/3 oU^. CATALOGUE BIRDS B R IT I S H M TJ S E U M. Vnr.UME XII. LONDON: PRINTED BY OBDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1888. CATALOGUE PASSERIFORMES, PERCHING BIRDS, COLLECTION BRITISH. MUSEUM. FRINGILLIFORMES: Part III. CONTAINING THE FAMILY FRINGILLIDJE. BY R. BOWDLER SHARPE. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1888. PlilNTED BY TAYLOR AND FPAKCIS, KKI> LION COURT, FLEET STHEET. PREFACE. Wi rn the remarkable increase of the collection of Birds this volume of the ' Catalogue ' has assumed a bulkier shape than any of its predecessors. In fact, since the commencement of the work in 1874 the collection has been nearly trebled, so that the species described in the present volume are represented on an average by a series of about seventeen examples each. In the Preface to Volume X. it was my pleasing duty to place on record the acquisition of two most important collections of South-American Birds. These accessions were quickly followed by the equally valuable gifts of two celebrated collections of Birds of the Old "World — both formed by ornithologists who thoroughly understood the requirements of modern Ornithology as -to the methods and principles of collecting. The first of these donations is the collection formed by Allan 0. Hume, Esq., C.B., beyond comparison the most extensive, com- plete, and important that has ever been formed of the birds of the British Asiatic Empire. Beside the specimens obtained by the donor himself and the collectors employed by him, this collection embraces the Mandelli collection from Sikkim and Tibet, Brooks' North-Western and Central-Indian Birds, Bingham's collection from Delhi and Tcnasserim, Scully's collection from Turkestan, and others. It consists of 63,000 bird-skins, 18,500 eggs, and 500 nests. Many of the species, the number of which has been computed at 2000, are represented by long series very completely illustrating their geographical distribution and variation according to age, season, or locality. The second collection is that formed hy the late Marquess of Tweeddale and bequeathed by him to Capt. E. G. Wardlaw Ramsay, •who has noAV deposited it in the British Museum. The value of this collection for the "British Museum consists chiefly of the Birds obtained in countries of Asia beyond the limits of the British Empire ; it thus supplements in most important points the Hume collection, and it is calculated that, after the elimination of dupli- cates, some 25,000 specimens -will be added to the British Museum. The removal of the Natural History Department into a new and more commodious building has no doubt had much to do with the almost simultaneous accession of collections for the reception of ■which there would not have been room in the old building. But the chief causes by which the donors of these magnificent col- lections were moved to deposit them in the National Museum are to be sought in the scrupulous care bestowed on the preservation of the specimens as well as in the rigorous adherence by the Trustees to the principle of rendering them subservient to scientific use as far as this is compatible with safe custody. I believe a ' Catalogue ' like the present to be the best instrument for attaining this latter object. It renders necessary a thorough examination of the specimens, and communicates the results of such examination to studeuts in every part of the Globe ; whilst by the carefully compiled lists of the specimens their orderly arrange- ment is secured, and their existence in the Museum permanently placed on record, so that the loss of any of them could not fail to be discovered. Ornithologists will therefore learn with great satisfaction that H.M. Treasury has recently sanctioned proposals by which the progress of this work will be much accelerated. ALBERT GUNTHER. Zoological Department, 0 Jan., 1888. INTRODUCTION. The number of specimens of FringillidcB recorded in the present volume is 9443, exceeding by several thousands the contents of any previous volume of the ' Catalogue of Birds.' The number of species recorded is 559, of which only 30 are unrepresented in tbe Museum collection, which contains likewise the types of no less than 125 species. The line of demarcation between the families FringillidcB and Tanagridce seems to be au extremely arbitrary one, and many genera included by me as Finches are just as likely to be Tanagers, if there is really a definable character for the separation of the two families. I allude more especially to such forms as Piezorhina, Ohamceospiza, Coryphospingus, &c. Some distinctive cbaracters may ultimately be discovered in the anatomy of the FringillidcB and Tanagridce which will serve to separate them ; but at preseut the whole classi- fication of these birds is highly unsatisfactory. Equally difficult is it to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion with regard to the value of the various subspecies and varietal forms found in North America. It is probable that these can only be properly studied in American museums, although, thanks to the liberal donations of the United States National Museum, Mr. G. B. Sennett, Mr. H. K. Coale, and other correspondents, I have had a better series of North-American birds at my disposal than has ever been my lot before. Some of the races recognizer! by the American Ornithologists' Union in their authoritative ' Check-list ' I have been able clearly to recognize. In other cases the series of skins has been sufficient to show an absolute connection between several forms of Nearctic Finches : whilst some of the differences put forward by American ornithologists appear to me to be insufficient to recognize many of their subspecies. When the British Museum possesses a Vlll INTRODUCTION. series of North -American skins of equal extent to the Hume Col- lection of Indian Birds, then I shall he ahle to speak with more confidence on the relations of Nearctic species. The value of the recent donations of their great collections by Mr. Allan Hume, Capt. "Wardlaw Kamsay, and Messrs. 0. Salvin and F. Du Cane Godman is amply illustrated in the following pages, and needs no words of mine to enhance it. The Museum has recently received some very important gifts from other quarters, which have heen of the utmost assistance in the preparation of this volume of the ' Catalogue.' Amongst these may be mentioned the following: — A collection from Lado and the Monbuttu country in Equatorial Africa, presented by Emin Pasha. This collection added several species to the Eritish Museum ; but they unfortunately arrived too late to be incorporated in the body of the work, and are included in the Appendix. Many interesting species of Finches and Buntings from various parts of the Bussian Empire, received in exchange from the Imperial Museum of St. Petersburg. The collection of FringillidcE formed by the late Mr. W. A. Forbes, and bequeathed by him to the British Museum. I likewise desire to express my sincere thanks to the following gentlemen who have materially assisted me in the preparation of the present volume either by the loan or donation of specimens to the Museum : — Capt. Bingham, W. Davison, Esq., Prof. Giglioli, E. Hargitt, Esq., J. F. Jackson, Esq., G. Frean Morcom, Esq., Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill, Henry Seebohm, Esq., Captain Shelley, Colonel Swinhoe, and Canon Tristram. The same symbols are employed as have been customary in pre- vious volumes of the ' Catalogue.' " [P.] " means " Presented by ; " " [C ] "= " Collected by ; " " [E.] " = " Bcceived in Exchange." R. BOWDLER SHARPE. Dec. 10, 1887. SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Order PASSERIFORMES. Suborder PASSEEES. I. ACEOMYODI. a. Passeres normales (continued). Section FRINGILLI FORMES. Fam. Fbixgiliidj:, Subfaru. I. Coccotheaustix.t:. Page 1. Geospiza, Gould 6 1. magnirostris, Gould. ... 7 2. strenua, Gould 8 3. dubia, Gould 9 4. fortis, Gould 10 5. nebulosa, Gould 11 6. deutirostris, Gould .... 11 7. difficilis, Sharpe 12 8. fuliginosa, Gould 12 9. parvula, Gould 13 2. Camarbyncbus, Gould .... 14 1. variegatus, Scl. 8f Sale. . 15 2. crassirostris, Gould .... 16 3. psittaculus, Gould .... 16 4. babeli, Scl. § Sate 17 5. prosthemelas, Scl. 8^ Salv. 17 3. Cactomis. Gould 18 1. assirnilis, Gould 18 2. scandens, Gould 19 3. abingdoni, Scl-. c)- Salv. . 20 4. pallida, Scl. $ Salv 20 4. Chloris, Cuv 21,817 1. chloris (L.) 21 a. cblorotica (Licht.) . . 26 2. sinica(L.) 26,817 3. kawarahiba ( T.$S.) 28, 818 •5. Eophona, Gould 28 1. melanura, Gm 28,818 2. personata ( T. §■ 6'.) . . 30, 818 Page 0. Chaunoproctus, Bp 31 1. ferreirostris ( Yuj.) .... 31 7. Hesperiphona, Bp 32 1. vespertina (Cooper). ... 32 2. abeilla?i (Lest.) 34 8. Coccothraustes, Brhs 36 1. coccothraustes (L.) . .36,818 a. japonicus, T. $ S. 39, 818 2. biimii, Sharpe 40, 818 9. Mycerobas, Cab 41 1. rnelanoxantbus (Hdgs.) \ R1„ 10. Pycnorharupbus, Hume . . 43 l/icteroides ( Vig.) 44, 819 2. affinis (Bli/fh) 46, 819 3. carneipes '(Hodgs.) . .47, 819 11. Pbeucticus, Reichenb 50 a. bonapartii, Salvad. . . 50 1. chrysopeplus (Vig.). ... 51 2. cbrvsogaster (Less.). ... 52 3. tibialis, Later 53 4. aureiventris, D'Orb. fy Lafr 54 5. uropygialis, Scl. $■ Salv. . 55 6. crissalis, Scl. §• Salv. . . 56 12. Hedymeles, Cab 58 1. ludovicianus (L.) 58 2. melanocepbalus (Stv.) . . 62 13. Guiraca, Sw 65 1. cserulea, L 66,819 2. parellina ( Bp.) 69, 819 a. indigotica (Ridgic.) . . 819 3. cyanea (L.) 71 a. argentina, Sharpe. ... 73 4. cyanoides (Lafr.) 73 5. coucreta (Dubus) 74 6. glaiicocrerulea (If Orb.) . 75 14. Oryzoborus, Cab 76 1. torridus (Stop.) 77 2. maximiliani (Cab.) .... 78 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. •3. crassirostris {Gin.) .... 79 4. cceideutalis, »S'<;7 80 5. nuttingi, Biigw 80 0. funereus, Scl 81,819 7. atrirostris, Scl. $• Salv. . 81 15. Loxigilla, Less 82 1. violaeea (L.) 82 2. ncctis (L.) 84 3. propinqua, Later 85 4. anoxantba (Gosse) .... 85 5. portoricensis (Laud.) . . 87 6. grandis (Later. ) 87 16. Neorhynclius, Scl 87 1 . nasesus (Up.) 88 2. devronis ( T'err.) 89 16*. Piezorbiua, Lafr 89 1. cinerea, Lafr 89 17. Spermophila, Sw 90 1. albigularis (Spi.v) .... 93 2. bypoleuca (Licht.) .... 94 8. grisea ( Gm.) 96 4. plumbea (Neuwied) .... '.'7 a. ■whiteleyana, Sharpe . 98 /3. colombiana, Sharpe . '■ 9 5. superciliaris, Pelz 99 6. simplex, Tacz 100 7. obscura, Tacz 101 8. pauper, Berl. § Tacz. . . 102 9. telasco (Less.) 102 10. inornata (Lafr.) 104 11. liomocbroa, Scl 105 12. analis (D'Orb.) 106 13. analoides (Lafr.) 107 14. castaneiventris (Cab.) . . 108 15. minuta(Z.) 109,820 16. bypoxantha (Cab.) 111 17. palustris, Barrows .... 112 18. nigroaurantia (Bodd.) . 113 19. mgionifa(D'Orb4Lafr.) 114 20. pileata, Scl 115 21. cueullata (Bodcl.) 116 a. poliuiiuta, Sharpe. . . . 118 22. luelanocephala ( /".).... 118 23. torqueola, Bp 119 24. albitorquis, Sharpe .... 120 25. ophthalmica, Scl 120 26. lineata ( Gm.) 121 27. moreleti (Bp.) .... 12:;. 820 28. parva, Lawr 124 29. ca?rulescens, Bonn, et Vieill 126 30. gutturalis (Licht.) 128, 820 31. ocellata, Scl. # Salv. . . 130 32. lineola, L 131 n. trinitatis, Sharpe .... 132 j3. amazonica, Sharpe . . 182 33. aurita, Bp J 38 84. luctuosa, Lafr 135 35. corvina, Scl 137 36. bicolor (U Orb. § Lafr.) 138 17 a. Dolospingus, Elliot .... 141 1. nucbalis, Elliot 141 17 J. Melopyrrba, Bp 141 1. nigra (L.) 141 18. Catamblyrhynchus, Lafr. 142 1. diadema, Lafr 142 19. Pbonipara, Bp 148 1. canora (Gm.) 144 2. lepida (Jacqj .... 145,820 a. pusilla (Sw.) 147 3. bicolor (L.) 149 a. ruarchii, Baird Io0 4. fuliginosa (Neuwied) 151, 820 20. Volatinia, Reickenb 1 52 1. jacarini \L.) 102. 820 21. Amaurospiza, Cab 156 1. coccolor, Cab 156 2. sequatorialis, Sharpe . . 157 3. axillaris, Sharpe ...... 157 22. Pyrrbuloxia, Bp 158 1. sinuata (Bp.) 158 23. Cardinalis. Bp 160 1. cardinalis (L.) 16], 820 a. coccineus, Baird JL t ">-";. 820 (3. igueus, Baird 104 /3'. yucatanicus, Bidgw. 820 y. carneus (L. ) 166 d. superbus, Bidgw L65 2. pbceniceus, Bp 166 Subfam. II. Feixgili.ix.i:. 24. Fringilla,Z 170 1. tevdea, W. $ B 170 2. caidebs, L 171 8. maderenftis, Sharpe .... 17-~> a. moreleti, Pitcher 17(5 /3. canadensis, Vieill. . . 177 4. spodiogenys, Bp. . . 177. 821 ■'>. montifringilla, L.. . 178, 821 25. Procarduelis, Jlodgs 182 1. nipalensis (Hodgs.) .... 182 2. rubescens, Blanf. 184 26. Carduelis, Briss. '. 185 1. carduelis (L.) 185, 821 2. caniceps, Vig 189, 82 1 27. Chrysomitris, Boie 192 1. tikis (L.) 195,821 2. yarrelli (And.) ins 8. spinescens (Licht.) .... 199 4. sclateri, Sharpe 200 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 6. atrieeps, »$'?> Bus. . 209 11. stejnegeri, Sharpe .... 210 12. uropygialis, Scl ^-11 IS. atrata (IT Orb. $ Lafr. ). 212 14. spinus (Z.) 212,822 15. barbata (Molina ) 216 16. icterica (Licht.) 217 a. capitalis, Cab 219 |S. boliviana, Sharpe .... 220 y. longirostris, Sharpe . . 220 8. sieiniradzkii, Ber- lepsch ty Tacz 221 17. notata (Du Bus) 221 18. forreri, Salvia 8[ Godman 222 19. nigriceps (Riipp.) 222 20. lawrencii ( Cass.) 223 21. cucullata (Sw.).' -J2', 22. tbibetana, Hume 220 23. pious (Wils.) 227 24. citrinelloides (Hupp.) . . 229 25. melanops (Heugl.) .... 229 26. citrinella (L.) 230 27. totta (Sparrm.) 231 28. Callacantbis, Rciehenb. . . 232 1. burtbni (Gould) . . 232,822 29. Loximitris, Bryant 233 1. dominicerisi*. Bryant . . 234 80. Acanthidops, Ridgw 2-14 1. bairdi, Ridgw 234 31. Acanthis, Bechst 235 1. flaviroatria (L.) 236 2. brevirostria ( lip. ) . . 238, 822 3. cannabina (L.) 240, 822 a. fringiiliroatria ( Bp. 8c Sc/if.) 244,822 4. linaria (L.) 245, 322 a. bolboelli(7W<»i) 250, 823 /3. rostrata ( Coues ) 25 ! . 823 y. rufescensf Vieill.) 252, 823 5. exilipes (Coues) . . 27,4, 823 a. homemaimi( Holboc/l) 2"ji> 32. jMonlifriugilla, Brehm . . 257 1. nivalis (L. ) 2-j9 2. alpicola (PaU.) 260 3. adamsi, Moore 261, 823 4. mandellii, Hume 262 5. ruficollis, Blanft .. 203,823 6. blanfordi, Hume 264 7. davidiana (Verr.). . 265,823 8. sordida (Stoi.) .... 266, 823 Page 9. nemoricola (Hodgs.) .. 268 10. brandti (B'/>.) .'... 269. 824 11. arctoa (PaU.) 272 Ha. roborowskii, Prjev. . . . 824 12. gigliolii ( Salvad. ) . . 273, 824 13. tepbrocotis (Sw.) 273 14. atrata (Ridgw.) 274 1 •">. auatralia ( Allen) 275 16. griseimicba (Brandt | . . 27") 17. littoralis (Baird) 277 J278 824 33. Khodopecbvs, Cab 280 1. aanguinea ( Gould) . . 2^0, 824 34. Rhvnchostruthus, .SW. §■ Hartl 281 1. socotvauus, Scl. fy Hartl. 282 35. Rbodospiza, Sharpe .... 282 1. obsoleta (Licht.) . . 282,824 36. Erythrospiza, Bp 284 1. gitbaginea (Licht.) .... 284 2. inongoliea (Swinh.) 287,824 37. Petronia, Kaap 288 1. petronia (L.) 289,824 2. brachydactyla, Bp. 292,825 3. flavicollia (FranTd.) 293,825 4. dentata (Sundev.) . . 295,825 5. pyrgita (Heugl.) 296 6. petronella ( Licht.) 297. 825 38. Passer, Briss 298 1. montanus (L.) 301,825 2. saturatuB, Stejneger 807, 825 3. domjesticua (L.) ' . . 307, 326 a. griseigularis, Sharpe 313 4. italiaa (Vieill.) 315 5. pyrrhonotua, Blyth .... 316 r oi 7 6. hispanioleusis ( Temm.) < q0 •, 7. insularia, Scl. 8f Hartl. . 321 8. moabiticua, Tristr 321 9. yatii, Sharpe 322 10. jaguensis ( Gould). . 322, S26 11. motitensis, Smith 324 12. ruficinctus, Fisch. $■ Reich 325, 826 14. castanopterus, Blyth . . 328 15. rutilans, Temm. . . 329, 827 16. assimilis, Walden. . 329, 827 17. flaveolus, Blyth . . 330, 827 18. emini (Hartl.) 332, 827 19. arcuatus ( Gm.) .... 333, 827 20. swainsoni (Riipp.) 334, 827 21. diffusus (Smith) . . 336,827 22. ammodendri,'S'e rcrlz. 337, 828 SYSTEMATIC INDEX. Page 23. tiruidus, Prjevalski .... 339 24. simplex (Licht.) 339 25. luteus (Licht.) 340 26. euchlorus (Licht.) 341 39. Poliospiza, Bp 342 1. gularis (Smith) 343 2. tristriata (Hupp.) 345 3. rufibrunnea ( Gray) .... 34G 40. Alario, Bp 346 1. alario(Z.) 346 41. Serinus, Koch 348 1. canicollis (Sw.) 350 2. flavivertex (Blanf.) 351 3. sulpburatus (L.) 352 4. flaviventris (Sic.) 353 5. iniberbis ( Cab.) 355 6. icterus (Bonn. §■ Vieill.) 1 g.9g 7. capistratus (Finsch) . . 359 8. albigularis (Smith) 360 9. crocopygius (Shaipe) . . 360 10. leucopterus (Sharpe) .. 361 11. scotops ( Sunder. ) 362 12. BtnolatxiB (BAipp.) . • 363, 828 13. burtoni ( Gray ) 364 14. xanthopygius, Rtipp. 365, 828 15. leucopygius (Sundev.). . 366 16. angolensis ( Gm.). . 367, 828 17. serimis (L.) 368, 828 a. eanaria (L.) 370 18. canonieus, Dresser. .372, 829 19. pectoralis, Murray .... 372 20. pusillus (Pall). . '. . 373, 829 42.83x^118,^^ 376 1. flaveola (L.) 377 a. Jamaica;, Shaipe. . . . 379 2. colombiana, Cab 37'. > 3. pelzelni, Scl. 380 4. arvensia (Kittl) .. 382,829 a. luteiventria (Meyer). 383 /3. minor, Cab 384 y. clirysops, Scl 384 5. taczanowskii, Sharpe . . 385 43. Pyrrhoplectes, Hoclys. . . 386 1. epauletta (Hoclgs.) 386 44. Carpodacus, Kaup 387 1. erythrmus (Pall.). . 391,829 2. sipahi (JEodgs.) 397 3. rubicilla ( Guld.) . . 399, 829 4. severtzovi, Sharpe. . 400,829 5. rubicilloides, Prjev 402 6. stoliczkae ( Hume ) 403 7. sinaiticus, Bp. cy Schl. . . 403 is. ferifasciatus, Verr 404 9. grandis, Blyth .... 404, 830 10. ihodochlam*ys(£/'f^.)406, 830 Page U.roseus (Pall.) .... 407,830 12. purpureus ( Gm.) . . 409, 830 13. cassini, Baird 412 14. rbodochrous ( Tig.) ■ ■ . ■ 413 15. verreauxi, David 415 16. yinaceus, For 416 17. rbodopeplus ( Vig.) .... 417 18. edwardsi, Verr 418, 830 19. frontalis (Say) .... 420, 830 19a. ruberrimus, Ridgw . . . . 830 20. mexicanus (P. L. S. Midi.) 422 21. roseipectus, Sharpe .... 424 22. amplus, JRidgw 424 23. tbura, Bp. # Schl. 425, 830 24. dubius, Prjev 427 25. ambiguus (Hume) .... 428 1 429 26. pulcberrimns (Hodgs.) < 031 45. Pyrrbospiza, Hodgs 431 1. punicea, Hodgs 431 a. bumii, Sharpe 433 2. longirostris, Prjer 433 3. olivacea, (Fraser) .... 434 46. Loxia, L 435 1. curvirostra, L 435, 831 2. bifasciata ( Brehm ) 442, 831 a. leucoptera, Gm. 44-'!. 831 47. Pvrrbula, Briss 445 1. pjTrlrala (L.) .... 446,831 a. kamtschatica, Tacz.. . 447 2. europfea, Vieill. . . 447, 832 3. griseiventris, Lofr. 44'. t, KJ2 a. kurilensis, Sharpe 450, -v-"'- 4. rosacea, Seebohm . . 451. 832 5. cassini, Baird 1">] 6. mirrina, Godman 452 7. nipalensis, Hodgs.. . 453,832 8. eritbacus, Blyth 455 9. aurantiaca, Gould. . 455, ^'■>- 10. erytkrocephala, Vig. 457,832 48. Pinicola ( Vieill.) 459 1. enucleator (L.) ... 459,832 2. kodiaca, Bidgw 832 49. Propyrrliula, Hodgs 462 1. subhimalayensis, Hodgs. 462 50. Uragus, Keys. ^- Bias 464 1. sibiricus (Pall.) . . 464, 833 2. sanguinolentus (Temm. $ Schl.) 466,833 3. lepidus, David Sf Oust. . 407 Subfam. III. Emberizix.e. 51. Urocynclnamus. Pijev. . . 472 1. pylzowi, Prejv 472 SYSTEMATIC IXDEX. Xlll r>i'. IVnlnilorlivneba, Giql. . . 473 1. paluafcria (Sari) .. 473,833 2. pyrrhuloidea {Pall.) 474. 833 3. pyrrhidina ( Swinh. ) 475 63. Emberiza, Briss 470 1. scbceniclus, Z 480, 833 2. passeriua, Pail. .... 485, 833 3. yessoensis (Sicinh.) . . 186 4. pusilla, Pall 487,834 5. rustica, Pall. 490,834 6. fucata, PaU.\ 46'... 519] 836 20. pereonata, Temm.. . 521, 336 2 1 . spi idocephala, Pall. 522, 836 --• rjrIu^ % 525, 836 26. cinerea, Slrickl. . . 529, 836 24. hortulana, Z ;>-;o, 837 25. buchanani, Blyth. . 533)837 26. caesia, Cretzschm.. . 535,837 -' • P»> L 537, 837 a. atracheyi, Moore 539, 837 28. gjodlewakii, Tacz 542 29. cioides, Brandt . . 542, ->.;- 30. castaneiceps, Moore 544, 838 31. ciopsis, Bp .-, j j 32. tristrami, Swmh. . . 545. 838 33. Btewarti, Blyth 547,838 34. leucocepbala, Gm. 549, 838 54. Miliaria, Brehm 553 1. miliaria (Z.) 552,839 55. Fnngillaria, Sw 557 1. tahapisi (Swinh.) 558 2. septemstriata (-Rubb.) if5** o . • , 1*39 •j. striolata, Z«;A2. . . 561 839 4. saharae, 7Ws*r ' 5(53 5. impetuani ( &nj^ ) ... 503 6. capensia (Z.) .-,,;.- 7. variabilis ( Temm ) 566,839 56. Melophus, Sw 568 _ L melanicterua (Gm.) 568,839 5/ . Plectrophenax, Stejn. . . . 572 1. nivalis (Z.) ...'... 572 839 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. la. townsendi, Ridgw. . . s'40 2. hyperhareus, Ridgw. . . 577 Calcarius, Bechst .-,7;) 1. lapponicus(Z.) .. 579 340 2. pictuB {And ah.) 584 3. ornatus ( Towns. ) 580 Kbyncopbanes, Baird 589 1. maccownj (Zator.) .... 589 C'bomlestes, Sio 599 1. grammiea (Sag) ...... 591 Calamospiza, Bp. 593 1. bicolor (Towns.) ...... 593 Zonotrichia, .Sv 590 1. querula) Nutt.) .....[ 597 2. albicollis ( Gm.) . . 598 840 3. coronata (Pall.) 600 4. vulcani, Boucard 502 ■">. leucophrys (Forst.) .... 603 a. gambeli (Nutt.) .... OOH 6. 8trigicep8, Gould 608 - wliitii. Sharpe 608 8. canicapilla, Gould .... 609 9. pileata ( Bodd. ) 610 « 'yanospiza, Baird . . . 613 J- ciria (L.) "'■ 614 2. cyanea (L.) (;i - 3. amoena (Say) ........ 620 4. roaitae, Lawr. ' 620 Porphyroapiza, Scl. \ Sato. 625 I. pulehra, Sharpe .. 625 840 Haploapiza, Cab '020 1. unicolor (Lieht.) <;~>i; 2. uiiifoniiis, Scl. $ Solo. '. 627 I. Amphispiza, Coues . . . 627 1. bflineata | Cass.) ' 628 2. belli 1 Cass.) g29 a. nevadenaia (Ridgw.) . 630 3. quinque8triata (Set. $ Salv. ) 632 7. Pooapiza, CM ' ' u-fl 1. thoracica (Nordm.) . . . . 634 2. boliviana, Sharpe. 634 3. eaesar, &i # 5Wy. . . . ' (i;}- 4. hypocbondriaca (D'Orb , AZaJr.) " 636 o. bonapartu, Scl 637 6. melanoleuca (HOrb & - J'afr-) 638 7. cinerea ( Cub.) 639 8. personata (Sw ) . '" ^49 ,oWhj?'^ ■■•641 m erythrophrys, Scl. . . . 642 11. prnata, Landb. ... ' 543 12. supereilioaa (Sw.). '. ..[' 643 13. assimilis, Cab. . . . 044 1 4. t- >rquata( Z>- Oi-6. .y Z«/)'-. ) 645 63. SYSTEMATIC: INDEX. Page 68. Juuco, Wagl, 046 1. bienialis'(Z.) .... 647,840 a. carolinensis, Brewst. . 649 2. aikeni, Ridgw 649 3. oregonus ( Towns.) .... 650 3a. sbufeldti, Coale 840 4. anuectens, Baird 651 5. insularis, Ridgw 652 6. bairdi, Ridgw 653 7. cinereus, Siv 053 8. cauiceps ( Woodh.) .... 054 0. palliatus, Ridgw 655 10. dorsalis, Henry 055 1 1 . alticola, Salv 656 69. Spizella, Bp 657 1. monticola (Gm.) 057 a. ocbracea, Brewst 659 2. socialia (WHs.) _ 660 3. pinetorum, Salvin .... 663 4. pusilla (Wils.) 664 5. wortbeni, Ridgw 666 6. pallida (Sw.) 666 7. breweri, Cass 668 8. atrigularis (Cab.) .... 009 70. Pooecetes, Baird 670 1. gramineus (Gm.) .... 670 a. confinis, Baird 672 71. Passerculus, Bp 074 1. sandwicbensisf Gm.) 674, 840 2. princeps, Mayn 679 3. rostratus (Cass.) 680 4. bairdi (Audub.) 081 72. Animodromus, Sw 683 1. maritimua ( Wils.) .... 083 2. nigrescens, Ridgw 685 3. caudacutus (Gm.) .... 685 4. savannarum (Gm.) 687,840 5. benslowi (Audub.) .... 690 6. manimbe (Lieht.). . 691, 840 7. peruanus (Bp.) 693 8. petenicus, Salv 094 9. lecontei (Audub.) 695 73. Melospiza, Baird 696 1. georgiana (Lath.) .... 697 2. iincolni (Audub.) 098 3. fasciata (Gm.) 701 a. fallax (Baird) 703 3. heermanni, Baird . . 704 y. sarauelis (Baird) .... 705 8. guttata ( Gambel) 700 4. cinerea (Gm.) 707 74. Peuceea, Audub 708 1. aestivalis (Lieht.) 700 n. bachmani (Audub.) . . 710 /3. arizonrp, Ridgiv 710 y. botterii (Scl.) 711 2. cassiui ( Woodh.) 712 3. ruficeps (Cass.) 712 a. bomochlauivs, Sharpe 713 /3. boucardi, Set 714 y. notosticta, Scl. fy Salv. 715 4. carpalis, Cones 715 75. Passerella, Sw 716 1. iliaca (Merr.) 717 2. uualascbensis (Gm.) . . 718 a. schistacea, Baird. . . . 720 3. niegarbyncba, Baird . 7i>!> 70. Hseiuopbila, Sir 721 1. superciliosa (Sw.) 722 2. acuminata (Lieht.) .... 723 3. lawrencii, Salv. Sf Godin. 723 4. ruficauda (Bp.) 724 5.'rufescens (Sw.) 724 0. Bumichrasti, Lawr 726 7. stolzuianni, Taez 727 8. humeralis, Cab 727 9. mystacalis (Harll.) 72^ 10. pulcbra, Scl. 729 77. Chauiaeospiza, Scl 730 1. torquata (Dubus) 730 78. Pvrgisoma, Bp 731 1. rubiicatum (Lieht.) . . 731 2. kieneri, Bp 732 3. biarcuatuui (Prev. fy Des Murs) 733 4. cabauisi, Scl. fy Salv. . . 7;>4 5. occipitale, Sale 735 ('•. leucote ( Cob.) 73. striaticeps, Lafr 762 7. conirostris (Bp.) 763 8. cbrysoma. Sel 764 9. chloronota, Sale 764 10. verticalis, Ridgw 7< 5 83. Corvpbospiza, Gray .... 765 1. albifrons (Vieill.) 706 2. rnelanotis (Temm,) .... 7"* >7 84. Emberizoides, Tetnm 768 ] . macrurus ( Gm. ) 768 a. herbicola (. Vieill.) . . 769 85. Spiza, Bp 770 1. americana (Gm.) 770 2. townsendi (Audttb.). . . . 774 80. Pseudocbloris, Sharpe. . . . 774 1. lutea (D'Orb. $ Lafr.) . . 775 2. luteocephala (D Orb. &• Lafr.) 776 3. uropvgialis (D'Orb. $• Lafr.) . 776 4. aureiventris (Phil. fy Landb.) 777 5. mendozae, Sharpe 778 6. citrina (Peh.) 77'. > 7. pratensis, Cab. 779 •s7. Nesospiza, Cab 77;' 1. acunha?, Cab 780 88. Phrygilus 781 1. gayi (Eyd. 8? Gerr.). . . . 781 2. aldunatii (Gay.) 783 3. caniceps, Burnt 784 a. punensis, Ridgw 785 /3. bolivianos, Sharpe . . 785 4. atriceps (D' Orb .# Lafr.) 786 5. melanoderus (Q. $■ G.) 786 6. xantbogrammus (Gray) 789 7. fruticeti (KM.) '. . 7!>0 Page 8. carbonari ns, Barm 791 9. unicolor (D' Orb. § Lafr.) 792 10. alaudinus (Kittl.). .... 793 11. plebeiua. Cab 795 12. ocularis, Scl 796 13. erythronotua, Ph. Sf Landb 796 89. Idiopsar, Cass 797 1. bracbyurua, Cass 797 90. Spodiornis, Ski 798 1. jardinii, »S'c7. 79-! 2. jelskii, Tacz 798 91. Xenospino-us 799 1. concolor< D'Orb.$Lafr.) 799 92. Diuca, Reichenb 800 1. grisea (Less.) 800 2. minor, Bp 801 3. Bpecuiifera (D'Orb. &• Lafr.) 802 93. ( Joryphospingua 802 1. cristatus (Gm.) 803 2. pileatus (Neutoied) .... 804 94. Lopbospingus, Cab 805 1. pusillus, Cab 805 95. Scliistospiza, Sharpe .... 806 ]. griseoeristata (D'Orb. $ Lafr.) 806 90. Tiaris, Sw 807 1. ornata (Neutoied) 807 97. Rhodospingus, Sharpe. . . . 808 1. cruentus (Less.) 808 2. men talis, Sharpe 809 98. Paroaria 809 1. cucullata (Lath.) 809 2. larvata (Budcl.) 