•XI E> R.AFLY OF THE UNIVERSITY or ILLINOIS 5^0.5 FI ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 VOLUME XIII CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS PART X ICTERIDAE WILFRED H. OSGOOD CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY EDITOR PUBLICATION 381 CHICAGO, U.S.A. APRIL 12, 1937 ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 VOLUME XIII CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS AND THE ADJACENT ISLANDS IN FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY INCLUDING ALL SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, SOUTH AMERICA, THE WEST INDIES, AND ISLANDS OP THE CARIBBEAN SEA, THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO, AND OTHER ISLANDS WHICH MAY BE INCLUDED ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR FAUNAL AFFINITIES BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR ASSOCIATE CURATOR OF BIRDS PART X ICTERIDAE WILFRED H. OSGOOD CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OP ZOOLOGY EDITOR PUBLICATION 381 CHICAGO, U.S.A. APRIL 12, 1937 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS v.13 EDITOR'S NOTE As a matter of convenience, the present part of the "Catalogue of the Birds of the Americas" is confined to the treatment of the family Icteridae. As prepared by the author, the manuscript cover- ing this family was included with that of the Fringillidae, and only a single introduction was written. In this, he states that "the families treated are fairly circumscribed, but their further classification offers unusual difficulties. In the case of the Troupials, the author is bound to agree with the late Robert Ridgway's view that splitting into subfamilies serves no practical purpose, since no fast lines can be drawn between the minor groups proposed by certain systematists." Various museums and individuals, as heretofore, have cooperated in the preparation of this part by supplying material and information. Full acknowledgment to these will be made in the part (Part XI) devoted to the families Fringillidae, Ploceidae, Catamblyrhynchidae, and Paradiseidae, which will go to press in the near future. WILFRED H. OSGOOD January 5, 1937 iii CONTENTS Orders, Families, and Genera Included in Part X ORDER PASSERIFORMES SUBORDER OSCINES FAMILY ICTERIDAE (Troupials) PAGE Ocyalus Waterhouse 1 Zarhynchus Oberholser 2 Clypicterus Bonaparte 4 Gymnostinops Sclater 5 Xanthornus Pallas 10 Cacicus Lacepede 24 Archiplanus Cabanis 35 Amblycercus Cabanis 41 Cassiculus Swainson 45 Psomocolax Peters 46 Tangavius Lesson 50 Molothrus Swainson 54 Macroagelaius Cassin 72 Hypopyrrhus Bonaparte 73 Quiscalus Vieillot 74 Holoquiscalus Cassin 77 Cassidix Lesson . . 88 Euphagus Cassin 94 Dives Cassin 96 Ptiloxena Chapman 99 Lampropsar Cabanis 100 Icterus Daudin 102 Gymnomystax Reichenbach 157 Agelaius Vieillot 159 Xanthopsar Ridgway 184 Nesopsar Sclater 185 Xanthocephalus Bonaparte 186 Amblyramphus Leach 187 Gnorimopsar Richmond 188 Notiopsar Oberholser 192 Pseudoleistes Sclater 194 Leistes Vigors 197 Pezites Cabanis 202 Sturnella Vieillot 209 Dolichonyx Swainson 220 CATALOGUE OF BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS BY CHARLES E. HELLMAYR PART X Order PASSERIFORMES— Continued Suborder OSCINES— Continued Family ICTERIDAE. Troupials Genus OCYALUS Waterhouse Ocyalus Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., "1840," p. 183, pub. July, 1841 —type, by monotypy, Cassicus (Ocyalus) popayanus Waterhouse=C«sstCMS latirostris Swainson. Ocyalus latirostris (Swainson). SWAINSON'S OROPENDOLA. Cassicus latirostris Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 358, Dec. 31, 1837 — Peru (type in coll. of W. Hooker);1 Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 71— "New Grenada" (crit.). Cassicus (Ocyalus) popayanus Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., "1840," p. 183, pub. July, 1841 — "Popayan," Colombia, errore (type in coll. of Zoological Society of London, now in British Museum). Ocyalus latirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 427, 1850 — "Brazil, Pebas" (descr.); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 127, 1862— "Upper Amazon"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182 — upper Ucayali, near Cashaboya, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 749 — Nauta, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 265 — Peru (Nauta, upper Ucayali, Chamicuros, Santa Cruz); Sclater, Ibis, (5),1, 1883, p. 146— Peru (Nauta, Sarayacu, Chamicuros, Santa Cruz, Iquitos), Ecuador (Sarayacu), and "Popayan" (monog.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 402, 1884 — Peru (Nauta, upper Ucayali, Chamicuros, Santa Cruz); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 311, 1886 — Colombia ("Popayan"), Ecuador (Sarayacu), and Peru (Iquitos, upper Ucayali, Sarayacu, Nauta); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 86, 1922 — near Archidona, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 690, 1926— eastern Ecuador. Present location unrecorded. The type may be either at Liverpool or at Cambridge (Engl.). 2 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador1 and northeastern Peru.2 Genus ZARHYNCHUS Oberholser3 Eucorystes (not of Bell, 1862) Sclater, Ibis, (5), 1, p. 147, 1883— type, by monotypy, Cacicus wagleri Gray and Mitchell. Zarhynchus Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 215, 1899— new name for Eucorystes Sclater, preoccupied. *Zarhynchus wagleri wagleri (Gray and Mitchell). WAGLER'S OROPENDOLA. Cacicus wagleri Gray and Mitchell, Genera of Birds, 2, p. 342, pi. Ixxxv, October, 1844 — no type or locality indicated (the type in the British Museum is from Coban, Guatemala).4 Zarhynchus wagleri mexicanus Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 151 , 1901 — Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 178, 1902— southern Mexico to Guatemala (monog.); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 112, 1907 — Finca Chapulco, near Los Amates, Guatemala; Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 392, 1929— Cayo District, British Hon- duras; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 337, 1932— Chiloma and San Pedro, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 386, 1932 — Guatemala (Finca Sepur, Finca Sepacuite, Secanquim, Finca Concepcion). Ocyalus wagleri Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 228 — San Andres Tuxtla, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Moore, I.e., 1859, p. 57 — Chiloma, Hon- duras; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 19 — Cahabon, Guatemala; Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 141 — Lanquin, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 127, 1862— Guatemala; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 837— Honduras. Cassicus wagleri Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 72 — part, Mexico. Ocyalus waglerii Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 553, 1869 — Cerro de la Defensa, Vera Cruz, Mexico; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 45, 1878— Guatemala. 1 The locality "Popayan" (in the Temperate zone of Colombia!) is unques- tionably erroneous. 2 Material examined. — Ecuador: Archidona, 1. — Peru: Maynas, 1; Iquitos, 2; Rio Contanamo, Rio Ucayali, 2. 3 This genus hardly deserves recognition, Z. wagleri being clearly the western and northern representative of Ocyalus latirostris. 4 Careful examination of the series in the British Museum by Mr. N. B. Kinnear, to whom I am greatly indebted for his assistance in the matter, led to an unexpected result. Gray's type, a male presented by Leadbeater in 1843 and marked "Coban(?)," proved to be an example of the northern form with dark chest- nut head and rump, agreeing well with individuals from Teapa (Chiapas) and Choctum (Guatemala). Z. w. mexicanus thus becomes a synonym of C. wagleri, and the paler form of southern Central America to Ecuador needed a new name. This was recently provided by van Rossem, who independently came to the same conclusion by personal examination of the type specimen. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 3 Eucorystes wagleri Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 147 — part, Mexico (Vera Cruz) to Honduras; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 312, 1886 — part, spec, a-f, Mexico and Guatemala (Coban, Choctum); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 436, 1886 — part, Mexico (Cerro de la Defensa), Guatemala (Cahabdn, Lanquin, Choctum), and Honduras (Chiloma, San Pedro); Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 222, 1899 — Chocan River, Guatemala. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Cerro de la Defensa, Motzorongo) and Chiapas (Teapa), Guatemala, British Honduras, and Honduras.1 1: Guatemala (Los Amates, 1). *Zarhynchus wagleri ridgwayi van Rossem.2 PALE-NAPED OROPENDOLA. Zarhynchus wagleri ridgwayi van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 405, Dec., 1934 — Limon, Costa Rica (type in the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena). Ocyalus wagleri (not Cacicus wagleri Gray and Mitchell) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium, 1, (2), p. 427, 1850— "Venezuela" (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, p. 153 — "Bogota," Colombia; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 138— Rio Truando and Rio Nercua, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861— Panama Railroad; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 9, 1861 — Costa Rica; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 353 — Panama; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 142 — Santa Fe, Veragua; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 104, 1868— Costa Rica (San Jose1, Turrialba, San Carlos); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 302, 1869— Costa Rica (San Mateo, Agua- cate, Or6si); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 190— Chitra and Calobre, Veragua; Salvin, Ibis, 1872, p. 317 — Chontales, Nicaragua; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 58— Orosi, Costa Rica; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 508, pi. 43, fig. 3 (egg)— Pocune" and Remedios, Colombia; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 393, 1882— San Jose" to Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 476 — Santo Do- mingo, Ecuador (habits). Cassicus wagleri Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 72 — part, Costa Rica (San Jose, Angostura, Turrialba, San Carlos), Panama, and "New Grenada." Eucorystes wagleri Sclater, Ibis, (5), 1, 1883, p. 147 — part, Nicaragua (Chontales), Costa Rica, Veragua, Panama, Colombia (Antioquia), and Ecuador (Balzar); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 312, 1886— part, spec, g-s, Nicaragua (Chontales), Costa Rica (Tucurriqui), Panama (Santa Fe, ^Material examined. — Mexico: Vera Cruz (unspecified), 1. — Guatemala: Los Amates, 1; Coban, 4; unspecified, 2. — Honduras: San Pedro, 1; La Pita, 1; Chamelicon, 2. ^Zarhynchus wagleri ridgwayi van Rossem: Similar toZ. w. wagleri, but chest- nut of head, rump, and flanks decidedly paler, particularly in the female sex. The alleged divergency in the width and shape of the frontal shield proves to be individual rather than geographic. 4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Chitra, Chiriqui, Lion Hill), Ecuador (Balzar), Colombia (Pocune), and "Peru (Piura)"; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 436, 1886 — part, Nicaragua south to Colombia and Ecuador; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887— Costa Rica (Alajuela, Cartago); Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 249, 1892 — San Jose, Costa Rica (descr. of young); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 493, 1893— Costa Rica (San Juan River, Rio Frio) and Nicaragua (Rio Escondido); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 28, 1899— Rio Peripa, Ecuador. Zarhynchus wagleri Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 2, p. 34, 1900 — Loma del Leon, Panama; idem, Auk, 18, p. 370, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui, Panama; Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 279, 1910— Costa Rica (Turrialba Station, Guayabo, Coliblanco); Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 107, 1911 — Lelia (Santo Domingo), Ecuador; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 320, 1924— Panama (Tiger Hill and New Culebra); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 58, pp. 123-166, 1928— Panama (ecology). Zarhynchus wagleri wagleri Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 176, 1902— part, Nicaragua to Colombia and Ecuador; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 221, 1906 — savanna of Panama; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 835, 1910 — Costa Rica (habits, nest, and eggs); Crandall, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 342, 1914— Costa Rica (nest and eggs); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 623, 1917— Colombia (Novita, Barbacoas, Buenavista, Puerto Valdivia, La Frijolera); Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 1922 — Jesusito, Darien; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 691, 1926— Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 38, p. 463, 1928— Almi- rante, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 343, 1931— Almi- rante, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 369, 1932 — Perme" and Ranchon, Panama; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 247, 1932— Eden and Great Falls, Pis Pis River, Nicaragua. Range. — Tropical zone of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, western Colombia (east into Antioquia), and western Ecuador.1 11: Costa Rica (Coliblanco, 1; Guayabo, 1; Limon, 1; Peralta, Limon, 2; San Jose", 1; Turrialba, Cartago, 2); Panama (Colon, 1); Colombia (Puerto Valdivia, Rio Cauca, Antioquia, 1; Novita, Rio San Juan, Cauca, 1). Genus CLYPICTERUS Bonaparte Clypicterus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 426, end of 1850— type, by monotypy, Cassicus oseryi Deville. Clypeicterus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 750, 755 (emendation). 'The reported occurrence in "Piura," northwestern Peru, requires confirma- tion. The fact that the bird is not infrequently seen in native "Bogota" collec- tions speaks for its existence in the Magdalena Valley, although it has not yet been obtained by any traveler in that region. Costa Rica birds agree with others from Ecuador. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 5 Clypicterus oseryi (Deville). OSERY'S OROPENDOLA. Cassicus oseryi Deville, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 1, p. 57, 1849 — Pebas, Peru (type in Paris Museum examined); Des Murs, in Castelnau, Exp. Ame>. Sud, Ois., livr. 17, p. 66, pi. 18, fig. 3, 1856— Pebas; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 72 (ex Deville). Clypicterus oseryi Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 426, 1850 — Pebas. Clypeicterus oseryi Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 750, 755— Xeberos, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 146— Peru (Pebas, Xeberos, Chamicuros) and Ecuador (Sarayacu); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 402, 1884— Peru (Xeberos, Chamicuros, Pebas); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 310, 1886— Peru (Chamicuros, Huallaga, Pebas) and Ecuador (Sarayacu, Andoas); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 112, 1906 — Saniaca and Rio Cadena [Paucartambo], Peru; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 33, 1920— Chaquimayo, Carabaya, Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 690, 1926 — Rio Suno, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 242, 1932— Sarayacu, Ecuador. Clypeicterus oserii Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 265 — Chamicuros and Xeberos, Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 476 — mouth of the Coca, Ecuador. Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador and eastern Peru, south to Carabaya.1 Genus GYMNOSTINOPS Sclater Gymnostinops Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 312, 1886 — type, by subs, desig. (Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 178, 1902), Cacicus montezuma Lesson. *Gymnostinops montezuma (Lesson). MONTEZUMA OROPENDOLA. Cacicus montezuma Lesson, Cent. Zool., livr. 2, p. 33, pi. 7, Oct., 1830 — Mexico (type now in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- delphia; cf. Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 139, and 1867, p. 71, also Stone, I.e., 51, p. 61, 1899). Cacicus montezumae Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, p. 300 — Cordova, Vera Cruz (diag.); idem, I.e., 1858, p. 358— "Tanlavi" [=Taulevi], Hon- duras; Moore, I.e., 1859, p. 57 — Omoa, Honduras; Sclater, I.e., 1859, p. 365 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 19— Taulevi, Honduras, and Iguana (near Izabal), Guatemala; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill — Taulevi, Honduras. Cassicus montezumae Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 71 — Mexico (Vera Cruz), Nicaragua (San Juan), and Costa Rica (Angostura, San Carlos). 1 Material examined. — Ecuador: Sarayacu, 1; mouth of the Rio Coca, 1. — Peru: Pebas, 1 (the type); Chaquimayo, 2; Marcapata, 2; Rio Cadena (Paucar- tambo), 1. 6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ostinops montezumae(a) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 380 — Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 139 — Mexico and Nicaragua (descr.); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 128, 1862— Jalapa; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861— Panama Railroad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 353 — Panama; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 279 — Bluefields River, Nicaragua; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 104, 1868— San Carlos and Angostura, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 202, 1869— Costa Rica (San Carlos, Angostura, Sarapiqui, Tucurriqui); Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 553, 1869 — hot region of Vera Cruz; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 836 — Honduras; Boucard, I.e., 1878, p. 58 — Costa Rica (San Carlos and Naranjo); idem, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 45, 1878 — Guatemala; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 148 — Mexico to Panama (monog.); Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, pp. 383, 401, 1884 — Sucuya and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Ferrari-Perez, I.e., 9, p. 149, 1886 — Actopam, Barra de Santa Ana, and Paso de la Milpa, Vera Cruz. Gymnoslinops montezumae(a) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 313, 1886 — Mexico to Panama (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 437, 1886 — Mexico to Panama; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887 — Jimenez and Cartago, Costa Rica; Goss, Auk, 5, p. 27, 1888 — Santo Tomas, Guatemala (habits, nest, and eggs); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 588, 1888— Segovia River, Hon- duras; Richmond, I.e., 16, p. 494, 1893 — Nicaragua (habits, song); idem, I.e., 18, p. 630, 1896— Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 437 — Miravalles, Costa Rica; Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 223, 1899— Santo Tomas, Guatemala; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 180, 1902 (monog.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 154, 1903 — Ceiba, Honduras; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 112, 1907— Los Amates, Guatemala; Ferry, I.e., p. 279, 1910 — Guayabo, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 834, 1910 —Costa Rica (Guayabo, Turrialba, Jimenez, Carrillo, Miravalles, Gua- piles, La Hondura); Peters, Auk, 30, p. 378, 1913 — Camp Mengel, Quin- tana Roo; Crandall, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 339, 1914— Costa Rica (habits, nest, and eggs); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 28, 1919 — Costa Rica (Sipurio, Talamanca) and Nicaragua (G. Granada and Los Isletoz, I. de Vega); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 38, p. 464, 1928 — Almirante, Panama; Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 392, 1929 — Mountain Cow, Cayo District, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., 69, p. 474, 1929 — Tela and Lancetilla, Honduras; idem, I.e., 71, p. 343, 1931 — Sixaola, Almirante Bay, Panama; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 247, 1932— Eden, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 337, 1932 — Lancetilla, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 386, 1932— Puebla, Guatemala. Cassicus bifasciatus (not of Spix) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 427, 1850— part, Mexico. Ostinops bifasciata Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 187, 1851 — Mexico. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico (in states of Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Quintana Roo), Guatemala, 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 7 British Honduras, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, east to the Canal Zone. 21: Mexico (unspecified, 1); British Honduras (La Tita, 1); Honduras (San Pedro Sula, 1); Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 5; Bobos, Izabal, 2); Costa Rica (Guayabo, 9; Sipurio, 1); Panama (Aspinwall, Canal Zone, 1). Gymnostinops cassini Richmond.1 CASSIN'S OROPENDOLA. Gymnostinops cassini Richmond, Auk, 15, p. 327, 1898 — Camp Albert, Rio Truando, Colombia (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 181, 1902— Rio Truando. Ostinops guatimozinus (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, pp. 138, 139— Rio Truando (descr.); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 149— part, Rio Truando. Cassicus guatimozinus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 71 — part, "younger" specimen from the Rio Truando. Gymnostinops guatimozinus Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 439, 1886 — part, Camp Albert, Rio Truando. Range. — Northwestern Colombia (Camp Albert, on the Rio Truando). Gymnostinops guatimozinus (Bonaparte). BLACK OROPENDOLA. Ostinops guatimozinus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Nat. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 833, Dec., 1853 — "Guaripata" [= Garrapata, lower Magdalena River], Colombia (type in Paris Museum examined); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 10, 1854 (reprint); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 149— part, Colombia (Guaripata, Remedios). Cassicus guatimozinus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 71 — part, Turbo, Colombia. Ostinops guatemozinus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 508— Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.). Gymnostinops guatimozinus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 314, 1886 — Remedios; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 439, 1886 — part, Turbo and Remedios, Colombia; Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 160, 1895— lower Magdalena River; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 182, 1902— northern Colombia (monog.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 623, 1917— Colombia (Alto Bonito, lower Atrato; Malena, Magdalena Valley) and eastern Panama (El Real, Tapaliza, Chepigana). 1 Gymnostinops cassini Richmond, of which I examined the type several years ago, differs from G. guatimozinus very strikingly by much longer and stouter bill, light-colored basal portion of frontal "casque," and chestnut sides of the body. In coloration, it is in fact to a certain extent intermediate to G. montezuma. Its occurrence in the range of G. guatimozinus, which it resembles in the development of the narrow, recumbent crest feathers, and the fact that the type remains unique cast serious doubts on its validity. 8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Panama (Rio Tuyra, Darien), and northern Colombia (Alto Bonito, lower Atrato; Turbo; Remedies, Rio It£; Garrapata and Malena, Rio Magdalena).1 Gymnostinops bifasciatus (Spix).2 SPIX'S OROPENDOLA. Cassicus bifasciatus Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 65, pi. 61, 1824 — "in sylvis prope Maranhao et Param," Brazil (type in Munich Museum examined); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 427, 1850 — part, Brazil; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 70— Para (descr., crit.). Psarocolius bifasciatus Wagler, Syst. Av., fol. 22, p. [3], spec. 2, 1827 — Brazil (monog.). Ostinops bifasciatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 139— Para (descr.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 192, 1870— Para; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 149— Para (crit.). Gymnostinops bifasciatus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 313, 1886 — Lower Amazonia; Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 612, 1906— Par£ (crit.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 393, 1907 (range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 523, 1908— Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 17, 88, 1912— Peixe-Boi and Para, Para (crit.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 417, 1914 — Para and Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua). Range. — Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon River, from the Rio Tocantins east to Para and probably the adjoining parts of Maranhao. Gymnostinops yuracares neivae Snethlage.3 NEIVA'S OROPENDOLA. 1 Specimens from the Tuyra Valley in eastern Panama are stated by Chapman to be identical with others from Colombia. Material examined. — Colombia: "Guaripata," 1 (the type); Remedies, 2; Alto Bonito, 1. 2 Gymnostinops bifasciatus (Spix) is closely similar to G. montezuma, but differs, nevertheless, by brighter rufous under parts, the tibial feathers notably being bright rufous like breast and under tail coverts instead of mainly dusky, and by lacking the feathered stripe across the bare space on the sides of the head. Fur- thermore, this area seems to be uniform flesh-color, while in G. montezuma the portion above the dividing feathered stripe is for the greater part or wholly light bluish. Spix's Oropendola, besides, possesses, like G. guatimoziniis, in the middle of the crown a number of lengthened, narrow crest feathers, which, if present at all, are barely suggested in G. montezuma. There is so much general resemblance in coloring and pattern that, notwith- standing certain structural characters, one is tempted to regard G. montezuma, G. guatimozinus, and G. bifasciatus as mere geographical representatives of a single specific entity, but, until the status of the puzzling G. cassini has been ascertained, they may provisionally be accorded specific rank. Material examined. — Brazil: Para, 3; Peixe-Boi, 1. 3 Gymnostinops yuracares neivae Snethlage: Very similar to G. y. yuracares, but darker throughout; the pileum deep olive with almost blackish crest feathers; 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 9 Gymnostinops neivae Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 73, p. 265, 1925 — Rio Iriri, westerly tributary of the Rio Xingu, Brazil (type, now in Berlin Museum, examined). (l)Ostinops yuracarium (not Cassicus yuracares Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny?) Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 79, 1876— Santarem. (l)Gymnostinops yuracarium Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 269, 1890 — Santarem (ex Allen). Range. — Northern Brazil, south of the Amazon, in State of Para (on the Rio Iriri, a westerly affluent of the Rio Xingu, extending possibly to the Rio Tapajoz). *Gymnostinops yuracares yuracares (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny). OLIVE OROPENDOLA. Cassicus yuracares Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 2, 1838 — Yuracares, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 365, pi. 51, fig. 1, 1844 — Yura- cares; Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 293, 1844— Peru; idem, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 230, 1846 — wooded region of Peru; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 427, 1850— Bolivia. Cassicus devillii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 427, end of 1850 — Pebas, "Brazil" [ = Peru] (type in Paris Museum examined; descr. of female); Des Murs, in Castelnau, Exp6d. Amer. Sud, Ois., livr. 18, p. 67, pi. 19, fig. 1, 1856— Pebas. Cassicus yuracarium Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 69 — "New Grenada," Rio Napo, and Bolivia (monog.). Cacicus yuracarius Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 265 — Rio Javarri. Cacicus yuracarium Sclater, I.e., 1858, p. 72 — Rio Napo, Ecuador. Ostinops devillii Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 128, 1862 — Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil. Ostinops yuracarium Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 128, 1862 — upper Amazon; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182 — Rio Ucayali, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 192, 1870— Engenho do Gama and Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 185 — Cosnipata, Peru; idem, I.e., p. 265 — upper and lower Ucayali, Sarayacu, Chamicuros, and Santa Cruz, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 608— Yuracares, Bolivia; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 150— Bolivia and Matto Grosso north to "Bogota" (monog.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 403, 1884 — Peruvian localities. the sides of the head and neck darker olive; the green of the throat, breast, and upper back also darker, less yellowish. Otherwise exactly like the typical race. Wing (female), 202; tail, 155; bill, 54^. By the dusky coloration of the head this form would seem to mark a step in the direction of G. bifasciatus. Material examined. — Brazil: Rio Iriri, 1 (the type). 10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Gymnostinops yuracarium Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 314, 1886 — Bolivia, Matto Grosso (Engenho do Gama), Ecuador (Sarayacu), Barra [do Rio Negro], and "Bogota"; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 28, 1899 — Rio Santiago, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 112, 1906 — Rio Cadena, Marcapata, Peru; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 11, 1908 — Rio Purus; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 417, 1914— Rio Purus. Gymnostinops yuracares Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 84, 1889— lower Beni, Bolivia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 30, 1902 — Suapure and Nicare, Caura River, Venezuela; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 433, 1905— Rio Jurua; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 393, 1907— Rio Jurua (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 282, 1910 — Maroins, Rio Machados, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 624, 1917 — Florencia and La Morelia, Colombia (crit.); idem, I.e., 55, p. 691, 1926 — Rio Napo, Rio Suno, and below San Jose, Ecuador; Laub- mann, Wissens. Ergeb. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 279, 1930 — Buenavista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Gymnostinops yuracares caurensis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 26, p. 170, 1913 — Rio Mocho, Caura, Venezuela (type in Carnegie Museum, Pitts- burgh); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 203, 1916— Suapure, Nicare, and Rio Mocho, Venezuela. Gymnostinops yuracares yuracares Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 60, p. 389, 1930 — Campos Novos, Matto Grosso. Range. — Amazonia, from the eastern slope of the east Colombian Andes and southern Venezuela (Caura Valley) through eastern Ecuador, Peru, and western Brazil south to Bolivia and western part of Matto Grosso, east to the Rio Negro and Rio Madeira (Rio Machados).1 1: Bolivia (Jatumpampa, 1). Genus XANTHORNUS Pallas Xanthornus Pallas,2 Spic. Zool., fasc. 6, p. 1, 1769 — type, by virtual mono- typy, Xanthornus decumanus Pallas. further subdivision of the Olive Oropendola seems to me impracticable, and I am unable to discover any constant difference between four Caura examples (caurensis) and a series from Amazonia, although the Venezuelan birds may have on average slightly weaker bills. Color is exceedingly variable in the same locality, decidedly yellowish and more greenish individuals being found alike in Bolivia, Brazil, and Venezuela. Specimens from the Rio Machados are perhaps more greenish than all the rest, but the divergency is insignificant. C. devillii, of which I have seen the type, is merely the female of G. yuracares. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Yuracares, 2 (the types); Juntas, Cochabamba, 1; Buenavista, Santa Cruz, 1. — Peru: Marcapata, 4; Pebas, 1 (type of C. devillii); Ucayali River, 2; Chuchurras, Dept. Huanuco, 1. — Brazil: Engenho do Gama, Rio Guapore, Matto Grosso, 5; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, 2; Maroins, Rio Machados, 6. — Ecuador: Rio Napo, 2; Rio Santiago, 1. — Colom- bia: "Bogota," 3. — Venezuela, Caura River: Suapure", 3; Nicare, 1. 2 Xanthornus Pallas was originally proposed as a substitute for Icterus Brisson and, consequently, regarded as synonymous with that term. According to the 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 11 Psarocolius Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 22, 1827 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 68, 1855), Oriolus cristatus "Gmelin"= Xan- thornus decumanus Pallas. Ostinops Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 187, October, 1851 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 148), Xanthornus decumanus Pallas. *Xanthornus decumanus insularis (Dalmas).1 CARIBBEAN CRESTED OROPENDOLA. Ostinops decumanus insularis Dalmas, M£m. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 137, 1900 — Tobago Island (descr. of first annual plumage; type in coll. of R. de Dalmas, now in Munich Museum); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 63, p. 39, 1919— Tobago, Trinidad, and Paria Peninsula, Venezuela (crit.). Cassicus cristatus (not Oriolus cristalus Boddaert) Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 333, 1847— Tobago. Ostinops cristatus Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 63 — Trinidad; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 578, 1870— Trinidad. Cacicus cristatus Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 271, 1866 — Trinidad. Cassicus citreus (not Oriolus citrius Miiller) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 68— part, Trinidad. Ostinops decumanus (not Xanthornus decumanus Pallas) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 315, 1886— part, spec, u, Tobago; Cory, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893 — Tobago; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 35, 1894— Moruga, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— Cumanacoa, Venezuela; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 19, 1906— Caparo, Trinidad (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 184, 1902— part, Trinidad and Tobago; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 104, 1909— Rio Guarapiche and Guanoco, Venezuela; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 211, 1913 — Cariaquito, Paria Peninsula, Venezuela; Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 135, 1922— Maracas Valley, Trinidad (habits, nest). Ostinops decumanus decumanus Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 98, 1934 — Trinidad. vote of the Zoological Congress at Padua, Brissonian names are, however, no longer recognized as valid. Xanthornus Pallas must, therefore, be classed as a new genus, of which the only species, X. decumanus, becomes the type, and thus replaces Ostinops of much later date. 1 Xanthornus decumanus insularis (Dalmas) is exceedingly close to X. d. decumanus, but perhaps distinguishable by slightly paler, less deeply brownish black coloration with somewhat lighter castaneous rump. While the characters used by Dalmas for separating the Tobago race are those of the first annual plumage, it seems, as has been pointed out by Bangs and Penard, that birds from Tobago, Trinidad, and the Paria Peninsula are slightly paler with a more brownish hue, and have the rump not quite so intensely chestnut, although various individuals are hardly distinguishable. Pending the receipt of more adequate material, the series of adult birds being rather small, we have provisionally recognized insularis as possibly maintainable. Additional material examined. — Tobago: Man o' War Bay, 6; unspecified, 8. — Trinidad: Caparo, 10. — Venezuela: Yacua, Paria Peninsula, 2. 12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Islands of Tobago and Trinidad, and the opposite dis- tricts of northeastern Venezuela (Paria Peninsula; Cumanacoa; Rio Guarapiche, Orinoco delta). 6: Trinidad (Oropouche Heights, 1); Tobago, 5. *Xanthornus decumanus decumanus Pallas. CRESTED OROPENDOLA. Xanthornus decumanus Pallas, Spic. Zool., fasc. 6, p. 1, pi. 1, 1769 — Surinam; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 122, 1908— Cayenne; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 418, 1914 — part, Amap& and Cunany, Brazil. Xanthornus maximus [Xanthorni maximi] Pallas, Spic. Zool., fasc. 6, p. 3, 1769 — substitute name for Xanthornus d-ecumanus Pallas. Oriolus citrius P. L. S. Mtiller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 87, 1776 — based on "Cassique huppe, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 344. Oriolus cristatus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 21, 1783 — based on "Cassique hupp6, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 344. Cassicus cristatus Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 187, 1847 — Barima River (nesting habits); Cabanis, I.e., 3, p. 680, 1848 — British Guiana. Ostinops cristata Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 187, 1851 — part, Guiana and Venezuela; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 455, 1858 — Gualaquiza, Ecuador. Cacicus cristatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 72, 1858 — Rio Napo, Ecuador. Ostinops cristatus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 153, 1855 — "Bogota"; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 30, 1857 — Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 127, 1862— "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 978— Pebas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 191, 1870 — part, Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 265 — part, Pebas, Peru; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 476 — Coca, upper Rio Napo, Ecuador. Cassicus citreus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 68- — part, Brazil, Ecuador, and New Grenada (monog.). Ostinops decumanus Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 151 — part, British Guiana, Ecuador (Sarayacu), Peru (Pebas), and Brazil (Barra do Rio Negro); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 404, 1884— part, Pebas, Peru; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 217— Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 315, 1886 — part, spec, j-1, p-t, Ecuador (Sarayacu), Peru (Pebas), Brazil (Barra do Rio Negro), and British Guiana (Bartica Grove); Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 162 — Cunany, northern Brazil; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 28, 1899 — Gualaquiza and Zamora, Ecuador; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 175, 1901 — Cucuriti and San Julian (La Guaira), Venezuela; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 30, 1902 — Munduapo and Maipures, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 184, 1902— part, Guiana (monog.); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 298, 1907— part, Cunany and Amapa, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 13 2, p. 203, 1916 — above the falls of the Orinoco, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 624, 1917 — part, Barrigon, Florencia, and La Morelia, eastern base of eastern Andes, Colombia; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 549, 1921 — Ituribisci River, Bartica, Great Falls of Demerara River, and Georgetown; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 242, 1932— Sarayacu, Ecuador. Ostinops decumanus decumanus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 85, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 691, 1926— below San Jose and Rio Suno, Ecuador. Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Venezuela (except the extreme northeastern section comprising the former state of Bermudez); northern Brazil south to the Amazon; eastern Colombia, east of the eastern Andes; eastern Ecuador south to the north bank of the Maranon.1 14: British Guiana (Kartabo, 4; Mazaruni River, 2; unspecified, 1); Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 3; Catatumbo, Zulia, 1; Lake Valencia, 3). *Xanthornus decumanus melanterus (Todd).2 BLACKISH CRESTED OROPENDOLA. Ostinops decumanus melanterus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 3, 1917 — Las Vegas, Santa Marta, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum, Pitts- burgh); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 480, 1922— La Conception, Chirua, Fundacion, Bonda, Masinga, Masinga Vieja, Cincinnati, Las Vegas, Minca, Agua Dulce, and La Tigrera, Colombia; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 417, 1931— Rio Frio, Magda- lena, Colombia. Ostinops cristatus (not Oriolus cristatus Boddaert) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 138 — Turbo and Atrato River, Colombia; Lawrence, 1 Birds from eastern Ecuador and Manaos seem to be identical with a Guianan series. In the considerable number of specimens from north of the Amazon there are only two or three with traces of yellowish edgings to some of the feathers of the body plumage. The gloss is somewhat variable, though generally of a more bronzy or coppery hue than in birds from Bolivia and southern Brazil (maculosus). Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 3. — Dutch Guiana: Paramaribo, 2. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 2; Demerara, 3. — Brazil: Manaos, 4. — Venezuela: Munduapo, Orinoco River, 2. — Ecuador: Rio Napo, 4. 2 Xanthornus decumanus melanterus (Todd): Exceedingly close to X. d. decumanus, but general coloration is blacker and more decidedly glossed with bottle green. There is much divergency of opinion regarding the validity of this form among ornithologists. While the describer insists on the constancy of its char- acters, Chapman declares himself unable to separate Colombian birds from typical decumanus as represented by Paramaribo examples. The ten skins that we have seen from west of the east Colombian Andes and Panama are undeniably deeper black with more greenish gloss than a Guianan series as a whole, though one adult from Paramaribo indeed is barely distinguishable. Under these circumstances we have deemed it advisable to keep the form separate, at least provisionally. Additional material examined. — Colombia: Aracataca, 2; Bonda, 1; near Honda, 2; "Bogota," 2. — Panama: Lion Hill, 1; Chiriquf, 1. 14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama Railroad; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 190— Bugaba, Chiriqui; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 328— San Nicolas, Colombia. Ostinops decumanus (not Xanthornus decumanus Pallas) Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 200 — San Jose and Atanquez, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 508 — Remedies, Colombia (eggs descr.); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 151 — part, Panama (Chiriqui) and Colombia (Santa Marta, Antioquia); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 315, 1886— part, spec, a-i, Bugaba (Chiriqui), Panama (Lion Hill, Chepo), and Colombia (Atanques, "Bogota," Antioquia); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 440, 1886 — Panama (Bugaba, Lion Hill, Chepo) and Colombia (Turbo, etc.); Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 160, 1895 — Rio Magdalena, Colombia; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 177, 1898 — Palomina (Santa Marta), Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307 — Honda (Rio Guali) and Rio Combeima (Tolima), Colombia; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 5, 1899— Rio Lara, Darien, Panama; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 163, 1900— Onaca, Colombia; Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 370, 1901— Divala, Chiriqui; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 184, 1902— part, Chiriqui, Panama, and Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 624, 1917 — Colombia (part, Peque, La Manuelita, below Miraflores, Rio Frio, La Palma, near Honda, Algo- donal, Opon). Ostinops decumanus decumanus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 190, 1929— El Tigre (Rio Cupe) and Cana, Panama. Range. — Panama, west to Chiriqui, and Colombia, west of the eastern Andes. 3 : Colombia (Palmira, Cauca, 1 ; San Jose de Cucuta, Santander, 1 ; Cauqueta River, 1). *Xanthornus decumanus maculosus (Chapman).1 PIED CRESTED OROPENDOLA. lXanthornus decumanus maculosus (Chapman): Similar to X. d. decumanus, but general tone of coloration on average browner and with a variable number of yellow or whitish feathers distributed irregularly through the body plumage and wing coverts. The presence of yellow or whitish feathers in the plumage, apparently a kind of partial albinism, is most strongly developed in Bolivian birds, which formed the basis of the race. It is, as a rule, less marked in those from eastern Brazil, which, besides, in more blackish coloration frequently approach typical decumanus, and the same may be said with respect to the few individuals we have seen from Peru south of the Amazon. Birds from the Amazon Valley are more or less intermediate, and the delimitation of the two forms, one north, the other south of the Amazon, is purely arbitrary. Additional material examined. — Para: Rio Muria, 1. — Piauhy: Castelliano, Rio Parnahyba, 2. — Bahia: 1. — Rio de Janeiro: Sapitiba, 1; Marambaya, 1. — Espirito Santo: Victoria, 1. — Sao Paulo: Ypanema, 5. — Parana: Capivari, 1; unspecified, 2. — Santa Catharina: Blumenau, 2; Joinville, 1. — Matto Grosso: Cuyaba, 1.— Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 2; San Jose, 1; Buena Vista, 2.— Peru: La Merced, Chanchamayo, 1; Shanusi (Yurimaguas), 1. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 15 Ostinops decumanus maculosus Chapman, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 33, p. 26, 1920 — Yungas, Prov. Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in the American Mu- seum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 123, 1921 — Rio Cosireni and Chauillay, Urubamba, Peru; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 390, 1930— Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 280, 1930 — San Jose and Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 393, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Cassicus cristatus (not Oriolus cristatus Boddaert) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 1220, 1831— Espirito Santo (Villa Velha) and Bahia (Belmonte, Ilh^os) (habits); Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 2, 1838— Bolivia (Yungas) and Corrientes; Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 232, 1846 — wooded region of Peru; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 275, 1856— Rio de Janeiro (Serra dos Orgaos) and Minas Geraes (Lagoa Santa); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 248, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina. Ostinops cristata Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 187, 1851 — part, Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 85, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro. Ostinops cristatus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182 — lower Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 750 — Chyavetas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 191, 1870 — part, Rio de Janeiro (Isla de Marambaya, Sapitiba), Sao Paulo (Mattodentro, Ypanema, Capivari), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba), and Para (Rio Muria); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Natur- hist. Foren., 1870, p. 401 — Minas Geraes (Paracatu, Lagoa Santa); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 265 — part, lower Ucayali, Chyavetas, Chamicuros, and Santa Cruz, Peru; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 79, 1876 — Santarem, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 608— Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia. Cacicus cristatus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 523 — Mon- terico, Peru. Ostinops decumanus (not Xanthornus decumanus Pallas) Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 151 — part, Peru (Santa Cruz) and Brazil (Bahia, Sao Paulo, Matto Grosso); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 404, 1884— part, Peru (Ucayali, Chyavetas, Chamicuros, Santa Cruz, Monterico); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 315, 1886 — part, spec, m-o, v-x, Peru (Santa Cruz), Bolivia (Tilotilo), and Brazil (Bahia, Ypanema); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 10, 1887— Lambare, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 37, p. 299, 1889— Shanusi (Yurimaguas), Peru; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 84, 1889— lower Beni, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 269, 1890 — Santarem, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 376, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso (crit.; eggs descr.); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 353 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 7, 1895 — Yhu, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 6, 1900 — Urucum, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 169, 1899 — Piquete, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1900— Cantagallo, Rio; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 184, 1902 — part, Peru (excl. Pebas), Bolivia, and Brazil; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 498 — Capim River, Para; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 298, 1907— part, Marajo and Maranhao (Guimaraes); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, 16 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 393, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Piquete, Ubatuba, Barretos), Goyaz (Ipe Arcado), and Espirito Santo (Porto Cachoeira); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 46, 1907 — Teffe, Rio Solimoes, Brazil; Liiderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 359, 1909— below Mont Serrat, Itatiaya; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 79, 1910— Castelliano, Rio Parnahyba, Piauhy; Menegaux, Rev. Fran?. d'Orn., 2, p. 11, 1911 — Tocache, Peru; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 88, 1912— Rio Muria and Rio Capim, Para; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, 365, 1914 — Santa Ana, Misiones; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 194, 1926— Parana (Candido de Abreu and Salto de Uba); Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 429, 1930— Puerto Bermudez, Dept. Junin, Peru. Ostinops decumanus subsp. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 272, 1929— Piauhy (ex Reiser). Xanthornus decumanus Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, pp. 11, 524, 1908 — Rio Purus (Cachoeira) and Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua) ; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, (3), 11, p. 401, 1910— Rio Pilcomayo, Chaco; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 418, 1914 — part, Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Rio Purus (Cachoeira), Marajo (Soure, Santa Anna), and Maranhao; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 66, 1914 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay. Ostinops decumanus auslralis (not Ostinops sincipitalis australis Todd) Pinto, Rev. Mus. Paul., 20, p. 149, 1936 — Goyaz, Brazil (type in Museu Paulista). Range. — Brazil, south of the Amazon, from Para and the Rio Solimoes to Matto Grosso and Santa Catharina; Paraguay; north- eastern Argentina (Corrientes and Misiones); eastern Peru; eastern Bolivia. 12: Peru (Puerto Bermudez, Junin, 2; Yurimaguas, Loreto, 1; Lagunas, Loreto, 1); Bolivia (Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, 1; Jatum- pampa, 1); Brazil (Chapada, Matto Grosso, 2; Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 2; Candido de Abreu, Parana, 1); Paraguay (Yba- pobo, 1). *Xanthornus viridis viridis (P. L. S. Muller). GREEN OROPENDOLA. Oriolus viridis P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 87, 1776 — based on "Cassique vert, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 328; Boddaert, Tabl. PL Enl., p. 20, 1789— based on the same. Oriolus rufirostris Shaw, Gen. Zool., 7, (2), p. 416, 1809 — based on "Cassique vert, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 320. Xanthornus virens [Schreber], Der Naturforscher, 18, p. 1, pi. 1, 1782— probably Surinam. Psarocolius viridis Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 22, sp. 1, 1827— part, adult, Brazil. Cassicus viridis Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 448, 1848 — Beaba, system of the Morocco River, British Guiana; Cabanis, I.e., 3, p. 680, 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 17 1848— British Guiana; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 427, 1850 (descr.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 68 — South America (monog.). Ostinops viridis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 187, 1851 — Venezuela; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 30, 1857 — Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 128, 1862— Para; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 573, 750— Para, Brazil, and Xeberos, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 192, 1870— Borba (Rio Madeira), Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos], Marabitanas (Rio Negro), Rio Branco (Sao Joaquim, Rio Cauame), and Para, Brazil (spec, examined); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 38 — near Para; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 265— Xeberos and Chyavetas, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 152— Brazil (Rio Negro, Para, "Maranhao"), Peru (Xeberos, Chyavetas), British Guiana, and Ecuador (Sarayacu); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 405, 1884 — Peru (Xeberos, Chyavetas); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 217 — British Guiana (Bartica Grove, Merume Mountains, Camacusa, Roraima); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 316, 1886— Cayenne, British Guiana (Bartica, Camacusa, Roraima), Brazil (Para, "Maranhao," Barra), Peru (Xeberos), Ecuador (Sarayacu), and (?) "Bogota"; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 299, 1889 — Shanusi, near Yurimaguas, Peru; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 30, 1902 — Mato River and Nicare, Caura, Venezuela; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 498— Rio Capim, Para; Men6gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 183, 1S04 — Saint Georges d'Oyapock and Camopi, French Guiana; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 433, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 394, 1907 — Rio Jurua (range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 298, 1907— Para and Ourem (Rio Guama), Para; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 104, 1909 — Guanoco, Orinoco delta, Venezuela; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 281, 1910— Calama and Jamary- sinho, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 18, 88, 1912— Peixe-Boi, Para (Para localities); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 211, 1913— Vagre River and Isla Morocitico, Manimo River, Orinoco delta, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 203, 1916— Caura Valley, Venezuela; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 102, 1916— Utinga, Para; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 552, 1921 — British Guianan localities (habits); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 691, 1926 — below San Jos6, eastern Ecuador; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 176, 1928— Pinheiro, Para. Xanthornus viridis Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 122, 317, 1908 — Ipousin (River Approuague), Cayenne, St. Georges d'Oyapock, and Camopi, French Guiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 524, 1908 — Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 418, 1914 — Para, Capanema, Rio Guama (Ourem), and Rio Tocantins (Arumatheua), Brazil. Ostinops viridis viridis Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 85, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam. Ostinops viridis flavescens Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 85, 1918 — Xeberos, eastern Peru (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). 18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana ; southern Venezuela (Orinoco delta; Caura River); northern Brazil, south to Para1 and the Rio Madeira; eastern Ecuador; northeastern Peru (Iquitos, Xeberos, Chyavetas, Yurimaguas).2 7: British Guiana (Demerara River, 2; unspecified, 3); Brazil (Conceicao, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1; Rio Tocantins, Para, 1). Xanthornus atro-virens (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).3 D'OR- BIGNY'S OROPENDOLA. Cassicus atro-virens Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 1, 1838— Yungas, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Merid., Ois., p. 366, pi. 51, fig. 2, 1844— prov. Yungas on the eastern side of the Andes (Yanacachi, Chulumani, Iru- pana, Cajuata); Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 230, 1846 — part, descr. of "adult," wood region of Peru; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 427, 1850 — Yungas, Bolivia; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 69— Bolivia (crit.). 1 The locality "Maranhao" affixed to a specimen in the British Museum requires corroboration. - Subdivision of the Green Oropendola appears to me impracticable. The color tone of the green parts of the plumage varies considerably within the same locality, greenish as well as decidedly yellowish individuals being found together. Birds from the Rio Madeira and Para are evidently inseparable from others col- lected in Guiana and north of the Amazon. A single topotype of flavescens secured in June, 1866, at Xeberos by Edward Bartlett is indeed more yellowish on the pileum and upper back than any other specimen examined, but this appears to be due to fading rather than local influence, since another (more recently collected) adult bird from the same general district (near Yurimaguas) does not differ at all from various Amazonian individuals. Mr. Zimmer (in litt.), however, considers X. v. flavescens as possibly maintainable, but would extend its range all along the south bank of the Amazon as far east as the Rio Tapajoz, and in the west north to Ecuador. Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 2; Ipousin, 3. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 2. — Venezuela: Matp River, 1 ; Nicare, Caura River, 1. — Ecuador: "Rio Napo," 2. — Brazil: Para, 1; Peixe-Boi, 3; Borba, Rio Madeira, 1; Jamarysinho, Rio Madeira, 2; Manaos, 2; Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 1; Rio Cauam6, Rio Branco, 1; Marabitanas, Rio Negro, 1. — Peru: Iquitos, 1; Xeberos, 1; Yurimaguas, 1. 3 Xanthornus atro-virens (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) seems to be specifically distinct, differing from the members of the X. "alfredi" group by the uniform olive green coloring (except the tawny rump and under tail coverts) and by having the outermost as well as the two central pairs of the rectrices olive green (without any yellow). It is probably more nearly related to 0. viridis. Its range appears to be confined to southern Peru and eastern Bolivia, X. a. alfredi being likewise found in that region. Birds from southeastern Peru agree well with a Bolivian series, and a single adult male from the Vitoc Valley (La Garita del Sol) does not appreciably differ. Material examined. — Peru: La Garita del Sol, Vitoc, Dept. Junin, 1; Callanga, Cuzco, 5; Marcapata Valley (alt. 6,000 ft.), Cuzco, 2; Chuhuasi, Carabaya, 3.— Bolivia: Chaco, Yungas of La Paz, 1; San Jacinto, 2; Quebrada Onda, Yungas of Cochabamba, 4; "Yungas," 3; unspecified, 2. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 19 Ostinops atrovirens Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 598 — Cosnipata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 308, 1873— Bolivia and "western" Peru [= Amable Maria] (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1876, p. 16— Huiro, Urubamba, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 608— Simacu and Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 152 — Bolivia and Dept. Cuzco, Peru (monog.); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 406, 1884— Peru (part, Amable Maria, Carabaya, Huiro); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 317, 1886— Bolivia (Tilotilo, Simacu) and Peru (Huiro); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 84, 1889— Yungas, Bolivia; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 353 — La Gloria and Garita del Sol, Dept. Junin, Peru; idem, Ornis, 13, pp. 85, 112, 1906 — Idma (Urubamba), Sanaca and Huaynapata (Marcapata), Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 34, 1920— Chuhuasi, Carabaya, Peru (crit.); Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 123, 1921— Idma and San Miguel Bridge, Urubamba, Peru. Cacicus atrovirens Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 523 — Amable Maria, Peru. Range. — Subtropical zone of southern Peru (in depts. of Junin and Cuzco) and Bolivia (Yungas of La Paz and Cochabamba). Xanthornus angustifrons angustifrons (Spix). BLACK-BILLED OROPENDOLA. Cassicus angustifrons Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 66, pi. 62, 1824 — "in confinibus fl. Amazonum" (type in Munich Museum examined;1 cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 2. Kl., 22, No. 3, p. 612, 1906); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 427, 1850— Brazil; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 70— Rio Napo, Ecuador, and Pebas, Peru (monog.). Ostinops angustifrons Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 128, 1862 — "Bogota," Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182 — lower and upper Ucayali, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 192, 1870 — Matari, Rio Amazonas, Brazil (spec, examined); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 308, 1873 — upper Ucayali and "Bogota" (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 265 — Sarayacu, upper and lower Ucayali, Nauta, and the whole of the Huallaga, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 155 — Peru, eastern Ecuador, and "Bogota" (monog.); Taczanowski, Orn. P6r., 2, p. 410, 1884 — Peru (Iquitos, Loretoyacu, Sarayacu, upper and lower Ucayali, Nauta); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 319, 1886— Peru (Iquitos, Sarayacu, upper Ucayali, Santa Cruz), Ecuador (Sarayacu), and Colombia ("Bogota"); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 476— Rio Coca, Ecuador; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 433, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 394, 1907— Rio Juru& (range); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 627, 1917— Villavicencio, La Morelia, and above Florencia, eastern Colombia (crit.); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 87, 1922— Baeza road to Napo, Ecuador; Chap- man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 692, 1926 — eastern Ecuador (Macas 1 A cotype collected by Spix we have examined in the Vienna Museum. 20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII region, Rio Suno, Baeza, and below Oyacachi); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 242, 1932— Mera, Ecuador. Ostinops atrovirens (not Cassicus atrovirens Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182 — upper Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 266 — upper Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru. Ostinops alfredi (not Cassicus alfredi Des Murs) Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 85 — Mapoto, eastern Ecuador. Psarocolius viridis (not Oriolus viridis P. L. S. Miiller) Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 22, sp. 1, 1827 — part, "Juv. hornot.," Brazil. Xanthornus angustifrons Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 418, 1914 (range). Range. — Tropical (and lower Subtropical) zone of eastern Colombia (at the eastern base of the eastern Andes), eastern Ecuador (excepting the basin of the Rio Santiago and its tributaries in the southeastern section), northeastern Peru (south at least to Sarayacu on the Ucayali), and the adjacent parts of western Brazil (Rio Solimoes; Rio Jurua).1 *Xanthornus angustifrons alfredi (Des Murs). ALFRED'S OROPENDOLA. Cassicus alfredi Des Murs, in Castelnau, Exp&l. Amer. Sud, Zool., 1, Ois., livr. 18, p. 67, pi. 19, fig. 2, June 30, 1856— no locality stated (the type examined in the Paris Museum is from the Valley of Santa Ana, Dept. Cuzco, Peru). Cassicus atrovirens (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 293, 1844— Peru; idem, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 230, 1846— part, descr. of "juv.," wooded region of Peru. Ostinops atrovirens Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 128, 1862 — part, spec. a, c, "Upper Amazon" and Peru. Cacicus alfredi Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 523 — Monterico, Peru; idem, I.e., 1879, p. 230— Tambillo, Peru. 1 Birds from "Bogota," eastern Ecuador, and northern Peru agree fairly well together, and are unquestionably of the same race as two authentic specimens from Spix's expedition. They generally have dusky or blackish bills, and no yellow whatever on the forehead. One specimen from the Rio Suno, Ecuador, is however, intermediate in coloration of bill between angustifrons and alfredi, and Mr. Zimmer (in litt.) tells me that another individual (with dusky bill) from the same locality has yellow patches on the sides of the forehead. Intergradation, thus, seems to be established and, although the exact ranges of the two Oropendolas, particularly in extreme northwestern Brazil, remain to be worked out in detail, the only logical course is apparently to unite them in a single "formenkreis," as has been proposed by Zimmer. From copies of Bartlett's original labels kindly supplied by Mr. Kinnear it appears that his 0. angustifrons and O. atrovirens refer to male and female of the present race. Material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 1. — Ecuador: Rio Coca, 4; Rio Suno, 4. — Peru: Iquitos, 1; Samiria, 1; lower Ucayali, 1; Onega, Rio Ucayali, 1; upper Ucayali, 1.— Brazil: unspecified, 2 (ex Spix); Matari, Rio Solimoes, 1. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 21 Ostinops alfredi Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 407, 1884 — Peru (Monterico, Tambillo, Velota, Chirimoto, Huambo, Guadalupe, and Carabaya); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 318, 1886— part, spec, c-f, Ecuador (San Jose") and eastern Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 353 — La Merced and Borgona, Chanchamayo, Peru; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 29, 1899— Rio Santiago, Rio Zamora, and Cuchipamba (San Jose"), southeastern Ecuador; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 112, 19"06 — Huaynapata, Dept. Cuzco, Peru; Me'ne'gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 11, 1911 — Nuevo Loreto, Prov. Pataz, Peru; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 21, p. 161, 1914 — Santa Ana, Peru (crit. note on type). Ostinops alfredi alfredi Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 21, p. 162, 1914 (range); Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918— Perico and Bellavista, Rio Maran6n, Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 692, 1926— Zamora, Ecuador. Ostinops angustifrons alfredi Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 429, 1930— Vista Alegre, Dept. Huanuco, Peru (crit.). Ostinops atrocastaneus (not of Cabanis) Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 153 — part, upper Amazonia and San Jos6, Ecuador. Ostinops sincipitalis australis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 3, 1917— Buenavista, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh). Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of southeastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia (Rio San Mateo, Dept. Cocha- bamba; Buenavista, Dept. Santa Cruz).1 4: Peru (San Ramon, Chanchamayo, 2; Pozuzo, Huanuco, 1; Vista Alegre, Huanuco, 1). *Xanthornus angustifrons atrocastaneus (Cabanis).2 CHEST- NUT OROPENDOLA. Ostinops atrocastaneus Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 309, 1873 — "Equador" = Nanegal, western Ecuador (type in Berlin Museum); Sclater, Ibis, 1 There is some variation, largely individual, to be observed in this form, but with the rather limited material before me I am unable to correlate the slight divergencies (extent of yellow on the forehead and general tone of the body plum- age) with particular geographic areas. Two adults from San Mateo, Bolivia, which iriay reasonably be supposed to represent X. s. australis, are certainly inseparable from a nearly topotypical example taken by Whitely at Guadalupe in the Urubamba region. Birds from more northern localities are possibly slightly less rufescent in coloration. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: San Mateo, Cochabamba, 2. — Peru: Santa Ana Valley, 1 (the type); Guadalupe, Urubamba, 1; Marcapata, 2; La Merced, Chanchamayo, 1; Pozuzo, Huanuco, 3; Tambillo, 1. — Ecuador: Rio Santiago, 1. 2Xanthornus angustifrons atrocastaneus (Cabanis) differs from X. a. alfredi by wholly green outer rectrices, much darker and more rufous general coloration, as well as by greater amount of yellow on the forehead. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Paramba, Prov. Imbabura, 5; Gualea, 5; Nanegal, 2; unspecified, 6. 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1883, p. 153 — part, PalJatanga and Nanegal, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1884, p. 294 — Pedregal; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 28, 1899— La Con- cepcion (Chota), Gualea, and Intac; Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 107, 1911 — Gualea and Tandapi. Ostinops alrovirens (not Cassicus atrovirens Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 140, 1859— Pallatanga; idem, I.e., 28, p. 88, 1860 — Nanegal; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 128, 1862 — part, spec, d, Pallatanga. Ostinops alfredi (not Cassicus alfredi Des Murs) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 318, 1886 — part, spec, a, b, "Quito" and Pallatanga, Ecuador; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 485, 1898 — Chimbo and Paramba; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 477 — Milligalli, San Nicolas, and Gualea; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 87, 1922— near Gualea. Ostinops alfredi atrocastaneus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 21, p. 162, 1914 — western Ecuador (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 692, 1926 — Gualea, Mindo, El Chiral, Zaruma, Las Pinas, and Salvias. Range. — Subtropical zone of western Ecuador. 2: Ecuador (Prov. Esmeraldas, 1; Huigra, Carchi, 1). *Xanthornus angustifrons salmoni (Sclater).1 SALMON'S OROPENDOLA. Ostinops salmoni Sclater, Ibis, (5), 1, p. 153, pi. 6, 1883 — Antioquia, Colombia (cotypes from Concordia and Envigado in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 317, 1886— Con- cordia, Envigado, and Frontino, Colombia; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 307, 1899 — Rio Combeima, Tolima; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 625, 1917— Las Lomitas, San Antonio, Gallera, La Sierra, Miraflores, Salento, Laguneta, and La Frijolera, Colombia (crit.). Ostinops alfredi salmoni Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 21, p. 162, 1914 — western Colombia. Ostinops atrocastaneus (not of Cabanis) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 509, pi. 43, figs. 1, 2 (eggs) — Envigado, Concordia, and Frontino, Colombia. Range. — Subtropical zone of western and central Andes, Colombia. 2: Colombia (Salento, Cauca, central Andes, 2). Xanthornus angustifrons sincipitalis (Cabanis).2 YELLOW- FRONTED OROPENDOLA. 1 Xanthornus angustifrons salmoni (Sclater) is even darker than X. a. atro- castaneus, with very deep olive head and under parts, and deeper chestnut back, being in fact the most intensely colored member of the group. In addition to eight skins from the western and central Andes of Colombia, we have seen a single example of typical "Bogota" preparation. 2 This form is known to us only from five "Bogota" trade-skins. All of them have the anterior portion of the crown and conspicuous superciliaries bright yel- low, thus agreeing with Cabanis's description. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 23 Ostinops siticipitalis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 309, 1873 — "Neu-Granada" (the type in the Berlin Museum is a native "Bogota" skin); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 154— "Bogota" (in part); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 32, p. 296, 1884 — Bucaramanga, Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 318, 1886— "Bogota" (in part). Cassicus alfredi (not of Des Murs) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 69— "Bogota" (in part). Ostinops atrovirens (not Cassicus atrovirens Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 128, 1862— part, spec, b, "Bogota." Ostinops alfredi sincipitalis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 21, p. 162, 1914 — part, "BogotA"; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 626, 1917— Agua- dita (above Fusugasuga) and Anolaima, Colombia. Range. — Subtropical zone of the western slope of the eastern Andes of Colombia, in states of Santander and Cundinamarca. *Xanthornus angustifrons neglectus (Chapman).1 OLIVE- BELLIED OROPENDOLA. Ostinops sincipitalis neglectus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 190, 1914 — Monteredondo, eastern slope of eastern Andes, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Ostinops alfredi neglectus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 626, 1917 — Monteredondo and Andalucia, Colombia. Cassicus alfredi (not of Des Murs) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 69— "Bogota" (in part). Ostinops sincipitalis (not of Cabanis) Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 154 — "Bogota" (in part); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 318, 1886— "Bogota" (in part). Ostinops alfredi sincipitalis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 21, p. 162, 1914 — part, western Venezuela (MeYida). Range. — Subtropical zone of the eastern slope of the eastern Andes of Colombia, and western Venezuela (Tachira, Merida, and Lara). 1: Venezuela (La Azulita, MeYida, 1). *Xanthornus angustifrons oleagineus (Sclater).2 OLEAGINOUS OROPENDOLA. lXanthornus angusiifrons neglectus (Chapman): Very close to X. a. sincipi- talis, but back more olivaceous, less rufescent; yellow of forehead more restricted and rarely continued backward in short superciliaries; under parts likewise more olivaceous. Birds from Venezuela do not appear to be separable, though one or two, by more olivaceous coloring, verge in the direction of X. a. oleagineus. The yellow frontal patch, while variable in extent, is as a rule more restricted than in X. a. sincipitalis, and the superciliaries, if present at all, are much less developed. Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 5. — Venezuela: Pedre- gosa, MeVida, 1; Conejos, MeYida, 1; Montana de Aricagua, Me>ida, 1; Montana Culata, Merida, 1; Guarico, Lara, 1. 2Xantkornus angusiifrons oleagineus (Sclater) is even more decidedly oliva- ceous than the preceding form, from which it differs, furthermore, by its grayish 24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Ostinops oleagineus Sclater, Ibis, (5), 1, p. 154, pi. 7, 1883 — Venezuela (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 319, 1886 — Venezuela; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 175, 1901 — San Julian, near La Guaira, Venezuela. Ostinops atrovirens (not Cassicus atrovirens Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 128, 1862 — part, spec, e, Venezuela. Range. — Subtropical zone of northern Venezuela, from Aragua east to Monagas. 3: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 3). Genus CACICUS Lace'pede Cacicus Lacepede, Tabl. M6th. Mamm. et Ois., p. 6, 1799 — type, by subs. desig. (Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 434, 1930), Oriolus haemorrhous Linnaeus. Cassicus Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 214, 1811 — emendation of Cacicus Lacepede. *Cacicus cela cela (Linnaeus). YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE. Parus Cela Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 191, 1758— "in Indiis," errore; Surinam substituted as type locality (auct. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 20, 1906). Tanagra albirostris Linnaeus, Mus. Ad.-Frid., 2, Prodr., p. 31, 1764 — "America" = Surinam (auct. Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 30, 1902). Oriolus persicus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 161, 1766 — based on "Le Cassique jaune" Brisson (Orn., 2, p. 100, pi. 9, fig. 1, Cayenne), "Jupujuba" Marcgrave (Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 193, northeastern Brazil), etc. Cassicus icteronotus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 5, p. 365, 1816 — new name for Oriolus persicus Linnaeus; Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 1, pi. 3, 1834; Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 4, 1838 — Chiquitos, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined); Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 228, 1846 — wood region of Peru; Bur- meister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 273, 1856 — Brazil; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 30, 1857 — Cayenne. Cacicus icteronotus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 455, 1858 — Guala- quiza, Ecuador. Cassicus persicus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 1234, 1831— Belmonte and Ilheos rivers, Bahia (habits, nest) ; Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, pp. 90, 249, 1847 — Isl. Wakenaam and Rio Tapacuma; idem, I.e., 2, p. 364, 1848 — Aripai, Rio Rupununi (nesting); Cabanis, in Schomburgk, I.e., 3, p. 681, "1848"— British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 128, 1862— Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 84— Trinidad and Venezuela (habits); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182— upper and lower Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 573— Para; Cassin, Proc. (light plumbeous) bill. The absence of the yellow frontal band is not an abso- lutely constant feature, since some specimens have just as much yellow on the forehead as X. a. neglectus. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 25 Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 65 (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 193, 1870— Goyaz (Nas Areas, Boa Vista, Goyaz), Matto Grosso (Es- trella, Rio dos Piloens, Cuyaba, Villa Maria), and Amazonia (Borba, Rio Madeira; Barra do Rio Negro [ = Manaos], Forte do Rio Branco), Brazil (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 266 — upper and lower Ucayali, Nauta, and Santa Cruz, Peru (nest and eggs descr.); Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 381 — Para; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 79, 1876 — Santarem, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 608— Bolivia (Chiquitos; Maipiri, Yungas); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 338— near Recife, Pernambuco; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 157 (monog.); Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 433— Angostura (Orinoco) and Rio Apure, Venezuela; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 411, 1884 — Peru (Ucayali, Nauta, Santa Cruz, Moyobamba); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 217 — Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 321, 1886 — "Bogota," Trinidad, British Guiana (Bartica Grove), Cayenne, Para, Mexiana, Iquitos (Peru), Sarayacu (Ecuador), Mapiri (Bolivia), and Brazil (Pernambuco, Bahia, Goyaz); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, pp. 99, 299, 1889— Fonte Boa and Tonantins, Rio Solimoes, Brazil, and Sarayacu, Ucayali, Peru; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 269, 1890 —Santarem; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, pp. 72, 84, 1889 — Rio Napo, Ecuador, and lower Beni, Bolivia; idem, I.e., 3, p. 377, 1891 — Abrilongo and Chapada, Matto Grosso (eggs); idem, I.e., 4, p. 53, 1892 — El Pilar [Sucre], Venezuela; Chapman, I.e., 6, p. 36, 1894 — Princestown, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— San Antonio [Sucre], Venezuela; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, pp. 152, 154, 162 — Cunany and Amapa, Brazil; idem, Ibis, 1897, p. 361 (nest and eggs); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 138, 1898— "Santa Marta," Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 163, 1900— Cacagualito, Santa Marta, Colombia; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 477 — upper Rio Napo, Ecuador; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 498— Capim River; Menegaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 183, 1904— French Guiana (St. Georges, Ouanary, Sinnamary); Hag- mann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 28, 1907 — Mexiana Island, Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 298, 1907 — Amapa, Para, Santo Antonio do Prata, Marajo, and Monte Alegre; Beebe, Zoologica, 1, p. 104, 1909— Orinoco delta, Venezuela; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 352, 1910 — Surinam (habits). Cassiculus flavicrissus (not of Sclater, 1860) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 129, 1862 — part, spec, c, Bolivia. Casicus persicus Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 135, 1922— Palo Seco and Penal, Trinidad. Casicus persicus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 22, p. 114, 1854 — Quijos, Ecuador; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 273, 1866— Trinidad. Cassicus albirostris Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 353— La Merced, Peru; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 30, 1902 — Orinoco Valley (Ciudad Bolivar, Altagracia, Caicara) and La Union, Caura, Venezuela; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 433, 1905 — Rio Jurua, Brazil. Cacicus cela Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 20, 1906 — Caparo and Seelet, Trinidad (crit., nomencl.); idem, I.e., 13, p. 359, 1906 — Santo Antonio 26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII do Prata, Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 394, 1907— Rio Jurua (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 10, 1907 — Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz; idem, I.e., 15, p. 37, 1908 — Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, pp. 122, 317, 1908 — French Guiana (Approuague, Roche-Marie, St. Georges d'Oyapock, Ouanary, Sinnamary) ; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 80, 1910— Maranhao (below Nova York, Rio Parnahyba) and Piauhy (Therezina); Menegaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 11, 1911 — Tocache, Rio Huallaga, Peru; idem, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 107, 1911 — upper Napo, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 19, 88, 119, 1912 — Ipitinga (Rio Acara), Para localities, and Mexiana; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 211, 1913— Cariaquito, Paria Peninsula, Venezuela; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 419, 1914 — Para, Ilha das Oncas, Providencia, Capanema, Quatipuru, Santo Antonio do Prata, Marajo (Soure, Pindobal, Sao Natal), Amapa, Monte Alegre, and Maranhao; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 204, 1916— lower Orinoco and Caura Valley, Venezuela (nesting habits, eggs) ; Beebe, Zoologica, 2, p. 102, 1916 — Utinga, Para; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 627, 1917 — Barrigon, Florencia, and La Morelia, Co- lombia; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 85, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920 — Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 554, 1921 — British Guianan localities; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 479, 1922 — Don Diego, Santa Marta, Colombia; Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 87, 1922— Baeza road to Napo, Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 693, 1926— below San Jose and Rio Suno, Ecuador; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926 — Tury-assu, Maranhao; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 176, 1928— Para; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 272, 1929— Maranhao (Sao Bento, Miritiba) and Goyaz (Philadelphia). Cacicus cela cela Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 282, 1910 — Calama, Rio Madeira; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 431, 1930— Rio Colorado, Chanchamayo, Peru; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 60, p. 390, 1930 — Rio Sao Lourenco, Matto Grosso, and Rio Solimdes; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 98, 1934 — Trinidad; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 393, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Range. — Island of Trinidad; the Guianas; Venezuela; eastern Colombia (eastern base of eastern Andes; Don Diego and Dibulla, north coast of Santa Marta region); eastern Ecuador and Peru; Brazil, south to Bahia, Goyaz, and Matto Grosso; eastern Bolivia.1 1 1 have not been able to make out any geographic variation, though it appears that birds from Peru and Bolivia as a rule have the body plumage more decidedly glossed with greenish. Size is an unreliable feature, and the extensive material at hand does not corroborate Pelzeln's finding of lesser dimensions and slenderer, straighter bill in the inhabitants of central Brazil. Additional material examined. — Trinidad: Caparo, 7. — French Guiana: Ap- prouague, 10; Roche-Marie, 1; Cayenne, 2. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 2. — Brazil: Forte do Rio Branco, 1; Para, 1; Ipitinga, Rio Acara, 1; Itaituba, Rio 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 27 56: Colombia (Florencia, Caqueta, 2); Peru (Moyobamba, San Martin, 7; Yurimaguas, Loreto, 3; Chanchamayo, Rio Colorado, Junin, 1); Venezuela (Rio Aurare, Zulia, 1; Encontrados, Zulia, 8; Catatumbo, Zulia, 3; Maracay, Aragua, 1; La Ceiba, Trujillo, 1; Va- lera, Trujillo, 1; Caracas, 2; Pedernales, Amacuro, 1; Piacoa, Amacuro, 1; Cocollar, Sucre, 1); British Guiana (Potaro Landing, 3; Kartabo, 1; Mazaruni River, 1); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 2); Brazil (Serra da Lua, Rio Branco, 3; Serra Grande, Rio Branco, 1; Porto Velho, Rio Madeira, 2; Utinga, Para, 1; Sao Bento, Maran- hao, 1; Philadelphia, Goyaz, 2; Nova Roma, Goyaz, 3; Ilha, Rio Parana, Goyaz, 1; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 2). "Cacicus cela flavicrissus (Sclater).1 WESTERN YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE. Cassiculus flavicrissus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 276, 1860 — Babahoyo, Ecuador (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum) ; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 129, 1862 — part, spec, a-b, Babahoyo; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 67 (ex Sclater). Cassicus melanurus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 66 — Guaya- quil, Ecuador (descr. of female; type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia).2 Cassicus flavicrissus Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 322— Lechugal, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 158 — part, western Ecuador; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 552 — Yaguachi, Ecuador; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 411, 1884 — Lechugal, Peru; idem and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 86 — Yaguachi, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 322, 1886— part, spec, d-g, western Ecuador (Babahoyo, Guayaquil); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 441, 1886— part, western Ecuador and Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 29, 1899— Playas (Guayas) and Vinces, Ecuador. Cacicus flavicrissus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 693, 1926 — western Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Chone, Bahia de Caraques, Daule, Tapajoz, 4; Manaos, 1; Borba, Rio Madeira, 2; Calama, Rio Madeira, 4; Marme- llos, Rio Madeira, 1; Nova York, Rio Parnahyba, Maranhao, 2; Bahia, 2; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 4; Villa Maria, Matto Grosso, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota," 3. — Ecua- dor: Rio Napo, 4. — Venezuela: Carupano, 4; Puerto Cabello, 2; Caicara, Rio Orinoco, 4. — Peru: Juanfue, Rip Huallaga, 1; Sarayacu, Ucayali, 1; La Merced, Chanchamayo, 1. — Bolivia: Chiquitos, 1; Santa Cruz, 1. 1 Cacicus cela flavicrissus (Sclater), the western representative, differs from the nominate race by smaller size; slenderer, less curved, also duskier bill; slightly deeper tone of the yellow areas; and by the yellow basal color of the tail being of the same limited extent on the lateral rectrices as on the inner ones. Nine specimens from western Ecuador have been examined. 2 Although described as having "the tail and under tail coverts entirely black," Stone (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 34, 1899) pronounces this supposed species to be identical with C. c. flavicrissus. 28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Guayaquil, Duran, Santa Rosa); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 235, 1932— La Silva, Ecuador. Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador and extreme north- western Peru (Lechugal, Prov. Tumbez). 2: Ecuador (Milagro, Guayas, 2). *Cacicus cela vitellinus (Lawrence).1 LAWRENCE'S CACIQUE. Cassicus vitellinus Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, p. 107 — Isthmus of Panama, New Granada2 (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Cassin, I.e., 1867, p. 66— Panama, Turbo, and Atrato River (monog.). Cassicus icteronotus (not of Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 139 — Turbo and Atrato River, Colombia. Cassiculus icteronotus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861 — Panama Railroad. Cassicus chrysonotu&CT) (not of Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 139— Turbo, Colombia. Cacicus persicus (not Oriolus persicus Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 353 — Panama Railroad. Cassicus flavicrissus (not Cassiculus flavicrissus Sclater) Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 329— Lake of Paturia, Magdalena, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1871, p. 329 (crit.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 509— Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia (eggs descr.); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 1P8 — part, Panama and Colombia (Magdalena Valley and Antioquia); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 441, 1886 — part, Panama (Lion Hill) and Colombia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 322, 1886 — part, spec, a, b, h-1, Panama (Lion Hill) and Colombia (Magdalena Valley, Remedios); Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 160, 1895— Magdalena Valley. Cacicus vitellinus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 188, 1902— Colombia and Panama (monog.); Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 64, 1902 — Sona, Panama; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 221, 1906 — savanna of Panama (young descr.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 627, 1917 — Rio Salaqui and Algodonal (Magdalena), Colombia (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 280, 1918— Agua Clara, Trinidad River, Panama; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 480, 1922 — Fundacion and Valencia, Santa Marta region, Colombia; Hallinan, Auk, 46, p. 320, 1924 — Panama 1 Cacicus cela vitellinus (Lawrence) agrees with C. c. flavicrissus in tail pattern, but differs by larger, ivory yellowish bill without any plumbeous at the base; deeper, more orange (light cadmium rather than lemon chrome) tone of the yellow areas; much smaller orange patch on the upper wing coverts, etc. In spite of its pronounced characters and geographic isolation, this is clearly a local representative of C. cela. Additional material examined. — Panama: Lion Hill, 4. — Colombia: Remedios, 4. 2 Lawrence's remark that he has also seen the species from "Nicaragua" is clearly an error. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 29 Canal Zone (Tiger Hill, Rio Algarrobo, Rio Caimitillo) ; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 369, 1932— Perme and Obaldia, Panama. Cacicus flavicrissus vitellinus Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 28, 1919 — Pacora, Panama (crit.). Cacicus cela vitellinus Bangs and Barbour, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 226, 1922 — Rio Esndpe and Jesusito, Darien. Cacicus vitellinus vitellinus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 190, 1929— El Tigre (Rio Cupe) and Cana, Panama. Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Panama, from the Canal Zone eastward, and northern Colombia, from the lower Atrato (Rio Salaqui; Turbo) east to the western and southern base of the Santa Marta Mountains (Fundacion, Valencia) and the Magdalena Valley (Lake Paturia; Algodonal) and its affluents (Remedios, Rio Ite"). 4: Panama (Aspinwall, Colon, 1; Agua Dulce, Code", 1); Colom- bia (Fundacion, Magdalena, 1; Lorica, Bolivar, 1). *Cacicus haemorrhous affinis (Swainson). BRAZILIAN RED- RUMPED CACIQUE. Cassicus affinis Swainson, Ornith. Draw., Part 1, pi. 2, 1834 — "Brazil" (descr. of adult male; type lost).1 Cassicus haemorrhous (not Oriolus haemorrhous Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 1230, 1831— Belmonte River, Bahia (habits); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 428, 1850 — Brazil (diag.); Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 186, 1851— Brazil; Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 833, 1853— Brazil (crit.); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 11, 1854 —Brazil (crit.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 274, 1856— southeastern Brazil (habits, nest, eggs); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 63 — Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Santa Catharina, Brazil (diag.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 193, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba) and Sao Paulo (Rio Tybaya, Tejuco, Cubatao); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 400 — Minas Geraes; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 248, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina; Cabanis, I.e., 22, p. 85, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 160— Bahia to "Rio Grande do Sul" (crit.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 324, 1886— Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes (Santa F6), Sao Paulo (Rio Tybaya, Rio Claro), and "Rio Grande do Sul (Pelotas)"; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 170, 1899— Piracicaba, Sao Paulo; Miranda- Ribeiro, Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 24, p. 255, 1923 — Mont-Serrat, Itatiaya; Velho, I.e., p. 263, 1923— Mont-Serrat. 1 Although the type appears to be lost, since it is not in the Swainson Collection at Cambridge (Engl.), as I am informed by Mr. N. B. Kinnear, who took great pains in trying to tocate this important specimen, I think there is hardly any doubt as to C. affinis being the earliest name for the dull-colored form of eastern Brazil, as has first been intimated by Mr. Zimmer. Poor as the plate is, however, it agrees much better with the Brazilian than with the Guianan form. Besides, it must be remembered that Swainson himself visited that part of Brazil where C. aphanes auct. is of common occurrence. 30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Icterus haemorrhous Swainson, Ornith. Draw., Part 1, pi. 1, 1834 — "Brazil" (= female). Cassicus aphanes Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 300 (in text), 1889 — Santa Catharina (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum). Ostinops cherrieanus Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., 1, p. 82, Jan., 1901 — Mondaih, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. W. de Bertoni). Cassicus haemorrJious aphanes Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 4, p. 154, 1900 — Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro. Cacicus haemorrhous aphanes Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 395, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Caconde, Itarare, Itapura, Rio Mogy-guassu, Alto da Serra, Botucatu), Bahia, and Minas Geraes (Marianna, Andrades); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 401, 1910 — Misiones, "Chaco Santafecino," and Alto Parana; Dabbene, I.e., 23, p. 369, 1912— Itape- mini, Paraguay; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 489, 500, 1912— Rio Ivahy, Parana; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914— Paraguay; Lima, Rev. Mus. Paul., 12, (2), p. 101, 1920 -Ilheos to Belmonte, Bahia; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 194, 1926— Candido de Abreu, Parana; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 57, p. 323, 1928— Serra do Itatiaya, Brazil. Cacicus aphanes Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 365, 1914 (range). Range. — Wooded region of eastern Brazil, from Pernambuco, Bahia, and Minas Geraes south to Santa Catharina; Paraguay and the adjoining parts of Argentina (Chaco and Misiones).1 24: Brazil (Macaco Secco, Bahia, 6; Bahia, 1; Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes, 3; Fazenda Cayoa, Sal to Grande, Sao Paulo, 1; Candido de Abreu, Parana, 1; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 8); Argentina (Rio Paranay, Misiones, 1; Iguazu, Misiones, 3). *Cacicus haemorrhous haemorrhous (Linnaeus). RED-RUMPED CACIQUE. Oriolus haemorrhous Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 161, 1766 — based on "Le Cassique rouge" Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 98, pi. 8, fig. 2, "Brasilia et Cayana" (type, from Cayenne, in the Reaumur Collection). Cassicus haemorrhous Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 249, 1847 — Rio Tapacuma; idem, I.e., 2, pp. 364, 365, 1848 — Aripai, Rio Rupununi (nesting habits); Cabanis, I.e., 3, p. 681, "1848" [ = 1849]— British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 129, 1862 — Cayenne; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 300, 1889 (crit., nomencl.); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 31, 1902 — Orinoco River (Nericagua) and Caura Valley (Suapure, Nicare), Venezuela; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 498— Capim River, Para; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 499, 1908— Villa Braga, Rio Tapajoz. "Cassicus affinis Sw. (crassirosiris, aliq.)" [sic] Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 833, 1853 (diag.); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 11, 1854— Cayenne (diag.). 1 Additional material examined. — Brazil: Bahia, 5; Sapitiba, Rio de Janeiro, 1; Rio Tibaya, Sao Paulo, 2; Cubatao, Sao Paulo, 1; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 19. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 31 Cassicus affinis (not of Swainson) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 64 — Cayenne (crit.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 193, 1870— Castanha Parana, Orinoco, Venezuela, and Para, Brazil; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 381 —Para; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 161— part, Cayenne, British Guiana, Para, Rio Negro, and Sarayacu (Ecuador); Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 414, 1884— part, Cayenne (descr.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218— Bartica Grove and Camacusa, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 325, 1886 — British Guiana (Demerara, Bartica Grove), Cayenne, Para, and eastern Ecuador (Sarayacu); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 478 — Baeza, Ecuador; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 298, 1907 — Para, Rio Capim, and Rio Guama, Brazil; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 356, 1910 — Surinam (habits). Cacicus haemorrhous Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 573— Para; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 12, p. 279, 1905— Igarape-Assu, Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 395, 1907 — "Venezuela, Trinidade" (range in part); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 123, 1908 — Cayenne; Sneth- lage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 419, 1914 — Para, Ananindeua, Rio Guama (OurSm), Rio Capim, and Rio Tapaj6z (Villa Braga); Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 557, 1921 — Abary River, Mazaruni, and Bartica. Cacicus haemorrhous haemorrhous Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 360, 1906 — Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; (?)idem, I.e., 14, p. 354, 1907 — Humayta, Rio Madeira; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 19, 88, 1912— Para localities; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 205, 1916 — upper Orinoco; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 2, p. 102, 1916 — Utinga, Para; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 85, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo and Javaweg, Surinam. (l)Cacicus haemorrhous subsp. Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 17, p. 282, 1910 — Humayta, Rio Madeira. Cacicus haemorrhous affinis [sic] Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 628, 1917 — Florencia and La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia. Cacicus haemorrhous affinis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 693, 1926 — eastern Ecuador; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 176, 1928— Pinheiro, Para. Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; southern Venezuela (Orinoco Valley and its tributaries); southeastern Colombia (Caqueta); eastern Ecuador; northeastern Brazil, south to the Para region and (?)west to the Rio Madeira (Humayta).1 1 Birds from the Para region agree with a Guianan series. A single adult male from the Rio Madeira (Humayta), however, is much larger (wing, 209; tail, 125; bill, 40), and has a much stronger, more powerful bill. While the signifi- cance of this divergency remains to be determined by additional material, it seems well to state that the bird is quite different from C. u. uropygialis, having another wing formula, more glossy plumage, the red of the rump deeper in tone, as well as much more extended towards the back, and the culminal ridge slightly flattened in the middle. Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 3. — Surinam: 5. — British Guiana: Demerara, 3; Bartica Grove, 2. — Venezuela: Nericagua, Orinoco, 4; Suapure, Caura, 4. — Brazil: Para, 8; Humayta, Rio Madeira, 1. 32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 12: British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 2; Potaro, 1; unspecified, 7); Dutch Guiana (Overtoom, Para District, 2). *Cacicus uropygialis uropygialis (Lafresnaye).1 CURVE-BILLED CACIQUE. Cassicus uropygialis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 6, p. 290, 1843 — Colombia= "Bogota" (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 417, 1930); idem, I.e., 10, p. 218,2 1847— "Bogota" (crit.); Bona- parte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 428, 1850— Colombia ("Bogota") and Peru (diag.); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 129, 1862— "Bogota"; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 64— part, "Bogota" (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 509 — Jerico, Antioquia, Colombia; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 162 — Ecuador ("Jima") and Colombia ("Bogota"; Antioquia); Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 88 — Machay and Mapoto, eastern Ecuador (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 325, 1886 — part, spec, a-e, Colombia ("Bogota"; "Remedies") and Ecuador ("Jima"); Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 29, 1899— San Jose, eastern Ecuador. Cacicus uropygialis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 153, 1855 — "Bogota." Cassicus curvirostris Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 218 (in text), 1847 — proposed as a substitute for C. uropygialis. 1 Cacicus uropygialis uropygialis (Lafresnaye): Superficially not unlike C. haemorrhous affinis, but the black body coloration duller, with the glossy metallic blue apical edges to the dorsal feathers (so conspicuous in the allied species) barely suggested by a faint satiny sheen; red color above restricted to the rump proper and much paler, grenadine red rather than deep scarlet; the white at the base of the hind neck feathers more extensive as well as purer; culminal ridge higher and evenly convex instead of flattened or indented in the middle; wing formula some- what different, the first (outermost) primary being shorter and falling between the sixth and seventh instead of between the fifth and sixth, the fourth and fifth form- ing the tip of the wing. I am unable to separate, at least with the available material, Peruvian birds (pachyrhynchus) from those of Colombia (uropygialis). In coloration they are absolutely the same, and size does not afford any useful criterion for the differen- tiation of two forms either. Two adult males from Peru (Chinchao; Cueva Seca, Huallaga region) measure: wing, 160; tail, 130; others from Colombia ("Bogota"; Rio Lima; Andalucia), wing, 153, 157, 165; tail, 125, 130, 137. The bird from Cueva Seca, almost topotypical pachyrhynchus, agrees in every respect with ours from Chinchao. For the present, I have maintained the specific distinctness of C. uropygialis, since both C. u. uropygialis and C. h. affinis are reported to occur in eastern Ecua- dor, although it remains to be determined by further researches if they are really found together in the same altitudinal zone. It should be noted, however, that an immature bird from Tarapoto (Cumbase) resembles C. h. affinis in wing formula, though otherwise it is a typical uropygialis. Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 9; Rio Lima, Cauca, 1; Andalucia, west slope of eastern Andes, 2. — Ecuador: below Oyacachi, 2; Baeza, 2. — Peru: Tarapoto (Cumbase), 1; Cueva Seca, Rio Tocache, Huallaga drainage, 1. • Misprinted "uropigyalis." 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYB 33 "Cassicus uropygialis Lafr. (curvirostris Aliq.)" [sic] Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 833, 1853— "Nouvelle Grenade" (crit.); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 11, 1854 (reprint). Cassicus haemorrhous (not Oriolus haemorrhons Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 266— Chamicuros, Peru. Cassicus affinis (not of Swainson) Taczanowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 414, 1884 — part, Chamicuros, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 161 — part, Chamicuros. Cassicus pachyrhynchus Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 299, 1889 — Tarapoto (Cumbase), Rio Huallaga, Peru (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum). Cacicus uropygialis Mene'gaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 2, p. 11, 1911 — Cueva Seca, Rio Tocache, Huallaga drainage, Peru (spec, in Paris Museum examined); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 87, 1922— Baeza and Cuyuco, Ecuador. Cacicus uropygialis uropygialis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 628, 1917 — Colombia (Rio Lima and Los Jambos, Cauca; Salento; Andalucia; Fusugasuga); idem, I.e., 55, p. 694, 1926 — below Oyacachi, Baeza, and lower Sumaco, Ecuador; Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 432, 1930— Chinchao, Dept. Huanuco, Peru (crit.). Range. — Subtropical (and rarely Tropical) zone of Colombia (excepting Pacific slope), eastern Ecuador, and northern Peru (Chamicuros; Tarapoto, Rio Huallaga; Cueva Seca, Rio Tocache; Chinchao, Dept. Huanuco). 1: Peru (Chinchao, Dept. Huanuco, 1). *Cacicus uropygialis pacificus Chapman.1 PACIFIC CURVE- BILLED CACIQUE. Cacicus uropygialis pacificus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 657, Dec., 1917 — Alto Bonito, Rio Sucio, Colombia (type in the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 629, 1917 — Rio Salaqul, Alto Bonito, Baudo, La Vieja, Barbacoas, Buenavista (Narifio), and Puerto Valdivia (lower Cauca), Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 694, 1926 — Esmeraldas and La Chonta, western Ecuador. Cassicus uropygialis (not of Lafresnaye) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 139— falls of the Rio Truando, Colombia; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 64 — part, lower Atrato; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 552— Chimbo, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 325, 1 Cacicus uropygialis pacificus Chapman: Similar to C. u. uropygialis, but much smaller; agreeing in dimensions with C. u. microrhynchus, but with the bill of the same size and shape as in C. u. uropygialis. Wing, (male) 133-140, (female) 118-124; tail, 93-100, (female) 86-91; bill, 28-30, (female) 25-28. This form combines the general dimensions of C. u. microrhynchus with the powerful bill of C. u. uropygialis, thus occupying in its characters an intermediate position as it does geographically. Additional material examined. — Colombia: mouth of the Rio Calima, 3; Noanama, 1; near Sipi, 1. — Ecuador: Bulun, Prov. Esmeraldas, 3; Santo Domingo, 1 ; Chimbo, 1. 34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1886 — part, spec, f, "northwest coast of South America"; Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 486, 1898— Cachabi, Ecuador. Cacicus uropygialis Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 108, 1911 — Santo Domingo, Ecuador; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1911, p. 1121 — mouth of Rio Calima, Noanama, and near Sipi, Choco, Colombia (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of the Pacific slope of Ecuador and Colombia, north to the lower Atrato, east into Antioquia (Puerto Valdivia, lower Cauca). 3: Colombia (Tado, Rio San Juan, Choco, 1; Barbacoas, Narifio, 1); Ecuador (Bulun, Prov. Esmeraldas, 1). *Cacicus uropygialis microrhynchus (Sclater and Salvin). SMALL-BILLED CACIQUE. Cassiculus microrhynchus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. SOQ. Lond., 1864, p. 353 — Panama Railroad (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 181, 1865— Greytown, Nicaragua. Cassiculus uropygialis (not Cassicus uropygialis Lafresnaye) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama. Cassicus microrhynchus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 65 — Panama (monog.); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 303, 1869 — Tucurriqui, Costa Rica; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 162 — Panama, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 325, 1886— Nicaragua (Chontales), Costa Rica (Peje), Veragua (Santiago, Cordillera de Tole), and Panama (Bugaba, Lion Hill); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 442, 1886 — Nicaragua to Panama (excl. of Turbo); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887— Pozo Azul de Pirris and Pacuare, Costa Rica; Cherrie, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. y Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 140, 1893 — Lagarto, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 495, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio, Costa Rica (habits, nest). Cacicus microrhynchus Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 142 — Veragua (Santa Fe"( Santiago, Cordillera de Tole"); idem, I.e., 1870, p. 190— Bugaba, Chiriqui; idem, Ibis, 1869, p. 319 — Peje, Costa Rica; idem, Ibis, 1872, pp. 313, 317 — Chontales, Nicaragua; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 34, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama; idem, Auk, 18, p. 370, 1901— Divala, Chiriqui; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 189, 1902 — Nicaragua to Panama (excl. of Turbo) (monog.); Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907— Pozo del Rio Grande and Lagarto, Costa Rica; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 834, 1910 — Costa Rica (Bonilla, Jimenez, Pozo Azul de Pirris, La Vijagua, Cariblanco de Sarapiquf, Limon, Guapiles, Carrfllo, Rio Sicsola, Cuabre, Guacimo, El Hogar; habits); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 29, 1919— Talamanca (Sipurio), Costa Rica; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 320, 1924— Tiger Hill, Panama; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 38, p. 464, 1928— Almirante and Boquete Trail, Panama; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 343, 1931— Changuinola, 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR .' 35 Almirante, Western River, Boquete Trail, Guabo, and Crimacola, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 369, 1932— Permd and Obaldia, Panama. Range. — Tropical zone of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, east to Darien. 17: Costa Rica (Matina, Limon, 2; Siquirres, Limon, 2; Limon, 10; El Pozo, Rio Terraba, 1; Old Harbor, 1); Panama (Veragua, 1). Genus ARCHIPLANUS Cabanis1 Archiplanus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 186, October, 1851— type, by mono- typy, Cassicus albirostris Vieillot. * Archiplanus albirostris (Vieillot). WHITE-BILLED CACIQUE. Cassicus albirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 364, 1816 — based on "Japu negro y amarillo" Azara, No. 59, no locality specified, presumably Paraguay; Hartlaub, Syst. Index Azara, p. 4, 1847— Rio Grande do Sul; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 272, 1856 — Santa Catharina, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraguay, "Guyana," and "Colombia," errore;2 Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 68— Rio Parana, Brazil (crit.); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 159 — Paraguay and Brazil (monog.); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 126, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 323, 1886 — southern Brazil (Sao Paulo; "Rio Claro, Goyaz;" Rio Grande do Sul); Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 10, p. 77, 1889 — Ytanu, Paraguay (nest and eggs descr.) ; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 126 — lower Pilcomayo, Chaco; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 7, 1895— Baranquera la Novia, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 10, 1897 — Tala, Salta; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 122, 1899— Mundo Novo and Sao Lourenco, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 169, 1899— Piracicaba, Sao Paulo; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 224— Villa Conception and Gran Chaco, Paraguay; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 181, 1902 — San Pablo and Vipos (Cerro del Choro), Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 45, 1905 — same locali- ties; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 218, 1904— Santa Ana, Tucuman; Luderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 359, 1909— Itatiaya, Sao Paulo; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 103 — Paraguay (Arjerichi, Villa Oliva, Villa Franca); M6negaux, Rev. Franc. d'Orn., 11, p. 8, 1918— Villa Lutetia, near San Ignacio, Misiones. Xanthornus chrysopterus Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 6, p. 190, Suppl., pi. 9, July, 1825 — Brazil (location of type not stated). C[assicus] J. dubius Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 279, 1826 — based on "Japu negro y amarillo," Azara, No. 59. 1 Archiplanus Cabanis: Similar to Cacicus, but bill smaller, the culmen nearly straight, usually not distinctly elevated or expanded basally, relatively broader and more depressed terminally; commissure nearly straight; mandible not expanded laterally; nostrils larger, the postnasal membrane thickened immediately back of nostrils, forming a slight rim which coalesces with the operculum; wing tip shorter and more rounded; aftershaft of feathers usually better developed; plum- age duller and more lax, the frontal feathers somewhat longer and less dense. 2 Burmeister's record (in Journ. Orn., 8, p. 258, 1860) from Mendoza and Parana is a mistake (cf. Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 494, 1861). 36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cassiculus albirostris Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 428, 1850 — Brazil and Paraguay; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 129, 1862— Rio Grande; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 193, 1870— Sao Paulo (Butuhuru, Ponte Alta) and Parana (Lanca, Sao Luiz, Campo Comprido, Curytiba) ; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes. Archiplanus albirostris Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 186, 1851 — Rio Grande. Cacicus chrysopterus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 394, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Iguape, Ubatuba, Itarare, Alto da Serra, Campo de Jordao) and Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 401, 1910 — Tucu- man (San Pablo), Misiones, Chaco, and Isles del Delta del Parana, Argen- tina; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 489, 500, 1912 — Vera Guarany, Parana; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 365, 1914 (range in Argentina); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914 — Alto Parana, Paraguay; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 24, 1920 — Uruguay (Flores, Soriano, Rio Negro); Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 54, 1923— island near Santa Elena, Entre Rlos (breeding) ; Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 194, 1926— Rio Claro and Salto Guayra, Parana. Archiplanus chrysopterus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 183, 1909 — Tucuman (habits); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 662, 1924 — Delta del Parana, Buenos Aires. Archiplanus albirostris Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 388, 1926 — • Chaco Argentine (Resistencia, Las Palmas, Riacho Pilaga) and Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 33, 1927 — Chaco Santafecino; Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 57, p. 322, 1928— Itatiaya, Sao Paulo; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 282, 1930 — San Jose and Tapikiole, Formosa, and Holguin, Bolivia (crit.). Range. — Eastern Bolivia (Holguin, Prov. Valle Grande, Dept. Santa Cruz); northern Argentina (Tala, Salta; Tucuman; Chacc Santa FC"; Corrientes; Entre Rios; Misiones; islands in the delta of the Parana, Buenos Aires); Paraguay; Uruguay; southeastern Brazil, from Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul.1 3: Argentina (Vala, Jujuy, 1; Concepcion, Tucuman, 1; Rio Para- nay, Misiones, 1). * Archiplanus leucoramphus leucoramphus (Bonaparte). BONA- PARTE'S YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE. Xanthornus leucoramphus Bonaparte, Atti Sesta Riun. Sci. Ital. Milano, 1S44, p. 405, 1845 — Santa-Fe-de-Bogota, Colombia (type in coll. of O. Antinori, Perugia). 1 This species varies somewhat in size, but I have not been able to correlate dimensions with particular geographic areas. Adult males from various localities measure on the wing as follows: Parana (Lanca, Curytiba), 98, 102, 103, 104; Formosa, Argentina, 103, 105, 108; Tucuman, 104; Concepcion, Paraguay, 95 (female?), 98, 99; Holguin, Bolivia, 103. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Lanca, Parana, 2; Curytiba, Parana, 5-— Paraguay: Concepcion, 3. — Argentina: Tucuman, 2; San Jose, Formosa, 4. — Bolivia: Holguin, 2. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 37 Cassiculus leucoramphus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 428, 1850 — Santa-F£-de-Bogota. Archiplanus leucorhamphus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 153, 1855 — • Bogota; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 694, 1926— Ecuador (above Loja, upper Sumaco, above Baeza, and below Papallacta). Cassiculus leucorhamphus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 552, 1858 — Matos, near Riobamba, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 129, 1862— Ecuador (Matos) and New Granada. Cassicus leucorhamphus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 67 — "Bogota" and Ecuador (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 509 — Envigado, Concordia, and Santa Elena, Antioquia, Co- lombia; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 159 — Colombia ("Bogota," Antioquia) and Ecuador (Matos, San Lucas); Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 86— San Rafael, Ecuador; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 323, 1886— Colombia ("Bogota," Envigado) and Ecuador (Matos, San Lucas); Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 29, 1899— Pun, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 478— Baeza, Ecuador. Cacicus leucoramphus Menegaux, Miss. Serv. Geogr. Armee Mes. Arc Merid. Equat., 9, p. B. 108, 1911 — Oyacachi, Ecuador. Cacicus leucorhamphus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 628, 1917 — Colombia (Andes west of Popayan, Almaguer, Laguneta, El Eden, and Subia); Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 87, 1922— Baeza, Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 628, 1932— El Portete de Tarqui, Ecuador. Range.— Humid Temperate zone of Colombia (excepting Santa Marta region) and eastern Ecuador.1 <*• 7: Colombia ("Bogota," 2; Paramo de Tama, Santander, 4; Almaguer, Cauca, 1). *Archiplanus leucoramphus peruvianus (Zimmer).2 PERUVIAN YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE. Cassicus leucoramphus peruvianus Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 66, 1924— mountains near Panao, Dept. Huanuco, Peru (type in Field Museum). Cacieus leucoramphus peruvianus Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 432, 1930— near Panao, Peru. 1 Ecuadorian specimens agree with others from Colombia. Additional material examined. — Colombia: Almaguer, Cauca, 2; Laguneta, Cauca, 4; "Bogota/' 6. — Ecuador: Oyacachi, 1; Pun, 4; unspecified, 3. 2 Archiplanus leucoramphus peruvianus (Zimmer): Similar to A. I. leucoramphus, but bill heavier, with the bluish coloration at the basal portion more restricted and less abruptly defined anteriorly; concealed white collar above and below restricted to the neck, the bases of the feathers of the adjoining areas dark gray. Size the same. Additional material examined. — Peru, Dept. Junin: Rumicruz, 2; Chilpes, 1. 38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Cassiculus chrysonotus (not Cassicus chrysonotus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 523— Chilpes, Vitoc, Peru. Cassicus leucorhamphus (not Xanthornus leucoramphus Bonaparte) Taczanow- ski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 17 — Tamiapampa, Peru; idem, Orn. . Per., 2, p. 413, 1884— Peru (Chilpes, Chachapoyas) ; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 354— Chilpes and Maraynioc, Peru. Range. — Humid Temperate zone of Peru, from Amazonas south to Junin. 1: Peru (mountains near Panao, Huanuco, 1). Archiplanus chrysonotus (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny).1 BOLIVIAN YELLOW-RUMPED CACIQUE. Cassicus chrysonotus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 3, 1838 — Yungas, Bolivia (types in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Mend., Ois., p. 367, pi. 52, fig. 1, 1844— eastern side of the Cordillera at Charapacce (between Suri and Enquisivi), Prov. Yungas, and Morochata, Prov. Ayupaya; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 67— Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny) ; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, pp. 780, 781 — Huasampilla, Dept. Cuzco, Peru (crit.); Sclater and iSalvin, I.e., 1879, p. 608 — Ramosani and Tilotilo, Yungas, Bolivia; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 159 — Bolivia and southern Peru (monog.); Tacza- nowski, Orn. P£r., 2, p. 412, 1884— Peru (Huasampilla; Pariahuanca, Montana of Huancayo); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 322, 1886— Bolivia (Tilotilo, Ramosani) and southern Peru (Huasampilla) ; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 112, 1906— Marcapata, Peru; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 124, 1921— Torontoy, Urubamba, Peru. Range. — Humid Temperate zone of Bolivia and southern Peru (Dept. Cuzco, north to the southern border of Dept. Junin). Archiplanus sclateri (Dubois).2 SCLATER'S BLACK CACIQUE. Agelaeus sclateri Dubois, Bull. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg., 5, No. 1, p. 1, pi. 1, 1887 — "Republique de 1'Equateur" (type in Brussels Museum). 1 Archiplanus chrysonotus (Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny), in spite of its differently shaped bill and larger size, may prove to be conspecific with A. leucoramphus. Several Bolivian specimens show faint traces of yellowish fringes to some of the upper wing coverts, while as a rule these are practically uniform black. A single specimen from Huasampilla, Dept. Cuzco, does not differ from the Bolivian average. According to Taczanowski, the present form ranges north to the southern border of Junin, though the single example examined by him (from Pariahuanca, near Huancayo) is described as having larger yellow markings on the wing coverts than two from Bolivia, which seems to suggest intergradation. Material examined. — Peru: Huasampilla, 1. — Bolivia: Chaco (La Paz), 4; Pasana, 6; Cocapata, 7; Cillutincara, 1; Sandillani, 1; Pucyuni, 2; unspecified, 2. 2 Archiplanus sclateri (Dubois): Uniform black, body plumage with a slight silky gloss; bill grayish, tip yellowish. Wing, (male) 108, (female) 98; tail, 96, (female) 90; bill, 23. In certain characters, such as more expanded basal part of the culmen and longer gonydeal rami, this very distinct species approaches the genus Cacicus, but 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 39 Archiplanus sclateri Miller, Auk, 41, p. 465, 1924 (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 694, 1926— eastern Ecuador (Rio Suno and San Jose). Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Ecuador (Rio Suno, San Jose", El Juno, Archidona). *Archiplanus solitarius (Vieillot).1 AZARA'S BLACK CACIQUE. Cassicus solitarius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 5, p. 364, 1816 — based on "Japu negro" Azara, No. 58, Paraguay;2 Lafresnaye and d'Or- bigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 3, 1838 — Yuracares, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined); Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 4, 1847— Paraguay; Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 493, 1861 — "Mendoza" and Parana; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 608— Yuracares (ex d'Orbigny); Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 133, 1883— Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Tacza- nowski, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 415, 1884— Peru (Nauta, Pebas). Cassicus nigerrimus Spix, Av. Sp. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 66, pi. 63, fig. 1, 1824 — "ad ripam fl. Amazonum" (type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 612, 1906); Swainson, Orn. Draw., Part 1, pi. 4, 1834. C[assicus] T. bursarius Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 277, 1826 — based on "Japu negro" Azara, No. 58. Amblycereus solitarius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 832, 1853— Paraguay; idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 10, 1854— Paraguay; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 73 — Brazil, Paraguay, and Ecuador (monog.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 326, 1886— Peru (Ucayali, Pebas, Iquitos), Bolivia, Brazil (Cuyaba, Pernambuco, Ceara), and Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 10, 1887 — Lambare, Paraguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 72, 1888 — Concepcion, Entre Rios; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 269, 1890— Santarem; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 379, 1891— Corumba, Matto Grosso, and Piedra Blanca, Bolivia; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 126— Fortin Nueve, lower Pilcomayo; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 171 — Rio Negro, Uruguay (nest); Sal- vadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 8, 1895— Paraguay (Colonia Risso), Matto Grosso (Corumba), and Chaco (Resistencia); has the short, rounded wing tip and the nearly perfectly straight culmen of the other members of Archiplanus. In coloration it is surprisingly like Amblycereus holosericeus, from which it may, however, be easily distinguished by quite differ- ently shaped, much shorter bill, proportionately shorter tail, and deeper, more glossy black plumage. Material examined. — Eastern Ecuador: Archidona, 1; El Juno, 1 (both in the Munich Museum). 1 Archiplanus solitarius (Vieillot), although differing by slightly more flattened bill with blunter, less pointed tip, is so similar in other structural characters to the genotype, that its reference to the same genus seems to be justified, as has clearly been explained by Wetmore (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 390, 1926). 2 Vieillot's description is based on Azara's account. The species seen by him in Santo Domingo and believed to be the same bird does not belong here at all. 40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 354 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 224 — Villa Concepcion, Paraguay; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 395, 1907 — "Mendoza" (range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 298, 1907— Marajo and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 80, 1910— Therezina, Piauhy; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 103— Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco, Villa Pilar); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914 — Paraguay; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 419, 1914 — Marajo (Pindobal, Sao Natal), Arumanduba, Monte Alegre, and Rio Jamund& (Faro), Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 629, 1917— Villavicencio, Colombia; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 24, 1920 — Uruguay (Soriano, Rio Negro); Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 54, 1923 — island near Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923 — San Isidro, Buenos Aires (breeding); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 695, 1926— Rio Suno and below San Jose, Ecuador; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 42, 61, 1926 — Ceara and Maranhao (Sao Bento); Serie, El Hornero, 5, p. 46, 1932 (life in captivity). Cassiculus solitarius Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 130, 1862 — Bolivia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182— Nauta, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 978— Pebas, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 194, 1870— Goyaz (Porto do Rio Araguay) and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba, Barbado, Villa Bella de Matto Grosso), Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 266— Nauta and Pebas, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 162 — Paraguay, Argentina (Buenos Aires), Brazil (Ceara and Matto Grosso), Peru (Nauta, Pebas), and Bolivia (monog.). Amblycercus solitarius solitarius Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 46, 1907 — Teffe", Rio Solimoes, Brazil; idem, I.e., 15, p. 38, 1908— Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 183, 1909— Barracas al Sud (Buenos Aires) and Santa Fe (San Vicente, Ocampo) (nest and eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 402, 1910 (range in Argentina); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 662, 1924— islands and coast of Rio Parana, Buenos Aires. Archiplanus solitarius Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 389, 1926— Chaco (Las Palmas), Formosa (Riacho Pilaga), and Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco); Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 149, 1928— Santa Elena (egg descr.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 272, 1929— Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 60, p. 391, 1930 — Matto Grosso (Urucum, Fazenda do Sao Joao, Rio Cuyaba) (nest and eggs); Laubmann, Wiss. Ergeb. Deut. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 283, 1930— Bolivia (Trinidad, Chiquitos, Santa Cruz; Fortin Esteros, Tarija) and Formosa (San Jose); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 393, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Range. — Brazil, from the valley of the Amazon and the island of Marajo south to Pernambuco, Goyaz, and Matto Grosso; eastern Bolivia; northeastern Peru south to Junin (La Merced, Chanchamayo Valley); eastern Ecuador and eastern Colombia (Villavicencio); Paraguay; northeastern Argentina, from Formosa and Corrientes 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 41 south to the vicinity of Buenos Aires,1 and the adjacent parts of Uruguay (Soriano and Rio Negro).2 7: Brazil (Jua, near Iguatu, Ceara, 2; Urucum de Corumba, Matto Grosso, 2; Descalvados, Rio Paraguay, Matto Grosso, 2); Uruguay (Soriano, 1). Genus AMBLYCERCUS Cabanis Amblycercus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 190 (footnote **), Oct., 1851 — type, by orig. desig., Amblyramphus prevostii Lesson =Sturnus holosericeus Lichtenstein.3 * Amblycercus holosericeus holosericeus (Lichtenstein). PRE- VOST'S CACIQUE. Sturnus holosericeus Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 1, (after Sept. 1) 1830 — Mexico (type, from Alvarado, Vera Cruz, in Berlin Museum); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 55, 1863 (reprint); van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 419, 1934 (note on type). Amblyramphus prevostii Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 159, pi. 54, 18314— Mexico (type in coll. of F. PreVost, actual location unknown). Cassiculus prevosti(i) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 428, 1850 — Mexico; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 801, 1856 -southern Mexico (Vera Cruz); Moore, I.e., 27, p. 57, 1859 — Omoa, Honduras, and Peten, Guatemala; Sclater, I.e., pp. 365, 380, 1859— Jalapa (Vera Cruz), Teotalcingo and Playa Vicente (Oaxaca); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 19 — Duenas, Guatemala; idem, Ibis, 1860, p. 34— Duenas and Izabal, Guatemala; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861 — Lion Hill, Panama; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 129, 1862— part, spec, b, Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 174 — "vicinity of Mexico City"; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1864, p. 353 — Panama Railroad; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 181, 1865 — Greytown, Nica- ragua; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 142 — Santa F6, Veragua; Sumichrast, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1, p. 553, 1869— hot and 1 The locality "Mendoza" mentioned by Burmeister and Ihering is doubtless erroneous. 1 Amazonian birds (nigerrimus) seem to be exactly like those from the south (typical solitarius). Additional material examined. — Brazil: Marajo, 3; Amazon, 1; Teff6, Rio Solimoes, 2; Therezina, Piauhy, 2; Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, 2; Cuyabd, Matto Grosso, 8; Villa Bella, Matto Grosso, 2. — Peru: Rio Samiria, 3; Juanfu6, Rio Huallaga, 1. — Ecuador: San Jose, 2. — Bolivia: Guarayos, 1; Trinidad, Chiquitos, 1. — Paraguay: Concepcion, 2. — Argentina: San Jos£, Formosa, 2; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 1 ; Corrientes, 2. 'Cabanis expressly gives A. prevostii as the genotype, and it has no bearing on the case if, in a subsequent paragraph, that species is erroneously identified with Cassicus nigerrimus Spix. 4 While the exact date of publication is hard to determine, Lichtenstein's name appears to have priority, since Lesson's article is signed "October, 1830," which probably indicates the date when the manuscript was compiled. 42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII temperate regions of Vera Cruz; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 190 — Calovevora and Calobre, Veragua; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 836 — Honduras. Amblycercus prevosti(i) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 10, 1861 — Costa Rica (crit.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 73 — Mexico (Mirador, Vera Cruz), Costa Rica, and Panama (monog.); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 104, 1868— Costa Rica (San Jose, Turrialba); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 302, 1869 — Costa Rica (Turrialba, Tucu- rriqui, San Jose). Cassicus prevosti Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 23, 1876 — Guichicovi, Chiapas, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 58 — San Jose, Costa Rica; idem, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 45, 1878— Guatemala; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 383, 1883 — Sucuya, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., p. 402, 1884 — Los Sabalos, Nicaragua. Cacicus holosericeus Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 262, 1882 — Guatemala. Cassicus holosericeus Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 163 — part, southern Mexico to Panama (monog.); Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 445 — Yucatan (habits); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 149, 1886 — Jalapa, Mexico. Amblycercus holosericeus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 327, 1886 — part, spec, b-p, Mexico (Jalapa; Tonala, Chiapas; Yucatan), British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala (Choctum, Duenas, Retalhuleu), Costa Rica (Irazu), and Panama (Santa Fe, Calovevora, Paraiso Station, Lion Hill); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 446, 1886 — part, Mexico to Panama; Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887 — Costa Rica (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Las Trojas, Alajuela, Jimenez); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 588, 1888— Segovia River, Hon- duras; Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 249, 1892— Costa Rica (both sides up to 6,000 ft.); idem, Anal. Inst. Fis.-Geog. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 4, p. 140, 1893— Costa Rica (Palmar, Boruca, Buenos Aires); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 494, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (habits); idem, I.e., 18, p. 630, 1896 — Alta Mira, Tamaulipas; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 8, p. 280, 1896— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 33, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama; idem, Auk, 18, p. 370, 1901 — Divala, Chiriqui; idem, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 64. 1902 — Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 194, 1902 — part, southern Mexico to Panama (monog.); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 221, 1906 — savanna of Panama; Cole, I.e., 50, p. 141, 1906— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Bangs, Auk, 24, p. 308, 1907— Costa Rica (Boruca and Pozo del Rio Grande); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 112, 1907— Guatemala (Los Amates, Lake Amatitlan, Lake Atitlan, Patulul, San Jose) ; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 833, 1910— Costa Rica (both sides up to 8,000 ft., habits); Peters, Auk, 30, p. 378, 1913 — Camp Mengel and Xcopen, Quin- tana Roo; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 280, 1918— Gatun, Panama; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 29, 1919— San Juan del Norte, Nicaragua; Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. S2D, 1924 — Gatun and Farfan, Panama; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 486, 1927 — Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz, Mexico. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 43 Amblycercus holosericeus holosericeus Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 115, 1924 — Tamaulipas and Vera Cruz (crit.); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 18, 1926 — Vigia Chica, Yucatan; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 38, p. 464, 1928— Almirante, Panama; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 190, 1929— Cana, Darien; Peters, I.e., 69, p. 474, 1929— Lancetilla, Honduras (crit.); idem, I.e., 71, p. 343, 1931— Almirante and Crimacola, Panama; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 369, 1932 — Perme, Panama; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 64, p. 386, 1932— Guatemala (Chama, Concepci6n, Secanquim, Sepacuite, La Primavera, Puebla, San Lucas, Panajachel, El Soche, El Cipres, California, San Jose", Pantaleon); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 248, 1932— Eden and Santa Rosita, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 335, 1932 — Lancetilla and Cantarranas, Honduras. Amblycercus holosericeus centralis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 29, p. 95, 1916 — Rio Sicsola, Costa Rica (type in the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh) ; idem, I.e., 37, p. 115, 1924 — Costa Rica to northern Colombia (Turbaco, Cartagena, Punta Zapote) (crit.). Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zone of southeastern Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas (Alta Mira) through Vera Cruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo to Chiapas, and south through Central America to Darien and along the Caribbean coast of Colombia to the delta of the Magdalena River (Turbaco, Cartagena, Punta Zapote).1 24: Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 4; Yucatan, 1; unspecified, 2); Guatemala (Los Amates, 2; Lake Amatitlan, 2; Lake Atitlan, Solola, 1; Patulul, Solola, 1; Laguna, Guatemala, 1; San Jose", Escuintla, 2); Costa Rica (Volcan Turrialba, Cartago, 1) ; Nicaragua (San Emilio, Rivas, 1; San Geronimo, Chinandega, 3); Panama (Colon, 2; Balboa, Canal Zone, 1). *Amblycercus holosericeus flavirostris Chapman.2 YELLOW- BILLED CACIQUE. Amblycercus holosericeus flavirostris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 659, Dec., 1915 — Barbacoas, Narifto, southwestern Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, 1 While we admit that there is a general difference in proportions, birds from Honduras and northwards having the wing shorter than the tail, whereas in a goodly number from Costa Rica and Panama just the reverse is the case, variation in this part of the range is so considerable that only a certain percentage of indi- viduals could be properly assigned to either of the two races. We, therefore, agree with the conclusions set forth by Mr. Peters (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, pp. 474-476, 1929) that it is unexpedient to maintain the distinction of A. h. centralis. Forty-eight specimens covering the entire range have been examined in the present connection. ^Amblycercus holosericeus flavirostris Chapman: Similar to A. h. holosericeus, but rather smaller; bill (even in skins) mustard-yellow, instead of plumbeous tipped with yellowish, with the culmen generally broader and less pointed apically. 44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 629, 1917 — part, Alto Bonito and Barbacoas, Pacific Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 695, 1926 — western Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, Bucay, Chimbo, Naranjo, Rio Jubones, Santa Rosa, Guainche, Alamor, Cebollal). Cassiculus prevosti(i) (not Amblyramphus prevosti Lesson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, pp. 276, 293, 1860 — Babahoyo and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 129, 1862 — part, spec, a, Babahoyo. Cassicus prevosti Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 322 — Tumbez, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 552 — Chimbo, Ecuador. Amblycercus prevosti Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 29, 1899— Rio Peripa, Ecuador. Cassicus holosericeus (not Sturnus holosericeus Lichtenstein) Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 163 — part, western Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Babahoyo) and western Peru (Tumbez); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 415, 1884 — Peru (Tumbez, Lechugal). Amblycercus holosericeus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 327, 1886 — part, spec, q-s, western Ecuador (Babahoyo, Monji); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 486, 1898 — Chimbo and Cachavi, Ecuador; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 194, 1902 — part, western Ecuador (Guayaquil); Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1122 — Guineo, Rio Calima, Colombia. Amblycercus flavirostris Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 116, 1924 — Pacific Tropics of Colombia and Ecuador (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of the Pacific slope of Colombia (north to the Rio Sucio), Ecuador, and extreme northwestern Peru (Tumbez). 1: Ecuador (Puente de Chimbo, Guayas, 1). *Amblycercus holosericeus australis Chapman.1 CHAPMAN'S CACIQUE. Amblycercus holosericeus australis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 41, p. 333, Sept., 1919 — Incachaca, Dept. Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 55, p. 695, 1926 — upper Sumaco and above Baeza, eastern Ecuador (crit.). Wing, 92-99, (female) 86-92; tail, 88-96, (female) 83-92; bill, 28-31, (female) 27-30. The decidedly yellow bill is the most striking character of this form, which replaces typical holosericeus in the Pacific Tropics of Colombia and Ecuador. Relative proportions of wing and tail are just as variable as in southern Central America. In the majority of specimens the wing is distinctly longer than the tail, but there are several from western Ecuador in which the tail is equal to, or even exceeds, the wing in length. Material examined. — Colombia: Guineo, Rio Calima, 1. — Ecuador: Prov. Esmeraldas (Pambilar, San Javier, etc.), 7; Rio Peripa, 3; Chimbo, 3. 1 Amblycercus holosericeus australis Chapman: Very close to A. h. holosericeus, but with shorter wing and decidedly longer tail; bill slenderer and more yellowish with the plumbeous color more restricted to the basal portion. Wing, 92-95; tail, 102-110; bill, 25-28. This race nearly approaches A. h. flavirostris in coloration of bill, which is, however, not quite so bright yellowish and has more or less dusky at the 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 45 Cassiculus prevostii (not Amblyramphus prevosti Lesson) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 129, 1862 — part, spec, c, New Granada. Cassicus prevosti Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 86 — Banos, Ecuador. Cassicus holosericeus (not Sturnus holosericeus Lichtenstein) Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 163— part, "Bogota." Amblycercus holosericeus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 327, 1886 — part, spec, t-v, "Bogota" and "Aragua," Venezuela; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 478— upper Rio Napo and mouth of the Rio Coca, eastern Ecuador; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 194, 1902— part, Colombia and Venezuela. Amblycercus holosericeus flavirostris (not of Chapman) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 629, 1917 — part, Los Jambos (western Andes), Rio Toch6 (central Andes), and El Pinon (eastern Andes), Colombia. Amblycercus australis Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 116, 1924 — Colombia (Ramirez, eastern Andes; Sancudo, western Andes; Santa Marta region), Venezuela (La Cuchilla, Merida), and Bolivia (crit.). Amblycercus holosericeus subsp. Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 478, 1922 — Heights of Chirua, Santa Marta region, Colombia (crit., habits). Range. — Subtropical and Temperate zones of Colombia (all three ranges and Santa Marta region) and adjoining parts of western Venezuela (Sierra of Me'rida) ;l south through eastern Ecuador and Peru (Urubamba Valley) to Bolivia (Incachaca, Dept. Cochabamba). 4: Colombia (Paramo de Tama, Santander, 3) ; Venezuela (Culata, Merida, 1). Genus CASSICULUS Swainson Cassiculus Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 436, June, 1827; idem, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, Sept.-Dec., p. 352, 1827— type, by orig. desig., Cassiculus coronatus Swainson = Icterus melanicterus Bonaparte. *Cassiculus melanicterus (Bonaparte). MEXICAN CACIQUE. Icterus melanicterus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, p. 389, April, 1825 — Mexico (type in coll. of C. L. Bonaparte, now in Paris Museum, examined). Cassiculus coronatus Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, p. 436, June, 1827— Temascaltepec, Mexico (type in coll. of W. Bullock, now probably in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.); idem, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 353, 1827— Mexico. base. The absolutely longer tail serves to distinguish it, furthermore, without difficulty. While we have not seen any material from Bolivia or Peru, birds from eastern Ecuador, "Bogota," and Merida agree well together and correspond to Chapman's and Todd s descriptions. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Sierra of Me'rida, 2. — Colombia: "Bogota," 2. — Ecuador: Upper Rio Napo, 2. 1 The locality "Aragua" requires confirmation. 46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Icterus diadematus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 81, pi. 482, Oct., 1829 — Mexico (type in Leiden Museum). Cassiculus melanicterus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 428, 1850 — Mexico; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 186, 1851 — Mexico; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 380, 1859 — Rio Grande, Oaxaca; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 129, 1862— Oaxaca; Duges, La Naturaleza, 1, p. 139, 1869— Guanajuato; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 278, 1874 — Mazatlan (Sinaloa), Tepic, and Rio de Coahuana (Colima), Mexico (habits, nest, and eggs); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 23, 1876— Tehuantepec City, Barrio, and Chihuitan, Oaxaca; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 156 — Oaxaca and Mazatlan (monog.); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 422— Acapulco; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 149, 1886— Yanhuitlan, Oaxaca; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 328, 1886 — Mexico (Oaxaca; Tonala, Chiapas; Acapulco; Presidio; Mazatlan); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 443, 1886 — Mexico (monog.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 218— La Playa, base of Jorullo Volcano; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 191, 1902 — Mexico, from Sinaloa to Chiapas; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 21, p. 360, 1905 — Sinaloa (Cosala, Escuinapa, Arroyo de Limones, and Juanna Gomez River); Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 389, 1906 — San Bias, Nayarit (nest); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 48, 1927 — Labrados, Sinaloa, and San Bias, Nayarit; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 403, 1928— Chivela, Almoloya, and Tapa- natepec, Oaxaca; Griscom, I.e., 75, p. 402, 1934 — Acapulco and Coyuca, Guerrero. Cassicus melanicterus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 66 — Mazatlan and Acapulco (monog.); Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 363, 1870— Mazatlan. Range. — Western Mexico, from Sinaloa south to Oaxaca and Chiapas (Tonala). 15: Mexico (Sinaloa, 1; Escuinapa, Sinaloa, 1; Colima, 12; Putla, Oaxaca, 1). Genus PSOMOCOLAX Peters Scaphidura (not Scaphidurus Swainson, 1827) Swainson, Classif. & Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 272, 1837 — type, by virtual monotypy, Scaphidura barita Swainson =Oriolus oryzivorus Linnaeus. Psomocolax Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 123, 1929 — type, by orig. desig., Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin. *Psomocolax oryzivorus impacifus Peters. MEXICAN RICE GRACKLE. Psomocolax oryzivorus impacifus Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 123, 1929 — Pasa Nueva, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 476, 1929 — Tela, Honduras; idem, I.e., 71, p. 343, 1931— Almirante, western Panama; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 248, 1932— Great 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 47 Falls, Pis Pis River, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 337, 1932 — Honduras (Tela, Lancetilla Valley, Chiloma); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 376, 1932— Guatemala. Cassidix oryzivora (not Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 26, p. 98, 1858— southern Mexico; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 57, 1859— Chiloma, Honduras; Salvin, Ibis, 1861, p. 353 — Honduras (ex Moore); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 142, 1862 — part, spec, c, Orizaba, Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 279— Bluefields River, Nicaragua; Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 191 — Veragua (CaloveVora, Chitra, Calobre); Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 46, 1878 — Guate- mala; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 165 — part, Central America; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 329, 1886 — part, spec, d-i, Mexico (Orizaba), Guatemala (Choctum), and Veragua (Chitra, CaloveVora); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 445, 1886 — part, Mexico (Orizaba), Guatemala (Choctum), Honduras (Chiloma), Nicaragua (Bluefields River), and Panama (Chitra, CaloveVora, Calobre); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 496, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua. Cassidix mexicanus (not Corpus mexicanus Gmelin) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 416 — part, Mexico and Guatemala (crit.). Cassidix oryzivora mexicana Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 370, 1901 — David, Panama; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 199, 1902— southern Mexico to British Honduras (monog.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 832, 1910— Costa Rica (Reventaz6n, Guapiles); Peters, Auk, 30, p. 378, 1913 — Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo. Cassidix oryzivora violea (not of Bangs) Kennard and Peters, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., 38, p. 464, 1928— Almirante, Panama. Range. — Caribbean slope of southeastern Mexico (in State of Vera Cruz) and southwards through Guatemala, Honduras, Nica- ragua, and Costa Rica (Reventazon, Guapiles) to western Panama (David, Chiriqui; Almirante; Veraguas). 1: Guatemala (Bobos, Izabal, 1). *Psomocolax oryzivorus oryzivorus (Gmelin). RICE GRACKLE. Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 386, 1788 — based on "Rice Oriole" Latham, Gen. Syn. Bds., 1, (2), p. 423; Cayenne (type in coll. of Miss Blomefield). Cassicus ater Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 363, 1816— based on "Tordo Grande" Azara, No. 60; Paraguay. C[assicus] J[apus] azarae Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 276, 1826 — based on "Tordo Grande," Azara, No. 60; Paraguay. Psarocolius palliatus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 22, spec. 4, 1827— new name for Cassicus ater Vieillot; Cayenne, Brazil, and Paraguay. Scaphidura crassirostra Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 301, Dec. 31, 1837— Brazil (type in coll. of W. Swainson; descr. of female). Cassicus palliatus Tschudi, Arch. Naturg., 10, (1), p. 293, 1844— Peru; idem, Unters. Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 229, 1846— "coast" of Peru. 48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Scaphidurus vieilloti Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 426, 1850— "Cayenna, Antillis" (type in Darmstadt Museum; descr. of female 01 young). Cassidix vieilloti Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 417 (crit.). Cassicus niger (not Oriolus niger Boddaert) Lichtenstein.Verz. Doubl. Berlinei Mus., p. 19, 1823 (in part); Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 1241 1831 — Belmonte, Bahia. Scaphidura atra Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 683 "1848" [ = 1849]— British Guiana. Scaphidurus ater Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 426, 1850 — Brazi and Paraguay (diag.); Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 269, 1866 — Trinidad. Cassidix ater Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 415 — Brazil Cayenne, Ecuador, and New Grenada (crit.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p 201, 1870 — Rio de Janeiro (Sapitiba, Monjolinho), Sao Paulo (Ypanema Rio Parana), Matto Grosso (Caicara, Engenho do Gama, Villa Bella) Amazonas (Manaos, Rio Amazonas), and Para, Brazil; Taczanowski Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 323— Lechugal, Rio Zurumilla, Peru. Cassidix oryzivora Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 194, 1851 — Brazil, Surinam Cayenne, and Puerto Cabello; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, p. 140 1859— Pallatanga, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 142, 1862— part, spec, a, b, d, Para, Pallatanga, and "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 354— Panama Railroad; idem, I.e., 1867: pp. 573, 978— Para, Brazil, and Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 252— plain of Valencia, Venezuela; idem, I.e., 1873, pp. 185, 267— Cosnipata Pebas, upper Ucayali, and Santa Cruz, Peru; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21 p. 251, 1873— Blumenau, Santa Catharina (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 510 — Concordia, Antioquia, and Remedies, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 201 — Manaure, Colombia idem, Ibis, 1880, p. 123 — Minca, Colombia; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2 p. 435, 1884 — Peru ("coast," Pebas, Ucayali, Santa Cruz, Lechugal): Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 165— part, South America (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 219— Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit, Mus., 11, p. 329, 1886 — part, spec, a, j-y, Panama and South America; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 269, 1890 — Santarem, Brazil; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 37, 1894— Trinidad; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 8, 1895 — Caaguazu, Paraguay; Kuschel, Journ. Orn., 45, p. 168, 1897 — Ourem, Para (eggs and parasitic habits); Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 361— Brazil (parasitic habits); Hartert, Nov. Zool., 5, p. 485, 1898 — Paramba and Chimbo, Ecuador; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, pp. 159, 178, 1898— Pueblo Viejo and Palomina, Colombia; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 30, 1899— Rio Peripa and Rio Daule, Ecuador; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 170, 1899— Sao Paulo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 13, p. 163, 1900— Valparaiso, Colombia; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 479 — Santo Domingo and San Nicolas, Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 33, 1902 — Orinoco (Caicara) and Caura (Suapure, La Pricion), Venezuela; Goeldi, Ibis, 1903, p. 499— Rio Capim, Para; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 433, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, pp. 21, 360, BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 49 1906— Seelet, Trinidad, and Santo Antonio do Prata, Para; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 396, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Itapura, Bauru) and Rio Jurua, Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 298, 1907 — Ourem, Rio Guama; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 123, 1908 — Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 357, 1910 — Surinam (habits); Menegaux, Miss. Serv. GSogr. Armee Mes. Arc Me'rid. Equat., 9, p. B. 108, 1911 — Rio Blanco, Santo Domingo, and Pachijal, Ecuador; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 420, 1914— Rio Guama (Ourem) and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Bertoni, Anal. Soc. Cient. Arg., 75, p. 101, 1913— Misiones; idem, Faun. Parag., p. 66, 1914— Alto Parana, Paraguay; Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 366, 1914 — Santa Ana to the Rio Iguazu, Misiones; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 559, 1921 — Upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisci River, Abary River, and Bartica; Bertoni, El Hornero, 3, p. 397, 1926 — Alto Iguazu, Paraguay. Scaphidura barita (not Gracula barita Linnaeus) Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 301, Dec. 31, 1837— Brazil. Cassidix baritus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 296, 1861— Isthmus of Panama. Cassidix oryzivora violea Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 11, 1900 — La Concepcion, Santa Marta, Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 418, 1930); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 197, 1902— Colombia to Panama (monog.); Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1122— Novita and Pueblo Rico, Pacific Colombia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 630, 1917 — Novita, Noanama, La Manuelita, Miraflores, Guengue, La Palma, Malena, Buena Vista, Barrigon, and Florencia, Colombia (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 280, 1918— Gatun Lake, Panama; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 477, 1922 — Pueblo Viejo, Fundacion, and Chirua, Colombia (crit.). Cassidix violea Lonnberg and Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 14, No. 25, p. 87, 1922 — Canchacoto (road to Chones), near Mindo, and road to Nanegal, Ecuador. Cassidix oryzivora oryzivora Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 38, 1908 — Rio Araguaya, Goyaz; idem, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 19, 88, 1912 — Ipitinga, Rio Acara, and Para localities; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 210, 1916— Caicara, Orinoco River; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 85, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo and Javaweg, Surinam; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 696, 1926— Daule, El Chiral, Alamor, Zamora, below San Jose, and Rio Napo, Ecuador (crit.); Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 194, 1926— Barra do Rio Peixe (Rio Ivahy) and Candido de Abreu, Parana; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 176, 1928— Rio Guama. Cassidix oryzivora limitis Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 234, 1926 — Lechugal, Rio Zurumilla, Prov. Tumbez, Peru (type in War- saw Museum). Cassidix oryzivora garleppi Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 234 (in text), 1926 — Bolivia=Santa Cruz (type in Warsaw Museum). 50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Psomocolax oryzivorus oryzivorus Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 123, 1929 (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 393, 1930— Matto Grosso; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 98, 1934— Trinidad. Psomocolax oryzivorus violeus Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 123, 1929 — Canal Zone to Colombia and Venezuela (crit.); Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 283, 1930 — Buena Vista, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 416, 1931— Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, I.e., 72, p. 369, 1932— Perme, Darien. Range. — From the Panama Canal Zone south to western Ecuador and extreme northwestern Peru (Lechugal, Rio Zurumilla, Prov. Tumbez) and east through Colombia and Venezuela to the island of Trinidad, thence through the Guianas to Brazil as far south as Santa Catharina and Matto Grosso, and the adjacent districts of Paraguay (Alto Parana) and Misiones, and west through Amazonia to eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia.1 9: Colombia ("Bogota," 2); Peru (Lagunas, lower Huallaga, 1); Venezuela (Orope, Zulia, 2; Cocollar, Sucre, 1); British Guiana (Demerara, 1; Mazaruni River, 1); Brazil (Serra Grande, Rio Branco, 1). Genus TANGAVIUS Lesson Tangavius Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, No. 2, Feb., p. 41, pub. March, 1839 — type, by monotypy, Tangavius involucratus Lesson = Psarocolius aeneus Wagler. Callothrus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 18 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 3), Psarocolius aeneus Wagler. 1 Subdivision of the South American Rice Grackle seems to be impracticable, although I formerly advocated the recognition of P. o. violeus from Colombia and western Ecuador. Messrs. Chapman and Todd had already demonstrated the non-existence of color differences between birds from the supposed range of violeus and typical oryzivorus, purple-tinged as well as mainly bronze-colored individuals being found alike in the Guianas and on the Pacific coast. Mr. Peters thought it possible to maintain violeus on account of larger size. While admitting that adult males in Colombia and western Ecuador frequently attain measurements which are slightly superior to the maximum figures of typical oryzivorus, I find much individual variation in that respect, so much indeed, that the character appears to me of questionable value. Ten adult males from Sao Paulo, Brazil, for instance, vary in the length of the wing from 176 to 200, while an equal number from Colom- bia (Santa Marta and Pacific coast) and western Ecuador range from 186 to 210. An adult from Cayenne is matched in size and coloration by numerous specimens from the Pacific coast. Sztolcman's C. o. limitis, based on a single male from the Ecuadorian boundary of Peru near the Pacific, is merely the bronze-colored variant occasionally met with in various parts of the range. Nor can I recognize the tentatively proposed C. o. garleppi of the same author, the shape of the maxilla being extremely variable. Three birds from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, differ nowise from the ordinary type, while one (out of two) from Santa Catharina shows the peculiar shape of the bill described by Sztolcman. Some of the strongly purple- glossed individuals from the Pacific side of Colombia are almost indistinguishable from P. o. impacifus. Fifty-nine specimens from the entire range exclusive of Panama examined. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 51 Tangavius aeneus milleri van Rossem.1 BRONZED COWBIRD. Tangavius aeneus milleri van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 355, 1934 — Tucson, Arizona (type in coll. of D. R. Dickey, Pasadena). Molothrus aeneus (not Psarocolius aeneus Wagler) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 18 — part, Mazatlan, Mexico; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 281, 1874— part, Mazatlan; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 334, 1886 — part, spec, j-m, Presidio and Mazatlan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 451, 1886 — part, Mazatlan and Presidio. Callothrus aeneus aeneus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 203, 1902 — northwestern Mexico, from Sonora to Tepic (monog.). Tangavius aeneus aeneus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 126, 1905— western Mexico; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 363, 1905— Escuinapa and Juanna Gomez River, south Sinaloa; Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 389, 1906 — San Bias, Nayarit; Visher, Auk, 27, p. 210, 1910 — near Tucson and Sacaton, Arizona (breeding); idem, I.e., 27, p. 283, 1910 — west of Tucson; Gilman, Condor, 16, p. 255, 1914 — near Sacaton and Santan, Arizona (breeding); McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 17, p. 48, 1927— Mazatlan (Sinaloa) and Labrados (Nayarit); Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 507, 1927 (range); idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 320, 337, 340, 1929 (monog.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 290, 1931 — Sonora (Saric, Obregon, Tesia, Guirocoba, Guaymas, El Alamo). Tangavius aeneus involucratus (not of Lesson) Visher, Auk, 26, p. 307, 1909 — near Tucson, Arizona; Gilman, Condor, 11, p. 173, 1909 — Sacaton, Arizona. Range. — Southern Arizona (vicinity of Tucson) south through Sonora and Sinaloa to Nayarit, western Mexico. *Tangavius aeneus assimilis (Nelson). LESSER BRONZED COWBIRD. Callothrus aeneus assimilis Nelson, Auk, 17, p. 266, 1900 — Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 204, 1902 — southwestern Mexico (monog.). Tangavius aeneus assimilis Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 126, 1905 (nomencl.); Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 508, 1927 (range); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 403, 1928— Chivela and Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; Friedmann, The Cowbirds, pp. 322, 339, 342, 1929 (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 402, 1934 — Chilpancingo and Coyuca, Guerrero. Molothrus aeneus (not Psarocolius aeneus Wagler) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 18 — part, Manzanillo, Colima; Lawrence, Mem. 1 Tangavius aeneus milleri van Rossem: Adult male similar to T. a. aeneus, but rump violet or at least mixed with violet (instead of bronze con color with back) and anterior under parts decidedly more bluish (less brassy); female very much darker, nearly blackish above. This form, in coloration of both sexes, seems to resemble T. a. assimilis, which is autoptically unknown to us but is apparently larger in all proportions. 52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 281, 1874 — part,/ Manzanillo and mountains of Colima, Colima; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 24, 1876— Tapana, near Tehuan tepee, Oaxaca; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 451, 1886 — part, Manzanilla Bay (Colima) and Tapana (Oaxaca). Range. — Southwestern Mexico, in states of Jalisco, Colima, and Guerrero, south to the Pacific lowlands of Oaxaca (Tapana, Chivela, Tapanatepec). 1: Mexico (Tuxpan, Jalisco, 1). Tangavius aeneus aeneus (Wagler). RED-EYED COWBIRD. Psarocolius aeneus Wagler, Isis, 22, Heft 7, col. 758, July, 1829 — Mexico (type, from Laguna, Vera Cruz, in Berlin Museum examined; cf. van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 354, 1934). * Tangavius involucratus Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, No. 2, Feb., p. 41, pub. March, 1839 — Mexico, probably Vera Cruz (type in coll. of Dr. Abeille, Bordeaux); Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 125, 1905 (crit.). Molothrus robustus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 193 (note), Oct., 1851 — Mexico (descr. of female; type in Berlin Museum). Agelaius aeneus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 90 — Puente Nacional, Vera Cruz. Molothrus aeneus Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 300, 1856 — Cordoba, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 27, pp. 365, 381, 1859 — vicinity of Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Yetla, Oaxaca; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, I860, p. 34 — Duenas, Guatemala; Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 61 — San Geronimo, Guatemala (eggs descr.); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 81, 1861 — San Jose, Costa Rica (crit., plumages) ; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 18 — part, Panama, Nicaragua, and Jalapa; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 104, 1868 — San Jose, Costa Rica; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 552, 1869— Vera Cruz; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 191— Chitra and Calobre, Veraguas; Merrill, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 1, p. 78, 1876; idem, I.e., 2, p. 85, 1877— Fort Brown, Texas (habits); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 130, 1878 (reprint) ; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 59 — San Jose, Costa Rica; idem, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 46, 1878— Guatemala; Coues and Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 23, 1878— Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas (habits, synon., diag.); Sennett, I.e., 5, p. 396, 1879 — Lomita, Texas (habits); Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 392, 1882— La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica; Ferrari-Perez, I.e., 9, p. 151, 1889 — Puebla (Izucar de Mata- moros, Chietla, Acatlan) and Vera Cruz (Jalapa); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 4 — part, southern Mexico to Veraguas; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 334, 1886 — part, spec, d-i, o-z, Mexico (Orizaba, Oaxaca, Yucatan), 1 In addition to the specimen discussed by van Rossem, I have examined in the Vienna Museum a paratype collected by Deppe and received in exchange from the Berlin Museum. This is in more perfect condition than the type, and fully bears out van Rpssem's conclusion as to the applicability of Wagler's name, the two Deppe specimens being unquestionably identical with others from eastern Guatemala and Costa Rica. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 53 ..--Guatemala (Choctum, Duenas), Costa Rica (Orosi), and Veraguas (Calo- bre, Chitra); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 451, 1886 — part, eastern Mexico, Yucatan, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. Callothrus robustus Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887 — Costa Rica (San Jos6, Naranjo de Cartago, Cartago, Alaju&a); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, pp. 208, 212— Yucatan and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Cherrie, Auk, 7, p. 334, 1890— San Jos6, Costa Rica; Attwater, Auk, 9, p. 237, 1892— San Antonio, Texas (breeding); Cherrie, Auk, 9, p. 250, 1892— San Jose, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 496, 1893 — San Carlos, Nicaragua; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 280, 1896— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 201, 1902 (monog.); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 31, 1919 — Granada, Nicaragua; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 336, 1932 — Cantarranas, Honduras. Tangavius aeneus involucratus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 126, 1905 (crit.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 141, 1906— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 831, 1910 — Costa Rica (Guayabo, Bonilla, San Jose, Cartago, Alajuela, Bebede>o, Juan Vinas); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 487, 1927 — Presidio and Motzorongo, Vera Cruz; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 23, 1926 — Brownsville, Texas; Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 507, 1927 (range); idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 321, 338, 341, 1929 (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 387, 1932— Guatemala (many localities). Tangavius involucratus Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 113, 1907 — El Rancho, Lake Atitlan, and Tecpam, Guatemala; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 — Xcopen and Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo. Range. — Southern Texas, north to San Antonio, and south through eastern Mexico (in states of Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosi, Vera Cruz, Puebla, Yucatan, Quintana Roo, and Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras (Cantarranas), Nicaragua (Granada, San Carlos), and Costa Rica to western Panama (Veraguas): 22: Texas (Lometa, Lampasas County, 1); Mexico (Valles, San Luis Potosi, 5; San Felipe, Yucatan, 1; Rio Lagartos, Yucatan, 1); Guatemala (Salama, Baja Vera Paz, 2; Tecpam, Chimaltenango, 5; Lake Atitlan, Solola, 1); Costa Rica (Lim6n, 1; San Jose", 2); Nica- ragua (San Rafael del Norte, Matagalpa, 3). Tangavius armenti (Cabanis).1 ARMENT'S COWBIRD. Molothrus armenti Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 192 (note), Oct., 1851 — Car- tagena, Colombia (descr. of young; type in Berlin Museum examined); idem, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 82, 1861 — Cartagena (crit.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 18 — Sabanilla, Colombia, and "Demarara," 1 Tangavius armenti (Cabanis) is probably conspecific with T. aeneus, but owing to its excessive rarity (only two specimens are known to exist in collections) nothing definite can be said regarding its relationship. 54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII errore (descr. of adult); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 5 — Colombia (Cartagena, Sabanilla) and "Demerara" (ex Cabanis and Cassin); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 335, 1886 — coast region of Colombia and "Venezuela" (ex Cassin). Tangavius armenti Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 506, 1927 — coast region of Colombia (crit.); idem, The Cowbirds, p. 318, 1929 (monog.); idem, Ibis, 1933, p. 492, pi. 16 (adult and young) — Colombia (crit.). Range. — Tropical zone of the Caribbean coast of Colombia (Cartagena, Sabanilla). Genus MOLOTHRUS Swainson Molothrus Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, "1831," pp. 277, 494, pub. Feb., 1832— type, by orig. desig., Fringilla pecoris Gmelin =Orio Jits ater Boddaert. Hypobletis Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsbuch, 1, p. xxxvii, 1841 — type, by orig. desig., Fringilla pecoris Gmelin=OrioZMS ater Boddaert. Cyrtotes Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 73, June, 1850 — type, by subs. desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 69, 1855), Icterus maxillaris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny. Molobrus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 192 (note), Oct., 1851 — emendation of Molothrus Swainson. Agelaioides Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 15 — type, by subs. desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 3), Agelaius badius Vieillot. Cyanothrus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 19 — type, by subs. desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 3), Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin. Demelioteucus Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— type, by monotypy, Agelaius badius Vieillot. Strepitovagus Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 496, 1927 — type, by orig. desig., Molo- thrus rufo-axillaris Cassin. *Molothrus ater ater (Boddaert). EASTERN COWBIRD. Oriolus ater Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 37, Dec., 1783— based on "Troupiale, de la Caroline" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 606, fig. 1; Carolina. Oriolus fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 393, 1788 — based on "Brown- headed Oriole" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 259; New York. Oriolus minor Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 394, 1788 — part, "female"1 (ex Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 606, fig. 1). Fringilla pecoris Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 910, 1789 — based on "Cowpen Bird" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 34, pi. 34, and "Cowpen Finch" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 371; "in America septentrionali, hieme in Virginia and Carolina, maio in Noveboraco" (=female). Icterus emberizoides (Bosc MS.) Daudin, Traite Elem. Orn., 2, p. 350, 1800 — Carolina (descr. of male and female). alleged male, Buffon's "Le petit Troupiale noir," I am unable to make out for certain, although it might be referable to one of the races of the South American Cowbird. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 55 Frlngilla ambigua Nuttall, Man. Orn. U. S. and Canada, 1, p. 484, 1832 (= young). Molothrus pecoris Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 17 (crit.); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 3 (part). Molothrus pecoris subsp. typica Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 334, 1886 — part, North America and Mexico. Molothrus ater ater Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 207, 1902— part, excluding mountain states and Mexican references (monog., full bibliog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Ober- holser, Auk, 34, p. 327, 1917 (range); Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 504, 1927 (range); idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 145, 301, 1929 (monog., ecology, full bibliog.). Range. — Breeds from southern Ontario and Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick south to central Virginia, southeastern Ken- tucky, central Tennessee, southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and central Texas, and west to Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, south- eastern Nebraska, southwestern Kansas, and New Mexico; winters from the Ohio and Potomac valleys (casually to New York and Michigan) south to Florida, the Gulf coast, and northeastern Mexico (Matamoros, Tamaulipas). 81: Maine (Lincoln, 1); Massachusetts (Boston, 1; Cambridge, 1; Arlington, 1; Watertown, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 6); New Jersey (Englewood, 1) ; New York (Shelter Island, 7) ; Indiana (Kouts, 1); Illinois (Lake Forest, 9; Chicago, 5; Grand Chain, 2; Joliet, 5; Fox Lake, 1; Lewistown, 1; Ravinia, 1; Brainerd, 1; Worth, 1; unspecified, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 22); Missouri (Appleton City, 3); Texas (Port Lavaca, 1; Corpus Christi, 1; Ingram, 1; Brownsville, 1; Fort Worth, 3) ; Florida (Gainesville, 1; Enterprise, 1). *Molothrus ater artemisiae Grinnell.1 NEVADA COWBIRD. Molothrus ater artemisiae Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 5, p. 276, Dec. 31, 1909 — Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt County, Nevada (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 327, 1917 (crit., range); Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 24, p. 207, 1922 (range in California); Grinnell, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 13, p. 76, 1923 — Death Valley, California; Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 505, 1927 (range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 149, 1928— Lower California (Miraflores and Los Coronados Islands); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 290, 1931— Saric, Sonora; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 402, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero. 1 Molothrus ater artemisiae Grinnell: Similar to M. a. ater, but larger, with longer, relatively slenderer bill; female nearer to that of M. a. obscurus in colora- tion, but paler, more brownish, with usually more whitish throat. Wing, 111-118, (female) 96-104; tail, 73-82, (female) 64-70; bill, 17-19^, (female) 56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Molothrus ater dwighti Bishop, Auk, 37, No. 1, pi. 61, Jan. 4, 1910 — Crane Lake, Saskatchewan (type in coll. of L. B. Bishop). Molothrus ater artemisiae Friedmann, The Cowbirds, pp. 152, 314, 1929 (monog., full bibliog.). Molothrus ater ater (not Oriolus ater Boddaert) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 207, 1902 — part (mountain states and Mexican localities and references). Range. — Breeds chiefly in the Transition and Upper Austral zones from southern Manitoba, southwestern Mackenzie, and central British Columbia south to east-central California (from Death Valley, the Panamint Mountains, and Independence north to Mono Lake), southern Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, and from central Minnesota, southeastern South Dakota, and western Nebraska west to Washington, central Oregon, and northeastern California (Modoc region) ; winters south to Texas, Vera Cruz, and Michoacan. 10: Canada (Okanagan, British Columbia, 5); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 4; Troublesome, 1). Molothrus ater calif ornicus Dickey and van Rossem.1 CALI- FORNIA COWBIRD. Molothrus ater californicus Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 24, p. 208, Nov., 1922 — Buena Vista Lake, Kern County, California (type in coll. of D. R. Dickey, Pasadena); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 149, 1928— North Island, Los Coronados group, Lower California. Molothrus ater obscurus (not Sturnus obscurus Gmelin) Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 505, 1927— part, California; idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 152, 315, 1929— part, California. Range. — Lower Austral zone of the San Joaquin Valley of California, from Merced County south to Kern County; casual in Los Angeles, Ventura, and Santa Barbara counties and on Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. *Molothrus ater obscurus (Gmelin). DWARF COWBIRD. Sturnus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 804, 1789 — based on "L'Etourneau de la Nouvelle Espagne" Brisson (Orn., 2, p. 448, 1760), which, in its turn, rests on "Tolocatzenatl" Hernandez, Hist. Nov. Hisp., p. 22; Mexico. Sturnus junceti Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 326, 1790 — same basis as S. obscurus Gmelin. 