. Av. pt. i. p. 34 (18.37).
Ai-remon alfinis, d'Orb. Voi/., Ois. p. 282, pi. xxvii. %. 1.
Buarremou torquatus, Bp. Consp. i. p.4S3; Scl. P. Z. S. IBoG, p. 84 ;

id. Sijn. Av. Tan. p. 22 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 24; iid. P. Z. S.

1879, p. 602 (Bolivia) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 515 (Central Peru) ;

id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 530.

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish brown, edged with
olive; head black : vertical band cinereous ; superciliaries, beginning
above the eye, white: below white, with a well- defined black pec-
toral collar ; flanks and crissum olive ; bend of wing yellow ; bill
black ; feet brown : whole length 6-5 inches, wing 3, tail 3-2.
Female similar.

Bab. Bolivia.

a, b. Ad. et jr. sk. Ilamosani, Bolivia (Buckki/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Buckley).

d. Ad. sk. Bolivia {Buckley). Sclater Coll.

2. Buarremon phaBopleurus.

Buarremon phfeopleurus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 85; id. St/n. Av.
Tan. p. 23 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 90 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 24.

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish brown, edged with
olive-green ; head black ; vertical stripe cinereous ; superciliaries,
commencing on the front, white : below white, with a well-defined
black pectoral collar ; flanks and crissum fuscous ; bend of the wing
yellow : whole length 7 inches, wing 3*2, tail (rather worn) 3.

Hah. Venezuela.

This is a close ally of B. torquatus, but may be distinguished by
its brown sides and crissum. The white stiperciliaries commence

47. BUARREiloX. 257

from the front, instead of beginning over the eye, and the under
surface of the tail is miich browner.

a. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Sclater Coll. (Type of

the species.)

3. Buarremon assimilis.

Tanagra assimilis, Boiss. Eev. Zool. 1840, p. 07.

Buarremon assimilis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 484 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 155,
1856, p. 85, 1859, p. 441, 1860, p. 70 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 23 ; id.
Cat. A. B. p. 90 ; Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 308 (Costa Rica) ; id. Cat.
Strickl. Coll. p. 197 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 284 (Merida),
1879, p. 504 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 24 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 196 (N. Peru), 1882, p. 15 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii.
p. 531 ; Laivr. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 101 (Costa Rica) ; Salv. et
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 318; Berl. et Tac:. P. Z. S.
1884, p. 291 (W. Ecuador); Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 84
(Ecuador).

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish, edged with olive ;
head black ; superciliaries and broad vertical stripe ciuerecus : be-
neath white, sides cinereous, tinged vrith oHve on the flanks and
crissum ; bend of the wing yellow ; biU black ; feet brown : whole
length 7'4 inches, wing 3-4, tail 3*5. Female similar.

Hah. Costa Rica, Colombia, Yenezuela, Ecuador, and Peru.

a. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater CoU.

c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

d. e. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. 2 a*i- sk. MedeUiu, Antioquia, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Salmon).

(/, h. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador {Btickley). Salvin-Godman CoU.

/,.y. Ad. sk. Quito. Govdd CoU.

k. Ad. sk. Cutervo, Peru {Stolzmann). Sclater Coll.

I. Ad. sk. CaUacate, Peru (Stolzmann). Sclater CoU.

4. Buarremon virenticeps.

Fringilla quadiivittata, Licht. in JIus. Berol.

Buarremon ^U'enticeps, Bp. Compt. Rend. xli. p. 657 ; Sclater, P. Z. S.
1856, p. 85 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 23 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 90 ; Scl. et
Salv. Nomencl. p. 24 ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i.
p. 319.

Above olive-green ; wings and tail brown, edged with olive-green ;
head black ; superciliaries and vertical stripe commencing at fore-
head whitish, then passing into yellowish oHve : beneath white ;
sides cinereous, passing- into olivaceous on flanks and crissum ; bill
black ; feet brown : whole length 7'o inches, wing 3-1, tail 3'4.

IJah. Mexico.

This is a close ally of B. assimilis, but distinguishable by its
yellowish-green superciliaries and vertical stripe.

a. Ad. sk. Mexico (Sicinichi-ast). Sclater CoU.

b. Ad. sk. Southern Mexico {Boucard). Salvin-Godman CoU.

c. Ad. sk. La Puebla, Mexico. Pui'chased.
VOL. ii. s

258

TANAGRIDJE.

5, Buarremon bnumeinucha.

Embernagra bninueimiclia, Lafr. Ilcv. Zool. l8o9, p. 97.

Taiiagra (Embernapra) bruuuti-nuclia, Boiss. liev. Zool. 1840, p. 68.

Arreinon frontalis, Tsch. in TJ'wijm. Arch. 1844, p. 289 : id. Faun.
Per., Ois. p. 212.

Buarremon brunneinucha, Bp. Consp. i. p. 484 ; Sclatev, T. Z. S. 1855,
p. 155, 1850, pp. 85, 302, 1858, pp. 72, 303, 1859, pp. 364, 377,
1864, p. ]74 (Mexico); id. Syn. A v. Tan. p. 23 ; id. Cat. A. B.
p. 90 ; Sclut. ft Sale. Ibis, 1859, p. 15 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 627
(Venezuela), 1875, p. 234 (Meridaj, 1879, p. 504 (Antioquia) ; iid.
Nomend. p. 24 ; Salvvn, P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 140 ( Veragua), 1870,
p. 189 (Veragua) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 198 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc.
Phil. 1865, p'. 170 (Costa Rica) ; Sumichr. Mem. Post. 8. N. II. i.
p. 549 (Vera Cruz) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 101 (Costa
Rica); Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 300'; Cab. J. f. O. 1860, p. 414
(Costa Rica) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 515 (Ceutr. Peru), 1879,
p. 228 (N. Peru), 1880, p. 197 (N. Peru), 1882, p. 15 (N.E. Peru) ;
id. Om. Per. ii. p. 529; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 84
(Ecuador) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 319.

Buarremon xauthogenys, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 141.

Above-olive green ; wings and tail brown, edged with olive ;
front and sides of head black, with three white stripes on the front ;
crown dark chestnut: below wliito, with a well-defined black
liectoral collar ; sides cinereous, flanks and crissuni tinged with
olive ; bend of wing yellowish ; bill black ; feet clear brown : whole
length 7'5 inches, wing 3-4, tail 3-4. Female similar.

Hah. Southern Mexico, and throughout Central America to Vene-
zuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

a. Ad. sk. Jalapa {de Oca).

b. Ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca).

c. d. Ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala

{Salvin).

e. 5 jr. sk. Calderas, Volcan de Fuego,

Guatemala (Salvin).

f. Jr. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala {Hague).

g. (S ad. sk. Dota, Costa Rica (Carmiol).

h. Ad. sk. Irazudistr., Costa Rica (i2of/ers).

i. Jr. sk. Costa Rica ( Carmiol).

j. S ad. sk. Santiago de Veragua {Arcf).

k. Ad. sk. Southern slope, Volcan de Chi-

riqui (Arce).

I. cJ ad. sk. Cordillera de Tole, Veragua

(Arce).
m. 2 ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua (Arce).

II. cj ad. sk. Merida, Venezuela (Goering).
o. cJ ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela {Goering).
p. Ad. sk. Bogota.

q, r. Ad. sk. Bogota.

s. Ad. sk. Bogota.

t. Ad. St. Bogota.

u. § ad. sk. Santa Elena, U. S. C. {Salmon).

V. Ad. sk. Pasto, Ecuador {Lekmami).

w. Pull sk. Rio Napo.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.

47. BTJARKEMON. 259

6. Buarremon inornatus.

Buarremon bninneinucluis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 138.
Buarremou itioruatus, Sol. et Salv. Ibis, 1879, p. 427 ; Berl. et Tacz.
P. Z. S. 1884, p. 291 (W. Ecuador).

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish brown, edged with
olive ; front and sides of head black, with three white points on the
front ; crown chestnut : beneath white, sides of breast ashy, passing
into olivaceous on the flanks and crissum ; bill black ; feet clear
brown : whole length 7*3 inches, wing 3-3, tail 3-2. Female
similar.

Hab. Ecuador.

Exactly similar to B. braimeinucha, but without the black pec-
toral collar.

a. 5 ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll. (Type

of the species.)

b. Pull. sk. Pallatanga {Fraser). Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Pallatanga (Fraser). Salvin-Godman CoU.

d. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

7. Buarremon atricapillus.

Buarremou atricapillus, Laicrence, Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 39G (1874).

Above rather j-ellowish olive-green; wings and tail blackish
brown, edged with olive ; whole head above uniform black : beneath
white, sides of breast ashy ; flanks and crissum olive-green ; bend of
wing yellow ; bill black ; feet clear brown : whole length G-5 inches,
wing 3-4, tail 3-4.

Hah. Colombia.

A scarce species, with the general structure of B. brunneimtcJia,
but with a stouter bill, and at once known by its black head.

a. Ad. sk. Colombia. Salvin-Godman CoU.

8. Buarremon gutturalis.

Arremon gutturalis, Zafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 98.

Buarremon gutturalis, i?;j. Consp. i. p. 484 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 86;
id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 24 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 322 ; Scl. et Salv.
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 504 (Antioc[uia) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-
Am., Aves, i. p. 320.

Chrysopoga typica, Bj). Consp. i. p. 480.

Buarremon clirysopogon, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 8G ; id. Syn. Av. Tan.
p. 24 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 91 ; Scl. et Sah\ Ibis, 1859, p. 15 (Guate-
mala) ; iid. Komencl. p. 24 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 189 (Veragua) ;
Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 171 ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix.
p. 101; Frantz. J.f. O. 1809, p. 300; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 50 (Costa Rica).

Atlapetes cbrysopogon, Cab. J. f. 0. 18G0, p. 414, 1801, p. 94 (Costa
llica).

Buarremon albinuchus, Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1800, p. 274 (Cohan).

Above cinereous ; head black, with a broad white vertical stripe :

260 TANAGRIDiE.

below pale ashy white, rather darker on the sides and crissura ;
throat pale lemon-yellow ; bill dark horn-colour ; feet brown : whole
length 6"7 inches, wing 2'S, tail 3. Female similar.

Hah. Guatemala and throughout Central America into Colombia.

The lemon-yellow colour on the throat is replaced in some speci-
mens by bright orange.

u. Ad. sk. ; b. Jr. Coban, Vera Paz [Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk.

c. Ad. sk. Totonicapam, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Salvin).

d. Ad. sk. Volcan de Agua, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salvin).

e. (S ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

(^Salviii).

f. Ad. sk. Calderas, Volcan de Fuego, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guatemala {Salvin).

(J. Ad.sk. San Jose, Costa Eica (Crt?'w«'oZ). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Irazu, Costa Rica (Rogers). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. Pidl. sk. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica [Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

j. c? ad.sk. Calovevora, Veragua (^rce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k, I. S ad. sk. Castillo, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Orange-throated variety.)

m. cS ad. sk. Southern slope of Volcan de Salvin-Gtfdman Coll.

Cbiriqui {Arce).

n. Ad. sk. Bogota {Leadbeater). Sclater Coll.

o, p. cJ 5 ad. sk. Medellin, Antioquia, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salmon).

9. Buarremon albinucha.

EmbernagTa albinucha, d'Orb. et Lafr. -Rev. Zuol. 1838, p. 105.

Buanemon albinucha, Bp. Consp. i. p. 484 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855,
p. 155, 1850, p. 80, 1857, p. 205, 1859, pp. 364, 377, et 1864, p. 173
(IVlexico) ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 24 ; id. Cat. A. £. p. 91 ; Scl. et
Salv. Noniencl. p. 24 ; Salvin, Cat. SiricM. Coll. p. 198 ; Sumichr.
Mem. Host. Soc. N. H. i. p. 549 (Vera Cruz) ; Sah. et Godm. Biol.
Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 321.

Buarremon vitellinus, Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Atlapetes albinucha, Cab. Mxis. Hein. i. p. 140.

Embernagra mexicaua, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 42.

Above dark ashy ; head black, with a broad white vertical stripe :
below yellow, flanks and crissum greyish ; bill dark horn-colour ;
feet hazel-brown : whole length 7 inches, wing 3, tail 3-2. Female
similar. Nestlincj. Above brownish grey ; beneath with longitudinal
blackish shaft-stripes.

Hah. Southern Mexico and Colombia.

The distribution of this bird is very curious, as it occurs in
Southern Mexico (where the preceding species is not found) and
again in Colombia, but appears absent throughout Central America.
As in B. gtUturalis (from which B. albinucha is at once distinguished
by its yellow belly) the throat in some specimens is of a bright
orange.

47. BTTAKEEMON.

261

a. Ad. sk.

Jalapa.

SclaterColl. (Variety
with the throat orange.)

b. Ad. sk.

Jalapa (Ifof/e).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Pull. sk.

Jalapa (de Oca).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. c? ad. i?k.

Orizaba.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk.

Orizaba {Botteri).

Sclater Coll.

/. c? ad. sk.

Totontepec {Boucard).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

(/. Ad. sk.

Colombia (Dehittre).

Sclater Coll.

■^. Ad. sk.

Colombia.

Sclater Coll.

^. Ad. st.

Central America.

Purchased.

10. Buarremon melanocephalus.

Buarremon melanocephalus, Salv. et Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 121.

Above cinereous tinged with olive ; head black, cheeks greyish :
below yellow, chin blackish ; bill black ; feet hazel : whole length
6-5 inches, wing 2-8, tail 2-8.

Hah. Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta.

There are indications of longitudinal blackish striations in the
younger specimen. The species is allied to B. albinvcha, but dis-
tinguished at once by its black head.

a. cJ jr. sk. San Sebastian, Sierr. Nev. of Santa Salvin-Godman Coll.

Marta (Sitnons). (Type of the species.)

b. S ad. sk. San Jose, Sierr. Nev. of Santa Salvin-Godman Coll.

Marta {Simons).

11. Buarremon leucopis. (Plate XIV.)
Buarremon leucopis, Sd. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 439.

Above black, very slightly tinged with olive on the back ; crown
of head and nape dark chestnut ; sides of head black ; narrow rim
round the eyes white : beneath dark olive-green, blackish on the
chin ; bill black ; feet horn-colour : whole length 7 inches, wing
3-4, tail 3-3.

Ilab. Ecuador.

A distinct species, very easily recognizable by the narrow white
rim round the eye.

«, b. Ad. sk. Yauayaca, Ecuador (BucMei/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Tj'pes of the species.)

12. Buarremon castaneiceps.

Buarremon castaneiceps, Sclater, F. Z. S. 1859, p. 441, et 1860, p. 86 ;
<SW. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 25; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 505 (Antioquia).

Above olive -green : cap chestnut; sides of head and throat
blackish cinereous ; abdomen olive-green, rather brighter than the
back ; bill dark plumbeous, paler below : feet dark brown : whole
length fi"5 inches, wing 3"1, tail 2*6.

Hah. Ecuador and Colombia.

262 TANAGRID^i.

Easily kiio-^vn by its nearly uniform olive colouring and chestnut
head.

a. Ad. sk. Piio Napo. Sclater Coll.

(Type of the species.")
h. Ad. sk. Rio Napo. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. S ad. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Ecuador. J. Gpuld, Esq.

e. 2 S'd. sk. Froutino, Antioquia (Salmon). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

13. Buarremon crassirostris.

Buarremon cras!?irostris, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1865, p. 170; Salvin,
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 140, pi. xiv., et 1870, p. 188 (Veragua); Scl. et
Sail: Nomencl. p. 2 ; Lawrence, Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 101 (Costa
Rica) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 323.

Above olive-green ; cap chestnut ; sides of the head blackish ;
throat black, the feathers barred with white ; abdomen olive-green,
middle of belly yellow ; bill plumbeous ; feet dark brown : whole
length 6 inches, wing 3, tail 2-6. Female similar.

Nab. Costa Eica and Veragua.

This is rather an aberrant species of Buarremon, with a stout
bill and short tail. It may be distinguished from B. casfaneicvps
(which it generally resembles in colour) by the throat-feathers being
barred with white, and by its yellow belly.

a. 2 ad. sk. Buena Vista, Costa Rica {Cai-- Sahin-Godman Coll.

miol).

6. Ad. .sk. Costa Rica (C«rw2oZ). Sclater Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Cordillera de Tole, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Arce).

d. Ad. sk. CordiUera del Chucu, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Arce).

e. S ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. cJ ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). Sclater Coll.

g. § ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). 0. Salvin, Esq. [P.].

14. Buarremon tibialis.

Tachyplionus tibialis, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 41, ix. p. 101 ;

Fruntz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 299.
Biiarremou tibialis, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 25 ; Boucard, P. Z. S.

1878, p. 66: Salv. et Gudm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 322,

t. xxiii. fig. 2.

Above and beneath slaty black, with a slight olivaceous tinge
below ; ear-coverts shining slaty ; thighs yellow : whole length
7"4 inches, wing 3-4, tail 3*5. Female similar, but not quite so
dark.

Hah. Costa Piica and Veragua.

«. 5 ad. sk. Ranclio Redondo, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Carmiol).
h. Ad. sk. Volcan de Cartage, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Arce).

47. BtJARREMOX. 263

c. (^ ad sk. rarita, Costa Rica ((?«/7»wO. Salvin-Godman Coll.

rt. Ad. sk. Irazu district, Costa Eica Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Hoc/ers).

e. Ad. sk. Costa Rica (Cfl?vH2oO. Sclater Coll.

/■ :^^- f- , Costa Rica. Sclater Coll.

(/, h Ad. sk. Chu-iqui (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. Ad. sk. ChirKjui (Arce). Sclater Coll.

B. Subgenus Pipilopsis.
15. Buarremon melanolaemus.

Buarremon melanolaemus, Scl. et Snlv. Ibis, 1879, p. 42.5, pl.x. fir^ 2.
Carenochrous melanolajmus, Tacz. Orn. I'er. ii. p. -526. ' °"

Above sooty black ; cap chestnut; throat black ; abdomen yello\v,
with slight blackish margins to some of the feathers ; Hanks cinisrcous;
bill and feet black : whole length 6-5 inches, wing 3-1, tail 3.

■Hab. Southern Peru.

The single specimen is not quite adult, but the species is at once
distinguishable by its black throat.

a. Jr. sk. Khachupata, South Peru (TJ7uteli/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Type of the species.)

16. Buarremon rufinucha.

Embernagra rufinuclia, Lafr. et cVOrb. Syv. At: i. p. 3.5.

Arremon rufinucha, d'Oib! Toy., Ois. p. 283, pi. 27. fig. 2.

Buarremon rufinucha, Ilj>. Consp. i. p. 484 (partim) ; Sclater, P. Z. S.
18.56, p. 87 ; id. Sy7i. Av. Tan. p. 2-5 ; id. Cut. A. B. p. 91 ; Sd et
Salv. KomencL p. 24; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 603 (Bolivia) ; {id. Ibis,
18/9, p. 427.

Body above and sides of head black : cap chestnut ; loral spot
yellow: body below clear yellow: bill dark brown; feet clear
brown : whole length 5-o inches, wing 2, tail 2-5.

Ilah. Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Bolivia {Bridges). Sclater Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk. Bolivia (Bridr/es). Purchased.

d. Ad.sk. Tilotilo,Yungas, Bolivia (i?w^%). Salvin-Godman Coll.

17. Buarremon melanops.

liuarremon rufiuuchus, Set. Cat. A. B. p. 91 (err.).
Buarremon melanops, Scl. et Salt. P. Z. S. 1876, p 253 1879 n Cd'\
(Boli\a) ; iid. Ibis, 1879, p. 427. ' ^ V- ^<>

Body above and sides of head black ; cap chestnut : below yellow •
flanks and crissum passing into olivaceous ; bill black ; feet dark
flesh-colour: whole length 6 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2-6.

Hah. Bolivia.

Very similar to the preceding species, but without the \elIow
loral spot, and of a brighter yellow below.

264 TANAGKID^.

a,h. Ad.sk.; c,<1. Simacii, Bolivia (-Zj«fA7e?/). Salvin-Godman Coll.
Jr. sk. (T^^es of the species.)

e,f. Ad. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll.

18. Buarremon latinxicha.

Buarremon latinucliiis, Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Brux. xxii. pt. i. p. 154 ;

Sol. et Snlv. Nomencl. p. 25 ; iid. Ibis, 1879, p. 427, t. x. fig. 1 ;

Tdcz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 197 (N. Peru), 1882, p. IG (N.E. Peru).
CarenocLrous latinuclius, Tacz. Oni. Per. ii. p. 524.
Buarremon specularis, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 228.

Above slaty black ; sides of head black ; cap chestnut ; a well-
developed alar speculum white : beneath yellow ; slightly oliva-
ceous on the flanks and crissum ; bill black ; feet dark brown :
whole length 6 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2-9.

Hab. Peru and Eastern Ecuador.

The wcU-marked specalum distinguishes this form among the
black-backed species of this group. B. clceopvorns has also a white
speculum, but an olive back.

a. Ad. sk. TambiUo, Peru {Stolzmami). Sclater Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Peru {Stolz7nami). Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

19. Buarremon spodionotus.

Buan-emon latinuchus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 87, et 1860, pp. 76, 85 ;

id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 25 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 91.
Buarremon spodionotus, Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1879, p. 425.
Carenochrous spodionotus, Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 292.

Above cinereous ; sides of head black ; cap chestnut ; wings and
tail blackish : beneath yellow ; bill dark corneous : feet brown :
whole length 6-8 inches, wing 3'2, tail 3-2. Female similar.

Hab. Western Ecuador.

The ashy back and want of any visible alar speculum distinguish
this species.

a. S ad- sk. Guapulo, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

(Type of the species.)

b. c? pull. sk. Calacali, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Above Puellaro, Ecuador. L. Fraser [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Ecuador. J. Gould, Esq.

f. Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(/. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.
h. Ad. sk. Maravina, Ecuador (Buckley). Sclater CoU.

20. Buarremon comptus. (Plate XV.)
Buarremon comptus, Scl. ct Sah: Ibis, 1879, p. 426.

Above cinereous, wings and tail blackish, slightly edged with
cinereous ; crown light chestnut-red ; sides of the head deep black ;

47. BTJAEREMON. 265'

lores yellow : beneath clear yellow ; under wing-coverts white ;
biU dark corneous ; feet clear brown : whole length 7 inches,
wing 3-3, tail 3-3.

Hah. Eastern Ecuador.

Allied to B. spodionotus, but distinguished by its bright yellow
lores, and the lighter colour of the chestnut head.

a, b. Ad. sk. Maravina, Ecuador (Buckhy). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

(Type of the species.)

21. Buarremon elaeoproms.

Buarremon elaeoprorus, Scl. et Sah. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 504 (Antioquia) ;
iid. Ibis, 1879, p. 427.

Above dark oHve ; wings and tail black, with a well- defined
white alar speculum ; crown of head and nape chestnut ; sides of
head black, with a small yellow loral spot : below yellow ; flanks
and crissura passing into olivaceous ; bill horn-colour ; feet hazel :
whole length 7 inches, wing 2-8, tail 3. Female similar.

Rah. Antioquia, U.S. Colombia.

The dark olive back distinguishes this form of the group of
B. riifinucha. There is a slight spot of yellow on the lores, and a
well-marked white alar speculum.

a,b. (f $ ad. sk. Santa Elena, Antioquia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salmon). (Types of the species.)

e. Ad. sk. Antioquia (Sabnon). Sclater Coll.

22. Buarremon albifrenatus.

Tanagi-a (Arremon) albofrenatus, Boiss. Bev. Zool. 1840, p. 68.
Buarremon albifrenatus, B^i. Consp. i. p. 484 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 18o5,

p. 1.55, et 1856, p. 88 ; id. Si/ti. Av. Tan. p. 26 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 92; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 25; Berl. J.f. O. 1884, p. 293

(Bucararaanga).
Arremon mvstacahs, Sclater, Rev. Zool. 1852, p. 8 ; id. Contr. Orn.

1852, p. 131, pi. 99.

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish, edged with oUve ;
cap chestnut ; narrow front and sides of head black, with a well-
defined white mystacal stripe separated from the throat by a black
line ; throat white ; abdomen clear yeUow, slightly olivaceous on the
flanks and crissum ; bill horn-colour ; feet pale hazel : whole length
rv7 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2-9.

Hah. Colombia.

a. Ad. sk. ; b. Jr. sk. Colombia. Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Ocaiia, Magdalena Vallev Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Wijatt).

?6G

TANAGRID^.

23. Buarremon meridae.

Buarremon meridfe, Sd. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 785; iid. Nomevcl.
p. 25.

Above olivc-grccn ; -winji-s and tail blackish edged with olive;
whole cap pale chestnut, sides of head black ; mystacal stripe white,
separated from the throat by a black line ; under surface clear yel-
low, slightly olivaceous on the flanks and crissum ; bill horn-colour ;
feet hazel : whole length 6-5 inches, wing 2"8, tail 3-2.

Hah. Ticinity of Merida, 'Vene7,uela.

Closely allied to B. aJbifrenatus, but distinguished by the yellow
throat and the want of the black front.

a. S ad. sk. Merida {Goering). Sclater Coll. (Type of the species.)

24. Buarremon leucopterus.

An-emon leucopterus, Jard. Edinh. N. Thil. Juurn. n. s. iii. p. 02. ,
Buarremon leucopterus, Sclafcr, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 214, pi. 109, 1850,

p. 87, et 1859, p. 138; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 25; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 91 ; id. Ibis, 1859, p. 114 ; <S'e/. et Salv. Komencl. p. 24.
Carenochrous leucopterus, Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 548, et

1884, p. 292.

Above slaty black : sides of head black ; cap chestnut ; lores
white ; wings black, with a large white alar speculum ; tail black :
beneath white, sides passing into cinereous ; slight mystacal stripe
black ; under wing-coverts white ; bill dark corneous ; feet brown :
whole length 6 inches, wing 2'7, tail 2-7. Fmiale similar.

Hah, Ecuador.

a,b. c7 2 ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (Fraser). Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (Fraser^. Eyton Coll.

e,f. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

25. Buarremon dresseri.

Carenochrous dresseri, Tacz.
p. 528.

P. Z. S. It83, p. 70 ; id. Orn. Per. ii.

Above brownish cinereous ; broad front and sides of head black ;
lores white ; nape ochraceous brown ; wings dark cinereous, with a
well-defined white alar speculum : beneath white, a well-defined
mystacal stripe on each side black ; sides and crissum somewhat
ochraceous ; under wing-coverts white ; bill and feet dark brown :
whole length 5*8 inches, wing 2-5, tail 2"o.

Hah. Peru.

The description is taken from the typical specimens from Paucal,
Montana de Naucho (Jcdsli), kindly lent by M. Taczanowski. The
species is allied to B. le^icoptervs, but quite distinct, having a broad
black front, and the nape of an ochraceous brown.

47. BUABREJIOy. 26/

26. Buarremon seebohmi.

Carenoclirous seebohmi, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 70 ; id. Om. Per. ii.

p. 527.

Above cinereous ; sides of head and narrow front black ; loral spot
whitish ; cap dark chestnut : beneath cinereous, throat and middle
of belly white, throat with a black mystacal stripe on each side ;
crissum pale ochraceous ; under wing-coverts white ; bill pale
corneous, below whitish ; feet flesh-colour : whole length 6'5 inches,
wing 3, tail 3.

Hah. Peru, province of Cajatambo.

I am again indebted to M. Taczanowski for the privilege of ex-
amining the type of this species, also discovered by Jelski. In
plumage it forms a passage between the group of B. leucopterus with
white under surface, and that of B. scJiiataceiis with cinereous
under surface. The breast and sides are cinereous, the throat and
middle of the belly white, and the crissum ochraceous. There is no
alar speculum.

27. Buarremon scMstaceus.

Tanagra (Arremon) schistaceus, Boiss. Pev. Zool. 1840, p. 69.
Buarremon schistaceus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 484 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 18.5-5,

p. 1.55, 1856, p. 88, et 1858, p. 551 ; id. Sr/n. Av. Tan. p 26; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 92 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 25 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 198.
Atlapetes schistaceus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 140.
Carenochrous schistaceus, Tacz. etBerl. P. Z. 8. 1885, p. 84 (Ecuador).

Above blackish cinereous ; wings and tail black, with a well-
marked alar speculum ; sides of head black, loral spot whitish ; cap
dark chestnut : beneath cinereous, paler on the middle of the belly ;
throat whitish, with a black mystacal stripe on each side ; bill dark
corneous ; feet brown : whole length 6-5 inches, wing 3, tail 3-1.
Female similar.

Huh. Colombia and Eastern Ecuador,

rt, h. Ad. St. Bogota. Purchased.

€. Ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

rf. Ad.; e. Jr. sk. Colombia. Sclater Coll.

/'. Ad. sk. Colombia. J. Gould,- Esq.

g. Ad. sk. Colombia. Salvin-Godman CoU.

/(. Jr. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

i,j. Ad. sk. Intaj, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

28. Buarremon taczanowskii.

Buarremon mystacalis, Tacz. P. Z. -S. 1-74, p. 515.

Buarremon taczanowskii, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 236, pi. xxxv

tig. 2.
Carenochrous taczanowskii, Tacz. Om. Per. ii. p. 526.

Above dark cinereous ; sides of head and frontal spot black ; lores

268 TANAGRID^.

white; cap chestnut ; wings and tail black : below cinereous, in the
middle of the belly paler ; throat whitish, with a broad black mysta-
cal stripe on each side ; bill black ; feet clear brown : whole length
6'2 inches, wing 3, tail 3.

Hah. Pern.

Closely allied to B. schisfaceus, but distinguishable by its black
frontal spot, lighter coloured cap, and the want of the alar speculum.

n. c? ad. sk. Higos, Central Peru (Jelski). Sclater Coll. (Type

of the species.)
b. 2 ad. sk. Sillapata, Peru (Jelski). Salvin-Godman Coll.

29. Buarremon castaneifrons.

Buarremon schistaceus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 781.
Buarremon castaneifrons, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 23.5, pi. xxxv.
fig. 1 (Merida).

Above dark cinereous ; sides of head black ; whole front and cap
bright chestnut ; wings and tail blackish : beneath pale cinereous,
darker on the flanks and crissum ; throat whitish, with a black
mystacal stripe on each side ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole
length 6-4 inches, wing 3, tail 3.

Bab. Andes of Merida, Venezuela.

This is another representative form of B. schistaceus. The front
is chestnut like the cap, which distinguishes it from B. taczanowshii.
From B. schistaceus it may be recognized by the absence of the alar
speculum, and by the lighter chestnut colour of the head.

a. cJ ad.sk.; b. (^ Sierra Nevada, Merida, Vene- Sclater Coll. (Types

ad. sk. zuela {Goering). of the species.)

c, d. (5ad.sk. Merida, Venezuela (6-'oe;TO(7). Salvin-Godman Coll.

30. Buarremon pallidinuclia.

TanagTa (Arremon) pallidinuclia, Boiss. Eev. Zool. 1840, p. 68.

Arremon pallidinucha. Less. Descr. d. Mamm. et Ois. p. 351.

Buarremon pallidinucha, Bp. Consp. i. p. 484.

Atlapetes pallidinucha, Cab. Mns. Hein. i. p. 140.

Buarremon pallidinuchus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 484 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855,

p. 155, 1856, p. 87, et 1858, p. 551 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 25 ; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 92 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 24 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 198 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, pp. 128, 327 (Colombia); Berl. J.f. O.

1884, p. 29.3 (Bucaramanga).
Buarremon sordidus, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. x. p. 138 (1871) (jr.).
Carenochrous paUidinuchus, Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 84

(Ecuador).

Above dark greyish olive ; wings and tail blackish ; sides of head
black; large frontal patch reddish ochraceous, passing over the
vertex into a broad whitish nuchal stripe : beneath yellow, passing
into olivaceous on the sides and crissum ; bill dark plumbeous ; feet

47. BT7AEEEM0N.

269

clear brown: whole length 6-5 inches, wing 3, tail 3. Female
similar.

Hob. Colombia and Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk. ; h. PiiU. sk.
c. Ad. sk. ; d. Jr. sk.
e. Jr. sk.
f,y. Ad.sk.
h. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Bogota.

Matos, Ecuador (Ffaser).

Sical, Ecuador (^Buckley).

Ecuador.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman C'oll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

31. Buarremon tricolor. (Plate XVI.)

Arremon rutinucha, Tsch. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 212.

Buarremon tricolor, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 516, pi. Ixv. (Centr. Peru).

Carenochrous tricolor, Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 525.

Above dark brownish olive ; wings and tail brownish ; sides of
head black ; a broad vertical stripe from the front to the nape orange-
yellow : beneath yellow, passing into olivaceous on the flanks and
crissum ; bill dark horn-colour ; feet clear brown : whole length
6'5 inches, wing 3, tail 3.

Huh. Central Peru.

At once separable from B. pallidmuclia by its conspicuous orange-
yellow vertical stripe.

a, b. S ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.

Pumamarca, Peru {Jelski).
Tambapata, Peru (Jelski).

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

32. Buarremon semirufus.

Tanagra (Aj'remon) semirufus, Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 69.
Pipilopsis semirufus, -C^j. Consp. i. p. 485 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 139.
Buarremon semirufus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 155, 1856, p. 88 ;

id. Sy7i. Av. Tan. p. 26 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 92 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.

1868, p. 167 (Venezuela) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 25.

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish, edged with olive ;
whole head and neck above and below and breast down to the
middle of the belly bright chestnut-red ; middle of belly yellow ;
flanks and crissum olive-green ; bill flesh-colour ; feet clear brown :
whole length 6'5 inches, wing 3, tail 2"8. Female similar.

Hah. Venezuela and Colombia.

a. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
c. S ad. sk. ;

d. 2jr.sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/'. Ad. St.
(/. Ad. sk. ;

h, i. Jr. sk.
./. Ad.sk.;

k. Jr. sk.
I, m. Ad. sk.

Caracas, Venezuela {Salle).

Caracas.

Caracas (Ooering).

Puerto Cabello.
Caracas.

Bogota.

Bos:ota.

Sclater Coll.
D. Dyson [C.].
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sclater CoU.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Purchased.

270 tanagrid:e.

33. Buarremon personatus.

Arremon personatus, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 678.
Pipilopsis personatus, Bp. Coufip. i. p. 485.
Pvri'bocoma persouata. Cab. Miis. Jlcin. i. p. 138.
Buarremou personatus, 8cl. P. Z. 8. 1856, p. 89 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan.
p. 27 ; Salviji, Ibis, 1885, p. 212.

Above olive-green, tinged "with cinereous ; wings and tail slaty
black ; whole head and nape chestnut-red : below yellow, chin
chestnut ; flanks and crissuni olivaceous ; bUl and feet dark horn-
colour : whole length 6-7 inches, wing 3-1, tail 3-2. Female
similar.

Hab. Eoraima, British Guiana.

Somewhat resembling B. semirufas, but with the bill not quite so
strong, and very distinct in colour, from its yellow under surface.

a b. (S ad. sk. ; Roraima, Brit. Guiaua Salvin-Godman Coll.

' c. c? jr. sk.; {Whitehj).

d. 2 ad. sk.

e f. (S 2 ^*i- ^^- '■> Roraima, Brit. Guiana Sclater Coll.

''g. (S y- sk. {Whifehj).

34. Buarremon fulviceps.

Emberiza fulviceps, if{/)-. et cTOrb. Sijn. Av. i. p. 77 ; d'Orb. Voy.,

Ois. p. ;562, pi. 46. fig. 2.
Pipilopsis fidviceps, Bp. Consp. i. p. 485.
Buarremon fulviceps, Scl. et Sale. Numencl. p. 25; iid. P. Z. S. 1879,

p. 60-3 (Bohvia) ; Tacz. Cm. Per. ii. p. 532.

Above olive-green, wings and tail blackish, edged with olive ;
head and nape bright chestnut : lores yellow : beneath yellow ;
throat with a slight red mystacal stripe on each side ; flanks and
crissum olivaceous ; bill horn-colour ; feet brown : whole length
5-8 inches, wing 3, tail 3.

Bab. BoHvia.

Apparently allied to B. personatus, but with the bill rather weaker,
and readily known by its olive back, yellow lores, and red mystacal
stripe on each side of the throat.

a. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yimgas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(^Bucklei/).

35. Buarremon citrinellus.

Buan-emon (Atlapetes) citrinellus. Cab. J. f. 0. 1883, p. 109, t. i.
fig. 2.

Above olive-green, darker on the head ; wings and tail blackish
brown, edged with olive ; a broad superciliary stripe, commencing
on the front on each side, and another commencing at the gape,
bright yellow, leaving in the middle a broad patch of dark olive :
beneath yellow, breast and flanks olivaceous ; throat yellow, bordered

48. NESOSPIXGTJS.

271

on each side bj- a dark olive mystacal stripe ; bill black ; feet brown :
whole length <J-5 inches, wing 28, tail 2.

Huh. Tucuman, rep. Argentina.

A rather aberrant species, with short wings, which should, per-
haps, be separated generically. The j-ellow on the sides of the head,
surrounding the dark olive auricular patch, makes it easily recog-
nizable.

a. (S ad. sk.

Tiicumau (Schillz).

Sclater Coll. (One of the
types of the species.)

48. NESOSPINGUS.

Type.

Nesospingus, Sclater, Ibis, 1885, p. 273 N. speculifen

// / /

Structure of Nesospingus spcculiferus. (Ibis, 18S5, p. 274.)

This peculiar form is distinguishable from Chlorospingus (to
which genus it has until recently been referred) by its stouter biU,
with the culmen more incurved, and large Friiigilline feet. I have
some doubts whether it would not be better placed with the Ground-
Finches.

272 TANAGRID^.

1. Nesospingus speculiferus.

Chlorospingus speculiferus, Laivreiice, Ibis, 1875, p. 383, pi. ix. fig. 1 ;

Gundl. J. f. O. 1878, p. 1G8, 1882, p. 161 (nest) ; id. Anal. Soc. Esp.

H. N. 1878, p. 190.
Nesospingus speculiferus, Sclater, Ibis, 1885, p. 273.

Above nearly uniform dark earthy brown ; head rather darker, and
with indications of longitudinal striations on the cap ; a small white
speculum on the fourth, fifth, and sixth primaries; under surface
white, slightly varied with grey : bill, upper mandible brown, lower
white ; feet brown : whole length 6*5 inches, wing 3"4, tail 2*5.

Hah. Porto Eico.

a. S ad. sk. Porto Eico {Staid). Sclater Coll.

y. PITYLIN^ CONIEOSTEES.

Under this head I propose to place Arremon and its allies, in which
the bill is shorter and nearly conical, and the feet are much weaker
than in the last section.

Key to the Genera.

Bill rather longer, narrower at the base 49. Aebemon, p. 272.

Bill rather shorter, expanded at the base :

j gonys nearly straight 50. Dmcopis, p. 279.

I gonys ascending 51. Conothbaupis, p. 280.

49. AEREMON. t,_^

J. ype.

Arremon, Vieill. Analyse, p. 32 (1816) A. silens.

The shorter and more conical bill distinguishes this genus from
Buarremon ; the tail is also shorter and but slightly rounded. The
coloration is mostly olive above and white below, with a more or
less evident black gorget ; the head is black, often with a white or
greyish superciliary and mesial stripes. The fourteen species of
Arremon range from Southern Mexico to Northern La Plata.

A. Head black ; superciharies white ; vertical
stripe cinereous.
a. Pectoral collar complete.

«'. Bill black 1. siletis, p. 273.

6 '. Bill yellow, culmen black :

\ superciliaries begin on front .... 2. orbiynii, p. 274.

1 superciliaries begin above the eye 3. Jiavirostris, p. 274.
c'. Upper mandible black, lower yeUow . 4. devillii, p. 274.
d'. Bill yellow:

\ pectoral collar narrow 5. spectabilis, p. 275.

1 pectoral collar broad 6. aurantiirostris, p. 275.

49. AREEMON. 273

h. Pectoral collar incomplete.

e'. Bill black 7. nu/rirostris, p. 276.

f. Upper mandible black, lower yellow.

I Bend of wing green 8. semitorquattis, p. 277.

j Bend of wing yellow 9. axillaris, p. 277.

B. Head black ; superciliaries white ; no ver-

tical stripe.

c. Interscapulium olive.

I Bill black 10. ni(/riceps, p. 277.

j Bill yellow ; culmen black 11. wuchereri, p. 278.

d. Interscapulium cinereous.

I Bill veUow ; culmen black 12. polionotus, p. 278.

] Bill black 13. aheilltei, p. 278.

C. Head uniform black 14. schlegeli, p. 279.

1. Arremon silens.

Le Tangara de la Guyaue, Daub. PI. Enl. 742.

Tanagra silens, Bodd. Table d. PI, Enl. p. 46 ; Max. Beitr. iii.

p. 507.
Arremon silens, Bp. C'onsp. i. p. 487 ; Sclate)-, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 80 ;

id. &!/fi. Av. Tan. p. 18 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 93 ; Pelz. Om. Bras.

p. 216 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 572 (Lower Amazons),

1873, p. 187 (S. Peru) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 25 ; Layard, Ibis, 1873,

p. 380 (Para); Salv. Cat. StricU. Coll. p. 198; id. Ibis, 1885,

p. 212.
Arremon torquatus, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 794; id. Gal. Ois. p. 105,

pi. 78 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 93.
Silent Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi, p. 22.

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish, edged with olive ;
head black, superciliaries white, vertical stripe cinereous : beneath
white, with a well-defined black pectoral collar ; sides cinereous ;
bend of wing yellow ; bill black ; feet ashy brown : whole length
5'5 inches, wing 3, tail 2-6, Female. Above like the male ; below
tinged with ochraceous, and with the pectoral collar blackish and
but slightly marked.

Hah. Trinidad, Guiana, Lower Amazonia, and S.E. Brazil.

a, b. S a^d- St. South America. Pm-chased.

c. $ ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater CoU.

d. (S ad. sk. ; Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.
e. (S jr. sk. ( Wldtely).

f. cJ ad. sk. Camacusa, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Whitely).

g. cJ ad. sk. II. Attapurow, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Whitely).
h. J ad. sk. Merume Mts., Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll,

{Whitely).
i. (S ad. sk. Roraima, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Whitely).
i, ^- 6 9- ^^- sk- Roraima, Brit. Guiana Sclater Coll.

( Whitely).
I, m. (S 2 ad. sk. Oyapock, Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

n, 0. cJ $ ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

VOL. XI. X

274 TANAGRID^.

p. 2 ad. sk. Maroni River, Surinam Salviu-Godmau Coll.

(Kappler).
q. $ ad. sk. Rio Capiiu, Lower Ama- Salvin-Godiuau Coll.

zons ( Wallace).
r. 5 ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.

( W. A. Forbes),
s, t. S ad. sk. ; u. 2 Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer). Sah'in-Godmau Coll.
ad. sk. ; y. Jjr. sk.

2. Arremon orbignii.

Tordo de bosque torqiiato, Azara, Apmit. i. p. .331.
EmbernagTa silens, Lafr. ct d'Orb. Si/n. Av. i. p. 34 (partim).
Arremou silens, d'Orb. Voy. p. 281 (partim) ; Hartl. Ind. Az. p. 5.
Arremon d'orbignii, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 81 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 19 ;

Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 25 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 603 (Bolivia)j

White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 597 (Catamarca).

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish, edged with olive ;
head black, superciliaries white, vertical stripe and nape cinereous :
beneath white, with a narrow but distinct black pectoral band ;
sides cinereous ; bend of wing j'cUow ; bill yellow, with the upper
half of the upper mandible black ; feet pale brown : whole length
5'7 inches, wing 2-S., tail 2-().

Hab. Argentine Republic and Bolivia.

This species resembles A. silens, but maj' be distinguished by its
partly yellow bill, only the upper half of the upper mandible being
black, and by its narrow pectoral collar.

a. Ad. sk. Catamarca, rep. Arg. ( White). Sclater Coll.

3. Arremon flavirostris.

Aii'emon ilavirostris, Sw. An. in Men. p. 347 ; Gray, Gen. B. ii.
p. 361 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 488 : Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 81 ; id. Syn.
Av. Tan. p. 19 ; iScl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 25.

Of this species I have seen specimens in the Museum of Berlin,
and in the Dcrbj' Museum, Liverpool. It is like A. silens, but dis-
tingTiishable by the bill being yellow with only a black line along
the culmen, and by the shortened superciliaries, which commence
only above the eye instead of on the front.

Hab. Cameta, Brazil.

4. Arremon devillii.

Arremon deviUii, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 81 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 19 ;
Des Murs, in Castelnau, Voy. Ois. p. 69, t. xx. tig. 2 ; Scl. et Salv.
Nomencl. p. 25. '

Of this species I have examined the typical specimens in the
Paris Museum. It sccras to be intermediate between A. flavirostris
and A. polionotus, being distinguishable from the former by having
the upper mandible entirely black and the back cinereous only

-I-9. AUEEIION. 275

tinged with olive, and from the latter also by the colour of the back
and the bill. The figure above quoted is not very correct, and
might be taken for A. polionotus.
Hah. Province of Goyaz, Brazil.

5. Arremon spectabilis,

.li-remon spectabilis, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 114, pi. 67, 1856, p. 82,

et 1858, p. 72 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 20 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 93 ; Sd.

et Salv. Nomencl. p. 25 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 505 (Antioquia) ;

Tacz. P.Z.S. 1877, p. 3.32 (N.W.Peru); Berl. et Tacz. P. Z.S.

1883, p. 548 (W. Ecuador).
Arremon erythrorhynchus, iSclatei; P. Z. S. 1855, p. 83, pi. 89,

et p. 154, 1856, p. 83 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 21 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 93.

Above yello-svish oUve ; wings and tail blackish, edged with olive ;
head black, su])erciliaries white, vertical band and nape cinereous :
below white, with a well-defined black pectoral coUar ; sides
cinereous ; bend of wing bright yellow or orange ; bill yellow ;
feet pale yellowish brown : whole length 6 inches, wing 3-1, tail
2-5. Female nearly similar to the male, but brownish below, and
the pectoral collar not so well defined.

Uah. Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

The examination of a large series of this species has convinced me
that^. erytlirorhijmhus (based on Bogota skins) maybe safely united
to A. spectabilis of Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

J. Goidd, Esq. (Type of
A. erythrorhynchus.)

b. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk.

Remedies, Antioquia

(Salmon).
Remedies, Antioquia.

Sclater Coll.

d. c? ad. sk.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

e. Ad. sk.

Rio Napo.

Sclater Coll. (Type of
A. spectabilis.)

/. Ad. sk.

Rio Napo.

J. Goidd, Esq.

y. Ad. sk.

Rio Napo (Jameson).

Sclater Coll,

h. Ad. sk.

Sarayacu, Ecuador
{Buckley).

Salvin-Godman CoU.

i,j. Ad. sk.

Sauta Rita, Ecuador
(Buckley').

Salvin-Godman CoU,

k. 2 ad. sk.

Nanegal, Ecuador
(^Frasei-).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

/, m. S 2 ad. sk.

Nanegal, Ecuador
[Fraser).

Sclater CoU.

n. (S ad. sk.

Babahoyo, Ecuador
(Fraser).

Sclater CoU.

0. Ad. sk.

Ecuador.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

}}. Ad. sk.

Eastern Peru.

Sclater CoU.

6. Arremon aurantiirostris.

Arremon aurantiirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 72; Des Murs,
Icon. Orn. pi. 55 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 488 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 83,

t2

276 TAI^AGRID^.

et 1859, p. 377 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 21 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 93 ;
Sd. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 32 (Guatemala) ; id. P. Z. S. 1804,
p. 351 (Panama) ; iid. Nmiencl. p. 25 ; Laiur. Ann. L. N. Y. vii.
p. 298 (Panama), viii. p. 179 (Nicaragua), ix. p. 102 (Costa Eica) ;
Salv. r. Z. S. 1867, p. 140 (Veragua), 1870, p. 188 (Veragua) ; id.
Ibis, 1872, p. 317 (Nicaragua) ; Frantz.J.f. 0. 1869, p. 300 (Costa
Rica) ; Sah. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 324.
An-emon rufi-dorsalis, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1865, p, 170 ; Laivr.
Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 102 {cf. Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 308).

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish brown, edged with
olive ; head black, supcrcLliaries white, vertical band cinereous :
below white, with a broad black pectoral collar, sides dusky cine-
reous ; bend of wing yeUow ; bUI yellow ; feet pale brown : whole
length 6-;3 inches, wing 3-1, tail 2-6. Female similar.

Bah. Central America from Southern Mexico down to Panama.

The larger biU, broader pectoral band, and darker olive colour
above distinguish this species from A. spectabilis.

a. $ ad. sk. ; b. Choctum, Vera Paz Salvin-Godman Coll.

Ad. sk. (Salvin).

c. Ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz Sclater Coll.

{Salvin).

d. Ad. sk. Chisec, Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman CoU.

e. Ad. sk. Belize, Brit. Honduras Sahin-Godman Coll.

(Blancaneaux).
f Ad sk. Chontales, Nicaragua Salviu-Godman Coll.

(Belt).
g. Ad. sk. San Mateo, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Cooper).
h. Ad. sli. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica Salviu-Godman CoU.

(Arce).
i. (5 ad. .sk. ; j. $ Santa Fe, Veragua Salvin-Godman CoU.

jr. sk. ' (Arce).

k. Ad. sk. Bugaba, CHriqui (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. c? ad. .sk. ; m, n. Panama (McLeannan). Salvin-Godman CoU.

$ ad. sk.

7. Arremon nigrirostris, sp. nov.
Arremon silens, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 187.

Above olive, wings and tail blackish, edged with olive ; head
black, superciliaries white, vertical stripe cinereous : below white,
slight pectoral collar, imperfect in the middle, black ; flanks cineras-
ceut ; bend of wing yellow ; bUl black ; feet pale brown : whole
length 5-7 inches, wing 3, tail 2-5. Female. 15elow tinged with
fulvous, and without any signs of pectoral collar.

Hub. Southern Peru.

Similar to A. silens, but with the collar imperfect in the middle,
as in ^. semitorquatus, from which it differs in its black biU.

a. S ad. sk. Cosnipata, Southern Peru Sclater Coll. (Type of the

( Whitely). species.)

b. § ad. sk. Bolivia (?). Purchased.

49. AEEEMON. 277

8. Arremon semitorquatus.

M8b; ^^^«^-Xi^-/. 'S'. 1856 p. 82; ,^. ^y„. Av. Tan. p. 2of r^.

p. Jo ; Salr. Cat. Stnckl. Coll. p. 199.
TaDagra interriipta, Natt. MS.

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish, edged with olive ■
nead black, supercmaries white, vertical stripe cinereous : below
white, with a black pectoral collar, imperfect in the middle • sides
cinereous ; bend of the wing greenish yellow ; upper mandible black,
lower yellow ; feet brown : whole length o-S inches, wing 2-8, tail
2-8 Female similar, but rather smaller, not so bright, and the black
ot the pectoral collar brownish.

Ifab. South Brazil.

f"^^;''*- , , J^i-azil- J. CrouId,Esq. rP.l.

b, c c? ad sk. ; d. Brazil. . Sclater CoU. ^ ^ ^

2 ad. sk.

e- S ad. sk. Brazil. J. Gould Esq

^- ^^^- ^^- Novo Fribourgo, Eio de siilvin-Godman Coll.

Janeiro (Yotids).

9. Arremon axillaris.

Arremon axillaris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 97, 1855, p. 154 et 1856
p. 82; id. S2/n. Av. Tan. p. 20 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 93; Scl. et Salv.
JSlomencl. p. 2o.

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish brown, greater wino-.
coverts edged with olive, lesser wing-coverts and bend of wing brio-ht
yellow ; head black, superciliaries white, vertical stripe cinereous :
beneath white, sides ciuerascent ; upper mandible black, lower
yellow ; feet pale brown : whole length 5 inches, wing 3, tail 2-5
Female similar, but tinged with ochraceous below, and 'with the
half collar brownish.

Hah. Colombia.

Readily known from A. semitorquatHs^ by the bright yellow upper
wing- coverts and bend of the wing.

a. S ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. (Type of the

species.)
h,c. c? 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

d,e. J 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/, //. S 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

h. 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Gould Coll.

10. Arremon nigriceps.

Arremon nigi-iceps, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 196 ; id. Orn Per ii
p. 5.35. ■ ■

Above olive-green ; wings and tail dark cinereous, the upper wino'-
coverts slightly edged with olive; head black; broad and well

278 TANAGEID^.

marked superciliaries white : beneath -white, with a well-marked
black pectoral collar ; flanks cincrascent ; bill black ; feet pale
brown : whole length 5-8 inches, wing 3, tail 2-6.

Hah. Callacate, Peru.

The type specimen of this species has been kindly lent to me by
M. Tacz'anowski. The black bill distinguishes it from other species
of this section except A. aheiUm, which has no olive on the back.

11. Arremon wuchereri. (Plate XVII.)
Arremon wuchereri, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. pp. 25, 157.

Above olive-green ; wings and tail blackish, wing-coverts and
secondaries edged with olive ; head black, superciliaries, commencing
above the eye, white ; back of neck cinereous : beneath white, with
a distinct and rather wide black pectoral collar ; flants ciuerascent ;
bend of wing lemon-yellow ; bill yellow, culnien black ; feet pale
hazel : whole length 7 inches, wing 3-2, tail 2-8.

Hah. Province of Eahia, Brazil.

A fine and distinct species, although only yet known from a single
specimen. It is at once distinguishable from A. nigriceps by its
yellow bill and broad pectoral band, and from the next two following
species by its olive back.

a. S ad. sk. Bahia {Wuc/ierer). Salvin-Godman Coll. (Type

of the species.)

12. Arremon polionotus.

Arremon polionotus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 488 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 81 ;
id. Sipi. Av. Tan. p. 19; id. Cat. A. B. p. 93; Pelz. Orn. Bras.
p. 217 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 25.

Above cinereous ; wings and tail brownish, wing-coverts tinged
with olive-green : head black ; supcrciliai'ies, commencing above the
eye, white : beneath pure white, with a rather narrow but distinct
black pectoral collar ; bend of wing yellow ; bill with the upper
portion of the upper mandible brownish black, the rest of upper man-
dible and whole of lower mandible yellow ; feet pale hazel : whole
length 6-2 inches, wing 3-1, tail 2-8.

Hah. Cuyaba, Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. Cuyaba, Brazil {Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

6. Ad. sk. Brazil {Natterer). Sclater Coll.

c. S ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

13, Arremon abeillaei.

Arremon a,beillei, Less. R. Z. 1844, p. 435 ; Gray, Gen., App. p. 16 ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 82; id.. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 20; Scl. et Salv.
Nomencl. p. 25 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. I'STi'l , p. 744 ; id. Orn. Per. ii.
p. 534 ; Berh et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 548 (W. Ecuador).

Above dark cinereous : wings and tail blackish, edged with cine-

50. DiTJCopis. 279

reous, some of the larger wing-coverts with slight terminal white
margins ; head black ; broad superciliaries, commencing above the eye,
white : below white, with a distinct and rather broad black pectoral
collar ; flanks einerascent ; bill black ; feet pale yellowish : whole
length 6-4 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2*5.

Hah. Western Ecuador.

There is no olive whatever on the upper plumage of this distinct
species. In A. pollonotvs the wing-coverts are olivaceous, and the
back is not so dark.

a, h. Ad. sk. Santa Rita, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

14. Arremon schlegeli.

Arremon schlegeli, Bp. Consp. i. p. 488 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 83 ;
id. Si//i. Av. Tan. p. 21 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 93 ; Scl. et 8ah. Nomencl.
p. 25 ; Solo, et Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 121 (S. Marta).

Above yellowish olive ; wings and tail greyish black, the upper
wing-coverts yellowish olive ; head black ; back of neck cinereous :
beneath white, sides passing into cinereous ; a large spot on each
side of the neck, forming together a semicoUar, black; bend of
the wing yellow ; bill yellow, with a blackish spot at the base of
the culmeu ; feet pale hazel : whole length 5-7 inches, wing 2'8,
taU 2-3.

Hab. Littoral region of Colombia and Venezuela.

a. (5 ad. sk. Caracas, Yeneziiela Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Goerinff).

b. c? ad. sk. Colombia. Sclater Coll.

c. d. c? ad. sk. Minca, Santa Marta, Salvin-Godman Coll.

U. S. C. (Simons),
e. ^ ad. sk. Colombia. Purchased.

50. DIUCOPIS.

Type.

Diucopis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 491 (1850) D. fasciata.

This Brazilian form has a rather short and stout conical bill, short
wings, and rather large feet. It may come in here, or be placed
almost equally well among the typical Tanagers.

1. Diucopis fasciata.

Tanagra fasciata, Licht. Douhl. p. -32 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 493 ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 238.
Tanagi-a axillaris, Spi.r, Av. Bras. ii. p. 41, pi. 54. fig. 2.
Diucopis fasciata, Bp. Comp. i. p. 491 ; Sclater, P^Z. S. 1850, p. 68;

id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 6 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 97 ; Peh. Orn. Bras.

p. 219; Scl. et Salv. Xomencl. p. 26; Sah. Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 201.

Above grey ; lores and sides of head black : wings brown, coverts
black, crossed by a broad white band ; tail blackish, edged with
brown : beneath white, sides passing into cinereous ; under wing-

280 TANAGRID^.

coverts white ; bill plumbeous, beneath whitish ; feet clear brown :
whole length 6-7 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2-7. Young. Above brown;
lores and sides of the head rather darker ; below not so clear.
Hub. S.E. Brazil.

a. Ad. St. Brazil. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Bahia. (Wticherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
(i, e. S jr- sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Joyner).

51. CONOTHRAUPIS.

Type.

Conothraupis, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 198 C. speculigera.

I am a little uncertain about the correct position of this Peruvian
monotype, but on the whole I think it is best placed next to Diucopis.
It is, however, distinguishable by its larger wings, weaker feet, and
rather longer and weaker biU.

1. Conothraupis speculigera.

Schistochlamys speculigera, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 69 ; id. Ann. N.

H.sev. 2, XV. p. 345.
Diucopis speculigera, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 68 ; id. Sijfi. Av. Tan. p. 6 ;

Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 263 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 26.
Conothraupis specidigera, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 198, t. xxi. ; id. Orn.

Per. ii. p. 546.

Above shining black, rump greyish ; a- concealed niiehal patch and
alar speculum white : below white ; throat and upper breast shining
black : under wing-covcrts white ; bill dark plumbeous, whiter
below; feet brown : whole length 6 inches, wing 3-1, tail 2-7.

Hab. Eastern Peru.

a. Ad. sk. Ucayali {Hauxwell). J. Gould, Esq. (Type

of the species.)
6. Ad. sk. Upper Amazons. J. Gould, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Callacate, Peru (Stolzmann). Sclater Coll.

h PITYLIN^ VALIDIEOSTRES.

In Saltator and its allies the biU becomes much stronger, but
still preserves its conical outline ; the feet are large and strong. But
Orchestkus, in its shorter and somewhat swollen bill, shows signs of
transition towards Pitylus.

Key to the Genera.

A. Bill longer ; upper mandible not swollen.
a. Bill shorter ; culmen less incurved ;

tarsi longer 52. Psittospiza, p. 281.

52. PSITTOSPIZA. 281

b. Bill longer; culmen more incurved;
tarsi shorter.

I Tail somewhat rounded 53. Saltatoe, p. 282.

( Tail squared 54. Lamprospiza, p. 296.

B. Bill shorter ; upper mandible slightly

swollen ". 55. Orchesticus, p. 297.

52. PSITTOSPIZA.

Type.

Psittospiza, Bp. Cotnpt. Rend. xxxi. p. 424 (1850) P. riefteri.

Chlororuis, Heich. Av. S. N. tab. 77 (1850) P. riefferi.

This brilliant grass-greeu form has the general structure of
Saltator, but the bill is rather shorter and the tail more squared.
It is confined to the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The
sexes are similar in colour. The nest is open and cup-shaped. The
eggs (see P. Z. S. 1879, pi. xlii. fig. 8) are of a pale grey thickly
freckled.

Key to the Species.

Chestnut of the face restricted and only extending

over the chin below 1. riefferi, p. 281.

Chestnut of the face more diffused and extending

over the throat below 2. elegans, p. 282.

1. Psittospiza riefferi.

Tanagra riefferi, Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 4.

Saltator riefteri, Gray, Gen. ii. p. 363, pi. 89 ; Tsch. Faun, Per., Aves,

p. 210.
Tanagra prasina, Le.ss. Echo d. M. S. 1843, p. 947.
Psittospiza prasina, £p. Consp. i. p. 492.
Chlorornis prasina, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 141.
Chlorornis riefteri, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 154.
Psittospiza riefteri, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 78, et 18G0, p. 76 ; id.

Syn. Av. Tan. p. 16; id. Cat. A. B. p. 94 ; Scl. et Salv. Komencl.

p. 26 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 505; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Cull. p. 199;

Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 292 (W. Ecuador) ; Tacz. et Berl.

P. Z. S. 1885, p. 84 (Ecuador).

Brilliant grass-green, upper wing-coverts brighter ; lores, sides of
the face, chin, and lower part of belly chestnut ; bill orange ; feet
yellow : whole length 8 inches, wing 4'5, tail 3"5. Female similar
but rather smaller.

Hab. Colombia and Ecuador.

a. Ad. st. Bogota. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Bogota. J. Gould, Esq.

d. J ad. sk. Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Medellin, Antioquia (Salmon). Salviu-Godman Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Medellin, Antioquia (Salmon). Sclater Coll.
ff. 2 ad. sk. Envigado, Colombia (Salmon). Sclater CoD.

h. 5 ad.sk. Santa Elena, U. S. C. (<S'rt^wio«). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i,j. Ad.sk. San Lucas, Ecuador (^McWey). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

282 tanagribjE.

2. Psittospiza elegans.

Saltator elegans, Tsch. Wiegin. Arch. 1844, i. p. 288.

Saltator riefteri, Tsch. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 210.

