liiiiii

ay^^^

r

CATALOGUE

BIRDS

BRITISH MUSEUM.

VOLUME XXTI.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1S9;}.

CATALOGUE

GAME BIRDS

(PTEROCLETES, GALLING, OPISTHOCOMI, HEMIPODII)

COLLECTION

BRITISH MUSEUM.

W. K. OGILVIE-GRANT.

LONDON :
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLD BY

LOXGMANS & C(i.. 39 PATERNOSTER ROW;

B. QUARITCU, 15 PICCADILLY: DULAU & Co., -u SOKO SQUARE, \V. :

KEGAN PAUL & Co.. PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CUARING CROSS ROAD;

AND AT TKK

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W.

]893.

FEINTED BY TAYLOB AND FKANCI8,
RED MON COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

TiiK present volume treats of four Orders of Birds, constituting
the greater bulk of what are commonly termed Game Birds. The
numbers of sjjccies described and of specimens at present in the
Collection aie as follows : — ■

Species. Types. Specimeas.

Pteroclctes .... 17 2 522

(jallinie 384 95 5954

Upi.sthocomi .... 1 . . ]4

llemipodii .... 24 5 531

426 102 7021

In the first category those forms are included to which, in
the author's opinion, no higher than subspecitic rank should be
assigned ; only 23 of these species and subsiJccics are still un-
represented in the Collection. Beside the 1U2 types of recognized
species the Collection contains 50 otlier typical specimens which
are now considered identical with previously named species.

ALBEliT CUXTHEK,
Kee2>er of the Department of Zoology.

British Museiiiii (N. H.),
Nov. 17, 18113.

INTRODUCTION.

The Ptirodctcs or rigoon-Grousc form a small but well-marked
group contaiuiug only 3 genera and 17 species, and appear to have
been quite satisfactorily placed in a separate order between the
ColuniUe or Pigeons and the Gallince or True Game Birds, for they
combine many characters found in both these orders.

The second order, GalUno', contains the great bulk of the species
treated of in the present volume. I fully anticipate that I shall be
blamed by some for having united all the Nearctic " species '" of
Lafjopus described by American Ornithologists with L. ruj^)estrls ;
but I am sure that unless the practice be adopted of distinguishing
every individutd variation or slight climatic variety by a separate
specific name, a carefid study of these birds will lead to the same
conclusion as that to which I have arrived (see p. 49). Had the Red
Grouse {Latjopins scoticus), that most variable of all the species,
been a North-American bird, it would doubtless have afforded even
better material for the multiplicatiou of species than L. rn2^estris.
Perhaps one of the most interesting facts investigated during the
preparation of this work is the peculiar and, as far as I am aware,
unjiaralleled case regarding the moults of the male and female of
L. scoticus (see p. oG). Two years ago the ^Museum collection
contained but few examples of tliis interesting bird, and these were
mostly without date, sex, or exact locality, while the Common
Partridge (Perdix perclix) was equally poorly represented. Thanks
to the kind contributions of numerous friends and correspondents,
the series of both these birds is now very fine, and in fact nearly
complete, representing as it does birds df both sexes iu every
month of the year and showing all the changes of plumage they go
through. Of the l\cd Grouse extreme types of variation are still
re((uired, as also examples fiom dift'erent parts of Ireland, especially
the south ; while of llie Partridge specimens fiom the eastern
parts fo its range in the Jiarabinska btei>pes and Altai Mountains

VIU INTRODtfCTION.

are wanted to completely illustrate the geographical distribution of
the species.

A satisfactorj- arrangement of the many (59) genera of the
great family Phasiaiiidce has been by no means an easy task. There
appears to be no real line of demarcation between the true
Pheb,sants {Phasianince) and the Partridges {Perdicina'), the two
groups merging gradually into one another in such forms as Bainhti-
sicola, PtUopachys, and GaUoperdix. The shape of the wing appears
to be the best, and in fact almost the only, character of importance for
distinguishing these groups. All the Phasianince, except one genus,
have the first primary quill much shorter than the tenth, whereas
in the Perdicince the first primary is equal to, or longer than, the
tenth. Unfortunately, the exception among the former is the very
important genus Phasianus, which has the first primarj', like that of
most Partridges, much longer than the tenth. On the other hand,
some of the Partridges have the first primar}' slightly shorter than
the tenth. Thus even this otherwise well-marked character breaks
down, and in order to artificially separate these two groups it is
necessary to have recourse to secondary or supplementary characters,
such as the length of the tail. By this means only the family
Phasianidce, as represented in the Old World, together with the
American genus Meleagris, may be divided into two sections.

Among the Megapodiidce some species have been founded on very
young birds, and others even on eggs. In the latter case I have
refused to recognize their right to jjriority (for example, Megapodius
hrazicri and J/, sfairi), for I think such names ought never to be
given, much less recognized ; while those founded on chicks have
but little more claim to be retained (for example, Aepypodius
arfakiunus).

OpistJwcumus Jwaziu, the only representative of the Order Opis-
tJtocomi, in spite of its many striking peculiarities, seems to be most
naturally placed in close proximity to the Craddit'.

The value of the great donations made by Messrs. Hume, Wardlaw
Ramsay, Salvin, Godmau, and Seebohm can be fully estimated by
an inspection of the lists of specimens on the following pages ; and
I may safely say that any good work that may be found in this
volume is largely due to the si>lcndid series of birds in these noble
collections.

INTRODUCTION. IX

Anioiif;: the mimcrous snialltT but im])Oi-(aiit doniitions may be
specially nientioni;(l those of Emin I'asha, Capt. the lion. A. Hay
Drummond, II. C. V. Hunter, Esq., F.J.Jackson, Esq., F. ^lenteith
Ogilvie, Esq., and Lord Thurlow.

I have to acknowledge assistance of various kinds which I have
received from many friends, and to return them my best thanks.
I wish particularly to mention Professor Barboza du Bocage, ^Ir.
BUttikofor, Prof. R. Collett, Mr. H. E. Dresser, Mr. H. 0. Forbes,
iSignor Gestro, Mr. E. Hartert, Dr. Jentink, Dr. T. Pleske, the
Hon. Walter Ilothschild, Count Salvadori, Dr. Schauinsland, Capt.
Shellev, Dr. J. Stol/mann, and Canon Tristram. I wish also
particularly to thank my colleague Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe, who,
by his intimate ac(|uaiutance with the history of the specimens
in the Museum collection, has saved me from frequent errors into
which I should otherwise have fallen.

The same symbols are emploj'cd as have been customary in
previous volumes of the ' Catalogue.' " [P.] " means " Presented
by " ; " [C] " equals " Collected by '' ; " [E.] " signifies " Received
in Exchange."

W R. ()GILVIE-GRA>^T.

Jiritish JIusinini, X. II.,
i-lth Xovoinber, 18t)3.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Order P T E R O C I. E T E S.

Fam. I. P T K R O C L I D 2E.

Page

1 . Syrrliaptes, Illi(/cr 2

1. paradoxus {I'nllas) . ... 2

2. tibetanus, Gould .... 5

2. Pteroclurus, Bonap 6

1. alcbata (Linn.) 7

a. pyrenaicus (Briss.) . 9

2. namaqua (Gm.) 10

3. exustus ( Temm.) . . 12, 5oG

4. seiiegallus (Linn.). . 14,556
Pt. Pteroc-lus, Teinm l(i

1. areuarius (Pall.) .... 18

2. decoratus, Cab 21

3. variegatus (BurcheU) . 22

4. eoroiiatus, LicJit 23

5. gutturalis, Smith . . 2o, 5olJ
(1 personal us, Gould .... 26

7. fa.sciatus (Sroji.) 27

8. lichtensteiiii, Temm. 29, oo6
0. bicinctus, Temm 30

10. qtiadrieinctus, Temm. . 32

Order (4ALLIN/E.

Suborder I.
ALECTOKOPODES.

Fail). I. T K T n .\ o .\ i v> m.

1 . rjago]iii.«, Bri^.f S-)

1. seotieu.* (Lath.). . . . 3.1, "mCJ

2. lagopus {i(/(«.) .. 40, ■")r)7
a. alleiii. <S/r/«. ., 44,5.17

'^1. mwUii [Montin) .. 44, .)")7
4. rupe.stris (^^'r'w.) .. 48, r),)7
•'). by])erbTireu,<, Sunder. . 51
6. \t'in:uixi>{Sw.SJ{ich.) 52, ■■)57

Page

2. Lyrurus, Sivain.'^ o.'j

1. tetrix (Linn.) 53

' 2. miokosiewiczi ('I'acz.). 58

•H. Tetrao, Linn 5iJ

1. urogallus, Linn 60

a. uralensis, Nnzaivtv . 65

2. parviro3tri.'^, Bonap. . . 66

3. kanitschaticus, Kittl. . 67

4. Canacbites, Sfej'n 68

1. canadensis (Linn.) 69, 557

2. frauklini (Dour/l). . 71, 557

5. Falcipennis, Elliot 72

1. falcipennis (Hartl.) . . 72

6. Dendragapus, Elliot .... 73

1. obscunis (Say) .... 74,557
a. fuligiuosus(i'rt(Vrf) 75, .557

2. richardsoni (Donf/l.) 76, 5.58

7. Tjuipanuchus, Glo(/ 77

1. cupido (Linn.) .... 77,558

2. atnericanus (lieicJienb.)

78,558

3. pallidicinctus (Tiidpv.)

80, 558

8. Centrocercus, Swains. . . 80

1. uroplipsianus (Bonap.)

81, 6.58

9. Pediocjetes, Baird 82

1. phasianelhis (Linn.) 82, 558
a. coluinbianus(0/-f/) 83,558

10. Bouasa, Stcph 85

1. umbellus (Linn.) . . 85, 558

1 1 . Tetrastes, A>y.s-. S,- Bias. . . 89

1. bonasia (Linn.) 90

2. g-riseiveulris, Menzb. . . 93
;'>. .<e\ ertzovi, Prjec 93

Fani. 11. P 11 A .^ I .\ .\ I i> .v..

I. \.vv\\A, Hodff,'> 100, .558

1. ierwa (Uodf/s.) 100

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

2. Tetraophasis, Elliot 1C2

1. obscurus ( Verr.) 102

2. szechenyii, Madardsz . 103

3. Tetraogallus, Grat/ 103

1. tibetanus, Gould 104

2. henrici, Oustal. ..... 106

3. bimalayensis, Gray

106, 559

4. caspius (Gm.) 108

5. caiicasicus (Pall.) .... 109

6. altaicua (GV^fcr) 110

4. Caccabis, Kaup 110

1. saxatilisi( Wolfi^Meyfr)

111,559
a. chukar (Grmj) 113,559

2. rufa [Linn.) 118,559

3. magna, Prjev. . 120

4. petrosa [Gm.) 120

5. melauocepbala {R'dpj}.) 122

5. Aninioperdi.x, Gould .... 123

1. bonbami (Fraser) .... 123

2. beyi ( Te7)im.) .... 125, 559

6. Fraucolinus, Steph 127

1. fiancolinus (Ziww.) .. 132

2. chinensis (Osbeck) .... 136

3. pictus (Jard. S; Selb.) . . 138

4. bitbami, Hartl 139

5. poiidicerianus (Gm.) . . 141

6. coqui (Smith) 143

7. sclilegeH, Hengl 145

8. streptopburus, Grant . . 145

9. sepbu'iia (Stuith) .... 140

10. grauti, Hartl 148

11. spilogaster, Salvad. . . 149

12. kirki, Hartl. 149

13. albogularis. Gray .... 149

14. spilolaBmus, Gray .... 150

15. gutturalis (Riqjp.). . . . 151

16. ukieusis, Grant 151

17. africanus, Ste2)h 152

18. finscbi, Bocaye 153

19. castaneicollia, Saload. . 153

20. levaillanti, Valenc. . . 154

21. gariepen-sis, Smith .... 155

22. JLigularis, Biittikofer . . 156

23. sbelleyi. Grant 157

24. elgonensis. Grant .... 157

25. giilaris (Temm.) 158

26. adspersus, Waterh. . . 159

27. griseostriatus, Grant. . 160

28. bicalcaratius (Linn.) . . 160

29. clappertoui, Children. . 162

30. gedgii, Grant 1(J3

31. bartbiubi, Bocaye .... 163

32. ictei-orbvncbus, Hevyl. 163

33. s\\a.\y\\,' Grant . . 164, 559

Page

. 34. capensis (Gmel.) 165

35. natalensis. Smith ... 166

36. bildebrandti, Cab 168

>iQ A. ]o\\nsiom, Shelley .. 559

37. fibfberi, Reich. ...... 169

38. squamatus, Cass 169

39. scbuetti, Cab 170

40. abantensis, Temm 171

41. jacksoui, Grant 171

42. erckeli, Riipp. . . 172, 559

7. Pternistes, Wa(^l 173

1. luidicollis (Bodd.) .... 174

2. bumboldti (Peters) 176, 560

3. afer (Miill.) 177

4. cranchi (Leach) 178

5. boebnii, Reichenoto . . 179

6. swaiiisoni (Smith) 179, 560

7. rufopictus, Reichenow 180

8. leucoscepus (Gray) 181, 560

9. infuscatus. Cab. . . 182, 560

8. Rbizotbera, Gray 183

1. longirostris (^Temm.) . . 183

9. Perdix, Briss 185

1. perdix (Linn.) .. 185,560
a. damascena, Briss. . . 192

2. daurica (Pall.) 192

3. bodgsonite (Hodys.) . . 193

4. sifanica, I'rjev 195

10. Margaroperdi.x, Reichenb. . 195

1. niadagascai'iensis

(Scop.) 196,560

11. Perdicula, Hodqs 197

1. at.iatica (Lath.) 198

2. argooudali (Sykes) .... 200

12. Microperdix, Gould. ..... 202

1. ervtbrorhvncba {%7ce«) 203

2. bl'ewitti, Hume . . 204, 560

3. manipurensis (Hume) . 204

13. Arboricola, Hodys 205

1. torqueola (Taknc.) . . 207

2. atrogularis, Blyth .... 209

3. ardens. Sty an 210

4. crudigubii'is (Swiiih.). . 211

5. internnMlia, lllyth .... 211

6. nifogLilaris, Blyth .... 212

7. gingica (Gm.) 213

8. mandellii (Hume) .... 214

9. javanica (Gm.) 214

10. rubrirostris (Salvad.)

215, 500

11. biunneopeetiis, Tick... 216

12. bvperythra (Sharpe). . 217

13. eivtbropbrvs (Sharpe). 218

14. orientalis (Horsf.) .... 218

15. sumatrana (Grajit)

219,560

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

14.

15.

Ki.

17.

18.

lb

I

V.l

•JO.

23.

L'4.

L'().

Page

l(j. c-hLii-opus, Tick 219 1

17. cliiirlt>ni (Ei/fon) .... 221 j

Iheiiuitorty.'^, S/nif/)!' .... 221 ]
1. saiiji^iiiiiiceps, >S7(«ry>^' | 28,

222, oGO

Caloperdix, Blyth 222

1. oculea {Tcmm.) 222

a. suiuatiana, Grant . . 224

2. ljorneen.«is, Grant .... 224 2!>.
KoUiiliis, Bo)in 225

1. roiilroiil (Scop.) . . 225, 561

MelaiioperJix, Jeril 227

1. ni{>Ta ( Vi(/.) 228

Coturnix, Moehrinq .... 229 ;J0.

1. coturnix {Linn'.). . 231,561 |

a. capeiisi.-j, LicJif 237 31.

2. japoiiioa, 2V/«wi. >.S-.S'fA/. 239

3. coromandt'lica (rr'wi.). . 241

4. delegorffuei. Dele;/. . . 243 :

5. pectoralis, Gould .... 244
G. nov.-B-zealaudifB, Qiioy

Sf Gaim 245 32.

Synoecus, (fmihl 246

1. australi^< ( Tcmm.) .... 247

2. raaltoni (Miill. ^- Schl.) 249
P'.xcal fiictoria, Bona/) 249

1. chiueiisis (Linn.) .... 250
a. liiieata (Scop.) 253,561

2. lepida. Hurt/. 254

3. adan.soiii ( Vcrr.) .... 255
Ptilopaciiys. Swains 255

1. fuscus ( Vieill.) 256

Bambusiciila, Gould .... 257

1. fytchii, Anders 257 33.

2. thoracica (Temm.). . . . 258

3. siJiiorivox, Gould .... 259
Galloperdix, Bli/t/i 260

1. s])adici'a (Gm.) 261

2. luuulata ( Valcnc.) 263

3. bicalcarata (Pcnn.) . . 264
<)pliry.<ia, lionap 265

1. supovciliosa (Grai/) . . 266 I :U.

Ithageiies, Jl'a'/l 267 I

1. cnientus (Htirdn:) . . 268 j 35.

2. geoH'royi, Verr 269 j

3. sinensis, Darid 270

Traj;opau, Cur 271

1. s;itvni (Linn.) 271

2. melanoi't'])lialiis (6'r«(/) 273

3. temiuincki IJ. E.

Gray) 275

4. blytlii (Jcrd.) 276

5. caboti ( Gould) 277

Lophoidiorus, Tcmm 277

1. ivfulgfns, Tcmm 278

2. irapeyanu.'f (Lath.). . . . 280

Page

3. I'huvsii ( J'crr. 4' G. St.-

Hi'l.) 281

4. sclateri, Jerd. 282

Aconius, Iteichenb 283

1. eivtbrophtbalinus

(AV#.) 283,561

2. pyi'onotus {Gray) .... 285

3. inornatus, Salvad 284

Lophiira, Flcniiny 286

1. rufa (linffl.) 286

2. ignita {Shaw i^- Nodd.)

288, 561

3. diardi ( Temm.) 290

Lobiopliasis, Sharpe .... 291

1. biihveri, Sharpe 292

Ci-ossoptilou, Hodi/s. . . . 293

1. tibetauiuu, Hvdys 293

2. leucuruni, Secbohm . . 294

3. mantchuricuni, Swinh. 294

4. auritum {Pall.) 295

5. barniani, Ehves 296

Gennseus, Wayl. 296

1. albocristatiis (F/c/.) .. 298

2. leucoiuelanua (Lath.) . 300
3 mutbura {Gray) 301

4. borstieldi (Gray) 302

a. cuvieri (Temm.) . . 303

h. davisoni, Grant .... 304

5. lineatus ( Vig.) 304

a. oati'si, Grant 306

6. aiidersoni (Elliot) .... 306

7. nyctbemerus (Linn.). . 307

8. swinhoii (Gould) 309

Pucrasia, Grai/ 310

1. niacTobipha (Less.) . . 311
(/. biddulphi, Marsh. . . 313

2. nipaleiisi.s, Gould .... 314

3. castanea, Goidd 314

4. nieyeri, MadarcUz .... 315

5. xantbo-spila, Gray . . . 315

6. daiwini, Sirinh 316

Catreus, Cab 316

1. wallicbii (Hardw.) . . 317
Pbasianus, Linn 318

1. colcbicus, Liiin 320

a. taliscbensis, Lorenz. . 324

2. persicus, Severtz 324

3. principalis, Sclat 325

4. zerafslianicus, Tarnovski 32G

5. sbawi, Elliot 326

6. tarimen.sis, Prj'ev 327

7. chrysomelas,.b<=iw7;. . . 327

8. mongolicus, Brandt . . 328
a. seiuitorqiiatus,

Severtz 329

9. elegans, Elliot 329

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

10. vlaiigali, Prjev 330

11. strauchi, Prjev 330

12. decollatus, Sivinh 331

13. torquatus, G'?7i 331

14. satscheunensis, Prjev. . '■ 33

15. formosanus, Elliot .... 333

16. versicolor, Vieill. 334,531

17. ellioti, Swinh 335

18. hiimia3 {Hume) 335

19. soemuierring'i, Temm. . 336

20. reevesi, /. E. Gray . . 333

36. Chrysolophus, J. E. Gray 339

1. iJictus [Linn.) 339

a. obscurus (Schl.) .... 341

2. amherstiiE (Leadb.) . . 342

37. GaUas, Linn 343

1. gallus (im/i.) 344

2. lafayetti, Lfss. . . 348,561

.'{. soimera.ti, Temm 350

4. varius [Shaiu ^- Nodd.) 352

38. Polyplectron, Temm 353

1. cliinquis {Miill.) 354

2. germaini, Elliot 357

3. bicalcaratum (Linn.). . 357

4. sc]ileiermacheri,i?r%^. 359

5. nehrkornfe. Bias 360

6. napoleouis, Less 361

39. Chalcurus, Bonnj) 361

1. chalcurus (Less.) .... 361

40. Argusianus, liafi7iesque . . 362

1. argus (Linn.) .... 3(53, 561

2. gra.yi [Elliot) 365

3. bipuiictatus( Wood) . . 366

41. liheinardtius, Oustal 366

1. ocellatus ( Verr.) .... 367

42. Pavo, Linn 368

1. cri.status, Linn. . . 368, 662

2. muticus, Linn 371

43. Phasidus, Cassin 373

1. niger, Cassin 373

44. Agelastes, Temm 374

1. meleagrides, Temm. . . 374

45. Numida, Linn 374

1. rueleagris, Linn 375

2. corouata, Gray 376

3. marungen.sis, Schaloiu . 377

4. cornuta, Finsch ^

Hartl 378

5. mitrata, Pall. 378

6. ptilorbyncba, Licht.

379, 562

46. Guttera, Wagl 380

1. cristata (Pall.) 381

2. edouardi [Hartl.) 382

3. pucherani (Hartl.) 383

4. plumifera (Cassin) .... 384

47. Acryllium, Gray

1. vulturinum [Hardiv.]

48. Meleagris, Lin?i

1. gallopavo, Litm. . .
a. ellioti, Sennett . .

2. amencana, Bartram
a. osceola, Scott . . . .

3. ocellata, Cuv

49. Dendrortyx, Gould ....

1. macrourus [Jard. ^

>Selb.)

2. barbatus, Licht

3. leucophrvs (Gould)

50. Callipepla, 'Wae/l

'j 1. squamata ( Vig.) . . . .

a. castaneiventer,5?'em

51. Oreortyx, Baird

■ 1. pictus [D(ii/(/l.) ....

52. Lopbortyx, Bonap

'1. calif ornicus {Shaw

Nodd.)

2. gambeli, Nn.tt

3. douglasi [Viq.) ....

53. Philortyx, Goit'ld

1. fasciatus (Natt.) . .

54. Eupsychortyx, Gould . .

1. cristatLis (Linn.). . . .

2. leucopogon {Less.). .

3. so)mmi(Te?nm.) . . . .

4. parvicristatus, Gould

5. leylandi {Moore) . .

6. nigrogularis (Gould)

7. bvpoleucus, Gould . .

55. Ortyx, Stejjh

C^ 1. virgiuianus [Linn.)

a. Horidanus, Coues

b. texanus, Laior. ,

2. cubanensis, Gaidd .

3. pectoralis, Gould .

4. graysoni, Lawr. . . .

5. ridgwayi (Breiost.)

6. coyolcos (Miill.) .

7. atriceps, Grant . . .

8. ca,staneu.?i, Gould .

56. Cyrtonyx, Gould

•1. montezumpe {Vig.)

2. sallsei, Terr

3. ocellatus {Gould) .

57. Dactylortyx, Grant. . .

1. thoracicus {Gambel)

58. Odoutopborus, Vieill.

1. guianensis (Gm.)
a. marmoratus [Gou

2. capueira (Spir) .