1 Molothrus ater californicus Dickey and van Rossem: Similar to M. a. obscurus, but larger with much heavier legs; coloration of female darker, especially below, and streaking more conspicuous. From M. a. artemisiae distinguished by smaller size and narrower streaking of under parts in the female. Wing, 100-108, (female) 93-100; tail, 68-78, (female) 59-68; tarsus, 23-26; bill, 16-18, (female) 14^-17- 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 57 Molothrus obscurus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 18 — Colima, Manzanillo, and Miraflores (Lower California), Mexico (crit.). Molothrus pecoris (not Fringilla pecoris Gmelin) Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 3 — part, western Mexico (Mazatlan). Molothrus pecoris subsp. obscura Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 334, 1886 — City of Mexico and Mazatlan. Molothrus ater obscurus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 210, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Oberholser, Auk, 34, p. 328, 1917 (range); Grinnell, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 13, p. 76, 1923— Furnace Creek Ranch, Death Valley, California (crit.); Dickey and van Rossem, Condor, 24, p. 206, 1922 (range in California); Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 505, 1927 (range, in part); idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 152, 315, 1929 (range, full bibliog. in part); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 148, 1928— Lower California (breeding in the Colorado delta region, in winter in the Cape district); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 290, 1931 — Sonora (Saric, Obregon, Tesia, Guirocoba, Guaymas); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 402, 1934 — Tixtla and Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Range. — Lower Austral zone of southern California (from Ven- tura and Inyo counties southward), southern Arizona, extreme southwestern New Mexico, and southern Texas south to northern Lower California, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Vera Cruz; in winter to the Cape district of Lower California. 46: Texas (Corpus Christi, Nueces County, 26); Arizona (Tucson, Pima County, 1; Tempe, Maricopa County, 1; Calabasas, Cochise County, 7; Huachuca, Cochise County, 4); Mexico (Mazatlan, Sinaloa, 1; Rancho Correza, 1; Iguala, Guerrero, 5). *Molothrus bonariensis minimus Dalmas.1 LESSER SHINY COWBIRD. Molothrus minimus Dalmas, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 13, p. 138, 1900 — Tobago (type in coll. of R. de Dalmas).2 Icterus niger (not Oriolus niger Boddaert, 1783, nor of Gmelin, 1788) Daudin, Traite" Ele"m. d'Orn., 2, p. 351, 1800 — " a Cayenne et dans toute la Guiane" (descr. of male). Molothrus atronitens (not Cassicus T. atronitens Merrem, 1826) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 682, 1849— coast of British Guiana (type in Berlin Museum examined); idem, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 193, 1851— Cayenne; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 200, 1870— Rio Cauame" (Rio Branco) and Cajutuba (Para), Brazil (spec, examined); Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 576— Trinidad (crit.); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 6 1 It is possible that "Le petit Troupiale noir" Buffon, upon which the descrip- tion of the male sex of Oriolus minor Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [1], p. 394, 1788) is based, refers to the present form. In the absence of measurements and locality other than "Amerique" this assumption is, however, altogether problematical. 2 1 have no record as to whether the type passed into the Tring Museum or was among those specimens of the Dalmas Collection which were destroyed by accident. 58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII — Guiana, "Venezuela," and Trinidad (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218— British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 337, 1886— "Venezuela," Trinidad, Guiana (Georgetown, Demerara; Oyapoc, Cayenne), and Brazil (Mexiana); Stone, Auk, 8, p. 346, 1891 (monog.); Cory, Auk, 10, p. 220, 1893— Tobago; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 36, 1894— Trinidad; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 164— Amapa, Brazil; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 211, 1902— Guiana, "Vene- zuela," Trinidad, Tobago, Carriacou, and Vieques (monog., full bibliog.); Wells, Auk, 19, p. 347, 1902— Carriacou, Grenadines; Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 281, 1905 — Grenada and Grenadines (Carriacou, Union Island, Petit Martinique, Mayreau, Tobago Keys, and Canouan); Hell- mayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 20, 1906 — Caparo, Caroni River, and Seelet, Trinidad (crit.); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, pp. 312, 323— Grenada and Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 366, 1910 — Surinam (habits, eggs); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 421, 1914— part, Quati- puru, Marajo (Arary, Sao Natal), Amapa, and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Wetmore, Auk, 33, p. 419, 1916 — Vieques (ex Newton); Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, p. 137, 1917— Bartica, British Guiana; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 563, 1921 — Anarica River, Abary River, Georgetown, and Bartica; Wood, Auk, 40, p. 128, 1923— Barbados; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 543, 1927— Vieques Island. Molothrus sericeus (not Icterus sericeus Lichtenstein) Newton, Ibis, I860, p. 308 — "Bieque or Crab Island" [= Vieques, near St. Thomas]; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 135, 1862 — part, spec, b, c, Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 573 — Mexiana. Molothrus bonariensis (not Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin) Leotaud, Ois. Trini- dad, p. 277, 1866 — Trinidad; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 220, 1886— "Bisque, Virgin Islands" [=Vieques] (ex Newton); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 107, 1889; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 124, 1892 — Vieques; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 299, 1907— Amapa and Marajo, Brazil. Molothris [sic] atronitens Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 137, 1922— Trinidad. Molothrus tanagrinus (not Icterus tanagrinus Spix) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 22— "Brazil" (crit.). Molothrus guianensis (not Lampropsar guianensis Cabanis) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 22 (crit.,=young; cf. Stone, Auk, 8, p. 346, 1891). Molothrus bonariensis atronitens Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 397, 1907 (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 123, 1908 — Cayenne; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 88, 119, 128, 1912 — Cajutuba (Para), Mexiana, and Marajo (Cachoeira); Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 86, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam. Molothrus bonariensis minimus Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, p. 281, 1920 (nomencl.); Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 501, 1927 (range); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 541, 1928— Barbados; Friedmann, The Cowbirds, pp. 64, 136, 142, 1929 (monog., range excl. Ceara and Maranhao); Danforth, Auk, 49, p. 96, 1932 — Vieux Fort, Santa Lucia; 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 59 Bond, Auk, 49, p. 496, 1932— Kingston, St. Vincent; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 98, 1934— Trinidad. Molothrus brevirostris (not of Swainson) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 200, 1870 — Cajutuba, Pard (spec, examined ;= young). Range. — Extreme northeastern Brazil, from the vicinity of Belem (Para) through Mexiana, Marajo, and along the north bank of the Amazon west to the Rio Branco; French, Dutch, and British Guiana; extreme northeastern Venezuela (Laguna del Obispo, Cariaco pen- insula); Trinidad; Tobago; Grenada, Grenadines, Barbados, St. Vincent, and Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles; accidental on Vieques Island, near St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.1 2: Lesser Antilles (Tobago, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 1). *Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis (Gmelin). SHINY COWBIRD. Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 898, 1789 — based on "Tan- gavio" Buffon (Hist. Nat. Ois., 4, p. 241) and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 710; Buenos Aires. Xanthornus purpurascens Hahn, Vogel aus Asien, Afr., etc., livr. 5, pi. 4, 1819 — "South America" (type in coll. of J. Wagler, doubtless lost). Passerine discolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 552, 1819 — principally based on Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 710, and "Tordo comun" Azara, No. 61; Paraguay.2 Icterus sericeus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 19, 1823 — "Brazil" (descr. of male and female; types in Berlin Museum). Cassicus T. atronitens Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss. und Kunste, 26, p. 276, 1826 — new name for Tanagra bonariensis Gmelin, Xanthornus purpurascens Hahn, etc.; South America. Molothrus brevirostris Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 305, Dec. 31, 1837 — Brazil (types in coll. of W. Swainson). Icterus maxillaris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 6, 1838 — Cochabamba, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum examined); d'Orbigny, Voy. Amer. Me~rid., Ois., p. 367, pi. 52, figs. 2 (male), 3 (bill), 1844 — Cochabamba; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 643 (ex d'Orbigny). 1 Birds from Tobago, Trinidad, British Guiana, and Rio Branco agree per- fectly together, and two males from the estuary of the Amazon also seem to be the same. The Lesser Shiny Cowbird is gradually spreading northwards on the Lesser Antilles. First noticed on the island of Carnacou by Wells in June, 1899, it has since established itself in Grenada, on many of the Grenadines, as well as in Barbados. Quite recently it has reached St. Vincent and Santa Lucia. Its occur- rence (one record) on Vieques, Virgin Islands, however, seems to be accidental. Additional material examined. — Tobago: 16. — Trinidad: Caparo, 12; Caroni River, 1; Chaguanas, 1; Seelet, 7. — British Guiana: unspecified, 1. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. — Brazil: Rio Cauame", Rio Branco, 1; Cachoeira, Marajo, 1; Cajutuba, Para, 2. 2 Some of the localities quoted by Vieillot, such as Porto Rico and Santo Domingo, refer to species of other genera. 60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Molothrus maxillaris Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 21— Bolivia (crit.); Berlepsch and Leverkiihn, Ornis, 6, p. 9, 1890 — Lesbato, Rio Grande, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia (crit.). Molothrus bonariensis melanogyna Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 194, 1926 — Invernadinha, Parana, Brazil (type in Warsaw Museum); Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 503, 1927 — Rio de Janeiro (La Raiz, Serra dos Orgaos; Serra do Itatiaya) and Parana; idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 64, 144, 1929 (crit.). Molothrus bonariensis milleri Naumburg and Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 494, 1927 — Urucum, near Corumba, Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 503, 1927— Matto Grosso; idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 63, 144, 1929— Matto Grosso (crit.); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 394, 1930— Urucum, Descalvados, and Cuyaba, Matto Grosso; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 393, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Icterus minor (not Oriolus minor Gmelin) Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 67, pi. 63, fig. 1, 1824 — Rio Sao Francisco, Bahia, Brazil (spec, in Munich Museum examined). Icterus violaceus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 1212, 1831— Rio Para- hyba and Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro (types in Wied Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 226, 1889). Molothrus niger (not Oriolus niger Boddaert) Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Part 15, p. 107, 1841— La Plata (habits). Molobrus sericeus Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 279, 1856 — Brazil (Nova Friburgo, Rio; Minas Geraes); idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 258, 1860— Argentina; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 494, 1861— Argentina (egg descr.); Sternberg, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 125, 1869 — Buenos Aires (nest- ing habits); Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 255, 1874— Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes. Molothrus sericeus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 437, 1850 — Brazil and Bolivia; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 135, 1862— part, spec, a, d-f, Brazil, Chile, and Bolivia; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 21— Bahia (crit.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 200, 1870— Sao Paulo (Ypanema, Itarare, Joanna Leite), Parana (Curytiba), Goyaz (Goyaz, Tenente Borges), Matto Grosso (Cuyaba), and Amazonia (Santarem; Borba, Rio Madeira); idem, Nunq. Otios., 2, p. 292, 1874 — Nova Fri- burgo, Rio; Berlepsch, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 126 (note), 1885 — Bahia (crit.). Molothrus murinus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 199, 1870 — Sao Cristovao, Rio de Janeiro (spec, examined; =nomen nudum). Molothrus (Molobrus) bonariensis Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 85, 1874 — Cantagallo, Rio. Molothrus bonariensis Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 347, 1847— Chile; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 19 —Buenos Aires and Rio Paraguay (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 601— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Hudson, I.e., 1872, p. 809— Argentina (habits); idem, I.e., 1874, p. 153 — Buenos Aires (breeding habits BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 61 and eggs); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 21, p. 249, 1873 — Blumenau, Santa Catharina (crit.); Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 79, 1876— Santarem, Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, pp. 33, 174 — Chubut (Patagonia) and Buenos Aires; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 394— Chubut; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 14— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 339 — Pernambuco, Brazil; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Of. Exp. Rio Negro, 1, Zool., p. 41, 1881— CarhuS, Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 601— Monte Grande, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 133, 1883 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 5 (monog.); Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 126, 1885 — Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 278 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 335, 1886 (monog.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 72, 1888 — Argentina (habits); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 463 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 269, 1890— Santare"m; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 4— Estancia Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Stone, Auk, 8, p. 345, 1891 (monog.); Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 44, 1892 — Porto Real, Rio; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 127 — Fortin Donovan, lower Pilcomayo; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 198— Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 172— Uruguay (eggs descr.); Holland, Ibis, 1895, p. 215 — Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 8, 1895— Para- guari, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 10, 1897— Bolivia (Caiza) and Salta (Lesser); idem, I.e., 15, No. 378, p. 6, 1900— Urucum, Matto Grosso; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 101, p. 923, 1898— Chile; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 122, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul (Mundo Novo, Rio Grande, Sao Lourenco, Pedras Brancas); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 171, 1899— Sao Paulo (Tiete", Itatiba, Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Iguape); idem, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1900 — Cantagallo and Nova Friburgo, Rio; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 224— Gran Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 181, 1902— Tucuman; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 457— San Luis, Tarija, Bolivia; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 218, 1904— Santa Ana, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 45, 1905— Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 396, 1907— Sao Paulo (Sao Sebastiao, Campos de Jordao, Iguape, Itapura, Tiete, Campinas, Jaboticabal), Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre, Marianna), and Espirito Santo (Rio Doce); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 11, 1908 — Monte Verde, Rio Purus (one female); Luderwaldt, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 27, p. 359, 1909— Serra do Itatiaya, Sao Paulo; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 644 — Ybitimi and Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 103— Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Ajo), Corrientes (Bella Vista), Paraguay (Villa Pilar), and Bolivia (Cabo Emma, Alto Paraguay); idem, Ibis, 1912, p. 278 (egg descr.); Rahmer, Bol. Mus. Nac. Chile, 4, p. 207, 1912 — Machali (Rancagua), O'Higgins, and Banos de Cauquenes (Col- chagua), Chile; Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 17, p. 173, 1913— Coronel, Concepcion, and Limache, Valparaiso, Chile; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 66, 1914— Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 390— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918 — Mendoza (Rodriguez Pena, Las Catitas); Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 24, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado, Minas, Colonia, Flores, San Jose, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); idem, I.e., 2, p. 60, 1920 — Canuelos, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires ;Paessler, 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Journ. Orn., 70, p. 479, 1922— Coronel, Chile (eggs descr.); Serie and Smyth, El Hornero, 3, p. 54, 1923 — Santa Elena, Entre Rlos; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 70, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 172, 1924— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Renard, I.e., 3, p. 287, 1924— San Cristobal, Santa Fe; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 148, 1925— San Bernardo, Santiago; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 109, 1927 — Marga-Marga, Valparaiso; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 188, 1929— Angol, Malleco; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926— Ceara, Brazil; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 362, 1926— General Lopez, Santa Fe; Smyth, Lc., 4, p. 152, 1928 (eggs and foster parents); Aravena, I.e., 4, p. 163, 1928 (food); Budin, I.e., 4, p. 411, 1931— Maimara, Jujuy; Castellanos, I.e., 5, p. 331, 1934— Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba. Molobrus bonariensis Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 262, 1868 — Prov. Santiago, Chile; Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 251, 1877 — vicinity of Santiago; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 84, 1884 — Prov. Buenos Aires; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— Cordoba. Molothrus bonariensis sericeus Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 613, 1906— Bahia (crit.). Molothrus bonariensis bonariensis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 10, 1907 — Urucurituba, Rio Tapajoz, Brazil; idem, I.e., 15, p. 38, 1908 — Rio Ara- guaya, Goyaz; Hartert and Venturi, I.e., 16, p. 184, 1909 — Chaco (eggs descr.); Hellmayr, I.e., 17, p. 282, 1910— Borba, Rio Madeira; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 402, 1910 (range in Argentina); idem, I.e., 23, p. 370, 1912— San Rafael, Paraguay; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 399, 1916— La Plata; Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 80, 1918— Curuzu- Cuatia, Corrientes; Dabbene, I.e., 1, p. 247, 1919— Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 336, 1923— Rio Negro (Huanuluan, Maquinchao, Puesto Homo, Bariloche); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 662, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires south to Chubut; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 383, 1926— Argentina (Santa Fe; Resistencia and Las Palmas, Chaco; Riacho Pilaga, Formosa; Dolores, Buenos Aires; General Roca, Rio Negro; Potrerillos and Tunuyan, Mendoza), Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), and Uruguay (Carrasco, La Paloma, San Vicente, Lazcano, Rio Negro) (habits); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 457, 1926— Valcheta, Rio Negro; Fried- mann, Auk, 44, p. 500, 1927 (crit., range); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 224, 1927— Tucuman (Conception, Rio de Gastone), Santa Fe (Bovril Islands), and Entre Rios (Santa Elena) (habits, eggs, foster parents); Holt, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 57, p. 323, 1928— Serra do Itatiaya; Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, Orn., p. 848, 1928 — Rio Negro to "Straits of Magellan"; Friedmann, The Cowbirds, pp. 59, 141, 1929 (monog.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 273, 1929— Maranhao (Sao Bento), Piauhy (Ibiapaba), and Ceara (Quixada; Jua, near Iguatu); Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 286, 1930— Santa Fe" (La Germania), Formosa (Lapango, San Jose, Tapikiole), and Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 98, 1932— Chile (monog.); Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 199, 1933 — southern Buenos Aires 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 63 (Saldungaray, Fortin Chaco, Dorrego, Puerto Belgrano); Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 330, 1934— Estancia La Geraldina, northern Santa Fe\ Molothrus atronitens (not of Cabanis) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 421, 1914 — part, Cussary and Rio Tapaj6z (Pinhel), Brazil. (l)Molothrus bonariensis atronitens Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 631, 1917 — La Morelia, Caqueta, Colombia (one immature male). (l)Molothrus bonariensis subsp. Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 697, 1926— Rio Suno, Ecuador. Range. — The whole of Argentina south to the Chubut; Uruguay; Paraguay; Bolivia; the whole of Brazil north to the south bank of the Amazon west of the Rio Tocantins. Introduced into Chile, now distributed over the country from Coquimbo south to Valdivia.1 52: Bolivia (Santa Cruz, 1); Brazil (Rio do Peixe, Bahia, 2; Sao Bento, Maranhao, 1; Quixada, Ceara, 2; Jua, Ceara, 1; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 2; Rio das Velhas, Minas Geraes, 1; Joinville, Santa Catharina, 1) ; Paraguay (Villa Rica, 1) ; Uruguay (Quebrada de los Cuervos, Treinta y Tres, 2; Montevideo, 2; Soriano, 1; Arazati, San 1 Further subdivision of the Shiny Cowbird seems impracticable, though several attempts at recognizing local races based chiefly on the females have been made. It is well known that the females present two principal types of coloration : (a) grayish brown with dull metallic glossy spots on the dorsal surface and indis- tinct dusky streaks on the somewhat paler under parts; (6) deep fuscous with a silky gloss above. These two varieties have been discussed by Berlepsch (Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 126, note, 1885) and Hellmayr (Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 613-614, 1906), both authors applying Lichtenstein's term sericeus to the pale-colored females. The first ornithologist who plainly described the grayish-brown type appears to be Swainson. Under the name M . brevirostris he gives a good diagnosis of its characters, his description being based on specimens from "Brazil," probably obtained by himself during his collecting trip either in Bahia or Pernambuco, where this type of coloration prevails among the females. Recently, the same variety has been redescribed as M . b. milleri by Naumburg and Friedmann. The fuscous color type was named melanogyna by Sztolcman from examples collected by Chrostowski in the South Brazilian State of Paran&. While I admit that females from Sao Paulo to Santa Catharina average slightly darker, particularly below, than others from Rio Grande do Sul to Argentina, exceptions are far too frequent to justify their separation under a distinct name, and I have no hesitation in sinking melanogyna as a synonym of bonariensis. The pale-colored variety (brevirostris=sericeus) I have not yet seen from any part of Argentina, Uruguay, or Rio Grande do Sul, but only from Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and Matto Grosso. From the same localities, however, there are also fuscous females (melanogyna) at hand. For instance, from Ceara two are "brevirostris," two others "melanogyna." The same applies to Matto Grosso (Urucum), whence I have examined two grayish-brown females (brevirostris=sericeus= milleri) and one ultra-typical melanogyna. In trade-collections from Bahia the pale-colored variety is the predominating one, but two birds collected by Reiser on the Rio Grande in the same state are again "melanogyna." Of three females from the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, one is fully as deep fuscous as any from Sao Paulo or Parana, and another is just as typical "brevirostris," while the third stands exactly between the two varieties, being above more like the one and below closely re- sembling the other. It appears, therefore, that the female of bonariensis is dimor- phic, and that the variation, to a certain extent, is geographic, in so far as one type of coloration may prevail in some parts of the range, even to the exclusion of the 64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Jose", 2; Polanco, Minas, 3; Rocha, 2; Maldonado, 5; La Lata, Colonia, 1; Ciudad de Pando, Canelones, 1); Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 5; Las Rosas, Santa F£, 4; Ajo, Buenos Aires, 1; Gua- mini, Buenos Aires, 1; Marco Paz, Cordova, 1; La Plata, 1); Chile (Romero, Coquimbo, 1; Palmilla, Valparaiso, 2; Lampa, Santiago, 1; San Jos£ de Maipo, Santiago, 1; Pelequen, Colchagua, 3). *Molothrus bonariensis venezuelensis Stone.1 VENEZUELAN SHINY COWBIRD. Molothrus venezuelensis Stone, Auk, 8, p. 347, 1891 — Venezuela=San Esteban, Carabobo (type in U. S. National Museum); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 20 (in text), 1906 — -Puerto Cabello, Lagunillas, Merida, and Quiribana de Caicara, Venezuela (crit.). Molothrus sp. ind. Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Caracas. Molothrus discolor (not Passerina discolor Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 20— "Trinidad and Cuba (Port Gibara, Prov. of Holguin)" (crit.). Molothrus bonariensis venezuelensis Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 33, 1902 — Quiribana de Caicara and Altagracia, Orinoco, Venezuela; Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 164, 1912— Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 210, 1916 — lower and middle stretches of the Orinoco (crit., eggs); Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 501, 1927 — Venezuela (crit., range); idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 63, 136, 143, 1929— Venezuela (monog.). other, though in other regions both types are found associated. I do not see, however, any practical advantage in designating the various populations by differ- ent names, when only a certain percentage of individuals can be distinguished. The Bolivian form, the type of which was a specimen with a deformed bill (maxillaris) , does not seem to be separable, as has been pointed out by Friedmann. The status of the birds of eastern Ecuador and southeastern Colombia (Ca- queta) remains to be determined by adequate series. Additional material examined. — Argentina: Tucuman, 6; Formosa, 5; Santa Fe, 3; Buenos Aires, 15; Neuquen, 9. — Bolivia: Villa Montes, Tarija, 11; Valle Grande, 2; Samaipata, 1; Santa Cruz, 5; Lesbato, 2; Cochabamba, 2. — Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, 9; Santa Catharina, 2; Parana, 3; Sao Paulo, 14; Rio de Janeiro, 3; Goyaz, 8; Matto Grosso, Urucum, 5; Cuyaba, 3; Bahia, 16; Pernambuco, 2; Ceara, 8; Piauhy, 1; Santarem, 1; Borba, Rio Madeira, 1. 1 Molothrus bonariensis venezuelensis Stone: Similar in size to M. b. bonariensis, but with decidedly slenderer, more elongated bill ; female resembling in coloration the pale variety of the typical race, viz., with grayish brown, dusky-streaked under parts and nearly dull brown dorsal surface. Wing, 110-119, (female) 101-105; tail, 84-92, (female) 75-81; bill, 20-22. While the extent and tone of the metallic gloss is just as variable as in M. b. bonariensis, Venezuelan males are in most cases recognizable by their slenderer and more elongated bills, a character which also holds in the females. The four specimens I have seen of the latter sex are typical of the light-colored variety. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, 5; Valencia, Carabobo, 1; Caracas, 1; Lagunillas, Merida, 1; Merida, 6; Ciudad Bolivar, 1; Altagracia, Orinoco, 2; Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, 6. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 65 Molothrus cassini (not of Finsch) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 337, 1886 — part, spec, j, Caracas, Venezuela. Range. — Tropical zone of Venezuela, from the north coast (states of Carabobo and Aragua, and Dept. Federal) south to the Orinoco Valley (east to the Caura and San German de Upata), and west through Lara and Trujillo to Me"rida. 5: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 2; Caracas, 1; Rio Chama, 2). *Molothrus bonariensis cabanisii Cassin.1 CABANIS'S SHINY COWBIRD. Molothrus cabanisii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 22 — "Guiana" (errore) and Santa Marta, Colombia;2 Stone, Auk, 8, p. 346, 1891— Colombia and "Venezuela," errore (crit.). Molothrus cassini Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 577 (in text) — Barranquilla, Colombia (type in Bremen Museum);3 Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 6 — Colombia (Barranquilla, Santa Marta, Antioquia) and "Venezuela" (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 337, 1886— part, spec, a-i, Colombia (Arihueca, Medellin, Barranquilla, "Bogota"); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 476, 1900— Cacagualito; idem, I.e., 21, p. 291, 1905 — Santa Marta region (eggs descr.). Molothrus discolor (not Passerina discolor Vieillot) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 509 — Concordia, Medellin, and Santa Elena, Colombia (eggs descr.); Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 123— Arihueca. Molothrus bonariensis cabanisi(i) Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 631, 1917 — Caldas, San Antonio, Cali, Miraflores, and San Agustin, Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 476, 1922— Santa Marta and Fundacion (crit.); Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 502, 1927— Colombia (range); idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 62, 143, 1929— Colombia (monog.); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 416, 1931 — Sevillano, Santa Marta, and west of Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia. Range. — Tropical and Subtropical zones of Colombia, from the western slope of the eastern Andes west to the Pacific coast (except- 1 Molothrus bonariensis cabanisii Cassin is the largest of all the races of the Shiny Cowbird. The female resembles M. b. venezuelensis in coloration, but is larger in all dimensions. Wing, 126-134, (female) 105-110; tail, 100-112, (female) 84-90; bill, 21-22. Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 8; Cartagena, 8; Barran- quilla, 5; Las Cruzes, western Andes, 1. 2 In addition to several examples without locality, Cassin had two adult males before him, one supposed to be from "Guiana" in the Academy's collection, and another from Santa Marta, Colombia, in the collection of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History. Both are claimed to be "the type" (cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 34, 1899, and Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 631, 1917). In any case, Santa Marta may be taken as the type locality. 3 Though the name was intended as a substitute for Molothrus discolor of Cassin, Finsch used the Barranquilla specimen for the description, as his remarks on coloration plainly show. 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII ing the extreme southwestern section), south in the Magdalena Valley to San Agustin, north to the Caribbean coast (Santa Marta, Mag- dalena; Barranquilla, Cartagena, Monteria, Lorica, etc., Bolivar). 6: Colombia (Lorica, Bolivar, 2; Miraflores, Cauca, 2; Rio Barra- tau, 1; "Bogota," 1). Molothrus bonariensis aequatorialis Chapman.1 EQUATORIAL SHINY COWBIRD. Molothrus bonariensis aequatorialis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 34, p. 661, Dec., 1915 — Barbacoas, Narino, southwestern Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 631, 1917 — Tumaco and Barbacoas, Narino, Colombia; idem, I.e., 55, p. 697, 1926 — Esmeraldas, Chone, Manta, Daule, and Puna Island, Ecuador; Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 502, 1927 (range);2 idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 63, 143, 1929 — Ecuador and southwestern Colombia (monog.).2 Molothrus purpurascens (not Xanthornus purpurascens Hahn) Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 86— Yaguachi, Ecuador. Range.— Tropical zone of southwestern Colombia, south of the Rio Patia, and western Ecuador south to Guayaquil and Puna Island. *Molothrus bonariensis occidentalis Berlepsch and Stolzmann.3 WESTERN SHINY COWBIRD. Molothrus occidentalis Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 378 — Lima, Peru (type in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 192, 1927). Molothrus purpurascens (not Xanthornus purpurascens Hahn) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 20— Callao and Lima, Peru (monog.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 148 — vicinity of Lima; Tacza- 1 Molothrus bonariensis aequatorialis Chapman: Nearest to M. b. occidentalis, but larger; coloration of males on average more violet, less steel blue; under parts of females much darker, between drab and hair-brown, and without the buffy whitish postocular streak, etc. This form is, in fact, much nearer to M. b. cabanisii, but differs by smaller size. Wing, 117-123, (female) 100-105; tail, 93-100, (female) 78-80; bill, 21-22. Material examined. — Ecuador, Prov. Esmeraldas: San Javier, 2; Carondelet, 1; Rio Cayapas, 2; Vaqueria, 1. * The young individual from Boca de Cupe, Tuyra River, Darien, cannot possibly belong to M. b. aequatorialis. If at all referable to this section of cow- birds, it is more likely to be M. b. cabanisii. 3 Molothrus bonariensis occidentalis Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Male hardly distinguishable from M. b. venezuelensis, but possibly more bluish; female different from any other form by reason of its pale dorsal surface, very pale drab, dusky- streaked under parts, and very conspicuous buffy whitish postocular stripe. Wing, 110-115, (female) 98-102; tail, 78-83, (female) 73-75; bill, 21-22, (female) 19. A single adult male from Callacate agrees in every respect with a series from Lima. The species doubtless reached the Maranon side of the Andes by way of Huancabamba Pass. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 67 nowski, I.e., 1874, p. 523 — Lima; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 200 — Callaeate, Peru; idem, Orn. Pe>., 2, p. 422, 1884— Peru (Lima, Tumbez, Callaeate, Cutervo); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 7— western Peru (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 337, 1886— Lima; Stone, Auk, 8, p. 347, 1891— western Peru (monog.). Mololhrus bonariensis occidentalis Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 — Sullana, Piura, Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 697, 1926— Rio Casanga [Loja], Ecuador; Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 502, 1927 (range); idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 63, 143, 1929 (monog.). Range. — Tropical (and Subtropical) zone of extreme south- western Ecuador (Casanga Valley, Prov. Loja) and western Peru, extending east to the Province of Jaen (Callaeate, Cutervo) and south to Lima. 7: Peru (Hacienda Llagueda, northeast of Otuzco, Libertad, 7). *Molothrus rufo-axillaris Cassin. SCREAMING COWBIRD. Icterus brevirostris (not Molothrus brevirostris Swainson, 1837) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 7, 1838— Maldonado (Uruguay) and Corrientes (descr. of adult; type, from Corrientes, in Paris Museum examined). Molothrus rufo-axillaris Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 23 — Buenos Aires, Argentina (type in U. S. National Museum); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1868, p. 140 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Hudson, I.e., 1874, p. 161 (parasitic habits); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 174 — Buenos Aires; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 601 — Fuerte de Andalgala and city of Catamarca, Catamarca; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 134, 1883— Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rlos; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 7 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 338, 1886— Buenos Aires (Conchitas, Quilmes) and "Rio Negro, Patagonia"; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 86, pi. 6, fig. 2 (=young), 1888 — Argentina (habits); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 127 — Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 198 — Estancia Espartillar, Buenos Aires; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 172 — Uruguay (Santa Elena, Soriano; Santa Ana, Flores); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 122, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul (spec, examined); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 104 — Los Yngleses, Aj6, Buenos Aires; idem, Ibis, 1912, p. 278 (eggs descr. and fig.); Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 390— Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires; Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 222, 1927— Santa Elena (Entre Rios), Aj6 and Rosas (Buenos Aires), and Concepcion (Tucuman) (habits); idem, Auk, 44, p. 498, 1927 (range); idem, The Cowbirds, p. 38, 1929 (monog.). Molobrus brevirostris Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. C6rdoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— C6rdoba. Molothrus brevirostris Berlepsch, Joura. Orn., 35, p. 10, 1887 — Lambare, Paraguay; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 8, 1895— Baranqueria la Nova, Paraguay, and Santa Rosa, Salta; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 11, 1897— Caiza, Bolivia, and Tala, Salta; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 181, 1902— Tucuman; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 218, 68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1904 — Santa Ana, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 46, 1905— Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 397, 1907 (range) ; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 184, 1909 — Tucuman (eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 402, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 644 — Sapucay, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 66, 1914 — Paraguay; Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 247, 1919 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 242 — Canelones and Maldonado, Uruguay; Daguerre, I.e., p. 271, 1922 — - Rosas, Buenos Aires; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 70, 1923 — La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., p. 172, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 662, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 386, 1926— Formosa (Riacho Pilaga), Buenos Aires (Lavalle), and Uruguay (San Vicente, near Lazcano, and Rio Negro); Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 362, 1926 — General Lopez, Santa Fe; Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 151, 1928 (eggs) ; Aravena, I.e., 4, p. 164, 1928 (food); Castellanos, I.e., 5, p. 331, 1924— Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba. Molothrus (Strepitovagus) rufo-axillaris Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 288, 1930 — Formosa (Lapango, Tapikiole, San Jose, Yunca Viejo) (crit.); idem, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 330, 1934— Estancia La Geraldina, Santa Fe — Santiago del Estero boundary. Range. — Extreme southern Brazil, in State of Rio Grande do Sul ; Uruguay; Paraguay; northern Argentina, south to Buenos Aires, Cordoba, La Rioja, and Catamarca,1 and extreme southeastern Bolivia (Caiza, Bolivian Chaco).2 15: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 7; Iguazu, Misiones, 1; Noetinger, near Marco Paz, Cordoba, 1) ; Uruguay (Treinta y Tres, 1; Montevideo, 3; Ciudad de Panzo, Canelones, 2). *Molothrus badius3 badius (Vieillot). BAY-WINGED COWBIRD. Agelaius badius Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 535, 1819 — based on "Tordo pardo-roxizo" Azara, No. 63; Paraguay and La Plata River. C[assicus] T. badius Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 276, 1826— based on Azara, No. 63. Icterus badius Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 7, 1838 — part, Maldonado, Uruguay. Agelaius fringillarius (not Icterus fringillarius Spix) Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Part 15, p. 107, 1841 — Maldonado and banks of the Rio Parana. 1 The locality "Rio Negro of Patagonia" appears to be open to doubt. 2 Additional material examined. — Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande, 2; Sao Lourenco, 1. — Paraguay: Bernalcue, near Asuncion, 5; San Rafael, 5; Mbuvero, 1. — Argentina: Corrientes, 1; Buenos Aires, 2; Tucuman, 2; Tafi Viejo, Tucuman, 1. 3 Molothrus badius is the most primitive type within the genus, as has been correctly emphasized by Friedmann, though I still think generic separation to be unnecessary, the short, rounded wings and the similarity of the sexes constituting, to my mind, no more than excellent specific characters. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 69 Molobrus badius Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 258, 1860 — Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 495, 1861 — Paran& and Tucuman; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corri- entes; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 85, 1884 — Tandil, Buenos Aires. Dolichonyx badius Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 15 (monog.). Molothrus badius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 140 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Hudson, I.e., 1874, p. 163 (nesting habits); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 174 — Buenos Aires; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 6, p. 245, pi. 7, fig. 4 (egg), 1881— Estancia de la Tala, Durazno, Uruguay (breeding habits, nest, and eggs); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 8 — part, Buenos Aires (monog.); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 278 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 338, 1886 — part, spec, a-d, Conchitas and Quilmes, Buenos Aires; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 11, 1887 — Lambare', Paraguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 95, pi. 6, fig. 1, 1888 — Argentina (habits); Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425— Estancia Esparti- llar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 127— opposite Goya in Prov. Santa F6; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 198— Estancia Espartillar (breeding habits); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 172 — Uruguay (breeding habits); Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 279, 1895 — Chilecito, La Rioja; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 122, 1899— Jaguarao, Rio Grande do Sul; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 224 — Paraguayan Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 181, 1902— Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 258, 1904— SaltajBaer, Ornis, 12, p. 218, 1904— Santa Ana, Tucuman; Lillo, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 46, 1905— Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 397, 1907 — Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, and Buenos Aires (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 185, 1909 — Cata- marca, Entre Rios (La Soledad), Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud), and Tucuman (Tapia, Los Vasquez) (nesting habits, eggs); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 403, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 104 — Buenos Aires (Los Yngleses, Ajo), Santa F6 (Riacho Ancho), Corrientes (Goya), and Paraguay (Villa Mortero); idem, Ibis, 1912, p. 278 (eggs descr. and fig.); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 66, 1914— Paraguay; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 399, 1916— La Plata; Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 390 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918 — Mendoza (Rodriguez Pefta and Las Catitas); Marelli, I.e., 1, p. 227, 1919— Curuzu-Cuatia, Corrientes (food); Dabbene, I.e., 1, p. 247, 1919 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 24, 1920 — Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Florida, Maldonado, Cerro Largo); Renard, I.e., 2, p. 60, 1920— Canuelos, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 54, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 70, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 172, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Renard, I.e., 3, p. 287, 1924— San Crist6bal, Santa F6; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 663, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 362, 1926— General L6pez, Santa F6; Smyth, I.e., 4, p. 151, 1928 (eggs); Aravena, I.e., 4, p. 164, 1928 (food); Budin, I.e., 4, p. 411, 1931— Maimara, Jujuy; Castellanos, I.e., 5, p. 330, 1934— Valle de los Reartes, C6rdoba. 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Demelioteucus badius Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cor- doba, 10, p. 399, 1890— C6rdoba. Molothrus badius badius Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 387, 1926— Chaco (Las Palmas), Pampa (Victorica), Mendoza (Potrerillos, Tunuyan), Tucuman (Tapia), Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco), and Uruguay (San Vicente, Rio Negro) (crit., habits); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 99, 1932— Curico, Chile. Agelaioides badius badius Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 497, 1927 (range) ; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 220, 1927 — Tucuman (Rio Gastone, Concepcion) and Entre Rios (Santa Elena, San Sofia) (habits); idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 4, 33, 1929 (monog., ecology); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 394, 1930 — Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco) and Matto Grosso (Fazenda do Sao Joao); Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 285, 1930 — Santa Fe (La Germania) and Formosa (Tacaagle, Lapango) (crit.); Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 199, 1933— Fortin Chaco, southern Buenos Aires; Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 330, 1934 — Estancia La Geraldina, Santa Fe; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 393, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Range. — Extreme southern and southwestern Brazil, in states of Rio Grande do Sul (Jaguarao, Jaculy, Novo Hamburgo) and Matto Grosso (Descalvados; Sao Joao, Rio Cuyaba); Paraguay; Uruguay; northern Argentina to southern Buenos Aires (Fortin Chaco), Pampa, and Mendoza. Introduced in Chile (Curico).1 29: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 16; Noetinger, near Marco Paz, Cordoba, 3); Uruguay (Maldonado, 2; Polanco, Minas, 2; Quebrados de los Cuervos, Treinta y Tres, 1; Canelones, 1; Soriano, 4). *Molothrus badius bolivianus Hellmayr.2 BOLIVIAN BAY- WINGED COWBIRD. Molothrus badius bolivianus Hellmayr, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 13, p. 108, Sept. 20, 1917 — Chuquisaca, Bolivia (type in Paris Museum). 1 Specimens from Tucuman agree in size with a series from Uruguay and Argentina, and a single male from Curico is similar. While no material is available from extreme northern Argentina, the wing measurement of 91 mm. given by Wetmore for an adult male from Jujuy seems to indicate that the typical race ranges up to the northern frontier. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Sao Joao, Matto Grosso, 1; Jaguarao, Rio Grande do Sul, 1. — Uruguay: Maldonado, 1. — Paraguay: Lambare, 3; San Rafael, 2. — Argentina: Buenos Aires, 5; La Germania, Santa Fe, 6; lower Pil- comayo, Chaco, 4. — Chile: Curico, 1. 2 Molothrus badius bolivianus Hellmayr: Similar to M. b. badius, but consider- ably larger with stronger bill, and slightly browner above. Wing, 99-104 (against 88-96), (female) 95-98 (against 84-91); tail, 79-82, (female) 77-80; bill, 19-20. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Cochabamba, 1; Valle Grande, 1; Chuquisaca, 3; unspecified, 3. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 71 Icterus badius (not Agelaius badius Vieillot) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 7, 1838— part, Cochabamba and Sicasica, Bolivia (spec, examined). Molothrus badius Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 608 — "Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas," Cochabamba, and Sicasica; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 8— part, Bolivia; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 338, 1886— part, spec, e, f, "Tilotilo," Bolivia; (?)L6nnberg, Ibis, 1903, pp. 457, 471— San Luis (near Tarija) and Fortin Crevaux, Tarija, Bolivia. Agelaioidts badius bolivianus Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 497, 1927— Bolivia (range); idem, The Cowbirds, pp. 5, 34, 1929 — Bolivia (monog.). Range. — Highlands of central Bolivia, in depts. of La Paz (Sicasica), Cochabamba (Cochabamba, Parotani, Arque, Mizque), Santa Cruz (Valle Grande), and Chuquisaca (Sucre).1 3: Bolivia (Parotani, Cochabamba, 2; Arque, Cochabamba, 1). *Molothrus badius fringillarius (Spix).2 PALE COWBIRD. Icterus fringillarius Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 68, pi. 65, 1824 — "in campis Minas Geraes," errore3 (types in Munich Museum examined; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 616, 1906) (crit.). DolicJionyx fuscipennis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 16 — Ceara (type in U. S. National Museum); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 199 (note), 1870— Bahia. Dolichonyx badius (not Agelaius badius Vieillot) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 397 (occurrence in Minas Geraes denied). Molothrus fringillarius Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 8 — "Minas Geraes," Ceara, and Pernambuco (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 339, 1886 — Pernambuco; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 397, 1907 (range); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 80, 1910 — Joazeiro and Carnahyba, Bahia (spec, examined); idem, I.e., p. 175, 1925— same localities. 1 1 cannot help thinking that there is some mistake about the locality "Tilo- tilo, Prov. Yungas," this settlement being in the midst of the subtropical forests which offer no suitable habitat for this cowbird. The specimens are more likely to have been obtained at Cinti [ = Camargo], where Buckley also did some collecting on his Bolivian trip. The Tarija birds recorded by Lonnberg need reexamination in order to determine their subspecific pertinence. 2 Molothrus badius fringillarius (Spix) : Very similar to, and about the same size, as M. b. badius, but general coloration, especially the under parts, decidedly paler and more sandy with the rufous of the wings lighter in tone, and with loral, subocular, and auricular regions blackish brown. Wing, 87-90, (female) 84-87; tail, 64-70; bill, 17-18. This well-marked race replaces the Bay-winged Cowbird in northeastern Brazil. Its occurrence in Minas Geraes requires corroboration. Additional material examined. — Ceara, 2. — Bahia: Joazeiro, 1; Carnahyba, 1; unspecified, 1.— "Minas Gereas," 3. 3 Oeiras, Piauhy, suggested as type locality by Hellmayr (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 273, 1929). 72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Molothrus badius fringillarius Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 273, 1929— Piauhy (Ibiapaba) and Ceara (Quixada) (crit.). Agelaioides fringillarius Friedmann, Auk, 44, p. 498, 1927 — eastern Brazil; idem, The Cowbirds, p. 35, 1929 (monog.). Range. — Campo region of northeastern Brazil, in states of Piauhy, Ceara, Pernambuco, and Bahia. 3: Brazil (Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 2; Quixada, Ceara, 1). Genus MACROAGELAIUS Cassin Macroagelaius Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 13 — type, by monotypy, Quiscalus sub-alaris Boissonneau. Macragelaeus Sclater, Ibis, (5), 2, p. 162, 1884 — emendation. Pseudagelaeus Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 155, 1901 — type, by orig. desig., Agelaeus imthurni Sclater. Sciopsar Reichenow, Journ. Orn., 62, p. 289, 1914 — type, by orig. desig., Agelaeus imthurni Sclater. Macraglaeus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 635, 1917 — emendation of Macroagelaius Cassin. Pseudoagelaeus Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 567, 1921 — emendation of Pseudagelaeus Ridgway. *Macroagelaius subalaris subalaris (Boissonneau). COLOMBIAN MOUNTAIN CRACKLE. Quiscalus sub-alaris Boissonneau, Rev. Zool., 3, p. 70, 1840 — Santa-Fe-de- Bogota, Colombia (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 421, 1930); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 425, 1850— "Bogota"; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 153, 1855— "Bogota"; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 141, 1862 — "Caraccas," errore; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, pp. 127, 330 — below the Paramo of Pamplona, Santander, Colombia. Agelaius subalaris Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 13 — "Bogota" (crit.). Macragelaeus subalaris Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 403 — Paramo of Pamplona, Colombia (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 403, 1886- - Colombia. Macraglaeus subalaris Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 635, 1917 — Subia, eastern Andes, Colombia. Range. — Temperate zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia, in states of Santander and Cundinamarca.1 2: Colombia (Cachiri, Santander, 2). 1 Nine additional specimens from "Bogota" examined. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 73 *Macroagelaius sub-alar is imthurni (Sclater).1 IMTHURN'S GRACKLE. Agelaeus imthurni Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 213 — Kaieteur Falls, Potaro River, British Guiana (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Imthurn, Indians of Guiana, p. 71, pi. 5, 1883 — Kaieteur Falls; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1883, p. 203 — Roraima; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 13— British Guiana (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218— Merume Mountains and Roraima, British Guiana. Agelaeus imthurni Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 344, 1886 — British Guiana (Kaieteur, Roraima, Merume Mountains). Pseudoagelaeus imthurni Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 567, pi. 10, 1921 — same localities. Macroagelaius imthurni Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 135, 1931 — Roraima (Arabupu, Philipp Camp) and Mount Duida (Laterite Valley, Savanna Hills, Valley Head), Venezuela. Range. — Subtropical (and occasionally Tropical) zone of British Guiana (Kaieteur Falls, Potaro River; Merum6 Mountains; Roraima; Mount Twek-quay, Caramang River) and southern Venezuela (Mount Duida). 1: British Guiana (Roraima, 1). Genus HYPOPYRRHUS Bonaparte Hypopyrrhus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 425, 1850 — type, by monotypy, Cassicus pyrohypogaster Tarragon. *IIypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster (Tarragon). RED-BELLIED GRACKLE. Cassicus pyrohypogaster Tarragon, Rev. Zool., 10, p. 252, 1847 — "Nouvelle Grenade" (type in coll. of de Tarragon, present whereabouts unknown). Hypopyrrhus pyrrhogaster Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 425, 1850 — "Bogota"; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 23, p. 154, 1855— "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1879, p. 510, pi. 43, fig. 4 (egg)— Envigado and Santa Elena, Colombia (eggs descr.); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 163 — Antio- quia, Colombia (monog.). 1 Macroagelaius subalaris imthurni (Sclater) : Similar in form to M. s. subalaris, but slightly smaller with somewhat larger bill, and under wing coverts much paler, Sanford's brown or tawny passing terminally into light cadmium instead of being uniform chestnut-bay. Wing, 126-130, (female) 121-125; tail, 117-123, (female) 115-120; bill, 27-31, (female) 26-28. Many years ago, the late Count Berlepsch pointed out to me the close affinity of this bird to M. subalaris, a conclusion since arrived at independently by Messrs. Zimmer and Chapman. The similarity, in structure as well as in color pattern, is so striking indeed that I have no hesitation in associating the two birds in a single specific unit. While chiefly occurring in the subtropics of the mountains, Imthurn's Grackle has also been found in flocks, probably on migration, in the vicinity of Kaieteur Falls, Potaro River, in the Tropical zone. Material examined. — British Guiana: Merume" Mountains, 3; Roraima, 5; Mount Twek-quay, Caramang River, 2. 74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hypopyrrhus pyrypogaster Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 403, 1886 — Envigado, Colombia. Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307 — Nevada de Tolima, Colombia; Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1123 — Pueblo Rico and Siato, western Andes, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 635, 1917— Peque, La Frijolera, Finlandia, Salento, Rio Toche, and below Andalucia, Colombia. Hypopyrrhus pyrhypogaster Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914 — La Camelia, near Angelopolis, Colombia. Quiscalus pyrrhogaster Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 141, 1862 — New Grenada. Quiscalus pyrohypogaster Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 412 — New Grenada (crit.). Range. — Subtropical zone of Colombia (except Santa Marta region).1 2: Colombia (Amalfi, Antioquia, 1; Salento, west Quindio Andes, Cauca, 1). Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot Quiscalus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 36, 1816 — type, by subs. desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 41, 1840), Gracula "quiscala" [=quiscula] Linnaeus. Quiscala Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 18, 1823 — type, by monotypy, Gracula quiscula Linnaeus. Chakophanes Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 20, Gen. Gracula, spec. 3, 4, 1827 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 153), Quiscalus versicolor Vieillot =Gracula quiscula Linnaeus. Scaphidurus Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 437, June, 1837 — new name for Quiscalus Vieillot. Scaphura Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1, p. 261, 1841 — new name for Quiscala Lichtenstein. *Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (Linnaeus). PURPLE GRACKLE. Gracula quiscula Linnaeus,2 Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 109, 1758 — based on "The Purple Jack-Daw" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 12, pi. 12; South Carolina. 1 Additional material examined. — Colombia: Pueblo Rico, western Andes, 2; Siat6, western Andes, 5; Envigado, central Andes, 2; "Bogota," 5. * The late A. T. Wayne (Auk, 35, p. 440, 1918) proposed to transfer the specific term quiscula to the Florida Grackle. This procedure was adopted by Oberholser, who, accordingly, provided the new name Q. q. ridgwayi for the Purple Grackle. The Committee appointed for the compilation of the Fourth Edition of the A. O. U. Check List (p. xi), however, has chosen a more conservative stand in the cases of names based on Catesby, and we are inclined to concur with their reasoning. Since the above was written, Dr. Chapman's highly interesting paper on the relationship of the Grackles appeared in "The Auk," 52, pp. 21-29, 1935. While 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 75 Slurnus quiscala Daudin, Traite Elem. Orn., 2, p. 316, 1800 — new name for Gracula quiscula Linnaeus. Quiscalus versicolor Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 28, p. 488, 1819 —new name for Gracula quiscula Latham (Ind. Orn., 1, p. 191, 1790) = Gracula quiscula Linnaeus; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 154 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 394, 1886 (part). Quiscala nitens Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 18, 1823 — new name for Gracula quiscula Linnaeus. Quiscalus purpureus Stephens, in Shaw, Gen. Zool., 14, (1), p. 48, 1826 — new name for Gracula quiscula Shaw (Gen. Zool., 7, (2), p. 458, 1809) and Gracula quiscala Wilson (Amer. Orn., 3, p. 44, pi. 21, fig. 4, 1811) = Gracula quiscula Linnaeus. Quiscalus purpuratus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 298, Dec. 31, 1837 — North America (type now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.; cf. Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 154). Quiscalus quiscula ridgwayi Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 552, 1919 — Washington, D.C. (location of type not stated). Quiscalus quiscula Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 3, 1892 (crit.). Quiscalus quiscula quiscula Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 215, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — Breeds in the upper Austral zone of North America from the north shore of Long Island Sound and the lower Hudson Valley west to the Alleghenies and south to northern Georgia, northern Alabama, and eastern Tennessee; winters mainly south of the Delaware Valley. 49: Massachusetts (Chatham, 1; unspecified, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 23); Rhode Island (Portsmouth, 1); New York (Shelter Island, 14; Albion, 1; Brockport, 1; Suffolk County, 1; Holley, 1; Boonville, 1); Pennsylvania (Gwynedd, 2; Edge Hill, 1); District of Columbia (Washington, 1). attributing the variation observable in certain parts of the range to hybridization between the Bronzed Grackle and the Purple Grackle, the author considers the populations resulting from this mingling over long periods as sufficiently estab- lished to be designated by separate names. On the basis of much new material acquired since the publication of his study in 1892 and discussed at length on pp. 26-29, Chapman proposes to recognize four races with breeding ranges as follows: (a) Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (sensu Wayne and Oberholser): Florida to South Carolina and along the southern part of the Gulf states to south- eastern Texas. (b) Quiscalus quiscula ridgwayi Oberholser: southern New England states to Louisiana. (c) Quiscalus quiscula stonei Chapman (type from Lakehurst, New Jersey, in the American Museum of Natural History, New York) : from southern Louisiana to southern New York. This is the form with the head vary- ing from greenish to purplish blue (rarely violet), the back and sides bronze purple with more or less concealed iridescent bars, and the rump purplish bronze, sometimes with bluish spots. (d) Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Ridgway. 76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Quiscalus quiscula aglaeus Baird. FLORIDA CRACKLE. Quiscalus aglaeus Baird,1 Amer. Journ. Sci., (2), 41, p. 84, 1866 — based on Quiscalus baritus (notGracula barita Linnaeus) Baird, Rep. Expl. Surv. Pacif. R. R., 9, p. 556, 1858; Key Biscayne, Cape Florida, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 135— southern Florida (crit.). Quiscalus versicolor aglaeus Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 154 — Florida (crit.). Quiscalus quiscula aglaeus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 5, 1892 (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 217, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.). Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (not Gracula quiscula Linnaeus) Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 549, 1919 (crit.). Range. — South Atlantic coast of the United States from South Carolina to Florida, and west in the southern part of the Gulf states to southeastern Texas. 46: Florida (Wilson, Brevard County, 8; Indian River, Brevard County, 1; Mary Esther, Okaloosa County, 1; Saint Lucie, Saint Lucie County, 1; Seven Oaks, Hillsborough County, 1; Pine Island, 7; Key West, Monroe County, 12; New River, Bradford County, 6; West Jupiter, Bade County, 6; Grove City, 2; unspecified, 1). *Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Ridgway. BRONZED CRACKLE. Quiscalus aeneus Ridgway, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 21, No. 2, p. 134, July, 1869 — "Mississippi region of U. S., east to Allegheny Mountains, west to Fort Bridger, etc." (type, from Mount Carmel, Illinois, in U. S. National Museum); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 3, 1892 (crit.). Quiscalus versicolor aeneus Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 154 (crit.). Quiscalus versicolor subsp. aenea Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 395, 1886 (crit.). Quiscalus quiscula aeneus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 219, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Oberholser, Auk, 36, p. 554, 1919 (crit., range). Range. — Breeds in North America from Great Slave Lake, northern Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland south to Montana and Colorado (east of the Rocky Mountains) and south- east to northwestern Georgia, Pennsylvania (west of the Alleghenies), New York, Massachusetts, and northern Connecticut; winters mainly from the Ohio Valley south to southern Texas; casual in migration and winter east of the Alleghenies. 10riolus ludovicianus Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 387, 1788) and Oriolus leucocephalus Latham (Ind. Orn., 1, p. 175, 1790) are both based on "Cassique de la Louisiane" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 646, which represents a partial albino Grackle. There is, of course, no means of telling whether it refers to the Purple Grackle or to the Florida Grackle. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 77 46: Maine (unspecified, 1); New Hampshire (Tilton, 1); Rhode Island (Portsmouth, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 3); Illinois (Chicago, 5; Grand Chain, 2; Wilmette, 1; Olive Branch, 1; Dun- ning, 1; Deerfield, 1; Hyde Park, 1; Diamond Lake, 1); Indiana (English Lake, 1); Wisconsin (Woodruff, 1; Neenah, 3; Beaver Dam, 17); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 3); Texas (Fort Worth, 2). Genus HOLOQUISCALUS Cassin Holoquiscalus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 404 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 153), Quiscalus crassirostris Swainson. "Holoquiscalus niger crassirostris (Swainson).1 JAMAICAN GRACKLE. Quiscalus crassiroslris Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 355, Dec. 31, 1837— Jamaica (type in coll. of W. Hooker, present location unknown); Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 217, 1847 — Jamaica (habits); idem, Illust. Bds. Jam., pi. 43, 1849; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 359, 1862— Jamaica; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 298— Jamaica (habits, nest, eggs); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 159 — Jamaica (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 398, 1886 — Metcalfe Parish and Spanishtown, Jamaica; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 225, 1886— Jamaica (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 110, 1889— Jamaica; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 130, 1892— Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 10, p. 179, 1893 — Port Antonio and Priestman's River; Field, Auk, 11, p. 126, 1894— Rio Cobre (Passage Fort), Congreve Park, and Half- way Tree Pen; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 577— near Kingston. Quiscalus vulgaris Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., Tabl. Meth., p. 10, 1838 — based on "Pie de la Jamaique" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. (6d. Impr. Roy.), 3, p. 138. Holoquiscalus jamaicensis (not Sturnus jamaicensis Daudin) Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 151, 1901; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 227, 1902— Jamaica (monog.). Holoquiscalus jamaicensis jamaicensis Peters, Auk, 38, p. 437, 1921 — Jamaica (monog.); Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 490, 1928 — Hope Gardens and Lumsden. Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 13: Jamaica (Priestman's River, 7; Port Antonio, 5; Kingston, 1). 1 Ridgway and Peters have adopted for this form the subspecific name jamai- censis of Daudin (Traite Elem. Compl. Orn., 2, p. 317, 1800), a procedure that appears to me hardly justifiable. Daudin based his name by no means exclusively on Brown's "Merops niger, iride sub-argentea" from Jamaica, but this is merely one of the references which he believed to pertain to one and the same bird, for which "plusieurs lies des Antilles, la Jamaique et le Labrador" are given as habitat. The only specimens actually seen by Daudin, upon which the description of his Sturnus jamaicensis was probably based, are those sent to the Paris Museum by Mauge from Porto Rico and "St. Thomas" [= H. n. brachypterus]. I do not advo- cate, however, transferring Daudin's name to the Porto Rico form, and would rather consider it an unidentifiable mixtum compositum. 78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Holoquiscalus niger gundlachii (Cassin). GUNDLACH'S GRACKLE. Quiscalus gundlachii1 Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 406 — Cuba (type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 35); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 159— Cuba (in part); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 398, 1886— Cuba (in part); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 226, 1886— Cuba (in part); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 113, 1889— Cuba (in part); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 129, 147, 1892— part, Cuba (in part); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 306, 1892— Trinidad, Cuba. Chalcophanes gundlachii Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 135, 1874 — part, eastern Cuba. Holoquiscalus gundlachii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 226, 1902— part, Cuba (in part). Holoquiscalus jamaicensis gundlachii Peters, Auk, 38, p. 439, 1921 — eastern Cuba (monog.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 122, 1923— east- ern Cuba; Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 38, 1932— Gibara and Rio Moa, Cuba. Range. — Central and eastern parts of the island of Cuba, Greater Antilles. 4: Cuba (Preston, 2; unspecified, 2). *Holoquiscalus niger caribaeus Todd.2 WEST CUBAN GRACKLE. Holoquiscalus caymanensis dispar (not Holoquiscalus dispar Clark) Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 276, 1916 — Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines (type in Carnegie Museum). Holoquiscalus caymanensis caribaeus Todd, I.e., erratum slip opp. p. 276, 1916 — new name for H. c. dispar Todd, preoccupied. Chalcophanes baritus (not Gracula barita Linnaeus) Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 15, 1856 — western Cuba (habits). Chalcophanes gundlachii (not Quiscalus gundlachii Cassin) Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 135, 1874— western Cuba. Quiscalus gundlachii Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 159 — Cuba (in part); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 398, 1886— Cuba (in part); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 226, 1886— Cuba (in part); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 113, 1889— Cuba (in part); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 129, 147, 1892— part, Cuba (in part). Holoquiscalus gundlachii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 226, 1902 — part, western Cuba and Isle of Pines; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 211, 1905— Santa Fe, Isle of Pines (crit.). Holoquiscalus jamaicensis caribaeus Peters, Auk, 38, p. 440, 1921 — western Cuba and Isle of Pines (monog.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 122, 1923— western Cuba. 1 Frequently spelled gundlachi. 2 Holoquiscalus niger caribaeus Todd: Similar to H. n. gundlachii, but smaller; adult male glossed wholly or predominatingly with steel blue; female also more bluish. Wing, 137-146 (against 144-155), (female) 122-128 (against 125-132); tail, 121-136, (female) 110-116; bill, 32-37, (female) 29-32. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 79 Range. — Western Cuba (Bolandron, Cojimar, Pinar.del Rio, Marianao, El Guama) and Isle of Pines, Greater Antilles. 11: Cuba (San Diego de los Banos, Pinar del Rio, 2; Artemisa, Pinar del Rio, 2; Minas, Habana, 1; Cojimar, 1); Isle of Pines, 5. *Holoquiscalus niger bangs! Peters.1 BANGS'S GRACKLE. Holoquiscalus jamaicensis bangsi Peters, Auk, 38, p. 442, 1921 — Cayman Brae, south of Cuba (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Quiscalus gundlachi (not of Cassin) Cory, Auk, 6, p. 31, 1889 — Cayman Brae; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 147, 1892— part, Little Cayman and Cayman Brae; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 587— Little Cayman. Holoquiscalus gundlachii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 226, 1902 — part, Little Cayman and Cayman Brae; Lowe, Ibis, 1911, p. 161 — Little Cayman and Cayman Brae. Holoquiscalus caymanensis caribaeus (not of Todd) Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 317, 1916 — Little Cayman and Cayman Brae. Range. — Islands of Little Cayman and Cayman Brae, south of Cuba, Caribbean Sea. 10: Cayman Brae, 2; Little Cayman, 8. *Holoquiscalus niger caymanensis (Cory).2 GRAND CAYMAN GRACKLE. Quiscalus caymanensis Cory, Auk, 3, pp. 499, 502, 1886 — Grand Cayman (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 574, 1887— Grand Cayman; Cory, Auk, 5, p. 158, 1888 —Grand Cayman; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 291, 1889— Grand Cayman; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 129, 147, 1892— Grand Cayman; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 581— Grand Cayman. Holoquiscalus caymanensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 229, 1902— Grand Cayman (monog.); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 347— Grand Cay- man (crit.); idem, Ibis, 1911, p. 161— Grand Cayman; English, Ibis, 1916, p. 26 — Grand Cayman (habits). Holoquiscalus caymanensis caymanensis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 280, 1916 (crit.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 317, 1916— Grand Cayman. 1 Holoquiscalus niger bangsi Peters: Similar to H. n. crassirostris, but smaller; bill longer and fully as stout; violaceous gloss less brilliant, the steel blue tinge on the abdomen extending up to the lower breast, throat faintly washed with blue; upper parts with an almost imperceptible bluish tinge. Wing, 141-147, (female) 118-128; tail, 126-134, (female) 107-120; bill, 35-39, (female) 30-32. Our specimens not being in very good condition, we have taken the racial characters from Mr. Peters's excellent review. 2 Holoquiscalus niger caymanensis (Cory): Not unlike H. n. caribaeus, but much smaller, the bluish gloss of the males having a purplish tinge. Wing, 128-135, (female) 115-118; tail, 114-118, (female) 100-105; bill, 31-34, (female) 28-30. 80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Holoquiscalus jamaicensis caymanensis Peters, Auk, 38, p. 443, 1921 — Grand Cayman (monog.); Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 22, 1931 — Grand Cayman. Range. — Island of Grand Cayman, south of Cuba, Caribbean Sea. 99: Grand Cayman, 99. *Holoquiscalus niger1 niger (Boddaert). HISPANIOLAN GRACKLE. Oriolus niger Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 31, 1783 — based on "Troupiale noir, de St. Domingue" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 534; Santo Domingo.2 Quiscalus barita (not Gracula barita Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 232, 1857— Santo Domingo. Quiscalus ater ("Baird") Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 11, p. 94, 1866— Jeremie, Haiti; Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 153, 1881— Haiti; Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168— Santo Domingo. Quiscalus niger Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 407 — Jeremie, "Santo Domingo" (monog.); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 159 (ex Cassin); Cory, Bds. Haiti & San Dom., p. 73, pi. [22], fig. 1, 1885— Haiti (Le Coup) and Santo Domingo (Samana, Puerto Plata); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 398, 1886— Santo Domingo; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 226, 1886— Hispaniola; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 131, 1892— Santo Domingo; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 17, 1896 — Catare, Aguacate, and Santo Domingo City, Santo Domingo; Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 326 — Sanchez, Santo Domingo (habits); Verrill and Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 362, 1909 — Santo Domingo; Kaempfer, Journ. Orn., 72, p. 180, 1924 — Santo Domingo (song). Holoquiscalus niger Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 228, 1902 —Haiti (monog.); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 424, 1917- Sosua, Dominican Republic. Holoquiscalus niger niger Peters, Auk, 38, p. 444, 1921 — Hispaniola (monog.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 515, 1928— Haiti and Gonave Island; Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 373, 1929 — Hispaniola (many localities); Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 325, 1929— Bonao and San Juan; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 410, 1931— Hispaniola (monog., habits); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 38, 1932— Montet, Baraderes, Petit Trou de Nippes, and lie a Vache, Haiti; Wetmore and Lincoln, I.e., 82, art. 25, p. 61, 1933 — Hispaniola. Quiscalus sp. Verrill and Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 362, 1909— Santo Domingo. Range. — Island of Haiti (including Gonave and He a Vache), Greater Antilles. 29: Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo City, 8; Catare, 1; Aguacate, 4; Samana, 1; La Vega, 1; Puerto Plata, 5; Magua, 1); Haiti (Lake Gantier, 5; Kenskoff, 1; Bird Point, Tortuga, 2). 1 Holoquiscalus niger and H. crassirostris, heretofore specifically separated, according to my point of view, may well be united in one taxonomic entity. 2 Port au Prince designated as type locality by Peters (Auk, 38, p. 445, 1921). 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 81 *Holoquiscalus niger brachypterus (Cassin). PORTO RICAN GRACKLE. Quiscalus brachypterus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 406 — Porto Rico (type in U. S. National Museum); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 160 —Porto Rico (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 399, 1886— Porto Rico; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 224, 1886— Porto Rico (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. Ill, 1889— Porto Rico; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 132, 147, 1892— Porto Rico; Bowdish, Auk, 20, p. 12, 1903— Aguadilla, Porto Rico (habits, nest, eggs). Quiscalus barita (not Gracula barita Linnaeus) Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 168 — part, Porto Rico (eggs descr.). Quiscalus crassirostris (not of Swainson) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 10, p. 254, 1866— Porto Rico; Sundevall, Ofvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 26, p. 598, 1869— Porto Rico (ex Bryant). Chalcophanes lugubris (not Quiscalus lugubris Swainson) Sundevall, Ofvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forh., 26, p. 598, 1869— Porto Rico. Chakophanes brachypterus Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 177, 1878 — Porto Rico (eggs descr.); idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 213, 1878— Porto Rico (habits). Holoquiscalus brachypterus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 228, 1902— Porto Rico (monog.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 326, p. 117, pis. 8, 9, 1916— Porto Rico (habits, food); idem, Auk, 33, p. 419, 1916— Vieques; idem, Auk, 34, p. 62, 1917— Culebra (questionable occurrence); Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 477, 1923 — Porto Rico. Holoquiscalus niger brachypterus Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 280, 1916 —Porto Rico (diag.); Peters, Auk, 38, p. 445, 1921— Porto Rico, Vieques, and "Culebra" (monog.); Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10, p. 102, 1926 — Porto Rico (habits); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 539, 1927 — Porto Rico and Vieques (monog., habits). Range. — Islands of Porto Rico and Vieques, Greater Antilles. 16: Porto Rico (Mayagiiez, 6; unspecified, 10). *Holoquiscalus lugubris lugubris (Swainson). SWAINSON'S GRACKLE. Quiscalus lugubris Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 299, Dec. 31, 1837 — "Brazil," errore, =British Guiana1 (location of type unknown);2 Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 424, 1850 (ex Swainson); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 283, 1856 (ex Swainson);3 Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., 1 Substituted as type locality by Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 32, 1902. 2 Swainson's short diagnosis, "plumage black, obscurely glossed with purple, . . . a very obscure greenish tinge on the wings and tail," is none too good, but measure- ments and outline of bill correspond very well to the continental form of Grackle, if we assume with Cabanis (Mus. Hein., 1, p. 197, 1851) that the quotation of "fig. 50. c" is a misprint for "fig. 54c." Reexamination of the type, which might be in the University Museum at Cambridge, Engl., is nevertheless desirable. 3 The assigned range, "northern Brazil, near Pernambuco, Para, and on the Amazon River," is purely imaginary. 82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII p. 141, 1862— Cayenne and Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 84— Trinidad; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 408— Trinidad (monog.); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 162 — Venezuela and Cayenne (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 219— British Guiana (ex Cabanis); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 402, 1886 — Cayenne, Georgetown, Demerara, Trinidad, and Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 37, 1894 — mouth of the Cipero River, Trinidad; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— Cumana, Venezuela; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 5, 1899 — Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 33, 1902 — Ciudad Bolivar and Caicara, Orinoco River, Venezuela; Hellmayr, I.e., 13, p. 21, 1906— Caroni River, Trinidad; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, p. 124, 1908— Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 380, 1910— Dutch Guiana (habits, nest, and eggs). Chalcophanes minor Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 683, 1849— British Guiana (descr. of female; type in Berlin Museum); idem, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 197, 1851 — Guiana and Surinam (crit.). Chalcophanes jamaicensis (not Sturnus jamaicensis Daudin) Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 683, 1849 — coast of British Guiana (=male). Quiscalus barita (not Gracula barita Linnaeus?)1 Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 268, 1866— Trinidad. Quiscalus rectirostris Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 409 — habitat unknown (type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia); Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 176, 1925 (crit.). Holoquiscalus rectirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 233, 1902 (ex Cassin); Peters, Auk, 38, p. 453, 1921 (ex Cassin). Chalcophanes lugubris Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 577 — Trinidad. Quiscalus sp. Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 84 — on the Orinoco and coast of Venezuela. Holoquiscalus lugubris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 225, 1902 — coast of Venezuela, Guiana, Trinidad, and "Tobago" (diag.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 212, 1913 — Boca Uracoa, Ma- nimo River, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 211, 1916 — Ciudad Bolivar and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela (habits, nest, and eggs); Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, p. 585, 1917 — Bartica, British Guiana; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 584, 1921— Abary River, Lamaca, Georgetown, and Bartica. Quisqualis [sic] lugubris Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 139, 1922 — Trinidad (Port-of-Spain, Williams ville, Princestown; habits, food). Holoquiscalus lugubris lugubris Peters, Auk, 38, p. 446, 1921 (monog.) ; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934— Trinidad. Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Venezu- ela, south to the Orinoco Valley, and the island of Trinidad.2 1 Gracula barita Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 109, 1758— "America"), based on an unpublished drawing of Rolander, seems unidentifiable from the description. Cf. Peters, Auk, 38, p. 447, 1921. 2 Specimens from Trinidad agree with Venezuelan and Guianan birds. There is no authentic record from Tobago, although this island is included by Ridgway 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 83 22: Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 11; Lake Valencia, Carabobo, 1; Cocollar, Sucre, 8); British Guiana (Georgetown, 2). *Holoquiscalus lugubris insularis (Richmond).1 MARGARITAN GRACKLE. Quiscalus insularis Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 675, Aug. 12, 1896 — Margarita Island, off Venezuela (type in U. S. National Museum); Clark, Auk, 19, p. 265, 1902— Porlamar and El Valle, Margarita; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 570— Margarita Island. Holoquiscalus insularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 225, 1902— Margarita (diag.); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 248, 254, 1909— part, Margarita. Holoquiscalus lugubris insularis Peters, Auk, 38, p. 448, 1921 — part, Mar- garita (monog.). Range. — Island of Margarita, off Venezuela. 11 : Margarita Island (Porlamar, 8; La Asuncion, 2; unspecified, 1). *Holoquiscalus lugubris orquillensis Cory.2 ORQUILLA GRACKLE. Holoquiscalus orquillensis Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 227, 254, 1909 — Orquilla, Los Hermanos Islands, Caribbean Sea (type in Field Museum). in the range of H. I. lugubris. Neither John Kirk nor any of the subsequent collectors (Ober, W. W. Brown, R. de Dalmas, E. Andre", S. M. Klages) ever met with the species there, and not a single Tobago specimen exists in any museum, so far as I am aware. Additional material examined. — Trinidad: Caroni River, 1; Chaguanas, 6. — Venezuela: Cumana, 4; Ciudad Bolivar, 4; Caicara, 4. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 1. 1 Holoquiscalus lugubris insularis (Richmond): Similar to H. I. lugubris, but wings and tail longer, and bill slenderer, as well as somewhat longer; female above and below fully as dark as the nominate race, throat frequently, though not always, paler than the rest of the under parts. Wing, 122-126, (female) 105-110; tail, 115-120, (female) 90-100; bill, 28-30, (female) 24-27. The pale-throated females tend slightly towards H. L orquillensis, though the remainder of the under parts is considerably darker. 2 Holoquiscalus lugubris orquillensis Cory: Similar to H. L insularis, but wings and tail slightly snorter; females underneath not so dark and less uniform, the throat and foreneck being grayish brown, decidedly paler than the hair brown or mouse gray breast, and the flanks being fuscous rather than fuscous black. Wing, 117-122, (female) 101-106; tail, 108-112, (female) 85-96; bill, 28-32, (female) 26-30. I do not see how the Testigos birds, which have been referred to the Grenada form (luminosus) by Lowe and to H. I. insularis by Cory, can be separated from those of Orquilla. The three original specimens of H. orquillensis, breeding birds in very worn plumage, agree in dimensions, shape and proportion of bill, as well as in the coloration of the female, with the Testigos series. The reduction of the greenish gloss on tail and wings is easily accounted for by their extremely worn condition. Besides, an abraded female from Testigos Grande does not differ in the least from the Orquilla bird on this score. H. I. orquillensis, by the coloration of the under parts in the female sex, occupies exactly an intermediate position between the two neighboring races, being lighter than insularis, but darker than luminosus. 84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Holoquiscalus luminosus (not Quiscalus luminosus Lawrence) Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 321 — Testigos Grande. Holoquiscalus insularis (not Quiscalus insularis Richmond) Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 231, 254, 1909— part, Testigos Grande (crit.); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 329 — Orquilla, Los Hermanos (crit.). Holoquiscalus lugubris insularis Peters, Auk, 38, p. 448, 1921 — part, Testigos (crit.). Holoquiscalus lugubris orquillensis Peters, Auk, 38, p. 448, 1921 — Orquilla (ex Cory). Range. — Islands of Orquilla (Los Hermanos) and Testigos Grande (Testigos), Caribbean Sea. 16: Orquilla, 3; Testigos Grande, 13. *Holoquiscalus lugubris luminosus (Lawrence). GRENADA GRACKLE. Quiscalus luminosus Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1, p. 162, 1878 — Grenada (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 270, 278, 1878 — Grenada and Grenadines (Balliceaux and Bequia); idem, I.e., 1, p. 487, 1879— part, Grenada; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 161— Grenada and Grenadines (ex Lawrence); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 402, 1886 — same localities (monog.); Wells, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 615, 1886— Grenada (habits, nest, and eggs); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 225, 1886— Grenada (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 112, 1889— Grenada; Wells, Auk, 19, p. 546, 1902— Carriacou. Quiscalus inflexirostris (not of Swainson) Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 146, 1892 — part, Grenada and Grenadines (crit.). Holoquiscalus luminosus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 232, 1902 — Grenada and Grenadines (monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 284, 305, 306, 1905— Grenada and Grenadines. Holoquiscalus lugubris luminosus Peters, Auk, 38, p. 449, 1921 — Grenada and Grenadines (monog.) ; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 542, 1928— Kingstown, St. Vincent. Range. — Islands of Grenada and the Grenadines (Carriacou, Union, Bequia, Petit Martinique, Mustique, Tobago Keys), Lesser Antilles; accidental (or introduced?) on St. Vincent (one record). 8: Lesser Antilles (Grenada, 6; Union Island, 2). Holoquiscalus lugubris contrusus Peters.1 ST. VINCENT GRACKLE. Holoquiscalus lugubris contrusus Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 175, Dec., 1925 — base of Bonhomme Mountains, St. Vincent (type in Museum 1 Holoquiscalus lugubris contrusus Peters: Similar to H. I. inflexirostris, but smaller; female much darker, upper parts with a distinct sooty wash becoming black on rump and tail coverts, and somewhat glossed on the interscapular region; under parts shading from deep mouse gray on the abdomen to light mouse 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 85 of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 542, 1928 (crit.). Quiscalus sp. Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 191, 1878 — St. Vincent. Quiscalus luminosus (not of Lawrence) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 270, 487, 1879— part, St. Vincent. Quiscalus inflexirostris (not of Swainson) Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 146, 1892— part, St. Vincent. Holoquiscalus inflexirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 230, 1902— part, St. Vincent. Holoquiscalus dispar Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, p. 284, 1905 — St. Vincent (part, as to male). Holoquiscalus fortirostris dispar Peters, Auk, 38, p. 452, 1921 — St. Vincent (part, descr. of male). Range. — Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. *Holoquiscalus lugubris inflexirostris (Swainson).1 SANTA LUCIA GRACKLE. Quiscalus inflexirostris Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 300, fig. 52, Dec. 31, 1837 — habitat unknown (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now apparently in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.; cf. Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 160); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 407 (monog.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 175 — part, Santa Lucia; idem, Ibis, 1884, p. 160— part, Santa Lucia; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 401, 1886— part, spec, f, g, Santa Lucia; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 224, 1886 — part, Santa Lucia; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. Ill, 1889 — part, Santa Lucia; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 130, 1890— Santa Lucia; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 146, 1892— part, Santa Lucia; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 561— Castries, Santa Lucia. Quiscalus lugubris (not of Swainson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 271 — Santa Lucia (crit.); Semper, I.e., 1872, p. 650 — Santa Lucia (habits, nest). Quiscalus luminosus (not of Lawrence) Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 5, p. 166, 1880— Santa Lucia. Holoquiscalus inflexirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 230, 1902— part, Santa Lucia (monog.). Holoquiscalus lugubris inflexirostris Peters, Auk, 38, p. 450, 1921 — Santa Lucia (monog.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 542, 1928— Santa Lucia. gray on the throat. Wing, 112-119H, (female) 99-102; tail, 107^-113, (female) 86-93; bill, 30V^-31^, (female) 29-30 (Peters, I.e.). This form, which Bond considers to be the only native grackle on St. Vincent, we have not before us at the time of writing. We are not acquainted with the female, but judging from the notes made some years ago the only male in Field Museum appears to belong to the race recently separated by Mr. Peters. This specimen cannot now be found. 1 Holoquiscalus lugubris inflexirostris (Swainson) is similar to H. L luminosus, but has a decidedly shorter, stouter bill, and the female is of a paler, more grayish 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. 23: Lesser Antilles (Santa Lucia, 23). "Holoquiscalus lugubris guadeloupensis (Lawrence).1 GUADE- LOUPE GRACKLE. Quiscalus guadeloupensis Lawrence,2 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 457, April, 1879 — Guadeloupe (type in U. S. National Museum) ; idem, I.e., p. 487, 1879 — Guadeloupe; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 160 — Guadeloupe (crit.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 401, 1886— Guadeloupe; Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 474— Marie Galante; idem, Auk, 3, p. 226, 1886— Guadeloupe; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 113, 1889 — Guadeloupe; idem, Auk, 8, p. 49, 1891— Guade- loupe; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 147, 1892— Guadeloupe and Marie Galante. Quiscalus barita (not Gracula barita Linnaeus) Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 168 — part, Martinique. Quiscalus inflexiroslris (not of Swainson) Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 355, 1878— Martinique; idem, I.e., p. 487, 1879— Martinique; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 175 — part, Martinique; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 160 — part, Martinique; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 401, 1886 — part, spec, a-e, Martinique; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 224, 1886 — part, Martinique; idem, Auk, 4, p. 96, 1887 — Martinique; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. Ill, 1889 — part, Martinique; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 146, 1892— part, Martinique; Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 567 — Martinique. Holoquiscalus martinicensis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 151, April, 1901 — Martinique (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 231, 1902— Martinique (monog.). Holoquiscalus guadeloupensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 232, 1902 — Guadeloupe and (?)Marie Galante (monog.); Noble, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 383, 1916 — Sainte Rose and Basse Terre, Guade- loupe (crit.). Holoquiscalus lugubris guadeloupensis Peters, Auk, 38, p. 450, 1921 — Guade- loupe, Martinique, and (?)Marie Galante (monog.). tone underneath. I have not been able to compare it with the St. Vincent race. Swainson's description, while not absolutely certain, seems to agree better with the present than the next form, as far as the characters of the bill are concerned. 1 Holoquiscalus lugubris guadeloupensis (Lawrence): Similar to H. I. inflexi- rostris, but on average smaller; female underneath much more buffy with the throat frequently buffy white and, furthermore, easily distinguished by having the loral region and broad superciliaries dingy buff. Birds from Marie Galante (wing of males, 124-128; of females, 108-110) are identical with those from Guade- loupe. Martinique birds, on the other side, average very slightly smaller (wing of males, 120-124), and the females are a faint shade more grayish on foreneck and breast, but the differences are so completely bridged by individual variation that the recognition of an additional form (martinicensis) seems unwarranted. 2 A possible earlier name is Quiscalus mexicanus Cassin (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 408 — type from "Mexico" in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia), but as the specimen cannot be positively identified because the tip of the mandible has been broken off, the name should not come into use. Cf. Peters, Occ. Pap. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 176, 1925. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 87 Range. — Islands of Guadeloupe, Marie Galante, and Martinique,1 Lesser Antilles. 71: Lesser Antilles (Guadeloupe, 51; Marie Galante, 9; Marti- nique, 11). *Holoquiscalus fortirostris2 fortirostris (Lawrence). BARBADOS GRACKLE. Quiscalus fortirostris Lawrence, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 360— Barbados (type in coll. of Geo. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Sclater, Ibis, 1873, p. 334— Barbados; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 175— Barbados; idem, Ibis, 1884, p. 161 — Barbados (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 400, 1886— Barbados (crit.); Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 472— Barbados; idem, Auk, 3, p. 223, 1886— Barbados (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 110, 1889 (descr.); Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 485— Barbados (habits); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. Ill, 134, 146, 147, 1892— Barbados (crit.); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 557— Barbados. Holoquiscalus fortirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 229, 1902— Barbados (monog.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 282, 302, 1905— Barbados (habits, nest, and eggs). Holoquiscalus fortirostris fortirostris Peters, Auk, 38, p. 451, 1921 — Barbados (monog.); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 542, 1928— Barbados. Range. — Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles. 7: Lesser Antilles (Barbados, 7). Holoquiscalus fortirostris dispar Clark.3 CLARK'S GRACKLE. Holoquiscalus dispar Clark, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 61, Feb., 1905 — near Kingstown, St. Vincent (type now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 421, 1930); idem, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 32, pp. 248, 303, 1905— St. Vincent (part, as to female). 1 On the probable occurrence of some grackle on the island of Dominica, where no species of the genus has yet been collected, cf. Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 542, 1928. - Holoquiscalus fortirostris is here provisionally regarded as specifically distinct, although the close resemblance of certain dark-colored females of H. I. lugubris to the duller type of the Barbados female suggests conspecific relationship. Until the status of the supposed St. Vincent race of H. fortirostris has been positively determined, the matter must be left in abeyance. 3 Holoquiscalus fortirostris dispar Clark, known only from two females taken by the describer near Kingstown in October, 1903, is stated to differ from Bar- bados specimens by blacker (less sooty) upper, and browner (more sooty) under parts. Considering the variation exhibited by a series of Barbados females, some of which answer pretty well to the diagnosis of dispar, I am inclined to endorse Bond's suggestion that this supposed race is not a native of St. Vincent, but may have been introduced from Barbados. 88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Holoquiscalus fortirostris dispar Peters, Auk, 38, p. 453, 1921 — St. Vincent (part, descr. of female); Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 542, 1928 (crit.). Range. — Island of St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles. Genus CASSIDIX Lesson Cassidix Lesson, Traite d'Orn., p. 433, 1831 — type, by monotypy, Corvus mexicanus Gmelin.1 Megaquiscalus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18, p. 409, 1866 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 153), Quiscalus major Vieillot. Cassidix mexicanus nelsoni (Ridgway). SONORAN BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE. Scaphidurus major nelsoni Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 151, 1901 — Alamos, Sonora, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Quiscalus palustris (not Scaphidurus palustris Swainson) Belding, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 343, 1883 — Guaymas, Sonora. Megaquiscalus major nelsoni Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 242, 1902— coast district of Sonora (Alamos, Camoa, Guaymas). Cassidix mexicanus nelsoni Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 122, 1929 (nomencl.); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 289, 1931 — Sonora (Obregon, Tesia, San Jose de Guaymas, Tobari Bay, Guirocoba, Guaymas, six miles north of Guaymas). Range. — Northwestern Mexico, in the coast district of Sonora. Cassidix mexicanus graysoni (Sclater). GRAYSON'S BOAT-TAILED GRACKLE. Quiscalus graysoni Sclater, Ibis, (5), 2, p. 157, 1884 — Mazatlan and Presidio, Sinaloa, Mexico (type, from Presidio, in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 397, 1886— "Mazatlan" = Presidio; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 484, 1887— part, Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Quiscalus palustris (not Scaphidurus palustris Swainson) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 411— Mazatlan (monog.). Quiscalus major var. palustris Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 282, 1874 — Mazatlan (crit., habits, nest, and eggs). Quiscalus macrourus (not of Swainson) Nelson, N. Amer. Fauna, 14, p. 52, 1899 — Maria Madre, Tres Marias. 1 As pointed out by Peters (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 122, 1929), it seems hardly avoidable under present rules to use the generic name Cassidix for the group of birds known as Megaquiscalus. Although the generic characters were clearly taken from the Rice Crackle (Oriolus oryzivorus Gmelin), of which Lesson had seen specimens from "Cayenne (M. Martin)," his citing of Corvus mexicanus Gmelin as the only species (Cassicus niger Vieillot is merely given as a doubtful synonym, and not as a second species) appears to fix the genotype in an unequivocal sense. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 89 Megaquiscalus major graysoni Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 241, 1902 — coast plain of Sinaloa (monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 359, 1905 — Escuinapa and Juanna Gomez River, Sinaloa; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 50, 1927— north of Mazatlan and Labrados, Sinaloa. Range. — Western Mexico, in coast district of Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio, Culiacan, Labrados, Escuinapa, Juanna Gomez River); accidental on Maria Madre, Tres Marias Islands. *Cassidix mexicanus obscurus (Nelson). COLIMA BOAT-TAILED CRACKLE. Quiscalus macrourus obscurus Nelson, Auk, 17, p. 267, 1900 — Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 409 — part, Colima, Mexico; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 1281, 1874 — Manzanilla Bay and plains of Colima, Colima. Quiscalus graysoni (not of Sclater) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 484, 1887— part, San Bias. Megaquiscalus major obscurus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 241, 1902 — coast district of western Mexico from Guerrero to Tepic (monog.); Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 390, 1906— San Bias, Nayarit; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 49, 1927— San Bias, Nayarit. Cassidix mexicanus obscurus Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 122, 1929 (nomencl.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 74, p. 402, 1934— Chil- pancingo, Guerrero. Range. — Coast district of southwestern Mexico, from Nayarit and Colima south to Guerrero. 3: Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 3). *Cassidix mexicanus major (Vieillot). BOAT-TAILED CRACKLE. Quiscalus major Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 28, p. 487, 1819 — Louisiana;1 Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 409 — part, Georgia, South Carolina, and other states and localities in southern North America (excl. of Colima, Mexico); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 155— coast region of South Atlantic states (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 395, 1886 (monog.). Quiscalus corvinus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 300, Dec. 31, 1837 — North America (location of type not stated). Megaquiscalus major major Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 236, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.). (l)Cassidix mexicanus westoni Sprunt, Charleston Mus. Leaflet, No. 6, p. 4, Feb. 24, 1934 — St. John's River Marshes, Indian River County, Florida (type in Charleston Museum). 1 Brisson's "Petite pie du Mexique" quoted as possibly referring to "La Grande Quiscale" is another form. Vieillot's description, however, was doubtless based on specimens secured by him in Louisiana. 90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII C!)Cassidix mexicanus torreyi Harper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 1, Mar. 8, 1934 — Chincoteague, Virginia (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). Range. — Lower Austral zone of the South Atlantic and Gulf states of North America from southern Delaware and Chesapeake Bay to the Florida Keys and west to the east coast of Texas.1 54: South Carolina (Frogmore, 1); Florida (West Jupiter, 6; Palm Beach, 2; Merritt, 1; Enterprise, 3; Georgiana, 1; Indian River, 1; Pine Island, 1; Lantana, 3; Wilson, 12; Nassau County, 2; Eau Gallic, 1; St. Johns Prairie, 1; unspecified, 1); Louisiana (Buras, 5; Morgan City, St. Mary Parish, 1); Texas (Port Lavaca, 12). *Cassidix mexicanus mexicanus (Gmelin). GREAT-TAILED GRACKLE. Corvus mexicanus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 375, 1788 — based on "Hocit- zanatl" Hernandez, Hist. Nov. Hisp., p. 21; Mexico (cf. Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 121, 1929). Quiscalus macrourus1* Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 299, Dec. 31, 1837 — Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico (location of type not stated, possibly in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.); Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 554, 1858 — Texas (Brownsville, Fort Brown, Eagle Pass) and Mexico; idem, Bds. N. Amer., pi. 58, 1860; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 300, 1856— Cordoba, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 26, p. 358, 1858— Coma- yagua, Honduras; Moore, I.e., 27, p. 58, 1859 — Omoa, Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 20 — Duenas, Guatemala (breeding, nest, and eggs); Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 112 — Comayagua, Honduras; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 141, 1862 — Mexico (Orizaba) and Guatemala (Choc- turn, Vera Paz); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 175 — City of Mexico; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 493— Matamoros, Tamaulipas, to Nueces River, Texas; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 410— part, Texas, Mexico (Yucatan), and Guatemala (Vera Paz); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 181, 1865— Greytown, Nicaragua; Sumi- chrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 553, 1869— Cordoba and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 837— Honduras; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 24, 1876— Barrio and Juchitan, Oaxaca; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 46, 1878 —Guatemala; Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 27, 1878 — Brownsville and Corpus Christi Pass, Texas (habits); idem, I.e., 5, p. 400, 1879— Lomita, Texas; Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 135, 1 The different color of the iris in the Boat-tailed Crackle of the southeastern United States has given rise to the naming of two supposed races, the term westoni being bestowed on the brown-eyed bird, while the yellow-eyed variety was de- scribed as C. m. torreyi. Until the status of the typical Louisiana form has been defi- nitely determined, it is impossible to decide which of the two names is to be retained. The significance of the variation, moreover, appears to be not at all well established. Cf. also Stone, Auk, 51, pp. 265-266, 1934. 2 Frequently spelled "macrurus." 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 91 1879 — Fort Brown, Texas (habits, nest, and eggs); Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 446— Yucatan; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, pp. 383, 392, 402, 1883— Sucuya, Ometepe, and Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 156— Mexico and Guatemala (monog.); Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 570, 1885— Cozumel Island; Ferrari-Perez, I.e., 9, p. 152, 1886 — Puebla (Izucar de Matamoros) and Vera Cruz (Plan del Rio); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 396, 1886— Mexico (Jalapa; Orizaba; Oaxaca; Merida, Yucatan; Cozumel), British Honduras (Belize, Half Moon Cay), Guatemala (Choctum), and Honduras; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 482, 1887 — part, Texas to Nicaragua; Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 265— Mugeres, Cozumel, and Ruatan Islands (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, pp. 209, 212— Yucatan and Orizaba (Vera Cruz); Attwater, Auk, 9, p. 238, 1892 — San Antonio, Texas; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 496, 1893 — San Carlos and Bluefields, Nicaragua; Jouy, I.e., p. 781, 1893 — Soledad, San Luis Potosi. Chakophanes macrourus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 196, 1851 — part, Mexico. Quiscalus major (not of Vieillot) Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 194 — cays of the Belize coast. Megaquiscalus major macrourus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 238, 1902 — part, southern Texas to Nicaragua (monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 170, 1906 — Rosario and La Boquilla, Durango; Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 141, 1906— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 113, 1907— Guatemala (El Rancho, etc.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 18, 1926 — north of Tuluum and Culebra Key, eastern Yucatan; idem and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 23, 1926 — Brownsville, Texas; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 487, 1927— Presidio, Vera Cruz; idem, 68, p. 404, 1928— Chivela, Oaxaca; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 400, 1932— Guatemala (Nebaj, San Lucas, Antigua, Panajachel, Finca Carolina, Hacienda Cali- fornia, Finca El Cipres; crit.). Cassidix mexicanus mexicanus Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 42, p. 122, 1929 (nomencl.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 478, 1929— Lancetilla and Tela, Honduras; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 337, 1932 — Tegucigalpa, Cantarranas, and San Juancito, Honduras. Range. — Southern Texas and south through the tableland and lowlands of Mexico, Guatemala, British Honduras, and Hon- duras to northern Nicaragua.1 68: Texas (Corpus Christi, 34; Brownsville, 3; Point Isabel, 2); Mexico (Chihuahua, 4; Achotal, Vera Cruz, 1; Tampico, Tamaulipas, 1; San Felipe, Yucatan, 1; Mugeres Island, Yucatan, 1; Cozumel 1 There is some variation in size and coloration between birds from different parts of the range, but my series being altogether insufficient I cannot but recom- mend the subject for further study to someone equipped with the necessary material. Twenty-two additional specimens from Vera Cruz (Jalapa), Yucatan (Temax), Guatemala, and Honduras (Chamelicon) have been examined. 92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Island, Yucatan, 2; Yucatan, unspecified, 4); Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, Solola, 1; Lake Amatitlan, 1; Bobos, Izabal, 1; Los Amates, Izabal, 1; El Rancho, Zacapa, 1; Conception del Mar, Escuintla, 1; Volcan Tajumulco, San Marcos, 1) ; Honduras (Ruatan Island, Bay of Honduras, 3); Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, Matagalpa, 2; San Geronimo, Chinandega, 3). *Cassidix mexicanus peruvianus (Swainson).1 PERUVIAN GRACKLE. Quiscalus peruvianus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 354, Dec. 31, 1837 — Peru (cotypes in coll. of W. Hooker and W. Swainson, present location un- known); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 412 (ex Swainson). Quiscalus assimilis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 141, 1862 — "Bogota," Colombia (cotypes in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 410 (ex Sclater); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 330 — Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia; Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, pp. 323, 751 — Santa Lucia, Rio Tumbez, Peru (nest and eggs descr.); idem, Orn. Per., 2, p. 431, 1884 — Santa Lucia and Tumbez, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 156 — Veragua and Panama to western Peru (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 396, 1886— Veragua (Calobre, Calovevora), Panama (Lion Hill), and Colombia ("Bogota"); Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 161, 1895— Barran- quilla, Colombia; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 5, 1899 — Punta de Sabana, Darien, Panama; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 162, 1900— Cienaga, Colombia. Chalcophanes macrourus (not Quiscalus macrourus Swainson) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 196, 1851 — part, Cartagena, Colombia; idem, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 82, 1861 — "Leponto" [ = Lepanto], Costa Rica. Quiscalus macrourus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 138 — Turbo and Cartagena, Colombia; idem, I.e., 1866, p. 410 — part, Panama; 1Cassidix mexicanus peruvianus (Swainson): Similar to C. m. mexicanus, but somewhat smaller; males scarcely distinguishable in coloration, though generally of a more steel blue gloss; females much more buffy (between tawny olive and Isabella color) beneath, particularly on the breast, and more brownish, less sooty above. Wing, 180-190, (female) 132-148. I cannot but endorse Mr. Todd's contention that the southern form is well worthy of separation, the much more buffy under parts of the adult female being its most striking feature. Although Swainson's originals have not been found either at Cambridge or at Liverpool, his description based on Peruvian specimens in the W. Hooker Collection (no doubt obtained by the orchid hunter Matthews) clearly refers to the male of the present species, and as a couple of specimens from Santa Lucia, Tumbez, agree in every respect with others from Ecuador and Cartagena, I do not see why his term peruvianus, having many years' priority, should not be adopted. The range of the form is extended here to Costa Rica on Mr. Todd's authority, as we ourselves have not been able to examine any material from that country. A single female from Darien (Punta de Sabana), an extremely buff-bellied example, compares well with another from Ecuador. Additional material examined. — Panama: Punta de Sabana, Darien, 1. — Colombia: Cartagena, 4; Cienaga, 2. — Ecuador: La Tola, coast of Esmeraldas, 5.— Peru: Santa Lucia, Tumbez, 2. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 93 Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 104, 1868 — Costa Rica (ex Cabanis); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 303, 1869 — Costa Rica; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 191 — Calobre and Calovevora, Veragua (crit.); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887— Puntarenas and Tarcoles, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 482, 1887— part, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Peru. Megaquiscalus major macrourus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 238, 1902— part, Costa Rica to northern Colombia; Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 157, 1905— San Miguel and Saboga Islands, Pearl Archipelago; idem, I.e., p. 221, 1906 — savanna of Panama; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 831, 1910— Pacific coast of Costa Rica (Pigres, Palo Verde, Puntarenas, Las Trojas, Bebedero, El Coronado de Terraba) ; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 30, 1919— Pacora, Panama; Halli- nan, Auk, 41, p. 320, 1924— Venado Island and Balboa, Panama. Megaquiscalus major assimilis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 635, 1917 — La Play a and Buenaventura, Colombia (crit.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 475, 1922 — Buritaca, Don Diego, Gaira, Mamatoco, Trojas de Cataca, Dibulla, Rio Hacha, Cartagena, and Punto Zapote (Bolivar), Colombia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 700, 1926 — western Ecuador (Esmeraldas, Manavf, and Jambeli Island). Cassidix mexicanus assimilis Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 416, 1931 — Cienaga and Santa Marta, Colombia. Range. — Pacific coast districts of Costa Rica and Panama south to northwestern Peru, and along the Caribbean coast of Colombia east to the foot of the Santa Marta Mountains. 1: Colombia (Sinu Delta, Bolivar, 1). Cassidix palustris (Swainson). SLENDER-BILLED GRACKLE. Scaphidurus palustris Swainson,1 Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 437, June, 1827 — marshes and borders of lakes around [City of] Mexico (type in coll. of W. Bullock, apparently lost). Quiscalus tenuirostris Swainson,1 Anim. Menag., p. 299, Dec. 31, 1837— marshes adjoining Mexico (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now probably in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 411— Mexico (monog.); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 157, pi. 5 (male, female) — vicinity of Mexico City (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 397, 1886 — vicinity of Mexico City; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 485, 1887 — same locality. 1 There seems to be hardly any doubt that Swainson, by confusion or negli- gence, described the Slender-billed Crackle twice under different names. The two descriptions, including the measurements, are very nearly the same, except that the coloration is given as "glossy blue black" in the "Philosophical Magazine," and as "black, slightly glossed with violet" in "Animals in Menageries." Without doing much violence to facts, either term might easily be applied to the bird in question. The (reddish) brown tibial feathers mentioned in the diagnosis of S. palustris are well shown by two of my specimens, and as both supposed species came from marshes near Mexico City, I am giving preference to the older name. Five specimens from the type locality examined. 94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Megaquiscalus tenuirostris Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 243, 1902— Mexico (monog.). Range. — Central Mexico (marshes near the City of Mexico). Cassidix nicaraguensis (Salvin and Godman).1 NICARAGUAN CRACKLE. Quiscalus nicaraguensis Salvin and Godman, Ibis, (6), 3, p. 612, 1891 — Momotombo, Lake Managua, Nicaragua (type in Salvin-Godman Collection, now in British Museum); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 496 (in text), 1893 — San Carlos, Nicaragua (only seen). Megaquiscalus nicaraguensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 244, 1902 — Momotombo and Managua, Nicaragua (monog.); Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 30, 1919— San Carlos and Granada, Nicaragua (crit.). Range. — Shores of lakes Managua (Momotombo, Managua) and Nicaragua (Granada, San Carlos), Nicaragua. \ Genus EUPHAGUS Cassin Scolecophagus (not of Geoffrey, 1795) Swainson, in Swainson and Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer., 2, pp. 286, 494, Feb., 1832 — type, by orig. desig., Oriolus ferrugineus Gmelin = Turdus carolinus P. L. S. Miiller (cf. Rich- mond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 16, p. 128, 1903). Euphagus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, No. 5, p. 413, pub. July, 1867 — type, by monotypy, Psarocolius cyanocephalus Wagler. *Euphagus carolinus (P. L. S. Muller). RUSTY BLACKBIRD. Turdus carolinus P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 140, 1776 — based on "Mauvis de la Caroline" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 556, fig. 2 (=female in autumnal plumage); Carolina. Turdus brunneus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 32, 1783 — based on "Mauvis de la Caroline" Daubenton, PL Enl., pi. 556, fig. 2. Oriolus ferrugineus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 393, 1788 — based on "Rusty Oriole" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 260; New York. Oriolus fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 393, 1783 — based on "Brown- headed Oriole" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 259; New York. Turdus hudsonius Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 818, 1789 — based on "Hud- sonian Thrush" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 339; Hudson's Bay (type in Leverian Museum, now in Vienna Museum, examined ;"= young). 1 This very distinct species, though allied to C. palustris, is very much smaller, also much less purplish, and the female (unknown to us) appears to be very differently colored. Wing, 125; tail, 130; bill, 30-33. Material examined. — Nicaragua: Managua, 2. 2 Accidentally omitted in Pelzeln's paper, "On the Birds in the Imperial Collection at Vienna obtained from the Leverian Museum" (Ibis, 1873, pp. 14-54, 105-124). 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 95 Turdus noveboracensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 818, 1789 — based on "New York Thrush" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 205 (=male in autumnal plumage); New York. Turdus labradorius Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 832, 1789 — based on "Labra- dor Thrush" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 206 (= adult male in spring); Hudson's Bay and New York (cotype, from Hudson's Bay, in Museum Leverianum, now in Vienna Museum, examined).1 Pendulinus ater Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 5, p. 320, 1816— new name for Turdus noveboracensis Gmelin, Oriolus ferrugineus Gmelin, and Turdus labradorius Gmelin, all considered to represent plumages of the same species; Hudson's Bay (in summer). Scolecophagus niger Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 423, 1850 — new name for Pendulinus ater Vieillot, etc. Scolecophagus ferrugineus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 412 (monog.); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 150 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 390, 1886 (monog.); Winge, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 47, p. 65, 1896 — Yderoerne, near Frederikshaab, Greenland; idem, Medd. Gr0nland, 21, p. 297, 1899— same locality. Scolecophagus carolinus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 246, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 153, 1928 — Valladares, Lower California. Range. — Boreal zone of North America from the Kowak River, Alaska, and northern Mackenzie, Manitoba, and Quebec south to central British Columbia, central Alberta, Manitoba, and Ontario, New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia; winters mainly south of the Ohio and Delaware valleys to the Gulf coast; accidental in California, Lower California (one record from Valladares, Dec. 12, 1888), and Greenland (one record from near Frederikshaab, July 13, 1889). 69: Maine (Lincoln, 1); Massachusetts (Wollaston, 1; Natick, 1; unspecified, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 13); Rhode Island (Pawtucket, 1); New York (King's County, 2); Indiana (Liverpool, 3); Illinois (Chicago, 9; Chicago Ridge, 8; Wolf Lake, 1; Calumet Lake, 2; Beach, Lake County, 2; Worth, 3; Roby, 2; Morris, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 15; Jefferson County, 1); Texas (Cooke County, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 1). *Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler). BREWER'S BLACKBIRD. Psarocolius cyanocephalus Wagler, Isis, 22, Heft 7, col. 758, July, 1829— Mexico (type, from Temascaltepec, in Berlin Museum; cf. van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 7, p. 354, 1934). Scolecophagus mexicanus Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 302, Dec. 31, 1837 — Mexico (location of type not stated). »See footnote 2, page 94. 96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Quiscalus breweri Audubon, Bds. Amer., 8vo ed., 7, p. 345, pi. 492, 1843 — "upper Missouri River and Yellowstone" (type, from Fort Union, in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 17, 1899). Scolecophagus cyanocephalus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 413 (monog.); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 151 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 390, 1886 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 248, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.). Euphagus cyanocephalus minusculus Grinnell, Condor, 22, p. 153, July, 1920 — Palo Alto, California (type in Museum of Zoology, Berkeley) ; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 153, 1928 — northwestern Lower California. Euphagus cyanocephalus aliastus Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Clevel. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 9, 1932— Twenty Mile Creek, Warner Valley, Oregon (type in Cleveland Museum of Natural History). Euphagus cyanocephalus Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 64, p. 399, 1932 — Hacienda Chancol, Guatemala. Range. — Western North America from central British Columbia, Athabasca Landing, southern Alberta, and central Manitoba to northern Lower California, New Mexico, and western Texas, and from the Pacific to northwestern Minnesota, western Nebraska, Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and Kansas; winters from southern British Columbia, Wisconsin, and Kansas south to Guatemala (one record from near the Chiapas border).1 56: Canada (Okanagan, British Columbia, 2; Deermound, Alberta, 2; Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, 1); Oregon (Tillamook, 2); North Dakota (Minot, 1); Minnesota (Kinbrae, 1); Colorado (Troublesome, 1 ; Fraser, 1 ; Los Gatos, 1 ; Fort Lyon, 6) ; California (Nicasio, 6; Monterey, 7; Sargents, 2; Berryessa, 1; San Geronimo, 1; Clipper Gap, Placer County, 1) ; Arizona (Fort Thomas, 1; Phoenix, 1; Fort Lowell, 1); New Mexico (Mimbres, 2; Rincon, 1; Deming, 1); Texas (Port Lavaca, 6; Corpus Christi, 6); Mexico (Bustillos, Chihuahua, 1). Genus DIVES Cassin Dives Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 18, p. 413, Dec., 1866— type, by tautonymy, Icterus dives Lichtenstein. *Dives dives dives (Lichtenstein). SUMICHRAST'S BLACKBIRD. Icterus dives Lichtenstein, Preis-Verz. Saug., Vogel, etc., Mexico, p. 1, 1830— Mexico (type in Berlin Museum); Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 11, p. 56, 1863 (reprint). 1 Two races of Brewer's Blackbird have lately been segregated: (a) E. c. minusculus (from the Pacific slope of California and northern Lower California), distinguished by (on average) smaller size and more bluish gloss of the male plumage; (b) E. c. aliastus (from the Pacific coast region of British Columbia to northern California), characterized by darker, less rufescent female. Neither has been recognized by the authors of the latest edition of the A. 0. U. Check List. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 97 Lampropsar dives Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 425, 1850 — Mexico; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 194, 1851 — Mexico (Chiltepec, Cosamaluapan, Real del Monte; descr.); Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 446— Merida, Yucatan. Quiscalus sumichrasti Saussure, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 11, p. 119, pi. 3, figs. 2-4, 1859 — Mexico (type in Geneva Museum); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 27, pp. 365, 381, 1859 — vicinity of Jalapa, Vera Cruz, and Playa Vicente, Oaxaca; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 398 — Coban and Tactic, Vera Paz, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 140, 1862— Orizaba and Jalapa, Mexico; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 175 — vicinity of City of Mexico; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 553, 1869 — hot and temperate regions of Vera Cruz. Quiscalus (?) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 300, 1856— near Cordoba, Vera Cruz. Scolecophagus dives Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 413 — Mexico (crit.). Dives dives Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 152, 1886— Plan del Rio, Vera Cruz; Ridgway, I.e., 14, p. 570, 1891 — Guaruma, Honduras; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 209 — interior of Yucatan; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 8, p. 281, 1896— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; idem, I.e., 10, p. 30, 1898 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 254, 1902— Mexico to Honduras (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 141, 1906— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 — Camp Mengel and Xcopen, Quintana Roo; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 18, 1926 — Chunyaxche, Yucatan; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 487, 1927— Presidio, Vera Cruz; Austin, I.e., 69, p. 393, 1929 — Mountain Cow, Cayo District, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., 69, p. 477, 1929 — Lancetilla, Honduras; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 336, 1932— Cantarranas, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 64, p. 399, 1932— Guatemala (Finca Chama, Finca Conception, Finca El Soche, Sepacuite, Secanquim, La Primavera, Barrillos, Puebla). Dives sumichrasti Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 152 — southern Mexico to Guatemala (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 392, 1886— Mexico (Jalapa; Orizaba; Me>ida, Yucatan), British Honduras (Belize), and Guatemala (Choctum, Coban); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 481, 1887 — Mexico (Chiltepec, Cosamaluapam, Valle Real, Plan del Rio, Jalapa, Orizaba, Playa Vicente, Merida), British Honduras (Belize), and Guatemala (Choctum, Achil, Coban, Tactic). Quiscalus mexicanus (not of Cassin) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 24, 1876 — Guichicovi, Chiapas. Range. — Arid Tropical (and lower Subtropical) zone of south- eastern Mexico, in states of Tamaulipas, Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo, and south through British Honduras and Atlantic Guatemala to Honduras and northern Nicaragua. 98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 15: Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 9; San Felipe, Yucatan, 2; Yucatan, unspecified, 3); Guatemala (Coban, Alta Vera Paz, 1). *Dives dives warszewiczi (Cabanis).1 WARSZEWICZ'S BLACKBIRD. Lampropsar warczewiczi (sic) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 83, 1861 — Peru (type in Berlin Museum).2 Quiscalus aequatorialis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 140, 1862 — Babahoyo, Ecuador (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum). Lampropsar warszewiczi Taczanowski and Berlepsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 86— Yaguachi, Ecuador. Scolecophagus (?) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 28, p. 277, 1860— Babahoyo, Ecuador. Aphobus chopi (not Agelaius chopi Vieillot) Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 323— Tumbez, Peru. Dives warcewiezi Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 152— part, western Ecuador (Babahoyo, Balzar); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 392, 1886— part, spec, a-e, Ecuador (Santa Rita, Balzar, Babahoyo). Dives warszewiczi Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 433, 1884 — part, Tumbez and Guadalupe, Peru; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 30, 1899 — Balzar and Playas (Guayas), Ecuador; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 699, 1926— Ecuador (Chone, Chon- goncito, Guayaquil, Daule, Santa Rosa, Lunama, Casanga, Alamor, Loja; crit.); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris, (2), 4, p. 235, 1932— Rio San Antonio, Ecuador. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southwestern Ecuador, south of the Chone River, and northwestern Peru south to Tumbez. 1: Ecuador (Milagros, Prov. Guayas, 1). *Dives dives kalinowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann.3 KALINOW- SKI'S BLACKBIRD. 1 Dives dives warszewiczi (Cabanis), though widely separated geographically from the nominate race, is clearly an offspring of the same ancestral stock. The only difference from D. d. dives consists in its decidedly smaller size. The distri- bution of these blackbirds offers an interesting parallel to that of Melopelia asiatica. While the locality of the type is unrecorded, it probably originated in some part of northwestern Peru. Birds from Tumbez agree in size with the Ecuadorian ones. Wing, (male) 106-114, (female) 98-104; tail, 86-95, (female) 82-87; bill, 24-26. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Yaguachi, 2; Balzar, 3; Loja, 1. — Peru: Tumbez, 2. 2 Cabanis's name seems to have slight priority. The description appeared in No. 50 of the "Journal fur Ornithologie," dated March, 1861, while the signature of the sheet containing the diagnosis of Quiscalus aequatorialis Sclater reads "August 24, 1861." Although Cabanis spells the specific term "warczewiczi," the correct orthog- raphy of the collector's name is Warszewicz. 3 Dives dives kalinowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann: Much larger than D. d. warszewiczi, being even larger than D. d. dives, with much longer, heavier bill, 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 99 Dives kalinowskii Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 378 — lea, Dept. lea, Peru (type, from Huamani, near lea, in Warsaw Museum; cf. Sztolcman and Domaniewski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 6, p. 192, 1927). Lampropsar warceunczii (not of Cabanis) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 523 (note)— Lima, Peru. Dives warszewczi Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 433, 1884 — part, Lima. Dives warcewiezi Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 152 — part, Lima; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 392, 1886— part, spec, f, Lima. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of western Peru, from Libertad to lea. 6: Peru (Hacienda Llagueda, northeast of Otuzco, Libertad, 2; Macate, Ancachs, 4). Genus PTILOXENA Chapman Pliloxena Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 307, 1892 — type, by orig. desig., Quiscalus atroviolaceus d'Orbigny. *Ptiloxena atroviolacea (d'Orbigny). D'ORBIGNY'S BLACKBIRD. Quiscalus atroviolaceus d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. He Cuba, Orn., p. 121, pi. 19, 1839 — Cuba (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 420, 1930); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 227, 1886— Cuba (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 114, 1889— Cuba (monog.). Scolecophagus atroviolaceus Cabanis and Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 15, 1856— Cuba (habits, nest); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 415 — Cuba (monog.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 134, 1874— Cuba (habits, nest, and eggs). Dives atroviolaceus Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 152 — Cuba (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 393, 1886— San Crist6bal, Cuba; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. Ill, 1892— Cuba and Isle of Pines. Ptiloxena atroviolaceus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 307, 1892— Trinidad, Cuba. Ptiloxena atroviolacea Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 252, 1902 — Cuba and Isle of Pines (monog.); Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 211, 1905— Isle of Pines; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 276, and gloss of plumage stronger as well as more bluish. Wing, 142-149, (female) 137-139; tail, 130-138, (female) 125-126; bill, 34-36, (female) 31-32. Adult males from Macate agree, even in measurements, perfectly with topo- types from lea. Females are somewhat smaller, the tail notably shorter and the bill slightly weaker. Two adults (in worn plumage) from the Otuzco region, Libertad, have bills of about the same size as two females from lea, but the other dimensions are decidedly less (wing, 132; tail, 115, 125). Though marked "male" and "female," they evidently represent one sex, but whichever is wrongly sexed, Otuzco birds would appear to be smaller than those from farther south, thus verging in the direction of D. d. warszeunczi. Additional material examined. — Peru: Lima, 1; lea, 3. 100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1916— Isle of Pines; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 122, 1923— Cuba (habits); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 38, 1932— near Gibara, Cuba. Range. — Island of Cuba (including Isle of Pines), Greater Antilles. 8: Cuba (Trinidad, Santa Clara, 2; Palacios, Pinar del Rio, 2; Santiago de los Banos, Pinar del Rio, 1 ; Santiago de Cuba, Oriente, 1; unspecified, 2). Genus LAM PROPS AR Cabanis Lampropsar Cabanis, Arch. Naturg., 13, (1), p. 333, 1847 j1 idem, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 682, 1849 — type, by monotypy, Lampropsar guianensis Cabanis. Potamopsar Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 141, 1862 — type, by monotypy, "Quiscalus minor Spix" = Icterus tanagrinus Spix.2 Lampropsar tanagrinus guianensis Cabanis.3 GUIANAN VEL- VETY-FRONTED GRACKLE. Lampropsar guianensis Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 682, 1849— British Guiana (type in Berlin Museum); idem, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 194, 1851— Guiana; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Carupano [Sucre], Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 583, 1921— British Guiana. Lampropsar tanagrinus (not Icterus tanagrinus Spix) Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 149 — part, Guiana and Venezuela; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 219 — British Guiana (ex Cabanis); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 388, 1886— part, spec, a, b, Venezuela and "Trinidad," errore; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 53, 1892— El Pilar, near Carupano [Sucre], Vene- zuela; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 33, 1902 — Munduapo, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela (spec, examined); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 403, 1907 — part, Orinoco, Venezuela. Lampropsar tanagrinus guianensis Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 616, 1906 — Guanoco and Munduapo, Orinoco Valley (crit.); Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 109, 1909— Rio Guarapiche and Cano Guanoco, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 212, 1913 — Cano de Vagre and Guinipa River, Orinoco Delta; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 210, 1916— Orinoco Valley. 1 Generic characters in comparison to Molothrus outlined, the genotype L. guianensis being a nomen nudum. Genus and species were not properly diagnosed until two years later, as quoted above. 2 Although the genotype was misidentified with Icterus minor Spix, the ap- pended diagnosis, "Plumis frontalibus brevissimis erectis, nares fere tegentibus notabilis," clearly indicates Icterus tanagrinus Spix. 3 Lampropsar tanagrinus guianensis Cabanis: Similar to L. t. tanagrinus, but on the average smaller, and plumage, especially below, more strongly glossed with bluish. Wing, 97-103, (female) 97; tail, 93-98, (female) 92. Material examined. — British Guiana: unspecified, 1 (the type).— Venezuela: Guanoco, Orinoco Delta, 2; Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco River, 1; Munduapo, Orinoco River, 7. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 101 Range. — British Guiana (exact distribution unknown, probably only in the northwestern parts) and Venezuela (Orinoco Valley, from the delta up to above the falls of Maipures, extending north to Carupano, State of Sucre).1 *Lampropsar tanagrinus tanagrinus (Spix). AMAZONIAN VEL- VETY-FRONTED GRACKLE. Icterus tanagrinus Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 67, pi. 64, fig. 1, 1824— "in locis sylvaticis Parae," sc. Amazon Valley, Brazil (cotypes in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 615, 1906). Lampropsar tanagrinus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 194, 1851 — "Para" (ex Spix); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 140, 1862— Amazon River; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 200, 1870 — part, Borba, Rio Madeira, and Barra do Rio Negro [= Manaos], Brazil (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 267 — Sarayacu, upper Ucayali, and Santa Cruz, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 433, 1884 — same localities; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 149— part, Amazonia; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 388, 1886 — part, spec, c-h, Brazil (Barra do Rio Negro, Rio Javarri) and Peru (Amazons, upper Ucayali, Santa Cruz); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 403, 1907 — part, Amazonia; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 11, 1908 — Rio Purus (Cachoeira, Bom Lugar, Ponto Alegre); idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 424, 1914 — same localities; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 738, 1926— Rio Curaray, Ecuador. Quiscalus lugubrisCi) (not of Swainson) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 265, 1857— Rio Javarri. Quiscalus minor (not Icterus minor Spix) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 141, 1862— Rio Javarri. Potamopsar minor Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 415 — Rio Napo, Ecuador, and Rio Javarri (crit.). Quiscalus sp.(?) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182— upper Ucayali, Peru. Lampropsar tanagrinus tanagrinus Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 616, 1906— Brazil ("Para," Borba, Barra do Rio Negro) and Peru (Rio Samiria); idem, Nov. Zool., 14, p. 46, 1907 — Teffe, Rio Solimoes (crit.); idem, I.e., 14, p. 354, 1907— Humayta and Borba, Rio Madeira; idem, I.e., 17, p. 283, 1910— Manicore, Rio Madeira. Range. — Valley of the Amazon and its tributaries, east to Manaos and the Rio Madeira, west to northern Peru, extending to Ecuador.2 1: Peru (Lagunas, lower Huallaga, 1). 1 The locality "Trinidad" attached to a specimen in the British Museum is untrustworthy. It seems to be a Venezuelan trade skin, and the species has yet to be taken on that island. 2 Peruvian specimens agree with a Brazilian series, including the cotypes. No material has been available from eastern Ecuador. Material examined. — Brazil: "Para," 3 (the cotypes); Manaos, 1; Borba, Rio Madeira, 5; Humayta, Rio Madeira, 1; Manicore, Rio Madeira, 1; Teffe, Rio Solimoes, 1. — Peru: Rio Samiria, 3; Pacaya, Ucayali, 1. 102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Lampropsar tanagrinus violaceus Hellmayr.1 PURPLISH VEL- VETY-FRONTED GRACKLE. Lampropsar tanagrinus violaceus Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 616, 1906 — Rio Guapore, western Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in Vienna Museum); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 403, 1907 — Rio Guapore (ex Hellmayr); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 60, p. 399, 1930— Rio Guapore. Lampropsar lanagrinus (not Icterus tanagrinus Spix) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 200, 1870 — part, Brago do Jaracatea, Rio Guapore, Brazil. Range. — Interior of Brazil, in western Matto Grosso (Braco do Jaracatea, Rio Guapore*). Genus ICTERUS Daudin Icterus Daudin,2 Traite d'Orn., 2, p. 330, 1800 — type, by tautonymy, Icterus vulgaris Daudin =Oriolus icterus Linnaeus. Oriolus (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. Av., p. 214, 1811 — type, by subs, desig. (Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 435, 1930), Oriolus icterus Linnaeus. Pendulinus Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 33, 1816 — type, by subs. desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 353), Oriolus spurius Linnaeus. Yphantes Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Elem., p. 33, 1816 — type, by monotypy, "Baltimore franc" Buffon=Coracios galbula Linnaeus. Trupialis Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Enc. Wiss., 15, p. 275, 1826 — new name for Oriolus Illiger. Hyphantes Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 183, Oct., 1851 — emendation of Yphantes Vieillot. Bananivorus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 834, 1853 — type, by orig. desig., Oriolus bonana Linnaeus. Euopsar Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19, p. 47, 1867 — type, by subs. desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 353), Psarocolius croconotus Wagler. Andriopsar Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19, p. 49, 1867 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 353), Psarocolius gularis Wagler. Ateleopsar Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19, p. 53, 1867 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 353), Psarocolius melanocephalus Wagler. Cassiculoides Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19, p. 54, 1867 — type, by monotypy, Icterus parisorum Bonaparte. Poliopsar Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19, p. 55, 1867 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 353), Icterus wagleri Sclater. 1 Lampropsar tanagrinus violaceus Hellmayr: Nearest to L. t. tanagrinus, but plumage strongly glossed with purplish. Wing (adult male), 100; tail, 92. Though known only from a single specimen, this race seems to be well-marked, the type differing from the numerous individuals examined of the two other allied forms by the strong purplish or violaceous gloss of the plumage. Material examined. — Brazil: Braco do Jaracatea, Rio Guapore', 1 (the type). 2 First used in a non-binomial sense by Brisson (Orn., 2, p. 85, 1760). 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 103 Melanopsar Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19, p. 56, 1867 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 353), Oriolus chrysocephalus Linnaeus. Icterioides Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19, p. 60, 1867 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 353), Icterus auricapillus Cassin. Aporophantes Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 19, p. 63, 1867— type, by monotypy, Agelaius pyrrhopterus Vieillot. "Icterus galbula (Linnaeus). BALTIMORE ORIOLE. Coracias galbula Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 108, 1758 — based on "The Baltimore-Bird" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 48, pi. 48; "America" = Virginia. Oriolus baltimore Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 162, 1766 — based on "Le Baltimore" Brisson (Orn., 2, p. 109, pi. 12, fig. 1) and "The Baltimore- Bird" Catesby (Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 48, pi. 48); Virginia, Maryland, and Canada. Oriolus tricolor P. L. S. Muller, Natursyst., Suppl., p. 87, 1776— based on "Le Baltimore batard, du Canada" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 506, fig. 2 (= female). Oriolus viridis (not of Muller, 1776) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 393, 1788— based on "Yellow-throated Oriole" Pennant, Arct. Zool., 2, p. 261, No. 150 (= young); Hudson's Bay. Icterus virescens Daudin, Traite d'Orn., 2, p. 339, 1800 — new name for Oriolus viridis Gmelin. Icterus baltimorus Wilson, Amer. Orn., 6, p. 88, pi. 53, fig. 4, 1812 — emenda- tion of Oriolus baltimore Linnaeus. Yphantes baltimorensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 24, p. 142, Aug., 1856 — David, Chiriqui (new name for Yphantes baltimore Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 432, l85Q;=Oriolus baltimore Linnaeus). Icterus baltimore Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 354 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 364, 1886 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 460, 1887 — North America to Colombia. Icterus galbula Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 310, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 827, 1910 — Costa Rica (Bonilla, Pigres, San Jose, Cerro de Santa Maria, Tenorio, Guapiles, Cuabre, La Hondura, El Hogar); Todd and Carriker, I.e., 14, p. 469, 1922 — Don Diego, Santa Marta, Colombia; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 124, 1923— Cuba; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 415, 1931 — Rio Frio, Donjaca, and Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 390, 1932— Guatemala. Range. — North America, from central Alberta and Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia south to southern Texas, central Louisiana, northern Alabama, and Georgia, and west to Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains; winters from southern Mexico to northern Colombia; casually in Massachusetts, Ohio, and Pennsylvania; accidental at York Factory, Hudson's Bay, and in Cuba. 104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 66: Canada (Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, 1); Massachusetts (Natick, 1) ; New Jersey (Englewood, 1) ; New York (Shelter Island, 5; Cayuga County, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 9); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 11; Neenah, 5); Illinois (Fox Lake, 2; Joliet, 2; Mound City, 1; Warsaw, 1; Chicago, 1); Michigan (Watervliet, 1); Indiana (Kouts, 1; Liverpool, 1; unspecified, 1); Ohio (Columbus, 1); Tennessee (Waverly, 2); Mississippi (Vicksburg, 1); Georgia (Ros- well, 1); Florida (Gainesville, 1); Guatemala (Volcan Tajumulco, San Marcos, 1; Patulul, Solola, 2; Samac, Alta Vera Paz, 1; Maza- tenango, Suchitepequez, 2); Nicaragua (San Geronimo, 2); Costa Rica (Limon, 3; Guayabo, 3; Buenos Aires, 1). *Icterus bullockii bullockii (Swainson). BULLOCK'S ORIOLE. Xanthornus bullockii Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 436, June, 1827— tableland of Mexico1 (type in coll. of W. Bullock). Psarocolius auricollis Wied, Reise Nordamerika, 1, p. 367, 1839 — Fort Pierre, South Dakota (type in coll. of Prince Wied, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Hyphantes bullockii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 62 (monog.). Icterus bullocki Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 354 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 365, 1886 — western North America to Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 462, 1887; Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911 — Tamaulipas (Guiaves, Galindo, Yerba Buena, Montelunga). Icterus bullockii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 314, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 153, 1928 — extreme northern Lower California; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 390, 1932 — Chichicastenango and Finca Carolina, western Guate- mala (October 20); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 407, 1934— Guerrero (Taxco, Chilpancingo; Oct. 7-April 7). Icterus bullockii bullockii Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 361, 1905— Escuinapa, Sinaloa; idem, I.e., 22, p. 171, 1906 — Rio Sestin and Rancho Baillon, Durango (crit., variation); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 289, 1931— Sonora (San Javier, Tesia, Guaymas, Guirocoba). (l)Icterus bullockii abeillei Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 361, 1905— Juan Lisiarraga Mountains and Escuinapa, Sinaloa (females and young males). Range. — Western North America from southern British Columbia, southern Alberta, and southern Saskatchewan to southern Texas, northern Lower California, and northwestern Mexico (Sonora, Sinaloa, and northern Durango),2 and from the Pacific to eastern South Dakota, central Nebraska, and western Kansas; winters in Mexico and western Guatemala; accidental in New York and Maine. 1 Real del Monte, Hidalgo, accepted as type locality. 2 In northern Durango it completely intergrades with /. b. abeillei, as has been set forth by the late W. Dew. Miller (1906, p. 171). 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 105 69: Canada (Okanagan, British Columbia, 2); Oregon (Jackson County, 1); California (Lake Side, 2; Alecio, Ventura County, 1; Nicasio, 4; Palcines, San Benito County, 2; Palo Alto, 2; San Jose", 1; Santa Clara, 1; Mendocino County, 1; Los Angeles, 1; Clipper Gap, 1; Amador County, 1); Arizona (Calabasas, 28; Huachuca Mountains, 1; Huachuca Plains, 3; Phoenix, 1; Florence, 1; Tucson, 4); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 6; Lay, 1); Mexico (Carriso Valley, Lower California, 1; Iguala, Guerrero, 3). *Icterus bullockii abeillei (Lesson).1 ABEILLE'S ORIOLE. Xanthornus abeillei Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 101, 1839 — Mexico (type in coll. of Dr. Abeille, Bordeaux). Pcndulinus abeillii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 433, 1850 — Mexico (diag.). Icterus abeillii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, p. 252 — Orizaba, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 1864, p. 175 — vicinity of Mexico City; Duges, La Natura- leza, 1, p. 139, 1868— Guanajuato; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 366, 1886— Mexico. Icterus abeillaei Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 362 — Mexico City; idem, Exot. Orn., p. 187, pi. 94, 1869— tableland of Mexico (Orizaba, Mexico City); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 355 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 462, 1887 — Mexico (Orizaba; Guanajuato; Mexico City). Hyphantes abeillei Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 62— Mexico (monog.). Icterus abeillei Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 781, 1893— Hacienda El I Molina, Jalisco (June); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 318, 1902 — southern Mexico (monog.). Range. — Southern portion of Mexican plateau, in states of San Luis Potosi (Jesus Maria), Guanajuato, Puebla, Mexico, Morelos, Vera Cruz, and Jalisco (Hacienda El Molina). *Icterus spurius (Linnaeus). ORCHARD ORIOLE. Oriolus spurius Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 162, 1766 — based on "The Bastard Oriole" Catesby (Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 49, pi. 49) and "Le Baltimore bastard" Brisson (Orn., 2, p. Ill, pi. 10, fig. 3); "in America septentrionali" = South Carolina (ex Catesby). Oriolus varius Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 390, 1788 — based on "Carouge, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 607, fig. 1 (=male). 1 An earlier name is possibly Oriolus costototl Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, [1], p. 385, 1788), based on "Le Troupiale de la Nouvelle Espagne" Brisson (Orn., 2, p. 95) and "Le Xochitol et le Costototl" Buffon, both of whom gained their knowledge from Hernandez (Hist. Nov. Hisp., pp. 20, 39). The description of the latter author being by no means clear, it seems expedient to discard Gmelin's name altogether. 106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Oriolus capensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 392, 1788 — based on "Le Carouge du Cap de Bonne Esperance" Brisson (Orn., 2, p. 128) and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 607, fig. 2 (=female; cf. Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 5, p. 321, 1816). Oriolus castaneus Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 181, 1790 — based on "Carouge, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 607, fig. 1 (=male). Oriolus mutatus Wilson, Amer. Orn., 1, p. 64, pi. 4, 1808 — new name for Oriolus spurius Linnaeus. Yphantes solitaria Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 3, p. 215, 1816— "depuis les Florides jusqu'au Canada." Pendulinus nigricollis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 5, p. 318, 1816 — North America (= immature male). Xanlhornus affinis Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 5, p. 113, 1852 — Rio Grande, Texas (type in coll. of G. N. Lawrence, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 140 — Rio Atrato, Colombia. Icterus spurius Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 357 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 366, 1886 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 464, 1887 — North America to Colombia and Cuba; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 275, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 172, 1906— Rio Sestin, Durango, Mexico (May 4); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 829, 1910 — Costa Rica (Pigres, San Jose, El Pozo de Terraba, Guacimo, Buenos Aires); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 633, 1917— Algodonal, Magda- lena, Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 474, 1922 — Dibulla and Fundacion, Colombia; Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 124, 1923— Cuba; Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 416, 1931 — Cienaga and Fundacion River, Magdalena, Colombia; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 390, 1932— Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 407, 1934 — Guerrero (Acapulco, Coyuca, Chilpancingo). Range. — North America, from North Dakota, Minnesota, Wis- consin, Michigan, southeastern Ontario, New York, and Massa- chusetts south to Florida, the Gulf coast to southern Texas, and in western Mexico to Jalisco and Oaxaca; also west to Nebraska, northeastern Colorado, and western Kansas; winters from southern Mexico to northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela; occa- sional in New England, New Brunswick, and Cuba.1 70: Massachusetts (Ipswich, 1); New Jersey (Englewood, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 2); Illinois (Joliet, 2; Fox Lake, 1; Lewis- town, 1; Grand Tower, 1); North Carolina (Raleigh, 1); Georgia (Chataw County, 1; Savannah, 1); Florida (Nassau County, 2; 1 The reported occurrence of the Orchard Oriole in French Guiana (Cayenne) has not been corroborated, and whether it breeds anywhere in eastern Mexico appears to be open to doubt. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 107 Key West, 1); Alabama (Elmore County, 1); Mississippi (Vicksburg, 8); Texas (Fort Worth, 7; Cameron County, 2; Corpus Christi, 1; Ingram, Kerr County, 1; Dallas, 1); Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 3; unspecified, 1); Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 2; Mazatenango, Suchitepequez, 3; Gualan, Zacapa, 2; El Rancho, Zacapa, 1; Lake Amatitlan, Solola, 1; Patulul, Solola, 1; San Jos£, Escuintla, 1; Tiquisate, Escuintla, 3); Costa Rica (San Jose", 6); Nicaragua (San Geronimo, Chinandega, 7); Panama (Darien, Canal Zone, 1; Colon, 1); Venezuela (Rio Aurare, Zulia, 1). Icterus fuertesi Chapman.1 FUERTES'S ORIOLE. Icterus fuertesi Chapman, Auk, 28, p. 3, pi. 1, 1911 — Paso del Haba, south bank of Tamesi River, thirty-five miles northwest of Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Range. — Eastern Mexico, in State of Tamaulipas (Tamesi River, northwest of Tampico). "Icterus bonana (Linnaeus). MARTINIQUE ORIOLE. Oriolus bonana Linnaeus,2 Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 162, 1766 — based pri- marily on "Le Carouge" Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 115, pi. 12, fig. 2; Martinique (type in coll. of M. de Reaumur). Pendulinus banana Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 5, p. 316, 181 6 — M artinique . Pendulinus rufigaster Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 5, p. 321, 1816— "1'Amerique meridionale," errore (type in Paris Museum ex- amined; descr. falsa); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 55 (crit.). 1 Icterus fuertesi Chapman: Similar to /. spurius, but smaller, and the chestnut areas of the adult male replaced by a color which varies from buff to ochraceous; female and immature male resembling in coloration the corresponding stages of /. spurius, but smaller. Wing, 71-72 Y2, (female) 68; tail, 64-66 M, (female) 63 M; bill, 14^-16. Nothing is known of this species beyond its description. Chapman and Fuertes took four specimens on the Tamesi River early in April, 1910, which the collectors believed to have been about to breed. It may prove to be a southern race of the Orchard Oriole, such affinity being suggested by the nature of the distinguishing character, as well as by the similarity of the female and immature male. The breeding in eastern Mexico of the Orchard Oriole does not seem to be established beyond doubt. The few specimens taken in May and July in Oaxaca and Vera Cruz might well have been belated migrants or individuals which have failed to leave their winter quarters. 2 Although various references quoted by Linnaeus, such as Sloane (Voy. Jam., 2, pp. 299, 300, pi. 257, fig. 1, and pi. 258, fig. 3), Browne (Nat. Hist. Jam., p. 477), and Hernandez, pertain to other species, and the habitat is given as "America meridionalis," it plainly results from his diagnosis, which is almost word for word that of Brisson, that the "Carouge" of the latter author formed the principal basis of O. bonana. Brisson has a very accurate description of the present species from specimens forwarded from Martinique by M. Thibault de Chanvalon. 108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Bananivorus rufigaster Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 834, 1853 — "Guadeloupe" (crit. on type); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 12, 1854 (reprint). Icterus banana Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 167 — Martinique. Icterus bonana Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 355, 1879 — Martinique; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 358 — Martinique (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 368, 1886— Martinique; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 215, 1886— Marti- nique (descr.); idem, Auk, 4, p. 96, 1887 — Martinique; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 102, 1889— Martinique; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 133, 1892— Martinique; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 279, 1902— Martinique (monog.). Icterus bonanae Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 131, 1862 — "Antilles." Pendulinus bonana Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 54 — Marti- nique (monog.). Range. — Island of Martinique, Lesser Antilles.1 11: Lesser Antilles (Martinique, 11). Icterus cayanensis cayanensis (Linnaeus). CAYENNE ORIOLE. Oriolus cayanensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 163, 1766 — based on "The Yellow-winged Pye" Edwards (Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 239, pi. 322; Guiana) and "Le Carouge de Cayenne" Brisson (Orn., 2, p. 123, pi. 9, fig. 2; Cayenne);2 type locality, therefore, Cayenne. Agelaius chrysopterus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 539, 1819 — part, Cayenne (descr. of male). Xanthornus flavaxilla Hahn, Vogel aus Asien, Afrika, etc., livr. 6, p. 1, pi. 2, 1820— new name for Oriolus cayanensis Linnaeus. Pendulinus cayanensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 433, 1850 (diag.); idem, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 30, 1857 — Cayenne; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 57 — Cayenne and northern Brazil (monog.). Xanthornus chrysopterus Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 271, 1856 — part, Guyana and Amazonas. Icterus cayanensis Daudin, Traite d'Orn., 2, p. 336, 1800 — part, Cayenne; Swainson, Zool. 111., (n.s.), 1, pi. 22, 1829— no locality; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 131, 1862— Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 573— island of Marajo, Brazil; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 266 — Rio Ucayali, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 359 — Cayenne, lower Amazon, and Ucayali, Peru (monog.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 417, 1884— Ucayali, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 369, 1886— Cayenne, 1 The occurrence of this species on Guadeloupe is open to doubt. The type of P. rufigaster is in every respect a normal individual of the Martinique Oriole, Vieillot's description being faulty, as so frequently happens in this author's writings. The specimen sent to the Paris Museum by Mr. Moreau de Jonnes may have been a cage-bird, or possibly an individual straggler. 2 The bird from "St. Thomas" described by Feuillee and quoted in the synon- ymy does not belong here. Brisson described the specimen sent by M. des Essars from Cayenne to M. de Reaumur. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 109 Surinam, Para, Marajo, and "Peruvian Amazon"; Berlepsch and Stolz- mann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1896, p. 354 — La Merced, Chanchamayo, Peru; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 433, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 124, 1908 — Cayenne; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 299, 1907— Para and Santo Antonio do Prata; idem, I.e., 56, pp. 520, 524, 1908 — Arumatheua, Rio Tocantins; idem, I.e., 61, p. 522, 1913 — Para district and Rio Tocantins; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 423, 1914 — Para, Providencia, Santo Antonio do Prata, Rio Tocan- tins (Cameta, Arumatheua, Ilha Araramanha). Icterus cayennensis Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 377, 1910 — Surinam. Xanthornus cayanensis Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 401, 1907 — Rio Jurua (range). Xanthornus cayanensis cayanensis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 39, 1908 (range). Icterus cayanensis cayanensis Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-Phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 20, 88, 1912— Ipitinga, Rio Acara (Para localities); idem, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 35, 1920— Yahuarmayo, Cha- quimayo, and San Gaban, Carabaya, Peru (sexual difference); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 176, 1928— Castanhal, Para. Range. — French and Dutch Guiana, and Amazon Valley from Marajo and the Para region west to eastern Peru (from the Ucayali to Carabaya).1 "Icterus cayanensis tibialis Swainson.2 YELLOW-THIGHED ORIOLE. Icterus tibialis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 302, Dec. 31, 1837 — "Brazil" (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 339 — Quipapa, Macuca, Garanhuns, and Cabo, Pernambuco; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 360 — Pernambuco to Rio de Janeiro (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 370, 1886— 1 Birds from southeastern Peru do not seem to differ from six Cayenne and lower Amazonian skins except in having the tibial feathers often tipped with yellow. Material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 3. — Brazil: Bemfica, Para, 1; Santo Antonio do Prata, Para, 2; Ipitinga, Rio Acara, 1; Rio Jurua, 1. — Peru, Carabaya: Chaquimayo, 2; Yahuarmayo, 4; San Gaban, 2. 2 Icterus cayanensis tibialis Swainson : Differs from the nominate race by smaller size; stouter and much shorter bill; entirely yellow axillars and under wing coverts; and by having the tibial feathers largely tipped with yellow. Wing, 87-95; tail, 93-100; bill, 17-19. Birds from the northern parts of the range generally have more yellow on the tibial feathers than those from Bahia, though there is some variation in that respect. One (of two) adult males from northwestern Bahia (Sao Marcello, Rip Preto), by partly dusky under wing coverts, approaches /. c. valencio-buenoi, while others from Bahia very nearly resemble the latter in the ochraceous tone of the humeral area. Additional material examined. — Maranhao: Miritiba, 3. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 1. — Pernambuco: Quipapa, 1; Macuca, 1. — Ceara: unspecified, 2. — Bahia: La- marao, 1; Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco, 1; Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande, 1; Rio Preto, 2; unspecified, 14. — Rio de Janeiro: unspecified, 1. 110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Pernambuco, Bahia, "Rio," and "Rio Claro, Goyaz";1 Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 402, 1907 — Bahia and Pernambuco (range excl. of Minas Geraes); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926— Ceara. Icterus cayanensis (not Oriolus cayanensis Linnaeus) Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Braz., 3, (2), p. 1204, 1831 — Rio Itapemirim, Espirito Santo, and Rio Belmonte, Bahia (habits). Xanthornus chrysopterus (not Agelaius chrysopterus Vieillot) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 271, 1856— part, descr. and hab. Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro. Pendulinus tibialis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 57 — Bahia and Ceara (monog.); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 80, 1910 — Bahia (Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco; Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande; Santa Rita, Rio Preto) and Piauhy (Parnagua). Xanthornus cayanensis tibialis Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 39, 1908 — Rio de Janeiro to Ceara. Icterus (Pendulinus) tibialis Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss., Wien, 76, p. 176, 1925 — northeastern Brazil. Icterus cayanensis tibialis Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 275, 1929 — Maranhao (Rosario, Miritiba, Fazenda Inhuma), Piauhy (Arara, Ibiapaba), and Ceara (Varzea Formosa; Jua, near Iguatu; Quixada; Serra de Baturite) (crit.). Range. — Eastern Brazil, from Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara south through Pernambuco, Bahia, and Espirito Santo to Rio de Janeiro.2 22: Brazil, Maranhao (Rosario, 1; Fazenda Inhuma, Alto Par- nahyba, 1); Piauhy (Arara, 1; Ibiapaba, 2); Ceara (Varzea Formosa, 1; Jua, near Iguatu, 5; Quixada, 2; Serra de Baturit^, 3); Bahia 1 This is a Bahia trade skin. 2 It seems appropriate to mention in this connection Pendulinus rufaxillus Bonaparte (Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 432, end of 1850), a "species" completely lost sight of in literature since it was quoted by Cassin (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 55). The type, an unsexed adult, is still preserved in the Paris Museum. Acquired in 1835, it is stated to be from "Mexico." Mr. J. Berlioz, to whom I am greatly indebted for his assistance, carefully compared it with specimens of the allied forms, which were submitted to him for that purpose, and reports that in the uniform light-colored under wing coverts and tibial feathers the type resembles I. c. tibialis, but differs by having the humeral area ochraceous like valencio-buenoi from Goyaz ("d'un cannelle-jaunatre, passant au jaune un peu plus clair et plus net sur la f range"). Mr. Berlioz adds that the yellow on the thighs and under the wings is paler, almost whitish, than in any specimen of /. c. tibialis, a divergency which he attributes to fading of the mounted type exposed to the light for nearly a century. While resembling /. c. valencio-buenoi in the coloration of the smaller upper wing coverts, it has, as stated above, the axillars, under wing coverts, and tibial feathers entirely light, which is never the case in the form peculiar to the interior districts of Brazil described by Ihering. Whether P. rufaxillus represents an individual variant of I. c. tibialis or an intergrade between it and /. c. valencio-buenoi, cannot be determined, since the origin of the type specimen is shrouded in mystery, the locality "Mexico" being an obvious mistake. For the present, the status of P. rufaxillus must, therefore, be left in abeyance. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 111 (Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, 2; Sao Marcello, Rio Preto, 2; unspecified, 2). Icterus cayanensis valencio-buenoi Ihering.1 VALENCIO BUENO'S ORIOLE. Icterus cayanensis valencio-buenoi Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 5, "1901," p. 268, 1902 — Piracicaba and Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo (type, from Piracicaba, in Museu Paulista). Xanthornus cayanensis valencio-buenoi Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 402, 1907 — Sao Paulo (Piracicaba, Itarar£, Bebedouro, Jaboticabal); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, pp. 38, 39, 1908 — Goyaz and Fazenda Esperanga, Goyaz (crit.; range excl. of Cuyaba, Matto Grosso). Hypliantes pyrrhopterus (not Agelaius pyrrhopterus Vieillot) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 194, 1870 — part, Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana) and Goyaz (spec, examined). Icterus pyrrhopterus Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 358 — part, Goyaz; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 172, 1899— Piracicaba, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 222, 1900 (nest and eggs). Xanlhornus pyrrhopterus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 401, 1907 — part, Sao Paulo and Goyaz. Icterus cayanensis (not Oriolus cayanensis Linnaeus) Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 397 — Minas Geraes (Uberuba, Paracatu, Sete Lagoas). Range. — Interior of Brazil, from southern Goyaz (Goyaz; Fazenda Esperanga) south to Minas Geraes (Uberuba; Paracatu; Sete Lagoas; Agua Suja, near Bagagem) and Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana; Victoria do Botucatu; Jaboticabal; Bebedouro; Piraci- caba; Itarare"). 1 Icterus cayanensis valencio-buenoi Ihering: Similar to /. c. periporphyrus, but humeral area paler and yellower, dull ochraceous-orange instead of tawny; axillars and under wing coverts broadly edged or tipped with yellow, not uniform black. Wing, 94-100, (female) 88-91; tail, 100-107, (female) 95-102; bill, 17^-20. This interesting form connects the yellow-shouldered group (cayanensis- tibialis) and the pyrrhopterus section with cinnamon-rufous to chestnut numeral area. In the basally blackish, yellow-edged under wing coverts it resembles /. c. cayanensis, having thus less yellow under the wing than /. c. tibialis, from which it, furthermore, differs by the black tibial feathers which very rarely show just a few yellow edges or tips. The humeral area varies between "cadmium yellow" and "raw sienna" to "mars yellow," and though certain individuals of /. c. tibialis from Bahia run very close, the tone in valencio-buenoi as a whole is more ochraceous. Wings and tail are somewhat longer, the bill on average is very slightly longer than in 7. c. tibialis. Birds from Goyaz and western Minas Geraes are identical with topotypes from Sao Paulo. A male (in first annual plumage) from the Rio Paranapanema, Sao Paulo, in color of shoulder patch very nearly approaches /. c. periporphyrus, of Matto Grosso. Two immature specimens from Cuyaba, which I formerly assigned to the present form, prove on reexamination to be referable to /. c. periporphyrus. Material examined. — Sao Paulo: Porto do Rio Parana, 2; Fazenda Cayoa, Salto Grande, Rio Paranapanema, 1; Victoria do Botucatu, 1. — Minas Geraes: Agua Suja, near Bagagem, 8. — Goyaz: Goyaz, 6; Fazenda Esperanga, 1. 112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Icterus cayanensis periporphyrus (Bonaparte).1 TAWNY- SHOULDERED ORIOLE. Pendulinus periporphyrus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 432, 1850 — • Bolivia (type, from Chiquitos, eastern Bolivia, in Paris Museum examined). Icterus pyrrhopterus compsus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 68, 1902 — Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, Brazil (type in U. S. National Museum); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 398, 1920— Matto Grosso (Chapada, Cuyaba, Rio das Flechas, Abrilongo, Caceres, Pocone"). Hyphantes pyrrhopterus (not Agelaius pyrrhopterus Vieillot) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 63— Chiquitos, Bolivia (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 194, 1870 — part, Cuyaba and Rio das Flechas, Matto Grosso (spec, examined). Icterus pyrrhopterus Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 358 — part, Cuyaba; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 368, 1886 — part, spec, g, Brazil; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 378, 1891 — part, Abrilongo and Chapada, Matto Grosso. Xanthornus pyrrhopterus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 401, 1907 — part, Matto Grosso. Icterus cayanensis valencio-buenoi (not of Ihering) Menegaux, Rev. Frang. d'Orn., 5, p. 88, 1917 — Caceres and Pocone, Matto Grosso. Icterus pyrrhopterus pyrrhopterus Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 295, 1930 — part, San Jose and La Crecencia, Chi- quitos, Bolivia (crit.); Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 394, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Range. — Central Brazil, in State of Matto Grosso (excepting extreme southwestern section), and adjacent parts of eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos). 4: Brazil, Matto Grosso (Piraputanga, 1; Descalvados, 1; Cha- pada, 2). *Icterus cayanensis pyrrhopterus (Vieillot). CHESTNUT- SHOULDERED ORIOLE. Agelaius pyrrhopterus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 543, 1819— based on "Tordo negro cobijas de canela" Azara, No. 74, Paraguay; Hartlaub, Syst. Index Azara, p. 5, 1847 — Paraguay. 1 Icterus cayanensis periporphyrus (Bonaparte) : Very similar to /. c. pyrrhop- terus, but with somewhat smaller, slenderer bill, and with humeral area, sex for sex, of a lighter tone, cinnamon-rufous rather than chestnut. Wing, 90-95, (female) 85-89; tail, 90-98, (female) 87-91; bill, 17-19. Bonaparte's type from Chiquitos (in eastern Bolivia) and other specimens from the same district agree with a topotypical series of I. p. compsus from Cuyaba in having the smaller upper wing coverts of a markedly lighter ferruginous color, when compared to typical pyrrhopterus, of Paraguay and the adjacent parts of Argentina. Immature individuals of the present form have the humeral area much duller as well as more ochraceous, and resemble in that respect /. c. valencio- buenoi in adult plumage, while the juvenile stage of the latter race has this patch much more yellowish, more like /. c. tibialis. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Chiquitos, 1; Santa Cruz, 4. — Brazil, Matto Grosso: Chapada, 2; Abrilongo, 1; Cuyaba, 10; Rio das Flechas, 1. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 113 Icterus pyrrhopterus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 6, 1838 — Corrientes (spec, examined); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 140 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 59 — Baradero, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 605— "Tilotilo," Bolivia; Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 356— Salta; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 133, 1883— Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (nest); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 358 — part, Paraguay, Argentina (Buenos Aires, Corrientes), and Bolivia ("Tilotilo"); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 368, 1886 — part, spec, a-d, Conchitas, Buenos Aires, Salta, and "Tilotilo" (Bolivia); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 11, 1887— LambarS, Paraguay; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 107, 1888 — Buenos Aires (habits); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 378, 1891 — part, Corumba, Matto Grosso, and Piedra Blanca, Bolivia; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 128 — lower Pilcomayo; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 8, 1895— Carpegua, Paraguay, and Corumba, Matto Grosso; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 11, 1897— Salta (Campo Santo, Tala), Jujuy (San Lorenzo), and Bolivia (Caiza); Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 224 — Gran Chaco; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 182, 1902 — Tucuman; Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 143, 1902— Sapucay, Paraguay; Lonnberg, Ibis, 1903, p. 471 — Tatarenda, Bolivian Chaco; Baer, Ornis, 12, p. 218, 1904— Lules and Tapia, Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 258, 1904— Oran, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 46, 1905 — Tucuman; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 404, 1910 (range in Argentina); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 644— Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 109 — Paraguay (Villa Franca), Formosa (Puerto Maria, Rio Paraguay), and Entre Rios (Santa Elena); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 66, 1914 — Puerto Bertoni, Paraguay; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 664, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires. Xanthornus periporphyrus (not Pendulinus periporphyrus Bonaparte) Bur- meister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 258, 1860 — Tucuman. Xanthornus pyrrhopterus Burmeister, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 493, 1861 — near Parana and Tucuman, also on the Rio Uruguay; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— Cordoba (one sight record); Serie", El Hornero, 1, p. 35, 1917— Punta Lara, La Plata (life in captivity); Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 24, 1920 — Canelones and Paysandu, Uruguay; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 54, 1923 — island near Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 70, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923— San Isidro, Buenos Aires. Xanthornus pyrrhopterus pyrrhopterus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 187, 1909 — Ocampo, Santa F6, and Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 248, 1919 — Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires. Icterus pyrrhopterus pyrrhopterus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 382, 1926 — Chaco (Resistencia, Las Palmas), Formosa (Riacho Pilaga, Formosa), Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), and Tucuman (Tapia); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 219, 1927 — Concepcion, Tucuman; Naum- burg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 397, 1930— Paraguay (Trinidad, 114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Rio Negro), Matto Grosso (Urucum, Belvedere de Urucum), and Bolivia (Piedra Blanca) (nest and eggs); Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 295, 1930 — part, Formosa (Lapango, San Jose, Yuncii Viejo, Tapikiole, Chaves) and Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tarija). Icterus pyrrhopterus argoptilus Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 25, p. 68, 1902 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires (type in U. S. National Museum). Range. — Extreme southeastern Bolivia (Villa Montes, Tatarenda, and Caiza, headwaters of the Rio Pilcomayo, Tarija; Piedra Blanca, near Bahia Negra, upper Rio Paraguay); southwestern Matto Grosso (Corumba, Urucum, Belvedere de Urucum); Paraguay; northern Argentina, south to La Rioja, Cordoba (one sight record), Santa Fe, and Buenos Aires (littoral of La Plata River); Uruguay.1 14: Brazil, Matto Grosso (Urucum de Corumba, 5; Descalvados, 1; Corumba, 1; Chapada, 1); Uruguay (Rio Uruguay, Dept. Soriano, 1); Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 5). *Icterus chrysocephalus (Linnaeus). MORICHE ORIOLE. Oriolus chrysocephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 164, 1766 — based on "Le Carouge a teste jaune d'Amerique" Brisson, Orn., 6, Suppl., p. 38, pi. 2, fig.