Psittospiza elegans, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 003 (Bolivia) ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 26 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 518 (Centr. Peru), 1883,

p. 16 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 538.

Bright grass-green ; front, lores, sides of face, chin and throat,
and middle of the belly chestnut ; bill orange ; feet yellow : whole
length 7'8 inches, wing 4'5, tail 3-5.

Hah. Peru and Bolivia.

This form is not very distinct from its northern representative,
but may be recognized by the greater extension of the chestnut on
the front above and over the throat below. In P. riefferi this colour
merely just covers the chin.

a, h. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia {Buckley). SalviD-Godman Coll.
e. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yimgas, Bolivia (-Swc/vfey). Sclater Coll.

53. SALTATOR.

Saltator, Vieill. Analyse, p. 32 (1816).

The genus Saltator embraces about 19 species, diffused over the
whole Tanagrine area in the New World as far north as Mexico and
Yucatan, but not intruding into the U.S. or West Indies. They are
for the most part dressed in sober hues of olive, grey, and brown,
and of rather larger size than the average of Tanagers. The bill is
short, strong, and provided with a terminal hook and slight notch.
The feet are strong and claws sharp. The tail is rather long and
squared.

The Saltators keep to the bushes and smaller trees outside the
dense forests, build open cup-shaped nests, and lay bluish-green
eggs streaked with black round the larger end. (See Euler, J. f. 0.
1S67, p. 411 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 505 ; and Nchrkorn,
,T. f. 0. 1881, p. 68.)

Key to the Species.

A. Abdomen not striated ; plumbeous, whitish
or ochraceous.
a. Back bright olive-green.

a'. Wings olive-green like the back.
a^. Cap black :

[larger : head black . 1. atriceps, p. 283.

\ smaller : head cinereous mixed

( with olive 2. macjnoides, p. 284.

h-. Cap olive like the back 3. ma(imi.^, p. 285.

h'. Wings black 4. atrvpennis, p. 286.

h. Back grey, wings and iuterscapulium
washed with green :

I bill normal 5- similis, p. 287.

I biU very thick 6. ma.villosus, p. 287.

53. SALTATOE. 283

Back uniform grey or plumbeous ; super-
ciliary stripe wliitish; middle of throat
white, with a black line on each side.
c'. Bill dark plumbeous.
C-. Sides of head grey.
a^. Breast pale cinereous.

a*. Crissum rufous 7. (frandis, p. 288.

b*. Crissum ocliraceous.

«*. Lower belly less ochraceous :
breast slightly tinged

with fulvous 8. plumbeiceps, p. 289.

^ breast pure cinereous . . 9. olivascens, p. 289.
¥. Lower belly more ochraceous 10. ccerulesceiis^^.'HQO.

b^. Breast dark cinereous 11. superciliaris, p. 291.

cP. Sides of head black 12. orenocensis, p. 291.

d'. Bill orange ; a black guttural collar :

( guttural collar narrow 13. cmrantiirostris, p. 292.

] guttural coUar broad 14. laticlavius, p. 292.

d. Back fuscous ; no superciliaries ; front,

sides of head, and throat black 15. atricoUis, p. 293.

B. Abdomen not striated, uniform dark chest-

nut 16. ni/ivenfris, p. 29.3.

C. Abdomen not striated, yellowish white . . 17. JiavidicolKs, p. 294.

D. Abdomen sti'iated :

j rump olive 18. albicoUis, p. 294.

I rump grey 19. (/uadalupensis, p. 295.

1. Saltator atriceps.

Tanagra (Saltator) atriceps, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 208, t. 69 (1830).

Saltator atriceps, Bp. Consp. i. p. 488 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 142 ;
Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 69, 302, 1858, p. 358, 1859, pp. 58, 364,
377, et 1864, p. 174 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 7 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 95 ;
Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 14 (Guatemala) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 351
(Panama), 1870, p. 836 (Honduras) : iid. Nomencl. p. 26 ; Moore,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 58 (Honduras) ; Tai/lor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill (Hon-
duras) ; Lamrence, Ann. L. N. Y. vii. p. 297 (Panama), ix. p. 102
(Costa Rica) et p. 200 ( Yucatan) : id. Bull. U. S. N. M. no. 4, p. 19
(S.W. Mexico) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 549 (Vera
Cruz) ; Salv. Cat. StricM. Coll. p. 199 ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 421
(Panama) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 443 (Costa Rica) ; Salv. et
Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 325.

Arremon giganteus, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 117.

Pyrrhula raptor, Cabot, Boston Journ. v. p. 90, pi. xii.

Tanagra gnatho, Licht. Preis-Verz. p. 2 ; cf. Cab. J.f. 0. 1863, p. 56.

Above yellowish olive-green ; cap black ; sides of head cinereous
or mixed with black or blackish ; a slight white superciliary stripe :
below cinereous ; a large white (sometimes dark chestnut) guttural
patch, bordered above by the black chin and sides of the throat, and
below by a more or less developed black guttural collar ; crissum
chestnut or ochreous red ; bill black, lower mandible sometimes
whitish ; feet brown : whole length 10 inches, wing 5, tail 5.
Female similar.

Hah. Southern Mexico and Central America down to Panama.

284

tanagrtbj?;.

This Saltator, one of the largest birds of the Tanagrine family, is
very variable in parts of its plumage. The throat-spot, clear white
in most specimens, is dark chestnut in some ^Fexican examples, and
in others tinged with rufons. The sides of the head vary from
cinereons to nearly pure black. The guttural collar is sometimes
broad and distinct, sometimes almost obsolete. The under mandible
is sometimes yellowish instead of black, as is also occasionally the
tip of the upper mandible.

a. Ad. St.

b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.
f,/. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.
h. S ad. sk.
I. S fid. sk.
m. tS ad. sk.
n, 2 ad. sk.

0. Ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.
r. S ad. sk.

s. (S ad. sk.

t. (S ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk.

Mexico.

Mexico.

Ver.a Cruz (Salle).

Jalapa, S. Mexico (de Oca).

Northern Yucatan (Gaunier).

Belize (Blancaneaiu).

Chisec, Vera Paz (Salvhi).

Coban, Vera Paz {Salviti).

Vera Paz {Salvin).

Retalhideu, Guatemala (Salvin).

Volcan de Agua, S. Diego (Salvin).

Volcan de Agua, S. Diego (Salvin).

San Pedro Martyr, Guatemala
(Salviri).

El Zapote, Costa Grande, Guate-
mala (Salviti).

Costa Rica (Cai-miol).

Costa Rica (Carmiol).

Nicaragua (Nuttiny).

Lion Hill Station,

(McLeannan).
Panama (McLeannan).
Panama [Markham).

Panama

Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Saltator magnoides.

Saltator magnoides, La ft-. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 41 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 489 ;
Sclaie?; P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 69, 142, 302, et 1859, pp. 364, 377, et
1864, p. 174 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 7 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 9.5 ; Sol. et
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 14 (Guatemala) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 351
(Panama), 1870, p. 836 (Honduras) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 26 ; Cab.
J.f. O. 1860, p. 416 (Costa Rica); Lawr. Ann. L.N. Y. viii.
p. 179 (Nicaragua), ix. p. 102 (Costa Rica) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 140 (Veragua), 1870, p. 189 (Veragua) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost.
Soc. N. IL i. p. 549 (Vera Cruz); Frantz. J.f. O. 1869, p. 300
(Costa Rica) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 327.

Saltator gigantodes, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 142.

Saltator magnus, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. vii. p. 297 (Panama).

Saltator intermedins, Laivr. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 106 (Panama) ;
id. Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 175 (Chiiiqui).

Above clear olive-green ; cap cinereous, more or less mixed with
olive ; slight white superciliaries : beneath cinereous ; chin white,
middle of throat rufous, bordered on each side and below by a
broad black guttural band ; crissum ochraceous ; bill plumbeous :

53. 8ALTAT0R.

285

feet brown : whole length 8 inches, wing 3-9, tail 3'8. Female
similar.

Mab, Southern Mexico and Central America, down to Panama.

This is likewise a variable species. In one Mexican specimen
(Jalapa, de Oca) the head is nearly black; but it is generaUj'
cinereous, mixed more or less with olivaceous, whereas it is deep
black and well-defined from the back in the larger S. atriceps.
The black gorget also fails, or nearly so, in some specimens, when
the bird becomes very like Saltator magnus.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. »k.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/, ff. Ad. St.
h. Ad. sk.

i. Ad. sk.
j. Jr. sk.
k. Ad. sk.

/. cJ ad. sk.
m. c? ad. sk.

n. c? ad. sk.
0. Ad. sk.

p, q. cJ ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. 2 ad. sk. : t
2 jr- St. '

Jalapa {de Oca).
Vera Cruz (Salle).
Belize, Brit. Honduras

(Blancaneawx).
Cohan, Vera Paz (Salvin).
Choctum, Vera Paz (Salvin).
Chisec, Vera Paz (Salvin).
San Pedro, Honduras

(miitely).
Irazu, Costa Rica (Rogers).
Turrialba, Costa Rica (Arce),
Bebedero, Nicoya, Costa

Rica (Arce).
Costa Rica (Carmiol).
Chiriqui (Hicks).
Bugaba, Chiriqui (Arce).
Southern slope of Volcan

de Chiriqui (Arce).
Santa Fe, Veragua (Arce).
Veragua (Arce).
Panama (McLeannan).

Salviu-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater CoU.
Sal\-in-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman CoU.
Sahin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

3, Saltator magnus.

Tangara des gi'auds bois, Daub. PL Enl. 205.

Tanagra magna, Gm. S. N. i. p. 890 ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 422 ;

Max. Beitr. iii. p. 525.
Saltator olivaceus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xiv. p. 108 ; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 794 ; id. Gal. Ois. p. 103, pi. 77 ; Tsch. Faun. Per., Aves,

p. 209.
Saltator maanus, Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 489 ; Cab. Mies. Hein. i. p. 142 ;

Sclater. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 154, 1856, p. 70, 1858, p. 72, 1859,

p. 1:38,' 18G0, pp. 274, 293 ; id. Sijn. Av. Tan. p. 8 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 95; Pek. Orn. Bras. -p. 218; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 199;

id. Ibis, 1885, p. 213 (Brit. Guiana) ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 380

(Para) ; Euler, J. f. O. 1867, p. 411 (S.E. BrazU) ; Scl. et Salv.

P. Z. S. 1867, p. "750 (E. Peru) et p. 977 (Pebas), 1873, p. 185

(S. Peruj et p. 263 (E.Peru), 1875, p. 237 (Venezuela), 1876,

p. 16 (S. Peru), 1879, p. .505 (Antioquia) et p. 003 (BoUvia) ;

iid. Nomencl. p. 26 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 (Colombia) ; Tacz,

■^. Z.S. 1874, p. 517 (Central Peru), 1877, p. 332 (N.W. Peru),

382, p. 16 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 539 ; Berl. J.f. O.

P.

188

1884, p. 293 ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 548 (W. Ecuador) ;
Scdv. et Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 121 (Sauta Marta) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1881,
p. 334 (Peruambuco) ; Tacz. et Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 84 (Ecuador).

286

TANAGRID^.

Graud Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 10.

Le Griverd de Cayenne, Bauh. PI. Enl. 616(?).

Coracias ca^'anus, Bodd. Table d. PL Enl. p. -iS.

Coracias cayana, Gm. S. N. i. p. 381 ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 172.

Saltator cayana, d'Orb. Voy., Ois. p. 290.

Cayenne Roller, Lath. G. H. iii. p. 85.

Above oUve-green ; sides of head cinereous ; slight superciliaries
white : beneath pale cinereous, more or less mixed with fulvous ;
chin white, bordered on each side by a black stripe ; middle of
throat and crissum fulvous ; bill blackish ; feet brown : whole
length 7"5 inches, wing 3*7, tail 3'5. Female similar.

Uah. Prom Panama southwards to Bolivia and South Brazil.

The absence of any appearance of the black gorget distinguishes
tis bir dfrom its northern representative S. magnoides.

a. S ad. sk.

b. (S ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e,f. <5 5ad.sk.

//, h. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
j. Ad. sk.
k. Jr. sk.

/, m. x\d. sk.

n. Ad. sk.

0, 2>. S 2 ad. sk.

q. S ad. sk.

r. Ad. sk.
s. cJ ad. sk.

t. Ad. sk.
w. 2 ad. sk.
V, w. Ad. sk.
X, y. Ad. sk. ;

a. Jr. sk.
a'. 2 ad. sk.

b'. Ad. sk.
c'. Skeleton.

Minca, U. S. C. (Simons).

Manaure, U. S. C. (Si7rtons).

Bogota.

Bogota.

Remedios, Antioquia, U. S. C.

(Salmon).
Sta. Rita, Ecuador (Buckley).
Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley).
Quito.
Chamicuros, E. Peru

(Haitxtcell).
Mirkimarca, Bolivia

(Buckley).
Tilotilo, Yimgas, Bolivia

(Buckley).
Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana

(Whitely).
Roraima, Brit. Guiana

(imtely).
Cayenne.
Para, Lower Amazons

( Wallace).
Para (Wallace).
Pernambuco, IJrazil (Forbes).
Pernambuco, Brazil (Forbes).
Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer).

Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil

(Joyner).
Brazil.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.
J. Gould, Esq.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Eyton Coll.

4. Saltator atripennis.

Saltator atripeimis, <S'c/«fer, Pr. Ac. Sc. Philad. viii.p. 261 (1856) ; id.
P. Z. S. 1857, p. 0, 1859, p. 138, 1860, p. 85; id. Cat. A. B. p. 95;
Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 26 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 605 (Antioquia) ;
Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 548 (W. Ecuador).

Above olive-green ; head, wings, and tail black ; well-marked
superciliaries, carried down to a patch on the side of the neck

■53. SALTAXOK. 287

behind the ears, white : below pale cinereous ; throat pure white,
bordered with black on each side ; crissum ochraceous ; bill black ;
feet brown : whole length 8 inches, wing 3-8, tail 3-7.
Hah. Ecuador and Colombia.

a. (S ad. sk, Pallatanga, Ecuador Selater Coll.

{Frasej-).

h. 2 ad. sk. Nanegal, Ecuador (Fraser). Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Quito. J. Gould, Esq.

<?. Ad. sk. Antioqiiia. (Salmo7i). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e- 2 ad. Medellin, Antioquia (Salmo7t). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Medellin, Antioquia, U. S. C. Selater Coll.

{Sahno7i).

ff. Ad. sk. Bogota. Selater CoU.

5. Saltator similis.

Tauagra superciliaris, ili«.r. Beiti: iii. p. 518 ?

Saltator similis, Lafr. et cVOrh. Syn. Av. i. p. 3G; d'Orb. Voy.

p. 290, pi. 28. f. 2 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 480 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 143 ;

Selater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 71 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 9 ; id. Cat. A.

B. p. 95 ; Peh. Oni. Bras. p. 218 ; Scl. et Sah. Nomencl. p. 26 ;

Salv. Cat. StricM. Coll. p. 200 ; Cab. J.f. O. 1874, p. 84.
Saltator gutturalis, Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Above cinereous ; intorscapulium and greater wing-coverts and
secondaries suffused with olive-green ; supcrciliaries white : below
pale fulvous ; throat white, bordei-ed on each side by a black line ;
flanks passing into cinereous ; under wiug-coverts pale fulvous ;
bill plumbeous ; feet brown : whole length 85 inches, wing 4, tail 4.
Female similar.

Hab. Southern Brazil and Corrientes, rep. Arg.

«. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil (TT'iic/iem-). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Santa Fe, Miuas Geraes' Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Rogers).

c. S ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. e. S $ ad.sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sid, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Brazil (Joyner).
f, ff. Ad. sk. Brazil. ' Selater Coll.

h. cJ ad. sk. Brazil (Berl. Mus.). Selater CoU. (S. yut-

turalis, Licht. MS.)

6. Saltator maxillosus.

Saltator maxillosus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 142; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 74 ;

id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 12 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 96 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 26.
" Saltator caerulesceus, Vieill.,''' Cab. Mtis. Hein. i. p. 142.
Saltator superciliaris, Licht. in Mus. Berol. p. 44.
Saltator gularis, Lafr. in mus. mo ; Selater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 74 •

id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 12; id. Cat. A. B. p. 96. '

Above cinereous ; supcrciliaries long and distinct, white ; sides of
the head blackish : below pale fulvous, mixed with cinereous,

a. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

b, c. Ad. sk. ;

; d.

Brazil.

Jr. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

288 TANAGRID.E.

especially on the flanks ; middle of throat and belly whitish ; the
throat bordered on each side by a rather broad black stripe ; bend of
wing and under wing-coverts white ; bill thick and swollen at the
base, black, with a large yellowish blotch at the base of the upper
mandible : whole length 8 inches, wing 4, tail 4. Young similar,
but upper surface and wings tinged with olive, and bill black.

Hah. S.E. Brazil and Uruguay.

This species is at once recognizable by its massive bill, which has
also a peculiar swelling at the base of the upper mandible, just below
the nostril. In my American Catalogue I entered the young as
/S. maxillosus, as agreeing best with Dr. Cabanis's description, and
the adult as S. gularis. But the olive back and dark bill of the
former are, I now think, probably due only to immaturity.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

J. Gould, Esq.

7. Saltator grandis.

Tauagra grandis, Licht. Preis- Verz. p. 2 (IBol) ; cf. Cab. J. f. 0.
186.3, p. 57. _

Saltator rufiventris, Vi(/. Bcechei/s Voy. p. 19.

Saltator vigorsi, Gray, Gen. ii. p. 36.3 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 489 ; id. Notes
Orn. p. 23 : Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 143.

Saltator icterophrys, Lafr. liev. Zool. 1844, p. 41.

Saltator grandis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 72, 1857, p. 205, 1859,
pp. 58, 364, 377, 1864, p. 174 (Mexico) ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 10; id.
Cat. A. B. p. 96 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 14 (Guatemala) ; iid.
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836 (Honduras) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 26 ; Moore,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 58 (Honduras) ; Cab. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 416, 1861,
p. 1 (Costa Eica) ; Sumichr. Mem. Post. ' 8. N. H. i. p. 549 (Vera
Cruz) ; Laiur. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 102 (Costa liica) et p. 200
(Yucatan) ; id. Bull. U. S. N. M. no. 4, p. 19 (W. Mexico) ; Frantz.
J.f. O. 1869, p. 300 (Costa Rica) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 200 ;
Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 443 (Costa Rica) ; Salv. et Godm. Biol,
Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 328.

Above cinereous, wings and tail blackish ; superciliaries white ;
sides of head black : below pale cinereous ; middle of throat white,
with a broad black stripe on each side ; crissum rufous ; lower belly
and under wing-coverts ochraceous ; bill blackish, paler at the base
of the lower mandible ; feet dark brown : whole length 8-5 inches,
wing 4-1, tail 4"1. Female similar. Young. Above olive-green,
superciliaries yellowish ; below suffused with olive-green, crissum
rufescent.

Bab. Southern Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America south to
Costa Rica.

a. Jr. sk. Orizaba (Batten). Sclater CoU.

b. Ad. sk. ; c-e. Orizaba {Botteri), Purchased.
Jr. sk.

53. SALTATOE.

289

/. Ad. sk.

g. Ad. sk. ;

Jr. sk.
i. Ad. sk. ; j

sk.
h. cJ jr. sk. ;

I. 2 Ad. sk,
in. Ad. sk.
M. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
g", r. Ad. sk.

s. Ad. sk.

t. cS ad. sk.

Tonala, Chiapas, Mexico (Stimi-

chrast).
Mexico.

Jr. Northern Yucatan (Gaumer).

Duenas, Guatemala (Sal v in).

San Pedro, Honduras ( Whitelij).

Honduras.

Irazu, Costa Rica {Rogers).

San Jose, Costa Rica (Canniol).

Tempate, Nicoya, Costa Rica

{A}-ce).
Volcan de Cartago, Costa Rica

(Arce).
Nicaragua (Nutting).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
D. Dyson [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

8. Saltator plmnbeiceps.

Saltator plumbeiceps, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 477; id. Metn. Bost.
S. N. H. ii. p. 274; Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i.
p. 329.

Above cinereous ; superciliarics white : below pale cinereous ;
throat white, with a black stripe on each side ; middle of belly
lighter ; crissum ochraceous : bill aud feet dark plumbeous : whole
length 8'4 inches, wing 4'1, tail 4'1. Female similar. Youmj.
Above olivaceous, with yellowish superciliaries ; beneath pale yel-
lowish ; rictal stripe blackish.

Hah. Western Mexico.

Yery closely allied to 8. grandis, of which it is, no doubt, the
western form, but not so dark above and much paler below.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

a, b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. c? jr. sk.

e. 5 ad. sk. ;
/. 2 jr. sk.

g. Jr. sk.

Mazatlan, W. Mexico (Forrer).
Mazatlau, Mexico (Xantus).
Putla. S. Mexico (Boncard).
Presidio, Mexico (Forrer).

Mexico.

Purchased.

9. Saltator olivascens.

Saltator olivascens. Cab. in ScJiomb. Guian. iii. p. 676 , id. Mus. Hein.

i. p. 142 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 490 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 71, 1857,

p. 19 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 9 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 95 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras.

p. 218 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868,j}. 167 (Yenezuela) ; iid. Xomencl.

p. 26 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 83 (Trinidad) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871,

p. 327 (Colombia) ; Salv. et Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 121 (Santa

Marta).
Saltator icterophrys, Leot. Ois. de Trin. p. 285.
Saltator plumbeus, B/). Xotes Orn. p. 23 ; id. Compt. Bend, xxxvii.

p. 923 (Santa Marta).

Above cinereous ; wings aud tail blackish, edged with cinereous ;
short superciliaries white : below pale cinereous ; middle of throat

TOL. XI. u

290 TANAGUIDiE.

white, with a broad blackish stripe on each side ; middle of belly
whitish ; flanks, lower part of belly, and crissnm ochracoous ; under
wins^-coverts white ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length
7-5 inches, wing 3-7, tail 3-5. Female similar. Toiiiir/. More or
less tinged with olivaceons above and below; snperciliaries yel-
lowish ; sometimes with slight striations on the breast.

Hub. Guiana, Trinidad, Yenczucla, and northern coast of Colombia.

Some specimens of this species resemble examples of /S. plumhdceps
so closely that it is very difficult to distinguish them. In general,
however, the present bird may be recognized by its more cinereous
breast, and darker, more plumbeous upper surface.

a. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Zool. Soc. Coll.

d. S ad. sk. Carupano, Venezuela (Goerinff). Salvin-Gpdman Cull.

e. Jr. sk. Venezuela {Goering). Sclater Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Sclater Coll.
g. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Sclater Coll.

h. Ad. sk. ; Santa Marta, U. S. C. {Wyatt). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. Jr. sk.

j. S ad. sk. ; Santa Marta, U. S. C. {Simons). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. c? jr. sk.

I. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll,

m. Ad. sk. Venezuela (?). Purchased,

n. Ad. sk. Venezuela (?). P. L- Sclater, Esq. [P.].

10. Saltator cserulescens.

Habia de ceja blanca, Azam, Apunt. i. p. 344.

Saltator cse'rulescens, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xiv. p. 105 ; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 791 ; Hartl, Ind. Az. p. 6; d'Orh. Voij., Ois. p. 287; Sclater,

P. Z. S. 18o6, p. 73 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 11 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 90 ;

M. ct Salv. Nomencl. p. 20 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 003 (Bolivia) ;

Burm. La Plata lieise, ii. p. 480 (Parana) ; Durnford, Ibis, 1878,

p. 59 (rep. Arg.) ; Salv. Ibis, 1880, p. 353 (Salta) ; White, P. Z. S.

1882, p. 597 (Salta) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 10 ; id. Orn. Per. ii.

p. 544 (N.E. Peru ?).

Above cinereous, wings and tail rather darker; short snperci-
liaries white : beneath pale cinereous ; throat white, with a blacki.-b
rictal stripe on each side ; fore neck slightly tinged with fulvous ;
middle of belly whitish ; lower belly and crissum strongly suffused
with fulvous ; under wing-coverts pale fulvous ; bill blackish ; feet
dark brown : whole length 8-5 inches, wing 4-3, tail 4-1. Female
similar to the male, but slightly smaller.

Jiah. Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentine llepublic, and Bolivia.

This species is very like S. oUvasccns, but is rather larger in size,
and has the fulvous colour below extended further over the lower
b3lly.

a. Ad. sk. Argentine Republic. Sclater Coll.

b. 5 ad. sk. Gran, Salta, Arg. Rep. ( White). Sclater Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Gran, Salta, Arg. Rep. (Wliite). Salvin-Godmnn Coll.

d. S,e. 9 sk. Salta, Arg. Rep. II. Durnford [C.].
f. Skeleton %ton Coll.

53. SALTATOK. 291

11. Saltator superciliaris.

Tanagra superciliaris, Sjmi; Av. Bras. ii. p. 44, pi. 57.

Saltator superciliaris, Cah. Mtis. Hein. i. p. 142 ; Salv. Cat. Sfrickl.

Coll. p. 200 ; Scl. et Salt: P. Z. S. 1873, p. 263 (E. Peru) ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 26 ; Tan. Oni. Per. ii. p. 541 ; JVhite, P. Z. 6'. 1882,

p. 597 (Corrientes) (?).
Saltator cffirulescens, Tsch. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 209.
Tanagra muta, Licht. in Mus. Berol.
Saltator mutus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 185(3, p. 72 ; id. Syn. Ar. Tan. p. 10 :

id. Cat. A. B. p. 96.
Saltator azarte, d'Orh. Toy. p. 287; Bp. Consp. i. p. 490; Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1856, p. 73, 1858, p. 72; id. 8yn. Av. Tun. p. 11; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 96 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 181, 1867, p. 977 (E.

Peru), 1869, p. 597 (S. Peru); Pelz. Oru. Bran. p. 219; Tacz.

Orn. Per. ii. p. 540.
Saltator albicoUis, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 517 (Lima).

Above dark cinereous, rather blacker on the wings and tail ;
short superciliary stripe white : beneath pale cinereous ; middle of
throat white, with a broad blackish rictal stripe on each side ; lower
bell)' and crissum pale fulvous; under wing-coverts white, sonie-
timcs tinged with fulvous ; bill blackish ; feet dark brown : whole
length 8-5 inches, wing 4-3, tail 3-8. Female similar. Younfj more
or less tinged with olive above and below.

Hah. Lower Amazonia, Peru, and Ecuador.

The Lower Amazonian skins are mostly rather paler in colouring,
but cannot, I think, be separated from the Peruvian bird, which
Mr. Salvin and I have sometimes referred to as S. azarce. The
species also comes very near to 8. olivasccns, but may be distinguished
by its darker cinereous colour above and on the breast.

a, b. Ad. sk. ; Mexiana, Lower Amazons Sclater Coll.
c. Jr. sk. {Wallace).

d. Ad. sk. Upper Ucayali (Bartlett). Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Lower Ucayali. E. Bartlett [C.].
f,g. (5 2 ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peru (Ilaiuwell). Salvin-Godman Coll.
h. .Ir. sk. Eastern Peru {Fcm-is). Salviu-Godmau Coll.
i. Ad. sk. Cosnipata, South-western Peru Sclater CoU.

( niiitely).

j. Ad. sk. Rio Napo. Sclater Coll.

k. Ad. sk, Sarayacu, Ecuador (Bvckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

m, n. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.].

12. Saltator orenocensis.

Saltator orenocensis, Lafr. E. Z. 1846, p. 274 ; Gray, Goi., App.

p. 16 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 490 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 143 ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 77 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 15 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 26 ;

Salv. Ccd. Strickl.' Coll. p. 200.
Saltator genalis, Licht. in Mus. Berol.

Above plumbeous ; wings and tail blackish, edged with plum-
beous ; superciliaries distinct, and commencing on the front, white
sides of head and neck black, with a square white spot adjoining

u 2

292 TANAGRID.i;.

the base of the lower mandible : beneath white, passing into clear
ferruginous on the flanks and crissum ; under wing-coverts white ;
bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 7*3 inches, wing 3-4,
tail 3-2.

Hah. Venezuela.

A very distinct species, easily known by the well-defined black
of the sides of the head, and the small white spot at the base of
tho lower mandible.

«. Ad. sk. Angostura, Venezuela. Sclater Coll.

13. Saltator aurantiirostris.

Habia pico naran jado, Azara, Apunt. i. p. .349.

Saltator aurantiirostris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xiv. p. 103 ; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 789 ; (TOrh. Voy., Ois. p. 288; Bp. Omsp. i. p. 490 ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 74 ; id. Sijn. Av. Tan. p. 12 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 96 ; Scl. et

Salv. Nomencl. p. 26 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 598 (Salta) ; Burm.

J.f. 0. 1858, p. IGO (Mendoza), 1860, p. 253 ; id. La Plata Eeise,

ii. p. 481.

Above cinereous, with a slight olivaceous suffusion ; head rather
darker ; sides of head and throat black ; superciliary stripe, com-
mencing above the eye, white : below pale cinereous mixed with ful-
vous, a well-marked guttural collar joining the sides of the throat
black ; ends of the outer rectrices more or less varied with white ;
bill clear orange ; feet greyish brown : whole length 7-5 inches,
wing3'(3, tail 3'5. Female and Young not so brightly coloured, and
with the guttural collar almost or altogether absent ; no white on
the outer tail-feathers ; superciliary stripe fulvous.

Hah. Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern and western portions of
Argentine llepublic.

Cosquin, Cordova, Arg. Rep. Salvin-Godman Coll.

( White).

Mendoza, Arg. Rep. {Bur- Salvin-Crodman Coll.

meister).

Argentine Republic. Sclater Coll,

Pampas Argentiuas (Li^- Salvin-Godman CoU.

bold).

Paraguay. Sclater Coll.

Monte Video (Sello). Sclater Coll.

Paysaudu, Uruguay. A. Peel [C.].

Bolivia (?). ' T. Bridges [C.].

14. Saltator laticlavius.

Saltator aurantiirostris, d'Orh. et Lafr. Syn. i. p. 35; d'Orb. Voy., Ois.

p. 288 (partim).
Saltator laticlavius, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 151, 1873, p. 780

(S. Peru), 1879, p. 603 (Bolivia) ; iid. No7nencl. p. 26 ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1874, p. 517 (Centr. Peru), 1880, p. 198 (N. Peru), 1882, p. 16 (N.E.

Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 545.

Above cinereous, with a slight olivaceous tinge; superciliary stripe.

a,

d,

6. c? 2 ad. sk.
c. <S jr. sk.
e. c? ? ad. sk.

ff-

Ad. sk.

cJ ad. sk.

h. 2 ad. sk.
i. 5 ad. sk.
j. Ad. sk.
k,l. Ad.sk.

53. SALTATOR. 293

from above the ej-e backwards, white ; sides of head joined together
by a very broad guttural collar, which encircles the whole throat,
black ; abdomen greyish, with a strong fulvous tinge in the middle ;'
two outer rectrices with strongly marked terminal white patches on
their inner webs ; bill clear orange ; feet brown : whole length
8-5 inches, wing 4, tail 4-2. Female and Youiuj. More olivaceous,
and with the guttural collar almost or entirely absent.

Hah. Bolivia aud Peru.

Closely allied to S. aurantiirostris, but distinguishable by the en-
larged guttural collar and the more extended and more distinctly
marked white tips to the outer rectrices.

a. cS ad. sk. Tinta, Peru ( Jl'ldtehj). Sclater Coll. (Type

of the species.) "

6. cJ ad. sk. Tinta, Peru ( Whitely). Salvin-Godman Coll

c. Jr. sk. Tinta, Peru ( Whitely). H. Whitely [C.].

d,e. (S 9- ad. sk. ; Sorata, Bolivia {Buckleij). Salvin-Godman Coll

/. c? jr. sk.

g, h. Ad. sk. Bolivia (Z). Forles). Sclater Coll.

15. Saltator atricollis.

Habia gnla negra, Asara, Apunt. i. p. 349.

Saltator atricollis, Vieill. Noiiv.Bict. xiv. p. 104; id. E)ic. Meth. p. 790;

<TOih. Vol/., Ois. p. 2b8 ; Bp. Co»?,s/j. i. p. 490 ; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1856, p. 77; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 15; id. Cat. Am. B. p. 97 ; Pelz.

Orn. Bras. p. 219; Set. et Sah. Nomencl. p. 26 ; iid. P.Z. S. 1879,

p. 604 (Bolivia) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 200.
Tanagra atricolUs, Spi.v, Av. Bras. ii. p. 43, pi. 56. fig. 2.
Saltator validus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xiv. p. 106.
Tanagia jiigularis, Licht. Bonhl. p. 31.
Fringilla iugularis, Max. Beitr. iii. p. .558.
Saltator sordidus, Less. Echo d. M. <S'. 1845, p. 295.
Tanagra personata, Natt. MS. {teste Pelzehi).

_ Above cinereous brown : wings and tail blackish, edged with
cinereous ; front and sides of the head, with the throat and fore neck,
black; abdomen bufiy white, flanks and crissum rufescent ; bill
orange, with a line along the culmen blackish ; feet reddish : \^ hole
length 8 inches, wing 3-G, tail 3-G. Fe.naie similar.
Hah. South Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Eio. Sclater Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

d. e. Ad. St. Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

16. Saltator rufiventris.

Saltator rufiventris, Lafr. et d'Orb. Syn. Av. i. p. 35 ; d^Orh. Voy., Ois.
p. 289, pi. 28. fig. 1 ; Cray, Gen. ii. p. 3(j3 ; Bj). Consp. i. p. 4b9 ; Set.
P. Z. S. 185G, p. 74 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 12 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.
p. 20 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 603 (Bolivia).

Above dark plumbeous ; superciliaries white : below chestnut-

294 TANAGRID^.

red ; throat and upper breast like tlio back ; bill horn-colour ; feet
brown : whole lent;th 9 inches, winpf 4--t, tail 4. Female and Younr/
more obscure, washed with olive ; abdomen paler.
Hub. Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.].

17. Saltator flavidicoUis.

Saltator flavidicoUis, Scl. P. Z. S. ISGO, p. 274 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 96 ;

Bed. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 548 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 543.
Saltator olivascens, Scl. et Sulv. Ibis, 1871, p. 327 ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1877, p. 320 (err.?).

Above cinereous, washed with olive-green, short superciliaries
white : below dirty white, tinged with yellowish ; under wing-
coverts white ; bill horn-colour, tip yellow ; feet dark brown : whole
length 7 inches, wing 3-7, tail 3*7. Youmj with breast striated,
much resembling S. albicollis (!).

Ilab. Western Ecuador.

I am much perplexed about this bird, which, in 1871, Mr. Salvin
and I agreed to regard as the young of S. olivascens. But MM.
Berlepsch and Taczanowski are quite opposed to this view, and cer-
tainly, judging from the specimens in Messrs. Salvin and Godman's
series from Puna, it would seem to be more correct to place this species
next to *S. albicollis. In fact it is difficult to detect much difference
between specimen h of the subjoined list and some examples of
S. albicollis.

a, h. Ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll. (Types

of the species.}

c. Ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador. L. Eraser [0.].

d. Ad. sk. W. coast of S. America. J. Gould, Esq.

e,f. Ad.sk. Guayaqydl (Barclai/). G.Barclay,Esq.rP.].

ff. Ad. sk. ;• h. Puna I., Guayaquil ( Villa- Salvin-Godman Coll.

Jr. sk. gomez).

18. Saltator albicollis.

Saltator albicollis, Vieill. Nouv, Diet. xiv. p. 107 ; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 793 ; Bi). Consp. i. p. 489 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 75 ; id. St/n.

Av. Tan. p. 13 ; id. Cat. A.B. p. 97 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 ; Scl.

et Salv. Nomencl. p. 26; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 505 (Antioquia) ; Tacz.

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 517 (Lima), 1879, p. 229 (N. Peru), 1880, p. 198

(N. Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 642 ; Salv. et CJodm. Ibis, 1880,

p. 122 (S. Marta) ; id. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 330 ; Salvin,

P. Z. S. 1883, p. 421 (Panama) : id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 200 ; Berl.

J.f. 0. 1884, p. 293 (Bucaramanga).
Saltator maculipectus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 73 ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 489; Sclatrn-, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 76; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 14; id.

Cat. A. B. p. 97 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1804, p. 83 (Trinidad) ; Scl. et Salv.

P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167 (Venezuela).
Saltator striatipectus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1847, p. 73 ; Bp. Co7isp. i. p. 489 ;

Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 154, 1856, p. 76, 1866, p. 97 ; id. Syn, Av.

53. SALTATOR.

295

Tan. p. 14 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 97 ; Laxor. Ann. L. N. Y vii. p. 331
(Panama), viii. p. 175 (Chiriqiii).
Saltator isthmicus, Sdater, P. Z. S. 1801, p. 130 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 97 ;
Sd. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 351 (Panama) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1807,
p. 141, 1870, p. 189 (Vei-agua).

Above ashy grey, more or less suffused, except on the ends of the
primaries and tail, with olive-green ; sides of head cinereous ; short
supcrciliaries in front of the eye, sometimes almost obsolete, whitish :
beneath wliite ; breast more or less marked with longitudinal oliva-
ceous striatious ; under wing-coverts white ; bill plumbeous, or
with a yellowish tip ; feet brown : whole length 7 inches, wing 3' 6,
tail 3" 6. Female similar.

Hab. Veragua, Panama, and west coast of S. America down to
Lima ; also Colombia, Venezuela, and Trinidad.

This is a wide-ranging and variable species, of which I was for-
merly inclined to make several species. The examination of the
large series enumerated below has convinced me that it is not pos-
sible to distinguish the various forms, even as subspecies, satisfac-
torily. I have examined the type of 8. albicoUis of Vieillot at
Paris, and believe it to be an immature bird of this species.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

a. 5 ad. sk.

b. $ ad. sk.

c. d. J 2 ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.
//, k. Ad. sk.

i, j. S 5 fid. sk.
k. 5 ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n, 0. 2 ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s, t. Ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk.
v-.v. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z. Ad. sk.
a' , b'. 5 ad. sk.

c'. 5 ad. sk.

d'. Ad.sk.
e'. Ad. sk.

Santa ¥6, Veragua (Arce).
Chitra, Veragua {Arce).
Veragua {Arce).

Panama {Hughes).
Panama {Bell).

Panama {McLf.annan).
Panama {Hicks).
Panama {Markham).
Miuca, U. S. C. {Simotis).
Minca, U. S. C. {Simons).
Ocafia, Magdalena Valley

{Wyatt).
Puerto Cabello.
Venezuela ( Goerincj).
Venezuela.
Trinidad.
Bogota.
Bogota.
Bogota.
Medellin, Antioquia, U. S. C.

{Salmoii).
Medellin, Antioquia, U. S. C.

{Salmon).
Guajango, Peru {Sfolzmann).
Lima {Nation).

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll. (Types

of S. isthmicus.)
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Zool. Soc. Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

19. Saltator guadalupensis.

Saltator guadalupensis, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1844, p. 167 ; Bp. Consp. i.
p. 489; Sclater, P. Z. -S.'lS.jG, p. 76, 1871, p. 270 (S. Lucia) ; id.
Syn. Av. Tan. p. 14 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 97 temper, P. Z. S. 1872,

296 TANAGRID^.

p. 649 (S. Liicia) ; Sd. et Sah: Nomencl. p. 26 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1864,
p. 167 (Dominica) ; Laicrence, Proc. U. S. N. M. i. pp. 57 (Domi-
nica), 354 (Martinique), 457 (Guadaloupe), et 487.
Saltator martinicensis, Up. Consp. i. p. 489 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 76 ;
id. Si/)i. Av. Tan. p. 14 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 267.

Above cinereous ; head, upper back, and wings externally strongly
suffused with olive-green ; supcrciliaries, more or less distinctly
marked, white ; sides of head cinereous : below dirty white, purer
on the middle of the throat, which is bordered on each side by a
blackish stripe : breast slightly tinged with olivaceous, and more or
less longitudinally striated with dark shaft-stripes ; basal portion of
bill blackish, apical portion and gonys yellowish ; feet brown :
whole length 8 inches, wing 3'8, tail 3-6. Female similar.

Ilab. Guadaloupe, Martinique, and S. Lucia, West Indies.

This is an insular form of /S. albicoUis, to be recognized by its
grey rump, the black stripes which border the throat on each side,
and the generally more obscure colour below.

a. 2 ad. sk. Martinique {Oher). Sahnn-Godman Coll.

6, c. cj 2 ad. sk. INIavtinique ( Ober). Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Martinique. Sclater CoU.

e. Ad. sk. Santa Lucia {Semper). Sclater Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Santa Lucia {Semper). Salvin-Godman Coll.
V- Ad. sk. Santa Lucia. Sclater Coll.

54. LAMPROSPIZA. „

Type.
Lamprospiza, Cab. Wiegm. Arch. 1847, pt. i. p. 246. . L. melanoleuca.

In plumage Lamprospiza reminds one of Cissopis, but in structure
it comes nearer to iSaJtator, although the bill is rather weaker. The
tail is of moderate length and squared at the extremity. The single
species is restricted to Cayenne and Lower Amazonia. The sexes
are distinct.

1. Lamprospiza melanoleuca.

Saltator melanoleucus, Vieill. Noiiv. Diet. xiv. p. 105 ; id. Enc. Meth.

p. 791.
Lamprospiza melanoleuca, Sclater, Tan. Cat. Sp. p. 4 ; id. P. Z. S.

1856, p. 78, et 1857, p. 79 (note) ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 16 ; id.

Cat. A. B. p. 94; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 218 (Para) ; Set. et Salv.

Nome7icJ. p. 25; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 199.
Divaricated Tanager, Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. p. 40.
Tanagra duplicata. Lath, in Mus. Derb.
Psaris habia, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 186, pi. 59.
Tit3ra habia, Gray, Gen. ii. p. 253.
Lamprospiza habia, Cab. in Wiegm. Arch. 1847, pt. i. p. 246 ; Bi).

Consp. i, p. 492.

Above shining black ; below white ; throat and breast, continued in
two broad lines which pass from the middle of the breast on each
side under the wing, shining black ; thighs black ; under wing-coverts

55. OECHESTICtJS, 297

■white ; bill yellow^; feet black : whole length 5-G inches, wing 3-3,
tail 2-5. Female similar, but the whole of the back and upper
wing-coverts cinereous.

Hah. Cayenne and Lower Amazonia.

a,b. c? $ ad. sk. Cayenne. J. C4ould, Esq.

c. S ad. sk. Cayenne. Purchased.

d,e. S 2 fid. sk, Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

55. ORCHESTICUS. „

Type.
Orchesticus, Cab. Miis. Hein. i. p. 143 (1851) 0. abeillii.

The singular brown Tanager upon which Cabauis based his genus
Orchesticus would at first sight be taken for a female, from its dull
brown plumage. But there is no doubt that it is a distinct and
rather isolated form, in which the sexes are clad nearly alike. The
much rounded culmen and swollen upper mandible of the altogether
shorter biU distinguish this Brazilian monotype from Saltator.

1. Orchesticus abeillii.

Pyrrhula abeiUei, Less. Hev. Zool. 18o9, p. 40.

Tauagra occipitalis, Kaft. in Mus. Berol.

Orchesticus occipitalis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 143.

Orchesticus abeillii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 66; id. Syn. Jv. Tan.

p. 4 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 97 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 220 ; Scl. et Salv.

Numencl. p. 26.

Above hazel-brown, back of head plumbescent : front clear rufous ;
wings chestnut-red, with the parts of the webs adjoining the shafts
blackish ; wing-coverts yellowish rufous ; tail rufous ; beneath
nearly uniform ochraceous brown ; under wing-coverts yellowish
rufous : bill dark plumbeous, paler below ; feet brown : whole length
7*4 inches, wing 3-7, tail 3-5. Female similar, but rather smaller.

Hab. S.E. Brazil.

a, b. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

c. (S ad. sk. ; d, e. 2 Brazil. Sclater Coll.

ad. sk.

/, ff. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. c? ad.sk.; i,j. $ Pelotas, Eio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godruau Coll.

ad. sk. (Joyner).

€. PITYLIX^ TUMIDIEOSTRES.

In Pltyhis and its allies we have arrived at the extremity of the
Tanagrine series, where the strong-billed Finches of the genus
Cardinalis and Pheucticus are doubtless not far distant. The bill is
very strong and the upper mandible greatly swollen ; but the
characteristic terminal notch is always more or less discernible, and
the median tooth also occasionally present.

298

TANAGRID.T..

Key to the Genera.

Bill longer ; upper mandible slightly
expanded ; feet strong :

(■ tail moderate, rounded 56. Oreothhaupis, p. 298.

I tail very long, graduated 57. Cissopis, p. 290.

Bill sliorter; upper mandible much
expanded ; feet weak :

I bill smaller; commissure smooth 58. Schistochlamys, p. .301.
bill larger ; commissure more or
less dentated 59. Pitylus, p. 303.

50. OREOTHEAUPIS.

Oreotliraupis, Sd. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 80

Type.
0. arremonop?

Bill and foot of Oreothrcaqm arremmo2}S.

This well-marked monotj'pe of the Andes of Ecuador in style of
plumage and general habit corresponds rather to the members of the
genus Arremon. Buttlie bill is altogether different, the upper mandible
swelling slightly in the middle and overlapping the under, as in the
genus Lanio, though not developed into a decided hook. It is, how-
ever, much shorter, broader, and deeper than in the last-named genus,
and has more general resemblance to that of some of the Saltatores.

1. Oreothraupis arremonops.

Saltator arremonops, Jard. Edinh. N. I'hil. Jom-n. ser. 2, ii. p. 119

(1855) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 84, pi. xcii.
Oreotliraupis arremonops, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 80 ; id. TSi/n. A v.

Tan. p. 18 ; Sd. et Salv. Nomend. p. 25 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 439.

Above dark chestnut-brown ; wings and tail blackish, edged with
chestnut-brown ; head black, with a brown vertical stripe and two
superciliary stripes cinereous : below chestnut, browner on the flanks

)/. cissopis. 299

and crissum ; middle of bolly cinereous ; throat black ; bill black ;
feet clear horn-colour : whole length 6*7 inches, wing 3-2, tail 3-2. '
Hah. Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Solater Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk. Imtac, Ecuador {Bucldeij). Salviu-Godman Coll.

57. CISSOPIS. ^ ^^

Cissopis, Vieill. Analyse, p. 40 (1816) C. levmana

Eethylus, Cuv. Megn. An. i. p. 341 (1817) C. leveriana!

This is an exceptionally well-marked form among the Tauagers,
at once distinguished by its long graduated tail and glossy black and
white plumage. The bill is short and strong and terminated by a
powerful hook. The feet are large and strong. Cissoxns ranges
over South America from Colombia to Southern Erazil.

I am only able to distinguish two forms of this genus. Of them
the smaller one, hitherto usually called media and minor, seems
really best entitled to bear the original name ''leveriana." I have
therefore followed Cabanis in calling the larger form Cissopis major.

Key to tlie Species.

a. Smaller ; the black of the back reaching only to

the interscapulium 1. leveriana, p. 299.

b. Larger ; the black of the back extended below

the interscapuhum 2. major p. .300.

1. Cissopis leveriana,

Lanius leveriauus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 302 (1789) : Slum, 3Ius. Lever.

t. p. 241. '

Lanius picatus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 73.
Corvus collurio. Baud. Orn. ii. p. 246.
Eethylus medius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 491.

Nomencl p. 25 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. IQ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 538 ;
Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 213 (Brit. Guiau.).
Saltator bicolor, Lafr. etcVOrh. Syn. Av. i. p. 36.
Eethylus picatus, (FOrb. Voy., Ois. p. 269: Tsch. in Wiecim. Arch.

1844, pt. i. p. 288. •
Cissopis minor, Tsch. Fann. Per., Aves, p. 211 ; Cab. in Schomb. Guian.

et 1858, p. 454;
, et Salv. P. Z. S.
i) ; iicl. Nomencl.
p. 25 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 517 ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 536.
Eethylus minor, £p. Consp. i. p. 491.
Magpie Shrike, Lath. G. H. ii. p. 94.

_ Above pure white ; whole head and neck down to the interscapu-
lium shining black ; wings and tail black ; lesser wing-coverts, spots
at the ends of the greater wing-coverts, margins of outer secondaries,

300

TANAGKIDJi:.

and ends of the tail-feathers white : helow white : throat and breast,
extending in a point down to the middle of the belly, shining black ;
feathers lanceolate ; under wing-coverts white ; bill and feet black :
whole length 10 inches, wing 4-.3, tail 5-4. Female similar.

Hah. Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Bartica Grove ( Whitehj).

h. Ad. sk. San Cristobal, Venezuela
{Goering).

c. cJ ad. sk. San Cristobal, Venezuela

( Goeriny).

d. Ad. sk. Bogota.

e. Ad. sk. Bogota.

f. Ad. sk. ; g. Pull. Colombia,
sk.

h. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckle;/).

i. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador [Bucklei/).

j. Ad. sk. Intaj, Ecuador (Biirklei/).

k. Ad. sk. San Jose, Ecuador {Buckley).

I. (S fid. sk. Pebas, E. Peru (Ilauxivell).

m. Ad. sk. Ucayali {Hauxwell).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll,
Purchased.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

2. Cissopis major.

Bethylus picatus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 5-45 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 491.
Cissopis major, Cah. Mus. Hein. i. p. 144 (1851); id. J.f. O. 1874,

p. 84 ; Bunn. Syat. Ueh. iii. p. 204.
Cissopis leverianus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 78 ; id. Syn. Av. Tan. p. 16 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 94; Scl. et Sal v. P. Z. S. 18GG, p. 181; iid.

Nomencl. p. 25 ; Pelz. Oni. Bins. p. 217 ; Salu. Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 199 ; Berl. J.f. O. 1873, p. 245 (S. Cathariua) ; Reinh. Fuylef.

Bras. Camp. p. 230.
Le Pie Pie-grieche, Levaill. Ois. d'Afr. ii. p. 33, pi. UO.

Above pure white ; whole head and neck, extending in a point
down to the lower part of the interscapulium, shining black ; lesser
wing-coverts, spots at the ends of the greater coverts, margins of
the outer secondaries, and tips of the tail-feathers white : below
white ; throat and breast, descending to a point in the middle of the
belly, shining black ; feathers lanceolate ; under wing-coverts white;
bill and feet black : whole length 11*5 inches, wing 4-8, tail 6"2,
Female similar, but rather smaller.

Bab. S.E. Brazil.

Only separable from the former by its rather larger size, and the
greater extent of the black on the upper surface.

Lord Stuart de Pothesay[P.].
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

a. Ad. st.

Brazil.

b, c. Ad. sk.

Bahia, Brazil ( Wuchcrer).

d. Ad. sk.

Rio, Brazil.

e. c? ad. sk.

Rio Claro, Goyaz,

Brazil {Joyner).

/. (S ad. sk.

Pelotas, Rio Grande do

Sul, Brazil {Joyner).

ff, h. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

58. SCmSTOCHLAMYS. 301

58. SCHISTOCHLAMYS. rp^p^

Scliistoclilamys, Eeichb. Av. Si/sf. Kai. tab. Ixxvii. (1850) S. capistrata.

The Tanagers of the genus ScJiisfocManit/s, as here limited, make
a decided approach to the true Tanagne, and I have much doubt about
this being their correct position. The bill is moderately thick, and
has a decided, though small, terminal notch ; the wings are rather
short ; the tail very slightly rounded ; the claws short. The sexes
when adult seem to be similarly coloured.

1. Schistoclilamys capistratus.

Tanagra capistrata, Max. JReise n. Sras. ii. p. 500 (1821) ; id. Beitr.

iii. p. 500 ; Sjnx, Av. £ras. ii. p. 41, pi. 54. f. 1.
Diucopis capistrata, £p. Cousp. i. p. 491.
Orchesticus capistratus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 67; id. Syn. Av.

Tim. p. 5; id. Cat. A. B. p. 98; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 220; Scl. et

Salv. Nomencl. p. 26 ; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 334 (Pernambuco) ;

Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 201.
Tanagra leucophsea, Z/c/if. Doiibl. p. 32.
Schistochlamys leucophfea. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 141.

Above grey ; wings and tail blackish, edged with grey ; cap
brown ; front, lores, line round the eye, and chin black : honeath
clear reddish ochraceous ; flanks and lower part of belly grey ;
crissum like the breast ; under wing-coverts white ; bill plumbeous ;
feet dark brown : whole length 7 inches, wing 3*3, tail 3"3.
Female similar. Young. Above greyish brown, below not so bright
as in the adult ; middle of belly olivaceous.

Hah. South-eastern Brazil.

a, h. (S ad. sk. ;

0. $

Pernambuco, Brazil

Sclater Coll.

ad. sk.

(Forbes).

d, e. Ad. sk. :

;/•

Jr. sk.

Bahia, Brazil ( IVucherer).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. Ad. sk.

Baliia, Brazil.

Sclater Coll.

'h. Ad. sk.

Rio, Brazil.

Sclater Coll.

i. Ad. sk.

Novo Fribourgo, Prov. Rio
( Yojids).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

j. c? ad. sk.

Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joyner).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. cS ad. sk

Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil
{Joyner').

Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. Ad. sk.

Pelotas, Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil {Joyner).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

VI. Jr. sk.

Brazil.

Sclater Coll.

n. Ad. St.

Brazil.

Pm-chased.

0. Skeleton.

Brazil.

Eyton Coll.

2. Schistochlamys atra.

Tangara a cravatte noire de Cayenne, Dauh. PI. Enl. 714. fig. 2.
Tanagra atra, Gin. S. N. i. p. 898.
Saltator ater, Cab. in ScJiomb. Guian. iii. p. 077.
Nemosia atra, Bp. Cvnsp. i. p. 2.'?6.
Diucopis atra, Bji. Conf<p. i. p. 492.

Schistochlamvs atra, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 141 ; Sclater, P. Z, S. 1855,
p. 154.

302

TANAGKID.T-:.

Tanag-ra melanopis, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 422 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. m\.

yaltator melanopis, Vivill. Nouv. Diet. xiv. p. 103 ; id. Enc. 3Icth.
p. 790; d'Orb. Voy., Ois. p. 201 ; Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 210.

Orchesticus ater, Scl'atcr, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 07 ; id. Si/71. Av. Tan. p. 5 ;
id. Cat. A. B. p. 98 ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 213 (Guiana) ; Scl. et
Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 597 (S. Peru), 1873, p. 185 (S. Peru), 1875,
p. 237 (Venezuela), 1870, p. 10 (S. Peru), 1879, p. 505 (An-
tioquia) et p. 004 (Bolivia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 20; Pek. Orn. Bras.
p. 220; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 327 (Colombia); Forbes, Ibis, 1881,
p. 334 (Pernambuco) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 547 ; Berl. J. f. O.
1884, p. 294 (Rucaramanga) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Cull. p. 201 ; id.
Ibis, 1885, p. 213 (Brit. Giiian.).

Tauagra olivina, Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 607, et 1873, p. 180, pi. xxi.
(jr.); Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 210.

Black-faced Tanager, Lath. G. H. vi. p. 12.

Grey, wings and tail blackish edged with grey ; below paler,
middle of belly and under wing-coverts whitish ; front half of head,
sides of head, and throat down to the middle of the breast black ;
bill plnmbeons ; feet black : whole length 7 inches, wing 3-2, tail
3-2. i^e)Ha?e similar. Zoitn^. Cinereous olive-green ; below paler;
wings and tail brown edged with olive.

Enb. South America, from Trinidad and Colombia down to
BoUvia and Southern Brazil ; but not yet observed in Upper
Amazonia.

In the series are several specimens showing the passage from the
uniform cinerascent olive plumage of the young bird {Tancujra
olivina, olim) to the adult.

a. Ad. sk.

h,c. 6 ad.sk.; d. ?
ad. sk. ; e. 6 .F-
sk. ;/,</. 2 jr.sk

h. Ad. ; i. 6 F- sk.

j. Jr. sk.

7c. Ad. sk.
/, m. Ad. sk.

n. Jr. sk.
o. J ji'- ^^■
p, q. Ad. sk.
r. c? ji'- sl£-

s. 5 ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.

71. Ad. sk.

V. Ad. sk. ; w, d:

Jr. sk.
y. Ad. St.

Trinidad.

Roraima, Brit. Guiana
(Whitely).

Merume Mts., Brit. Guiana

( Whitely).
Couutyn r., Brit. Guiana

{im Thurm).
Cayenne (^Mather).
Pernambuco, Brazil

{Forbes).
Pernambuco, Brazil

{Forbes).
Cuyaba {Natierer)

Sclater Coll.
Salviu-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Kamosani, Bolivia
{Biwkley).

Cosnipata, S. Peru
( Whitely).

Cosnipata,S. Peru( Whitely).

Antioquia, U.S. of Colom-
bia {Salmon).

Bogota.

Bogota.

S. America.

Sclater Coll. (Type

of Tanayra olivina, Sclater.)

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll. .

J. Gould, Esq.

59, riTYLus. 303

5'J. PITYLUS.

Type.

Pitylus, Cm. Regn. An. i. p. 41.3 (1829) P. grossus.

Cissurus, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. t. 77 (IBoO) p. fuliginosus.

Periporpliyriis, Reich. Av. Si/st. t. 77 (1850) P. erytliromelas.

Caiyothraustes, Reich. Av. Syst. t. 78 (18o0) P. viridis.

In Pitylus the Tanagrine bill reaches its greatest development, and
it is bj no means easy, it must be confessed, to draw the line between
these birds and some of the Coccothraustine Finches. But most of
the Piii/li show traces of the commissural tooth, and all possess the
terminal notch and more or less hooked termination of the mandible,
which is characteristic of the Tanar/ridce.

The Pit)/U, as here treated of, extend over the whole Neotropical
area from South Mexico to Paraguay and Bolivia.

Key to the Species.

A. General colour grey or blackish-grey :

I throat white 1. grossus, p. 303.

j throat black 2. fuliginosm, p. 304.

B. General colour black and red :

( back red 3. erythromelas, p. 305.

I back black 4. celceno, p. 305.

0. General plumage olhe and yellow.
a. Belly yellow :

1 smaller : front yellow 5. viridis, p. 30G.

I larger : front black 6. brasiliensis, p. 306.

h. Belly cinereous :

r cap and breast yellow 7. poKogaster, p. 307.

\ cap and breast cinereous 8. hinneralis, p. 307.

1. Pitylus grossus.

Loxia grossa, Linn. S. N. i. p. 307.

Pitylus grossus, Cab. in Schoiub. Guian. iii. p. 677 ; id. Mus. Hein. i.
p. 143; Rp. Consp. i. p. 503; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 154, 1856,
p. 04, 1857, p. 264, et 1860, p. 293 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 2 ; id.
Cat. A. R. p. 98 ; 8cl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 352 (Panama),
1873, p. 185 (S. Peru) et p. 263 (E. Peru), 1879, p. 505 (Antio-
quia); iid. Nomencl. p. 26; Cassin, Pi: Ac. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 140
(Truando r.), 1865, p. 170 (Costa Rica) ; id. Ann. L. N. Y. vii.
p. 298 (Panama), ix. p. 102 (Costa Rica); Salv. P.Z.S.1867,
p. 141 (Veragua) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 317 (Nicaragua), 1885, p. 213
(Brit. Guian.): Rerl. J.f. O. 1873, p. 245; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 518 (Central Peru) ; 'id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 548; Pelz. Orn. Rras.
p. 220 ; Salv. et Godm. Riol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 331 ; Rerl
et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 549 (W. Ecuador).

Grosbec bleu d'Ameriqne, Dmib. PL Enl. 154.

White-throated Grosbeak, Lath. G. H. v. p. 268.

Above and beneath nearly uniform bluish grey ; wings and tail
black, edged with bluish grey ; throat white : lores, sides of the
head, and band round the white throat black ; under wiug-coverts
white ; bill red ; feet blackish : whole length 7"5 inches, win"- 4,
tail "i'o. Female similar, but not quite so bright, and the black
colour replaced by grey ; beneath more brownish grey.

304

TANAGRIDJE.

Ilah. Cayenne, Guiana, Amazonia, Peru,
Panama, Costa llica, and Nicaragua.

a,h. c? ? ad. sk.

c. S ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e,f. d' 2 ad. sk.
_9. c? ad. sk.
h. c? ad. sk.
i. 2 ad. sk.
j. c? ad. sk.

k,l. S 2 ad. sk.

H«. c? ad. sk.

n. 2 ad. sk.

o. 2 ad. sk.
p. is ad. sk.
g-, r. c? 2 ad. sk.
s. 2 ad. sk.
t. (S ad. sk.

u. 2 ad. sk.

«. 2 ad. sk.

Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana

{Whitehj).
Camacusa, Brit. Guiana

( Whitehi).
Merume Mts., Brit. Guiana

(^ Whitely).
Cayenne.
Oyapoc, Cayenne.
Pebas, Peru {Havxioell).
Rio Javari, Peru (Bates).
Sarayacu, Ecuador

{Bucldey).
Esmeraldas, Ecuador

{Fraser).
Balzar Mts., Ecuador

(Illinf/worth).
Nielli, U. S. of Colombia

(tSahnon),
Bogota.

Panama (McLeannan).

Santa Fe, Veragua (Arce).
Valza, Costa Rica (Car-

miol).
Tucurriqui, Costa Rica

{Arcc).
Choutales, Nicaragua

(Jansoii).

Ecuador, Colombia,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Pitylus fuliginosus.

Loxia fuliginosa, Daud. Orn. ii. p. 372.

Pitvlus fuliginosus, Sclater. P. Z. S. 18o6, p. 64; id. Si/ii. Av. Tan. p. 2 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 98 ; Cab. J. f. O. 1873, p. 245 ; 'Pek. Orn. Bras.

p. 220 ; Berl. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 245 (S. Catharina) ; Scl. el Salv.

Nomencl p. 26 : 'Sulv. Cat. Strickl. CoU. p. 201.
Coccotliraustes cffirulescens, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xiii. p. 546 ; id. Enc.