811 3. capitata (D'Orb. # Lafr.) 812 4. gularis (L.) 813 5. cervicalis, Scl. 814 6. nigrigenys (Lafr.) .... N]4 99. Gubernatrix 815 1. cristata ( V.) 815 CAT A ;L O G U E BIRDS Order II. PASSERIFORMES (Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 1). Suborder I. PASSERES (Cat. B. vol. iii. p. 6). Section B. FR1NGILLIFORMES (NINE-QUILLED PASSERES) (Cf. Cat. B. vol. x- pp. 1, 2). Family FRINGILLIDiE. The present volume of the Catalogue treats of the FringiUidce, a family closely allied to the Tanagridce, described by Dr. Sclater in the preceding volume, and also connected through the Buntings with the Larks (Alaudidn). No one has as yet propounded a satisfactory classification of the FringiUidce, the difficulty consisting in the complete connection •which exists between the various genera of Finches and Buntings; and such ornithologists only who have not entered into a detailed study of this family will speak of the Finches, Buntings, and their allies as if they constituted well-defined families. Any one who has worked upon a large or small fragment of the family must acknowledge that the definition of the genera is difficult and the recognition of subfamilies almost impossible. The FringiUidce naturally group themselves into three divisions — Gros- beaks, Finches, and Buntings: but numerous forms connect them, being referable to the confines of any of the three groups. Thus Vardincdis will probably be found from its osteology to be a VOL. XII. w 2 FRIXGILLID^. Bunting with the aspect of a Grosbeak ; while UrocyncTiramus is certainby a Bunting with the aspect of a Rose-Finch, or, if it be pre- ferred, a Rose-Finch with the bill of a Bunting. Every division of the family is therefore to be accepted on the score of convenience rather than as having a foundation of solid structural characters ; and it would not be unreasonable to treat the whole family as constituting one great genus FringiUa, with various sections or subgenera, as was once done for the family Picidce by the late Professor Sundevall. It is quite possible that when all the genera have been osteolo- gically and anatomically examined, additional generic characters may be discovered ; but even then little confidence can be felt in the classification of the family, unless every single type of Finch has been examined ; for, so far as my experience goes, every Fringilline form at present known is close!}' connected with some other form, which in turn leads on through a perfectly complete gradation to the most distant genus of the family. The series of skeletons in the Museum is not sufficient for a comparison of the osteology of all the genera of Finches ; and therefore it has been impossible for me to attempt a classification from these characters alone. Never- theless one can recognize three apparently well-defined types, which, for convenience' sake, I shall regard as subfamilies, but with a caution to the student that, however different a Hawfinch, a Chaffinch, and a Bunting may look at first sight as centres of large groups of Finches, there is no difficulty in discovering the links which join them all together in one series. The following are the characters which, though slight, appear to me to be fairly typical of the main divisions alluded to above : — a. Nasal bones (see fig.) produced backwards beyond the anterior line of the orbit; mandible verv powerful and deep posteriorlv : angle of genys very slight . . Subfam. VOCCOTHR AUSTINJZ, p. 3. a. Skull of Cocco/hraustes coccothraustes, from above. b. Skull of Coccothraustes corcothraasfes, lateral view. FRINGILLnXE. 3 Nasal bones not produced beyond the anterior line of the orbit. a'. Cutting-edges of mandibles conterminous or nearly so ; mandibular angle at the chin very slightly indicated. Subfam. FIUXGILLIN^, p. 170. b'. Cutting-edges of the mandibles not conterminous, leaving a gap in the outline of the closed bill ; mandibular angle at chin very acute Subfam. EMBERIZINjE, p. 463 e. Skull of Fringilla c&lebs, from above. d. Skull of Friiigilla Calebs, lateral view. e. Skull of Emberiza citrinella, from above. /. Skull of Emberiza citrinella, lateral view. Subfamily I. COCCOTHRAUSTIN^]. A general stoutness of bill is the leading characteristic of the Grosbeaks, accompanied, as we see in the skull {anted, p. 2), by an immense development of the thickness of the posterior end of the lower jaw ; but that this character will be found to run through all the genera which I have arranged in this subfamily is extremely doubtful. As before stated, I have been able to examine so few skeletons, that the present arrangement represents rather a general idea than an actual classification of the Grosbeaks, and is liable to future modifications. Phonipara and Volatbiia are probably Buntings, and Cardinalis certainly from the skull alone (see fig. on p. 160) seems very Bunting- like. It is doubtful whether Pi/rrhulo.via is rightly placed, and it may be found ultimately to be nearer the Bullfinches. b 2 4 Key to the Genera. ,.. Bill ■"•n'tC n both cul- nostrils ■ • • ■ "V ' direction of ,.. Bill strongly cun M^^, d the curve of the cm of the Mt S° S he d Ptu of the manfcble [p. 14. Si 'to that 5f the maxilla, mea- ^ CAMABHYNCHrs, ?, Tail long, far exceeding the o c-. Tail square, or only J g j^ ly C"- C?Shtf 'no tooth in the posterior half of the maxdla. _ a'". I*ne.r F11^^/^ quadrated, danes ordinary , not q «4-^ofm£tanX-rethan Se length of the tars- S^toatX^4CHLOBIS,,2, „5 bIS6^^ and -massive, 6 ^Se stance between the r,a«al apertures much greater ?han 3. depth of the man- & ^^ p. 28. cS BM — 'the 'distance C ' between the nasal apertu es [p. 31. less than the depth ot the ^ CHArNOPBOCTVS, mandible * " '.* Vi«ll length of the wing J* ™{£ more than the length of the g Mtceb0BASj p. 41. tarsus FKIXGILLID^:. I d\ Tail lunger, the difference be- tween its length and that of the wing not exceeding the rp 43 .... lentil of the tarsus 10. Pycxobhamphus, ' « . Lhm-angle rounded. e\ Wing rounded, the secondaries falling short of the primaries by less than the length of the tarsus ; secondaries rounded at the ends n. Pheucticus, p. 50. t . W ing more pointed, the secou- daries falling short of the pri- maries by more than the length of the tarsus; secondaries v t -i fl^d at the ends 12. Hrdtmbmss, p. 58. a . lail quadrated, generally rounded. e". \\ ithout a long crest. e'". Bill short and massive, the cid- men exceeding the length of the ,„, ^f u* ■ ■ • : la Guiraca, p. 60. / . Bill ol varying strength and mas- siveness ; the culuien always less than the length of the tarsus. y\ Bill swollen and rounded; the upper mandible overlapping the under one at the tip. d\ Bill very stout and rounded, the space between the nasal orifices equal to the length 5 v°l the B6"^ 14- Obyzoborus, p. 76. e\ Bill smaller, the space between the nasal orifices less than the length of the genys. aR. Depth of lower mandible equal to the depth of the maxilla. a7. Bill much less curved, the breadth across the gape much less than the depth of the bill 15. Loxigilla, p. 82. o . Hill very much curved, the breadth across the gape equal to the depth rp 37 is r» ^ th® bm 16. Nbobhynchus, 66. Depth of lower mandible less than the depth of the maxilla. c7. Tail shorter than the wing a\ Nostrils exposed in front of the nas.il plumes ; upper mandible with the tomium festooned near the tip Piezobhina, p. 89 b\ Nostrils nearly hidden by nasal plumes, no festoon on the tomium - T of mandible.. 17. Spehmophila, p. 00. d . Tail equal to the wing . . 18. Catamblybhyxohus [p. 142'. FRINGILLID.E. h\ Bill more pointed and Bunting- like, the upper and lower man- dibles meeting at the tip. /». Middle toe and claw very long, and equal in length to the tarsus 19- Phonipara, p. 143. g'. Middle toe and claw less than the tarsus. c\ Plumage glossy black .... 20. \ olatinia, p. 152. d". Plumage iron-grey without g]0S3 . 21. Amaurospiza, p. lob. f". With a long crest. g'". Bill swollen and curved, with a notch in the cutting-edge of the maxilla in advance of the line of the nostril 22. Pyrrhuloxia, p. 158. h'". Bill pointed, and with no notch ■ on the maxilla 2:3. Cardixalis, p. 100. Section a. Grocnd-Finches. 1. GEOSFIZA. Type. Geospiza, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 5 CI. niagmrostns. Head of Geospiza magnirostris. Range. Confined to the Galapagos Islands. No " key to the species " of this genus can be drawn up, as there is no difference between them, except that of size, and the way in which one form graduates into another is shown by Mr. Salvin in his illustration of the heads of this species (Trans. Zool. Soc. ix.p.484). I must confess that I am not entirely satisfied with regard to the changes of plumage in the Galapagos Finches, nor do I believe that these will be properly understood until some naturalist resides on the islands for at least a year, discovers the breeding-haunts of the various species, and traces the development of the plumage from the nestling to the adult stage. My own belief is that there is a distinct winter or cold-weather (? rainy season) plumage, and that with the seasonal plumage the colour of the bill changes. This would corre- spond with the changes undergone by other Grosbeaks and Finches. Dr. Habel writes as follows (Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 478) : — " The 1. GEOSPIZA. 7 colouriug of all the species of this genus exhibits three styles — a black, a brown, and a grey. This is the case both in male and female birds, except that the plumage of the females is of a dirty brownish colour, whereas in the males it is black. It woidd seem reasonable to divide each species into three varieties, as besides the plumage the colour of the feet, as well as of the beaks, is different in these three varieties. The colour of the feet varies from a light grey to black, and that of the beak from yellow to brownish black." Mr. Salvin's opinion is as follows (I. c. p. 478) : — " The different states of plumage, on which Dr. Habel remarks, are to be attributed to the different ages of individuals. The younger birds are the lightest- coloured and present the most mottled appearance ; as they get older they become darker, until at last in old males the plumage is almost uniform black. The colour of the bill appears to vary irre- spective of age, as some black birds have light-coloured bills, though in the majority of birds in this dress it is black. Younger mottled birds have light-coloured bills, but in old females, just as in the males, the bill is usually black." 1. Geospiza magnirostris. Geospiza magnirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 5 ; Darn-in, Voy. 'Beagle, Bin/*, p. 100, pi, xxxvi. (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 369 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. o42 (18o0) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 72U7 (1870) ; Scl. et Solo. Nomend. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873) Saloin, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 479 (187G). Adult male. Entirely black above and below ; quills and tail- feathers blackish brown ; under tail-coverts black, broadly edged and tipped with white. Total length 5-2 inches, culmen 1, wing 3"55, tail 2*1, tarsus 1. In what I take to be the seasonal plumaije a browner shade pervades the black, the feathers having edges of obscure brown ; these pale edges are lighter and more conspicuous on the abdomen ; under tail- coverts white with black bases. Adult female. Different from the male ; general colour above brown, the feathers edged with ashy olive, especially on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back, edged with pale ashy, the greater coverts whiter on the margins ; bastard- wiug, primary. coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with pale ashy, clearer whity brown on the margins of the primaries ; tail-feathers pale brown, with ashy-brown margins ; crown of head rather darker than the back, blackish, with slightly indicated pale edges to the feathers ; lores, sides of face, and ear- coverts ashy olive-brown, darker brown along the upper edgo of the latter ; cheeks a little darker brown ; throat dark brown, streaked with ashy margins to the feathers ; remainder of under surface whity brown with a slight olive tinge, the fore neck and chest streaked with dark-brown centres to the feathers ; the sides of body and flanks brown, also streaked with darker brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts, under wing- coverts, and axillaries whity brown, slightly tinged with olivo: 8 FRINGILLID^. quills below dusky brown, asby wbite along tbe inner edge. Total lengtb 6 inches, culmen 1, wing 3-35, tail 2, tarsus 1. None of the seven specimens in the Museum have the sexes or dates of capture marked, but the brown birds, which I take to be all females, have shorter wings than the black males. Tn the latter the length of wing is 3-55-3-7 inches, and in the females 3-25-3-45. The bill in the females varies in colour, probably with season, becoming much blacker, and the increase in colour of the bill is accompauied by a blacker tone of plumage, the upper surface having the ashy margins less pronounced, while the under surface of the body is thickly mottled with black spots. Mr. Salvin has " little doubt that a large series of the skins of this bird would show that the dimensions of the species graduate into those of G. stroma." Hah. Chatham and Charles Islands, Galapagos. a, b. 3 J ad. sk. Chatham Island (C Zoological Society [P.]. Darwin). (Types of species.) c, d. Jad. sk. Galapagos (C. Bar- Sal vin-Godman Coll. ic in), e- 6 ; f, (J- 2 a(h sk. Galapagos. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. 2. Geospiza strenua. Geospiza strenua, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 5; Darwin, Zool. Voy. 'Beagle? Birds, p. 100, pi. xxxvii. (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 859 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 542 (1850) ; Sel. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 823; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7298 (1870) ; Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 124; Scl # Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873) ; Salv. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 480 (1870). Adult male (type of species). Similar to G. magnirostns, but smaller : "bill brown or black or yellowish brown; tarsus black or grey, the underpart of the foot light brown or light grey ; iris brown or dark brown " (Dr. A. Habel). Total length 5-75 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-15, tail 1-9, tarsus 1. An adult male from Indefatigable Island has the wing 3-05 inches, tarsus 0-95. Adult males from A bingdon Island measure : — Wing 3-2-3-3 inches, tarsus 0-95-1. Adult males from Bindloe Island measure : — Wing 3-2-3-3 inches, tarsus 0-9-1. Adult female. Differs from the female of G. magnirostris only in size. Total length 4-7 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 2-9, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-9. The female bird from Abingdon Island has the wing 3-1 inches and the tarsus 1 . Those from Bindloe Island measure : — Wing 2-9-3-2 inches, tarsus 0-9-0-95. Immature males resemble the old females, but have rather darker mottling of the black centres to the throat- and breast-feathers and have the bill yellowish below (in skin). 1. GEOSPIZA. A young male from Abingdon Island has the wing 3*2 inches, the tarsus 1 ; and a series from Biudloo Island measure : — AVing 2-9— 3-25, tarsus 0-9-1. Dr. Habel collected on Bindloe Island from the 2nd to the 16th of November, 1S6S, and the birds were apparently in full plumage, as in most of the males the bill is black, in one case entirely so. Those that have the lower mandible more or less yellow have also evident traces of ashy-olive margins to the feathers. These may be young birds of the previous year, if these light edges be not remains of winter plumage. We have no proof that these birds vary with the season, and it is possible that the brown edgings to the feathers are a sign of immaturity only, in which case it is evident that the pure black plumage is not gained for at least a year or two. Quite a young bird, apparently a female, has the bill entirely reddish horn-colour with yellow on the under mandible ; it is also very small, and has been figured by Mr. Salvin (I. c). The very old birds show an inclination to develop a culminal ridge. Hab. Chatham, James, Indefatigable, Abingdon, and Bindloe Islands, Galapagos. a. c?ad.; b,c. 2 Chatham Island (C. Darwin). Zoological Society [P.]. ad. sk. (Types of species.) d. 3 ad. sk. Indefatigable Island, Sept. 24, Salvin-Godman Coll. 1868 (A. JIabel). e>f>ff- c?; h. 2 Abingdon Island (A. Habel). Salviu-Godman Coll. ad. sk. i. 3 ad. sk. Abingdon Island (A. Habel). Sclater Coll. k. 3 imm. sk. Abiugdon Island. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. /, in, n. 3 ad. ; Bindloe Island, Nov. 1868. o. 2 ad. ; p, q. 3 iinni. sk. r, s, t, u. $ ad. ; Bindloe Island, Nov. 1868 v, w. 2 ad- ; iPr- A- Habel). xt y. 2 imm. sk. z. 3 imm. sk. Bindloe Island, Nov. 1868 (Dr. A. Habel). a'. Jad.sk. Galapagos Archipelago. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Sclater Coll. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. 3. Geospiza dubia. Geospiza dubia, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 6 ; Darwin, Zool. Toy. 'Beagk; Birds, p. 103 (1841) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 543 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7304 (1870); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 480 (1876). Female. Top of head and upper surface of body dusky, each feather margined with ashy olive ; a superciliary streak, cheeks, throat, and lower surface of body ashy olive, each feather with a central dusky mark ; wings and tail brown, each feather margined with olive- ashy ; bill dull white ; feet dull dusky brown. Total length 10 FRINGILI.IDJE. 3J- inches, wing 2-J, tail 1-|, tarsus £, bill f-, height of bill -|. (Gould.) Hah. Chatham Island, Galapagos. I have carefully examined all our series of Geospiza? in the hope of finding the type of this species, which is undoubtedly missing from the collection. As the name appears in small print in Gray's ' Hand-list,' it is evident that he considered it to be wanting in 1 870, and it is doubtful if it was ever received from the Zoological Society. It is much to be regretted that the types of several birds were not transferred from the old Museum of the Society to the British Museum ; a part of the ' Beagle ' collection was un- doubtedly retained by Mr. Gould, from whom the specimens passed into the possession of other naturalists. Some fell into the hands of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, by whose munificence they have once more become national property. 4. Geospiza fortis. Geospiza fortis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 5 ; Darwin, Zoo!. Voy. ' Beayle,' Birds, p. 101, pi. xxxviii. (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 543 (1850); Sri. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 ; Gray, Hand-1. B. ii. p. 88, no. 72! >!> ( 1870 1 ; Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 124; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Xcutr. p. 27 (1873) ; Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 481 (187G). Adult male. Similar to G. stroma, but much smaller. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-85. Adult female. Similar to the female of G. strenua, but smaller. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3, tail 1*75, tarsus 0-^5. The descriptions are from a pair of birds from Indefatigable Island in the Salvin-Godman collection. Young males seem to resemble the old females, but to be darker, with blacker mottiings below. Immature birds of both sexes have the edges of the wing-coverts sandy buff. Adult males from Indefatigable Island have the wing 2*7-3 inches, and the tarsus 0-8-0-85. Adult females from the same island have the wing 2-7-3 inches, the tarsus 0-8-0-85. Young males measure : — "Wing 2-65-2-8 inches, tarsus 0-8-0-85. Two males, not quite adult, from Abingdon Island, measure : — Wing 2-5-2-55 inches, tarsus 0-75-0-8. Adult males from Bindloe Island measure : — "Wing 2-55-2-7 inches, tarsus 0-75-0-8. Adult females from Bindloe Island measure: — Wing 2-5-2-55 inches, tarsus 0-75. Young males from Bindloe Island measure : — Wing 2-5-2-55 inches, tarsus 0-75. The birds from Bindloe Island are decidedly smaller than those from Indefatigable Island, and have somewhat smaller bills than the average of the individuals from the last-named island. The present species is, however, very variable in size of bill, and some specimens 1. GEOSPIZA. 11 show a distinct approach to the dimensions of G. strenua, which, bein°- found on the same islands, not improbably interbreeds with it. ■Hob. Chatham, James, Charles, Indefatigable, Abingdon, and Bmdloe Islands, Galapagos. a. 2 ad. sk. b. 2 ad. sk. c> «*■ 6 2 hum. sk. e,f 6 ad.; g. $ ad. sk. h. ,5 imm. sk. i, k, I, m. <$ ad. ; »■<>. 2 a.d. ;p,q. d imm. sk. r, s. 3 ad. ; t, u. 2 ad. ; v, w. cJ c? imm. sk. x. cJ ad. st. Charles Island (C. Dar- win). Galapagos Islands. Zoological Society [P.]. (Type iif species.) Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Abingdon Island, Dec. 1868 (Dr. A. Habel). Indefatigable Island, Sept. Dr. A. Habel TCI. 1868. L J Indefatigable Island, Sept. Sclater Coll. 1868 (Dr. A. Babel). Indefatigable Maud. Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 1868 (Dr. A. Habel). Bindloe Island, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. 1868 (Dr. A. Habel). Galapagos (Dr. A. Habel). Sclater Coll. 5. Geospiza nebulosa. Geospiza nebulosa, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 5 : Darwin, Zool. Vou. 'Beagle; Birds, p. 101 (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844); Bp. Oonsp. i. p. 643 (1860); Gray, Hanl-l. B. ii. p. 88. no. 7300 (1870); Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 125; Scl. X Salv. Nomenci. Av Aeotr. p. 27 (1873); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. vs.. p. 4-2 (1876). Adult female (type of species). Similar to the female of G. fords. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 005, wing 29, tail 1-6, tarsus 0"95. Mr. Salvin doubts if this is really distinct from G. fords, and it is quite possible that connecting-links between the two species will ultimately be discovered. Hab. Chatham and Charles Islands, Galapagos. a. $ ad. sk. . Chatham Island (C. Darwin). Zoological Society [P.J. (Type of species). 6. Geospiza dentirostris. , Zool. Voy. 359(1844); p. 88, no. 7302 (18<0); Scl. $ Salv. Nomenci. Av. Neotr. p. 27(1873); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. vs. p. 482 (1876, pt.). ' Geospiza fortis, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 421 (pt.). Adult male. Similar to the male of G. fords, but with a differently shaped bill, bowed in towards the end of the upper mandible and slightly toothed on its cutting-edge. Total length 4-5 inches,' cul- men 0-55, wing 2-65, tail 1-45, tarsus 0-75. Adult female (type of species). Similar to the female of G. fords, 12 FRIN GILLID-ffi. but differing in the form of the bill. Total length 4-9 inches, culraen 0*6, wing 2-65, tail 1-55, tarsus 075. Hub. Charles Island, Galapagos ; ? Chatham Island. a. 2 ad. sk. Galapagos Archipelago (C Dar- Zoological Society. win). b. <5 ad. sk. Charles Island, Feb. 1880 (A. H. Salvin-Godman Coll Markham). 7. Geospiza difflcilis. Geospiza dentirostris (nee Gould), Scl. 8f Salt). P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323; Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 482 (1876, pt.). Geospiza fortis, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 421 (pt.). Adult male. Similar to G. fortis, but much smaller and with a more pointed bill. Total length 4-1 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 1-45, tail 1-35, tarsus 0"8. Adult female. Similar to the female of G. fortis, but Yery much darker and more uniform brown above, and more thickly mottled below. Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-4, tail 1*3, tarsus 0-75. In the adult males the wing measures 2*45-2-5 inches, and the tarsus from 0*75-0-8. An immature male has the wing 2-35, and the tarsus 0-75. Dr. HabePs specimens were collected in the month of December and Captain Markham's in February, and in the whole series the bill is entirely black. The bill, moreover, is not the same shape as in the thick-billed Geospiza?, and were it not for the absolute grada- tion in form from G. magnirostris downwards, it is doubtful whether G. dentirostris and its allies ought to be placed in the same genus as the thick-billed Geospiza. The present species was referred by Mr. Salvin to G. dentirostris, but the smaller size and the differently shaped bill induce me to believe that the two birds are distinct. Hob. Abingdon and Charles Islands, Galapagos. a. Irnm. sk. Galapagos Islands (C Dar- Zoological Society win). [s. n. S. strenua~}. b, e. d $ ad. ; d. rf Abingdon Island, Dec. 18G8 Salvin-Godman Coll. inmi. sk. (Dr. A. Habel). e. $ ad. sk. Abingdon Island, Dec. Dr. A. Habel. /, g [ <$ ] ad. sk. Charles Island (A. H. Mark- Dr. A. Habel. ham). 8. Geospiza fuliginosa. Geospiza fuliginosa, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 5 ; Darwin, Zool. Voy. 