- 2; "Amerique" = Cayenne2 (type in coll. of D. Mauduyt). Gracula chrysoptera Merrem, Icon. Av., livr. 1, p. 10, pi. 3, 1786 — South America (location of type not stated). Icterus chrysocephalus Daudin, Traite d'Orn., 2, p. 336, 1800 — "Amerique"; Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 68, pi. 67, fig. 1, 1827— Rio Negro; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 680, 1849 —British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 131, 1862— Cayenne; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182 — Sarayacu, Peru; idem, I.e., 1873, p. 266— Sarayacu; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 359 (monog.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 416, 1884 — Sarayacu, Peru; Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218 — Bartica Grove and Roraima, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 369, 1886 — British Guiana (Demerara, Bartica Grove, Roraima), Cayenne, Peru (Sarayacu, Ucayali), Ecuador (Sarayacu), Colombia ("Bogota"), and Venezuela ("Caracas"); Ber- lepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 300, 1889 — Shanusi (Yurimaguas), Peru; 1 Two adults from southwestern Matto Grosso (Corumba) are "extreme" examples of pyrrhopterus, having the humeral area just as deeply chestnut-rufous as any from Paraguay, hence much darker than a series from Cuyaba. Size appears too variable a feature to maintain the supposedly larger argoptilus. Adult males from Paraguay measure on the wing from 90 to 95; two from Corrientes, 89, 90; two from Buenos Aires, 89, 92; two from Tucuman, 91, 94. A single specimen from "Tilotilo, Yungas," identical in coloration with topotypes, is probably wrongly labeled, and is more likely to have originated in southern Bolivia (possibly at Camargo, another of Buckley's collecting stations). Additional material examined. — Brazil, Matto Grosso: Corumba, 2. — Para- guay: island near Concepcion, 6; Carpegua, 2; unspecified, 1.— Argentina: Corrien- tes, 2; Ocampo, Santa Fe, 1; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 3; Tucuman, 3.— Bolivia: "Tilotilo," 1. 2 Suggested by Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 31, 1902. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 115 Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 617, 1906— Rio Negro and Cayenne; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 124, 1908 — Cayenne; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 109, 1909— La Brea, Orinoco Delta; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 212, 1913— Guinipa River, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 376, 1910 — Surinam; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 423, 1914 (range); Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 205, 1916 — Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 86, 1918 — vicinity of Para- maribo, Surinam; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 150 — Apure, Venezuela; Chap* man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 699, 1926— Rio Suno and below San Jose, Ecuador. Pendulinus chrysocep}ialus Vieillot and Oudart, Gal. Ois., 1, (2), p. 122, pi. 86, circa 1823; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 432, 1850 (diag.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 56 — Cayenne, Demerara, and Ecuador (monog.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 194, 1870 — Sitio do Hilario Monteiro and Marabitanas, upper Rio Negro, and Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil (spec, examined). Xanthornus chrysocephalus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 184, 1851 — Guiana; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 271, 1856 — Rio Negro, Guiana, and Colombia; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 31, 1902 — Perico, Rio Catanapa, and Maipures, Orinoco, and Suapure, Caura, Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 401, 1907 (range). Melanopsar chrysocephalus Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 578, 1921 — Takutu Mountains, Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Bonasika River, Deme- rara, Roraima, Bartica, and Hoorie Creek. Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Venezuela, in the valley of the Orinoco and its tributaries;1 extreme northern Brazil (upper stretches of the Rio Branco and Rio Negro) ; eastern Colombia (not uncommon in native "Bogota" collections); eastern Ecuador; northeastern Peru (lower Ucayali and lower Huallaga).2 4: Venezuela ("Cumana," Sucre, 1); British Guiana (Mazaruni River, 2); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 1). *Icterus prosthemelas prosthemelas (Strickland).3 LESSON'S ORIOLE. 1 1 cannot help questioning the locality "Caracas" attached to a specimen in the British Museum. The Moriche Oriole, an inhabitant of the tropics of the Guianan-Amazonian subregion, is not likely to find a suitable abode in the coast ranges. The species is not mentioned in Sclater and Salvin's report on Goering's collections, and if really contained in his series, the specimen might have been a captive individual of this favorite cage-bird. 2 A single Peruvian example does not materially differ from a series of more eastern origin. Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 2. — British Guiana: Bartica Grove, 2. — Venezuela: SuapurS, Caura, 2; Perico, Orinoco, 2; Maipures, Orinoco, 2. — Brazil: Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 4; upper Rio Negro, 1. — Colombia: "Bogota," 4. — Eastern Ecuador: "Rio Napo," 1. — Peru: Yuri- maguas, 1. 3 An earlier name is possibly Icterus melanocephalus Hahn (Vogel aus Asien, Afrika, etc., livr. 6, pi. 3, 1820) described from a specimen in the collection of the 116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Xanthornus prosthemelas Strickland, Contrib. Orn., 1850, p. 120, pi. 62, 1850 — Guatemala (type in coll. of T. Wilson, now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 47, 1899). Pendulinus lessoni Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 432, end of 1850— Mexico (type in Paris Museum); Pucheran, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 6, p. 66, 1854 (crit.).1 Xanthornus lessoni Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 184, 1851 — Jalapa, Mexico. Icterus prosthemelas Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, p. 301 — Cordoba, Vera Cruz; idem, I.e., 1857, p. 7 (crit.); Moore, I.e., 1859, p. 58— Comayagua, Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 20 — Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 279 — Bluefields River, Nicaragua; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 837— [San Pedro], Honduras; (?)Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 23, 1876 — Chihuitan, Oaxaca; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 46, 1878 — "dans les terres chaudes" of Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 59 — Naranjo, Costa Rica; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 363 — Mexico to Costa Rica (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 373, 1886 — British Honduras (Corozal, Belize), Guatemala (Choctum, Rio Pasion), Honduras (San Pedro), and Costa Rica (Peje, Tucurriqui); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887— Jimenez and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 466, 1887 — Mexico to Costa Rica; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, pp. 580, 588, 1887— Trujillo and Segovia River, Honduras; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 495, 1893— Rio Escondido, Nicaragua; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 269, 1902— southeastern Mexico to Panama (monog., full bibliog.); Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 39, p. 153, 1903^-Ceiba and Yaruca, Honduras; Cole, I.e., 50, p. 140, 1906— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. Ill, 1906— Costa Rica (crit.); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 113, 1907— Los Amates, Guatemala; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 830, 1910 — Caribbean Costa Rica (Talamanca, Juan Vinas, San Carlos, Jimenez, Birris, Pacuarito, Cachi, Cariblanco de Sarapiqui, Guacimo, Guapiles, El Hogar); Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 279, 1910— Guayabo, Costa Rica; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 — Xcopen and Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 30, 1919 — Siquirres and Sipurio de Talamanca, Costa Rica; Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 464, 1928— Almirante, Panama; Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 392, 1929 — Mountain Cow, Cayo District, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., 69, p. 477, 1929— Bavarian Academy of Sciences. The figure shows a remarkably strong and heavy bill, wholly unlike that species. As the type is no longer in the Munich Museum, in which the old collection of the Academy was incorporated, I am afraid Hahn's name will always remain unidentifiable. Unfortunately, it bars further use of the specific name melanocephalus for the green-backed Icterus and its northern ally (auduboni). 1 Although Pucheran claims that the specimen described by Lesson (Traite d'Orn., p. 429, 1831) as "Troupiale noir a ventre jaune" formed the basis of P. lessoni Bonaparte, there are certain discrepancies between the two descriptions. Mr. Berlioz (in litt.) informs me that Bonaparte's type is somewhat immature, having some yellowish-olive feathers on the hind neck ("cervice flavo-viridi"). 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 117 Lancetilla and Tela, Honduras; idem, I.e., 71, p. 344, 1931 — Changuinola, Almirante, Western River, and Chiriquicito, western Panama; Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 248, 1932— Eden, Neptune Mine, and Prinzapolka, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 335, 1932 — Lancetilla, Hon- duras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 392, 1932 — Secanquim, Finca Sepacuite, Finca Chama, Chimoxan, and Puebla, Guatemala. Pendulinus prosthemelas Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 56 — southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Costa Rica (monog.); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 104, 1869— Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 302, 1869— Costa Rica. Icterus waglerii (not of Sclater) Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 552, 1869 — hot region of Vera Cruz (C6rdoba up to 1,000 meters). Range. — Caribbean lowlands (rain forest) of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Cordoba, Jalapa), (?)0axaca (Chihuitan), Chiapas, Yucatan (Chichen Itza), and Quintana Roo, and south- wards through British Honduras, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica to western Panama (Almirante Bay).1 7: Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 1; Xepac, 1; unspecified, 2); Costa Rica (Limon, 2; Guayabo, 1). "Icterus prosthemelas northropi Allen.2 NORTHROP'S ORIOLE. Icterus northropi Allen, Auk, 7, p. 344, 1890 — Andros Island, Bahamas (type in coll. of the American Museum of Natural History, New York) ; Northrop, Auk, 8, p. 71, pi. 1 (adult and young male), 1891— Andros; Cory, Auk, 8, p. 350, 1891— Abaco; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 127, 146, 1892 —Andros and Abaco; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 266, 1902 (monog.); G. M. Allen, Auk, 22, p. 128, 1905— Andros (Mangrove Cay) and Little Abaco; Riley, in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, pp. 355, 367, 1905 — Abaco and Andros (crit.); Todd and Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, pp. 439, 463, 1911— Andros (Staniard Creek) and Abaco (crit.). Range. — Bahamas (islands of Andros, Abaco, and Little Abaco). 7: Bahamas (Abaco, 5; Andros, 2). *Icterus dominicensis melanopsis (Wagler).3 CUBAN ORIOLE. Icterus virescens (not of Daudin, 1800) Vigors, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 441 (in text), Dec., 1827 — near Havana, Cuba (type in coll. of N. A. Vigors, present location unknown; descr. of young). 1 The record from Guanajuato by Duges (La Naturaleza, 1, p. 139, 1868) probably refers to /. w. wagleri. 1 Icterus prosthemelas northropi Allen: Adult plumage similar in coloration to /. p. prosthemelas, but wings longer, and bill decidedly longer as well as stouter. Wing, 96-100, (female) 92-94; bill, 23-25. The only difference separating the Bahaman Oriole from the mainland form consists of the larger bill and longer wings. Otherwise, they are so very much alike that I have no hesitation in associating them in the same specific group. 3 The earliest name for the Cuban Oriole is the one given above. Vigors, after describing what was apparently an immature bird, tentatively proposed for 118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Psarocolius melanopsis Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 759- — new name for Icterus virescens Vigors. Pendulinus hypomelas (Dubus MS.) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 433, 1850 — "Mexico" (errore) and Cuba (type in Brussels Museum; descr. of adult); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 59— Cuba (monog.). Icterus dominicensis (not Oriolus dominicensis Linnaeus) Vigors, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 441, 1827 — near Havana, Cuba; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 268, 1860— Cuba (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 131, 1862 — part, spec, b, Cuba. Xanthornus dominicensis d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois., p. 115, pi. 19 bis, 1839 — part, Cuba; Gundlach, Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., 6, p. 318, 1852 — Cuba; idem, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 10, 1856 — Cuba (nest and eggs). Icterus hypomelas Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 360— Cuba (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 370, 1886— San Cristobal, Cuba; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 215, 1886— Cuba (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 102, 1889— Cuba (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 129, 1892— Cuba and Isle of Pines; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 305, 1892— near Trinidad, Cuba (plumages, habits); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 271, 1902 — Cuba (monog.); Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 211, 1905 — Isle of Pines (Jucaro, Hospital, Callebonita, Santa Fe); Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 275, 1916 — Nueva Gerona, Bibijagua, and Los Indios, Isle of Pines (crit.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 123, 1923— Cuba (habits); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 37, 1932 — Gibara and Rio Moa, Cuba. Range. — Island of Cuba, including the Isle of Pines, Greater Antilles. 12: Cuba (Palacios, Pinar del Rio, 5; San Diego de los Bafios, Pinar del Rio, 1; La Vega, Isle of Pines, 2; unspecified, 4). *Icterus dominicensis dominicensis (Linnaeus). HISPANIOLAN ORIOLE. Oriolus dominicensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 163, 1766 — based on "Le Carouge de S. Domingue" Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 121, pi. 12, fig. 3; S. Domingue (type in coll. of M. de Reaumur). Turdus ater Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 830, 1788— based on "Merle a gorge noire de Saint-Domingue" Buffon and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 559 (=young in change of plumage); Santo Domingo. Turdus jugularis Latham, Ind. Orn., 1, p. 351, 1790 — based on the same references. it the term I. virescens. This was subsequently changed to P. melanopsis by Wagler, who, although he does not state so, was evidently aware that /. virescens was previously employed by Daudin for another species of the same genus. The Cuban and Porto Rican Orioles are clearly representative races of /. dominicensis. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 119 Pendulinus flavigasier Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 5, p. 317, 1816 — based on "Le Carouge de Saint-Domingue" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 5, fig. 2. Icterus dominicensis Salle, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 232 — Santo Domingo; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 131, 1862 — part, spec, a, Santo Domingo; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 11, p. 94, 1866— Santo Domingo; Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 152, 1881— Potion ville, Haiti; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 361 — Santo Domingo (monog.); Tristram, Ibis, 1884, p. 168— Dominican Republic; Cory, Bds. Haiti & San Dom.,* p. 71, pi. [12], 1884— Le Coup, Puerto Plata, and La Vega; idem, Auk, 3, p. 216, 1886— Hispaniola (descr.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 371, 1886 — Santo Domingo (Puerto Plata) and Haiti; Tristram, Cat. Coll. Tristram, p. 250, 1889— Samana and Rivas; Cory, Bds. W. Ind., p. 103, 1889— Hispaniola; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 131, 1892— Hispaniola; Cherrie, Field Columb. Mus., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 16, 1896— Santo Domingo; Christy, Ibis, 1897, p. 325 — La Vega and Sanchez (song); Verrill and Verrill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 61, p. 362, 1909— Santo Domingo; Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 423, 1917— Monte Cristi, Sosua, and Arroyo Salado; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 515, 1928— Haiti, Gonave, and Tortuga (song, nest, and eggs); Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 373, 1929— Vazquez; Moltoni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., 68, p. 325, 1929 — Haina, Moca, and San Juan; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 408, 1931 — Hispaniola (monog.); Wetmore and Lincoln, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 82, art. 25, p. 61, 1933— Hispaniola. Pendulinus dominicensis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 58 — Port-au-Prince, Haiti (monog.). Pendulinus viridis (not Oriolus viridis Gmelin) Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e'd., 5, p. 321, 1816— Santo Domingo (location of type not stated ;= young). Range. — Island of Haiti, including Gonave and Tortue (Tortuga), Greater Antilles. 76: Haiti (Le Coup, 10; Jacmel, 1); Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo City, 9; Catare, 3; Aguacate, 4; La Vega, 3; Honduras, 14; Maniel, 16; Puerto Plata, 16). *Icterus dominicensis portoricensis Bryant. PORTO RlCAN ORIOLE. Icterus dominicensis var. portoricensis Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 10, p. 254, 1866 — Porto Rico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 207, 1925, and Bangs, I.e., 70, p. 419, 1930); Sundevall, Ofvers. Vetensk.- Akad. Forh., 26, p. 597, 1869— Porto Rico (crit.). Icterus dominicensis (not Oriolus dominicensis Linnaeus) Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 167— Porto Rico. Pendulinus portoricensis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 58— Porto Rico (monog.). 120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Icterus portoricensis Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 361 — Porto Rico (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 371, 1886— north side of Porto Rico; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 217, 1886— Porto Rico (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 104, 1889— Porto Rico (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 132, 1892 —Porto Rico; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 272, 1902— Porto Rico (monog.); Bowdish, Auk, 20, p. 12, 1903— Aguadilla, Porto Rico, and (?)Vieques; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric., 326, p. 115, 1916— Porto Rico (ecology); Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 477, 1923— Porto Rico; Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10, p. 100, 1926— Porto Rico (habits); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 535, 1927 — Porto Rico (monog.). Xanthornus portoricensis Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 312, 1874 — Porto Rico; idem, I.e., 26, pp. 160, 176, 1878 — Porto Rico (habits, nest, eggs); idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 210, 1878— Porto Rico (habits). Range. — Island of Porto Rico, Greater Antilles.1 43: Porto Rico (Mayagiiez, 2; unspecified, 41). *Icterus laudabilis laudabilis Sclater. SANTA LUCIA ORIOLE. Icterus laudabilis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1871, p. 270, pi. 21 — Santa Lucia (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Semper, I.e., 1872, p. 649— Santa Lucia (habits); Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 5, p. 166, 1880— Santa Lucia; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 361 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 372, 1886— Santa Lucia; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 217, 1886 (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 104, 1889— Santa Lucia; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1889, p. 395 — Santa Lucia; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 130, 1890— Santa Lucia; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 133, 1892— Santa Lucia; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 274, 1902 (monog.); Nicoll, Ibis, 1904, p. 561— Santa Lucia; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 541, 1928 — Santa Lucia. Range. — Island of Santa Lucia, Lesser Antilles. 20: Lesser Antilles (Santa Lucia, 20). *Icterus laudabilis oberi Lawrence.2 MONTSERRAT ORIOLE. Icterus oberi Lawrence, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3, p. 351, Nov., 1880 — Mont- serrat (type in U. S. National Museum); Grisdale, Ibis, 1882, p. 487, pi. 13— Montserrat; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 362 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 372, 1886— Montserrat; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 218, 1886 (ex Lawrence); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 105, 1889 — Montserrat; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 132, 1892— Montserrat; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 265, 1902— Montserrat (monog.). Range. — Island of Montserrat, Lesser Antilles. 7: Lesser Antilles (Montserrat, 7). 1 The record from Vieques by Bowdish appears to be a pen-slip. 2 Icterus laudabilis oberi Lawrence: Very similar to /. L laudabilis, but with markedly shorter wings, also distinguished by lacking the deep yellow area on the upper wing coverts, and by having the orange yellow color underneath farther extended over the breast. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 121 *Icterus parisorum Bonaparte. SCOTT'S ORIOLE. Icterus parisorum Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., "1837," p. 110, pub. June, 1838 — Mexico (type in coll. of Paris brothers, present location unknown);1 Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 544, 1858 — New Mexico (Santa Catarina, New Leon) and Texas (Pecos River) ; idem, Bds. N. Amer. , Atlas, pi. 57, fig. 1, 1860; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 54 (monog.); Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 553, 1869 — Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 365 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 374, 1886 — Lower California (Cape San Lucas) and Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 463, 1887; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 308, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 151, 1928— Lower California; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 407, 1934— Chil- pancingo, Guerrero; van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 476, 1934 — Sonora (Mina Abundancia, Bravo, Nacozari, Oposura, Durazno). Icterus melanochrysura Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 105, 1839— Mexico (location of type not stated). Icterus scottii Couch, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 7, p. 66, 1854 — western New Leon and Coahuila (location of type unknown); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 6 (crit.).2 Range. — Upper Austral zone from interior southern California, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, central eastern New Mexico, and central western Texas south to Lower California, Michoacan, Hidalgo, and Vera Cruz, Mexico; probably only a winter visitant in parts of Mexico. 28: California (Hesperia, San Bernardino County, 2); Arizona (Tucson, Pima County, 2; Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, 17); Texas (unspecified, 1); Mexico (El Sauz, Sierra de las Lagunas, Lower California, 4; Cape San Lucas, 1; San Luis Potosi, 1). Icterus maculi-alatus Cassin.3 BAR-WINGED ORIOLE. Icterus maculi-alatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, p. 332, 1847 — "Mexico, prope Vera Cruz," misprint for [Coban], Vera Paz, Guatemala (type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 34, 1899); idem, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 1, p. 137, pi. 16, fig. 1, 1848 (fig. of type); Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 398 — Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala; Sclater, Cat. 1 Possibly in the Liverpool Museum. 2 Sclater appears to have examined the type, probably at the Smithsonian Institution, since Stone (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 22, 1899) states that none of Couch's types are at Philadelphia. 3 Icterus maculi-alatus Cassin seems to be more nearly related to /. parisorum than to any other member of the genus, and may prove to be conspecific. The interrelationship of the orioles of northern Central America is, however, rather a complicated problem, and requires more time than I can possibly devote to its investigation. Cf. Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, pp. 391-392, 1932. 122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 132, 1862— Aguna and Escuintla, Guatemala; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 363 — Pacific "coast" of Guatemala (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 373, 1886— Pacific Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Volcan de Agua, San Pedro Martir, Escuintla, Aguna); Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1 , p. 467, 1887 — Pacific slope of Guatemala ; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 265, 1902— Pacific slope of Guatemala (monog.); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. EL, 64, p. 391, 1932 — Chanquejelve, San Lucas, and San Antonio, Guatemala (crit.; descr. of female). Pendulinus maculi-alatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 433, 1850 — "Mexico" (ex Cassin); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 56 — Vera Paz, Guatemala (monog.). Range. — Pacific slope of Guatemala.1 Icterus wagleri castaneopectus Brewster.2 CHESTNUT-BREASTED ORIOLE. Icterus wagleri castaneopectus Brewster, Auk, 5, p. 91, 1888 — Oposura, Sonora (type in coll. of W. Brewster, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 419, 1930); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 288, 1931 — San Javier, Chinobampo, Guirocoba, and Agiabampo, Sonora (crit.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, p. 475, 1934— Sonora (Alamos, Mina Abundancia, Hacienda de San Rafael, Bravo, Oposura, Carmen, Durazno). Icterus wagleri (not of Sclater) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 267, 1902— part, Chihuahua (near Batopilas) and Sonora (Oposura, Alamos) . Range. — Northwestern Mexico, in Sonora and Chihuahua. *Icterus wagleri3 wagleri Sclater. WAGLER'S ORIOLE. Psarocolius flavigaster (not of Vieillot, 1816) Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 756 — Mexico (type in Berlin Museum). Icterus wagleri(i) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 25, p. 7, 1857 — Mexico (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); idem, I.e., 27, p. 381, 1859— Villa Alta, Oaxaca; Baird, Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 545, 1858— Coahuila (Saltillo) and Guatemala (crit.) ; idem, Bds. N. Amer., Atlas, pi. 61, fig. 2, 1860; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 20— Duenas, Guatemala; 1 The record from Guanajuato, Mexico, by Duges (La Naturaleza, 1, p. 139, 1868) s. n. I. maculi-alatus must refer to some other species. 2 Icterus wagleri castaneopectus Brewster: Differs from the nominate race in larger size and richer coloration of the under parts, the breast being more strongly suffused with chestnut. Wing, (male) 105-112, (female) 99-102. This race, which we have not seen, is recognized by both van Rossem and Griscom (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 393, 1932). 3 Icterus wagleri, although closely allied to I. prosthemelas, may provisionally be regarded as a distinct species. In opposition to its relative, it prefers higher altitudes, and while it may prove to be an altitudinal representative, available data are not complete enough to permit of final conclusions. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 123 Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 338, 1870 — Guadalajara,1 Jalisco; Lawrence, Mem. Boston Soc. N. H., 2, p. 279, 1874— Tepic and Guadalajara1 (habits); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 263, 1882— Guate- mala; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 362 — Mexico and Guatemala (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 372, 1886— Mexico (Oaxaca; "Presidio") and Guatemala (Duenas; Calderas, Volcan de Fuego); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 150, 1886— Tecali and Huehuetlan, Puebla; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 466, 1887 — Mexico (Saltillo, Coahuila; "Presidio;" Guadalajara; Tepic; Temascaltepec; Huehuetlan; Villa Alta, Oaxaca) and Guatemala (Duenas, Calderas, San Geronimo); Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 781, 1893— Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 267, 1902— part, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, etc., to Guatemala (monog.); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 113, 1907— Lake Amatitlan, Lake Atitlan, and Tecpam, Guatemala; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 335, 1932— San Juancito, Honduras. Icterus dominicensis (not Oriolus dominicensis Linnaeus) Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, p. 436, 1827 — Temascaltepec, Mexico. Pendulinus dominicensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 432, 1850 (diag.). Pendulinus wagleri Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 55 — Mexico (Coahuila; "Mazatlan") and Guatemala (San Geronimo) (monog.). Icterus wagleri wagleri Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 392, 1932— Finca La Primavera, Sacapulas, Nebaj, Chichicastenango, Huehuete- nango, Chanquejelve, San Antonio, Panajachel, San Lucas, and Lake Amatitlan, Guatemala (crit.); idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 407, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero. Range. — Highlands of Mexico, from Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, and Tepic south through Guatemala to northern Nicaragua.2 12: Mexico (Tuxpan, Jalisco, 3); Guatemala (Tecpam, Chimal- tenango, 2; Lake Amatitlan, Amatitlan, 2; Lake Atitlan, Solola, 2; Salama, Baja Vera Paz, 1; unspecified, 2). *Icterus mesomelas mesomelas (Wagler). YELLOW-TAILED ORIOLE. Psarocolius mesomelas Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 755— Mexico (type in Berlin Museum). Icterus atrogularis Lesson, Cent. Zool., p. 73, pi. 22, Jan., 1831 — Mexico (type in coll. of M. de Longuemare). Oriolus musicus Cabot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 155, 1843; idem, Bost. Journ. N. H., 4, p. 465, 1844— Ticul and Macoba, Yucatan (cotypes now 1 Not "Mazatlan," as quoted by authors (Salvin and Godman, Ridgway, Cassin). Grayson expressly states that he never met with this oriole in the western coast region. - Birds from Tepic, Jalisco, and Colima are stated by Griscom to approach I. w. castaneopectus in size. 124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 420, 1930). Xanthornus mesomelas Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 434, 1850 — "Tobasco" = Tabasco, Mexico. Icterus mesomelas Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, p. 301 — Cordoba, Mexico; Moore, I.e., 1859, p. 58 — Omoa, Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 34 — part, Coban, Guatemala;1 Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 133, 1862 — part, spec, a, Orizaba, Mexico; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 51 — Mexico (Cordoba, Orizaba), Yucatan, and Guatemala (monog.); Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 553, 1869— hot region of Vera Cruz, Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 837 — [San Pedro], Honduras; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 23, 1876 — Guichicovi, Chiapas; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 46, 1878 — Guatemala; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 445— Calotmul, Yucatan; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 367 — part, Mexico and Guatemala; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 378, 1886— part, spec, a-k, Mexico (Orizaba, Yucatan), Guatemala (Choctum, Vera Paz), British Honduras (Corozal), and Honduras (San Pedro); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 470, 1887 — part, Mexico to Honduras. Icterus mesomelas mesomelas Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 305, 1902 — Mexico to Honduras (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 140, 1905— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 115, 1907 — Los Amates, Guatemala; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 — Camp Mengel and Xcopen, Quintana Roo; Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, p. 487, 1927— Presidio, Vera Cruz; Austin, I.e., 69, p. 393, 1929 — Cayo District, British Honduras; Peters, I.e., p. 477, 1929— Lancetilla and Tela, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 393, 1932 — Secanquim and Finca Concepcion, Guatemala; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 336, 1932— Laguna Toloa, Honduras. Range. — Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, Yucatan, and Quintana Roo, and south through eastern Guatemala and British Honduras to Honduras.2 4: Guatemala (Los Amates, Izabal, 3; unspecified, 1). *Icterus mesomelas salvinii Cassin.3 SALVIN'S ORIOLE. Icterus salvinii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 51 — part, Costa Rica (Turrialba, San Carlos) and Greytown, Nicaragua (type, from Costa 1 The young bird from Duenas is /. w. waglerL Cf. Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 471 (note), 1887. 2 Twelve additional specimens from Mexico (Vera Cruz), Guatemala, and Honduras (San Pedro) examined. * Icterus mesomelas salvinii Cassin: Similar to J. m. mesomelas, but larger and without trace of yellowish white edges to inner secondaries. Wing (adult males), 95-100; tail, 106-112; bill, 24-26. Birds from eastern Costa Rica (Puerto Limon; Siquirres; Jimenez) and Nica- ragua are identical. A single unsexed specimen from the Panama Railroad is slightly smaller (wing, 94; tail, 102), but has the extensive black gular area of salvinii. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 125 Rica, in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 34, 1899). Icterus mesomelas (not Psarocolius mesomelas Wagler) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama; idem, I.e., 8, p. 181, 1865 — Greytown, Nicaragua; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 354— Panama; idem, I.e., 1867, p. 279— Bluefields River, Nicaragua; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 367 — part, Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 6, p. 402, 1884— Los Sabalos, Nicaragua; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 378, 1886— part, spec. 1-p, Costa Rica ("Valza" = Balsa) and Panama (Chepo, Lion Hill); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 470, 1887 — part, Nicaragua (Bluefields River, Grey- town), Costa Rica ("Valza," San Carlos, Turrialba), and Panama (Lion Hill, Chepo); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887— Sipurio de Talamanca, Costa Rica; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 495, 1893 — Rio Escondido, Nicaragua (habits). Icterus salvini Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 104, 1868 — Turri- alba and San Carlos, Costa Rica; Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 302, 1869— Costa Rica. Icterus mesomelas salvini Bangs, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 34, 1900— Loma del Leon, Panama; Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 827, 1910 — Carib- bean lowlands of Costa Rica (Jime'nez, Limon, Banana River, Zeut, Guapiles, Guacimo, Cuabre, Rio Sicsola, El Hogar). Icterus mesomelas salvinii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 307, 1902 — part, Nicaragua to Panama (monog.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 70, p. 280, 1918— Gatun and Toro Point, Panama; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 30, 1919— Costa Rica (Siquirres, Sipurio de • Talamanca) and Nicaragua (San Juan del Norte); Kennard and Peters, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 38, p. 465, 1928 — Almirante and Chiriquicito, Panama; (?)Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 190, 1929— Cana, Darien; Peters, I.e., 71, p. 344, 1931 — Changuinola, Almirante, Western River, and Guabo, Panama. Range. — Tropical zone of Caribbean Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama east to the Canal Zone.1 6: Costa Rica (Matina, Limon, 1; Limon, Limon, 3; Boca Rio Matina, Limon, 2). "Icterus mesomelas carrikeri Todd.2 CARRIKER'S ORIOLE. Icterus mesomelas carrikeri Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 30, p. 4, Jan., 1917 — Fundaci6n, Magdalena, Colombia (type in Carnegie Museum); Todd 1 Griscpm's reference of specimens from Cana, eastern Darien, to 7. m. salvinii requires reinvestigation in view of the fact that examples from the Rio Atrato unquestionably pertain to 7. m. carrikeri. * Icterus mesomelas carrikeri Todd: Very close to 7. m. salvinii, but black gular area more restricted (just as in 7. m. taczanowskii) and not extending onto the middle of the foreneck; general coloration slightly more orange; bill decidedly smaller. Wing (adult males), 93-99; tail, 102-108; bill, 20-22. Additional material examined. — Colombia: Rio Atrato, 1; Quibd6, 1; Condoto, 1; Guineo, Rio Colima, 1; Aracataca, 1; "Bogota," 6. 126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 470, 1922 — Fundacion, Mag- dalena, and Jaraquiel, Bolivar, Colombia (crit.); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 415, 1931 — Rio Frio and Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia (nest descr.). Icterus mesomelas (not Psarocolius mesomelas Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, p. 154 — "Bogota"; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 140— Rio Atrato; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 133, 1862— part, spec, b, "Bogota"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 509 — Neche, Antioquia, Colombia; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 367 — part, Colombia (Antioquia); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 378, 1886 — part, spec, q-s, "Bogota"; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 162, 1900 — Cacagualito. Icterussalvinii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 51 — part, "Bogota" and Rio Atrato, Colombia. Icterus mesomelas salvinii Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 307, 1902 — part, Colombia (Rio Atrato, "Bogota," Antioquia) and "Venezuela." Icterus mesomelas salvini Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 633, 1917 — Atrato River, Quibdo, Remolino (lower Magdalena), Puerto Berrio, and Guaduas, Colombia. Xanthornus mesomelas salvinii Hellmayr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1911, p. 1122 — Condoto (Rio Condoto) and Guineo (Rio Calima), Pacific Colombia. Range. — Tropical zone of extreme northwestern Venezuela (Zulia) and Colombia (Magdalena Valley; Caribbean coast west to the Atrato and south along the Pacific to the Rio San Juan). 5: Colombia (Rio Atrato, Antioquia, 2; "Bogota," 1); Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 2). Icterus mesomelas taczanowskii Ridgway.1 TACZANOWSKI'S ORIOLE. Icterus mesomelas taczanowskii Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 153, 1901 — Guayaquil, Ecuador (type in U. S. National Museum); Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 — Perico and Bellavista, Maranon River, Peru; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 699, 1926— Esmeraldas, 1 Icterus mesomelas taczanowskii Ridgway: Differs from /. m. carrikeri by lesser extent of black at the base of the lateral rectrices, this being especially noticeable on the outermost pair, where the black area is replaced by a much smaller, ill-defined dusky spot, and by having the inner secondaries very con- spicuously edged with yellowish white. In the last-named character it resembles /. m. mesomelas, but is smaller and has much less black at the base of the lateral rectrices, while the black gular area is decidedly more restricted. I do not see how /. m. maranonicus can be separated. The alleged difference in size is non-existent. Adult males from western Ecuador vary in the length of the wing from 86 to 94, while two from the Maranon Valley measure 86 and 91, respectively. The markings of the lateral rectrices are the same, and the yellow- ish basis of the dorsal feathers is likewise variable, it being present in one of the Maranon birds as well as in several from the Pacific coast. Material examined. — Ecuador: San Javier, Prov. Esmeraldas, 4; Vinces, 2; Babahoyo, 1; Chimbo, 1; Zaruma, 3.— Peru: Tumbez, 2; Callacate, 1; Vina, Huamachuco, 1. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 127 Chone, Chongoncito, Duran, Bucay, Rio Jubones, Santa Rosa, Portovelo, Punta Santa Ana, Casanga, Rio Pindo, Lunama, Guainche, Alamor, and Cebolall, western Ecuador; Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 235, 1932 — Rio San Antonio, Ecuador. Icterus mesomelas maranonicus Carriker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 85, p. 31, 1933— Chaqual, Rio Maran6n, Dept. Libertad, Peru (type in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia). Icterus mesomelas (not Psarocolius mesomelas Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, pp. 277, 293— Babahoyo and Esmeraldas, Ecuador; Taczanowski, I.e., 1877, p. 323— Tumbez, Peru; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 200— Callacate, Peru; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 422— Payta, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 552 — Chimbo, Ecuador; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 367 — part, western Ecuador and Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 417, 1884— Peru (Tumbez, Lechugal, Callacate, La Huanca, Rio la Chira, Sechura); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 378, 1886— part, spec, t-w, Ecuador (Santa Rita, Chiquinda) and Peru (Payta); Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 10, 1895— Vina (Huamachuco), Dept. Libertad, Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 29, 1899— Babahoyo and Vinces, Ecuador. Range. — Tropical zone of western Ecuador and western Peru south to Piura, extending east to the upper Maranon Valley. *Icterus auricapillus Cassin.1 ORANGE-CROWNED ORIOLE. Icterus auricapillus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, No. 12, Nov.-Dec., 1847, p. 332, pub. 1848— "Mexico" (errore) and "South America"2 (type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 34, 1899); idem, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 1, p. 137, pi. 16, fig. 2 (fig. of type), 1848; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 132, 1862— "Trinidad"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167— Caripe [Sucre"], Venezuela; Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 553 — "Trinidad" (ex Sclater); Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 123 — Santa Marta, Colombia; Salvin, Ibis, 1883, p. 363 — coast region of Venezuela (Caripe') and Colombia (Santa Marta, "Bogota") (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 377, 1886 — Venezuela (Caripe", Maturin) and Colombia (Santa Marta, Bogota); Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— San Antonio [Sucre], Venezuela; Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 139, 1898— Santa Marta; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 162, 1900 — Bonda and Cacagualito, Colombia; Robinson and Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 24, p. 175, 1901 — vicinity of La Guaira, Venezuela; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 211, 1913 — Cariaquito, south shore of Paria Peninsula, Venezuela; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 205, 1916 — Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 633, 1917 — Honda and west of Honda, Magdalena 1 A species of doubtful affinity. Though it resembles the Central American /. cucullatus in certain respects, I can hardly believe that there is any genetic relationship between the two species. 2 Santa Marta, Colombia, suggested as type locality by Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 31, 1902). 128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Valley, Colombia; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 473, 1922 — Bonda, Cacagualito, Mamatoco, Fundacion, Dibulla, Don Diego, and Santa Marta (nest and eggs descr.); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 415, 1931 — Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia. Pendulinus auricapillus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 433, 1850 —"Mexico" (diag.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 60— New Grenada, Venezuela, "Trinidad," and "Mexico" (monog.). Xantfiornus auricapillus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 184, 1851 — Puerto Cabello, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 31, 1902 — Caicara, Rio Orinoco, Venezuela. Range. — Tropical zone of eastern Colombia (Santa Marta region and Magdalena Valley up to Honda) and northern Venezuela east to the Paria Peninsula and south to the Orinoco Valley.1 9: Colombia (Puerto Zapote, Bolivar, 1; "Bogota," 3; Fundacion, Santa Marta, 1); Venezuela (Macuto, Caracas, 2; Cocollar, Sucre, 1; Mount Turumiquire, Sucre, 1). *Icterus grace-annae Cassin.2 GRACE'S ORIOLE. Icterus grace-annae Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 52 — Ecuador or Peru (type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 34, 1899); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 323 — Machala, "near Guayaquil," Ecuador (crit.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 323— Tumbez, Peru; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1878, p. 137— Pacasmayo and Tumbez, Peru; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 422— Payta, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 368, pi. 11— littoral of Ecuador and Peru (monog.); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 419, 1884— Peru (Tumbez, Santa Lucia, Guadalupe, Pacasmayo, Payta); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 378, 1886— Ecuador (Machali) and Peru (Tumbez, Payta); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 698, 1926— Ecuador (Manta, Santa Elena, Puna Island, Casanga) and Peru (Chilaco, Lamor). Range. — Tropical zone of southwestern Ecuador, from Manta, southern Manavi, southwards, and western Peru south to Pacasmayo, Dept. Libertad. 1: Peru (Hacienda Llagueda, Libertad, 1). Icterus xantholemus Gil Lletget.3 YELLOW-THROATED ORIOLE. Icterus xantholemus Gil Lletget, Bol. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 18, p. 340, 1918— Ecuador (type in Madrid Museum). 1 Although trade skins are sometimes labeled "Trinidad," there is no authentic record of the occurrence of this oriole on that island. Native "Bogota" skins agree with a Venezuelan series. Additional material examined. — Colombia: Bonda, 2; "Bogota," 5. — Vene- zuela: Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, 5; hinterland of Cumana (Cumanacoa, San Antonio, etc.), 8; Maturin, Monagas, 1. 2 A very distinct species of rather limited distribution. Three additional speci- mens from Ecuador and two from Peru (Tumbez) examined. 3 Icterus xantholemus Gil Lletget: Throat and head light cadmium yellow, brighter on the pileum; the remainder of the under parts, the edge of the wing, 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 129 Icterus xantholaema Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 698, 1926— Ecuador (ex Lletget). Range. — Ecuador (no precise locality recorded). "Icterus chrysater chrysater (Lesson).1 LESSON'S ORIOLE. Xanthornus chrysater Lesson, Echo du Monde Sav., 11, anne"e, 2d se"m., No. 9, p. 204, Aug. 1, 1844 — Mexico (type in coll. of Dr. Abeille", Bordeaux); idem, Oeuvr. Buffon, 6d. LeVeque, 20 (Descr. Mamm. Ois.), p. 332, April, 1847 (reprint); Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 434, 1850 — Mexico. Icterus gualanensis Underwood, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 7, p. lix, June 30, 1898 — Gualan, Guatemala (type in British Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 295, 1902 (ex Underwood); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 167, 1905 (crit.). Icterus giraudii (not of Cassin, 1848) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 133, 1862 — part, spec, a, Guatemala; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 52 — part, Mexico and Guatemala; Boucard, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, (n.s.), 25, p. 46, 1878— Guatemala; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 293, 1902 — part, southern Mexico to Honduras (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 140, 1906— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 114, 1907 —Lake Atitlan and Tecpam, Guatemala; Austin, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69, p. 393, 1929 — Augustine, Cayo District, British Honduras. Icterus giraudi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 228 — Santeco- mapam, Vera Cruz; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 20 — Guatemala; upper and under wing coverts, as well as the rump wax yellow, uropygial feathers tipped with black; nape, lores, "neck" (cuello), back, scapulars, flanks, remiges, and rectrices black; under tail coverts black edged with white. All the feathers of the body plumage are basally white, this being particularly noticeable on the lower neck and on the interscapular region. Wing, 104; tail, 70; bill (approximately) 20-22 (free translation from the Spanish original). The type was collected by Manuel Villavicencio during his travels in Ecuador between 1862 and 1865. Although the description is none too clear in various respects, the yellow throat seems to distinguish this oriole from all other Ecua- dorian species. 1 Icterus chrysater chrysater (Lesson) differs from I. c. giraudii in rather larger size, and by the females having the pileum and back decidedly greenish, while the males are uniform bright cadmium yellow above. Wing, 102-109, (female) 95-100; tail, 105-113, (female) 98-106; bill, 22-24. The variation named I. gualanensis by Underwood, in which the black of the forehead more or less invades the anterior pileum, is of a mutational nature, and although it has not yet been found in Mexico, material from the latter country in collections is so scarce that no definite conclusion is permissible. The possi- bility of splitting the northern form into two races seems altogether very slight, since various Guatemalan individuals are indistinguishable from others taken in Mexico and Nicaragua. There is no record of this oriole from either Costa Rica or Chiriqui. Lesson's Xanthornus chrysater is by no means a nomen nudum, but is accom- panied by an excellent description which leaves no doubt whatever as to its being applicable to the present species. The note on its identity — recognized by the writer as long ago as 1920 — remained unpublished, and in the meantime Mr. Griscom has independently reached the same conclusion. Twenty-five additional specimens examined. 130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Salvin, Ibis, 1873, p. 373 — Chontales, Nicaragua; idem, Cat. Strickland Coll., p. 263, 1882— Guatemala; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1883, p. 445 — Yucatan; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 366 — part, Mexico, Yucatan, and Guatemala; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 379, 1886 — part, spec, a-e, Yucatan, Guatemala (Tactic, Vera Paz; Volcan de Fuego), and Nicaragua (Chontales); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 469, 1887 — part, Mexico (Santecomapam; Yucatan), Guatemala (Volcan de Fuego, Duenas, Motagua Valley, Tactic, Coban), Honduras (Omoa, Ruatan Island), and Nicaragua (Chontales); Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 264 — Meco and Ruatan Islands, Bay of Honduras; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 588, 1888- — Segovia River, Honduras; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 280, 1896— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 336, 1932— San Juancito, Honduras. Icterus melanopterus (not of Hartlaub) Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 58— Omoa, Honduras. Icterus chrysater chrysater Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 393, 1932 — Finca La Primavera, Finca Sepacuite, El Soche, Finca Concepcion, Barrillos, Nebaj, La Montanita, Chichicastenango, Momostenango, Zanzon, and Tecpam, Guatemala (crit.). Range. — Southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Sante- comapam), Chiapas (San Cristobal), and Yucatan, and southwards through Guatemala, British Honduras, and Honduras to northern Nicaragua, in the Tropical and Subtropical zones. 13: Guatemala (Samac, Alta Vera Paz, 1; Lake Atitlan, Solola, 1; Tecpam, Chimaltenango, 4; unspecified, 3); Honduras (unspecified, 1); Nicaragua (Matagalpa, 1; San Rafael del Norte, Matagalpa, 2). *Icterus chrysater giraudii Cassin.1 GIRAUD'S ORIOLE. Icterus giraudii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 3, No. 12, Nov.-Dec., 1847, p. 333, pub. 1848 — "prope Bogota, in Nova Grenada" (type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 34, 1899); idem, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., (2), 1, p. 138, pi. 17, 1848— Bogota; idem, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 140 — Rio Truando and Nercua, Colombia; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 297, 1861— Lion Hill, Panama; Sclater, Cat. Coll. 1 Icterus chrysater giraudii Cassin: Similar to /. c. chrysater, but rather smaller; males identical in coloration; females very nearly as bright cadmium yellow as the males, the pileum and upper back being by no means washed with greenish, as is invariably the case in the females of I. c. chrysater. Wing, 95-103, (female) 91-97; tail, 99-110, (female) 92-100; bill, 22-25. Specimens from the coast ranges of Venezuela (melanopterus}, as shown by an excellent series, are nowise different. Both sexes from the Caracas region, in opposition to Bonaparte's statement, have the bright yellow shoulder spot just as well-marked as those from Colombia; the dimensions are absolutely the same; and the bill, though slightly stouter in some individuals, does not furnish any useful point of distinction either. Additional material examined. — Panama: Lion Hill, 2. — Colombia: Cali, 2; Rio Cauqueta, Cauca, 1; "Bogota," 17.— Venezuela: El Valle, Merida, 5; Galipan, Cerro del Avila, Dept. Federal, 13; Loma Redonda, near Caracas, 2. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 131 Amer. Bds., p. 133, 1862 — part, spec, b, Bogota; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 52 — part, Rio Atrato, Panama, and Bogota (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 293, 1902— part, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela. Icterus melanopterus Hartlaub, Rev. Mag. Zool., (2), 1, p. 275, 1849 — Caracas, Venezuela (type in Bremen Museum); Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 185, 1851 — Colombia and Venezuela. Xanthornus melanoplerus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 434, 1850 — Colombia; idem, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 835, 1853 — Venezuela (crit.); idem, Not. Orn. Coll. Delattre, p. 13, 1854 (reprint). Icterus giraudi Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, p. 154— Bogota (crit.); Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1864, p. 353 — Panama Railroad; Salvin, I.e., 1867, p. 142— Santa Fe, Veraguas; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1868, p. 167— Caracas, Venezuela; Salvin, I.e., 1870, p. 190— Chitra and Castillo, Veraguas; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 330 — Andes of Santander, Colombia (up to 7,000 ft.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 509— Envigado, Concordia, and Medellin, Colombia (eggs descr.); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 366 — part, Colombia and Venezuela; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 379, 1886— part, spec, f-t, Veragua (Chitra, Santa Fe), Panama (Chepo, Lion Hill, Paraiso Station, Colon), Colombia (Medellin, Bogota), and Venezuela; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 469, 1887 — part, Panama and Colombia; Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887— Veraguas; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 307 — Ibague, Colombia; Salvador! and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 339, p. 5, 1899— Punta de Sabana, Darien; Piguet, Mem. Soc. Neuchat. Sci. Nat., 5, p. 809, 1914— Cafetal La Camelia, near Ange- lopolis, Colombia; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 633, 1917— San Antonio, Cerro Munchique, La Sierra, Miraflores, Salento, Barro Blanco, La Frijolera, Chicoral, San Agustin, Andalucia, Fusugasuga, El Carmen, El Alto de la Paz, Panama (above Pacho), San Antonio (south of Bogota), Quetame, Buena Vista, and Villavicencio, Colombia (crit.); Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 320, 1924 — Farfan and Balboa, Panama. Icterus giraudii giraudii Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, p. 369, 1932 — Perme and Obaldia, eastern Panama. Range. — Panama (from Veraguas eastwards), Colombia (except- ing the Santa Marta region), and western Venezuela east to the Caracas region, chiefly in the Subtropical zone. 10: Colombia (San Antonio, Cundinamarca, 1; Rio Cauca, 1; Cali, Cauca, 1; San Antonio, Cauca, 1; "Bogota," 2); Venezuela (Maracay, Aragua, 2; Colon, Tachira, 1; Rio Chama, MeYida, 1). Icterus hondae Chapman.1 HONDA ORIOLE. 1 Icterus hondae Chapman: Male similar to I. chrysater giraudii, but consid- erably smaller and with the orange areas much darker, just as deeply colored as in /. auratus. Wing, 90; tail, 92; bill, 24. This species is known only from two males in first nuptial plumage taken in the Tropical zone of the Magdalena Valley near Honda at an elevation of 3,000 132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Icterus hondae Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 33, p. 191, March, 1914 — Honda, Magdalena River, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 634, 1917— Honda. Range. — Tropical zone of the Magdalena Valley, Colombia. *Icterus nigrogularis nigrogularis (Hahn). YELLOW ORIOLE. Xanthornus nigrogularis Hahn, Vogel aus Asien, Africa, etc., livr. 5, pi. 1, 1819 — "Jamaica, Mexico, and Cayenne" (type from "Brazil," in Munich Museum examined). Psarocolius xanthornis Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 22, sp. 15, 1827 — Cayenne, "Mexico," and "Antilles" (good descr.; synon. in part). Xanthornus linnaei Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 434, 1850 — part, Brazil and Cayenne.1 Icterus xanthornus (not Coracias xanthornus Linnaeus)2 Cabanis, in Schom- burgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, "1848," p. 680, 1849— coast of British Guiana (nest descr.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 269, 1856— north of the Amazon; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 133, 1862 — part, spec, b, c, Cayenne and "New Granada"; Casein, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 50 — part, Cayenne and Venezuela (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Carupano [Sucre], Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 195, 1870 — Forte do Sao Joaquim do Rio Branco and Rio Mahu, Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 329 — Santa Marta, Colombia; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 123 — Santa Marta; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 368 — part, coast region of Colombia and Venezuela, Guiana, and Rio Branco; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 380, 1886 — part, spec, a-i, k, Cayenne, British Guiana (Georgetown, Demerara), Venezuela (Carupano), and Colombia (Santa Marta); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 53, 1892 — Carupano, Venezuela; Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 160, 1895 — Barranquilla, Colombia; Phelps and Chapman, Auk, 14, pp. 364, 368, 1897 — Cumana and Cumanacoa, Venezuela (plumages); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 12, p. 138, 1898— Santa Marta; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 162, 1900— Bonda and Santa Marta; idem, I.e., 21, p. 290, 1905 — Bonda (nest and eggs); feet. The occurrence of a second species of this group in the heart of the range of /. c. giraudii is very puzzling, and more information regarding its status seems badly needed. We have no material. 1 Bonaparte's account refers in part to Icterus leucopteryx Wagler — for instance pi. 243 of Edwards' Glean. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 68, where the Jamaican Oriole is well figured — and his description is somewhat ambiguous. 2 Coracias xanthornus Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 108, 1758), prin- cipally based on "The Black-headed Indian Oriole" of Edwards (Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 77, pi. 77), refers to Oriolus melanocephalus Linnaeus, an Indian species, as we have pointed out in another connection (Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 14, pp. 131- 132, 1919). The latter bird becoming now Oriolus xanthornus (Linnaeus), the use of Oriolus xanthornus Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 391, 1788) for the Yellow Oriole is barred under present rules. Oriolus xanthornus Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 2, unpaged "Errata" sheet at the end of the volume, 1767) is a new name for Oriolus mexicanus Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 162, No. 13 [not No. 8], 1766), a composite species of obscure identity, and this brings us up to X. nigro- gulans as the earliest name of unquestionable applicability. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 133 Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 124, 1908— Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 377, 1910— Surinam; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 212, 1913 — Cariaquito, Buelta Triste, and Cafto de Corosal, Venezuela; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 576, 1921— upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisci, Supenaam, Abary River, Quonga, Georgetown, and Bartica Grove. Icterus xanthornus var. /3. marginalis Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., (2), 40, No. 12 (seance du 4 decembre 1875), p. 800, 1876— "Isthme de Panama" (type in Brussels Museum).1 Xanthornus xanthornus Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 31, 1902 — • Altagracia and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela (nest and eggs) ; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 402, 1907 (range). Icterus xanthornus xanthornus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 300, 1902 — part, coast of northern South America from Cayenne to Colombia; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 206, 1916 — Orinoco region (habits, nest, and eggs); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 634, 1917 — Turbaco, La Playa, Calamar, Boca de Chimi, Puerto Berrio, and Barrigon, Colombia. Icterus nigrogularis nigrogularis Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 471, 1922 — Santa Marta, Bonda, Mamatoco, Punto Caiman, Fundacion, and La Tigrera, Colombia (crit., habits); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 415, 1931 — Rio Frio, Magdalena, Colombia. Icterus xanthornus helioeides (not of Clark) Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 323 — Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela. Range. — Extreme northern Brazil on the confines of British Guiana (Rio Branco and Rio Mahu); French, Dutch, and British Guiana; Venezuela south to the Orinoco Valley and west to the eastern foot of the east Colombian Andes (Barrigon, Rio Meta); and Caribbean coast region of northern Colombia south to the lower Magdalena.2 1 1 cannot make out Icterus xanthornus var. a. dubusii Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., (2), 40, No. 12, p. 799, 1875 [=1876]. Judging from the description, it seems to be similar to /. n. nigrogularis in good plumage, viz., in haying con- spicuous white edges to secondaries and greater upper wing coverts, but is stated to have drop-like spots of black on the back, thereby approaching /. pustulatus. The type — supplied by J. Verreaux — is said to be from the Isthmus of Panama, where no representative of this group of orioles has ever been taken. Sclater (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 381, 1886) describes as I. dubusi a somewhat similarly marked specimen bought from a dealer in 1846. Its origin is unknown. 2 Birds from the Orinoco Valley, Venezuela, and extreme northern Brazil (upper Rip Branco) agree in size and proportions of bill with the type of X. nigrogularis and Guianan specimens. Those from northeastern Venezuela (Cu- mana; San Felix; Yacua, Gulf of Paria), however, form the passage to /. n. trini- tatis. While certain individuals are fully as small-billed as others from the Orinoco, the majority have decidedly longer and heavier bills, and a couple from Yacua cannot be distinguished on this score from the Trinidad race. The few speci- mens from northern Colombia that we have seen differ from all the numerous Venezuelan individuals (and also from the insular races) by larger white alar speculum, which extends as a very conspicuous area from the second to the eighth primaries inclusive. They correspond to the description of /. xanthornus var. marginalis, and I should have been inclined to separate them under Dubois's 134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 62: Colombia (Fundacion, Santa Marta, 1; Lorica, Bolivar, 1); Venezuela (Rio Aurare, Zulia, 4; Rio Catatumbo, Zulia, 8; Encon- trados, Zulia, 7; Lake Valencia, Carabobo, 1; Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, 3; Macuto, Caracas, 3; Caracas, Caracas, 4; Maracay, Aragua, 9; Cocollar, Sucre, 5; Cumana, Sucre, 7); British Guiana (Georgetown, 2; unspecified, 2); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 4; Serra do Lua, Rio Branco, 1). *Icterus nigrogularis trinitatis Hartert.1 TRINIDAD ORIOLE. Icterus xanthornus trinitatis Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 33, p. 76, 1913 — Savannah Grande, Trinidad (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Icterus xanthornus (not Coracias xanthornus Linnaeus) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 133, 1862— part, spec, a, Trinidad; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 84 — Trinidad; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 275, 1866 — Trinidad; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 50 — part, Trinidad; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 578— Trinidad; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 368— part, Trinidad; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 380, 1886 — part, spec, j, Trinidad; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 6, p. 36, 1894— Princes- town and Monos Island. Xanthornus xanthornus xanthornus Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 20, 1906— Chaguaramas, Seelet, Caparo, Pointe Gourde, and Laventille. Icterus xanthornus xanthornus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 300, 1902 — part, Trinidad; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 1, p. 360, 1908— Pointe Gourde, Trinidad. Icteris xanthornis [sic] Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 136, 1922— Trinidad (nest descr.). Icterus nigrogularis nigrogularis (not Xanthornus nigrogularis Hahn) Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934— Trinidad. Range. — Island of Trinidad, including Monos Island. 1: Trinidad. name had not Mr. Todd, who has a good series from Santa Marta at his disposal, denied the constancy of this divergency. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Rio Mahu, 2; Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 5. — British Guiana: Quonga, 1. — Dutch Guiana: Leonsberg, near Paramaribo, 1; east of Paramaribo, 1. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 3.— Venezuela: Altagracia, Orinoco, 9; Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco, 3; Quiribana de Caicara, Orinoco, 1; Guiria, Yacua, Gulf of Paria, 2; plains of Cumana, 5; San Felix, near Cumana, 5; Rio Mame>a, near Caracas, 1. — Colombia: Santa Marta, 1; Cartagena, 2. 1 Icterus nigrogularis trinitatis Hartert: Similar to /. n. nigrogularis, but with decidedly heavier as well as longer bill, and slightly longer wings; the whitish edges to the distal halves of the primaries either absent or but faintly suggested. Similar in size of bill to I. n. helioeides, but wings and tail shorter, and whitish external edges to primaries much less developed or even lacking. The racial characters are much less pronounced in females and immatures, which are, however, generally distinguishable by their different proportions. Wing (adult males), 94-97; tail, 89-94; bill, 21-23. Material examined. — Trinidad: Savannah Grande, 1 (the type); Caparo, 9; Caroni, 1; Icacos, 2; Santa Cruz, 1; Port-of-Spain, 1; Seelet, 1; Pointe Gourde, 1; Laventille, 1; Chaguaramas, 1. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 135 *Icterus nigrogularis helioeides Clark.1 MARGARITA ORIOLE. Icterus xanthornus helioeides Clark, Auk, 19, p. 265, 1902 — El Valle, Mar- garita Island (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 420, 1930); Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 569— Margarita Island (crit.); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 248, 1909— Margarita Island. Icterus xanthornus (not Coracias xanthornus Linnaeus) Robinson and Rich- mond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 18, p. 675, 1896— Margarita Island (crit.). Icterus xanthornus xanthornus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 300, 1902— part, Margarita Island. Range. — Island of Margarita, off Venezuela. 37: Venezuela (Margarita Island, 37). *Icterus nigrogularis curasoensis Ridgway.2 CURACAO ORIOLE. Icterus curasoensis Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 174, July 29, 1884 — Curasao Island (type in U. S. National Museum); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 381, 1886 (ex Ridgway). Icterus xanthornus curasoensis Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, pp. 142, 165, with col. pi., 1895— Curasao. Icterus xanthornus cura^aoensis Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 40, p. 82, 1892— Curasao (crit.); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 295, 317, 328— Aruba, Curasao, and Bonaire (crit., nest, and eggs). Icterus curacoensis Peters, Journ. Orn., 40, p. 114, 1892 — Savonet, Curasao. Icterus xanthornus curasoensis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 303, 1902 — Curasao, Bonaire, and Aruba (monog.); Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 201, 207, 212, 254, 1909— Aruba, Curacao, and Bonaire. Xanthornus xanthornus cura^aoensis Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 299, 1902 — Curasao, Aruba, and Bonaire. Range. — Islands of Curasao, Bonaire, and Aruba, southern Caribbean Sea. 15: Dutch West Indies (Curasao, 7; Bonaire, 2; Aruba, 6). *Icterus leucopteryx leucopteryx (Wagler).3 JAMAICAN ORIOLE. Oriolus mexicanus (not of Linnaeus, 1766) Leach, Zool. Misc., 1, p. 8, pi. 2, 1814 — St. Andrews, Jamaica (location of type unknown). 1 Icterus nigrogularis helioeides Clark: Similar in size of bill to /. n. trinitatis, but with longer wings and tail, and the white wing-markings more strongly pro- nounced, especially the outer webs of the primaries conspicuously edged with white. Wing (adult males), 98-105; tail, 93-100; bill, 21-23. Four additional specimens examined. 2 Icterus nigrogularis curasoensis Ridgway: Nearest to /. n. helioeides and about the same size, but bill slenderer and longer, and the white wing-edgings still broader. Wing (adult male), 95-103; tail, 90-98; bill, 23-25. Additional material examined. — Aruba, 1 ; Curasao, 8. 3 Oriolus nidipendulus Gmelin (Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 390, 1788), sometimes quoted as a doubtful synonym, appears to me unidentifiable. It is exclusively based on "The Watchy Picket or Spanish Nightingale" of Sloane (Voy. Jamaica, 136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Psarocolius leucopteryx Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 22, Genus Psarocolius, sp. 16, 1827— new name for Oriolus mexicanus Leach, preoccupied. Icterus personatus Temminck, Nouv. Rec. PI. Col., livr. 81, text to pi. 482, Oct., 1829 — Jamaica (type in Leiden Museum). Icterus leucopteryx Gosse, Bds. Jamaica, p. 226, 1847 — Jamaica (habits); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 74 — Jamaica; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 134, 1862 — Jamaica; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 299— Jamaica (habits, nest, and eggs); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 374— Jamaica (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 387, 1886 — Mon- eague, Jamaica; Cory, Auk, 3, p. 218, 1886 — Jamaica (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 105, 1889— Jamaica (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 110, 1892— Jamaica; Scott, Auk, 10, p. 178, 1893— Stony Hill and Priestman's River, Jamaica (sexes); Field, Auk, 11, p. 126, 1894 — Port Henderson, Jamaica (nest); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 303, 1902 — Jamaica (monog.); Danforth, Auk, 45, p. 489, 1928— Jamaica (Kingston, Lumsden, Williamsfield, Black River). Pendulinus leucopteryx Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 59 — Jamaica (monog.). Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 15: Jamaica (Kingston, 5; Port Antonio, 3; Priestman's River, 3; unspecified, 4). *Icterus leucopteryx bairdi Cory.1 BAIRD'S ORIOLE. Icterus leucopteryx bairdi Cory, Auk, 3, p. 500, 1886 — Grand Cayman (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum); idem, Auk, 5, p. 158, 1888 — Grand Cayman; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 291, 1889 — Grand Cayman; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 129, 146, 1892— Grand Cayman; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 304, 1902— Grand Cayman; Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 340; idem, 1911, pp. 143, 161— Grand Cayman; English, Ibis, 1916, p. 18 — common in the northern part of Grand Cayman; Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 60, p. 317, 1916— Grand Cayman (crit.). Range. — Island of Grand Cayman (south of Cuba), Caribbean Sea. 6: Grand Cayman. 2, p. 299), described as being above "light brown or gray inclining to red," and below "dirty yellow or feuille morte color" with a black line in the middle of the foreneck, while the "beginning of the bill" is said to have "a little ring of black." Although the "other sort of Watchy Picket" of Sloane (I.e., 2, p. 300, pi. 258, fig. 3), considered by him as possibly identical with the above-described bird, seems to be the Jamaican Oriole, Gmelin's diagnosis is obviously based on "The Watchy Picket or Spanish Nightingale," which I am unable to make out, and his name should, consequently, be discarded as indeterminable. 1 Icterus leucopteryx bairdi Cory : Similar to /. I. leucopteryx, but slightly smaller with slenderer bill; coloration much brighter, the under parts lemon chrome with- out any olivaceous tinge on chest and sides; black loral area not extending to fore- head, etc. Wing, 103, (female) 95-97; tail, 85, (female) 80-82. This well-marked race is restricted to Grand Cayman and, according to English, not uncommon locally in the northern parts of the island. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 137 *Icterus leucopteryx lawrencii Cory.1 ST. ANDREWS ORIOLE. Icterus lawrencii Cory, Auk, 4, pp. 178, 181, 1887 — St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea (type in coll. of C. B. Cory, now in Field Museum); Ridg- way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 305, 1902— St. Andrews (monog.) ; Fisher and Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79, art. 10, p. 21, 1931- St. Andrews (crit.). Range. — St. Andrews Island, Caribbean Sea. 5: St. Andrews Island. *Icterus auratus Bonaparte.2 ORANGE ORIOLE. Icterus auratus (DuBus MS.) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 435, 1850 — Yucatan (type in Brussels Museum); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 271, 1869— Merida, Yucatan (crit.); Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 445— Yucatan; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 369— Yucatan (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 382, 1886 — northern Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 473, pi. 33, fig. 2, 1887— Yucatan; Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 264— Meco Island, off Yucatan (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 208— near Tekanto, Yucatan; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 281, 1896— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 299, 1902— Yucatan and Meco Island (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 140, 1906 — Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Range. — Yucatan (Merida, Tekanto, Chichen Itza, Temax, El Campo, etc.) and the island of Meco. 11: Yucatan (San Felipe, 5; Rio Lagartos, 1; unspecified, 5). *Icterus icterus icterus (Linnaeus). TROUPIAL. Oriolm icterus Linnaeus,3 Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 161, 1766 — based primarily on "Le Troupiale" Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 86, pi. 8, fig. 1; "in America cali- diore"= "Cayenne" (ex Brisson). Icterus vulgaris Daudin,4 Traite1 d'Orn., 2, p. 340, 1800— new name for Oriolus icterus Linnaeus; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 434, 1850 (diag.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 46 — part, Venezuela, Guiana, and "Rio Negro" (monog.); Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167— Carupano [Sucre], Venezuela; Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 578— 1 Icterus leucopteryx lawrencii Cory: Very similar to I. I. bairdi and agreeing in bright lemon chrome coloration of under parts, but wings and tail longer; bill stronger; white wing area (in adult plumage) more "solid" without any, or with very few small dusky spots. Wing, 108, (female) 100; tail, 92, (female) 85-87. 2 1 am not acquainted with this species. 3 Although the majority of the references quoted by Linnaeus do not belong to the Troupial, his diagnosis is clearly based on Brisson's account of a bird sent by Mr. Artur from "Cayenne" to the Reaumur Collection. 4 Several of the synonyms again do not refer to the Troupial. However, the author's long description is unmistakable, and, furthermore, the new name vulgaris was evidently given in the intention of avoiding the combination Icterus icterus. 138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Trinidad"; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 369 — part, Venezuela (Carupano) and "Trinidad"; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 382, 1886— part, spec, c, Carupano, Venezuela, and "Trinidad"; Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897— Guanaguana [Sucre], Venezuela. Pendulinus longirostris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 5, p. 319, 1816 — based on "Le Troupiale" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 532. Icterus icterus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 355, 1885 (nomencl.); Robinson, I.e., 18, p. 674, 1896— Margarita Island; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 263, 1902— part, Venezuela (La Guayra, Caru- pano, Guanaguana, Margarita Island), "Guiana," and "Trinidad"; Clark, Auk, 19, p. 264, 1902— El Valle, Margarita; Lowe, Ibis, 1907, p. 569— Margarita Island; idem, Ibis, 1909, p. 323 — Cariaco Peninsula, Venezuela; Beebe, Zoologica (N.Y.), 1, p. 107, 1909 — Guanoco, Orinoco Delta; Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 248, 1909— Margarita Island; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 207, 1916— Orinoco Valley (nest and eggs); Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 150 — Apure and Portuguesa rivers, Venezuela. Xanthornus icterus Hartert and Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 32, 1909 — Alta- gracia and Caicara, Orinoco, Venezuela. Range. — Northern Venezuela, from Carabobo east to the Paria peninsula and Margarita Island, south to the Orinoco Valley, ex- tending up to the mouth of the Rio Meta.1 30: Venezuela (Margarita Island, Nueva Esparta, 23; Cocollar, Sucre, 2; Maracay, Aragua, 5). *Icterus icterus ridgwayi (Hartert).2 RIDGWAY'S TROUPIAL. Xanthornus icterus ridgwayi Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 299, 1902 — Aruba Island, Caribbean Sea (type in Tring Collection, now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). 1 Birds from Margarita, the Orinoco Valley, and the Cumana region agree well together. Although described from "Cayenne," this bird has not since been found anywhere in the Guianas, and it is more than probable that the specimens mentioned by the early French authors were cage-birds. There is no authentic record of the occurrence of the Troupial on the island of Trinidad either. The indications "Rio Negro" and "Brazil" are unquestionably erroneous, while the observations at Charleston, South Carolina, and Santa Barbara, California (Bowles, Condor, 13, p. 109, 1911), refer almost certainly to escaped cage-birds. Fifty specimens examined. 2 Icterus icterus ridgwayi (Hartert): Similar to /. i. icterus, but on average larger and paler, and with decidedly longer, slenderer bill. Bill, 31^-34^. Two skins from Santa Marta seem to agree with topotypical specimens. This is confirmed by Mr. Todd, who refers series from Colombia and northwestern Venezuela (Tocuyo) to /. i. ridgwayi. Birds from St. Thomas and Jamaica, where this species is said to have been introduced, have the long, slender bill of ridgwayi, but are paler yellow throughout, thus resembling the variety of the Troupial frequently met with among cage-birds. Although a name has been pro- posed by the late C. Cory, it seems altogether unlikely that they represent a valid race which, at all events, requires corroboration by adequate material before it can be admitted. One of the races of the Troupial is said to have been introduced also on the island of Dominica (cf. Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 541, 1928). 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 139 Icterus longirostris (not Pendulinus longirostris Vieillot)1 Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 46— Cartagena, Colombia (monog.). Icterus vulgaris (not of Daudin) Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 26, pp. 160, 176, 1878 — near Quebradillas, Porto Rico (habits); idem, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 209, 1878— Porto Rico; Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 200— Valle Dupar, Colombia; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 369— part, Valle Dupar; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 382, 1886— part, spec, a, b, "Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta" and Valle Dupar, Colombia; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, p. 172, 1884— St. Thomas; Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 1, p. xii, 1892 — Curacao and Aruba. Icterus icterus Cory, Auk, 3, p. 219, 1886 — Porto Rico, Jamaica, and St. Thomas (introduced; descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 106, 1889 — same localities; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 146, 1892— same localities (crit.); Scott, Auk, 10, p. 178, 1893 (not now in Jamaica); Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 297, 298, 317— Aruba, St. Thomas, and Curacao (crit.); Robin- son, Flying Trip to Tropics, pp. 160, 165, 1895 — Magdalena River, Colombia, and Curacao; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 263, 1902— part, Colombia (Valle Dupar), St. Thomas, Porto Rico, Jamaica, and Curacao; Bowdish, Auk, 20, p. 12, 1903 — Porto Rico (intro- duced); Lowe, Ibis, 1909, p. 340 (in text)— St. Thomas. Icterus icterus ridgwayi Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, pp. 200, 207, 1909 — Aruba and Curacao; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 474, 1922 — Rio Hacha and Fonseca, Colombia (crit.); Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico & Virgin Is., 9, p. 538, 1927— Porto Rico and St. Thomas (crit.). Icterus icterus harterti Cory, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 201 (in text), 1909 — St. Thomas (type in Field Museum). Range. — Northern Colombia (Cartagena; lower Magdalena Valley; Santa Marta region; La Goajira) and northwestern Vene- zuela (east to Tocuyo, Lara); the islands of Aruba and Curacao, Dutch West Indies; introduced on St. Thomas, Porto Rico, and Jamaica (here probably extinct). 8: Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, 3); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 2); Venezuela (Maracaibo, Zulia, 2; Rio Aurare, Zulia, 1). "Icterus jamacaii2 jamacaii (Gmelin). JAMACAI ORIOLE. Oriolus jamacaii Gmelin, Syst. Nat!, 1, (1), p. 391, 1788— based on "Jamacaii" (Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 120, ex) Marcgrave, Hist. Nat. Bras., p. 198; north- eastern Brazil=Ceara (as suggested by Hellmayr, 1929). Xanthornus aurantius Hahn, Vo'gel aus Asien, etc., livr. 6, pi. 1, 1820— "America, von Carolina an bis Brasilien und auf alien Caraibischen Inseln . . . ," errore (type in coll. of J. Wagler). 1 It is not impossible that Vieillot, when describing his Agelaius longirostris in Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 547, 1819, had a specimen of the present form in mind. However, the name being preoccupied in the genus, we need not worry about its exact application. 2 Icterus jamacaii is probably conspecific with /. icterus. 140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Icterus jamacaii Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 1199, 1831— Tamburil, Rio Pardo, southern Bahia; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, p. 435, 1850 — Brazil; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 185, 1851 — Brazil; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 268, 1856— Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 195, 1870 — Bahia and "Cayenne" (errore); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 399— Rio Sao Francisco (mouth of the Rio Abaete and Porto das Barreiras), Minas Geraes; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 370 — Ceara, Minas, and Bahia (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 383, 1886— Ceara and Pernambuco; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 80, 1910— Bahia (Joazeiro, Barrinha, Barra do Rio Grande, Fazenda da Serra, Lagoa do Boqueirao) and Piauhy (Parnagua); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926— Ceara; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 276, 1929— Maranhao (Codo, Cocos; Barra do Corda), Piauhy (Ibiapaba), and Ceara (Jua, near Iguatu; Serra do Baturite; Quixada). Icterus aurantius Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 47 — Bahia and Ceara (monog.). Xanthornus jamacai Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 402, 1907 — Bahia (range excl. of Amazonas and Cayenne). Range. — Eastern Brazil, from Maranhao, Piauhy, and Ceara south to Bahia and Minas Geraes.1 18: Maranhao (Codo, Cocos, 2; Barra do Corda, 1); Piauhy (Ibiapaba, 2); Ceara (Jua, near Iguatu, 2; Serra do Baturite*, 2; Quixada, 3); Bahia (Santo Amaro, 1; Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, 2; Rio do Peixe, near Queimadas, 3). *Icterus jamacaii croconotus (Wagler).2 ORANGE-BACKED ORIOLE. Psarocolius croconotus Wagler, Isis, 22, Heft 7, col. 757, 1829 — "patria speciei precedentis," sc. "in Mexico," errore (the cotypes in the Berlin Museum 1 Additional specimens examined. — Ceara: unspecified, 1. — Piauhy: Parnagua, 1. — Bahia: Joazeiro, 2; Barra, 1; Fazenda da Serra, Rio Grande, 2; Lagoa do Boqueirao, Rio Grande, 2 ; unspecified, 8. 2 Icterus jamacaii croconotus (Wagler) differs readily from /. j. jamacaii by having the pileum (excepting a narrow frontal band) orange like the back, while the black band across the back is much narrower, frequently interrupted in the middle. Size about the same. The black transverse band on the back is such a decided step in the direction of /. jamacaii that it seems logical to associate /. croconotus with it in the same specific group. The character is most strongly marked in specimens from British Guiana and the adjoining districts of Brazil (Rio Branco, Rio Mahu), while those from the Amazon Valley have this band much reduced in extent or only suggested by some black spots. A single male from Loreto, Rio Maranon, Peru, compares well with the average from the lower Amazon, and one from the upper Rio Napp is not different either. /. hauxwelli was evidently based upon an immature indi- vidual of the present form. The birds recorded from the falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia, and the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, should be reexamined. Additional material examined.— Brazil : Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 5; Rio Mahu, 1; Monte Alegre, 2; Bom Lugar, Rio Purus, 1.— British Guiana: Takutu Mountains, 1.— Peru: Loreto, 1.— Ecuador: Suno, upper Rio Napo, 1. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 141 are from "Para" and Guiana; cf. Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Av. Mus. Zool. Berol., p. 51, 1854). i Icterus croconotus Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 133, 1862 — upper Amazon; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 47— part, Rio Huallaga, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 195, 1870— Sao Joaquim do Rio Branco and Rio Mahu, Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 266— Nauta, Peru; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 381— "Para" (sight record); Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 79, 1876 — lower Amazon; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 370 — part, Rio Branco, Guiana, and Ecuador (Sarayacu); Tacza- nowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 420, 1884 — Nauta and Carabaya, Peru; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 383, 1886 — part, spec, a-f, Guiana, Sarayacu (Ecuador), and upper Amazon; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, pp. 72, 85, 1889— Rio Napo, Ecuador, and (?) falls of the Rio Madeira, Bolivia; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 269, 1890— Santarem; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 478 — Suno, upper Rio Napo, Ecuador; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 299, 1907— Monte Alegre, lower Amazon; idem, I.e., 56, p. 11, 1908 —Bom Lugar, Rio Purtis; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 424, 1914— Rio Puriis (Bom Lugar), Monte Alegre, Rio Maecuru (Igarape de Paituna), and Rio Jamunda (Faro); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 55, p. 699, 1926 — Rio Suno and below San Jos6, eastern Ecuador. Xanthornus croconotus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 402, 1907 — part, Amazonia, "Para," Rio Branco, and Guyana; (?)Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 39, 1908— Rio Araguaya, Goyaz. Icterus jamacaii (not Oriolus jamacaii Gmelin) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 12, 1848— near Pirara; Cabanis, I.e., 3, p. 679, "1848" [ = 1849] — banks of the savanna rivers (Takutu, Mahu, Pirara). Euopsar croconotus Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 1, p. 582, 1921 — Takutu Mountains and "Georgetown." Icterus hauxwelli Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, p. 671, pub. early in 1886 — Chamicuros, Peru (type in British Museum; descr. of immature); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 377, pi. 18, 1886— Chamicuros. Range. — Southern British Guiana (Pirara, Takutu, and Mahu rivers) and northern Brazil throughout the Amazon Valley (from the Rio Tapajoz and Monte Alegre upwards) and its tributaries to eastern Peru and (?)northeastern Bolivia, north to eastern Ecuador. 