Mcth. p. 1016.
Pitylus cffirulescens. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 143.
Fringilla gnatho, Licht. Doubl. p. 22 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 552.
Pitylus gnatho, Bp. Consp. i. p. .503.
Pitylus atrochalybeus, Jard. et Selb. III. Orn. i. pi. 3.
Tauagra psittacina, Spix, A v. Bras. ii. p. 44, pi. 57. fig. 2.
Saltatur psittaciuus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 4f;0.
Pitylus erythrorhynchus, Sw. Class, ii. p. 282.
Sooty Grosbeak, Lath. G. H. v. p. 260.

Above and below bluish black ; sides of the head, throat, and
breast black ; under wing-coverts white ; bill orange ; feet black :
whole length 9 inches, ■\A'ing 4'1, tail 4*4. Female similar, but
scarcely darker on the throat and breast, and not quite so bright.

Hah, South-east Brazil.

59. PiTYtus, 305

a. c? fid. sk. Bahia, Brazil ( Wticlierei-). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. c? ad. sk. Rio, Brazil. Sclater Coll.

e. S ad. sk. Novo Fiibourg-o, Rio de Sahin-Godman Coll.
Janeiro (Yoitds).

d. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

e. Ad. sk. Brazil. Lieut. Maw [P.].
/,r/. ^. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

V. "bkeletou. EytonColl.

3. Pitylus erythromelas.

Loxia errthromelas, Gm. S. N. ii. p. 859.

Coccotliraustes erythromelas, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xiii. p. 547 ; id, Enc.

Meth. p. 1017 {id. Gal. des Ois. i. p. 70, pi. 59.
Pitylus erythromelas, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 65 ; id. S)/n. Av. Tan.

p". 3 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. OS : Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 572

(Lcsver Amazons); iid. Nomencl. p. 20; Sah. Ibis, 1885, p. 213

(Br. Guiana).
Periporphyrus erythromelas, Bp. Consp. i. p. 503.

Scarlet ; whole head and throat black ; under win,2;-coverts rosy red ;
bill dark plumbeous ; feet brown : whole length 7*5 inches, wing 4,
tail 3"S. Female. Yellowish olive, more yellowish below; head and
throat black.

Hub. Guiana, Cayenne, and Lower Amazonia.

a. c? ad. st. South America. Purchased.

b. c? ad. sk. Demerara {Broicri). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. d. (S 2 ad. sk. Camacusa, British Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

( TMiitely).

e. 2 ad. sk. Roraima, Brit. Guiana (TP7(jVe/)/). Sclater Coll.

f. (^ ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.
(/. $ ad. sk. Cayenne. Purchased.
ft. (J ad. sk. Capim River, Lower Amazons Sclater CoU.

{JVallace).

4. Pitylus celseno.

Fringilla celseno, Lic/d. Preis-Verz. p. 2 (1831); cf. Cab. J.f. O.

1863, p. 57.
Pitylus atro-purpuratus, Zafr. Pev. Zool. 1838, p. 224 (J).
Pitylus atro-ohvaceus, Lafi: Pev. Zool. 18.38, p. 224 ( $).
Pyranga mexicaua, Less. Pev. Zool. 1839, p. 41.
Carj'othraustes atro-olivaceus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 503.
Periporphyrus atro-purpuratus. Pp. Consp. i. p. 503.
Pitylus celffino, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 05, 1864, p. 174 ; id. Si/n.

Av. Tan. p. 3; id. Cat. A. B. p. 99 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 26 ;

Salv. et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 332, t. xxiv.

Above black ; cervical collar purpli-sh red : below, throat and
breast black ; abdomen purplish red, slightly variegated with black ;
under wing-coverts rosy red ; bill dark plumbeous ; feet dark
brown : whole length 8'4 inches, wing 4'1, tail 3-5. Female. Olivo ;
beneath yellowish ; head and throat black. (Lafr.)

Hah. ilexico.

a. S ad. .*k. Mexico (TJ'hite). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. c? ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll.

VOL. XI. X

306 TANAGRin.Ti.

5, Pitylus viridis.

Loxia canadensis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 304.

Pitylus canadensis, Cab. in Srho?nh. Gin'n7i. iii. p. 667.

CoTOOthraustes vividis, riri7i. Ear. Mrth. p. 1017.

Caiyothraustes viridis, Cab. Mii^. Jlcin. i. p. 144.

Caryotliraustes cayanensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 514 (partim).

Pitylus personatus. Less. Rev. Zool. 1830, p. 42 ; id. Descr. d. Mainm.

et Ois. p. 344.
Canada Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Hisf. v. p. 382.
Pitylus viridis, Sc/afer, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 65 ; id. Si/n. Av. Tan. p. 3 ;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 99 ; Sd. et Salv. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 572 (Para) ; iid.

Nomcncl. p. 26; iid. E.v. Orn. p. 167 ; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 213.
Pitylus cayanensis, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 221.

Above yellowish olive, beneath yellow ; lores, line round the eye,
and throat black ; under wing-coverts yellow ; bill dark plumbeous ;
feet dark grey : whole length 6 inches, wing 3*5, tail 2-7. Female
similar.

Ifah. Guiana, Cayenne, and Lower Amazonia.

a,b. ,5 2 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godman Coll.
{Whitelu).

c. cj ad. sk. Merunie Mts., Brit. Guiana Salvin-Goduian Coll.

( Whitehj).

d. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

e. Ad- sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Gyapock, Cayenne. Purchased.

g. Ad. sk. Para ( Wallace). Sclater Coll.

h. Ad. sk. S. America.. Sclater Coll.

6. Pitylus brasiliensis.

Fringilla viridis, Ma.r. Beitr. iii. p. 555.

Fringilla cayanensis, Licht. Verz. p. 22 (excl. syn.).

Caryothraastes brasiliensis, Cah. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 144.

Pitylus brasiliensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 66; id. Syn. Av. Tan.

p. 4: id. Cat. A. B. p. 99 ; Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 221 ; Scl. et Salv.

Nomencl. p. 26 ; iid. E.v. Orn. p. 168 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 202.

Yellowish olive, beneath yellow ; front, sides of head, and throat
black ; under wing-coverts yellow ; bill dark plumbeous ; feet
brown: whole length 6-6 inches, wing 3-6, tail 2-9. Female
similar.

Hub. S.E. Brazil.

Very similar to P. viridis, but rather larger in size, and with
the front black.

a, b. Ad. sk.

Pernambuco, Brazil (Forbes).

Salvin-Godraan Coll.

c. Ad. .sk.

Bahia.

.1. Gould, Esq.

d. Ad. sk.

Babia.

Ld. Stuart de Rothesay [P.],

e. Ad. sk.

Novo Fribourgo, Rio de
Janeiro {Youds).

Salvin-Godman Coll. "

/. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

ff, h. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

M. Claussen [P.].

i. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

Sclater Coll.

1

59. PITTLUS. 307

7. Pitylus poliogaster.

Pitvlus poliogaster, Du Bus, Bull. Ac. Bnt.r. xiv. pt. ii. p. lOo; id.

iiev. Zool. 1848, p. 245 ; id. Esq. Oni. t. 22 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,

pp. 66, ;-!02, et 1859, p. 376; id. S,/n. Av. Tan. p. 4; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 98; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. :i2 (Guatemala) ; iid. P. Z. S.

1864, p. 352 (Panama), 1870, p. 836 (Plonduras) ; iid. Ex. Orn.

p. 168 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 26 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 141 ( Veragua) ;

id. Ibis, 1872, p. 317 (Nicaragua) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. S. N. H.

i. p. 549 (Vera Cruz) ; Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 102 (Costa

Rica) ; Sain, et Godm. Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i. p. 333.
Pitylus flavocinereus, Cassin, Pt: Acad. Sc. Philad. 1848, i. p. 47.
Caryothraustes episcopus, Bj). Consp. i. p. 504.

Above yellowish olive, head yellow ; lower back cinereous ; sides
of head and throat black ; breast yellow ; belly cinereous ; under
wing-coverts sulphur-yellow ; bill dark plumbeous ; feet dark grey :
whole length (vS inches, wing 3-8, tail 3. Female similar.

Bab. Southern Mexico and Central America down to Panama.

a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll.

b. (5 ad. sk. Choctuiu, Vera Paz (Sahn'n). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Kamkhal, Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. 2ad.sk. Yaxcamnal, Guatemala (.S'ai?w«). Sahin-Godman CoU.

e. Ad. sk. Belize, Brit. Honduras (Blanca- Salvin-Godman Coll.

neaiLv).

f. Ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt). Salvin-Godman Coll.
//, h. Ad. sk. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
i. Ad. sk. Santiago de Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
.;'. Ad. sk. Santa Fe, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.
f^,L d 2 ''"i- sk. Panama (McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll.

8. Pitylus humeralis.

Pitylus (Caryothraustes) humeralis, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 467.
Pitylus humeralis, Scl. et Salv, Ex. Orn. p. 167, pi. Ixxxiv. ; iid.
Nomencl. p. 26.

Above yellowish olive-green ; wings and tail blackish, edged with
olive-green ; smaller wing-coverts and bend of wing yellow ; cap
cinereous ; sides of head black ; rictal stripe on each side white
varied with black ; throat on each side black, varied more or less
with white in the middle ; abdomen cinereous, flanks olive, crissum
yellow ; under wing-coverts and asillaries pale yellow ; bill jjlum-
beous, paler beneath ; feet dark grey : whole length 6-2 inches,
wing 3"4, tail 3 8.

Hah. Colombia and Ecuador.

In this very distinct species the bill is rather more compressed
and slightly more incurved than in P. poliogaster. But that bird is,
apparently, its nearest ally.

a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Rio Napo. Sclater Coll.

d. e. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Biicklei/). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley). Sclater Coll.

x2

308

Family ICTERlDyE.

The Icteridcr represent the Starlings (StiirnklcB) in the New
"World, from -which the latter are altogether excluded. The)- are
typical Oscines, and bearing no trace of the outer or tenth primary
(which has become altogether aborted), must, according to the
arrangement adopted in this work, be placed in the series of " Frin-
gilliformes," or " nine-quilled Passeres," in which this wing-forma-
tion prevails.

The Icteridce are generally of a rather large size for typical
Passeres, some of the larger Cassiqucs rivalling even the Crows in
stature, and the majority of them being of considerably greater
average bulk than the Tanagers. The bill is long, equal to or
longer than the head, straight or gently curved, more or less conical,
without any terminal notch, and unprovided with any rictal
bristles.

The tarsi are covered in front with divided scutes, behind with
one undivided plate, as in other typical Oscines.

The wings are long or of moderate length, and contain 9 primaries
and 9 secondaries, altogether IS remiges.

The tail varies much in length and shape, but is usually long or
of moderate length ; and always contains 12 rectrices, of which the
two central are the longest.

The Icteridce are as a rule strictly monogamous, and builders of
elaborate nest-structures. But an extraordinary exception takes place
in some species of the genus Molothrus, in which the polygamous
and parasitic habits of some of the Cuckoos of the Old World are
repeated.

The Icterida are strictly confined to the ISTearctic and Paltearctic
Eegions, in which they are distributed from the Arctic Circle to
Patagonia, being most plentiful in Central America and in the nor-
thern parts of South America.

Key to the Subfamilies.

A. Nostrils naked, exposed: mesorhi-

nium more or less expanded into a

frontal shield I. CASSICINJE, p. 309.

B. Nostrils more or less covered with a

membrane ; mesorhiniiim elevated
but not expanded.
a. Culmen straight or nearly so ;

mesorhinium more or less

flattened.

a'. Outer secondaries normal IT. AGEL^IN^E, p. .330.

h'. Outer secondaries elongated . . III. ST UliNELLlN JE, p. 355.

309

b. Culnien more or less incurved ;
mesorhinium rounded.
c'. Tarsi short ; feet insessorial ;

tail rounded IV. ICTERIN^, p. 361.

d'. Tarsi Ion": ; feet gressorial ; tail

generally much graduated .. V. QULSCALIN^, -p. 38S.

Subfamily I. CASSICIN^.

The naked exposed nostrils and expansion of the mesorhiaium
into a frontal shield sufficiently characterize this suhfamily.

The Cassicinc' are mostly of large size, the larger Cassiques being
among the most bulky of Passerine birds. They are, so far as we
know their habits, builders of elaborate purse-like nests, which are
suspended from the branches of lofty trees, and lay spotted eggs.

The Cassicince are forest-loving birds, and inhabit the tree-clad
portions of the New World, from Southern Mexico to Paraguay and
Bolivia ; but do not extend into the Patagonian and Antillean Sub-
region.

Key to the Genera.

A. Frontal shield much expanded, and much

elevated at the back.

a. Bill short and broadened at base ; no

occipital crest.
( Wings shorter than tail ; bases of

J lower mandible swollen, homy .. 1. Clypeictehtjs, p. 310.
) Wings longer than tail ; lower
( mandible normal 2. Ocyalus, p. 31 1 .

b. BUi lengthened and compressed : a slight

occipital crest.
a'. Frontal shield extending back behind

the eye 3. Eucorystes, p. 311.

b'. Frontal shield terminating in front of
the eye.

\ Base of lower mandible naked. . 4. Gyjixostinops, p. 312.
I Baseof lowermandiblefeathered 5. Osxrxops, p. 31o.

B. Frontal shield slightly expanded and but

little elevated at the hack.

c. Neck-feathers normal.

c'. Posterior end of mesorhinium rounded ;
slight or no occipital crest.

I Culmen slightly incurved .... 6. Cassicus, p. 320.

( Culmen quite straight 7. Amblycercus, p. 326.

d'. Posterior end of mesorhinium angular;

a well-developed crest 8. Cassicultjs, p. 328.

d. Neck-feathers developed into a frill. ... 9. Cassidix, p. 329.

310

1. CLYPEICTERUS.

Clypeicteriis, i?;j. Cojisj). i. p. 426 (1850) ....

Type.
C. oseryi.

Frontal shields of Cassiques.— 1. Clypeicfenis oseryi; 2. Ocyaliis latirostris;
3. Eucorydes wagleri.

This remarkable monotypic form is confined to Upper Amazonia.
It is at once distinguishable by the enormous development of its
frontal shield, and the swollen horny bases of the lower mandible.
The bill is short and wide at the base.

1. Clypeicterus oseryi.

Cassicus oseryi, Deville, Rev. Zool. 1849, p. 57 ; DesMurs, Voy. de

Casteln., Ois. p. 6G, t. 18. fig. 3 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867,

p. 72.
Clypeicterus oseryi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 426; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. 8. 1867,

■p. 755, 1873, p. 265 ; iid. Nurnencl. p. 35 ; Scl. Jhis, 1883, p. 146 ;

Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 402.

Above chestnut ; wings black, coverts and secondaries edged with
chestnut ; tail yellow, four middle rectrices and outer webs of the
external pair brownish olive : beneath greenish yellow, more ashy
on the throat ; belly, flanks, and crissum dark chestnut ; bill
greenish white, passing into horn-colour at the apex ; feet black :
whole length 14-5 inches, wing 8-5, tail 5-5. Female similar but
much smaller : whole length 11 inches, wing 6, tail 4-3.

Bab. Ujiper Amazonia.

X-C-'t-^ (£j: . //' ^"^ /

2. OCTALTTS. 3. EUCORTSTES.

311

(f jr. sk. Cliamicuros, E. Peru {BartleU).

$ ad. sk. C'hamicuros, E. Peru (BarfJett).

cJ ad sk. Huallaga, E. Peru (Bartldt).

$ jr. sk. Pebas, E. Peru {ILiiuvcIl).

cJ ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley).

5 ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Bncldeij).

2 ad. sk. Andoas, Ecuador {Bi(cMey).

Purchased.

Salvin-Godman Cull.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godniau Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

2. OCYALUS.

Type.

Ocyalus, Wuterhouse, P. Z. «. 1810, p. 183 0. latirostris.

This is another mouotypic form, likewise peculiar to the forests of
Upper Amazouia, and remarkable for its long wings, of which the
outer primaries are much attenuated towards the tips.

1. Ocyalus latirostris.

Cassicus latirostris, Siu. An. in Menat/. p. 358 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc.

Phil. 1807, p. 71.
Ocyalus popayanus, Waterh. P. Z. S. 1840, p. 183.
OcValus latirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 427 ; 8cl. Cut. A. B. p. 127 ; id.

ibis, 1883, p. 146 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 402 ; -Sc^. et 8alv. P. Z. S.

1866, p. 182, 1867, p. 749, 1873, p. 265 ; iid. Kommcl. p. 35.

Above and below velvety black; wings externally shining black ;
whole head above and upper back dark brownish chestnut; tail
shining black, the four lateral rectrices golden yellow, broadly
tipped with black ; bill plumbeous ; feet black : whole length 12
inches, wing 9-2, tail 5. Female similar, but smaller : whole
length 9-2 inches, wing 6, tail 3-8.

Hab. Upper Amazonia.

a. c? ad. sk.

b. c? ad. sk.

c. 5 ad. sk.
d,e. cJ 2 ad. sk.
f,g. 6 2 ad. sk.
h. (S ad. sk.

i. (S ad. sk.

_/. 2 ad. sk.
k. J ad. sk.

Popayan, Colombia (?).

Yquitos, Peru.
Yquitos, Peru ( Whitehj).
Upper Ucayali (Barf left).
Sarayacu, Ucayali {Barflett).
Sarayacu, Ucayali (Bartlett).
Nauta, Upper Amazons

(Bartlett).
Upper Amazons (Bartlett^.
Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckle;/).

J. Gould, Esq.
(Type of the species.)
H.' Whitely [0.].
Sclater Coil.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Type.
E. waoleri.

3. EUCORYSTES.

Eucorystes, Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 147

This form is easily distinguishable from Ocijalus, wilh which it
has been usually united, by the much shorter wings, and the totally
different shape of the bill and frontal shield. The biU is much
produced and compressed towards the apex ; the frontal shield is
enormously developed, covering the whole front of the head up to the
vertex.

312 ICTEKID^.

Eucorystes extends from Southern Mexico through Central
America to Colombia and Ecuador.

1. Eucorystes wagleri.

Cacieus wagleri, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 34:?, pi. 85.

Ocyalus wagleri, Bp. Consp. i. p. 427 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 153,
i857, p. 228, et 1859, p. 57 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 127 ; 8d. et Salo. Ibis,
1857, p. 19 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 353, 1870, p. 836, 1879, p. 508 ;
iid. Nomencl. p. 35; Sah. Ibis, 1861, p. 141, 1872, p. 317; id.
P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 142, 1870, p. 190 ; Cab. J. f. O. 1861, p. 9 ; Sumi-
chrast, Mem. Boston S. N. H. i. p. 553 (Vera Cruz).

Eucorystes wagleri, Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 147.

Above and below smoky brown with a chestnut tinge ; intcrsca-
pulium, wings externally, middle of belly, and under wing-coverts
bronzy black ; tail yellow, outer web of the outer rectrix and whole
of middle pair of rectrices blackish ; bill whitish grey ; feet black ;
a thin occipital crest coloured like the head : whole length 14 inches,
wing 8, tail 5. Female similar, but smaller : whole length 10*5
inches, wing 5 '6, tail 4.

Hah. South Mexico and Central America down to Panama ; also
Western Ecuador and Northern Colombia.

a,h. c? 2 ad, st. Coban, Guatemala. Purchased.

c. J ad. st. Coban, Guatemala. E. Wilsou, Esq. [P.].

d, e. cT 5 ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz Salvin-Godmau Coll.

i^Sahin).

f. S ad. sk. Guatemala (Skinner). Sclater Coll.

y. cS ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Belf).

k, i. cJ 2 ad. sk. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Arce).

j. $ ad. sk. Santa Fe, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. c? ad. sk. Cliitra, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I, fn- c? 2 ^d. sk. Chiriqui. Capt. Kellett & Lt.

Wood [C.].

n, 0. J 2 ^d. sk, Lion Hill, Istli. of Panama Salvin-Godman Coll.

(McLeamian).

p. S fid. sk. Balzar Mts., Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Illiyigtcortli) .

i],r. cJ 2 ad.sk. Pocune, Antioquia,U.S.C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salmon').

s. 6 ad. sk. Piura, N.W. coast of S. Capt. Kellett & Lt.

America. Wood [C.].

4. GYMNOSTINOPS*,gen. nov.

The naked space at the base of the mandible is such a trenchant
character that I have felt compelled to separate the four species that
possess it from their fellows. Gymnostino^^s thus embraces the four
largest and finest species of the Cassiques, and ranges from Southern
Mexico down to Amazonia.

* Gymnostinops, gen. nov., from yn/irds nalccd, oureivoi hony, and (o-^ face.

4. G i-MNosTiNors. 313

Ketj to the Species.

A. Crowu black.

a. Eelly cliestuut :

I thighs black 1. montczumor, p. 313.

) thighs chestnut 2. hifasciutua, p. 313.

h. Belly black 3. guathnuzinus, p. .■J14.

B. Crown green 4. \jHr(waru(in, p. 314.

1. Gymnostinops montezumaB.

Cacicus montezuraa, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 33, pi. 7 ; Sclafer, P. Z. S.

1856, p. 300, et 1859, pp. 57, 365 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 19.
Cassiciis montezumffi, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 71.
Ostinops montezumae, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 380; id. Ibis, 1883,

p. 148; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 139 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 128;

Sumichrast, Mem. Boston Soc. N. H. vol. i. p. 553 (Vera Cruz) ;

Scl. et Sale. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 353, 1867, p. 279, 1870, p. 836;

iid. Noniencl. p. 35 ; Salv. Ibis, 1865, p. 195.
Ostinops bifasciata, Cab. Mas. Ilein. i. p. 187 (pai-tim).

Above dark chestnut, head black ; below, throat black, passing
gradually into the dark chestnut abdomen ; thighs and under wing-
coverts black ; tail yellow, two middle rectrices blackish ; bill black,
tip and naked space at the base of the lower mandible yellow; feet
black: whole length 19 inches, wing 10-3, tail 8. Female simildir,
but smaller: whole length 12-5 inches, wing 7*8, tail 6.

Hah, S. Mexico, and Central America down to Panama.

a. S ad. St. Mexico. Purchased.

b. 5 ad. St. Mexico. J. Philips, Esq. [P.].

c. d. c? 2 ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca) Sclater CoU.

e. cS ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. 5 ad. sk. Chisec, Guatemala (Salvin). Salvin-Godman CoU.

f/. (S ad. sk. British Honduras {JSlanca- Salvin-Godman Coll.

tieaux).

h. cJad.sk. Costa Rica (Car?H/o/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

hJ- 6 ? ad. sk. Lion Hill, Isthmus of Salvin-Godman CoU.

Panama (McLeannan).

2. Gymnostinops bifasciatus.

Cassicus bifasciatus, Spiv, Av. Bras. i. p. 65, t. 61 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac.

Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 70.
Psarocolius bifasciatus, Wagl. Si/st. Av. sp. 2.
Ostinops bifasciatus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 139; Scl.

Ibis, 1883, p. 149 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 35 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras.

p. 192.

Like 0. montezumcf, but distinguishable by its pale chestnut
thighs and crissum.

Jlah. Lower Amazonia.

This Cassique has been united by Dr. Cabanis and other Avriters
to G. rnontezumrr ■ but Mr. Cassin has shown that the two birds are
quite distinct, though nearly allied.

I am not aware of the existence of any specimens of G. bifasciatus

314 ICTERIBJJ.

in Europe, except the type in the Munich Museum (if that still
exists) and Natterer's single example at Vienna. It is certainly a
very rare species.

3. Gymnostinops guatimozinus.

Ostinops guatimozinus, Jip. C. li. xxxvii. p. 833 ; id. Notes s. I. Coll.

Delattre, p. 10 (1853); Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 138;

Scl. et Salu. Nomenol. p. 35 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 508 ; Scl. Ibis,

1883, p. 149.
Cassicus guatimozinus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 71.

Deep black ; upper wing-coverts, lower half of back, andcrissum
dark chestnut ; tail yellow, two middle rectrices black ; bill black,
with the apex orange, and naked base flesh-colour ; feet black :
whole length 18*5 inches, wing 8-6, tail 7. Female similar, but
smaller : whole length 15'5 inches, wing 8, tail 6'4.

Hub. Northern Colombia.

a. (S ad. sk. Remedies, A^ntioqula Sclater Coll.

(^Salmon).

b, c. c? 2 ad. sk. Remedios, Antioquia Salvin-Godmau Coll.

(Sal/nan).

4. Gymnostinops yuracarium.

Cassicus Turacares, rf'Ori. e/: Lafr. Si/n. Av. ii. p. 2 ; d'Orb. Voy.,

Ois. p. '365, pi. 51. fig. 1 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 427.
Cassicus yuracarium, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 69.
Ostinops yuracarium, Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 128 ; id. Ibis, 1883,

p. 150; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 192 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 182,

1873, pp. 185, 265, 1879, p. 608; iid. Nomencl. p. 35; Tacz. Orn.

Per. ii. p. 403.
Cassicus devillii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 427 ; Des Murs, Voy. Casteln., Ois.

p. 67, pi. 19. tig. 1(2).
Ostinops devillii, Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 128.

Bright yellowish olive-green ; whole of lower back, wings ex-
ternally, lower part of belly, thighs, and crissum dark chestnut ;
tail bright yellow, two middle tail-feathers brownish green ; bill
black, point yellow : naked skin at base of lower mandible flesh-
colour : whole length 18 inches, wing 10, tail 7. Female similar
but smaller : whole length 13"5 inches, wing 8'5, tail 6'5.

Hab. Bolivia, Matogrosso (Brazil), Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia.

a. (S ad. st. Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.].

b. (S ad. sk. Eng. do Gama, Matogrosso Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Natterer).

c. d. (5 2 f^d. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuader (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.
e. 2 ad. sk. Santa Cruz, E. Peru. E. Bartlett [C.].

/. 2 jr- sk. Barra ( Wallace). Sclater Coll.

9, h. S 2 ^^- s^- Bogota. Sclater Coll.

i. (S ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

5. osTixops. 315

5. OSTINOPS.

Type.

Psarocolius, War/l. Si/st. Av. (1827), partim.

Ostiiiops, Cab. AIus. Hein. i. p. 187 (1851) 0. decumanus.

The typical Ostinopes, which have the base of the lower mandible
feathered, are merely larger and stronger forms of C'assicus. They
range from Panama to the extreme south of the South-American
forests in Brazil and Bolivia.

Ostinops decamauus, the " Jcipm" of the Brazilians, builds, in
colonies, its purse-like nest suspended from the branches of trees
over water, and lays two eggs, white, with pale violet-red markings.
{Cf. Wied, Beitr. iii. p. 1228.)

Key to the Species.

A. Body black 1. decumanus, p. 315.

B. Body green.

a. Frontal shield much expanded 2. vividis, p. 316.

b. Frontal shield narrower.
a'. Bill yellow.

«". Four middle rectrices green 3. atrovirens, p. 317.

b" . Two middle rectrices and inner webs
of next pair green.

( Belly blackish olive ; thighs

I black 4. salmoni, p. 317.

■{ Belly and thighs greenish chest-

I nut 5. alfredi, p. 818.

[ Belly and thighs yellowish olive 6. sindpitalis, p. 318.

h' . Bill plumbeous, tip white 7. oleayiiieiis, p. 319.

c'. BiU blackish 8. angustifrom, p. 319.

1. Ostinops decumanus.

Xanthornus decumanus, Pall. Spic. Zuol. fasc. vi. p. 1 (1769).

Cflssique huppe de Cayenne, Daub. PL Mil. 344.

Oriolus citrius, Miill. Xatarsi/d. Suppl. p. 87 (1776).

Oriolus cristatus, Bodd. Table d. PI. Enl. p. 21 (1783) ; Gm. S. X.

i. p. 387.
Cassicus cristatus, Vieill. Nutiv. Diet. v. p. 362 ; id. Enc. Meth. ii.

p. 721 ; Su\ Birds Brazil, pi. 32 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1220 ; Tsch.

Faun. Per. p. 232 ; Bp. C'onsp. i. p. 427 ; Cab. in Schomb. Guian.

iii. p. 680 ; Burin. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 275. •
Psarocolius cristatus, Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 3.
Ostinops cristatus. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 187 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 153,

1858, p. 4^55 ; id Cat. A. B. p. 127 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1800,

p. 138; Reinh. Fuglef. Bras. Camp. p. 211 ; Scl. et Salo. P.Z.S.

1864, p. 354, 1866, p. 182, 1867, pp. 750, 978, 1873, p. 265, 1879,

p. 608 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 35 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 83 ; Salv. P. Z. S.

1870, p. 190; Finsch, P.Z.S. 1870, p. 578; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871,

p. 328 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 191.
Ostinops decumanus, Salv. et Godmayi, Ibis, 1879, p. 200; Scl. Ibis,

1883, p. 151 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 404 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879,

p. 508 ; Salv. Ibis. 1885, p. 217 (Brit. Guian.).
Cassicus citreus, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 68.

316

ICTUUlDJi.

Black ; rump and crissiitn dark chestnut ; tail j-cllow, two middle
rcctrices black ; bill white ; feet black : whole length l(r5 inches,
wing S*o, tail 7. Female similar, but smaller : whole length 13
inches, wing 7, tail 6.

Jlab. Chiriqui, Panama, and all South America down to Southern
Brazil and Bolivia.

a,b. (S 2 <id- sk.
V. c? ad. sk.

(1. c? ad. sk.

e. 2 ad. sk.

/,!/. 6 2 ad.sk.
h, i. tS 2 ad. sk.
j,k. cS ad. sk.
I. cf ad. sk.
m. 5 ad. sk.
n,o. (f 2 ad. sk.

2}- d ad. sk.

s,t.

c? 2 ad. St.
df 2 ad. sk.

u. 2 ad. sk.
V. S ad. sk.
ID. 2 ad. sk.
X. (S ad. St.
y. S ad. st.

Eugaba, Chiriqui (Arce).
Lion Hill, Isthm, of Panama

(3IcLeamian).
Chepo, Isthm. of Panama

(ArcS).
Near A ttanques, Santa Marta,

IJ. S. C. {Si7nons).
Bogota.

AntioqTua, U. S. C. (Salmon).
Sarayacu, Ecuador (Bucklei/).
Pebas, Peru (Hcmxivell).
Sta. Cruz, E. Peru (Bartlett).
Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia

{Buckkii).
Barra do Kio Negro, Brazil

{Natterer).
British Giuana.
Bartiea Grove, Brit. Guiana

( Wliitehj).
Tobago.

Bahia, Brazil ( Wiicherer).
Ypanema, S.Brazil(A'a<fe?-er).
Brazil.

Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman CoU.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Chev.Schomburgk[C.].
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Dr. \V. F. Brehot [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Mrs. Graham [P.].
Piurchased.

2. Ostinops viridis.

Cassique vert de Cayenne, Daub. PI. Enl. 328.

Oriolus viridis, Miill. Natursyst. Siippl. p. 87 ; Bodd. Table d, PL Enl.

p. 20.
Oriolus cristatus, var.. Gin. S. N. i. p. 387.
Cassicus viridis, Vieill. Enc. 3Ieth. ii. p. 723 ; Cab. in Schomh. Guian.

iii. p. 680 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 427 ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 68.
Ostinops viridis. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 187 ; Scl. ct Salv. P. Z. S.

1867, pp. 573, 750, 1873, p. 265 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 35 ; Layard, Ibis,

1873, p. 381 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 128 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 151 ; Tacz.

Orn. Per. ii. p. 405 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 192 ; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 217

(Brit. Guiau.).
Psarocohus viridis, Wcr/l. Si/st. Av. sp. 1.

Olive-green ; lower back, lower part of belly, thighs, and crissum
dark chestnut ; tail yellow, two middle rectrices blackish olive ; bill
yellow ; feet black : whole length 17 inches, wing 1 0-3, tail 7*3.
Female similar, but smaller : whole length 13"5 inches, wing 7'5,
tail 5-5.

Bah. British Guiana, Upper and Lower Amazonia, and Eastern
Ecuador.

a.

c?ad.

St.

h,

c. dS

' ad. 9\i.

d.

2 ad.

sk.

e.

6 ad.

sk.

f. c? ad.

sk.

9-

(S ad.

sk.

h.

$ ad.

sk.

i.

2 ad.

sk.

./•

? ad.

sk.

k.

2 ad.

St.

5. osTiNors. 317

Cayenne. Purchased.

Bartica Grove, Brit, (luiana Salvin-Godman Coll.

( WJiitely).

Camacusa, Brit. Guiaua Salvin-Godman Coll.

( miitely).

Roraima,Brit.Guiana(7f7«Yf/?/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Para,LowerAniazons( Tr«//ace). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Maranham {Wendehorn). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Barra, Rio Nej^-o (Natterer). Sclater Coll.

Xeberos, Peruvian Amazons Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Bartlett).

Saraj-acu, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Bogota (?). Purchased.

3. Ostinops atrovirens,

Cassicus atrovirens, d'Orh. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 1 ; d'Orb. Voy., Oia.

p. 366, pi. 51. fig. 2 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 427 ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.

1867, p. GO.
Ostinops atrovirens, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 598, 1876, p. 16,

1879, p. 608 ; nd. Nomencl. p. 35 (partim) ; Cab. Journ. f. O. 1873,

p. 308} Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 152; Tacz. Oni. Per. ii. p. 406.

Olive-green, rump and crissnm brownish ; front more or less
yellow ; tail yellow, outer pair of rectrices, together with the outer
webs of the next pair, and the whole of the two middle pairs olive-
green ; other rectrices more or less tipped with olive-green ; bill
yellow ; feet black : whole length 14-3 inches, wing 8*4, tail G-5.
Female similar, but smaller.

Hah. Bolivia and Southern Peru.

The five specimens of this species before me, three from Bolivia
and two from Peru, agree generally in the characters above given ;
but in one of the Peruvian specimens the third and fourth pair of
rectrices have no green at the tips. In all cases, however, the
wholly olive-green colour of the four middle tail-feathers (as pointed
out by Dr. Cabanis) seems to discriminate 0. atrovirens from the
four nearly allied species which follow.

a,b. c? 2 ad. sk. Tilotilo, Bolivia (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. c? ad. sk. Simacu, Bolivia (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Huiro, S. Peru {Whitely). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. 2 ad. sk. Huiro, S. Peru ( Whitely). Sclater Coll.

4. Ostinops salmoni.

Ostinops atrocastaneus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 509.
Ostinops salmoni, Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 153, pi. vi.

Above brownish chestnut, darker on the back of the head and
more fulvous on the rump ; front yellow ; wings externally blackish :
beneath dark blackish olive, flanks and crissum washed with ful-
vous ; thighs and uuder wing-coverts black; tail yellow, the outer
pair of rectrices and the outer webs of the next pair olive-green,
the middle pair and the inner webs of the pair next to the middle

318 ICTERID.J;,

pair black ; bill j^ellow ; feet black : whole length 18-5 inches,
wing 9-5, tail 8"5. Female similar, but smaller.

Hah. State of Antioquia, Colombia.

In our Catalogue of Mr. Salmon's collections from Antioqitia, Mr.
Salvin and I united this form to 0. afrocasfaneus ; but on reexami-
nation of the fine series of these birds now before me, I find that
the Antioquian bird may be easily distinguished by the much darker
hues of its lower surface. The whole breast and abdomen are of a
dark olive, with a slight tinge of the chestnut-brown only on the
flanks ; and the thighs are almost black. In 0. atrocastaneus the
whole under surface is of a rich uniform chestnut-brown, and the
thighs are but slightly darker.

a. (^ ad. sk. Concordia, Antioquia (»S'?/?now). SclaterColl.
h. 5 ad. sk. Envigado, Antioquia {Salmon). Sclater Coll.

(Types of the species.)

c. 2 ad. sk. Envigado, Antioquia (Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Froutino, Antioquia (Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. Ostinops alfredi.

Cassicus alfredi, DesMws, Voij. Cast., Ois. p. 67, t. xix. fig. 2
(1855) (?).

Ostinops alfredi, Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 407.

Cassicus atrovirens, Tsvh. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 230.

Ostinops atrovirens, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 140, 1860, p. 88 (Ecuador) ;
Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 182 (Ucayali), 1873, p. 266 (Ama-
zons).

Ostinops atrocastaneus, Cab. Journ. f. O. 1873, p. 309 ; Scl. Ibis,
1883, p. 153.

Above dark brownish olive ; wings blackish, edged with olive ;
rump fulvous ; front yellow : beneath dark brownish olive, throat
paler, crissum fulvons ; tail yellow, outer pair of rectrices, outer
webs of next pair, central pair, and inner webs of pair next to central
pair olive ; bill yellow; feet black : whole length 16 inches, wing
8-5, tail 8. Female similar, but smaller.

Hub. Ecuador and Upper Amazonia.

The colouring of the tail, although generally as above described,
varies in some specimens. In one of Buckley's skins from Ecuador
the black extends partially over the inner webs of the second median
pair and over the outer webs of the third and fourth external pair.

a. <S ad. sk. Quito. J. Gould, Esq.

h. 2 ad. sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

e. d. (S ad. sk. San Jos6, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.
e. (S ad. sk. E. Peru. Sclater Coll.

/. 2 ad. sk. E. Peru (Tschudi). Sclater Coll.

6. Ostinops sincipitalis.

Ostinops sincipitalis, Cab. Journ. f. O. 1873, p. 309 ; Scl. Ibis, 1883,

p. 154.
Cassicus alfredi, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 69 (nee DesMurs).

5. osTiNOPs. 319

Above dark olive, more or less stained with chestnut-rufous ;
rump fulvous ; front yellow : below dark olive, yellowish on the
throat, and stained with chestnut-rufous on the flanks ; crissum
fulvous ; tail yellow, outer pair of rectrices, tips of next pair, middle
pair, and inner webs of pair next to middle olive ; bill yellow ; feet
black : whole length 16 inches, wing 10, tail 8. Female similar but
smaller.

Hah. Colombia.

This is the only form of the present group of Ostlnops that I have
seen from Bogota, except 0. angiistifrons. Five examples are now
before me ; thej- are easily recognizable by the uniform yellowish
olive of the whole under surface, but in other respects hardly differ
from the two preceding forms.

a. 2 fid. sk. Bogota. Purchased.

b, c. (f ad. sk. ; d. 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

e. (S ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

7. Ostinops oleagineus.

Ostinops atrovirens, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 128 (ex. a).
Ootinops oleagineus, Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 154, pi. vii.

Above and beneath olive-green, stained with fulvous on the back,
rump, and crissum ; wings blackish, edged with olive ; tail yellow,
with the two outer pairs of rectrices and the middle pair wholly
olive, the pair next to the middle olive on their inner webs, and the
remaining pairs tipped with olive ; bill plumbeous, growing white
at the tip ; feet black : whole length 17"5 inches, wing 9-3, tail 7"6.

Hah. Venezuela.

Under the name oleaylneus I have found it necessary to separate
a single specimen that has been in my collection since 1857, and
was referred doubtfully to 0. atrovirens in my American Cata-
logue. Its generally olive-green colour, which extends specially
over the outer margins of the wings, renders it easily distinguish-
able from the three preceding forms ; besides which it has a plum-
beous bill (passing into white in the apical portion) and no yellow
on the front. The yellow front, however, is occasionally wanting
in 0. atrovirens. 0. oleagineus has a slight pendent crest on the
vertex, like 0. atrocastaneus and others of the group.

rt. c? ad. sk. Venezuela, (T^'errcait a). Sclater Coll. (Type of

the species.)

8. Ostinops angustifrons.

Cassicus angustifrons, Spix, Ai\ Bras. i. p. 66, pi. 62 ; Bp. Cons2). i.

p. 427 ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 70.
Ostinops anffustifrons, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 128 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 155 ;

Scl. et S'alv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 182, et 1873, p. 265 ; iid. Kovmicl.

p. 35; Cab. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 308; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 410.

Above deep olive-brown, more greenish on the head, and passing

320 ICTERIDiE.

into fulvous on the rump ; wings blackish, wing-coverts and secon-
daries edged with olive-brown : below not quite so dark, greener on
the throat, and fulvous on the crissum ; tail yellow, the middle
pair of rectrices, the outer webs of the pair next to the middle pair,
and the tips of the lateral rectrices blackish olive ; biU dark plum-
beous ; feet black : whole length 17-5 inches, wing 9, tail 7-7.
Female similar but smaller : whole length 14 inches, wing 7*2,
tail 6-2.

Hah. Upper Amazonia and Colombia.

The uniform dark bill of this Cassique renders it easily distin-
guishable.

«, 6. d" 2 ad. sk. Yquitos, Peru ( Whitehj). Sclater Coll.

c. (S ad. sk. Sarayacu, Peruvian Amazons Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Bartlett).

(1, e. S 2 ad. sk. Upper Ucayali. E. Bartlett [C.].

f. 2 ad. sk. Santa Cruz, Upper Amazons Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Bartlett).

cj. 2 ad. sk. Santa Cruz, Upper Amazons E. Bartlett [C.].

{Bartlett).

h, i. (S ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

j. $ ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

6. CASSICUS. Type.

Cacicus, Cuv. Leqons d'An. Comp. tab. 2 (1800) No type given.

Cassicus, III. Prodr. p. 214 (1811) C. hremorrhous.

Brisson originally spelt this term " Cassicus " * (no doubt from
cassis, a helmet) ; but Cuvier, and Daudin after him, used " Cacicus."
I think, however, we are justified in reverting to " Cassicus " (as a
more correct form), under which name the genus was first properly
characterized by Illiger, and as the term which most authors have
employed.

The typical Cassiques form a group of about nine species of me-
dium size, with the frontal shield well developed, but not to the
extent met with in the preceding genera. The prevailing colours
are black, varied by patches of scarlet or yellow.

Like their larger brethren these Cassiques nest in society, and
suspend their purse-like nests from the branches of tall trees, gene-
rally over the water. The eggs are white or blue, spotted with
violet or reddish (cf. AVied, Beitr. iii. pp. 1234, 1239).

Range. From Nicaragua southwards to Paraguay and Bolivia.

Key to the Sjpecies.

A. Black : rump yellow.
a. Crissum vellow :

j basal half of rectrices yellow 1. jwrsicus, p. 321.

I basal third of rectrices" yellow 2. Jlavicrissus, p. 322.

* Orn. ii. pp. OS. 100, but not used as a generic term, tlie two birds called
'assicus" being embraced in his genus " Id cms."

' Cassicus

6. CASSICTTS, 321

h. Crissiim black.

a'. ^\'ings wholly black 3. chnjmnotus, p. 322.

b' . Wings with yellow on the coverts.

j Larger: whole hinder back yellow. 4. leucorhamphus, p. 323.
j Smaller: bar across rump yellow. 5. albirostris, p, 323.
B. Black : rump red.

c. Whole hinder back red.

i General colour dull black 6. hamorrhous, p. 324.

I General colour glo.-^sy black 7. affiiiis, p. 325.

d. Large blotch on the hinder back red.

j Larger : biU stronger 8. uropygialis, p. 325.

I Smaller : bill feebler 9. inicrorhynchm, p. 325.

1. Cassicus persicus.

Cassicus luteus, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 100, pi. ix. fig. 1.

Oriolus persicus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 101.

Cacicus persicus, Daucl. Orn. ii. p. 327.

Cassicus persicus, Ma.v. Beitr. iii. p. 1234; Cah. in Schomb. Guian. iii.
p. 681 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1S64, p. 84; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 128 ; id. Ibis,
1883, p. 157 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 182, 1873, p. 266, 1879,
p. 608 ; iid. Nomencl. p. 35 ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. FJiil. 1867, p. 65 ;
Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 193 ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 381 ; Forbes,
Ibis, 1881, p. 338; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 411; Salv. Ibis, 1885,
p. 217 (Brit. Guian.).

Cassicus icteronotus, VieiU. Nouv. Diet. v. p. 365 ; id. Enc. Meth.
p. 724; Tsch. Faim. Per. p. 228; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 186; B}).
Consp. i. p. 428 ; >S'w. Birds of Brazil, pi. 3.

Psarocolius icteronotus, Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 5.

Cacicus icteronotus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 455.

Glossy black ; large blotch on the wing-coverts, hinder back,
crissum, and basal half of tail bright yellow ; bill white ; feet
black : whole length 11 inches, wing 6, tail 4-3. Female similar, but
smaller and not so glossy : whole length 8"5 inches, wing 4-7, tail 3-6.

Bab. South America, from Colombia down to South Brazil and
Bolivia.

a. (J ad. sk. Bogota. Salviu-Godman Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater CoU.

c,d. (S 2 ^'^- sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana Sidviu-Godnian Coll.

(W/iitely).

e,f. c? 2 ad. st. British Guiana. Chev.Schomburgk[C.J.

(/. cJ ad. sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. (S ad.sk. Para, Lower Amazons (JT'rt/- Salvin-Godman Coll.

lace).

i. (J ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Lower Salvin-Godman Coll.

Amazons ( Wallace).

j. S ad.sk. Amazons (TT «//(««'). Salvin-Godman CoU.

k,l. (^2 ad. sk. Yquitos, Upper Amazons Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Whitely).

m, n. (5ad.sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (i??<cA;/«/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

0. 2 ad. sk. Napiri, Bolivia {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

2). 2 ad. sk. Bolivia (Bridges). Sclater Coll.

q, r. c? ad. sk. Pernambuco, IBrazil (i^o/-6es). Salviu-Godman Coll.

s, t. c? 2 ad. sk. Babia, Brazil ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

?«. S ad. sk. Goyaz, Brazil (Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

V. c? ad. St. South America. J. Murray, Esq. [P.].

VOL. XI. ' Y

322 ICTERIDJI.

2, Cassicus flavicrissus.

Cassiculus flavicrissus, Sdater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 276 ; id. Cat. A. B.

p. 129 ; Cass. Pr. Ac Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 67.
Cacicus persicus, Scl. et Sah. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 353.
Cassicus vitellinus, Lawr. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1864, p. 107 ; Cass. Pr.

Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 66.
Cassicus fla^^crissus, Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 158; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877,

p. 322 ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 411 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 509 ;

lid. Nomencl. p. 35 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 329, et 1872, p. 468 ;

Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 552.

Glossy black ; large blotch on the wing-coverts, hinder back,
crissiim, and basal third of rectrices bright orange-yellow ; bill
white ; feet black : whole length 11-5 inches, wing 6-7, tail 4-5.
Female similar, but duller black and smaller: whole length 9 inches,
wing 5-3, tail 2-5.

Hah. Panama, Western Ecuador, and Northern Colombia.

Mr. Lawrence has very accurately stated the differences which
distinguish this northern bird from Cassicus persicus. An exami-
nation of the tail at once serves to separate the two species. In
the present bird the yellow of the rectrices hardly extends beyond
the coverts, either above or below ; in C persicus the yellow colour
reaches far beyond the coverts on both surfaces, especially in the
external tail-feathers, and is readily discernible below, without
lifting up the feathers of the crissum. The yellow of the body has
also a more orange tinge.

a,b. c? 2 ad. sk. LionHill, Isthmus of Panama Salvin-Godman Coll.

{McLeannmi).

c. 2 ad. sk. Panama {Boucard) . Sclater Coll.

d,e. (S 2 ad.sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador (J/-ffser). Sclater Coll. (T^qDesof

Cassiculus flavicrissus, Sclater. )

/. 2 ad. sk. Western Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. (S ad. sk. Guyaquil. Gould Collection.

A. cJ ad. sk. Magdalena Valley ( JFya^O- Salvin-Godman Coll.

i,j. 6 $ ad. sk. Remedies, Antioquia {Sal- Sclater Coll.

mon).

k,l. cS 2 ad. sk. Remedies, Antioquia (Sal- Salvin-Godman Coll.

mon).

3. Cassicus chrysonotns.

Cassicus chrysonotus, d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 3 ; d'Orb. Voy.,
Ois. p. 367, t. lii. fig. 1 ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 67 ; Scl.
P. Z. S. 1873, p. 781 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 159 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.
1879, p. 608 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 412.

Cassiculus chrysonotus, Bp. Cotisp. i. p. 428.

Black; rump yellow; bill white; feet black: whole length 13
inches, wing 6-3, tail 5-8. Female similar, but smaller : whole
length 9 inches, wing 5'1, tail 4-9.

Hub. Bolivia and Southern Peru.

This is a most distinct and unmistakable species, without any
yellow on the wings or tail. Cassin was not acquainted with it, and
consequently cast unnecessary doubts on its validity.

6. cissrcus. 323

a. c? ad. sk. Huasampilla, S. Peru ( WMtely). Sclater Coll.

b. 2 ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia Sclater Coll.

(^Buckleji).
e. J" ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yungas, BoliTia Sah-in-Godman Coll.

(BucJilei/).

d. Jr. sk. Eaiuosani, Bolivia {Bi(cMey). Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. Cassicus leucorhamphus.

Xanthornus leucorliamplius, Bj). Att. Sc. Ital. 1843, p. 404.
Cassiculus leucorhamphus, Bjj. Consp. i. p. 428 ; Sclater, P. Z. S

1858, p. 652 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 129.
Cassicus leucorhamphus, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 67 ; Scl. Ibis,

1883, p. 159 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 509 ; iid. Nomencl.

p. 36 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 17 (Peru) ; id. Oni. Per. ii.

p. 413.

Glossy black ; patch on the wing-coverts and rump bright yellow ;
bill plumbeous, growing white at the tip ; feet black : whole length
11 inches, wing 6-4, tail 5*4. Female. Similar, but smaller and
not so bright : whole length 9 inches, wing 5, tail 4-8.

Enh. Colombia and Western Ecuador.

This is also a distinct species, fully entitled to rank as a typical
member of the genus, although the bill is straighter and less deve-
loped than in C. persicus and C. hcemorrhous and its allies. It is
not uncommon in "Bogota" collections, and is also met with in
those from " Quito."

a,b. c? 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. ; d. Jr. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

e. (J ad. sk. Bogota. Gould Coll.

/. c? ad. sk. Envigado, Antioquia {Sal- Salvin-Godman Coll.

mon).

g. S ad. sk. Matos, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

A, i. (5 2 ad. sk. San Lucas, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Buckley).

j. 2 ad. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll.

5. Cassicus albirostris.

Yapii negro y amarillo, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 269.

Cassicus albirostris, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. v. p. 364 ; id. Enc. M&th. ii.

p. 722 ; Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 681 ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.

1867, p. 68 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 272 ; Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 159 ;

Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 36.
Xanthornus chrysopterus, Vig. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 190, pi. 9 ; Jard. et

Selb. III. Orn. pi. 80.
Cassiculus albirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 428 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 129 ;

Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 193.
Archiplanus albirostris. Cab. Miis. Hein. i. p. 186.
Japus dubius, Men-em, Ersch u. Gruber's Enc. xv. p. 279.

Black ; patch on the lesser wing-coverts and bar across the rump
yellow ; bill white ; feet black : whole length 8-5 inches, wing 4,
tail 3"7. Female similar, but smaller.

Hah. Paraguay and South Brazil.

324 ICTEEID^.

This species has much shorter wings than the last, which it so
nearly resembles in colour, and is altogether feebler in structure.
Dr. Cabanis has accordingly separated it generically under the title
Arehiplanus.

a,b. cf 9 ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil {Joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil Salvia-Godman Col!.

{Joyner).

d. Ad. sk. Rio Grande (Plant). Sclater Coll.

(\f. Jad. sk. ; g. $ Pelotas, Rio Grande do Salvin-Godman Coll.
ad. sk. Sul (Joyner).

6. Cassicus haBmorrhous.

Oriolus hsemorrhous, Linn. S. N. i. p. IGl (partim).

Le Cassique rouge de Br6sil, Daub. PL Enl. 4S2.

Cacicus hsemorrhous, Daud,. Tr. d'Orn. ii. p. 328.

Cassicus hsemorrhous, 3Iaa: Beitr. iii. p. 1230 ; Cab. Mtis. Hem.

i. p. 186 ; Camn, Pr. Ac. So. Phil. 1867, p. G3 ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 428 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 129 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 160 ; Burm. Syst.

TJeb. iii. p. 274 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 35.
Icterus hsemorrhous, Sio. Birds of Brazil, pi. 1.
Psarocolius hsemorrhous, Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 6.

Dull brownish black ; rump scarlet ; bill greenish white : feet
black : whole length 11 inches, wing 6-9, tail 4-6. Female similar,
but smaller : whole length 9 inches, wing 5-3, taU 3-7.

Hah. S.E. Brazil.

I agree with Mr. Cassin (I. s. c.) that the distinctness of the
Brazilian form of this bird from that of the Guianan and Ama-
zonian districts is rather questionable. But in the series of speci-
mens before me, aU of the latter series (G. affinis) agree in having
the plumage in both sexes of a deeper and more shining black, and
in the males there is the additional character of the larger and
thicker bill, specially alluded to by Bonaparte (C. R.xxxvii. p. 833).

It may be noted that Linnsus based his Oriolus JumiorrJious
mainly on Brisson's Cassicus r^iber, which = Cassicus affinis.
Luckily, however, Linnaeus put Brazil first in his list of localities ;
so I think (as he comprehended both forms under one name) we are
justified in following the general practice of retaining the name
hcemorrhous for the Brazilian form, and calling the Gruianan form
affinis.

a,b. c? 2 ad. sk. Pemambuco, Brazil (Forbes). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

c-e. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. (S ad. sk. Tybaya, Sao I'aulo, Brazil Sclater Coll.

(Natter er).

(f, h. S 2 ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (Joyner). Sahin-Godman CoU.

i,j. cT 2 ad. sk. Santa Fe, Minas (Rogers). Sclater CoU.

k. Ad. sk. Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Joyner) .

I. S ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Brazil (Joyner).

m. A ad. st. Rio, Brazil. ' Burnett and f itzroy

[P.],

/». Skeleton. Purchased.

6. CASsiccs, 325

7. Cassicus affinis.

Cassicus ruber, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 98.

Cassicus atfinis, Sic. Birds of Brazil, pi. 2 ; Bp. C. M. xxxvii. p. 833

(1853; , Oassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1807, p. 64 ; Scl. Ibis, 1883,

p. 161 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 36 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 193 ;

Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 414; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 218 (Brit.

Guian.).
Cassicus crassirostris, Bp. C. R. I. s. c.
Cassicus htemorrhous, Cab. in Sc/iomb. Guian. iii. p. 681 ; Scl. et

Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 266.

Glossj- black ; rump scarlet ; bill greenish white ; feet black :
whole length 10 inches, wing 7*3, tail 4. Female similar, but
smaller : whole length 8-5 inches, wing 5'2, tail 3-5.

Hab. Guiana, Cayenne, and Lower and Upper Amazonia.

a. c? ad. St. Demerara. Pm'cbased.

b, c. (5 5 ad. sk. Bartiea Grove, Brit. Guiana Salvin-Godmau Coll.

{W/iifeli/).

d. cJ ad. sk. Brit. Guiaua. Sclater Coll.

e. 1^ ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater CoU.

/ 2 ^d. sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

r/. (S ad. sk. Para (Natterer). Sclater Coll.

/(. S ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. cJ S'd. sk. Wefstern Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

8. Cassicus uropygialis.

Cassicus uropygiahs, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 290, 1847, p. 218 ;
Bp. Consp. i. p. 428 ; 'id. C. B. xxxvii. p. 833 ; Scl. Cat. A. B.
p. 129 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 162 ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 139,
1867, p. 64 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 36 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 509 ;
Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 552.

Deep black ; large blotch on the rump scarlet ; bUl greenish
white ; feet black : whole length 10*5 inches, wing 5*5, tail 4*7.
Female similar, but smaller.

Ilab. Colombia and Ecuador.

This species is readily distinguishable from the two former by the
much less extent of the scarlet on the rump.

a. cj ad. sk. Bogota. J. Gould, Esq.

b. cT ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

c. o' ad. sk. Remedies, Antioquia (Sal- Salvin-Godman Coll.

mon).

d. e. cJ ad. sk. Jima, Ecuador (^Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. 2 ad. sk. N.W. coast of S. America. Capt. KeUett and

Lt. Wood [C.].

9. Cassicus microrhynchus.

Cassiculus microrliynchus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 353 ;

Later. Ann. L. N. Y. viii. p. 180.
Cassicus microrhvnchus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 05; <S'e/.

et Salv. Nomencl. p. 36 ; Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 162.
Cacicus microrhynchus, Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 142.

326 ICTERID^.

Deep black ; large blotch on the rump orange-red ; bill white ;
feet black : -whole length 9 inches, wing 5-1, tail 3-6. Female
similar but smaller : whole length 7"5 inches, wing 4-2, tail 3-1.

Hah. Central America, from Nicaragua down to Panama.

This species is closely allied to C. uropygialls, but distinguishable
by its smaller size and weaker bill.

a. (S ad. sk. Cliontales, Nicaragua {Belt). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. cjad.sk. Peje, Costa Rica (Carnito/). SalTiu-Godmau Coll.

c. 2 ad.sk. Costa Rica (Canmo?). Sclater Coll.

d. 5 ad.sk. Santiago deVeragua (^Irce). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

e. $ ad. sk. Cordillera de Tol(5, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Arce).

f. 2 ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui {Arc6). Salvin-Godman Coll,

g. h. J $ ad. sk. Lion Hill, Isthm. of Panama Salvin-Godmau Coll,

{3IcLean7iaii).
i. c? ad. sk. Panama {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

j, k. (S 2 fid. sk. Panama {McLeannan). Sclater Coll. (Types

of the species.)
/. J ad. sk. Panama. 0. Salvin, Esq. [P.].

7. AMBLYCERCUS.

Type.
Amblycercus, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 190 (1851) .... A. holosericeus.

The strong straight bill with its straight culmen and the shorter
wings seem to distinguish this little group of two species from
typical Cassicus.

Range. From Southern Mexico to Paraguay and Bolivia.

Key to the Species.

A. Larger : bill stronger 1. solitarins, p. 326.

B. Smaller : bill weaker 2. holosericeus, p. 327.

1. Amblycercus solitarius.

Yapu negro, Azara, Apunf. i. p. 268.

Cassicus solitarius, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. v. p. 364 ; id. Enc. Meth. ii.

p. 723 ; Hartl. Syst. Lid. p. 4 ; Scl. et 6'ah\ Nomencl. p. 36 ; iid,

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 603 ; Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 162 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii.

p. 415.
Cassicus nigerrimus, Sjjix. Av. Bras. i. p. 66, pi. 63. f. 1 ; Sw, B. of

Brazil, pi. 4.
Amblycercus solitarius, Bp. C. R. xxxvii. p. 832 ; id. Notes Orn.

p. 10.
Japus bursarius, Merrem, Ersch u. Grub. Ally. Enc. xv, p. 277.
Cassiculus solitarius, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 130 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.

1866, p. 182, 1867, p. 978, et 1873, p. 266; Pelz. Orn. Bras.

p. 194.
Psarocolius nigerrimus, Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 7.

Uniform black; biU white; feet black : whole length 11 inches,
wing -l-S, tail 4'5. Female similar, but smaller : whole length
8'5 inches, wing 4-4, tail 4"3.

/ . AMBLTCERCUS.

327

Hah. Eastern Peru, Bolivia, Paragua}', Argentine Eepublic, and
Southern Brazil.

a. c? ad. sk. Upper Ucayali. E. Bartlett [C.].

b. (S ad. sk. Pebas, E.Peru (lf«!<,npe;/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Yquitos, Peru ( Whitely). Sclater Coll.

d. S ad. sk. Bolivia. Sclater Coll.

e. (S ad. sk. Cuyaba, Brazil (Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/, g. Ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil (Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll.
h. Ad. sk. Ceara, N. Brazil {Jesse). Salvin-Godman Coll.
»'. Ad. .sk. Buenos Ayres (Haskliurst). Salvin-Godman Coll.
>. $ ad. sk. Buenos Ayres (-S«s/e/iM;-s^). Sclater Coll.

2. Amblycercus holosericeus.

Sturnus holosericeus, Licht. Preis Verz. Mex. Vdg. p. 1 ; Cab. J. f O.

1863, p. 55.
Cacicus holosericeus, Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 262.
Cassieus holosericeus, Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 163 ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883,

p. 445 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 415.
Amblyramphus prevostii, Less. Cent. Zool. p. 159, pi. 54.
Amblycercus nigerrimus, Cab. Mus. Hem. i. p. 190 (note).
Casiiculus prevostii, Bj). Consp. i. p. 428 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,

p. 301, 1859, pp. 57, 365, 380, 1860, pp. 276, 293, 1864, p. 174;

id. Cat. A. B. p. 129 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 19, 1860, p. 34 ;

iid. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 353, 1870, p. 836; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 142,

1870, p. 190.
Cassieus prevosti, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 36; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877,

p. 322 (Tumbez) ; Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 552.

Deep black ; bill white ; feet black : whole length 9 inches, wing
4"1, tail 4'3. Female siniUar.

Hah. Southern Mexico and Central America down to Panama,
Colombia, Western Ecuador, and X.W. Peru.

This is apparently a smaller northern representative of A. soli-
tarius.

a. Ad. St.

b. Ad. sk.

c. S ad. sk.

d. e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
g, h. Ad. sk.
i. (S ad. sk.
j. Ad. sk.

k. Ad. sk.

I. 2 ad. sk.
fii, n. S 2 ad.

sk.

South America.

Jalapa, S. Mexico (de Oca).

Tonala, Chiapas, Mexico

(Sumichrast).
Northern Yucatan

(Gaumer).
Behze, Brit. Honduras

(Blanca)ieaux).
Choctum, Vera Paz

(Salvin).
Duenas, Guatemala

(Salvin).
Ketalhuleu, Guatemala

(Salvin).
Irazu, Costa Rica

(Rogers).
Santa Fe, Veragua (Aj-ce).
Calovevora, Veragua

(Arce).

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Col!.

Si

J8

ICTERJDili,

0.

Ad. sk.

Paraiso Station, Isthm. of
Panama ( Hughes).

P-

$ ad.sk.

Lion Hill, Isthm. of
Panama (McLeannan).

?•

Ad. sk.

Babahoyo, Ecuador (Frascr).

*;

s. Ad. sk.

Monji, Ecuador (^Bxickley).

t.