3. melanotis, Salvin

4. erythrops, Gould

42

Id)

Page
385

386
387
388
389
390
391
392

392
393

394
394
395
396
397
397
399

400
403
404
405
406
407
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
418
419
421
421
422
422
423
424
424
425
425
563
428
429
429
430
432
433
434
435
435

SYSTEMATIC INDKX.

5. hypevvtlinis, Goii/d . .
G. spcciosus, Tgr/i

7. melanonotus, froiild . .

8. leucolsemus, Saln'n . .

9. stellatus (^omW)

10. guttatus (Gould)

1 1. vi'raguensis, Gould ..

12. balliviani, Gnuld . . . .

13. stro])hium [Gould) . . . .

14. coliimbiamis. Gould . .
50. Rhyuchortyx, Grant . . . .

1. spodiostetlius (Scdiun)

2. cinctiis {Sulrin)

Page

43(5
437
438
438
439
439
441
441
442
442
443
443
444

Suborder II.
PERISTEROPODES.

Fain. I. M E (t A p o D 1 1 D je.

1. 'MegnfodiuSjQuoi/^-Gaim. 446

1. nicobariensis, Blijth . . 447

2. teiiimberensis, Sclat. . . 448

3. cumiugi, Dilhvi/n .... 449

4. sanghirensis. Schl 450

5. bern.steini, Schl 450

0. forsteni, Temm 451

7. briiuneiventris, Meyer 452

8. ereiuila, Ilartl 452

9. maogillivrayi, Gra;/ . . 453

10. duperreyijZw-s.v.^- G'rt;-«. 454

11. freyciueti, Temm 457

12. geelvinkianu-?, J/t-^w. . 459

13. layardi, Tristr 459

14. laperousii, Tentm 460

15. pritchardi, Grai/ .... 461

2. Eulipoa, Grant ." 462

1. wallaceL [Gray) 462

3. Lipoa, Gould 463

1. ocollata, Gould 463

4. Talegallus, Less 4(U

1. cuvieri, Less 465

2. fuscirostris, Salvad. . . 466

3. jobiensis Meyer 467

4. loiigicaudus, Meyer . . 467
6. rathetiiriis, Swains 467

1 . lathaiui (J. E. Gray) . . 468

6. Ae])vpodiiis, Oustal 460

1. bruijni {Owfal.) 470

2. arfakiamis (Salcad.) . . 470

7. Megacephalon. Temm. . . 471

1. inaloo, Ilnrfl 472

Fain. 11. C n ACin x.

1 . Crax, Linn 474

1. alector, /-J«H 475

2. fasciolata, S/'ix 476

Page

3. ])iiiima, Natt 477

4. globicera, Li7in 478

5. pauainensi-s, Grant . . 479

6. ffrayi, Grant 480

7. carimciilata, Tetyim. . . 481

8. globulosa, Spix 482

9. daubentoiii, Gray .... 482
10. alberti, Fraser 483

2. Nothocrax, Burmeister . . 484

1. urumutum [Sjji.v) .... 484

3. ISIitua, Less 485

1. initu {Linn.) 485

2. tomentosa (Spi.r) .... 486

3. salvini, Reinhardt .... 487

4. Pauxis, Temm 487

1. pauxi (Linn.) 488

5. Oreopbasi.s, Gray 480

1. derbianu.^, Gray .... 489

6. Penelope, Merreni 490

1. supereiliaris, Llliyer . . 491

2. montagnii (Bonap.) . . 492

3. sclateri, Gray 403

4. jacupeba, Spix 494

5. niarail, Gm 495

6. ortoni, Salvin 496

7. purpurascens, Wayl. . . 496

8. obscura, Illiqer 497

9. cristata (ii«n.) 498

10. boliviana, Bonap 499

11. pileata, Wayl 500

12. ochvogaster, 'Natt. . . 501

13. jaciicaea, Spi.v 501

14. argyrotis (Bonap.) .... 501

15. albipeuuis, Tacz 502

7. Penelopina, -Rei'c^<'«6. .. 502

1. nigra (IPraser) 503

8. Ortali.*, Merrem 504

1. motmot (Linn.) 505

2. araucuan (Spi.v) 506

3. ruficeps (JVayl.) 506

4. wagleri (Gray) 507

5. niticauda (Jard.) .... 507

6. c-anicollis ( Jf'ayl.) 508

7. albiventris (Wayl.) . . 508

8. squainata (Less.) .... 509

9. caracco ( Jrae/l.) 509

10. guttata (Spi.v) 510

11. superciliari-s (Gray) . . 511

12. poliiicepl);ila( IFr/y/.). . 511

13. vetula ( Wayl.) 512

14. leucogastra (6'oi/W) .. 514

15. garrula (//?</h6. ) .... 515

16. cinereiceps (Gray). . . . 515

17. ervthroptoi-a (Naft.) . . 516
0. Pipilo, Bonap 516

1. (Minianen.si.* (Jacquin.) . 517

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

2. jacutinga (Spiv) 518

3. cujubi (Natt.) 519

10. Aburria, ReicheJib 520

1. aburri {Less.) 520

11. Chamajpetes, Wayl 521

l.goudoti {Less:) 521

2. unicolor, Salv 522

Order 0 PI ST HO CO MI.
Fam. I. Opisthocomid^.

1. Opistliocomus, Illiyer .... 52?>
1. hoazin (Miill.) 524

Order II E M I P 0 D 1 1.

Fam. I. T u R N I ci D iE.

1. Turnix, Bonnat 526

) <2_ 1. taigoor {Sykes) 530

" «. pugnax (Temm.) .. 534

2. fasciata {Temm.) . . . .

3. rufilatus, Wallace ....

4. powelli, Guillemard . .

5. sy\\?iX\c2i(Desfontaines)
a. lepurana (Smith) . .

6. dussumieri (Te/HWi.) ..

7. nana (Sundev.)

8. hottentotta (Temm.) . .

9. blanfordi, Bli/th

10. tanki (B. Hamilton) . .

11. albiventris, Hume . . . .

12. maculosa ( Temm.) . . . .

13. saturata, Forbes

14. rufescens, Wallace . . . .

15. ocellata {Scop.)

16. nigricollis (Gm.) ....

17. melanogaster {Oould) .

18. varia {Lath.)

19. castanonota (Gould) . .

20. pyrrhothorax (Gonld) ,

21. velox (Gould)

2. Pedionomus, Gould . . . .

1. torquatus, Gould . . . .

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CATALOGUE

BIRDS.

Order VI. PTEROCLETES.

Maxillo-palatines not coalesced with one another or with the
vomer ; nasals schizorhinal ; dorsal vertebrae heteroccelous ; two
notches ou each side of the posterior margin of the sternum, the
inner notch sometimes reduced to a foramen.

Bill as in tlie Gallinaj, but not so strongly developed.

Feet with three toes only, or with the hallux present in a rudi-
mentary condition.

Oil-gland nude.

The lateral bare tracts extend to the base of the neck only ; well-
developed aftcrshafts to the feathers of the body. Fifth secondary
quill wanting.

Young covered with down, and able to run in a few hours.

Eggs three, double-spotted, and equally rounded at hotli ends.
Nest none.

The general structure of the " Sand-Grouse," or better still, as
]Iuxley calls them, " Pigeon-Grouse," presents many striking
Columbine characters, such as in the vocal organs, pterygoids, basi-
pterygoid processes, shoulder-girdle, sternum, and especially the
great deltoid process of the humerus ; but the digestive organs are
Galline.

On the whole these birds form a well-marked order intermediate
between the Cohanbce and Qallina.

Mostly migratory ; inhabiting Africa, South Europe, and Asia.

VOL. XXII. B

2 PTEROCLlDiE,

Family PTEROCLID.E.

Tarso-metatarsus very short and feathered ; toes feathered or
naked. Wings long and pointed.

Ke>j to the Genera.

I. Hallux absent. Middle tail-feathers elon-

gate and pointed 1. Sybbhaptes, p. 2.

II. Hallux present, but rudimentary.

a. Middle tail-feathers elongate and pointed. 2. Ptebocldrus, p. 6.

b. Middle tad-feathers not elongate 3. Pteeocles, p. 16.

1, SYRRHAPTES.

Type.

Syrrhaptes, Illiger, Prodromus, p. 24-3 (1811) S. paradoxus.

Nematura, Fisch. Mem. Soc. Mosc. iii. p. 271 (1812) . . S. paradoxus.
Heteroclitus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 53 (1816) S. paradoxus.

Tarsi and toes feathered ; hallux absent ; middle tail-feathers
elongate and pointed ; wings long and pointed.

Range. Asia ; Khirgiz Steppes to North China ; and North of
Lake Baikal. South to the Sutlej Yalley,

Key to the Species.

A. Abdomen with a veiy large black patch.

a. Sides of the neck not spotted with black ;

across the breast a zone of white feathers
each with a narrow transverse subterminal
black band. Throat dull rusty red, not
bounded by a black line paradoxus c? > p- 2.

b. Sides of the neck spotted with black ; no

pectoral zone, but a narrow black band

terminates the pale butf throat paradoxus § , p. 2.

B. Abdomen white.

c. Black vermicidations on the back of the

neck and interscapular region very fine
and gi'aduaUy becoming almost invisible
on the wing-coverts and scapulars tibetanus (S , p. 5.

d. Black vermiculations on the wing-coverts

and scapulars as large and clearly defined

as on the upper parts of the body tibetanus 2 > P- '5.

1. Syrrhaptes paradoxus.

Heteroclite Grous, Lat/i. Gen. Syti. ii. p. 7o3 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.

viii. p. 261 (1823).
Tetrao paradoxa, Pallas, Puss. Peic/is, ii. p. 712, pi. F (1773) fS.

desert of Tartary] ; Miill. Suppl. Linn. S. N. p. 127 (1776) ; Pallas,

Zoogr. Posso-Asiat. ii. p. 74 (1811) [Kirghiz Steppes].
Tetrao paradoxus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 755 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.

p. 643 (1790) ; Bonn. Tabl. Enciicl. Meth. i. p. 205, pi. 93. fig. 1
^ (1791).
Syrrhaptes paradoxus, Pliger, Prodromvs, p. 243 (1811) ; Licht.

Verz. Boubl. p. 66 (1623) ; Wagl. Syst. Av. p. 286 (1827) ;

1. Si-RRHAriKS. 3

Griffith's ed. Cuv. in. p. 2G8, pi. (1829) ; Gray, List B. iii. p. 50
(1^44); id.Gen.B.\\\. p. 519, pi. cxxxiv. (1845); Moore, Ibis,
1860, p. 105, pi. iv. ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 341 [Pekiii &
Tientsin]; Crommdin, Ned. Tijd. Dierk. i. p. 219 (1863); Budde,
2ieis. Slid. v. Ost-Sibir. ii. p. 287, pis. xi. & xiv. %. 3(1863)
[Mongolia] ; Newtoti, Ibis, 1804, p. 185 [Irruption of Pallas's Sand-
Grouse] ; 6'alvadori, Ibis, 1864, p. ■2-2S [Piedmont] ; Fitzinger, Atl.
Nat. Vb(/. fig. 246 (1864) ; Crommelin, Ned. Tijd. Dierk. iii. p. 239
(1866); Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. 60 (1867); De(jl. ^- Gerbe, Orn.
Eur. ii. p. -IS (1807) ; Gray, List B. v. p. 5 ('l867); Homeyer,
J.f. O. 1870, p. 170; Fritsch, Nat. Vdy. Eurojju's, p. 276 (1870),
pi. 32. fig. 12 (1871); Saimders, Ibis, 1871, p. 223; Gray, B.
West Scot. p. 238 (1871); Fritsch, J.f. O. 1871, p. 312 [Bo-
hemia] ; Tristram, Ibis, 1872, p. 334 ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotnie,
p. m (1873): Gotdd, B. Great Brit. iv. pi. 11 (1873); Heuqlin,
J.f. O. 1874, p. 399; Tacz. J. f O. 1874, p. 325 [Transbailial J ;
Severtz. J. f. 0.1875, p. 181 [Turkestan]; Cordeaua:, Ibis, 1875,
p. 184 [Heligoland] ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 322 [Turkestan] ; id. B.
Europe, vii. p. 75, pi. 468 (1870);; Schaloiv, J.f. 0. 1876, p. 2(j [Bran-
denburg] ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. i. p. 241 (1877) [E. Siberia] ;
Fi?isc/t, Ibis, 1877, p. 53 [Steppe of Tarik] ; David ^- Oustalet, Ois.
C/<iW, p. 389 (1877) [Turkestan, Steppes of Kirghiz & Daouria,
Mongolia, Pechili]; I'rjev. Moiiyolia, ii. p. Ill (1876); id. in
Rowleys Orn. Misc. ii. p. 382 (1877) [Mongolia & North of Lake
Baikal in summer] : Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 261 ; Finsch, Ver/i.
Ges. Wicn, xxix. p. 231 (1880); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 220
[Astrakhan] ; id. Ibis, 1882, p. 425 [Samarkand] ; Gadoio, F. Z. S.
L^S2, p. 312; Saunders, Ibis, 1883, p. 231 ; Homeyer ^- Tancri,
MT. J'er. Wien, 1883, p. 91 ; Badde, Orn. Caiicas. p. 335 (1884) ;
Sannders, Ibis, 1884, p. 380 [Pyrenees]; Zurndn. Bull. Mosc. bci!

(7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47 (1888) [Tschinas, Turkestan]; Cabanis, J.
f. 0.1888, p. 120; Kempen, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. xiii. p. 145
(1888), & xiv. p. 18 (1889) [N. France]; Evayis, Zool. Bee. xxv.
pp. 79-86 (1888), xxvi. pp. 69-72 (1889); Macpherson, J'isitation
of Pallas's Sand-Grouse to Scotland in 1888 (1889); Mci/er ^■
Helm, JB. Orn. Mus. Dresden, 1888-9, Special Appendi.i ;
If'iiiye, Vidensk. Medd. Nat. KJob. 1889, p. 57; Saunders, III.
Man. Brit. B. p. 475 (1889); Gii/lioli, Avifaun. Ital. pt. i.
p. 512 (1889); lieick.J. f. O. 1889, p. 1 [Germany] ; Tschusi
zu Schmidhoffen, Mitth. Nat. Ver. Steiermark, Separat-Abdnick
1889; Sc/ial'ou;J.f. O. 1890, p. 14; Newton, Ilns, 1890, p. 207,
pi. vii. ; Blaauw, /iw, 1890, p. 465 [Texel Is.]; Sharpe, Second
_ Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 120 ( 1891) [E. of Kizil].

Xematura pai-adoxa, Fisih. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. iii. p. 271 (1812).

Sirrhaptes paradoxus. Less. Traite Orn. p. 518 (1831).

Telrao arenaria, Pallas, Zoogr. liosso-.lsiat. ii. pi. liii. (1811).

Ileteroclitus tartaricus, Vieill. N. Diet. d^Hist. Nat. xiv. p 453

^ (1817).

Syrrhaptes pallasii, Temtu. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 282, 716 (1815) • id
PI. Col.y. pi. 30 [no. 95] (1824); Steph. Shaw s Gen. ZooLrav.
p. 304, pi. 37 (1820); Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Voy. p. 282(1833);
Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 182. pi. xxiii. (1834); Kaup, Das
Thcirreich, ii. pt. 1, p. 03,%. (1836).

4 PTEEOCLID^,

Synliaptes lieteroclita, Tieill. Gal. Ois. iii. p. 64, pi. ccxxii. (182-5).
Svrrliaptes heteroclitus, Montessus, Rev. et Mag. Zuol. 1863, pp. 358,

■ 390, 393, pi. 24.
Sirraptes fischeri, Karelin, Bull. Mosc. xiii. p. 495 (1840).

Adult male. Forehead, superciliaries, cheeks, and nape j-ellowish
grej-, shading into dove-grey on the back of the head and sides of
the neck ; chin whitish, throat and continuation of eye-stripe rust
or yellowish rust. Nape, chest, and breast buffy grey, the two
latter separated by a band of white-tipped feathers, each with a
narrow black subtermiual band, belly black. Back, rump, and
scapulars buff, barred with black ; the upper tail-coverts are also
buff, margined internally with blackish grey. Wing-coverts buff.
Most of the feathers of the shoulder with black extremities, and
some of the median coverts ornamented with round black S])ots near
the extremity of the outer web. Axillarics white, tipped with black.
Primaries grey, shading into black on the innermost three, the first
much the longest and produced into a filament and with the outer
web black, the remainder margined with buil ; secondaries buff,
with the terminal two-thirds of the outer web black nearly to the
margin ; greater primary-coverts like the secondaries, but the black
on the outer web extends to the base of the feathers, and leaves a
wide buff margin : greater secondary-coverts buff, with a dark
chestnut patch towards the extremity of the outer web. Legs,
feet, aud vent white, under tail-coverts white barred with black ;
middle pair of tail-feathers buff, irregularly marked with blackish
grey, much longer than the rest, and produced into long black
filaments ; rest of tail-feathers blackish grey, toothed on both webs
with vinaceous buff, and tipped with white. Total length 14-6
inches, wing 9"1, tail 7, tarsus 0-8.

Adult female. Kesembles the male : but the feathers of the top of
the head, nape, and car-coverts have black shaft-streaks, the throat
and continuation of the eye-stripe are buff-yellow or yellow, and the
former is separated from the chest by a blackish-brown line. !No
band of black and white feathers divides the chest and breast : the
sides and back of the neck, sides of the chest, and the lesser and
median wing-coverts are ornamented with subtermiual round black
spots, and the barring of the back is less regular. Total length
12-8 inches, wing 8, tail 5-5, tarsus 0-8.

Immature males and females resemble the female adult, but have
all the neck and chest spotted with irregularly shaped blackish-
brown marks, and the black bars on the interscapular region and
the round subtermiual spots on the lesser and median wing-coverts
much less regular, being broken up into variously shaped marks ;
the buff margins and brownish-black inner parts of the inner pri-
maries, greater primar^'-coverts, and secondaries so clearly defined
in the adult run into one another ; and the filiform ends to the
first primaries and centre pair of tail-feathers are not developed.

For description aud figure of nestling, see Kewton, Ibis, 1890,
p. 210, pi. vii.

Hab. Central Asia ; extending to Pechi-li, N. China in the east,

1. srRRn.vpiEs, 5

aud the Kirf^liiz Steppes iu the west, north beyoud Lake Baikul,
and south throughout Mougolia aud Turkestan.
Periodically great numbers visit Europe.

«) ^- cJ 2 imru. st. North A>ia.

V. 2 ad. sk. Altai. Gould Coll.

d, e. (S ad. st. ; 5 inmi- Kirghiz Steppes. Purchased.

sk.

/»//• 6 ad. et imm. sk. Turkestan. Tweeddale Coll.

h,i. (S $ ad. sk. Lewes, Sussex, Jan. Puichased.

k. S ad. St. Norfolk, June. F. Bond, Esq. [P.].

/. 2 ad. .-k. King's Lynn, Oct. Victor Ames, Esq. [P.].

m. 2 ad. St. Cambridge, June. F. Bond, Esq. [P.].

»j. cf ad. sk. Easington, Lincoln- Dr. H.B. Hewetson[P.j.

shire, Oct.

o-r. d 2 ad. St. Mouth uf the Plumber. Dr. 11. B. Ilewetson [P.^.

«. $ ad. sk. Island of Tiree, S. Lt.-Col. L. H. Lby [P.].

Hebrides, Aug.
t. (j" ad. sk. No locality.

u. c? ad. sk. No locality. Gould Coll.

V. Skeleton. Near Pekin. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

w. Skeleton. No locality. Salviu-Godman Coll.

.r. c? sternum and Cambridge, June. Mr. S. P. Saville [P.].

shoulder-jjirdle.

2. Syrrhaptes tibetanus.

Syrrhaptes tibetanus, Gould, P. Z. S. 18-50, p. 92 [Ladak] ; id. B.
Asia,\\. pi. 61 (1850) ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. -502, & 18.39, p. 180 ;
Gray, List B. v. p. 5 (1867) ; Hend. ^- Humv, Lahore to Yarkand,
p. 279 (1873) [Karakash Valley] ; Prjev. Momjolia, ii. p. 14 ( 1876) ;
id. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 384 (1877) i Stepjies of Koko-Nor
& N. Thibet] ; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 263 ; IItt7)ie, S/r. F. vii.
pp. 162, 425 (1878) ; Huitie. ^^- Marshall, Game Birds Ind. i. p. 43,
pi. (1879) [Sutlej Valley]; Sevcrtz. Ibis, 1.-^83, p. 71 [Pamir];
Fleske, Mhn. Ac. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47 (1888);
Sharpe, Second Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 119 (1891) [Chagra, Gogra].

Adult male. Forehead, lores, cheeks, and chin white, with black
shafts ; sides of tho head, throat, and a baud round the nape buff-
yellow. Top of the head black, barred -with Avhite. Chest, sides,
and back of the neck white, with narrow, wavy, transverse bars
of black, the ground-colour gradually shading into vinaceous on the
upper back, while the black bars become mere vermiculatious.
Wing-covert.s, scapulars, and tertiarics vinaceous buff, minutely
vermiculated witli black, the inner webs of the scapulars with large
subtcrminal black blotches, nearly hidden in fresh-moulted specimens,
but forming a large triangular interscapular patch in worn speci-
mens ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts whitish, somewhat
coarsely vermiculated with black. Primaries, secondaries, and
greater wing-coverts black ; the inner pnmaries with a somewhat
extensive terminal patch of whitish buff, while the secondaries have
more or less of the outer web (less in the inner and more in the
outer)similarly coloured to the tertiarics. Axillarics black. Upper
breast greyish white ; belly, flanks, legs, aud feet white ; under

b PTEROCLIB^,

tail-coverts chestnut, tipped with white, and widely barred with
black. Centre pair of tail-feathers like the upper tail-coverts, and
produced into long blackish-grey filaments : rest of the tail-feathers,
of which the outer pair are much the shortest, similar to the under
tail-coverts. Total length IG inches, wing fi-8, tail 7"9, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the whole of the
upper parts irregularly barred with black ; most marked on the
elongate tertiaries : the upper breast, as well as the chest, barred
with black, and the centre pair of tail-feathers less developed.
Total length 15 inches, wing 9-7, tail 7*4, tarsus 1.

A quite immature bird resembles the adult female, but has only a
trace of yellow about the ear-coverts, and the barring on the upper
parts of the body is coarser and more irregular.

A nestling from Thibet closely resembles in every particular the
figure of S. paradoxus given in the ' Ibis,' already mentioned.

Hah. Thibet ; extending northwards to the steppes of Koko-Nor,
west to the Pamir, and south to Ladak and the upper portions of
the Sutlej Valley.

a-c. c? ad. sk. Kashgar (BelleiLi). India Museum [P.I.

d,e. S 9- fl'd. sk. Pamir, May (BidcMph). Hume Coll.

/. (5 ad. sk. Gulcha, Pamir. St. George Littledale,

Esq. [P.].

g. 2 ad. sk. Karakoram (Belleiv). India Museum rp.].

h, i. (S $ ad. et Gogra, Aug. {F. StoUczka). India Museum [P.].

imm. sk.

k-t. S ad. sk. Ladak. Hume Coll.

M, V. cJ 5 ad. sk. Masinik Pass, Oct. & Dec. Hume Coll.

(Henderson).

7v. S ad. sk. Thibet, Feb. Tweeddale Coll.

a--/'- 6 2 ad. sk. Thibet, April, May, Sept., Hume Coll.

& Nov. {Mandelli).

(f. S ad. sk. Thibet. Lord Gifford [P.].

'h'-k'. 2 ad. sk. & Thibet. Major Charlton [P.].

juv. et pull. st.