3: Peru (Moyobamba, San Martin, 3). "Icterus jamacaii strictifrons Todd.2 SOUTHERN ORANGE-BACKED ORIOLE. 1 "Para" means doubtless the province and not the city of that name. We suggest, therefore, Rio Tapajoz as type locality, since it appears that Wagler, when describing the species, had only the Brazilian specimen before him, while the Guianan ones reached the Berlin Museum much later. 2 Icterus jamacaii strictifrons Todd: Very similar to /. j. croconotus, but white alar patch generally more extensive, and median back without trace of a black transverse band or at best with a few faint fringes. Birds from Matto Grosso are absolutely identical with others from Bolivia. The frontal band is extremely variable in width and appears to be useless as 142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Icterus croconotus strictifrons Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 122, 1924 — Palmarito, Chiquitos, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 398, 1930— Agua Blanca de Corumba and Descalvados, Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 294, 1930 — San Jose and La Crecencia, Santa Cruz, Bolivia; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 394, 1934 - — Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Icterus croconotus (not Psarocolius croconotus Wagler) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 47 — part, Bolivia and Rio Parana [ = Paraguay], Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 195, 1870 — part, Cuyaba and Rio das Flechas, Matto Grosso; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 608— Santa Cruz, Bolivia (ex d'Orbigny); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 370— part, Bolivia and Cuyaba; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 383, 1886 — part, spec, g, h, Cuyaba and Bolivia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 378, 1891 — Uacuryzal, Rio Paraguay, and Cachoeira, Matto Grosso; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 8, 1895— Corumba, Matto Grosso. Xanthornus croconotus Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 402, 1907 — part, Matto Grosso. Icterus jamaicensi (not Oriolus jamacaii Gmelin) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 6, 1838— Santa Cruz, Bolivia (spec, examined). Range. — Southwestern Brazil, in State of Matto Grosso, and the adjacent parts of eastern Bolivia (Chiquitos and Santa Cruz). 3: Brazil (Descalvados, Rio Paraguay, Matto Grosso, 3). *Icterus graduacauda graduacauda Lesson. BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE. Icterus graduacauda Lesson, Rev. Zool., 2, p. 105, April, 1839 — Mexico (loca- tion of type not stated). Psarocolius melanocephalus (not Icterus melanocephalus Hahn, 1820) Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 756 — Mexico (type in Berlin Museum). Icterus melanocephalus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, p. 90, 1848 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 185, 1851 — Jalapa; Cassin, 111. Bds. Calif., Texas, etc., p. 137, pi. 21, 1854— part, Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, p. 301— [Cordova], Mexico; idem, I.e., 1858, p. 97 — part, tierra caliente of Vera Cruz (crit.); idem, I.e., 1859, p. 365— Jalapa, Mexico; Baird, Rep. Pacif. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 543, 1858— Mexico (crit.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 53 — Jalapa, Mirador, and Orizaba, Mexico (monog.); Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 553, 1869 — temperate region of Vera Cruz; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 23, 1876— Guichicovi, Chiapas; a criterion for distinguishing the two races. In juvenile plumage, this race has a broad brownish black band across the middle of the back, which is hardly narrower than in the corresponding stage of /. j. jamacaii — another evidence of their close genetic affinity. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Mojos, 1; Chiquitos, 1; Santa Cruz, 3.— Brazil, Matto Grosso: Cuyaba, 9; Rio das Flechas, 1. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 143 Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 365 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 375, 1886— part, subsp. typica, Mexico (Jalapa, Orizaba, Oaxaca); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 468, 1887 — part, southern Mexico (Orizaba, Jalapa, Mirador, Juquila, Guichicovi); Chap- man, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 10, p. 30, 1898— Jalapa (song); Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 222, 1899— Santo Tomas, Guatemala. Icterus auduboni(i) (not of Giraud) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 381 — Juquila, Oaxaca; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 132, 1862 — Jalapa and Orizaba, Mexico; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 553, 1869 — temperate region of Vera Cruz; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 150, 1886— Jalapa. Icterus melanocephalus melanocephalus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 280, 1902 — southern Mexico (monog.); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 404, 1928— Chivela, Oaxaca. Icterus virescens (not of Vigors, 1828) Dubois, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg., (2), 40, No. 12, Dec., 1875, p. 798, pub. 1876— Mexico (type in Brussels Museum). Range. — Southern portion of the Mexican plateau, from southern San Luis Potosi (Valles), Jalisco (San Sebastian), and Vera Cruz south to Oaxaca (Pluma, Mount Zempoaltepec, Chivela) and Chiapas (Guichicovi), and extreme northwestern Guatemala (one record from Santo Tomas). 3: Mexico (Pueblo Viejo, Vera Cruz, 3). "Icterus graduacauda audubonii Giraud. AUDUBON'S ORIOLE. Icterus audubonii(i) Giraud, Descr. Sixt. N. Amer. Bds., p. [3], 1841 — Texas (type now in U. S. National Museum); Baird, Rep. Pacif. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 542, 1858 — Tamaulipas (Charco Escondido, Matamoros) and Texas (Ringgold Barracks) (crit.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 175 — "vicinity of Mexico City;" Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 53 — Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and Texas (monog.); Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 26, 1878 — Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas (habits); idem, I.e., 5, p. 399, 1879— Lomita, Texas (habits, nest, and eggs); Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 134, 1879— Fort Brown, Texas (song); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 366— Rio Grande to "Orizaba and Oaxaca"; Attwater, Auk, 9, p. 238, 1892— San Antonio, Texas; Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 781, 1893 — Hacienda Angostura, San Luis Potosi. Icterus melanocephalus (not of Hahn) Cassin, 111. Bds. Calif., Texas, etc., p. 137, 1854 — part, lower Rio Grande, Texas; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 468, 1887 — part, lower Rio Grande, Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and "valley of Mexico." Icterus melanocephalus subsp. auduboni Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 375, 1886 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Icterus melanocephalus audubonii(i) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 282, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911— Tamaulipas (Galindo, San Fernando, Altamira, Rio Martinez, Santa 144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Leonor, Rio Cruz, Realito); Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 23, 1926 — Brownsville, Texas. Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas (casually to San An- tonio), and south in Mexico to Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, and, at least in winter, to San Luis Potosi and (?)the Valley of Mexico. 9: Texas (Brownsville, Cameron County, 3; Harlingen, Cameron County, 2; Cameron County, unspecified, 1); Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 3). Icterus pectoralis pectoralis (Wagler). SPOTTED-BREASTED ORIOLE. Psarocolius pectoralis Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 755 — Mexico (location of type not stated). Icterus guttulatus Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., (2), 6, pi. 52, 1844 — Mexico (type in coll. of F. de Lafresnaye, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 420, 1930). Icterus pectoralis Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 2, pi. 10, Feb., 1846 — "Santa F6 de Bogota," errore; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 435, 1850 (diag.); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 205 — southern Mexico; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 20 — Vera Paz, Guatemala; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 48— part, Guatemala (Coban, Vera Paz) and Nicaragua (San Juan); Salvin, Ibis, 1873, p. 373 — Chontales, Nicaragua; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 23, 1876— Juchitan and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll., p. 264, 1882— Guatemala; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 373 — part, southern Mexico ("Tehuantepec," Chiapas), Guatemala (Vera Paz), and Nicaragua (Chontales); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 385, 1886— part, spec, a-d, f, g, i, j, Mexico (Putla; Tonala, Chiapas), Guatemala (San Geronimo, Vera Paz), and Nicaragua (Chontales); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 474, 1887 — part, Mexico (Putla, Juchitan, Santa Efigenia, Tonala), Guatemala (Vera Paz, San Geronimo), and Nicaragua (Chontales, San Juan). Icterus pectoralis pectoralis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 283, 1902 — part, southern Mexico and Guatemala (part, San Geronimo); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 404, 1928— Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 438, p. 18, 1930 — Mexico (Oaxaca), Guatemala (east of the Pacific Cordilleras), Honduras (Copan), and northern Nicaragua (Matagalpa, San Rafael del Norte); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 398, 1932— Guatemala (Finca Chama, Sacupulas, Lake Amatitlan, San Lucas, Gualan, Finca Carolina); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 336, 1932— Cantarranas, Honduras. Icterus pectoralis espinachi (not of Ridgway, 1882) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 284, 1902— part, Nicaragua. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Oaxaca (Putla, Juchitan, Santa Efigenia, Tapanatepec) and Chiapas (Tonala), Guatemala (east of the Pacific Cordilleras), 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 145 Honduras (Copan, Cantarranas), and eastern Nicaragua (Matagalpa, San Rafael del Norte, Chontales, San Juan). "Icterus pectoralis anthonyi Griscom.1 ANTHONY'S ORIOLE. Icterus pectoralis anthonyi Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 438, p. 18, Dec. 15, 1930 — Finca El Cipres, near Ocos, Pacific coast of Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Dwight, Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 398, 1932— Pacific Guatemala (Ocos, Finca El Espino, Finca El Cipres, Hacienda California, San Felipe, Pantaleon). Icterus pectoralis (not Psarocolius pectoralis Wagler) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 385, 1886 — part, spec, e, h, Savanna Grande and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 474, 1887 — part, Pacific Guatemala (Retalhuleu, Escuintla, Savanna Grande) and Salvador (Acajutla); Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 222, 1899 — Palin, Guatemala. Icterus pectoralis pectoralis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 283, 1902 — part, Guatemala (Retalhuleu, Escuintla, Savanna Grande) and Salvador (Acajutla); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 114, 1907— Patulul, Guatemala. (l)Icterus mentalis (not of Lesson, 1831) Lesson, Rev. Zool., 5, p. 136, 1842 — San Carlos, El Salvador (crit.). Range. — Pacific lowlands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nica- ragua (Leon, Chinandega, Volcan Viejo, Managua). 8: Guatemala (Patulul, Solola, 4; San Jose", Escuintla, 1; unspeci- fied, 3). Icterus pectoralis espinachi Ridgway. ESPINACH'S ORIOLE. Icterus pectoralis espinachi Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 392, Sept., 1882 — La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica (type in U. S. National Museum); Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887 — Liberia, Costa Rica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 284, 1902— part, Costa Rica (La Palma, Liberia); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 829, 1910— Costa Rica (Bols6n, Tenorio, Bebede>o). Icterus pectoralis (not Psarocolius pectoralis Wagler) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 48 — part, Costa Rica; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 104, 1868— Costa Rica (ex Cabanis); Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 302, 1869 — "San Carlos and Turrialba," errore; Sclater, Ibis, 1 Icterus pectoralis anthonyi Griscom: Similar to /. p. pectoralis in amount of black pectoral spotting, but decidedly smaller; nearer to I. p. espinachi, but chest more heavily spotted with black, and dimensions somewhat larger. Wing (adult males), 102-106. The color of the head is too variable a feature to be of diagnostic value, the most intense coloration (approaching "orange") being found in two adults of /. p. espinachi from Bebede"ro, Costa Rica. A single bird from Acajutla, El Salvador, agrees with others from Guatemala and Nicaragua (Managua). 146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1883, p. 372 — part, Costa Rica; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 385, 1886 — part, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 474, 1887— part, Costa Rica (La Palma); Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 437 — near Bagaces and Bebedero. Icterus guttulatus (not of Lafresnaye) Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 9, p. 9, 1861 — • Costa Rica (crit.). Range. — Pacific coast region of northwestern Costa Rica from Guanacaste to Nicoya.1 *Icterus gularis2 tamaulipensis Ridgway. ALTA MIRA ORIOLE. (l)Icterus mentalis Lesson,3 Cent. Zool., p. Ill, pi. 41, Jan., 1831 — Mexico (type in Paris Museum). Icterus gularis tamaulipensis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 152, 1901 — Alta Mira, Tamaulipas (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 286, 1902— eastern Mexico from Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi to Puebla and Vera Cruz (monog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911 — Alta Mira, Santa Leonor, and Guiaves, Tamaulipas. Icteric gularis (not Psarocolius gularis Wagler) Des Murs, Icon. Orn., livr. 2, pi. 9, 1846— Mexico; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 435, 1850— Mexico (diag.); Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 185, 1851 — Jalapa; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 228— San Andres Tuxtla, Vera Cruz (crit.); idem, I.e., 1859, p. 365 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 133, 1862— Jalapa; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 175 — vicinity of Mexico City; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 49— part, Mirador, Vera Cruz, and Mexico City; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 371— Mexico (in part); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 384, 1886 —part, spec, c, d, Jalapa (Vera Cruz), Mexico; Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 150, 1886— Actopam, Vera Cruz; Salvin and God- man, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 475, 1887 — part, Temascaltepec and Vera Cruz (Actopam, San Andres Tuxtla, Jalapa); Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 630, 1896— Alta Mira, Tamaulipas. "Icterus gularis flammeus" Lantz, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 16, p. 222, 1899 — Rinconada, Vera Cruz (nomen nudum). Icterus mexicanus (notOriolus mexicanus Leach) Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, p. 436, 1827— Temascaltepec, Mexico. 1 A series from Guanacaste (Bebedero) examined. ? 2 The presence of a palatal knob in the bill of this species used by some authors (\\etmore, Auk, 36, p. 196, 1919) for generic separation appears to me a strong specific character. 3 Icterus mentalis Lesson, while possibly an earlier name for the present race, cannot be identified with absolute certainty. Mr. J. Berlioz, to whom I am greatly indebted for assistance in the matter, courteously compared the type with speci- mens of the various Mexican forms and writes that, in coloration and dimensions, it comes nearest to an example from Orizaba (tamaulipensis). Its exact locality, however, is unrecorded, the label bearing merely "Mexico" as patria, and as the length of the wing, 117 mm., of the unsexed specimen is not conclusive either as to its subspecific pertinence, the adoption of the name mentalis in lieu of Ridgway's subsequent term (tamaulipensis) of unquestionable applicability does not seem to be advisable. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 147 Range. — Eastern Mexico, from southern Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi south to Puebla and Vera Cruz. 16: Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 16). "Icterus gularis yucatanensis Berlepsch.1 YUCATAN ORIOLE. Icterus gularis yucatanensis Berlepsch, Auk, 5, p. 454, 1888 — Yucatan (type in coll. of H. von Berlepsch, now in Frankfort Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 287, 1902— Yucatan (monog.); Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 140, 1906— Chichen Itza, Yucatan; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913 — Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 18, 1926 — eastern Quintana Roo. Icterus gularis (not Psarocolius gularis Wagler) Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 371 — part, Yucatan; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 384, 1886 — part, spec, k, 1, s-y, Yucatan, Corozal (British Honduras), and Cozumel Island; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 475, 1887 — part, Corozal, British Honduras; Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 264 — Cozumel Island; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 208— interior of Yucatan; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 8, p. 281, 1896— Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Range. — Extreme northern British Honduras (Corozal) and Yucatan Peninsula, including Cozumel Island. 9: Mexico (San Felipe, Yucatan, 2; Cozumel Island, 2; Yucatan, unspecified, 5). Icterus gularis gularis (Wagler). LICHTENSTEIN'S ORIOLE. Psarocolius gularis Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 757 — Mexico (type, from Tehuan- tepec, Oaxaca, in Berlin Museum; cf. Cabanis, in Berlepsch, Auk, 5, p. 454, in text, 1888). Icterus gularis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 49 — part, "Barcio" [ = Barrio], Oaxaca; Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 23, 1876— Barrio, Chihuitan, Juchitan, and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 371 — southern Mexico (in part); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 384, 1886 — part, spec, e-g, i, j, Tonal& (Chiapas), Putla and Tehuantepec, Oaxaca; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 475, 1887 — part, Chiapas (Tonala) and Oaxaca (Barrio, Chihuitan, Juchitan, Santa Efigenia). Icterus gularis gularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 284, 1902 — part, Oaxaca and Chiapas (Tonala, Huehuetan); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 404, 1928 — Chiveld and Tapanatepec, Oaxaca; Griscom, I.e., 75, p. 408, 1934 — Coyuca, Guerrero. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southwestern Mexico, from Guerrero (Coyuca) through Oaxaca to extreme western Chiapas (Tonala, Huehuetan). 1 This form comes pretty close to certain individuals of /. g. tamaulipensis, but is generally recognizable by richer coloration and narrower bill. 148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Icterus gularis troglodytes Griscom.1 PACIFIC ORIOLE. Icterus gularis troglodytes Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 438, p. 13, 1930 — San Felipe, Retalhuleu, Pacific slope of Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Dwight, Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 396, 1932— Ocos, Finca El Cipres, Haci- enda California, Pantaleon, San Felipe, San Jose, Antigua, and San Lucas, Pacific Guatemala. Icterus gularis (not Psarocolius gularis Wagler) (?)Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 49 — part, San Salvador and Nicaragua (San Juan); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 371 — Guatemala (in part); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 384, 1886 — part, spec, m, n, q, Savanna Grande and San Pedro Martir, Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 475, 1887 — part, Retalhuleu, Savanna Grande, and San Pedro Martir, Guatemala, and (?)Salvador (Acajutla); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 114, 1907 — part, Mazatenango, Guatemala. Icterus gularis gularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 284, 1902 — part, Pacific Guatemala (Retalhuleu, Savanna Grande, and San Pedro Martir), (?)Salvador (Acajutla), and (?)Nicaragua (San Juan). Range. — Pacific slope of Guatemala (and possibly south to El Salvador and Nicaragua). 2: Guatemala (Mazatenango, Solola, 1; Tiquisate, Escuintla, 1). "Icterus gularis gigas Griscom.2 GUATEMALAN ORIOLE. Icterus gularis gigas Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 438, p. 13, 1930 — Sacapulas, Rio Negro Valley, Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Dwight, Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 396, 1932 — Sacapulas, Guatemala. Icterus gularis xerophilus Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 438, p. 14, 1930 — Progreso, Motagua Valley, Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Dwight, Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 396, 1932— Progreso, Guatemala. Icterus gularis (not Psarocolius gularis Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 358 — Comayagua, Honduras; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 1 Icterus gularis troglodytes Griscom: Similar to /. g. gularis in coloration, but markedly smaller; even closer to /. g. tamaulipensis, but somewhat larger with proportionately slenderer bill and coloration not quite so intense. Wing (adult male), 112-118. Five specimens from Pacific Guatemala examined. 2 Icterus gularis gigas Griscom: Similar to /. g. gularis, but decidedly larger. This, the largest form of the group, is exceedingly variable in coloration, some specimens being nearly of the same shade of yellow as the nominate race, others rich cadmium-orange as /. g. yucatanensis. While there is a certain tendency to the predominance of one color-type or the other in different parts of the range, further splitting seems impracticable, as no definite range could be assigned to the various color varieties. A single Honduran specimen resembles the average from Guatemala, but additional material should be studied. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 149 p. 19 — Vera Paz (Guatemala) and Comayagua (Honduras); Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 468— Yzabal Road, Guatemala; Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. Ill- Honduras; Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 62 — San Ger6nimo, Guatemala (eggs descr.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 49— part, Guatemala (San Geronimo); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 371 — Guatemala (in part); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 384, 1886— part, spec, o, p, San Geronimo, Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 475, 1887 — part, Guatemala (Vera Paz, San Ger6nimo, Zacapa) and Honduras (Comayagua); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 114, 1907 — part, El Rancho, Zacapa. Icterus gularis gularis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 284, 1902 — part, Guatemala (Vera Paz, San Ger6nimo, Zacapa) and Honduras (Comayagua); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 395, 1932 — Gualan, Motagua Valley, Guatemala; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 336, 1932— Comayagua, Honduras. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of Guatemala, north of the Pacific Cordillera, and Honduras. 8: Guatemala (El Rancho, Zacapa, 6; Salama, Baja Vera Paz, 2). *Icterus cucullatus sennetti Ridgway. SENNETT'S ORIOLE. Icterus cucullatus sennetti Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 152, April 15, 1901— Brownsville, Texas (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 289, 1902— lower Rio Grande Valley, in winter to Morelos (monog., full bibliog.); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 23, 1926 — Brownsville, Texas; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 407, 1934 — Taxco, Guerrero (Nov. 1). Icterus cucullatus (not of Lawrence) Cassin, 111. Bds. Calif., Texas, etc., p. 42, pi. 8, 1854— Texas; Baird, Rep. Pacif. R. R. Surv., 9, p. 546, 1858— Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas; Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geog. Surv. Terr., 4, p. 25, 1878 — Brownsville and Hidalgo, Texas (habits); idem, I.e., 5, p. 398, 1879— Lomita, Texas (habits, nest, and eggs); Merrill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1, p. 134, 1879— Fort Brown, Texas; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 364 — part, Texas, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo Le6n; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 376, 1886 — part, Texas; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 471, 1887 — part, Texas and Mexico (Charco Escondido, Tamaulipas). Pendulinus cucullatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 60 — part, Texas (Brownsville, Ringgold Barracks), Tamaulipas, and Coahuila (monog.). Range. — Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and adjoining parts of Mexico (in states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and Coahuila), in winter south to Morelos and Guerrero (Taxco). 5: Texas (Brownsville, Cameron County, 2); Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 3). 150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII "Icterus cucullatus calif ornicus (Lesson). CALIFORNIAN HOODED ORIOLE. Pendulinus californicus Lesson,1 Rev. Zool., 7, p. 436, 1844 — California (type in coll. of Dr. Abeille, Bordeaux). Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 19, 1885 — • Tucson, Arizona (type in U. S. National Museum) ; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 290, 1902 — part, excl. of Cape San Lucas records (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 362, 1905 — Escuinapa, southern Sinaloa (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 152, 1928 — northern Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 289, 1931 — San Javier, Saric, Tesia, Chinobampo, Guirocoba, Guaymas, San Jose de Guaymas, Tobari Bay, and Agiabampo, Sonora. Icterus nelsoni Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 472, 1887 — part, Arizona, Lower California (in part), and western Mexico (Mazatlan). Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 279, 1874— part, Mazatlan. Icterus cucullatus subsp. nelsoni Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 376, 1886 — part, spec, a, c-e, Arizona, California, and Mazatlan, Mexico. Icterus cucullatus californicus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, pp. 408, 409, 1934— Chilpancingo, Guerrero (nomencl.); van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 475, 1934 — Sonora (Alamos, Nacozari, Oposura). Range. — Southwestern California, southern Arizona, and south- western New Mexico south to northern Lower California (north from about lat. 28°) and through western Mexico to Nayarit (Santiago) and Guerrero (Chilpancingo) ; wintering in the southern part of the range. 41: California (Arch Beach, Orange County, 1; Laguna Beach, Orange County, 1; Claremont, Los Angeles County, 1; Riverside, Riverside County, 3); Arizona (Huachuca Mountains, Cochise County, 15; Calabasas, Cochise County, 12; Fort Grant, Graham County, 1 ; Catalina Mill, 1 ; Final County, 3 ; Tucson, Pima County, 3) . "Icterus cucullatus trochiloides Grinnell.2 SAN LUCAS HOODED ORIOLE. Icterus cucullatus trochiloides Grinnell, Auk, 44, p. 70, 1927 — Triunfo, about lat. 23° 45', Lower California (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 152, 1928— southern Lower California. 1 It is incomprehensible that Lesson's name ever should have been referred to /. pustulatus, since the description, notably that of the tail-markings, clearly indicates Nelson's Oriole, as has been pointed out by Griscom (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 408, 1934). * Icterus cucullatus trochiloides Grinnell: Similar in both sexes to /. c. cali- fornicus, but bill longer, more attenuated and more decurved towards the tip; coloration of males in summer on average duller, more yellow and less orange. Wing (adult males), 89; tail, 88; bill, 21-22. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 151 Pendulinus cucullatus (not Icterus cucullatus Swainson) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 60— part, Lower California [ = Cape San Lucas region]. Icterus cucullatus Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 364 — part, Cape San Lucas. Icterus cucullatus subsp. nelsoni (not 7. c. nelsoni Ridgway) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 376, 1886— part, spec, b, La Paz, Lower California. Icterus nelsoni Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 472, 1887 — part, La Paz, Lower California. Icterus cucullatus nelsoni Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 290, 1902 — part, Lower California (La Paz); Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 41, p. 131, 1902— Triunfo, San Jose" del Rancho, La Paz, and San Jose del Cabo, Lower California; Townsend, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 48, p. 18, 1923 — Cape San Lucas, Agua Verde Bay, and Carmen Island, Lower California. Range. — Southern Lower California, from Cape San Lucas north to about lat. 27°. 3: Mexico (Lower California, La Paz, 1; Lower California, Cape San Lucas, 1; unspecified, 1). *Icterus cucullatus cucullatus Swainson. HOODED ORIOLE. Icterus cucullatus Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 436, June, 1827— Temascaltepec, State of Mexico, Mexico (type in coll. of W. Bullock); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, p. 301— C6rdoba; idem, I.e., 1864, p. 175 — valley of Mexico; Duges, La Naturaleza, l,p. 139, 1869 — Guana- juato; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 553, 1869 — hot region of Vera Cruz; Lawrence, I.e., 2, p. 279, 1874 — part, plains of Colima; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 364— Mexico (in part); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 150, 1886 — Chietla and Atlixco, Puebla; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 471, 1887 — part, Temascaltepec, Valley of Mexico, Guanajuato, Chietla, Atlixco, and Vera Cruz; Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 781, 1893— Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco. Pendulinus cucullatus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 60 — part, Mexico. Icterus cucullatus subsp. typica Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 376, 1886 — Mexico. Icterus cucullatus cucullatus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 287, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 123, 1923 — Cuba (occurrence questioned); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 407, 1934 — Taxco and Chilpancingo, Guerrero (Oct.-March). Range. — Eastern and southern Mexico, from Nuevo Leon (Monterey and vicinity) and southern Tamaulipas (La Cima, Alta Mira) south through San Luis Potosi, Guanajuato, and Mexico to Vera Cruz, Guerrero, and Colima.1 9: Mexico (Valles, San Luis Potosi, 1; Tampico, Tamaulipas, 2; "Tamaulipas," 1; Iguala, Guerrero, 5). 1 Gundlach's Cuban record probably refers to an escaped cage-bird. 152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Icterus cucullatus igneus Ridgway. FIERY ORIOLE. Icterus cucullatus igneus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 19 (in text), 1885 — Yucatan (type in U. S. National Museum); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 209— Progreso, Yucatan; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 291, 1902— part, Yucatan and Campeche; Cole, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 50, p. 140, 1906— Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 445 — Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 471, 1887— part, Yucatan (Merida, Silam). Icterus cucullatus subsp. ignea Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 377, 1886 — part, spec, c-e, Merida and Silam, Yucatan. Range. — Northern parts of Peninsula of Yucatan. 6: Mexico, Yucatan (Temax, 1; Buenavista, 1; San Felipe, 2; unspecified, 2). . Icterus cucullatus masoni Griscom.1 MASON'S ORIOLE. Icterus cucullatus masoni Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 18, 1926 — Manatee, British Honduras (type, though its location is not stated, probably in the American Museum of Natural History, New York). Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 20 — Belize, British Honduras; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 466 — Belize; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 364 — part, Belize; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 471, 1887 — part, British Honduras (Belize). Icterus cucullatus subsp. ignea Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 377, 1886 — part, spec, a, b, Belize, British Honduras. Icterus cucullatus igneus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 291, 1902— part, British Honduras (Belize). Range. — Southeastern parts of Quintana Roo (Palmul, Chun- yaxche, Vigia Chica) and British Honduras (Belize, Manatee). "Icterus cucullatus duplexus Nelson. MUGERES ORIOLE. Icterus cucullatus duplexus Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, p. 173, 1901— Mugeres Island, Yucatan (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 292, 1902— Mugeres. Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 471, 1887— part, Holbox and Mugeres Islands; Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 264 — part, Meco, Holbox, and Mugeres Islands. 1 Icterus cucullatus masoni Griscom: "Adult male similar to I. c. cucullatus, but slightly less orange, intermediate in this respect between cucullatus and sen- netti; differing from /. c. igneus in being even paler proportionately, smaller, and with more extensive white edgings on the wings, especially the primaries; female very similar to igneus, but smaller and slightly deeper yellow both above and below with more extensive lighter edgings on the primaries." (Griscom, I.e.) This form, which we have not seen, should be compared with /. c. duplexus, to which no reference is made by the describer. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 153 Range. — Islands of Mugeres, Holbox, and Meco, off Yucatan.1 1: Mexico (Holbox Island, 1). Icterus cucullatus cozumelae Nelson. COZUMEL ORIOLE. Icterus cucullatus cozumelae Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14, p. 173, 1901 — Cozumel Island, Yucatan (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 292, 1902— Cozumel (monog.); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 236, p. 13, 1926 — Cozumel. Icterus cucullatus (not of Swainson) Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, p. 570, 1885 — Yucatan; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p.471, 1887— part, Cozumel; Salvin, Ibis, 1888,p. 264— part, Cozumel (crit.). Icterus cucullatus subsp. ignea (not of Ridgway) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 377, 1886— part, spec, f-k, Cozumel. Range. — Cozumel Island, off Yucatan, Mexico. *Icterus pustulatus pustulatus (Wagler). SCARLET-HEADED ORIOLE. Psarocolius pustulatus Wagler, Isis, 1829, col. 757 — Mexico (cotypes from Cuernavaca and San Mateo, Mexico, in Berlin Museum; cf. Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 408 [in text], 1934). Icterus pustulatus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 435, 1850 — Mexico; (?)Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 303— La Parada, Oaxaca; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 47, pi. 24, 1867 — part, Atlisco, Mexico; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 48 — Mexico (in part); Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 552, 1869 — hot region of Vera Cruz; Lawrence, I.e., 2, p. 280, 1874 — Manzanilla Bay, Colima; Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 422 — Acapulco, Guerrero; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 373 — part, Vera Cruz, (?)Oaxaca, and Guerrero (Acapulco) (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 386, 1886 — part, spec, f-o, Acapulco, Puebla, (?)Tonala (Chiapas), and Atlisco, Mexico; Ferrari- Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 150, 1886— Chietla, Puebla, and (?)Janhuiatlan, Oaxaca; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 477, 1887 — part, Colima (Manzanilla Bay), Guerrero (Acapulco), Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico (Atlisco), (?)0axaca, and (?)Chiapas (Tonala); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 295, 1902— part, Colima, Gue- rrero, (?)Oaxaca, (?)Chiapas, Morelos, Puebla, and Vera Cruz (monog.). Range. — Tropical zone of southern Mexico, in Colima, Guerrero, Mexico, Morelos, Puebla, Vera Cruz, (?)0axaca. and (?)Chiapas.2 20: Mexico (Iguala, Guerrero, 17; Colima, Guerrero, 1; un- specified, 2). 1 Birds from Holbox and Meco need comparison with typical Mugeres ex- amples. The three Yucatan races (/. c. igneus, I. c. masoni, I. c. duplexus) are evidently very closely related one to another, and their interrelationship and status cannot be considered as established until adequate series have been studied. 2 It is extremely doubtful if this form really extends into Oaxaca and Chiapas, where its place appears to be taken by /. sclateri formosus. From Tonala, Chiapas, as well as from Janhuiatlan, Oaxaca, immature males only were secured, which might easily have been misidentified, and the same may have occurred in the case 154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Icterus pustulatus microstictus Griscom.1 WESTERN SCARLET- HEADED ORIOLE. Icterus pustulatus microstictus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 408, 1934 — Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); van Rossem, I.e., 77, p. 476, 1934 — Sonora (Alamos, Oposura, Durazno). Icterus pustulatus (not Psarocolius pustulatus Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 228 — Mazatlan; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 48 — part, Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Sclater and Salvin, Exot. Orn., p. 47, 1867— part, "Cape San Lucas, Lower California"; Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 280, 1874— part, Tepic and Mazatlan (habits); Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 373 — part, Sinaloa (Mazatlan, Presidio) and "Cape San Lucas"; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 386, 1886 — part, spec, a-e, "Cape San Lucas," Mazatlan, and Presidio; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1» p. 477, 1887 — part, Mazatlan, Presidio, Tepic, and "Lower California"; Jouy, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 781, 1893 — Barranca Ibarra, Jalisco; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 296, 1902 — part, Chihuahua, Sonora, Sinaloa, Durango, Jalisco, and Tepic (monog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 361, 1905— Escuinapa, Arroyo de Limones, and Juanna Gomez River, southern Sinaloa; Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 390, 1906— San Bias, Nayarit; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 16, p. 49, 1927— Labr ados, Sinaloa, and San Bias, Nayarit; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 243, 1928— "Cape San Lucas, Lower California" (record questioned); van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 289, 1931— Tecoripa, San Javier, Tesia, Chinobampo, San Jose de Guaymas, Guirocoba, and Guaymas, Sonora. Icterus graysoni (not of Cassin) Finsch, Abhandl. Naturw. Ver. Bremen, 2, p. 336, 1870 — Mazatlan, Sinaloa (descr.). Icterus sclateri (not of Cassin) Lantz, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 16, p. 222, 1899 — Altata and Culiacan, Sinaloa. Range. — Tropical zone of western Mexico, from Chihuahua and Sonora south to Nayarit (Tepic) and Jalisco. 3: Mexico (Escuinapa, Sinaloa, 3). Icterus pustulatus graysonii Cassin.2 GRAYSON'S ORIOLE. Icterus graysonii(i) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 48 — Tres Marias Islands, off Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Grayson, of the La Parada specimen recorded by Sclater s. n. J. pustulatus, long before /. sclateri was described. In recent times /. s. formosus only has been collected in the disputed region. 1 Icterus pustulatus microstictus Griscom: Similar to /. p. pustulatus, but dorsal spots reduced to small lanceolate markings, these spots becoming frequently evanescent in the female sex. By the lesser amount of spotting above, this race forms the passage to /. p. graysonii of the Tres Marias Islands. A specimen (in the British Museum) la- belled by the dealer F. Gruber (of San Francisco) "Cape San Lucas, May, 1861" seems to be of the present form. However, the locality is extremely doubtful (cf. Grinnell, I.e., p. 243). 2 A very well-marked insular race. Three specimens examined. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 155 Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 14, p. 280, 1871— Tres Marias (habits); Lawrence, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 2, p. 280, 1874— Tres Marias; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 374 — Tres Marias (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 387, 1886 — Tres Marias; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 478, 1887— Tres Marias; Nelson, N. Amer. Faun., 14, p. 50, 1899— Tres Marias (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 298, 1902 — Maria Madre and Maria Cleofa, Tres Marias (monog.); Bailey, Auk, 23, p. 390, 1906— Cleofa Island; McLellan, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 15, p. 306, 1926— Maria Madre (Arroyo Hondo) and Maria Mag- dalena Islands; idem, I.e., (4), 16, p. 49, 1927 — Maria Madre. Range. — Tres Marias Islands (islands of Maria Madre, Maria Magdalena, and Maria Cleofa), western Mexico. Icterus sclateri1 formosus Lawrence.2 OAXACA ORIOLE. Icterus formosus Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 10, p. 184, 1872 — "Tuchitan" [= Juchitan], Oaxaca, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum) ; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 23, 1876— Santa Efigenia and Juchitan, Oaxaca; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 372— Tehuantepec (crit.). Icterus sclateri (not of Cassin) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 385, 1886 — part, spec, g, h, Tonala, Chiapas, and San Juan, Oaxaca; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 476, 1887 — part, Mexico (San Juan del Rio, Santa Efigenia, Juchitan, Tonala); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 297, 1902 — part, southern Mexico, in states of Oaxaca and Chiapas. Icterus sclateri sclateri Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 404, 1928— Chivela and Tapanatepec, Oaxaca. Icterus sclateri formosus Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 438, p. 16, 1930 — Oaxaca, Chiapas, and extreme northern Guatemala (crit.); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 397, 1932— Chanquejelve, Guatemala. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of southeastern Mexico, in states of Oaxaca (Tehuantepec, Cuicatlan, Santa Efigenia, Juchitan, Chivela, Tapanatepec) and Chiapas (Tonala), and extreme northwestern Guatemala (Chanquejelve). *Icterus sclateri alticola Miller and Griscom.3 GUATEMALAN ORIOLE. 1 1 fully agree with van Rossem's contention (Condor, 29, p. 76, 1927) that /. sclateri is conspecific with /. pustulatus, and if I do not employ trinomials here it is mainly on account of the conflicting records from certain localities in south- eastern Mexico (cf. footnote 2, p. 153). 2 Icterus sclateri formosus Lawrence differs in the male sex from the more southern races by having the upper back marked with distinctly guttate or tear- shaped spots of black. Size about the same as in /. 8. sclateri. Wing (adult males), 102-106. Three specimens from Oaxaca examined. 3 Icterus sclateri alticola Miller and Griscom : Similar to /. s. formosus, but somewhat larger, and interscapular region in adult males mostly black relieved by yellow margins. The general coloration, irrespective of locality, varies from yellow to orange as in typical sclateri. Wing (adult males), 112-118. Subdivision of this form is impracticable. Twenty-two specimens examined. 156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Icterus sclateri alticola Miller and Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 184, p. 4, 1925 — Progreso, Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Dwight, Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); Griscom, I.e., 438, p. 17, 1930 — Progreso (crit.); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 397, 1932— Pro- greso, Motagua Valley. Icterus mentalis (not of Lesson) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 275 — San Geronimo, Guatemala; Owen, Ibis, 1861, p. 62, pi. 2, fig. 5 (egg) — San Geronimo (nest and eggs descr.); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 134, 1862 — San Geronimo, Guatemala. Icterus sclateri Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 49— part, San Geronimo, Guatemala; Sclater, Ibis, 1883, p. 371 — San Geronimo (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 385, 1886 — part, spec, a-f, San Geronimo, Guatemala; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 476, pi. 33, fig.,1, 1887— part, Guatemala (San Geronimo); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 297, 1902— part, Guatemala (San Geronimo); Dearborn, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 114, 1907— El Rancho, Guatemala (crit.). Icterus sclateri maximus Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 438, pp. 15, 17, 1930 — Sacapulas, Rio Negro Valley, Guatemala (type in coll. of J. Dwight, Jr., now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 397, 1932— Sacapulas. Icterus sclateri subsp. Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 438, p. 18, 1930 — Iguana and Gualan, Motagua Valley, Guatemala; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 397, 1932— Gualan. Range. — Arid Tropical zone of Guatemala (except extreme north- western section). 9: Guatemala (El Rancho, Zacapa, 6; Salama, Baja Vera Paz, 3). Icterus sclateri flammulatus Griscom.1 FLAMMULATED ORIOLE. Icterus sclateri flammulatus Griscom, Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Cl., 13, p. 62, 1932 — Monte Redondo, Honduras (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge). Range. — Arid Tropical zone of Honduras (Monte Redondo). *Icterus sclateri sclateri Cassin. SCLATER'S ORIOLE. Icterus sclateri Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 49 — part, "San Juan" [del Sur] and near Granada, Nicaragua (type in coll. of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 34, 1899); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 476, 1887 — part, San Juan, Nicaragua; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 297, 1902 — part, Nicaragua (Managua, San Juan, Granada) and Costa Rica (Liberia); Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 19, p. Ill, 1906 — Miravalles, Costa Rica (crit.); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 828, 1 Icterus sclateri flammulatus Griscom, based on a single adult male, is described as being similar in size to 7. s. alticola, but having the interscapular region more profusely flammulated with yellow. The merits of this recently segregated race cannot be appreciated until adequate material comes to hand. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 157 1910— Miravalles, Bagaces, Mojica, Liberia, Bebedero, and Ciruelas, Costa Rica. Icterus sclateri sclateri Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 438, p. 16, 1930 — Nicaragua and Costa Rica (crit.). Icterus pustulatus (not Psarocolius pustulatus Wagler) Zeledon, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887 — Liberia, Costa Rica; Underwood, Ibis, 1896, p. 437 (in text) — near Bagaces, Costa Rica. Icterus sclateri pustuloides van Rossem, Condor, 29, p. 76, 1927 — Volcan San Miguel, El Salvador (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena); Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 438, p. 17, 1930— San Salvador (crit.). Icterus sclateri connectens Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 438, pp. 15, 17, 1930 — San Salvador, El Salvador (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena). Range. — Pacific lowlands of El Salvador, Nicaragua, and north- western Costa Rica (Guanacaste and Nicoya Peninsula).1 2: Costa Rica (Las Canas, Guanacaste, 2). Genus GYMNOMYSTAX Reichenbach Gymnomystax Reichenbach, Av. Syst. Nat., pi. 73, June, 1850— type, by subs, desig. (Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 189, 1851), Agelaius melanicterus Vieillot =OnoJws mexicanus Linnaeus. *Gymnomystax mexicanus (Linnaeus). BLACK- AND- YELLOW ORIOLE. Oriolus mexicanus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 162, 1766 — based on "Le Troupiale brun de la Nouvelle Espagne" Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 105; "Nouvelle Espagne" = Mexico, errore2 (type in coll. de Reaumur ; = descr. of young). Agelaius melanicterus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 556, 1819 — based on "Troupiale jaune a calotte noire, de Cayenne" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 533 (=young). Icterus citrinus Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 69, pi. 66, 1824 — "ad ripam flum. Solimoens," Brazil (descr. of adult; type in Munich Museum; cf. Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 617, 1906). Psarocolius gymnops Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 22, sp. 14, 1827 — new name for Icterus citrinus Spix, Oriolus mexicanus Linnaeus, and Agelaius mela- nicterus Vieillot. Gymnomystax mexicanus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 431, 1850 — Brazil and Cayenne; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, p. 114 — Quijos, eastern Ecuador; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 32, 1 The usual amount of individual variation in intensity of coloration has given rise to the separation of pustuloides. Two Salvador birds I am quite unable to distinguish from various individuals in a series from Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Bebedero). Intergrades to /. s. alticola have been named /. s. connectens. 2 Cayenne substituted as type locality by Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 32, 1902). 158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 1902 — Venezuela (Altagracia, Caicara, Quiribana de Caicara, and Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco River); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 401, 1907 (range); Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 56, p. 524, 1908 — Alcobaga, Rio Tocantins, Brazil; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 124, 1908 — Cayenne; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 119, 128, 1912 — Mexiana and Marajo (Cachoeira); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 211, 1913 — Corozal, Venezuela; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 522, 1913 — Lower Amazonia (ecology); idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 422, 1914— Rio Tocantins (Alcobaca), Rio Tapajoz (Pinhel), Marajo (Pindobal, Pacoval, Arary, Sao Natal), Mexiana, and Monte Alegre, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 208, 1916— Ciudad Bolivar and Caicara, Rio Orinoco, and Maripa, Rio Caura, Venezuela (nest and eggs descr.); Chubb, Birds British Guiana, 2, p. 575, 1921 — Demerara; Delacour, Ibis, 1923, p. 150 — llanos of Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 698, 1926— eastern Ecuador. Gymnomystax melanicterm Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 189, 1851 — Brazil (synon.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 266, 1856 (descr. of adult and young); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 137, 1862— Cay- enne; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182 — upper and lower Ucayali, Peru; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 197, 1870 — Rio Amazonas and "Para," Brazil; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 267 — upper and lower Ucayali and Santa Cruz, Peru; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 79, 1876 — Rhomes (sixty miles from Santarem) and Marajo, Brazil; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 426, 1884 — Peru (Ucayali, Santa Cruz, Sarayacu, Pebas, Iquitos); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 19 — Cay- enne and Amazonia (Para, Iquitos); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 362, 1886 — Cayenne, Demerara, and Peru (Iquitos); Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 269, 1890— Santarem, Brazil; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 164— Amapa, Brazil; idem, Ibis, 1897, p. 365 — Marajo and Mazagao, estuary of the Amazon (nesting habits and eggs); Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 479 — Coca, upper Napo, Ecuador; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 28, 1907— Mexiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 299, 1907— Mexiana and Marajo; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 375, 1910— Surinam. Leistes melaniderus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 14 — Cayenne and Brazil. Pseudoleistes melaniderus Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 575— "Trinidad," errore. Range. — French, Dutch, and British Guiana; northern Venezuela and valley of the Orinoco and its tributaries; northern Brazil, south to the Amazon Valley and its southerly affluents, east to Para; northeastern Peru, south to the Ucayali and Huallaga (Santa Cruz) ; eastern Ecuador (Coca, upper Napo; Quijos).1 6: Venezuela (Cocollar, Sucre, 6). 1 Amazonian specimens agree well with two from Cayenne. Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 2. — Venezuela: Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco River, 4; Maturin, 1. — Brazil: Cachoeira, Marajo Island, 1; Rio Amazonas, 4.— Peru: Nauta, 2; Iquitos, 1. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 159 Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot Agelaius Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. E16m., p. 33, 1816— type, by subs, desig. (Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 42, 1840), "Troupiale commandeur" Buffon = Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus. Agelaeus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 188, Oct., 1851 — emendation. Agelasticus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 188, Oct., 1851 — type, by virtual monotypy, Turdus thilius Molina. Thilius Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 36, p. 833, 1853 — new name for Agelasticus Cabanis. Chrysomus (not Chrysoma Risso, 1826) Swainson, Nat. Hist. & Classif. Bds., 2, p. 274, July, 1837 — type, by monotypy,1 Oriolus icterocephalus Linnaeus. Xanthosomus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 189, 1851— new name for Chrysomus Swainson. Erythropsar Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 17 — type, by virtual monotypy, Agelaius ruficapillus Vieillot. Melanophantes Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 63 — type, by monotypy, Icterus xanthomus Sclater. * Agelaius tricolor (Audubon). TRICOLORED RED-WING. Icterus tricolor Audubon, Birds Amer. (folio), pi. 388, fig. 1, 1837; idem, Orn. Biog., 5, p. 1, 1839— Santa Barbara, California (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 38, p. 302, 1932). Agelaeus tricolor Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 11 — California (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 342, 1886— "coast" of California and Oregon. Agelaius tricolor Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 324, 1902— northern Lower California to Oregon (monog., full bibliog.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 150, 1928 — northwestern Lower California. Range. — Valleys of northwestern Oregon (west of the Cascade Range) south through California (west of the Sierra Nevada) to northwestern Lower California. 2: California (Nicasio, Marin County, 1; Point Reyes, Marin County, 1). *Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegus Oberholser.2 GIANT RED-WING. 1 The second species mentioned by Swainson, C. zanthopygius, is a nomen nudum here, and was not characterized until six months later (Anim. Menag., p. 345, Dec. 31, 1837). 2 Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegus Oberholser: Similar to A. p. fortis, but female decidedly darker below, the streaks more blackish and more extensive, about as broad as the white interspaces; above more blackish; male with wing and tail on average shorter, bill larger, and buff of wing coverts somewhat paler. This form is much like A. p. phoeniceus in coloration, the male being practi- cally indistinguishable, and the female barely less blackish above and below, but differs by its markedly greater dimensions. From A. p. neutralis it may be separated by larger size, more blackish upper parts, broader and darker streaks on the lower surface of the female, and paler buff on the shoulder of the male. Wing, 122-130, (female) 97-107; tail, 91-100, (female) 72-79; bill, 22-26, (female) 17-20. 160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Agelaius phoeniceus arctolegus Oberholser, Auk, 24, p. 332, 1907 — Fort Simp- son, Mackenzie (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Auk, 35, p. 64, 1918 (range). Agelaius phoeniceus fortis (not of Ridgway, 1901) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 338, 1902 — part, Mackenzie, Athabasca, and other districts of British America. Range. — Breeds from Mackenzie and Keewatin (rarely to Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska) south to Montana, North Dakota, Minne- sota, Wisconsin, and northern Michigan; in winter to Kansas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Alabama, Texas, and Illinois; accidental in Connecticut. 11: Canada (Quill Lake, Saskatchewan, 1; Prince Albert, Sas- katchewan, 4) ; North Dakota (Grafton, Walsh County, 3) ; Illinois (Beach, Lake County, 1; Chicago, 1); Missouri (Alton, Oregon County, 1). *Agelaius phoeniceus fortis Ridgway. THICK-BILLED RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus fortis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 153, 1901 — Omaha, Nebraska (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 338, 1902 (monog., full bibliog., in part); Ober- holser, Auk, 35, p. 64, 1918 (range). Range. — Breeds from Idaho, Wyoming, and South Dakota to Colorado and northern Texas; winters principally in the southern part of its breeding range, wandering to Louisiana and Arkansas. 9: Colorado (Windsor, Weld County, 2; Fort Lyon, Bent County, 7). *Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis Grinnell.1 NEVADA RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis Grinnell, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 27, p. 107, 1914 — Quinn River Crossing, Humboldt County, Nevada (type in Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Berkeley); idem, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 13, p. 78, 1923— Death Valley; van Rossem, Condor, 28, p. 228, 1926 (crit., range); Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 317, 1929— Sonoita Valley, Arizona (crit.); Grinnell, Dixon, and Linsdale, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 35, p. 382, 1930 — Lassen Peak Region, California (crit., habits). Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 339, 1902— part, Great Basin. Range. — Breeds in the Great Basin region, from southeastern British Columbia and northern Idaho, south through California 1 Agelaius phoeniceus nevadensis Grinnell: In shape of bill and general charac- ters closely similar to A. p. sonoriensis; male scarcely distinguishable, but female conspicuously darker on account of the relative width of black streaking both above and below; female in this respect similar to A. p. caurinus, but bright rusty edgings on back and wings replaced by ashy and pale ochraceous; bill more like A. p. sonoriensis. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 161 (chiefly east of the Sierra Nevada) to San Bernardino County and through Nevada to eastern Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas; winters in the southern part of its breeding range south at least to Chihuahua, Mexico. 19: California (Los Bafios, Merced County, 2); Arizona (Prescott, Yavapai County, 3); New Mexico (Mimbres, Grant County, 9; Rincon, Donna Ana County, 3); Mexico (El Paso del Norte, 2). *Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus Ridgway. NORTHWESTERN RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus caurinus Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 153, 1901 — Cedar Hill, Vancouver Island, British Columbia (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 341, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); van Rossem, Condor, 28, p. 230, 1926— Oregon to Humboldt Bay (crit.). Range. — Breeds on the northwest coast of North America, from southwestern British Columbia to Mendocino County, California; winters in the southern parts of California (from San Francisco Bay south to Buena Vista Lake).1 3: Canada (Okanagan, British Columbia, 2); Oregon (Multno- mah County, 1). *Agelaius phoeniceus mailliardorum van Rossem.2 SAN FRAN- CISCO RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus mailliardorum van Rossem, Condor, 27, p. 223, Sept., 1926 — Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, California (type in coll. of Donald R. Dickey, Pasadena). Agelaius gubernator californicus (not of Nelson) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 327, 1902 — part, central coast region of California (monog.). Range. — Central coast region of California, from Sherwood, Mendocino County, south to central Monterey County, and east- wards including Suisun Bay and the valleys between the inner Coast ranges. 21: California (Sebastopol, Sonoma County, 2; Suisun, Solano County, 1; Nicasio, Marin County, 2; Point Reyes, Marin County, 1; 1 According to van Rossem, Californian individuals in the main are more or less intermediate to A. p. mailliardorum. 2 Agelaius phoeniceus mailliardorum van Rossem: Similar to A. p. californicus, but bill smaller and less swollen at the base; females with wing averaging slightly longer, coloration darker and posterior under parts rarely streaked; males with exposed portion of median upper wing coverts usually entirely black. Wing, 120-131, (female) 104-108; tail, 82-92, (female) 70^76^; bill, 20-23 M, (female) 18-20. 162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Alameda, 1; Los Gatos, Santa Clara County, 1; Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, 2; Monterey, Monterey County, 10; Chino, San Ber- nardino County, 1). Agelaius phoeniceus californicus Nelson.1 BICOLORED RED-WING. Agelaius gubernator californicus Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 59, Jan., 1897— Stockton, California (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 327, 1902— part (monog., full bibliog.); Mailliard, Condor, 12, p. 63, 1910 (crit., variation). Agelaius phoeniceus californicus van Rossem, Condor, 28, p. 221, 1926 (crit., range). Range. — Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys of California from Tehama County south to Kern County and extreme northern Los Angeles County. Agelaius phoeniceus aciculatus Mailliard.2 KERN RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus aciculatus Mailliard, Condor, 17, p. 13, 1915 — Isabella, Kern County, California (type in coll. of J. and J. W. Mailliard, now on deposit in the Museum of the California Academy of Sciences); van Rossem, Condor, 28, p. 225, 1926 (crit., range). Range. — South Fork of Kern River and tributary streams in Kern County, California, from Walker Basin north and east to Weldon. *Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridgway.3 SAN DIEGO RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 153, April, 1901 — Jacumba, San Diego County, California (type in U. S. 1 Agelaius phoeniceus californicus Nelson: Bill similar in shape and size to A. p. neutralis, but males with exposed portion of median upper wing coverts more extensively black, rarely clear buff, sometimes entirely black, though usually with a small amount of buff visible, particularly on distal median coverts; females on average much darker throughout and less streaked (more blackish) below. Differs from A. p. mailliardorum by much heavier bill in both sexes; males with longer tails, and with median wing coverts less frequently entirely black; females with slightly shorter wings, under parts usually more streaked, and coloration paler throughout. Wing, 121-131, (female) 102-106; tail, 87^-97^, (female) 73-77; bill, 21-25, (female) 19-20; depth at base, 11^-13, (female) 10-11^ (van Rossem, I.e.). -Agelaius phoeniceus aciculatus Mailliard: Size larger and bill longer than in any other Calif ornian race; males very similar to A. p. californicus both in indi- vidual and average amount of black present on exposed portion of median wing coverts; females paralleling A. p. californicus in variability, but coloration richer; feather edgings, where present, deeper in tone, with rich browns and buff at a maximum, and grays at a minimum. Wing, 123-131, (female) 102-107; tail, 89-103, (female) 73^-81; bill, 25-30, (female) 22-24^; depth at base, 11^-13, (female) 10^-11 (van Rossem, I.e.). 3 Agelaius phoeniceus neutralis Ridgway: Similar to A. p. californicus in size and shape of bill; males with exposed portions of median upper wing coverts 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 163 National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 339, 1902 — part, southern California and northern Lower California (monog., full bibliog.); van Rossem, Condor, 28, p. 218, 1926— Pacific drainage from Sierra Juarez, Lower California, to southern California (crit., range); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 150, 1928— northwestern Lower California. Range. — Pacific slope of southern California and Lower Califor- nia, from San Luis Obispo County south to El Rosario, lat. 30°. 3: California (Corona, Riverside County, 1; San Diego, San Diego County, 2). * Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis Ridgway.1 SONORA RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 370, 1887 — "northwestern Mexico and lower Colorado Valley, in southern Cali- fornia, and Arizona, south to Mazatlan" (type, from Camp Grant, Arizona,2 in U. S. National Museum); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 37, 1893— Nacory, Arizona, San Diego and Pacheco, Chihuahua; Nelson, Auk, 17, p. 125, 1900— part, Arizona and Culiacan, Sinaloa (crit.); Ridg- way, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 337, 1902— part, lower Colorado Valley, southern Arizona, and Lower California; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 21, p. 360, 1905— Escuinapa, Sinaloa; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 12, p. 161, 1914 — lower Colorado Valley; van Rossem, Condor, 28, p. 226, 1926— lower Colorado Valley, Arizona, and Sinaloa (crit.); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 150, 1928— Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 288, 1931— Sonora (Teco- ripa, Obregon, Te"sia). Agelaius phoeniceus longirostris (not of Salvador!,3 1874, nor of Vieillot, 1819) Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., 2nd ed., p. 370, 1896 — northwestern Mexico and lower Colorado Valley. more extensively buffy, often without any black; females more streaked (less blackish) below and paler throughout. Differs from A. p. nevadensis in heavier bill, sex for sex, and in broader streaking on under parts of the females. Wing, 120-130J4 (female) 100^-105^; tail, 86^-98^, (female) 72^-77; bill, 22-24, (female) 19-203^; depth of bill, 11^-13, (female) 10^-11 (van Rossem, I.e.). 1 Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis Ridgway: Slender-billed like A. p. nevadensis and A. p. caurinus, but bill even longer and slenderer than in the former and of different shape than in the latter; males with median upper wing coverts more often and more extensively marked with black than in nevadensis; pale tipping of feathers in fall plumage more extensive and paler than in the other Californian races, and very frequently even persisting on the interscapular region until the bird is worn; females paler and with narrower central streaking than in nevadensis, paler and less buffy than in caurinus, with markings more diffused. Wing, 120- 130^, (female) 101^-112; tail, 86-97J4 (female) 72^-80^; bill, 22^-27, (female) 19-21 H; depth of bill, 10^-12^, (female) 9^-lOH (van Rossem, I.e.). 2 Cf. van Rossem, Condor, 28, p. 227 (in text), 1926, and Swarth, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., (4), 18, p. 318, 1929. Ridgway (Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 338 (in text), 1902) erroneously gives "Mazatlan, Sinaloa" as type locality. 3 What Agelaius longirostris Salvadori (Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 9, p. 632, 1874), described from a single male from "western Mexico" in the Turati Col- lection, now in the Milan Museum, may be, is hard to determine, although judging 164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Southern California (lower Colorado Valley), north- • eastern Lower California, and southern Arizona, south to Sonora, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa, and in winter to Cape San Lucas. 3: Arizona (Mesa City, Maricopa County, 2); Mexico (Cerro Blanco, Sonora, 1). Agelaius phoeniceus nyaritensis Dickey and van Rossem.1 NAYARIT RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus nyaritensis Dickey and van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 38, p. 131, Nov., 1925 — Santiago, Nayarit, western Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis (not of Ridgway) Nelson, Auk, 17, p. 125, 1900— part, Tepic (crit.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 337, 1902— part, Tepic. Range. — Coastal plains of western Mexico, in State of Nayarit (Santiago, San Bias, Tepic). Agelaius phoeniceus grinnelli Howell.2 GRINNELL'S RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus grinnelli Howell, Auk, 34, p. 196, 1917 — San Sebastian, El Salvador (type in coll. of D. R. Dickey, Pasadena); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 388, 1932 — Antigua and San Antonio, Guatemala. Agelaeus phoeniceus (not Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus) Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 19 — Duenas, Guatemala; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 10 (monog., in part); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 340, 1886— part, spec, q'-t', Duenas; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 453, 1887 — descr. and hab. in part, Duenas, Guatemala. Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis (not of Ridgway) Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 29, 1919 — Rio Menco, western Nicaragua. from the measurements, it is not likely to be referable to A. p. sonoriensis, as has been pointed out by Nelson. Fortunately, we need not trouble about its exact meaning, since Salvadori's name is preoccupied by Agelaius longirostris Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e"d., 34, p. 547, 1819). 1 Agelaius phoeniceus nyaritensis Dickey and van Rossem, which belongs to the red-and-buff-shouldered section of races, approaches A. p. fortis in stoutness of bill, but has a longer bill than that form. Compared to A. p. neutralis, the outline of the oilmen is straighter and the bill is larger in all measurements; compared to A. p. sonoriensis, the bill is slightly longer and very much heavier. Female unknown. Wing, 126-129; tail, 93-100 M; bill, 24^-26^; its depth at base, 12^-13 H (Dickey and van Rossem, I.e.). Its relationship to A. p. grinnelli remains to be determined when a series of the female is available for study. 2 Agelaius phoeniceus grinnelli Howell: Differs from A. p. richmondi in larger size, especially longer wings and much heavier, thicker as well as deeper, bill; female without the pinkish tinge of the throat, with broader dark streaking of the under parts, and with the auriculars grayish rather than buffy. Resembles A. p. sonoriensis, but wings and tail are shorter, the bill is longer and heavier, and there are certain differences of coloration in the female sex. Wing, 120-126, (female) 94-99; tail, 90-96J4 (female) 68-78^; bill, 24-27^, (female) 19^-22; depth at base, llj^-12^, (female) 10-11 (after Howell and van Rossem, I.e.). 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 165 Range. — Pacific slope of Guatemala (Duenas, Antigua, San Antonio) and El Salvador (San Sebastian), and probably also in western Nicaragua (Rio Menco).1 Agelaius phoeniceus costaricensis van Rossem.2 COSTA RICAN RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus costaricensis van Rossem, Condor, 32, p. 162, May, 1930 — Bebedero, Guanacaste, Costa Rica (type in collection of D. R. Dickey, Pasadena). Agelaius phoeniceus (not Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 9, p. 104, 1868— Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica. Agelaeus phoeniceus Frantzius, Journ. Orn., 17, p. 303, 1869 — Costa Rica; Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 5, p. 392, 1882— La Palma, Gulf of Nicoya; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 10 — part, Nicoya; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 340, 1886— part, spec, v', w', Bebedero, Costa Rica; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 453, 1887 — part, Costa Rica (La Palma, Bebede'ro). Agelaius phoeniceus sonoriensis (not of Ridgway) Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 826, 1910 — Costa Rica (Guanacaste and Bebede'ro). Range. — Fresh- and tidewater marshes about Bebede'ro and La Palma, Gulf of Nicoya, northwestern Costa Rica. * Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus (Linnaeus). EASTERN RED-WING. Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 161, 1766 — based primarily on "Sturnus niger, alis superne rubentibus" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 13, pi. 13; "America septentrionalis" = Charleston, South Carolina (as designated by Howell and van Rossem, Auk, 45, p. 157, 1928). Sturnus predatorius Wilson, Amer. Orn., 4, p. 30, pi. 30, fig. 1, 1811— new name for Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus. Agelaius phoeniceus phoeniceus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 330, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.) ; Howell and van Rossem, Auk, 45, p. 156, 1928 (crit., range). Agelaius phoeniceus predatorius Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 227, 1911 — North Carolina and Virginia north to Nova Scotia (crit.).3 1 From the measurements of two adult males from the Rio Menco given by Rendahl (wing, 122, 125; tail, 97, 102(7); bill, 23), Nicaraguan birds would seem to be nearer to A. p. grinnelli than to A. p. costaricensis, though study of an adequate series is imperative to establish tneir status. 2 Agelaius phoeniceus costaricensis van Rossem: Much like A. p. grinnelli, but wings and tail snorter; females darker brown above, and more sooty (less grayish) on lower abdominal region and under tail coverts. Wing, 1 14-122 J/jz, (female) 90-92 H; tail, 85-94 H, (female) 62-70; bill, 23-26, (female) 20-21; depth at base, 11^12,!^, (female) 10-10H (van Rossem, I.e.). 3 As has been pointed out by Howell and van Rossem, it is evident that the late E. A. Mearns was misled by inadequate material in his interpretation of the nomenclature of the Red-wings breeding on the Gulf coast. 166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Range. — Breeds from Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Quebec south to the northern parts of the Gulf states; winters mainly south of the Ohio and Delaware valleys, locally north to Massachusetts. 102: Massachusetts (Dedham, 3; Chatham, 1; Great Island, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 21); New York (Shelter Island, 8; Cayuga, 1; Rochester, 1); Ohio (Garrettsville, 1); Indiana (Liver- pool, 2; Davis Station, 1; Miller, 1; Roby, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 14; Lewiston, 2; Henry, 1; Grand Tower, 1; Grand Crossing, 3; Grand Chain, 1; Roby, 2; Auburn, 2; Beach, 2; Worth, 3; Sparland, 1; Woodlawn, 1; Fox Lake, 4; Joliet, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 19; Neenah, 1; Woodruff, 1); Missouri (Appleton City, 1). *Agelaius phoeniceus mearnsi Howell and van Rossem.1 FLORIDA RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus mearnsi Howell and van Rossem, Auk, 45, p. 159, 1928 — Alligator Bluff, Kissimmee River, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum). Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus (not of Maynard) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 333, 1902— part, Florida. Range. — Greater part of the Florida peninsula, south to the lower Kissimmee Valley and the Caloosahatchee River, north at least to Putnam County (San Mateo) and Anastasia Island; west on the Gulf coast to the mouth of the Chattahoochee River (Apalachicola). 38: Florida (Nassau County, 5; Banana Creek, 1; Banana River, Brevard County, 9; Palm Beach, Beach County, 4; Wilson, Brevard County, 6; Pine Island, Lee County, 11; Puntarasa, Lee County, 1; Jupiter, Beach County, 1). *Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus Maynard.2 MAYNARD'S RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus Maynard, Birds East. North Amer., 2nd ed., Part 40, p. 698, 1895— Key West, Florida (cotypes in Museum of Com- 1 Agelaius phoeniceus mearnsi Howell and van Rossem: Nearest to A. p. phoeniceus, but smaller, with longer and more slender bill; coloration of upper parts in females more brownish (less blackish); under parts more buffy (less whitish), the dark streaks more brownish. Wing, 109-118, (female) 89-96; tail, 81-93, (female) 66^-74^; bill, 24-27, (female) 19^-22; depth of bill, 10J^-12, (female) 9-10. Specimens from the Gulf coast of Florida have somewhat thicker bills than those from central and eastern Florida, thus inclining to A. p. littoralis, while others from the Caloosahatchee Valley (Alva and Fort Myers), in paler coloration, approach A. p. floridanus. 2 Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus Maynard: Similar in size and proportions to A. p. mearnsi, but upper parts of females paler, less brownish, and more exten- 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 167 parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Howell and van Rossem, Auk, 45, p. 160, 1928 — Florida keys and southern end of Florida peninsula (crit.). Agelaius phoeniceus bryanti (not of Ridgway, 1887) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 334, 1902— part, Key West, Lake Worth, and Miami, Florida; Holt and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 16, p. 433, 1926 — Tamiami Trail, west of Miami, Florida. Range.— Florida keys and the southern end of the Florida pen- insula, north at least to Lake Worth on the east coast, and to Ever- glade, Collier County, on the west coast. 9: Florida (Lake Worth, Beach County, 3; Key West, Monroe County, 2; West Jupiter, Dade County, 1; Cutler, Bade County, 3). *Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis Howell and van Rossem.1 GULF COAST RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis Howell and van Rossem, Auk, 45, p. 157, 1928 — Santa Rosa Island, opposite Mary Esther, Florida (type in U. S. National Museum). Agelaius phoeniceus floridanus (not of Maynard) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 333, 1902— part, Gulf coast west to Galveston, Texas. Range. — Gulf coast region, from extreme western Florida (from Choctawatchee Bay westwards) at least to Galveston, Texas. 27: Florida (Town Point, Santa Rosa County, 1; Santa Rosa Island, Santa Rosa County, 1; Mary Esther, Okaloosa County, 2); Mississippi (Vicksburg, Warren County, 1); Louisiana (Chef Men- teur, 15; New Orleans, Orleans Parish, 2; Buras, Plaquemines Parish, 5). sively marked with whitish; superciliaries on average broader and more whitish (less buffy); under parts less tinged with buffy; similar also to A. p. bryanti, but bill on average shorter; females decidedly more brownish below and less exten- sively flecked with whitish above. Wing, 107^-119, (female) 89-96; tail, 77-92, (female) 65V6-75M; bill, 23-27, (female) 19-21; depth of bill, 10^12, (female) 9-10 (Howell and van Rossem, I.e.). 1 Agelaius phoeniceus littoralis Howell and van Rossem: Nearest to A. p. phoeniceus, but females darker, both above and below, particularly on the rump; general tone of upper parts fuscous-black, with median crown-stripe and buffy edgings on nape and interscapular region nearly obsolete; ground color of under parts less buffy, the dark streaks broader and on average more blackish; wing and tail slightly shorter; bill slightly more slender. In comparison to A. p. mearnsi, coloration of females throughout very much more blackish, the brown and buffy edgings to the feathers of the head, nape, interscapular region, and wings very much reduced; streaks on under parts decidedly more blackish, the ground-color less buffy; bill shorter and thicker at base; wings slightly longer. Wing, 110-118, (female) 90-98; tail, 85-93, (female) 68-73; bill, 23-27, (female) 19^-23; depth of bill, 11H-13, (female) 10-11^. Birds from the Louisiana coast (Gueydan) and Whitfield, Florida, are stated by the describers to be not quite typical, though nearer to this than any other race. 168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Agelaius phoeniceus bryanti Ridgway. BAHAMAN RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus bryanti Ridgway, Man. N. Amer. Bds., p. 370, 1887 — part, Bahamas1 (no type nor type locality specified; type from Bahamas [= Abaco] in the U. S. National Museum); Northrop, Auk, 8, p. 71, 1891 — Andros (habits); Ridgway, Auk, 8, p. 334, 1891 — Abaco; Cory, Auk, 8, pp. 297, 298, 350, 352, 1891— Berry, Biminis, Great Bahama, Abaco, and Cay Sal, Bahamas; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. 110, 1892— part, Bahamas (Great Bahama, Abaco, Biminis,- Berry, New Providence, Andros, Cay Sal); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 334, 1902— part, Bahama Islands; Allen, Auk, 22, pp. 128, 133, 1905— Ba- hamas; Riley, Auk, 22, p. 359, 1905 — Lake Killarney, New Providence (nest and eggs descr.); Riley, in Shattuck, The Bahama Islands, p. 367, 1905— Great Bahama, Abaco, Little Abaco, Biminis, Berry, New Provi- dence, Andros, and Cay Sal; Todd and Worthington, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 7, pp. 439, 463, 1911— New Providence (Blue Hills), Andros (Staniard Creek), and Abaco (Sand Bank, Spencer's Point). Agelaius bryanti Bangs, Auk, 17, p. 293, 1900— Fresh Creek, Andros. Agelaeus phoeniceus bryanti Bonhote, Ibis, 1903, p. 290 — New Providence (Nassau), Andros (Spanish Wells, Grassy Creek), Great Abaco, and Little Abaco. Agelaeus phoeniceus (not Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus) Cory, Bds. Bahama Is., p. 98, 1880— Hawk's Nest, Andros. Range. — Bahamas (Great Bahama, Abaco, Little Abaco, Biminis, Berry, New Providence, Andros, and Cay Sal). 86: Bahamas (Great Bahama, 75; Berry, 3; Andros, 2; Nassau, 2; Abaco, 2; Bimini, 1; Cay Sal, 1). *Agelaius phoeniceus assimilis Lembeye.2 CUBAN RED-WING. Agelaius assimilis3 (Gundlach MS.) Lembeye, Aves Isla Cuba, p. 64, pi. 9, fig. 3, 1850 — Cuba (type in coll. of J. Gundlach, now in Havana Museum); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 10— Cuba (crit.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 131, 1874 — Cardenas and Cienaga de Zapata, Cuba (nest and eggs); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 221, 1886 — Cuba (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 129, 146, 1892— part, Cuba; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 342, 1902— part, Cuba. Agelaeus assimilis Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 12, 1856 — Cuba (crit.); idem, I.e., 9, p. 413, 1861— Cuba (crit.); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 10— Cuba (crit.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 340, 1886— Cuba. Agelaius assimilis assimilis Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 125, 1923 — Cardenas and Cienaga de Zapata, Cuba. 1 The specimens from Key West and Miami, Florida, do not belong here, being referable to A. p. floridanus. The type is stated by Riley (Auk, 22, p. 359, 1905) to be from Abaco Island. 2 Agelaius phoeniceus assimilis Lembeye to my mind is nothing but a small race of the American Red-wing with a very dark female. 3 The specific name is misprinted "assimiles" in the text. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 169 Range. — Island of Cuba, Greater Antilles.1 2: Cuba (Cienaga de Zapata, Santo Tomas, 2). *Agelaius phoeniceus subniger Bangs.2 ISLE OF PINES RED-WING. Agelaius subniger Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 4, p. 92, 1913— Cienaga, Isle of Pines (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 419, 1930). Agelaius assimilis (not of Lembeye) Cory, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 127, 1892- part, Isle of Pines; Gundlach, Orn. Cub., p. 120, 1895— part, Isle of Pines; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 342, 1902— part, Isle of Pines; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 212, 1905 — Cienaga, Isle of Pines; Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 273, 1916 — Siguanea and Pasadita, Isle of Pines (crit., plumages, habits). [Agelaius assimilis] subniger Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 125 (in text), 1923— Isle of Pines (crit.). Range. — Isle of Pines, near Cuba, Greater Antilles. 7 : Isle of Pines. *Agelaius phoeniceus megapotamus Oberholser.' Rio GRANDE RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus megapotamus Oberholser, Wilson Bull., 31, No. 1, p. 20, March, 1919 — Brownsville, Texas (type in U. S. National Museum); van Tyne, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 255, p. 4, 1933— Browns- ville (descr. of young). Agelaius phoeniceus richmondi (not of Nelson) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 335, 1902 — part, southern Texas, Tamaulipas (Matamoros, Alta Mira), and Nuevo Leon (Monterey); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911 — Matamoros and San Fernando, Tamaulipas; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 23, 1926— Brownsville, Texas. Range. — Southern coast of Texas and lower Rio Grande Valley south through eastern Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas to northern Vera Cruz, Mexico. 1 The alleged occurrence of Agelaeus phoeniceus in Cuba, as recorded by Cabanis (Journ. Orn., 4, p. 11, 1856) and repeated by various subsequent writers, is a mistake, as has been clearly pointed out by Gundlach (Journ. Orn., 9, p. 413, 1861). • Agelaius phoeniceus subniger Bangs, though rejected by Todd, seems to be distinguishable from the Cuban form by decidedly rounded, instead of flattened culmen. 3 Agelaius phoeniceus megapotamus Oberholser: Nearest to A. p. richmondi, but larger; female more grayish above and less ochraceous below. Wing, 113-120, (female) 84-98; tail, 83-92, (female) 63-72 H; bill, 22-24, (female) 18^-22 (Oberholser, I.e.). This form is described as differing from A. p. littoralis by shorter bill and much lighter coloration of the female, while the decidedly smaller size serves to separate it from A. p. sonoriensis and A. p. fortis. 170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 9: Texas (Corpus Christi, Nueces County, 1; Harlingen, Cameron County, 3; Brownsville, Cameron County, 1); Mexico (Tampico, Tamaulipas, 4). *Agelaius phoeniceus richmondi Nelson. RICHMOND'S RED-WING. Agelaius phoeniceus richmondi Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 58, 1897 — Tlalcotalpam, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 335, 1902— part, Vera Cruz (Tlalcotalpam, Guiterrez, Zamara) to Yucatan, British Honduras (Belize), and eastern Guatemala (Lake Peten and ?Coban) ; Peters, Auk, 30, p. 379, 1913— Camp Mengel, Quintana Roo; Griscom, Amer. Mus. Nov., 235, p. 19, 1926 — Vigia Chica and Chunyaxche, Yucatan; idem, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 388, 1932 — Guatemala (Peten and ?Coban) and southeastern Nica- ragua (crit.); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 335, 1932— Laguna Toloa, Honduras (breeding). Agelaeus phoeniceus (not Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 205— Tlalcotalpam, Vera Cruz; Moore, I.e., 1859, p. 58 — British Honduras (Belize) and Guatemala (Peten); Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 446 — coast of Yucatan; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 10 (monog., in part); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 340, 1886 — part, f'-p', Yucatan, Cozumel Island, British Honduras (Belize), and Guatemala (Peten); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 453, 1887 — part, Yucatan, Cozumel, British Honduras (Belize), and Guatemala (Peten and ?Coban); Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 263— Cozumel Island; Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 16, p. 496, 1893— San Carlos, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio, Costa Rica. Agelaius phoeniceus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 10 — part, Yucatan (crit.); Stone, I.e., 1890, p. 208 — Progreso, Yucatan. Range. — Caribbean slope of southeastern Mexico (Vera Cruz) south through Tabasco (Montecristo), Yucatan (including Cozumel Island), Quintana Roo, British Honduras (Belize), Guatemala (Pet&i),1 and Honduras to southeastern Nicaragua (San Carlos) and the adjacent parts of Costa Rica (Rio Frio).2 17: Mexico, Yucatan (San Felipe, 2; Rio Lagartos, 9; Cozumel Island, 2); Nicaragua (San Emilio, Lake Nicaragua, Rivas, 4). Agelaius phoeniceus gubernator (Wagler). BICOLORED RED-WING. Psarocolius gubernator Wagler, Isis, 1832, Heft 3, col. 281, 1832 — Mexico (location of type not stated).3 1 It is quite probable that birds from Coban, whence no material exists in collections, may also be referable to the present form. 2 Nicaraguan specimens are stated by Griscom to have shorter tails and more slender feet. 3 Not in the Munich Museum (Laubmann, in litt.). 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLM AYR 171 Agelaeus gubernator Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 341, 1886 — part, Mexico; Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 454, 1887 — part, Mexico (Valley of Mexico; Orizaba, Jalapa, Laguna del Rosario, Nati vitas). Agelaius phoeniceus grandis Nelson, Auk, 14, p. 57, 1897 — Atlixco, Puebla, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum). Agelaius gubernator gubernator Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 326, 1902 — southwestern Mexico (monog., full bibliog.). Agelaius gubernator grandis Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 329, 1902 — southeastern Mexico (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — Highlands of Mexico, from Durango and Zacatecas south to Oaxaca.1 *Agelaius humeralis humeralis (Vigors). TAWNY-SHOULDERED BLACKBIRD. Leistes humeralis Vigors, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, p. 442, Nov., 1827— near Havana, Cuba (type in coll. of N. A. Vigors, present location unknown). Icterus humeralis d'Orbigny, in Sagra, Hist. He de Cuba, Orn., p. 114, pi. 20, 1839— Cuba (habits). Agelaius humeralis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 11 — Cuba (crit.); Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 130, 1874— Cuba (descr., habits, nest, and eggs); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 220, 1886— Cuba (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 107, 1889— Cuba (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 129, 1892— Cuba; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 303, 1892— near Trinidad, Cuba (habits); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 343, 1902 — Cuba (monog.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 124, 1923— Cuba; Bond, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 514, 1928 — Port-de-Paix and lower Artibonite, Haiti; Wetmore and Swales, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 155, p. 406, 1931— Port-de-Paix and near the mouth of the Artibonite River, Haiti (crit.); Wetmore and Lincoln, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 82, art. 25, p. 60, 1933— Pont de 1'Estere, Haiti. Agelaeus humeralis Gundlach, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 13, 1856 — Cuba (nest and eggs); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 11— Cuba (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 342, 1886— San Cristobal, Cuba. Agelaius quisqueyensis Danforth and Emlen, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 40, p. 147, Dec., 1927 — Artibonite Sloughs, near St. Marc, Haiti (type in coll. of S. T. Danforth, now in U. S. National Museum); Danforth, Auk, 46, p. 373, 1929 — Artibonite. Range. — Islands of Cuba and Haiti (Port-au-Prince and Arti- bonite River), Greater Antilles.2 1 It appears to me that the distinction between gubernator and grandis cannot be maintained. The supposed color-characters in the males as well as in the females are exceedingly variable individually, and as to size I have not been able to correlate dimensions with geographic areas in the series of twenty-four speci- mens from various parts of Mexico. 