'Beagle; Birds, p. 101 (1811); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 543 (1850) ; -Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7301 (1870) ; Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 125; Scl. $ Sain. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 482 (1876) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 66. Adult male. Similar to G. fortis, but much smaller, and having 1. GEOSriZA. 13 the vent and under tail-coverts black, the latter only tipped with white. Total length 4*1 inches, culmen 0'5, wing 25, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-75. Adult female. Resembles the female of G. fortis, but is much smaller. Total length 3-9 inches, culmen Oo, wing 2*4, tail 1-25, tarsus 075. Adult males(types) from Chatham Island have the wing 2-5 inches, the tarsus 08. A female from the same place has the wing 2-4 inches, the tarsus 0-~5. Adult males from Indefatigable Island measure: — Wing 2'5-2-fi inches, tarsus 075-08. Adult females from Indefatigable Island measure: — Wing 2-4-2-4o inches, tarsus O7-0-75. Young males from Indefatigable Island measure : — Wing 2-35-245 inches, tarsus 07-3. Hab. Chatham, James, Albemarle, and Indefatigable Islands, Galapagos. a. $ ad. sk. Chatham Island (C. Geological Society. Darrein). (Type of species.) b. $ ad. sk. Chatham Island (C. J. Gould, Esq. Darwin) c. 5 ad. sk. Chatham Island (C. Salvin-Godman Coll. Darwin). d. e. i^2 &d. st. James Island. Sir W. Burnett and f, g, h. Juv. sk. Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. Albemarle Island. Commander Cooksou if k. cJ ad. sk. [P.]. Indefatigable Island. l,m. c? $ jun. sk. Indefatigable Island. n, o. $ ad. ; p. 2 ad. ; Indefatigable Island Salvin-Godman Coll. q, r. d $ jun. sk. {Dr. A. Habel). Dr. A.HabeirC.1. Dr. A. Habel [C.J. 9. Geospiza parvula. Geospiza parvula, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 6; Darwin, Zool. Voy. 'Beagle,'' Birds, p. 102, pi. xxix. (1841); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 543 (1850) ; Scl. | Salt: P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7303 (1870) ; Sundev. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 125; Scl. et Salv. Nomencl, Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873) ; Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 483 (1876) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 219 (1882). Adult male. Similar to G. fuli(/inosa, but smaller. Total length 3-9 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-35, tail 1*4, tarsus 0-7. Adidt female. Similar to the same sex of G.fuliyinosa, but smaller. Total length 3*7 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-35, tail 1*3, tarsus 065. Youwj males resemble the adult females, but are rather more thickly mottled with brown underneath. The very young birds of both sexes are nearly uniform whity brown underneath, with pale rufous-brown edgings to the wing- coverts. 14 FRINQILLIDJ5. The type specimen would seem to be immature, as it has the uni- form breast and abdomen of a young bird, but is black above and has a black throat and chest. This is not the plumage of the young male, as determined by Dr. Habel ; and it is by no means improbable that the birds from Chatham Island, the true G. parvula, are a distinct species from the entirely black males of Abingdon and Bindloe Islands. In fact, even with the large series in the British Museum, it is impossible to trace the plumages of this or any other species of Geospiza, as all the specimens have been collected at the same season of the year. Thus, along with entirely black individuals from Bindloe Island, with black bills, there occur other black males with reddish bills and grey edgings to the feathers. In any other group of Finches these characters would be sufficient to account for the summer and winter plumage of the species ; but in the Galapagos Pinches the grey margins seem to be a sign of imma- turity. The male (type) from Chatham Island has the wing 24 inches, the tarsus 0"75. Two females have the wing 2-35 inches, the tarsus 07. The males from Abingdon Island have the wing 2-25-2,35 inches, and the tarsus 065-07. The females measure : — Wing 2-3-2-35 inches, tarsus 065-07. The young males measure : — Wing 2'2-2-3 inches, tarsus 065- 0-75. The adult males from Bindloe Island measure : — Wing 2-35-2"4 inches, tarsus 0*65-0'7. The females measure: — Wing 2-15-2,2 inches, tarsus 06-065. Young males measure : — Wing 2-3-2'35 inches, tarsus 0*7. Hah. Chatham, James, Abingdon, and Bindloe Islands, Gala- pagos. «• 6 ; b. 2 -id. sk. c. $ ad. sk. d, e. 6 ad. ; /. $ ad. sk. g, h. cJ ad. ; i, k, I. 2 ad. ; m, n. cJimm. sk. o. <$ imm. sk. p. 6 ad.: q. $ad. ; r. cJ juv. sk. s, t. S ad. ; u. 2 ad. ; v, w. c? 2 imm. sk. Chatham Island (C. Darwin). [James Island.] Abingdon Island, Dec. 1868. Abingdon Island, Dec. 1868 (Dr. Habel). Abingdon Island, Dec. 1868 (Dr. Habel). Bindloe Island, Nov. 1868. Bindloe Island, Nov. 1868 (Dr. A. Habel). Zoological Society. (Types of species.) Sir VV . Burnett and Admiral Fitzroy. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Sclater Coll. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. Salvin-Godman Coll. Type. 2. CAMARHYNCHUS. Camarhynchus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 6 C. psittaculus. Range. Confined to the Galapagos Archipelago. 2. CAMARHYNCHUS. 15 As with the genus Oeospiza, the difference between the various species of Camarhynchus is simply one of size, and so no " key to the species " can be tabulated. 1. Camarhynchus variegatus. Camarhynchus variegatus, Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 323, 324 ; id. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873) ; Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 489, pi. lxxxv. (1876). Adult male. General colour sandy brown, the upper back and mantle darker brown, the feathers mottled with sandy-brown edges ; upper tail-coverts blackish brown, edged with olive brown ; wing- coverts blackish brown, with pale sandy margins to the greater coverts and bastard-wing ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with pale olive-brown, the inner secondaries uniform dark brown ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with dark olive-brown like the upper tail-coverts ; the outer feathers edged with sandy buff along the tip of the inner web ; crown of head and nape, sides of face and sides of neck, cheeks, throat, and chest black, the chest- feathers broadly edged with sandy buff; remainder of the under surface of body sandy buff, the breast and sides of the body mottled with blackish centres to the feathers ; centre of abdomen and under tail-coverts uniform sandy buff; thighs blackish; axillaries and under wing-coverts greyish olive with black centres, the greater coverts white at the ends ; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the inner web. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 3-35, tail 2-05, tarsus 1*1. Adult female. General colour above brown washed with ashy olive, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts slightly mottled with darker brown centres to the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dark brown, edged with pale sandy olive ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged with ashy olive, paler on the primaries ; tail-feathers dark brown, margined with olive and edged with whitish round the end of the inner web ; crown a little deeper brown than the back ; lores ashy buff; sides of face and ear-coverts brown; cheeks and under surface of body sandy yellowish with a slight olive tinge, the throat and chest mottled with dark-brown centres to the feathers, forming narrower streaks on the breast, a little broader on the sides of the body and flanks ; abdomen and under tail-coverts uniform sandy yellowish ; thighs yellowish, mottled with dark-brown centres to the feathers ; axillaries pale yellowish ; under wing-coverts yel- lowish, mottled with brown bases ; quills dusky below, whitish along the inner webs. Total length 5"5 inches, culmen 065, wing 3'05, tail 2, tarsus l-05. The immature male resembles the female in plumage. Adult males from Abingdon Island measure : — Wing 3-35 inches, tarsus VI. 16 FRING1LLID.E. Adult females from Abingdon Island measure : — Wing 3'05-3-l inches, tarsus 1-05. Young males from Abingdon Island measure : — Wing 3T5 inches, tarsus D05. Adult females from Bindloe Island measure : — Wing 3-15 inches, tarsus 1-05. The bill in both the specimens from Bindloe is yellowish, the birds having been shot in November, and being probably young or in winter plumage. The Abingdon examples, procured in December, have dark bills, those in the male being entirely black. Hub. Abingdon and Bindloe Islands, Galapagos. a, b. c? 2 ad. sk. Abingdon Island. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. c, d. c? $ ad. ; e. Abingdon Island, Dec. (Dr. Salvin-Godman Coll. cJjuv.sk. A. Habel). (Types of species.) /. $ ad. sk. Bindloe Island, Nov. (Dr. A. Salvin-Godman Coll. Habel). g. $ ad. sk. Bindloe Island, Nov. 4. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 2. Camarhynchus crassirostris. Camarhvnchus crassirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 6 ; Darwin, Zool. "Voy. ' Beagle,' Birds, p. 103, pi. xli. (1841) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 542 (1850) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 89, no. 7306 (1870) ; Sel. $ Salv. Komencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873); Salvi?i, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 489 (1876). The type specimen is apparently a young male. It differs from C. variegatus in .its uniform under surface not being mottled with brown streaks. It has a slight indentation in the cutting-edge of the upper mandible answering to G. dentirostris in the genus Geo- spiza. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-05, tail 1*9, tarsus 0'9. Hab. Charles Island, Galapagos. «• [c? juv.]sk. Charles Island. Sir W. Burnett and Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. (Type of species.) 3. Camarhynchus psittaculus. , Zool, Camarhynchus psittaculus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 6 ; Darwin Voy. ' Beagle,' Birds, p. 102, pi. xl. (1841) ; Grau, Gen. B. _ p. 359 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 542 (1850); Sel. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 89, no. 7305 (1870) ; Sel. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873) ; Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 488 (1876). Adult female (type of species). Similar to C. crassirostris, but a little smaller and without any indentation in the bill. Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2'75, tail 1*65, tarsus 0-9. Another bird, also a supposed female (Darwin), has the wing 2-7 inches, the tarsus 0*9. 2. CAMAKHTNCHUS. 17 The female from Indefatigable has the wing 2-6 inches, the tarsus 0-85. Hab. James and Indefatigable Islands, Galapagos. a, b. [2 ad.] sk. James Island (C. Darwin). Zoological Society [P.]. (Types of species!) c. $ ad. sk. Indefatigable Island, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 14, 1868 (Dr. A. Habel). 4. Camarhynchus habeli. Oamarhynchus habeli, Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 323, 325 ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873) ; Salvia, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 490, pi. lxxxvi. (1875). Adult male. Similar to the male of 0. variegatus, but with the breast uniform black, not mottled with black spots. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-8, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-85. Adult female. Similar to C. psittaculus, but smaller. Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2'7, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-85. The males from Abingdon Island measure : — Wing 2*75 inches, tarsus 0-8-0-85. The females from Abingdon Island measure : — Wing 2-6-2,7, tarsus 0-85. The male from Bindloe Island measures : — Wing 2#S, tarsus O'So. Hab. Abingdon and Bindloe Islands, Galapagos. a. 3 ad. ; h. 2 Abingdon Island, Dec. Salvin-Godman Collection. ad.sk. 1868(Dr.A.Habel). (Types of species.) c, d. $ 2 ad. sk. Abingdon Island, Dec. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 1868. e. cJ ad. sk. Bindloe Island, Nov. Salvin-Godman Collection. \md(Dr.A.Habel). 5. Camarhynchus prosthemelas. Camarhynchus prosthemelas, Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 323, 325 ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873) ; Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 125 ; Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 490 (1876). Adult (?) female. Similar to the female of C. habeli, but very much smaller. Total length 3-8 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-35, tail 1*4, tarsus 0-75. A second female has the wing 2-45 inches. A young male resembles the female. Wing 2-35 inches, tarsus 0'8. Hab. Indefatigable, Chatham, Charles, and James Islands, Gala- pagos. a, b. 2 ad- sk. Indefatigable Island, Sept. Sahdn-Godman Coll. 12, 1868 (Dr. A. Habel). (Types of species.) c. $ imm. sk. Indefatigable Island, Aug. Dr. A. Habel [C.l. 26, 1868. d. 3 ad. st. [James Island.] Capt. Kellett and Lieut. Wood [P.]. VOL. XII. C 18 FRINGILLID.E. 3. CACTORNIS. Type. Cactornis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 6 C. scandens. Head of Cactornis scandens. Range. Confined to the Galapagos Archipelago. 1. Cactornis assimilis. Cactornis assimilis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 7; Darwin, Zool. Voy. 1 Beagle; Birds, p. 105, pi. xliii. (1841) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844); Bp. Consp. i. p. 542 (1850); Scl. $ Sale. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 89, no. 7308 (1870); Scl. # Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873) ; Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 486 (1876). Adult male. General colour above blackish, slightly varied with ashy-olive margins to the feathers, especially on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts blackish, with sandy margins to the feathers ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, nar- rowly edged with ashy olive, the primaries margined with hoary grey ; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with paler brown exter- nally, and with sandy brown near the tips of the inner webs ; head and neck rather browner than the back, the sides of the face, ear- coverts, throat, and breast blackish brown, the latter slightly mottled with sandy-brown edges ; centre of abdomen buff'y whitish, strongly mottled with blackish-brown centres to the feathers ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs blackish brown, washed with ashy brown ; under tail-coverts blackish brown, conspicuously edged with buff'y whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillarics blackish brown, edged with ashy olive. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 2-75, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-95. Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 2-75, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-85. Hub. Bindloe Island and probably Charles or James Island. Mr. Darwin did not indicate the exact habitat of his specimen. a. S imm. sk. Galapagos Islands (C Zoological Society. (Type Darwin). of species.) b. [ 5 ] ad. sk. Galapagos Islands. Sir W. Burnett & Admiral Fitzroy [P.]. c,d. 3 $ imm. sk. ; Bindloe Island, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll. c. ? ad. sk. (Dr. A. Habel). 3. CACTORNIS. 19 2. Cactornis scandens. Cactornis scaniieus, Gmdd, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 7 ; Darwin, Zool. Voy. '■Beagle,'' Birds, p. 104, pi. xlii. (1841) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 359 (1844); Bp. Comp. i. p. 542 (1850) ; Scl. $ Salt. P. Z. -S'. 1870, p. 323 j Gray, llaad-l. B. ii. p. 8'J, no. 7307 (1870); Sundec. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 124; Scl. §■ Xah: Nomsncl. Av. Xeotr. p. 21) (1873); Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 485 (1S70). Tisserin ties Gallapagoes, Neboux, jRev. Zool. 1*40, p. 291. Cactoruis griinpeur, Prevost el Des Mars, Voy. V6nus. Ois. v. p 204 (1855). Adult male (type of species). Similar to C. assimilis, but smaller. Colour entirely black. Total length 4-S inches, culuien 0*7, wing 2-65. tail 1-6, tarsus 0-S. Adult female. Differs from the male in the same way as the female of C. assimilis. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-05 win* 2-85, tail 1-6. Young nudes resemble the adult females, but are generally darker and more sooty, the throat especially being sooty black. Only one male in the series from Indefatigable Island has the bill entirely black, and this specimen has the base of the inaudible horny yellow. The plumage is deep black, except on the lower back and rump, where there are still some greyish tips to the feathers. Tho under tail-coverts are also broadly margined with ashy white. Another adult male has the bill reddish horn-colour, paler on the under mandible and black near the nostrils, as if the bill were gradually turning black. This specimen has the black plumage more sooty and obscured with ashy margins to the feathers on the back and breast, the abdomen being whitish. It is difficult to determine whether these ashy edges to tho black plumages of the males are the evidence of immaturity or of a seasonal plumage. It is, however, quite evident that the males take a con- siderable time before they attain the adult dress, and the way in which a blacker bill accompanies the fully black plumago seems to show that it is a sign of the breeding-season. The.adult males from Indefatigable measure: — Culmen 0-75-0-85, wing 2-9-3, tarsus 0-8-0-85. The adult females from the same island measure : — Culmeu 0-75- 0-8, wing 2-7-2-8, tarsus 0-8-0-85. The young males from the same island measure : — Culmen 0-75- 0-8, wing 2-75-2 8, tarsus 0-8-0-85. An adult male from Bindloe Island measures : — Culmen 0-8, wing 2-9, tarsus 0-9. It will be noticed that the tarsus is longer than in any other specimen in the series ; but whether this slight difference would be borne out by a larger number of specimens from this island remains a question. The variation in size in this species is somewhat remarkable, and the typical specimens from James Island are decidedly smaller than those from Indefatigable. Hob. James, Indefatigable, and Bindloe Islands in the Galapagos Archipelago. c2 20 PRINGILLID-E. a, b. c? ? ad. sk. James Island (C. Bar- Zoological Society [P.]. win). (Types of species.) c,d. tf ad. ; Indefatigable Island, Salvin-Godman Coll. e,f,g. 2 ad. ; Sept. and Oct. 1868 h, i. 3 imm. sk. (Br. A. Habel). k, I. d imm. sk. Indefatigable Island Sclater Coll. (Br. A. Habel). m, n. <$ ad. sk, Indefatigable Island. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. o. £ ad. sk. Bindloe Island, Nov. 7, Salvin-Godman Coll. 1868 (Br. A. Habel). 3. Cactornis abingdoni. Cactornis abingdoni, Scl §■ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 320 ; iid. Nimiencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873) ; Salmi, Trans. Z. 8. ix. p. 486 (1876). Adult male (type of species). Entirely sooty black, with the ex- ception of some ashy margins to the feathers of the upper surfaces, these edgings broader and more distinct on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; the primaries distinctly margined with hoary grey ; bill very narrow and entirely black. Total length 5T inches, culmen 0-85, wing 2-8, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-85. The second male has the wing 2*75 inches, culmen 0-8, tarsus 0-8. The black bill, which separates this species from C. scandens, may, after all, be only a sign of the breeding-season. Hab. Abingdon Island, Galapagos. a. [cJ] ad. sk. Abingdon Island, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll. 1808 (Br. A. Habel). (Type of species.) b. [d]ad. sk. Abingdon Island, Dec. ' Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 4. Cactornis pallida. Cactornis pallida, Scl. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 327 ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 29 (1873) ; Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 487 (1876). Male. (? In seasonal plumage.) General colour above pale olive- brown, with ashy margins to the feathers; lesser wing- coverts like the back ; median and greater wing-coverts brown, edged with whity brown, more broadly on the former series ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with ashy olive or paler olive-brown on the secondaries ; tail-feathers brown, margined with olive-brown ; head a little duller than the back; lores, eyelid, and feathers below the eye whitish tinged with olive-yellow ; ear-coverts light olive-brown, with whitish shaft-lines ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body white, slightly washed with olive-yellow, with a few dusky streaks on the chest ; flanks and sides of body pale fulvous-brown ; under wing-coverts white, tinged with olive-yellow. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-7, tail 1'7, tarsus 0-85. Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2-85, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-9. 4. CHX0RTS. 21 The pale colour of the bill accompanies, as might be expected, the pale coloration of the plumage. The male described is either not an adult bird or it is in seasonal plumage ; and I confidently expect that the adult males of C. pallida will turn out to be black. The smaller size and stouter and more arched bill will serve to dis- tinguish the species. Hab. Indefatigable Island, Galapagos. a. cJ" ad. sk. Indefatigable Island, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll. 9, 1868 (Dr. A. Habcl) (Type of species.) b. 2 ad. sk. Indefatigable Island, Sept. Dr. A. Habel [C.]. 14, 1868. Section /3. Grosbeaks. 4. CHLORIS. Type Chloris, Citvier, Lecons (TAnat. Comp. i. tab. 2 (1800) .... C. chloris. Ligurinus, Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool. i. p. 229 (1816) C. chloris. Serinus, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 555 (nee Koch) C. chloris. Chlorospiza, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. and N. Amer. p. 30 (1838) C. chloris. Range. The whole of Europe, including also North-west Africa, Palestine, eastwards to the Caucasus and Turkestan ; reoccurring in Eastern Siberia, Japan, and China. Key to the Species. a. With no yellow at base of outer web of secon- daries. a'. Larger : no bright yellow eyebrow ; head ashy or brown. a". Outer tail-feathers yellow at base of both webs chloris <$ , p. 23. b". Outer tail-feathers edged with yellow on outer web chloris § , p. 23. b'. Smaller : a yellow eyebrow ; head yellow chlm-otica, p. 26. b. Secondaries yellow at base of outer web. c'. Larger : wing 3-5 inches kawarahiba, p. 28. d'. Smaller : wing 3*5 inches sintca, p. 26. 1. Chloris chloris. The Greenfinch, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 56, pi. 58 (1738) ; Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 107, pi. 105. fig. 5 (1766). Le Verdier, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 190 (1760) ; Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 267. fig. 2 (fig. pens.) ; Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 171 (1778). Loxia chloris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 304 (1766); Yarr. Brit. B. i. p. 479 (1843). Le Bruant de France, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois iv. pi. xv. (1778). Green Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 134 (1783). Coccothraustes chloris, Pcdl. Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 13 (1811) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiv. p. 87 (1826) ; Menetr. Cat. Rais. 22 FEIXGILLIDJ:. Cauc. p. 42 (1832) ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 200 (1837) ; Hcia'fs. Eggs Brit. B. i. p. 157, pi. 43. fig. 1 (1846) ; Thumps. B. Irel. i. p. 257 (1849); R.Gray,B. W. Scotl. p. 143 (1871) ; Hurting, Hundb. Brit. B. p. 29 (1872) ; Neivt. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 105 (1876). Fringilla chloris, Temm. Man. cF Orn. p. 346(1815) ; Meyer, Vog. Lir- u. Esthl. p. 76 (1815) ; Roux, Orn. Prov. pis. 77, 78 (1825) ; Naum. Tog. Deutschl. v. Taf. 120 (1826) ; Werner, Atlas, Granivores, pi. 38 (1827); Crespon, Orn. Gard. p. 241 (1840); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xlii (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Yoy. Buss. Mirid. iii. p. 184 (1840) ; Selys-Lonr/ch. Faun. Belg. p. 74 (1842) ; Schl. Rev, Crit. p. lxi (1844); Gray, Gen. B. ii. p 371(18411); Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, pi. 26. fig-. 2 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi.' 164 (1854); Sundev. Svensk. F<>yl. pi. v. figs. 3, 4 (1856); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 61 (1860); Schl. Dier. Nederl. Vug. pi. 16. figs. 5,6 (1861); Gray, List Brit. B. p. 96 (1863) ; Sperling, Ibis, L864, p. 280; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 127 ; Rowley, t. c. p. 178 ; Borggr. Voqelf. Norddeutschl. p. 76 (1869); Keulem. Onzc Vog. i. pi. 36 (1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 83, no. 7219(1870) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. pi. 17. fig. 12 (1870) ; Ehces $ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 193 ; Hutton, t. c. p. 397 ; Brooke, Ibis, 1^73, p. 247 ; LUford, Ibis, 1 -75, p. 10; Danf. 8f Harrie-Broion, t. c. p. 413 ; Fallon, Ois. Belt/. p. 97 (1875) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 218 ; Dixon, f. c. p. 57(1 ; See- bohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 9; id. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 74 (1884). Ligurinus chloris, Koch, Syst. Baier. Zool. p. 230 (1816 1 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 313 ; Degl. # Gerbe, Orn. Eur. i. p. 269 ( 1 81 u | ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iii. pi. 39 (c. 1870) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Uec. p. 152 1 1871 I ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 2l9; Dresser, B. Eur. iii. p. 567, pi. 174 (1875); Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 25; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 23; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 49 (1883); Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 83; Clarke, Ibis, 1884, pp. 142, 375 ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 39. Serums chloris, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 555. Chloris pinetorum, Brehm, T'by. Deutschl. p. 259 (1831). Chloris hortensis, Brehm, Toy. Deutschl, p. 260 (1831 ). Chloris septentrionalis, Brehm, Toy. Deutschl. p. 261 (1831). Chloris fiavigaster, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 281 (1837). Linaria chloris, Macgill. Brit, B. i. p. 365 (1837). Chlorospiza chloris, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. $ N. Amer. p. 36 (1838) ; id. Consp. i. p. 514 (1850) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 33 ; Jaub. § Barth.-Lupumm. Rich. Orn. p. 115 (1859); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 51; Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 349 (1865); Betioni, Ucc. nidif. Bomb. i. pi. 21 (c. 1865) ; Gigholi, Ibis, 1865, p. 57; Loche, Eipl, Sci, Alger., Ois. i. p. 149 (1867); Tristr. Iln's, 1868, p. 206; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn, p. 64 (1873); Irby, B. Gibr. p. 120 (1875); Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 241 ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 178 (1884). _ Ligurinus aurantiiventris, Cab. Mus. Ilein. Th. i. p. 158, note (1850). Chloris viridis, C. fiavigaster, C. montana, C. brachyrhyiichos, C. cur- virostris, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 276; id, Vogelf. p. 95 (1855). Chlorospiza aurantiiventris, Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 427 ; Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 593. Chloris viridis, Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 27 (1869). Fringilla aurantiiventris, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 83, no. 7218 (1870). Ligurinus chloroticus, Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 219. Chrysomitris chloris, Brooks, Ris, 1872, p. 469. 4. CHLORIS. 23 Nestling. Resembles the old female in being brown above with scarcely any yellow ; the wbole upper surface streaked with dusky brown ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dusky brown, externally pale brown and fulvous brown at the tips, forming a double wing-bar, the outer greater coverts edged with olive-yellow : bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with olive-yellow, the secondaries with pale brown ; tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with pale brown ; lores and feathers over the eye saffron-buff; sides of face brown, washed with yellow; under surface of body pale yellow, brighter on the chin : the throat, breast, and sides of body streaked with dusky brown, the sides of the body and flanks more fulvescent. The full-grown young bird resembles the nestling-plumage, but is broadly streaked with dusky below, and has bright yellow edges to the quills and a distinct yellow line to the tail-feathers. Adult male. General colour above olive-yellow, overshaded with ashy grey, the feathers being edged with the latter colour ; lower back and rump brighter olive-yellow ; scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts olive-yellow like the back ; greater coverts ashy grey ; bastard-wing bright yellow, ashy grey at the ends ; primary-coverts dusky, edged with olive-yellow, ashy towards the tips ; quills dusky, the primaries edged with bright, yellow, the secondaries externally ashy grey, the inner ones broadly edged and tipped with the latter colour; upper tail-coverts olive-yellow, broadly edged with ashy grey; tail-feathers yellow at the base, blackish at the ends and edged with ashy grey ; crown of head like the back but strongly washed with ashy ; lores blackish ; forehead and eyebrow brighter yellow ; sides of face yellow ; ear-coverts ashy grey ; cheeks yellow, washed with ashy ; under surface of body yellow, slightly washed with ashy grey ; lower abdomen whitish ; sides of body and flanks browner, washed with ashy ; thighs and under tail-coverts yellow, the latter margined with ashy whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillaries bright yellow, with ashj- bases ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge ; bill fleshy pink ; legs, toes, and claws pale brown ; iris hazel. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0*55, wing 3-35, tail 225, tarsus 0-7. The winter plumage of the adult male is distinguished by being browner than the summer plumage, the olive-yellow being entirely concealed. The yellow base to the tail and the yellow on the pri- maries reaching to the shaft of the feather will always distinguish an old male. Adult female. Browner than the male. General colour above brown, with paler edges to the feathers of the mantle ; lower back and rump greenish yellow ; lesser wing-coverts dull olive-yellow ; median coverts dusky, washed with olive-yellow at the ends ; greater coverts brown, washed with ashy and inclining to ashy whitish at the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with olive-yellow, the primaries brighter yellow on the outer web ; the secondaries brown externally, the inner ones ashy towards the ends like the greater coverts : upper tail-coverts dull ashy ; tail- feathers blackish brown, edged with yellow near the base and with 24 FRINGILLrD^aE. ashy towards the ends, the inner web yellowish towards the base ; crown of head like the back, slightly washed with yellow on the fore- head and over the eye ; lores ashy whitish ; ear-coverts and cheeks brown, with a faint tinge of yellow ; chin whitish ; under surface of body brown, washed with yellow on the throat and breast ; abdomen whitish ; sides of body and flanks brown, faintly streaked with darker brown ; thighs whitish ; under tail-coverts brown, with ashy-whitish edgings; under wing-coverts and axillaries yellow, with ashy bases ; quills below dusky, ashy along the inner edge. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3*4, tail 2*15, tarsus 0"65. The female Greenfinch can always be distinguished from the male by the yellow on the primaries being merely a margin and never reaching to the shaft ; the base of the tail also is not yellow, nor is there any yellow base to the bastard wing. The young male, after its first moult, resembles the old female, but has more yellow on the under surface ; and it can always be told by the wings and tail, which are like those of the adult. The South-European form, G. aurantiiventris, is similar to G. chloris, but is, as a rule, smaller and brighter coloured, with much less ashy grey on the upper surface and brighter yellow on the abdomen. The female bird seems to be different from the ordi- nary female of the North-European Greenfinch, being much more ashy brown, with faint dusky streaks below. It is a mistake to suppose that the bright form is confined to South Europe, for Mr. Hargitt has presented a specimen to the Museum from the vicinity of Havre, which is almost entirely yellow above, and approaches the Palestine race. The true distribution of the Greenfinches and their various races, if such exist, requires the study of a larger series of skins than I have been able to meet with at present ; and I have not attempted to separate the synonymy of C. chloris and G. aurantii- ventris. It may be also noted that there is considerable difference in English specimens, the birds that visit us in spring and migrate in the autumn being altogether paler and brighter in colour than the resident birds. Hah. Europe generally; the countries bordering the Mediter- ranean ; accidental in Madeira ; extending eastwards to Persia and North-western Turkestan. a, b. <5 5 ad. sk. Orkneys (Dunn). P. B. Skarpe, Esq. [P.]. c. <5 ad. sk. Hawkstone, Shropshire. Gould Collection. d e. rC ad. st. Leicestershire. Theodore Walker, Esq. [P.]. /, g. Pull. ; h. i. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker. Juv. ; h, I. 6 2 ad. st. m. S ad. sk. Cambridgeshire, April Salvin-Godnian Coll. 17, 1856 (0. S.). n, o. c? $ ad. sk. Cambridgeshire, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll. 1856 {J. Baker). p- 2 var. sk. q, r. 3 ad. st. 8. d ad. sk. t, u. Pull. sk. v, w. d $ ad. sk. •r. d1 ad. sk. y,z; a'cS ad. sk. b'. d ad. sk. c'. d ad. sk. rf'. c? ad. st. e'. d ad. sk. /'• d; f/',h',i. 5 ad. sk. k'. 3 ad. st. I', »*'• c? $ ad. sk. »'. d ad. st. o'. Ad. st. /»',?'. d: r',s'. 2 ad. sk. f. 2 ad. sk. *»'» V. d 2 ad. sk. to', d ad. sk. a;', d ad. sk. ?/. c? ad. sk. ~ ■ d ad. sk. a. 5 ad. sk. /3. Juv. sk. y. c? ad. sk. S. d ad. st. e. cJ ad. sk. C d ad. sk. ij. d ad. sk. A c? ad. sk. t. d ad. sk. k. d ad. sk. A. 2 var- alb. sk. fi. 2 ad. sk. v. J ad. sk. 4. CHLORIS. Cambridgeshire, Nov. 1856 (O. &). Suffolk. Ifflev, near Oxford, Nov. 1,1877. Cookham, Berks, June. Cookham, Jan. 1879 (R. B. &). Hampstead, Feb. 1885 (R. B. S.). Taplow, April (J. G.). Hampstead, April 8, 1870 (B. B. S.). Surrev, Jan. 1857 {F.D. G.). Brighton, summer. Brighton, March 1882. Brighton, Oct. 1883. Brighton, Oct. 1883. Brighton, Nov. 1883. Brighton, Dec. 1883. Brighton. Lancing, Sussex, April. Avington, Hants, Oct. 15, 186G. Avington, Hants, Nov. 21, 1865. Avington, Hants, Nov. 11, 1873. Avington, Hants, Mav 12, 1877. Devonshire. Norway, March 25, 1881 (R. Collett). Norway, April 1873 (B.C.). INorway, June 1866 (P. G oihnan). Denmark, Feb. 1871 (A. Benzori). Heligoland. France. Havre, Oct. 27, 1873 ( V. Pluche). Havre, June 30, 1873 ( V. Pluche). Havre, May 9, 1876 ( V. Pluche). Gibraltar (Z. H. Irby), Morocco. Constantine, Algeria. Asia Minor (T. Robson). Smyrna, April 1875 (Dr. Krilper). 25 Salvin-Godman Coll. Dr. Giinther [P.]. J. T. Mallam, Esq. [P.]. Gould Coll. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], Gould Coll. Hume Coll. Salvin-Godman Coll. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P." R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.' R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P." R. B. Sharpe, Esq. "P." R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.' R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P." Capt. Shelley [P.]. Capt. Shelley [P.]. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.] R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.] Montagu Collection. Christiauia Museum Chnstiania Museum Salvin-Godman Coll. Hume Coll. L. Gatke [P.]. Gould Coll. E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.]. Hume Coll. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. Purchased. Hume Coll. R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.]. 26 o. cJ ad. sk. 7r, p. Skeletons, mounted. r. Giinther. Subsp. a. Chloris chlorotica. Ligurinus chlorotieus, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 158, note (1850). Chlorospiza chlorotica, Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 206. Fringilla chlorotica, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 83, no. 7218 (1870) ; See- bohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii'. p. 74 (1884). Coccothraustes chloroticus, Tristr. Faun, fy Flor. Palest, p. 66 (1884). Adult male. Similar to C. chloris, but everywhere much brighter yellow, without any grey on the head and back (or at the most only faint traces of it) ; forehead, eyebrow, cheeks, and under surface clear olive-yellow, bright yellow on the breast and abdomen. Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 3-25, tail 2, tarsus 0*7. Adult female. Eesembles the female of C. chloris, but is yellow underneath, without any dusky-brown stripes. Total length 5*2 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 3, tail 1-85, tarsus 0-6. Hah. Syria and Palestine, probably wintering in Arabia. a. <$ ad. sk. b. $ ad. sk. Mount Tabor, Palestine. Caiffa. 2. Chloris sinica. Canon Tristram [C.~ Canon Tristram C. Le Fiucon de la Chine, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 175, pi. vii tig. 2 (1760). Fringilla sinica, Linn. Si/st. Xat. i. p. 321 (1766) ; dm. Syst. Mat. i. p. 910 (1788) ; Graxj, Gen. B. ii. p. 371 ( 1840 ) : Swinh. Ibis, 1871, p. 885 ; Gray, Hand-1. B. ii. p. 83, no. 7222 (1870) ; Secbohm, Ilis, 1884, p. 267': id. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 75 (1884). L'Olivette, Monfb. Hist. Xat. Ois. iv. p. 144 (1778). Chinese Finch, Lath, Gt n. Syn. ii. pt, 1, p. 277 (1883). Lio-urinus sinicus, Bli/th, Cut. B. Mus. As. s„c. p. 124 ( 1840) ; Svrinh. Ibis. 1860, p. 6; Blahist. Ibis, 1862, p. 327. Fringilla kawarahiha, var. minor, Temm. $ Schl. Faun. Jap., Ares, pL 49 (1850) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir. p. 189 (1863). Chlorospiza sinica, Bp. Consp. i. p. 514 (1850) ; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 202 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 181 (1876) ; Blahist. $ Pn/er, B. Japan, p. 133 (1882) ; Blahist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 18 (1884) ; Jouy, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 294 (I864j. Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, washed with olive-yellow : rump clear olive-yellow ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the outer ones near the edge of the wing bright yellow ; median coverts like the back ; greater coverts dusky, ashy at the ends, the 4. CHLORIS. -7 outer ones yellow on the inner web ; bastard-wing black, yellow at the base and on the outer web : primary-coverts black ; quills black, tipped with hoary white, the inner secondaries broadly edged and tipped with pale ashy, all golden yellow at the base, the shafts black to the base ; upper tail-coverts asby grey ; centre tail-feathers blackish, edged and tipped with ashy grey, the rest black for the terminal half, edged with ashy grey, the basal half bright yellow ; crown of head ashy grey, tinged with olive, more dusky on the base of the forehead ; lores and eyelid dusky : cheeks and throat olive- yellow, shaded with grey ; breast, sides of body, and flanks chocolate- brown, washed with ashy ; centre of abdomen brighter yellow, whitish towards the vent ; thighs ashy, washed with yellow ; under tail- coverts bright yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillarics bright yel- low ; quills below dusky, yellow along the inner webs. Total length 53 inches, culmen 0'5, wing 3*35, tail 1*9, tarsus O'Go. Adult female. Differs from the male in being much duller in colour, and browner above, the head being brown like the back, and the rump and upper tail-coverts also pale brown : wing-coverts like the back ; the greater series black, externally edged with brown, and with yellow near the base ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ; quills black, edged with brown, the inner secondaries very broadly margined and tipped with pale brown, all but the latter quills bright yellow at the base ; tail as in the male, but the yellow basal portion more restricted ; sides of face brown, wth a slight tinge of olive- yellow on the ear-coverts and above the eye ; cheeks dusky brown ; throat ashy brown ; fore neck, breast, and sides of body chocolate- brown, tinged with yellow, the abdomen and thighs whitish ; under tail-coverts ashy white, washed with yellow; under wing- coverts, axillaries, and inner lining of quills bright yellow. Total length 5*3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 3, tail 1*7, tarsus 065. The adult male in winter plumage only differs from the summer plumage in being browner, the grey portions of the plumage being shaded with brown, and the quills tipped and edged with pale brown ; the yellow on the bend of the wing also not so bright. Young males in first winter plumage resemble the old female, but are more ashy on the head and hind neck, and show some dusky streaks, especially on the latter ; there is a little more yellow on the under surface than in the adult female. Hab. Eastern Siberia, Japan, and China. a, b. 3 2 ad. sk. Amoor Land, May. Purchased. c, d. <$ 2 ad- sk. Yokohama, Japan. Prof. Milne [0.]. e. rf ad.sk. Yokohama, Japan, Feb. 12, R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.], 1870 (Capt. Conrad). f. d* ad. sk. Hakodadi, April 1, 1865 Gould Coll. (H. Whitely). ff. tJ imm. sk. Nagasaki. Capt. St. John [C.]. h. 5 ad. sk. Nagasaki, Dec. 17, 1876. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. hi. (J ad. sk. Nagasaki, Jan. 7, 1877. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. n. $ ad. sk. Nagasaki, Nov. 25, 1879. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.] o. c? ad. st. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.], 28 FRINGTXLID.^. p. $ ad. sk. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. q, r. S imui. et 2 Fokien, China. Gould Coll. ad. sk. 3. Chloris kawarahiba. Fringilla kawarahiba, Temm. ty Schl. Faun. Jap., Aves, pi. xlviii. (1850) ; Whitehj, Ibis, 1867, p. 202 ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 75 (1884). Chlorospiza kawarahiba, Bp. Consp. i. p. 514 (1850) ; Blakist. # Pryer, B. Japan, p. 173 (1882) ; id. Amended List B. Japan, p. 17 (1884). Fringilla kawariba, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 83 (1870). Adult male. Similar to 0. sinica, but larger, and the colours not quite so vivid. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0"55, wing 3*5, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-7. Adult female. Similar to the female of O. sinica, but somewhat larger. Total length 6 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3-4, tail 2-05, tarsus 0"75. Hab. Japan. a. 9 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. 13, 1865 Gould Coll. (#. Whitehj). b. S ad. sk. Japan. Gould Coll. c. S ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. d. S ad. sk. Nagasaki. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.J. e,f. Ad. st. Japan. Leiden Museum. 5. EOPHONA. Type. Eophona, Gould, B. of Asia, part in. (1851) ? E. personata. Range. Eastern Siberia, Japan, and China. Key to the Species. a. Primaries tipped with white for about an inch . melanura 3 , p. 29. b. Primaries black. a'. Primaries edged with white at the tips, the secondaries more broadly tipped melanura 2 , p. 29. b'. Primaries black, with no white tips, but a broad white bar across the middle ; no white tips to the secondaries personata S , p. 30. 1 . Eophona melanura. Le Grosbec de la Chine, Sonti. Voy. Ind. (h-ient. ii. p. 199 (1782). Grey-necked Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn.il pt. i. p. 143 (1783). Lox'ia melanura, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 853 (1788). Coccothraustes melanura, Jard. ty Selby, III. Orn. ii. pi. 63 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 358 (1844) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1800, p. 01, 1861, p. 45, 1807, p. 370; Gray, Fuse. B. China, p. 5, pi. iv. (1871); David, N. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull. p. 10 (1871) ; Blak. $ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 246; iid. B. Japan, p. 175 (1882) ; Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 30 ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 266. 5. EOPHONA. 29 Hesperiphona melanura, Bp. Consp. i. p. 506 (1850). Eophona nielanura, Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 19 (1851) ; Horsf. S[ Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 462 (1854) ; Gray, Ilaud-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7293 (1870) ; Surinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 386 ; id. Pois, 1873, p. 372, 1875, p. 121 ; Dybowshi, J.f. O. 1876, p. 199; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zoo/. France, i. p. 181 (1876) ; David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 347, pi. 92 (1877). Adult male. General colour above pale chocolate-brown, lighter and more ashy on the rump, becoming ash)' whitish just before the upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts dark brown ; median and greater coverts glossy purplish black ; bastard-wing and primary- coverts blackish brown, the latter with a small subterminal spot of white, forming a speculum ; quills blackish brown, the primaries with a broad subterminal band of white ; inner primaries tipped with white ; secondaries externally glossy purplish black, and broadly tipped with white ; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers glossy purplish black, the rest of the tail-feathers black, externally glossy black ; crown of head glossy black, as well as the lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat ; the latter separated from the breast by an indistinct whitish line ; sides of neck brown ; fore neck and breast brown, with a slight tinge of tawny ; abdomen white, with a slight ashy tinge ; sides of body and flanks deep tawny ; thighs dark ashy ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axil- laries black, narrowly tipped with white ; quills below dusky, ashy on the inner edge, with the same white streaks as on the upper surface : " bill yellow, with the tip green ; feet white : iris rufous " (A. David). Total length 6"7 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-85, tail 2-75, tarsus 0*85. Adult female. Wants the black head and face of the male, the whole head and throat being ashy or drab-brown : wing-coverts ashy brown, the greater series black at the ends ; primary-coverts and bastard-wing dusky brown, the former blackish : quills black, edged with white near the ends of the primaries, the secondaries tipped with white, the innermost pale brown, edged with purplish black, fringed with white : rump and upper tail- coverts drab-grey, as also the centre tail-feathers, the remainder brown, black externally and at the ends ; throat and breast drab-brown, the latter tinged with ochreous ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white ; sides of body ochreous or tawny buff ; thighs dark ashy grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark drab-brown ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web. Total length 6-4 inches, culmen 0*7, wing3-75, tail 2-6, tarsus 0*75. Old specimens have the tips of the primaries white, this colour being gradually assumed. Sab. Southern and Central China, ranging northwards in summer into North China and Eastern Siberia ; of doubtful occurrence in Japan, according to Blakiston. a. J ad. sk. China. Gould Coll. b, c, d. cS ad. sk. ; North China. C. Maries, Esq. [C. |. e, f. $ ad- sk. 30 FRINGILLIDJE. {I, h. S 2 a(l- s^- Fokien, China. Gould Coll. i. J ad. sk. Shanghai. Gould Coll. k,l. d 2 ad. sk. Amoy, Nov. 18G6 (R. Hume Coll. Swinhoe). m. Ad. st. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. 2. Eophona personata. Coccothraustes personatus, Temm. 8f Schl. Faun. Jap., Aves, pi. lii. (1850) ; Whiteh/, Ibis, 1867, p. 201 ; David, N. Arch. Mas. vii. Bull. p. 11 (1871) ; Blakist. fy Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 245 ; iid. B. Japan, p. 175 (1882). Hesperiphona per.-sonata, Bp. Consp. i. p. 506 (1850). Eophona personata, Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 18 (1851) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 3294 (1870) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 386 ; Dy- bowsld, J. f. O. 1876, p. 100 ; Tacz. Bull. Sue. Zool. France, i. p. 181 (1876) ; David fy Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 346, pi. 91 (1877) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1877, p. 145; Blakist. # Pryer, B. Japan, p. 175 (1882); Jouy, Pi: U. S. Nat. Mm. vi. p. 295 (1883) ; Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, pp. 18, 6.3 (1884). Adult male. General colour above pale drab or ashy grey, slightly washed with drab-brown on the scapulars ; lesser wing-coverts blackish, externally glossy steel-black ; median and greater coverts glossy steel-black, the inner ones like the back, or black with a median streak of drab-grey ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ; quills black, the primaries with a bar of white across them, not seen on the outermost, and only found on the outer web of the two innermost ; secondaries externally glossy steel-black, except the innermost ones, which arc drab with a broken tinge like the scapulars ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; centre tail-feathers glossy blue-black, velvety black at the ends ; the remainder black, externally glossy blue-black ; crown of head black as far as the feathers round eye, and a bar down the fore part of the face black, joining the chin, which is also black ; ear-coverts pale drab, sepa- rated from the black of the face by a narrow line of whitish ; hinder cheeks like ear-coverts ; throat white in the centre, the chin and upper throat black ; sides of throat, sides of neck, fore neck, and breast pale drab-grey ; abdomen whiter ; sides of body and flanks pale drab-grey : thighs grey ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing- coverts and axillaries white ; quills below blackish, the white bar on the primaries showing below : " bill yellow ; feet greyish reddish ; iris reddish" (A. David); "iris light hazel" {II. Whitely). Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4-45, tail 3-1, tarsus 0-9. Hob. Eastern Siberia, Japan, extending to Northern and Western China. ' a. <3 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Nov. 2, 1864. Mr. Henry Whitely [C.]. b, c. d 2 ad- sk- Nagasaki, Oct. 29, 1879. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. d. 6 ad. sk. Nagasaki, Dec. 31, 1879. F. Ringer, Esq. [PJ. e. Ad. sk. Japan. Gould Coll. 6. CHAUyoPKOCTUS. ox 6. CHAUNOPROCTUS Chaunoproctus, BP. Cmsp. i. p. 526 (1850) r f S^ * 7, v ' l*. rerreirostns. Range. Bonin Islands, Japanese Sea. 1. Chaunoproctus ferreirostris. Coccothraustes ferreiroatris 77/, 7 i t p. 03 (1884). P ' C -' ' ^'^ Amended List B. Japan Coccothraustes papa, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7296 (18r0) primaries; upper' tail-covets like Te back" TTf ^ °" tho brown; crown of head and hind n^l- vT ' taiMcathcrs dusky the forehead, lores, eyebrow ride of" aT* ™Shcd With Crimson ' under surfaces of body cTrnson n » ^f^00^8' <*«*■, and abdomen ashy whitish ;^ides of bXaL^ ^ k^ and ^ ! reddish tinge; thighs bro wn, unde^a* coven ^Ti^* a 8l*ht wing-coverts and axillaries ash ™ lu ashy browu : Ulu1^ quills below dusky, asln bro\vn lo ^ ,"' Wlth * *** ros3' tinge ; 7 inches, culmen 0-95, 7JS£*£' 2L * IT "ft TotaI lenW 4ft* M Different from tJe ^i "?" ^ , brown, the dorsal feathers darker ccnW i r ^ C°loUr above olive; the wing-coverts liie 4e TaS ^ f^tly washed with coverts, and quills dusky brown ed^dwtbTV-?- P™*1?- paler on the primaries'; upper t nl LT? r^, hke the back> feathers dusky brown, eVtcS lS^ , hke the back ; fcail~ the back ; lores dusky b own- eveb™ ^ ' 'T" °f head lik* coverts and cheeks brown Throat \t ?* H** bl'°WU » «■*. ochreous brown, the abdomen rather ??" ""^ °f bod^ ^ght nanks brown; thighs brown uSer ta ' '" ? *", °{ ^ and whitish edges; under wing^ovcrtsa n n * **? bro^" with quills below dusky, ashy on t!le nner ed"e T T 5fi* hrowa « culmen 1-15, wing 4< tail 2-9, tarsus 1-1 1CDgth 7'5 incbes> #a&. Island of Bonin-Sima. *K**** ""* v„,„.9,s., «„„„„„, Uypes of species.) 32 feingillidjE. 7. HESPERIPHONA. ^ Hesperiphona, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 424 (1850) H. vespertina. Range. Rocky Mountains, and eastwards to Lake Superior, north to the Fur Countries, and southward to Mexico and Guatemala. Key to the Species. a. Crown black. a'. A yellow forehead and eyebrow vespertina tf ad., p. 32. b'. No yellow forehead. a". No white alar speculum. «'". Sides of face and throat black .... abeilleei $ ad., p. 34. b'". Sides of face greenish yellow ; throat ashy brown abeilleei S inmi., p. 35. b". A white alar speculum at base of middle primaries abeilleei $ ad., p. 35. b. Crown yellowish olive or brown; upper tail- coverts yellowish or ashy white vespertina § ad., p. 33. 1. Hesperiphona vespertina. Fringilla vespertina, Cooper, Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. p. 220 (1825) ; Bp. Amer. Orn. ii. p. 75, pi. xv. fig. 1 (1828) : Xuttall. Man. Orn. i. p. 520 (1832) ; Audub. B. Amer. pis. -373, 424 ; id. Orn. Bioyr. iv. p. 515 (1838), v. p. 235 (1839). Loxia bonapartii, Less. Bull. Scient. t. xxv. (teste Less.). Coccothraustes bonapartii, Less. Bl. Zool. pi. 31 (1831). Coccothraustes vespertiua, Swains. Sf Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 209, pi. 68 (1831); Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 432, pi. 15. tig. 1 (1832) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. fy N. Amer. p. 30 (1838) ; Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 217, pi. 207 (1841) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 358 (1844) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 251 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 123 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 87, no. 7288 (1870); Scl. ty Salv. Nomencl. Ac. Neotr. p. 34 (1873); Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 211 (1882); id. S[ Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 426 (1886) ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 255 (1886). Hesperiphona vespertina, Bp. C. R. xxxi. p. 424 (1850) ; id. Consp. i. p. 505 (1850) ; Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 469 (1858) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 5, 1863, p. 69 ; Baird, Lbis, 1867, p. 266 ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 550 (1869) ; Cooper, B. Calif, p. 174 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 127 (1872) ; Baird, Brewer, Sf Bidgway, Hist. N. 'Amer. B. i. p. 44!) (1874); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 104 (1874) ; Hensh. Rep. Expl. IQOth Merid. p. 239 (1875) ; Corns, Bull. Xatt. Orn. Club, iv. p. 65 (1879) ; Hay, op. cit. vi. p. 179 (1881) ; Brewster, op. cit. vii. p. 227; Corns, t. c. p. 250 (1882) ; Mclluraith, dp. cit. viii. p. 140 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 342 (1884) ; Drew, Auk, i. p. 15 (1884) ; Scott, t. c. p. 174; Aaersb. t. c. p. 279; Seton, t. c. p. 334; Cooke, Auk, ii. p. 244 (1885). Hesperiphona vespertina, var. vespertiua, Baird, Brewer, §• Ridgie. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 449 (1874). Hesperiphona vespertina, var. montana, iid. t. c. p. 449 (1874). Adult male. General colour above brown on the back and mantle, the scapulars, lower back, and rump dull golden yellow, the latter 7. HESPERIPHONA. lower one, ^ ^^ ^US £M »£A cheeks and chin ; throat, sides of noct and foro oeTi T "" "" tne breast, abdomen sides of lmnV ,nri d 1 [• »''uluau> «'» yellow shaded with brown- ttX'lTliS ^ "J"*- !™ g°Wen under tad-covert, l.nX 11 g Wackiah, tipped with yellow: wing 4-3, tail 2-45, tarsus 0-8. g ' CheS' CUlmen °'8' Adult female. Lacks the black head of rhp mal« ti, ,. • a little darker brown than the S the hi™ I ™ £ 7" ^ middle ones white at the base of the outer wel? tW 3 **. the secondaries plainly edged with white l^rtheeZ TS ° SPfUlum; the inner ones drab-brown tow" rds the e, 5 of 1 J > ""?' inner greater coverts similar™ coloured and ^naX^hit^ cuWOvS wing 4-2, tail 2-45, ttsus 0-8 ^^ 5"6 "^ lounrj. Quite different from the nrlnH-« J*™™ i, paler and more drab on the Wr b^ k and ™ ° <**"*«* below, quills blackish brown, the quill eoW witTwhiteT/T^8 ^ secondaries, the innermost of which have ao To t'd wht^ ^ he innermost greater coverts are ashy for thS tS fcduffi ! the inner primaries are white at the base of the outer ZL ' sa th^o^rth^rmrirti£-vs ^ already beginning to ntonlt, and t/show the apSoaoh^f ^' ? m plunge, bat hoe the yellow everywhere of eltrta net D 34 FBIXGILLID.E. greenish shade ; the inner secondaries are brownish white, with a broad longitudinal centre of blackish brown, of irregular shape ; the upper tail-coverts and tail are also minutely tipped with white ; the yellow forehead and eyebrow are mixed with black-tipped plumes. The differences of plumage which have induced Mr. Ridgway to recognize two forms of this species seem to me to be due to age. Several American ornithologists have also expressed their opinion that the differences recorded are due to individual variation. A specimen from British Columbia, the sex of which has unfortu- nately not been ascertained by Mr. Lord, is brown with a yellowish tinge, and has black wings very much as in the adult male, but without any alar speculum, showing that it is not an old female, which in other respects it greatly resembles. It may be the young male after its first moult still retaining traces of the female plumage ; but this supposition scarcely fits in with the description of the young birds given above. Altogether the changes of plumage in the pre- sent species require much further study. Hub. Western North America east to Lake Superior, and casually to Ohio and Ontario ; from the Pur Countries south into Mexico. a. (S ad. ; 6. [ J ] British Columbia (west side J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.]. ad. sk. of Rocky Mountains). c. [ d>~\ ad.sk. Oregon. Lord "Walsinghaui [P.].. . d. <3 ad.sk. Linkville, Oregon, March 20, U. S. Isational Mu- 1883 (Capt. Bendire, Sm. seum [P.]. no. 94865). e. 2 juv. sk. Fort Klamath, Oregon, Sept.5, U. S. National Mu- 1885(0/}/. Bendire, Sm. seum [P.]. no. 94869). f,g. g 2 ad-; h. Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. S imm. sk. *'. Jad.sk. Vera Cruz, Mexico {A.Salle). Sclater Coll. k. d ad. sk. Mexico (A. Boucard). Sclater Coll. 1. d ad. sk. N. Mexico. Sclater Coll. 2. Hesperiphona ateOlaei. Guiraca abeillii, Less. Bev. Zool. 1839, p. 41. Hesperiphona vespertina, juv., Bp. Consp. i. p. 505 (1850). Hesperiphona abeillii, Bp. Consp. i. p. 505 (1850) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bosl. Soc. N. H. i. p. 550 (1809) ; Baud, Bracer, fy Bidgw. Hist. N. Amer. B. i. p. 449 (1874) ; Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv. p. 67, note (1879). Coccothraustes abeillii, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 365 ; id. $■ Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 19 ; Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 352 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 123 (1862) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 87, no. 7289 (1870). Coccothraustes maculipeEnis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 251, pi. clxiii. ; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 206. Coccothraustes abeillasi, Scl. $ Salv. No7tiencl. Av. Neotr. p. 34 (1873) ; Salvin §• Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 426 (1886). Adult male. General colour above yellow, the mantle and upper 7. HESPERIPHO'A. 35 back a little more olive than the rest of the back ; wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, excepting the inner- most greater coverts and secondaries, which are pearly white, fringed with yellow externally ; upper tail-coverts black, some of the lower ones edged with yellow at the tip ; tail-feathers black ; crown of head, sides of head, and hind neck black, as well as the ear-coverts, cheeks, and throat; sides of neck and under surface of body from the fore neck downwards yellow ; thighs black, edged with yellow ; under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillarics yellow, the feathers near the edge of the wing black ; quills below blackish, ashy tinged with yellow along the inner edge. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4-25, tail 2(35, tarsus 0*75. Adult female. Differs from the male in being ashy brown above, washed with olive-yellow ; the black on the head confined to the crown and nape, so as to form a cap ; upper tail-coverts and outer tail-feathers tipped with white; wings as in the male, but the inner primaries with a white mark at the base of the outer web, forming a speculum ; sides of face and ear-coverts dull olive-greenish, the sides of the neck clearer yellow ; feathers at the base of the bill and at the base of the cheeks, as well as a line along the upper chin, black ; remainder of the under surface of body pale drab- brown, washed with yellow, the abdomen and under tail-coverts dull whitish ; axillaries and under wing-coverts yellow, those near the edge of the wing blackish, edged with yellow. Total length 6'5 inches, culmen f>8, wing 4*1, tail 2-5, tarsus 075. The young male resembles the old female in having only the black cap, but the sides of the face and the upper surface of the body are brighter and more yellowish green ; the white speculum is present on the wing, but is smaller than in the old female ; the throat also is more ashy, and the under surface of tho body more distinctly washed with yellow. Hab. Central America from Mexico to Guatemala. a. Ad. ; b. Juv. Mexico. Purchased. St. c. [cJ jun.Jsk. Near the City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll. d. d ad. sk. Valley of Mexico. Salvin-Godiuan Coll. e. cjad.sk. Jalapa (JDe Oca). Sclater Coll. f. $ ad. sk. Vera Cruz, Mexico (A. Sclater Coll. (Type of Salle). C. maculipennw. Scl.") g. <$ jim. sk. Guatemala. Sclater Coll. h, i. J 2 ad- sk. Coban, Guatemala, Salvin-Godrnan Coll. Aug. 1860 (R. Oicen). k. J ad. sk. San Geronimo, Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll. mala, June 1882 (It. Owen). I. c? hum. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guate- Salvin-Godman Coll. mala, Nov. 1861 (O. S. $ F.D. G.). in. J ad. st. Guatemala (G. U. Skin- G. U. Skinner, Esq. ner). 36 FEINGILLIB^;. 8. COCCOTHRAUSTES. Coccothraustes, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 218 (1760). Type. C. coccothraustes. Wing of Coccothraustes coccothramtr>. Range. The whole of Europe and Central Asia to North-western India ; E. Siberia ; Japan and Northern China. Key to the Species. a. With the crown tawny rufous. «'. With the sides of the body vinous. a". Median and greater wing-coverts tipped with white coccothraustes rf , p. 37. b". Median and greater wing-coverts tipped with pale drab japonicus cS > P- 40. b'. With the sides of the body tawny or orange-buff hunrii cS > P- 40. , ,»,.,, ., , I coccothraustes 2 , p. 38. b. With the crown brown \japonicus $ , pTio c. With the crown ashy grey humii $ , p. 40. 1. Coccothraustes coccothraustes. The Common Grosbeak, A/bin, Nat. Hist. Birds, i. p. 54, pi. hi. (1738). The Grosbeak or Hawfinch. Edwards, Nat. Hist. Birds, iv. p. 188, pi. 188 (1751). Le Grosbec, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 219 (1760); Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 444 (1775) ; Haubent. PL JEnl. iv. pis. 99, 100. Loxia coccothraustes, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 299 ( 1 766) ; Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 105, pi. 105. fig. 1 (i766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 844 (1788). Hawfinch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. i. p. 100 (178.')). Coccothraustes vulgaris. Pall. Zooyr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 12 (1811) ; Vieill. N Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 519 (1817) ; Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 76 (1825) ; Selby, Brit. B. i. p. 324 (1833) ; Gould, B. Eur. iii. pi. 199 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. §■ N. Amer. p. 30 (1838) ; Keys. n. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xlii (1840) ; Selys-Lonach. Faune Belqe, p. 75 (1842) ; Schl. Bev. Grit. p. lxv (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 358 (1844) ; Heunts. Er/e/s Brit. B. i. p. 158, pi. 43. fiY Schl. Farm. Jap. pi. 51 (1850) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 386 ; Blakist. fy Pryer, B. Japan, p. 175 (1882); Join/, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 294 (1883); Rlakist. Amended Lid B. Japan, p. 18 (1884) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 57 (1884). 40 FR1NGILLID.E. Coccothraustes japonicus, Bp. Consp. i. p. 506 (1850) ; Horsf. fy Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 463 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 87, no. 7287 (1870) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 160 ; Tacz. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 331 ; Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 121 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 181 (1876) ; Blakist. fy Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 245 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1879, p. 138 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 97. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Middend. Sibir. Rets. p. 154 (1851); Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. p. 300 (1859) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 336 ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 328 ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vbg. p. 193 (1863) ; Whitely, Ibis, 1863, p. 193; Dyboicski, J.f. 0. 1868, p. 335; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 448 ; David, N. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull. p. 10 (1871) ; id. 4- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 348 (1877). Adult male. Only differs from the same sex of C. coccothraustes in having the wing-coverts ashy whitish or pale drab at the ends instead of whitish : " bill horn-colour ; legs and toes flesh-colour " (H. Whitely). Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 385, tail 2. Adult female. Differs Eke the male from the corresponding sex of O. coccothraustes. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 4-1, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*85. Hah. Eastern Siberia and Japan, extending into Northern China as far west as the Ichang gorge, according to the late Consul Swinhoe ; Mongolia and Thibet (A. David). Japan. India Museum. Japan. Gould Coll. Yokohama, Japan. Prof. Milne [C.]. Nagasaki, Japan. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. Chusan (Capt. Ince). Goidd Coll. 2. Coccothraustes humii. (Plate I.) Coccothraustes vulgaris (nee L.), Hume, Ibis, 1869, p. 4"i<>; id. Sir, F. vii. pp. 413, 462 (1877), viii. p. 108 (1879); ? Barnes, Sir. F. ix. p. 456 (1880). Coccothraustes humii, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 97. Adult male. Differs from ft coccothraustes in its paler coloration, and in the side of the body being pale tawny or orange-brown instead of vinaceous. Total length 6-9 inches, culmen U-y, wing 3-8, tail 2*1, tarsus 0*8. Adult female. Differs from the femalo C. coccothraustes in being ochreous-brown above, pale ashy ochreous on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; crown of head ashy grey like the hind neck ; sides of face also ashy grey, washed with ochreous ; breast and bides of body ochreous buff, instead of vinaceous brown ; centre of breast and abdomen white. Total length 6-75 inches, culmen 0*75, wing 3*9, tail 2-35, tarsus 0'8. Hub. North-western Punjab ; ? Afghanistan. a, b. (S ad. sk. Attock, N.YY. Punjab, March Hume Coll. 1869 (Col Delme Radcliffe). (Types of species.) c. 2 ad- sk- Attock, Feb. 1870 (D. R.). Hume Coll. a. $ ad. sk. b, c. S 2 ad d. 2 ad. sk. e. ? ad. sk. f. 2 ad. sk. it- Ad. sk. 0. 5IVCF.R0BAS. 41 9. MYCEROBAS. _, Type. Mycerobas, Cab. in Wiegm, Arch. xiii. p. 350 ( 1 >47) ' M. melanoxanthus. Bill of Mycerobas melanoxanthus from below, to show form of chin-augle. Range. Throughout the Himalayas to Manipur and Western China. 1. Mycerobas melanoxanthus. Coeeothraustes raelar.oxantlnis, Hvdys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas., Passeres, pi. 279. figs. 1, 2 (nos. 326, 827), pi. 27'.>a. figs. 1, 1*; id. Asiatic Researches, xix. p. 160 (1836) ; id. in Gray's Zoo/. .1/isc. p. 84 (1844). CoccothrausUs fortirostris, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 228, Coeeothraustes melanoxanthus, Blyth, J. A. S. Rvwj. xiii. 1844, p. 050, cum fig. :', (bill) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 358, pi 88 | L844) ; ul. Cat. Mamnt. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 10.") 1 1846) ; Blyth, ('at. B. Mas. As. -S'oc. p. 120 (1840); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 88, no. 7295 (1870); David, X. Arch. Mus. vii. Bull. p. 11 (1871); Sahin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 212(1882). Mycerobas melanoxanthus, Cab. in Wiegm. Arch. f. Naturg. xiii. p. 3-jO (1847); Bj>. ('■■nsp. i. p. 505 (I860); Gould, B. Asia, vol. v. pi. 20(1851); Horsf.fy Moore, Cat. B. E.I. Co. Mus. ii. p. 461 (1860) : Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 386 | 1863) : Blyth, Ibis, L867, p. 43; Swinh. P.Z.8. 1871, p. 886; David \ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 345 (1878); Hume, Sir. F. 1879, p. 107; C. II. T. Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 420. Adult male. General colour above slaty black, the feathers black in the centre with slaty-grey margins; lesser -wing-coverts like the back ; remainder of the coverts black, greater coverts edged with slaty grey, the inner ones tipped with a pale sulphur-yellow spot on the outer web ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, edged with ashy brown, the secondaries with a small mark of pale yellow at the end of the outer web, larger and more sulphur-yellow on the inner secondaries ; the inner primaries with a concealed white spot at the base ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black ; head, sides of face, and entire throat black ; remainder of under surface of body, from the fore neck downwards, bright yellow ; sides of body spotted with black, the lower flanks edged with black ; thighs black, edged with yellow ; under tail-coverts yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black, edged with yellow ; quills below Wack edged with dull olave-yelloj, clearer fo a u blacK, eug extreme base ot the oxitc h UoW Illow quills below dusky, ashy along^ d M yellow , 4 he iuner wob: DlU, B , - mche8 towards the base oi >} /y //,,,/,,,,„*). lotal ienfr I r rJKKSji - s— est, . H / Throughout the Himalaya" trom ocmmng m Si£, So rouging in* ]£g -JJ* Westem cbma. thewooueauro^W^ ^ ^ c, A 6 ™»- sk A1 ttabad, Hasaxa, May 4, *»» a. cJ J*". Bk. n (Tr_ j,r Br«w). Hume Coll. , , Cfcainlia, Feb. 21,1881 (> f. cJ ad.sk. H T. Marshall)- Colone] C. H. T. Cliamba, Feb. 1682. Marshall [P.]. q. Juv. sk. 9. HYCEROBA.S. 10. PYCXOKHAMPHUS. 43 h. i. J ad. sk. k. cJ ad. sk. /. m. <3 ad. sk. ; n, o. $ ad. sk. p. <$ ad. ; q. 2 hum. sk. r. d ad. sk. s, t. 2 ad. ; u. .Ftiv. sk. v, to. Juv. sk. .c, >/, z. o* ad. sk. Koteguxh, April 1871. Simla, L869. Between Simla and Masuri. Masuri, March 1869. Middle range of hills north of Masim. Kumaon. Nepal {Hodgson ). Nepal. Nepal. a'-e'. 2 ad. et juv. sk. f ',;/'. S\ K. 2 ad.; Native Sikhim, Jan. 1878 78 i'. Juv. sk. (X. Mandelli). k'. c? ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Feb. 1875 (L.M.). r, Hi'. $ ad. ; Native Sikhim, May 1878- 7"> «', o'. Juv. sk. (L. M.). p'. <$ ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Oct. 1878 (L.M.). q'. S ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Dec. 1878 (Z..V.I. r',s', (3;f. 2 ad. sk. Interim- of Sikhim, Aug. 1873 (Z. .1/.). Sikhim, Feb. 1873 (L. .1/.). u'. $ ad. ; »', w\ Juv. sk. #'. <5 ad. sk. ?/', r'. Juv. sk. a. 2 ad. Bk. )3, y, », f. rj ad. ; C n. ? ad. ; #, t, k. Juv. sk. X, /i. P- 4(5. d". Throat and chest ashy grey; rest of under surface pale fawn-colour icteroides 2 > P- 44. b. With a white alar speculum on the primaries. c'. Throat and breast blackish like the head . . carneipes $ , p. 48. a". Throat and breast ashy grey, streaked with dull white carneipes 2 > P- 48. 1. Pycnorhamphus icteroides. Coccothraustes icteroides, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 8 ; Gould, Cent. B. Himal. Mts. pi. 45 (1832); Bhjtli, J. A. .S'. Bene/, xiii. 1844, p. 950, cum tig. (bill) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 358 (1844) ; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Passeres, pi. 281 (no. b29) ; id. in dray's Zool. Misc. p. 84 (1844); Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 105 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Hoc. p. 125 (1849) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 68, no. 7290 (1870) ; Salvia, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 212(1882). Mycerobas icteroides, Cab. in Wiegm. Arch. f. Naburg. xiii. p. 350 (1847). Hesperiphona icteroides, Bp. Consp. i. p. 505 (1850) ; Gould, B. Asia, v. pi. 22* (1851); Horsf. # Moore, Cat. B. E.l. Co. Mus. ii. p. 462 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 385 (1863) ; Hume ^ Henderson, Lahore to YarJc. p. 257 (1873); C/.- ,y Marshall, Sir. F. 1873, p. 358 ; Wardlaio Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 66 ; C. H. T. Mars/tall, Ibis, 1884, p. 420. Pycnorhamphus icteroides, Hume, Nests and Eyrjs Ind. B. p. 469 (1873) ; id. Str. F. 1879, p. 107. Adult male. General colour above yellow, the centre of the back yellow, the feathers yellow on the outer web, black on the inner one ; scapulars, entire wings, upper tail-coverts, and tail black ; crown of head and nape, sides of head, cheeks, and throat black ; rest of under surface from the lower throat yellow ; thighs black ; axillaries and under wing-coverts black ; quills black below, a little browner on the edge of the inner web : " bill apple-green ; legs carneous ; iris reddish brown " (R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay). Total length 8 inches, culmen 1, wing 5, tail 3-2, tarsus 1*05. Adult female. Different from the male. General colour above ashy grey, the head a little duller than the back ; lower back and * Excepting the lower figure, which is H. affinis 2 ■ 10. PYCNOEHAiLPBXS. 