2. PTEROCLURUS.

Type,
ffinas, Vieill. {nee Latr. Col 1802) Analyse, p. 52 (1816). P. alchata.
Pteroclurus, Bonap. Compt. Rend. xlii. p". 880 (1856) .... P. alchata.
Pterygocius, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 288 (1890) . . P. alchata.

Tarsi feathered ; toes naked ; small hallux always present ; two
central tail-feathers elongate, and more or less produced into
filaments.

Bange. Africa, S. Europe, and S.W. Asia.

Keg to Hie Species.

A , Lower breast and belly pure white.
n. Throat black.

«'. Subtermiual bars of wing-coverts white . . alchata c? , p. 7.

h'. Subtermiual bars of wing-coverts yellow. . ^j^rewajcws cJ, p. 9.
b. Throat white.

c'. Subterminal bars of wing-coverts white . . alchata 2 . P- 7.

d'. Subtermiual bars of wing-coverts yeUow. . pyrenaicus 2> P- 9.

2. PTEROCLUBUS. 7

B. Lower breast and belly not pure white.

c. Shaft of first primary white.

e'. A white and chestnut pectoral zone, belly

uniform namaqua c? , p- 10.

/'. No pectoral zone, belly transversely

barred namaqua $ , p. 10.

d. Shaft of first primary dark.

g'. Chest and upper breast immacidate.
a". A narrow white and black pectoral

zone exustus c? , p. 12.

b". No pectoral zone seneyallus S , P- 1-^-

//'. Chest and upper breast spotted.
c". Spots on chest and upper breast

blotchy, and terminated by two or

three transverse rows of bars ; back

transversely barred _. . exustm $ , p.' 12.

d". Chest and upper parts covered with

round black spots senegallus $ , p. 14.

1. Pterochirus alchata.

Pintailed Grous, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 748 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.

viii. p. 250 (1823).
Tetrao alchata, Linn. S. N. i. p. 276 (17G6); Gm. S. N. i. p. 754
(1788) ; Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 041 (1790) ; Bonn. Tabl. Encycl.
Meth. i. p. 203, pi. 92. fig. 3 (1791).

rterocles alchata, Temminck, Man. d'Orn. p. 302 (1815) ; Steph.
Shaiv's Gm. Zool. xi. p. 311 (1819) ; Lichf. Verz. Doubl. p. 64
(1823) ; Kaup, Das Theirreich, ii. pt. 1, p. 61, fig. (1836) ; Gray,
List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 48 (1844) : id. Gen. B. iii. p. 518 (1845) ;
Blyth, Cat. B. As. Soc. p. 249 (1849) ; Jerdun, B. lnd. ii. p. 500
(1863) ; Grat/, List B. v. p. 4 (1867) ; Fritsch, Nat. Vog. EurojMS,
p. 274 (1870), p. 632, fig. 10 (1871) : Severtz. Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 68
(1873); Hume, S. F. i. p. 221 (1873) [Sindh] ; Serertz. J. f. O.
1875, p. 181 [Turkestan] ; Bleioitt, S. F.m. p. 268 (1875) [Gurgaon
Dt.]; Blanford, E. Persia, ii. p. 271 (1876) [Persia]; Dresser,
lii^f, 1876,p. 322 [Turkestan]; Hume, S. F. vii. p. 161 (1878)
[W. Kajpootana, Punjab, \\. Cashmere]; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 250; Hume ^- Marshall, Game B. Did. i. p. 77, pi. (1878);
Seehohm, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 764 [Atreck Valleyt; Butler, Cat. B.
Si7id, etc. p. 53 (1879); Barnes, Str. F. ix. p. 4.-)8 (1880) [S. Af-
ghanistan] ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1882. p. 118 [S. Afghanistan] ; Seebchm,
this, 1883, p. 25 [Caucasus] ; Eadde, Orn. Caucas. p. 3.33 (1884) ;
Tristr. Palest, p. 122 (1884) ; Scully, M. S^- B. N. Afghan, p. 86
(1887) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 174 [S. AfghanistanJ.

Tetrao caudacutus, -S. G. Gmel. Beise, iii. p. 93, pi. xviii. (1774).

Tetrao chata, Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 73 (1811) [Bokhara].

Pterocles chata, Demid. 'Voy. Buss. Mcrid. iii. p. 222 (1840) [Cau-
ca.*us] ; Bogd. B. Caucasus, p. 126 (1879).

Pterocles arenarius, Guerin-Meneville {nee Pall.), Icon. Big. Anim.,
Ois. p. 26, pi. 44. fig. 3 (1829-38).

Pterocles caspius, MOnitr. Cat. Pais, de ZooL p. 47 (1832).

Pterocles sewerzowi, Bogdanow, Mel. Biol. xi. p. 61 (1881) ; id. Bull.
Ac. Sci. St. PMersb. xxvii. p. 168 (1881) : id. J.f. O. 1882, p. 115
[Turkestan, Transcaucasus, N. Persia] ; Zaroudn. Bull. Mosc. Lsi.
p. 321 (1885) [Transcaspia] ; Pleske, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (7)
xxxvi. no. 3, p. 46 (1888) [Tschiuas, Turkestan].

Pterocles severtzovi, Zaroudn. Bull. Mosc. n. s. iii. p. 810 (1890).

O PTEEOCLID^,

Adult male. Top of the head greyish ochre ; chin and throat
black, as also a line commencing behind the eye and extendiug
along the side of the head ; rest of the head bright rufous buff,
gradually shading into ochre on the neck. Upper back and scapu-
lars dull olive-ochre, each feather margined with greyish and most
of the scapulars with a subterminal patch of ochre. Lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts yellowish buff barred with black.
Chest pale rufous, separated from the neck above and the white
breast and rest of underparts by two narrow black lines. Primaries
and greater primary-coverts grey, the outer web of the first primary
and the terminal part of the inner webs of the five inner primaries
blackish ; the latter are also margined at the extremity with white.
Secondaries white, the external half of the outer web and last
third of the inner web black, margined with white ; the inner
secondary, median, and all the lesser wing-coverts white, with the
greater part of the outer web and in the two latter the terminal part
also of the inner web bright chestnut, with a narrow submarginal
white and black band. Outer secondary and median coverts have
the ends yellowish buff, margined by a black band. Shoulders grey.
Axillaries pure white. Tail-feathers (16) blackish grey, mixed with
ochre and barred with pale rufous ; the centre pair produced into
long blackish filaments, and the remainder tipped with white.
Total length 14-8 inches, wing 8-4, tail 6-3, tarsus 1-1.

In nearly mature birds many of the feathers of the top of the
head and a few of the long scapulars and feathers of the back are
yellowish biaff, barred with black, and the black throat-patch has
still a few white feathers mixed with the black.

In a yorinr/er bird these differences are yet more marked, and
none of the yellow subterminal blotches characteristic of the scapu-
lars of the adult are to be seen, while the throat-patch is more
white than black, and each feather of the sides of the head and neck
has a subterminal black spot.

In quite young male and female specimens the plumage resembles
that of the immature female, but the whole of the head, neck, and
chest are pale rufous buff barred and marked with black, and the
extremities of the primaries and primary-coverts are as usual tipped
with white.

Adult female. The top of the head, nape, back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts yellowish buff barred with black. Chin and
throat white, rest of the face as in the adult male but paler ;
the front and sides of the neck are covered by a wide black
band edged with buff, succeeded by a grey band edged with black.
The chest and rest of the underparts resemble those of the male,
but the former is paler. The scapulars, outer secondary, and
median coverts are barred like the dorsal feathers ; but in the
former each feather is terminated by a somewhat wide band of slate-
grey followed by an equally wide band of tawny-yellow edged with
black, while in the two latter the subterminal band is white instead
of slate. The inner secondary and median coverts are white,
margined with black along the outer web ; and the rest of the

riEROCLUF.TTS.

median and the least wing-coverts are pale rufous with the ex-
tremity black. The rest of the plumage resembles that of the adult
male. Total length 1^*5 inches, wing 7'8, tail 5"5, tarsus 1.

In immature females the scapulars have the subterminal bands
black instead of grey, and the terminal band pale buff, not brighter
than the rest of the ground-colour of the back ; the black baud on
the upi^er part of the neck is represented by a subterminal spot at
the end of each feather, and the sides of the face and neck are also
spotted.

JIab. S.W. Asia ; ranging from Palestine to North-western India,
and extending southwards to Bushire at the head of the Persian
(iulf, and probably to Arabia, and northwards to Asia Minor, Trans-
caucasus, and Turkestan.

a. (f inim. sk.

b. 5 inim. sk.

c. (1. S imm. ;

$ ad. sk.
e. S iuim. sk.
i--(/'. c? ? ad.
et imiii. sk.
h. $ ad. sk.
«', k'. tS 2 ad.

St.

I', 7)1. 2 ad. sk.
«', o'. Skeletons.

N. of Jacobabad, Xov.
Naraina, Jaipur, Dec. ( T. W.

Bartlett).
Gurgaon Dist., Feb. {W. N.

Chill).
Delhi, Dec. {F. Blewitt).
Murdan, Jan., Feb., March,

Dec. (J. R. Ju/uim>i).
Afghanistan ( W. Griffith).
Bagdad.

Asia.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.

Sir K. Loftus [P.].

Purchased.
Purchased.

Subsp. a. Pterochinis pyrenaicus.

The Little Pin-tailed Grous, Echc. Glean. Xaf. Hist. v. p. 84, pi. 249
(17r,s).

Gehnote des PvrcSndes, Daubent. PI. Enl. ii. nos. 105 ( J ) & 106 ( $ ).

Bonasa pyrenaica, Brisft. Orn. i. p. 19o, pi. xix. (17uO).

Pterocles pjTenaicus, Secbuhm, litis, 1883, p. '2Q.

Pterocles setarius, Temm. Pit/, cf Gail. iii. pp. 2o0, 714 (1815) [nee
Arabia] ; id. Man. d'Orn.' -p- 'iOl (1815) ; id. Man. d'Orn. p. 478
(18l'0) ; Jl'at/l. Si/.-if. Av. p. 282 (1827) ; IVern. All. Orn. d'Eur.
ord. 10, ]il. 14(1828); Schinz, Kaf. Abbild. FoV/. p. 281 (1833);
Gould, li. Europe, \\.\i. 258, pi. (1837) [nee Persia]; Crespm,
Orn. Gard, p. 326 (1840) ; Companyo, Hist. Nat. Pyrenies-Orieiit.
iii. p. 200(1863).

GEnas cata, Vicill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xii. p. 418 (1817) [nee
Persia] ; Rout, Orn. Pror. ii. p. 20, pis. 248, 249, 381 (1830).

Pterocles akliata, JSunap. (nee Linn.) leon. Fauna Italica, i. p. 143,
pi. 40 (1840); l)e(il. Orn. Enrop. ii. p. 18 (1849); Salvin, Ibis,
1859, p. 352 [E. Atlas]; Pou-ys, Ibis, i860, p. 239 [nr. Sicily' ;
Linderm. fiit/. Griechenl. p. 122 (1860): Tristram, Ibis, 1860,
p. 70 [\. Africa] ; Sperling, Ibis, 1864, j). 284 ; Wri(/hf, Ibis, 1864,
p. 139[Maha]; Fitzimi>r, All. Nat. J '(Vy. fig. 247 (1864) : Lilf^rd,
Ibis, lb(i5, p. 167, &"1866, p. 379 [Spain]; Drake, Ibis, \>r,7,
p. 428 [E. :Moroeco1 ; Dec/l. ^S- Gerbe, Orn. E'urop. ii. p. 23 (1867) ;
liree, Ii. Eur. iii. p. 221, p). (1867) ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 451
[Portugal]; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 223 [Andalucia] ; Heiajl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 853 (1873) ; Dresser, B. Europe, vii. p. 67,

10 PTEROCLIDiE.

pi. 407 (1874) ; Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, p. ISo (1875) ; Miiller,
J.f. 0. 1879, p. 390 rCyprus]; GifflioU, Ibis, 1881, p. 205 [Italy];
Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p.'84 [Spain] ; Giglioli, Avifaun. Ital. p. 331
(1886) ; Carazzi, Boll. Soc. Nat. Napoli, i. fasc. i. (1887) ; Tait,
Ibis, 1887, p. 380 [Portufral] ; Giglioli, Avifaun. Ital. pt. i. p. 511
(1889) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 333 [Cyprus].

Pteroclm-us alchata, Levaill. Explor. Alger, p. 233 (1867) ; Olphe-
Galliard, Faun. Orn. Europe Occ. fasc. xxxix. p. 61 (1886).

Syi'rhaptes paradoxus, Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 397.

South European and North African birds differ slightly from the
true Asiatic F. alchata in being richer in colour. In both sexes the
chest is chestnut instead of pale rufous, and in the male the sub-
marginal bars of the chestnut inner secondary and median wing-
coverts are buff instead of white ; while in the same feathers
in the female the black marginal band is separated from the white
part by a wide buff band. Otherwise the plumage is the same.

Hah. Southern Europe and North Africa, extending as far east
as Cyprus.

a. c? ad. sk. Near Toulon (3f. Gerbe). Riocour Coll.

b-d. d 2 ad. et Seville, April, May, Oct. Tweeddale Coll.

2 juv. sk. (H. Saunders),

e-a. cJ 2 ad. sk. Spain. W. Owen, Esq., and

Capt. Cook [P.].

h-i. d 2 ad. sk. Spain (E. C. Taylor). Shelley Coll.

k, I. ? Pull. St. Tunis. Purchased.

m. S ad. st. Hardwicke Bequest.

71. Skeleton. Africa. Purchased.

o. Skeleton. France.

2. Pteroclurus namaqua.

Namaqua Grous, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. p. 750 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.

Tiii. p. 251 (1823).
Tetrao Namaqua, Gin. S. N. i. p. 754 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.

p. 642 (1790) ; Bonn. Tabl. Encjcl. Meth. i. p. 204 (1791).
ffinas namaqua, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 422 (1817).
Pterocles namaqua, Gray, List B. iii. p. 49 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii.

p. 518 (1845) ; id. List £. v. p. 4 (1867) ; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878,

p. 252; Bucage, Orn. Anqola, p. 396 (1881) [S. of Mossamedes] ;

Hohtb u. Pelz. Orn. Siiddfr. p. 182 (1882) [Orange & Vaal Rs.] ;

Ay res. Ibis, 1886, p. 292 [Limpopo R.] ; Symonds, Ibis, 1887,

p. 333 [Kroonstad, Orange Free State].
Pteroclurus namaqua, Gurney's ed. Andersson's B. Bamaraland,

p. 242 (1872) [Damaraland].
Pterocles tachvpetes, Temm. Piq. et Gall. iii. pp. 274, 715 (1815) ;

Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p."313 (1819) ; Wagl. Syst. Av. p. 282

(1827); Latjard, B. S. Afr. p. 277 (1867) [Namaqualand] ;

id. Ibis, 1869, p. 75 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 262 [Transvaal].
Pterocles simplex, Moux, Less. Traite Orn. p. 517 (1831).

Adult male. Top of the head, nape, and neck ochraceous buff,
shading into vinaceous buff on the lower part of the chest, and into
orange-yellow on the throat and chin. Upper back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts duU olive-brown, each feather with a buff-grey

2. PTEEOCLURrS. 11

subtcrminal blotch. Lesser, median, and secondary wing-coverts
and scapulars dark brown, with a subtcrminal bull' or bufi-
and-white blotch. Outer secondaries buS'y brown. Primaries,
primary-coverts, and rest of secondaries black, the first two
primaries with white shafts, and the five inner ones and the inner
secondaries tipped and partiall)- margined on the inner web with
white. Axillaries blackish brown. A white and dark chestnut
pectoral band separates the chest from the brown breast, which
shades gradually into buff on the belly, flanks, and iinder tail-
coverts. Featliers on front of tarsi white. Tail composed of 10
feathers : centre pair like the upper tail-coverts and produced into
long black filaments ; outer pairs dark brown tipped with buff.
Total length 12 inches, wing (r(3, tail 4-G, tarsus 0-85.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the lores, top of the
head, and upper back pale chestnut, shading into pale yellow on the
sides of the head, throat, and nape, each feather with a black shaft-
stripe, reduced to a subtcrminal spot on those of the throat, while
on the upper back and cliest it gives off lateral bars and terminates
in a rounded blotch, giving those parts a somewhat spotted appear-
ance ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts resemble the upper
back, but the ground-colour is mixed with buff. Secondary,
median and lesser wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries
pale chestnut-buff, each feather with a black shaft-stripe giving off
lateral bars and tipped with buff or buff and reddish brown. Ereast,
belly, and flanks buff, barred with black ; tail-feathers black, barred
on the outer part of both webs ^vith chestnut, the centre pair pro-
duced into moderate black filaments, rest tipped with huffy white.
Total length 10-5 inches, wing 6-2, tail 4-3, tarsus 0-8.

Yovwj male resembles the adult female, but the top of the head
and upper back are more rufous in tone and barred M'ith distinct
narrow bars of brownish black, less regular on the head : the chest
is buft', irregularly marked -with dusky grey ; the throat, breast, and
belly resemble those of the adult male, but the throat is paler and
the breast more rufous. The ends of the primaries are. as usual,
tipped with buff vermiculated with black, and the centre pair of
tail-feathers are not produced into filaments.

Hah. South Africa ; ranging eastwards to the Transvaal, south
to the Great Karroo, and west to Damaraland and Benguela.

a, h. S .juv. ; $ Potchefstrooni, Aug., Nov. J. H. Guraev, Esq. [P.].

ad. sk. ( T. Ai/res).

c. (^ ad. sk. Kroonstad, Sept. J. H. Gumey, Esq. [P.].

d-f. S $ nd. sk. Kiniberlev, June. J. E. Hartiug, Esq. [P.].

(/,'h. d ad. et S. Africa." J. Ilocke, Esq. [P,J.

jiiv. sk.

t. 2 ad. sk. S. Africa. Major-Gen. Hardwicke

[P.I.

k. 2 nd. sk. S. Africa. Goukt Coll.

A wi. c? 2 ad. sk. Cape. Sir A. Smith [P.].

71,0. (S 2 ad. sk. Pengiiela. Monteiro Coll.

;*. (J ad. sk. No locality. Gould CoU.

q. Iium. sk. No locality.

12

PTEROOLIDiE.

3. Pteroclurus exustus.

Bahtah Grous, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 258 (1823).

Pterocles senegalensis, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 6-4 (1823).

Pterocles exustus, Temm. Fl. Col. v. pis. 28, 29 [nos. 3-j4 & 360]
(1825); Waffl. St/st Av. p. 284 (1827); Griffith's ed. Cm. in.
p. 258, pi. (1829); Hodyson, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Gallinee
(no. 783) ; id. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) [Nepal] ; Gray, List
B. iii. p. 49 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 519 (1845) ; Rdppell, Voy.
N.O.-Afr. p. 106(1845) [N. Africa, Abyssinia, Arabia] ; Blyth,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 249 (1849) ; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. 04
(1850); Ilartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 205 (1857) [Senegal]; Irhi, Ibis,
1861, p. 235 [Oiidh]; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 502 (1863) ; Adams,
Ibis, 1864, p. 27 [Upper Egypt] ; Allen, Ibis, 1864, p. 240 [Upper
& Lower Egypt] ; Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 67 [Egypt] ; Gray, List
B. V. p. 4 (1867) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 378 [IJmballah, Gwalior] ;
Fi7isch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 291 (1870) [Mai ^VaUet] ; Blanford, Geo/.
^ Zool. Abyss, p. 419 (1870) [near the coast] ; Shelley, Ibis, 1871,
p. 143 [Egypt] ; ul. B. Egypt, p. 218 (1872) ; Antin. e Salvad. Cat.
Ucc. p. 132 (1873) [Bogos, Tunis]; Hume, S. F. i. p. 225 (1873)
[Siudh]; Adam, S. F. i. p. 392 (1873) [Sambhur]; Lloyd, Ibis,
1873, p. 415 [Kattiawar]^; Heuqlin, Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 855
(1873) ; Kiny, S. F. ii. p. 458 (1874) [Calcutta]; Fairbank, S. F.
iv. p. 262 (1876) [Khandala] ; Fi7isch, Ibis, 1877, p. 53 [Steppe
of Tarik] ; Hnine ^ Marshall, Game B. Ind. i. p. 69, pi. (1878) ;
Flliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 248 ; Hume, S. F. vii. p. 161 (1878) ;
Ball, S. F. vii. p. 225 (1878) [Ganges to Godaveri] ; Doii/, S. F.
viii. p. 371 (1879) [E. Narra]; Mclnroy, S. F. viii. p. 492 (1879)
[Mysore] ; Taylor, Ibis, 1879, p. 50 ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc.
p. 53 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. 8. Bombay, p. 67 (1880) ; id. S. F. ix.
p. 421 (1880) rDeccaii & S. Mahratta] ; Reid, S. F. x. p. 61 (1881)
[Lucknow] ; David.son, S. F. x. p. 316 (1882) [Khandeisli] ; Tristr.
Palest, p. 122 (1884); Stvinhoe ^ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 131
[Central India]; Fischer, Zeit. yes. Orn. i. p. 379 (1884; [Pangaui,
Chaga Dist.] ; id. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 117 [E. Africa] ; Yerbury,Ibis,
1886, p. 19 [Aden] ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxvi. p. 306
(1888) [Shoa]; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 294 [Useri River]; id.
P. Z. S. 1889, p. 370 [Useri Eiver] ; Meyer, Voy.-Skel. pt. xiv.
pi. cxxxvi. fig. 1 (1890).

Pteroclurus exustus, Ball, S. F. ii. p. 426 (1874) [Chota Nagpur].

Pteroles ellioti, Boydanoiv, Mel. Biol. xi. p. 54 (1881) [Abyssinia] ;
id. Bull. Ac. Sc. St. Petersb. xxvii. p. 167 (1881) ; id. J. f. O.
1882, p. 114.

Adult male. Lores, cheeks, throat, and napo dull ochre, shading
into vinaceous buff on the chest ; top of the head, upper back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts isabelline brown. Scapulars and outer second-
aries darker, shading into buff at the extremity, and terminated
by a pale brown har. Lesser and median wing-coverts yellowish
buff, terminated by a rich brown band, some of the latter frequently
further ornamented by a subterminal white spot. Primaries,
primary-coverts, and inner secondaries black, the five inner pri-
maries tipped with white. Secondary coverts yellowish buff.
Axillaries blackish brown. A narrow black band edged with white
separates the chest from the yellowish-buff upper breast, which
shades into deep chestnut-brown on the lower breast, flanks, and

2. PTEROCLrEUS. 13

bell}'. Tarsi and under tail-coverts whitish buff. Centre pair of
tail-feathers like the scapulars and produced into long black fila-
ments, rest of the tail-feathers dark brown tipped with buff. Total
length i;3 inches, wing 7"1, tail 5-3, tarsus O'O.

Aihdt female. Differs ft-om the male in having a broad blackish-
brown bar down the middle of each feather of the top of the head,
neck, upper back, and chest, on the two latter the extremity of this
bar is swollen, giving these parts a spotted appearance. The back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts are vinaceous or yellowish buff, thickly
barred with black. Scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts the
same, but with yellowish-buff ends tipped with brown. Upper breast
whitish or yellowish bxiff ; belly and flanks blackish brown, closely
barred with rufous buff. Tail-feathers like those of the back, the
centre pair being produced into moderately long black filaments,
while the remainder are tipped with yellowish white. Total length
10 inches, wing 7, tail 3-(), tarsus 0-8.

An immature female differs from the adult in having the outer
primaries and the inner secondaries tipped with buff, the former
vermiculated with black, the upper breast spotted with blackish
brown, and the centre pair of tail-feathers not produced into fila-
ments.