Ad. sk.

Bogota.

u.

Ad. sk.

Bogota.

V.

2 ad. sk.

Aragua, Venezuela.

Salviu-Godinan Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.

8. CASSICULUS.

Cassiculus, Sw. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 352 (1827) ,

Type.

C. melanicterus.

The single form upon which Swainson based the genus Cassiculus is
distinguished readily by its well-developed crest. The mesorhiuium
is scarcely enlarged, but projects into the forehead, and terminates
in an angular, not rounded shape. The sexes are rather differently
coloured.

Range. Western Mexico.

1. Cassiculus melanicterus.

Icterus melanicterus, B}]. Journ. Acad. Fhilad. iv. p. o89 (1824),

Icterus diadematus, Temm. I'l. Cvl. 482 (181:^9).

Cassiculus coronatus, Sic. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 353 ; id. Phil. May.

1827, i. p. 436.
Xauthornus coronatus, Jard. et Selb. III. Orn. pi. 45.
Cassiculus melanicterus, Bjy. Consp. i. p. 428; Cab. Mus. Hein. i.

p. 186 ; Sclater, Caf. A. B. p. 129 ; id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 380 ; id.

Ibis, 1883, p. 156 ; Baird, Ibis, 1863, p. 476 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 35 ; Sa/v. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 422.
Cassicus melanicterus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 66.

Glossy black ; rump, lesser wing-coverts, and crissum yellow ;
tail yellow, two middle rectrices and external edges of the others
black : bill white, plumbeous towards the base ; feet blackish :
whole length 10-5 inches, wing 5*8, tail 4-8. Female similarly
marked, but general colour dark cinei'eous : whole length 9-5 inches,
wing 5, tail 4-2.

Hah. Western Mexico,

a,b. c? 2 ad. sk.
c-f. (5 ad. sk. ; y.

jr. sk.
h. cS ad. sk.
i. (S .ji'- sk.
/. <S ad. sk.
k, /. (5 2 ad. .sk.
m. (S ad. .sk.
n. 2 ad. sk.

Oaxaca (Boucard).
Tonala, Chiapas {Sumi-

chrast).
Acapulco (Markham).
Presidio {Forro-).
Mazatlan ( Graysoyi) ,
Mazatlau (Forrer).
Mexico.
Mexico.

Sclater Coll.
Salviu-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godmau CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll,

9. CA8SIDIX. 32U

9. CASSIDIX.

Type.
Scaphidurus, Sio. Faun. Bor.-Am., Aves, p. 494 (1831,

nee Sio. 1827) C. oryzivora.

Cassidix, Less. Trait. d'Orn. i. p. 433 (1831) C. oryzivora.

Scaphidura, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 272 (1837) C. oryzivora.

The single species of this genus is subject to considerable varia-
tion, and Cassin (Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 415) has endeavoured
r,o divide it into several local forms, which I have not been able to
substantiate. Cassidix is sometimes placed with the Quiscalina', but
the expanded mesorhinium induces me to consider that it is better
referred to the Cassicina', amongst which the curious elongated
feathers of the neck of the adult male, which form a kind of ruff,
and the uniform black plumage render it easily distinguishable.

Range. From Southern Mexico southwards through Central
America and South America down to Paraguay.

1. Cassidix oryzivora.

Oriohis oryzivorus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 386.

Cassidix oryzivora, Cab. litis. Hein. i. p. 194 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc.
Phil. 1«U6, p. 416; Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 98 (Mexico), 1859, p. 57
(Honduras) et p. 140 (Ecuador); id. Cat. A. B. p. 142; id.
Ibis, 1884, p. 165 ; Scl. et Sab. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 354 (Panama),
1867, p. 279 (Mosquitia), p. 673 (Para), et p. 978 (Pebas),
1»69, p. 252 (Venezuela), 187-3, p. 185 (S. Peru) et p. 267
(Upper Amazons), 1879, p. 510 (Antioquia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 39 ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 353 (Centr. Am.) ; id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 191
(Veragua); Salv. et Godm. Ibis, lb79, p. 201, et 1880, p. 123
(Santa Marta) ; Berlepsch, J.f. O. 1873, p. 251 (South BrazQ) ;
Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 435; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 219 (Brit.
Guian.).

Tordo grande, Azara, Aimnt. i. p. 273.

Cassicus ater, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. v. p. 363 ; id. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 723.

Cassicus niger, Licht. Doubl. p. 19; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1241.

Psarocolius palhatus, Wagl. Syst. Av. no. 4.

Cassicus palliatus, Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 229.

Corvus (Cassidix) mexicanus, Less. Tr. d'Orn. i. p. 433.

Cassidix mexicanus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 416.

Cassidix ater, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1806, p. 415 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras.
_ p. 201 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 323 (W. Peru).

Scaphidura barita et S. crassirostra, Stv. An. in Men. p. 301.

Scapbidura atra, Cab. in Schomb. Guiana, iii. p. 683.

Scaphidurus ater, B-p. Consp. i. p. 426 ; Burm. Si/st. Ueb. iii. p. 278.

Cassidix vieilloti, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 417.

Uniform glossy violaceous black ; bill and feet black : neck-
feathers lengthened and expanded : whole length 14 inches, wing 7-8,
tail G-1. Female similar, but not so bright, and much smaller ; no
expanded neck-feathers.

JJab. Central and South America, from S. Mexico to Peru and
Paraguay.

330

a. cS fid. st.

b. (S ad. St.

c. 2 ad. St.

d. Ad. sk.

e,f. d 2 ad.sk.

^. c? ad. sk.
h, i. (S 2 ad. sk.

j. J ad. sk.

k. cJ ad. sk.

/. $ ad. sk.

m. 5 ad. sk.
». 5 ad. sk.

0. cf ad. sk,
p. c? ad. sk.
q. c? ad. sk.

r. c? ad. sk.

a. 5 ad. sk.
i. j ad. sk.

M. 2 ad. sk.

V. c? ad. sk.

w. (S ad. sk.

j;. S ad. sk.
y. cJ ad. sk.

Trinidad.
S. America.
Brazil.

Orizaba, Mexico.
Choctum, Vera Paz, Gua-
temala (Salvin ^ Godman).
Chitra, Veragua (Arce).
Calovevora, Veragua

(Arce).
Lion Hill, Istkm. of

Panama {BIcLeannan).
Minca, Santa jNIai'ta,
U. S. C. {Simons).
Manaure, Santa Marta,

U. S. C. (Simons).
Bogota [Air/ent).
Remedios, Antioquia,
U. S. C. (Salnio)i).
Jima, Ecuador (Buckley),
Sical, Ecuador (Buckley).
Pallatanga, Ecuador

(Fraser).
Pebiis, E. Peru [Saux-

well).
Barra {Natter er).
Para, Lower Amazons

( Wallace),
Para, Lower Amazons

(Wallace).
Bartica Grove, Brit.
Guiana ( miitely).
Maroni River, Surinam

(Kap2)ler).
Maranliam ( Wendehoi-n).
Eng. do Gama, Brazil
(Natter er).

Purchased.
Purchased.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Qodman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Subfamily II. AGEL^lNJi.

The Agelceince or Maize-birds are very different in habits from
the forest-haunting Cassiques. They live much on the ground, and
consequently show a predilection for open pastures, prairie-lands,
and pampas. Wherever such suitable localities are found, from the
Saskatchewan to Tierra del Puego, they are tenanted by different
members of this subfamilj'.

The feet of the Maize-birds are strong, and the tarsi lengthened
to suit their terrestrial habits. The bill is straight, sometimes long
and sometimes short, but always nearly straight and pointed, with
the culmen straight or very slightly incurved, and the mesorhi-
nium usually more or less flattened.

The Maize-birds, except the parasitic Molotliri, build open, cup-
shaped nests among the reeds in swampy places, and lay spotted

10. DOUCHONII. 331

Key to the Genera.

. Bill short, stout, conical; mesorhinium
rounded, or but slightly flattened.

a. Tail-feathers acute ; hind claw

lengthened 10. Dolichonyx, p. 331.

b. Tail-t'eathers and bind claw normal.
a'. Cuhneu slightly incurved ; meso-
rhinium rounded 11. Molotheus, p. 332.

6'. Culmeu straight; mesorhinium
more or less flattened,
a^. Tarsi moderately long.

' Tail moderate ; rectrices

rounded 12. Agel^etts, p. 339.

.Tail short; rectrices acute 13. Leistes, p. 348.

b". Tarsi very long 14. Xanthocephalus,p. 349.

B. Bill more elongated ; mesorhinium
much flattened.

c. Upper mandible broadened at the

extremity 15. Amblyrhamphus, p. 350.

d. Upper mandible acute.
c'. Base of bill smooth.

I Tail moderately long ...... 16. Pseudoleistks, p. 351.

I Tail short 17. Nesopsak, p. 353.

d'. Base of biU sulcated 18. Cur^us, p. 354.

10. DOLICHONYX. ^

Type.
Dolichonyx, Sw, Zool. Jouni. iii. p. 351 (1827) . . D. oryzivora.

The short, Finch-like hill and acuminated tail-feathers at once
mark out this peculiar form, which is a well-known breeding bird in
North America, but descends far south in winter. It is likewise
remarkable for maintaining its full plumage only in the breeding-
season, after which the males appear to reassume the young or
female plumage.

1. Dolichonyx oryzivorus.

Emberiza oryzivora, Linn. S. N. i. p. 311 ; JFils. Am. Orn. ii, p. 48.
pi. 12. f. 1, 2. ^ '

Passerina oryzivora, Vieill. N. D. xxv. p. 3.

Psarocolius caudacutus, Watjl. Si/st. Av. sp. 32.

Dolichonyx oryzivora, Src. Faim. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 278 ; Bp. Consp.
i. p. 437 ; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 229; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 522; Aud.
Birds Am. iv. p. 10, pi. 211 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 72 (Bio
Napo), 1861, p. 74 (Jamaica) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 1.34 ; id. Ibis,
1884, p. 2 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 781 (Merida), 1876,
p. 16 (Peru) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 37 ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1874, p. 129
(Cuba); Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 194 (Belize), 1885, p. 191 ( Cozumel) et
p. 218 (Brit. Guian.); Baird, Bretv., et Ridgw. B. N. A. ii. p. 149;
Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 199 (Mato-Grosso) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 421 ';
Gould, Zool. Vol/. 'Beagle,' iii. p. 106 (Galapagos): Coues. Eev
N. A. B. (1884) p. 400. r o / , , y

Male in breeding-plumage. Black; nape pale buff; interscapulium
varied with brown ; scapularies and lower back ashy white ; wino-s

332

more or less edged externally with brown ; thighs brown ; bill dark
horn-colour ; feet tiesh-colour : whole length 7 inches, wing 3-8,
tail 2-8. Male out of lireeding-jpliimar/e. Above pale yellowish
brown varied with blackish, principally on the head and intersca-
pulium ; wings and tail blackish brown, edged with pale yellowish
brown ; beneath pale yellowish butf, with longitudinal blackish
stripes on the Hanks ; bill and feet pale tiesh-colour. Female similar,
but rather smaller.

Nab. Northern and Middle America in summer, and south through
Central America and West Indies to Panama, Venezuela, Guiana,
Erazil, Paraguay, Peru, Bolivia, and Galapagos.

J. Gould, Esq.
Zool. Soc.'s Gardens.
J. G. Denny, Esq. [P.].
0. Russell, Esq. [P.].
N.W. Boundary Uomm.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman GoU.
Salvin-Godmau GoU.

a. c? ad, St.

b. (S jr. St.

c. Jr. St.

d. (J ad. sk.

e. c? fid. sk.

/. (S ad. sk.
(/ c? ad. sk.

h. c? ad. sk.

i. 2 ad. sk.

j. 5 ad. sk.

k. (S ad. sk.
l. Jr. sk.
m,n.(S 2 ad.sk.
0. (S ad. sk.
p,q.6 2 ad.sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.

s. 2 ad. sk.

t. 2 ad. sk.
u. cj ad. sk.
y. Jr. sk.

w. 2 ad. sk.

X. 2 ad. sk.

i/,z.d 2ad.sk.
a', b'. J ad. sk.
c'. Jr. sk.

N. America.
N. America.
N. America.
N. America.
Fort Dutferin, N. America.

Pembina, Dacota, (Coues).
Mt. Carmel, Illinois, U. S.

{Ridgicay).
Washmgton, D.C., U. S.

{Dre.der).
Meridian Hill, Colombia, U. S.

{Coites).
District of Colombia, U.S.

i^Coues).
United States (Bell).
Nevis, W. I.
Cozumel Island (Devis).
Northern Yucatan {Devis).
British Honduras (Halvin).
Chepo, Istlim. of Panama

(Arce).
Paraiso St., Isthmus of

Panama {Hughes).
Santa Marta, U. S. C.
Bogota.
Caracas.
Camacusa, British Guiana

( Whitely).
Cayenne.

liio Javari, Amazons.
Bolivia.
James Island, Galapagos

{Darwin).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
W. Cottle [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,
D. Dyson [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Sclater CoU.
Gould Coll.

II. MOLOTHRUS,

lype.

Molothrus, Sw. Faun. Bar. -Am. ii. p. 277 (1831) . . M. pecoris.
Hypobletis, Gloyer, Hand- u. Hilfsb. d. Nat. p. 260

(1842) M. pecoris.

Callotbrus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 18 .... M. feneus.

Cyanothrus, Cassin, op. cit. p. 19 M. bonariensis.

Agelaioides, Cassin, q/?. ctY. p. 15 M. badius.

11. MOLOTHRUS. 333

The bill of 2Iolofhrus is much like that of Dolichonyx, but not
quite so short, and the tail-feathers have the normal structure.
The group is composed of at least sis well-marked species, distributed
from the prairies of North America to the pampas of Buenos Ayres,
most of which are known to have the parasitic. Cuckoo-like habit
of employing other birds to hatch their eggs. (See Baird, Brewer,
and liidgway, N. A. B. ii. p. 155 ; Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 61; Hudson,
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 153.)

Key to the Species.

A. Colour uniform ; wings black.

a. Shining black ; head brown 1. pecoris, p. 333.

h. Shining dark gTeenish black :

j uniform 2. ceneus, p. 334.

I with a brownish lustre 3. armenti, p. 335.

c. Shining purplish black, uniform.
a'. Middling size.

( Female darker 4. honariensis, p. 335.

I Female paler 5. purpurascens, p. 337,

h' . Smaller G. atronitens, p. 337.

c'. Larger 7. cassini, p. 337.

d. Shining purplish black, axillaries red . . 8. rufo-axillaris, p. 338.

B. Colour varied : wings rufous.

j Cinereous ; paler below 9. badius, p. 338.

I Sandy colour ; paler below 10. frinyillarius, p. 330,

1. Molothrus pecoris*.

Troupiale de la Caroline, Daub. PL Enl. 606. fig. 1.

Fringilla pecoris, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 910.

Emberiza pecoris, Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 145, pi. 18. f. 1, 2, 3.

Agelaus pecoris, Siv. Phil. Mag. 1827, i. p. 436 (Mexico).

Molothrus pecoris, Sw. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 277 (Mexico) ; Bp.
Consp. i. p. 436; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 192; Baird, B. N. Am.
p. 524 ; Sclatei; P. Z. S. 1857, p. 213 (Mexico), 1859, p. 365 (Vera
Cruz), 1860, p. 252 (Orizaba) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 134 ; id. Ibis, 1884,
p. 3 ; Scl. et Salv. Numencl. p. 37 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 492
(Texas); Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 17; Baird, Brew., et
Ridqw. N. A. B. ii. p. 154 ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 90
(Arizona) ; id. B. N.- W. p. 180.

Molothrus ater, Gray, Iland-l. ii. p. 36 ; Coues, Check-list (1882),
p. 62 ; id. Key N. A. B. (1884) p. 402 ; Ridgw. P. U. S. N. M.
iii. p. 182.

Molothrus obscurus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 18.

Molothrus pecoris, var. obscurus, Coues, Key, p. 155.

Molothrus ater obscurus, Ridyw. P. U. S. N. M. iii. p. 182 ; Sennett,
Bull. U. S. Geol. Sun: iv. p. 22 et v. p. 396 (Eio Grande) ; 3Ierrill,
Pr. U. S. N. M. i. p. 130 (Texas) ; Coues, Key N. A. B. (1884)
p. 402.

Black, with purplish reflections ; whole head, and body beneath
down to the middle of the breast, smoky brown ; bill and feet black :
whole length 7 inches, wing 4-2, tail 3-2. Female. Smaller; brown,
paler below and with slight darker shaft-spots.

* For reasons for not adopting the specific term "ater,'' see Ibis, 1883, p. 583.

334

Eah. N. America, and southwards throughout Mexico to Vera
Cruz and Oaxaca.

The resident form in Texas, Lower California, Arizona, and
^Yestern Mexico is smaller in dimensions. But some examples
from Vera Cruz appear to be nearly as large as the northern bird.

rt, 6. cJ 5 ^^- ®^-

c. Jr. sk.

d. (5' ad. sk.
e,f.S ?ad. sk.
g. 2 ad. sk.

h, i. (S $ ad. sk.
j. 2 jr. sk.
k. $ ad. sk.
I. ^ ad. sk.

m. S ad. sk.
n. 2 ad. sk.
o. 2 ad. sk.

p. 2 ad. sk.
q-t. Ad. sk.

a. (S ad. sk.
6, c. c? 2 ad. sk.
d,e.(S 2 ^^- ^^^

a. Subsp. tijpica.
Fort Dufferin, N. America.

Platte River, N. A.

Illinois {Nelson).

Illinois (Coale).

Indiana.

Oyster Bay, Long Island.

Distr. Colombia, U. S. A. ( Coues).

Distr. Colombia, U. S. A. {Coues).

Fort Bridger, Utah, U, S. {Drex-

ler).
North America {Bell).
North America.
Kendall Co., Texas (iV. C.

Broivn).
Jalapa {cle Oca).
Cozumel I., Yucatan {G. F.

Gaumer).

b. Subsp. obscura.

City of Mexico.

Mazatlan, W. Mexico {Forrer).

Mazatlau, W. Mexico {Forrer).

I 2. Molothrus seneus.

N. A. Bound. Comm.

[P.].
U.S. Nat. Mas. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe's Coh.
R. B. Sharpe [P.].
R. B. Sharpe's Coll.
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P. J.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Psarocolius seneus, Waql. Isis, 1829, p. 758; Bp. Consp. i. p. 426.

Molothrus jeneus. Cab.' Mus. Hem. i. p. 192 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856,
p. 300 (Cordova, Mex.), 1859, p. 365 (Jalapa) et p. 391 (Oaxaca) ;
id. Cat. A. B. p. 135 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 4 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1860,
p. 34 (Guatemala) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 37 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.
1866, p. 18 ; Oiuen, Ibis, 1861, p. 61 (eggs) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1861,
p. 81 (Costa Rica) ; Merrill, Bull. Nutt. Oni. CI. 1877,* p. 85 (Rio
Grande) ; Seiuiett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. vol. iv. p. 23 (Rio
Grande); Coues, Check-list (1882), p. 62; id. KeyN.A.B. (1884)
p. 403 ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 281 (N.W. Mexico) ;
Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 445 (Yucatan).

Molothrus robustus. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 193.

Dark greenish satiny black ; wings and tail purplish ; bill and
feet black : whole length 8-3 inches, wing 4-8, tail 3-4. Female.
Smaller ; blackish ; wings and tail glossed with purplish, and with
slight purphsh reflections on the back.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan, Guatemala, and south to Veragua.

The females from Western Mexico appear to be much paler in
colouring than the normal birds, but I do not find much diiference
in the adult males.

«,

b. S ad. St. ;

c. 2 ad. St.

d,

e. k ad. sk.

f. 6 ad. sk.

9-

6 ad. sk.

h,

?. J jr. sk.

i>

^. d $ ad. sk. ;

I. S ji'- sk.

m

. c? jr. sk. ; n.

2 ad. sk.

0.

c? jr. sk.

P-

2 ad. sk.

?•

cj ad. sk. ; r.

d jr. sk.

s.

d jr. sk.

t,

u. S 2 ad. sk.

■",

to. J 2 ad. sk.

X.

d ad. sk.

y>

z. (^ ad. sk.

11. MOLOTHRtrS. 335

Mexico. Purchased.

Orizaba, Mexico {Botteri). Purchased.

Mexico {de Smissure). Sclater Coll.

Mexico. Sclater Coll.

Jalapa, Mexico {de Oca). Sclater Coll.

Presidio {Forrer). Salviu-Godman Coll.

Mazatlan, W. Mexico Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Forrer).

Oaxaca, S. Mexico (Fenochio). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Southern Mexico (Boucard). Salviu-Godman Coll.

Northern Yucatan {Gaumer). Salvin-Godman CoU.

Choctum, Vera Paz (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Duehas, Guatemala (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Calobre, V^eragua (A)-ce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Orosi, Costa Kica (Kramer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Chitra, Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Molothrus armenti.

Molothrus armenti, Cab. Mas. Ilein. i. p. 192 : id. J. f. O. 1861,
p. 82 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. So. Phil. 1866, p. 18 ; Scl. Ibis,' 18Si, p. 5.

Smaller than M. ceneus ; biU more slender ; entire plumage
black ; head and body with a rich, silky, yellowish-brown lustre.
(Cassin, J. c.)

Hob. Coast-region of Colombia and Venezuela.

I have not seen the adult of this bird, and am not sure that the
single skin registered below belongs to it. But it appears to be a
youug male or female of some species of the genus.

a. 2 jr. sk. Venezuela (Goering). Sclater Coll.

4. Molothrus bonariensis *.

Tangavio, Dattb. PI. Enl. 710.

Tanagra bonariensis, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 898.

Molothrus bonariensis, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 193 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884,

p. 5 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 140 (Arg. Rep.) ; iid. Nojiiencl.

p. 37 ; Cassiii, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 19 ; Hudson, P. Z. S.

* When at Philadelphia in 1884, I took the opportunity of examining the
go-ealled Ci/rtotcs maxillaris, and came to the conclusion that the specimens so
named are only males of Molothrus bonariensis with the beak defonned. As,
however, uiy examination was a hasty one, and it is still possible that I mav
have been mistaken, I add the synonymy of this (supposed) genus and s^jecies.'

Cyktotes maxillaris.
Icterus maxillaris, d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 6 ; d'Orb. Voy., Ois. p. 367

tab. lii. fig. 2: Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 643.
Molothrus maxillaris, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 21.
Cyrtotes maxillaris. Up. Consp. i. p. 437 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 9.

Hab. Cochabamba, Bolivia (d'Orb.).

There is no specimen of this bird in European collections, so far as I know.

336

1872, p. 809, et 1874, pp. 153 et seqq. (Bueuos Ayres) ; Berlepsch,
Jutirn. f. Orn. 1873, p. 249 (Santa Catharina) ;" Durnford, Ibis,
1877, pp. 33, 174 (Chupat) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 339 (Pemam-
buco) ; White, F. Z. S. 1883, p. 601 (Arg. Rep.).

Tordo comuu, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 275.

Icterus seiiceus, Licht. Douhl. p. 19 ; Tsch. Faun. Per. p. 225.

Molotlirus sericeus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 437 yNeioton, Ibis, 1860, p. 308 ;
Feh. Orn. Bras. p. 200 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 135.

Molobrus sericeus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 279 ; id. La-Plata Reise,
ii. p. 494; Sternb. J.f. O. 1869, p. 125.

Scolecopliagus sericeus, Siv. An. in Menag. p. 301.

Icterus minor, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 07, pi. 63. fig. 2 (?).

Icterus violaceus. Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1212.

Molotlirus niger, Gould, Zool. Vot/. ' Beagle,' iii. p. 107.

Passerina discolor, Vieill. N. D. d'H. N. xxxiv. p. 552 ; id. Erie. Meth.
p. 939.

Uniform shining purplish black ; on wings and tail not so bright ;
bill and feet black : whole length 7"5 inches, wing 4-5, tail 3.
Female. Dark ashy brown, beneath paler ; bill and feet black ;
slightly smaller in size.

Hah. Argentine Eepublic, Patagonia, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Brazil.

a, b. <S ad. sk. ;

c, d. 2 ad. sk.
e,f. S $ ad. sk.
g. cJ jr. sk.
h. S jr- sk. ; i.

2 ad. sk.
7, A;, d 2 ad. sk.
'I. 2 ad. St.

»», n. S ad. sk.
0. c? ad. sk.
p. S jr- sk.

q, r, s. S, 6 .jr.,

et 2 sk.
t. S ad. sk.
II. S ad. sk.
V, w. (S ad. sk.
X. <S ad. sk. ; y.

djr.sk.
s, a . (S ad. sk. ;

b'. S jr- sk.
c'. 2 ad. sk.
d', e'. (S ad. sk.

/'. (5 ad. sk.

(/'. (S ad. sk.

/(', i'. 6 2 ad. sk.
j'. 2 ad. sk.
k'. c? ad. St.
r. Skeleton.

Coiicbitas, Buenos Ayi-es

(Hudson).
Buenos Ayres (Haslehurst).
Punta Lara, Ai-g. Rep.
Pampas of Ai-g. Rep. (Leybold).

Mendoza, Arg. Rep.
Maldonado, Uruguay

{Darzoin).
Uruguay.

Straits of Magellan (King).
Rio Negro of Patagonia

(Hudson).
Chupat, Patagonia.

Nihuasa, Bolivia (Pearce).

Bolivia.

' "eara, N. Brazil (Jesse).

Ceara, N. Brazil (Jesse).

Sclater CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Durnford [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.
Sir W. Burnett and
Capt. Fitzroy [P.].
Alan Peel [C.j.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.

H. Durnford [C.].

Salvin-Godman CoU.
T. Bridges [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Pernambuco, Brazil (Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer).
Novo Fribourgo, Rio de

Janeiro (Youds).
Joanna Leite, S. Brazil

( Natter er).
Rio Claro, Goyaz, Brazil

(Joyner).
Brazil.
Brazil.
Brazil.
Buenos AjTes (?).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

M. Claussen [P.].

Purchased.

Purchased.

11. MOLOTHRTIS. 337

5. Molothrus purpurascens.

Xanthornus purpui-ascens, Hahn u. Kiisfer, Vol/, aits Asien, Lief. v.

t.4(?).
Molothrus purpurascens, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 20; Scl.

P. Z. S. 18C.9, p. 148 (Lima) ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 7 ; Scl. el Salv.

Nomeiicl. p. 37 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 5-23, 1880, p. 200 (Peru) ;

id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 422.

Similar to 31. honariensis, but female paler, especially below.

Bah. Western Peru.

Notwithstanding what Mr. Cassin says, it must at least remain
doubtful whether Hahn's figure was really intended to represent
this form of 21. honariensis ; but it is hardly necessary to change
the name. On examining the pair of birds from Lima (which must,
1 suppose, belong to Cassin's M. purpurascens), and comparing them
with a series of M. honariemds, I can find very little diff<.'rence in
the males, except that the bill and feet are rather stronger. The
female of i/. purpurascens is paler and more fuscous above, and
very much paler and more whitish on the lower plumage.

a,b. J 2 ad. sk. Lima, Peru {Nation). Sclater Coll.

6. Molothrus atronitens.

Molothrus atronitens, Cah. in Schomh. Guian. iii. p. 682 ; id. Mus.
Hein. i. p. 193 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 200 ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 676 (Trinidad) ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 37 ; Berlepsch, J. f. O.
1873, p. 249 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 6.

Shining purplish black ; wings and tail more bronzy black :
whole length 7'5 inches, wing 3'7, tail 2-8. Female. Dark brown,
with a slight purplish tinge ; beneath paler.

Hah. Guiana, Venezuela, and Trinidad.

Only separable from M. honariensis by its smaller size.

a. (f ad. sk. Venezuela. Sclater Coll.

b. (5 ad. sk. Trinidad. Salviu-Godman Coll.

c. c? ad. sk. George Town (Brown). Sclater Coll.

d. (5 ad. sk. Demerara. J. R. Jackson, Esq.

e. Pull. sk. Oyapoc, Cayenne (Jelski). Sclater Coll.

/. $ ad. sk. Island of Mexiana, Lower Salvin-Godman Coll.

Amazons {Wallace).

7. Molothrus cassiui.

Molothrus discolor, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 186G, p. 20 ; Scl. et Salv.

Nomencl. p. 37 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 509 (Antioquia) ; Salv. et

Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 123 (S. Marta).
Molothrus cassini, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 576; Berlepsch, J. f. O.

1873, p. 250 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 6.
Molothrus robustus. Cab. MS., teste Finsch, I. s. c.

Dark shining pur{)le-black ; wings and tail more greenish ; bill
and feet black : whole length 8-8 inches, wing 5-2, tail 4-2. Female.

VOL. XI. z

3;38 kterid-t;.

Above dull brown, with slight metallic reflections; below paler;
superciliaries whitish.

Hah. Venezuela and Colombia.

Except in its larger size, this species is hardly different from
M. honariensis.

Salvin-riodTnan Coll.
Salvin-Godiuan C(j11.

a. (S ad. sk.
i, c. c? 2 ad. sir.

d,e. S 9- ^^- ^'^•

/. (S ad. sk.

g, h. S $ ad. sk.
'i. (S jr. sk.
J. cJ ad. sk.

A;, /. (S ad. sk.

Arihueca, U. S. C. (Siinom).
MedelHn, Antioquia, U. S. C.

(Salmon).
Medellin, Antioquia, U. S. C.

(Salmon).
Barranqiulla, U. S. C. (Ber-

lepscli ) .
Boo'ota.

Bogota (Ward).
Caracas, Venezuela (Bou-

ca7-d).
Trinidad.

Sclater Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Sclater Coll.

8. Molothrus rufo-axillaris.

Icterus brevirostris, d'Orb. et Lafr. Stjn. ii. p. 7 (18.88) ?

Molothrus rufo-axillaris, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 186C^, p. 23 ; Scl.
et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 140; iid. Notiiend. p. 37; Hudson,
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 161 ; Dw-nford, Ibis, 1877, p. 174 ; White, P. Z. S.
1882, p. 601 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 7.

Silky black, washed with purple ; wings and tail with a slight
greenish gloss ; a chestnut spot on the axillaries ; bill and feet
black : whole length 8 inches, wing 4-5, tail 3-3. Female similar,
but rather smaller. Young. Pale brown, wings margined with
chestnut.

Hah. Argentine Republic, from Catamarca to the Rio Negro of
Patagonia.

a. S ad. sk. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres (Hud-

son).

b. (5' ad. sk. Buenos Ayres (Hudson).

c. (S ad. sk. Quilmes, Arg. Rep. (Hudson),
d-i. Jr. sk. Quilmes, Arg. Rep. (Hudson).

j. S ad. sk. Rio Negro of Patagonia (Hudson).

k. $ ad. sk. Rio Negro of Patagonia (Hudson).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.

9. Molothrus badius.

Tordo pardo-roxizo, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 290.

Ao'elaius badius, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 535; id. Enc. 3Ieth.

p. 711.
Icterus badius, d'Orb. et Lafr. Sj/n. Av. ii. p. 7 (Bolivia).
Molothrus badius, Cab. 3Ius. He'in. i. p. 193 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 135 ;

id. Ibi.% 1884, p. 8 ; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 163 (nesting) ; Scl.

et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 140 (Buenos Ayres), et 1879, p. 608

(Bolivia) ; iid. Nomencl p. 37 ; Dnrnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 174.
Bolichonyx badius, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 15.
Agelaius'fringillarius, Gould, Zool. Voy. ' Beagle,' Birds, p. 107.

12. AGELJ.US. 339

Brownish cinereous, beneath rather paler ; wings chestnut ; tips
of primaries, inner portions of secondaries, and tail blackish ; bill
black ; feet dark brown : whole length 7'G inches, wing 3'5, tail 3
Female similar.

Hal). Argentine Eepublic, Paraguay, and Bolivia.

a. S ad. sk. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Hiulsoti).

b. Ad. sk. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres Sclater Coll.

(Jludf:on).

c. 2 ad. sk. Quilmes, Arg. Rep. (Ilud.son). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Quilmes, Arg. Rep. (Hudson). Sclater Coll.

e,f. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yuugas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Buckley),
q, h. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. Bridges [C.].

i. Ad. St. Brazil (?). Pm-chased.

10. Molothrus fringillarius.

Icteiiis fringillarius, 8pix, Av. Bras. i.p.68,t.6o (1824).
Doliclionyx fuscipeniiis, Ccissin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil, 1866, p. 16.
Molothrus fringillarius, Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 8.

Above cinereous, W'ith a strong rufescent tinge, space round the
eye and ear-coverts darker ; wings blackish, with bright rufous
margins : below paler, rather more cinereous ; tail blackish brown,
with slight rufescent edgings ; bill and feet black : whole length
6*8 inches, wing 3*5, tail 2-6.

ITab. Campos of Brazil.

Although closely allied to M. badius, this species is at once recog-
nizable on comparison by its pale sandy colour, brown tail, and the
lesser amount of rufous on the wings.

a. Ad. sk. Peruambuco, Brazil (Forbes). Sclater Coll.

12. AGEL.ffiUS.

Agelaius, VtetUot, At^alyse, p. 33 (1816) A. phceniceus.

Chrysomus, Sw. Class. Birds, ii. p. 274 (^1837) .... A. icterocephalus.

Xanthosomus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 189 (1851). ... A. icterocephalus.

Ao-elasticus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 188 (1851) A. thilius.

Thilius, Bp. Compt. Bend, xxxvii. p. 833 (1853) . . A. thilius.

Eiythropsar, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 17 . . A . ruficapillus.

As here arranged Agelans embraces some 14 species distributed
throughout the Ncarctic and Neotropical Regions, generally of mode-
rate size and black plumage, more or less varied with reds or j-ellows.
Agelceiis has a longer bill than the two preceding genera, and the
culraen is always quite straight, with the mesorbiuium occasionally
slightly flattened.

The A(jela'i nest generally in society, and build open cup-shaped
nests in marshy places in the reed-beds or dwarf shrubs. The eggs
are usually pale bluish, spotted with various shades of red.

z2

340 ICTER1DJ5,

Keij to the Species.

A. Black, bend of wing brightly colonred.

a. Bend of wing red.

a'. With ochraceous margin.

r Female striated 1 . phanice^is, p. 340.

1 Female like male 2. assimilis, p. 341.

b'. Without ochraceous margin 3. ff?ibprnator, p. 341.

(■'. With white margin 4. tricolor, p. 342.

b. Bend of wing fulvous 5. humeralis, p. 342.

c. Bend of wing yellow :

j under wing-coverts black 6. xanthomus, p. 343.

I under wing-coverts yellow 7. thilius, p. 343.

B. Black, with yellow axillary tuft ....... 8. imthtirmi, p. 344.

r. Uniform black :

I mesorhininm slightly flattened 9. cyanopus, p. 344.

I mesorhiuium more flattened 10. forbesi, p. 345.

1). Black and yellow :

] abdomen blnck 11. icterocephalus, p. 34o.

( abdomen yellow 12. Jlams, p. 346.

E, Black and chestnut :

I crown bright chestnut 13. frontalis, p. 347.

\ crown dark chestnut 14. ruficapiUus, p. 347.

1. Agelseus phceniceus.

Oriolus phreniceus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 101 ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 386; Lath.

Lnd. Orn. i. p. 178.
Troupiale a ailes rouges de la Louisiana, Daub. PL Enl. 402.
Agelaiiis phoemceus, Sii\ Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 280; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 430 ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 526 ; Baird, Brew., et Ridyw. N.

A. B. ii. p. 150 ; Laiorence, Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 104 (Costa Rica).
Sturnns predatorius, Wih. Am. Orn. iv. p. 30, pi. 30. figs. 1, 2.
Agelffius phceniceus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 205 (Mexico), 1859,

p. 58 (Peten) et p. 381 (Oaxaca) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 135 ; id. Ibis,

1884, p. 10 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 19 ; iid. Noniend. p. 37 ;

Dresser, Lbis, 1865, p. 492 (Texas) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866,

p. 90 (Arizona) ; id. Key N. A. B. (1884), p. 404 ; id. B. N.-W.

p. 186; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 440 (Yucatan).
Red-winged Oriole, Lath. 6. H. iii. p. 180.

Glossy black ; smaller wing-coverfcs crimson, with a more or less
well-defined ochraceous border below ; bill black ; feet hazel : whole
length 8"5 inches, wing 4-6, tail 3'5. Femcde much smaller ; above
black, irregularly marked with whitish ; ill-defined superciliaries
white ; beneath ochraceous white, with distinct black striations.

Hah. North and Central America down to Costa Rica.

a. S a-d- St. Arctic America. Capt. Back [P.].

I. S jr. St. ; c. $ N. America. Purchased.

ad. St.; d, e.

Pull. St.
/. c? ad. (alb. var.") California. Purchased.

St.

g,h. S 9- ad. sk. ; West slope, Rocky Moun- J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

i. (5' jr. sk. tains.

i A- rT 2 ad. sk. ; British Columbia N. A. Bound. Comm.

/.■ Jjr.sk. [P.]-

12. AGEL.EUS.

341

m, n. S $ ad. sk.
o. 5 ad. sk.

p. (S ad. sk.

q. $ ad. sk.

r. (5' ad. sk.
s. (S ad. sk.
i!. (5' ad. sk.
?<. d' jr. sk. J I'. 5

ad. sk.
w, X. c5' ad. sk. ;

y, s. 5 ad. sk.
«'. (d ad. sk.
b'. S ad. sk.

c'. 5 ad. sk.

cV. 5 ad. sk.
e'. (S ad. sk.
/',5f'. c? ad.sk.

h'-V. c? ad. ; m'.

5 ad. sk.
?i'. 5 ad. sk.

o',p'. J ad. sk.

q' . cS ad. sk. ; /•', s' .
5 ad. sk. ; t'. Jr.
sk.
u.' c? ad. sk.
i'', w'. (S $ ad. sk.

Sau Juan I., Brit. CV>1.
Waldron I., Domiuiou

of Canada.
Fort Dufferin, N.W. A.

jS'.W. coast of N. America.

Fort Simpson, N. A.
Pembina, Dakota (Coues).
Illinois (Coale).
Mt. Carmel, Illinois

{Ridf/icai/).
Nova Scotia (Downs).

Canada (Salvin).

Washington, D.C.,
U. S. A. (Bre.der).

The Slashes, Distr. of
Colombia (Coues).

Arizona (Coues).

Me.xico.

Northern Yucatan
(Gaiwter).

Cozumel I., Yucatan
(G. F. Gaumer).

Belize, Brit. Honduras
(BlaHcaneaux).

Lake of Peteu, Guate-
mala (Salvin).

Duefias, Guatemala.

Guatemala (Constancia).
Bebedero, Nicoya, Costa
Rica (Aree).

Dr, LyaU [P.].
Dr. LyaU [P.J.

N. A. Bound. Comui.

Capt. Kellett and Lieut.

Wood [P.].
B. Ross, Esq. [P.].
U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

U. S_. Nat. Mus. [P.l.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Cell.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Agelaeus assimris.

Ageheus assimilis, Gundl. in Lemheye, Aves de Cuba, p. 64, t. 9. fig. 3
(1850) ; ul. J.f. 0. 1856, p. 12, 1861, pp. 332, 413, 1862, p. 189, et
1874, p. 131 ; id. Boston Journ. N. H. vi. p. 316; Poetj, Rep. F.-N.
i. p. 288 (1866) ; Sd. Ibis, 1884, p. 10.

Agelaeus phceniceus, var. assimilis, Coues, B. N.-W. p. 186.

Male. Similar to A. i^hcenice'us, but rather smaller,
uniform black.
Hah. Cuba.

Female

3. Agelaeus gubernator.

Psarocolius gubernator, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 281.

Agelseus gubernator, Bp. Consp. i. p. 430 ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 529 ;

Sd. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 213 (Orizaba), 1859, p. 365 (Jalapa), 1864,

p. 175 (City of Mexico) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 135 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 10 ;

Sd. et Salv. Nomend. p. 37 ; Cuuper, Orn. Cal. i. p. 263.
Agelaiusphoeniceus, var. gubernator, Baird, Breic.,et JRidgw. N.A.B.

ii. p. 163 ; Coues, B. N- W. p. 186.
Agelaeus phceniceus gubernator, Coues, Key N. A. B. (1884) p. 404.

342 ictekidj:.

Glossy black ; lesser wing-coverts crimson, without or with
scarcely any oehraceous border ; bill and feet black.

Hah. Pacific coasts of N. America, and south to Southern Mexico.

a. (S ad. St. California. Sir E. Belcher [P.],

h. S iid. sk. San Francisco, Cal. {Cutts). U.S. Nat.Mns. [P.].

c. (S ad. sk. California {Bell). Sclater Coll.

d. cJ jr. sk. Reno, Nevada, U.S.A. {Hm- U.S. Nat. Mas. [P.].

shnic).

e. Ad. sk. Jplapa, Mexico {de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll.
y, (7. Ad. et jr. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (f/e Oca). Sclater Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Orizaba, Mexico {Botteri). Sclater Coll.

i. $ ad. St. Mexico. J. Gould, Esq.

4. Agelaeus tricolor.

Icterus tricolor, Aiid. Orn. Biugr. v. p. 1 (1839) ; Nuttall, 3Ian. i.

(2nd edit.) p. 186.
Agelaius tricolor, B}). Comp. ^ Geoyr. List, p. 29 ; Arid. Syn. p. 141

(1839) ; id. Birds Am. iv. p. 27, pi. ccxiv. (1842) ; Baird, Birds

N. Am. p. 530 (1858) ; Baird, Brew., et Bidi/io. N. A. B. ii. p. 105 ;

Cooper, Orn. Cal. i. p. 265 (1870) ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 11; Cuues,

Key N. A. B. (1884) p. 404.
Agelaius phoeniceus, var. tricolor, Cones, Key, p. 150 ; id. B. N.- W.

p. 180.

Glossy black ; lesser wing-coverts blood-red, with a distinct white
border below ; bill more slender than in A. ■plioeniceus : whole length
8'5 inches, wing 4-9, tail 2-5.

Hah. Coast-district of California and Oregon.

a. cJ ad. sk. California {Hepburn). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. J ad. sk. California. Sclater Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Santa Barbara, Cal. {Henshatv). U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

d. S ad. sk. Stockton, Cal. {Beldiny). U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

5. Agelaeus humeralis.

Leistes humeralis, Vig. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 442.

Icterus humeralis, d'Orb. in La Sayra's Cuba, Ois. p. 91, pi. xx.

Agelaeus humeralis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 4.30 ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1850, p. 13,
1861, p. 332, 1874, p. 1.30, et 1878, p. 177; Pcbeln, Ibis, 1873,
p. 28 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 136 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 11 ; Scl. et Salv.
Nomencl. p. 37 ; Poey, Rep. F.-N. i. p. 288.

Glossy black ; wing-coverts yellowish-brown with a paler border
below ; bill and feet black : whole length 7 inches, wing 4*2,
tail 3"2. Female similar, but rather smaller, and wing-coverts
mixed with black.

Hah. Cuba.

a, b. S fid. sk. San Cristobal, Cuba. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. (5 ad. sk. Cuba {Poey). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(7. cf ad. sk. Cuba. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e,f. cJ ad sk Cuba. Sclater Ct>ll.

y. J ad. sk. Cuba {Bryant). Mrs. Bryant [P.].

12. AGELJitrs. 343

6. Agelaeus xanthomus.

Agelaius chi-ysopterus, Vieill. Nuuv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 539 ; id. Enc.
Meth. p. 713 (partim); Sand. (Efv. af K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. 18G9,
p. 597; Scl. et Salu. Nomencl. p. 37; Gundlach, J. f. O. 3874,
p. 312, et 1878, p. 177; id. An. 8oc. Esp. H. N.' \ii. p. :211
(1878).

Icterus xantbomus, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 131 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 168 ;
Bryant, Proc. Boston S. N. H. x. p. 254.

Hypliantes xantbomus, Ca.'^s. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 63.

Agelajus xantbomus, Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 12.

Glossy black ; lesser wing-coverts yellow ; bill and feet black :
whole length 7"S inches, wing 4-2, tail 3'4. Female similar, but
smaller, and wing-coverts sometimes mixed with black.

Mab. Portorico.

The name chri/sopterus cannot be conveniently used for this bird,
as under his Agelaius cTirysopterus Yieillot included Icterus cayan-
ensis (Ibis, 1S83, p. 359), and apparently also Ayelaius thilius.
The name has consequently been applied to all these three species.

a. Ad. sk. Porto Rico (Bryant). Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Poito Eico (Bryant). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Porto Rico (Taylor). Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Porto Rico. Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Porto Rico (Sjcift). Salviu-Godman Coll.
/. c? ad. sk. Porto Rico (Bnjant). Mrs. Bryant [P-]-

7. Agelaeus thilius.

Turdus thilius, Mol. Hist. Nat. Chili, p. 345 (1782).

Tordo negro cobijas amarillas, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 301.

Xantbomus cbrysocarpus, Viy. P. Z. S. 1832, p. 3.

Agelaius tbilius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 431 ; Scl. et Salv. Notnencl. p. 37 ;
Dunifoi-d, Ibis, 1S76, p. 159 (Buenos Ayres), 1877, p. 33 (^Cbupat ),
p. 174 (Bueuos Ayres), et 1878, p. 394 (Cbupat) ; Burin. La-Plata
Reise, ii. p. 493 ; Cassin in Gilliss^s U.S. Nav. Astr. E.vp. ii. p. 179,
t. 16. fig. 1 ; id. P: Ac. Sc. Phil. 186G, p. 12 ; JMiite, P. Z. S. 1882,
p. 602 (Buenos Avres) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 422 (Cocimmbo) ;
Tacz. Orn. Per. ii."p. 424; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 12.

Agelasticus tbilius. Cab. 3Ius. Hein. i. p. 188 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 323 (Cbili) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 130 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1869,
p. 153 (S. Peru).

Icterus cbrysopterus, cVOrb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 5.

Agelasticus cbrysapterus, Cub. Mas. Hein. i. p. 188.

Cacicus cbrysocarpus, Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 345.

Xantbomus cayanensis, Gay, op. cit. p. 346 (Chili).

Xantbomus cbrysopterus, Gould, Zoot. Foy. ' Beayle,' Birds, p. 106.

Agelaius xantbocarpus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 12.

Black ; lesser upper and under wing-coverts yellow ; bill and feet
black: whole length 5-o inches, wing 3-0, tail 2-7. Female. Above
pale brown striated with black ; distinct superciliaries white ;
beneath paler, cineraceous white with black striations ; smaller, and
bill sliorter.

Hub. S. Peru, Chili, Patagonia, Argentine Republic, and Paraguay.

344

ICTERID^ai.

The form from the eastern side of the Andes (A. chrysoca?'pus)
is rather smaller, and has been kept distinct by Cabanis and
Cassin.

a. Subsp. tijpica.

a. S ad. sk. Tungasuca, W. Peru ( Whitely).

b,c. c? 2 ad St. Chili.

d, e. 5 jr. sk. Coquimbo, Chili (Markham).

f. 2 ad. sk. Chili (lieed).

9) ^- c? 2 ad. sk. Chili.

b. Subsp. clirysocarpa .

a. cJ jr. sk. Mendoza, Arg. Rep,

(Sunjieister).

b. (S ad. sk. Pampas of Arg. Eep. (Leij-

bold).

c. <S ad. sk. Vicinity of Buenos Ayres

(JIaslehurst).

d. (S ad. sk. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres

{Sitdson).

e. S ad. sk. Buenos Ayres (IVJiite).

f. c? ad. sk. Punta Lara, Arg. Rep.

g. 2 ad. sk. Chupat, Patagonia.

h. 2 ad. sk. Rio Negro of Patagonia

( Hudson).
i. S ad. sk. Bolivia.

j. 2 ad. sk. S. America {Darwin),

k. (S ad. St. S. America.

8. AgelsBus imtliurmi.

Thilius major, Bp. C. R. xxxvii. p. 833 (18.53
Agelffius imthurmi, Scl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 213

Salv. et Godtn. Ibis, 1883, p. 203 ; Scdv.

Thunn, Indians of Guiana, p. 71, pi. 5.

Uniform black ; elongated axillaries yellow
whole length 10-4 inches, wing 5, tail 4-8.
rather smaller.

Hah. Int. British Guiana.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.
T. Bridges [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Durnford [C.J.
H. Durnford [C.J.
Pm-chased.

J. R. Pentland, Esq.

[P.].
J. Gould, Esq.
Capt. Fitzrov and Sir

W. Burnett [P.].

)?

; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 13 ;
Ibis, 1885, p. 218 ; im

bill and feet black :
Female similar, but

a. cJ ad. sk.

Kaieteur, Guiana {itn Thurm).

b, c. (S ad. sk. ; d. Merume Mts., Brit. Guiana

2 ad. sk.
e,f. (5 2 ad. sk.

g. 2 ad. sk.

(Whitely).
Roraima, Brit. Guiana

(Whitely).
Roraima, Brit. Guiana

( Whitely).

Sclater Coll. (Type

of the species.)
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

9. Agelaeus cyanopus.

Turd I negro y vario, Azara, Ajniid. i. p. 313.

Agelaius c\anopus, Vieill. X. D. d'll. Nat. xxxiv. p. o5'2 ; id. Em-,

12. AGEL^US. 345

Meth. p. 719; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 5; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc Phil
1866, p. 12; Felz. Orn. Bras. p. 196; Scl. et Salv. JVomencL
p. 3/ ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 13, pi. i.

Icterus cyanopus, d'Orh. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 5.

Leistes unicolor, Stv. An. in Menag. p. 304 (1838).

Uniform black ; bill black ; feet dark brown : whole length 7-5
inches, wing 3-7, tail 3. Ftmale. Above brown, with obscure
black striations ; below yellowish fulvous, with slight blackish
striations ; crissum brown ; wings narrowly edged with rufous.

Bah. South Brazil and Paraguay.

a. (S ad. sk. Parana, Brazil {Katterer). Sclater Coll

b. 2 ad. sk. Aragua, Brazil {Natterer). Sclater Coll'.

c. 6 ad. sk. ; d. S Brazil. Sclater Coll.
jr. sk.

e. 2 ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. 2 ad. St. Para (?). R. Graham [P.!

9, h. 2 ad. St. Brazil. Purchased. •

10. Agelaeus forbesi, sp. nov.

Agelaius pustulatus, Siv. An. in Men. p. 303 (?).
Aphohus chopi ?, Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 339.

Uniform black ; feathers of head and neck lanceolate and with
shining shafts ; mesorhinium much flattened ; tail very slightly
rounded; bill and feet black: whole length 8 inches, wing'' 3-9,
tail o' /.

Hab. Pernambuco, Brazil.

The typical specimen was obtained by Forbes near Pernambuco
in 1881, and after cursory examination somewhat doubtfully re-
ferred to Aphohus chopi. It has, however, nothing to do with
Aphohus, having a perfectly straight culmen and the mesorhinium
flattened, and must either be placed in Agelceus or in a genus by
Itself. It may possihhj be the Agelceus pustulatus of Swainson, as
the base of the lower mandible is bare and there are some slight
indications on it of what might be termed " warts." But, on the
other hand, the lores are feathered, and the bill does not at all
agree with the outline given in Swainson's flgure, so that unless
Swainson's type can be found it would be unsafe to adopt his
name.

«. Jr. sk. Pernambuco {Forbes). Sclater Coll. (Type

of the species.)

11. Agelseus icterocephalus.

Oriolus icterdcepLalus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 163.

Chrysomus icterocephalus, S^c. Class. Birds, ii. p. 274; Bp Co7iy}
i. p. 43] ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 18; Cab. in Schomb.' Guian
^ lii. p. 681 ; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 281.

Xauthosomus icterocephalus. Cab. Mns. Ilein.i. p. 189; Scl Cat A
B. p. 13(i; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 1.5 ; Scl. ct Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 182
(Ucayali), 1867, p. 573 (Lower Amazons) et p. 978 (Pebas)

•S-iV)

1809, p. 25^ (Venezuela), 1873, p. 200 (Upp. Amnzoiis) ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 37 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1804, p. 84 (Triuidad) ; Wyatt,

Ibis, 1871, p. 330 (Colombia) ; Fekeln, Orn. Bras. p. 197 (Lower

Amazons) ; Tacz. Orn. Fcr. ii. p. 425.
Leistes icterocephalus, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 570 (Trinidad) ;

Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 14.
Yellow-headed Oriole, Lath. G. H. iii. p. 120.

Black ; head and neck all round (except lores) bright yellow ; bill
and feet black : whole length 6-7 inches, wing 3-5, tail 2-9.
Female. Above blackish ; head olivaceous ; superciliaries and body
beneath yellowish ; flanks and lower belly brownish.

Hah. Northern S. America, from Colombia through Venezuela
and Trinidad to the Guiauas and Amazonia.
a. (5 ad. sk.

b. (S jr. sk.

c. c? ad. sk.

d. 5 ad. sk.

e. ad. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.

(/. cJ ad. sk.

h, c? jr- sk. ; i. $

ad. sk.
j. c? ji-. sk. ; k. 2

ad. sk.
Z. c? ad. sk.
m, n. 5 fid- sk.
0. c? ad. st.

George Town, Demerara

(Brow7i).
George Town, Demerara

(Brown).
Cayenne.
Cayenne.

Pebas, E. Peru (Haii.vwell).
Chamicuros, E. Peru (ILiu.v-

well).
Bogota.
Bogota.

Venezuela.

Trinidad.
Trinidad.
South America.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Zool. Soc. Coll.
Purchased.

12. Agelaeus flavus.

Oriolus flavus, Gni. S. N. i. p. 389 ; Lath. lad. Orn. i. p. 179.
Xanthornus flavus, Gould, Zool. Voy. ' Beagle,^ iii. p. 107, pi. 4o ;

Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 5.
Chrysomus flavus, Bp. Cunsp. i. p. 431 ; Biirin. Syst. Ueh. iii. p. 207.
Xanthosomus flavus, »SW. Cat. A.B. p. 137; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 10;

Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 632 (Buenos Ayres) ; iid. Nomencl.

p. 37 ; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 59.
Icterus flavus, d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 6.
Leistes flavus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1806, p. 14.
Tordo cabeza amarilla, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 299.
Psarocolius flaviceps, Wayl. Syst. Av. Suppl. sp. 9.
Chrysomus xanthopvgius, Siv. An. in Menaq. p. 345.
Agelajus phoeniceus; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 601 (pull.).
Antiguan Yellow Oriole, Lath. G. H. iii. p. 134.

Black ; rump, bend of the wing, and body beneath bright yellow ;
bill and feet black : whole length 8'5 inches, wing 4'2, tail 3-2.
Female. Above brown, slightly striated ; eyebrows, rump, and body
beneath yellowish ; bill brown ; feet dark brown.

Hah. Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentine Eepublic.

a. V ad. sk.
h,c. c? ? ad. sk.

Rio Grande (Plant).
Maldonado (Darwin).

Sflater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

12. ^S. AGEL^rS.

34^

d. 2 ad. sk.
e,f. S ad. sk.
(/, h. cJ 2 ad. sk.

i. (S ad. sk.
j. I'ulL sk.
A;. cT ad. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.

Monte Video.

Uruguay.

Concliitas, Buenos Ayres

(Hudson)
Buenos Ayres (ITiidson).
Buenos Ayres (White).
Alvear, Arg. Rep.
S. America.

Capt. Fitzrov [P.].
Alan Peel [C.J.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
H. Diu-nford [C.].
Purchased.

13. Agelseus frontalis.

Agelaius frontalis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 545 ; id. Enc. MetJi.

ii. p. 717 (Cayenne).
Ckrj'somus frontalis, Gray et Mitch. Gen. B. p. 348, pi. 86 ; Burm.

Si/st. Ueb. iii. p. 2G7 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 431.
Xanthosomus frontalis, Cab. Miis. Ilein. i. p. 189 ; Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 136 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 16 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 37.
Doliclionyx frontalis, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 17.
Agelaius ruficollis, Su\ An. in 3Ie?iaff. p. 302.
Dolicbonyx ruficapillus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 199.

Glossy black ; crown of head, middle of throat, and fore neck
chestnut ; bill and feet black : whole length 7"5 inches, wiug 3'7,
tail 2-9. Female. Brown, striated with blackish ; beneath paler
and more finely striated ; throat and breast washed with yellowish.

Hah. Cayenne and Eastern Brazil.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater CoU.

M. Claussen [P.].

R. Graham, Esq.

[P.].

a. (5 ad. sk.

Cayenne.

b. c? ad. sk.

Ceara, N. Brazil (Jesse).

c, d. cJ ad. sk.

Pernambuco, Brazil (P'orbes).

e. 2 ad. sk.

Pernambuco, Brazil (Forbes).

/. c? jr. sk. ; ff. $

Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer).

ad. sk.

h. 2 ad. sk. ;

Bahia, Brazil (Wucherei-).

i. Jr. sk.

j. cj ad. sk.

Brazil.

k. cj ad. St.

Brazil.

I, m. 2 ad. St.

Brazil.

14. Agelseus ruficapillus.

Tordo corona de canela, Azara, Apimf. i. p. 315.

Agelaius ruficapillus, J'ieitl. Now. Diet, xxxiv. p. 536; id. Enc.

Meth. ii. p. 712.
Dolicbonyx ruficapillus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 17.
Xanthosomus ruficapillus, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 159 (Con-

chitas) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 37 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 602 (Arg.

Rep.) ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 17.
Trupiahs ruficeps, Merrem, Ersch u. Grub. Enc. xv. p. 282 (1826).
Chrysomus frontalis, Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 5; Burm. La-Plata

Reise, ii. p. 492.

Similar to A. frontalis, but the chestnut on the head and throat of
a more brownish tinge, and not so far extended below.
Bab. Paraguaj" and Argentine Republic.

348 ICTERID.E.

I have only one immature skin of this species before me, but I
believe it to be really distinct.

a. (S jr. Paraguay (?). Sclater Coll.

13. LEISTES.

Type. _

Leistes, Stc. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 191 (1S2GJ L. guianensis.

The two nearly allied species which form this group come very near
Ageloius in structure, while they closely imitate the Lark -like genus
Trupialis in plumage. The chief point of difference from Agelceus
appears to lie in the shorter tail, in which the shafts of the
feathers are sliglitly denuded at the tips and somewhat spiny.

1. Leistes guianensis.

Oriolus guianensis et Tanagra militaris, Linn. S. N. i. pp. 162, 316.

Oriolus americanus, Gin. 8. N. i. p. 386.

Agelaius militaris, Fieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 128, pi. 88.

Trupialis guianensis, Bp. Consj). i. p. 430 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii.
p. 260.

Pedotribes guianensis. Cab. 3fus. Hein. i. p. 191.

Leistes guianensis, Sd. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 19 (Bogota) et p. 265
(Santarem) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 138 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 21 ; Taylor.,
Ibis, 1864, p. 84 (Trinidad); Sd. et Salv. F.Z.8. 1867, p. '573
(Para) et p. 750 (Xeberos), 1809, p. 252 (Venezuela), 1873, p. 267
(Xeberos) ; iid. Nomend. p. 38 ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 176,
191 ( Veragua) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 576 (Trinidad) ; Laijard,
Ibis, 1873, p. 381 (Para) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 427 ; Salv. Ibis,
1885, p. 218 (Brit. Guian.).

Leistes militaris, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 14.

Leistes erythrothorax, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 197 (1871) ; Sd. et Salv.
Nomencl. p. 38.

Brownish black ; bend of the wing and body beneath down to
the middle of the belly scarlet ; bill black ; feet clear brown: whole
length 6'5 inches, wing 3-2, tail 2-3. Female. Above pale brown,
variegated with black ; beneath pale brown, tinged with scarlet on
the middle of the belly ; iianks, lower belly, and crissum with
black striations ; tail pale cinereous brown, with black cross bands.

Hub. Veragua, and southwards over Colombia, Venezuela,
Trinidad, Guiana, and Amazonia.

a, b. S ad. sk. ; c, Mina Chorcha, Chiriqui, Salvin-Godmau Coll.

d. 5 ad. sk. Veragua {Arce).

e. c? ad. sk. Panama {McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/'. 9 ad. sk. Guayaquil. Capt. Kellett and Lt.

Wood [P.].

g. S ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. 5 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

h .?• d 2 ad- sk. Bogota. Purchased.

k, I. S 2 ^^- ^^- Trinidad. Sclater Coll.

m, w. c? 2 ad. sk. Roraima, Brit. Giiiaua Salvin-Godmau Coll.
( Whitehj).

J4. XANTHOCEPHALUS.

349

0. 5 ad. sk.

p. Ad. st.

(/. S ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
s, <• c? 2 ad. sk.

2<. J' ad. sk.
V. 2 ad. sk.

n\ Ad. ."^t.
.r. Jr. St.

George Town, Brit. Guiana

Brit. Guiana.

Cayenne.
Cayenne.
Mexiana, Lower Amazons

( Wallace ) .
Rio Madeira {Natterer).
Cayutaba, Brazil (Natterer).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Chev. Schomburgk

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Sclater Coll.
(Typical specimens of L. erythrothorar.')
Brazil. J. Gould, Esq.

S. America. Purchased.

2. Leistes superciliaris.

Tordo degollado tercero, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 309.

Leistes americanus, Hartl. Syst. hid. Az. p. -5.

Trupialis superciliaris, £p. Cunsp. i. p. 4-jO.

Leistes superciliaris, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 1 38 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 22 ; Scl.
et Salv. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 140 (rep. Arg.), 1879, p. 608 (Bolivia);
iid. Nomencl. p. 38 ; Cassia, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 14 ; Hudson,
P.Z.S. 1870, p. 333 (rep. Arg.); White, P.Z.S. 1882, p. 602
(rep. Arg.) ; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 175 (Buenos Ayres) ; Forbes,
Ibis, 1881, p. 339 (Pernambuco).