45 rump a pale sandy buff slightly washed -with ashy ; upper tail- coverts ashy grey ; wing-coverts ashy grey, the greater series black internally ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, slightly edged with ashy near the end of the outer web, the secondaries broadly edged with ashy grey : tail black, except the centre feathers, which are ashy grey with black shafts ; crown of head, sides of face, sides of neck, throat, and chest ashy grey ; breast and abdomen, as well as the under tail-coverts, fawn-buff ; thighs ashy ; under wing-coverts and axillaries ashy grey ; quills blackish below, browner on the inner web : " bill greyish blue, yellowish at the tip and on the edges ; legs and feet pale fleshy : iris brown " (A. 0. Hume, AISS.). Total length 8-5 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 5-1, tail 3-55, tarsus 1. Young male. Resembles the adult female, but with the yellow rump and black wings and tail of the adult male ; the back inter- spersed with many black feathers ; the fawn-coloured under surface rather brighter than in the adult male, the feathers of the fore neck and chest obscured with dusky tips ; throat ashy grey, as in the old female, but mottled with the black feathers of the approaching adult plumage : " bill waxy green : legs and feet pale fleshy ; iris hazel. Total length 9-2 inches, wing 5, tail 3*4, tarsus 1*15, bill from gape 0-78/' (C. T. Bingham.) No perceptible difference is observable between specimens killed in winter and summer, excepting that the bill is much paler in the former season, when it is more yellowish with less blue in both mandibles. A male killed near Simla, on Sept. 11, according to Mr. Hume, had the " legs yellowish fleshy " and the bill " pale horny greenish ; " and a second male from Simla, procured on the 8th of October, also had the bill " horny greenish," but the legs were fleshy pink and the " irides reddish brown." Old males often have the yellow on the hind neck intensified into orange, and this deeper tint also occasionally pervades the fore neck and chest. The yellow on the back is so arranged that it forms a continuous streak down the mantle, but on examination the feathering will be found to be particoloured, the exterior portion being black, the inner portion yellow. Hab. Himalayas, " breeding in the pine-forests south of the first snowy range and west of the Ganges, from 5000 to 9000 feet " (A. O. Hume). a. 2 A&- sk- [Himalayas.] Zoological Society. (Type of the species.) b, c. S 2 ad. sk. Ruttun Pir, Cashmere, May Hume Coll. 10, 1871 ( W. E. Brooks), d. $ ad.sk. Gulmurg, June 6, 1871 (W. Hume Coll. E.Brooks). e,f. c? 2 ad. sk. Dhurmsala, May 1870. Hume Coll. g, h. 3 5 ad. sk. Above Dhurmsala. Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill [P.]. i, j. S 2 ad. sk. Between Dhurmsala and Capt. Stackhouse Chamha. Pinwill [P.], 46 F1UNGILL1D.E. k,l. d2 ad. sk. m. 2 ad. sk. n, o. d ad. ; p. 2 ad. ak. q. S ad. St. ?•. Juv. sk. s, t, u. rf ad. sk. v, w. c? ad. sk. .r. J ad. sk. ;ather duller 0-95, wing 4-2, tad JB, tarsusU ^ ^ mal p^her a mottled with ^^^'SVos; tarsns 0-9. cultnen 0-95, vmg 4-25 ta iN U , ^ to Panama. Hfl6. Central Amencmttom Saivin-Godman Coll. , , ,v Irazu district, Costa Baca (*• «.* ad.sk. \ s) rwaBica, Saivin-Godman Coll. , v Rancbo Eedondo, Costa Kica, 6. $ ad. sk. Kanc^ g ^ ^^ . Sm. no. 47422) (J_ Saivin-Godman Coll. , v Yalza, Costa Bica, FeD. IA iy- c. 6 ^. sk. Ca?;m.o0 gclater cu i ,rQadsk. Costa Rica {CarmioT). E. Aice fC.]. d, e. 6% fa- s*- Vera?ua, Panama. E Arce [C.]. * £ ** tv Calovevora, Panama SaMu_Godman Coll. * ? »d; f o Calovevora, Panama (X^ *,*•/}*■ * SclaterColl. ,tafsk. VeraguaC^.^)- 4. Pheucticusaureiventris. ^ Pitvlus anreiventr,^^ Z£ fc^.^5, *.» ** * CoUorus aurerventns, 2* ^ P . gjaSTisa'ssw*-'- 11. PHEUCTICTTS. 55 towards the outer web ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ; quills black, with a large white mark on the base of the primaries ; inner secondaries with a white spot on the inner web ; upper tail- coverts black, tipped with white, the lateral ones with yellow ; tail- feathers black, with a large white mark at. the tip, decreasing gradually in extent towards the centre of the tail ; crown of head, hind neck, lores, feathers round the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, throat, and fore neck black, some of the lower feathers black tipped with yellow; breast, abdomen, sides of body, and flanks yellow ; thighs yellow with black bases ; under tail-coverts white, edged with yellow ; under wing-coverts and axillaries golden yellow, the lower coverts black ; quills below black, with a large white patch at the base of the inner web : " bill horny blackish above, the lower mandible dark at the base and pale at the extremity ; feet blackish brown ; iris dark brown " (Jelski). Total length 8 inches, culmen 1, wing 4'4, tail 3'5, tarsus 1. The adult male appears to take some time in getting his full plumage, and the amount of white on the outer tail-feather varies greatly ; there is also a considerable amount of black spotting. None of the specimens in the collection have their sexes determined, and I am unable to say if the adult female resembles the adult male in plumage, but this is most probably the case. The young bird has the wing and tail brown, and the whole upper surface appears to be duller black, mottled with yellowish edges to the feathers ; lores and a faint eyebrow yellow ; ear-coverts and sides of face black ; cheeks and sides of neck yellow, mottled with black spots ; entire under surface of body yellow, with black spots on the throat and black bars on the lower flanks ; under tail-coverts white. Hub. Bolivia, extending to the vicinity of Salta in the Argentine Republic, and Upper Paraguay and the province of Matogrosso in Brazil. a. c? ad. sk. Interior of Bolivia. Salvin-Godman Coll. b. 3 ad. ; c. Juv. Bolivia. Sclater Coll. sk. d. c? ad. sk. Sorata, Bolivia (C. Sclater Coll. Buckley). e,f. S ad. sk. Sorata, Bolivia (C. Salvin-Godman Con. Buckley). 5. Pheucticus uropygialis. Pheucticus aureiventris (nee D'Orb. fy Lafr.), Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 153 (1850) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, p. 154. Pheucticus uropygialis, Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 840; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 218 (1882) ; id. $ Godmun, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 334 (1884) ; Tacz. Om. Perou, iii. p. 2 (1886). Adult (type of species). General colour above black ; the lower back and rump golden yellow, mottled with black spots at the end 56 FRINGTXLID.E. of the feathers ; upper tail-coverts black, with subterminal spots of yellow ; lesser wing-coverts yellow, the remainder black, the median series tipped with large white spots, and the inner greater coverts similarly spotted ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ; quills black, the primaries with a conspicuous white basal mark, the inner secondaries with remains of white spots; tail-feathers black, the outer feather white for nearly the terminal half, with a tiny black spot at the end ; the next three feathers with a white mark at the end of the inner web, decreasing in size towards the centre of the tail ; crown and sides of head, sides of neck, and entire throat and fore neck like the back ; remainder of under surface of body golden yellow, the sides of the body and flanks mottled with black bars at the ends of the feathers ; thighs yellow, with black bases ; under tail-coverts yellow, the larger one3 white, washed with yellow and narrowly tipped with black ; axillaries and under wing-coverts yellow ; quills black below, with a large patch of white at the base of the primaries : " bill brownish black, lower mandible paler and lead-colour at base ; feet horny ; iris dark brown " (Jelsli). Total length 7"5 inches, culmen 095, wing 4*4, tail S'OS, tarsus 0-95. The only variation of adult specimens that I can perceive in a series lies in the greater or less amount of black spotting on the sides of the body, which is sometimes very faint and at other times is strongly developed. The specimens with the less pronounced black spots on the flanks may turn out to be females. The adult specimens from Ecuador differ from Colombian speci- mens in having a pale yellow subterminal bar to the feathers of the mantle, which is slightly mottled in consequence. Young specimens are browner than the adults, and have a yellow patch on the lower throat, the fore neck being black, spotted with yellow. Hub. Colombia, extending to Ecuador and Peru ; ? Guiana. a. Ad. sk. b, c. Ad. sk. d. Ad. sk. [Guiana ?] Bogota. Bogota. Sclater Coll. Sclater Coll. Sclater Coll. (Type e. Ad. ; /, g. Juv. sk. h. Ad. sk. i. Ad. sk. k. Ad. sk. 1. Ad. st. Bogota. species.) Purchased. Bogota. Bogota. Pasto, Ecuador {Lehmann). [S. America.] Salvin-Godman Coll. J. Purdie, Esq. [P.]. Zoological Society. 6. Pheucticus crissalis. Pheucticus aureiventris {nee D'Orb. Sf Lafr.), Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 551, 1860, p. 87. Pheucticus crissalis, Scl. fy Salv. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 19 ; Tacz. $■ Ber- lepsch, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 84. 11. PHEUCTICTJS. 57 Pheucticus henrichrysus (lapsu), Salvin §• Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, i. p. 334 (1884). Adult. General colour above black, slightly mottled on the mantle- feathers with concealed bases of yellow ; rump and lower back golden yellow, spotted with black tips to the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts black ; median and greater coverts black, the inner ones with broad white ends, confined to the outer web of the outer greater coverts ; bastard- wing and primary-coverts black ; quills black, the primaries with conspicuous white bases ; secondaries with small white tips at the end of the inner web, increasing in extent towards the back ; upper tail-coverts black, with a large white spot at the ends ; tail- feathers black, with a large white patch at the end of the inner web, increasing in extent towards the outermost ; crown of head, hind neck, lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts black ; cheeks black, mottled with yellow bases ; entire under surface of body golden yellow, with a little black on the chin ; sides of neck also mottled with black tips to the feathers ; sides of body and flanks with a few black spots ; under tail-coverts white, washed with yellow near the vent; under wing-coverts and axillaries golden yellow, with a patch of black near the white base of the primaries ; quills below black, with a conspicuous white base to the primaries. Total length 7"8 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4-4, tail 3*4, tarsus 1. The sexes in this species are apparently alike, but none of those in the British Museum are correctly determined. Some of them, apparently immature, have the head and back strongly mottled with golden-yellow bases to the feathers, and have likewise olive-yellow edgings to the dorsal plumage. There is also in these mottled examples a strongly pronounced eyebrow of golden yellow. Young. Differs from the adult in being much more dingy, and is washed with pale fawn-colour on the lower back and rump, and also on the under surface of the body, which is yellow only on the throat and centre of the breast and abdomen ; sides of body and lower abdomen and under tail-coverts dull white, slightly washed with fawn-colour ; crown of head and ear-coverts black, the former with a mesial streak of orange-buff, mottled with black tips to the feathers ; a broad eyebrow of orange-buff. Hah. Ecuador. a. Ad. ; b. Imrn. sk. Riobamba, Ecuador Sclater Coll. (Types (L. Fraser). of species.) c, d. Ad. ; e. Juv. sk. Ecuador. Sclater Coll. f,ff. Ad.sk. Sical, Ecuador (C Salvin-Godman Coll. Buckley). 58 FRINGILLID-a:. 12. HEDYMELES. Type. _ Habia, Reichenb. Syst. Nat. Taf. lxxviii. fig. 14 (1850) j T7^mi mdl" Hedymeles, Cab. Mus. Hein. Tk. i. p. 152 (1851) (nee Hedymela, Sund.) H. ludovicianus. Zamelodia, Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 98 (1880) H. ludovicianus. Cf. Stejneger, Auk, i. p. 367 (1884) ; Salvin Sr Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 336 (1884). Head of Hedymeles ludovicianus. Range. North America generally, ranging throughout Central America to Colombia, Ecuador, and the Antilles. Key to the Species. a. Head black, as well as the back and throat ; fore neck and chest rosy ; axillaries rosy ludovicianus $ ad., p. 59. b. Head black, as well as sides of feet and chin ; throat and breast tawny ; axillaries yellow melanocephalus S ad., p. 63. c. Head blackish, with pale centre to the crown ; axillaries yellow. a'. Uniform pale tawny below, yellow in the centre of the breast. . . . melanocephalus ,/r. ii. p. 166 (1834), v. p. 513 (1839). Fringilla rhodocampter, Licht. Preis-Verz. mex. Vbg. p. 1 (1830): Cab.J.f. O. 1863, p. 56. Coccoborus ludovicianus, Audub. Sun. p. 133 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, iii. p. 209, pi. 205 (1841) ; Giraud, B. Long 1st. p. 133 (1844) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 59, pi. viii. fig. 1 (1850) ; Neuwied, J.f. O. 1858, p. 267. Hedvmeles ludovicianus, Cab. Mm. Hein. Th. i. p. 152 (1850) ; Scl. P.Z. S. 1856, p. 301, 1859, p. 58 ; id. $ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 17 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 365 ; Scl, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 293 ; Cab. J.f. O. 1861, p. 7; Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 297 (1861) ; Scl, Cat. Amer. B. p. 100 (1862) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. pp. 102, 200 (1868) ; Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 300; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 552 (1869) ; Scl. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 836 ; Salv. t. c. p. 189 ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328 ; Scl. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. i. p. 275 (1874) ; Baird, Brewer, §■ Ridqiv. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 70 (1874) ; Lam: Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 19 (1876) ; Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 506 ; Salv. § Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 122 ; A. \ E. Newton, Handb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 104 ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 218 (1882) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 444 ; Salvin Sf Godman, Biol, Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 336 (1884). Goniaphea ludoviciana, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 103, no. 7546 (1870) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. iii. p. 177 (1872) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 149 (1872) ; id. B. N.-West, p. 166 (1874) ; Gun'dl. 0m. Cuba, p. 95 (1876). Zamelodia ludoviciana, Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 98 (1880) ; Ridgw. Bull. V.- S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 27 (1881) ; Coues, Check- list Amer. B. p. 59 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 389 (1884). Habia ludoviciana, Stejneger, Auk, i. p. 367 (1884) ; Cory, List B. W. Indies, p. 12 (1885) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 12 (1886) ; A. O. U. Check-list, p. 287 (1886) ; Cory, Auk, iii. p. 202. Adult male. General colour above black, the lower back and rump pure white, slightly mottled with black tips to a few of the lateral feathers ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median coverts black, the inner ones white, forming a patch ; greater coverts black, with a white spot at the tip of the outer web, increasing in extent towards the innermost coverts ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black ; quills black, with large white bases to the primaries ; secondaries with a white spot at the tip ; upper tail-coverts black, 00 FEINGILLrD^:. with a large white spot at the tip: tail-feathers black, the three Iter ones with a large white mark near the end of the inner web, decreasing towards the centre of the tad; crown of head lores Lther ronnd the eye, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and throat black- fore neck and chest with a large patch of beautiful rose- clur' extending in a line down the centre of the breast ; sides ,of fore neck mottled with black; breast abdomen sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts white, the sides of body and flank washed with ashy, spotted with black, as also the thighs ; under wing-coverts and axillaries beautiful rose-colour, those near the edg^ of the wing black; quills below dusky, with white bases to the primaries • inner edge of quills white at base : " bill white ; feergreylTblue ; iris hazel" (Audubon) Total length finches, culmenO-7, wing 4-1, tail 3-9, tarsus 0-4. AZltfmaU. Different from the male General co our above ochreons brown, streaked with black centres, the mantle-feathers with slightly lighter edgings; rump and upper tad-coverts uni- form ashy brown ; lesser wing-coverts ochreous brown ; median and greater coverts dusky, externally lighter brown, with a white spot at the ends; bastard-wing dusky brown; primary-cove rts dark brown; quills dusky brown, externally pale ashy brown, with a small white speculum formed by white on the base of the primaries ; "ner secondaries with white spots at the end of the inner web; tail-feathers light brown, edged with ashy brown ; c ™jn 2-6 2 ad. st. Mexico Zoological Society. (Type of species.) Purchased. r. d ad. sk. M,«. d; v. 2 ad. sk. «\ Juv. sk. /3. i7. capitalis. San Bernardino, California, June 14. California. R. B. Sharpe. Esq. Lord "\\ alsinpham [P.]. Nevada, California, Oct. (E. W. R B. Sharpe, Esq. Nelson). rp n 13. GUIRACA*. Guiraca, &™iW. Zool. Joum. in. p. 350 (1827) ... G cEerulea Ooccoborus, Szcains. Classif. B. ii. p. 277 (1837) G. cajrulea.' Type. Head of Guiraca cmrulea, Range. North America; Central America; and South America except the southern portions, Chili and Southern Patagonia. Two well-marked sections exist in the present genus, charac- terized by a strong differential peculiarity in the assumption of the spring plumage. So far as the series examined by me goes to testify, G. ccerulea assumes the spring plumage by an abrasion of the „r p i f]f6^ • G;r R- Gra7 restored for this genus the name of Ganiaphea of Bowd.tch (Trav. Madeira, p. 29); but, while admitting the characters of the latter geuus to have been taken in all probability from one of the species of (juiraca. there is so much uncertainty about it that it is not advisable to resus- citate Bowditch s name. vol. xir. 66 FRINGIILID.2B. pale margins which the feathers assume in winter. This species is likewise distinguished by a richer variety of colour than the more southern forms, G. cyanea and its allies. All the latterapparently differ in no wise in colour, and the young birds moult directly from the immature brown plumage into the full blue plumage of the adults. 0. parellina, however, resembles the G. cyanea group in its style of coloration, but yet possesses a seasonal plumage like G. ccerulea, and assumes the breeding-dress through the abrasion of the pale edges of the feathers, thus forming an interesting link between the two sections of the genus. Key to the Species. Males. a. With a chestnut wing-patch formed by the median coverts ccerulea, p. 66. b. With no chestnut on the wings. «'. Smaller; wing not exceeding 2'05 inches : lower back and rump conspicuously brighter blue than the mantle pareVina, p. G9. V. Larger ; wing at least 27 inches : lower back and rump slightly, if at all, brighter than the mantle. a . Purplish blue, with a distinct bright frontal band and wing-patch formed , Cl/aneu -j by the lesser coverts j araentina p 73 b. Duller blue, frontal patch and shoulder- J ' y' patch less distinct eyahoides, p. 73. c". Dull indigo-blue or blackish, with a very faint frontal hand and shoulder-patch concreta, p. 74. d". Entirely greenish blue above and below glaucoceerulea, p. 75. 1. Guiraca cserulea. Blue Grosbeak, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p, 39, pi. 89(1731); Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt.'l, p. 116 (1783) ; Penn, Arctic, Zool. ii. p. 351 (1785). Le Bouvreuil bleu de la Caroline, Briss. Orn. lii. p. 323 (17G0). Loxia cserulea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 30G (17GG) ; Wagler,Isis, 1831 p. 525; Wilson, Amer. Orn. iii. p. 78, pi. xxiv. fig. 6 (1811). Fringilla cserulea, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 22 (1823) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. cxxii. ; id, Orn. Biogr. ii. p. 140 (1834), v. p. 508 (1839). Guiraca cserulea, Swains. Phil. May. i. p. 438 (1827) ; Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. i. p. 307 (1832) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. § N.Amer. p. 30 (1838) ; Gray, Gen, B. ii. p. 357 (1844) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 499 (1858) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, pp. 365, 378 ; Salvia, Ibis, 1861, p. 352 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 10 (1862) ; id, P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 174 ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 491 ; Laicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 286 (1866) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 276 ; Duqes, La Nat. i. p. 139 (1868) ; Later. Ann. Lye. N Y. ix. p. 102 (1868), p. 200 (1869) ; Sumichr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N H. i. p. 552 (1869) ; Von Frantz. J. f. O. 1869, p. 301 ; Cooper, B. Cahf. p. 230 (1870) ; Scl. fy Sale. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 27 (1873) ;' Scl. Ibis, 1873, p. 373 ; Baird, Brewer, § Ridgic. Hist. N. Amer. B. ii. p. 76 (1874) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc, 13. GCIRACA. 67 ii. p. 276 (1874) ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 4, p. 20 (1876) ; Hensh. Rep. Zool. JBxpl. p. 298 (1875) ; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mia. i. p. 128 (1878); Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 95 (1868) ; Belding, t. c. p. 419 (1879) ; Cooper, op. cit. ii. p. 248 (1880) ; Breioster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii. p. 13 (1883) ; Coues, Check-list, p. 59 (1882); Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 444; Nutting % Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 392 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 390 (1884) ; Satv. $ Godm. Biol, Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 344 (1884) ; A. O. U Check-list, p. 287 (1886). Coccoborus cseruleus, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 277 (1837) ; Audub. B. Amer. iii. p. 204, pi. cciv. (1841) ; Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 152 (1850) ; Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 61, pi. viii. tig. 2 (1850) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 9 ; Finsch, Abhandl. nat. Vet: Bremen, i. p. 339 (1870). Cyanoloxia crerulea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 502 (1850). Goniaphea cau-ulea, Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 301 ; Gray, Hand-l, B. ii. p. 103, no. 7535 (1870) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 149 (1872) ; id. B. N.