In a much younger example the extremities of the primaries,
outer secondaries, scapulars, and many of the median wing-coverts
arc rufous biift', vermiculated with black and edged externally with
a narrow black and buff margin.

In a still ijounger specimen, partially in the down, the feathers of
the back and wing-coverts are rufous buff, vermiculated with black
and margined by a narrow black and buff edging.

Some specimens from N.E. Africa (P. ellioii, Bogdanow) appear
somewhat richer in colouring than the majority of Indian birds : but
this is partly caused by orange ])igment with which the feathers are
stained, and also partly due to their being all freshly moulted.

Hah. W., N., and E. Africa and S.W. Asia ; ranging in the west
to Senegal, in the east over the greater part of India, in the north
to Palestine and Central Asia, and in the south to the I'angani Iliver,
E. Africa.

a. 2 ad. St. India. Purchased.

l>. $ ad. sk. Siml. Ilmiif Coll.

c. cj ad. sk. Mi'liur, X. Siiid, Jan. Iliinie Coll.

(A. O. If.).

f7. J ad. sk. Cutch. JlumeCoU.

e-i- 6 2 ^^- et Mhow, March, June, Dec. Col. Swinhoe [P.].

juv. sk.

/.-. 'd ad. .'k. Deesa, April (E. A. Butler). Hume Coll.

/. $ ad. sk. Kakalow. 15 miles from Jhod- Hume Coll.

]mi', .Ian.

»j(. $ ad. sk. Bundolkund, Jan. Hume Coll.

n-a. c? $ ad.sk. Sambhur, Dec. (7?..V. ^(/rtw). Hunu' Coll.

^ c? ad. sk. \A\i\\\\i\ivA (]]'. Griffith). India Museum [P.].

K-V- 6 2 nd. sk. Hi^>ar, Sept., Oct. (C. H. T. Hume Coll.

Marshall).

14

z-a', (S ad. sk.

h',c' . S 2 ad. sk.
d'-f. S 2 ad. sk.

(j'. 5 ad. sk.
h'-K. S $ ad. sk.

Z'. S ad. sk.
Hi'-p'. c? .? ad. sk.
ry', r'. d $ ad. sk.

s'. 2 f"i. sk.

<'. Juv. sk.

u' , v'. c? 2 ad. sk.

tv'-z'. (S 2 ad. sk.

a"-<^". c5' 2 ad. sk.
e"-/i". (5 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
i"-l". 6 2 ad. sk.

m"-o". d 2 ad. et

cJ imm. sk.
p",q". 6 2 ad.sk.
r"-t". S 2 ad. sk.
u". S ad. st.
y". 5 ad. sk.

tc". (S ad. sk.
.£•". 2 ad. sk.
y". 2 ad. sk.
z"-b^. S 2 ad. sk.

c^-d\ (S 2 ad. sk.

e\ 2 ad. sk.
f^. Skeleton.

PTEE0CLIDJ3.

Hissar, Dec. (J. Biddidph).

EolitukDist.,Dec. (A.O.H.).
Gurgaon List., April, May

( W. N. ChUl).
Siisa Dist., Dec. (A. O. H.).
Umballali, Nov., Dec. {R. C.

Beavan and Dr. Scott).
N.W. Provinces.
Etawah, Feb., April, Nov.
Nepal.

Bebar.

Eaipiir.

Kamptee.

Saugor ( W. T. Hooper).

Deccan (Sykes).

Kbandeish, April {J. David-
son).

Ahmedniigger Dist., Feb.,
Jul y , N o V. ( «S'. B. Fail-bank) .

N. Africa.

N.E. Africa.

Egypt, Jan., Feb. (G.-E.-S.).

Egypt.

Fayoom, Egypt, Feb. {G.

E. S.).
Bogosland.
Abyssinia.

Mai Wallet, Aug. ( W. Jesse).
Kilimanjaro, June.

Kilimanjaro.

[S. Africa ?]

Hume andTweeddale

Colls.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Dr. R. B. Hinde i P.].
Hume CoU. and India

Museum [P.].
India Museum [P.].
Hume and Tweeddale

Colls.
Tweeddale Coll.

PurcLased.

Gould Coll.
Sbelley Coll.
Sir J. Bowring [P.].
Sbelley Coll.

Esler Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
H.C.V. Hunter, Esq.

[P.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].

Zool. Soc. Coll.

4. Pteroclurus senegallus.

Senegal Grous, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 749 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist. viii.

p. 253 (18i>3).
Gelinote du S^ne'gal, Dmibeni. PL Eid. no. 130.
Libyan Grous, LatJi. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 253, pi. cxxviii. 2 (1B23).
Tetrao senegallus, Lhm. Maiitissa, p. 626 (1867-71) ; Miill. Sujipl.

Linn.S. N.-p. 127 (1776).
Pterocles senegallus, Shelley, B. ByyjJt, p. 220 (1872) ; Hume, S. F. i.

p. 221 (1873) [Sindb]; id. S. F. ii. p. 331 (1874) [Sbabpoor Dist.] ;

Butler, S. F. iv. p. 4 (1876) [Guzerat and Kattiawar] ; id. S. F.

iv. p. 508 (1876) [Jodhpur Dist.]; Lloyd, Ibis, 1876, p. 280

[Kattiawar]; Blanfovd, E. Persia, ii. p. 271 (1876 [Balucbistan] ;

Hume, S. F. v. p. 60 (1877) [Jezulmere] ; Butler, S. F. v. p. 222

(1877) [Runn of^Cutcb] ; Loii/, S. F. viii. p. 371 (1879) [E. Narra] ;

Tufnell, S. F. ix. p. 200 (1880) [Punjab Frontier]; Swinhoe, Ibis,

1882, p. 118 [S. Afgbanistan].

2. PTEROCLCRrS, 15

Tetrao senegalus, Lath. Gen. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 642 (1790).

Pterocles senegalus, Gray, List B. iii. p. 50 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B.
hi. p. 519 (1845); Tristram, Ibis, \m(i,i^.l\. [S.Sahara]; Gra>i,
List B. X. p. 5 (1807) ; Ilunie, S. F. vii. p. 161 (1878) [N.W.
India, Sindli] ; Elliot, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 243 ; Hume ^- Marshall,
Game B. Iml. i. p. 53 (1878) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. p. 53
(1879) ; Tristr. Palest, p. 122 (1884) ; Hart, Faun. Flor. Sinai,
p. 224 (1891).

Pteroclurus senegalus, Levaill. Explor. Aly&r. p. 234 (18G7).

Pterocles senegaleusis, liiippell, Viig. N. Ost-Afr. p. 106 (1845)
[N. Africa]; Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beny. xxiv. p. 303 (1856) [Somali
Land] ; Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 50 [Egypt] ; Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 247
[Somali Land] ; Adams, Ibis. 1864, p. 27 [Egypt and Nubia] ;
Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 67 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 144 [Egypt].

Pterocles giittatu.o, Licht. Verz. Boubl. p. 04 (1823) ; Temm. PL Col.
V. pi. 27 [no. 345] (1825) ; Waql. Syst. Av. p. 283 (1827) ; Gould,
B. Asia, vi. pi. 02 (1851); Fmsch ^ Hartlauh, Ost-Afr. p. 566
(1870); Bli/th, Ibis, 1872, p. 89; Heuylin, Om. N.Ost-Afr. iii.
p. 859 (1873).

Adult male. Top of the head, back, and rump isabcUine, shading
into yellowish buff on the upper tail-coTcrts ; a band of pale grey
commences on the lores and passing round the eyes circumscribes
the top of the head ; throat and rest of face ochre, base of throat
pale grey ; chest and breast, sides of the belly, and flanks like the
back but paler ; centre of belly blackish brown ; under tail-coverts
white ; primaries and primary-coverts isabelline, the former shaded
on the inner web and towards the extremity with dark brown, and
the inner ones tipped and partially margined on the inner web with
buff, while the latter have incomplete dark brown shaft-stripes ;
secondaries brownish black, edged on the inner web with pale buff ;
scapulars and rest of wing-coverts dull isabelline brown at the base,
shading into dull vinaceous grey and grey, the latter tipped with
bufi and the former with dull ochre ; axillaries whitish buff; tail of
16 feathers, central pair yellowish buff like the upper tail-coverts,
and produced into long black filaments, outer feathers isabelline
brown, shading into dull black and tipped with white. Total length
13 inches, wing 8, tail 5'4, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the top of the
head and remainder of the ujiper surface nearly uniform pale
isabelline, and the stripe commencing on the lores and passing round
the eye and along the side of the head whitish buff ; all these parts,
together with the chest, are ornamented with round black spots ;
the throat is paler yellow, and the centre pair of tail-feathers are
isabelline barred with blackish grey, and produced into shorter
filaments ; the rest of the plumage is the same as that of the male.
Total length 12-5 inches, wing "•4, tail 4, tarsus 0-9.

IlaJ). N. Africa and S.W. Asia, ranging from the Southern Sahara
to N.W. India.

(/. 2 ad. sk. Mhow, May. Lt.-Col. Swinboo

[P-]-
b. (5ad.sk. Pokharun, 70mile3X. of Jodh- Ilume Coll.

pur, Jan. [Dr. Xcwman).

16

c. cJ ad. sk.

d, e. (5 $ ad. sk.

f-l. 6 2 ad. sk.

m. (S ad. sk.
n-u. (^ 5 ad. sk.
V, IV. S $ ad. sk.
X, y. (S 2 ^d. sk.
z. 2 ad. sk.

«'. c? ad. sk.

h' . J ad. sk.
c . 2 ad. sk.
rf',e'. 6 2 ad. St.

/. (5 ad. sk.

r/'. 2 ad. sk.

h'. 2 ad. sk.

i\ k'. (S 2 ad. sk.

PTEkOCLID^.

Sehwan Dist., Sindh, Jan.
(A. 0. H.).

Sehwan Dist., Sind, Feb. ( W.
T. Blanford).

Munchur Lake, Jan. (^A.
0. H.).

Larkhaua, Jan. {A. O. S.).

Mehur, Jan. [A. O. H.).

Koree, Nov. [W. Oriffiths).

Jacobabad.

Shikarpur, March ( W. T. Blan-
ford).

Sbahpur Dist., Punjab, Dec.
{F. Field).

Persia.

Mesopotamia (Jones).

Bagdad.

Morzouk, Fezzan, March {G.

B. Gcujlinffi).
Egypt.

Egypt, March (G. E. S.).
No" locality {Lort Phillips).

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Purchased.

India Museum [P.].

Sir K. Loftus,

[P.].
Gould Coll.

Sir J. Bowling,

[P.].
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

3. PTEROCLES.

Type.

Pterocles, Temm. Man. Orn. p. 299 (1815), S,- Pig. et

Gal. iii. pp. 238, 712 (1815) P. arenarius.

Tarsi feathered ; toes naked ; small hind toe always present ; two
central tail-feathers not produced.

Range. Africa, Madagascar, Canary Islands, S. Europe, and S.W.
and Central Asia.

Key to the Species.
A. Belly black.

a. Feathers of belly uniform black, not edged

with white.
a' . Throat chestnut, terminated by a black

band ; chest and breast uniform dove-
grey ; feathers of tlie back pale rufous

and grey with rufous-buff or yellow

ends arenarius c? , p. 18.

h' . Throat yellowish white, terminated by

a black band ; chest and upper breast

pale buff, with a subterminal black

spot on each feather ; back pale rufous

buff, thickly barred with wavy black

marks areiiarius 2 , p- 18.

b. Most feathers of the belly narrowly mar-

gined with white,
c'. A broad black bar edged on both sides
with white passes up the middle of
the throat and surrounds the gape ; a
white and black superciliary stripe ;
chest uniform butl-grey decoratus S , P- 21.

3. PTEROCLES. 17

d'. Chin and throat uniform buff, or with
a few small black sp )ts ; no white and
black superciliary stripe ; chest butt',

transversely barred with black decoratus J , p. 21.

B. Belly not black.

c. Tarsus iinilbrm, not barred with black or

brown ; under tail-coverts uniform *.
e . Upper surface of shaft of tirst primary
white.
a" . Upjier and under parts spotted with
white.
a'". Chin, throat, and superciliary

stripe slate-grey varieyatus cJ, p. 22.

b'". Chin, throat, and superciliary

stripe pale buff varieyatus $ , p. 22.

b". Upper and under parts not spotted
with white.
c'" . Throat yellow, bi>iected for about
half its length by a black bfir,
which surrounds the gape, but is
interrupted on the middle of the
forehead by a whitish patch ;

chest and breast uuiform coronatus c?, p. 2-3.

d'" . Throat yellow, no black bar ;

chest and breast barred with black, coronatus J , p. 23.
f . Upper surface of shaft of first primary
dark or dusky,
c". Under tail-coverts dark chestnut.
e'" . Tliroat and superciliary stripe
pale butt-yellow, a black band
across the neck and from the gape
to the eye ; lower breast and

belly uniform deep chestnut .... gutturalis cJ , p. 25.
f". Throat pale yellowish butf, no
marked superciliary stripe, no
black band across the throat ; that
from the gape to the eye brownish;
lower breast and belly chestnut,

barred with black yutturalis $ , p. 25.

d". Under tail-coverts butt'.

g"'. A broad black band surrounds
the gape ; lower breast and belly

barred with black ; back uniform, personatus c?, p. 26.
h'". No black band round the gape ;
lower breast, belly, and back
barred with black personatus 5 , p. 26.

d. Tarsus uniform or barred ; under tail-

coverts closely barred with black.
g'. A pectoral zone.

e". Throat spotted with black; chest
above zone narrowly barred with
black ; zone of four bars, butf, red-
dish brown, buff', and black ; wing-

* The female of P. corotiafiis has sometimes a bar or two of black, wide
ap<>rt, on the under tail-coverts.

VOL. XXII. C

18 PTEKOCLID^.

coverts white, narrowly barred with

black, and with buft'tips licJitenstemi J, p. 29.

/". Throat not spotted with black ; chest
above zone uniform.
i'". Zone of two bars, white and black, bicinctus cS , p. 30.
k'". Zone of three bars, chestnut,
white or buff, and black.
a*. Each wing-covert with one or
two separate deep black bars
narrowly edged with white on

each side quadricinctus S , p. 32.

b*. Each wing-covert with a white
and a grey subterminal band,
sometimes with four alternate
white and grey subterminal

bands fusciatus (S > P- 27.

h' . No pectoral zone.

g". Upper breast barred with black.
/'". Tarsus pure white ; throat thickly
spotted with black to the chin ;
black bars on the wing-coverts

and chest narrow and regular. . . lichfensteini J , p. 29.
m'". Tarsus barred with brownish
black ; throat spotted to the chin,
especially on the sides ; black
bars of the wing-coverts and

chest wavy and in-egular bichictus $ , p. 30.

n'". Tarsus tjarred with blackish
brown ; only a few spots at the
base of the throat; bars on the
wing-coverts and chest narrow

and regular fasctatus $ , p. 27.

h" . Upper breast uniform buff, con-
trasting with the barred white and
black belly ; tarsus barred with
black ; throat immaculate quadricinctus J , p. 32.

1. Pterocles arenarius.

Sand Grous, Zath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 751 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist. viii.
p. 254 (1823).

Tetrao orientalis, Hasselq. Reise Palast. p. 3.30 (1762).

Tetrao arenarius, Pallas, Nov. Com. Petrop. xix. p. 418, pi. viii. (1775) ;
Gm. S. N. i. p. 755 (1788); £o7i7i. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 200,
pi. 92. fig. 4 (1791); Pallas, Zooqr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 73 (nee
pi.) (1811) [Deserts N. of the Caspian].

(Enas arenaria, Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xii. p. 423 (1817).

Pterocles arenarius, Temin. Man. d'Orn. p. 300 (1815) ; Steph.
Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 305 (1819) ; Tenun. Man. d'Orn. p. 476
(1820) ; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 64 (1823) ; Temm. PI. Col. v
pis. 21, 22, nos. 52, 53 (1823) ; Wagler, Syst. Ar. p. 279 (1827) ;
Wern. Atl. Orn. d'Eur. ord. 10, pi. 13 (1828) ; Griffith's ed. Cuv
iii. p. 259, pi. (1829) ; Brehm, Handb. Vby. Deutschl. p. 498 (1831)
Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. vi. p. 258, pf. 153 (1833) ; Jard. Nat
Lib., Orn. iv. p. 184, pis. xxiv.-v. (1834) ; Gould, B. Europe, iv
p. 257, pi. (1837) ; Dimid. Vog. Puss. Merid. iii. p. 222 (1840) ;
Webb ^ Berthelot, Orn. Canarienne, p. 28 (1841); Hodgson, Icon.

3. rTEROCLES. 19

med. in Brit. Mhk. Gallinae, no. 784, and Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85
(1844) ; Grni/, List 11. iii. p. 49 (1844) ; Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 518
(1845) ; Beql. Dm. Eiirop. ii. p. 20 (1849) ; ^Blyth, Cat. B. Mus.
As. Soc. p. 249 (1849) ; Schinz, Nat. Vogel, p. icO, pi. 78 (1853);
iSalvin, Ihis, 1859, p. 353 [E. Atlas] ; Linderm, Viifj. Griechcnl,
p. 122 (l!-(iO); Tristram, Ibis, 1860, p. 09 [Sahara]; Irhij, Ibis,
18G1, p. 235 [Oudli]; Com/mnj/o, Jlist. Nat. Pyrcnees-0rie7it. iii,
p. 200 (lS(i3) ; Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 496 (1863) ; Lilford, Ibis, 186.>,
p. 167, 1886, p. 379 [Interior of Spain]; C/iatnber.i, Ibis, 1867,
p. 103 [Tripoli]: l)e(/l. Or?!. Europ. ii. p. 25 (1867); Bree. B.
Eur. iii. p. 226, pi. (1867) ; Leraill. Erp/or. Alyer. p. 227 (1867) ;
Gray, List B. v. p. 2 (1867) ; Dralce, Ibis, 1867, p. 428 [E. Morocco] ;
Beaiwi, Ibis, 18(i8, p. 377 [Umballab] ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 4r>0
[Portugal]; I)raA-e, Ibis, 1869, p. 152 [Morocco]; Fritsch, Nat.
Vdg. Eurujja's, p. 275 (1870), pi. 32. fig-.s. 9, 13 (1871); Gurney,
Ibis, 1871, p. 296 [Algeria] ; Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 219 [Fuerte-
Ventura, CJran Canary] ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 68 (1873);
Hume, S. F. i. p. 219 (1873) [Sindh, N.W.Punjab, Eajapootana] ;
Adam, S. F. i. p. 391 (1873) [Sambbur] ; Dresser, B. Europe, vii.
p. 61, pi. 4(56 (1874) ; Severtz. J. f. O. 1875, p. 180 [Turkestan] ;
Kriiper, J. f. O. 1875, p. 282 [Asia Minor]; Irbi/, Orn. Gibraltar,
p. 135 (1875); James, S. F. iii. p. 418 (1875) [Puinn of Cutch" ;
Butler, S. F. iv. p. 4 (1876) [N. Guzerat] ; Wise, S. F. iv. p. 230

(1876) [Karacbi Dist.]; Lacroix, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1876, p. 389
[Toulouse]; Blanf. E. Persia, ii. p. 271 (1876) [Persia]; Dresser,
Ibis, 1876, p. 322 [Turkestan]; IIu7ne, S. F. iv. p. 4 (1876)
[Jodbpur]; Butler, S. F. v. p. 222 (1877) [S. of Babra], & p. 231

(1877) [Deosa]; Danford, Ibis, 1877, p. 273 (Samsun, Black Sea];
Hume ^ Mar.'^hall, Game B. Ind. i. p. 47 (1878) ; Elliot, P. Z. S.
1878, p. 245 ; Butler, S. F. vii. p. 186 (1878) [Lower Sindb] ; Hume,
S. F. vii. p. 161 (1878) ; Danford, Ibis, 1878, p. 27 ; Marshall, S. F.
viii. p. 492 (1879) [Kandablirl; Bogd. B. Caucus. -p. V2Q (1879);
Bntler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. p. 52 (1879); Finsch, Verh. Ges. Jl'ien,
xxix. p. 231 (1880) [Zaisan]; lieid, S. F. x. p. 61 (1880) [Luck-
now]; Danford, Ibis, 1880, p. 94 [Asia Minor]; Barnes, S. F. i\.
pp. 219, 4^")S (1880) [Cliaman, S. Afghanistan]; Giqlioli, Ibis,

1881, p. 184 [Sicily]; Sicinhoe, Ibis,'l88-2, p. 118 [Kbojak, S.
Afghanistan] ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 220 [Astrakhan and
Kirghiz Steppes]; Biddulph, S. F x. p. 275 (1882) ; id. Ibis,

1882, p. 287 [Gilgit]: Seebohm, Ibi.% \88-2, y>. 425 [Samarcandl ;
Gadoip, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 312; Badde, Ornis Caucas. p. 3.33
(1884); Tristr. Palest. -p. 122 (1884); Zaroudn. Bull. Mosc. ]xi.
p. 321 (1885) [Transcaspia] ; Su-inhoe i^- Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 131
[Central India]; Menzbier, Ibis, 1885, p. 356 [Kasb-jar] ; Tait,
Ibis, 1887, p. 380 [Evora, PortugaL ; Koenig, J.f. O. 1888, p. 255
[Tunis]; Pleske, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 46
(1888); Tristr. Ibis, imQ, p. 11 [Fuerteventura" ; St. John, Ibi.-i,
1889, p. 174 [Keliit, S.Afghanistan]; Jf'aldo, Ibis, 1889, -p. 507
[Fuerteventura]; Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc, 2ud ser. Zool.w pt. 3,
p. 85 (1889) ; [N.W. Afghanistan] ; Zaroudn. Bull. Mosc. n. s. iii.
p. 811 (1890).

Pteroclis arenarius, Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn. Europ. Occ. fuse.

xx.xix. p. 69 (188(>).
Pterocles arenaria, var. magna, Zaroudn. Bull. Mosc. n. s. iii. p. 811

{1890) [Transcaspia].
Tetrao fasciatus, J^.s/^ {nee Scop.) Mhn. Ac. B. Sc. Paris, 1787,

p. 502; Bonn. Tabl.Encycl. Mith. i. p. 200, pi. 188. fi<r. 13 (1791).

c2

20 PTEEOCLID^.

Perdix aragonica, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 645 (1790).

Tetrao subtridactvlus, Hasselq. [ubiPj; Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 254

(1823).

Adult male. Chin and throat chestnut, extending round the sides
of the neck and gradually paling into orange on the nape ; a tri-
angular black patch at the base of the throat ; rest of the head and
upper back grey, tinged with dull yellow ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts darker grey, pale vinaceous buff at the base, and
each feather with a terminal spot of rufous buff. Primaries and
primary-coverts grey ; the outer web of the first primary blackish
grey ; secondaries with the basal half white and the rest greyish
brown. Secondary and inner median wing-coverts whitish, with
the greater part of the outer web ochre ; rest of wing-coverts and
scapulars like the lower back, but the terminal spot mostly ochre
tinged with rufous buff internally. Axillaries and under wing-
coverts white. Chest and upper breast isabelline grey, separated
by a moderately wide black band. Lower breast and rest of under-
parts black. Tarsi and under tail-coverts white. Tail of 1(3
feathers, centre pair rufous buff, barred with grey and tipped with
greyish ochre, rest similar but tipped with white, and gradually
becoming greyer and darker on the outer ones till the last pair have
the ground-colour grey, slightly tinged with reddish buff. Total
length 13-5 inches, wing 9'3, tail 4-2, tarsus 1.