Brownish black ; auperciliaries pale brown ; bend of the wing and
body beneath from the chin to the middle of the belly bright scarlet ;
bill black ; feet clear browa : whole length 7 inches, wing 4,
tail 2-5. Female. Pale brown, above variegated with black, below
stained with red on the breast ; flanks and lower belly striated with
black ; tail cinereous brown, with black cross bars.

Bab. Argentine Eepublic, Bolivia, and Brazil as far north as
Pernambuco.

a. cJ ad. sk.

b. c? ad. sk.

c. d. c? 2 ad. sk.
e. ^ ad. sk.

/. d ad. sk.
ff. (S ad. sk.
h. (S ad. sk. ; i,

j. 2 ad.sk.;

k. c? jr. sk.
I. Ad. sk.
m. Jr. sk.
n. Ad. St.

Conchitas, Buenos Ayres

(Hudson).
Buenos Ayres.
Punta Lara, Arg. Rep.
Bolivia (?).

Caicara, Brazil (Natterer).
Pernambuco, Brazil (Forbi
Pernambuco, Brazil (Forbt

Pernambuco.
S. America.
S. America.

Sclater Coll.

Sclater Coll.
H. Durnford [C.].
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.
Purchased.
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.]

14. XANTHOCEPHALUS.

Type.

Xanthocephalus, Up. Consp. i. p. 431 (1850) X. icterocephalus.

This is a peculiar form, which, although allied to AgelcBus, seems
quite entitled to stand alone on account of its longer tarsi, large feet
lengthened claws, and nearly square tail.

350 ICTERID.E.

XantJiocephalus is confined to the western prairies of North
America, ranging far north in summer, and descending in winter to
Central and Western Mexico. It breeds in reed-beds in the marshes
of the prairie districts, maldng a cup-shaped nest and laying five or
six spotted eggs.

1. Xanthocephalus longipes.

Icterus icterocephalus, Bp. Am. Orn. i. p. 27, pi. 3. figs. 1, 2 (err.).
Agelffius icteroceplialus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 18ft.
Icterus xanthocephalus, Bp. Journ. Acad. Pliilad. v. p. 22.3 (1826).
Agelaius xanthocephalus, Sw. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 281 ; Cassin, Pr.

Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 11.
Agelaus longipes, Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, i. p. 436.
Psarocolius perspicillatus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 753.
Xanthocephalus perspiciUatus, Bp. Gonsp. i. p. 431.
Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 531 ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1864, p. 175 (Mexico) ; id. Cut. A. B. p. 136 ; Scl. et Sah. Nomend.

p. 37; Dresser, J6is, 1865, p. 492 (Texas); Coues, Key, p. 156,

ed. 2, p. 404; id. B. N.-W. p. 188; Baird, Brew., et Ridgw.

N. A. B. ii. p. 167 ; Poey, Rep. F.-N. i. p. 288 (Cuba) ; Cooper,

B. Calif, p. 267.
Xanthocephalus longipes, Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 14.

Dull blacls ; whole head all round (except the lores) with fore neck
and breast orange-yellow ; patch at the base of the feathers of the
crissum yellow ; conspicuous patch on the upper wing-coverta
white : bill and feet black ; whole length 9 inches, wing 5-5,
tail 3-8. Female. Smaller and more brown in tint ; the yellow
colour much duller and confined to the superciliaries, sides of the
head, and breast ; no white patch on the wing.

Hah. Prairies of North America from California and the Sas-
katchewan down to Southern Mexico.

a. (S ad. St. Arctic America. Capt. Sir G. Back, R.N.

LP.].

6. c? ad. sk. Norty-ninth Parallel, N.A. N.A.Bound.Comm.[P.l.

c, <;. c? 2 ad. sk. Fort Dufierin, N.A. N.A.Bound.Comm.[P.].

e. S ad. sk. Hudson's Bay. Capt. D. Herd [P.l.

f. (S ad. .sk. Arctic America. Sir J. Richardson [P.].
'g, h. S ? ad.sk. Pembina, Dakotah (Coues). U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].
i,j. d 2 ad. sk. Illinois, U. S. A. (Coale). Sclater Coll.

k. cJ ad. sk. Fort Laramie, U. S. A. Salvin-Godman CoU,

{Cooper).

I. 2 jr. sk. Arizona (Rothrack). U.S. Nat. Mus.

»i. (5' jr. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll.

«, 0. cJ 2 ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico (Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

p. 2 ad. sk. Valley of Mexico (Le Salvin-Godman Coll.

Stra?ige).

if. AMBLYRHAMPHUS. ^

A_mblyrhamphus, Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 82 (1814) . . A. holosericeus.
Amblyrhynchus (err.), G. R. Gray, List of Genera,

1840, p. 41 A. holosericeus.

This is another monotypic form, restricted to the pampas of South

16. PSEUDOLEISTES. 351

America, and remarkable for the widened chisel-like apex of its
straight strong biU. It breeds in the reed-beds of the swamps,
and lays four eggs, pale blue spotted with black {cf. Hudson,
P.Z.S. 1870, p. 114).

1, Amblyrhamphus holosericeus.

Le Troupiale rouge, Sonn. Vol/. 2i. G. i. p. 113.

Xanthornus holosericeus, Scop. Del. Faun, et Fl. Ins. ii. p. 88 (1786).

Amblvrhamphus holosericeus, Hartl. Si/st. Ind. Az. p. 5 ; Cab. Mas.

Hem. i.p. 190; Scl. Cat. A. B.-p. 137 ; /(/. Ibis, 1884, p. 18; Scl.et

Sale. P. Z. S. 1869, pp. 161, 632 (Buenos Ayres) ; iid. Nomencl.

p. 37 : Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 114 ; Bwnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 174

(Buenos Ayres) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 18 (Buenos Ayres) : W/iife,

P. Z. S. 188-2, p. 602 (Buenos Ajves).
SturneUa holosericea, Cass. Pi: Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 25.
Oriolus ruber, Gm. S. N. i. p. .388 ; Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 179.
Tordo negro cabeza roxa, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 316.
Agelaius ruber, Vieill. N. D. xxxW. p. 553.
Sturnella rubra, Vieill. Enc. Meth. ii. p. 635.
Amblyi-amphus bicolor, Leach, Zool. Misc. i. p. 82, pi. 36; d'Orb. et

Lafr. Si/n. ii. p. 8.
Sturniis pyrrhocephalus, Lichi. Donbl. p. 18.
Amblyrhamphus ruber, Bp. Consj?. i. p. 429 ; Burm. Si/st. Ueb. iii.

p. 263 ; id. La-Plata Reise, ii. p. 491 ; Banc. Zool. Voy. ' Bea(/!e,'

iii. p. 109.
Japus rubricapillus, Merrc^n, Ersch u. Grub. Enc. sy. p. 281.

Black ; whole head and neck all round and upper breast and thighs
scarlet; biU and feet black: whole length 9-5 inches, wing 4*5,
tail 4. Female similar. Yoimr/ uniform blackish.

Hab. Paraguay, Argentine Republic, and Uruguaj'.

a. c? ad. st. S. America. Laugier Coll.

b. S .ii'- St. S. America. Purchased.

e, d. S 2 ad. sk. Uruguay. A. Peel [C.].

e. S jr. sk. Paysanclu, Uruguay. A. Peel [C.].

/, g. (S ad. et jr. sk. Vicinity of Buenos Ayres Salvin-Godman Coll.

(^Haslehurst).

h. 2 ad. sk. Couchitas, Buenos Ayi-es Sclater Coll.

{Hudson^.

i,j. S 2 ad. sk. Argentine Republic. Sclater Coll.

k,l. c? 2 ^^- sk. Argentine Republic. Zool. Soc. Coll.

16. PSEUDOLEISTES.

Type.
Pseudoleistes, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 137 (1862) P. guirahiu'o.

Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the Argentine Republic
are the home of the two nearly allied species of Pseudoleistes,
distinguished by their rather lengthened sharp-pointed bill and
flattened mesorhinium.

Pseudoleistes nests in reed-beds like most of the Agelcei, and lays
white eggs spotted with purplish red (cf. Durnford, Ibis, 1878,
p. 59).

352 Tf'TERID.1-:.

Key to the Specie's.

A. Hinder back yellow 1. f/uirahiiro, p. 352.

B. Hinder back brown 2. virescens, p. 352.

1. Pseudoleistes guirahuro.

Tordo guiralniro, Azara, Aptint. i. p. 291.

Agelaius guirahuro, Vieill. Nuiui. Diet, xxxiv. p. 545 ; id. Enc. Mefh.

p. 717.
Icterus guirahuro, (TOrh. et Lafr. Sipi. Av. ii. p. 4.
Icterus dominicensis, Licht. Douhl. p. 19.
Leistes suchii, Vig. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 192, pi. suppl. x.
Xanthornus gasquet, Q. et G. Voy. Urmi., Zool. p. 110, pi. 24.
Leistes oriohdes. Sin. An. in Menag. p. 303.
Leistes viridis, Hartl. Si/st. hid. Azara, p. 5 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 436 ;

Cab. Mils. Hein. i. p. 189 ; Bunn. Si/st. Ueh. iii. p. 264 ; Cassin, Pi:

Ac. So. Phil. 1866, p. 14 ; Peinhardf, Fuc/lef. Bras. Camp. p. 205.
Pseudoleistes viridis, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 137 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 19 ;

Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 37 ; Pekeln, Orn. Bras. p. 198.
Icterus atro-olivaceus, Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1216.

Above darlt olive-brown, lower back and lesser wing-coverts
bright yellow: below bright yellow; throat and breast blackish
brown like the body above ; under wing-coverts yellow ; biU black ;
feet dark brown : whole length 9-5 inches, wing 4-6, tail 3-8.
Female similar.

Hah. South Brazil, Paraguay, and Corrientes.

a. Ad. sk. South America. Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. South America. J. Gould, Esq.

2. Pseudoleistes virescens.

Tordo Dragon, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 296.

Agelaius virescens, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 543 ; id. Enc. Midh.

p. 716.
Leistes virescens, Hartl. Syst. Ind. Az. p. 5 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 190 ;

Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 15.
Icterus virescens, d'Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 4.
Icterus anticus, Licht. Doubl. p. 19.
Leistes anticus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 436 ; Darwin, Zool. ' Beagle,^ iii.

p. 107 ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 265.
Pseudoleistes virescens, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 137 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 20 ; Scl.

et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 140 (Buenos Ayres) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 37 ;

Hudson, P.Z.S. 1870, p. 549, et 1874, p. 150; Lee, Ibis,'l873,

p. 132 (Buenos Ayres) ; Dnrnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 175, et 1878,

p. 59 (Buenos Ayres) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 31 ; IFhite, P. Z. S.

1882, p. 602 (Punta Lara).

Above and below dark olive-brown ; lesser upper wing-coverts,
under wing-coverts, and middle of the abdomen yellow ; bill black ;
feet dark brown: whole length 9-5 inches, wing 4-6, tail 3-8.
Female similar. Young. Not so dark brown, and with a yellowish
patch on the throat.

17. NESOrSAR.

353

Uruguay, and the Argentine

Hah. Southern Brazil, Paraguay.
Republic.

Easily distinguished from the preceding species by the absence of
the yellow rump, and by the brown flanks, the yellow colour below
being confined to the middle of the abdomen and the under wiu--
coverts. »

a, b. Ad. et jr. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d, e. Ad. sk.
/■ 6 jr. sk.

9- 6 jr. sk.

h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. St.

A-. Ad. sk.
/, m. Ad. sk.

Lago dos Patos, Rio Clrande

do Sul, Brazil (liof/ers).
South Brazil.
Uruguay.
Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres

( mife).
Punta Lara, Buenos Ayres Sclater Coll

Buenos Ayres {Haslehurst).
Buenos Ayres {Haslehurst).
La Plata.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Alan Peel [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

La Plata.

S. America.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Capt. Burnett and Sir

J. Fitzroy [P.].
M. Bravard [P.J.
Zool. Soc. Coll.

17. NESOPSAR.

Nesopsar, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 457

JN . nigerrimus.

Head of Ifesopsar nigerrimus (P. Z. S. 1861, p. 75).

In my recent review of the Lteriche (Ibis, 1884, p. 14) I have
lollowed Cassm in uniting this form to Agdceus. A careful exam-
ination has convinced me that I was wrong in doing this. Besides
the much elongated and pointed bill and flattened mesorhinium
Nesopsar is peculiar for its short squared tail and short stout tarsi'
indicating a more arboreal habit, and must, I think, stand alone'
though I am not at all sure that this is the best position for it'
l^esopsar is, so far as is yet known, restricted to Jamaica.

1. Nesopsar nigerrimus.

Icterus nigerrimus, Osbum, Zoologist, 1859, p 6662

JNesopsar nigerrimus, Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 457: 'id P Z S 1SR1

VOL ^xi ' ^'"'' ^- ^- P- ^^'^ ' ^'^■'^ ^'^^'^^onrJncl.^'zt ' ^^^^'

2a

354 ICTEKIDJi.

Agelaius nigerrimiis, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 12 ; Pelzein,
Ibis, 1873, p. 28 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 14.

Uniform black, with slight purplish lustre ; wings and tail black ;
tail sqnare ; tarsi short and thick : whole length 8 inches, wing 4,
tail 2-8. Female similar, but rather smaller.

Hah. Jamaica.

a. cJ ad.sk. Jamaica (Oa'J;o-h). Sclater Coll. (Type of

the species.)
^i c- c? 2 fd. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Coll.

cl. cJ ad.sk. Jamaica (Os6jt?7j). P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.].

e. Ad.sk. Jamaica (Os6«/r«). Salvin-Godman Coll.

18. CUEiEUS.

Type.
Ciirfeus, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. l.';9 (1862) C. aterrmius.

The much elongated and pointed bill, with the flattened mesorbi-
nium and lanceolated head-feathers, distinguish this monotypic form,
which is peculiar to Chili and Patagonia.

1. Curaeus aterrimus.

Tiirdiis curfeus, Mol.Hist. Nat. Chili, p. 345 (1782).

Stiimus aterrimus, Kittl. Mem. Ac. St. Pet. 1835, p. 467, pi. 2.

Leistes niger, Sic.An. in Menag. p. 304 (1838).

Leistes curteus, Cah. Mus. Hein. i. p. 180; Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.

1866, p. 15.
Psarocolius curfeus, Bp. Co7isj>. i. p. 42.5 ; Cassin, GiUiss^s U. S. Astr.

B.vp. ii. p. 178, pi. XV.
Cura?us aterrimus, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 139; id. Ihis, 1884, p. 21 ; Scl.

et Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 283 (Cape Ne^ro, Patagonia) : Salv. P. Z. S.

1883, p. 428 (Chili).

TTniform black, with lighter shaft-stripes above and slight metallic
reflections ; feathers of head lanceolate and rather rigid ; bill and
feet black: whole length 11 inches, wing 5-4, tail 4-5. Female
similar.

Bah. Chili and "Western Patagonia down to Magellan Straits.

Mrs. Graham [P.].

T. Bridges [C.].

Lords Commissioners of

the Admiraltv [P.].
Capt. Kino- \vy\.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Dr. Coppinger [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

' Challenger ' Exp.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

a. Ad. st.

ChiH.

b. Ad. St.

Chili.

c. Ad. sk.

Chili.

d. Ad. sk.

Chili.

e,f. Ad. sk.

Chili.

<l. S ad. sk.

Chin {Capt. Marhham).

h. S ad. sk.

Chili.

i. S ad. sk.

True Bay, Patagonia.

j. Ad. sk.

True Bay, Patagonia

(Dr. Coppinger).

k. S ad. sk.

Gray Harbour, Patagonia.

I. (S jr. sk.

Straits of Magellan.

STURNELLIN^,

355

Subfamily III. STURNELLIN^.

Structure of SturneUa.

Under this heading I foUow Dr. Cones in separating two forms
0 the Agdcemc that present an extraordinary mimetic resem-
blance to tlie Larks. They are at once recogniz;b]e by their flat-
tened mcsorhmmm, elongated outer secondaries, acute rectrices and

hatos '°"^ ^^''*' "^^'"'^ '"^"^' ^^'°' ^""^ ^*'''"' 1'"'^^^' terrestrial

Key to the Genera.

A. Culmen slightly rounded anteriorly ; prerail-

B. CulS^^Si • -tl^ron,...-: • pre;;nh;. ''■ ^''''''^''' ^^ '''■

colour yellow ^ .jq^ STDR^-EI.LA, p. 358.

2a2

356 ICTERID^.

19. TRUPIALIS.

Type. _

Trupialis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 429 (1850) , T. militans.

Pezites, Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 191 (1851) T. militaris.

The Red-breasted Ground-Starlings of the Patagonian Snbrcgion
fall into three forms, which are sufficiently distinct to be recogni-
zable as species. They are said to resemble Sturnella in habits as
in form. The nest is built amongst long grass or rushes — an open
structure : the eggs three in number (cf. Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 153).

liau(/e. Western Ecuador, Western Peru, ChiU, Patagonia, and
Argentine Eepublic.

Key to the Species.

A. Under wiDg-coverts white :

3 bill longer 1. mUitaris, p. 356.

I biU shorter 2. heUicosa, p. 357.

B. Under wing-coverts black 3. dejilippii, p. 357.

1. Trupialis militaris.

Stiimus militaris, Zwrn. Mantissa, p. 527 (1771) ; P. L. S. Mull.

Natursyst. Suppl.-p. 138 (1776); Lath. Ind. Orn.i. p. 323 (1790).
Sturnus loyea, Mol. ChiU, ed. i. p. 345 (1782) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 804 ;

Lath. Ind. Orn. i. p. 325.
Etourneau des terras Magellaniques, Davh. PI. Enl. 113.
Sturnus albiflorus, Bodd. Tabl. d. PI. Enl. p. 7.
Sturnella niihtaris, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 635 ; Gmdd, P. Z. S. 1859,

p. 94 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 38 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 385

(Ealklands), 1867, p. 323 (Chili), 1868, p. 529 (Falklands) ; id.

Cat. A. B. p. 138 ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 153 (Falklands) ; Cassi7i,

Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 24 ; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 548 (rep.

Arg.) ; Durnford,Ibis, 1877, p. 33, et 1878, p. 394(Chupat).
Pezites loyca. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 191.
Trupialis mUitaris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 429 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 23 ; Tacz.

Orn. Per. ii. p. 428.
Magellanic Stare, Lath. G. H. v. p. 8.

Above brown, especially on the head and back, variegated with
black ; superciliaries in front of the eye red, behind the eye white :
below black : throat, middle of the neck, breast, and upper beUy
scarlet ; sides of belly and crissum with brownish edgings to the
black feathers ; under wing-coverts white ; bend of the wing red ;
slight rictal stripe white ; bill horn-colour ; feet brown : whole
length 10 inches, wing 4-7, tail 3-6. Female similar. Young,-^iih.
little or no red on the breast.

Hah. Chili, Patagonia, and EaMand Islands.

a. (5 ad. sk. Chili {Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll.

6, c. Ad. sk. Chili. Sclater Coll.

d. S ad. sk. Chili {Markham). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad.sk. Coqvam\iO,Ch.\\\. {Markham). Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. Ad. sk. ; g. Jr. sk. East Falkland Island. The Admiralty [P.], \
h. Ad.sk.; t. Jr. sk. Falkland Islands (Zccow^e). Salvin-Godman Coll.

19. TRUPIALIS.

357

j. Ad. sk. ; k. Jr. sk. Falkland Islands (Leconte). Sclater Coll.

I. Ad.sk. Beckett Harbour, Patagonia. Dr. Coppinger [P.].

711. Ad. sk. ; 71. Jr. sk. Straits of Magellan. Capt. King [P.J.

0. cf ad. sk. Chupat, Patagonia. H. Durnford [C.].

2. Trupialis bellicosa.

Trupialis lovca, Bp. Consp. i. p. 429; Tacz. P.Z.S. 1877, p. 32-3
(Tumbez); 1880, p. 200 (N. Peru).

Pezites brevirostris. Cab. Mm. Hein. i. p. 191 (1851).

Sturnella bellicosa, De FiUppi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 32 (1846) ;
Sclater, P. Z. S. 18-58, pp. 455. 552, et 1860, p. 277 (Ecuador), 1869,
p. 147 (Lima) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 1-38 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 985 (Arequipa), 1868, p. 569 (Peru) ; iid. Noniencl. p. 38 ; Tacz.
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 523 (Lima) ; Sah: P. Z. S. 1883, p. 423 (Payta) ;
Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 552 (Guyaquil).

Sturnella lovca, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 25.

Leistes albipes, Phil, et Landb. Wicffm. Arch. f. N. 1863, pt. i. p. 128.

Trupialis bellicosa, Scl. Ibis, 1884, "p. 24 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 429.

Similar to T. milifaris, but with a shorter bill, the red breast not
extending so far do-srn, and with paler feet.
Hab. Western Ecuador and Peru.

a. cJ ad. sk. ;
b. (S ]t. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.

Cuenca, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater CoU.

/. Ad. sk.

ff. Jr. sk.

h. 2 jr. sk.
t. S ad. sk ;

j. 2 jr. sk.
k, I. (S 2 ad.

1)1. Ad. sk.

Cuenca, Ecuador (Buckle!/).
Bababoyo, Ecuador (Fraser).
Pima I., Gulf of Guayaquil

(Buckle;/).
Puna I., Gulf of Guayaquil

(Buckley}.
Guyaquil.

Lima, Peru (Nnfio>i).
Payta, Peru (Markhani).

Arequipa, S.W. Peru

( JTliifeli/).
Arequipa, Peru.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

Capt. Kellett and Lt.

Wood [P.].
Sclater CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Whitely [C.l.

3. Trupialis defilippii.

Trupialis defilippii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 429 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 24.
Sturnella militaris, De Filip2yi, Cat. Mus. Mediol. p. 32 ; Salv. P. Z. S.

1883, p. 422.
Trupialis militaris, Burm. S;/st. Ueb. iii. p. 261 ; id. La-Plata Reise,

ii. p. 490.
Pezites militaris. Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 191.
Sturnella defiUppii, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 138 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1869,

p. 161 (rep. Arg.) ; iid. Noinencl. p. 38.

Like T. militaris, but rather smaller, and with the under wing-
coverts black.

Hah. Argentine Republic and Uruguay.

a,h, (5 2 ad. sk. Vicinity- of Buenos Ayres Salvin-Godman Coll.
(^Haslehurst) .

3o8 ICTERID^.

c, d. cJ ad. sk. Argentine Republic. Sclater Coll.

e. Jr. sk. Monte Video. Sclater Coll.

/, g. Ad. sk. S. America. Zool. Soc. Coll.

20. STUENELLA. „

Type.

Sturnella, Vieill. Analyse, p. .34 (1816) S. ludoviciana.

Pedopsaris, Gloyer, Handb. p. 292 (1842) S. ludoviciana.

The northern yellow form of the Sturnellince is extended over a
wide area, embracing the whole of North America with the exception
of the Arctic Region, Cuba, and Central America, as also the grassy
llanos of Colombia, Venezuela, and Guiana. It varies much accord-
ing to locality in size and in minor particulars of colour, but seems
to present only oiie specific type.

1. Sturnella magna.

Alauda magna, Linn. S. N. i. p. 289.

Sturnella magna, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 535 ; Cones, Key N. A. B.

(1884) p. 406; id. B. N.-W. p. 190; Baird, Brew., et Eidyiv.

N. A. B. ii. p. 174.
Cacicus alaudarius, Daiid. Tr. d'Orn. ii. p. 325 (1800).
Sturnus ludovicianus, Linn. S. JV. i. p. 290 ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 802 ;

Laf/>. Lid. Oni. i. p. 323.
Sturnella ludoviciana, Stv. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 282 ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 429; Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 192; Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, p. 29

(Bogota) et p. 142 (David) ; id. Ibis, 1861, p. 178 (England), et

1884, p. 25 ; Sah. P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 142 (Veragua) ; id. Ibis, 1885,

p. 219 (Brit. Guiana); Scl. et Salt\ Nome^icL p. 38 ; Laivr. Ann.

Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 104 (Costa Rica) ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 18G6,

p. 23 ; Salv. et Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 201 (Santa Marta) ; Boitcard,

P. Z. S. 1883, p. 446 (Yucatan).
Sturnella collaris, Vieill Gal. Ois. i. p. 134, pi. 90.
Sturnella neglecta, And. B. Am. vii. p. 339, t. 487 (1843) ; Sclater,

Ibis, 1861, p. 179 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 492 (Texas) ; Cassin, Pr.

Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 23 ; Cooper, B. Cal. p. 270.
Sturnella magna, var. neglecta, Coti.es, Key N. A. B. (1884), p. 406 ;

id. B. N.-W. p. 190 ; Baird, Brew., et Eidyw. N. A. B. ii. p. 176.
Sturnella ludoviciana neglecta, Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 25.
Sturuus hippocrepis, Wayl. Isis, 18.32, p. 281.
Sturnella hippocrepis, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 266 ; Scl.

P. Z. S. 1856, pp. 30, .301, 1859, pp. 58, 365, 381 (Guatemala) ; id.

Ibis, 1861, p. 179; id. Cat. A. B. p. 139; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859,

p. 19, et 1860, p. 34 (Guatemala) ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866,

p. 24 ; Giindl. J. f. 0.1856, p. 14, 1861, pp. 3,32,413, 1862, p. 189,

1871, p. 276, 1874, p. 1.33 ; Finsch,P. Z. S. 1870, p. 575 (Trinidad).
Sturnella magna, var. hippocrepis, Baird, Brew., et Ridyiv. N. A. B,

ii. p. 172.
Sturnella ludoviciana hippocrepis, Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 25.
Sturnella mexicana, Scl. Ibis, 1861, p. 179 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 139 ; id.

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 175 (Mexico) ; La^or. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii.

p. 176 (Veragua).
Sturnella magna, var. mexicana, Baird, Brno., et Pidytv. N. A. B.

ii. p. 172 ; Cones, B. N.-W. p. 190.
Sturnella ludoviciana mexicana, Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 26.
Sturnella magna mexicana, Coues, Key N. A. B, (1884) p. 406.

20. STUENELLA. 359

Sturnella meridionalis, ScL Ibis, 1861, p. 179; id. Cat A B -o 139-
Sd. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167 (Venezuela) ; Pek. Orn Bras
p. 108 (Rio Brancho) ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 24.

Sturnella magna, var. meridionalis, Baird, Bretv., et Ridnw. NAB
ii. p. 172 ; Cones, B. N.-W. p. 191. ■ • •

Sturnella ludovieiana meridionalis, Sd. Ibis, 1884, p. 26.

Lousiane Stare, Lath. G. H. v. p. 6.

Above brown, variegated with black and pale bufF; head blackish,
with a distinct median stripe and snperciliaries pale buff; the
superciliaries in front of the eye and bend of the wing yellow:
below bright yellow, with a well-defined black gorget more or less
enlarged on the middle of the breast ; flanks and crissum pale buff
striated with bhick ; under wing-coverts white ; bill horn-colonr,
paler at the tip ; feet clear brown : whole length 9 inches, wing
4-5, tail 3. Female similar, but smaller and not quite so bright.

^aJ. Grassy plains of America, from the Saskatchewan down to
Colombia and Guiana ; also Cuba.

The "Meadow-Lark," as the Americans call the Sturnella,
occupies an extensive range in the New Yv^orld, occurring wherever
prairies or such-like open spaces suitable to its terrestrial habits are
met with, from the Dominion of Canada down to Colombia and
Guiana. It has been divided into five subspecies, amongst which
many less niarked and mere local varieties are to be found. But
so much individual variation occurs that it would be very difficult, if
not in impossible in some cases, to refer specimens to their correct
subspecies without previous knowledge of their locality.

The five subspecies under which I have arranged the Sturnella
are : —

1. Subsp. tiipica, of the Eastern United States. Generally the
largest form, and with a wide black tbroat-gorget.

2. Subsp. ner/lecta, of the Western United States and Canadian
North-west. Very nearly similar, but generally paler, and said to be
different in habits and song.

3. Subsp. jnexicana, of Mexico and Central America down to
Veragua. Smaller, and with the black throat-gorget narrow.

4. Subsp. hijjpocrepis, from Cuba; like St^. mexicanu, but still
smaller.

5. Subsp. meridionalis, from Colombia and Guiana. Almost as
large as St. magna typica, but with a narrow throat-gorget and
shorter wings,

a. Subsp. ttjpica.

a. Ad. St. N. America. Hardwicke Bequest

h. Jr. St. N. America. J. Gould, Esq.

c Ad. sk. Washington, D.C. (Falh). Salvin-Godman Coll

d. S ad. sk. District of Colombia {Bean). U. S Nat Mus fP 1

e. Ad. sk. New York (Koebele). U. S. Nat. Mus' fp 1
/. Ad. sk. IlliDois, U. S. A. (Peed). Salvin-Godman Coll
ff. Ad. sk. Illinois, U. S. A. (Coale). P.B.SIiaipe,E*q FP 1
/(. Ad. sk. South Chicago, III, U. S. A. Il.B.Sharpe.Esq fP 1

{Coale). ^ ' ^■L^'-''

i. Ad. sk. United States {Bell). Sclater Coll.

360

ICTERIDjE.

a. Ad. st.

b. Ad. sk.

c. cJ ad. sk.

rf. Jr. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

/. Jr. sk.

ff. Ad. ; A. Jr. sk.

i. Ad. sk.

;. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
/. Pull. St.
»M. $ jr. sk.
M. 5 jr. sk.

a. Ad. sk.
J. Ad.sk.
c. Ad. sk.
(/. Ad. sk.
e. 2 ad. sk.

/. c? ad. sk.
</, h. Ad. sk.
i. (5" ad. sk.

/, Z;. cJ ad. sk.
7. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.

w. Ad. sk.
o. c? ad. sk.
p. cJ ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.

«-c. Ad. sk.

d. cJ ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

fl, 6. (^ ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk. .

e. f. c? 2 ad. sk.
(jr. Ad. sk. ;

h. Jr. sk.
i,j. S ? ad. sk.

k. Ad. sk.

b. Subsp. ner/hcta.

Western America.
Petaluma, Cal. (Samuels).
Northern California {Towns-
end).
Vancouver Island.
San Juan Island, N. A.
San Juan Island, N. A.
West slope, Rocky Mountains.
Forty-ninth Parallel.

North Pacific R. R. (Cooper).
Scratchinfi- River.
Dakotah ( Coucs).
Colorado (Batby).
Rio Grande (Dr. Btitcher).

c. Subsp. mexicana.

N. Mexico.

Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca).

Near City of Mexico.

Mexico (Botteri).

Ciudad Durango, Mexico
(Forrer).

South Mexico (Salle).

Northern Yucatan (Gaumer).

Pine ridge of Poctum, Guate-
mala {Salvi7t).

Dueiias, CTuatemala (Salvtn).

San Jose, Costa Rica ( Callejd).

Volcan de Cartage, Costa Rica
(Arce).

Irazu, Costa Rica (Rogers).

Castillo, Veragua (Arce).

Calovevora, Veragua (Arce).

S. slope of volcano of
Chiriqui (Arce).

d. Subsp. Iiippocrepis.

San Cristobal, Cuba.

Cuba.

Cuba (de Savssure).

e. Subsp. mcridionalis.

vSan Sebastian, Sierra Nevada,

U. S. C. (Simons).
Interior of Colombia.
Bogota.

Caripe, Venezuela (Goering).
Trinidad.

Roraima, Brit. Guiana

( WMtely).
Roraima, Brit. Guiana

( Jlltitelg).

R. Geogr. Soc. [P.].

Sclater Coll.

U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.].
Dr. Lvall [P.].
U. S.Nat. Mus. [P.l.
J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.j.
N. A. Bound. Comm.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
N. A. Bound. Survey.
U. S. Nat. Mus. [P."
U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.
U. S. Nat. Mus. rP.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

21. GYMNOMTSTAX. 361

Subfamily IV. ICTERIN^.

The Icterince, or Hang-nests, as it is better to call them, instead of
using the incorrect term of Oriole, applied to this group by the
Americans, contain some o£ the most brilliantly coloured birds of
the American ornis. The bright yellow and orange of their plumage
are, as a rule, relieved only by black and white. In contrast to the
two preceding subfamilies, the Haug-nests are essentially arboreal in
their habits, seeking fruit and insects among the branches of trees,
and rarely descending to the ground. In conformity with their
habits the tarsi are shortened though strong, and the claws are short,
broad, and much curved. The sexes are in some cases quite dis-
similar, in others undistiuguishable by external markings. The bill
is slender, more or less decurved, and very acute ; the mesorhinium is
not flattened, but rounded ; the tail is always rounded, and more or
less graduated.

The Icterince extend from North and Central America down to
the forests of Southern Brazil and Bolivia, but are most abundant
specifically in Central America, where some of the largest and most
brilliant forms are endemic.

The Icterince are builders of elaborate nests, in many cases pensile
and purse-shaped like those of the Cassiques, in others apparently
open and cup-shaped (see ' North- American Birds,' vol. ii. pp. 184 et
scq.). The eggs are bluish or pinkish white, profusely spotted with
red and purple.

Key to the Genera.

A. Space round the eye and lores naked 21. Gymnomystax, p. 361.

B. Space round the eye and lores feathered. . 22. Icterus, p. 362.

21. GYMNOMYSTAX.

Type.
Gymnomystax, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. i. Ixxiii.

(1850) G. melanicterus.

Head of Gymncmxystax fnelanicterus.

This remarkable form has been often placed with the Agelceince.
But the slightly decurved culmen and lineiform mesorhinium justify
"US, I think, in removing it to the Icterince, with which it agrees in
style of plumage, as it does also, I believe, in habits and mode of
nesting.

Mange. Guiana and Amazonia.

362

ICTERID.?:.

1. Gymnomystax melanicterus.

Oriolus mexicamis, Linn. S. X. i. p. IGi'; Lath. Ind. Oni. i. p. 179.
Troupiale jaiine a calotte noire de Cayenne, Daub. PI. Enl. 6^3 (jr.).
Agelaiiis melanicterus, Vieill. JVuuv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 5.36; id. Enc. Meth,

p. 711.
Icterus citrinus, Spiz, Av. Bras. i. p. G9, pi. 06.
Psarocolius gTmnops, Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 14.
Gymnomystax mexicanus, Bj^. Consp. i. p. 431.
Gynmomystax melanicterus, Cab. Mus. llein. i. p. 189 ; Burrn. Syst.

"Ueb. \\{. p. 266 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 137 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 19 ; 'Scl.

et Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 182, 1873, p. 267 (Ucayali) ; iid. Nomend.

p. 37 ; Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 197 (Para) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 426.
Pseudoleistes melanicterus, Fimch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 575 (Trinidad).
Leistes melanicterus, Cassin, Proc. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 14.
Black-crowned Oriole, Lath. G. H. iii. p. 112.

Bright yellow ; back, wings, and tail black ; bill and feet black :
■whole length 9*5 inches, wing 5, tail 4-8. Female similar. Young
similar, but of browner black, and with a blackish patch on the
head.

Hah. Cayenne and Amazonia.

a. Jr. st. South America. Purchased.

b, c. c? ad. sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.
d. S ad. sk ; e. Jr. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Demerara. Purchased.

■//. 2 ad. sk. Yquitos, Peru (Tr7(;Yf(y). Sclater Coll.

/*. Ad. sk.; i. (5' jr.sk. Yquitos, Peru \Whitely). Salvin-Godman Coll.

22. ICTERUS.

Type.

Icterus, Brisson, Orn. ii. p. 85 (1760) I. vulgaris.

Xanthornus, Scop.Intr. ad Hist. Nat. p. 481 (1777). I. vulgaris.

Pendulinus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 33 (1816) I. spurius.

Yphantes, Vieill. ibid I. baltimore.

Bananivorus, Bp. C. P. xxxvii. p. 834 (1853) I. spurius.

Euopsar, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 47 I. croconotus.

Andriopsar, Cass. op. cit. p. 49 I. gularis.

Ateleopsar, Cass. op. cit. p. 53 I. melanocephalus.

Cassiculoides, Cass. opi. cit. p. 54 I. parisorum.

Pohopsar, Cass. op. cit. p. 55 I. wagleri.

Melauopsar, Cass. op. cit. Tp. 56 I. chrysocephalus.

Icterioides, Cass. op. cit. p. 60 I. auricapillus.

Aporophantes, Cass. op), cit. p. 63 I. pyrrhopterus.

This large genus, which comprehends all the Hang-nests except
Gymnomystax, varies much in the minor points of structure, and is
exceedingly difficult to classify satisfactorily. I agree with the
authors of the ' History of North-American Birds ' that it is almost
impossible to arrange these birds in clearly defined sections, although
the three subgenera which they have indicated may be used as a
make-shift.

Range. The same as that of the subfamily.

22. ICTERUS. 363

Key to the Species.

A. Bill stout, conical; the ciilmen and gonys straig-ht; tail slightly

rounded. {Hyphantes.)
a. Uropygium yellow :

I whole head black 1. haltimore, p. 3G4.

I crown black ; sides of head yellow . . 2. bullocki, p. 365.
h. Uropygium black \ 3. aheillii, p. 366.

B. Bill slender, slightly decurved : tail-feathers graduated. (Pendidinus.)

c. Abdomen chestnut:

I cap black 4. spurius, p. 366.

I cap chestnut 5. bonana, p. 368.

d. Abdomen black.

a'. Bend of wing chestimt 6. pyrrhopterus, p. 368.

h' . Bend of wing yellow.

a-. Crown yellow 7. chrysocephalus,

b\ Crown black : _ [p. 369.

I thighs black 8. cayanensis, p. 369.

I thighs yellow 9. tibialis, p. 370.

e. Belly blaclc, crissum yellow :

j flanks black 10. hypnmdas, p. 370.

j flanks yellow 11. dominicensis, p. 371.

/. Belly black down to middle, then yellow
or orange :

j belly yellow ; size smaller 12. portoricensis, p. 371.

( belly "orange ; size larger 13. laudabilis, p. 372.

g. Whole belly yellow or orange ; throat
black.
c'. Above black ; lower back yellow.

e^. Bend of wing black 14. oberi, p. 372.

d-. Bend of wing yellow.

«'. Crissum black 15. wayleri, p. 372.

b^. Crissum yellow.
aK Tail black.

) Wings black 16. prosthemelas, p. 373.

\ "Wings spotted with white . . 17. maculi-alatus,^. 373.
bK Tail half black, half yellow . . 18. parisonim, p. 374.

d'. Above yellow ; cap black 19. melanocephalus,

e'. Above yellow ; interscapulium black. [p. 375.

e'^. Bend of wing black 20. cucullatus, p. 376.

f^. Bend of wing yellow.
c\ Tail black.

j "\Mngs black 21. aurtcapilh/s, p. 377.

] Wings with a white blotch . . 22. hau.rweUi, p. 377.
d-^. Outer rectrices tipped with white. 23. _(/racd'-«»M«, p. 378.

e*. Outer rectrices yellow 24. mesomelas, p. 378.

/'. Above wholly yellow (except lores).

g'^. Wings black 25. yiratidi, p. 379.

/«-. Wings edged with white.
/■''. Middle coverts black.

c*. Interscapulium unspotted :

j white wing-edgings narrow. . 26. xanthormis,^. 380.
) white wing-edgings broad .. 27. cwasoensis, t^. 381 .

dK luterscapuhura spotted 28. dubusi, p. 381.

g^. Middle coverts white 29. auratus, p. 382.

364 ICTEEID^.

C. Bill stout, conical, culmen and gonj'S nearly straight; tail slightly
rounded. (Icterus.)
h. Sides of head below the eye black.
Interscapulium black :

j middle coverts white 30. vulf/a7-is, p. 382.

I middle coverts black 31. jamacaii, p. 383.

h'. Interscapulium orange 32. croconotus, p. 383.

i. Sides of head yellow or orange.

i' . Interscapulium black; no pectoral spots.

I Larger : bill robust 33. gtdaris, p. 384.

I Smaller : bill weaker 34. sclateri, p. 385.

_;'. Interscapulium black ; breast spotted . 35. pectoralis, p. 385.
k'. Interscapulium yellow spotted with

black 36. pustulatus, p. 386.

r. Interscapulium wholly yellow 37. graysoni, p. 387.

m'. Interscapulium yellowish olive .... 38. leucopteryx, p. 387.

1. Icterus baltimore.

Oriolus baltimore, Linn. S. iV. i. p. 162 : Lath. Inch Orn. i. p. 180 ;

Wih. Am. Orn. i. p. 23, pi. 1. fig. 3, et vi. p. 88, pi. 58. fig. 4.
Icterus baltimore, Daud. Tr. d'Orn. ii. p. 348 ; B}?. P. Z. S. 1837,

p. 116 ; L'oird, B. N. Am. p. 548; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 353

(Panama) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 36 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 176 ; id. Ibis,

1883, p. 354 ; Baird, Breicer, et Ridc/iv. N. A. B. ii. p. 195 ; Scdv.

et Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 123 (Santa Marta).
Yphantes baltimore, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 708 ; id. Gal. Ois. i. p. 124,

pi. 87 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 432.
Icterus baltimorensis, Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 20 ; iid. P. Z. S.

1867, p. 279, et 1870, p. 836 (Mosquitia) ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 130 ;

Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 142, et 1870, p. 190 (Veragua).
Hyphantes baltimorensis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 57, 365.
Hyphantes baltimore, Gundl. J. f. 0. 1856, p. 10 (Cuba) ; Cab. J.f. O.

"1861, p. 7 (Costa Rica) ; Cas'sin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 62.
Icterus galbula, Coiies, Key N. A. B. (1884) p. 408.
Baltimore Oriole, Lath. G. H. iii. p. 115.

Bright orange ; whole head and throat and upper back black ;
wings black edged with white ; lesser wing-coverts orange ; tail
black, the bases of all the feathers and broad tips to the outer
rectrices orange ; under wing-coverts yellow ; bill plumbeous ; feet
blackish : whole length 7'5 inches, wing 3'8, tail 3*1. Female.
Above greyish brown, more or less variegated with blackish ; rump
yellowish : wings blackish edged with white : below yellowish, more
or less mixed with whitish ; tail yellowish olive.

Hah. IS". America, from Atlantic coast to high central plains
(in summer), and throughout Mexico and Central America to Panama
and Sierra ]!^evada of Santa Marta.

a. S ad. St. North America. J. Gould, Esq.

b. (S ad. sk. Pembina, Dakota (Coues). Salvin-GJodman Coll.
c,d, cJ 9 ad. sk. Forty-ninth Parallel. U.S. Bound. Comm.

[P.].
e,f. 6 9. ad. sk. Fort Dufferin, N. A. U.S. Bound. Comm.

[P-]-
g. 2 ad. sk. Pt. Leyden, N.Y. {Merriani). Sclater Coll.

22. ICTERUS.

365

h. $ ad. sk.

i. iS ad. sk.
/. cJ ad. sk.
h. c? ad. sk.
I. S .jr. sk.
m, 11. J 5 ad. sk.

o. (5 ad. sk.

p. $ ad. sk.

q. (S ad. sk.

r. (S ad. sk.

s. (S ad. sk.

!;. d ji'- sk.

M. c? ad. sk.

u. d" ad. sk.

tv. 2 ad. sk.
.1'. j ad. sk.
y. S ad. sk.
=, «'. d ? ad. sk.
6'. d jr. sk.

c'. c? ad. sk.

d', e'. (S 2 ad. sk.

/. d ad. sk.

ff'. 2 ad. sk.

h'. (5 jr. sk.
i'. (S ad. St.

New Haveu, Conn., U. S. A.

{Merriam).
Illinois.
Michigan.
Philadelphia.
Pennsylvania.
Washing-ton, D.C., U. S. A.

{Drexler).
Me.xico.

Jalapa {de Occi).
British Honduras(5/«wcarteaM.r).
Choctum, Vera Paz (Salvin).
Cahabon, Guatemala (Cham-
pion).
Coban, Vera Paz (Salviii Sf

Godinmi).
San Pedro Martyr, Guatemala

(Salvin).
Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala

(Salvi7i 4' Godmmi).
Escuintla, Guatemala (Salvin).
S. Pedro, Honduras (Whitely).
Chontales, Nicaragua (Belt).
Irazudistr., Costa Ilica(i?o/7ers).
Bebedero, Nicoya, Costa Rica

(Arce).
Bugaba, Chiriqui (Arce).
Calobre, Veragua (Ai-ce).
Lion Hill, Isthmus of Panama

(McLeunnun).
Paraiso Station, Isthmus of

Panama (Hughes).
Minca, Colombia (Simons).
Caracas, Venezuela (?).

Sclater CoU.

U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].
Prof. Steere [P.].
Sclater Coll.
U.S. Nat. Mus.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.

2. Icterus buUocki.

Xanthornus bullockii, <Sw. Phil. Mag. 1827, i. p. 436.

Icterus bullockii, And. Orn. Bio(/r. v. p. 9 ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 549 ;

Set. Cat. A. B. p. 130 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 354 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S.

1869, p. 362 (Mexico) ; iid. B.C. Orn. p. 188; iid. Nomencl. p. 36;

Baird, Brewer, et Eidgiv. N. A. B. ii. p. 199 ; Coues, Key N. A. B.

(1884) p. 409.
Yphantes bullockii, Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 432.
Hyphantes bullockii, Cassia, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 62.

Orange-yellow ; summit of head, upper back, lores, line through
the eye, and middle of throat black ; wings black, smaller and
greater wing-coverts and outer margins of remiges white ; tail
yellow, four midcUe rectrices nearly all black except at their bases,
others tipped more or less with black ; under wing-coverts yellow ;
bill plumbeous ; feet blackish : whole length 7 inches, wing 3-7,
tail 3. Female. Olive-grey, below whitish ; fore parts of body and
head tinged with yellow ; wings dusky, with two white bars ; tail
and under-coverts yellowish.

366 ICTEIUD^.

Hah. Western North America (iu summer) aud south to Central
Mexico.

The adult male is easily distinguishable from that of its eastern
representative /. haltimore by the yellow superciliary stripes and
sides of the head. The females of the two species are nearly alike.

a, h. c? ad. sk. ; West side Rocky Mountains. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

c. 5 ad. sk.
d A sk. California. Lord Walsingham

^■^■
*. d ad. sk. California. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

/. 5 ad. sk. San Francisco, Cal. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P. J.

ff. S ad. sk. California (Bell). Selater Coll.

h. S ad. sk. Fort Tejon, Cal. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. Jr. sk. Nevada, U. S. A. U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

/. (5 ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

k. d" ad. sk. Mexico (Salle). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Icterus aheillii.

Psarocolius coztototl, Wagler, his, 1829, p. 757 (?).

Xauthornus abeillei, Less. liev. Zool. 18-39, p. 101.

Icterus aheiUii, Sdater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 262 (Orizaba), 1864, p. 175;
id. Cat. A. Ji. p. 130 ; id. His, 1883, p. 355 ; Scl. et jS(ih\ P. Z. & 1860,
p. 302; iid. Ex. Orn. p. 187, pi. xciv. ; iid. Nomencl. p. 36.

Ilyphantes abeillei, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1807, p. 02.

Icterus buUocki, var. abeillei. Baud, Breiuer, et Pidyiv. N. A. B. ii.
p. 184.

Above deep black ; slight superciliary stripe from the front to
above the eye yellow ; greater and lesser wing-coverts and outer
margins of rem(gcs white ; tail bright yellow, two middle rectrices,
inner webs of the next pair, and tips of others black : beneath bright
yellow mixed with orange ; flanks and middle of the throat black ;
bill plumbeous black ; feet blackish : whole length 1-2 inches, wing
4-2, tail 3-2. Female. Above grey, mixed with yellowish and
variegated with black ; wing blackish edged with white : below
Yellowish, middle of belly whitish, flanks greyish ; tail yellowish
olivaceous with darker tips.

Hah. Central aud Southern Mexico.

This very distinct species is readily known from the two former
by its wholly black back and flanks.

a. (S ad. sk. City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. S ad. sk. Mexico (de Saussure). Selater Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. North Mexico. Selater Coll.

d. S ad. sk. Mexico. O. Salvin, Esq. [P.].

4. Icterus spurius.

Oriolus spurius, Linn. S. N. i. p. 162.

Icterus spurius, Aud. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 221 ; Selater, P. Z. S. 1859,

p. 380 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 130 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 357 ; Scl. et Salv.

P. Z. S. 1864, p. 353 (Panama), et 1870, p. 837 (Honduras) ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 36 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 493 (Texas) ; Lawr. Ann.

22. ICTERUS. 367

Zf/c NY. vii. p. 331 (Panama) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 142 (Vera-

gua) ; Batrd, Brewer, et Ridgw. N. A. B. ii. p. 190 ; Baird, B. N
^ Atn. p. 547 ; Coues, Key N. A. B. (1884) p. 407.
Yphantes spiuius, Bp. Consp. i. p. 432.
Pendulinus spuriiis, Cfass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867 p (\\
Xanthoruus spurius, Cah. J. f. O. 1861, p. 8 (Costa Rica).
AantLornu3 affims, Z««v. Ami. Lye. N. Y. y. 1851, p. 113; Cassin,

Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1860, p. 140.
Bananiyorus affiois, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 301, et 1859, p. 365

(Uordova). ' ^

Icterus affinis Scl. Cat. A B. p. 130 ; id. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 175 (Mexico

city) ; &clai. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 20, et 1860, p 34
Icterus spurius affiuis, Coues, Key iV. A. B. (1884) p 408
Pendulmus affiuis, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 61 (Rio Atrato).

Above black ; lesser wing-coverts and lower back chestnut ; wino-s
black, remigcs and middle coverts narrowly edged with whitish-
below chestnut, throat and neck black ; under wing-coverts chestnut •
tail black outer rectnces narrowly tipped with white ; bill and feet
black : whole length 7-3 inches, wing 3-2, tail 3-1. Female. Olive
darker on the back ; beneath yellowish ; wings blackish edged with
white. J ounr/ male similar, but throat black.

Rah. Eastern North America (in summer), and southwards through
JViexico and Central America to Panama.

Some specimens from Texas and Mexico are smaller in size and
this form has been separated specifically. But other southern speci-
mens are fully as large as northern birds ; and I do not think •
/. affinis can be maintained even as a subspecies.

a. cJ ad. St. N. America. Purchased

b, c. d jr. sk. Illinois (Coale). R. b. Shai-pe, Esq.

d. S jr. sk. Michigan. PrS Steere [P.l. .

..dad.sk. Missoim U.S. Nat. Mils, f P.l

■'■ n ^'':> i' S?^^"- Co ombia (Prentiss). U.S. Nat. Mus. fP l.

ff. 2 ad. sk. Distr. Colombia (Coues). U.S. Nat. Mus. fP ]

/«. d ad. sk ; Pennsylvania. Sclater CoU.

I. 6 jr. sk.

/ d jr. sk. ; Pennsylvania. Salvin-Godman Coll.

A. X o-d- sk.

I. 2 ad. sk. New Haven, Conn., U. S. A. Sclater Coll.

(3ferna7}i).

VI. d ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll.

w. 5 ad sk Jalapa, Mexico (r/e Oca). Sclater Coll.

o,p. S2 ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico (Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll

q. d ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll

/•. d ad. sk. Belize, Brit. Honduras (Blan- Salvin-Godman Coll
caneatix).

*~"V^ ^"l , Dueiias, Guatemala (Saloin). Salvin-Godman Coll

change) sk.

w, X. d ad. sk. Caliabon, Guatemala ( Cham- Salvin-Godman Coll

pion).
y. d ad. sk. Retalhideu, Guatemala (Salvin Salvin-Godman CoU.

4" Godman).
z. d ad. sk. Sources of Rio de la Pasion, Salvin-Godman Coll

Vera Paz (Salciti ^ Godman).

368

ICTERID-E.

a',b'. (5 jr., 2 ad.sk. Coban, Vera Paz {Salm'n).

c'. cJ ad. sk
d'. (S ad. sk.
e-'i'. Ad. sk.

;■', k'. _cJ 5 ad. sk.
I'. ^ jr. sk.
m'. c? ad. sk.
n', o'. (S 2ad.sk.

p'. J ad. sk.

San Pedro, Honduras ( Whitehf).
San Pedro, Honduras ( Whitely).
Cozumel I., Yucatan (G. F.

Gamner).
Irazu distr., Costa Rica {Rogers) .
Costa Rica {Carmiol).
Isthm. of Panama {Arce).
Lion Hill, Isthm. of Panama

{McLeannan).
Panama {McLeannan).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.

5. Icterus bonana.

Oriolus bonana, Linn. S. N. i. p. 162.

Le Carouge, Daub. PI. Enl. 535. fig. 1.

Icterus bonana, Daud. Tr. d'Orn. li. p. 332 ; Lawr. Pr. U. S. N. M.

i. p. 355 ; Scl. Cut. A. B. p. 131 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 358 ; Scl. et Salv.

Nomencl. p. 36 ; Taylor, Ihis, 1864, p. 167.
Pendulinus bonana, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 316 j Bp. Consp. i. p. 432;

Cassin, Pr. Ac. iSc. Phil. 1867, p. 54.
Xanthornus bonana, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 183.

Above black ; bead and neck dark brownish chestnut ; lesser
wing-coverts bright chestnut ; lower back brownish orange : below
brownish orange, throat and breast brownish chestnut like the head ;
under wing-coverts and thighs orange ; bill and feet black : whole
length 7-5 inches, wing 3-7, tail 3-5. Female similar.

Hah. Martinique, W. I.

a. Ad. sk,
h,c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. st.

Martinique, W. I.
Martinique, W. I.
West Indies.
West Indies.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Purchased.
Dr. Smith [P.].

0. Icterus pyrrhopterus.

Tordo negro cobijas de canela, Azara, Ajnint. i. p. 318.

Agelaius pyrrhopterus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, sxxiv. p. 543 ; id. Enc.

Meth. p. 716.
Psarocolius pyrrhopterus, Wagl. Syst. Av. Stippl. sp. 8.
Pendulinus periporphyrus, Bp. Cons}}. i. p. 432.
Hyphautes pyrrhopterus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 63 ; Pelz.

'Orn. Bras. p. 194.
Xanthornus pyrrhopterus. Burin. La-Plata Reise, ii. p. 493.
Icterus pyrrhopterus, d' Orb. et Lafr. Syn. Av. ii. p. 6 ; tScl. Cat. A. B.

p. 131 ; id. Ihis, 1883, p. 358 ; Scl et Salv. Nomencl. p. 36 ; iid.

P. Z. S. 1868, p. 140 (Conchitas, rep. Arg.), 1879, p. 608 (Tilotilo,

Boliv.) ; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 88 ; Burnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 69 ,;

Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 356 (Salta).

Uniform black ; upper lesser wing-coverts chestnut ; bill black ;
feet dark brown: whole length 7'7 inches, wing 3-6, tail 3-8.
Female similar.

Hab. S. Brazil, Paraguay, Argentine Republic, and Bolivia.

3(39

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Durnford [C.].
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
T. Bridges [C.].
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Zool. Soc. Coll.

a. 9 ad. sk. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres {Hzuhon).

b. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres i^Huslehurst) .

c. Ad. Salta, Arg. Rep.

d. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia {Buckley).

e. Ad. sk. Bolivia.
/. Ad. sk. Bolivia.

f/. S ad- sk. S. Brazil (Natterer).

h, i. Ad. sk. S. America.

7. Icterus chrysocephalus.

Oriolus cliry.soceplialus, Linn. S. JV. i. p. 164.

Gracula clirysoptera, Merr. Icon. Av. pi. 3.

Peuduliuus cliryso^ephalus, Viei/l. Gal. Ois. i. p. 122, pi. 86 ; Bp.

Consp. i. p. 4;i2 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 56 ; Pelz. Orn.

Bras. i. p. 1*J4.
Xantliornus clii-vsocephalus, Cab. Mits. Ilein. i. p. 184 ; Burm. Syst.

Ueb. iii. p. 270.
Icterus chrysocephalus, Baud. Tr. d'Orn. ii. p. .336 ; Spi.v, Av. Bras.

i. p. 68, pi. 67. iig. 1 ; Scl.Cat. A. B. p. 131 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 359 ;

Cab. ill Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 680 ; Scl. et Salv. Ninnencl. p. 36 ;

iid. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 182, 1873, p. 266 (Ucayali) ; Tacz. Orn. Per.

ii. p. 416 ; Salv. Ibis, 1885, p. 218 (Brit. Guian.).
Psarocolius icteroeephalus, Wagl. Syst. Av. sp. 20.
Gold-headed Oriole, Latham, Gen. H. B. iii. p. 125.

Black ; cap, except the front, upper lesser wing-coverts, under
wing-coverts, and thighs yellow ; bill and feet black : whole length
8"5 inches, wing 43, tail 3'9. Female similar.

Hah. Colombia, Venezuela, Guiana, and Amazonia.

a. Ad. St. British Guiana.

b. 2 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana

{miitely).

c. S ad. sk. Roraima, Brit. Guiana {Mliitehj).

d. Ad. sk. Demerara.

e. Jr. sk. Cayenne.
/. Jr. sk. Upper Amazons (Hati.vwell).
g. Ad. sk. Sarajacu, Ucayali.
h, i. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley),
j. Ad. sk. Bogota.
k. Ad. sk. Bogota.
/. Ad. sk. Bogota.
m. S ad. sk. Caracas, Venezuela (Goeriny).

8. Icterus cayanensis.

R. Schomburgk [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.
E. Bartlett [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oriolus cayanensis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 163.

Icterus cayanensis, Daud. Tr. d^Orn. ii. p. 3.36 ; Max. Beitr. iii.

p. 1204; Sw. Zool. III. ser. 2, pi. 22; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 131 ; id.

Ibis, 1883, p. 359 ; Scl. et Salv. Komencl. p. 36 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1867,

p. 573 (Lower Amazons), 1873, p. 260 (UcayahJ ; Tacz. Orn.

Per. ii. p. 417.
Pendulinus cavauensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 433 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc.

Phil. Ifc67, p. 57.
Agelaius chrysopterus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 539; id. Enc.

Mefh. p. 713 (partim).
Xanthornus chrysopterus, Bnrm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 271.
Yellow-winged Oriole, Latham, Gen. II. B. iii. p. 124.
VOL. XI. 2 b

370 ICTERID^.

Black ; lesser upper -wing-coyerts yellow ; under wing-ooverts
black mixed with yellow: whole length T'S inches, wing 4-1, tail
3*8. Female similar.

Hah. Guiana and Amazonia.

a. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Surinam. C. Bavtlett [C.l

c. Ad. sk. Para, Lower Amazons ( Wallace). Salrin-Godmari Coll.

d. Ad.sk. Island of Marajo, Amazons (jr«?/aec). Salvin-f4odman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Peruvian Amazons (Bartktt). Salvin-Uodman Coll.
/. Ad. sk. S. America. Sclater Coll.

</. Ad. St. S. America. Purchased.

9. Icterus tibialis.

Icterus cayanensis, Max. JBeitr. iii. p. 1204.

Xanthornus flavaxilla, Hahn n. K'dster, Vog. aus Asieii, Lief. vi.

p. 1, t. 2 (?).
Icterus tibialis, Sto. An. in Men. p. .302 ; Scl. et Sal v. Nmnend. p. 36 ;

Salvin. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 2G3; Forbes, Ihis, 1S81, p. 339; Sclater,

Ibis, 1883, p. 360.
Pendulinus tibialis, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 57.
Xanthornus chrysnpterus, Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 271 (excl. syn.).

Elack ; lesser upper wing-eoverts, under wing-coverts, and thighs
yellow ; bill and feet black : whole length 7"5 inches, wing ?5-6,
tail 3"7. Female similar.

Hah. South-east Brazil.

Nearly allied to /. cayanemis, but with the under wing-coverth.
and thighs yellow.

a, b. Ad. sk. Pernambuco, Brazil (Forbes). Sclatei Coll.

c,d. Ad.sk. Pernambuco, Brazil (i^or6e.s). Salvin-Clodman Coll.

e, f,f/. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil {Wucherer). Salviu-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Eio. Sclater Coll.

}. 2ad.sk. Rio ClarOjGoyaz, Brazil (,/tw^)Pr). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

j, k, I. Ad. sk. Brazil. ' Sclater Coll.

10. Icterus hypomelas.

Icterns dominicensis et I. viresceus, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 441

(1828).
Psarocolius melanopsis, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 759 (jr.).
Pendulinus hypomelas, Bp. Consp. i. p. 433; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. PML

1867, p. 59'.
Xanthornus dominicensis. Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 10; d'Orh. in La

Sagra's Cuba {Oiseaux), ii. p. 115, t. xix. bis.
Icterus dominicensis, Alhrecht, J.f. O. 1861, p. 212; Scl. et Salv.

Nomencl. p. 36.
Icterus hypomelas, Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 360.

Black ; lower back, lesser wing-coverts, under wing-coverts,
crissum, and thighs yellow ; bill and feet black : whole length 7"8
inches, wing 3'6, tail 3-4. Female similar. Young olivaceous;
rump, under wing-coverts, thighs, and parts of crissiun yellow ;
throat black.

Bah. Cuba.

22. ICTERUS. 371

a, h. Ad. sk. ; Cuba. Sclater Cull.

c. Jr. sk.

d. (f ad. sk. Cuba. Salviu-Godman Coll.

e,f. Ad. sk. San Cristobal, Cuba. Sahin-GrodrQaa Coll.

11. Icterus dominicensis.

Oriolus dominicensis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 103.

Carouge de St. Domingue, Daub. PL Enl. 5. fig. 2.

Pendulinus tlavigaster, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 317 ; id. Enc. Mith.

p. 705.
Icterus dominicensis, Daud. Tr. d'Orn. ii. p. 335; Salle, P. Z. S.

1857, p. 2.32 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 131 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 301 ; Scl.

et Sah: yumencl. p. 30 ; Cory, B. of San Domingo, p. 71, t. xii.
Pendulinus dominicensis, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1807, p. oB>.

Black ; lo-n^er back, lesser wing-coverts, under wiug-corerts,
crissum, thighs, and Hanks yellow ; bill and feet black : whole
length 7*5 inches, wing 3'6, tail 3'4. Female similar.