-West, p. 169 (1874) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol, Surv. iv. p. 19 (1878), v. p. 392 (1879) ; Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv. p. 9 (1879) ; Loomis, t. c. p. 214; Allen, op. cit. v. p. 184 (1880) ; Nehrl. op. cit. vii. p. 13 (1882). Adult male in breeding-plumage. General colour above glossy greyish cobalt, rather darker and mixed with blackish bases on the feathers of the mantle, scapulars, and upper back : the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts much more brilliant than the mantle ; lesser wing-coverts bright cobalt ; median coverts deep bay or chest- nut ; greater coverts blackish, externally greyish blue (with generally some slight remains of chestnut edges, the remains of winter plumage) ; bastard- wing, primary- coverts, and quills blackish, ex- ternally greyish blue, lighter and more hoary grey on the primaries ; tail-feathers blackish, margined with greyish cobalt, and fringed at the tip of the inner web with white, increasing in extent towards the outermost feathers ; head and neck bright greyish cobalt, lighter than the mantle, and of the same shade as the lower back and rump; sides of the face, cheeks, and ear-coverts like the head ; in front of the eye a black patch, extending from the base of the nostrils, and occupying also the base of the cheeks and base of the throat ; entire under surface of body bright cobalt, duller on the thighs and abdo- men and under tail-coverts, the latter fringed with white as well as the vent ; axillarics and under wing-coverts of the same colour as the breast, with ashy bases ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner webs : " bill pale greyish blue beneath and on the edges of the upper mandible, the rest of which is dusky " {Audubon) ; " legs brownish black ; iris dark brown " (Dresser). Total length 6-4 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-65, tail 2*85, tarsus 0'85. The breeding-plumage of the adult male is always accompanied by a dark bill, the upper mandible being blackish in the skin, the lower one blackish with cutting-edges and tips of yellowish horn-colour As the season advances the blue margins to the feathers of the mantle and upper back get worn off, and thus these parts assume a darker appearance than the head and lower back and rump. The blue edges to the wing-coverts and quills almost disappear, but the f2 68 FRINGILLID-E. chestnut tips to the greater coverts never seem to become entirely lost. Great variation takes place in the size of the bill, the older birds appearing to have larger bills than the more immature ones. Adult male in winter plumage. Ochreous brown above, entirely concealing the blue plumage, excepting on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, where the blue is apparent, but all the fea- thers are tipped with ochreous brown ; scapulars and lesser wing- coverts like the back ; median coverts chestnut, with paler fulvescent margins ; greater coverts and inner secondaries broadly edged with ochreous buff; quills externally margined with ashy ochreous, the tail-feathers with blue, the white tips to the outer feathers being very distinct ; sides of face and under surface of body ochreous brown, concealing the underlying blue plumage ; the abdomen, vent, under tail-coverts, axillaries, and under wing-coverts broadly margined with ashy white ; bill pale horn-colour in skin, browner along the crest of the upper mandible. The adult male gains the summer plumage by the wearing off of the pale tips to the feathers, and not by a spring moult. Tims many full-plum aged birds show traces of the winter dress in the shape of light edges to the feathers, especially on the under surface of the body. Adult female in breeding-plumage. Different from the male. Brown above, slightly mottled with darker brown bases on the mantle and upper back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy brown, contrasting slightly with the mantle; lesser wing- coverts bluish grey ; median and greater coverts dark brown, tipped with ochreous buff, forming a double wing-bar ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, edged externally with ashy, the inner secondaries with ochreous buff : tail-feathers brown, shaded with greyish blue on the edges, and with small fringes of white at the ends of the inner webs of the outer feathers ; head and neck clearer ochreous brown, as well as the sides of the face, cheeks, and ear-coverts ; feathers round the eye lighter ochreous brown, the lores whitish ; under surface of body pale ochreous buff , a little deeper on the fore neck and chest, and whiter on the throat and on the under tail-coverts, the latter slightly mottled with dark- brown bases ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pale ochreous buff; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner webs. Total length 6-2 inches, culmen 07, wing 2*3, tail 2-4, tarsus 075. Young males after the first moult resemble the adult female, but have the head and back of a uniform dark ochreous brown ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull blue, more or less obscured by sandy-buff edges to the feathers : the wings, tail, and under surface of the body resemble the same parts in the old female, and the lores are white. The young female after the first moult is similar to the young male, but is browner on the lower back and rump, which show no trace of blue, while the upper tail-coverts are broadly margined with ashy whitish. The young male may generally be distinguished 13. GUIRACA. 69 by traces of blue feathers about the head and neck, and, as the spring advances, by blue beneath the ochreous buff of the under surface. Audubon says that the male does not attain the full plumage until the third year. Hab. Southern portions of United States from Atlantic to Pacific, breeding throughout its U.S. range ; rarely north to Massachusetts and even Maine (Coues); throughout Mexico and Central America to Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Cuba. a, b. J ad. st. c. cJ ad. sk. d. 5 ad. sk. e. d ad. sk. f. $ ad. sk. g. 3 ad.; k. 2 juv. sk. i. 2 ad. ; k. J juv. sk. I. c? ad. ; m. 2 ad. sk. n, o, p, q, r. rf ad. ; «. <$ imm. sk. t. 2 ad. sk. u. J ad. sk. ; v. - Sah: Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873) ; Salv. Cat. Sbrickl. Coll. p. 220 (1882) ; id. Ibis, 1885, p. 214; Salv. fy Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 348 (1885). Oryzoborus melas, Scl. # Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 979, 1869, p. 253, i873, p. 264; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 264 (1873). Goniaphea crassirostris, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7553 (1870). Goniaphea melas, Gray, t. c. p. 104, no. 7558 (1870). Oryzoborus occidentals (nee Scl.), Scl. S[ Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 506. Adult male. Entirely glossy black, the quills somewhat browner at the tips, with a large alar speculum, 0-25 inch long, at the base of the primaries ; under wing-coyerts white ; the edge of the wing black, and a spot of dusky black on the lower greater coverts at the base of the primaries ; axillaries white, a few nearest the body black like the breast. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-65, bill from gape 0-6, wing 2-85, tail 2-25, tarsus 0-65. Adult female. Umber-brown with an olive shade; under surface of body deep ochreous, rather paler on the throat ; the sides of the breast more ashy olive; under wing-coverts buffy white, with a strong tinge of yellow along the edge of the wing. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0*6, wing 2"6, tail 2'1, tarsus 0*7. Hah. Amazonia, Guiana, Venezuela, and Colombia. a. cS ad. sk. Georgetown, British G uiana Sclater Coll. (Brown). b. J ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Salvin-Godman Coll. Guiana, April 28, 1880 (//. Whitely). c. 2 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, June 5, 1880 Salvin-Godman Coll. (H. Wiitely). d. e. c? ? ad. sk. Trinidad. Sclater Coll. /. cS ad. sk. S. Esteban, Venezuela (A Sclater Coll. Goeriny). g,h. S 9- ftd. sk. Medellin, U. S. Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll. (T. K. Salmon). i. cJ ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll. 80 FPJXGILLID.E. A-. c? ad. sk. Lamalonga, Brazil, Dec. 7, Salvin-Godrnan Coll. 1830 (J. Natterer). 1. <5 ad. sk. Pebas, E. Peru, April 2, Sclater Coll. (Type 1867 (J. HauxweU). of O. melas.) m. $ ad. sk. Pebas, Feb. 27, 1867 (J. Sclater Coll. Hauxwell). n. <$ ad. sk. Pebas, April 2, 1807 (J. Salvin-Godrnan Coll. HauxweU). o. § ad. sk. Nauta, Peruvian Amazons, E. Bartlett [C.]. April 11, 1805. 4. Oryzoborus occidentalis. Or yzoborus occidentalis, 8cl. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 276 ; id. Cat. Amcr. B. p. 102 (1802); Shi. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1373, p. 28. Goniaphea occidentalis, Gray, Hand4. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7557 (1870). Adult male (type of species). Entirely glossy black above and below, with a tiny white speculum at the base of the primaries, almost concealed by the coverts ; axillaries black ; under wing- covcrts for the most part black, the lower series ashy white at the base, black at the ends. Total length 53 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 3, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-7. Female. Unknown. Hah. Colombia and Ecuador. a. [cJ] ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. b. J ad. sk. Babahoyo, Aug. 18-J9 Sclater Coll. (Type (L. Fraser). of species.) 5. Oryzoborus nuttingi. ? Oryzoborus otbello, Bp. Consp. i. p. 408 (1850), Oryzoborus nuttingi, Ridgw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. vi. p. 401 (1884) ; Salv. ty Godm. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 348 (1885). Adult male. Black ; quills greyish white at the base of the inner web ; under wing-coverts black ; bill stout, whitish ; feet leaden black. Total length 5-5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 2-7, tarsus 0*7. (*$'. 4-G.) Adult female. Dark umber-brown above ; below cinnamon- brown ; under wing-coverts fulvescent ; bill dusky blackish ; feet dusky. (S. 4' &•) Messrs. Salvia, and Godman, who have examined the typical specimens of O. nuttingi, writo as follows (and I quite agree that the species will in all probability prove to be O. occidentalis): — " Except that the bill is decidedly large, the male only differs from that sex of O. occidentalis in the almost total absence of the white wing-speculum, a little white being still visible on raising the coverts. In O. occidentalis from Western Ecuador, the speculum is quite small, and in an example from Colombia it is still smaller; hence we doubt if O. nuttingi will prove a definite species when a larger series of specimens are examined.'' Bab. Nicaragua. 14. 0RYZ0B0BUS. 81 6. Oryzoborus funereus. Oryzoborus funereus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 378 ; id. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1860, p. 398 ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 102 (1862) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 141, 1870, p. 189 ; Scl. $■ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873) ; iid. P. Z.S. 1879, p. 506; Ridgic. % Nutting, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 400 (1883) ; Salv. fy Godtn. Biol. Cent. -Amer., Aves, i. p. 349 (1886). Oryzoborus fetbiops, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 88, 276 ; Lata: Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 333 (1861) ; Scl. Cat.. Amer. B. p. 102 (1802). Goniaphea funerea, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7556 (1870). Goniaphea sethiops, Gray, t. e. p. 104, no. 7555 (1870). Oryzoborus salvini, Bidgiu. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 400 (1883). Adult male, (type of 0. funereus). Glossy Mack above and below, witb a small alar speculum 0*1 incb long, formed by tbe wbite base to tbe outer web of tbe primaries ; axillaries and under wing-coverts wbite, as well as the edge of the wing ; quills blackish, white along the inner web. Total length 4-8 inches, culmen 0*5, bill from gape 0-45, wing 2-25, tail 2, tarsus 0-65. Adult female. Scarcely to be distinguished from tho female of 0. torridus, except by its somewhat deeper rufous underneath. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-15, tail 2*1, tarsus 0-7. Hub. Central America from Mexico to Panama, extending to Colombia and Ecuador. a. (J ad. sk. Oaxaca, Mexico, April 1859 {A. Sclater Coll. Boucard.) (Type of species.) Honduras. Mr. C. Dyson [C.J. Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. Choctum, Vera Paz, Gua- Salvin-Godrnan Coll. temala, Jan. 1860 (O. S.). Choctum, Feb. 1802 (O. S. $ Salvin-Godrnan Coll. F. D. G.). Veragua, Panama {E. Arce). Salvin-Godrnan Coll. Santa Fe, Veragua (E. Arce). Salvin-Godrnan Coll. Minca, U. S. Colombia. Sclater Coll. Medellin, U. S. Colombia ( T. K. Sclater Coll. Salmon). Medellin, U. S. Colombia ( T. K. Salvin-Godrnan Coll. Salmon) . m. cJad.sk. Nanegal, Ecuador, Feb. 1859 (Z. Sclater Coll. (Type Fraser). of O. cethiops.) n. $ ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador, Sept. 1859 Sclater Coll. (L. Fraser). o. 2 aQ- sk- Babahoyo, Ecuador, Aug. 1859 Sclater Coll. {L. Fraser). p. J ad. sk. Balzar Mouutains, Ecuador Salvin-Godrnan Coll. (Illingivorth). 7. Oryzoborus atrirostris. Oryzoborus atrirostris, Scl. ty Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 136. Uniform black, with a steel gloss ; primaries white at base, forming VOL. ill. G b. c. d. 2 ad. sk. cj ad. sk. 3 ad. sk. e. $ ad. sk. /• h. i. $ ad. sk. S ad. sk. d ad. sk. cf ad. sk. k, 1. cS 2 ad- st 82 FRINGILLID.E. a small speculum nearly hidden by the coverts ; bill short, black ; tail slightly rounded. Total length 6 inches, wing 2-9, tail 2-7, tarsus 0-75. (Scl. <$f Salv. 1. c.) Hub. Hoyobamba, Peru. 15. LOXIGILLA. Type. Loxigilla, Less. Traite, p. 443 (1831) L. noctis. Pyrrhulagra, Bp. Consp. i. p. 492 (1850, ex Sc/iif. MSS.) L. portoricensis. Loxipasser, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. x. p. 254 (1866) L. anoxantha. Head of Loxigilla violacea. Range. Greater and Lesser Antilles, and (according to Mr. G. X. Lawrence) the mainland in the vicinity of the Essequibo Eiver and Berbice. Key to tlie Species. a. Back black. a'. Crown of head black ; throat rufous. a". Larger; wing over 3 inches : loral region black ; over the eye a broad mark of rufous violacea, p. 82. b". Smaller ; wing 2'4-2-9 inches : loral region black, surmounted by a spot of j noctis, p. 84. rufous I propinqua, p. 85. b\ Crown of head chestnut; forehead black .... \portoricensis V. 87. j grandis, p. 8/. b. Back yellowish olive ; head black like the entire throat and breast anoxantha, p. 85. 1. Loxigilla violacea. The Purple Grosbeak, Catesbi/, K H. Carol, i. p. 40, pi. 40 (1731) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 117 (1783). Le Bouvreuil violet de Bahama, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 326 (1760). Loxia violacea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 306 (1766). Bec-rond violet a gorge et sourcils rouges, Month. Llist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 396 (1778). Rufous throated Tanager, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 241 (1783). Tanagra ruficollis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 894 (1788). Pyrrhula superciliosa, Vieill. N. Diet. cVHist. Nat. iv. p. 300 (1816) : Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844). 15. LOXIGILLA. 83 Pyrrhula aurantiicollis, Vieill. Gal. Ois. i. p. 62, pi. 55 (1825). Pyrrhula violacea, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 254 (1847). Pyrrhula mfobarbata, Halm Sf Kiister, Yog. aus Asien etc. Lief. vii. 'Taf. 6 (1850). Pyrrhulagra violacea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 493 (1850). Loxigilla violacea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 231, 1861, p. 74 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 102 (1862) ; liidyw. Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mas. i. p. 250 (1878) ; A. 8,- E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 104 (1880) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 219 (1882); Tristr. Ibis, 1884, p. 168; Cory, List B. W. Indies, p. 12 (1885) ; id. Auk, iii. p. 203 (1886). Goniaphea violacea, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7652 (1870). Sporophila violacea, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 523 (1877). Loxigilla violacea, 8. bahaniensis, Ridyw. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas. i. p. 250 (1878). Loxigilla bahaniensis, Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 69 (1880) ; id. List B. W. Indies, p. 12 (1885) ; id. Auk, iii. p. 203 (1886). Adult male. General colour above and below black, the quills and tail-feathers a little browner on the inner webs ; over the eye a lino of bright brick-red ; throat, vent, and under tail-coverts also brick- red or deep chestnut ; axillaries white, tinged with sulphur-yellow ; under wing-coverts white, except those round the edge of the wing, which are black ; quills blackish below, ashy aloug the inner web. Total length 6-4 inches, culmen 0-6, bill from gape 0-6, wing 3'2, tail 2-75, tarsus 0-8. Adult female. Different from the male. Entirely ashy brown above, tinged with olive ; wing-coverts, quills, and tail-feathers dusky brown, edged with the same colour as the back ; sides of face and entire under surface of body olive-brown, ashy in the centre of the abdomen ; a line of pale rufous above the eye ; centre of throat also washed with pale rufous ; under tail-coverts also pale rufous ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white tinged with olive-yellow. Total length 6-2 inches, culmen O'oo, wing 2-7, tail 2- 4, tarsus 0-75. Young males at first resemble the adult female and gradually assume the black plumage. Mr. Eidgway has separated the Bahama bird as a distinct race, characterized by its more lustrous black plumage and by the more restricted throat-patch. In the Museum series I cannot detect the first of these characters, and the second is not well-marked enough to distinguish the two supposed races. Mr. Cory writes : — " The Jamaica bird differs from the Bahama form in being somewhat small ; the red of the throat is lighter, and the under wing-coverts are grey, instead of dull white. It seems to represent a fairly good geographical race." Bab. Bahamas, Jamaica, Haiti, and San Domingo. a. tS imm. sk. Panama (McLeannan). Salvin-Godrrian Coll. b. <-? ad. sk. S. Domingo. Sclater Coll. c. S ad. st. Jamaica. Purchased. d. Juv. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Coll. e. $ ad. sk. St. Ann's, Jamaica, Aug. 26. Salvin-Godman Coll. /. S ad. ; g. Juv. Spanishtown, Jamaica ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll. sk. T. March; Sm. no. 38060). g2 84 FRINGILLID^S. h. d ad. sk. Moneague, Jamaica, Feb. 20, Bryant Coll. 1865. i. tf ad. sk. Moneague, Feb. 1865 (Dr. Sclater Coll. H. Bryant), k. 3 ad. ; I, m. 2 Bahamas (Blake). Sclater Coll. imm. sk. n. Jjuv.sk. Bahamas. Bryant Coll. o. <$ ad. sk. Bahamas (Dr. H. Bryant ; Salvin-Godman Coll. Sm. no. 11944). 2. Loxigilla noctis. The Black Sparrow, Sloane, Nat. Hist. Jamaica, ii. p. 311 (1725). Le Pere noir, Briss. Orn. iii. p. 118, pi. -vii. fig. 1 (1760). Fringilla noctis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 320 (1766). ? Le Pere noir de la Martinique, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 201. fig. 1. Bufous-chinned Finch, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 267 (1783). FriDgilla rufobarbata, Jaeq. Beitr. p. 11 (1784). Fringilla martinicensis, Om. Syst. Nat. i. p. 909 (1788). Loxia haitii, Ricord, Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 167. Spermophila haitii, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844). Spermophila noctis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 247, pi. 62 (1847). Pyrrhula robinsonii, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 259 (1847). Pyrrhulagra noctis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 493 (1850). Loxigilla noctis, Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 102 (1862) ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 167; Scl. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 267, 270; Semper, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 648 ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 175 ; Laivr. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mm. i. pp. 57, 191, 233, 239, 269, 355, 457, 487 (1878-79); Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 764; Lister, Ibis, 1880, p. 40; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 87 (1880) ; Grisdale, Ibis, 1882, pp. 486, 487 ; Cory, List B. West Indies, p. 12 (1885) ; id. Auk, iii. p. 204 (1886). Goniaphea noctis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104, no. 7561 (1870). Sporophila noctis, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 520 (1877). Loxigilla noctis sclateri, Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 166 (1880) ; Cory, List B. West Indies, p. 12 (1885) ; id. Auk, iii. p. 204 (1886). Adult male. Entirely black both above and below, including the wings and tail ; a small supraloral spot of dull brick-red ; throat bright brick-red ; under tail-coverts black ; axillaries black ; under wing-coverts white except those near the edge of the wing, which are black : quills blackish below, ashy along the edge of the inner web : " bill and legs black " (Cory). Total length 5 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-9, tail 2, tarsus 0-75. Adult female. Different from the male. Above olivaceous brown, rather more reddish on the upper tail-coverts, and slightly tinged with reddish on the forehead ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater wing-coverts dusky brown, edged with pale rufous ; quills dusky brown, the primaries margined with olive, the inner secondaries with pale rufous like the greater coverts; tail- feathers dusky brown, edged with pale reddish brown ; lores reddish buff ; ear-coverts olive-brown ; chin ashy whitish ; cheeks, sides of neck, throat, and breast ashy grey, a little browner on the sides of 15. LOXIGILLA. 85 the body and flanks ; thighs dull ashy ; abdomen pale ashy ; under tail-coverts light ochreous rufous ; axillaries light olive ; under wing- coverts white slightly tinged with buff ; edge of the wing pale rufous ; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web. Total length 4*2 inches, culmen 05, wing 2#3, tail 1*7, tarsus 075. The female from Martinique is much darker everywhere than the female from S. Lucia, while those from Barbadoes are extremely pale. Mr. Allen has separated the form from Santa Lucia as Loxigilla sclateri, on account of the smallness of the rufous supraloral mark, which is almost entirely absent in some examples, and on account of the under tail-coverts being black. One specimen, collected by Mr. Semper in the above-mentioned island, shows these characters ; but another bird has the supraloral mark well pronounced, and has also some rufous on the under tail-feathers, so that I do not think there is any finality to the characters selected by Mr. Allen. This, too, seems to be Mr. Cory's opinion. Hab. Lesser Antilles. a. $ ad. sk. Antilles. Sclater Coll. b, c. 2 ad. sk. Barbadoes. Sir R. Schomburgk [P.]. d. $ ad. sk. Barbadoes (Sir G. Briggs). Sclater Coll. e. <$ ad. sk. Guadeloupe, Sept. (F. A. Ober ). Salvin-Godman Coll. /, g. <$ $ ad. sk. Dominica {F. A. Ober). Sclater Coll. h. 2 ad. sk. Martinique (F. A. Ober). Sclater Coll. i. 2 ad- sk. Martinique (F. A. Ober). Salvin-Godman Coll. k, I. $2 ad. sk. Santa Lucia (G. Semper). Sclater Coll. m,n. (S 2 ad sk. Sauta Lucia (G. Semper). Salvin-Godman Coll. o. cS ad. sk. Montserrat (Sturge). Salvin-Godman Coll. p, q. J ad. st. Antilles. Purchased. 3. Loxigilla propinqua. Loxigilla noctis, var. propinqua, Later. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 58 (1878). " Similar to L. noctis, but very much smaller. Length 4| inches (instead of H), wing 2f (3), tail 2 (2|), tarsus | (f). The bill of the Guiana bird is much smaller, the under mandible of a brownish horn-colour, being black in the West-Indian bird ; the under tail- coverts are of a paler rufous ; the rufous of the throat is more re- stricted, and the superciliary line extending beyond the eye." (Lawrence.) Hab. Essequibo River and Berbice, Guiana. 4. Loxigilla anoxantha. Spermophila anoxantha, Gone, B. Jamaica, p. 247, pi. 62 (1847). Loxigilla anoxantha, Sol. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 74 ; id. Cat. Amer. B. p. 102 (1862) ; March, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 297 ; A. $ E. New- ton, Haudb. Jamaica, 1881, p. 104 ; Sahin, CM. Strkkl. Coll. p. 219 (1882) ; Cory, List B. W. Indies, p. 12 (1885) ; id. Auk, iii. p. 203 (1886). gg fkingiixim:. Loxipasser anoxantha, Bryant, Proc. Bod. Soc. N. H. x. p. 254 Gonfaphea anoxantha, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 104 no 7563 (1870). Sporophila anoxantha, Giebel, Thes. Orn. in. p. 518 (1ft//). Adult male. General colour above yellowish green, glossed with golden yeUow on the mantle, upper back, and upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts bright golden yellow, forming a large shoulder- patch ; median and greater coverts dusky, washed externally with yellowish green; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and qui Is dusky, edo-ed with yellowish green, the secondaries more broadly ; tail- feathers dusky, externally washed with yellowish green; crown ot head and nape sooty black, forming a hood ; lores feathers round the eye ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and breast sooty black, descend- in- on to the abdomen, which is ashy grey, tinged with olive ; sides of "body and flanks ashy, washed with yellowish green ; thighs dull yellowish green ; under tail-coverts chestnut ; under wing-coverts yellow ; axiUaries yellowish-green like the sides of the body ; quills below dusky, whitish along their inner edge: ''biU .black; feet blackish flesh-colour; iris hazel" (P. H. Gosse). Total length 4-6 inches, culmen 0*4, wing 2-5, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-6. _ Adult female. Wants the black head of the male and otherwise differs 'General colour above yellowish green, with a golden gloss on the mantle ; wings and tail as in the male ; crown of head green like the back, slightly more dusky ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks throat, and under surface of body dull ashy grey slightly washed with olive, the abdomen paler ; sides of body and flanks like me breast; under tail-coverts pale rufous, the longer ones lulvescent ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries yellow, whitish at the base ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge. Total lengtn 4 inches, culmen 0-45, wing 2-3, tail 1-65, tarsus 0-6. The extent of the black on the abdomen varies with individuals, as it sometimes extends down to the vent, while in other specimens the abdomen is ashy olive, with a blackish shade down the centre ot the body. In the latter specimens the black of the head is some- what washed with olive, and the back is uniform yellowish green, without any golden gloss, and thus more resembling the female. Such specimens are probably young males in their first lull plumage, which doubtless grows blacker with age. Hab. Jamaica. a,b.d2 ad. sk. Jamaica. P. H. Gosse Esq. [C ]. > ° + (Types of species.) c rf ad sk Jamaica. P- H." Gosse, Es<^ [C.]. d. 6 ad. sk. Jamaica (Gosse). Salvni-Godnian Co . e 2 ad sk Jamaica ( W. Osbwn). Salvin-Godman Co 1. f 5 ad sk St. Anne's, Jamaica, March Salvin-Godman Ooll. f. (5 ad. sk ad. sis ! ad. sk 2 juv. sk 1866 (TV. March), a. J ad. sk. Jamaica. Sclater Coll. h 2 ad sk; Jamaica ( TV. March). Sclater Coll. 16. NEORHTNCHUS. 