The immature male differs from the adult in having the tips of
the primaries and primary-coverts edged with buff vermiculated with
black, some of the feathers of the top of the head with a black sub-
terminal band and rufous-buff margin, and several feathers of the
upper back and scapulars yellowish buff barred with black as in the
female.

A quite young male specimen has the whole of the upper parts
and the chest and upper breast buff, irregularly barred and marked
with black, but otherwise resembles the adult.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the throat yellowish
white, the outer feathers with black shafts, and terminated by
a narrow black and rather wide pale grey band ; the rest of the
head, upper back, and chest isabelline, a submargiual black spot at
the extremity of each feather ; back and rest of upper parts pale
rufous buff, closely barred and marked with black ; upper breast
yellowish white : plumage otherwise like that of the male. Total
length 13 inches, wing 8-6, tail 4, tarsus 1.

Jmmature females h.a,ve the primaries and primary-coverts edged
with buff mixed with brownish black.

Hah. N. Africa, S. Europe, S.W. and Central Asia, ranging from
Fuerteventura and Gran Canary in the west to N.W. India in the
east, and extending southwards to the Sahara, and north to the
Kirghiz Steppes and Dzungaria.

a, b. c? 9 fid- sk. Aboo. Hume Coll.

c,d. d 2 ad. sk. W. of Jodhpur, Jan. & Feb. Hume Coll.

[W. T. Blanford).

3. PTKEOCLES.

2]

e-l. d $ ad. ; $

imm. sk.
m. (S id. sk.
n-c'. (S $ ad. et

imm. sk.

d'-l". cJ $ ad. et

imm. sk.
/«". (S ad. sk.

«". $ ad. St.

(y". c? ad. sk.
j^". $ imm. sk.
q". $ imm. sk.
/•", s". (S iiiiui. et

2 ad. sk.
<", ««''. (5 ad. sk.
y". cJ ad. sk.
w". 5 ad. sk. (pale

variety).
x". cJ ad. sk.

»/''. d imm. sk.
■=", a\ d ? ad.

sk.
6^ $ ad. sk.
c'-e^. (5 ad. sk.
f\9'. cJ$ad. sk.

h\ (S ad. sk.

i^. $ imm. sk.
k\ $ ad. sk.
f , »<■'. cJ ad. ; 2

imm. sk.
w\ (j' ad. sk.

«\ /'^ cJ 2 ad. sk.
ij\ cJ ad. sk.

/•^. c? iniui. sk.
*'. (S ad. St.
^'. 2 ad. sk.
«^ y-'. d 2 ad. sk.
w\ x^. (S 2 ad. sk.
_i/. c? jiiv.sk.
r'. cT ad. sk.
a\h\ (S 2 ad.sk.
t', f/'. Skeletons.

Samblnir, Nov., Dec, .Ian.

{A. O. H. & /.;. M. Adam).
Etawah.
Sult!Ui])ar, (Turgaon Dist.,

Punjab, Oct. to Feb. ( W.

N. Chill).
Sirza Dist., Punjab, Nov. to

March [A. 0. H.).
Delhi.
Nepal.

Hissar Dist., Dec. (.1. 0. II.).
Fazilka, Nov. {A. 0. H.).
LImballah, Mar. {Dr. Scott).
Ludhiana ( fV. Griffith).

Ferozcpur, Nov. (A. O. H.).

Multan.

N.W. India.

Gujhan, Gunduvu, July ( W.

Griffith).
Subzukote ( W. Griffith).
Murdan, March (/. R.

Johnson).
[Kashgar.]
Dzuugaria, June.
Saiar Mountains.

Lepsa, Turkestan Steppes,

Mav.
Afghanistan ( W. Griffith).
Kabul, Oct. (W. Griffith).
Kandahar, Jan.

Kandahar, April (0. St.

John).
Gulran, March.
E. of Shiraz, S. Persia, May.

Babylon (Jones).

Erzerum.

Erzeruui, April.

Trebizond, Aug.

Spain.

Seville, Oct. (//. Saunders).

Grenada {II. Saunders).

No locality {Lort Phillips).

No localitv.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Ilume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
India Museum [P.].

Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

India Museum [P-]-

India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].

St. George Littledale,

Esq. [P.].
Dr. O. Finsch [C.].

India Museum [P.].
India Museum [P.J.
Lt.-Col. Swinhoe

Hume Coll.

Dr. Aitcbison [PJ.
W.T.Blanford, Elsq.

[I'O-

India Museum [P.].

Purchased.

Gould CoU.

W. Owen, Esq. [P.].

Tweeddale Coll.

Shellev Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Purchased.

2. Pterocles decoratus.

Pterocles decoratus, Cahanis, J. f. O. 1868, p. 413 [Lake Jipe],
1870, pi. iii.; Finsch .^ Hartlanh, Ost-Afr. p. oGo (1870) [Uny-
amuesi] ; Heufflin, Orn. S.iht-Afr. iii. p."s70 (1873) [Lake Jipe' ;
Elliui, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 200 ; Pu-cher, Ztit. yet. Orn. i. p. ^76

22 PTKEOCLID^.

(1884) [Cha^a Dt.] ; id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 117 ; Reichmoic, J. f. O.
1887, p. .50 [Wembaere] ; Skellei/, Ibis, 1888, p. 294 [Lan^ora,
Eombo, Useii R.] ; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 369 [Useri R.] ; Harfi.
Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. xii. Heft i. p. 38 (1891) [Gombe ja Jenuju];
Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 549 [River Tsavo].

Adult male. A broad black band edged on either side with white
passes up the middle of the throat and widening out on the chin
surrounds the gape ; a white and black superciliary stripe ; top of
the head and nape buff, with black shaft-stripes ; sides of the face
pale vinaceous buff, shading into darker on the sides of the neck
and chest. Feathers of the back of the neck, back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts dull buff barred with black. Scapulars darker,
with the black bars more or less confluent and widely tipped with
yellowish buff. Greater secondary, median, and lesser wing-
coverts buff with one or two rather wide-set black bars. Primaries,
primary-coverts, and secondaries black, the inner primaries tipped
with white. Axillaries black. Upper breast white, separated
from the chest by a narrow black band ; lower breast and belly
black, most of the feathers narrowly margined with white ; lower
part of leg and tarsus whitish buff. Under tail-coverts bright
buff, each with a subterminal black triangular mark. Tail of 14
feathers, like the upper tail-coverts, but the outer feathers are tipped
with whitish buff. Total length 8-8 inches, wing 6-4, tail 2-7,
tarsus 1.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having no black and
white bands on the head, the black bars and markings on the back
and wing-coverts following the shape of the feathers, and the neck
and chest barred with black. Total length 8*6 inches, wing 6-1,
tail 2*6, tarsus 1.

Hah. East Africa ; about Lake Jipe and Kilimanjaro, and
extending in the west to the Wembaere Steppes.

a,b. c? 2 ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, June. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

c,d. (5$ ad.sk. Kilimanjaro, June. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq. [P.].

3. Pterocles variegatus.

Tetrao (Pterocles) variegatus, Burclifll, Tvai\ S. Afr. ii. p. 345 (1824)
[Plains of Litakun].

Pterocles variegatus, Smith, Rep. Exjxd. Centr. Afr. p. 56 (1836)
[N. of Latakoo] ; Smith, Zonl. S. Afr. pi. x. (1838) [Tsining, W.
of I^atakoo] ; Gray, List B. iii. p. 5U ( 1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 519
(1845); id. List B. v. p. 3 {\iWi); Laiiard, B. S. Afr. p. 279
(1867); Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 269: Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 375;
Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 262 [Limpopo & Mariqua R.]; Gurney ed.
Anderssons B. Damaraland, p. 242 (1872) [Middle & N. Damara-
land & Lake Region] ; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 244 ; Shelley, Em,
1882, p. 360 [Crocodile R. & Bamangwato]; Rolub u. Pelz. Orn.
Sudafr. p. 181 (1882) [Middle & N. Central Africa].

Adtdt male. Throat, lores, and superciliary stripes pale grey ;
ear-coverts buff; feathers on the top of the head dark brown, with

3. PTEROCLES. 23

the outer part of each web buff ; back, rump, and upper tail-coverta
blackish, tipperl with dull olive ; scapulars, lesser and median win^-
covcrts somewhat brighter, tipped with yellowish olive, each feather
with one or two round white spots on the lateral margin ; greater
secondary-coverts grey, with a rufous stripe down the shaft, a white
spot on each web and a wide white margin. Primaries, primary-
coverts, and secondaries black, the shafts of the outer primaries,
and the margins of the inner primaries and outer secondaries,
white. Chest, breast, and belly dull rufous, shading into buff on
the tarsi and under tail-coverts; the feathers of the chest and
breast have also a round white spot near the extremity of both
web3, while the feathers of the belly are white internally. Axil-
laries and under wing-coverts dull rufous. Tail of 14 feathers,
black, barred and tipped with huffy white. Total length 9-S inches,
wing 6'3, tail 2*8, tarsus 1.

Immature male differs in having the throat and eye-stripe grej-ish
buff.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the chin,
throat, and eye-stripe pale buff instead of pale grey ; the belly and
thighs are pale rufous buff, indistinctly barred with white : and
the axillaries and under wing-coverts are grey, tinged with rufous
buff. Total length !>!) inches, wing 6-3, tail 2-8, tarsus -9-3.

Hah. S. Africa ; eastwards to the Transvaal, and west to Damara-
land.

a. 2 ad. st. Damavaland. C. J. Andersson, Esq. [C.].

b. cj ad St. S. Africa. riirehased.

c. d. cJ imm. ; $ S. Africa. M. J. Verreaux.
ad. sk.

e. S ad. sk. Kimberley, .Tune. J. E. Ilarting, Esq. [P.].

f. (S ad. sk. Limonie Pan, Baman- Shelley CoU.

gwato country, June
(/. <S'. Jameson).

4. Pterocles coronatus.

Pterocles coronatus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 6o (1823) ; Temtn. PI.
Col. v. pis. 23 & 24 [nos. 339 & 340] (182.5) ; Wagl. Syst. Av.
p. 280 (1827); Ruppcll, Vog. N.Ost-Afi: p. 106 (1845) [Nubia,
Kordofan] ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 519 (1845) ; Gould, B. A.fia, vi.
pi. 63 (1851); rri.<tram. Ibis, 1800, p. 71 [S. Sahara]; Adams,
Ibis, 1864, p. 27 [2nd Cataract, Nile] ; Allen, Ibis, 1864, p. 240
[El Kab] ; Levnill. E.vplor. Alqir. p. 230 (1867) ; Gray, List B. v.
p. 3 (1807) ; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 16 [Sinai] ; ShelJey, Ibis, 1871,
p. 144; id. B. Eqypt, p. 221 (1872); Biime, Ibis, 1872, p. 468
[Sindh]; Heugli'n, Orn. N.Ost-Afr. iii. p. 803 (1873); Ilume,
S. F. i. p. 224 (1873) [Jacobabad] ; Wise, S. F. iii. p. 267 (1875)
[Sourjana & Eric Hills, SindU] ; Blanf. E. Persia, ii. p. 272
(187(i) [Ikluchistan] ; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 242; Hume Sr
Marshall, Game B. Ind. i. p. 57 (1878); Hume, S. F. vii. p. 101
(1878) [Sind, Uera Gliazi Khan, Keliit! ; Buthr, Cat. B. Smd, etc.
p. 53 (1879) ; Tufnell, S. F. ix. p. 200 (18^) [Baluchistan] ;

24 PIEEOCLID^.

Barnes, S. F. ix. pp. 219, 458 (1880) [Chaman, S. Afghanis-
tan]; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 118 [Maiwand] ; Tristr. Palest.
p. 122 (1884) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 166 [Muscat] ; St. John, Ibis,
1889, p. 174 [S. Afghanistan] ; Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc, 2nd ser.
Zool. V. pt. 3, p. 85 (1889) [Baluchistan Desei-t].

Adult male. Very similar in general appearance to the male of
,Pteroclurus senegallus, from ■which, however, it maybe distinguished
at a glance by the centre pair of tail-feathers not being produced
into filaments, the black round the gape, and the absence of black
on the belly. A black band on the chin and centre of the throat
embraces the gape and terminates on each side in a black loral
patch, extending nearly to the perpendicular from the anterior of
the eye ; the remainder of the fore part of the face is white,
merging on the cheeks into the ochre-yellow of the throat and
neck ; top of the head dull vinaceous buff, separated from the ochre
parts by a grey zone. The rest of the upper parts isabelline ;
underparts pale buff; under tail-coverts white. Axillaries white.
Primaries, primary-coverts, and secondaries blackish brown ; outer
primaries with white shafts, inner tipped with whitish buff;
secondary-coverts buff ; rest of wing-coverts and scapulars vinaceous
buff, with a pale buff patch at the extremity edged internally with
dusky grey. Tail of 16 feathers : centre pair isabelline like the
upper tail-coverts ; rest rufous, with a subterminal black bar and
white tip. Total length 11 inches, wing 7*1, tail 3'2, tarsus 0"9.

In the immature male the tips of the primaries, centre pair of
tail-feathers, and some of the secondary-coverts and scapulars are
buff, vermiculated with black.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the top of
the head with black shaft-stripes and marks and the whole of the
upper surface and the chest barred with blackish brown, the ochre
throat finely spotted with black, and the breast and belly spotted,
marked, or indistinctly barred with dark brown.

In some African specimens the whole of the upper parts are
washed with vinaceous, and the black marks and bars on the upper
parts and chest are very much reduced, nearly absent on the
scapulars, while the throat, breast, and belly are immaculate.

In a specimen from the Eric Hills the barring is quite unusually
heavy, some of the scapulars are nearly uniform blackish brown,
toothed with buff on the margins and barred at the extremity.

All these specimens appear to be perfectly adult, but our limited
series is insufficient to enable .me to form any definite opinion as to
the reason of these differences.

Total length 10"3 inches, wing 6*6, tail 3, tarsus 0"9.

Hah. N.E. Africa; S.W. Asia, ranging from S. Sahara to the
extreme N.W. of India.

"-c. 6 5 ad. sk. Mhow District, Feb. Lieut.-Col. Swinhoe

[P.].
d-g. 6 2 ad. sk. Eric Hills, Sindh, Feb., Dec. Hume Coll.
h. 2 ad. sk. West of Shikarpur, March Hume Coll.

( W. T. Blanford).

3. PIEEOCLES.

25

i. (S ad. sk.
k. $ ad.sk.
/, m. J nr. ad.

8k.
n-p. $ ad. sk.
(/. $ ad. sk.
/■, s. J iinin. ;

$ ad. sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.
J/. cJ ad. sk.

V. $ ad. sk.

u--y.(S $ ad. sk.
s. cJ ad. St.
«', 6'. d $ ad.

sk.
c'. 2 ad. St.

d' , e . S ad st. ;

2 ad. sk.
/•'. 2 ad. sk.

Jacobabad.

Fort Junirood, Nov.

Bussoollah, Nov. (TF. Griffith).

Kasbgrar (Dr. Selleic).
Chaman, Aug. [Sir O. St. John).
Sang-bar, Nov.

Baluchistan, Dec. (O. T. Duhe).
Saman-Dasbt, Balucbistau,

Jan.
Yerdikbart, Persia, 7000 ft.

•July.
3Iuscat.
Algeria.
Wady-balfab (Dodd).

2nd Cataract of tbe Nile.

5tb Cataract of tbe Nile.

DoDgola, Oct.

5. Pterocles gutturalis.

Hume Coll.
Ilurae Coll.
India Museum.

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Dr. Aitcbison [C.].

Hume CoU.

AV. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
Col. Mills [P.].
Purchased.
Sbelley Coll.

Dr. Leith Adams

[P.].
F. Galton, Esq. [P.].

Hr. F.

[C.].

Bobndorff

Pterocles gutturalis, Smith, Hep. Expi-d. Afr. p. oO (183G) [N. & S.
of Kurncbaine]; id. Zool. S. Afr. pi. iii. c^ (18^8), & pi. xxxi. 2
(1839); Gray, List B. iii. p. 50 (1844); Heuylin, Orn. N.Ost-
Afr. p. 10(3 (184o) [Sboa] ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 519 (1845) ; I)es
3Iurs, etc. Lefeb. Voy. Aliyss. p. 143 (1845-50) ''Tigr(?] ; Gray,
List B. V. p. 3 (1867) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 278 (1867) ; Gurney,
Ibis, 1868, p. 269; Ayres, ii/>,]869, p. 297 [Potcbefstroom] ;
Blanford, Geol. &,- Zool. Abyss, p. 421 (1870) [Highlands of
Abvssinia] ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 268 [Limpopo P.] ; lieiigl. Orn.
N.b.-Afr. iii. p. 862 (1873); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 385 [N.
Transvaal]; Ayres, Ibis, 1878, p. 298; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878,

p. 340 [Rustenburg] ; Fischer, Zeit. yes. Orn. i. p. 379 (1884)
[Pangani, Cliaga, & Kilimanjaro! ; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 117 ;
Beichenow, J. f. O. 1887, p. 50 fWembaere] ; S(drad. Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genor. xk\i. p. 306 (1888) [Sboa] ; Shellei/, Ibis, 1j?88, p. 294 ;
id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 370 [Useri K.J; Bcithenow. J.f. O. 1891,
pp. 142, 337 [Unyamuesi] ; Sharpc, Ibis, 1892, p. 549 [Masailand].

Adult male *. A black band from the nostril to the eye ; a narrow
buff stripe from above the nostril to the back of the eye ; top of the
head dull olivc-buft', shading into dull yellowish buft" on the neck ;
chin, cheeks, and throat yellowish buff, divided from the neck by
a wide black band. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-
grey, scapulars blackish, with greyish-buff extremities. Primaries,

* The descriptions of this species are taken from freshly moulted specimens
shot in June. iSpecimens in worn plumage have the buff and rufous parts much
paler.

26 PTEKOCLID^.

primary-coverts, and secondaries black, slightly margined with
white ; rest of the wing-coverts grey, with bright rust-coloured
extremities. Axillaries black. Chest grey, tinged with vinaceous,
shading into dark chestnut on the breast, bellj', and under tail-
coverts. Tarsi rufous buff. Tail of 16 feathers : centre pair like
the upper tail-coverts ; rest black, barred and tipped with chestnut.
Total length 12 inches, wing 8'3, tail 3*4, tarsus i'2.

Adult female. A brownish-black band from the nostril to the eye ;
a narrow black stripe from the lores to the back of the eye, and the
chin and throat yellowish buff. Feathers of the top of the head,
back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and chest yellowish buff, each with
a wide black shaft-stripe enlarged at the extremity, the lower tail-
coverts being also barred with black. Primaries, secondaries, and
primary-coverts as in the male, but the outer secondaries are barred
on the outer web with buff. Scapulars black, tipped and toothed on
both webs with bright yellowish buff, and with a wide W-shaped
subterminalband of the same colour ; rest of wing-coverts the same,
but with the dark parts much reduced in extent ; breast, belly, and
flanks dull rufous buff closely barred with black, under tail-coverts
dark chestnut. Centre pair of tail-feathers yellowish buff', barred
with black like the longer upper tail-coverts ; rest like those of the
male. Total length 11-6 inches, wing S-2, tail 3*1, tarsus 1-1.

Hah. S.E., E., and N.E. Africa ; ranging from the Transvaal in the
south to the highlands of Abyssinia in the north, and westwards to
the M'^embaere Steppes, and Massiland.

a,h. S 9- ^d. St. S. Africa. Purchased,

c. rf ad. sk. S. Africa. Earl of Derby [P.].

d-f. (S 2 ad. sk. Natal (7". Ayres). Tweeddale Coli.

g,'h. cS ad. sk. Transvaal, July {T. E. Shelley Coll.

Buckley).

7, A;, c? $ ad.sk. Potchefstroom, Nov. {T. J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

Ayres).
l~n. S $ ad. sk. Shasha River, Matabele- W. E. & C. G. Gates,

land, Aug. Esqrs. [P.].

o-q. d ? ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, June. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

r, s. (^ 2 ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, June. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq.

tP-]- ^
f, u- 6 2 ad. sk. Dongolo, Tigre, Abvssinia, W. T. Blanford, Esq.
March. " [P.].

6. Pterocles personatus.

Pterocles personatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 1.5 (Madagascar) ; id.
Voy. Sulph., Zool. p. 49, pi. 30(1844); Gray, List. B. iii. p. 50
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 519 (1845) ; Hartlaub, Ann. Mag.
N. H. ii. p. 391 (1848); id. J.f. O. 1860, p. 165 ; id. Orn. Beit.
Faun. Madagas. p. 71 (1861); Pollen, Ned. Tijd. v. d. Dierk. i.
p. 317 (1863) ; Grandidier, Rev. Mag. Zool. 1867, p. 419 ; Bartlett,
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 67 ; Hartlaub, Die Vogel Madaqascars, p. 273
(1877) ; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 240 ; Grandidier, Hist. Madagas.
p. 48, pis. 196-8 (1885).

3. PTEROCLES. 27

Adult male. A wide black baud surrounds the gape ; top of the
head and upper back dark isabolline, shading into yellowish on the
nape ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish grey,
thickly s])otted with whitish buff; primaries, primary-coverts, and
secondaries black ; scapulars vinaceoiis brown, paler at the ex-
tremities ; rest of the wing-coverts yellowish butf', the secondary-
coverts each with a black shaft-stripe extending to within a
third of the extremity, and some of the median with a brown
terminal baud. Axillaries black ; throat whirc, tinged with buff.
Chest vinaceous buff. Sides of breast white, rest of breast and
belly rufous buff, all closely barred with black. Tarsi and under
tail-coverts butf. Tail of 16 feathers, blackish grey irregularly
barred and widely tipped with white. Total length 11-6 inches,
wing 8'5, tail 3-7, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the top of
the head striped with blackish brown ; the nape, upper back, lesser
and median wing-coverts regularly barred with the same colour ;
the scapulars blackish brown irregularly barred with buff, and the
greater secondary-coverts buff irregularly barred with black. Total
length ca. 11-5 inches, wing 8, tail 3-4, tarsus 1.

Hub. Madagascar.

a,b. (S 2 ad. sk. Madagascar. Capt. Sir E. Belc-her, Ti.X.

[P.]. (Types of species.)
c. J ad. sk. Mourondava, W. coast of Pollen & Van Dam Coll.

^ladagitscar.

7. Pterocles fasciatus.

I^a Oiqinotte des Indes, Sonnerat, Voij. I/id. ii. p. 164, pi. 96 (1782).

Indian Grous, Lath. Gen. >S>/7i. ii. p. 75- (178."i) ; id. Gen. Hist. viii.
p. 260 (182:i).

Tringa faseiata. Scop. Del. Flur. ef Faun. pt. ii. p. 02 (1786).