Hah. San Domingo.

Tery like /. lujpomelas, but in the present bird the yellow covers
the whole of the crissum and the lower portion of the flanks.

a. Ad. St. San Domingo (Salle). Purchased.

b. c. Ad. sk. San Domingo. Salle [C.].

d. Ad. sk. ; San Domingo. Zool. Soc. Coll.

e. Jr. sk.

/. Ad. sk. San Domingo (Salle). Sclater Coll.

ff. Ad. sk. San Domingo (Salle). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. 2ad.sk. Puerto Plata, San Domingo (Co/-«/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

8. Ad. sk. Hayti (6'wyj. Sclater Coll.

12. Icterus portoricensis.

Icterus dominicensis, \?a\ portoricensis, Bryant, Pr. Boston Soc. N. H.

xi. p. 94 ; Sinid. E. Yet.-Ak. Forh. 1809, p. 597.
Icterus dominicensis, Taylor, Ibis, 1804, p. 107.
Penduliuu? portoricensis, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1807, p. 58.
Icterus portoricensis, Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 30 ; Scl. Ibis, 1883,

p. 301.
Xantbornus portoricensis, Gnndl. An. de Hist. Nat. Madrid, vii.

p. 210 (1878).

Black ; lower back, lesser wing-coverts, under wing-coverts,
thighs, lower belly, and crissum yellow ; bill and feet black : whole
length 7'6 inches, wing 3'6, tail 3"4. Female similar. Young,
Brownish olive, beneath yellow ; wings brown.

Hah. Porto Rico.

Very near to /. dominicensis, but distinguishable by having the
yellow colour confined to the lower belly and crissum, and not ex-
tending over the flanks.

a. Ad. sk. ; North side of Porto Rico (Latimer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
b. Jr. sk.

c. Jr. sk. North side of Porto Rico (Swift). Salvin-Godman Coll.

2b2

372 ICTERID^.

d. Ad. sk. ; Porto Rico (Latimer). Sclater Coll.

e. Jr. sk.

/. Ad. sk. Porto Rico {Bryant). Sclater Coll.

g. Ad. sk. ; Porto Rico {Bryant). Mrs. Bryant [P.].

h. Jr. sk.

t. Ad. sk. Porto Rico {Bryant'). Salvin-Godman Coll.

13. Icterus laudabilis.

Icterus laudabilis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 270, pi. xxi., 1S72, p. 649 ;
id. Ibis, 188.3, p. 361.

Black ; rump, lesser wing-coverts, under wing-coverts, and lower
part of belly and crissum orange-yellow; bill and feet black: whole
length 8'5 inches, wing -I'S, tail 5-2. Female similar. Toung.
Olivaceous brown ; rump and body below yellowish ; throat black.

Hah. Island of St. Lucia.

The large size and orange-yellow rump and belly render this fine
species easily distinguishable.

a. Ad. sk. St. Lucia, W. I. {Semper). Sclater Coll. _ (Type

of the species.)

b. Ad. sk. ; c, St. Lucia, W. I. {Semper). Sclater Coll.
d. Jr. sk.

e,f. Ad. sk. St. Lucia, W. I. {Semper). Salvin-Godman Coll.

g, h. Jr. sk. St. Lucia, W. I. Sah-in-Godman Coll.

14. Icterus oberi.

Icterus oberi, Lawr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. iii. p. -Sol (1880) ; Gris-
dale, Ibis, 1882, p. 487, pi. xiii. ; Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 362.

Black ; rump, belly, and crissum orange-yellow ; under wing- .
coverts yellow ; biU and feet black : whole length 8 inches, wing
3-6, tail 4. Female similar. Young. Above brownish olive, beneath
yellowish.

Hah. Moutserrat, W. I.

Allied to /. laudahilis, but distinguished by the black upper
wing-coverts and the greater amount of orange on the belly.

<i, 6. (5' ad. sk. ; Montserrat (GnWaZe). Sclater Coll.

c. Jr. sk.

15. Icterus wagleri.

Psarocolius flavigaster, Wayl. Isis, 1829, p. 756 {7iec Vieill.).

Pendidinus dominicensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 432 {nee Linn.).

Icterus wagleri, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 7, et 1859, p. 381 ; id. Cat.

A. B. p. 131 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 362 ; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc.

N. H. i. p. 552 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 20 ; iid. Nomend. p. 36 ;

Baird, Birds Me.v. Bound. Surv. p. 19, t. xix. fig. 2 ; id. B. N. Am.

p. 545.
Pendulinus wagleri, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 55.
Icterus dominicensis var. wagleri, Baird, Brew., et Ridyio. N. A. B. ii.

p. 182 (pt.).

Above deep black ; lesser wing-coverts and lower back yellow :

22. ICTERUS.

373

below down to the middle of the breast black ; belly yellow, crissum
black ; bill black, bluish at the base ; feet black : whole length
9 inches, wing 4-2, tail 4'0. Female sirailar. Young. Above olive;
beneath yellow, with more or less black on the throat.
Hab. South Mexico and Guatemala.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. (S ad. sk.

d. Jr. sk.

e. cJ ad. sk.
f,ff. S ad. sk.

h. Jr. sk. ;

j. Pull. sk.
k. Jr. sk.
I. 2 ad. sk.

Mexico.

Mexico.

Oaxaca, W. Mexico (FenocJno).
Oaxaca, W. Mexico (Boucard).
Presidio, Mexico (Fvrrer).
Dueiias, Guatemala (Salcin).

Sclater Coll. (Type

of the species.)
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guatemala (tSalvin).
Calderas, "Wilcan de Fuego,
Guatemala (Salvin).

16. Icterus prosthemelas.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

Xanthornua prosthemelas, Strickl. Contr. Oni. 1850, p. 120, pi. 62.

Pendulinus lessoni, Bp. Consp. i. p. 432 {?).

Icterus prosthemelas, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 301, 1857, p. 7 ; id.
Cat. A. B. p. 132; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 363; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859,
p. 20 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 279 (Mosquitia), 1870, p. 837 (Hon-
duras) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 36 ; Laxcr. Bull. U. S. N. M. no. 4, p. 23
(Teh uan tepee).

Pendulinus prosthemelas, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. PJtU. 1867, p. 56.

Deep black ; lower back, upper lesser wing-coverts, lower wing-
coverts, belly, and crissum yellow ; bill black, plumbeous at the
base ; feet black : whole length 7'7 inches, wing 3-5, tail 3-8.
Female similar.

Hab. Tehuantepec, British Honduras, Guatemala, and southwards
to Costa Eica.

a.

b. .

A.d.

St.

c>

d. .

A.d.

sk.

e.

Ad. sk.

f.

Ad

. sk.

y-

Jr.

sk.

h.

Jr.

sk.

i.

Jr.

sk.

j-

Ad

. sk.

k.

Jr.

sk.

I.

Ad,

. sk.

m

. 2

ad.

sk.

n.

Jr.

sk.

British Honduras.

Corosal, Brit. Honduras (Boe).

Belize, Brit. Honduras (Blau-

caneaux).
Cboctum, Vera Paz (Salviri).
Vera Paz {Hague).
Sources of Kio de la Pasion,

Vera Paz (Salrin t^- Godman).
Guatemala {Boucard).
San Pedro, Honduras ( Whiteh/).
San Pedro, Honduras {IMiitely).
Honduras {Whitely).
Peje, Costa Rica {CarmioPi.
Tucurriqui, Costa Pica {Aj-ce).

17. Icterus maculi-alatus.

D. Dyson [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Icterus maculi-alatus, Cassin, Jvurn. Acad. Pkilnd. ser. 2, 1. p. 137,
pi. 16. fig. 1 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 132; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 363; Scl.et
Sali\ Ibis, 1860, p. 398 ; iid. Xomencl. p. 36.

374 ICXEKIDJ!.

Peiidulinus maculi-alatus, Bp. CunsjJ. i. p. 4i33 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. He.
Phil. 1867, p. 56.

Above deep black ; lower back and lesser wing-coverts yellow ; a
row of spots on the tips of the greater wing-coverts, and slight ex-
ternal edgings to the live or six outer primaries about halfway down
the quills white : beneath orange-yellow ; sides of head, throat, and
\ipper breast black ; bill black, bluish at the base ; feet black : whole
length 7 inches, wing 89, tail 3-3. Young. Above olive ; wings and
tail brownish, with slight white spots on the greater wing-coverts :
below yellowish ; front, sides of the head, and throat down to the
middle of the breast black.

ifab. Pacific coast of Guatemala.

This is a local species, confined, so far as we know, to tlie Pacific
coast of Guatemala, but well marked by the white spots on the
greater wing-coverts.

a. Ad.sk.; Yolcan de Fuego, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. 2 .ii'- sk. {iSalvhi).

e. cS ad. sk. Volcan de Agua, above San Salvin-Godman Coll.

Diego {Salvin).

d. Jr. sk. San Pedro Martyr, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salvin).

e. cJ ad. sk. Escuintla, Guatemala (Fraser). Sclater Coll.

f. Jr. sk. Aguna, Guatemala {Fi-aser). Sclater Coll.

18. Icterus parisorum.

Icterus parisorum, Bp. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 110 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858,
p. 303 (Oasaca), i860, p. 251, 1864, p. 175 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 132 ;
id. Ibis, 1883, p. 365 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 54 ; Scl. et
Salv. Nomencl. p. 36 ; Smnichrast, Mem. Bost. 8. N. H. i. p. 553
(Orizaba) ; Bnird, Breicer, et Bidqw. N. A. B. ii. p. 188 ; Baird, B.
N. Am. p. 544 ; Coues, Key N. A. B. (1884) p. 409.

Icterus melanochrysurus, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 105.

Icterus scottii, Couch, Pr. Acad. Philad. vii. p. 66 (1854).

Xanthornus parisorum, Bp. Consp. i. p. 434.

Above black ; lesser wing-coverts and lower back sulphur-yellow ;
wings black, greater wing-coverts tipped with white : below down
to the middle of the breast black ; belly and basal half of tail
yellow ; apical half of tail black, the black extending further up on
JDhe central tail-feathers ; bill and feet black: whole length 7'5 inches,
wing 4, tail 3"4. Female. Above olivaceous, slightly varied with
black on the interscapularies ; wings blackish, wing-coverts termi-
nated with white : below yellowisli.

Hub. Lower California, Arizona, Texas, and Mexico.

The male of this species is easily known by the yellow basal por-
tion of the lower surface of the tail being divided in a straight line,
about halfway between the crissum and the end, from the black
apical portion.

«. <J ad. sk. Cape San Lucas, Lower Call- Salviu-Guduiau Coll.

tornia (Xaiitus).

A. d ad. sk.

c. c? jr. sk.

<^, ?• J ? ad.sk,
/• 6 jr. sk.
.J?. 2 ad. sk.
^. c? jr. sk.
«: S ad. sk.
J. d ad. St.

'22. icxjiRCs.

Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali-
fornia {Xantus).

Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali-
fornia {Xantus).

Near the City of Mexico.

Mexico (Salle).

Mexico.

Mexico (Boncard).

Mexico.

Mexico.

375

Sclater Coll.

U.S. Nat. Mils. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoIL
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.
Purchased.

19. Icterus melanocephalus.

PsarocoHus melanocephalus, Waffl. Isis, 1829, p. 756.

Icterus niekiiocephalus, Ila/m u. Kiister, Voy. cms Asien, Lief, vi
p. 2, t. 3; Baird, £. N. Am. p. 543 ; Cassin, B. Cal. p. 1.37, pi. 21 ■
Mater P Z 8. 1856, p. 301, 1858, p. 97, 1869, p. 365 (Jalapa)
id. Cat. A B. p. 132; ul Ibis, 1883, p. 365 ; Scl.et Salv. Nomencl
p. ^6: Cassin, Pr. Ac. 8c. Phil. 1867, p. 53 ; Baird, Breio., et
Kidyw. ISi. A. B. ii. p. 186; Snmichrast, Mem. Bost. S. N. H. i
p. 5o3 ; Lawr. Bull. U. S. JV. M. no. 4, p. 23 (Tehuautepec).

Aaiithornus melanocephalus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 434 (partim)

Icterus audubonii, Giraud, B. Texas, p. 1 ; Baird, B. N. Am p 54"
t 1"; ^■/■^- ^'^^'^' f'-^^l (Oaxaca),1864, p. 175 (City of Mexico");
id. Cat. A. B. p. 1.32; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 366 ; Scl. et Salt,. Xomencl
p. o6 ; Cassm, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 53 ; Sumichrmt, Mem. Bost
S. N. H. I. p. 553 (Orizaba).

Icterus nielanocephalus, var. auduboni, Baird, Brew., et Bidotv
X. A. B. 11. p. 186. ^

Icterus melanocephalus auduboni, Coties, Key N. A. B. (1884) p 41 0

Icterus virescens, Lidjois, Bull. Ac. Bely, s^r. 2, xl. p. 798 (1876 P). '

Above yeUow, slightly tinged with olivaceous yellow ; whole head
and neck, with wmgs and tail, black ; greater wing-coverts and
secoudanes sometimes vrith narrow white edgings; lesser wino--
coverts bright yellow : below, throat and middle of breast black •
abdomen yellow like the back, but rather brighter ; bill and feet
black : whole length 8 inches, wing 3-8, tail 8-8. Female similar.

Hah. Texas and Mexico.

The slight white edgings to the greater coverts and secondaries
are, as a rule, continid to the northei-n form, /. m. auduboni. Eut
one of the skms from Jalapa has traces of this, and I have observed
it in other specimens.

«. Ad. sk.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.
V. Jr. sk.
(I. Ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.

a. Subsp. auduboni.
Matamoras (Berlattdier).

b. Subsp. tyjpica.

Jalapa, Mexico {de Oca).

Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca).

Orizaba (Butten).

( laxaca, Mexico (Fenochio).

Caxaca, Mexico {Fenochio).

Mexico.

Sclater Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sahiu-Godmau Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Siih in-Godman Coll.
ijclater C'olL

376 ICTERIII.E.

g. Ad. sk. Mexico {Jiotward). ISalvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

t. Ad. St. Mexico. J. Taylor, Esq. [P.].

J. Ad. St. Mexico. • Purchased.

k. Ad. St. Mexico. J. Gould, Esq.

20. Icterus cucuUatus.

Icterus cucuUatus, Siv. Phil. Mag. 1827, i. p. 436 ; Lawr. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. V. p. 116 ; Cassin, III. B. Calif, p. 42, pi. 8 ; Sclater, P. Z. S.

1856, p. 301 (Cordova), 1864, p. 175"(Citv of Mexico) ; id. Cat. A.B.

p. 132 ; id. Ihis, 1883, p. 364 ; Sd. et Sulk Ibis, 1859, p. 20 (Belize) ;

lid. Nomend. p. 36 ; Salv. Ibis, 1850, p. 466 (Belize) ; Baird, Brew.,

et Ridyio. B. N. A. ii. p. 193 ; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. S. N. H. i.

p. 553 (hot district of Vera Cruz); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 646;

Boucard, P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 445 ; Cones, Key N. A. B. (1884)

p. 409.
Pendulinus cucuUatus, Bp. Cons}}, i. p. 433 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.

1867, p. 60.
Icterus cucuUatus nelsoni, Bidgiv. Pr. U. S. N. Mm. 1885, p. 19

(Arizona).
Icterus cucuUatus igneus, Eidgio. Pr. TJ. S. N. litis. 1885, p. 19

(Yucatan).

Above yellow, more or less tinged with orange ; lores and inter-
scapulium black ; wings black, middle wing-coverts and edges of
greater coverts and remiges white : below jellow, sides of I'ace, throat,
and middle of breast black ; under wing-coverts yellow ; tail black,
slightly tipped with white ; bill and feet black : whole length
7*4 inches, wing 3'3, tail 3"5. Female. Above oUvaceous, wings
brown edged with whitish ; below yeUow, middle of throat black.

Hah. Southern California, Arizona, Texas, Mexico, Yucatan, and
Belize.

Mr. Eidgway has lately proposed to separate this species into three
geographical subspecies : — (1) /• c. nelsoni, from Arizona, S. California,
and Western Mexico, of a paler and more yellow colour; (2) the
typical form, from Southern and Eastern Mexico, with the yellow of
an orange tinge ; and (3) the Yucatan form (/. c. igneus), with the
orange tinge still more intense. 1 have arranged the specimens in
accordance with these views, but I cannot say that I quite agree
with them, the differences being, in my opinion, almost too slight for
even subspecific separation.

a. Subsp. nelsoni.
a. Jad.sk. Kvizona. {Nelson). U. S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

h. (f ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Forrer).

c. Ad. sk. California. F. Gruber [P.].

d. (S ad.sk. Mazatlan,W. Mexico (i^orrer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. c? ad. sk. Mexico. Sclater Coll.

a. Subsp. typica.
a. Ad. sk. Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll.

6. J ad. sk. Mexico (iiV^owM). Sclater Coll.

377

c. 5 ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. cS ad. St.

a. 2 ad- St.

b. j ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. (5 ad. sk.

e Ad. sk.
f-h. S ad., ?'. c?

jr., i, ^. $ ad.

sk.

Mexico.
Mexico.
Mexico.

c. Svibsp. ipiea.

British Honduras.

Belize (<SV//rm).

Merida, Nortliern Yucatan

(DetHs).
Silam, Nortliern Yucatan

(Gaumer).
Yucatan (Gaumef).
Cozuniel, Yucatan (&'. F.
GcMmer).

J. Gould, Esq.

Sclater Coll.

Sir E. Belcher [P.].

D. Dyson [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

21. Icterus auricapillus.

Icterus auricapillus, Cassin, Proc. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1847, p. 332 ; id. Jorirn.

Acad. Philad. ser. 2, i. p. 137, pi. 16. f. 2 ; Scl. Ccd. A. B. p. 132 ;

id. Ibis, 1883, p. 3G3 ; Scl. et Sulv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167 (Caripe ) ; iid.

Nomencl. p. 36 ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1 870, p. 553 ; Salv. et Godm.

Ibis, 1880, p. 123 (Santa Marta).
Pendidinus auricapillus, £j). Consp. i. p. 433 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc.

Phil. 18C.7, p. 60.

Above deep black ; lesser wing-coverts and lower back yellow ;
whole back of head and nape bright orange-yellow : below yellow ;
throat and breast with the sides of the head and front black ; under
wing-coverts yellow ; bill and feet black : whole length 7'5 inches,
wing 3-5, tail 3-5. Female similar.

Bab. Coast-region of Venezuela and Colombia.

a. Ad. sk.

Venezuela.

Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk.

Maturin, E. Venezuela
(Fuisf).

Sclater Coll.

c. c? ad. sk.

Carip^, ^'enezuela (Goeritiy).

Salvin-Godman CoU.

d. Ad. sk.

Venezuela.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. 2 ad. sk.

Santa Marta, U. S. C. (Sinwns).

Salvin-Godman CoU.

/. Ad. sk.

Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta
(Simons).

Sclater CoU.

ff. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

Sclater Coll.

h. Ad. sk.

Bogota.

J. Gould, Esq.

i,j. Ad. St.

S. America.

Pui'chased.

22. Icterus hauxwelli. (Plate XVIII.)
Icterus hauxwelli, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 671.

Above bright yellow; sides of head, narrow interscapulium, wings,
and tail black : patch on outer secondaries white : below yellow,
whole throat extending on to breast black ; under wing-coverts
yellow ; back and feet black : whole length H'O inches, wing 3*6,
tail 3-4.

Hah. Eastern Peru.

378 ICTKEID.'E.

Nearest to J. yrace-aunte, hnt distinguished by its \\ holly black
tail and narrow black interscapulium.

a. Ad. sk. Chamicm-os, E. Peru J. Gould, Esq. (Type

{Hauxicell). of the species.)

23. Icterus grace-aimaB.

Icterus grace-ann.T, Cassin, P): Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. o'2; Tacz. P.Z. S.
1877, p. 323 (Tumbez) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 419 ; Sahin, Ibis, 1874,
p. 323 (Guayaquil) ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 422 (Payta) ; Scl. et Salv.
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 137 (Pacasmayo) ; Sd. Ibis, 1883, p. \ji!>6, pi. xi.

Bright yellow, more or less tinged with orange ; interscapulium,
wings, tail, front, lores, circle round the eyes, and throat down to
the middle of the breast deep black ; lesser wing-coverts yellow ;
a conspicuous patch on the outer secondaries and the tips of the
external rectrices white ; bill and feet black : whole length 7'5
inches, wing 3'5, tail 3-7- Female similar.

Huh. Coast-region of "Western Ecuador and Peru.

Allied to /. niesomelas, but at once recognizable by the conspicuous
white wing-patch, and the difFerent colour of the outer rectrices,
which are black tipped with white instead of yellow.

a. Ad. sk. Mochala, Guayaquil. Salviu-Godman Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Payta, Peru {Marhham). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Tumbez, Peru (Jelski). Sclaler CoU.

d. Ad. St. Piura, Peru. Capt. Kellett and Lt.

Wood [C.].

24: Icterus mesomelas.

Psarocolius mesomelas, Waffl. Isis, 1829, p. 755.

Xanthornus mesomelas, Bp. Consp. i. p. 434.

Icterus mesomelas, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 154 (Bogota"), 1856,
p. 301 (Cordova), 1859, p. 58 (Omoa, Hond.), 18G0, pp. 277, 293
{Western Ecuador) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 133 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 367 ;
Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 34 (Coban) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 354
(Panama), 1867, p. 279 (Mosquitia), 1870, p. 838 (Honduras), 1879,
p. 509 (Autioquia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 36 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.
1860, p. 140 (li. Atrato), et 1867, p. 51 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 323
(Tumbez), et 1880, p. 200 (N. Peru) ; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H. i. p. 553 (Vera Cruz) ; Lawr. Bidl. U. S. N. M. no. 4, p. 23 ;
Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 4-22;Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 445 (Yucatan) ;
Berl. et Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 552 (West Ecuador) ; Tacz. Orn.
Per. ii. p. 417.

Icterus atrogularis. Less. Cent. Zuol. p. 73, pi. 22.

Oriolus musicus, Cabot, Boston Journ. K. H. iv. p. 465.

Icterus salvini, Cassin, Pr, Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 51 ; Scl. et Salv.
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 838 ; Laivr. Ann. Lijc. N. Y. ix. p. 104.

Bright yellow ; interscapulium, wings, lores, sides of head, and
throat down to the middle of the breast deep black ; lesser wing-
coverts and under wing-coverts yellow ; tail black, three outer
rectrices on each side with the greater part of the apical portion
yellow ; outer secondaries sometimes slightly bordered with white ;

2:^. ICTERUS. 379

bill and feet black : whole length S'O inches, wing 3-9, tail 4-2.
Female similar.

hah. {Southern Mexico and Guatemala and southwards to Colom-
bia, Ecuador, and AVestern Peru.

/. sah'lni of Costa Eica and Colombia has been separated mainly
on account of the absence of the narrow white external edgings of
the outer secondaries. But this edging is certainly quite apparent
in some Bogotavspecimens, and is also well marked in examples from
Western Peru. ■ It does not seem to me to be a constant character.

Mexico. Purchased.

Orizaba (Sfeveyis). Sclater Coll.

Yucatan {Gaumer). Salvia-Godman Coll.

Mexico. Purchased.

Choctum, Vera Paz {Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Corosal, Brit. Honduras {Roe). Salviu-Godman Coll.

Belize, Brit. Honduras Salviu-Godman Coll.

[Blancaneaux).

San Pedro, Houduras {G. M. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Whitely).

Valza, Costa Pica {Canniol). Salviu-Godman Coll.

Chepo, Isthmus of Panama Salviu-Godman Coll.

(Arce).

Lion Hill, Isthmus of Panama Salvin-Godman Coll.

{McLeannna).

Panama {McLeaunan). Sclater CoU.

Bogota. J. Gould, Esq.

Botoga. Sclater Coll.

Santa Rita, Ecuador (Biichhy ). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Chiquiuda, Ecuador (i>»cA:/d'!/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Payta, Peru [Markham). Salviu-Godman Coll.

S. America. Purchased.

25. Icterus giraudi.

Icterus giraudii, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Se. Pfiil. 1847, p. 333, 1860, p. 140
(R. Truando), et lf^t)7, p. 52; id. Journ. Acad. PJiilad. ser. 2, i.
p. 138, pi. 17 ; Sclater, 1'. Z. S. 1855, p. 154 (Bogota), et 1857,
p. 228 (Vera Cruz) : id. Oaf. A. B. p. 133 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 366;
Scl.et Sa/v. Ibis, 1859, p. 20 (Guatemala); iid. P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 353 (Panama), 186t<, p. 167 (Caracas), 1879, p. 509 (Antioquia) ;
iid. Nomencl. p. 36 ; Scdvin, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 142, et 1870, p. 190
(Veragua) ; Boxcard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 445 (Yucatan).

Icterus melanopterus, Hartl. Bcv. Zool. 1849, p. 275.

Xanthornus melanopterus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 434.

Bright yellow, more or less tinged with orange ; front and sides
of the head, throat down to the middle of the breast, and wings
and tail black ; bill and feet black : whole length 8 inches, wing
3-9, tail 3'8. i^tma/f similar.

Hab. S. Mexico, Yucatan, Guatemala, and throughout Central
America south to Venezuela and Colombia.

a. Ad. sk. Northern Yucatan Salvin-Godman Coll.

( G(iu)iier).

a. Ad. St.

b. Ad. sk.

c, d. d 2 ad.

sk..

e. Ad. sk.

f, g. Ad. sk.

'A. Ad. sk.

t..Ad. sk.

j, k. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

m. Ad. sk.

n,o. cJ $ ad.

sk.

p. Ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.

r. Ad. sk. ; s.

Jr.

sk.

t, 71. Ad. sk.

f. Ad. sk.

w. Ad. sk.

X. Ad. St.

380

ICTERlUJi:.

b. Ad. sk.

c. cJ ad. sk. ; d.
Jr. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

/. c? ad. sk.

ff. 2 F- sk.
h. $ ad. sk.

J. Ad. sk.
j. Ad. sk.

k. 2 ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

m. Ad. st.

n. Jr. sk.

0. Jr. st.
p. 5 ad. sk.

g-. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. c? ad. sk.
;:. Ad. sk.

Tactic, Vera I'az (Salvin).
\ olcau de Fuego, Gua-
temala (Salvi)i).
Chontales, Nicaragua

(Selt).
Boqiiete de Chitra,Vera-

giia {Arce).
Chitra, Veragua (Arce).
Sauta Fe, Veragua

(Arce).
Veragua (Arce).
Cliepo, Isthm. of Pana-
ma (Arce).
Lion Hill, Isthm. of

Panama (A7-ce).
Paraiso Station, Istlim.
of Panama (Hughes).
Panama.

Panama.

Colon, Panama.
Medellin, Autioquia

(Salmon).
Bogota.
Bogota,
Colombia.
Venezuela (Goering).

Salvin-CTodmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt. Kellett and Lt. Wood

Capt. Kellett and Lt. Wood

[I'-]-
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

26. Icterus xanthornus.

Oriolus xanthoruus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 391,

Carouge de Mexique, Daub. PI. Enl. 5. fig. 1.

Xanthornus linnasi, Bp. Consp. i. p. 434.

Icterus xanthornus, Z)aMC?. Tr.d'Orn. ii. p. 334; Cab. in ScJwmb.

Guian. iii. p. 680 ; id. Mus. Hein. i. p. 185 ; Burtn. iSyst. Ueb. iii.

p. 269 ; Sd. Cat. A. B. p. 133 ; id. Ibis, ISSM, p. 368; Cassi^i, Pr. Ac.

Sc.Phil 1867, p. 60 ; Scl.et Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167 (Venezuela) ;

iid. Nomencl. p. 36 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 84 (Trinidad) ; Wyatt,

Ibis, 1871, p. 329 (Santa Marta) ; ISalv. et Godm. Ibis, 1880, p. 123

(Santa Marta); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 678 (Trinidad); Pelz.

Orji. Bras. p. 195.
Icterus auratus, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1807, p. 50.
Icterus xanthornus, var. /3. marginalis, Dubois, Bull. Ac. Belg. ser. 2.
^vohxL p. 800(1875).
Xanthornus nigrigularis. Halm, Vog. cms Asien, v. p. 1, t. i. (1820).
Icterus nigrogularis, Lawr. Ann. L. N. Y. ix. p. 273.

Above bright yellow, with a more or less perceptible olivaceous
tinge on the interscapnlium ; lores and wings black ; lesser wing-
coverts yellow ; greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and primaries at
their bases edged more or less distinctly with white : below yellow,
middle of throat, extending on to the breast, black ; tail black, but
yellow at the base beneath the tail-coverts ; bill and feet black :
whole length 7'5 inches, wing 3'6, tail 35. Female similar.

22. ICTERUS. 381

Hah. Northern Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guiana, Cayenne,
and Upper Rio Negro.

I have no evidence of the occurrence of any form of this species
at Panama or anywhere to the north of it (except the distinct
/. auratus of Yucatan), and there is much individual variation in
the amount of the white edges to the wing-coverts and secondaries,
as also in the slight white alar speculum at the base of the pri-
maries. Under these circumstances I have not adopted Mr. Hidg-
way's recently jaroposed division of this species into two subspecies,
" xantJiornus" and " Ihma'i," (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1884, p. 176).
The example that best accords with his character of /. wan-
thoniKs (ti/jnnis) is perhaps that from Santa Marta (k), which has
a white speculum. But this feature is also slightly shown in some
skins from Venezuela, Trinidad, and Cayenne, and does not seem to
be constant.

a, b. Ad. st. British Guiana. Chev. Schomburgk [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Jr. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. sk. George Town, Demerara Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Brown).

f. Ad. sk. George Town, Demerara Sclater Coll.

(Broicn).

g. Ad. sk. Demerara. J. R. Jackson, Esq. [P.].
h. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. (S ad. sk. Carupano, Venezuela Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Goeriiu/).

j. S ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater CoU.

k. 2 ad. sk. Santa Marta, U. S. C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Simons).

I. Ad. sk. South America. Sclater Coll.

VI. Ad. sk. South America. Purchased.

27. Icterus curasoensis.
Icterus curasoensis, Ridgw. P. U. S. N. M. 1884, p. 174.

Similar to /. .ranthornus, but bill longer, more attenuated, and
more acute, the white markings of the wings much broader, and the
yellow colour paler.

Hah. Island of Cura^oa, "VV. I.

Only known to the author from the original description. The
points of difference from /. .rauthomus do not seem to be very
strong.

28. Icterus dubusi.

Icterus xanthornus, var. a. dubusi, Dubois, Bull. Ac. Belg. ser. 2,
xl. p. 790.

Above yellow ; interscapulium slightly marked by narrow black
shaft-spots ; wings black ; lesser coverts black, with broad yellow
margins ; greater coverts and secondaries slightly edged with white :
beneath yellow ; middle of throat, extending to the breast, black ;

;382 iCTKRin.E.

under wing-coverts pale yellow ; tail black, at the base beneath
ihe coverts yellow ; bill and feet black : whole length 7'2 inches,
wing 2'5, tail 'i.

Hab. Panama (?).

I bought the skin above described at Southampton in 1846, and
have never yet seen a second example. It appears, however, to
agree with Dubois's description of two specimens in the Brussels
Museum, said to be from Panama (?), and seems to be sufficiently
different from /. xantliornus to require recognition. The two points
of difference are the striations on the interscapulium, of which there
is no sign in /. xantliornus, and the colour of the lesser wing-coverts,
which are black at their bases and broadly margined witli yellow.
In /. xanthornus these coverts are wholly yellow.

a. Ad. sk. S. America. Sclater Coll.

29. Icterus auratus.

Icterus auratus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 435 ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix.
p. 271 (Yucatan) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 369 ; Boucard, P. Z. 8.
1883, p. 445.

Above and below bright orange ; lores, space at the base of the
lower mandible, throat, extending down to the middle of the breast,
and wings black ; lesser wing-coverts black mixed with yellow ;
middle wing-coverts with broad white ends, forming a conspicuous
white cross baud : edgings of greater wing-coverts and remiges also
white ; tail black, with the base beneath the coverts pale orange,
and slight whitish tips ; bill and feet black : whole length 8 inches,
wing 3' 7, tail 3' 6.

Bah. Yucatan.

The intense reddish-orange colour, the black space at the base of
the lower mandible, which unites the lores and the throat, and the
conspicuous white terminations of the middle wing-coverts render
this fine species easily distinguishable from /. xanthornus.

a, b. Ad. sk. ; c, d. Northern Yucatan Salvin-Godman Coll.

Jr. sk. (Gaumer).

30. Icterus vulgaris.

Oviolus icterus, Linn. S. N. i. p. IGl.

Icterus vulgaris, Daud. Tr. d'Oi-n. ii. p. 340 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 434 ;
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 542; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 1.33; id. Ibis, 1883,
p. 3(;9 ; Scl. et Salv. F. Z. S. 1868, p. 167 (Venezuela) ; iid.
Nomencl. p. 36 ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 578 (Trinidad) ; Cassin,
Pr. Ac. So. Phil. 1867, p. 46 ; Sah. et Godm. Ibis, 1879, p. 200
(Santa Marta).

Agelaius longirostris, Vieill. Nonv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 547.

Icterus longirostris, Bp. Consp. i. p. 435 ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.
1867, p. 46.

Icteric Oriole, Latham, Gen. H. B. iii. p. 114.

Above and below brilliant orange ; whole head and neck and
elongated feathers of the throat, broad interscapulium, and tail

SZ. IC'TKRTJS.

383

black : wings black, lesser coverts orange, middle M'ing-covcrts and
broad outer margins to secondaries, forming together a large and
conspicuous bar, white ; under wing-coverts yellow ; bill black,
plumbeous at the base ; feet dark brown : whole length 10 inches,
wing 4"6, tail 4. Female similar.

Hab. Coast-region of Colombia and Venezuela and Trinidad.

The guttural feathers are still more elongated in this species than
in the two next. The conspicuous white wing-patch also renders
it easily distinguishable.

a. Ad. sk. Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta Sclater Coll.

(Simons).

h. S ad. sk. Valle Dupai-, Santa Marta, Salvin-Godman Coll.

U. S. C. (Simons).

c. J ad.sk. Carupano, Venezuela (6roer?»^). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. South America. Sclater Coll.

e. Ad. St. South America. Zool. Soc. Coll.

31. Icterus jamacaii.

Oriolus jamacaii, Gm. S. N. i. p. 391.

Icterus jamacaii, Daud. Tr. d'Orn. ii. p. 335 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1199 ;

Bp. Consp. i. p. 435 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 185 ; Burm. 8i/st. Ueb.

iii. p. 268 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 133 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 370"; Scl. et

Salt). Nomencl. p. 36.
Xauthornus aurantius, Hahn ii. Kiister., Vog. ausAsien, Lief. vi. p. 1,

t. i. (1850).
Icterus aurautius, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 47.
Jamacii Oriole, Lath. Gen. H. B. iii. p. 123.

Bright reddish orange ; whole head and throat, interseapulium,
and tail black ; wings black, lesser coverts orange, middle and
greater coverts black ; external margins of the secondaries white,
forming a conspicuous white patch ; bill black, at the base plumbeous ;
feet black : whole length 8"5 inches, wing 3-9, tail 3'8. Female
similar, but rather smaller, and not quite so bright.

Hah. S.E. Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. Ceara, N. Brazil (Jesse). Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Ceara, N. Brazil (Jesse). Salvin-Godman Coll.
c,d. Ad.sk. Pernambuco, Brazil (i^orSes). Salvin-Godman Coll.
e. Ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

32. Icterus croconotus.

Psarocolius croconotus, Wac/l. Isis, 1829, p. 757.

Icterus croconotus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 34-3 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 435 ; Scl.
Cat. A. B. p. 133 ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 370 ; Cassin. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.
1867, p. 47 ; Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 266 (Upper Amazons),
1879, p. 608 (Bolivia) ; iid. Nomencl. p. 36 ; Layard, Ibis, 1873,
p. 381 (Para) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 195 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 420.

Icterus jamacaii. Cab. in Schomb. Guia7i. iii. p. 679.

Bright orange ; front, sides of head, throat, and tail black ; wings
black, lesser coverts orange, middle and greater coverts black ; a

3S4 ICTERID.E.

-white patch formed hy the white outer margins of the secondaries :
hill black, plumbeous at the base ; feet black : whole length 8 inches,
wing 3-8, tail 3-9. Female similar.

Mab. Guiana and Amazonia to Ecuador and interior of Brazil.

A close ally of /. Jamacall, but easily known by the orange
extending over the interscapnlium and the head, except the front.

a, h. Ad. St. British Guiana. Sir K. Scbomburgk

[P.J.

c. Ad. sk. Guiana (JBroicn). Sclater Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckle)/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Peruvian Amazons (Bartleti). Salviu-Godman Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Upper Amazons (Bates). Sclater Coll.

g. Ad. sk. Cuyaba, Brazil (Xatterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Bolivia. J. Gould, Esq.

33. Icterus gularis.

Psarocolius gularis, IFaql. Isis, 1829, p. 754.

Icterus gulavis, Bp. Coiisp. i. p. 435 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, pp. 205, 228,

1858, p. 358 (Honduras), et 1859, p. 3G5 ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 133;

id. Ibis, 1883, p. 371 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 19 (Guatemala) ;

iid. Nomencl. p. 30; Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 468, et 1860, p. 195;

Tai/lor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill (Brit. Hond.) ; Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.

1867, p. 49; Oweii et Sah: Ibis, 1861, p. 62; Lawr. Bull.

V. S. N. M. no. 4, p. 23 ; Des Mnrs, Icon. Orn. pi. 9.
Icterus mentalis, Zcss. Cent. Zool. p. Ill, pi. 41.

Orange-yellow ; interscapnlium, lores, throat extending down to
the breast, and tail black ; wings black, margined with white, lesser
wing-coverts yellow ; thickened bill and feet black : whole length
10 inches, wing 4-7, tail 4-5. Female yellow ; throat black ; inter-
scapulium and tail olive ; wings brown edged with whitish.

Hah. Southern Mexico, Yucatan, British Honduras, and
Guatemala.

a. Ad. St. Mexico. Baron Laugier Coll.

b. Ad. St. Mexico. J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

c. 5 sk. Jalapa, Mexico (Hoi/e). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. (S jr. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (de Oca). Sclater Coll.

e-g. S ad.sk.; Tonala (Chiapas), Mexico (<S««otj- Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. c? jr. sk. chrast).

i. S ad. sk. Putla, W. Mexico (Bebouch). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/ cS ad. sk. Tehuantepec, Mexico (Smni- Salvin-Godman Coll.

chrast).
k, I. S 2 ad. sk. Northern Yucatan (Gaumer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
m, n. (S ad. sk. Savana-Grande, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salvin ^- Godman).
o, p. c? $ ad. sk, San Geronimo, Vera Paz, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guatemala (Salvin).
q. (S ad. sk. San Pedro Martyr, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salvin).
r. S ad. sk. Guatemala (Salvin). Sclater Coll.

s. d ad. sk. Corosal. Brit. Honduras (Roe). Salvin-Godman Coll.

t-g. Ad. sk. Cozumel I., Yucatan (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Gau77ier).

22. ICTERUS. 385

34. Icterus sclateri.

Icterus mentalis, Cah. Mus. Hein. i. p. 185 (note) ; Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 13-4 ; <SW. et Salv. Ibis, ISGO, p. 275 (San Geronimo) ; Owen, Ihis,

1861, p. 62 (eggs).
Icterus sclateri, Cassin, Pi: Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 49 ; <SW. et fSah.

Nomencl. p. 36 ; Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 371.
Icterus formosus, Laicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 184 ; id. Bull. U. S. N.

Mus. BO. 4, p. 23 ; Scl. Ibis, 1863, p. 372.

Briglit reddish orauge ; interscapulium, lores, sides of face, and
throat extending on to breast black : wings black, margined with
white, lesser wing-coverts j-ellow ; tail black, slightly tipped with
white ; bill black, plumbeous at the base ; feet black : whole length
8 inches, wing 4*3, tail 4. Female similar but yellow, and the
interscapulium black variegated with yellow.

Hah. Guatemala and Southern Mexico.

This species closely resembles /. r/ularis in general colour, but is
at once recognizable by its more slender bill, and in this respect
comes nearer to /. ji^'stidafus, from which it is distinguishable by
its black interscapulium.

rt. c? ad. sk. San Geronimo, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

(^Salvin) .
b. c? jr. sk. ; San Geronimo, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. j sk. (Owen).

d. (S ad. sk. San Geronimo, Guatemala Sclater Coll.

{Salvin).

e. cT ad. sk. Guatemala. Sclater CoU.
/. 2 ad. sk. Guatemala (Skinner). Sclater Coll.

(/. $ ad. sk. Tonala (Chiapas), Mexico Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Sumic/irasf).
h. Ad.sk. San Juan, S. Mexico (-Re'6o;«:7(). Salvin-Godman Coll.

35. Icterus pectoralis.

Psarocolius pectorahs, Waffl. Isis, 1829, p. 755.

Icterus pectoralis, Bj). Consp. i. p. 435 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 205 ;

id. Ibis, 1873, p. 373 (Nicaragua) ; id. ( at. A. B. p. 134 ; id.

Ibis, 1883, p. 372 ; Scl. et Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 20 ; iid. Nomencl.

p. 36 ; Laivr. Bull. U. S. N. M. no. 4, p. 23 ; Cussin, Fr. Ac. Sc.

Phil. 1867, p. 48; Des Murs, Icon. Oni. pi. 10.
Icterus guttulatus, Lafr. May. de Zool. 1844, pi. 52; Cab. J.f. O.

1861, p. 9 (Costa Rica).
Icterus pectoralis espinachi, Nuttiny, Proc. U. S. Nat. 3Ius. 1882,

p. 392 (Costa Eica).

Above bright orange-yellow, ruddier on the head ; lores and
space round and in front of the eye and upper back deep black ;
wings black, lesser wing-coverts orauge, outer margins of the
secondaries white, forming an elongated white patch ; narrow
edp'ings on the ends of the secondaries and primaries also white :
below orange-yellow ; throat down to centre of breast black ;
breast marked with numerous black spots, chiefly at the sides ;
tail black, slightly tipped with whitish ; under wing-coverts yellow ;

VOL. XI. 2 c

386 ICTEKID^.

bill black, plumbeous at the base ; feet black : whole length 8*5
inches, wing 4"3, tail 3'9. Female similar, but not so bright;
with the interscapulium varied with olivaceous, and without the
black pectoral spots.

Hab. Western Mexico and Guatemala, and south to Costa Eica.

The so-called subspecies from Costa llica is stated by Mr. Eidg-
way to differ from northern examples in its smaller size ; but one
of the Nicaraguan specimens before me ( $ ) is hardly inferior in
dimensions to the Mexican examples.

a, h. Ad. st. Central America. Purchased.

c. c? ad. sb. Putla, W. Mexico (Rebouch). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. (S ad. sk. Tonala, Chiapas, Mexico Salvin-Godman Coll.

(^Smnichrast).

e. Jr. sk. Savana Grande, Guatemala Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salmi).

f. iS ad. ; fj. 5 jr. sk. San Geronimo, Vera Paz Salvin-Godman Coll,

{Sahhi).

h. Jr. sk. Retalhuleu, Guatemala (Sal- Salvin-Godman Coll.

vin ^- Godman).

i. S ad. sk. Nicaragua. Sclater Coll.

j. 6 ad. sk. Chontalfis, Nicaragua (Belt). Salvin-Godman CoU.

k, Jr. sk. Central America. F. Gruber [C.].

36. Icterus pustulatus.

Psarocolius pustulatus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 757.

Icterus pustulatus, B}?. Consp. i. p. 435 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 303
(Oaxaca) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 134; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 373; Scl. el
Salv. Nomenci. p. 36 , iid. E.votic Ornith. p. 47, pi. xxiv. ; Cassin,
Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 48 ; Sumichrast, Mem. Post. Soc. N. H. i.
p. 652 (Vera Cruz) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 422 (Acapulco).

Pendulinus calit'ornicus. Less. Pev. Zool. 1844, p. 436 ; id. Desci: d.
Ilamm. et Ois. p. 333.

Bright reddish orange ; lores and throat, extending to the middle
of the breast, black ; interscapulium yellow, distinctly marked with
large oval black spots ; wings black, broadly margined with white ;
lesser coverts orange ; tail black, with slight white tips ; under
wing-coverts yellow ; bill black, plumbeous at the base ; feet black :
whole length 8'5 inches, wing 4, tail 3"8. Female. Somewhat
similar, but yellow ; back olivaceous, distinctly spotted with black ;
tail olivaceous.

Nab. Western and Southern Mexico.

The oval spots on the interscapulium are present in both sexes at
all ages, and render this species easily distinguishable.

a. (5 ad. sk. Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali- Salvin-Godman Coll.

foruia (F. Gritber).
b,c. cj 5 ad. sk. Mazatlan, W. Mexico Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Forrei-).
d, e. <S jr. et $ ad. Presidio, Mexico (Forrei-). Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk.
/, ff. c? ad. sk. ; k. Acapulco, Mexico (Mai-k- Salvin-Godman Coll.
(S jr. sk. ham).

22. if'TERirs.

387

f. cJ ad. sk.
j, k. cJ jr. sk.

l. S ad. sk.
m, n. 2 ad. sk.
<;. 2 ad. sk.

Puebla, Mexico (Bomard).
Tonala, Chiapas, S. Mexico

(Sumichrast).
Atlisco, Mexico (Boucard).
Mexico.
Mexico.

Salviii-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.
J. Gould, Esq.

37. Icterus graysoni.

Icterus graysoni, Cassin, Proc. Ac. Sr. Philad. 1867, p. 48 ; Scl. et
Salv. Nomencl. p. 36 ; Scl. Ibis, 1883, p. 374.

Yellow, slightly tinged with orange on the head, clearer be-
neath ; lores and middle of the throat black, slight traces of black
spots on the interscapulium ; wings black, broadly margined with
white; lesser coverts j'oUow ; tail black, external rectrices tipped
with yellowish ; bill black, plumbeous at the base ; feet black :
whole length 7'5 inches, wing 4, tail 3-4. Female. Above yel-
lowish olive, beneath yellow ; throat black ; wings brown, edged
with white ; tail olivaceous.

Hah. Tres Marias Islands, west of Mexico.

Apparently a modified descendant of /. ]imstnlatus, with the inter-
scapular spots obsolete.

a,b. J 2 ad. sk. ;

c. S jr- sk.
d, e. S 2 **d. sk.

Tres Marias Islands, W.

Mexico (Forrei-).
Tres Marias Islands, W.

Mexico (Fon-er).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.

38. Icterus leucopterjrx.

Psarocolius leucopteryx, Wai/l. Sysf. Av. sp. 16.

Icterus leucopteryx, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 226; Bp. Consp. i. p. 436;

Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 74; id. Cat. A. B. p. 134; id. Ibis, 1883,

p. 374 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 36.
Pendulinus leucopteryx, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1867, p. 59.
Icterus personatus, Temm. PL Col. sub tab. 482 ; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 435.

Yellowish olivaceons, beneath yellow ; lores and throat, extend-
ing down to the breast, black ; wings black ; lesser coverts yellow ;
middle coverts and broad outer margins of secondaries white ;
under wing-coverts yellow ; bill plumbeous ; feet black : whole
length 8 inches, wing 4-2, tail 3'6. Fnnalc similar, but Jiot quite
so bright.

Ilab. Jamaica.

«. Ad. St. Jamaica.

b. Ad. St. Jamaica.

c. cJ ad. sk. Jamaica (Osbu7-n).

d. Ad. sk. Jamaica (Bryant).

e. 5 ad. sk. Jamaica (Bryant).

f. 2 ad. sk. Moneague, Jamaica (-Z>;7/fwO.
//. Jr. sk. Moneague, Jamaica (Salvin

Sf G adman),

h. Jr. sk. Jamaica.

J. Gould, Esq.
Purchased.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater CoU.
Mrs. Bryant [P.].
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.
2c2

388

Subfamily V. QUISCALIN.E.

After the elimination of CassiclLv, the Quiscalina'. form a more
natural group, characterized by their rather attenuated bill, which
has an incurved culmen and a rounded and unexpanded meso-
rhinium, and by their long and generally graduated tail, which in
the typical genera is carried in life in a boat-shaped fashion, so that
the side feathers are brought up together above the median rectrices.
The legs are stout, and the tarsi long and ambulatorial. The
coloration is mostly uniform black, only relieved by metallic glosses
in some genera, and by scarlet and brown patches in others.

The nests of the Qtiiscalinai, so far as known to us, are open and
cup-shaped, and placed in bushes or trees. The eggs are variously
spotted on a lighter ground.

Ranrje. Whole of the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions.

Key to the Genera.

A. Head-feathers normal.

a. Frontal plumes erect 23. LAMPBOPSAn, p. 388.

h. Frontal plumes recumbent.
a'. Tail sliglitly rounded.

j Bill thin, compressed 24. Scolecophagus, p. 390.

I Bill stout, thick 25. Dives, p. 391.

v. Tail much graduated.

( Bill longer, thinner 26 Quiscai.us, p. 393.

j Bill shorter, broader 27. Macbagel^us, p. 403.

B. Head-feathers lanceolate.

Tail graduated ; bill smooth 28. Hypopybbhus, p. 403.

Tail slightly rounded ; bill rugose .... 29. Aphobus, p. 404.

23. LAMPROPSAE.

Type.

Lampropsar, Cah. Mus. Hein. i. p. 194 (185]) L. tanagrinus.

Potamopsar, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 141 (18G2) L. tanagrinus.

The peculiar structure of the short erect frontal feathers charac-
terizes this genus. The tarsi are rather short, and indicate arboreal
habits ; the tail is long and much rounded ; the mesorhinium is
Unciform, and the culmen slopes but very slightly.

Ranrje. Guiana, Venezuela, and Amazonia.

1. Lampropsar tanagrinus.

Icterus tanagrinus, Sjn.r, Av. Bras. i. p. 67, pi. 64. f. 1.

Lampropsar tanagrinus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 194 ; Scl. et Salv. No-
mend, p. 38 ; Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 200 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 149 ; Tacz.
Orn. Per. ii. p. 433 ; Scl. et Salo. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 267 (Ucayali).

Lampropsar guianensis, Cab. in Schomb. Guian. iii. p. 682 ; id. Mus.
Hein. i. p. 194 ; Scl. ct Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 167 (Venezuela) ; iid.
Nomencl. p. 38.

23. LAMPROPSAE.

389

Quiscalus (Potamopsar) minor, Set. Cat. A. B. p. 141.
Potamopsar minor, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 18G6, p. 415.
Qiiiscalus, sp., Sd. et Sain. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 182.

Structure of Larnprojpsar tanagrinus.

Uniform black, slightly sbining ; bill and feet black : wbole length
8 inches, wing 4-5, tail 4*1. Female similar, but rather smaller.

Hah. Guiana, Yenezuela, and Amazonia.

As regards the identification of Icterus tanagrinvs with Lmn-
^iropsar guianensis, see my remarks, Ibis, 1884, p. 149.

a. cJ ad. sk. Venezuela {Goering). Sclater Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Zool. Soc. Coll.

c. 2 ad.sk. Barra do Piio Negro (A'«/^e?w). Sclater CoU.

d. Ad.sk. Peruvian Amazons (^«/'</t'<('). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

e. (S ad. sk. Rio Javarri (Bates). Sclater CoU.

f. Ad. sk. Eio Javarri (Bates). Purchased.

(/. 2 ad. sk. Upper Ucavali. E. Bartlett [CI.

/(. 5 ad. sk. Santa Cruz, E. Peru. E. Bartlett [C.].

390 icterid.t:.

24. SCOLECOPHAGUS.

Type.
Scolecophagiis, Siv. Faun. Bor.-Ain., Aves, p. 494

(18-'U) S. ferrufjineiis.

Eupliagus, Cassiii, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 413 . . S. cyauoceplialus.

In Scolccophcuias the bill is slender and the culmen incurved, the
tip being decidedly bent down. The tail is longer than the wings
and graduated, bnt not so much as in Lampropsar. The tarsi are
long, and indicate terrestrial habits.

The Marsh Blackbirds nest upon trees usually in colonies, make
open cup-shaped nests, and lay spotted eggs. The two known
species arc only found in the Nearctic Region.

Key to the Species.

A. With slenderer bill ; head hke the body . . 1. fernujineiis, p. 390.

B. "With stouter bill ; head purplish, different

from the greenish back 2. cyajiocephalus, p. 390.

1. Scolecophagus ferrugineus.

Oriolus ferrugineus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 393.

Gracula ferruginea, Wils. A?n. Orn. iii. p. 41, pi. 21. f. 3.

Scolecophagus ferrugineus, S^v. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 286 ; Baird,

B. N. Am. p. 551 ;' Sd. Cat. A. B. p. 140 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 150 ;

Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 18G6, p. 412 ; Baird, Bretoer, et Bidf/ivai/,

N. A. B. ii. p. 203 ; Blakidon, Ihis, 1863, p. 82 (Saskatchewan] ;

Coues, Key N. A. B. (1884) p. 411.
Scolecophagus niger, Bp. Consp. i. p. 423 ; Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 195.
Rice Oriole, Latham, Gen. H. B. iii. p. 98.

Black, with slight purple reflections ; Avings and tail washed with
green ; in autumnal plumage all the feathers margined with ferru-
ginous ; bill and feet black : whole length 9'5 inches, wing 4"0,
tail 8-5. Female similar, but smaller.

Hah. Eastern States of N. America to the Missouri.

o. Jr. st. Arctic America. Capt. Back [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Arctic America. Dr. Rae.

c. Ad. sk. Fort Sinipson, N.A. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].

f/, e,/. Ad. sk. Forty-ninth Parallel, N.A. N.A. Boundary Com-

missioE [P.].

q. Ad. sk. Illinois (Coale). R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

h. Jr. sk. lUinois (Coale). U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

i. 2 fid. sk. New Bruus^vick (Osburn). Sclater Coll.

,/. (S ad.sk. Albany, New York (//«;■«<). Sulater Coll.

7.-. 5 ^d. sk. Carlisle, Pa., U.S Salvin-Godman Coll.

l,m. S ad.sk. Distr. Colombia {Cones). U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

2. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus.

Psarocolius cyanocephalus, Wagl. Isis, 1829, p. 758.
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 195 ; Baird, B.
JSr. A7n. p. oo2; Sal. Cat. A. B. p. 140; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 151:

25. DIVES. 891

Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 18G6, p. 413; Sd. et Sale. Nomencl. p. 38 ;

Baird, Brew., et Ridyio. N. A. B. ii. p. ^0(5 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865,

p. 493 (Texas) ; Sumiclirast, Mem. Bost. Soc. jV. H. vol. i. p. 553 ;

Blakiston, Ibis, 18G3, p. 82 (Saskatchewan) ; Coices, Key N. A. B.

(1884) p. 411.
Solecophagus mexicanus, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 302 ; Bp. Cunsp. i.

p. 423.
Quisealus breweri, Aud. B. Am. vii. p. 345, pi. 492.

Black, ■with green reflections : head and neck all round purplish ;
bill and feet black : vrhole length 9 inches, wing 5, tail 4. Female.
Dull cinereous blackish ; wings, tail, and rump washed with greenish
black ; a slight superciliary line rather lighter.

Hah. Western and Central States of N. America and south to
tableland of Mexico.

West slope of Rocky J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Mountains.

Fort Bridger, Utah, U.S. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

i^Drexler).

Fort Vancouver, N. Pacific Salvin-Godman Coll.

E.R. Survey, U.S. ( Cooper),

Pembina, Dakota {Coues). Salvin-Godman Coll.

California (^Bridges). Sclater Coll.

California (Boucard). Sclater Coll.

San Francisco, California. Capt. Kellett and Lt.

Wood [P.].

Red Blufi; N. California U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

(C. H, Toivnsend).

Fort Whipple, Arizona U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

{Coues).

Nebraska (Belding). U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

Ciudad Durango, Mexico Salvin-Godmau Cull.

(^Forrer).

Near City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman ColL

OnxncRjS. 'Mexico (FenocJiio). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mexico (Boucard). Sclater Coll.

Central America .^ Sir E. Belcher [P.].

25. DIVES. Typ,,

Dives, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 18G6, p. 413 D. sumichrasti.

The two larger species assigned to Lampropsar by Cabanis appear
to me to go better near the true Quiscali, to which they have both
been referred by other authors. Cassin has placed them in Scoleco-
phagus under the subgeneric designation Dives, which 1 retain as a
genus in its present position, adding thei'cto the so-called Scoleco-
phagiis ntroviolaceus of Cuba, which agrees with them in most points
of its structure. The bill is shorter and stronger than in Qui.'icalus
and kicolecophuipis.

SaiH/e. Mexico, Cuba, Central America, aud JS'orth-western
portion (jf South xVmerica.

e.

b. (S; c, d.
ad. sk.
S ad. sk.

5

/•

0 ad.

sk.

1-
i.
h

S ad.
S ad.
2 ad.
S ad.

sk.

sk.
sk.
sk.

h,

l.S^

ad.

.sk.

m

. 2 ad

. sk.

n.

0,

d' ad.

P-6 2

sk.
' ad. sk.

r.
s.
t.

6 ad.
$ ad.
$ ad.
cJ ad.

sk.
sk.
sk.

St.

392 ICTERTD.^.

Kfij to the Species.

A. Uuiform shining black.

( Larger ; wing.s longer 1. siimichrasti, p. 302.

I Smaller ; wiuga sboiter 2. ivarcewiezi, p. 392.

B. Uniform purplish black 3. atroviolaceus, p. 393.

1. Dives sumichrasti.

Lampropsar dives, Bp. Consp. i. p. 42.j ; Cah. Mvs. Hein. i. p. 194 ;
id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 83 ; Boucard, P. Z. 8. 1883, p. 446 (Yucatan) ;
8cl. et Salv. Nomend. p. 38.

Quiscakis sumichrasti, De Saiiss. Rev. Znol. 1859, p. 119; Sdater,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 365 (Jalapa) et p. 381 (Oaxaca), 1864, p. 175 (City
of Mexico) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 140 ; Sd. et Salv. Ibis, i860, p. 398
(Guatemala) ; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. S. iV. H. vol. i. p. 553 (Vera
Cruz).

Scolecophagiis dives, Cassin, P)-. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 413.

Dives sumichrasti, Sd. Ibis, 1884, p. 152.

Uniform black, slightly shiniug ; bill and feet black : whole length
10-5 inches, wing 5, tail 4-7. Female similar, but smaller.
Hob. Mexico and Guatemala.

n. Ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico {de Oca). Sclater Coll.

b, Ad. sk. Jalapa, Mexico (Hnf/e). Salviu-Godman Coll.

c, d. c? 2 ^d. sk. Orizaba, Mexico (Botteri). Sclater Coll.

e-ff. Ad. sk. Northern Yucatan {Gau- Salvin-Godman Coll.

mer).

h. Ad. sk. Near Merida, Northern Salvin-Godman Coll.

Yucatan (Devis).

i. Ad. sk. Merida, Northern Yuca- Salvin-Godman Coll.

tan (Schotf).

J. Ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Blancaneau.v).

k. Ad. sk. Choctum,VeraPaz (Salrin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I, m. 5 ad. .sk. Cuban, Vera Paz {Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n. Ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz. 0. Salvin, Esq. [P.].

o. Ad. St. Mexico. Purchased.

2. Dives warcewiezi.

Lampropsar warcewiezi, Cab. J. f. O. 1801, p. 83; Sd. et Salv.
Nvmend. p. 38 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 523 (Lima).

Scolecophagus ?, Sclater, P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 277 (Babahoyo).

Quiscalus iequatorialis, Sd. Cat. A. B. p. 140 (1862).

Dives warcewiezi, Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 152 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 433.

Uniform shining black ; bill and feet black : whole length 9
inches, Aving 4"4, tail 4'5. Female similar, but smaller.
Hah, Western Ecuador and Western Peru.

a. Ad. sk. Sta. Pita, Ecuador (Bvehle,/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b, c. Ad. ,sk. Balzar Mts., Ecuador (Illincj- Salvin-Godman Coll.

rrorth).

d, e. S 2 ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador (Fraser). Sclater Coll. (Types

of Qniscahis feqvatoriali.'i.)
f. Ad. sk. Lima, Peru {Nation). Sclater Coll.

2G. QUISCALTJS. 393

3. Dives atroviolaceus.

Quiscalus atroviolaceus, (TOrb. in La tiayru's Cula, Ois. p. 9o, f. 19.
Scaphidurus atroTiolaceus, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 341 ; Bp. Con»p. i.

p. 426.
Scolecophafrus atroviolaceus, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 19B ; Cassin, Pr.

Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 414; Gimdl J.f. 0. 1874, p. 134 (Cuba).
Dives atroviolaceus, Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 1-j2.

Uniform black, ■with strong purplish tinge, except on wings and
tail : -whole length 9-5 inches, wing 4'9, tail 4. Female similar,
but smaller and not so bright.

Hah. Cuba.

a. Ad. sk. San Cristobal, Cuba. Sclater Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk. Cuba. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

26. aUISCALUS.

Type.

Quiscalus, Vieill. Atuih/se, p. 30 (1816) Q. versicolor.

Quiscala, Lichf. Doubl. p. 18 (1823) Q. versicolor.

Scapbidurus, Sio. Phil. Mag. n. s. i. p. 437 (1827) .... Q. teniurostris.
Chalcophanus, Wac/ler, Syst. Av. {sub Gracula) (1827) Q. versicolor.
Holoquiscalus, Cassi7i, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 404. . Q. crassirostris.
Megaquiscalus, Cassin, op. cit. p. 409 Q. major.

This very difficult series of birds, commonly classed as " Quiscalus^'
are here arranged under the subgeneric heads Quiscalus, Megaquis-
ealvs, and Boloquiscahis, as suggested by Cassin, and adopted by
Messrs. Baird, Brewer, and Eidgway.

Range. North and Central America, and Antilles, with adjoining
portion of South America.

Key to the Sjiecies.