87 5. Loxigilla portoricensis. Loxia portoricensis, Daud. Traite, ii. p. 411 (1809). Pyrrhula aurantiicolis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Mist. Nat. iv. p. 300 (1816). Pitylus portoricensis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 362 (1848). Pyrrliulagra portoricensis, Bp. Consp. i. p. 493 (1850). Loxia (Pyrrliulagra) portoricensis, Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. x. p. 254 (1866). Sporophila portoricensis, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 522 (1877). Loxigilla portoricensis, Cory, B. W. Indies, p. 12 (1885) ; id. Auk, iii. p. 205 (1886). Adult male. " A narrow line of black on the forehead ; top of the head chestnut rufous, separated at the nape by the black of the back, the black colour dividing it like a ridge ; throat and under tail- coverts chestnut rufous, rest of plumage black ; under wing-coverts dull white ; bill and feet black." {Cory.) " Female. Similar to the male, possibly somewhat duller in colora- tion." (Cory.) " Length of skin 7"5 inches, wing 3*5, tail 3-0, tarsus 0-95." (Cory.) Hob. Porto Rico. 6. Loxigilla grandis. Loxigilla portoricensis, var. grandis, Later. Proc. XI. S. Nat. Mus. vol. iv. p. 204 (1881). Loxigilla portoricensis grandis, Cory, List B. W. Indies, p. 12 (1885) ; id. Auk, iii. p. 206 (1886). Male. Larger than Loxigilla portoricensis, and having the rufous- chestnut colouring darker. Length 8 inches, wing 4*25, tail 3-25, tarsus 1. Hub. Island of St. Christopher. 16. NE0RHYNCHUS*. Type. Callirhynchus, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 822 (1856, nee Less.) .... Neorhynchus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 147 [nom. emend.) . . N. nasesus. This genus is closely allied to Spermophila, and is in fact little more than a thick-billed form of that large genus. J? ^m> Head of Neorhynchus nasesus, $ . Range. Peru and Ecuador. * Two other species which I have not succeeded in identifying are given by Bonaparte, and by Gray in the ' Hand-list,' as follows : — N. rufescens ( V.) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. i. p. 107, no. 7622 (1870). N. peruvianus (Less.) ; Gray, t. c. p. 107, no. 7623 (1870). 8^ FRINGILLID^. 1. Neorhynchus nasesus. Callirhynchus masesus, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 822 (1856). Neorhynchus nasesus, Scl. P. Z. S. 18G9, p. 147, pi. 12 ; Taez. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 520, 1877, p. 320 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 223 (1882) ; Berlepsch 8f Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 537, 550. Gyrhiuorhynchus masesus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 107, no. 7625 (1870). Sporophila masesus, Giebel, Thes. Orn. iii. p. 521 (1877). Adult male. General colour above ashy brown ; lesser wing- coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts blackish brown, edged with whity brown and tipped with white, forming a double wing-bar, broader on the median coverts ; bastard-wing, primary- coverts, and quills blackish brown, edged with ashy brown, hoary towards the end of the primaries ; upper tail-coverts dark ashy tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with ashy brown ; crown of head and hind neck dark ashy grey, contrasting slightly with the back lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts also dark ashy grey with an indistinct spot of white below the eye ; cheeks ashy grey the hinder part white, forming a broad streak, which extends on to the sides of the neck ; fore neck and chest ashy brown, black on the sides ; breast and abdomen white, the sides of the body and flanks ashy brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts white : under wing- coverts and axillaries white, the latter tinged with yellow ; quills below dusky, ashy whitish along the inner edge : " bill horn- colour ; feet clear horn-colour ; iris dark brown" (Jelshi). Total length 4'3 inches, culmen 0*5, wing 2-5, tail 1*75, tarsus 0-65. The male in fresh plumage (December and January) is distin- guished by the complete absence of the dark spots on the top of the head ; by the grey rather than the ashy shade of the upper part of the body taking a slightly brownish tint on the back and rump ; by the bands on the wings being less pronounced and isabollinc colour, instead of being white ; the black of the throat less intense and of a sooty colour ; the white of the underparts more or less washed with isabelline, upper mandible slightly brownish. (TaczanowsJci.) Adult female. General colour above uniform brown ; lesser wing- coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dark brown, edged with whity brown ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, narrowly edged with whity brown, the inner secondaries with warmer brown like the back ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with whity brown ; crown of head brown like the back ; lores and an indistinct eyebrow of pale brown ; ear-coverts and cheeks pale brown ; throat very pale fulvous brown, like the fore neck ; breast and abdomen dull white ; sides of body and flanks pale fulvous brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts white, slightly tinged with fulvous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; quills below dusky brown, ashy whitish along the inner edge. Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-2, tail T5, tarsus 0*65. PIEZORHINA. 89 Young birds in fresh plumage have the grey of the upper parts of the body inclining to olive-butf ; underneath much more isabelline than in the female, without any trace of black on the throat ; lesser and greater wing-coverts broadly edged with isabelline, as well as the innermost secondaries ; alar speculum less distinct ; margins of the primaries and secondaries very narrow, clearer than in the adult bird and surrounding the tips of the feathers. (Taczanoivski.) Sab. Peru. a, b. . 102. b". Chin and upper throat chestnut telasco, p. 102. b'. Abdomen grey or whitish ; under tail- coverts chestnut. c". No white spot on the tail. c'". Larger: back streaked; colour light grey inornata, p. 104. d'". Smaller: back uniform; colour black- ish grey homochroa, p. 105. 92 FKINGILLID.ffl. d". A large white mark on the outer tail- feathers. e'". A white speculum formed by the white bases of both webs of the primaries . . analis, p. 106. /'". Primaries merely edged with white at the base of the outer web only analoides, p. 107. c'. Abdomen chestnut or cinnamon-rufous. e". Flanks slaty grey, contrasting with the chestnut throat and breast castaneiventris, p. 108. f" Flanks deep cinnamon-rufous, like the breast. g "'. Brown above ; ear-coverts brown like the head minuta, p. 109. h'". Ashy grey above ; ear-coverts rufous like the breast hypoxantha, p. 111. »'". Ashy grey above ; sides of face and throat white pahtstris, p. 112. c. Crown black. d'. Underneath chestnut ; no black collar on the fore neck ; size small. g". Back chestnut, like the underparts and rump nigroaurantia, p. 113. h' '. Back black ; rump chestnut, like the underparts nigrorufa, p. 114. e'. Underneath whitish, like the sides of the face; back brown; cap black ; bill black., pileata, p. 115. f . Underneath with some black on the throat or fore neck. i". With the rump rufous or ochraceous buff; under surface of body the same, or buffy white ; a black collar across the fore neck. k'". "With a white loral spot. c*. Lower back ashy grey, like the upper back ; mantle blackish ; rump with a whitish band ; under surface of body whitish polionota, p. 118. /\ Lower back ashy grey, with a creamy buff band across the rump ; under surface of body creamy buff cucuUata, p. 116. gl. Lower back chestnut as well as the rump, forming a broad band melanocephala, p. 118. I'". With no white loral spot. A4. No white collar round the hind neck, torqueola, p. 119. «4. A white collar round the hind neck . albitorquis, p. 120. k". With no rufous on the rump or under surface of body. m'". Throat white. kl. Wing-coverts entirely black ; a white patch on the sides of the neck separated from the throat by a black collar joining the ear-coverts ; below the eye a white spot ophthahnica, p. 120. lx. Wing-coverts tipped with white ; the white patch on the sides of the neck joined to the white throat. 17. SPERMOPHILA. 93 h5. Lower eyelid black ; lower back and rump grey, contrasting with the black mantle lineata, p. 121. t\ Lower eyelid white ; entire back black. a6. No white band across the rump, parva, p. 124. bs. A white band across the rump . . moreleti, p. 123. n "'. Throat black, or with the chin white with the centre of the throat black. ml. Back dull ashy, not glossy black. k5. Cheeks white, with a white band across the throat, followed by a black collar across the fore neck ; no yellow on the lower parts .... ccerulescens, p. 126. I5. Cheeks black, as also the entire throat and fore neck ; the breast and abdomen yellowish gutturalis, p. 128. m4. Back black. mB. Abdomen white. c6. The black confined to the chin and upper throat; cheeks white; no black collar across the fore neck ; lower throat white. a7. Lower throat and fore neck mottled with black ocellata, p. 130. b7. Lower throat entirely white. a8. Centre of crown with a white streak lineola, p. 131. b*. Crown with a few tiny white spots trinitatis, p. 132. c8. Crown entirely black, with no white spots at all .... amazonica, p. 132. d6. The black extending over the throat and fore neck, c7. A white patch on the sides of the neck. ds. The white patch on the sides of the neck separated by the black of the throat, aurita ad., p. 134. e8. The white patch on the sides of the neck united by a white band across the lower throat aurita var. vel imm., d1. No white on the sides of the [p. 134. neck, which are entirely black, like the throat and fore neck luctuosa, p. 135. n5. Entire under surface black corvina, p. 137. . Entire under surface of body pure white . . bicolor, p. 138. 1. Spermophila albigularis. Loxia albigularis, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 46, pi. 60. figs. 1, 2 (1824). Spermophila albigularis, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 477 (1850) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 437 (1871) ; Scl. $ Salv> Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 28 (1873). gj. FHINGILLIDA Sporophila albigularis, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 149 (1850) ; Burnt. Th. Bras. ii. p. 243 (1855). .. Gyrinorhynchus albigularis, Gray, Hand-l. B. n. p. 105, no. t&tK, (1870). Adult male. General colour above dull slaty grey, the mantle slightly mottled with dusky subterminal markings on the feathers ; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median coverts and greater coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, with ashy margins, a little more distinct on the inner secondaries; the middle primaries white at the base of the outer web, forming a small speculum ; upper tail-coverts blackish, broadly edged with ashy; tail-feathers black, with narrow ashy margins; crown of head slaty grey like the back, the hinder crown and occiput mottled with black bases to the feathers ; fore part of the crown entirely black : lores black, with a narrow white line above ; feathers round eye and ear-coverts black, the latter washed posteriorly with slaty grey ; cheeks, throat, and sides of neck white, followed by a broad band of black across the fore neck ; sides of the latter, as well as the sides of the chest and breast, sides of body and flanks light slaty grey ; the centre of the breast and abdomen, as well as the under tail-coverts, white ; thighs white, black poste- riorly ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the lower coverts forming a dusky patch near the edge of the wing ; quills below blackish, white at the base of the inner web, which is edged with ashy. Total length 4-3 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2-2, tail 1-8, tarsus 0-6. In seasonal plumage the grey colour is very much lighter on the upper parts, also pervading the head, so as to leave only the fore- head black; the wing-coverts and quills, especially the inner secondaries, are broadly margined with ashy ; the tiny white mark on the lores is more distinct ; the black collar has the feathers edged with ashy. Hob. Brazil. a S ad sk. Bahia {Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. b. £ ad. sk. Bahia ( Wucherer). Sclater Coll. c.cJad.sk. Bahia {coll. Berlepsch). Sclater Coll. 2. Spermophila hypoleuca. Pico triqueno, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 447 (1802). Fringilla hypoleuca, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 26 (1823). Pyrrhula cinereola, Temm. PL Col. iii. pi. xi. fig. 1 (1824). Fringilla rutirostris, Kemvied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 581 (1830). Spermophila hypoleuca, Hartl. hid. Azara, p. 8 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844) ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 497 (1850) ; Scl. Cat. Amer. B. p. 103 (1862) ; Pelz. Om. Bras. pp. 223, 437 (1871) ; Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 17 ; id. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873) ; W. A. Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 336. Sporophila hypoleuca, Cab. Mus. Hein. Th. i. p. 148 (1850) ; Lieht- 17. sPERMorniiA. 95 pommel. Av. Berol. p. 45 (1854) ; Burm. Th. Bras. hi. p. 241 (1856). r G^-^yDcllUS LyPoleucus> Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 105, no. 7579 (loiu). Adult male. General colour above slaty grey; lesser wing- coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dusky blackish, edged with slaty grey ; bastard-wing, primarv-coverts, and quills' blackish, fringed with ashy grey, hoary whitish on the primaries, the inner ones of which have white bases to the outer webs, forming a large alar speculum ; upper tail-coverts a little more ashy than' the back ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy grey, and tipped with ashy ; crown of head like the back, slightly mottled with obscure dusky centres to the feathers ; sides of face, lores, feathers round the eye, and ear-coverts slaty grey ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body white ; sides of neck slatv grey ; lower throat and fore neck washed with ashy grey ; sides of "body and flanks also ashy grey ; thighs white, grey posteriorly ; under tail-coverts white • under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a dusky spot near the edge of the wing ; quills below duskv, edged with ashy along the inner web, which is white at the base" : " bill reddish grey-brown " (Nemvied), " fleshy red " ( W. A. Forbes) ■ " legs greyish brown ; iris greyish brown" (Neuwied), "iris brown " (W. A. Forbes). Total length 4-65 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-3, tail 2, tarsus 0-7. I believe that two species are confounded under the heading of S. hypoleuca, for some male birds are entirely white below without any grey on the fore neck. The only argument against the existence of two species is that both forms occur in the same locality, Mr. W. A. Forbes having met with them near Pernam- buco. I would mention, however, that two forms of females, one reddish brown and the other more olive-brown, also occurred in his collection. In one of his white-breasted males the secondaries are also white at the base of the outer web, forming a second alar speculum, which is, however, concealed by the greater coverts. Bab. Brazil. a. J ad. sk. Brazil. Sclater Coll. b. d ad. sk. Rio. Sclater Coll. c. d <5 ad ; e, f, g. Bahia ( Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll. 2 ad. sk. h. 2 ad. sk. Bahia (Wucherer). Sclater Coll. i. 2 ad. sk. Bahia (coll. Berlepsch). Sclater Coll. k, I. J ad. sk. ; Pernambuco (W. A. Salvin-Godman Coll. m. § ad. sk. Forbes). n,o.S2 ad. sk. Pernambuco ( W. A. Sclater Coll. Forbes). p. 6 ad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [C.]. 96 FRlNGILLID-ffi. 3. Spermophila grisea. Gros-bec de Virginie, Daubent. PI. Enl. iv. pi. 393. fig. 1 *. Le Grisalbin, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. p. 467 (1775). Grey Grosbeak, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 1, p. 134 (1783). Loxia grisea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 857 (1788). Speruiophila grisea, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844) ; Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 18 ; id. $ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 507 ; Salv. & Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. p. 356 (1884) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215. Sporopbila cinereola, Bp. Consp. i. p. 499 (1850;. Sporophila intermedia, Cab. Mies. Hein. Th. i. p. 149 (1850). Sperrnophila cinerea, Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 474 (1861). Spermophila plurubea, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 103 (1862, nee Neuwied). Sperrnophila intermedia, Sclater, Cat. Amer. B. p. 103 (1862). Spermophila schistacea, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 10 (1866). Gyrinorhynchus griseus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 106, no. 7609 (1870). Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey, a little tinged with brown on the upper tail-coverts ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts blackish, externally edged with slaty grey, the latter slightly washed with brown ; bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, edged with ashy grey, the secon- daries more broadly, the inner primaries white at the base of the outer web, forming an alar speculum, almost concealed by the primary- coverts ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy grey, the centre feathers washed with ashy ; crown of head dark slaty grey ; lores blackish ; sides of face and ear-coverts, cheeks, entire throat, and sides of neck dark slaty grey, blackish on the base of the cheeks ; fore neck, breast, and abdomen white ; sides of body and flanks dark slaty grey ; thighs dark slaty grey ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, with a black patch near the edge of the wing ; quills below dusky, edged with ashy along the inner web, which is white towards the base. Total length 4*4 inches, culmen 0'4, wing 2'5, tail 1*55, tarsus 0-5. In some of the males the grey colour of the throat extends over the breast. Panama skins have the lower edge of the eyelid white, and an ill-defined white patch on the sides of the neck ; the alar speculum is very large, and the inner greater coverts are tipped with white. The female is dark ashy washed with olive, grey below, with an olive-yellow tinge ; centre of breast and abdomen white, tinged with yellow. Were these characters constant, it would be necessary to keep the Panama birds distinct, but they certainly are not, one specimen being identical with Colombian and Guianan specimens, and another * This is the figure on which Grnelin founded his Loxia grisea. This spe- cific name has been adopted by so many writers, and the species is so well understood under its modern name of Spermophila grisea, that I do not intend to alter it ; but the figure, if ever intended for the species, is as inaccurate as is the locality. 17. SPERMOPHILA. 97 intermediate between them and the adult male from Panama described above. Adult female. General colour above light olive-brown; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts, bastard- wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with olive- brown, the primaries with ashy ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers brown, edged with olive-brown ; crown of head a little more dusky than the back ; lores, feathers round eye and above the latter yellowish olive ; ear-coverts, cheeks, and under surfaces of body also pale yellowish olive, the centre of the breast and abdomen olive-white ; sides of body and Hanks pale olive -brown ; thighs and under tail-coverts like the breast ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, slightly tinged with yellow ; quills below dusky, edged with ashy along the inner web. Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 04, wing 2*1, tail 1-65, tarsus 0*6. . Hub. From Guiana to Venezuela ; Trinidad, and Colombia, ex- tending to Panama. a. 3 ad. sk. [Brazil.] J. Gould, Esq. b. 5 ad. sk. R. Amazon. Sclater Coll. c. is ad. sk. Cayenne. Sclater Coll. d. e. d> ad. sk. Rorairna, 3500 feet, Jan. 24, Salvin-Godman Coll. 1884 (H. Whitely). f. C? &d. sk. Venezuela. Sclater Coll. g. S ad. st. Trinidad. Purchased. h, i. $ ad. sk. Trinidad. Zoological Society. k. J ad. sk. Santa Marta. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.]. /. S ad. sk. Medellin, Sept. 1878 (T. K. Salvin-Godman Coll. Salmon). m. <5 ad. sk. Envigado, Antioquia (T. K. Sclater Coll. Salmon), n, o. c? 5 ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll. p, q. $ ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll. r,s.<3; t. Jad.sk. Bugaba, Chiriqui (E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll. u. $ ad. sk. Chiriqui (E. Arcf). Sclater Coll. v. c? ad. st. South America. Purchased. 4. Spermophila plumbea. Fringilla plumbea, Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iii. p. 579 (1830). Pyrrhula cinerea, d'Orb. $■ Lafr. Syn. Av., Mag. de Zool. 1837, p. 87. Spermophila cinerea, Gray, Gen. B. ii. p. 386 (1844). Sporophila cinerea, Bp. Consp. i. p. 499 (1850). Sporophila plumbea, Cab. Mas. Hein. Th. i. p. 149 (1850) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 242 (1856). Pyrrhula vetula, Natterer, MSS. Spermophila plunibea, Pelz. Om. Bras. pp. 223, 437 (1871) ; Scl. Ibis, 1871, p. 18 ; id. # Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 28 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 605 ; W. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 336. Gyrinorhynchus plumbeus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 105, no. 7578 (1870). VOL. XII. H 98 FEINGILLH)^!. Adult male. General colour above ashy grey, a trifle lighter on the lower rump ; lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts and bastard-wing blackish, edged with ashy, paler on the latter ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, edged with ashy, broader on the secondaries, the primaries margined with hoary whitish, the inner oues white at the base of the outer web, forming an alar speculum ; upper tail-coverts dusky blackish, edged with ashy; tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy brown and fringed with pale ashy at the end of the feathers ; crown of head like the back ; lores black, extending to the base of the nostrils ; ear-coverts and cheeks dark ashy, the former with whitish shaft-lines ; at the base of the cheeks a small white streak ; lower eyelid white ; throat and breast uniform ashy grey, the centre of the breast and abdomen white ; sides of body and flanks ashy grey ; thighs white, ashy posteriorly ; under tail-coverts white like the abdomen ; under wing- coverts and axillaries white, with a blackish patch near the edge of the wing ; quills below dusky, ashy along the edge of the inner web, which is white towards the base ; bill blackish ; legs dark brownish grey ; " iris bright greyish brown " (Neuivied). Total length 4-5 inches, culmen 0-4, wing 2-45, tail 1*75, tarsus 0-6. The specimen described was procured by Natterer'at Curytiba in November, and has the bill yellow. A male obtained by the same traveller at Ytarare in February is similar, but has the bill black ; wing 2-5. The Guiana specimen is paler coloured, has a white band across the chin, and the female is a much redder bird. The Colombian further differs in some smaller particulars, so that I have separated both these forms as subspecies. Hah. Brazil, extending into Bolivia. a. cj ad. sk. Curytiba, Nov. 23, 1820 (J. Sahin-Godman Coll. Natterer). b. 2 ad. sk. Ytarare, Feb. 24, 1821 (J. Sahin-Godman Coll. Natterer). c,d. J $ ad. sk. Ytararg, Feb. 1821 (J. Natterer). Sclater Coll. Subsp. a. Spermophila whit eley ana. Sperniopkila phunbea (nee Neuivied), Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 215. Adidt male. General colour above pale ashy grey, rather lighter on the lower rump : lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts dusky blackish, edged with hoary ashy on the latter ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, edged with ashy, the primaries margined with hoary grey, the inner ones white at the base of the outer web, forming an alar speculum ; tail- coverts ashy grey ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with ashy, and pale brown at the tips of the feathers ; crown of head like the back ; lores dusky ashy ; lower eyelid white ; ear-coverts and cheeks dull ashy ; fore part of cheeks and upper throat white ; centre of throat and under surface of body pale ashy grey ; centre of breast and abdomen white : thighs and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts 17. SPERMOPHiLA. 99 and axillaries white, with an ashy patch near the edge of the wing ; quills below dusky, edged with ashy along the inner web, which°is white towards the base. Total length 4-4 inches, culmen 0-35 wing 2-35, tail 1-75, tarsus 0-55. Other males, apparently younger birds, procured at the same season of the year, are much browner above and on the margins of the wing-coverts and quills ; the underparts are also suffused with brown, which colour likewise deadens the white on the throat and abdomen. Hob. Guiana. a.