Pterocles fasciatus, Grai/, List Ii. iii. p. 411 ( 1844) ; Grai/, Gen. B. ill.
p. 518 (1845) ; Blrjth, Cat. Ii. Mus. As. Soc. p. 249 (1849) ; Goii/d,
Ii. Asia, vi. pi. 65 (1850); Jerdon, B. Ltd. ii. p. 498 (1^*68);
Gra;i, List B. v. p. 2 (1867) ; Bevan, Ibis, 1868, p. 378 [GwuHor,
Umballah J ; Lloyd, Ibis, 187^3, p. 415 [Kattiawar] ; Adam, S. F.
i. p 391 (1873) [Sambhur Lake]; Ball, S. F. ii. p. 426 (1874)
[Chota Na<>pur], iii. p. 293 (1875) [Palamowl ; Butler, S. F. iv.
p. 4 (1876) [Mt. Aboo, X. Guzeratl; Fairbahh, S. F. iv. p. 2ti2
(1876) [Khandala Dist.] ; Butler, S.F. v. p. 231 (1S77) [DeesaJ ;
Hume ^- Marshall, Game B. Ind. i. p. 59 (1878) ; Flliuf^P. Z. S.
1878, p. 254; Hume, S. F. vii. p. 162 (1878) [India, N. of 16°
N. lat. & West of 85° E.] ; Bad, S. F. vii. p. 225 (1878) [Ganges
to Godaveri] ; Butler, Cat. B. Siud.etc. p. 52 (1879) ; Mchiroy,
S. F. viii. p. 492 (187!t) [Mysore Di^-t.] : Butler, S. F. i.\. p. 421
(1880) [Deccan, S. Mahratta > ; id. Cat. B. S. Bombat/, p. t>7
(1880); Hume, S. F. x. p. 163 (1881) [Jubbulpur] ; Davidson,
S. F. X. p. 316 (1882) [Khandeish] ; Su-in/ioe 4" Barnes, Ibis,
I88ri, p. 131 [Central India].

Tetrao indicus, Gm. S. X. i. p. 755 (1788) ; Bonn. Tabl. Encycl.
Meth. i. p. 201. pi. 92. fijr. 1 (1791).

Perdix indica, Lath. Ind. Oni. ii. p. 650 (1790).

Ain&s indicus, Vicill. \. D. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 422 (1817).

28 PTEEOOLID^.

Pteroclea bicinctus, Waf/ler, Si/st. Av. p. 279 (1827).

Pterocles pictus, Hodyson, Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Giillinje

(no. 782), i^- Grai/'s Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844).
Pterocles quadricinctus, Jerd. (nee Temm.) hid. Orn. pis. 10 & 36

(1847).

Adult male. Lores, forehead, and superciliary stripes -white, a
wide black band crosses the forehead just in front of the eyes and
there is aa oval black spot above each eye. Feathers of the top of
the head buff, each with a wide black shaft-stripe. Upper back,
throat, and chest yellowish buff ; rest of back, rump, and upper
and under tail-coverts black, barred with white or yellowish
white, narrowly tipped with buff. Primaries, primary-coverts, and
secondaries brownish black ; the primaries narrowly margined with
white and a basal patch of dirty white on the outer webs of the
secondaries, gradually increasing in extent from the third or fourth
to the outmost secondary, which is pale to the extremity ; outer
webs of the seventh and eighth secondaries crossed by one, and the
ninth and tenth by two oblique black bands narrowly margined on
both sides with white. A few of the outer median and least wing-
coverts yellowish bu£E. Greater secondary and rest of median
coverts barred alternately with wide distinct stripes of white and
dark grey and widely tipped with yellowish buff. Scapulars and tail
black, barred with rufous buff and widely tipped with yellowish buff.
Axillaries grey : the chest is bounded by a moderately wide chestnut
band, succeeded by somewhat wider bands of pale yellowish buff and
black ; the rest of the underparts with narrow bars of white and
black. Tail of 16 feathers. Total length ID'S inches, wing 6-7, tail
3'3, tarsus 0'9.

The young male differs from the adult in having the plumage of
the upper surface more like that of the female, but the black bars
are broken up into vermiculations iu most of the feathers ; the ex-
tremities of the primaries are vermiculated with black and buff, and
the chest has only traces of the chestnut band at the base.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having no white and
black marking on the head, the sides of the neck and base of the
throat spotted with black, the chest and upper parts rufous bulf
closely barred with black, the ends of the scapulars and the greater
part of the outer web of the wing-coverts yellowish buff. No
pectoral band, and the outer web of the first primary bright buff.
In some specimens the black bars on the scapulars are so close to-
gether that they run into one another and form black blotches.
Total length 10-5 inches, wing 6-2, tail 2-9, tarsus 0-9.

Young females resemble young males, but the underparts are like
those of the adult female.

Hab, Peninsula of India.
a-e. tS 2 ad. sk. Kutch. Hume Coll.

d,e.(S2 ad. sk. Deesa, July (K A. Butler). Hume Coll.

f. 2 ad. sk, Mhow, June. Lieut.-Col. Swinboe

ff-r. cJ 5 ad. et Sambhur, Jan., Mar., June Hume Coll.
imm. sk. {M. M. Adam).

3. PTEE0CLE3.

29

s-u. S 2 ad. sk. Kochaween, March (R. M.

Adam).
V y- 6 $ ad. .sk. Novvah, Jan., March {11. M.

Adam).
z. d ad. sk. Goruli, Dec. (R. M. Adam),

a', c? ad. sk. Ajmere, Jan.

6' -I'. S 2 ad. sk. Gurgaon Dist., Jan., March,

June, & Dec. (A. 0. H. ^
W. N. Chill).
m'. $ ad sk. Kootub, J)elhi, Jan.

n', 0. d 2 ad. sk. N.W. India.

p'-s'. cJ 2 ad. ^k. Jhansie,Aug. {F. R. Blewitt).

t', u'. S ad. sk. Nepal.

etst.

v. 2 ad. sk. Behar.

w, x' . c? 2 ad. sk.
y',s'. c^ ad. et 2

imm. sk.
a" . S ad sk.

b"-d". cJ 2ad.sk.
e",f". (5 ad. sk.
g",h". (S 2 ad.sk.

i". 2 ad. sk.
k". (S ad. sk.
l",m". (S 2 ad.sk.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume & Tweeddale

Colls.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Capt. Stackhou?e

Pinwill [P.].
Hume Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Piaipur, Jan. ( V. Ball).
Hills N. of Khandeish, May.

Kbandeish, Aug. (J. David- Hume Coll

son). _
Khandeish.
Deccan {Col. Sykes).
Ahmednugger Dist., Sept. {S.

B. Fuirhank).
Mysore (R. G. W. R.).
Madras {R. G. W. R.).

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.

8. Pterocles lichtensteini.

Pterooles lichtensteini. Temm. PI. Col. vol. v. pis. 25, 26 [nos. 3o5,
36r ( IM'.I) rXuliia] ; »««//. */.-,<. Av. p. 281 (1827) ; Sc/tinz. Nat.
Ahbild. nVy.p. 282 (18:5.3) ; Gnvj, List B. iii. p. 49 (1844) ; Grat/,
Gen. B. iii. p. 518 (1845); Riippell, Vog. N.Ost-Afr. p. 106
(1845) [Nubia & Kordofau] ; Blyth, J. An. Soc. Ben;;, xxiv.
p. 304 (1856) ; Heitqlin, Ibis, 1859, p. 343 [Danakil & 8omali] ;
Spek^, Ibis, 1860, p. 247 [Sonialiland] ; Grai/. List B. v. p. 3
(1867) ; Finsch ^- Hartlaiib, Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 563 (1870) ; Blanfoid,
Geol. Zoul. Abyss, p. 419 (1870) [W. & N.W. of Massowab] ;
Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 291 (1870) [Massowab] ; Hume, S. F. i.
p. 219 (1873) [Mehur, Upper 8indbJ; Antin. e Sahad. Cat. Ucc.
p. 138 (1873) [Ansaba, liogos] ; Ileuglin, Orn. N.Ost-Afr. iii.
p. 865 (1873): Wise, S. F. iv. p. 230 (187(i) [Karachi Dist.1 ;
Hiime ^- Marshall, Game B. Ltd. i. p. 66; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 258; Hume, S. F. vii. p. 162 (1878) [Sebwan & Eric HiUs,
Sindb] ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. p. 52 (1879) ; Tufnell, S. F. ix.
p. 202 (1880) [Baluchistan]; iialvad. Ann. M !!.■<. Civ. Genov. xxi.
p. 209 (1884) [Ambo-Karra] ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 19 [Aden] ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 188(>, p. Ui6 ^^Muscat] ; Salvad. Ann. Mits. Civ. Genor.
xxvi. p. 305 (1888) [Shoa] ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 549 [Suk].

Adult male. Resembles P. fasciatus, but has the general ground-
colour pale whitish buff and differs in having the throat and neck
spotted with black, the rest of the upper parts and the chest closely
barred with narrow bands of black ; upper breast yellowish bufl",

30

PTEKOCUD^.

divided in the middle by a narrow dark chestnut band (sometimes
black) and separated posteriorly from the rest of the underjjarts by a
black band, giving the breast a four-banded appearance. Outer web
of the outer secondaries almost entirely white, with four or more
oblique black bars. Secondary and median coverts white, tipped with
yellowish buff and barred with black. Tarsi pure white. Tail of
14 feathers. Total length 10'3 inches, wing 7, tail 2-8, tarsus I'l.

An immature male differs from the above in having the spots on
the throat and neck small and indistinct, the barring on the chest
and upper parts pale and irregular, and only a few adult feathers
present among the wing-coverts and scapulars. The chestnut
pectoral band represented by a couple of feathers in the middle of
the breast and the terminal black band wanting, and the tips of the
primaries pale buff vermiculated with brownish black.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the whole
chest and breast narrowly barred with black, the barring on the
upper parts of the body much finer and closer ; and the ends of the
scapulars, secondary, and median coverts whitish buff. Total length
9"7 inches, wing 7, tail 2-8, tarsus I'l.

Hah. N.E.Africa; S.W. Asia; ranging from Kordofan, Nubia,
Abyssinia, Somaliland, and the Siik country to the Western portions
of Sindh.

a-c. c? 2 ad. ; $
imm. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. c? ad. sk.
/,ff- 62 ad. sk.

h. cJ ad. sk.

{. (5 ad. sk.

k. c? ad. sk.

l,m,. c? 2 ad. sk.
n, o. c? 2 ad. sk.
p. S ad. sk.

q. 2 ad. sk.

r-u. r? 2 ad. ; J

imm. sk.
V. 2 f d. sk.
w, .V. c? 2 ad. St.
?/. c? ad. sk.
;. Skeleton.
a'. Skeleton.

Eric Hills, Sindh, Feb., March.

Mehur, Upper Sindh, .Jan. (A.

O. If.).
Muscat.
Near Bir Ahmed, Aden, Dec.

Near Lahij, Aden, Jan.

5 miles from Laliij, Aden,

March {Yerburt/}.
Jeddah.

Jeddah iZohrah).

Midian.

Ailat, Samhar, June.

Ain, Lebka E., Samhar, July.

Amba, Tijire, Aug-. ( W. Jesse).

Bogosland.
N. Africa.
No locality.
No locality.
No localitv.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Col. Mills [P.].
Lieut.-Col. Yerburv
_[P.]. -

Lieut.-Col. ^ erbiirv

[P.].
Hume Coll.

H. H. Calvert, Esq.

[C.l.
Shelley Coll.
Capt. Burton \V^.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Shelley CoU.
Purchased.
Zool. Soc. Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

9. Pterocles bicinctus.

Double-banded Grous, Lath. Geti. Hist. viii. p. 259 flSSS).
Pterocles bicinctus, Te)n?)i. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 247, 713 (1815) ;

I

L

3. PTEROCLES. 31

Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 307 (1819); Gra>/, Gen. B. iii.
p. 518 (1845); Strickl. &: Schit. in Jard. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 157 ;
Layard, B. S. Afi-. p. 278 (18G7) [Kuruman & Colesberg, Orange
R.]; Grmi, Lid B. v. p. 2 (1867); Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 298;
id. Ibis, 1871, p. 269 [Limpopo R.'\ ; Gurney ed. Andersson's
B. DamaraUmd, p. 241 (1872) [Damara & Gt. Namaqiialand];
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 385 [Limpopo to Matabele] ; Elliot, P. Z. S.
1878, p. 255; Socage, Orn. Anyola, p. 3115 (1881) [Eiballa,
Capangombe, Humbe] ; Sharpe, in Gates' Matabelel. p. 323 (1881) ;
Ayres, Ibis, 18^6, p. 292 [Limpopo R.].
(Enas bicincta, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. JS'at. xii. p. 421 (1817).

Adult male. Head, upper back, and chest as in P. fasciatiis ; rest of
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish brown, slightly tipped
with white and irregularly barred and marked with rufous buff.
Scapulars the same, but the rufous bars are very irregular in shape
and direction, and each feather has a rounded terminal white
blotch, giving the upper parts a general spotted appearance ; wings
as in P. fasciatus, but all the secondaries are brownish black on the
outer web to the base and the outer ones are ornamented with one
or two oblique white bands ; the secondary and some of the inner
median coverts are blackish brown, somewhat widely tipped with
white. The chest is separated from the upper breast bv a white
and black zone, otherwise the plumage of the underparts is as in
P. fa.^ciatus. Tail of 16 feathers. Total length 9-7 inches, wing
6-9, tail 3-3, tarsus 0-9.

Adult female. Resembles the adult female of P. fasciatus, but the
black barring on the upper surface and chest is wider and much
less regular and the lesser and median wing-coverts and scapulars
are tipped with white ; the terminal black bars on the feathers of
the upper back, neck, and chest are bridge-shaped, giving these
parts a spotted appearance. Total length 9-8 inches, wing 0-6, tail
3-2, tarsus 0-9.

JJab. S. Africa ; extending east to the Transvaal, west to Mos-
samedes, and south to the Orange Eiver *.

a, b. S ad. st. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].

c. 2 ad. sk. S. Africa. Purchased.

d, e. <S 2 ad. sk. Mahalapsi R., near Shoshong, Capt. G. E. Shelley

Aug. (Gates). P.^

f, ff- 6 2 ad.sk. Limpopo R., May, June (T. J. H.'Gumev, E.<q.

A)/res). ' IW

h, i. (S 2 ad.sk. TransvaMl,Julv(r.£.i?i«-A%). Shelley Coll.
k. 2 ad. sk. Natal {T. Ayres). Tweeddale Coll.

I. 2 ad- sk. Cape. Sir A. Smith [P.].

* The specimens from Damaraland, in the Museum, are considerably lighter
than those from S.E. Africa, and Lave the rufous bars and markings on the
upper parts nnicli paler and reduced in width, while the ground-colour is dirtv
prey. The Kuruniau bird forms a link so entirely intermediate between the two
forms that there is no doubt a larger .series of specimens from intermediate
localities will show that they merge gradually iuto one another and are not
really separable.

32 PTEROCLID^.

m. J ad.sk. Kuruman, Nov. F. N. Streatfield, Esq.

[P.1.
n-q. c? 2 ad. sk. Damaraland, Sept., Oct., Nov. Tweeddale Coll.
(C. J. Andersson).

10. Pterocles quadricinctus.

Pterocles quadricinctus, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 252 and 718
(1815) [Coromandel Coast!] ; Steph. Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 309
(1819); Wagl. Syst. Av. p. 280 (1827); Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 205 (1857) [Senegambia, Kordofan, Abyssinia] ; Elliot, P. Z. S.
1878, p. 257.

Pterocles bicinctus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 65 (182.3) [Nubia] ; Gray,
List B. iii. p. 49 (1814) ; Hartlauh, Ahh. Nat. Hamh. 1852, p. 38.

CEnas bicinctus, Vieill. Gal. Ois. iii. p. 60, pi. 220 (1825).

Pterocles indicus, Licht. Verz. Donbl. p. 65 (1823).

Pterocles tricinctus, Swawis. Orn. W. Afr. p. 222, pi. xxiii., 5 (1837) :
Gray, List B. v. p. 2 (1867) [W. Africa]; Heuylin, Orn. N.Ost-
Afr. iii. p. 867 (1873) [Gujon, Bissao] ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 48
[Lado] ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 549 [Siik].

Adult male. Closely resembles the male of P. faseiatus, from
which it only differs in the marking of the greater secondary and
inner median coverts, which, instead of being barred alternately
with wide distinct bars of white and grey and widely margined with
yellowish buff, are yellowish buff, with a black bar narrowly edged
on either side with white across the external third of each feather.
Tail of 16 feathers. Total length 10-2 inches, wing 7-1, tail 3-3,
tarsus 0-95.

An immature male differs from the adult in having the back and
sides of the neck still barred and the sides of the throat spotted like
the female, while the pectoral band is only partially apparent on the
right side, and the primaries are widely tipped with buff mottled
with black.

Adult female. Differs from that of P. faseiatus in having the front
of the neck and the chest uniform buii without black bars ; other-
wise the plumage is nearly similar, except that the black bars on
the scapulars are wider and less numerous and the greater secondary
coverts and outer median coverts have a black bar across the last
third, as in the male, but the white margins are wanting. Total
length 10-1 inches, wing 6-8, tail 3-1, tarsus 0-95.

In less mature specimens many of the feathers of the chest have
a narrow subterminal black band, showing an approach to the
adult female of P. faseiatus.

Hah. Africa, ranging from Senegambia to Abyssinia.

rt. c? ad. St. West Africa. MajorRickett[P.].

h, c. d ad. ; 2 imm. West Africa. Purchased.

sk.

d-f. c? ad. ; $ imm. Gambia. Shelley Coll. and

sk. Purchased.

g. 2 ad. st. Gambia.

h~k. c? 2 ad. ; S imm. sk. Lado. Emiu Pasha [P.].

I. Skeleton. Bissao, 'W. Africa. Eyton Coll.

33

Order VII. GALLINtE.

^laxillo-palatines not coalesced ■with one another or with the
vomer * ; nasals holorhinal ; true basipterygoid processes absent, but
represented by sessile facets situated far forward on the sphenoidal
rostrum.

Episternal process of the sternum perforated to receive a process
from the base of the coracoids ; two deep notches on each side of the
posterior margin of the sternum ; external xiphoid processes bent
outwards over the hinder ribs and with expanded extremities.

Bill short and stout, the eulmen arched and overhanging the
mandible.

Hallux always present, but varying in size and position.

Oil-gland tufted, nude or absent. WeU-developed after-shafts to
the feathers of the body. Fifth secondary quill present t.

Xestling bom covered with down and able to run a few hours
after being liatclied.

Range. Cosmopolitan.

Key to the Families.

I. Hallux raised above the level of the other

toes. (Alectoropodes.)
a. Nostrils wholly, tarsi half or entirely

hidden by feathers and never armed

with spurs ; toes naked and pectinate

or feathered Tetraonidse, p. 34.

h. Nostrils never hidden by feathers ; tarsi

partially or wholly i, and toes entirely

naked ; the latter never pectinate, the

former often armed with spurs PhasianidSB, p. 94.

II. Hallux on a level with the other toes.

(Pekistekopodes.)

c. Oil-gland nude MegapodiidaB,p.445.

d. Oil-gland tufted Cracidse, p. 473.

Suborder I. ALECTOROPODES.

Inner notch of the sternum more than half the length of the
entire sternum.

The hallux raised above the level of the other toes, and its
basal phalanx much shorter than that of the third toe.

* In some of the Cracida they are said to unite in the middle line with an
ossified septum ; but I have not been able to find this in any specimens
examined.

+ tiaid to be absent in Meqapodius ntbrifrons ( = ^f. eremifd) : see Selater Ibis
1890. p. 81. "

{ The upper part of the tarsus is feathered in Lerua.
VOL. IXII. B

34 TETEAONID^,

Family I. TETRAONID.E.

K^ostrils densely feathered. Tarsi and toes entirely feathered, or
only the tarsi feathered, or only the upper half of the tarsi feathered.
In the groups with naked feet the sides of the toes pectinate.
No spurs ever developed on the tarsi in either sex *.

Key to the Genera t.

A. Tarsi, feet, and toes densely covered with

feathers . 1. Lagopus, p. 35.

B. Tarsi entirely feathered ; toes naked, pecti-

nate on the sides.

a. Outer tail-featliers longer or very much

longer than the middle pair, and curved
outwards in the male ; tail composed of
18 feathers 2. Lyruhus, p. 63.

b. Outer tail-feathers equal to or more than

two thirds the length of the central pair.
a'. No elongate tufts of feathers on each
side of the neck.
«". Outer primaries not attenuated and
sickle-shaped.
a'" . No inflatable air-sac on each side
of the neck in the male.
«*. Tail composed of 18 feathers,

size very large 3. Tetbao, p. 59.

6*. Tail composed of 16 feathers,

size small 4. Caxachites, p. 68.

b'". An inflatable au-sac on each side
of the neck ; tail composed of 20

feathers 6. Dendeagapus,

b". Outer primaries attenuated and sickle- [p. 73.

shaped ; no inflatable air-sacs on the
sides of the neck ; tail composed of

16 feathers 5. Falcipennis, p. 72.

b'. An elongate tuft of feathers and an in-
flatable air-sac on each side of the
neck 7. Tympanuchus,

c. Outer tail-feathers two thirds or less than [p. 77.

two thirds the length of the central pair.

c' . Tail very long, central feathers elongate
and sharp-pointed; an inflatable air-
sac on each side of the neck ; tad
composed of 20 feathers 8. Centeocehcxjs,

d. Tail moderately long, central feathers [p. 80.

parallel-edged and tnmcate ; no in-
flatable air-sac on each side of the
neck ; tail composed of 18 feathers . . 9. Pediocjetes, p. 82.

* For the osteology of the American Tetraonidse see Shufeldt, Bull. U.S.
Geol. Surv. vi. pp. 309-350, pis. v.-xiii. (1882).

t The generic characters are founded on the males, and are thus not always
applicable to the females.

1. LAGOPUS. 35

C. Tarsi partially feathered, the lower part
beiug entirely naked, toes pectinate on side.

d, A nifik'd frill of feathers on each side of

the neck; sexes similar; tail composed

of !."< feathers 10. Bo.vASA, p. 85.

e. No ruffled frill on each side of the ueek ;

sexes different; tail composed of K!

feathers , . 11. Teteastes, p. 89.

1. LAGOPUS. Typ^

Lagopus, Briss. Orn. i. pp. 181, 216 (1760) L. albiis.

Keron, Montin, P/ii/s. iSdlsk. Handl. Stockh. i. p. 155

(1770) L. mutus.

Oreias, Kaiip, Nat. Si/.<>t. p. 177 (182'J) L. scotieus.

Attnpreu, Kaiip, Nat. Syst. p. 170 (1829) L. rupestris.

Acetinornis, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 880 (1856) L. scotieus.

Tail composed of IG feathers, moderately long, subequal, and
roiuided at the extremity.

1st i)rimary much shorter than the 2nd, falling between the Gth
and 7th ; 4th primary sliglitly the longest.

Tarsus sliorter than middle toe and claw.

Feet and toes densely covered with feathers.

Axillaries fairly long.

Rcoitje. Circumpolar.

Kcij to the Species.

A. Outer tail-feathers black, with the base and tip

more or less white.

1. I'rimaries always blackish brown scotieus, p. 35.

2. Primaries always white.

rt. The white, if present, on the outer web of
tlie outer tail-feathers confined to the
basal portion.
a. Hill much stouter and larger ; wing about

8 inches lagojws, p. 40.

8. Hill much more slender ; wing about 7'5 , . . ,

. , ^ mutus, p. 44.

niches < •/• ■ n iW

h. The wliite on the outer web of the outer ' ' " * '*> P-
tail-feathers covering at least tlie basal
twt) thirds hypcrboveus, p. 51.

B. Outer tuil-feathers white leitcurus, p. 52.

1. Lagopus scotieus.

Lagopus altera, Albin, N. H. Birds, i. pis. 2.3 & 24 (1738).

La Geliuute d'Ecosse, Briss. Orn. i. p. 190, pi. xxii. tig. 1 (17G0).

lied Grouse, Lath. Oen. Si/n. ii. pt. ii. p. 746 (178.S), Suppl. i. p. 21G

(1787); id. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. 247 (1823); Yarrell, Brit. B. ii.

p. 315 (184.'?).
Tetrao scotieus, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 290 (1787) ; id. Ind.