2 According to Wetmore and Swales, birds from Haiti (A. quisqueyensis) are inseparable from those of Cuba. 172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 15: Cuba (Trinidad, Santa Clara, 3; Palacios, Pinar del Rio, 8; San Diego de los Banos, Pinar del Rio, 1; unspecified, 3). * Agelaius humeralis xanthomus (Sclater).1 YELLOW-SHOUL- DERED BLACKBIRD. Icterus xanthomus Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 131, 1862— "Mexico," errore (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum); Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 168— Porto Rico; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 10, p. 254, 1866 — Porto Rico; Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., 26, p. 598, 1869— Porto Rico (crit.). Agelaius chrysopterus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 539, 1819 — part, 'Tile Saint-Thomas," errore;2 Gundlach, Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., 7, p. 211, 1878— Porto Rico (habits); idem, Journ. Orn., 26, p. 177, 1878— Porto Rico (nest and eggs); Bowdish, Auk, 20, p. 12, 1903 — Porto Rico (Mayagiiez) and Mona. Agelaeus chrysopterus Sundevall, Oefvers. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., 26, p. 597, 1869— Porto Rico (crit.). Hyphantes xanthomus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 63 — Porto Rico (monog.). Agelaeus xanthomus Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 12 — Porto Rico (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 343, 1886— Porto Rico. Agelaius xanthomus Cory, Auk, 3, p. 221, 1886 — Porto Rico (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 108, 1889— Porto Rico; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 132, 1892— Porto Rico and Mona Island; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 344, 1902— Porto Rico (monog.); Struthers, Auk, 40, p. 477, 1923— Porto Rico; Wetmore, U. S. Dept. Agric., Bull., 326, p. 113, 1926 — Mona and Porto Rico (habits); Danforth, Journ. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, 10, p. 99, 1926- — Cartagena Lagoon and Mayagiiez, Porto Rico; Schmidt, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 151, 1926 —Mona; Wetmore, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Is., 9, p. 532, 1927 — Porto Rico and Mona Islands (habits); Struthers, Auk, 44, p. 543, 1927— Mona. • Range. — Islands of Porto Rico and Mona, Greater Antilles. 14: Porto Rico (Mayagiiez, 1; unspecified, 11); Mona Island, 2. *Agelaius thilius alticola Todd.3 ANDEAN YELLOW-SHOULDERED MARSH BIRD. Agelaius thilius alticola Todd, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 45, p. 219, 1932— Desaguadero, Bolivia (type in Carnegie Museum). 1 Though well marked, this is clearly a representative form. 2 Vieillot^s name, though comprising Icterus cayanensis (Linnaeus), Agelaius thilius petersi Laubmann, and a species said to be from "St. Thomas," probably A. humeralis xanthomus with an erroneous locality, appears to refer primarily to the last-named, as may be gathered from the passage, "couvertures supe'rieures et inferieures des ailes . . . d'un beau jaune." 3 Agelaius thilius alticola Todd: Similar to A. t. thilius, but decidedly larger; male without any pale superciliaries, of which there are at least traces even in 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 173 Icterus chrysopterus (not Agelaius chrysopterus Vieillot) Lafresnaye and d'Or- bigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 5, 1838— part, Bolivia (spec. from Cochabamba in Paris Museum examined). Agelasticus thilius (not Turdus thilius Molina) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 153— Tungasuca, near Cuzco, Peru. Agelaius thilius Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 424, 1884 — Carabaya, Peru; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 398, 1907— part, Bolivia; Chapman, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 117, p. 124, 1921— Calca, Peru. Agelaeus thilius Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 12 — part, southern Peru; Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Ornis, 13, p. 103, 1906— Suriti and Cuzco, Peru (crit.). Agelaeus thilius a. subsp. typica Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 344, 1886 — part, spec, a, Tungasuca, Peru. Agelaeus thilius b. subsp. chrysocarpa (not Xanthornus chrysocarpus Vigors) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 344, 1886— part, spec, i, Bolivia. Agelaeus thilius chrysocarpus MSnegaux, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (10), 1, p. 209, 1909— Chililaya, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. (l)Icterus cayanensis (not Oriolus cayanensis Linnaeus) Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 3, p. 354, 1876— Moho, Lake Titicaca, Peru. Range. — Temperate zone of southeastern Peru (depts. of Cuzco and Puno) and Bolivia (depts. of La Paz and Cochabamba). IrPeru (Puno, 1). * Agelaius thilius thilius (Molina). CHILEAN YELLOW-SHOUL- DERED MARSH BIRD. Turdus thilius Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 250, 345, 1782— Chile (descr. of male); Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 175, 1858— Quillota, Valparaiso. Xanthornus chrysocarpus Vigors, Proc. Comm. Sci. Corresp. Zool. Soc. Lond., 2, p. 3, pub. Mar., 1832 — Chile (descr. of male and female; cotypes in coll. of H. Cuming, present location unknown); Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 177, 1858— Quillota, Valparaiso. Agelaius xanthocarpus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 430, 1850 — "Peru," errore; the cotypes examined in the Paris Museum were collected by Claudio Gay in Chile (descr. of immature male only).1 fully adult birds of the nominate race; female darker, and underneath more heavily streaked with blackish. Wing, 98-102, (female) 88-94; tail, 80-84, (female) 72-75. Birds from the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes seem to be separable by the above characters, this divergency having been confirmed by Mr. Todd after studying a large series from Bolivia. An earlier name may be Thilius major Bonaparte (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, p. 833, 1853), described as "Caeteris duplo [!] major, nigerrimus; humeris aureo-flavis; superciliis nullis; rostro breviore" from a specimen in the Brussels Museum, which appears to be lost (cf. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 214). As the description is too indefinite, and the patria of the species unrecorded, the name cannot be determined with any degree of certainty. Additional material examined. — Peru: Suriti, Cuzco, 2; Cuzco, 1. — Bolivia: Chililaya, Lake Titicaca, 4; Cochabamba, 1. 1 The description of the "female" appears to have been based upon a young A. cyanopus obtained by d'Orbigny in Chiquitos, Bolivia. 174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Xanthornus chiknsis (Reichenbach MS.) Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 130, 1853 — twelve hours from Valparaiso in a low swampy region. Icterus chrysopterus (not Agelaius chrysopterus Vieillot) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 5, 1838— part, Chile. Xanthornus chrysopterus Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 106, 1841 — part, Chile north to the valley of Copiapo. Icterus thilius Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Curios., 16, Suppl., p. 84, 1834 — northern Chile; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843, p. 113— Chile (habits); Yarrell, I.e., 15, p. 53, 1847— Chile (eggs descr.). Cacicus chrysocarpus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 245, 1847 — Chile (ex Vigors); Waugh and Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 4, pp. Ixxxvi, clxxi, 1894 — Penaflor, Santiago, and San Alfonso, Quillota (plumages). Xanthornus cayennensis (not Oriolus cayanensis Linnaeus) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 346, 1847— Copiapo Valley; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 503 — near Valdivia; Philippi, Arch. Naturg., 21, (1), p. 13, 1855— Chile (crit.); Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien, 10, Abh., p. 637, 1860— near Valparaiso; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 262, 1868— Chile (crit.); Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 251, 1877— Chile (habits); Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chile, 5, pp. xxxiv, Ixii, 1895 — Caillihue, Curico, and Llohue, Maule. Agelaius thilius Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 431, 1850— Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Nav. Astron. Exp., 2, p. 179, pi. 16, fig. 1, 1855— Chile; idem, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 12— Chile (crit.); Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 422— Coquimbo; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 84, 1889— Valparaiso; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 25 — Hacienda Mansel (Santiago), Arauco, and Rio Bueno (Valdivia); Schalow, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), Suppl., 4, p. 721, 1898— Ovalle (Coquimbo) and Santiago (eggs descr.); Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 101, p. 919, 1898 — Chile (monog.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 398, 1907— part, Argen- tina and Paraguay; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 49, 1924 — Isla La Mocha; idem, I.e., 29, p. 148, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago. Agelaius theleus Germain, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 311, 1860 — Santiago (nesting habits). Agelasticus thilius Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 188, 1851 — Chile; Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vogel, p. 89, 1865— Chile; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 136, 1862— Chile; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 323, 338— Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 545, 1877— Cauquenes, Colchagua; Gigoux, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 83, 1924— Caldera, Atacama. Agelaeus thilius Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 72— part, Chile; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 343, 1886 — part, subsp. typica, spec, b-h, Chile; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896— central and southern Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 109, 1927— Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 187, 1929— Angol, Malleco. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 175 Agelaius thilius thilius Barros, Rev. Chi). Hist. Nat., 24, p. 150, 1920 — Nilahue and Quiahue, Curico; idem, I.e., 25, p. 192, 1921 — Cordillera of Aconcagua; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 480, 1922— Coronel (habits, nest, and eggs); (?)Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 457, 1926— Rio Fetaleufu and Lago Mosquitos, Cholila, Chubut;1 Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 100, 1932— Chile (monog.). Range. — Temperate zone of Chile from Atacama (Copiapo Valley) south to Valdivia; (?)northwestern Chubut (Cholila Valley).1 7: Chile (Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, Atacama, 1; Romero, Coquimbo, 1; Talca, 1; Hacienda Gualpencillo, Conception, 4).2 *Agelaius thilius petersii Laubmann.3 ARGENTINE YELLOW- SHOULDERED MARSH BIRD. Agelaius thilius petersii Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 331, Oct. 1, 1934 — Saladillo, boundary line of Santa F6 and Santiago del Estero, Argentina (type in Munich Museum). Agelaius chrysopterus Vieillot,4 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 539, 1819 — part, descr. of female only (based on "Tordo negro cobijas ama- rillas" Azara, No. 67), "Paraguay." Icterus chrysopterus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 5, 1838 — part, Corrientes and Buenos Aires (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Xanthornus chrysopterus Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 106, 1841 — part, La Plata; Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 258, 1860 — Mendoza (descr. of young); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 492, 1861— Mendoza and Parana (crit.). 1 Identification is somewhat doubtful, as only a few molting females were available for study. 2 Additional material examined, — Chile: Santiago, 1; Talcaguano, 1; unspeci- fied, 18. 3 Agelaius thilius petersii Laubmann: Similar to A. t. thilius, but decidedly smaller. Wing, 81-88, rarely 90, (female) 75-83; tail, 60-70. Birds from east of the Andes appear to be referable to a single form, though some variation in size is noticeable, in so far as the inhabitants of the western districts (Neuquen to Mendoza) attain slightly larger dimensions (wing of males, 89-90) than those from eastern Argentina to Rio Grande do Sul, thus displaying a tendency in the direction of A. t. thilius. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul: Sao Lourengo, 2; Pedras Brancas, 2; Rio Grande, 3. — Uruguay: Maldonado, 1; Canelones, 1. — Argentina: Corrientes, 1; Buenos Aires, 4; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 2; Rio Negro, 1; Chubut River, 1; Pantanitos, Neuquen, 1; Mendoza, 1. 4 This name, as far as the description of the male is concerned, is a hopeless composite drawn from Agelaius xanthomus and Icterus cayanensis, whereas that of the female appears to have been taken from Azara. I am inclined to follow Laubmann in rejecting Vieillot's term, derived, as it is, from one of the principal characters of the male sex, a circumstance that seems to be opposed to its appli- cation for the basis of the female. 176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Agelasticus chrysapterus1 Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 188 (footnote), Oct., 1851 — based on "Tordo negro cobijas amarillas" Azara, No. 67; "Para- guay" [=Corrientes] south to Buenos Aires. Agelasticus chrysopterus Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 196 (note 1), 1870 — Cane- lones, Uruguay. Agelaius xanthocarpus (not of Bonaparte) Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 12 — Buenos Aires and Santa Fe (crit.). Agelasticus thilius (not Turdus thilius Molina) Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 159 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires (crit.). Agelaeus thilius Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 159 — Punta Lara and Belgrano, Buenos Aires; idem, Ibis, 1877, p. 33— Chubut Valley; idem, Ibis, 1877, p. 174 — Baradero, Buenos Aires; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 394 — Chubut Valley (resident); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 602— Rio Lujan, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 134, 1883 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rios (breeding); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 12 — part, Pata- gonia and Buenos Aires north to "Paraguay"; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 343, 1886 — part, subsp. chrysocarpa, spec, a-h, j, k, Argentina (Men- doza, Buenos Aires, Conchitas, Punta Lara, Chubut, Rio Negro); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 97, 1888 — Argentina (habits); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 463 — Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16; idem, I.e., 1892, p. 198 — Estancia Espartillar, Buenos Aires (nesting) ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 173 — Uruguay; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 123, 1899 — Sao Lourenco and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 181, 1902 — Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. Cienc. Soc., 3, p. 46, 1905— Tucuman; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 105 — Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 391 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (nesting habits). Agelaius thilius Doering, in Roca, Inf. Of. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 40, 1881 — mouth of Rio Colorado; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 84, 1884 — La Tinta and Tandil, Buenos Aires; Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 318, 1890 — Arroyos de los Tehuelches, Patagonia; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 398, 1907 — part, Argentina, "Paraguay," and Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 403, 1910 (range in Argentina); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914 (no certain record from Paraguay); Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 399, 1916 — La Plata; (?)Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 411, 1931 — Maimara, Jujuy;2 Pereyra, I.e., 5, p. 189, 1933 — Buenos Aires (habits, nest, and eggs). Agelaius thilius chrysocarpus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 185, 1909— Rio Grande do Sul (Sao Lourenco), Entre Rios (La Soledad), and Buenos Aires (San Martino Monte, La Plata, Flores, Barracas al Sud); Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918— Alto Verde and La Paz, Men- doza; Dabbene, I.e., 1, p. 247, 1919— Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 24, 1920— Uruguay (Montevideo, Canelones, Mal- donado, Flores); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 54, 1923— Santa Elena, Buenos Aires; Gia- 1 Misprint corrected to chrysopterus in the List of Errata at the end of the volume [p. 234], 2 Refers probably to A. t. alticola. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 177 comelli, I.e., p. 70, 1923— La Rioja (rare); Pereyra, I.e., p. 173, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 663, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 362, 1926 — General Lopez, Santa Fe. Agelaius thilius chrysopterus Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 336, 1923 — Neluan (20 miles south of Maquinchao) and Huanuluan, Rio Negro; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 456, 1926— Arroyo Seco, Rio Negro; idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 379, 1926— Buenos Aires (Berazategui, Lavalle), Mendoza (Tunuyan), and Uruguay (near San Vicente); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 218, 1927— Bovril Islands, Santa Fe; Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 150, 1928 (egg descr.). Range. — Extreme southern Brazil (in State of Rio Grande do Sul) ; Uruguay; northern Argentina, west to the eastern base of the Andes, south to the Rio Chubut. 8: Uruguay (Arazati, San Jose", 3); Argentina (Caraguatay, Rio Paranay, Misiones, 1; Rio Paranay, Misiones, 1; La Plata, 1; Belen, Catamarca, 1; Conception, Tucuman, 1). * Agelaius icterocephalus icterocephalus (Linnaeus). YELLOW- HEADED MARSH BIRD. Oriolus icterocephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 163, 1766 — based on "Le Carouge a teste jaune de Cayenne" Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 124, pi. 12, fig. 4; Cayenne (type in coll. of M. de Reaumur). Chrysomus icterocephalus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Bds., 2, p. 274, 1837— based on "The Yellow-headed Starling" Edwards, Glean. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 241, pi. 323, "West Indies" = Trinidad; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 681, "1848" [=1849]— coast of British Guiana; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, p. 18 — "Bogota," Colombia; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 30, 1857 — Cayenne; Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 281, 1866— Trinidad; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 565, 1921 — Georgetown, Takutu River, Abary River, and Wakenaam. Xanthosomus icterocephalus Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 189, 1851 — Cayenne; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 136, 1862— Trinidad, Cayenne, and "Bogota"; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 84— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, p. 182— lower Ucayali, Peru; idem, I.e., 1867, pp. 573, 978 — north of Amazon, Brazil, and Pebas, Peru; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 252 — Maruria, Lake Valencia, Venezuela; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 197, 1870 — Rio Amazonas (Ilha dos Macacos) and "Barra" [ = Manaos], Brazil; Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 330— Lake Paturia, Colombia; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 266 — lower Ucayali and Pebas, Peru; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 425, 1884— Rio Ucayali and Pebas, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 15 (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218— British Guiana; Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 269, 1890 — Santarem, Brazil; Robinson, Flying Trip to Tropics, p. 160, 1895— Barranquilla, Colombia; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 209, 1916— Orinoco region, Venezuela. 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Leistes icterocephalus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 14 — Guiana and Trinidad; Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, p. 576— Trinidad. Agelaeus icterocephalus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 345, 1886 — Guiana (Georgetown, Cayenne), Peru (Pebas, Chamicuros), Colombia ("Bogota"), Venezuela, and Trinidad; Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 300, 1889— Ucayali, Peru; Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 164— Lago Grande do Amapa, Brazil; Loat, Ibis, 1898, p. 562 — Hoorabea Creek, British Guiana; Ber- lepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 32, 1902 — Venezuela (Altagracia, Rio Orinoco; La Pricion, Caura River); Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 6, p. 433, 1905— Rio Jurua, Brazil; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 299, 1907 — Amapa and Marajo, Brazil; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 369, 1910— Surinam (habits); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 421, 1914— Marajo (Dunas, Livramento, Sao Natal), Amapa, Arumanduba, and Monte Alegre, Brazil. Agelaius icterocephalus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 36, 1894 — mouth of the Cipero River, Trinidad; Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 21, 1906— Seelet and Caroni, Trinidad; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 398, 1907— Rio Jurua, Brazil (range); Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 123, 1908— Cayenne; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 211, 1913 — La Pedrita de Uracoa, Venezuela; Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 137, 1922— Harmony Hall, Usine Sainte Madeleine, Williamsville, and La Fortunee, Trinidad (food, nest) ; Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 80, p. 176, 1928— Para; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 98, 1934 — Caroni Swamp, Trinidad. Agelaius icterocephalus icterocephalus Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 36, p. 632, 1917 — Colombia (Cali and La Manuelita, Cauca; Barran- quilla); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 468, 1922— Fundacion and Dibulla, Santa Marta region, Colombia (crit., plumages, nest, and eggs); Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 414, 1931 — Cienaga and Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia. Xanthosomus icterocephalus icterocephalus Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 86, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Lelydorp, and Javaweg, Surinam. Range. — Island of Trinidad; British, Dutch, and French Guiana; northern Brazil, south to the Amazon Valley and some of its southern tributaries (Rio Jurua) ; northeastern Peru (Pebas and lower Ucayali) ; Venezuela; Colombia (north coast and valleys of the Cauca and Magdalena rivers) ; also apparently at the eastern base of the eastern Andes.1 1 While noticing certain differences among birds from different localities, notably in the female sex, I find myself unable, with the relatively scanty material, to correlate them with separate ranges, the individual and seasonal variation being considerable. Males from Barranquilla and "Bogota" seem to have paler yellow heads, while females are conspicuous by the large extent of the yellow area underneath. Various eastern individuals run, however, pretty close. Additional material examined. — Trinidad, 9. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 10. — Venezuela: Altagracia, Orinoco River, 4. — Colombia: "Bogota," 5; Barranquilla, 2. — Brazil: Rio Amazonas (Ilha dos Macacos), 2; Manaos, 1; Rio Jurua, 2. — Peru: lower Ucayali, 1. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 179 20: Colombia (Fundacion, Santa Marta, 2; Rio Cauca, 2); Venezuela (Encontrados, Zulia, 6; Catatumbo, Zulia, 3; Rio Aurare, Zulia, 1; Puerto Cabello, Carabobo, 1); British Guiana (George- town, 3); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 2). Agelaius icterocephalus bogotensis Chapman.1 BOGOTA SAVANNA YELLOW-HEADED MARSH BIRD. Agelaius icterocephalus bogotensis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 191, March, 1914 — Suba marshes, Bogota savanna, Colombia (type in the American Museum of Natural History, New York); idem, I.e., 36, p. 632, 1917— Bogota savanna. Range. — Temperate zone of Colombia (Suba marshes in the Bogota savanna). *Agelaius cyanopus Vieillot. AZARA'S MARSH BIRD. Agelaius cyanopus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 552, 1819— based on "Tordo negro y vario," Azara, No. 71, Paraguay; Hart- laub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 5, 1847 — Paraguay; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 12— Bolivia, Paraguay, and "Bogota" (crit.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 196, 1870— Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parana), Goyaz (Porto do Rio Araguay), and Matto Grosso (Cuyaba); Berlepsch, Journ. Orn., 35, p. 11, 1887 — Lambare', near Asuncion, Paraguay; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, p. 379, 1891 — Corumba, Matto Grosso; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 398, 1907 — Itapura, Sao Paulo; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 44, 1909 — San Vicente, Chaco, Argentina; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 185, 1909— (?)Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires; Mocovi and San Vicente, Chaco (nest and eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 403, 1910 — San Vicente, Chaco; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914— Asuncion, Paraguay; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 381, 1926— Las Palmas (Chaco), Formosa (Riacho Pilaga), and Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco) (habits); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 274, 1929— Sao Bento, Maranhao; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 60, p. 394, 1930— Paraguay (Fort Wheeler, Puerto Pinasco, Rio Negro) and Matto Grosso (Agua Blanca de Corumba, Descalvados, Palmiras, Fazenda do Sao Joao) (nest descr.); Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 290, 1930 — San Jos6, Formosa (plumages); Pereyra, El Hornero, 5, p. 192, 1933 — Chaco and northern Santa Fe; Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 394, 1934 — Descalvados, Matto Grosso. 1 Agelaius icterocephalus bogotensis Chapman: Similar to A. i. icterocephalus, but decidedly larger; female much darker, with less yellow on the head and less distinctly streaked with dusky on the back, the edges to the feathers more grayish, less olivaceous; abdomen also less olivaceous. Wing, 91-94, (female) 80; tail, 70-72, (female) 66. Judging from four topotypical examples, this is a well-marked form, con- siderably larger, as well as of darker coloration in the female sex. It obviously replaces in the Temperate zone of the east Colombian Andes the nominate race found in the tropics of the Magdalena Valley, several thousand feet lower down. 180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII . C[assicus] T. hybridus Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 279, 1826 — based on "Tordo negro y vario" Azara, No. 71, Paraguay. (1)Icterus atro-violaceus Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 1216, 1831— Coral de Batuba, near Lagoa Feia, Rio de Janeiro (descr. of female; type now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York; cf. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 226, 1889).1 Leistes unicolor Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 304, Dec. 31, 1837 — "Brazil" (cotypes in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Mass.). Agelaius xanthoscarpus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 430, 1850 — "Peru," errore (part, descr. of female).2 Icterus cyanopus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 5, 1838 — "Corrientes" (errore) = eastern Bolivia (spec, examined; descr. of female). Agelaeus cyanopus Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 13, pi. 1 (male, female) — southern Brazil (Rio Parana) and Paraguay (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 344, 1886— Brazil (Rio Parana, Araguay, Para?) and Paraguay; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 127 — Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 171, 1899— Porto do Rio Parana, Sao Paulo; Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 643— Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 106— Bella- vista and Esquina, Corrientes; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 421, 1914 — Arumanduba, lower Amazon, Brazil; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926 — Sao Bento, Maranhao. Agelaeus sp. Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 8, 1895— Corumba, Matto Grosso. Range. — Northern Argentina (in the provinces of Santa Fe, Corrientes, and Misiones; territories of Formosa and Chaco); Para- guay; eastern Bolivia; and interior of Brazil, in states of Matto Grosso, Goyaz, and Sao Paulo (Itapura and Porto do Rio Parana), extending (according to Snethlage) north to Maranhao (Sao Bento) and Para (Arumanduba, north bank of lower Amazon).3 1: Argentina (Puerto Segundo, Misiones, 1). 1 Wied's description agrees none too well with the characters of the present species. Throat, foreneck, and middle of breast and abdomen are stated to be dingy olive green, passing into dusky olive gray on the sides, which is certainly not the case in A. cyanopus. The locality, coast of Rio de Janeiro, furthermore, is far away from its established range. Reexamination of the type seems, there- fore, imperative. 2 The description of the female is obviously based on d'Orbigny's specimens from eastern Bolivia in the Paris Museum. 3 Specimens from the Argentine Chaco, eastern Bolivia, and the interior of Brazil agree perfectly. The record from "Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires," based on a single young bird, is perhaps open to doubt, and we likewise hesitate, mainly on geographical grounds, to accept Allen's identification of Wied's /. atro-olivaceus, which, if correct, would extend the range of A. cyanopus to the Atlantic coast of Brazil. We have not seen any material from either Maranhao or Arumanduba. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Guarayos, 1; Chiquitos, 1. — Argen- tina: San Vicente, Santa Fe, 6.— Brazil: Porto do Rio Araguay, Goyaz, 8; Cuyaba, Matto Grosso, 4; unspecified, 3. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 181 Agelaius forbesi Sclater.1 FORBES'S MARSH BIRD. Agelaeus forbesi Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 345, 1886 — Pernambuco, Brazil (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum, examined). Aphobus chopi (not Agelaius chopi Vieillot) Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 339 — Vista Alegre and Macuca, Pernambuco. Agelaius forbesi Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 398, 1907 — Pernambuco. Range. — Eastern Brazil, in State of Pernambuco (Macuca, Vista Alegre). *Agelaius ruficapillus ruficapillus Vieillot. RED-HEADED MARSH BIRD. Agelaius ruficapillus Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 536, 1819 — based on "Tordo corona de canela" Azara, No. 72; Paraguay. C[assicus] T. ruficeps Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allg. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 282, 1826— based on Azara, No. 72. Agelaeus ruficollis (not of Swainson) Bertoni, Anal. Cient. Parag., Ser. 1, No. 1, p. 81, Jan., 1901 — Alto Parana, Paraguay (type in coll. of A. de W. Bertoni). Chrysomus frontalis (not Agelaius frontalis Vieillot) Hartlaub, Syst. Index Azara, p. 5, 1847 — Paraguay; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 431, 1850 — Brazil and Paraguay; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 267, 1856 — Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo, and Paraguay; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 258, 1860— Parana, Entre Rios; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 492, 1861— Parana; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— Cordoba. Dolichonyx ruficapillus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 17 — Paraguay (crit.). Xanthosomus ruficapillus Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 159— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; White, I.e., 1882, p. 602— Oran (Salta) 1 Agelaius forbesi Sclater is known from a single adult bird just finishing its annual molt. The first (outermost) primary has not yet been renewed, the second is in the process of growing, the third still bears the sheaths at the base, and the rectrices are in full molt. Although marked "female," the type is of uniform black coloration like the male of A. cyanopus, from which it differs by larger size (wing, 101; tail, 100), by more decidedly flattened mesorrhinium, and by having the feathers of the head lanceolate with glossy shafts, not unlike Gnori- mopsar chopi. Whether the bare space at the base of the lower mandible is a reliable feature or merely due to its molting condition remains to be ascertained by further material. The describer has alluded to the possibility of its being the same as Agelaius pustulatus Swainson (Anim. Menag., p. 303, Dec. 31, 1837) from "the plains in the interior of Bahia, Brazil," but because of various discrep- ancies it cannot be referred to that species. Unfortunately, the type appears to be lost. The specimens marked as A. pustulatus, which were sent to me by Mr. Forske Cooper from the Swainson Collection at Cambridge, are all from Chile, and turned out to be Notiopsar curaeus, a species that can hardly have formed the basis of Swainson's description. A. forbesi, of which more ample material is urgently desired, may possibly have some relation to Icterus atro- olivaceus Wied, of Rio de Janeiro, which we have discussed under the preceding heading. Its pertinence to the genus Agelaius, as understood here, is by no means certain. Material examined. — Brazil: Macuca, Pernambuco, 1 (the type). 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII and Fuerte de Andalgala (Catamarca) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 17— Paraguay and Argentina (monog.). Agelaeus ruficapillus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 347, 1886 — Paraguay and Argentina; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 99, 1888 — Argentina (habits); Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 127 — Fortin Donovan, lower Pilcomayo; Sclater, Ibis, 1897, p. 261 — Chaco Boreal, Paraguay; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 123, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 224 — Gran Chaco, Paraguay; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 182, 1902— Tucuman; idem, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 46, 1905— Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 398, 1907— (range excl. Sao Paulo and Goyaz); Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 25, p. 114, 1909— Ajo, Buenos Aires (descr. of female); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 642— Sapucay, Paraguay; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 105 — Mortero, Paraguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 393 — Ajo, Buenos Aires (ex Grant). Agelaius ruficapillus ruficapillus Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 185, 1909 — Barracas al Sud (Buenos Aires) and Tucuman; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 291, 1930— Bolivia (San Jose, Santa Cruz; Villa Montes, Tarija) and Formosa (Mision Tacaagle); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 60, p. 395, 1930— Paraguay (Fort Wheeler) and Matto Grosso (Palmiras); Laubmann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 330, 1934— Estancia La Geraldina, Santa Fe. Agelaius ruficapillus Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 403, 1910 (range in Argentina); Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914 — Paraguay; Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 24, 1920 — Canelones, Uruguay; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 663, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 382, 1926 — Chaco (Las Palmas) and Paraguay (near Puerto Pinasco); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 219, 1927— Bovril Islands (Santa Fe) and Concepcion (Tucuman); Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 150, 1928 (egg); Pereyra, I.e., 5, p. 65, 1932— Zelaya, Buenos Aires (breeding); idem, I.e., 5, p. 191, 1933 — Zelaya (nest and eggs). Range. — Eastern Bolivia (in depts. of Santa Cruz and Tarija); northern Argentina, south to Catamarca, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires; Paraguay; Uruguay; extreme southwestern and southern Brazil (Palmiras, Matto Grosso; Rio Grande do Sul).1 9: Argentina (Concepcion, Tucuman, 9). *Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis Vieillot.2 NORTHERN RED- HEADED MARSH BIRD. 1 Specimens from Bolivia and Argentina agree with Paraguayan topotypes. A single adult said to be from Rio Grande do Sul is not different either. Additional material examined. — Bolivia: San Jos6, Santa Cruz, 1; Villa Montes, Tarija, 2. — Paraguay: Villa Rica, 4. — Argentina: Mision Tacaagle, Formosa, 2; Parana, 1; Tucuman, 5; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 1.— Brazil: Rio Grande do Sul, 1. 2 Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis Vieillot: Similar to A. r. ruficapillus, but adult male with crown and throat much paler, tawny rufous instead of chestnut, 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 183 Agelaius frontalis Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. 6d., 34, p. 545, 1819 — Cayenne, French Guiana. Agelaius ruficollis Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 302, Dec. 31, 1837 — "province of Pernambuco, in Brazil" (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl.). Chrysomus frontalis Gray and Mitchell, Genera Bds., 2, p. 348, pi. Ixxxvi (= adult male), 1844; Bonaparte, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, 2, p. 30, 1857— Cayenne. Xanthosomus frontalis Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 189, 1851 — Brazil (synon. in part) ; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 136, 1862 — Brazil and "Bolivia" (errore); idem, Ibis, 1884, p. 16 — Cayenne, Ceara, Pernambuco, and Bahia (monog.). Dolichonyx frontalis Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 17 — Cayenne and Ceara (crit.). Dolichonyx ruficapillus (not Agelaius ruficapillus Vieillot) Pelzeln, Orn. Braz., 3, p. 199, 1870 — Porto do Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, and Jaragua, near Goyaz, Brazil (spec, examined). Agelaeus ruficapillus Ihering, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 171, 1899 — Rio Parana, Sao Paulo (ex Pelzeln). Agelaeus frontalis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 347, 1886 — Cayenne, Ceara, Pernambuco, and Bahia; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 299, 1907— Mexiana and Rio Guama (Ourem), Para; Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 27, 1907— Mexiana Island; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 123, 1908 — Cayenne; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 370, 1910 — Surinam; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 80, 1910— Bahia (Joazeiro and island near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Francisco) and Piauhy (Therezina); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 422, 1914— Rio Guama (Ourem) and Mexiana; idem, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 42, 61, 1926— Ceara and Maranhao (Sao Bento). Agelaius ruficapillus frontalis Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 399, 1907— Bahia (range); Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, p. 119, 1912— Mexiana; idem, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 274, 1929— Maranhao (Sao Bento) and Piauhy (Ibiapaba). Range. — Dutch and French Guiana, and eastern Brazil, from Mexiana Island and the Para region (Rio Guama) south to Bahia, Goyaz (Jaragua), and northern Sao Paulo (Porto do Rio Parand). 4: Brazil (Sao Bento, Maranhao, 1; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 2; "Bahia," 1). this area being, especially on the pileum, less extensive, and the black frontal margin more pronounced; female paler and less olivaceous throughout, the throat and foreneck light tawny-olive rather than chamois. An adult male collected by Natterer on the Rio Parana, in northern Sao Paulo, is in every respect similar to birds from Bahia and Piauhy. Two (out of three) from Cayenne, the only ones seen from north of the Amazon, possibly have the black frontal edge less marked, but Brazilian individuals vary a good deal on this score. Additional material examined. — French Guiana: Cayenne, 3. — Brazil: There- zina, Piauhy, 5; Cear&, 1 ; Joazeiro, Bahia, 1; island near Sambaiba, Rio Sao Fran- cisco, Bahia, 1; Bahia, 7; Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, 1; Jaragua, near Goyaz, 1. 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus XANTHOPSAR Ridgway1 Xanthopsar Ridgway, Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., 3, p. 155, April, 1901 — type, by orig. desig., Oriolus flavus Gmelin. *Xanthopsar flavus (Gmelin). YELLOW-HEADED MARSH BIRD. Oriolus flavus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 389, 1788 — based upon "Le Troupiale jaune d'Antigue" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guinee, p. 113, pi. 69 (=adult male), 1776; "Antigue, Isl. of Panay, Philippines" (errore) and Rio de la Plata (the latter locality to be regarded as terra typica). Psarocolius flaviceps Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 23, spec. 9, 1827 — based on "Tordo cabeza amarilla," Azara, No. 66; Paraguay to the La Plata River; idem, Isis, 1829, p. 754 — Brazil (descr. of male and female). Chrysomus zanthopygius Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 345, Dec. 31, 1837 — habitat unknown (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Mu- seum, Cambridge, Engl.). Icterus flavus Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 5, 1837 — Montevideo, Maldonado, and Buenos Aires (spec, in Paris Museum examined). Xanthornus flavus Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 107, pi. 45, 1841 — Maldonado, Uruguay. Xanthosomus flavus Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 137, 1862 — Rio Grande; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 632— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Durnford, Ibis, 1878, p. 59— Alvear, Buenos Aires; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Of. Exp. Rio Negro, 1, Zool., p. 41, 1881 — between Lavalle and Carhue, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 134, 1883 — Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios, and Rio Pigue, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 84, 1884— Rio Vecino, Buenos Aires; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 16— Para- guay, Uruguay (Maldonado), and Conchitas, Buenos Aires (monog.); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 278 — Paysandu, Uruguay, and Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding). Chrysomus flavus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 431, 1850 (synon.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 267, 1856 — Paraguay and La Plata region. Leistes flavus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 14— "Brazil" (crit.). Agelaeus phoeniceus (not Oriolus phoeniceus Linnaeus) White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 601— Adrogue, Buenos Aires. Agelaeus flavus Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 346, 1886— Rio Grande, Uruguay (Maldonado, Montevideo), and Argentina (Conchitas, Buenos Aires, Alvear); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 463— Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 98, 1888 — Argentina (habits); 1 Xanthopsar Ridgway: Similar to Agelaius, but bill slenderer and much longer, equaling or even exceeding the head in length; wing more pointed, the outermost primary being very nearly as long as the two next primaries; tarsus relatively shorter; middle toe with claw longer than tarsus. These characters seem to afford sufficient reasons for separating this bird genencally. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 185 Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 173— Uruguay; Holland, Ibis, 1896, p. 315— Santa Elena, Entre Rios (breeding); Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 123, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul (Campos de B8a Vista and Pelotas); idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 398, 1907 — Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 403, 1910 (range in Argentina); Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 392 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (visitant); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 24, 1920 — Cerro Largo and Rocha, Uruguay; (?)Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 70, 1923 — La Rioja (identification doubtful); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 663, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 150, 1928— Santa Elena, Entre Rios (eggs). Agelaius flavus Pereyra, El Hornero, 5, p. 190, 1933 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs descr.). Range. — Extreme southern Brazil (State of Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina (in provinces of Entre Rios and Buenos Aires).1 3: Paraguay (Rape*, 2); Uruguay (Dolores, Soriano, 1). Genus NESOPSAR Sclater Nesopsar Sclater, Ibis, 1, p. 457 (footnote), 1859 — type, by orig. desig., Icterus nigerrimus Osburn. *Nesopsar nigerrimus (Osburn). OSBURN'S BLACKBIRD. [Icterus] nigerrimus Osburn, Zoologist, 17, p. 6662 (in text), 1859 — lower mountains of Jamaica (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum). Nesopsar nigerrimus Sclater, Ibis, 1859, p. 457 (footnote) — Jamaica (descr.); idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1861, p. 74 — Jamaica; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 139, 1862 — Jamaica; March, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, p. 299— Jamaica; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 353, 1886— Jamaica (descr.); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 223, 1886 — Jamaica (descr.); idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 110, 1889— Jamaica; idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., p. Ill, 1892— Jamaica; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 345, 1902 — Jamaica (monog.). Agelaius nigerrimus Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 12— Jamaica (crit.). Agelaeus nigerrimus Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 14 — Jamaica (crit.). Range. — Island of Jamaica, Greater Antilles. 3: Jamaica (New Castle, 1; Kingston, 1; unspecified, 1). 1 The range of this peculiar bird seems to be rather restricted. It is appar- ently very rare in Paraguay proper, and even in Argentina it has yet to be taken outside the boundaries of Entre Rios and Buenos Aires, although the late S. Venturi, according to Dabbene, claims its presence in the province of Santa Fe. Specimens from Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay agree with others from Buenos Aires. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, 2. — Uruguay: Maldonado, 3; Montevideo, 1.— Argentina: Buenos Aires, 3; unspeci- fied, 2. 186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Xanthocephalus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 431, end of 1850— type, by monotypy, Psarocolius perspicillatusWa.g,\er= Xanthornus xantho- cephalus Bonaparte. *Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus (Bonaparte). YELLOW- HEADED BLACKBIRD. Icterus xanthocephalus Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 5, p. 223, Feb., 1826 — based on Icterus icterocephalus (not Oriolus icterocephalus Linnaeus) Bonaparte, Amer. Ornith., 1, p. 27, figs. 1 (male), 2 (female), 1825; Pawnee villages on the Platte River, Nebraska. Agelaus longipes Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, p. 436, June, 1827 — table- land of Mexico (type in Bullock Collection). Psarocolius perspicillatus (Lichtenstein MS.) Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 753 — Mexico (type in Berlin Museum). Icterus frenatus (Lichtenstein MS.) Reinhardt, in Kr0yer's Naturhist. Tidsskr., 4, Heft 1, p. 74, 1842 — "Nennortalik," Greenland (type in Copenhagen Museum). Xanthocephalus longipes Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 14 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 350, 1886 (monog.); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Aves, 1, p. 455, 1887 — western North America to Mexico and Cuba. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus Winge, Medd. Gr0nland, 21, p. 296, 1899 — Nanortalik, Greenland (one female, Sept. 2, 1840). Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 347, 1902 (monog., full synon.); Clark, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 32, p. 282, 1905 — Barbados (ex Feilden); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 125, 1923 — Cuba (Havana and Guantanamo); Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 149, 1928— Lower California. Range. — Western North America, from southern British Colum- bia, southern Mackenzie, central Manitoba, and northern Minnesota south to northern Lower California, Arizona, Jalisco, Michoacan, and Mexico, east to southern Wisconsin, central Iowa, northern Illinois, and Indiana; accidental in Greenland (one record from Nanortalik, Sept. 21, 1840); various eastern localities from Ontario and Quebec to South Carolina, Florida, Cuba, and Barbados. 57: Canada (Beaver Lake, Alberta, 1); North Dakota (Minne- waukon, 1); Iowa (Burlington, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 26); Illinois (Chicago, 2; Grand Crossing, 1; Fox Lake, 3); Kansas (Hamilton, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 5; Windsor, 2; unspecified, 1); California (Lapen City, 1; Nigger Slough, Los Angeles County, 1); Arizona (Fort Thomas, 2; Tucson, 1); Mexico (Chihuahua, 3; Sonora, 4; Guerrero, 1). 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 187 Genus AMBLYRAMPHUS Leach Amblyramphus Leach, Zool. Misc., 1, p. 81, 1814 — type, by monotypy, Amblyramphus bicolor Leach = Xanthornus holosericeus Scopoli. Amblyrhynchus Gray, List Gen. Bds., p. 41, 1840 — emendation. Amblyrhamphus Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara's Apunt., p. 5, 1847 — emendation. *Amblyramphus holosericeus (Scopoli). SCARLET-HEADED BLACKBIRD. Xanthornus holosericeus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insub., 2, p. 88, 1786 — based upon "Le Troupiale rouge d'Antigue" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guinee, p. 113, pi. 68, 1776; "Antigue, Isl. of Panay, Philippines," errore.1 Oriolus ruber Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 388, 1788 — based on "Le Troupiale rouge d'Antigue" Sonnerat, Voy. Nouv. Guinfe, p. 113, pi. 68, 1776. Amblyramphus bicolor Leach, Zool. Misc., 1, p. 82, pi. 36, 1814 — "supposed to inhabit Cayenne," errore (type in coll. of W. Comyns, of Mount Pleas- ant, near Dawlish, Engl.); Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 8, 1838 — no locality stated (spec, examined in Paris Museum is from Mojos, Bolivia). Sturnus pyrrhocephalus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 18, 1823 — Montevideo (type in Berlin Museum). C[assicus] J. rubricapillus Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allgem. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 281, 1826 — based on "Tordo negro cabeza roxa" Azara, No. 73, Paraguay to the La Plata River. Leistes erythrocephalus Swainson, Classif. & Nat. Hist. Bds., 2, p. 275, July, 1837 — new name for Amblyramphus bicolor Leach. Amblyr(h)amphus holosericeus Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara's Apunt., p. 5, 1847— Paraguay; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 190, 1851— southern Brazil; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 137, 1862— Bolivia and Rio de la Plata; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 161 — Buenos Aires; idem, I.e., 1869, p. 632 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Hudson, I.e., 1870, p. 114— Buenos Aires (habits); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 198, 1870— Cuyaba, Barra do Jauru, and Pansecco, Matto Grosso, Brazil; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 174 — BaradeVo, Buenos Aires; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 18 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 602 — Punta Lara and Rio Lujan, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 135, 1883 — Concepci6n del Uruguay, Entre Rios; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 18— Uruguay, Paraguay, and Buenos Aires (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 351, 1886 (monog.); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 101, 1888— Argentina (habits); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 463— Buenos Aires; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16— Est. Espar- tillar, Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 128— lower Pilcomayo, Chaco; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 199— Est. Espartillar; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 173— Uruguay (Santa Ana, Arroyo Grande, and Santa Elena); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 8, 1895— Colonia Risso and Barranquera la Novia, Paraguay; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do 1 Islands of the Parana Delta suggested as type locality by Dabbene (Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 372, 1912). 188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sul, 16, p. 123, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul; Salvador!, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 15, No. 378, p. 6, 1900— Carandasinho, Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 224 — Paraguayan Chaco; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 399, 1907 (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 186, 1909— Argentina (breeding habits); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, (3), 11, p. 403, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 106 — Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 372, 1912 — San Rafael, near Villa Rica, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914— Paraguay; Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 395 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (habits, nest, and eggs); Dabbene, El Hornero, 1, p. 104, 1918 (nest); Marelli, I.e., 1, p. 228, 1919 (food); Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 24, 1920— Uruguay (Treinta y Tres, Rocha, Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 54, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923 — Zelaya and Islas de Escobar, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 664, 1924— Buenos Aires (range); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 377, 1926— Argentina (Las Palmas, Chaco; between Fontana and Formosa, Formosa; Dolores and Lavalle, Buenos Aires), Paraguay (west of Puerto Pinasco), and Uruguay (north of San Vicente); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 218, 1927— Deniz Island, Santa Fe; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 60, p. 396, 1930 — Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco) and Matto Grosso (Palmiras); Laub- mann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 291, 1930 — San Jose, Formosa, and opposite Rosario, Santa Fe; Pereyra, El Hornero, 5, p. 384, 1934 (nest). Amblyrhamphus ruber Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 109, 1841 — near Maldonado, Uruguay; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 429, 1850 (synon.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 263, 1856 — Rio Grande do Sul and Montevideo; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 258, 1860 — Banda Oriental and Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 491, 1861 — Banda Oriental, Entre Rios, Santa Fe, and along the banks of the Parana; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes. Range. — Marshes of eastern Bolivia (Mojos); extreme south- western and southern Brazil, in states of Matto Grosso and Rio Grande do Sul; Paraguay; Uruguay; and northeastern Argentina, from Formosa and Corrientes south to Buenos Aires.1 2: Brazil (Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 1); Uruguay (Arazati, San Jose", 1). Genus GNORIMOPSAR Richmond Aphobus (not of Gistel, 1848) Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 194, Oct., 1851— type, by monotypy, Agelaius chopi Vieillot. Aaptus (not Aaptos J. E. Gray, 1867) Richmond, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 15, p. 85, April, 1902 — new name for Aphobus Cabanis, preoccupied. 1 Additional material examined. — Bolivia: Mojos, 1. — Brazil: Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, 3; Matto Grosso, Cuyaba, 2; Pansecco, 2; Barra do Jauru, 2.— Argentina: San Jose, Formosa, 3; opposite Rosario, Santa Fe, 1; Buenos Aires, 5. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 189 Gnorimopsar Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 35, p. 584, 1908— new name for Aaptus Richmond, preoccupied. *Gnorimopsar chopi chopi (Vieillot). CHOPI GRACKLE. Agelaius chopi Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 537, 1819 — based on "Chopi" Azara, No. 62, Paraguay to Buenos Aires;1 Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 4, 1847 — Paraguay; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 11 (crit.); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 195, 1870— Rio de Janeiro (Engenho da Armac.ao, Ilha de Marambaya), Sao Paulo (Matto- dentro, Rio Parana), and Matto Grosso (Villa Bella de Matto Grosso); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 396 — Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo. Icterus unicolor Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 19, 1823 — Brazil (cotypes in Berlin Museum examined).* C[assicus] T. animosus Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allgem. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 276, 1826— based on "Chopi" Azara, No. 62. Icterus chopi Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, (2), p. 1208, 1831— Angicos and Vareda, southern Bahia; Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 5, 1838 — Corrientes (spec, examined). Aphobus chopi Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 194, 1851 — Brazil (synon. in part); Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 303 — Sao Paulo; Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 85, 1874— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 163— part, excl. of Pernambuco and western Peru (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 405, 1886 — part, "female," spec, a, b, f-h, Brazil (Bahia; "Pelotas," Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay, and Argentina; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 108, 1888 — northern Argentina; Dalgleish, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., 10, p. 78, 1889 — Ytanu, near Asuncion, Paraguay; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 3, p. 379, 1891— Chapada, Matto Grosso; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 128 — Fortin Page, lower Pilcomayo; Boucard and Berlepsch, The Humming Bird, 2, p. 44, 1892 — Porto Real, Rio de Janeiro; Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 8, 1895— Villa Rica, Paraguay; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 124, 1899— Rio Grande do Sul (Sao Lourengo, Jaguarao); idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 173, 1899 — Ilha de Sao Sebastiao, Sao Paulo; idem, I.e., 4, p. 154, 1900— Cantagallo, Rio de Janeiro; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 109— Paraguay (Santa Rosa) and southeastern Bolivia (Cabo Emma, Alto Paraguay). Aaptus chopi Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 615, 1906 — Paraguay and Brazil (Matto Grosso, Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes) (crit., meas.); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 403, 1907— Sao Paulo (Botucatu, Sao Sebastiao, Itarare) and Minas Geraes (Vargem Alegre); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 188, 1909— Ocampo, Santa Fe~ (nest and eggs descr.); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 645— Sapucay, Paraguay; Chrostowski, Compt. Rend. Soc. Scient. Varsovie, 5, pp. 490, 500, 1912 — Vera Guarany, Parana; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 65, 1914— Alto Parana, Paraguay. 1 The juvenile bird described in Noseda's communication does not belong to the present species. 2 Two of the specimens are simply marked "Brazil, coll. Sellow," while the third was collected by von Olfers at Sao Joao del Rey, Minas Geraes. 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Aaptus chopi chopi Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 39, 1908 — Goyaz, Brazil (crit.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 405, 1910 — Santa Fe (Mocovi, Ocampo) and Buenos Aires (Tigre). Gnorimopsar chopi Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 24, 1920— Rio Negro and Paysandu, Uruguay; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 54, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 174, 1923 — Corrientes; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 665, 1924— Tigre, Buenos Aires; Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 150, 1928 (eggs descr.). Gnorimopsar chopi chopi Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 195, 1926 — Fazenda Firmiano, Parana; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 378, 1926 — Chaco (Las Palmas, Riacho Pilaga, Formosa), Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco), and Uruguay (San Vicente); Pereyra, El Hornero, 4, p. 27, 1927 — Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 60, p. 399, 1930— Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco) and Matto Grosso (Palmiras) (nest descr.); Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 296, 1930— Formosa (San Jos6, Tapikiole, Tacaagle, Yunca Viejo). Psarocolius unicolor Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 281, 1856 — Brazil; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 258, 1860 — "Mendoza" (only observed); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 494, 1861 — "Mendoza" and Parana (spec, from Parana examined in Halle Museum); Doering, Period. Zool. Argent., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes. Range. — Southern half of Brazil, from central Bahia (Andarahy), Goyaz, and Matto Grosso south to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay; northern Argentina, in territories of Formosa and Chaco, and in provinces of Santa Fe, Entre Rios, Corrientes, and Buenos Aires.1 8: Brazil (Macaco Secco, near Andarahy, Bahia, 2; Chapada, Matto Grosso, 2; Piraputanga, Matto Grosso, 1; Veadeiros, Goyaz, 2; Candido de Abreu, Parana, 1). 1 Brazilian specimens, including two from near Andarahy, Bahia, and a series from western Minas Geraes, agree in dimensions and coloration with topo- typical Paraguayan material and other examples from the Argentine Chaco. Birds from Matto Grosso cannot be distinguished either, and a single adult male collected by H. von Ihering at Sao Lourenco, Rio Grande do Sul, in September, 1886, falls well within the measurements of typical chopi, the wing being 127, the tail 94 mm. long. This fact seems to indicate that the Uruguayan male, with a wing of 136 mm., mentioned by Wetmore, is merely an unusually large individual, as the existence of a separate form in the heart of the distributional area occupied by typical chopi seems extremely unlikely. Additional material examined. — Brazil: Minas Geraes: Sao Joao del Rey, 1; Lagoa Santa, 1; Rio Jordao, Prov. Araguary, 3; Agua Suja, near Bagagem, 3; Monte Alegre, 1; Dvivadino, 1. — Sao Paulo: Mattodentro, 1; Ypanema, 2; Quartel da Posse, 1; Rio Parana, 1. — Rio Grande do Sul: Sao Lourenco, 1. — Goyaz: Leopoldina, Rio Araguaya, 1; Goyaz, 2; Rio Parnahyba, 1. — Matto Grosso: Rio Manso, 1; Villa Bella de Matto Grosso, 2. — Paraguay: Bernalcue, near Asuncion, 1; Concepcion, 1; near Concepcion, 4. — Argentina: Rio de Oro, Chaco Austral, 1; San Jose, Formosa, 1; Tapikiole, Formosa, 4; Yunca Viejo, Formosa, 4; Corrientes, 1. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 191 *Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris (Spix).1 GREATER CHOPI GRACKLE. Icterus sulcirostris Spix, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 1, p. 67, pi. 64, fig. 2, 1824— "in campis Minas Geraes," errore; Oeiras, Piauhy, substituted as type locality by Hellmayr, 1929 (type in Munich Museum examined). Aphobus megistus Leverkiihn, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 104, 1889— Santa Cruz, de la Sierra and [Rio] San Miguel, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia (cotypes in Kiel Museum, now in Berlin Museum, examined). Aphobus chopi (not Agelaius chopi Vieillot) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 141, 1862 — Bolivia (spec, examined); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 405, 1886— part, "male," spec, c-e, Bolivia; Reiser, Denks. Math.- Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 81, 1910— Bahia (Boa Vista near Chique Chique, Rio Sao Francisco) and Piauhy (Amaragao), Brazil. Aaptus sulcirostris Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, pp. 614, 615, 1906 (crit. note on type); Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 403, 1907 (ex Spix). Aaptus megistus Hellmayr, Abhandl. 2. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 22, No. 3, p. 615, 1906— Santa Cruz and San Miguel, Bolivia (crit.). Gnorimopsar sulcirostris Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 177, 1925— Boa Vista, near Chique Chique, Bahia, and Amaragao, Piauhy. Aphobus chopi megistus Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926 — Ceara (spec, examined). 1 Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris (Spix) : Similar to G. c. chopi, but considerably larger, sex for sex, with heavier, basally more strongly sulcate bill, and plumage (in fresh condition) more glossy. Wing 140-150, (female) 134-140. The distribution of this race is rather singular. The type, said to be from "Minas Geraes" — which is clearly a mistake, since a good series from that state undoubtedly belongs with G. c. chopi — is certainly of the same form as specimens recently collected in northeastern Brazil (cf. the table of measurements in Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 277, 1929). On directly comparing this series with nine skins from Bolivia (megistus), I fail, however, to see how the distinction between sulcirostris and megistus can be maintained. In coloration as well as in the strength of the bill there is absolutely no difference, and the only variation consists of slightly lesser dimensions in the Bolivian birds, none of which attains the maximum figures shown by some of the Brazilian skins. This average is, however, quite insignificant and might easily disappear in larger series. The quasi identity of the inhabitants of Bolivia with those of northeastern Brazil is the more remarkable, as birds taken close to the Bolivian border at Villa Bella de Matto Grosso are much smaller (wings of males, 127; tail, 93) and do not differ at all from typical chopi of Paraguay and Argentina. I can hardly believe that G. c. sulcirostris has a discontinuous range, though according to our present knowledge there seems to be a wide gap between the two areas tenanted by this large form. The wings measure as follows: Adult males. — Brazil: type, 152; Codo, Maranhao, 150; Ceara, 142; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 140.— Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 142, 143, 143, 144; unspecified, 140. Adult females. — Brazil: Cod6, Maranhao, 140; B6a Vista, Bahia, 140. — Bolivia: San Miguel, 136J^; Mojos, 135; Santa Cruz, 135; Fortin Esteros, Tarija, 134. Additional material examined. — Brazil: unspecified, 1 (the type); Ceara, 1; Amarasao, Piauhy, 1; B6a Vista, Bahia, 1. — Bolivia: Mojos, 1; Rio San Miguel, 1; Santa Cruz, 5; Fortin Esteros, Tarija, 1. 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Gnorimopsar chopi sulcirostris Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 276, 1929 — Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, and Ibiapaba, Piauhy, Brazil (crit.); Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 297, 1930 — Bolivia (La Crecencia and Monte Grande, Santa Cruz; Fortin Esteros, Tarija) (crit.). Range. — Northeastern Brazil, in states of Maranhao, Piauhy, Ceara, and extreme northern Bahia (Boa Vista, below Chique Chique, Rio Sao Francisco), and eastern Bolivia (in depts. of Santa Cruz, Beni, and Tarija). 3: Brazil (Codo, Cocos, Maranhao, 2; Ibiapaba, Piauhy, 1). Genus NOTIOPSAR Oberholser Curaeus (not Cureus Boie, 1831) Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 139, 1862 — type, by monotypy, Turdus curaeus Molina. Notiopsar Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 34, p. 136, June, 1921— new name for Curaeus Sclater, preoccupied. *Notiopsar curaeus (Molina). CHILEAN BLACKBIRD. Turdus curaeus Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 252, 345, 1782— Chile. Sturnus aterrimus Kittlitz, Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb., (sav. etr.), 2, p. 467, pi. 2, Aug., 1835 — near Valparaiso, Chile (type in Leningrad Museum; cf. Chrostowski, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 18, 1921); idem, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 153, 1858 — Valley of Los Sorres, near Valparaiso. LeMes niger Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 304, Dec. 31, 1837 — Chile (type in coll. of W. Swainson, now in University Museum, Cambridge, Engl., examined); Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 112, 1848— Valparaiso. Quiscalus pilaris (Lichtenstein MS.) Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 129, 1853 — Chile (new name for Sturnus aterrimus Kittlitz andLeistes niger Swainson). Agelaius chopi (not of Vieillot) Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, p. 107, 1841— Chile; Bridges, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 9, p. 94, "1841" [ = 1842] —Chile. Agelaius curaceus [sic] Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 11, p. 113, 1843 — "intermediate provinces of Chile." Agelaius aterrimus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Ffs. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 348, 1847— Chile (ex Kittlitz). Agelaius curaeus Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 348, 1847— Chile; Boeck, Naumannia, 1855, p. 503— Valdivia; Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abhandl., p. 637, 1860— near Valparaiso; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 263, 1868— Chile; Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 3, pp. cxiv, cxv, 1893 — Bureo, Nuble, and Ninhue, Maule; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, pp. Ixxxvi, clxxii, 1894 — Penaflor (Santiago) and San Alfonso (Quillota), Chile; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. xxxiv, 1895 — Caillihue, Curico, Chile. Psarocolius curaeus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 425, 1850 — Pata- gonia and Chile; Hartlaub, Naumannia, 3, p. 213, 1853 — Valdivia, Chile; 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 193 Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Astron. Exp., 2, p. 178, pi. 15, 1855— Chile; Ger- main, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, p. 312, 1860— Santiago, Chile (breed- ing habits). Leistes curaeus Pelzeln, Reise Novara, 1, Zool., Vogel, p. 89, 1865 — Chile; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 15— Chile. Agelaius caracus [sic] Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 252, 1876— Chile (habits, nest, and eggs). Curaeus aterrimus Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 139, 1862— Chile; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 323, 338— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 283— Cape Negro, Straits of Magellan; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 545, 1877— Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 432— Gray Harbour, Straits of Magellan; Sharpe, I.e., 1881, p. 7 — Tom Bay and Isthmus Bay, Straits of Magellan; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 423— Chile; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 21— Chile to Magellan Straits (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 354, 1886 — Chile to Straits of Magellan ("True" Bay, Gray Harbour); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, p. 84, 1889 — Valparaiso; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, 6, Ois., p. B. 101, 1891— Straits of Magellan (Orange Bay, Gable Island, Puntarenas, Wollaston Bay); Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896— Chile; Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 27— Hacienda Mansel (Santiago) and Calle-calle (Valdivia), Chile; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 720, 1898— La Serena, Coquimbo; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 101, p. 916, 1898— Chile (monog.); Salvadori, Anal. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, (2), 20, p. 622, 1900— Gregory Bay and Puntarenas, Magellan Straits; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 56, 1907 — San Sebastian Settlement; Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 49, 1924— Isla La Mocha, Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, I.e., 31, p. 108, 1927— Marga-Marga Valley, Val- paraiso; Bullock, I.e., 33, p. 125, 1929— Cerro de Nahuelbuta, Malleco, Chile; idem, I.e., 33, p. 187, 1929— Angol, Malleco, Chile. Curaeus curaeus Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 132, 1890— Port Churruca and Laredo Bay, Magellan Straits; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 361, 1902 — Puerto Hope, Isla Clarence, Tierra del Fuego; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 187, 1909— Lapataia, Tierra del Fuego (eggs descr.); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 404, 1910— Tierra del Fuego; Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 150, 1920— Nilahue, Curico, Chile; idem, I.e., 25, p. 192, 1921— Cor- dillera de Aconcagua, Chile; Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 480, 1922— Coronel, Chile (nest and eggs); Bullock, El Hornero, 3, p. 94, 1923— Chile (nest); Housse, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 29, p. 148, 1925— San Bernardo, Santiago. Notiopsar curaeus Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 378, 1926— Con- con, Chile; idem, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 457, 1926— Rio Corcovado, Chubut; Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patagonia, 2, (1), p. 854, 1928 — Patagonia (descr.); Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Sen, 19, p. 102, 1932— Chile (Coquimbo to Magellan Straits); Reynolds, El Hornero, 5, p. 343, 1934 — Isla de los Conejos, Tierra del Fuego. Range. — Chile, from Coquimbo south to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego, and north through Patagonia to western Chubut. 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 12: Chile (Conception, 1; Curacautin, Malleco, 1; Mafil, Valdivia, 4; Rio Inio, Chilo£ Island, 1; Quellon, Chilo£ Island, 5). Genus PSEUDOLEISTES Sclater Pseudoleistes Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 137, 1862 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 19), "Pseudoleistes viridis" = Agelaius guira- huro (Vieillot). *Pseudoleistes guirahuro (Vieillot). YELLOW-RUMPED MARSH BIRD. Agelaius guirahuro Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. ed., 34, p. 545, 1819 — based on "Guirahuro," Azara, No. 64; Paraguay and Rio de la Plata. Xanthornus Gasquet Quoy and Gaimard, in Freycinet, Voyage Uranie et Physicienne, Zool., livr. 3, p. 110, pi. 24, Aug., 1824— banks of the Rio de la Plata (type in Paris Museum). Leistes Suchii Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 6, p. 192, Suppl., pi. 10, July, 1825 — Brazil (type in coll. of W. Such). C[assicus] T. palustris Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allgem. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 281, 1826— based on "Guirahuro" Azara, No. 64. Leistes oriolides Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 303, Dec. 31, 1837 — Brazil (location of type not stated). Leistes brevirostris Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 304, Dec. 31, 1837 — Brazil (type, collected by A. de Saint-Hilaire, in Paris Museum examined). Icterus dominicensis (not Oriolus dominicensis Linnaeus) Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 19, 1823— Sao Paulo. Icterus guirahuro Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 4, 1838— Corrientes. Leistes viridis (not Oriolus viridis Gmelin) Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 5, 1847— Paraguay; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 436, 1850— Montevideo; Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 189, 1851 — Brazil (synon.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 264, 1856 — Minas Geraes (Sete Lagoas); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 14— Brazil (crit.); Reinhardt, Vidensk. Medd. Naturhist. Foren., 1870, p. 395 — Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes. Pseudoleistes viridis Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 137, 1862 — Brazil; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 198, 1870 — Sao Paulo (Itarare, Rio Parana) and Parana (Scaramuza, Rio Verde, Fazenda Nova, Rio Piehy, Joaquim Carneiro, Curytiba, Castro, Murungaba); Hamilton, Ibis, 1871, p. 303 — near Itapetininga, Sao Paulo; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 19 (monog.). Pseudoleistes guirahuro Berlepsch and Ihering, Zeits. Ges. Orn., 2, p. 127, 1885— Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul (crit.); Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 352, 1886 (monog.); Salvadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 8, 1895 — Valenzuela, Paraguay; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 123, 1899— Mundo Novo and Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Rev. Mus. Paul., 3, p. 172, 1899 — Itapetininga, Sao Paulo; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 400, 1907— Sao Paulo (Itarare, Itapetininga); 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 195 Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 186, 1909— San Vicente and Ocampo, Santa Fe (nest and eggs); Chubb, Ibis, 1910, p. 642— Sapucay, Paraguay; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, (3), 11, p. 404, 1910 — Chaco (San Vicente) and "Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud)"; idem, I.e., 23, p. 373, 1912— Villa Rica, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 66, 1914 — Encarnaci6n, Paraguay; Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 228, 1919 (food); Serie" and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 54, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 664, 1924— "Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires" (range); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 376, 1926 — Uruguay (Lazcano and Rio Negro); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 4, p. 19, 1927 — north of Pando, Dept. Canelones, Uruguay. Range. — Southern Brazil, from the sources of the Rio Araguaya, Goyaz, and Minas Geraes, south through Sao Paulo and Parana to Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; Paraguay; northeastern Argentina (provinces of Santa Fe, Corrientes, Entre Rios, and (?)Buenos Aires).1 3: Brazil (Parana, 2) ; Uruguay (Quebrada de los Cuervos, Treinta yTres, 1). *Pseudoleistes virescens (Vieillot).2 BROWN-RUMPED MARSH BIRD. Agelaius virescens Vieillot,3 Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e'd., 34, p. 543, 1819 — based on "Dragon," Azara, No. 65; "on the confines of Brazil" and near Buenos Aires. Icterus anticus Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Berliner Mus., p. 19, 1823 — Monte- video, Uruguay (type in Berlin Museum). 1 The length of the bill, in this species, varies considerably irrespective of locality, and I believe that Swainson's two "species," L. oriolides and L. brevi- rostris, refer to the same bird. At any rate, the type of the last-named, an adult with a bill of 30 mm., does not differ at all from Paraguayan specimens, with which other Brazilian individuals likewise agree. A single male from Cascata, Minas Geraes, the only one seen from that state, has a remarkably shorter, slen- derer bill. The occurrence of this species in Buenos Aires, as claimed by Venturi, appears to be open to doubt, while its inclusion in the Chilean fauna by Gay (Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 349, 1847) is an obvious mistake (cf. Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 102, 1932). Additional material examined. — Brazil : Rio Bonito, Bororo country, Goyaz, 1 ; Cascata, Minas Geraes, 1; Rio Parana, Sao Paulo, 1; Parana, Fazenda Verde, 2; Fazenda Nova, 2; Scaramuza, 1; Murungaba, 2; Curytiba, 1; Rio Piauhy, 2; Taquara, Rio Grande do Sul, 2. — Paraguay: BernalcuS, 5. — Argentina: San Vicente, Santa Fe, 2; Corrientes, 1. 2 Pseudoleistes virescens (Vieillot) differs from P. guirahuro by much shorter wings and tail; slenderer, more elongated bill; absence of yellow on the rump; much paler, less saturated yellow of the under parts with the tibial feathers as well as brownish olive sides of breast and abdomen; smaller yellow humeral patch, etc. It is apparently specifically distinct from P. guirahuro, both being found in Rio Grande do Sul, Uruguay, and parts of Argentina (Santa Fe, Corrientes). 3 An earlier name is possibly Agelaius bicolor Vieillot (Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. e'd., 34, p. 535, 1819) from "I'Ame'rique meYidionale." However, one of the characters, "bee et les pieds rougeatres," being in direct opposition to the present species with black bill and feet, it seems undesirable to adopt the name, inasmuch as no type exists. 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII C[assicus] T. Draco Merrem, in Ersch and Gruber, Allgem. Encycl. Wiss., 15, p. 279, 1826 — based on "Dragon," Azara, No. 65. Leistes tenuirostris Swainson, Anim. Menag., p. 304, Dec. 31, 1837 — "Brazil," probably Rio Grande do Sul (type, collected by A. de Saint-Hilaire, examined in Paris Museum). Icterus virescens Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 4, 1838 — Montevideo (spec, examined). Leistes virescens Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 5, 1847 (synon.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 15— "Brazil" (crit.). Leistes anticus Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, Birds, p. 107, 1841 — plains of La Plata; Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 436, 1850— "Brazil"; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 265, 1856— Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo, and "Paraguay"; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 258, 1860 — Banda Oriental and Parana; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 491, 1861 — same localities; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes. Pseudoleistes virescens Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 137, 1862 — "Brazil"; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 140— Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Hudson, I.e., 1870, p. 549 — Argentina (foster parent of M. bonariensis) ; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 132 — Frayle Muerto, Prov. Cordoba; Hudson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, p. 156 — Argentina; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 175 — Baradero, Buenos Aires; idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 59 — Buenos Aires (nest and eggs); Doering, in Roca, Inf. Of. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 41, 1881 — Prov. Buenos Aires (Guamini, Rio Sauce, Rio Colo- rado); White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 602— Punta Lara, Buenos Aires; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. CL, 8, p. 135, 1883— Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios (nest and eggs); Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 84, 1884 — Prov. Buenos Aires (Rio Vecino, Tandil, Sierra de los Leones, etc.); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 20 — Rio Grande do Sul, Uru- guay, and Argentina (monog.); Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 279 — Paysandu, Uruguay; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 352, 1886— Rio Grande do Sul (Lagoa dos Patos), Uruguay, and Buenos Aires (Punta Lara, La Plata); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 102, 1888— Argentina (hab- its); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 463 — Lo'mas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Holland, Ibis, 1891, p. 16; 1892, p. 199— Estancia Espartillar, Buenos Aires (breeding); Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 173 — Uruguay; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 123, 1899 — Pedras Brancas, Rio Grande do Sul; idem, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 400, 1907 (range); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 186, 1909— Buenos Aires (Est. San Martino Monte, Barracas al Sud), Entre Rios (La Soledad), and Santa Fe (Ocampo); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, (3), 11, p. 404, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 107 — Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 399, 1916— La Plata; Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 396 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (breeding habits); Tremoleras, El Hornero, 2, p. 24, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, Minas, Maldonado, Treinta y Tres, Cerro Largo); Renard, I.e., 2, p. 60, 1920— Canuelas, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Smyth and Serie, I.e., 3, p. 54, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 197 Publ. for 1922-23, p. 664, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 376, 1926— Chaco (Las Palmas), Buenos Aires (Lavalle), and Uruguay (San Vicente, Lazcano, Rio Negro); Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 362, 1926 — General L6pez, Santa Fe (nesting); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 218, 1927— Santa Elena, Entre Rios, and Ajo, Buenos Aires; Smyth, El Hornero, 4, p. 151, 1928 (eggs); Marelli, I.e., 5, p. 199, 1933— Fortin Chaco, Buenos Aires. Range. — Extreme southern Brazil, in State of Rio Grande do Sul; Uruguay; and northern Argentina, from the Chaco through eastern Cordoba and Santa Fe, and from Corrientes through Entre Rios, south to southern Buenos Aires (Rio Colorado).1 10: Argentina (Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 1; Ocampo, Santa Fe, 1); Uruguay (San Vicente de Castillos, Rocha, 3; San Carlos, Maldonado, 1; La Lata, Colonia, 1; Arazati, San Jose", 1; Treinta y Tres, 2). Genus LEISTES Vigors Leistes Vigors, Zool. Journ., 2, No. 6, p. 191, July, 1825 — type, by orig. desig., Oriolus americanus Gme\in=Emberiza militaris Linnaeus. Pedotribes Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 191, Oct., 1851 — type, by monotypy, Oriolus guianensis Linnaeus =Emberiza militaris Linnaeus. *Leistes militaris militaris (Linnaeus). CAYENNE RED-BREASTED BLACKBIRD. Emberiza militaris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 178, 1758 — based on "Turdus ater, pectore coccineo" Linnaeus, Mus. Adol. Frid., 1, p. 18, 1754; "in America, Asia"2 (type now in Upsala Museum; cf. Lonnberg, Bih. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., 22, Afd. 4, No. 1, p. 29, 1896). Oriolus guianensis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 162, 1766— based on "Lie Troupiale de la Guiane" Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 107, pi. 11, fig. 1; "Guiane" (type in coll. of D. de Bandeville). Oriolus americanus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, (1), p. 386, 1788— based chiefly on "Troupiale de Cayenne" Buffon and Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 236, fig. 2. Xanthornus rubricollis Hahn, Vogel aus Asien, etc., Part 5, pi. 2, 1819 — Guiana (type in Munich Museum examined). Leistes erythrothorax (Natterer MS.) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, pp. 197, 326, 1870 — Rio Madeira, Borba, Forte do Rio Branco, and Cajutuba, Brazil (type, from Cajutuba, Para, in Vienna Museum examined). Sturnella guianensis Jardine, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 20, p. 333, 1847— Tobago. 1 Four specimens from Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, agree with an Argen- tine series. 2 Surinam suggested as type locality by Berlepsch and Hartert (Nov. Zool., 9, p. 33, 1902). 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Trupialis guianensis Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 430, 1850 — Guiana and Brazil (crit.); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 260, 1856 — part, Guiana. Leistes guianensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, pp. 19, 265 — "Bogota," Colombia, and Santarem, Brazil; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 138, 1862— Trinidad, Cayenne, and "Bogota"; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 84— Trinidad; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 573, 750 — Brazil (north side of Amazon and Mexiana) and Peru (Xeberos); idem, I.e., 1869, p. 252 — plain of Valencia, Venezuela; Salvin, I.e., 1870, pp. 176, 191 — "Veragua" (locality not specified); Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 576— "Trinidad"; Sclater and Salvin, I.e., 1873, p. 267— Xeberos, Peru; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 381— Para; Allen, Bull. Essex Inst., 8, p. 79, 1876— Santare"m, Brazil; Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 427, 1884— Xeberos, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 21 (monog.); Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 218 — Yuruani River and Roraima, British Guiana; Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 348, 1886 — Panama (Mina de Chorcha), "Guayaquil" (errore), "Bogota," Trinidad, British Guiana (Georgetown), Cayenne, and Brazil (Mexiana, Rio Madeira, Cajutuba); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 458, 1887 — Panama (Mina de Chorcha and Lion Hill); Riker and Chapman, Auk, 7, p. 269, 1890— Santare"m; Chap- man, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 6, p. 37, 1894 — Cipero River, Trinidad; Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 64, 1902— David, Chiriqui; Mene- gaux, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 10, p. 183, 1904— lower Mahury, French Guiana; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 55, p. 299, 1907 — Amapa, Mexi- ana, Marajo (Sao Natal), Monte Alegre, Cussary, and Maranhao (Juta- hizal); Hagmann, Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.), 26, p. 28, 1907 — Mexiana; Penard, Vog. Guyana, 2, p. 370, 1910— Guiana (habits); Williams, Bull. Dept. Agric. Trin. Tob., 20, p. 138, 1922— Trinidad (food). Leistes americanus Cabanis, in Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 3, p. 681, "1848" — coast of British Guiana (habits); Leotaud, Ois. Trinidad, p. 279, 1866— Trinidad. Leistes guyanensis Goeldi, Ibis, 1897, p. 164 — Amapa, northern Brazil. Leistes militaris Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 14 — Brazil, Guiana, and Trinidad; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 196, 1870 — Santare"m; Lonnberg, Bih. Vetensk.