A. Size medium. Sexes nearly similar.
Lateral tail-feathers about three-fourths

the length of central. (Quiscalus.) . . 1. versicolor, p. 394.

B. Size large. Sexes dissimilar. Lateral tail-

feathers about six-tenths of the central
or less. (Megaquiscalus.)

a. Bill robust ; culmen strongly deciu-ved

terminally.
a'. Lustre of plumage green ; head and

neck purplish 2. major, p. .395.

V . Lustre of plumage purplish : passing
posteriorly into greenish :

i of larger size 3. macrnrns, p. .396.

of medium size 4. assimilis, p. 396.

' of smaller size 5. yraysoni, p. 397.

b. Bill slender, scarcely decurved ter-

minally 6. temiirostris, p. 397

;594 ICTERIDJ!.

C. Size small. Tail-feathers moderately gradu-
ated. (IloLOQUISCALUS.)

c. Larger ; sexes alike, black.
(•'. Culmeu almost straight :

I size larger 7. guncllachi, p. 398.

I size smaller 8. niyer, p. 3iJ8.

d', Ciilmen incurved :

I bill thick 9. crassirostiis, p. .398.

I bill compressed 10. hrachyptm-us, p. 399.

d. Smaller ; sexes nearly alike ; female

slightly brownish 11. fortirostris, p. 400.

f 12. iiijie.vifostris, p. 401.

on Tcr i ;' 13. uuadeloupemis.X). AQY.

e. Smaller : sexes dilierent -< t , y . ' . A.f

' I 14. luminosus, p. 402.

1^15. liKjuhris, p. 402.

1. Cluiscaliis versicolor.

Gracula quiscula, Linn. S.N. i. p. 105.

Gracula quiscola, Wils. Am. Orn. iii. p. 44, pi. 21. f . 4.

Chalcophanes quiscalus, Cab. Mus. Hviti. i. p. 190.

Quiscalus versicolor, Vieill. Num. Diet, xxviii. p. 488 ; id. Gal. des

Ois. i. p. 171, pi. 108 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 424 ; Stv. Faun. Bor.-Am.

ii. p. 285 ; id. An. in Menay. p. 298 ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 555 ;

Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 140 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 154.
Quiscalus purpuratus, Sw. An. in Menucj. p. 298 (?).
Quiscala nitens, Licht. Doiihl. p. 18.
Quiscalus purpureus, Cassin, Br. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 403 ; Baird,

Brew., et Midgw. N. A. B. ii. p. 214; Coues, Key N. A. B. (1884)

p. 413.
Quiscalus seneus, Ridgiv. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1869, p. 134.
Quiscalus purpureus, var. aineus, Baird, Brew., et Bidgw. N. A. B.

ii. p. 218.
Quiscalus versicolor seneus, Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 154.
Quiscalus purpureus aeneus. Cones, Key N. A. B. (1884) p. 413.
Quiscalus baritus, Baird, B. N. A. p. 556.
Quiscalus aglffius, Baird, Am. Joitrn. Sc. ser. 2, xli. 18G6, p. 84 ;

Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. PIul. 18G0, p. 40i ; Bidgw. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil.

1869, p. 135.
Quiscalus purpureus, var. aglseus, Baird, Brew., et liidyiv. N. A. B.

ii. p. 221.
Quiscalus versicolor aglseus, Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 154.
Quiscalus purpureus aglseus, Coues, Key N. A. B. (1884) p. 414.
Purple Grakle, Lath. Gen. H. B. iii. p. 174.

Elack ; whole body more or less glossed with greeu, purple, and
violet of varying tints ; head and neck all round glossy purplish ;
bill and feet black : whole length 11-5 inches, wing 5"7, tail 5.
Female similar, but smaller.

Hah. Atlantic slope of N. America, from Sa.skatchewan to Texas.

The American ornithologists divide this species into three sub-
species, namelj' : — -

1. Q. versicolor typicus. Bather larger ; the underparts with
violaceous tints. From the Atlantic-coast States north of Florida.

2. Q. versicolor a<jlceus. Generally similar, but smaller. From
South Florida.

26. QTJISCALrS.

395

3. Q. versicolor (mens, llatlier larger, the undcrparts uniform
bronzy olive. From the interior Atlantic States and Saskatchewan,

a. Subsp. tjjjiyica.

a. cj ad. st. North America. Purchased.

b. Ad. St. North America (albino). Purchased.

c. cJ ad. sk. Pennsylvania, U. S. A. i^Towns- Salviu-LTudman Coll.

end).

d. Jr.sk. Philadelphia, U.S.A. (A>/(/e/'). Salvin-Godman Coll.
I'. Ad. sk. Maryland (^Taylor). Sclater Coll.

/. d ad. sk. Alexandria, Va. ( W. Palmer). U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

a, &. d" $ ad. sk.

c. c? ad. sk.

d. iS ad. sk.

e. (S ad.sk.
_/'. cJ ad. sk.
"</. <S ad. sk.

b. Subsp. (Etiea.

Illinois, U. S. A.
Knox Co., Ind. {Hidcpcat/).
Wheatland, Indiana {Rklgway).
Mount Carmel, 111. {S. Turner).
Pembina, Dakota {C'oites).
Fort DuHerin, N. A.

h, i. J 5 ad. sk. Fi)rt Simpson, N. A.

j. cJ ad. sk.
'k. Ad. sk.

Arctic America.
North America.

Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
U.S. Bound. Comm.

[P.].
B. H. Eoss, Esq.

[P.].
Dr. Rae [P.].
Sclater Coll.

2. Quiscalus major.

Quiscalus major, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxviii. p. 487 (1819) ; id. JEnc.
Meth. ii. p. 900 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 4i>4 ; Scluter, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 58
(Omoa) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 141 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 155; Baird, B.
N. Am. T^. 5bb ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 494 (Texas); Salv. Ibis,
1866, p. 194 (Belize) ; Cussi?i, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 409 ;
Baird, Breiu., et Ridyiv. X. A. B. ii. p. 222 ; Lawr. Mem. Boston
Soc. N. II. ii. p. 281 (N.W. Me.\ico) ; Coues, Ibis, ISTO, p. 367;
id. Key N. A. B. (1884) p. 412.

Quiscalus corvinus, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 300.

Chalcophanes major. Cab. Mus. Ilein. i. p. 196.

Blackish, with shining green reflections ; head and neck all
round passing into purpli.sh ; bill and feet black : whole length 15
incbes, wing 7 ; tail, middle rectrices 7, external 4"5. Female. Above
smoky brown, with slight metallic reflections ; head brown ; below
brown, middle of the belly dirty white ; crissum blackish : whole
length 11 inches, wing 5'3, tail 5.

Huh. Coast-region of South Atlantic States of North America.

a. (S ad. St.

b. 2 ad. St.

c. cJ ad. sk.
(/. (5 ad. sk.

e,f. d2 ad. sk
ff. cJ ad. sk.

N. America.
N. America.
N. America.
Charlotte Harbour,

Florida {J. Bell).
Florida.
N. America.

M.-Geu. J. Ilardwicke [P.].
Duke of Sussex [P.].
Duke of Sussex [P.].
U.S. Nat. Mus. [P.].

Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

396

3. Guiscalus macrurus.

Quiscalus macrurus, Sio. An. in Menag. p. 299 ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 424 ;
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 554 ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 18oG, p. 300 (Cordova,
Mex.), et 1858, p. 358 (Hondiu'as), et 1864, p. 175 (City of
Mexico) ; id. Cat. A. B. p. 141 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 156 ; Scl. et
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 20 (Guatemala) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 837 (Hon-
duras) ; iid. Komencl. p. 38; Taylor, Ris, 1860, p. 112; Cassin,
Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 410 ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 446
(Yucatan) ; Coues, Key, 1884, p. 412.

Chalcopbanes macrom-us, Cah. Mus. Hein. i. p. 196; id. J. f. 0. 18G1,
p. 82 (Costa liica).

Quiscalus major, var. macrurus, Baird, Brnc, et Ridgw. N. A. B.
ii. p. 225 ; Laicr. Mem. Boston Soc. JV. 11. ii. p. 281 (North-
west Mex.).

Shining purplish black, passing into a greenish tinge on the lower
back and crissnm ; wings and tail dull Uack ; bill and feet black :
whole length 17 inches, wing 7-9 ; tail, middle rectrices 8-8, outer 5-3.
Female. Above blackish brown, with slight metallic reflections ;
below brown ; crissum blackish : whole length 13 inches, wing 6,
tail 6-5.

Hob. Mexico and Guatemala.

a. cS ad. St. Mexico. J. Taylor, Esq. [C.].

b. $ ad. sk. Mexico ( /. Taylor). J. Gould, Esq.

c. cT ad. sk. Jalapa, S. Mexico (de Oca). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. e. (S 2 ^^- ^^- Orizaba, Mexico (Botteri). Sclater Coll.

fi ff- c? ? ad. sk. Oaxaca, S. Mexico (Fenochio). Salvin-Godman Coll.

V;.'2 ad.sk. Northern Yucatan ( Gff(«wer). Salviu-Godman Coll.

i. d ]!'■ sk. Merida, Northern Yucatan Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Gaumer).

j-m. (S ad.; n. S Cozumel I., Yucatan {G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

jr. ; o-j}. 5 ad. sk. Gaumer).

q. $ ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Blancaneaux).

r. S ad. sk. Half Moon Quay, Brit. Hond. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Salmn).

s. S ad. sk. Choctum, Vera Paz, Guat. Salviu-Godman Coll.

{Salvin).

t. 2 ad. sk. Vera Paz (Salvin). Sclater Coll.

u,v. cJ 2 ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala (Salvin). Salvin-Godman Coll.

w. c? ad. sk. Guatemala (Salvin). Sclater Coll.

.r. 2 ad. sk. Guatemnla (Flee). Sclater Coll.

y. (S jr. sk. ; z, a'. Honduras. Purchased.

2 ad. .sk.

4. Guiscalus assimilis.

Quiscalus peruvianus, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 354 (1838) : Cassin, Pr.

Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 412 (?).
Quiscalus assimihs, Sclater, Cat. A. B. p. 141 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 156;

Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 410 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomei^cl. p. 38 ;

Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 330 (Colombia); Taez. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 323,

et p. 751 (Western Peru) ; id. Orn. Per. ii. p. 431.
Quiscalus macrurus ?, Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 191 (Veragua).

26. QUISCALTJS. 397

Similar to Q. juaerurus, but smaller: whole length 14-5 inches,
wing 6-9, middle rectrices 7-2, external 4-6.
Hah. Veragua, Panama, and Colombia.

a. S ad. sk. Calobre, Verajjua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. S ad. sk. Calovevora, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

c. c? ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). Sclater Coll.

a. S ad. sk. Lion Hill, Isthm. of Panama Sahin-Godman Coll.

{McLeannan).
e,/. c? 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. (Types

of the species.)
5. Guiscalns graysoni.
Quiscalus palustris, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 411.
Quiscalus major, var. palustris, Baird, Breiv.. et Ridcjw. N. A. B.
ii. p. :^14; LaiL-r. Mem. Boston Sac. X. II. ii p -'82 (N w'
Mexico). V • •

Quiscalus graysoni, Sd. Ibis, 1884, p. 1.57.

Similar to Q. macrurus, but still smaller than Q. assimilis : whole
length 14-0 inches, wing 6-6; tail, middle rectrices 6-5, external 4-5.

Hab. Western ]SIexico.

This^ is a small Western Mexican form of Q. macrurus ; the
adult is, I believe, quite indistinguishable from Q. macrurus in
plumage, the specimens with brown thighs mentioned by Cassin
and Lawrence being doubtless immature. It is very doubtful
whether this bird has any real claim to Swainson's title ixdustris :
his specimens from the lakes near Mexico city were probably of the
species which he afterwards described as Q. tetmirostrts.

a, b d' ai sk. ; c. Mazatlaii, A^'. Mexico {Furrer). Salvin-Godman Coll

? ^•^^'- (Types of the species.)

6. Quiscalus tenuirostris.

Scaphidurus palustris, Stv. Phil. Mag. n. s. i. p. 437 (1827) »

Quiscalus tenuirostris, Siv. An. in Men. p. 1^99 (1838): Cassin, Pr

Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 411 ; Baird, Brew., et Ridt/w. iV. A B ii'

p. 214 J Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 157, pi. v. ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 38.'

Uniform dark purplish black, with slight metallic reflections;
wings and tail dark shining black ; thighs brownish ; bill and feet
black: whole length 13 inches, wing 6-7; tail, middle rectrices 7,
external 4-3. Female. Above brown, passing into blackish on the
rump, wings, and taU ; superciliaries and bodv below pale brown ;
flanks and crissum blackish ; bill and feet blackish : whole leno-th
10-5 inches, wing 5-2, middle rectrices 4-4, external 3-3. °

Hah. Central Mexico.

This species is easily recognizable by its slender and more in-
curved bill.

■«. d ad sk Mexico. Sclater Coll.

6, c. c? ? ad. sk. Mexico {Boucard). Sclater Coll

d. S ad. sk. Mexico. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

e. V ad. sk. ^ icmity of Mexico city Salvin-Godman CoU.

{Boueard).

3'JS

7. Cluiscalus gundlaclii.

Quiscaliis baritus, d'Orh. in La Sagra's Ctiha, Ois. p. 95, pi. xviii. ;

Thienemann, J. f. O. 18o7, p. lol.
Chalcophanes baritus, Cab. AIus. Hem. i. p. 197; Gundl. J. f. O.

1856, p. 15.
Quiscalus gundlacliii, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 406 ; Scl.

Ibis, 1884, p. 159.
Quiscalus baritus, var. gundlacliii, Bnird, Breic, et Pidqw. N. A. B.

ii. p. 213.
Clialcophaues guudlacliii, Gundl. J.f. 0. 1874, p. 135.

Bill of Qtiiscalus gundlcicfii.

Violaceous black ; -wings and tail washed with greenish ; bill
strong, conical, elougated ; culmcn but slightly incurved: bill and
feet black : whole length 12 inches, wing 5-S, tail 5. Female
similar, but smaller.

Hah. Cuba.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad.sk.

c. c? fid. sk.

d. (S ad. sk.

San Cristobal, Cuba.

San Cristobal, Cuba.

Cuba.

Cuba {Bryant).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Mrs. Bryant [P.].

8. Quiscalus niger.

Troupiale noir de St. Domingue, Daub. PI. Enl. 534.

Oriolus niger, Bodd. Tabl. d.Pl. Enl. p. 31 (1783).

Quiscalus niger, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 407 ; Scl. Ibis,

1884, p. 159 ; Co7y, Birds San Domingo, p. 73.
Quiscalus barita, Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 232.
Quiscalus ater, Bryant, Pr. Boston Soc. N. H. xi. p. 94 (1866) ;

Cory, Bidl. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 153.
Quiscalus baritus, var. niger, Baird, Brew., et Eidyiv. N. A. B. ii.

p. 213.

Similar to Q. gundlachi, but smaller.
Hab. San Domingo.

a, b. cj ad. sk,

San Domingo.

A. Salle [C.].

9. Quiscalus crassirostris.

Cracula barita, Linn. S. N. i. p. 165 (i").

Sturnus jamaicensis, P)aud. Tr. d'Orn. ii. p. 317 (?).

Quiscalus crassirostris, Sw. An. in Minug. p. 355 ; Bj). Consp. i.

2C). auiscALus.

399

p. 425 ; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 217 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 359 ; id. Ibk,
1834, p. 159 ; Scl. et Sab. N,nnend. p. 38.
Quiscaliis baritus. Cassia, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 405: Baird,
Bretv., et Ridyw. N. A. B. ii. p. 213.

BiU of Quiscalus crassirostris.

Black with a violaceous gloss, passing into greenish on the wings
and tail ; bill thick, culmen much incurved : whole length 10-5
inches, wing 5-7, tail 5. Female similar, hut smaller.

Hub, Jamaica.

a. 2 ad. st.

b. (j ad. st.

c. c? ad.sk.

d. e. tS 2 ad. sk.
/. cS ad. sk.

Jamaica.
Jamaica.
Metcalfe Parish, Jamaica

(G. N. Allen).
Jamaica {March).
Spanishtown, Jamaica

{March).

Purcliased.
J. Goukl, Esq.
U.S. Nat. Mus.

[P.].

Sclater Coll.
Salviu-Godmau Coll.

10. Guiscalus brachypterus.

Quiscalus brachypterus, Cass. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 400 ; Scl. et

Salv. Nomencl. p. 38 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 160.
Quiscalus crassirostris, Bryant, J.f. O. 1866, p. 188.
Chalcophaues brachypterus, Gundl. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 177; id. Anal.

Soc. Esp. H. N. vii. p. 213 (1878).
Chalcophaues lugubris, Sund. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fijrh. 1869, p. 598.
Quiscalus baritus, var. brachypterus, Baird, Breto., et Eidyio. N. A. B.

ii. p. 213.

Bill of Quiscalus brachypterus.

Black with a strong violaceous gloss, passing into greenish on the
wings and tail : hill much compressed, culmen incurved : whole
length 10-5 inches, wing 5, tail 4-5. Female similar, hut smaller.

ilab. Porto Rico.

400

ICTERID.E.

This species is easily distinguishable from the three preceding by
its more slender and compressed bill.

a. (S ad. sk.
h,c. cS 2 ^^- sk.
d, e. (S 2 f^d. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.
ff. (^ ad. sk.

Porto Rico, N. side (Latimer).
Porto Rico (Brymit).
Porto Rico (Bri/ant).
Porto Rico (Brj/ant).
Porto Rico (Swift).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Mrs. Bryant [P.].
Sah'in-Cxodman Coll.
Sclater Coll.
Sclater Coll.

11. Guiscalus fortirostris.

Quiscalus fortirostris, Lmor. Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1868, p. 360 ; Scl. et
Salv. Nomencl. p. 38 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 175 ; id. Ibis, 1873,
p. 334 (Barbadoes), et 1884, p. 161.

Quiscalus rectirostris, C'assin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 409 (?).

Bill of Quiscalus fortirostris, c? et 2 .

Uniform black Avith a purplish gloss, which is rather greenish on
the wings and tail ; bill and feet black : whole length 9 inches,
wing 4-3, tail 3-7. Female similar, but smaller and of a dull black ;
wings and tail brownish.

Hah. Barbadoes.

Sir William Robinson, in answer to my inqttiries,has most kindly
sent me a series of skins of this bird, and likewise some specimens
in spirit. The latter have enabled me to ascertain without doubt,
what I had akeady believed to be the case from the examination
of the skins, that the sexes in this Quiscalns are nearly alike in
])lumage, and that it agrees in this respect with the species of the
Larger Antilles, although it is of smaller size.

n-c. S ad. sk. : Barbadoes (Sir IV. Eolinsun). Sclater Coll.

d-y. 5 ad. sk.
//. .Tr. sk. Barbadoes (Sir G. Brif/gs). Sclater Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Barbadoes. Sir R. Schoiuburgk

[C.].

26. QUISCA1U8. 401

12. Quiscalus inflexirostris.

Quiscalus inflexirostris, Sxv. An. in Men. p. .300 (1838) ; Cassin, Tr-
Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 407 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 175 ; id. Ibis, 1864,
p. 100; Laxvr. Proc. U. S. iV. M. i. p. 355, et p. 487 (Martinique)
Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 38.

Quiscalus barita, Taylor, Ihis, 1864, p. 168 (Martinique).

Quiscalus lugubris, Scl. P.Z.S.1S71, p. 271 (St. Lucia); Semper,
P. Z. S. 1672, p. 650 (St. Lucia).

Bill of Quiscalus inflexirostris.

Black •with a strong violaceous gloss, -which passes into greenish
on the wings and tail ; bill shorter thaTi in preceding species, culmen
much incurved, gonys straight ; hill and feet black : 'whole length
8-8 inches, wing 4-2, tail 3'4. Female. Above brown, with ill-
defined lighter superciliaries ; beneath pale cinereous brown, lighter
on the breast and throat ; bill and feet black.

Hah. Martinique and St. Lucia.

It is impossible to give any satisfactory account of this and the
other smaller Black Quiscali of the Lesser Antilles and adjacent
portions of South America, until a good series with sexes ascertained
by dissection has been obtained from every island. Under these
circumstances I shall merely take the supposed species in geographical
order from north to south.

a. S ad. sk. Martinique, W. I. (Ober). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. c? ad. sk. Martinique (Oler). Sclater Coll.

c. S ad. sk. Martinique. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. J' ad. sk. Martinique {E. C. Taylor). Sclater CoU.

e. 5 ad. sk. Martinique. Sclater Coll.
f,g. c? 2 ad. sk. St. Lucia, W. I. {Semper). Sclater Coll.

13. Guiscalus guadeloupensis.

Quiscalus guadeloupensis, Lawr. Pr. U. S. X. M. i. pp. 457, 487 ;
Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 160.

Similar to Q. inflexirostris from Martinique, but rather larger
and bill straighter (Lawrence).
Bab. Gviadeloupe.

a. Ad. sk. Guadeloupe (Ober). Sclater Coll.

VOL. XT. 2d

402

14. Cluiscalus luminosus.

Quiscalus, sp., Lmvr. Pr. U. S. JV. M. i. p. 191.

Quiscalus lumiuosus, Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sc i. p. 1(52

(1878) ; id. Proc. U. S. Nat. 3Ius. i. pp. 270, 487 ; Ober, Camps

in the Caribhees, p. 246 ; Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 161.

Bill of Quiscalus limiinosus.

The single pair of this form recentlj^ received seem to show that
the species is nearest to Q. inflexirosiris, but has a longer and more
compressed bill. The plumage of the male is darker and more
violaceous. Length 9'4 inches, wing 4*7, tail 4. The female is
nearly similar to that of Q. inflexirostris, of Martinique.

Hah. Grenada and the Grenadines.

a,b. c? 5 ad. sk. Grenada, W. I. (J. Grant Sclater Coll.

15. Quiscalus lugubris.

Quiscalus lugubris, Sio. An. in Memu/. p. 299; Burm. Syst. Ueb. iii.

p. 28.3; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 84 (Trinidad); Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc.

Phil. 1866, p. 408 ; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 38 ; Scl. Cat. A. B.

p. 141 ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 162.
Ohalcophanes jamaicensis (cJ) et 0. minor (5), Cab. in Schomb.

Guian. iii. p. 683.
Ohalcophanes lugubris, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 577.
Quiscalus barita, Leotaud, Ois. Trin. p. 268 i^Triuidad).

Black, strongl}' glossed with violaceous ; wings and tail with a
slight greenish tinge ; bill and feet black ; bill strong, the culmen
inflexed, gonys straight : whole length 8-2 inches, wing 4 : tail,
middle rectr. 3-7, outer 2*8. Female. 8moky blackish, wings and
tail darker, very slightly glossed ; beneath paler, smoky brown :
whole length 8-2 inches, wing 4 ; tail, middle rectr. 3-7, lat. rectr. 2-8.

Hah. Trinidad, Venezuela and Cayenne.

«. S ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater CoU.

b. 5 ad. sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

c. cJ ad. sk. George Town, Demerara Sclater Coll.

{Brown').

d. e. S ad. sk. Demerara. J. C. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].
/. S ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater Coll.

g. S ad. sk. Trinidad. Zool. Soc. Coll.

h. cj jr . sk. Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll.

I

27. MACEAGEL^TTS. — 28. HTPOPTRRHTJS. 403

27. MACRAGELiEUS.

Type.
Macroagelaius, Cassin, B: Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 13 M. subalaris.

The much elongated tail is, I think, sufficient to separate this
form from the Quisccdi, to which it is undoubtedly allied. I cannot
see that it has anything to do with Agelceus, as Cassin has suggested,
though the bill is shorter and rather more broadened at the base than
in most Quisccdi.

Range. Andes of Colombia.

1. Macragelaeus subalaris.

Quiscalus subalaris, Boiss. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 70; Bp. Consp. i.

p. 425 ; Scl Cat. A. B. p. 141 ; id. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 153 (Bogota) ;

Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 38; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, pp. 127, 330

(Colombia).
Agelaius subalaris, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1866, p. 13.
Macragelaeus subalaris, Scl. Ibis, 1884, p. 162.

Deep black, slightly resplendent ; under wing-coverts dark chest-
nut ; bill and feet black : whole length 11 inches, wing 5, tail 5'7.
Female similar, but rather smaller.

Hah. Andes of Colombia.

a, &. c? 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.

e. S ad. sk. Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

28. HYPOPYRRHUS.

Type.
Hypopyrrhus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 425 (1850) H. pyrypogaster.

The bill of this monotypic form is ratlier stout and thick for one
of the Quiscalino}, but the culmen is decidedly incurved, and the
mesorhinium is not flattened. Its nearest ally is probably Aphohiis,
with which it agrees in the peculiar structure of the head-feathers.
But there are no signs of the sulcations on the lower mandible
which distinguish Aphohus.

Range. Andes of Colombia.

1. H3rpopyrrhus pyrypogaster.

Cassicus pyrobypogaster, De Tarr. Bev. Zool. 1847, p. 252.
Hypopyrrhus pyi'rhogaster, Bp. Consp. i. p. 425 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855,

p. 154 (Bogota) ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 163; Sclat. et Salv. Nomencl.

p. 39 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 510 (Antioquia).
Quiscalus pyrrbogaster, Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 141.
Quiscalus pyrobypogaster, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Sc. Phil, 1866, p. 412.

Dull black ; feathers of the head and neck above constricted,
thickened, and with shining shafts ; axillaries, lower belly, and crissum
bright crimson-red ; thighs black ; bill and feet black : whole length

2d2

404

ICTERIDJE.

12 inches, wiug 5"5, tail 5"5. Female similar, but smaller and
not quite so bright.
Hab. Colombia.

a, 6. c? 2 ad. sk. Envigado, Antioquia {Salmon). Salvin-Godman Coll.
fi, rf. d' 2 ad. sk. Envigado, Antioquia {&/«(o>j). Sclater Coll.
e. Ad. sk. Colombia. Sclater Coll,

29. APHOBUS.

Aphobus, Cah. Mu^. Hem. i. p. 194 (1851)

Type.
A chopi.

Structure of Aphobus chopi.

The curious sulci on the lower mandible, which are verj' prominent
in the adult males, characterize this form, which, if trulj- Quiscaline,

29. APHOBus. 405

is certainly very aberrant. The culmeu is incurved and the moso-
rhinium is not flattened.

Ranfje. Western Peru, Bolivia, Chili, Argentine Republic, Para-
guay, and South Brazil.

1. Aphobus chopi.

Tordo chopi, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 282.

Agelaius chopi, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxxiv. p. 537 (1819) ; id. Enc.

Meth. ii. p. 712 ; Cmsin, Pr. Ac. So. Phil. 1866, p. 11 ; Hartl. Ind.

Azara, p. 4 (Paraguay)-
Icterus unicolor, Licht. Doitbl. p. 19 ; Max. Beitr. iii. p. 1208 (Bahia

and Minas).
Icterus sulcirostris, Spix, Av. Bras. i. p. 67, pi. 64. f. 2 (Minas).
Agelaius sulcirostris, Sw. An. in Menag. p. 303.
Aphobus chopi, Cab. Mus. Hein. i. p. 194 ; Scl. Cat. A. B. p. 141 ;

id. Ibis, 1884, p. 163 ; Cahanis, J. f. 0. 1874, p. 85 (Cantagallo, Rio) ;

Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 303 (S.Paulo) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 323

(Tumbez, W. Peru) et p. 750 (W. Peru); Forbes, Ibis, 1881,

p. 339 (Pernambuco); Scl. et Salv. Nomencl. p. 39.
Psarocolius unicolor, Burtn. Si/st. Ueb. in. p. 281 ; id. La- Plata Reise,

ii. p. 494 (Meudoza).

Uniform black, slightly resplendent ; bill and feet blaok ; lower
mandible sulcatcd : whole length 9'2 inches, wing 5-2, tail 4.
Female similar, but smaller and duller ; bill not sulcated.

Ilah. South Brazil, Paraguay, northern provinces of Argentine
Republic, Bolivia and Peru.

a. 2 ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil ( Wncherer). Sclater Coll.

b. S ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Brazil (Joi/ner).

c,d.d2 ad. sk. Boli\^a. T. Bridges [C.].

c. 2 ad. sk. Bolina {Bridges). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. c? ad. sk. Paraguay (?)! Sclater Coll.

(J, h. S ad. st. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

/',/. Skeletons. Purchased.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abbas (Tanagra), 154,

1P.2.
abeillaei (Arremon), 273,

278.
abeillei (Hyphantes), 366.
abeillei (Icterus), 363,

3(i6.
abeillei (Orcliesticus),

297.
abeillei (Pyrrhiila), 297.
abeillei (Xanthornus),

366.
Acrocompsa, 53.
Acroieptes, 58. 63.
ffinea (Euphonia), 84.
£eneu9 (Molothnis), 332,

333, 334.
seneus (Psarocolius), 334.
seneus (Qiiiscalus), 394.
iequatorialis (Qiiiscalus),

392.
aestiva (Phceiiicosoma),

182.
sestiva (Phoenisoma), 182.
jEstira (Prrauga). 181.

182, 184.
sestiva (Tanagra), 182.
aestiva, var. cooperi (Pj'-

ranga), 184.
affiuis ( Acroieptes), 65.
affinis (Arremon), 256.
affiuis (Bananivorus),

367.
affinis (Cassicus), 321,

325.
affinis (Euphonia), 63, 65.
affinis (Icterus), 367.
affinis (Pendulinus), 367.
affinis (Plionasea), 65.
affinis (Eamphocelus),

173.
affinis (Tanagra). 65.
affinis (Xanthornus), 367.
Agelseus, 331, 339.
Agelaioides, 332.
Agelaius, 339.
aglsBus (Quiscalus), 394.
Aglaia, 95.
Agrilorhinus, 2.
alaudarius (Cacicus), 358,

albertinse (Calliste), 116,

118.
albicollis (Eucometis),

217, 218.
albicollis (Pyranga), 217.
albicollis (Saltator), 283,

291, 294.
albicollis (Trichothrau-

pis), 218.
albicristata (Sericossy-

pha), 232.
albiflorus (Sturnus), 356.
albifrenatus(Buarremon),

255, 265.
albifrons (Conirostnun),

13, 16.
albigula (Certhiola), 46.
albigularis (Nemosia),

223, 227.
albilateraHs (Diglossa),

3,9.
albinucha (Atlapetes),

260.
albinucha (Buarremon),

255, 259. 260.
albinucha (Embemagra),

2(50.
albipes (Leistes), 357.
albirostris (Archiplaniis),

323.
albirostris (Cassicus),

albirostris (Eamphoce-
lus), 174.
albirostris (Tanagi-a),

174.
albispecularis (Tachy-

phonus), 208.
albitempora (Tachy-

phonus), 239.
albitemporalia (Chloro-

spingus). 237, 239, 243.
albiventris (Calliste),

119.
albiventris (Dacnidea),

249.
albiventris (Dacnis), 17.
albiventris (Diva), 17.
albiventris (Hemidacnis),

17.

albiventris (Piprseidea),

17.
albocristatus(Lamprotes),

232.
albocristatus (Tanagra),

232.
albofrenatus (Tanagra),

265.
aliredi (Cassicus), 318.
alfredi (Ostinops), 315,

318.
amazonum (Thlypopsis)

228. 229.
Amblycercus, 309, 326.
Amblyrhamphu.s, 331,

350.
Amblyrhynchus, 350.
American Hedge-Spar-

row, 48.
americanus (Leistes),

349.
americanus ("Oriolus),

348.
analis (Calliste), 141.
analis (Dacnis), 19, 25.
analis (Euthraupis), 141
analis (Iridornis), 140,

141.
analis (Tanagra), 141.
Andriopsar, 362.
angelica (Dacnis), 18, 22
angustifrons (Cassicus),

319.
angustifrons (Ostinops),

315, 319.
Anisognathus, 144.
annse (Euphonia). 64, 72.
anticus (Icterus), 352.
anticus (Leistes), 352.
Aphobus, 388, 404.
Aporophantes, 362.
Arbelorhina, 31.
arcffii (Buthraupis), 147,

149.
archangeUca (Dacnis), 22.
arehiepiscopus (Tanagra),

ardens (Phoenisoma), 190.
ardens (Pyranga), 182,
190.

408

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

argentata (Tanagra), 158.
argentea (Calliste), 135,

137.
argentea (Chalcotlirau-

pis), 137.
argentea (Procnopis),137.
argentea (Tanagra), 135.
argentea viridieollis (Cal-
liste), 137.
argyrophenges (OalUste),

135, 137.
armenti (Molothrus), 333,

335.
Arremon, 272.
arremonops (Oreotlirau-

pis), 298.
arremonops (Saltator),

298.
arthuB (Calliste), 109.
arthus (Tanagra), 109.
artlmsi (Calliste), 108,

109.
assimiUs (Agelseus), 340,

341.
assimilis (Buarremon),

255, 257.
assimilis (Quiscalus),

393, 396.
assimilis (Tanagra), 257.
Ateleodacnis, 18.
Ateleopsar, 362.
ater (Cassicus), 329.
ater (Cassidix), 329.
ater (Molothrus), 333.
ater (Orehesticus), 302.
ater (Quiscalus), 398.
ater (Saltator), 301.
ater (Scaphidurus), 329.
ater obscurus (Moloth-
rus), 333.
aterrima (Diglossa), 3, 8.
aterrimum (Dicajum), 47.
aterrimus (Curseus), 3.54.
aterrimus (Ramphocelus),

175.
aterrimus (Sturnus), 354.
atra (Diucopis), 301.
atra (Nemosia), 301.
atra (Scaphidura), 329.
atra (Schistoclilamys),

301.
atra (Tanagra), 301.
atrata (Certhiola), 37, 47.
atrioapilla (Buarremon),

255, 259.
atricapilla (Calliste), 135,

136.
atricapilla (Chalcothrau-

pis), 136.
atricapilla (Chloropha-

nes), 29.

atricapilla (Coereba), 29.
atricajnlla (Dacnis), 29.
atricapilla (Pogonothrau-

pis), 204.
atricapilla (Tanagra\204 .
atricapillus (Lanio), 201,

202, 204.
atrieapillus (Tachypho-

nus), 205.
atriceps (Saltator), 282,

283.
atriceps (Tanagra), 283.
atricollis (Saltator), 283,

293.
atricollis (Tanagra), 293.
atrici'issa (Poecilothrau-

pis), 145.
atripennis (Saltator), 282,

286.
atripileus(Arremon),245.
atripileus (Ohlorospin-

gus), 238, 245.
atripileus (Pipilopsis),

245.
atroca?rulea (Calliste), 94.
atrocaerulea (Chalcothrau-

pis), 94.
atrocierulea (Diva), 94.
atrocarulea (Procnopis),

93, 94.
atrocastaneus (Ostinops),

317, 318.
atrochalybeus (Pitylus),

304.
atrococcineus (Eampho-

pis), 174.
atrocyaneum (Coniros-

trum), 13, 16.
atrogularis (Icterus), 378.
atronitens (Molothrus),

333, 337.
atro-olivaceus (Caryo-

thraustes), 305.
atro-olivaceus (Icterus),

3.52.
atro-olivaceus (Pitylus),

305.
atro-purpuratus (Peri-

porphyrus), 305.
atro-purpuratus (Pity-
lus), 305.
atrosericeus (Rampho-
celus), 174, 175.
atrosericeus (Rhampho-

coelus), 170, 175.
atrosericeus (Rampho-

pis), 176.
atroviolaceus (Dives), 392,

393.
atroviolaceus (Quiscalus),

393.

atroviolaceus (Scaphidu-
rus), 393.
atroviolaceus (Scoleco-

phagus), 393.
atrovirens (Cassicus), 317,

318.
atrovirens (Ostinops),

315, 317, 318, 319.
audubonii (Icterus), 375.
aurantiirostris (Arre-
mon), 272, 275.
aurantiirostris (Saltator),

283, 292.
aurantius (Icterus), 383.
aurantius (Lanio), 202.
aurantius (Xanthornus),

383.
auratus (Icterus), 363,

380, 382.
aureata (Cyanophonia),

61.
aureata (Euphonia), 61.
aureata (Tanagra), 61.
auricapillus (Icterus),

362, 363, 377.
auricapillus (Pendulinus),

377.
auricapillus (Tanagra),

220.
auricoUis (Nemosia), 226.
auricrissa (Dubusia), 163.
auricrissa (Tanagra), 163.
auricularis (Cblorospin-

gus), 238, 24.5.
auritus (Lanio), 209.
aurulenta (Calliste), 95,

108.
aurulenta (Chrysothrau-

pis), 108.
aurulenta (Tanagra),

108.
autumualis (Fringilla),

111.
avis (Episeopus), 154.
axillaris (Arremon), 273,

277.
axillaris (Chlorospingus),

214.
axillaris (Tanagra), 279.
azariB (Phoenisoma), 184,

185.
azara; (Pyranga), 181,

184, 186, 187.
azaraj (Saltator), 291.

badius (Agelaius), 338.
badius (Dolichonyx), 338.
badius (Icterus), 338.
badius (Molothrus), 332,
333, 338.
. Bahama Titmouse, 37.

bahamensis (Certhia), 37.
bahamensis (Certhiola),

36, 37.
bahamensis (Frinffilla),

169.
bairdi (Certhiola), 37.
baltimore (Hyphante.s),

364.
baltimore (Icterus), 362,

363, 364.
Baltimore Oriole, 364.
baltimore (Oriolus), 364.
baltimore (Yphautes),

364.
baltimorensis (Hypbau-

tes), 364.
baltimorensis (Icterus),

364.
Bananiste, 40.
bananiTora (Certhiola),

36,40.
bananivora (Motacilla),

40.
Bananivorus, 362.
barbadensis (Callosi)iza),

119.
barbadensis (Certhiola),

37, 46.
barbadensis (Tanagra),

119.
barbadensis ca?ri.ilea

(Tauagra), 119.
barita (Gracula), 398.
barita (Quiscalus), 401,

402.
barita, (Scaphidura),

329.
baritula (Diglossa), 2, 3.
baritus (Chalcophanes),

398.
baritus (Quiscalus), 394,

398, 399.
baritus, var. brachypte-
rus (Quiscalus), 399.
baritus, var. gundlachii

(Quiscalus), 398.
baritus, var. niger (Quis-
calus), 398.
bartholemica (Certhia),

42.
bartholemica (Certhiola),

37, 42, 43.
beaiiperthuyi (Tacliy-

pbonus), 207.
bellicosa (Trupialis), 3.56,

357.
benedicti (Spindalis), 166

168.
berlepschi (Chlorospin-

gus), 238, 251.
Bethylus, 299.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

bicolor (Amblyramphus),

351.
bicolor (Conirostrum),

bicolor (Dacnis), 27.
bicolor (Dendroeca), 27.
bicolor (Euphonia), 79.
bicolor (Nectarinia), 19.
bicolor (Saltator), 299.
bicolor (Sylvia), 27.
bidentata (Phcenicosoma),

190.
bidentata (Pyranga),

182, 190.
bifasciatus (Cassicus),

313.
bifasciatus (Gymnosti-

nops), 313.
bifasciatus (Ostinops),

313.
bifasciatus (Psarocolius)

313.
bilineatus (Spindalis),

16(1
bivittata (Phcenicosoma),

189.
bivittata (Phoenisoma),

190.
bivittata (Pyranga), 189,
Black-crowned Oriole,

362.
Black-faced Tanager, 302.
Black-headed Tanager

204.
blanda (Nemosia), 228.
Blue-bird (Ked-bellied),

87.
boliviana (Ualliste), 119

121.
boliviana (Callospiza),

121.
bonana (Icterus), 363,

368.
bonana (Oriolus), 368.
bonana (Pendulinus), 368.
bonana (Xanthornus),

368.
bouapartii (Agrilorhi-

uus), 7.
bonariensis (Loxia), 164.
bonariensis (Molothrus),

332, 333, 335.
bonariensis (Tanagra)

154,164,2.32,335.
bourcieri (Calliparaa),

90.
bourcieri (Calliste), 90.
bourcieri (Chlorochrvsa),
■ 90. ^ '

bracliypterus (Chalco-

]3hanes), 399.

409

brachypterus (Phonasca),

74.
brachypterus (Quiscalus),

394, 399.
branickii (Diva), 94.
branickii (Procnopis), 93,

94.
brasilia (Ramphopis),

170.
brasiha (Tanagra), 170.
brasiliensis CCalliste), 95

96, 119. ~
brasiliensis (Callospiza),

119.
brasiliensis (Caryothj-aus-

tes), 306.
brasihensis (Pitylus), 303,

306.
brasiliensis (Tanagra),

119.
brasiliensis viridis (Syl-
via), 224.
brasilius (Ramphocelus),

170.
brasilius (Rhamphocoe-

his), 169, 170.
Brazilian Tanager, 170.
brelayi (Uncirostrum), 3.
brevipennis (Dacnis), 26.
brevipennis (Helinaia),

26.
brevipes (Arbelorhina),

32.
brevipes (Coereba), 32.
brevirostris (Acroleptes),

67.
brevirostris (Arbelo-
rhina), 34.
brevirostris (Coereba), .34.
brevirostris (Euphonia),

67. '

brevirostris (Icterus),338.
brevirostris (Pezites),357.
breweri (Quiscalus), 391.
brunnea (Tanagra), 210.
bruuneinucha (Buarre-

mon), 255, 258, 259.
brunneinucba (Emberna

gra), 258.
brunneinucba (Tauagra),
258.

brunneiventris(Diglossa),

3, 5.
bniuneus (Chlorospin-

giis), 215.
bryanti (Euphonia), 60.
Buarremon, 253, 254.
bullocki (Hyphantes),

365.
bullocki (Icterus), 363,

365

410

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

bullocki, var. abeillei

(Icterus), 366.
bullockii (Xanthornus),

365.
bullockii (Ypbantes), 365.
bursarius (Japus), 326.
Buthraupis, 139, 147.

cabanisi (Calliste), 122,

123.
caboti (Certbiola), 36, 38.
Oacicus, 320.
cselestis (Tanagra), 156,

159.
cserulea (Arbelorhiua),

34.
casrulea (Certhia), 33.
cserulea (Coereba), 19, 31.

33, 35.
cKi-ulea (Neornis), 48.
cserulea (Pyrrhula), 143.
cserulea (Tersina), 60.
cseruleifrons (Coniros-

trum), 16.
cseruleocephala (Aglaia),

127.
cserulescens (Cocco-

thraustes), 304.
cserulescens (Diglossa), 1 1 .
cserulescens (Diglossopis),

11.
ccerulescens (Pitylus),

304.
cserulescens (Saltator),

283, 287, 290, 291.
c£eruleus (Hylophilus),

223.
cffiruleus (Stephanoplio-

rus), 143.
californicus(Penclulinus),

386.
Calliparaa, 89.
calliparisa (Calliste), 90.
calliparsea (CaUospiza),

90.
calliparia (Chlorochrysa),

89, 90.
Calliste, 86, 95.
Callithraupis, 193.
callophrys (Acrocompsa),

58.
callophrys (Chloropho-

nia), 53, 58.
callophrys (Hvpothlypis),

89.
eallophry s(Trigly phiclia ),

58.
Callothrus, 332.
Calochsetes, 139, 179.
calophrys (Chlorospin-
gus),238, 245.

calophrys (Tanagrella),

87, 89.
Calospiza, 95.
Calyptophiius, 233, 235.
campestris (Motacilla),

48.
Campylops, 2.
cana (Tanagra), 154, 156.
cana (Thraupis), 155, 156.
Canada Grosbeak, 306.
canadensis (Loxia), 306.
canadensis (Pitylus), 306.
canigularis (Chlorospin-

gus), 238, 242.
canigularis (Pipilopsis),

242.
canigularis (Tachypho-

nus), 242.
capistrata (Diucopis),301.
capistrata (Schistochla-

mys), 301.
capistrata (Tanagra), 301.
capistratus (Orehesticus),

301.
capitalis (Buarremon),

254.
capitalis (Pezopetes), 253,

254.
carbonaria (Diglossa), 2,

3, 6.
carbonarium (Serriros-

trum), 6.
Oarenochrous, 254.
carmioli (Chlorothrau-

pis), 194.
carmioli (Phoenico-

thraupis), 194.
canieipes (Coereba), 32.
Carouge, 368.
Carouge de Mexique, 380.
Carouge de St. Domingue,

371.
Cai'yothraustes, 303.
Cassiculoides, 362.
Cassiculus, 309, 328.
Cassicus, 309, 320.
Cassidix, 309, 329.
cassini (Eucometis), 217,

219.
cassini (Molothrus), 333,

337.
cassini (Tachyphonus),

219.
Cassique huppe de Cay-
enne, 315.
Cassique rouge de Bresil,

324.
Cassique vert de Cayenne,

316.
castaneiceps (Buarre-
mon), 255, 261.

castaneicoUis (Chloro-

spingus), 238, 249.
castaneifrous (Buarre-
mon), 256, 268.
castaneiventris (Calliste),

142.
castaneiventris (Delo-

thraupis), 142.
castaneiventris (Pipri-

dea), 142.
castanonota (Calliste),

114.
caudacutus (Psarocolius),

331.
cayana (Aglaia), 114.
cayana (Calliste), 111,

114.
cayana (Calospiza), 112.
cayana (Certhia), 32.
cayana (Dacnis), 18, 19.

22.
cayana (Euphonia), 79,

81.
cayana (MotaciUa), 19.
cayana (Saltator), 286.
cayana (Sylvia), 22.
cayana (Tanagra), 81,111,

114.
cayanensis (CaUospiza),

120.
cayanensis (Caryothraus-

tes), 306.
cayanensis (Fringilla),

306.
cayanensis (Icterus), 363,

"3(19, 370.
cayanensis (Oriolus), 369.
cayanensis (Pendulinus),

369.
cayanensis (Pitylus), 306.
cayanensis crerulea (Syl-
via), 19.
cayanus (Coracias), 286.
Cayenne EoUer, 286.
cayenuensis (Euphonia),

81.
cayennensis(Tanagra),81 .
ceiaeno (Fringilla), 305.
celreno (Pitylus), 303,305.
Certhidea, 12, 27.
Certhiola, 29, 36.
chalcopasta (Euphonia),

82.
Chalcophanus, 39-3.
Chalcothraupis, 95.
chalybea (Euphonia), 84.
ehiilybea (Hy23oph£ea),84.
chalybea (Phonasea), 84.
chalybea (Tanagra), 84.
chapoul (Aglaia), 90.
chilensis (Aglaia), 97.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

411

chloricterus (Tacbypbo-

nus), 193.
chlorocapilla (Pipra), 54.
Chlorocbrysa, 86, 89.
chlorocyanea (Tanagra),

80.
cbloronota (Buthraupis),

147, 148.
Chlorophanes, 29.
Cbloropbonia, 53.
cbloroptera (Tanagra),

114.
cbloropyga (Certbiola),

37, 44.
Cblorornis, 281.
Cblornspingus, 236, 237.
Ohlorotbraupis, 180, 194.
cblorot.ica (Eupbonia),58,

63, 64, 82.
chlorotica (Pbonasca), 64.
chlorotiea (Tanagra), 64.
cbloroticus (Acroleptes),

64.
cbopi (Agelaius), 404.
cbopi ( Apbobus), 345,405.
cbrysoearpus (Cacicus),

343.
cbrysoearpus (Xantbor-

nus), 343.
cbrysocepbalus (Icterus),

362, 363, 369.
cbrysocepbalus (Oriolus),

369.
cbrysocej)balus (Penduli-

uus), 369.
cbrysocepbalus (Xantb-

ornus), 369.
cbrvsogaster (Chloro-

spingus), 238, 246.
cbrysogaster (Ixothrau-

pis), 106.
cbrysogaster (Tanagra),

79, 164.
cbrysogastra (Tanagra),

61.
cbrvsolopba (Tanagra).

140.
cbrysomelas (Tachypbo-

nus), 206, 210.
Cbrysomus, 339.
cbrysonota(0alliste),112.
cbrysonotus (Cassiculus),

322.
cbrysonotus (Cassicus),

321, 322.
cbrysonotus (Ramphoce-

lus), 177.
cbrysonotus (Eliampbo-

coelus), 170, 177.
cbrysopasta (Euphonia).
81, 82.

cbrysopbrys (CaEiste),

105.
cbrysopbrys (Cblorospin-

gus), 238, 247.
cbrysopis (Nemosia), 229.
cbrysopis (Tblypopsis),

228, 229.
Cbrysopoga, 254.
cbrjsopogon (Atlapetes),

259.
cbrysopogon (Buarre-

mon), 259.
cbrysoptera (Aglaia), 116.
cbrysoptera (Gracula),

3(59.
cbrysoptera (Gyrola),

116.
cbrysopterus (Agelaius),

343, 369.
cbrysopterus (Agelasti-

cus), 343.
cbrysopterus (Icterus),

343.
cbrysopterus (Xantbor-
nus), 323, 343, 369,
370.
Cbrysotbraupis, 95.
cbrysotis (Calliste), 129,

133, 134.
cbrysotis (Cbrysotbrau-
pis), 134.
cinerea (Eupbonia), 85.
cinereocepbalus (Cbloro-

spingus), 238, 244.
cinereum (Conirostrum),

13, 15.
Cissopis, 298, 299.
Cissurus, 303.
citreus (Cassicus), 315.
citrinella (Aglaia), 101.
citrinella (Buarremou),

256, 270.
citrinella (Calliste), 101.
citrinella (Cbrysotbrau-
pis), 101.
citrinella (Tanagra), 100.
citrinus (Icterus), 362.
citrius (Oriolus), 315.
clusiaj (Certbiola), 41.
Clypeicterus, 309, 310.
eoccinea (Pyranga), 185,

186.
eoccinea (Eamphopis),

170.
eoccinea (Tanagra), 182.
cocciueus (Oaloebsetes),

179, 180.
coccineus(Eucbtetes),]80.
cocciueus (Rampbocelus),

170.
ccelestis (Eupbonia), 62.

coelestis (Tanagra), 153,

155.
coelicolor (Calliste), 96.
Ccereba, 29, 31.
coerebicolor (Arbelorhi-

na), 21.
coerebicolor (Dacnis), 18,

19, 21.
coerulea (Procnias), 50.
coerulea microrbyncba

(Ccereba), 34.
coerulea occidentalis

(Procnias), 51.
coeruleocepbala (Calliste),

127.
coeruleocepbala (Eupbo-
nia), 59.
coeruleocepbala grana-

densis (Calliste), 127.
collaris (Sturnella), 358.
coUurio (Coryus), 299.
Columbiana (Certbiola),

38.
Columbiana (Tanagra),

191.
Comarophagus, 205.
Compsoooma, 139, 150.
comptus (Buarremon),

255, 264.
concinna (Eupbonia), 64,

69, 70.
concinna (Pbonasca), 69.
concinnus (.4croleptes),

69.
Conirostrum, 12, 13.
Conotbraupis, 272, 280.
constantii (Tanagra), 144.
cooperi (Pyranga), 181,

184.
eoronatus (Agelaius), 213.
coronatus (Cassiculus),

328.
coronatus(Tacbypbonus),

206, 213.
coronatus (Xautbornus),

;«8.

coryinus (Quisi'alus), 395.
corypbteus (Pyrrota),

213.
corypbaBus (Tanagra),

coztototl (Psaroeolius),

366.
erassirostra (Scapbidura),

329.
crassirostris(Buarremon),

255, 262.
crassirostris (Cassicus),

325.
crassirostris (Eupbonia)

76, 77.

412

ALPHAIiETICAL INBEX,

crassirostris (Quiscalus),

393, 394, 398, 399.
Creeper, Black-aud-Yel-

low, 43.
Crested Tanager, 210.
Creiirgops, 181, 215.
cristata (Eucometis), 217,

218.
cristata (Phoenicothrau-

pis), 196, 201.
cristata (PipUopsis), 218.
cristata (Tanagra), 210,

212.
cristatella (Tanagra), 213.
cristatellus (Tachypho-

mis), 210.
cristatus (Cassicus), 315.
cristatus (Lanio), 212.
cristatus (Orioliis), 315.

316.
cristatus (Ostinops), 315.
cristatus (Psarocolius),

315.
cristatus (Taeliypboiius),

206, 210, 214.'
croconotus (Icterus), 362,

364, 383.
croconotus (Psarocolius),

383.
cucullata (Aglaia), 113.
cucullata (Buthranpis),

147, 148.
cucullata (Calliste), 111,

113.
cucullatus (Icterus), 363,

376.
cucullatus (Pendulinus),

376.
cucullatus (Pyranga), 192.
cucullatus igneus (Icte-
rus), 376.
cucullatus nelsoni (Icte-
rus), 376.
CuriEus, 331, 354.
curiEus (Leistes), 354.
curxus (Psarocolius), 354.
curfeus (Turdus), 354.
curasoensis (Icterus), 363,

381.
cyanater (Dacnis), 19.
cyanea (Arbelorhina), 32.
cyanea (Certhia), 32.
cyanea (Coereba), 31, 32.
cyanea (Diglossa), 10.
cyanea eximia (Coereba),

32.
cyanea (Pipraidea), 92.
cyaneicollis(Calliste),124,
' 127, 128.
cyaneiventris (Calliste),

98, 100.

cyanescens (Calliste), 123.
cyanescens (Xanthornus),

343.
eyaneum (Conirostrum),

13, 14.
eyaneum (Unci rostrum),

10.
cyanicoUis (Aglaia), 127.
cyanicollis (Callospiza),

127.
cyanicollis (Tanagra), 127.
cyanictera (Pyranga), 193.
Cyanicterus, 180, 193.
cyanicterus (Callithrau-

pis), 193.
cyanicterus (Orthogonys),

193.
cyanilia (Tanagra), 159.
cyanocephala (Aglaia),

100, 162.
cyanocephala (Dacnis),

19.
cyanocephala (Dubusia),

163.
cyanocephala (Tanagra),

100, 154, 162.
cyanocephala (Motacilla),

19.
cyanocephala (Neotari-

nia), 19.
cyanocephala (Pipra), 61.
cyanocephala (Thraupis),

162.
cyanocephalus (Psaroco-
lius), 390.
cyanocephalus (Scoleco-

phagus), 390.
Cyanodacnis, 18.
Cyanodiglossa, 2.
cyano-dorsalis (Eu-

phonia), 53.
cyanogastra (Certhia),

32.
cyanolajma (Calliste),

112.
cyanolaima (Calliste),

112.
cyanoleucus(HylophiIu8),

223.
cyanomelajna (Tana-

■ grella), 87, 88.
cyanomelas (Dacnis), 19.
cyanomelas (Fringilla),

19.
cyanomelas (Tanagra),
' 88.
cyanomelas (Tanagrella),

88.
Cyanophonia, 68.
cj-anoptera (Aglaia),

■ 135.

cvanoptera (Callispiza),
* 135.
cyanoptera (Calliste), 96,

135.
cyanoptera (Compso-

coma), 151.
cyanoptera (Tanagra),

154, 156, 157.
cyanoptera (Thraupis),

158.
cvanopterus (Saltator),
' 157.
cyanopus (Ageteus), 34.0,

344.
cyanopus (Icterus), 345.
cyanopygia (Oalliste),124,

128.
Cyanothrus, 332.
cyan Otis (Calliste), 129,

131.
cyanoventris (Callist*),

117.
cyanoventris (Gyrola),

117.
cyanoventris (Tanagra),

100.
Cypsnagra, 221.

Dacnidea, 237.
Dacnis, 12, 18.
darwini (Tanagra), 154,

164, 165.
decuiuanus (Ostinops),

315.
decumanus (Xanthornus),

315.
defilippii (Sturnella),

357.
defilippii (Trupialis), 356,

357.
delattrii (Tachyphonus),

206, 215.
Delothraupis, 139, 142.
dentata (Malaco thraupis),

216.
dentata (Phcenisoma),

187.
desmaresti (Calliste), 116,

lis.

desmaresti (Tanagra),

212.
devillii (Ai-remon), 272,

274.
devillii (Cassicus), 314.
devillii (Ostinops), 314.
diaconus (Tanagra), 156.
diademata (Nemosia),

143.
diademata (Tanagra),

143.
diadematus (Icterus), 328.

ALPFABETICAL INDEX.

413

Diglossa, 2.
Diglossopis, 2, 11.
dimidiatus (Eampbo-

celus), 172.
dimidiatus (Eamphopis),

172.
dimidiatus (Ehampliocoe-

lus), 170, 172.
discolor (Molothrus), 337.
discolor (Passerina), 33fi.
Diucopis, 272, 279.
Diva, 93.

diva (Tanagra), 93.
Divaricated Tanager, 29r).
Dives, 388, 391.
dives (Lampropsar), 392.
dives (Scolecophagus),

392.
Dolichonys, 331.
dominicana (Certhiola),

37, 44.
dominicensis (Icterus),

352, 363, 370, 371.
dominicensis (Oriolus),

371.
dominicensis (Pendii-

linus), 371,372.
dominicensis (Phoenico-

philus), 234.
dominicensis (Tanagra),

1(17.
dominicensis (Xanthor-

nus), 370.
domimcensig,var. portori-

censis (Icterus), 371.
dominicensis, var. wag-

leri (Icterus), 372.
d'orbignii (Uneirostrum),

4.
d'orbignyi (Diglossa), 4.
dorsalis (Eamphocelus),

171.
dorsalis( Eliamphocoel us),

170, 171.
dowi (Calliste), 122, 124.
dresseri (Buarremon),

255, 266.
dresseri (Carenochrous),

2(;6.
dubius (Japus), 323.
dubusi (Icterus), 363,

3S1.
Dubusia, 139, 152.
dubusia (Eutbraupis),

140.
dubusia (Iridornis), 139,

140.
dubusia (Iridosornis),

140.
dubusia (Tanagra), 140.
dubusii (Tanagrella), 90.

duplicata (Tanagra), 296.

edwardsi (Butliraupis),

147, 150.
egregia (Dacnis), 18, 22.
egregia requatorialis (Dac-
nis), 23.
elffioprorus (Buarremon),

255, 265.
elegnns (Compsocoma),

151.
elegans (Psittospiza), 281,

282.
elegans (Saltator), 282.
elegans (Tachypbonus),

151.
elegans (Tanagra), 100.
elegantissima (Euphonia),

59, 62.
elegantissima (Pipra), 62.
elegantissima (Tana-
grella), 88.
ej)hippialis (Eamphoce-
lus), 171.
episcopus (Aglaia), 158.
episcopus (Caryo-

thraustes), 307.
episcopus (Tanagra), 153,

154, 155, 156, 158.
erythrocepbala (Py-

ranga), 182, 192.
erythrocepbala (Sperma-

gra), 192.
erythrola^ma (Phoeuico-

thraupis), 199.
erythromelfena (Py-

ranga), 182, 189.
erytbromelas (Cocco-

tbraustes), 305.
erytbromelas (Loxia),

305.
erytbromelas (Peripor-

phyrus), 305.
erytbromelas (Pitylus),

303, 305.
erytbromelas (Pyranga),

188.
erytbromelas (Tanagra),

189, 190.
erythropis (Pyranga),

191.
Erythropsar, 339.
erythrorhyncbus (Arre-

mon), 275.
erythrorhyncbus (Pify-

'lus), 304.
ervtbrothorax (Leistes),

348.
erythrotis (Aglaia), 145.
erythrotis (Tanagra),

145.

Etourneau des terres Ma-

gellaniques, 356.
Euchfetes, 179.
Eucometes, 181,217.
Eucometis, 217.
Eucorystes, 309,311.
Eudacnis, 18.
Euojjsar, 362.
Euphagus, 390.
Euphone organiste, 60.
Euphone a ventre mar-

ron, 80.
Euphonia, 53, 58.
Euprepiste, 25.
Euschemon, 95.
Eutbraupis, 1.39.
eximia (Arbeloi'hina),

32.
eximia (Eutbraupis), 147,

149.
eximia (CcEreba), 32.
eximia (Tanagra), 149.
exsul (Spindalis), 168.

fanny (Aglaia), 125.

fanny (Calliste), 125.

fasciata (Diucopis),
279.

fasciata (Tanagra), 279.

fastosa (Calliste), 98.

fastuosa (Tanagra), 98.

fastuosa (Tatao), 98.

ferruginea (Gracula),
390.

ferrugineiventre (Coni-
rostrum), 13, 15.

ferrugineus (Oriolus), •
390.

ferrugineus (Scolecopha-
gus), 390.

festiva (Callispiza), 100.

festiva (Calliste), 98,
100.

festiva (Tanagra), 100.

festiva (Tatao), 100.

figlina (Pyranga), 181,
185.