Orn. ii. p. 641 (1790) ; Penn. Brit. Zool. i. p. 356, pi. 57 (1812) ;

Hchiv.z, Nat. AhhUd. Toy. p. 280, pi. 105 (18;«) ; Thomps. Nat. Hist.

•Irel. li. p. 47 (\i<m);' Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 428, pi. 20

(1884).

1)2

38 TETRAONID^.

Tetrao lagopu8, var. y, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 750 (1788).

Tetrao saliceti, Tewm. Piff. et Gall. iii. pp. 208. 709 (1815) [part.] ;

id. Man. d'Oni. ii. p. 471 (1820).
Lagopus scoticus, Leach, St/st. Cat. p. 27 (1816) ; Vteill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xviii. p. 206 (1817) ; fiteph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi.

p. 293, pi. 20 (1819) ; Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 62, pi. 221 (1825) ;

Jard. Nat. Lib., Oni. iv. p. 145, pi. xviii. (18.34) ; Gould, B. Evr.

iv. pi. 252 (1837) : Macgill. Brit. B. i. p. 169 (1837) ; G-'my, List

of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 47 (1844) ; Waiters, N. Hist. B. L-el. p. 126

("1853) ; Elliot, Man. Tetr. pi. xix. (1865) ; More, Ibis, I860, p. 427 ;

Grai/, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 91 (1867) ; Beffl. S,- Gerbe, Orn.

Europ. ii. p. 35 (1867); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 277 (1870);

Fritsch, Vog. Europ. p. 279 (1870), pi. 30. fig. 5 (1871) : R. Gray,

B. West Scotl. p. 232 (1871); Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 165, pi. 479

(1873); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. vii. (1873); Booth, Rough

Notes, ii. pi. and text (1881-7); Buckl. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 112;

Saund. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 73 (1884) ; Olphe-Gall. Faun.

Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40, p. 50 ( 1886) ; Bell, Zuol. 1887, p. 265 ;

Saund. III. Mail. Brit. B. p. 481 (1889) ; Lilfurd, Col. Fig. B. Brit.

pt. xviii. (1891) ; Millais, Game B. pp. 43-62, pis. & woodcuts

(1892).
Oreias scoticus, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 177 (1829).
Grouse, Selby, Brit. Orn. i. pt. ii. pi. 59. fig. 1 (1833).
Tetrao saliceti scoticus, ScM. Rev. Crit. p. 76 (1844).
Lagopus persicus. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 517, pi. 133 (1845) ; id. List

of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 48 (1844); Elliot, Man. Tetr. pl.xx. (1865).
Tetrao lagopus, Baton, Scot. Nat. i. p. 113 (1871-2) [Perthshire].

Before attempting to give any description of this species, which is
subject to great variation, we must state that in the male three ex-
treme types of plumage are recognizable — a red form, a hlncl- form, and
a white-spotted form. The first of these, in which the general colour
is red without any white spots, is mostly found in the low grounds
of Ireland, the Outer Hebrides, and west of Scotland ; of the second
or black form typical specimens are rarely met with .and it is usually
found mixed with either the red or white-spotted forms, but most
often with both, and specimens in mixed plumage are those most
commonly met with ; the third or white-spotted form is spotted all
over the breast and belly, and sometimes on the head and upper
parts, with white ; the most typical specimens of this form are
usually found in the high ground of the north of Scotland.

In the female five distinct types are recognizable — the red, the
black, the white-spotted , the huff-spotted, and the buff-barred forms.
The first two are the rarest : the ivhite-sjwtted form occurs as in
the male ; the huff-spotted form, which is the commonest and that
usually met with, has the feathers of the upper parts spotted at the
tip with yellowish buif. The fifth or huff-barred form, which is
met with towards the south of Ireland, closely resembles in udnter
the ordinary female in breeding-plumage, and has the upper parts
rather coarsely barred with buff, rufous-buff", and black, and the belly
yellowish buff coarsely barred with black and tipped with white.

Bearing in mind the above remarks, the changes in plumage in
the ordinary forms may be briefly described as follows : —

Adult male (wilder and summ,er plumages). General colour above

\

1. LAGOPUS. 37

black, with finely mottled bars of dark chestnut ; head and neck
dark chestnut ; top of the liead and back of the neck marked with
black ; feathers of the mantle, lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts with narrow transverse bars and vermiculations of black and
chestnut, the latter colour usually predominating. As usual in this
group of birds, the autumn plumage is rarely completely donned, a
greater or lesser number of the summer featliers being retained.
From the evidence before me it is certain that no change is made
in the plumage of the male till after the breeding-season, and that
in the month of July he commences gradually moulting into his
autumn plumage, which is perfect by about the middle of August.
In summer the white spots on the underparts are absent or much
less prominent ; but this is accounted for by the wearing off of the
ends of the feathers.

Adult male (autumn plumai/e). The upper parts are black, marked
and spotted Avith rufous or rufous-buff and edged all round with
paler buff; the markings are usually more or less concentric on the
mantle and lower back, and the chest is more or less strongly barred
and marked with black and buff.

In September the first feathers of the winter plumage begin to
a])pear on the back and the barred chest-feathers are mostly or entirely
rejjlaced by dark chestnut feathers narrowly barred with black.

Males in full breeding-plumage can be distinguished from
December specimens by their faded plumage and the more worn
edges of the feathers. Total length 15 inches, wing 8-3, tail 4'4,
tarsus 1-0.

Adult female {autumn and winter plumages). Upper parts black,
with narrow irregular bars of rufous and buff spots at the tips of
most of the feathers ; chest-feathers narrowly and often irregularly
barred with rufous and black, usually more or less tipped with buff,
and with a buff patch along the basal part of the shaft. This
plumage is retained throughout the autumu and winter ; in early
spring the feathers of the summer plumage begin to appear, and by
the end of April the summer plumage is complete.

Adult female (summer plumage). Upper parts black, coarsely
mottled and margined with buff or rufous buff ; most of the markings
are more or less concentric, and the butf margins to the feathers of
the back a ■■d scapulars give the bird a more or less scaled appearance;
most of the feathers of the neck, chest, sides, flanks, and under tail-
coverts are buff, coarsely and ii regularly barred with black *. All five
types don this breeding-plumage and, at this season, are very similar

* Tliere is no doubt that many of these buff feathers coarsely barred with
black are not produced by a fresh niouh, but are actually the same featliers
which in autumn and winter are finely barred with black and rufous. The
change of pattern occurs in early spring, and the mode by which this alteration
takes place is well shown iu February and March specimens. First a bufT
shaft-stripe extends towards the end of the shaft, and gradually resolves itself
into transverse buff bars, and meanwhile the intermediate spaces become
black.

38

TEIRAONID-E.

in general appearance. In July the autumn plumage begins to appear,
and is complete about the end of August or the beginning of Sep-
tember ; and, so far as I can judge from the material before me, I
have no doubt that no further change takes place until the following
spring, as birds killed in the beginning of September are perfectly
similar to Ifovember, December, and February specimens. Total
length 14-5 inches, wing 7"7, tail 4, tarsus 1'5.

This species is distinguished from all others of the genus by having
the primaries brownish black.

From the above remarks it will be seen that two very extra-
ordinary facts appear to have been ascertained: —

1. That the male has no distinct sioHm^r plumage, but changes in
autumn and again in winter, retaining the latter plumage till the
following autumn after the breeding-season.

2. That the female has a distinct summer plumage, which is
complete by the end of April, also a distinct autumn plumage, but
never assumes a distinct ivlnter garb, retaining her autumn plumage
till the following spring.

Immature birds after November cannot be distinguished from the
adults ; in the end of August the upper parts and chest are generally
like those of the adult female in breeding-plumage, but the buff and
rufous markings are not so coarse ; the breast and rest of under-
parts vary according to the type to which the birds belong.

Varieties and albinos are rather rare *.

Hab. Great Britain, Ireland, the Hebrides and Orkneys.

a, b. c? ad. et pull. Orkney Is., June.

c-g. (^ 5 ^•d- St. et

pull. St.
k-j. 2 ad., c? imm.

sk.

k. (5 ad. sk.

/, VI. (^ 2 ad. sk.
n, 0. Puil. sk.

p. (5 ad. sk.

g~t. (S 2 ad. sk.

M. 2 ad. St. [albino].
V, lu. S 2 it-d. sk.
3.: 2 ad. sk. [albino].

Orkney Is.

Lewis, Outer Hebrides,
Sept., Oct. (F. I). G.
<5* E. Kirh Patrick).

Benbecula. Outer Heb-
rides, Dec.

Scotland.

Scotland.

Poyntzfield, Cromarty,

Jan.
Beaulvjlnverness-shire,

jNIay.
Nairn.shire.
Nairn.«hire, Dec.
Dunphail, Morayshire,

Aug;.

Gould Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godmsm Coll.

Sir W. Smyth, Bart. [P.].

Montagu Coll.
Salvin-Godman and Gould

Colls.
G. St. Quintin, Esq. [P.].

Lord Lovat [P.].

Earl of Cawdor [P.].
H. F. Rose, Esq. [P.].
W. R. Ogilvie Grant, Esq.

[P.]. •

* There is a popular idea among sportsmen that the Irish birds are much
heavier than those from England iind Scotland, but I do not find this to be the
case. Three males from Co. Mayo average 23 oz. each and three females
21 oz. Of numerous specimens from various parts of Great Britain the
average weight of males is 23^ oz. and of females 21^ oz. One male from
Perthshire weighed 2Soz., but this of course is exceptional.

1. LAG0PU3.

39

y-d! . (J 2 ad. sk. Argyllshire, Dec.

e',f. c? ad. sk.
ff'. 2 a*i- sk.

A'. cJ ad. sk. [rar.].
»'. cf ad. sk.

A'. 5 ad. sk. [pale

var.].
/". c? ad. St.
wi', 7i'. cf $ ad. sk.

o', p'. cJ ? ad. sk.

9'. c? ad. sk.

r', «'. $ ad. sk.

t'-to'. cJ 2 ad. sk.

x'-z'. c? ad. sk.
a", b". cj 5 ad. sk.

c", d". S2 ad. sk.
e",f". 6 2 ad. sk.
g"-n". d 2 ad. sk.

0". 2 ad. sk.

p". 2 ^^- ''^•

q"j '■"• 6 2 ad. sk.

«", '"• d $ ad. sk.

«", r". 2 ad. St.
to", x". Pull. St.
tf". 2 ad. sk. [var.].
z". 2 iuiui. sk.

a^, b^. Skeletons,
c', </'. Sterna.

Loch Lomond, May.
Loch Long, Sept.

Loch Sween, Aug.
Perthshire.

Perthshire, Oct.

Rohallion, Perthshire.

Tyndriun, Perthshire,
'Dec.

Buchantv, Perthshire,
Dec. *

Tillicoultry, Clackman-
nan, Nov.

Dunipace, Larbert,
Stirlingshire, Nov.

Ayrshire, April.

Ayrshire, Aug.
Stranraer, \\'igtonshire,

June.
Yorkshire.

Settle, Yorkshire, Dec.
Otlev, Yorkshire, May,

Sept.
Ireland.
Ballyuahinch, Co. Down,

Aug. {F. D. G.).
Belluiullet, Co. Mayo,

Nov.
Tralee, Co. Limerick,

Feb.
London Market.
No locality.
No locality.
[Persia*."]

F. Menteith Ogilvie, Esq.

[P.].
Duke of Montrose [P.].
W. R. Ogilvie Grant, Esq.

C. C. S. Parsons, Esq. [P.].
Editorof ' Land and Water '

[R].
Howard Saunders, Esq.

[P.].
Gould Coll.
Marquis of Breadalbane

[P.].
Capt. W. A. Drummond

Moray [P.].
Major R. G. Wardlaw

Ramsay [P.].
J. A. Harvie Brown, Esq.

[P.].
Editorof 'Land and\\ ater'

[P.].
Sir Richard Wallace [P.].
Sir W. Wallace [P.].

India Museum [P.].

Purchased.

Lord Walsingham [P.].

India Museum [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

F. J. Sunpson, Esq. [P.].

Gould Coll.

Purchased.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased. (Type of
L. persicus, Gray.)

Jlilhrid hetween Lagopus scoticus and Gallus domesticus.
Grouse X Bantam Fowl, MUlais, Game B. p. 59, woodcut (1892).

'^.Hybrid hetween Lagopus scoticus and L. mutas.

Newt. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 793 [Sutherland] ; Millais, Game B. p. 60,
pi. (.1892).

Hybrid hetween L. scoticus and L. tetrix. See p. 57.

* It is not unlikely that Mr. G. R. Gray luisuuderstood the person from
whom he obtained this specimen and that the locality was in reaUty Perthshire,
certjviulv nut Persia.

40 XETRAONIDiE.

2. Lagopus lagopus.

White Partridge, Ediu. N. H. Birds, ii. pi. 72 (1747).

La Gelinote blanche, Briss. Orn. i. p. 210 (1760).

Tetiao lag-opus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 274 (1766) ; Forst. Phil. Trans.

Ixii. p. 390 (1772) ; G7n. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 749 (1788) ; Pall. Zoogr.

Pom,- As. ii. p. 63 (1811).
Lagopede de la Bale d'Hudson, Buff. Ois. ii. p. 276 (1771).
White Grouse, Lath. Gen. Syti. ii. pt. ii. p. 743 (1783) ; Penn. Arct.

Zuol. ii. p. 308 (1785).
Rehusak, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 316 (1785), i. p. 369 [YtQ2) ; Lath.

Gen. Syn. Siippl. i. p. 216 (1787) ; id. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. 247

(1823).
Tetrao albiis, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 750 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.

p. 639(1790); Bechst. Nat. Deutschl. iii. p. 513(1793); Meyer,

Vog. Liv- 11. Esthl. p. 152 (1815) ; Bonap. A^n. Phil. Trans, iii.

p. 393 (1830) ; Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. vi. p. 381, pi. 159

(1833).
Tetrao lappouicus, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 751 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.

ii. p. 640 (1790) ; Temm. Pig. et Gall. ui. pp. 225, 707 (1815).
Tetrao rehusak, Bonn. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 204 (1791).
Willow Partridge, Hearne, Joiirn.^. 411 (1795).
Tetrao cachinnans, Betz. Faun. Suec. p. 210(1800).
Tetrao .'ahceti, 2\mm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 208, 709 (1815) [part.];

id. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 471 (1820) ; Sabine, App. Frankl. Narr.

p. 681 (1823) ; Rich. App. Parry 2nd Voy. p. 347 (1824) ; Nutt.

Man. Orn. i. p. 674 (1832) ; Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Vog. p. 280,

pi. 105 (1833) ; Aud. Orn. Biog. ii. p. 528, pi. 191 (1834) ; Godman,

Ibis, 1861, p. 85 [Bodo] ; Bree, B. Europ. iii. p. 212, pi. (1867) ;

Adams. Ibis, 1878, p. 436 [Norton Sound].
Tetrao subalpinus, Nilss. Orn. Suec. i. p. 307 (1817).
Lagopus albus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 292 (1819) ; Boie,

Isis, 1822, p. 557 ; Aud. B. Amer. v. p. 114, pi. 299 (1842) ; Gray,

List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 47 (1844) ; Midd. Sibir. Beis. ii. pt. ii.

p. 190 (1851) ; Brandt, in Hofmann, N. Ural E.vp. ii. App.

p. 68 (1856) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 633 (1858) ; Schr. Beis.

Atnur-L. i. p. 395(1859); Coiies, P. Ac. Philud. 1861, p. 227;

Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 8 [Saskatchewan R.] ; Radde, Ost-Sib.

ii. p. 294 (1863); Blakist. Ibis, 1803, p. 127; Fitz. Atl. Nat.

VUg. fig. 245 (1864) ; Elliot, Mon. Tetr. pis. xvii. & xviii. (1865) ;

Degl. &,- Gerbe. Orn. Europ. ii. p. '.M (1867); Grai/,List GallincB

Brit. Mus. p. 90 (1867) ; Ball 4" Bann. Tr. Chic. 'Acad. i. p. 287

(1869) [N.W^ Alaska]; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 277 (1870);

Fritsch, Nat. Vog. Eur. p. 278 (1870), pi. xx. tigs. 1 & 4 (1871) ;

Collett, Fork. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1868, p. 159, 1872, p. 237

[N. Norway] ; Goebel, J. f. O. 1873, p. 422 ; Finsch, Abh. nat.
Ver. Brem. iii. p. 62 (1873); Alst. ^ Broum, Ibis, 1873, p. 66

[Archangel]; Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 183, pis. 483, 484 [part.]

(1874) ; Baird. Brew., S)- Ridgiu. N. Amer. B. iii. p. 457 (1874);

Palm. J. f. O. 1876, p. 42 [Finland]; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. i.

p. 242 a"876) [E. Siberia]; Seebohm <§■ Broion, Ibis, 1876. p. 220

[L. Potchora] ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 1 53 (1877) [Poland] ;

Finsch, Ibis, 1877, pp. 58, 60 [Obi R.] ; Coues, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C.

iii. p. 41 (1878) [New York] ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 148 [Yenisei] ;

Finsch, Verh. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 234 (1880) ; Brandt, J. f. O.

1880, p. 240 [St. Petersburg, Helsingrors] ; Merriam, Bull. Nutt.

1 . LAGOPUS. 41

Or/I. <; '. V i . |). 2.-i8 ( 1 881 ) [New York] ; Biicfin. 6,- IHeske, Beitr. Orn.

'S/. Pit. p. 78 (1881) ; Mmiit. B. E. X. Amcr. p. :J48 (1881) [part.];

Svebohm, Ibis, 188l>, p. 879 [Archanfrel] ; Merriam, Bull. Xiitt.

Orn. C. vii. p. •2?,S (l6)<-2) [Canada] ; Hartl. J. f. O. 1883, p. i'76

[Chilcat, Alaska]; Bofjd. C'on.op. Av. Hong. fasc. i. p. 32 (1884) ;

Cones, Keii, p. 58*! ('l884) ; Stejn. Am. Xat. 1884, p. 774; id.

Auk, i. p. 22.") (1884) ; Murd. Auk, ii. p. 63 (1885) [Pt. Barrow];

Merriam, Auk, ii. p. 80 (1885) ; Pleske, Uehers. Voff. Kola, p. 301

(188(j); Met/er, Vof/.-Skel. pi. ciii. (1886); Turner, Pr. U.S. -Nat.

Mus. x'ni. p. 245(1886) [Fort C'liiiuo, Ungava] : Seebohm, Ibis,

1888, p. 347 [Gt. Liakoff Is.] ; Ilartu: J.f. O. 1889, p. 144.
Lagopus lappouiciis, Stepk. in Shaws Gen. Zool. xi. p. 296 (1819).
Willow Grous, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. 245 (1823).
Tetrao ( Lagopus) saliceti, Siv. S,- Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 351

(1831) ; Ross,Arct. Exp. p. 28 (1835).
Lagopus subalpinuts, Brehm, Handb. Viiff. Deutschl. p. 517 (1831)

Xilss. Skand. Faun.. Fog. ii. p. 93 (1858) ; Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn.

Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40, p. 55 (1886).
Lagopus subalpina, Xilss. III. Ska?id. Faun. i. pis. 6, 7 (1832) ;

(iundev. Svenxk. Fof/l. pi. xxx%'. lijis. 5 & 6 (1856); Collin, Skand.

Fugle, p. 421, Suppl. pi. 5 (1877).
Lagopus braclivdactvlus, Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 256 (1837) ; Olphe-
Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur. Ore. fasc. 37-40, p. 61 (1886).
Lagopus saliceti, Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 255 (1837) ; Cab. J. f. O.

1886, p. 348 [Gerniauy].
Tetrao braclivdactvlus, Temm. Man. d'Om. iv. p. 328 (1840).
Tetrao lagopus albus, Xntt. Man. Orn. i. p. 816 ( 1840).
Dal llipa, Lloijd, Game B. Sweden S) Xoric. p. 121, pi. (1867).
Lagopus lagojjus, Turner, Confr. Xat. Hist. Ala.ika, pp. 152-4

(188()) ; Seton, Auk, iii. p. 153 (1886) [W. Manitoba] ; A. O. r.

Check-l. p. 173 (1886); Ridf/io. Man. p. 199 (1887); Towns. Auk,

iv. p. 12 (1887) [N. Alaska]; Xelson, Hep. X. H. Alaska, -p. 131,

pi. V. tig. 3 (1887) rX. & W. Ahiska]; Thompson. Pr. U.S. Xat.

Mus. xiii. p. 514 (T891) [Manitoba]; Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 511

[Dingken, Germany].

Adult male and female rwinter phtmaf/e'\. Pure white ; all the
tail-feathers with the exception of the middle pair black, with the
basal parts and tips white.

Adult male [^summer plumaije^ Head and neck chestnut, often
shading into very dafk chestnut, or even black on the chest and
upper breast; birds in their first summer plumage (that is, before
they have bred) have the cliest and upper breast narrowly barred
with black, while in the old ones these ])arts are perfectly uniform :
back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts reddish brown,
narrowly barred with black and often edged with buff or whitish ;
rest of the plumage as in winter specimens. This, of course, is the
most complete summer plumage and onlj' found in specimens in-
liabiting more temperate climates ; in birds from high latitudes all
thi> upper parts from the back of the neck remain white, merely
iuterspers(Hl here and there with a few summer feathers.

Adult fi'iiiale \siniinier jdumatje]. The whole of tlie upper parts
l)iack. rather nariowly barred and edged with buff; chest, breast,
sides, and flanks buff, rather ooarsclv barred and marked with black;

42

TETEAONID^.

quills aud the outer half of the wing-coverts pure white ; middle of
the hreast and belly usually buff, more or less mixed with white
feathers ; tail as above, but the middle pair of feathers are black,
irregularly barred with rufous.

Adult male [autumn plumage]. Throat and chest light brick or
pale chestnut colour, usually with finely mottled black cross-bars ;
the new feathers on the upper parts black with narrow irregular
rufous bars, in fact very similar to those of the summer plumage,
but the black greatly predominates and the tips are not so conspi-
cuously edged with white and rufous.

Adult female [autumn plumage]. Feathers of the chin, throat,
and chest similar in colour to those of the male ; but, as a rule,
largely intermixed with summer plumage ; upper parts black, with
narrow bars of rufous buff.

Adult male. Total length 15-5 inches, wing 8-1, tail 4-8, tarsus
1-4.

Adult female. Total length 15 inches, wing 7"8, tail 4-3, tarsus
1-35.

Immattire specimens are mottled and sometimes blotched with
black along the shafts of the primaries.

Young birds resemble the female in breeding-plumage, but the
markings on the upper parts are usually more concentric, and most
of the feathers of the mantle, scapulars, and wing-coverts have a
white spot at the extremity ; the primaries are pale brownish grey,
mottled along the outer web and round the tips with buff; chin,
hroat, belly, thighs, and under tail-covcrts pale buff.

Hah. N. Europe, N. Asia, Arctic America, Greenland.

a. Imm. sk.
h, c. <J ad. et imm.
sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. c? imm. sk.
f-k. (S ad., imm.,

et pull. sk.
/. S imm. sk.
m. 2 ad. sk.
n. cj ad. sk.
o-q- 6 2 ad. et

pull. sk.
r-u. tj' ad. et 5

imm. sk.
v-z. (S ad. et c? 2

imm. sk.
a' , h'. (5 ad. sk.
c'. Pull. sk.
d'-f. * Ad. sk.

ff', fi'. J 5 ad. sk.

[Iceland], winter.
Norway, Sept.

[Norway], March.

Norway, March.
Norway, June, Sept.

Purchased.

E. Valpy, Esq. [P.].

J. E. Harting, Esq.

[P.].
India Museum [P.].
Gould Coll.