-Akad. Handl., 22, Afd. 4, No. 1, p. 29, 1896 (nomencl., note on type); Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 33, 1902 — Altagracia, Rio Orinoco, and Suapure, Caura Valley, Venezuela; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 351, 1902 (monog.); Thayer and Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 46, p. 221, 1906 — savanna of Panama; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 399, 1907 (range); Hellmayr, Nov. Zool., 13, p. 21, 1906— Trinidad (Caroni and El Socorro); idem, I.e., 14, p. 10, 1907— Urucurituba, Rio Tapajoz (crit.); idem, I.e., 17, p. 283, 1910— Rio Madeira (Marmellos), Rio Preto (Santa Isabel), and Rio Machados (Maroins), Brazil; Berlepsch, I.e., 15, pp. 123, 317, 1908— Cayenne and lower Mahury, French Guiana; Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 100, 1910 — Miritiba, Maranhao; Hellmayr, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Kl. Bayr. Akad. Wiss., 26, No. 2, pp. 88, 119, 128, 1912— Para (Cajutuba, Peixe-Boi), Mexiana, and Marajo (Cachoeira); Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 65, p. 211, 1913— La Pedrita (Rio de Uracoa) 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 199 and Cano de Corozal, Orinoco Delta, Venezuela; Snethlage, Journ. Orn., 61, p. 522, 1913 — Lower Amazonia (ecology) ; idem, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, 8, p. 422, 1914— Peixe-Boi (Para), Rio Xingu (Victoria), Rio Iriri (Santa Julia), Cussary, Amapa, Mexiana, Marajo (Cambu, Pacoval, Rio Arary), Monte Alegre, and Erer6, Brazil; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 209, 1916 — Orinoco Valley, Venezuela; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 632, 1917— Rio Sinu and Barranquilla, Colombia; Beebe, Trop. Wild Life, 1, p. 137, 1917— Bartica Grove, British Guiana; Rendahl, Ark. Zool., 12, No. 8, p. 30, 1919— Pacora, Panama; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 569, 1921 — upper Takutu Mountains, Ituribisci River, Supenaam, Abary River, Georgetown, Bartica, and Roraima; Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 468, 1922 — Fundaci6n, Colombia (crit.); Hallinan, Auk, 41, p. 320, 1924— Casa Largo, Panama; Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 61, 1926— Maranhao (Sao Bento, Tury-assu). Leistes militaris erythrothorax Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 190 (in text), 1911 — lower Amazon Valley (crit.). Leistes militaris militaris Bangs and Penard, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 62, p. 86, 1918 — vicinity of Paramaribo, Surinam; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 274, 1929— Maranhao (Tury-assu, Sao Bento, Miritiba, and Mangunca Island); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 60, p. 396, 1930 — Maroins, Rio Machados, Matto Grosso; Darling- ton, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, p. 414, 1931 — Cienaga, Magdalena, Colombia; Roberts, Trop. Agric., 11, p. 99, 1934— Trinidad. Range. — Islands of Trinidad and Tobago; the Guianas; northern Brazil, east to the forested coast region of Maranhao, south to northern Matto Grosso (Rio Machados); northeastern Peru (Xebe- ros); Venezuela; northern Colombia (Cienaga and Fundacion, Magdalena; Rio Sinu and Barranquilla, Bolivar); Panama, west to Chiriqui (David; Mina de Chorcha).1 1 There is a certain amount of variation in size between specimens from differ- ent parts of the range. Trinidad birds exhibit the smallest measurements, while those from the Amazon Valley and adjacent districts frequently attain unusually large dimensions. The figures overlap, however, to such an extent that the recog- nition of a southern form, for which the name erythrothorax would be available, seems unwarranted. Certain aberrant individuals with traces of a white postocular streak have doubtless given rise to the record of L. superciliaris from Cayenne (Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 14; Berlepsch, Nov. Zool., 15, p. 123, 1908), but they merely indicate the close relationship between these two "species." Birds from Panama and "Bogota" (probably taken at the eastern base of the eastern Andes of Colombia) agree well with others from the Guianas. The locality "Guayaquil," affixed to a Kellett and Wood specimen in the British Museum, cannot be trusted, since the labels of many skins obtained by these collectors have evidently been transposed, and it is more likely to have originated in Panama. Additional material examined. — Trinidad: Chaguanas, 4; Caroni River, 2; El Socorro, 2. — British Guiana: Demerara, 2.— French Guiana: Cayenne, 2. — Dutch Guiana: near Paramaribo, 12. — Venezuela: Altagracia, Orinoco, 6; SuapurS, Caura, 4. — Brazil: Marajo Island, 3; Forte do Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 7; Cajutuba, Para, 2; Santarem, 1 ; Urucurituba, Rio Tapaj6z, 5; Borba, Rio Madeira, 1; Rio Madeira, below the mouth of the Rio Mahissy, 1; Marmellos, 2; Maroins, Rio Machados, 1; Miritiba, Maranhao, 2.— Colombia: "Bogota," 2.— Panama: Tucumay, 4. 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII 28: Panama (Balboa, Canal Zone, 3; Agua Dulce, Cods', 1); Colombia (Lorica, Bolivar, 2; "Bogota," 1); Venezuela (Encontra- dos, Zulia, 1); British Guiana (Georgetown, 2); Dutch Guiana (Paramaribo, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 5; Serra do Lua, Amazonas, 1; Itacoatiara, Rio Amazon, Amazonas, 4; Tury-assu, Maranhao, 1; Sao Bento, Maranhao, 5; Mangunga Island, Maranhao, 1). *Leistes militaris superciliaris (Bonaparte).1 SUPERCILIATED RED-BREASTED STARLING. Trupialis superciliaris (Natterer MS.) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 430, 1850 — "Mexico," errore;2 Matto Grosso (ex Natterer), suggested as type locality by Berlepsch (Nov. Zool., 15, p. 123, 1908); Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— Cordoba. Icterus militaris (not Emberiza militaris Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 4, 1838— Maldonado, Uruguay, and Santa Cruz and Chiquitos, Bolivia (spec, in Paris Museum examined); (?)Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 225, 1846— Peru. Leistes americanus (not Oriolus americanus Gmelin) Hartlaub, Syst. Ind. Azara, p. 5, 1847 — based on "Tordo degollado tercero" Azara, No. 70; Paraguay. Leistes superciliaris Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 138, 1862 — Bolivia and Rio de la Plata; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 14— part, Buenos Aires and Ceara; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 140 — Conchitas, Buenos Aires; Hudson, I.e., 1870, p. 333 — Buenos Aires; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 196, 1870— Matto Grosso (Nos Puritis, Caigara, Pansecco, Engenho do Gama, Poruti, San Xavier); Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 175 — Buenos Aires up the Parana to Baradero; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, p. 608 — Santa Cruz and Chiquitos, Bolivia; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 339 — Cabo, south of Pernambuco; White, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1882, p. 602— Salta and Buenos Aires (Salto); Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 136, 1883— Conception del Uruguay, Entre Rios (habits); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 22 — Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil up to Pernambuco (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 349, 1886 — Argentina (Conchitas, Punta Lara, Buenos Aires), Bolivia, and Brazil (Caigara, Pernambuco); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, 1 Leistes militaris superciliaris (Bonaparte) chiefly differs from the nominate race by larger bill and by having a conspicuous buffy white (in abraded plumage nearly pure white) postocular stripe in the livery of the adult male. Females and young birds are hardly distinguishable. 2 1 have not been able to trace the whereabouts of the type. Although Bona- parte ascribes the species to "Mus. Lugd." and Paris, it is not in the Paris Museum. While it may yet be found in the collections at Leiden, it should be mentioned that, according to the registers of the Vienna Museum, no specimen of Natterer's was sent to that Museum. On the other hand, the specific name originally given (in manuscript) by Natterer to the specimens collected by him in Matto Grosso strongly suggests that Bonaparte's description was based on one of his birds. Perhaps the describer's statement as to the location of the original examples was incorrect, errors of habitat and other slips being frequent throughout his writings. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 201 p. 100, 1888— Argentina (habits); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 463— Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Kerr, Ibis, 1890, p. 360 — Pilcomayo, Chaco; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 425; 1891, p. 16; 1892, p. 198— Estancia Espartillar, Buenos Aires; idem, Ibis, 1893, p. 485— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Sal- vadori, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 10, No. 208, p. 8, 1895— Colonia Risso, Paraguay; idem, I.e., 12, No. 292, p. 11, 1897— Caiza, Bolivia; Ihering, Ann. Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 123, 1899— Sao Lourenco, Rio Grande do Sul; Kerr, Ibis, 1901, p. 224— Gran Chaco, Paraguay; Lillo, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 182, 1902— Tucuman; Bruch, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 11, p. 258, 1904— Oran, Salta; Lillo, Rev. Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 46, 1905— Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 399, 1907— Sao Paulo (Itapura) and Rio Grande do Sul (Novo Hamburgo); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 403, 1910 (range in Argentina); Reiser, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 76, p. 80, 1910— Petrolina, Rio Sao Francisco, Pernambuco; Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 106 — Alto Paraguay, Bolivia; Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 393 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires (eggs descr.); Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 375, 1926 — Formosa (Formosa), Santa Fe (Santa Fe), Las Palmas (Chaco), and Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco) (crit.). Trupialis guianensis (not Oriolus guianensis Linnaeus) Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 260, 1856 — part, Santa Catharina and Monte- video; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 257, 1860 — Banda Oriental; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 490, 1861— Banda Oriental; Doering, Period. Zool. Arg., 1, p. 255, 1874 — Barrancas, Rio Guayquiraro, Corrientes. Leistes superciliaris petilus Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 24, p. 190, 1911 — Concepcion del Uruguay, Entre Rfos (type in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.); Friedmann, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 217, 1927 — Concepcion, Tucuman, and Santa Elena, Entre Rios (crit.). Leistes militaris superciliaris Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 186, 1909 — Buenos Aires (Barracas al Sud, San Martino Monte) and Entre Rios (La Soledad) (nest and eggs); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 23, p. 372, 1912 — Itape-mini, Paraguay; Bertoni, Faun. Parag., p. 66, 1914— Paraguay; Hussey, Auk, 33, p. 399, 1916— La Plata; Dab- bene, El Hornero, 1, p. 104, 1918 — Quilmes, Buenos Aires (nest); idem, I.e., 1, p. 248, 1919— Isla Martin Garcia, Buenos Aires; Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 24, 1920 — Uruguay (Canelones, Flores, San Jos6); Hellmayr, Arch. Naturg., 85, A, Heft 10, p. 34, 1920— Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, south- eastern Peru (crit.); Daguerre, El Hornero, 2, p. 271, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Seri6 and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 54, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios; Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 70, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 663, 1924— Prov. Buenos Aires; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 362, 1926— General Lopez, Santa F6; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 275, 1929— Quixada, Ceara; Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 60, p. 396, 1930 — Paraguay (Puerto Pinasco) and Matto Grosso; Laubmann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 292, 1930 —Bolivia (San Jose, La Crecencia, and Las Taperas, Santa Cruz; Villa Montes, Tarija) and Lapango, Formosa, Argentina (crit.); Marelli, El 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Hornero, 5, p. 199, 1933 — Sierra de la Ventana and Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires; Castellanos, I.e., 5, p. 334, 1934— Valle de los Reartes, Cordoba; Laubmann, Verb. Orn. Ges. Bay., 20, p. 333, 1923— Estancia La Geraldina, Santa Fe". Leistes militaris (not Emberiza militaris Linnaeus) Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, p. 42, 1926— Ceara. Pezites(l) militaris superciliaris Stone and Roberts, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 86, p. 394, 1934— Descalvados, Matto Grosso. Range. — Extreme southeastern Peru (Yahuarmayo, Sierra de Carabaya); eastern Bolivia; northern Argentina, south to La Rioja, Cordoba, and Buenos Aires (Bahia Blanca); Paraguay; Uruguay; southern and eastern Brazil (Matto Grosso; Rio Grande do Sul; Santa Catharina; Sao Paulo; Bahia; Pernambuco; Ceara).1 11 : Brazil (Quixada, Ceara, 1) ; Argentina (Conception, Tucuman, 3; Caraguatay, Misiones, 1; Iguazu, Misiones, 1; Las Rosas, Santa Fe, 1; Quilmes, Buenos Aires, 1; Barracas al Sud, Buenos Aires, 1); Paraguay (Villa Rica, 2). Genus PEZITES Cabanis Trupialis (not of Merrem, 1826) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av.f 1, (2), p. 429, 1850 — type, by subs, desig. (Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 23), Sturnus militaris Linnaeus. Pezites Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 191, Oct., 1851 — type, by subs, desig. (Gray, Cat. Gen. Subgen. Bds., p. 68, 1885), Sturnus loyca Molina. *Pezites militaris bellicosa (Filippi).2 PACIFIC RED-BREASTED STARLING. 1 Subdivision of this form on the basis of size (there are admittedly no color- characters), as has been advocated by the late Outram Bangs, appears to be impossible, and I cannot recognize the race petilus. The wings of adult males render the following figures: Nine from eastern Bolivia 96, 97, 99, 99, 100, 101, 101, 102, 104 Three from Yahuarmayo, Peru 98, 98, 102 Five from Matto Grosso 95, 96, 97, 98, 100 Two from Bahia and Ceara 100, 105 One from Pernambuco 104 Three from Buenos Aires 97, 98, 100, 102 One from Corrientes 98 One from Uruguay 95 Three specimens from northeastern Brazil agree well with those from the south, although there seems to be a certain gap in the distribution. Additional material examined. — Peru: Yahuarmayo, Carabaya, 3. — Bolivia: Santa Cruz, 14; Villa Montes, Tarija, 6.— Brazil: Ceara, 2; Petrolina, Rio Sao Francisco, Pernambuco, 1; Bahia, 1; Matto Grosso (Nos Puritis, Engenho do Gama, San Xavier, Pansecco, Caic.ara, Poruti), 8. — Argentina: Buenos Aires, 4; Corrientes, 1. — Uruguay: Maldonado, 1. 2 Pezites militaris bellicosa (Filippi) : Nearest to P. m. militaris, but with decidedly shorter bill, and the red area beneath more intensely colored, scarlet rather than pinkish. While the characters stand out quite well in a series, certain individuals ap- proach P. TO. militaris in length of bill as well as in coloration, as has been correctly 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 203 Sturnella bellicosa Filippi, Mus. Mediol., Anim. Vertebr., cl. 2, Aves, pp. 15, 32, 1847 — "Amer. trop. occ."=Lima, Peru, suggested by Zimmer (Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 434, 1930) (type in Milan Museum; cf. Salvadori, Atti Accad. Sci. Torino, 3, pp. 274, 275, 1868); Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, p. 455 — Cuenca, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1858, p. 552— Riobamba and Matos, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1860, p. 277 — Babahoyo, Ecuador; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 138, 1862 — Cuenca and Babahoyo; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, p. 985 — Arequipa, Peru; idem, I.e., 1868, p. 569 — Arequipa; Sclater, I.e., 1869, p. 147— Lima; Taczanowski, I.e., 1874, p. 523— Lima; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 423— Payta, Peru; Berlepsch and Taczanowski, I.e., 1883, p. 552 — Guayaquil, Ecuador; idem, I.e., 1885, p. 86 — Riobamba, Ecuador; Goodfellow, Ibis, 1901, p. 479 — Chimborazo, Ecuador. Pezites brevirostris Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 191, Oct., 1851 — "Brazil," errore (type in Heine Collection, now in Municipal Museum, Halberstadt). Leistes albipes Philippi and Landbeck, Anal. Univ. Chile, 19, p. 616, 1861 — "Peru"; idem, Arch. Naturg., 29, (1), p. 128, 1863— Arica, Peru (type in National Museum at Santiago de Chile; cf. Gigoux and Looser, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 13, p. 19, 1930). Sturnella militaris (not Sturnus militaris Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 8, 1838— part, Arica and Lima (spec, examined); Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 110, 1841 — part, Lima; Tschudi, Faun. Peru., Aves, p. 228, 1846 — coast region of Peru up to Surco (above Lima). Trupialis militaris Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 101, p. 911, 1898— Chile (in part). Trupialis loyca (not Sturnus loyca Molina) Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 429, 1850 — Peru and "Bolivia" (crit.); Taczanowski, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, p. 323— Tumbez, Peru; idem, I.e., 1880, p. 200— Cutervo, Peru. Sturnella loyca Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 25 (crit.). Trupialis bellicosa Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 429, 1884 — Peru (Surco, Lima, Tumbez, Cutervo, Chota, Arequipa); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 24 — western Ecuador and Peru (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 357, 1886 — western Ecuador (Cuenca, Babahoyo, Pun& Island, Guaya- quil) and Peru (Payta, Lima, Arequipa); Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, p. 378— Lima and lea, Peru; Salvin, Nov. Zool., 2, p. 10, 1895 — Cajamarca, Cajabamba, and Vina (Huamachuco), Peru; Salvadori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 14, No. 357, p. 29, 1899— Ecuador (Sig-Sig, San Miguel de Chimbo, Balzar, Puntilla de Santa Elena); Bangs and Noble, Auk, 35, p. 459, 1918 — Huancabamba, Peru; insisted upon by Mr. Zimmer. Birds from the Peruvian and Ecuadorian highlands differ from those of the coast district by, on average, larger size and more rosy, less scarlet tone of the pectoral area, but the variation appears to be due, in part at least, to seasonal rather than environmental influences. Additional material examined. — Ecuador: Puna Island, 3; Sinche, Guaranda, 2; Caraz, 2; Guallabamba, Riobamba, 1; Guayaquil, 5; Guichapa, Ona, 1; Loja, 1.— Peru: Tumbez, 3; Eten, 1; Huancabamba, 8; Banos, Cajamarca, 1; Lima, 3; lea, 3. 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 698, 1926— Ecuador (Huigra, Chunchi, Riobamba, above Chambo, Esmeraldas, Chone, Manta, Bahia de Caraques, La Plata Island, Guayaquil, Duran, Puna Island, Santa Rosa, El Paso, Loja). Pezites militaris bellicosa Zimmer, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 17, p. 434, 1930 — Huanuco, Peru (crit.); Hellmayr, I.e., 19, p. 105, 1932— northern Chile (Tacna, Chacalluta, Arica); Berlioz, Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (2), 4, p. 235, 1932— Rio San Antonio, Ecuador. Range. — Western slope (from the sea coast to the Temperate zone) of Ecuador, Peru, and extreme northern Chile (Province of Tacna). 25: Peru (Macate, 3; Cajamarca, 5; Menocucho, 4; Huanuco, 11); Chile (Chacalluta, Tacna, 2). *Pezites militaris militaris (Linnaeus). RED-BREASTED STARLING. Sturnus militaris Linnaeus, Mantissa Plant, altera, p. 527, 1771 — based on "L'Etourneau des Terres Magellaniques" Daubenton, PI. Enl., pi. 113, Straits of Magellan; Poeppig, in Froriep's Notiz. Geb. Natur- und Heil- kunde, 23, No. 18 [ = No. 502], p. 280, 1829— Rio Colorado, Santiago, Chile; Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, pp. 147, 177, 1858— Valparaiso and Quillota, Chile; Jaffuel and Pirion, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 31, p. 109, 1927 — Marga-Marga Valley, Valparaiso. Sturnus loyca Molina, Saggio Stor. Nat. Chile, pp. 254, 345, 1782— Chile. Oriolus albistriatus Hermann, Tabl. Aff. Anim., p. 204 (note), 1783 — based on "L'Etourneau des Terres Magellaniques" Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois., 3, p. 197. Sturnus albiflorus Boddaert, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 7, Dec., 1783 — based on Dau- benton, PI. Enl., pi. 113. Icterus militaris Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. Leop.-Carol., 16, Suppl., p. 83, 1834— Chile; Cunningham, Ibis, 1868, p. 126— Gregory, S. Jago, and Possession Bays, Straits of Magellan. Sturnella militaris Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, cl. 2, p. 8, 1838— part, Patagonia and Chile; Vigors, Zool. Capt. Beechey's Voy., p. 20, 1839 — Concepcion, Chile; Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 110, 1841— part, Straits of Magellan; Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1844, p. 157— Chile; Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp., 8, p. 113, 1848— Chile; Bibra, Denks. Math.-Naturw. Kl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 5, p. 129, 1853— Chile; Cassin, in Gilliss, U. S. Nav. Astron. Exp., 2, p. 179, pi. 16, fig. 2, 1855— Chile; Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise, 1, p. 121, 1858— San Tome, Concepcion, Chile; Germain, Prbc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 7, p. 312, 1860— Santiago, Chile (breeding habits); Frauenfeld, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 10, Abhandl., p. 637, 1860 — near Valparaiso, Chile; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 138, 1862— part, spec, a, c, Chile; Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 24— Chile; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, pp. 323, 338— Chile; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1868, p. 186— Cape Possession, Magellan Straits; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1872, p. 548 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 205 —Rio Negro, Patagonia; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 49, p. 546, 1877 —plains of Cauquenes, Colchagua, Chile; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 33— Chubut Valley, Patagonia (breeding); idem, Ibis, 1878, p. 394— Chubut; Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881, p. 7— Peckett Harbour, Straits of Magellan; Salvin, I.e., 1883, p. 422— Coquimbo, Chile. Leistes americanus (not Oriolus americanus Gmelin) Des Murs, in Gay, Hist. Pol. Fis. Chile, Zool., 1, p. 350, 1847— Chile; Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile, 31, p. 263, 1868— Chile; Landbeck, Zool. Garten, 18, p. 252, 1877— Chile (habits); Lataste, Act. Soc. Scient. Chili, 3, pp. cxiv, cxv, 1893 — Bureo, Nuble, and Ninhue, Maule; Waugh and Lataste, I.e., 4, pp. Ixxxvi, clxxii, 1894 — Pefiaflor, Santiago, and San Alfonso, Quillota, Chile; Lataste, I.e., 5, p. xxxiv, 1895 — Caillihue, Curico, Chile. Sturnus americanus Gay, Hist. Pol. Fis. Chile, Atlas, Ois., pi. 5; Boeck, Nau- mannia, 1855, p. 503 — Valdivia, Chile. Sturnella brevirostris (not Pezites brevirostris Cabanis) Pelzeln, Reise Novara, Zool., 1, Vb'gel, p. 89, 1865 — Chile (spec, examined ;= young). Trupialis loyca Burmeister, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 257, 1860— Mendoza (breed- ing); idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 491, 1861 — Mendoza; Stempelmann and Schulz, Bol. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 10, p. 399, 1890— Cordoba; C. Burmeister, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3, p. 318, 1890— Rio Chubut, Patagonia. Trupialis militaris Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 23 — part, Chile and Patagonia; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 356, 1886— part, spec. a-«, Coquimbo, Chile; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 104, 1888 — part, Argentina (habits); Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 2, p. 84, 1889— Valparaiso; Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 12, p. 132, 1889— Gregory Bay and Laredo Bay, Magellan Straits; Oustalet, Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Zool., 6, p. B.103, 1891 — Arroyo Moreno, Santa Cruz, Missioneros, and Punta- renas, Patagonia; Koslowsky, Rev. Mus. La Plata, 6, p. 291, 1895 — Catamarca; Reed, Anal. Univ. Chile, 93, p. 200, 1896— Chile; Holland, Ibis, 1896, p. 316; idem, Ibis, 1897, p. 286— Santa Elena, Entre Rios;1 Lane, Ibis, 1897, p. 26— Hacienda Mansel (Santiago), Calle-calle (Val- divia), Colico (Arauco), and south to Chilo6; Schalow, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., 4, p. 721, 1898— Ovalle, Coquimbo, Serena, and Santiago, Chile; Albert, Anal. Univ. Chile, 101, p. 911, 1898— Chile (in part); Salvadori, Anal. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 622, 1900— part, Santa Cruz, Puntarenas, Gregory Bay, and Isla Pav6n, Patagonia; Arribalzaga, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 8, p. 168, 1902— Lago del General Paz, Chubut; Crawshay, Bds. Tierra del Fuego, p. 57 (with col. plate), 1907 —San Sebastian Settlement; Lillo, Apunt. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 44, 1909— Maimara, Jujuy; Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 187, 1909 — Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 404, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 108— Los Ynglases and Tuju, Ajo, Buenos Aires ("breeding");1 Dabbene, Bol. Soc. Physis, 1, p. 366, 1914— Maimara, Jujuy; Sanzin, El Hornero, 1, p. 152, 1918— Jocoli, Mendoza; Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 397— Cape San Antonio, 1(The statement that the species breeds around Santa Elena is certainly erroneous, the nest and eggs described being no doubt those of T. defilippii. 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Buenos Aires ("breeding, nest, and eggs");1 Barros, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 24, p. 150, 1920— Nilahue, Curico, Chile; idem, I.e., 25, p. 192, 1921— Cordillera of Aconcagua, Chile; Renard, El Hornero, 2, p. 60, 1920 — Canuelas, Buenos Aires; Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271, 1922 — Rosas, Buenos Aires; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 174, 1923— Conhello, F.C.O., Argentina; Bullock, I.e., 3, p. 94, 1923— Chile (nest); Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 664, 1924 — Bahia Blanca, Prov. Buenos Aires; Reed, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 28, p. 57, 1924— Lampa, Santiago; Housse, I.e., 29, p. 148, 1925 — San Bernardo, Santiago, Chile; Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 362, 1926— General Lopez, Santa Fe; Pereyra, I.e., 4, p. 34, 1927— Conhello, Pampa; Bullock, Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat., 33, pp. 125, 186, 1929 — Cerro de Nahuelbuta and Angol, Malleco, Chile; Budin, El Hornero, 4, p. 411, 1931 — Maimara, Jujuy; Castellanos, I.e., 5, p. 333, 1934 — Los Reartes, Cordoba. Leistes superciliaris (not Trupialis superciliaris Bonaparte) Fuentes, Bol. Mus. Nac. Santiago, 7, p. 291, 1914 — Easter Island (introduced); Lonn- berg, in Skottsberg, Nat. Hist. Juan Fernandez, 3, p. 19, 1921 — Easter Island (ex Fuentes). Trupialis militaris militaris Paessler, Journ. Orn., 70, p. 481, 1922 — Coronel, Chile (habits, nest, and eggs); Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 65, p. 337, 1923 — Puesto Horno, San Antonio, Maquinchao, Huanuluan, and Bari- loche, north Patagonia; Wetmore, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 24, p. 456, 1926 — Rio Negro (Valcheta, Paja Alta, Nahuel Niyeu, Arroyo Cumallo); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 373, 1926— Argentina (Cape San Antonio, Lavalle, Carhue, etc., Buenos Aires; General Roca, Rio Negro; Zapala, Neuquen; Victorica, Pampa; Tunuyan, Mendoza), and Chile (Con con, Valparaiso); Stone, Rep. Princet. Univ. Exp. Patag., 2, (1), Zool., p. 851, 1928 — Patagonia (Palaike, Rio Gallegos, Mount Observation); Laub- mann, Wissens. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 293, 1930 — La Falda, Sierra de Cordoba; Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 199, 1933— southern Buenos Aires. Pezites militaris militaris Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 19, p. 103, 1932— Chile (monog.). Range. — Chile, from Atacama south to the Straits of Magellan, and throughout Patagonia north to the Rio Colorado, migrating in winter to northern Argentina (as far north as Entre Rios, Santa Fe, and Jujuy);2 introduced on Easter Island. 24: Chile (Ramadilla, Copiapo Valley, Atacama, 1; Caldera, Atacama, 3; Romero, Coquimbo, 1; Paiguano, Coquimbo, 1; Pal- 1 The breeding records by Grant and Gibson must be due to confusion with T. defilippii. 2 Chilean birds are generally smaller than others from southern Patagonia, but as similarly short-winged examples are also found in Buenos Aires the geo- graphic nature of this variation remains to be proved. Taczanowski's record (Orn. Per., 2, p. 428, 1884) from Moquegua, Peru, based upon specimens in the Raimondi Collection, can hardly be correct. Additional material examined. — Argentina: Maimara, Jujuy, 1; Casa Lata, Neuquen, 2; Bajada Colorada, Neuquen, 2; Rio Limay, Neuquen, 2; vicinity of Buenos Aires, 6. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 207 milla, La Cruz, Valparaiso, 1; Hacienda Gualpencillo, Conception, 1; Rifiihue, Valdivia, 1; Mafil, Valdivia, 5; Puerto Montt, Llanqui- hue, 1; Rio Nirehuau, Llanquihue, 1); Argentina (Maimard, Jujuy, 1; Buenos Aires, 1; Rivadavia, Chubut, 2; Puesto Burro, Chubut, 1; San Jose", Catamarca, 1 ; Rio Gallegos, Patagonia, 1 ; Porvenir, Tierra del Fuego, 1). Pezites militaris falklandicus (Leverkiihn).1 FALKLAND RED- BREASTED STARLING. Trupialis militaris (L.) subsp. falklandica Leverkiihn, Journ. Orn., 37, p. 108, 1889 — Insulas Falklandicas (type in Kiel Museum, now in Berlin Museum, examined). Sturnella militaris (not Sturnus militaris Linnaeus) Gould, in Darwin, Zool. Beagle, 3, Birds, p. 110, 1841 — part, Falkland Islands; idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 94— Falkland Islands (nest and eggs descr.); Sclater, I.e., 1860, p. 385— Falklands; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 153— East Falk- land (breeding habits); Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 138, 1862 — part, spec, b, Falkland Islands; Vallentin, Mem. & Proc. Manchester Lit. Philos. Soc., 48, No. 23, p. 44, 1904— Berkley Sound and Roy Cove (eggs descr.). Trupialis militaris Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 23— part, Falkland Islands; idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 356, 1886— part, spec, f-i, Falklands; Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 104, 1888 — part, Falkland Islands; Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Geneva, 40, p. 622, 1900— part, Keppel Island, Falklands. Troupialis falklandicus Brooks, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 61, p. 160, 1917— Falklands. Trupialis militaris falklandicus Ware, El Hornero, 2, p. 204, 1921 — Falklands. Trupialis falklandicus Bennett, Ibis, 1926, p. 333— Falkland Islands. Range. — Falkland Islands. *Pezites defilippii (Bonaparte). FILIPPI'S RED-BREASTED STARLING. Trupialis defilippii Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Av., 1, (2), p. 429, 1850 — "ex Bras., Parag., Montevideo" (the type examined in the Paris Museum is from Montevideo, Uruguay); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 24 — Argentina (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 357, 1886— Argentina (Buenos Aires) and Uruguay (Montevideo); Sclater and Hudson, Arg. Orn., 1, p. 105, 1888 — northern Argentina and Uruguay (habits); Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 464— Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 174 — Uruguay (Santa Elena, Soriano; Porongos, Flores); Holland, Ibis, 1895, p. 215 — Santa Elena, Entre Rlos (nest and eggs); Ihering, Ann. 1 Pezites militaris falklandicus (Leverkuhn): Similar to P. m. militaris, but with much longer, heavier bill, and outermost rectrix with apical half of outer web and a small spot on the tip of the inner web pure white. Wing (one unsexed adult, the type), 133; tail, 99; bill, 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Est. Rio Grande do Sul, 16, p. 123, 1899 — Sao Lourenco and Jaguarao, Rio Grande do Sul; Gosse, in Fitzgerald, The Highest Andes, p. 351, 1899 — Mendoza; Lillo, Revista Letr. y Cienc. Soc., 3, No. 13, p. 46, 1905— Valle de Santa Maria, Tucuman; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 400, 1907 (range); Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 404, 1910 (range in Argentina); Grant, Ibis, 1911, p. 108 — Los Ynglases, Ajo, Buenos Aires ("autumnal visitor"!); Gibson, Ibis, 1918, p. 397 — Cape San Antonio, Buenos Aires ("autumnal visitor"); Marelli, El Hornero, 1, p. 227, 1919— Buenos Aires (food); Tremoleras, I.e., 2, p. 24, 1920— Uruguay (Canelones, Flores, San Jose', Cerro Largo); Daguerre, I.e., 2, p. 271, 1922— Rosas, Buenos Aires; Serie and Smyth, I.e., 3, p. 54, 1923— Santa Elena, Entre Rios (breeding; nest and eggs descr.); Giacomelli, I.e., 3, p. 70, 1923— La Rioja; Pereyra, I.e., 3, p. 173, 1923— Zelaya, Buenos Aires; Marelli, Mem. Min. Obr. Publ. for 1922-23, p. 664, 1924— Buenos Aires; Wetmore, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 133, p. 374, 1926— Buenos Aires (Carhue, Guamini); Wilson, El Hornero, 3, p. 362, 1926— General Lopez, Santa Fe (breeding); Laubmann, Wiss. Erg. Deuts. Gran Chaco Exp., Vogel, p. 294, 1930— La Germania, Santa Fe; Marelli, El Hornero, 5, p. 199, 1933 — southern Buenos Aires. Sturnella De Filippii Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 25 — "Brazil" (crit.). Sturnella militaris (not Sturnus militaris Linnaeus) Lafresnaye and d'Orbigny, Syn. Av., 2, in Mag. Zool., 8, el. 2, p. 8, 1838 — part, Montevideo and Corrientes; Sclater, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 138, 1862— Rio de la Plata and Montevideo; Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 161 — Buenos Aires; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 132 — Frayle Muerto (west of Rosario), Cordoba; Durnford, Ibis, 1876, p. 159; idem, Ibis, 1877, p. 175— neighbor- hood of Buenos Aires; Doering, in Roca, Inf. Of. Exp. Rio Negro, Zool., p. 41, 1881 — Pampa of Buenos Aires; Barrows, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 8, p. 13.6, 1883 — Pampa south of Buenos Aires; Holmberg, Act. Acad. Nac. Cienc. Cordoba, 5, p. 83, 1884 — La Tinta and Collon-gueyu, Buenos Aires. Pezites militaris Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 1, p. 191, 1851 (crit.). Trupialis militaris Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras., 3, p. 261, 1856 — Rio Grande do Sul, Montevideo, and "Paraguay"; idem, Journ. Orn., 8, p. 257, 1860— Banda Oriental; idem, Reise La Plata St., 2, p. 490, 1861 — Banda Oriental and Argentina (Rosario and Parana). Trupialis militaris defilippii Sztolcman, Ann. Zool. Mus. Pol. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 196, 1926— Pinheirinhos, Parana. Range. — Extreme southern Brazil (states of Rio Grande do Sul and Parana); Uruguay; northern Argentina, from Buenos Aires, Entre Rios, and Corrientes west to Mendoza, and north to Tucuman.1 1 The breeding range of Filippi's Red-breasted Starling remains yet to be determined. It apparently breeds in Santa Fe (Wilson), Entre Rios (Smyth and Seri6), as well as in the vicinity of Buenos Aires. Grant and Gibson, it is true, state that T. m. militaris breeds and is a common resident in the Ajo district, Buenos Aires, whereas T. defilippii appears there merely as an "autumnal visitor," 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 209 13: Argentina (Las Rosas, Santa Fe, 6; Buenos Aires, 1) ; Uruguay (Piedra del Toro, Canelones, 6). Genus STURNELLA Vieillot Sturnella Vieillot, Anal. Nouv. Orn. Ele"m., p. 34, 1816 — type, by monotypy, "Stourne, ou Merle a fer-a-cheval" BuSon=Alauda magna Linnaeus. Cirulus Bredow, Arch. Naturg., 3, (1), p. 413 (in text), 1837— type, by orig. desig., Cirulus pratensis Bredow = A lauda magna Linnaeus. Pedopsaris Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- und Hilfsbuch Naturg., 1, p. 292, 1841— type, by orig. desig., Sturnus ludovicianus Linnaeus. *Sturnella magna magna (Linnaeus). EASTERN MEADOWLARK. Alauda magna Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 167, 1758 — based on "The Large Lark" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 33, pi. 33; "in America, Africa" = South Carolina (ex Catesby). Sturnus ludovicianus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 1, p. 290, 1766 — based on "L'Etourneau de la Louisiane" Brisson, Orn., 2, p. 449, pi. 42, fig. 2; Louisiana (type in Reaumur Collection). Cacicus alaudarius Daudin, Traite" Ele"m. d'Orn., 2, p. 325, 1800 — new name for Alauda magna Linnaeus. Sturnella collaris Vieillot, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., nouv. &L, 32, p. 203, 1819 — new name for Alauda magna Linnaeus. Cirulus pratensis Bredow, Arch. Naturg., 3, (1), p. 413, 1837 — new name for Alauda magna Linnaeus and Sturnus ludovicianus Linnaeus.1 Sturnella ludoviciana Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 23 (monog.); Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 25 (monog.). Sturnella magna a. subsp. typica Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 359, 1886— eastern United States. Sturnella magna magna Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 357, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.). Range. — Breeds in the Transition and upper Austral zones from eastern Minnesota, southern Ontario and Quebec, and New Bruns- wick south to northern Texas, Missouri, and North Carolina, and but this record is in absolute disagreement with the observations of Hudson, Durnford, Withington, and Venturi, all of whom list T. defilippii as the only Marsh- starling breeding in the neighborhood of the Argentine capital, and must be due to some confusion. The same remark applies to Holland's notes (in Ibis, 1895, p. 215; 1896, p. 316), who claims that both T. defilippii and T. militaris are met with during the breeding season around Santa Elena, Entre Rlos, where only the first- named has since been found to nest. T. defilippii, with black under-wing coverts, is probably but a geographical race of the T. militaris group. Specimens from Rio Grande do Sul (Sao Lourenco) agree with others from Uruguay and Buenos Aires. 1 Although Moritz's observations on the habits, nest, and eggs refer to the form of Meadowlark breeding on the savannas around Valencia, Venezuela (S. TO. paralios Bangs), Bredow's name, as it stands, is merely a rebaptizing of Alauda magna Linnaeus. 210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII west to western Nebraska, Kansas, and northwestern Texas; winters from the Potomac and Ohio valleys south to the Gulf states, and north locally to the Great Lakes and Maine. 51: Massachusetts (Chatham, 2; Yarmouth, 3); Connecticut (East Hartford, 6); New York (Auburn, 1; Long Island, 1; Suffolk County, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 13); Illinois (Grand Chain, 6; Chicago, 3; Brainerd, 1; Glenview, 1; Fox Lake, 2; Momence, 1; Worth, 1; Lewiston, 1; Beach, 1; Olive Branch, 1; Joliet, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 3; Bluffton, 1); Georgia (Roswell, 1). *Sturnella magna argutula Bangs. SOUTHERN MEADOWLARK. Sturnella magna argutula Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. CL, 1, p. 28, Feb., 1899 — Dunedin, Hillsboro County, Florida (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 419, 1930); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 360, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Holt and Sutton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 16, p. 434, 1926 — Long Pine Key, Flamingo, Everglades, and Cape Sable, Florida; Worthington and Todd, Wils. Bull., 38, p. 215, 1926— Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida (crit.). Range. — Lower Austral zone from southern Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and South Carolina south to Florida and the coast of Louisiana and southeastern Texas. 41: Florida (Gainesville, 6; Wilson, 8; Mary Esther, 3; Cutler, 4; W'est Jupiter, 2; Jupiter, 1; Indian River, 1; Banana River, 3; Pine Island, 2; Homestead, 1; New River, 1; Nassau County, 2; Enter- prise, 2; Georgiana, 1; New Berlin, 1; Dunedin, 1; Starke, 1); Louisiana (Buras, 1). *Sturnella magna hippocrepis (Wagler).1 CUBAN MEADOWLARK. Sturnus hippocrepis Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 281 (in text) — Cuba (location of type not stated). Sturnella hippocrepis Gundlach and Cabanis, Journ. Orn., 4, p. 14, 1856 — Cuba (habits, nest, eggs, crit.); Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 7, p. 266, 1860— Cuba (crit.); Sclater, Ibis, 1861, p. 179— Cuba (crit.); Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 24— Cuba (monog.); Gund- lach, Journ. Orn., 22, p. 133, 1874— Cuba (crit., habits); Cory, Auk, 3, p. 222, 1886— Cuba (descr.); idem, Auk, 8, p. 294, 1891— Cuba; idem, Bds. W. Ind., p. 109, 1889— Cuba (descr.); idem, Cat. W. Ind. Bds., pp. 110, 129, 1892— Cuba and Isle of Pines; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 4, p. 304, 1892— Trinidad, Cuba (crit., song); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 368, 1902— Cuba and Isle of Pines (monog.) ; Bangs and Zappey, Amer. Natur., 39, p. 212, 1905 — Santa Fe, Isle of Pines. 1 Sturnella magna hippocrepis (Wagler) is most closely related to S. m. argutula, as has been pointed out by Todd. We have nothing to add to his remarks. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 211 Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnaeus) Vigors, Zool. Journ., 3, p. 442, 1827— Cuba. Sturnella ludoviciana hippocrepis Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 25 — Cuba (monog.). Sturnella magna subsp. hippocrepis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, pp. 359, 360, 1886— San Cristobal, Cuba. Sturnella magna hippocrepis Todd, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 10, p. 272, 1916 — Bibijagua and Los Indies, Isle of Pines (crit.); Barbour, Mem. Nutt. Orn. Cl., 6, p. 126, 1923— Cuba (habits); Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 81, art. 2, p. 37, 1932— Gibara, Cuba. Range. — Island of Cuba, including Isle of Pines, Greater Antilles. 15: Cuba (eastern Cuba, 1; Havana, 2; Palacios, 4; San Diego de los Banos, 1; Artemisa, Pinar del Rio, 2; unspecified, 2); Isle of Pines, 3. *Sturnella magna hoopesi Stone. Rio GRANDE MEADOWLARK. Sturnella magna hoopesi Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1897, p. 149, April, 1897 — Brownsville, Texas (type in coll. of Josiah Hoopes, now in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 26, 1899); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 361, 1902 — part, southeastern Texas; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 23, 1926— Brownsville. Range. — Southeastern United States, in central-southern Texas to lower Rio Grande Valley and adjacent parts of Tamaulipas (Matamoros). 30: Texas (Port O'Connor, 2; Seadrift, 1; Corpus Christi, 18; Port Lavaca, 5; Brownsville, 3; Cameron County, 1). *Sturnella magna lilianae Oberholser.1 LILIANA'S MEADOWLARK. Sturnella magna lilianae Oberholser, Sci. Pub. Cleveland Mus. N. H., 1, p. 103, pi. 18, Dec., 1930— Huachuca Mountains, Arizona (type in Cleve- land Museum). Sturnella magna hoopesi (not of Stone) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 361, 1902 — part, New Mexico and southern Arizona. Sturnella magna mexicana (not of Sclater) Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 5, p. 37, 1893 — Chihuahua (San Diego) and Sonora (San Pedro, Cachuta, Nacory). Range. — Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, south to the northern plateau region of Sonora and Chihuahua. 2: Arizona (Sonoita, Santa Cruz County, 2). 1 Sturnella magna lilianae Oberholser: Similar to S. m. hoopesi, but wings longer, other proportions smaller, particularly the feet; upper parts much paler, more grayish ; the dusky bars on wings and tail still narrower and even more dis- connected; under parts on average still more deeply golden yellow. Wing of male (average), 119; tail, 69; bill, 32 (Oberholser, I.e.). 212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII *Sturnella magna auropectoralis Saunders.1 JALISCAN MEADOWLARK. Sturnella magna auropectoralis Saunders, Auk, 51, p. 42, Jan., 1934 — Tuxpan, Jalisco, Mexico (type in Field Museum). Sturnella magna mexicana (not of Sclater) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 362, 1902 — part, Guanajuato, Durango, Jalisco, and Tepic; Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.f 21, p. 360, 1905— Escuinapa, Sinaloa. Sturnella magna alticola (not of Nelson) Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 404, 1934 — part, Jalisco and Tepic. Range. — Breeds in southwestern and central Mexico, from Michoacan and Guanajuato west and north to Jalisco, Durango, and Sinaloa; winters as far north as Mazatlan, Sinaloa. 6: Mexico (Tuxpan, Jalisco, 6). *Sturnella magna alticola Nelson.? HIGHLAND MEADOWLARK. Sturnella magna alticola Nelson, Auk, 17, p. 266, 1900 — Ocuilapa, Chiapas, Mexico (type in U. S. National Museum); Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 6, p. 825, 1910— Costa Rica (Guayabo, Bonflla, Alaju&a, Carrillo, etc.; habits); Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 389, 1932— Tecpam and San Antonio, western Guatemala; idem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, pp. 402, 404, 1934 — Chilpancingo, Guerrero (crit., range in part). Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linnaeus) Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, p. 436, 1827— Real del Monte, Hidalgo(?); Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 456, 1887 — part, Mexico (?Real del Monte, ?Valley of Mexico, Llano de Chapulco, Chietla, Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Barrio, Santa Efigenia), Guatemala (Duenas), and Costa Rica; Under- wood, Ibis, 1896, p. 437— Miravalles, Costa Rica. Sturnella hippocrepis (not Sturnus hippocrepis Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 381— Oaxaca; Sclater and Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 19 — Duenas, Guatemala; idem, Ibis, 1860, p. 34 — Duenas. Sturnella mexicana Sclater, Ibis, 3, p. 179, 1861 — part, Orizaba; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 139, 1862 — part, spec, c, d, "Mexico (Botteri" = 1 Sturnella magna auropectoralis Saunders: Most closely related to S. m. lilianae, which it resembles in having the third rectrix (from without) entirely or almost entirely white; in golden orange tone of the breast (veiled with pale saffron in winter plumage) ; in whiteness of cheeks in breeding dress; in shortness of tarsus and tail; in shallow jugular crescent and restriction of yellow to the throat region; but differs by shorter wings, much darker upper parts, the interscapulars being dominantly black with relatively smaller distal spots and bars of brown, and by having the dark bars on upper tail coverts and median rectrices heavily confluent. It agrees with S. m. alticola in dark coloration of dorsal parts and upper tail coverts, as well as in markings of median rectrices, but has different proportions (longer wings, shorter tail and tarsus) and may also be separated by certain color-charac- ters (no dusky border to the third rectrix; yellow of throat more restricted; breast more orange yellow; cheeks pure white, etc.). Wing, (males) 114-118, (female) 105; tail, 67 Y2, (female) 62; bill, 29-31 (Saunders, I.e.). 2 Sturnella magna alticola Nelson, according to Griscom, is close to S. m. mexicana, but larger. The tail pattern is nearly the same, though averaging even more white, the outer webs of the lateral rectrices being often devoid of any ter- minal dusky streak or this greatly reduced. Wing (males), 113-116. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 213 Orizaba; (?)idem, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, p. 175— vicinity of Mexico City. Sturnella magna var. mexicana Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, p. 24, 1876 — Barrio and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca. Sturnella magna mexicana Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 9, p. 152, 1886— Llano de Chapulco and Chietla, Puebla; Zeled6n, Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, 1, p. 112, 1887— Costa Rica (San Jos6, Alajuela, Cartago, Santa Ana); Cherrie, Auk, 7, p. 334, 1890— San Jose1, Costa Rica; idem, Auk, 9, p. 250, 1892— San Jose"; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 362, 1902 — Mexico and Guatemala (in part); Bangs and Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, p. 403, 1928— Chivela, Oaxaca. Sturna magna subsp. mexicana Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 360, 1886— part, spec. c(?), d, j-n, Mexico (near Mexico City?), Guatemala (Dueftas), and Costa Rica (San Jos6, Volcan de Cartago, Irazu). Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnaeus) Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 317 — Siquatepeque, Honduras; Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y.f 9, p. 104, 1868— San Jose, Costa Rica; Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, p. 59— Cartago, Costa Rica. Sturnella (?) Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 552, 1869— part, temperate region of Vera Cruz. Sturnella magna inexpectata (not of Ridgway, 1888) Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 364, 1902— part, Costa Rica; Ferry, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Orn. Ser., 1, p. 280, 1910— Guayabo, Costa Rica. Range. — Southern portion of the Mexican plateau, from western Vera Cruz (Orizaba)1 and Puebla south to Oaxaca and southern Chiapas (Tonala) and through the highlands of Guatemala and Honduras to Nicaragua and Costa Rica.2 19: Nicaragua (San Rafael del Norte, Matagalpa, 2); Costa Rica (Guayabo, 5; San Jose*, 2; Or6si, Cartago, 4; Juan Vifias, Cartago, 1; Cartago, 2; Heredia, 1; Limon, 1; Agua Caliente, 1). *Sturnella magna mexicana Sclater.3 MEXICAN MEADOWLARK. Sturnella mexicana Sclater, Ibis, 3, p. 179, 1861 — part, Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico (type in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum);4 idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 139, 1862— part, spec, b, Jalapa (de Oca). 1 Owing to absence of material, it is impossible to ascertain whether the birds recorded from the states of Hidalgo and Mexico are referable to S. m. alticola or S. m. auropectoralis. 2 A large series from the highlands of Costa Rica compared with two from Oaxaca. Some specimens are barely distinguishable from S. m. inexpectata. 3 Sturnella magna mexicana Sclater is characterized by Griscom as a small race with short blunt culmen, long slender legs, and long tail; the three outer tail feathers marked with a short, dusky streak near the end of the outer web, and the fourth rectrix with far more white than dusky on the inner web. Although I have not sufficient material upon which to base an opinion, I am not yet convinced of its distinctness from S. m. alticola, since both tail markings and size show considerable individual variation. Five specimens from Jalapa examined. 4 Though not indicated as such, specimen b (Jalapa; de Oca) of subsp. mexi- cana (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 360) is evidently the type. 214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sturnella hippocrepis (not Sturnus hippocrepis Wagler) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, p. 301— near Cordoba; (?)Moore, I.e., 1859, p. 58— part, town of Mexico; Sclater, I.e., 1859, p. 365 — Jalapa, Vera Cruz. (^Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnaeus) Boucard, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 446 — Rio Lagartos, Yucatan. Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linnaeus) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 456, 1887 — part, Mexico (Jalapa; ?Rio Lagartos). Sturnella magna subsp. mexicana Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 360, 1886 — part, spec, b, Jalapa. Sturnella magna mexicana Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 404, 1934— lowlands of Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, and Chiapas (crit.). C!)Sturnella magna subsp. Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 404, 1934 — Rio Lagartos, Yucatan (crit.). Sturnella (?) Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1, p. 552, 1869— part, hot region of Vera Cruz. Sturnella magna inexpectata Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 364, 1902 — part, lowlands of Vera Cruz (Minatitlan) and Chiapas (Palenque). Range. — Caribbean slopes and lowlands of southeastern Mexico, in states of Vera Cruz (Minatitlan, Jalapa, etc.), Tabasco, Chiapas (Palenque), and (?) Yucatan (Rio Lagartos).1 1: Yucatan (Rio Lagartos, 1). Sturnella magna inexpectata Ridgway.2 HONDURAN MEADOW- LARK. Sturnella magna inexpectata3 Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 10, p. 587, Aug., 1888 — Segovia River, Honduras (type in U. S. National Museum); idem, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 364, 1902— part, Honduras (Segovia River); Huber, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 84, p. 249, 1932— savanna near Prinzapolka, Nicaragua; Stone, I.e., p. 335, 1932 — part, Segovia River, Honduras; Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 404, 1934 — Caribbean lowlands from Peten to northeastern Nicaragua (crit.). 1 The status of the Yucatan form is doubtful. A single example examined by Griscom resembles S. m. mexicana, but is considerably paler and duller yellow below. Boucard was the first to record it from the Rio Lagartos, and there are also two specimens in the British Museum obtained by Gaumer in the same district. 2 Sturnella magna inexpectata Ridgway is exceedingly close to, and of the same small size as S. m. mexicana, but perhaps distinguishable, as pointed out by Griscom, by having the sides of the chest more heavily marked with blackish and in the greater amount of the dusky color on the distal portion of the lateral rectrices. Wing (male), 97-105. This rather ill-defined race is a southern ally of S. m. mexicana, which it re- places in the Caribbean lowlands of Guatemala to Nicaragua. It is said to "inter- grade" with S. m. alticola, found in the highlands of Central America. Material from its supposed range being altogether inadequate, more information regarding its characters and variation is urgently needed. I am rather skeptical about the existence of two zonal representatives of the Meadowlark in Central America. 3 Misspelled "inexspectata." 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 215 Sturnella hippocrepis (not Sturnus hippocrepis Wagler) Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, p. 58 — part, near Belize, British Honduras. Sturnella magna subsp. mexicana (not of Sclater, 1861) Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 360, 1886— part, spec, i, Poctum, Guatemala. Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linnaeus) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 456, 1887— part, British Honduras (Belize) and Guatemala (Poctum). Sturnella magna mexicana Griscom, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 64, p. 389, 1932 — savannas of Pet6n, Guatemala. Range. — Pineland savannas of the Caribbean lowlands of Guate- mala (Pete"n), British Honduras, Honduras (Segovia River), and Nicaragua (Prinzapolka). Sturnella magna subulata Griscom.1 CHIRIQU! MEADOWLARK. Sturnella magna subulata Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 405, 1934 — Boquete, Pacific slope of Chiriqui, Panama (type in Museum of Com- parative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.). Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, p. 142— near David, Chiriqui; Salvin, I.e., p. 142, 1867— David; idem, I.e., 1870, p. 191— Veraguas (CaloveVora, Chitra, Calobre). Sturnella mexicana (not of Sclater) Lawrence, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., 8, p. 177, 1865— David, Chiriqui. Sturnella magna subsp. mexicana Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 360, 1886 — part, spec, o-q, Veraguas (Castillo, Calove"vora) and Chiriqui. Sturnella magna inexpectata (not of Ridgway, 1888) Bangs, Auk, 18, p. 370, 1901— David, Chiriqui; idem, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 3, p. 64, 1902— Boquete, Chiriqui; Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 364, 1902 — part, Chiriqui and Veraguas. Sturnella magna (not Alauda magna Linnaeus) Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, 1, p. 456, 1887 — part, Panama. Range. — Pacific slope of western Panama, from the Volcan de Chiriqui east to Agua Dulce. *Sturnella magna meridionalis Sclater. SOUTHERN MEADOW- LARK. Sturnella meridionalis Sclater, Ibis, 3, p. 179, 1861 — "New Granada and Venezuela" (type, from "Bogota," Colombia, in coll. of P. L. Sclater, now in British Museum);2 idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 138, 1862— part, New Granada. 1 Sturnella magna subulata Griscom : Nearest to S. m. alticola, but smaller, with slenderer bill and shorter tarsus; coloration pretty much the same, possibly the under parts very slightly deeper yellow. Wing (males), 100-103; tail, 62-66; tarsus, 40-42; bill, 22-24. Three specimens from Boquete, Chiriqui, examined. 2 The type, though not indicated as such, is spec, d, Bogota (Bell) of subsp. meridionalis (Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 360, 1886). A topotype from the same source, obtained in exchange from P. L. Sclater, is in the Vienna Museum. 216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnaeus) Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, p. 29— Bogota (crit.); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 330— La Cruz and Cocuta Valley, Santander. Sturnella ludoviciana meridionalis Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 26 — part, Bogota (crit.). Sturnella magna subsp. meridionalis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 360, 1886 — part, spec, c, d, Bogota. Sturnella magna meridionalis Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 36, p. 632, 1917 — slopes below Fucatativa, Bogota savanna, La Holanda, La Herrera, Chipaque, Choachi, and Quetama, eastern Andes, Colombia (crit.); idem, I.e., 63, p. 133, 1931 — eastern Andes of Colombia to Merida, Venezuela (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 405, 1934 — Colombia (crit.). Range. — Temperate zone of the eastern Andes of Colombia (in states of Cundinamarca and Santander) and adjacent parts of western Venezuela (Sierra of MeYida).1 6: Colombia (La Holanda, Cundinamarca, 1; La Herrera, Cun- dinamarca, 1; "Bogota," 1); Venezuela (El Valle, Me"rida, 3). Sturnella magna paralios Bangs.2 SANTA MARTA MEADOWLARK. Sturnella magna paralios Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 2, p. 56, 1901 — San Sebastian, Santa Marta, Colombia (type in coll. of E. A. and O. Bangs, now in Museum 'of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; cf. Bangs, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, p. 419, 1930); Hellmayr and Seilern, Arch. Naturg., 78, A, Heft 5, p. 70, 1912 — "Cumbre" [=savanna] of Valencia, Venezuela (crit.); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 466, 1922 — Camperucho, Santa Marta, Colombia (crit.); Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 133, 1931 — Santa Marta Mountains (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 405, 1934— Santa Marta and lower Magdalena, Colombia (crit.). 1 Specimens from Merida agree precisely with Bogota skins. S. m. meridionalis in general coloration is much like S. m. alticola, of the Costa Rican highlands, but has a decidedly longer, also somewhat heavier bill, and the white apical markings are restricted to the three outer rectrices, the fourth pair having but a very narrow shaft-streak of white. I am unable to corroborate either the broader black jugular crescent or the less buffy coloration of the hindneck. Additional material examined. — Colombia: "Bogota," 15. — Venezuela, Sierra of Merida: Valle, 9; Culata, 2. ' 2 Sturnella magna paralios Bangs: Very similar to S. m. meridionalis, but with smaller bill and with more white in the tail, the third rectrix (from without) being wholly or almost wholly white, the fourth (and sometimes even the fifth) having a considerable amount of white on the distal portion. Wing (males), 108-114; tail, 70-75; bill, 32-34. In tail markings this form runs pretty close to S. m. subulata, but is larger in all proportions. It is even nearer to S. m. alticola, and certain individuals are not easy to distinguish. Three adults from Valencia, Venezuela, appear to me inseparable from two topotypes, with which they agree in measurements and tail-pattern. One of the San Sebastian birds has a white terminal spot on the fifth rectrix, but the other resembles the Venezuelan skins, and so does a series from Aguachica, in the tropical zone of the lower Magdalena, which we have seen in the Carnegie Museum. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS — HELLMAYR 217 Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnaeus) Salvin and Godman, Ibis, 1879, p. 201— San Sebastian, Colombia. Sturnella ludoviciana meridionalis (not of Sclater, 1861) Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 26 — part, Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta. Sturnella magna subsp. meridionalis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 360, 1886— part, spec, a, b, San Sebastian. Sturnella meridionalis Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Cl., 1, p. 79, 1899 — San Sebastian and El Mamon, Colombia; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 13, p. 163, 1900 — Santa Marta region (ex Salvin and Godman, and Bangs). Cirulus pratensis Bredow,1 Arch. Naturg., 3, (1), p. 413, 1837 — savannas around Valencia, Venezuela (habits, nest, and eggs). Range. — Northern Colombia, in State of Magdalena (Aguachica, lower Magdalena; San Sebastian, El Mamon, and Camperucho, Santa Marta Mountains), and northern Venezuela (savannas of Valencia). *Sturnella magna praticola Chubb.2 GUIANAN MEADOWLARK. Sturnella magna praticola Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 445, October, 1921 — Abary River, British Guiana (type in coll. of F. V. McConnell, now in British Museum); idem, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 572, 1921 — Abary River, upper Takutu Mountains, Quonga, and Curawashinang; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, p. 134, 1931 — Maripa (Caura Valley) and Orinoco River, Venezuela (crit.); Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, p. 406, 1934— British Guiana (crit.). Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnaeus) Schomburgk, Reisen Brit. Guiana, 1, pp. 394, 406, 1847— Pirara, British Guiana; Cabanis, in Schomburgk, I.e., 3, p. 682, "1848" [ = 1849] — savannas of British Guiana; Brown, Canoe and Camp Life Brit. Guiana, p. 168, 1876 — Curawashinang, headwaters of Rupununi River. Sturnella meridionalis Sclater, Ibis, 1861, p. 178 — part, Venezuela; idem, Cat. Coll. Amer. Bds., p. 139, 1862— part, spec, c, d, "Trinidad" (errore); 1See footnote 1, page 209. 2 Sturnella magna praticola Chubb: Very similar to S. m. paralios, but with decidedly shorter wings and tail; dusky margin to inner web of third rectrix usually broader, and white terminal spot on the fourth more restricted. Wing (males), 97-108; tail, 63-68; bill, 32-35. The smaller size is the only absolutely constant character separating this form from S. m. paralios, whereas the lesser amount of white in the tail, owing to its variability, holds in only about 50 per cent of the individuals examined. We have seen but one specimen from the lowlands of British Guiana (typical praticola), which seems to agree with a series from the Orinoco (Altagracia) and a single example from Carip6, Sucre, in size as well as in coloration. Eight skins from the upper Rio Branco (Forte do Sao Joaquim), Brazil, I am not able to separate satisfactorily either. Two males are just as small (wing, 97, 98) as any from Alta- gracia, while two others (with wings of 104 and 108 mm.) fully attain the measure- ments of the supposed Roraima race and cast serious doubts on its distinctness. Additional material examined. — Venezuela: Caripe", Sucre, 1; Altagracia, Orinoco, 7; Maipures, Orinoco, 1. — British Guiana: "Demerara," 1. — Brazil: Sao Joaquim, Rio Branco, 8. 218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Sclater and Salvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, p. 167 — Caripe, Vene- zuela; Finsch, I.e., 1870, p. 575 — "Trinidad" (errore); Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 198, 1870 — Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil. Sturnella ludoviciana meridionalis Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 26 — part, Rio Branco, Brazil. Sturnella magna subsp. meridionalis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 360, 1886— part, spec, e-h, Venezuela (Caripe) and "Trinidad." Sturnella magna meridionalis Phelps, Auk, 14, p. 364, 1897 — San Antonio, Sucre, Venezuela; Berlepsch and Hartert, Nov. Zool., 9, p. 32, 1902 — Orinoco River (Altagracia, Maipures, Quiribana de Caicara) and Caura River (Maripa), Venezuela; Ihering, Cat. Faun. Braz., 1, p. 400, 1907 — part, Rio Branco; Cherrie, Sci. Bull., Mus. Brookl. Inst., 2, p. 209, 1916 — Orinoco Valley from Ciudad Bolivar onwards (crit.); Snethlage, Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro, 2, No. 6, pp. 49, 51, 1926— Rio Tapajoz, Brazil. Range. — Northeastern and southern Venezuela (Orinoco and Caura basin, north to Sucre and Monagas); British Guiana; north- eastern Brazil (Rio Branco and Rio Tapajoz).1 11: Venezuela (Cocollar, Sucre, 1); British Guiana (unspecified, 1); Brazil (Boa Vista, Rio Branco, Amazonas, 9). *Sturnella magna monticola Chubb.2 RORAIMA MEADOWLARK. Sturnella magna monticola Chubb, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (9), 8, p. 444, Oct., 1921 — Mount Roraima, British Guiana (type in coll. of F. V. McCon- nell, now in British Museum); idem, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 573, 1921 — Mount Roraima; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 63, pp. 133, 134, 1931— Roraima (Paulo, Arabupu, Philipp Camp, Glycom Swamp) and Brazil (Limao, Rio Cotinga; Frechal, Rio Surumu). Sturnella ludoviciana meridionalis (not of Sclater, 1861) Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 26 — part, Roraima. Sturnella magna subsp. meridionalis Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 360, 1886 — part, spec, i-k, Roraima. Sturnella ludoviciana (not Sturnus ludovicianus Linnaeus) Salvin, Ibis, 1885, p. 219 — Roraima. 1 There is no authentic record for the occurrence of any Meadowlark on the island of Trinidad. 2 Sturnella magna monticola Chubb is stated by Chapman to differ from S. m. praticola by somewhat larger size and "blacker" upper parts. Wing (males), 102-106; tail, 63-68; bill, 32-35. A single adult male from Roraima (wing, 104; tail, 64) does not differ in any way from the series of S. m. praticola, and in size it is closely approached by several individuals from Altagracia, while one from the upper Rio Branco is even larger. I am quite unable to appreciate any difference in the coloration of the upper parts between meridionalis and the more easterly races, unless freshly molted examples of one form be compared with worn ones of the other. The distribution of the two Guianan races being quite incomprehensible, I believe that further study will prove them identical. 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 219 Range.— Mount Roraima and the adjacent districts of Brazil (headwaters of the Cotinga and Surumu rivers). 1: British Guiana (Mount Roraima, 1). *Sturnella neglecta Audubon.1 WESTERN MEADOWLARK. Sturnella neglecta Audubon, Bds. Amer. (8vo ed.), 7, p. 339, pi. 489, 1844 — Missouri River above Fort Croghan = 01d Fort Union, North Dakota (type in U. S. National Museum; cf. Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 51, p. 17, 1899); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 365, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Miller, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 22, p. 171, 1906 — Durango (Rosario, Las Bocas, La Cienaga de las Vacas, Rio Sestin [breeding]); Phillips, Auk, 28, p. 87, 1911 — Matamoros, Tamaulipas; Griscom and Crosby, Auk, 43, p. 23, 1926 — Brownsville, Texas; Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., 32, p. 151, 1928— Lower California; van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. N. H., 6, p. 287, 1931— Sonora (El Doctor; Pes- queira; Tecoripa; Tesia; twelve miles west of Magdalena; fifteen miles east of Nogales; Sasabe Valley). Sturnella neglecta confluenta Rathbun, Auk, 34, p. 68, 1917 — Seattle, Wash- ington (type in coll. of S. F. Rathbun). Sturnella ludoviciana neglecta Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 25 (monog.). Sturnella magna subsp. neglecta Sclater, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 360, 1886 — western North America. Range. — Breeds from southern British Columbia, central Alberta, and southern Manitoba south to northwestern Lower California, northern Mexico, and central Texas; winters from southern British Columbia and Iowa south to southern Lower California, Jalisco, and Guanajuato, east casually to Wisconsin, Michigan, and Illinois.2 55: Canada, Saskatchewan (Quill Lake, 2; Prince Albert, 2); Washington (Clallam Bay, 1); Montana (Jordan, 1; Fort Keogh, 1); North Dakota (Steele, 1); South Dakota (Wakonda, 1); Minnesota (Kinbrae, 1); Colorado (Fort Lyon, 2; Troublesome, 1; Denver, 1); California (Clipper Gap, 4; San Jose", 2; Nicasio, 2; San Diego, 1; Palo Alto, 1; Los Angeles, 1; Mountain View, 1; Carmel, 1; San Pedro, 1; San Geronimo, 1; Miller, 1; Pacific Beach, 1; San Clemente Island, 1; unspecified, 1); Arizona (Huachuca Mountains, 3; Yava- pai County, 2); New Mexico (Deming, 9; Rincon, 1; Mimbres, 1); Texas (Ingram, 1; Waring, 1; Kendall County, 1; El Paso, 1; Gaines- ville, 1); Mexico (Babicora, Chihuahua, 1). 1 Sturnella neglecta Audubon appears to breed side by side with representatives of S. magna in parts of the southwestern United States and in northern Mexico. Still it is somewhat significant that certain South American races are reported to have a song similar to that of the Western Meadowlark. 2 The characters of the birds breeding on the Pacific coast region of British Columbia to Oregon appear to be too unstable to warrant the recognition of S. n. confluenta. The form is not recognized in the Fourth edition of the A. O. U. Check List. 220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson Dolichonyx Swainson, Phil. Mag., (n.s.), 1, No. 6, p. 435, June, 1827 — type, by monotypy, Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus; idem, Zool. Journ., 3, No. 11, Sept.-Dec., p. 351, 1827 (generic characters). *Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linnaeus). BOBOLINK. Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1, p. 179, 1758 — based on "Hortulanus carolinensis" Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, 1, p. 14, pi. 14, and "Emberiza carolinensis" Klein, Hist. Av. Prodr., p. 92; Cuba and Carolina= South Carolina. Icterus agripennis Bonaparte, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 4, p. 48, 1825 — new name for Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus. Psarocolius caudacutus Wagler, Syst. Av., 1, fol. 23, spec. 32, 1827 — new name for Fringilla oryzivora Linnaeus. Dolichonyx oryzivorus var. albinucha Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, No. 11, p. 192, Nov., 1873 — "Missouri plains and Rocky Mountains, west to Ruby Valley, Nevada; Salt Lake Valley"; idem, I.e., 5, No. 12, p. 198, Dec., 1873 — Ogden, Utah (type in coll. of R. Ridgway, now in U. S. National Museum). Dolichonyx oryzivorus(a) Pelzeln, Orn. Bras., 3, p. 199, 1870 — Matto Grosso (City of Matto Grosso) and Amazonia (Rio Madeira; Marabitanas, Rio Negro); Taczanowski, Orn. Per., 2, p. 421, 1884 — Paucartambo, Peru; Sclater, Ibis, 1884, p. 2 (monog.); idem, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 331, 1886 (monog.); Ridgway, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 50, Part 2, p. 370, 1902 (monog., full bibliog.); Hartert and Venturi, Nov. Zool., 16, p. 184, 1909 — Ocampo, Santa Fe; Dabbene, Anal. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, 18, p. 402, 1910 — Argentina (Tucuman; Mocovl, Chaco); Todd and Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., 14, p. 466, 1922 — Buritaca, Gaira, Mama- toco, Punto Caiman, and Fundacion, Santa Marta; Colombia; Chubb, Bds. Brit. Guiana, 2, p. 561, 1921 — Camacusa; Pereyra, El Hornero, 3, p. 173, 1923 — Isla de Escobar, Buenos Aires; Chapman, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. 697, 1926— Ecuador (Rio Napo) and Peru (Tru- jillo); Naumburg, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., 60, p. 393, 1930— Agua Blanca de Corumba, Matto Grosso. Range. — Transition zone of North America, from southeastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Cape Breton Island south to northeastern California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, northern Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey; winters in South America as far south as southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northern Argentina (south to Buenos Aires); migrates through the West Indies and along the east coast of Central America; accidental in Greenland, Labrador, Bermuda, and the Galapagos. 120: Maine (Brewer, 1; Upton, 1; Orono, 1); Connecticut (East Hartford, 20); Massachusetts (Natick, 1; Dedham, 1); New York 1937 BIRDS OF THE AMERICAS— HELLMAYR 221 (Shelter Island, 1; Peterboro, 1); Illinois (Chicago, 14; Wolf Lake, 1; Fox Lake, 4; Grand Crossing, 4; Joliet, 4; Hyde Lake, 1; Mud Lake, 2; Addison, 2; Auburn Park, 1; Deerfield, 1; Homewood, 1; Lake Forest, 1; Brainerd, 1; Roby, 1); Indiana (Liverpool, 1); Wisconsin (Beaver Dam, 20); Florida (Gainesville, 2; Nassau County, 2; Merritt, 2; West Jupiter, 2; Key West, 1); Bahamas (Inagua, 4; Watlings, 1; Cay Sal, 2); Little Cayman, 2; Lesser Antilles (Anguilla, 9); Dutch West Indies (Aruba, 2); Venezuela (MeYida, 3; Culata, 2). INDEX Bold-faced type denotes names adopted in this work. abeillei, Hyphantes 105 abeillei, Icterus 105 abeillei, Xanthprnus 105 abeillii, Pendulinus 105 aciculatus, Agelaius 162 aeneus, Agelaius 52 aeneus, Callothrus 51 aeneus, Molothrus 52 aeneus, Psarocolius 52 aeneus, Quiscalus 76 aeneus, Tangavius 52 aequatorialis, Molothrus 66 aequatorialis, Quiscalus 98 affinis, Cacicus 29 affinis, Cassicus 29 affinis, Xanthornus 106 Agelaioides 54 Agelaius 159 Agelasticus 159 aglaeus, Quiscalus 76 agripennis, Icterus 220 alaudarius, Cacicus 209 albiflorus, Sturnus 204 albipes, Leistes 203 albirostris, Archiplanus 35 albirostris, Cassiculus 36 albirostris, Cassicus 25 albirostris, Tanagra 24 albistriatus, Oriolus 204 alfredi, Cacicus 20 alfredi, Cassicus 20 alfredi, Ostinops 21 alfredi, Xanthornus 20 aliastus, Euphagus 96 alticola, Agelaius 172 alticola, Icterus 155 alticola, Sturnella 212 ambigua, Fringilla 55 Amblycercus 41 Amblyramphus 187 americanus, Leistes 198 americanus, Oriolus 197 americanus, Sturnus 205 Andriopsar 102 angustifrons, Cassicus 19 angustifrons, Ostinops 19 angustifrons, Xanthornus 19 animosus, Cassicus 189 anthonyi, Icterus 145 anticus, Icterus 195 anticus, Leistes 196 aphanes, Cacicus 30 apbanes, Cassicus 30 Aporophantes 103 Archiplanus 35 arctolegus, Agelaius 159 argoptilus, Icterus 114 argutula, Sturnella 210 armenti, Molothrus 53 armenti, Tangavius 53 artemisiae, Molothrus 55 assimilis, Agelaeus 168 assimilis, Agelaius 168 assimilis, Callothrus 51 assimilis, Cassidix 93 assimilis, Megaquiscalus 93 assimilis, Quiscalus 92 assimilis, Tangavius 51 Ateleopsar 102 ater, Cassicus 47 ater, Cassidix 48 ater, Molothrus 54 ater, Oriolus 54 ater, Pendulinus 95 ater, Quiscalus 80 ater, Scaphidurus 48 ater, Turdus 118 aterrimus, Agelaius 192 aterrimus, Curaeus 193 aterrimus, Sturnus 192 atrocastaneus, Ostinops 21 atrocastaneus, Xanthornus. . ... 21 atrogularis, Icterus 123 atronitens, Cassicus 59 atronitens, Molothrus 58 atroviolacea, Ptiloxena 99 atroviolaceus, Dives 99 atroviolaceus, Quiscalus 99 atroviolaceus, Scolecophagus 99 atrovirens, Cacicus 19 atro-yirens, Cassicus 18 atrovirens, Ostinops 19 atro-virens, Xanthornus 18 audubonii, Icterus 143 aurantius, Icterus 140 aurantius, Xanthornus 139 auratus, Icterus 137 auricapillus, Icterus 127 auricapillus, Pendulinus 128 auricapillus, Xanthornus 128 auricollis, Psarocolius 104 auropectoralis, Sturnella 212 australis, Amblycercus 44 australis, Ostinops 21 azarae, Cassicus 47 badius, Agelaioides 70 badius, Agelaius . . 68 badius, Cassicus 68 badius, Demelioteucus 70 222 INDEX 223 badius, Dolichonyx 69 badius, Molobrus 69 badius, Molothrus 68 bairdi, Icterus 136 baltimore, Icterus 103 baltimore, Oriolus 103 baltimorensis, Yphantes 103 banana, Icterus 108 banana, Pendulinus 107 Bananivorus 102 bangs!, Holoquiscalus 79 baritus, Cassidix 49 bellicosa, Pezites 202 bellicosa, Sturnella 203 bellicosa, Trupialis 203 bicolor, Amblyramphus 187 bifasciata, Ostinops 6 bifasciatus, Cassicus 8 hi fascia t us. Gymnostinops 8 bifasciatus, Ostinops 8 bifasciatus, Psarocolius 8 bogotensis, Agelaius 179 bolivianus, Agelaioides 71 bolivianus, Molothrus 70 bonana, Icterus 107 bonana, Oriolus 107 bonana, Pendulinus 108 bonariensis, Molobrus 62 bonariensis, Molothrus 59 bonariensis, Tanagra 59 brachypterus, Chalcophanes 81 brachypterus, Holoquiscalus . . 81 brachypterus, Quiscalus 81 brevirostris, Leistes 194 brevirostris, Molobrus 67 brevirostris, Molothrus 59 brevirostris, Pezites 203 breweri, Quiscalus 96 brunneus, Turdus 94 bryanti, Agelaius 168 bullockii, Hyphantes 104 bullockii, Icterus 104 bullockii, Xanthornus 104 bursarius, Cassicus 39 cabanisii, Molothrus 65 Cacicus 24 californicus, Agelaius 162 californicus, Icterus 150 californicus, Molothrus 56 californicus, Pendulinus 150 Callothrus.. 50 capensis, Oriolus 106 caribaeus, Holoquiscalus 78 carol inus, Euphagus 94 carolinus, Scolecophagus 95 carolinus, Turdus 94 carrikeri, Icterus Cassiculoides 102 Cassiculus 45 Cassidix 88 cassini, Gymnostinops 7 cassini, Molothrus 65 castaneopectus, Icterus 122 cast ancus, Oriolus 106 caudacutus, Psarocolius 220 caurensis, Gymnostinops 10 caurlnus, Agelaius 161 cayanensis, Icterus 108 cayanensis, Oriolus 108 cayanensis, Pendulinus 108 cayanensis, Xanthornus 109 cayennensis, Icterus 109 caymanensis, Holoquiscalus. . . 79 caymanensis, Quiscalus 79 cela, Cacicus 24 Cela, Parus 24 centralis, Amblycercus 43 Chalcophanes 74 cherrieanus, Ostinops 30 chilensis, Xanthornus 174 chopi, Aaptus 189 chopi, Agelaius 189 chopi, Aphobus 189 chopi, Gnorimopsar 189 chopi, Icterus 189 chrysater, Icterus 129 chrysater, Xanthornus 129 chrysocarpus, Agelaeus 173 chrysocarpus, Agelaius 176 chrysocarpus, Cacicus 174 chrysocarpus, Xanthornus 173 chrysocephalus, Icterus 114 chrysocephalus, Melanopsar 115 chrysocephalus, Oriolus 114 chrysocephalus, Pendulinus 115 chrysocephalus, Xanthornus 115 chrysonotus, Archiplanus 38 chrysonotus, Cassicus 38 chrysoptera, Gracula 114 chrysopterus, Agelaeus 172 chrysopterus, Agelaius 108 chrysopterus, Agelasticus 176 chrysopterus, Archiplanus 36 chrysopterus, Cacicus 36 chrysopterus, Xanthornus 35 Cirulus 209 citrinus, Icterus 157 citrius, Oriolus 12 Clypicterus 4 collaris, Sturnella 209 compsus, Icterus 112 confluenta, Sturnella connectens, Icterus contrusus, Holoquiscalus coronatus, Cassiculus 45 corvinus, Quiscalus 89 costaricensis, Agelaius cozumelae, Icterus 153 crassirostra, Scaphidura 47 crassirostris, Holoquiscalus ... 77 crassirostris, Quiscalus 77 cristatus, Cacicus 11 cristatus, Cassicus 12 224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII cristatus, Oriolus 12 cristatus, Ostinops 11 croconotus, Euopsar 141 croconotus, Icterus 140 croconotus, Psarocolius 140 cucullatus, Icterus 151 curacaoensis, Icterus 135 curagaoensis, Xanthornus 135 curacoensis, Icterus 135 curaeus, Agelaius 192 curaeus, Curaeus 193 curaeus, Leistes 193 curaeus, Notiopsar 192 curaeus, Psarocolius 192 curaeus, Turdus 192 curasoensis, Icterus 135 curvirostris, Cassicus 32 cyanocephalus, Euphagus 95 cyanocephalus, Psarocolius 95 cyanocephalus, Scolecophagus .... 96 cyanopus, Agelaius 179 cyanopus, Icterus 180 Cyanothrus 54 Cyrtotes 54 decumanus, Ostinops 11 decumanus, Xanthornus 12 defilippii, Pezites 207 De Filippii, Sturnella 208 defilippii, Trupialis 208 Demelioteucus 54 devillii, Cassicus 9 devillii, Ostinops 9 diadematus, Icterus 46 discolor, Passerina 59 dispar, Holoquiscalus 87 Dives 96 dives, Dives 96 dives, Icterus 96 dives, Lampropsar 97 dives, Scolecophagus 97 Dolichonyx 220 dominicensis, Icterus 118 dominicensis, Oriolus 118 dominicensis, Pendulinus 119 Draco, Cassicus 196 dubius, Cassicus 35 du plexus, Icterus 152 dwighti, Molothrus 56 emberizoides, Icterus 54 erythrocephalus, Leistes 187 Erythropsar 159 erythrothorax, Leistes 197 espinachi, Icterus 145 Euopsar 102 Euphagus 94 falklandica, Trupialis 207 falklandicus, Pezites 207 falklandicus, Troupialis 207 ferruginous, Oriolus . . 94 ferrugineus, Scolecophagus 95 flammulatus, Icterus 156 flavaxilla, Xanthornus 108 flavescens, Ostinops 17 flaviceps, Psarocolius 184 flavicrissus, Cacicus 27 flavicrissus, Cassiculus 27 flavicrissus, Cassicus 27 flavigaster, Pendulinus 119 flavirostris, Amblycercus 43 flavus, Agelaeus 184 flavus, Agelaius 185 flavus, Chrysomus 184 flavus, Icterus 184 flavus, Leistes 184 flavus, Oriolus 184 flavus, Xanthopsar 184 flavus, Xanthornus 184 flavus, Xanthosomus 184 floridanus, Agelaius 166 forbesi, Agelaeus 181 forbesi, Agelaius 181 formosus, Icterus 155 fortirostris, Holoquiscalus 87 fortirostris, Quiscalus 87 fortis, Agelaius 160 frenatus, Icterus 186 fringillarius, Agelaioides 72 fringillarius, Icterus 71 fringillarius, Molothrus 71 frontalis, Agelaeus 183 frontalis, Agelaius 182 frontalis, Chrysomus 183 frontalis, Dolichonyx 183 frontalis, Xanthosomus 183 fuertesi, Icterus 107 fuscipennis, Dolichonyx 71 fuscus, Oriolus 54 galbula, Coracias 103 galbula, Icterus 103 garleppi, Cassidix 49 Gasquet, Xanthornus 194 gigas, Icterus 148 giraudii, Icterus 130 Gnorimopsar 188 grace-annae, Icterus 128 graduacauda, Icterus 142 grandis, Agelaius 171 graysoni, Cassidix 88 graysoni, Megaquiscalus 89 graysoni, Quiscalus 88 graysonii, Icterus 154 grinnelli, Agelaius 164 guadeloupensis, Holoquiscalus 86 guadeloupensis, Quiscalus 86 gualanensis, Icterus 129 guatemozinus, Ostinops 7 guatimozinus, Cassicus 7 guatimozinus, Gymnostinops. . 7 gubernator, Agelaius 170 gubernator, Psarocolius 170 INDEX 225 guianensis, Lampropsar 100 guianensis, Leistes 198 guianensis, Oriolus 197 guianensis, Sturnella 197 guianensis, Trupialis 198 guirahuro, Agelaius 194 guirahuro, Icterus 194 guirahuro, Pseudoleistes 194 gularis, Icterus 147 gularis, Psarocolius 147 gundlachii, Holoquiscalus 78 gundlachii, Quiscalus 78 guttulatus, Icterus 144 guyanensis, Leistes 198 Gymnomystax 157 gymnops, Psarocolius 157 Gymnostinops 5 haemorrhous, Cacicus 30 haemorrhous, Cassicus 30 haemorrhous, Icterus 30 haemorrhous, Oriolus 30 harterti, Icterus 139 hauxwelli, Icterus 141 helioeides, Icterus 135 hippocrepis, Sturnella 210 hippocrepis, Sturnus 210 Holoquiscalus 77 holosericeus, Amblycercus 41 holosericeus, Amblyramphus . . 187 holosericeus, Cacicus 42 holosericeus, Sturnus 41 holosericeus, Xanthornus 187 hondae, Icterus 131 hoopesi, Sturnella 211 hudsonius, Turdus 94 humeralis, Agelaius 171 humeralis, Icterus 171 humeralis, Leistes 171 hybridus, Cassicus 180 Hypobletis 54 hypomelas, Icterus 118 hypomelas, Pendulinus 118 Hypopyrrhus 73 Icterioides 103 icterocephalus, Agelaeus 178 icterocephalus, Agelaius 177 icterocephalus, Chrysomus 177 icterocephalus, Leistes 178 icterocephalus, Oriolus 177 icterocephalus, Xanthocephalus . . . 186 icterocephalus, Xanthosomus 177 icteronotus, Cacicus 24 icteronotus, Cassiculus 28 icteronotus, Cassicus 24 Icterus 102 icterus, Icterus 137 icterus, Oriolus 137 icterus, Xanthornus 138 igneus, Icterus 152 impacif us, Psomocolax 46 imthurni, Agelaeus 73 imthurni, Macroagelaius 73 imthurni, Pseudoagelaeus 73 inexpectata, Sturnella 214 inflexirostris, Holoquiscalus. ... 85 inflexirostris, Quiscalus 85 insular is. Holoquiscalus 83 insularis, Ostinops 11 insularis, Quiscalus 83 insularis, Xanthornus 11 involucratus, Tangavius 52 jamacai, Xanthornus 140 jamacaii, Icterus 139 jamacaii, Oriolus 139 jamaicensis, Holoquiscalus 77 jugularis, Turdus 118 junceti, Sturnus 56 kalinowskii, Dives. 98 labradorius, Turdus 95 Lampropsar 100 latirostris, Cassicus 1 latirostris, Ocyalus 1 lamia nil is. Icterus 120 lawrencii, Icterus 137 Leistes 197 lessoni, Pendulinus 116 lessoni, Xanthornus 116 leucopteryx, Icterus 135 leucopteryx, Pendulinus 136 leucopteryx, Psarocolius 136 leucoramphus, Archiplanus. . . 36 leucoramphus, Cacicus 37 leucoramphus, Cassiculus 37 leucoramphus, Cassicus 37 leucoramphus, Xanthornus 36 lilianae, Sturnella 211 limitis, Cassidix 49 littoralis, Agelaius 167 longipes, Agelaus 186 longipes, Xanthocephalus 186 longirostris, Pendulinus 138 loyca, Sturnella 203 loyca, Sturnus 204 loyca, Trupialis 205 ludoviciana, Sturnella 209 ludovicianus, Sturnus 209 lugubris, Chalcophanes 82 lugubris, Holoquiscalus 81 lugubris, Quiscalus 81 luminosus, Holoquiscalus 84 luminosus, Quiscalus 84 Macroagelaius 72 macrourus, Quiscalus 90 mam I i -a la » us. Icterus 121 maculi-alatus, Pendulinus 122 maculosus, Ostinops 15 mac ul us i is. Xanthornus 14 magna, Alauda 209 226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII magna, Sturnella 209 mailliardorum, Agelaius 161 major, Cassidix 89 major, Megaquiscalus 89 major, Quiscalus 89 maranonicus, Icterus 127 martinicensis, Holoquiscalus 86 masoni. Icterus 152 maxillaris, Icterus 59 maxillaris, Molothrus 60 maximus, Icterus 156 mearnsi, Agelaius 166 megapotamus, Agelaius 169 Megaquiscalus 88 megistus, Aaptus 191 megistus, Aphobus 191 melanicterus, Agelaius 157 melanicterus, Cassiculus 45 melanicterus, Cassicus 46 melanicterus, Gymnomystax 158 melanicterus, Icterus 45 melanicterus, Leistes 158 melanocephalus, Icterus 142 melanochrysura, Icterus 121 melanogyna, Molothrus 60 Melanophantes 159 Melanopsar 103 melanopsis, Icterus 117 melanopsis, Psarocolius 118 melanopterus, Icterus 131 melanopterus, Xanthornus 131 melanterus, Ostinops melanterus, Xanthornus 13 melanurus, Cassicus 27 meridional is, Sturnella 215 mesomelas, Icterus 123 mesomelas, Psarocolius 123 mesomelas, Xanthornus 124 mexicana, Cassidix 47 mexicana, Sturnella 213 mexicanus, Cassidix 90 mexicanus, Corvus 90 mexicanus, Gymnomystax. . . . 157 mexicanus, Oriolus 157 mexicanus, Scolecophagus 95 mexicanus, Zarhynchus 2 microrhynchus, Cacicus 34 microrhynchus, Cassiculus 34 microrhynchus, Cassicus 34 microstictus, Icterus 154 militaris, Emberiza 197 militaris, Icterus 204 militaris, Leistes 197 militaris, Pezites 204 militaris, Sturnus 204 militaris, Trupialis 208 milleri, Molothrus 60 milleri, Tangavius 51 minimus, Molothrus 57 minor, Chalcophanes 82 minor, Potamopsar 101 minusculus, Euphagus 96 Molobrus 54 Molothrus 54 montezuma, Cacicus 5 montezuma, Gymnostinops. . . 5 montezumae, Cassicus 5 montezumae, Ostinops 6 monticola, Sturnella 218 murinus, Molothrus 60 musicus, Oriolus 123 mutatus, Oriolus 106 neglecta, Sturnella 219 neglectus, Ostinops 23 neglectus, Xanthornus 23 neivae, Gymnostinops 8 nelsoni, Cassidix 88 nelsoni, Icterus 150 nelsoni, Megaquiscalus 88 nelsoni, Scaphidurus 88 Nesopsar 185 neutralis, Agelaius 162 nevadensis, Agelaius 160 nicaraguensis, Cassidix 94 nicaraguensis, Megaquiscalus 94 nicaraguensis, Quiscalus 94 niger, Holoquiscalus 80 niger, Leistes 192 niger, Oriolus 80 niger, Quiscalus 80 niger, Scolecophagus 95 nigerrimus, Agelaeus 185 nigerrimus, Agelaius 185 nigerrimus, Cassicus 39 nigerrimus, Icterus 185 nigerrimus, Nesppsar 185 nigricollis, Pendulinus 106 nigrogularis, Icterus 132 nigrogularis, Xanthornus 132 nitens, Quiscala 75 northropi, Icterus 117 Notiopsar 192 noveboracensis, Turdus 95 nyaritensis, Agelaius 164 oberi, Icterus 120 obscurus, Cassidix 89 obscurus, Megaquiscalus 89 obscurus, Molothrus 56 obscurus, Quiscalus 89 obscurus, Sturnus 56 occidentalis, Molothrus 66 Ocyalus 1 oleagineus, Ostinops 24 oleagineus, Xanthornus 23 oriolides, Leistes 194 orquillensis, Holoquiscalus. ... 83 oryzivora, Cassidix 48 oryzivora, Fringilla 220 oryzivorus, Dolichonyx 220 oryzivorus, Oriolus 47 oryzivorus, Psomocolas 47 oseryi, Cassicus 5 INDEX 227 oseryi, Clypicterus 5 Ostinops 11 •pachyrhynchus, Cassicus 33 pacificus, Cacicus 33 palliatus, Cassicus 47 palliatus, Psarocolius 47 palustris, Cassicus 194 pal ust ris, Cussidix 93 palustris, Scaphidurus 93 paralios, Sturnella 216 parisprum, Icterus 121 pecoris, Fringilla 54 pecoris, Molothrus 55 pectoralis, Icterus 144 pectoralis, Psarocolius 144 Pedopsaris 209 Pedotribes 197 Pendulinus 102 periporphyrus, Icterus 112 periporphyrus, Pendulinus 112 persicus, Cassicus 24 persicus, Oriolus 24 personatus, Icterus 136 perspicillatus, Psarocolius 186 peruvianus, Archiplanus 37 peruvianus, Cacicus 37 peruvianus, Cassicus 37 peruvianus, Cassidix 92 peruvianus, Quiscalus 92 petersii, Agelaius 175 petilus, Leistes 201 Pezites 202 phoeniceus, Agelaius 165 phoeniceus, Oriolus 165 pilaris, Quiscalus 192 Poliopsar 102 portoricensis, Icterus 119 portoricensis, Pendulinus 119 portoricensis, Xanthornus 120 Potamopsar 100 pratensis, Cirulus 209 praticola, Sturnella 217 predatorius, Agelaius 165 predatorius, Sturnus 165 prevosti (i), Amblycercus 42 prevosti, Cassiculus 41 prevosti, Cassicus 42 prevostii, Amblyramphus 41 prosthemelas, Icterus 115 prosthemelas, Pendulinus 117 prosthemelas, Xanthornus 116 Psarocolius 11 Pseudagelaeus 72 Pseudoleistes 194 Psomocolax 46 Ptiloxena purpurascens, Xanthornus 59 purpuratus, Quiscalus 75 purpureus, Quiscalus 75 pustulatus, Icterus 153 pustulatus, Psarocolius 153 pustuloides, Icterus 157 pyrohypogaster, Cassicus 73 pyrohypogaster, Hypopyrrhus . 73 pyrohypogaster, Quiscalus 74 pyrrhocephalus, Sturnus 187 pyrrhogaster, Quiscalus 74 pyrrhopterus, Agelaius 112 pyrrhopterus, Icterus 112 pyrrhopterus, Xanthornus 113 quiscala, Sturnus 75 Quiscalus 74 quiscula, Gracula 74 quiscula, Quiscalus 74 quisqueyensis, Agelaius 171 rectirostris, Holoquiscalus 82 rectirostris, Quiscalus 82 richmondi, Agelaius 170 ridgwayi, Icterus 138 ridgwayi, Quiscalus 75 ridgwayi, Xanthornus 138 ridgwayi, Zarhynchus 3 robustus, Callothrus 53 robustus, Molothrus 52 ruber, Amblyrhamphus 188 ruber, Oriolus 187 rubricapillus, Cassicus 187 rubricollis, Xanthornus 197 ruficapillus, Agelaeus 182 r u ti ca pi 11 us, Agelaius 181 ruficapillus, Dolichonyx 181 ruficapillus, Xanthosomus 181 ruficeps, Cassicus 181 ruficollis, Agelaius 183 rufigaster, Bananiyorus 108 rufigaster, Pendulinus 107 rufirostris, Oriolus 16 rufo-axillaris, Molothrus 67 salmoni, Ostinops 22 salmoni, Xanthornus 22 salvinii. Icterus 124 salvinii, Xanthornus 126 Scaphidurus 74 Scaphura 74 Sciopsar 72 sclateri, Agelaeus 38 sclateri, Archiplanus 38 sclateri, Icterus 156 scottii, Icterus 121 sennet ti, Icterus 149 sericeus, Icterus 59 sericeus, Molobrus 60 sericeus, Molothrus 62 sincipitalis, Ostinops 23 sine ipit.ilis. Xanthornus 22 solitaria, Yphantes 106 solitarius, Amblycercus 40 solitarius, Amblycereus 39 solitarius, Archiplanus 39 solitarius, Cassiculus 40 228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — ZOOLOGY, VOL. XIII solitarius, Cassicus 39 sonoriensis, Agelaius 163 spurius, Icterus 105 spurius, Oriolus 105 Strepitovagus 54 strictifrons, Icterus 141 Sturnella 209 subalaris, Agelaius 72 subalaris, Macragelaeus 72 subalaris, Macraglaeus 72 subalaris, M acroagelaius 72 sub-alaris, Quiscalus 72 subniger, Agelaius 169 subulata, Sturnella 215 Suchii, Leistes 194 sulcirostris, Aaptus 191 sulcirostris, Gnorimopsar 191 sulcirostris, Icterus 191 sumichrasti, Dives 97 sumichrasti, Quiscalus 97 superciliaris, Leistes 200 superciliaris, Pezites 202 superciliaris, Trupialis 200 taczanowskii, Icterus 126 tamaulipensis, Icterus 146 tanagrinus, Icterus 101 tanagrinus, Lampropsar 101 Tangavius 50 tenuirostris, Leistes 196 tenuirostris, Megaquiscalus 94 tenuirostris, Quiscalus 93 theleus, Agelaius 174 Thilius 159 thilius, Agelaeus 176 thilius, Agelaius .... 173 thilius, Agelasticus 174 thilius, Icterus 174 thilius, Turdus 173 tibialis, Icterus 109 tibialis, Pendulinus 110 tibialis, Xanthornus 110 tricolor, Agelaius 159 tricolor, Icterus 159 tricolor, Oriolus 103 trinitatis, Icterus 134 trochiloides, Icterus 150 troglodytes, Icterus 148 Trupialis 102 unicolor, Icterus 189 unicolor, Leistes 180 unicolor, Psarocolius 190 uropygialis, Cacicus 32 uropygialis, Cassicus 32 valencio-buenoi, Icterus Ill valencio-buenoi, Xanthornus Ill varius, Oriolus 105 venezuelensis, Molothrus 64 versicolor, Quiscalus 75 vieilloti, Cassidix 48. vieilloti, Scaphidurus 48 violaceus, Icterus 60 violaceus, Lampropsar 102 violea, Cassidix 49 violeus, Psomocolax 50 virens, Xanthornus 16 virescens, Agelaius 195 virescens, Icterus 103 virescens, Leistes 196 virescens, Pseudoleistes 195 viridis, Cassicus 16 viridis, Oriolus 16 viridis, Ostinops 17 viridis, Pseudoleistes 194 viridis, Xanthornus 16 vitellinus, Cacicus 28 vitellinus, Cassicus 28 vulgaris, Icterus 137 vulgaris, Quiscalus 77 wagleri, Cacicus 2 wagleri, Icterus 122 wagleri, Ocyalus 2 wagleri, Pendulinus 123 wagleri, Zarhynchus 2 warszewiczi, Dives 98 warszewiczi, Lampropsar 98 xanthocarpus, Agelaius 173 Xanthocephalus , 186 xanthocephalus, Icterus 186 xanthocephalus, Xanthocephalus 186 xantholaema, Icterus 129 xantholemus, Icterus 128 xanthomus, Agelaius 172 xanthomus, Hyphantes 172 xanthomus, Icterus 172 Xanthopsar 184 xanthornis, Psarocolius 132 Xanthornus 10 xanthornus, Xanthornus 133 Xanthosomus 159 xerophilus, Icterus 148 Yphantes 102 yucatanensis, Icterus 147 yuracares, Cassicus 9 yuracares, Gymnostinops 9 yuracarium, Ostinops 9 yuracarius, Cacicus 9 zanthopygius, Chrysomus 184 Zarhynchus 2