Finch, Eufous-ehinned,
48.

finscbi (Certhiola), 37,
47.

finschi (Euphonia), 64,
70.

flammieeps (Tanagra),
196.

ilammigerus (Eamphoce-
lus), 177.

flammigerus (Eampho-
pis), 176, 177.

flammigerus (Ehampho-
coelus), 170, 177-

414

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

flava (Oallispiza), 114.
flava (CalUste), 95, 96,

111, 113.
flava (Tanagra), 113.
flavasilla (Xanthomus),

370.
flayeola (Certliia), 37, 43.
flaveola (Certhiola), 36,

37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46.
flaveola (Ooereba), 44.
flavicep.s (Psarocolius),

346.
flavicola (Nectarinia), 44.
flavicollis (Hemitbrau-

pis), 226.
flavicollis (Nemosia), 223,

22.'?.
flavicrissiis (Cassiculus),

322.
flavicrissiis (Cassicus),

320.
flavidicollis (Saltalor),

283, 294.
flavifrons ( Emberiza), 63.
flavitVons (Eupbonia), .59,

60, 63.
flavifrous (Tauagra), 63.
flavigaster (Pendulinus),

371.
flavigaster (Psarocolius),

372.
flavigalaris (Chlorospin-

gus), 238, 243.
flavigularis (Pipilopsis),

243.
flavinucba (Oompso-

coma), 150, 152.
flavinucba (Tachypbo-

niis), 151, 152.
flavinucba (Tanagra),

152.
flavipectus (Arremon),

242.
flavipectus (Cblorospin-

gus), 238, 242.
flavipectus (Pipilopsis),

242.
flavipectus (Tachy-

pbonus), 242.
flavirostris (Arremon),

272, 274.
flavirostris (Chloro-

phonia), 53, 56.
flaviventre (Ooniros-

trura), 23.
flaviventris (CaUispiza),

120.
flaviventris (Calliste),

119, 120, 121.
flaviventris (Cblorospin-

gus), 239.

flaviventris (Dacnis), 18,

23.
flaviventris (Tanagra),

120. 121.
flavocinereus (Pitylus),

307.
flavovirens (Buarremou),

244.
flavovirens (Cblorospin-

gus), 238, 244.
flavus (Agelaeus), 340,

346.
flavus (Chrysomus), 346.
flavus (Icterus), 346.
flavus (Leistes), 346.
flavus (Oriolus), 346.
flavus (Xautbornus;, 346.
flavus (Xantbosomiis),

346.
florida (Calliste), 98,

103.
forbesi (Agelseus), 340,

345.
formosa (Tanagra), 114.
formosus (Icterus), 385.
fortirostris (Quiscalus),

394, 400.
franciscae (Calliste), 125.
frantzii (CaUispiza), 110.
frantzii (Calliste), 110.
fraseri (Conirostrum), 12,

13, 15.
fraseri (Oreomanes), 12.
fringillarius (Agelaius),

338.
fringillarius (Icterus),

339.
fringillarius (Molotbrus),

333, 339.
frontalis (AgeUeus), 340,

347.
frontalis (Arremon), 258.
frontalis (Certbiola), 44.
frontalis (Cbloropbonia),

53, .55.
frontalis (Cbrysomus),

347.
frontalis (Dolicbonyx),

347.
frontalis (Eupbonia), 55.
frontalis (Xauthosomus),

347.
frugilegus (CaUiste), 165.
frugilegiis (Cbrysotbrau-

pis), 165.
frugilegus (Tanagra), 165.
frugivorus (Calyptopbi-

lus), 235.
frugivorus (Pbcenicopbi-

lus), 235.
fuliginosa (Loxia), 304.

fuliginosus (Pitylus), 303,

304.
fulvescens (Nemosia), 228,

229.
fidvescens (Thiypopsis),

228.
fulviceps (Buarremon),

256, 270.
fulviceps (Emberiza),

270.
fidvieeps (Nemosia), 228,

230.
fulviceps (Pipilopsis),

270.
fulviceps (Thiypopsis),

228, 229.
fulvicervix (Calliste), 129,

130.
fulviorissa (Acroleptes),

73.
fulvicrissa (Eupbonia),

64, 73.
fulvicrissa (Phonasca),

73.
fumigata (Tanagra), 221.
fusca (Certhidea), 28.
fuscicauda (Pbcenico-

thi-aupis), 196, 199.
fuseipennis (Dolicbonyx),

339.

galbula (Icterus), 364.
galeata (Muscicapa), 220.
galericulata (Pipra), 62.
gasquet (Xanthomus),

352.
genaEs (Saltator), 291.
giganteus (Arremon),

283.
gigantodes (Saltator),

284.
giraudi (Icterus), 363,

379.
glauca (Diglossa), 3, 11.
glauca (Tanagra), 154,

155.
glaucocolpa (Tanagra),

154, 155, 159.
glaucocolpa (Tbraupis),

159.
gloriosa (Diglossa), 3, 5.
Glossiptila, 47.
gnatho (Eupbonia), 73,

76.
gnatho (Fringilla), 304.
gnatbo (Pbonasca), 76.
gnatho (Pitylus), 304.
gnatbo (Tanagra), 283.
goeringi (Cblorospiugus),

238, 250.
Gold-headed Oriole, 369.

AXPHA.BETICAL INDEX.

415

gouldi (CalHste), 98, 102.

gouldi (Euphonia), 73,
81.

grace-annEB(Ict*eriis), 363,
378.

gracilis ( Acroleptes), 69.

gracilis (Euphonia), 64,
69.

gracilis (Phonasca), 69.

Grakle, Purple, 394.

graminea (Calliste), 103,
106.

graminea (Tanagra), 106.

Grand Tanager, 286.

grandis (Saltator), 283,
288.

grandis (Tanagra), 288.

graysoni (Icterus), 364,
387.

graysoni (Quiscalus), 393,
397.

Grimpereau de Bresil, 32.

Grimpereau a tete noir de
Bresil 29.

Grimpereau verd de Bre-
sil, 19.

Grimpereau verd de Ca-
yenne, 29.

Grimpereau verd tachete
de Cayenne, 33.

Griverd de Cayenne,
286.

Grosbeak, Canada, 306.

Grosbeak, Grey, 85.

Grosbeak, Sooty, 304.

Grosbeak, White-
throated, 303.

Grosbec bleu d'Amerique,
303.

grossa (Loxia), 303.

grossus (Pitylus), 303.

guadahipensis (Saltator),
283, 295.

guadeloupensis (Quisca-
lus), 394, 401.

guatemalensis (Cliloro-
phaues), 29.

guatimozinus (Cassicus),
314.

guatimozinus (Gymnosti-
nops), 313, 314.

guatimozinus (Ostinops),
314.

gubernator (Psarocolius),
341.

gubernator (Agelceus),
340,341.

guberuatrix (Tanagra),
210.

guiauensis (Certhiola),
45.

guianensis (Lampropsar),

388.
guianensis (Leistes), 348.
guianensis (Oriolus), 348.
guiauensis (Pedoti-ibes),

348.
guianensis (Trupialis),

348.
guira (Hylophilus), 224.
guira (Motacilla), 224.
guira (Nemosia), 223,

224.
Guira Warbler, 224.
guirahuro (Agelaius),352.
guirahui'o (Icterus), 352.
guirahuro(Pseudoleistes),

351, 3.52.
guirina (Nemosia), 224.
Guit-guit, 32.
Guit-guit noir at bleu, 33.
gularis (Icterus), 362,

364, 384.
gularis (Psarocolius), 384.
gularis (Saltator), 287.
gundlachi (Chalco-

phanes), 398.
gundlachi (Quiscalus).

394, 398.
guttata (Callispiza), 105.
guttata (Calliste), 103,

105.
guttulata (Calliste), 105.
guttulata (Ixothraupis),

105.
guttulatus (Icterus), 385.
gutturalis (Arremon),259.
gutturalis (Buarremon),

254, 255, 259.
gutturalis (Phceuico-

thraupis), 196, 201.
guttm-alis (Saltator), 287.
Gymnomystax, 361.
gymnops (Psarocolius),

362.
Gymnostinops, 309, 312.
Gyrola, 95.
gjTola (Aglaia), 117.
gyrola (Callispiza), 116,

117.
gyrola (Calliste), 95, 96,

116.
gyrola (Tanagra), 114,

115, 116, 117, 118.
gyroloides (Aglaia), 117.
gyroloides (CalUste), 116,

117, 118.

habia (Lamprospiza),

296.
habia (Psaris), 296.
habia (Tityra), 296.

Habia de ceja blanca,

290.
Habia gola negra, 293.
Habia pico naranjado,

292.
heemalea (Pyranga), 181,

185.
hsemorrhous (Cacicus),

324, 325.
hremorrhous (Cassicus),

320, 321, 324.
hsemorrhous (Icterus),

hcemorrhous (Oriolus),

324.
hffimorrhous (Psaroco-

hus), 324.
hamulus (Campylops), 3.
hannahije (Calliste),

127.
hartlaubi (Callispiza),

138.
hartlaubi (CaUiste), 1.38.
hartlaubi (Dacnis), 138.
hartlaubi (Pseudodacnis),

138.
hauxweUi (Icterus), 363,

377.
Hedge-Sparrow, Ameri-
can, 48.
heinei (Procnias), 136.
Hemidacnis, 12, 17.
Hemispingus, 237.
Hemithraupis, 222.
hepatica (Phoenicosoma),

187.
hepatica (P^Tanga), 181,

184, 185, 186.
hippocrepis (Sturnella),

358, 360.
hippocrepis (Sturnus), '

358.
hirundinacea (Euphonia),

69, 73, 75, 76.
hirundinacea (Phonasca),

75.
hirundinacea (Procnias),

50.
hirundinacea (Tanagra)

221.
Holoquiscalus, 393.
holosericeus (Amblycer-

cus), 326.
holosericeus (Ambly-

rhamphus), 350, 351.
holosericeus (Cacicus),

327.
holosericeus (Cassicus),

327.
holosericeus (Sturnella),

351.

416

holosericeus (Sturuus),

327.
holosericeus (Xantlior-

nus), 351.
Hooded Tanager, 223.
humeralis(Agela;us), 340,

342.
humeralis (Agrilorliinus),

8.
humeralis (Diglossa), 3,

g
humeralis (Icterus), 342.
humeralis (Leistes), 342.
humeralis (Pitylus), 303,

307.
humilis (Acroleptes),

71.
humilis (Euijhonia), 71.
humilis (Phonasca), 71.
hyperytbra (Diglossa), 4.
Hypobletis, 332.
hypomelas (Icterus), 363,

370.
hypomelas (Pendulmus),

370.
Hypophfca, 53, 84.
hvpopbsus (CUorospm-

gus), 238, 243.^
Hypopyrrhus, 388, 403.
Hypothlypis, 87.
hvpoxantha (Euphonia),

74,77.

Icteric Oriole, 382.
Icterioides, 362.
icterocephalus (Agelffius),

339, 340, 345, 350.
icterocephalus (Calliste),

108, 110.
icterocephalus (Chryso-

mus), 345.
icterocephalus (Leistes),

3-16. ' ^ , ^

icterocephalus (Oriolus),

345.
icterocephalus (Psaroco-

lius), 369.
icterocephalus (Xantho-

cephalus). 349, 3.'0.
icterocephalus (Xautho-

somus), 345.
icterouotus (Caciois),

321. . ,

icterouotus (Cassicus),

321.
icterouotus (Kampboce-

lus), 177. , . ^

icterouotus (Ramphopis)

178.
icterouotus (Rhampho-

coelus), 170, 177.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

icterouotus (Psarocolius),

321.
icterophrys (Saltator),

288, 289.
ieteropus (Pyranga), 193.
Icterus, 361, 362.
icterus (Oriolus), 382.
ignescens (Rampbocelus),

171.
ignescens (Tanagra), 171.
ignicapilla (Phoenico-

thraupis). 198.
ignicapilla (Pyranga),

198.
ignicrissa (Poecilothrau-

pis), 145.
igniventris (Aglaia),

145.
igniventris (Ansiogna-

thus), 145.
igniyentris (Poecilotbrau-

pis), 144, 145.
igniventris (Tanagra),

145.
ignobilis (Chlorospni-

gus), 238, 248.
ignobilis (Sphenops),

248.
ignobilis (Sphenopsis),

248.
Iliolopha, 58.
imthurmi (Agelseus), 340,

344.
indigotica (Diglossa), o,

10.
inflesirostris (Quiscalus),

394,401.
inornata (Buarremon),

255, 259.
inornata (CaUiste), 96,

121.
inornata (Nemosia),

230.
inornata (Tanagra), 158.
inornata (Thlypopsis),

228, 230.
insignis (Euphonia), 59,

60.
insignis (Nemosia), 226.
intercedens (Tachypho-

nus), 210.
intermedia (Diglossa), 7.
intermedius (Saltator)

284.
interrupta (Tanagra),

277.
iridina (Hypothlypis),

87.
iridina (Tanagra), 88.
iridina (Tanagrella), 87
88.

Iridornis, 139.
isthmicus (Saltator), 295^
iugularis (Fringilla),

293.
Ixothraupis, 95.

Jacapa, 169.

jacapa (Ramphocelus),

174.
iacapa (Ramphopis),

174.
iacapa (Ebamphoccelus),

169, 174.
jacapa (Tanagra), 174.
jamaoaii (Icterus), 364,

383.
jamacaii (Oriolus), 383.
Jamacii Oriole, 383.
Jamaica (Euphonia), 85.
Jamaica (Fringilla), 85.
Jamaica (Pyrrhuphonia),

85.
iaraaicensis (Chalco-

phanes), 402.
jamaicensis (Euphonia).

85.
jamaicensis (Sturnus),

398.
jelskii (Iridornis), 1.39,

141.
iugularis (Tanagra),
293.

labradorides (Calliste),

95, 129, 130.
labradorides (Cbalco-

thraupis), 130.
labradorides (Tanagra),

130.

lacrimosa(Anisognathus),

146.
lacrimosa (Tacbypbo-

nus), 146.
lacrvmosa (Dubusia).

146.
laerymosa (Pcecilothrau-

pis), 144, 146.
lafresnayi (Diglossa), 2,

3,7.
lafresnayi (rncirostrum),

7.
, Lampropsar, 388.

Lamprospiza, 281, 296.
Lamprotes, 231.
lamprotis (Calliste), 134.
laniirostris (Euphonia),

74, 76.
laniirostris (Phonasca),

76.
Lanio, 180, 201.

i

AIPHABETICAI INDEX..

417

larvata(Calliste), 96, 124,

126.
larvatus (Tatao), 125.
laticlavius (Saltator), 283,

292.
latinucha (Buarremon),

254, 255, 264.
latinuchus (Careno-

cbrous), 264.
latirostris (Oassicus),

311.
latirostris (Ocyalus), 310,

311.
laudabilis (Icterus), 363,

372.
lavinia (CaUiste), 116.
lawrencii (Lauio), 202,

205.
Leistes, 331, 348.
lessoni (Pendulinus),

373.
leiicocampter (Tanagra),

209.
leucocepbala (Tauagra),

143.
leucocephalus (Stephano-

phorus), 143.
leucogaster (Ohlorospin-

gus), 237, 249.
leucogaster (Dacnidea),

249.
leueogeuys (Dacuis), 18,

19, 25.
Ieucopha3a (Scbistochla-

mys), 301.
leucophaja (Tanagra),

301.
leucophrys (Chlorospin-

gu.s), 239.
leucophrys (Hylophilus),

246.
leucopis (Buarremon),

255, 261.
leucopterus (Arremon),

266.
leucopterus (Buarremou).

255, 266.
leucopterus (Careno-

cbrous), 266.
leucopterus (Oriolus),

206.
leucopterus (PjTauga),

189.
leucopterus (Pyrrota),

206.
leucopterus (Tanagra),

154.
leucopterus (Tacbypho-

nus), 206.
leucopteryx (Icterus). 364,

387.
VOL XI.

leucopteryx (Pendulinus),

387.
leucopteryx (Psarocolius),

387.
leucopvga (Euphonia),

71. "
Leucopj'gia, 221.
leucorhamphus (Cassicu-

lus), 323.
leucorhamphus (Xau-

tbornus), 323.
leucothorax (Lanio), 202,

203.
leucotis (CaUiste), 129.
leveriana (Oissopis), 299,

300.
leverianus (Lauius), 299.
Uchtensteini (Ohlorospin-

gus), 248.
lichtensteini (Euphonia),

74.
Uchtensteini (Phonasca),

74.
Lindo azul y oro, 64.
Lindo azul y oro cabeza

celeste, 61.
Lindo beUo, 113.
Lindo celeste oro y negro,

164.
Lindo precioso, 114.
Lindo saibobi, 157.
linnsei (Xantbornus),

380.
longipennis (Obloro-

pbonia), 53, 54.
longipennis (Euphonia),

54.
lougipes (Agelaus), 350.
longipes (Icterus), 350.
longipes (Xauthoce-

phalus), 350.
longirostris (Agelaius),

3S2.
longirostris (Ai'belo-

rhina), 34.
longu'ostris (Coereba), 34.
longirostris (Icterus),

382.
loricata (Tanagra), 231.
loricatus (Lamprotes),

231.
loricatus (Tacbyphonus),

232.
Lousiane Stare, 359.
loyca (Pezites), 356.
loyca (Stumella), 357.
loyca (Sturnus), 356.
loyca (Trupialis), 357.
luciani (Eampbocelus),

173.
luciani (Kamphopis), 1 73 .

luciani (Ehampbocoelus),

170, 173.
luci^a (Ooereba), 31,

35.
luctuosa (Pyranga), 208.
luctuosus (Taohypho-

uus), 206, 208, 214.
ludoviciana (Pyranga),

182, 191.
ludoviciana (Stm-nella),

358.
ludoviciana (Tanagra),

191.
ludoviciana hippocrepis

(Sturnella), 358.
ludoviciana meridionalis

(Sturnella), 359.
ludoviciana mexicana

(SturneUa), 358.
ludoviciana neglecta

(Sturnella), 358.
lugubris (^Ohalcophanes),

399, 402.
lugubris (Quiscalus), 394,

401,402.
luminosus (Quiscalus),

394, 402.
lunigera (OalUste), 129,

133.
lunulata (Pcecilothrau-

pis), 144.
lunulata (Tauagra), 144.
lunulata atricrissa (Poeci-

lothraupis), 145.
luteicapiUa (Acroleptes),

68.
luteicapiUa (Euphonia),

63, 68.
luteicapiUa (Phonasca),

68.
luteola (Certhiola), 36,

38, 40.
lute\is (Cassious), 321.

Macragela>us, 388, 403.

macrourus (Chalco-
phanes), 396.

macrurus (Quiscalus),
393, 396.

maeuh-alatus (Icterus),
363, 373.

maculi-alatus (Pendu-
linus), 374.

macuUpectus (Saltator),
294.

Magellanic Stare, 356.

magna (Alauda), 358.

magna (SturneUa), 358.

magna (Tanagra), 285.

magna, var. hippocrepis
(Sturnella), 358.
2b

418

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

magna, var. meridionalis

(Sturnella), 359.
magna, var. mexicana

(SturneUa), 358.
magna, yar. neglecte

(Stumella), 3.58.
magnirostris (Certliiola),

38.
magnirostris (Rampho-

celus), 174.
magnoides (Saltator),

282, 284.
magnus (Saltator), 282,

284, 285.
Magpie Shrike, 299.
major (Ohalcophaues),

395.
major (Cissopis), 299,

300.
major (Diglossa), 2, 3, 7.
major (Quiscalus), 393,

395.
major (Tliilius), 344.
major, var. maorurus

(Quiscalus), 39(3.
major, var. palustris

(Quiscalus), 397.
majuscula (Certhiola),

45.
Malacothraupis, 181,

216.
Manakin, Blue, 19.
Manakin, G-old-breasted,

80.^
marginalis (Icterus),

380.
martialis (Tanagra), 212.
martinicana (Certhiola),

37, 46.
martinicana sive sac-

charivora (Certhiola),

46.
martinicensis (Saltator),

296.
maxillaris (Cyrtotis),

•335.
maxillaris (Icterus),

335.
maxillaris (Molothrus),

335.
maxillosus (Saltator),

282, 287.
maximiliani (Tanagra),

162.
media (Cissopis), 299.
medius (Bethylus), 299.
Megaquiscalus, 393.
melaleucus (Oriolus),

206.
melaleucus (Tachypho-

nus), 205, 206.

melanicterus (Agelaius),

362.
melanicterus (Cassiculus),

328.
melanicterus (Cassicus),

328.
melanicterus (Gymuo-

mystax),361,362.
melanicterus (Icterus),

328.
melanicterus (Leistes),

362.
melanicterus (Pseudo-

leistes), 362.
melanocephalus (Buarre-

mon), 255, 261.
melanocephalus(Icterus),

362, 363, 375.
melanocephalus (Psaro-

colius), 375.
melanocephalus (Xan-
thomas), 375.
melanocephalus, var. au-

duboni (Icterus), 375.
melanochrysurus (Icte-
rus), 374.
Melanodiglossa, 2.
melanogaster (Rampho-

pis), 173.
melanogenys (Pcecilo-

thraupis), 144, 147.
melanolasmus (Buarre-

mon), 255, 263.
melanolaemus (Oareno-

chrous), 263.
melanoleuca (Lampro-

spiza), 296.
melanoleucus (Saltator),

296.
melanouota (Calliste), 92,

111,115.
melanouota venezuelensis

(Pipridea), 92.
melauopis (Saltator),

302.
melanopis (Tanagra),

302.
melanops (Buarremon),

255, 263.
melanops (Diglossa), 10.
melanops (Muscicapa),

220.
Melanopsar, 362.
melanopsis (Psarocolius),

370.
melanoptera (Tanagra),

160.
melanopterus (Icterus),

379.
melanopterus (Xanthor-

nus), 379.

melanopygius (Lanio),

202, 203.
melanota (Aglaia), 115.
melauota (Pipridea), 91.
melanota (Procnopis),

92.
melanota (Tanagra), 92.
melauotha (Tanagra),

92.
melauotis (Aglaia), 102.
melanotis (OalUste), 129,

131.
melanotis (Clilorospin-

gus), 238, 250.
melanotis (Dacnis), 22.
melauoxantha (Hemi-

thraupis), 226.
melanoxantha (Hylophi-

lus), 226.
melanoxantha (Sylvia),

226.
melanura (Euphonia), 70,

74, 78.
melanura (Phonasca),

78.
mentalis (Icterus), 384,

385.
meridse (Buarremon),

255, 266.
meridionalis (Sturnella),

359, 360.
mesochrysa (Euphonia),

81, 82.
mesomelas (Icterus), 363,

378.
mesomelas (Psarocolius),

378.
mesomelas (Xanthornus),

378.
mexicana (Aglaia), 121.
mexicana (Calliste), 120.
mexicana (Callospiza),

120.
mexicana (Certhiola), 36,

38.
mexicana (Embernagra),

260.
mexicana (Pyi-anga),

305.
mexicana (Sturnella),

358, 360.
mexicana (Tanagra), 120.
mexicanus (Cassidix),

329.
mexicanus (Corvus), 329.
mexicanus (Gymnomys-

tax), 362.
mexicanus (Oriolus),

362.
mexicanus (Scolecopba-

gus), 391.

ALPHABETICAI, lliTDEX.

419

microrhynchus (Caciciis),

325.
microrhynchus (Cassicu-

lus), 325.
microrhynchus (Cassi-

ciis), 321, 325.
Microspingus, 236, 252.
militaris (Agelaius), 348.
militaris (Leistes), 348.
militaris (Pezites), 357.
militaris (Sturnella), 357.
militaris (Sturnus), 356.
militaris (Tanagra), 348.
militaris (Trupialis),356,

357.
minor (Bethylus), 299.
minor (Oissopis), 299.
minor (Icterus), 336.
minor (Potamopsar),

389.
minor (Quisealus), 389.
minuta (Acroleptes), 71.
minuta (Euphonia), 64,

71.
miuuta (Phonasca), 71.
mississipensis (Tanagra),

182, 185.
mississippiensis (Pyran-

ga), 186.
mitrata (Nectarinia), 29.
modesta (Dacnis), 26.
Molothrus,331,332.
montana (Butliraupis),

147, 148.
montezuma (Cacicus),

313.
montezumse (Cassicus),

313.
montezumiE (Gymnosti-

nops), 313.
montezumiB (Ostinops),

313.
multicolor (SpiuclaUs),

1()6, hu.
multicolor (Tanagra),

167.
multicolor (Tanagrella),

88.
musica (Cyanophonia),

60.
musica (Euphone), 61.
musica (Euphonia), 58,
• 59.

musica (Oriolus), 378.
musica (Pipra), 59.
musica (Tanagi-a), 59.
muta (Tanagra), 291.
mystacalis (Arremon),

265.
mystacaUs (Buarremon),

267.

mystacalis (Diglossa), 2,

3,6.
mystacea (Diglossa), 6.

naiDensis (Tachyphonus),

212.
nattereri (Tachyphonus),

206, 213.
neglecta (Sturnella), 358,

360.
Nemosia, 221, 222.
Neornis, 47.
Nesopsar, 331, 353.
Nesospingus, 253, 271.
newtoni (Oerthiola),37,43.
niger (Cassicus), 329.
niger (Leistes), 354.
niger (Molothrus), 336.
niger (Oriolus), 398.
niger (Quisealus), 394,

398.
niger (Scoleeophagus),

390.
nigerrimus (Agelaius),

354.
nigerrimus (Amblycer-

cus), 327.
nigerrimus (Cassicus),

326.
nigerrimus (Icterus), 353.
nigerrimus (Nesopsar),

353.
nigerrimus (Psarocolius),

326.
nigerrimus (Tachypho-
nus), 206.
nigerrimus (Tanagra),

206.
nigricephala (Spindalis),

165, 166.
nigricephala (Tanagra),

166.
nigriceps (Arremon), 273,

277.
nigi'icincta (Calliste), 124,

126.
nigricollis (Euphonia),

59, 61.
nigricollis (Tanagra), 61,

224.
nigrifrons (Chlorospin-

gus), 247.
nigrigula (Tanagra), 224.
nigrigularis (]^emosia),

224.
nigrigularis (Eamphoce-

lus), 171.
nigrigularis(Ramphopis),

171.
nigrigularis (Rhampho-

coelus), 170, 171.

nigrigularis (Xanthor-

nus), 380.
nigripes (Dacnis), 18, 19,

21.
nigrirostris (Arremon),

273, 276.
nigriviridis (Calliste), 96,

122.
nigriviridis berlepschi

_ (Calliste), 123.
nigro-cincta (Aglaia),

126.
nigro-cincta (CaUiste),

126.
nigro-cincta (Chalco-

thraupis), 126.
nigrogularis (Icterus),

380.
nigrogularis (Tanagra),

171.
nigroTiridis (Callispiza),

123.
nigroviridis(Chalcotbrau-

pis), 123.
nigroviridis (Tanagra),

122.
nitens (Quiscala), 394.
nitida (Arbelorhina), 36.
nitida (Ccereba), 31, 35.
nitidissima (Chloro-

chrysa), 90, 91.
nitidissimus (Tachypho-
nus), 206, 214.
notabilis (Compsocoma),

150, 152.
notabilis (Tanagra), 152.

oberi (Icterus), 363, 372.
obscurus (Molothrus),

333.
occidentalis (Procnias),

.50,51,52.
occipitalis (Acrocompsa),

57.
occipitalis (Chloropho-

nia), 53, 57.
occipitalis (Euphonia),

57.
occipitalis (Orcliesticus),

297.
occipitalis (Tanagra),297.
ochraceus (Chloros^jin-

gus), 238, 251.
ochrascens (Euphonia),

67.
oclirochlora (Certhia), 33.
ochrogastra (Euphone),

79.
ochronota (Tanagra), 114.
oehropygos (Tachypho-
nus), 212.

420

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Ocyalus,309, 311.
oleagineus (Chlorospin-

gus), 248.
oleaijineus (Ostinops),315,

319.
oUvacea (Certhiclea), 27,

28.
olivacea(Chlorotbraupis),

194, 195.
olivaeea (Euphonia), 71.
olivacea (Poospiza), 240.
olivaeea (Tanagra), 71.
olivaceus (Agrilorhinus),

3.
olivaceua (Chlorospin-

gus), 237, 240.
olivaceus (Orthogonys),

195.
olivascens (Saltator), 283,

285, 289, 294.
olivascens (Tanagra),

160.
olivascens (Tbraupis),160.
olivicyanea (Dubusia),

163.
olivicyanea (Tachypho-

nus), 163.
olivicyanea (Tanagra),

154, 163.
oliviua (Tanagra), 302.
ophthalmicus (Arremon),

238.
ophthalmicus (Chloro-

spingus), 237, 238.
ophthalmicus (Pipilop-

sis), 239.
orbignii (Arremon), 272,

274.
Orchesticus, 281, 297.
orenocensis (Saltator),

283, 291.
Oreomanes, 12.
Oreotbraupis, 298.
Organiste, 59.
Orgauiste de S. Domin-

gue, 59.
Oriole, Baltimore, 364.
Oriole, Black-crowned,

362.
Oriole, Gold-headed, 369.
Oriole, Icteric, 382.
Oriole, Jamacii, 383.
Oriole, Eiee, 390.
Oriole, Yellow- winged,

369.
oriolides (Leistes). 352.
ornata (Nemosia), 230.
ornata (Tanagra), 154,

161.
ornata (Thlypopsis), 228,

230.

ornata ( Tbraupis), 161.
Orthogonys, 180, 193.
oryzivora (Oassidix), 329.
oryzivora (Passerina),

331.
oryzivorus (Dolichonyx),

331.
oryzivorus (Emberiza),

331.
oryzivorus (Oriolus), 329.
oserj'i (Cassicus), 310.
oseryi (Clypeicterus),

310.
Ostinops, 309, 315.

palliatus (Cassicus), 329.
palliatus (Psarocolius),

329.
pallidinucha (Arremon),

268.
pallidinuclia (Atlepetes),

268.
palUdinucha (Buarre-

mon), 256, 268.
pallidinucha (Tanagra),

268.
paUidinucbus (Careno-

chrous), 268.
palmarum (Arremon),

234.
palmarum (Phoenicopbi-

lus), 233.
palmarum (Tacbypho-

nus), 234.
palmarum (Tanagra),

154, 159.
palmarum (Tbraupis),

160.
palmarum (Turdus),

234.
palmarmn melanoptera

(Tanagra), 160.
palmarum violilavata

(Tanagra), 160.
palpebrosa (Poecilothrau-

pis), 144, 146.
palpebrosa (Tanagra),

146.
palustris (Quiscahis), 397.
palustris (Scaphidurus),

397.
paradisea (Aglaia), 96.
paradiseus (Tatao), 96.
pardalotes (Tanagra), 84.
parina (Xenodacnis), 17.
parisorum (Icterus), 362,

363, 374.
parisorum (Xanthornus),

374.
parzudakii (Calliste), 129,

132.

parzudakii (Chryso-

thraupis), 132.
parzudakii (Tanagra),

132.
passerinii (Eampbocelus),

176.
passerinii (Eamphopis),

176.
passerinii (Ebampho-

coelus), 170, 176.
pecoris (Agelaiis), 333.
peooris (Emberiza), 333.
pecoris (Fringilla), 333.
pecoris (^Molotbrus), 332,

333.
pecoris, var. obscurus

(Molotbrus), 333.
pectoralis (Diglossa), 3, 6.
pectoralis (Euphonia), 79,

80.
pectoralis (Icterus), 364,

385.
pectoralis (Nemosia), 230.
pectoralis (Pipra), 80.
pectoralis (Psarocolius),

385.
pectoralis (Thlypopsis),

228, 230.
pectoralis espinachi (Icte-
rus), 385.
Pedopsaris, 358.
Pendidinus, 362.
penicillata (Eucometis),

217.
penicillata (Tachypho-

nus), 217.
penicillata (Tanagra),

217.
penicillata (Trichothrau-

pis), 218.
Periporpbyrus, 303.
peripoi'pbyrus (Pendu-

linus), 368.
persicus (Cacicus), 321,

322.
persicus (Cassicus), 320,

321.
persicus (Oriolus), 321.
personatus (Agrilorhi-
nus), 10.
personatus (Arremon),

270.
personatus (Buarremon),

256, 270.
personatus (Diglossa),

2, 3, 10, 11.
personatus (Icterus),

387.
personatus (Pipilopsis),

270.
pei-souatus (Pitylus),306.

ALPHABETICAL INBEX.

421

personatus(Pvrrhocoma),

270.
personatus (Tanagra),

293.
perspicillatus (Psaroeo-

lius), 350.
perspicillatus (Xantho-

cephalus), 350.
peruana (Hemithraupis),

227.
peruana (Nemosia), 223,

227.
peruviana (Aglaia), 117.
peruviana (CaUiste), 1 15.
peruviana (Certhiola),

38.
peruviana (Phcenico-

thraupis), 199.
peruviana (Quiscalus),

396.
peruviana (Tanagra),

11.5.
Pezites, 356.
Pezopetes, 253.
pbseocepbalus (Cbloro-

spingus), 238, 243.
phffiopleurus (Buarre-

mon), 255, 256.
Phlogotliraupis, 139,

178.
phceniceus (Agelaeus),

339, 340, 346.
plioeniceus (Agelaius),

340.
phceniceus (Oriolus), 340.
phceniceus (Tachypho-

nus), 206, 208.
phceniceus, var. assimilis

(AgeL-eus), 341.
phoeuiceus, var. guberna-

tor (Agelaius), 341.
phceniceus, var. tricolor

(Agelaius), 342.
Pbcenicopbilus, 233.
Pbcenicosoma, 181.
Phoenicothraupis, 180,

195.
pbcenicotis (CaUiparsea),

90.
pbcenicotis (Calhste), 90.
pbcenicotis (Cblorocbry-

sa), 89, 90.
Pboenisoma, 181.
Phonasca. 58.
picatus (Bethylus), 299,

300.
picatus (Lanius), 299.
Pico de punzon amarilla

barba negra, 224.
Pico de punzon azul y

canela, 92.

Pico de punzon negro

azul y bianco, 223.
Pie Pie-grieche, 300.
pUeata (Nemosia), 222,

223.
pileata (Tanagra), 223.
pileatus (Cblorospingus).

238, 241.
Pipilopsis, 254.
Pipit bleu de Cayenne,

19, 22.
Pipit bleu de Surinam,

87.
Pipridea, 86, 91.
Piranga, 181.
Pitylus, 298, 303.
plumbea (Dacnis), 19,'26.
plumbea (Diiilossa), 3, 9.
plumbea (Euphonia), 81,

83.
plumbea (Sylvia), 26.
plumbeiceps (Saltator),

283, 289.
plumbeus (Saltator), 289.
Pcecilornis, 139.
Poecilotbraupis, 139, 144.
Pogonothraupis, 201.
Polidacnis, 18.
poliocephalus ^Dulus),

234.
poliocephalus (Eupho-
nia), 83.
poliocephalus (Pbcenico-
pbilus), 234.
poliogaster (Pitylus), 303,

307.
polionotus (Arremon),

273, 278.
PoUopsar, 362.
popayanus (Ocyalus),

311.
porphyrio (Tanagra),

196.
porphyroeephala (Iridor-

nis), 140, 141.
portorieensis (Certhiola),

37, 41, 42.
portorieensis (Icterus),

363, 371.
portorieensis (Spindalis),

166, 167.
portorieensis (Tanagra),

167.
portorieensis (Xantbor-

nus), 371.
postocularis (Chloros23iu-

gus), 238, 240.
Potamopsar, 388.
prajlatus (Tanagra), 158.
prasina (Cblorornis),

281.

prasina (Psittospiza),

281.
prasina (Tanagra), 281.
preciosa (Callispzia),

114.
preciosa (Calliste), 114.
predatorius (Sturnus),

340.
pretiosa (Calliste), 111,

114.
pretrei (Euj>houia), 56.
pretrei (Tanagra), 56,

168.
pretrii (Cblorophonia),

53, 56.
pretrii (Spindalis), 165,

166, 168.
prevosti (Cassicus), 327.
l^revostii (Amblyram-

phus), 327.
prevostii (Cassiculus),

327.
Procnias, 60.
Procnopis, 86, 91, 93.
propinquus (Tacbypho-

nus), 209.
prosthemelas (Icterus),

363, 373.
prosthemelas (Penduli-

nus), 373.
prosthemelas (Xanthor-

nus), 373.
Psarocolius, 315.
Pseudodacuis, 86, 138.
Pseudoleistes, 231, 351.
psittacina (Tanagra),

304.
psittacinus (Saltator),

304.
Psittospiza, 280, 281.
pidcberrima (Dacnis), 18,

24.
pulcherrima aiu-einucha

(Dacnis), 25.
pulcbra (Calhste), 108,

109.
pulcbra (Calospiza), 109.
pulcbra iequatorialis

(Calliste), 109.
pumila (Euphonia), 71.
pimctata (CaUiste), 95,

103. 104.
punctata (CaUospiza),

105.
punctata (Isothraupis),

104.
punctata (Tanagra), 104.
punctulata (Calliste),103,

104.
punctulatus (Cblorospin-
gus), 238, 241.

422

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Purple Grakle, 394.
p\irpurascens(Chloroplia-

nes), 31.
purpurascens (Molo-

thrus), 333, 337.
purpurascens (Xanthor-

nus), 337-
purpuratus (Quiscalus),

394.
purpureus (Euphonia),

74.
purpureus (Quiscalus),

394.
purpureus (Eainphoce-

lus), 174.
purpureus, var. ceneus

(Quiscalus), 394.
purpureus, yar. aglaius

(Quiscalus), 394.
pusilla (Isothi-aupis),

106.
pustulatus (Agelaius),

345.
pustulatus (Icterus), 364,

386.
pustulatus (Psarocolius),

386.
Pyrauga, 180, 181.
pyrohypogaster (Cassi-

cus), 403.
pyrohypogaster (Quisca-
lus), 403.
pyrrhocepbala (Pyranga),

192.
pyrrhoceplialus(Sturnus),

351.
Pyrrhocoma, 221, 222.
Pyrrliodiglossa, 2.
pyrrhogaster (Ilypo-

pyrrhus), 403.
pyrrhogaster (Quiscalus),

403.
pyrrhophrys (Euphonia),

56.
pyrrhopterus (Agelaius),

368.
pyi-rhopterus (Hyplian-

tes), 368.
pyrrhopterus (Icterus),

362, 363, 368.
pyrrhopterus (Psaroco-

Uus), 368.
pyrrhopterus (Xanthor-

nus), 368.
Pvrrhuphonia, 53, 85.
Pyri-ota, 205.
pyrypogaster (Hypo-

pyrrhus), 403.

quadricolor (Tachypho-
nus),,220.

quadricolor (Tricho-

thraupis), 220.
quadrivittata (Fringilla),

257.
quajacina (Pyranga), 198.
Quiscalus, 388, 393.
quiscalus (Chalcophanes).

394.
quiscula (Gracula), 394.

Eamphocele bec-d'argent,

174.
Ramphocele scarlette,170.
Eamphooelus, 169.
Bauiphopis, 169.
raptor (Pyrrhula), 283.
rectirostris (Quiscalus),

400.
Eed Tanager, 188.
Red-breasted Tanager,

174.
reinhardti |(Iridornis),

139, 140.
reyi (Chlorospingus),

238, 247.
Ehamphocoelus, 139, 169.
rhodinola'ma (Phoenico-

thraupis), 196, 199.
Eice Oriole, 390.
riefferi (Chlorornis), 281.
rieiFeri (Psittospiza), 281.
riefferi- (Saltator), 281,

282.
rieflferi (Tanagra), 281.
robustus (Molothrus),

334, 337.
Roller, Cayenne, 286.
roraimje (Chlorophonia),

63, 56.
roseigularis (Pyranga),

181, 187.
rourii (Nemosia), 223,

224.
rouverdin (Tangara), 116,

118.
ruber (Agelaius), 351.
ruber (Amblyrhaniphus),

351.
ruber (Cassicus), 325.
ruber (Oriolus), 351.
ruber (Saltator), 186.
ruber (Tachyphonus),

198.
rubica (Phoenicotbrau-

pis), 195,196,198,199.
rubica (Pyranga), 196.
rubicoides (Phoenico-

thraupis), 196,197,199,

200.
rubicoides (Saltator), 197.
rubicus (Saltator), 196.

rubious (Tachyphonus),

196.
rubra (Muscicapa), 182.
rubra (Phoenicosoma),

188.
rubra (Phoenicothraupis),

196, 197, 198.
rubra (Pyranga), 181.
rubra (Sturnella), 351.
rubra (Tanagra), 188.
rubricapiUus (Japus),

351.
rubriceps (Pyranga), 182,

192;
rubricolHs (Tanagra),

100, 231.
rubrifrons (Tachypho-
nus), 209.
rubrigularis (Tanagra),

231.
rubrirostris (Arremon),

246.
rubrirostris (Chlorospin-
gus), 238, 246.
rubrirostris (Hemispin-

gus), 246.
rubrirostris (Nemosia),

246.
rubrirostris (Pipilopsis),

246.
rufa (Tanagra), 206.
ruficapilla (Calliste), 111.
ruficapilla (Hemithrau-

pis), 225.
ruficapilla (Nemosia),

222, 223, 225.
ruficapilla (Sylvia), 225.
rufleapillus (Agelseus),

339, 340, 347.
ruficapillua (Dolichonyx),

347.
rufleapillus (Xanthoso-

mus), 347.
ruficeps (Acroleptes), 68.
ruficeps (Euphonia), 63,

68.
ruficeps (Hemithraupis),

225.
ruficeps (Hylophilus),

225, 231.
ruficeps (Nemosia), 222,

229, 231.
ruficeps (Phonasca), 68.
ruficeps (Pipilopsis), 222.
ruficeps (Pyrrhocoma),

222.
ruficeps (Sylvia), 231.
ruficeps (Tachyphonus),

2'72 229.
ruficeps (Thlypop8is),228,

231.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

423

ruficeps (Trupialis), 347.
riificerTix (Oalliste), '06,

129, 130.
riiflcervix (Chalcothrau-

pis), 129.
ruflcervix (Tanagra), 129.
ruficollis (Agelaius), 347.
ruficollis (Gerthiola), 48.
I'uficollis (Cypsnagra)

221.
ruficollis (Glossiptila), 47,

48.
ruficollis (Leucopygia),

221.
ruficollis (PjTrbulagra),

48.
ruficollis (Tanagra), 48,

221.
ruficollis (Tauagrella),

48.
rufl-dorsalis (Arremou),

276.
rufigenis (Calliste), 129,

132.
rufigula (Calliste), 107.
rufigula (Tauagrella),

107.
ruflgularis (Calliste), 103,

107.
rufigularis (Tacbypho-

nus), 48.
rufinucba (AiTeuion),

21)3, 269.
rufinucba (Buarremon),

255, 263.
rufinucba (Embernagra),

263.
rufiventer (Tanagra),

213.
rufiventris (Eupbonia),

79, 80.
rufiventris (Saltator),

283, 285, 293.
rufiventris (Tacbypbo-

nus), 206, 213.
rufiventris (Tanagi-a),

79.
rufivertex (Arremou),

129, 140.
rufivertex (Eupbonia),

72.
rufivertex (Iridosornis),

140.
rufivertex (Poecilornis),

140.
rul'o-axillaris (Molo-

tbrus), 333, 338.
rut'o-cinerea (Dacnis), 14.
rufum (Conirostrum),
13, 14.

saccliarina (Certbiola),

37, 42.
saira (Pyranga), 181,

185.
saira (Tanagra), 185.
saira, var. testacea (Py-
ranga), 185.
salmoni (Dacnis), 19, 27.
salmoni (Ostinops), 315,

317.
Saltator, 281, 282.
salvini (Icterus), 378.
salvini (Pboenicotbrau-

pis), 196, 200.
sanctK-tboma3 ( Certbi-
ola), 37, 42, 43.
sanguinolenta (Pblogo-

tbraupis), 178.
sanguinolenta (Pyranga),

190.
sanguinolentus (Eani-

pbocelus), 178.
sanguinolentus (Tacby-

phonus), 178.
sanguinolentus(Tanagra),

178.
satui-ata (Eupbonia), 64,

70.
saturata (Pbonasca), 70.
saturatus (Acroleptes),

70.
saucius (Tacbyphonus),

209.
sayaca (Tanagra), 154,

156, 158.
sayaca (Tbraupis), 159.
Scapbidiu-us, 329, 393.
scbistaceus (Atlapetes),

267.
scbistaceus (Buarremon),

256, 267, 268.
scbistaceus (Oareuo-

cbrous), 267.
scbistaceus (Tanagra),

267.
Scbistocblamys, 298, 301.
scblegeli (Arremou),

273, 279.
scbrankii (Aglaia), 102.
scbraukii (Calliste), 98,

102.
scbrankii (Callospiza),

102.
scbrankii (Cbrvsotbrau-

pis), 102.
scbrankii (Tanagra),

102.
solateri (Calliste), 108,

123.
sclateri (Eupbonia), 59,

60.

sclateri (Icterus), 364,

385.
sclateri (Tanagra), 154,

155.
Scolecophagus, 388, 390.
scottii (Icterus), 374.
seebobmi (Buarremon),

255, 267.
seebobmi (Carenocbrous),

267.
selysia (Dubusia), 153.
selysia (Tanagra), 153.
semifuscus (Cblorospin-

gus), 238, 24r4.
semirufus (Buarremon),

254, 256, 269.
semirufus (Pipilopsis),

269.
semii'ufus (Tanagra), 269.
semitorquatus ( Arremon),

273, 277.
septicolor (Tauagra), 97.
sericeus (Icterus), 336.
sericeus (Molobrus), 336.
sericeus (Molotbrus), 336.
sericeus (Scolecopbagus),

336.
Sericossypha, 231 , 232.
serioptera (Tanagra), 154.
serioptera (Tbraupis),

154.
serrirostris (Acroleptes),

64.
serrirostris (Eupbonia),

64.
serrirostris (Pbonasca),

64.
Serrirostrum, 2.
Sbrike, Magpie, 299.
signatus (Cblorospingus),

238, 241.
silens (Arremon), 272,

273, 274, 276.
silens (Embernagi-a), 274.
silens (Tanagra), 273.
Silent Tanager, 273.
similis (Diglossa), 4.
similis (Saltator), 282,

287.
sincipitalis (Ostinops),

315, 318.
sittaceum (Uncirostrum),

3.
sittaceus (Agrilorbinus),

3.
sitticolor (Conirostrum),

13.
sittoides (Diglossa), 3, 4.
sodiroi (Clilorocbrysa),91 .
soUtarius (Amblycercus),

326, 327.

424

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

solitarius (Cassiculus),

326.
solitarius (Cassicus), 326.
Sooty Grosbeak, 304.
sordida (Buavremon),

268.
sordida (Nemosia), 228,

229.
sordida (Saltator), 293.
sordida (Thlypopsis), 228,

229.
speciosa (Dacnis), 19, 26.
speciosa (Sylvia), 26.
speciosa (Sylvicoia), 26.
spectabilis (Arremou),

272, 275.
specularis (Buarremon),

264.
speculiferus (Chloro-

spingus), 272.
Bpeeulifenis (Nesospiii-

gus), 271, 272.
speculiferus (Tanagra),

226.
speculigera (Conothrau-

pis), 280.
speculigera (Diucopis),

280.
speculigera (Scbisto-

cblamys), 280.
Spiudalis, 139, 165.
spiza (Certbia), 29.
spiza ( Obloropbanes), 29.
spiza (Ooereba), 29.
spiza (Dacuis), 29.
Spizampelis, 165.
spodionotus (Buarre-
mon), 255, 264.
spodionotus (Careno-

chrous), 264.
siJodocepbala (Euco-

metis), 217, 219.
spodocepbalus (Cbloro-

spingus), 219.
spuriiis (Icterus), 362,

363, 366.
spurius (Oriolus), 366.
spurius (Pendulinus),

367.
spurius (Xantbornus),

367.
spurius (Ypbantes), 367.
spurius affinis (Icterus),

367.
Stare, Lousiane, 359.
Stare, Magellanic, 356.
Stepbanophorus,139, 143.
stolzmanni (Cbloro-
tbraupis), 194, 195.
stolzmanni (Pboenico-
tlii-aupis), l95.

stolzmanni (Urotbraupis),

251.
striata (Aglaia), 164, 165.
striata (Tanagra), 164,

1()5.
striatipectus (Saltator),

294.
strictifrons (Acroleptes),

71.
strictifrons (Euphonia),

71.
Sturnella, 355, 358.
subalaris (Agelaius), 403.
subalaris (Macragelseus),

403.
subalaris (Quiscalus),

403.
subcinerea (Tanagra),

163.
sucbii (Leistes), 352.
sucbii (Tachypbonus),

220.
sulcirostris (Agelaius),

405.
sulcirostris (Icterus), 405.
sumicbrasti (Dives), 391.
sumichrasti (Quiscalus),

392.
Summer Tanager, 182.
sumptuosa (Oompso-

coma), 150, 151.
sumptuosa(Sericossypba),

2.32.
sumptuosa (Tacbypbo-

nus), 151.
sumptuosa (Tanagra),

151.
sumptuosa cyauoptera

(Compsocoma), 151.
sundevalli (Oertbiola),

37, 44.
superciliaris (Ari-emon),

246.
superciliaris (Cbloro-

spingus), 237, 246.
superciliaris (Hemispin-

gus), 246.
superciliaris (Leistes),

349.
superciliaris (Nemosia),

246.
superciliaris (Pipilopsis),

246.
superciliaris (Saltator),

283,287,291.
superciliaris (Tanagra),

287,291.
superciliaris (Trupialis),

349.
superciliaris nigrifrons
(Oblorospingus), 247.

surinamensis (Certbia),

33.
surinamensis (Merula),

211.
surinamensis (Tacbypbo-

nus), 211.
surinamensis ca3rulea

(Syh-ia), 88.
surinamus (Tacbypho-

nus), 206, 211.
siu'inamus (Turdus),

211.
surinamus napensis

(Tacbypbonus), 212.
swainsoni (Tanagra),

156, 159.

Tacbypboue a (Epaulettes

bleues, 193.
Tacbypbonus, 180, 205.
taczanowskii (Buarre-
mon), 256, 267.
taczanowskii (Careno-

cbrous), 267.
tseniata (Arremon), 152.
tffiniata (Dubusia), 152.
tteniatus (Tanagra),

152.
Tanager, Black-faced,

303.
Tanager, Black-beaded,

204.
Tanager, Brazilian, 170.
Tanager, Crested, 210.
Tanager, Divaricated,

296.
Tanager, Grand, 286.
Tanager, Green-headed,

99, 100.
Tanager, Hooded, 223.
Tanager, Bed, 188.
Tanager, Eed-breasted,

174.
Tanager, Eufous-

tbroated, 48.
Tanager, Silent, 273.
Tanager, Spotted Eme-
rald, 105.
Tanager, Summer, 182.
Tanager, Variegated, 182.
Tanager, Yellow, 113.
Tanagra, 139, 153.
Tanagrella, 86, 87.
tanagrinus (Icterus), 388.
tanagriuus (Lampropsar),

388.
Tangara bleu de Cayenne,

119.
Tangara du Bresil, 97,

170.
Tangara du Canada, 188.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

425

Tangara a coiffe uoire,

223.
Tangara 4 coiffe noiro

de Cayenne, 223.
Tangara a cravatto noiro

de Cayenne, 301.
Tangara tiveque, 160.
Taugara des grauds bois,

260.
Tangara de la Guyaiie,

273.
Tangara hupe de Cay-
enne, 210.
Tangara liupe de la Gui-

ane, 212.
Tangara jauue a tete

noire, 204.
Tangara du Mississipi,

182.
Tangara noir d'Ame-

rique, 2(Xi.
Tangara olive a gorge

noire de Cayenne, 224.
Tangara du Perou, 116.
Tangara petit Syacou,

106.
Tangara pourpre de Cay-
enne, 174.
Tangara tachetiS de Cay-
enne, 106.
Tangara varie a tiJte bleue

de Cayenne, 100.
Tangara vari6 a tete verte

de Cayenne, 99.
Tangaroux de Cayenne,

206.
Tangavio, 335.
Tatao, 95.

tatao (Callispiza), 96.
tatao (Calliste), 95, 96.
tatao (Tanagra), 96, 99.
taylori (Calliste), 129,

130.
tenuirostris (Lanio), 208.
tenuirostris (Quisealus),

393, 397.
tenuirostris (Tanagrella),

88.
Tephrodiglossa, 2.
Tersa, 50.
tersa (Ampelis), 50.
tersa (Procnias), 50.
Tersina, 50.
testacea (Pyranga), 181,

184.
thalassina (Calliste), 12(5.
thalassina (Cliryso-

tliraupis), 126.
Thilius, 339.
thilius (Agelceus), 339,

340, 343.
VOL. XI.

thilius (Agelasticus), 343.
thilius (Turdus), 343.
Thlypopsis, 221, 228.
thoracica (Calliste), 98,

101.
tlioracica (Chrysothrau-

pis), 101.
thoracica (Tanagra), 101.
tlioracica (Callispiza),

101.
Thraupis, 153.
tibialis (Buarreuion),

255, 262.

tibialis (Icterus), 363,

370.
tibialis (Pendulinua), 370.
tibialis (Tachyphonus),

262.
tibicen (Euphoue), 62.
Titmouse, Bahama, 37.
Tordo de bosque torqiiato,

274.
Tordo cabeza amarilla,

346.
Tordo ehopi, 405.
Tordo comuu, 336.
Tordo corona de canela,

347.
Tordo degollado tercero,

349.
Tordo Dragon, 352.
Tordo grande, 329.
Tordo guirahuro, 352.
Tordo negro cabeza roxa,

351.
Tordo negro cobijas ama-

rillas, 343.
Tordo negro cobijas de

canela, 368.
Tordo negro y vario,

344.
Tordo pardo-roxizo, 338.
torquatus (Ai'remou),

273.
torquatus (Buarremon),

254, 255, 256.
torquatus (Embernagra),

256.
torrejoni (Chlorophonia),

53, 55.
Tricbothraupis, 181, 220.
triehroa (Tanagra), 100.
tricolor (Agelaeus), 340,

342.
tricolor (Buarremon),

256, 269.

tricolor (Callispiza), 99.
tricolor (Calliste), 95, 98,

99.
tricolor (Carenochrou.';),

269.

tricolor (Certhiola), 36,

38.
tricolor (Icterus), 342.
tricolor (Tanagra), 99,

100.
tricolor (Tatao), 99.
trifasciatus (Microspin-

gus), 252.
Triglyphidia, 53.
trinitatis (Acroleptes),

66.
trinitatis (Euphonia), 63,

66.
trinitatis (Phonasca), 66.
Troupiale a ailes rouges

de la Louisiane, 340.
Troupiale de la Caroline,

333.
Troupiale jauue a calotte

noire de Cayenne, 362.
Troupiale noire de St.

Dominguo, 398.
Troupiale rouge, 351.
Troupialis, 355, 356.
typica (Chrysopoga), 259.

ultramarina (Dacnis), 19.
ultramarina (Tanagra),

88.
umbilicalis (Euphonia),

80.
umbilicalis (Tanagra), 80.
Uucirostrum, 2.
uuicolor (Icterus), 405.
unicolor (Leistes), 345.
unicolor (Psarocolius),

405.
unicolor (Ramphocelus),

174.
uropygialis (Casaicus),

321,325.
uropygialis (Ramphoee-

lu.s), 173.
uropygialis (Rhampho-

coelus), 170, 173.
Urothraupis, 236, 251.

valerii (Pyrrota), 207.
Talerii (Tachvpbouus),

207.
validus (Saltator), 293.
varians (Ramphocelus),

177, 178.
variegata (Tanagra), 182.
Variegated Tanager, 182.
vassori (Diva), 93.
vassori (Procnopis), 93.
vaiisorii (Tanagra), 93.
vegeta (Tanagra), 194.
velia (Motacilla), 87, 88.
vdia (Tanagra), 87.
2f

426

ALrHABETICAL INDEX.

Telia (Tanagrella), 87,

88._
veneris (Hemispingus),

242.
Tenezuelensis (Pipri-

dea), 92.
venezuelensis (Rampho-

celus), 174.
ventralis (Procnias), 50.
Tenusta (Calliste), 129,

133.
venuBta (Dacuis), 18, 24.
TenuBtus (Cyanicterus),

193.
Tersicolor (Calliste), 111,

113.
versicolor (Lanio), 202,

204.
versicolor (Pyranga),

204.
versicolor (Quiscalus),

393, 394.
versicolor (Tacbypho-

nus), 204.
versicolor £eneus (Quisca-
lus), 394.
versicolor nglaius (Quisca-
lus), 394.
verticalis (Chlorospin-

gus), 238, 248.
verticalis (Oreurgops),

215.
verticalis (Neniosia),

248.
vicarius (Tanagra), 162.
vicarius (Thravipis), 162.
victoriui (Oompsoconia),

150.
victorini (Tachyi^honus),

150.
victorini (Tanagra), 150.
vieilloti (CaUisle), 120.
vieilloti (Cassidix), 329.
vieilloti (Lanio), 210.
vigorsi (Saltator), 288.
vigorsi (Tacbyphonus),

213.
viguieri (Dacnis), 18, 23.
vinacea (Phoenicotbrau-

pis), 196, 197.
violacea (Euphonia), 52,

68, 73, 74.
violacea (Icterus), 336.
violacea (Phonasca), 74.
liolacea (Tanagra), 74.
violacea, var. cbloi-otica

(Tanagra), 64.
violacea, var. minor (Eu-

pbone), 74.
violaceieollis(Acroleptes),

64.

violaceicollis (Eupbonia),

64.
virens (Tanagra), 158.
virentieeps (Buarremou),

265, 267.
virescens (Agelaius), 352.
virescens (Calliste), 106.
virescens (Icterus), 352,

370, 375.
virescens (Leistes), 352.
virescens (Pseudoleistes),

352.
viridis (Caryotbraustes),

306.
viridis (Cassicus), 316.
viridis (Cbloropbonia),

53, 54, 55.
viridis (Coccotbraustes),

30(5.
■viridis (Eupbonia), 64.
viridis (Fringilla), 306.
viridis (Leistes), 352.
viridis (Oriolus), 316.
viridis (Ortbogonys), 193,

194.
viridis (Ostinops), 315,

316.
viridis (Pitylus), 303,

306.
viridis (Procnias), 54.
viridis (Psarocobus). 316.
viridis (Pseudoleistes),

352.
viridis (Tanagra), 194.
viridissima (Aglaia), 118.
viridissima (Calliste),

118.
viridissima (Gyrola),

118.
vitellinus (Buarremon),

260.
vitellinus (Cassicus), 322.
vitriolina (Callispiza),

111.
vitriolina (Calliste), 111.
vittata (Aglaia), 92.
vittata (Calliste), 92.
vittata (Euphonia), 79,

80.
vittata (Tanagra), 92.
vulgaris (Icterus), 362,

364, 382.

wagleri (Cacicus), 312.
vvagleri (Eucorysles), 310,

311,312.
wagleri (Icterus), 362,

363, 372.
wagleri (Pendulinus),

372.
Warbler, Guira, 224.

warcewiezi (Dives), 392.

warcewiezi(Lampropsar),
392.

wbitelyi (Calliste), 135,
136.

Wbite-tbroated Gros-
beak, 303.

wilsoni (Aglaia), 126.

wilsoni (Calliste), 126.

wucbereri (Arremon),
273, 278.

xantbocarpua (Agelaius),

343, 350.
xantliocepbala (Calliste),

129, 134.
xantbocepbala (Callo-

spiza), 134.
xantbocepbala (Cbryso-

tbraupis), 134.
xantbocepbala (Icterus),

350.
Xantbocepbalus, 331,349.
xantbogaster (Acrolep-

tes), 67.
xautbogastra (Calliste),

103, 106.
xautbogastra (Euphonia),

63, 67.
xantbogastra (Phonasca),

67.
xantbogenys (Buarre-
mon), 268.
xanthomas (Agelseus),

340, 343.
xanthomus (Hyphantes),

343.
xanthomus (Icterus), 343.
xantbopbrys (Ohlorospin-

gus), 247.
xantbopbtbalma (Dac-
nis), 249.
xantbopbtbalmus (Chlo-

rospingus), 238, 249.
xanthopygius (Cbryso-

mus), 346.
xanthopygius (Tacby-
phonus), 206, 209.
Xanthomus, 362.
xanthomus (Icterus),

31)3, 380.
xantliornus (Oriolus),

380.
xanthomus, var. dubusi

(Icterus), 381.
Xanthosomus, 339.
Xenodacuis, 12, 17.

Yapvi negro, 326.
Yapii negro y air.arillo,
323.

Yellow-winged Oriole,

369.
yeni (Aglaia), 97.
yeni (Oalliste), 9(5, 97.
yeni (Callospiza), 97.
yeni (Tanagra), 97.
yeni (Tatao), 97.
Ypbantes, 392.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Ypopliaaa, 84.

yuracares (Cassicus), 314.

yuracarium (Cassicus),

314.
yuracarium (Gymno-

stinops), 313, 314.
yuracarium (Ostiuops),

314.

427

zena (Fringilla), 169.
zena (Spiudalis), 166,

168, 169.
zena (Tanagra), 166, 168,

169.
zenoides (Tanagra), 168.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate I.

Page
DigJossa mysiacalis 6

Plate IT.

Fig. 1. Conirostrum fraseri, cT 15

Fig. 2. Dacnis salmoni, $ 27

Both from the typical specimens.

Plate III.
Fig. 1. Dacnis coerebicolor, c?

} ''

Fig. 2. „ „ 2

From the typical specimens.

Plate IV.

Chlorophanes purpiirascens, cj 31

From the typical specimen.

Plate V.

Fig. 1. CertJiiola martinicana 46

Fig. 2. dominicana (from the typical specimen) 44

Plate VI.

Fig. 1. Chloroplionia roraimce, S 56

Fig. 2. jluvirostris (from the typical specimen) 56

430 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Plate VII.

Fig. 1. Euplionia concinna, (J |

Fig. 2. „ „ ? }

From the typical specimens.

Plate VIII.
Fig. 1. EuphoniafiiiscM, J (from the typical specimen) .... 70
Fig. 2. saturata, c? 70

Plate IX.

Fig. 1. Euplionia melantira, S \ _^

Fig. 2. „ „ 2 1

From the typical specimens.

Plate X.
Euphonia vittata (from the typical specimen) 80

Plate XI.
Phoenicothraupis c/iUturalis 201

Plate XII.
Fig. 1. Nemosia albi^idaris, S i

}

Fig. 2. „ „ $

From the typical specimens.

Plate XIII.
Fig. 1. Thhjpopsis oniata, d (from the typical specimen) .... 230
Fig. 2. inornata, S 230

Plate XIV
Buarremon leucopis (from the typical specimen) .... 261

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 431

Plate XV.

Page
Buarremon comj^)tus (from the typical specimen) 264

Plate XVI.
Buarremon tricolor 269

Plate XVII.
Arremon ivuchereri (from the typical specimen) 278

Plate XVIII.

Icterus Jiauxivelli (from the typical specimen). Re-
duced I 377

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