Norway, Jan. E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.].

Norway, Sept. {F. D. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

S. Norway, Jan. (P. Gudman). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dovrefjeld Mts., Norway, July. Gould Coll.

Tonsait, Norway, Nov. Prof. R. CoUett [P.].

Roros, Norway, Sept.-Nov. Prof. R. Collett [P.].

Osterdalen, Norway, May, Nov.
S. Varauger, Norway, July.
Bodo, Norway, Mav, June

{F. 4- P. Godman).
Sweden, summer.

Prof. R. Collett [P.].
Prof. R. Collett [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sir II. Davy [P.].

May sjwciaieu assuming male plumage.

1. LAGOl'US.

43

i'-m'. (S ad. et

imm. sk.
n'-p'. S ? ad. sk.

et imni. st.
q' . Imm. sk.
)•'. 5 ad. sk.
s', t'. (J imm. et

pull. sk.
n'-a". S 2 ^'^■>

imm., juv., pull.

sk. et St.
b"-d". S 2 ad. sk.
e",f'. <S ad. sk.

ff". 5 imiu- sk.

h'', i" . iS ad. sk.

k'\ I", d" 2 ad.

sk. et St.
»n". Ad. sk.
n", o". Ad. sk.

et St.
p", q". S ad. sk.

et St.
r". S ad. sk.
8"-z". S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
a^.~d\ S ad. et

pull. sk.
e''-h\ c? ad. et

imm. sk.
P. c? ad. sk.
k\ P. S 2 ad. sk.
vi^-j)^. c? 2 ad. sk.

q\ Ad. .'sk.

7-^. Imm. sk.

«\ <\ d 2 ad. sk.

u', v\ d 2 ad. sk.

et at.
w'-/'. c? 2 ad.,

imm.et pull. sk.

ff', 2 ad. sk.

A'-A*. d 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
l\ 2 ad. sk. -

»/)', 71*. Skeletous.

Quickjock, Sweden, May, Julv,

Aug-. (If. Wheelw)-iyht).
North Bothnia.

Ru.^sia, -winter.

Archangel, June {J. A. 11. D.).

Archan-iel, Sept. {Ilenke).

ArchanL''f'l, spring-autumn
{Ilenke).

Tobolsk, Ob R., April, .luly.
Omsk, May.

Dzuugaria, Dec.

N. America, summer.

N. America, summer.

N. America, winter.

N. America, winter (Dr. J.

Rue).
N. America, summer and

winter.
Canada, Dec. ( W. 11. Collms).
Godbout, St. Lawrence, Nov.,

Dec.
Fort Chimo, Ungava, June,

July, Sept. (Z. M. Tur)ier).
Hudson's Bay.

Great A\'hale R., .lune.
Little Whale R., May.
N.W. America, summer and

winter.
Fort Resolution.
Fort Simpson, April.
Point Barrow, Alaska, Feb.,

May (//. W. Henshaw).
Kotzebue Sound, late autumn.

St. Michael's, Alaska, March,
May, June, July, Sept.,
Oct. (E. W. Aeko7i and
L. M. Tu/'7ier),

Kegiktouik, Alaska, Oct.
(E. W. AW.w«).

Nushagak, Ahiska, Jan., Nov.

[Falkland Is.]. Changing to
autunm.

Gould Cull.

Prof. Wahlberg [C.].

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman and

Gould Colls.
Dr. R. Bowdler

Sharpe [P.].

Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].

St. (iieorge Little-
dale, Esq. [P.].

St. Petersburg Mu-
seum [E.].

Ilud.-on's Bay Co.
[P.].

Audubon Coll.

Gould Coll.
Dr. J. Rae [P.].

Admiral Sir G. Back

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.

Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Capt. Collinson [P.].

B. R. Ross,Esq.rP.].
B.R.Ross, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt. Ivellett and

Lieut. Wood [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
G.Bennett, Esq. [P.J.
Purchased.

I/i/brid between Lagopiis lagopus and L. mutus.
Lagopus albus x L. mutus, Cnlletf, P. Z. S. 1880, p. :236 [Norway].

44

TETRAONID^.

Hyhriil betiveen Lagoi)us lagopus and Tetrastes bonasia.

Bonasa bonasia X Lagopus albus, Co/lett, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 237

[Sweden].
Lagopus bonasioides, Kolth. Bih. Sv. Ak. Handl. xiii. Afd. iv. no. 6,

7 pp. pi. (1888).

Ihjhrid between Lagopus lagopus and Lyrurus tetrix. See p. 57.
Hybrid between Lagopus lagopus and Tetrao urogallus. See p. 64.

Subsp. a. Lagopus alleni.

Lagopus albus, Mmjn. B. E. N. Anier. p. 348 (1881) [part., New-
foundland].

Lagopus alba alleni, Stejn. Auk, i. p. 369 (1884) TNewfoundland] ;
Men: Auk, ii. p. 201 (1885).

Lagopus lagopus alleni, SteJn. P. ?7.*b'. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 20 (1885) ;
A. 0. U. Check-l. p. 173 (1886) : Pidgw. Man. p. 199 (1887).

Tbis name has been proposed by Stejneger for specimens from
Newfoundland, which are said in winter plumage to differ from
typical examples of L. lagopus in having the shafts of the primaries
and secondaries black. We have already seen that black shafts and
markings to the primaries are characteristic of the immature bird,
and the black shafts to the secondaries, though by no means common,
are well marked in a specimen from Russia. It is impossible at
present with the material in hand to estimate the value of this
character ; but in an adult specimen in autumn plumage from New-
foundland the character of the black shafts is well developed and
has apparently nothing to do w ith age. The longest upper tail-
coverts are considerably elongated and extend at least two inches
beyond the end of the tail ; whether this is simply an accidental
variety or not is at present unknown.

Hub. Newfoundland.

*a. (S ad. sk. Newfoundland, Sept. J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].

3. Lagopus mutus.

La Gehuotte blanche, Daubent. PI. Enl. [nos. 129 & 494].

Tetrao lagopus. Scop, {nee Linn.), Ann. i. p. 118 (1769) ; Lath. hid.

Orn. ii. p. 639 (1790) ; Beehst. Nat. Deutschl iii. p. 508 (1793) ;

Wolf 4" Meyer, Nat. Voy. Deutschl. ii. p. 37, pis. (1805) ; Pemi.

Brit. Zool. i. p. 359, pi. 57 (1812) ; Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 185,

707 (1815); Roux, Orn. Prov. ii. p. 31, pi. 255 (1830); Nauni.

Nat. Voy. Deutschl. vi. p. 401, pis. 160, 161 (1833); Schinz, Nut.

Abbild. Vog. p. 279, pi. 105 1 1833) ; Thomjis. Nat. Hist. Iret. ii.

p. 45 (1850) ; Schinz, Nat. Vog. p. 159, pi. 78 (1853) ; Compamio,

Hist. Nat. Pyrin, iii. p. 198 (1863) ; Altum, J.f. 0. 1891, p. 103.

* This is the specimen mentioned in the ■ Field' of the ■22nd December,
1888, as a probable hybrid between the Blackcock (recently introduced into
Newfoundland) and the Willow-Grouse.

1. i-AGoPrs. 4')

Le Lagropode, Btiff. Xat. TliM. Ois. ii. p. 301 (1772).

Tetrao nnitus, Moiitin, I'/ii/s. Sii/.s/:. Hand. i. p. 155 (1776-86);

Seehohm, HiM. Brit. B. ii." p. 424, ])1. 20 (1884).
PtMrmi-ran, Lnth. Gen. Syn. ii. pt, ii. p. 741 (1783) ; Selb. Brit. Orn.

i. pt. ii. pi. o9. fig. 2, & pi. GO (1333); Yarrell, Brit. B. ii.

p. 322 (184.3).
Tetrao rupestris, Bechst. Gem. Naturg. Detitsch. iii. p. 1358 (1807) ;

Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vert. An. p. 171 (1835).
Laiifopus imitus, Leach, Si/st. Cat. p. 27 (1816) ; Steph. in Shaw's

Gen. Znul. xi. p. 287, pi. 19 (1819); Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv.

p. 150, pis. xix., XX. (18.34) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 253 ri837) ;

Gray, Lid Gnllincp Brit. Mus. p. 48 (1844) [part.]; Gould, B. Gt.

Brit. iv. pis. 8-10 (18(>4) ; Elliot, Mon. Tetr. pk. xxi., xxii. (1865) ;

Degl. S,- Gerhe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 40 (1867) ; Gray, Lint Gallin<e

Brit. Jl/i/.s-. p. 91 (1867) ; id. Haitd-l. B. ii. p. 278 (1870) ; Fritsch,

Nat. Vdij. Europ. p. 279 (1870), pi. 30. fifr.". 3, 4, 6 (1871) ; ?Tacz.

J. f. 0. 1873, p. .98 [E. Siberia] ; Dress. B. Ear. v. p. 157, pis. 477,

478, 484 [partj (1874) ; ? Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. i. p. 242 (1876)

[Lake Baikal] ; Gigl. Av. Ital. pi. 247 (1879) ; Booth, Rough

Notes, ii. pis. & text (1881-7); Turner, P. U.S. Nat. Mus.'v.

pp. 227, 232 (1882); Saund. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 83 (1884);

id. Ibis, 1884, p. 387 [Pyrenees]; Colletf, N. .Mag. S'aturw. xxiii.

p. ItJ.'S (1877); Gigl. Ar.' Ital. p. 345 (1886); S'alvad. Ucc. Ital.

p. 195 (1887) ; Service, Zoologist, 1887, p. 81 [Kirkcudbriglit and

DumtVie.sshires formerlv] : Macpherson, Zoologist, 1887, p. 194;

Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. ix. 3 pis. (1888) ; ClarJ^e, Ibis, 1889,

p. 051 [E. Pyrenees]; Saund. III. Man. Brit. B. p. 483 (1889);

Gigl. Ar. Ital. i. p. 536 (1889). ii. p. 653 (1890), iii. p. 513

(1891) ; Snund. Ibis, 1891, p. I8(i [Switzerland]; Millais, Game B.

pp. 63-72 pis. & woodcuts (1892).
Tetrao alpinus, Nilss. Orn. So. i. p. 311 (1817).
Lagopus vulgraris, Vieill. N. Diet. cTHift. Nat. xvii. p. 199 (1817) ;

Flem. Hist. Brit. An. p. 43 a842) ; B. Gray, B. West Scot. p. 236,

pi. (1871); Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Z;m;-. Ore. fasc. 37-40, p. 51

(1886).
Lagopus mutans, Forst. Sgn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 19 (1817).
Ptarmigan (irons, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. 239 (1823).
Tetrao montaniis, Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Viig. p. 448 (1823).
Lagopus montanus, Brehm, Handb. Vdg. Deutschl. p. 516 (1831).
Lagopus alpina, Nihs. III. Skaml. Faun. i. pp. 8, 9, 10 (1832) ;

Sunder. Srensk. Fogl. pi. xxxv. fifrs. 1-4 (1856).
Lapropus rupestris, Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 254 (1837); CoUeit, Vid.

Sekk. Fork. Chru>t. 1868, p. 159.
Lagopus cinereus, Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. i. p. 187 (1837).
Lagopus alpinus, Brandt, in Ilnfmann, N. XTral Exp. ii. App. p. 6S

( 185t)) : Nilss. Sk'ind. Faun. Fm/. ii. p. 103 (18.")8) : Jauh. ^- Lapomm.

Rich. Orn. p. 431 (1859); Collett, Forh. Vid. Sehk. Christ. 1872,

p. 251 [X. Norway]; Palm. J. f. O. 1876, p. 42 [Fiulind] ; Finsch,

Iln\ 1877, p. 49 [Omsk]; Collin. Skand. Fugle, p. 419 Suppl.

pi. 5 (1877); Seehohm, Ihis, 1882, p. .379 'Kola Pen.]; Bogd.

Consp..Ar. Ross. fasc. i.p. 33(1884) : Stejn. Auk, i. p. 225(1884) ;

Csnto, Zeit. qes. Orn. ii. p. 482 (18.S5) (llunvad] ; Ple.ike, Uehers.

Vdg. Kola. p. 298 ( 1886) ; Olphe-Gall. Faun'. Orn. Eur. Occ. fuse

37-40, p. 53 (1S8,;) ; Cah. J. f. O. 18S6. p. 34^ 1887, p. 568, 1888,

p. 527 [Alps, (iermanyl.
Lagopus alpinus minor, Brehm, J.f. O. 18i^iO, p. 393.
Lagopus albus, More {nee Gm.), Ibis. 18()5, p. 427 [Gt. Britain].

46 TETEAOKID.E.

Fiiill Ripa, Lhyd, Game B. Steed. Sj- Norm. p. 138, pi. (1867).
Tetrao albus, Faton, Scot. Nat. i. p. 112 (1871-2) [Perthshire]. _
Lagopus mutus, var. mutus, Baird, Brew., Sf Ridyiv. B. N. Am. in.

p. 456(1874). , ., IT- 7

Lagopus alpinus, var. scandinavica, Sitndev. CEfv. let.-Ak. ±or/i.

1874, p. 19 [Scaudinavia). ^ -7 v^ti

Lagopus alpiuus, var. meridionalis, Sudev. CEfv. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1874,

p. 19 [Alps and Pyrenees].
Lagopus muta, Stejii. Zeit. ges. Oin. i. p. 87 (1884).
Lagopus muta vulgaris, Stejn. Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 88 (1884).

Adult male [winter pluynage']. A black patch extending from
the lores through the eye ; the tail-feathers, except the middle pair
black, often partly white towards the base and narrowly tipped
with white ; rest of the plumage pure white.

Adult female [winter plumage\ Similar, but with the black patch
in front of the eye absent or rudimentary.

Achdt male [summer ■plumage\ General colour of the head, upper
imrts, sides, and flanks dark brown or blackish brown, more or less
finely mottled and barred with grey and rusty on the back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts ; the chest and upper breast blackish brown,
sometimes slightly mottled ; the quills, outer wing-coverts, centre
tail-feathers, and rest of uuderparts white.

Adidt female [summer plumage']. General colour above black,
mixed with rufous buff, most of the feathers being edged with
■white or pale buff ; underparts rufous buff, barred with black ;
centre tail-feathers barred with black and buff; rest of the tail-
feathers black tipped with white, as in the male, and often with a
large portion of the basal part white ; quills and outer wiug-coverts
white.

Adult male [autumn plumage']. General colour of the upper
parts, central pair of tail-feathers, chest, upper breast, and sides
grey, finely mottled with black, and sometimes with buff; quills,
outer wing-coverts, and the rest of underparts white.

Adult female [autumn plumage']. Similar to the male, but usually
to be distinguished by retaining a few of the reddish-buff and black
feathers of the faded summer plumage.

Adult male. Total length 14-5 inches, wing 7-6, tail 4-6, tarsus
1-3.

Adidt female. Total length 14 inches, wing 7-4, tail 4-1,
tarsus 1-3.

Immature birds differ only from the adult in having the prim-
aries mixed with blackish brown along the shaft.

Young birds have the general colour of the head, upper parts,
chest, and sides black, barred and mottled with rufous buff, most
of the feathers with a white spot at the extremity ; the primaries
are brownish black, mottled with buff on the outer web ; the belly
and rest of underparts are whitish, indistinctly barred with dusky ;
tail-feathers black, with irregular bars and markings of buff.

The above plumages are, we consider, fairly typical of the seasons
in which they occur, but the individual variation is so great

that it is perfectly impossible to give more than a very general
description. It must also be borne in mind that the plumage of
every individual, which is constantly changing every month either by
moulting or by the changing of pattern in the same feather, or by
wearing off of the tips, is greatly influenced by the climate of the
country it inhabits : for instance, specimens from Scotland are only
found in complete white plnmage in exceptionally severe winters,
and usually retain a good many of the summer and autumn feathers
on the top of the head and back ; while specimens from the northern
parts of Xorway and Sweden never complete either their summer
or autumn plumage, but retain a large amount of white throughout
the year. Anyone who has been able to examine large series of
this and other species of La<iopus from different parts of their range,
and has seen aU the possible variation in colour to which each
species is subject, will be very cautious before adding another name
to the already over-burdened synonymy.

Uab. Europe [and possibly some of the ranges in Central Asia,
but it is almost impossible to tell whether the references should be
referred to this species or L. ruptstris] ; ranging westwards to
Scotland, southwards to the Pyrenees and Alps, and eastwards to
the Ural ilountains.

For an excellent account of the various changes of plumage
during every month of the year, we refer to J. G. ilillais's ' Game
Birds and Shooting-Sketches,' pp. 69, 70.

a-c. S ad. 2 imm.

sk. et (5 ad. st.
d. 5 ad. sk.
e,f. 2 imm. st.

et sk.
g. S imm. sk.
h, i. cS $ ad. 8t.
k. cJ imm. st.
/, ni. (5 ad. et

5 imm. sk.
o-v. c? 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
?('. 2 ad. sk.
T-a'. c? ad. sk.
b'. ? ad. sk.
c'. cj ad. sk.
d'. cf ad. .sk.
e'. 2 ad. sk.
/. d ad. iik.
g'. c? ad. sk.

Scotland, Sept. and winter. Gould Coll.

h'. d ad. sk.
t". 2 imm. sic.
k'. S ad. sk.
/'. (S imm. sk.
»n', «'. cS 2 ad.

sk.
0. (J ad. sk.

Scotland.
Inverness.

Grampian Mts.jOct. (Swan).
Perthshire.
Perthshire, autumn.
Tyndrum, Perthshire, Dec.

Argyllshire, Dec.

Europe, summer to autumn.
Switzerland, spring, winter.
Oborhasle, Berne, summer.
Norway, Feb.
Norway, March.
Norway, Sept.
Tiinfcet, Norway, Sept.
Dovrefjeld Mts., Norway,

spring.
Sneehiittan, Norway, July.
Kvikne, Norway, Oct.
Poros, Norway, Nov.
Ryfylke, Norway, Sept.
llainmerfest, Norway, June

(E. Erarhs).
Sweden, Aug. (H. IVheel-
xcright).

Montagu Coll.
Purchased.

Gould Coll.

Duke of Athole [P.l

E. Booth, Esq. [P.].
Marcpiis of Breadal-

bane [P.].

F. Menteith Ogilvie,
Esq. [P.].

Purchased.
Dr. C. Moesch [CI.
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
India Museum [P.],
E. ^'alpv, Esq. [P.].
Prof. \i. Collett : P.].
Gould Coll.

Gould Coll.
Prof. K. Collett [P.l
Prof. R. CoUett [P.l.
Prof. R. Collett rP.I.
Gould Coll.

Gould Coll.

48 TETRAONIB-E.

p' . 2 ad. sk. Skibotten, March {A. Malm). Gould Coll.

cf-v'. c? 2 ad., imm., Quickjock, Sweden, May, Aug. Gould Coll.

juv.,et pull. sk. et st.
iv . 2 imm. sk. Kussia, winter. Gould Coll.

x' . Sternum and skoulder-girdle.
y'-A^. Skulls and sterna.

Hybrid hetiueen Lagopus mutus and L. scoticus. See p. 39.
Hybrid hetiueen Lagopus mutus and L. lagopus. See p. 43.

4. Lagopus rupestris.

Tetrao lagopus, Fahr. {nee Linn.) Faun. Grcenl. p. 114 (1780) ;

Sahine, Tr. Linn. ISoc. xii. p. 530 (1818) [Hare Island] ; id. Sujipl.

Parry \st T'otj. p. 197 (1824) [S. of Barrow Straits]; Hich. App.

Parry 2nd Voy. p. 350 (1824).

Rock Grouse, Perm. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 312 (1785) ; Lath. Gen. Syn.

Svpj^l. i. p. 217 (1787) ; id. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. 241 (1823).
Tetrao rupestris, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 751 (1788J ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.
p. 640 (1790) ; Sabine, Supjd. Parry 1st Voy. p. 195 (1824) ; Itieh.
App. Parry 2nd Voy. p. 348 (1824) ; Aud. Orn. Bioyr. iv. p. 483,
pi. 368 (1838).

Lagopus rupestris, Leach Zool. Misc. ii. p. 290 (1817) ; Aud. B.
Amer. v. p. 122, pi. 301 (1842) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 653
(1858) ; Elliot, Mon. Tetr. pi. xxiii. (1865) ; Gray, List of B.
pt. V. Gall. p. 92 (1867) ; Dall Sf Bonn. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 289
(1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 278 (1870) [X.W. Alaska];
Harting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 117 ; Netct. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 96 ;
Dress. B. Eur. \. p. 175. pis. 477 [part.], 480, 481 (1874) ; Feilden,
Ibis, 1877, p. 405 [N. ' Greenland] ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 29-31
[Dobbin Ba^^ ; Nels. Bidl Kvtt. Orn. C. iii. p. 38 (1878) [Aleu-
tian Is.]; Seeboh7n, Ibis, 1879, p. 148 [Yenisei, 7U° N. lat.];
Mayn. B. E. N. Amer. p. 349 (1881) ; Nels. Cruise '■Corwin,^ p. 81,
no. 79 (1883) ; Secbohni, His, 1884, p. 179 [Kurile Is.] ; Stejn.
Zeit. yes. Orn. i. p. 90 (1884) ; Coues, Key, p. 587 (1884) ; Murd.
Ank, ii. p. 63 (1885) [Pt. Barrow] ; Brewst. Avk, ii. p. 221 (1885)
[Anticosti]; Clarice ^- Backhouse, Ibis, 1885, p. 368, pi. ix. [Ice-
land]; Slater S,- Carter, Ibis, 1886, p. 49 [Iceland]: A. 0. U.
Check-l. p. 173 (1886) ; Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 154
(1886): id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 245 (1886) [Labrador];
Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40, p. 63 ( 1886) ;
Nels. Pep. N. II. Alaska, p. 136 (1887) [Alaska] ; Ridgtv. Man.
p. 200 (1887).

Tetrao islandorum, Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. p. 6 (1822).

Tetrao islaudicus, Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Toy. p. 440 (1823).

Tetrao reinhardi, Brvhm, Lehrb. Eur. Voy. p. 440 (1823).

Tetrao relnhardti, Brehm, Isis, 1826, p. 930 ; Walker, Ibis, 1860,
p. 166 [Godbavn, Greenland].

Tetrao (Lagopus) rupestris. <Sm'. ^ Pich. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 354,
pi. Ixiv. (1831) ; Boss, Arct. Exp. p 29 (1835).

Tetrao (Lagopus) mutus, Sw. 8^- Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 350
(1831) ; Ross, Arct. E.ip. p. 28 (1835).

Tetrao nuitus, Ai/d. Orn. Bioyr. v. p. 196, pi. 318 (1839) ; Seebohm,
B. Jap. Emp. p. 372 (1890).

1. LAGOPUS. 49

Lagopus americatius, Aiid. Sijn. p. 207 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. v.
p. 119, pi. 300 (1842) ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 637 (1860) [Green-
land J.
Tetrao lagopus islandicus, 8chl. Rev. Crit. p. Ixxvi (1844).
Lagopus islandorum, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 47 (1844) ;
Bonap.C. R. xlii. p. 880 (1856) ; 8tepi. Zeit. cjes. Orn. i. p. 90 (1884).
Attagen rupestris, Reich. Av. Si/st. Nat. p. xxix (1851).
Lagopus alpinus, Middend. Sihir. Reis. ii. pt. ii. p. 191 (1851)

[Taimur K.]; Radde, Ost-Sib. ii. p. 295 (1863); Swinh. P. Z. S.
1863, p. .338 [AmoDi-land].
Lagopus reinhardti, Brehm, Naumnn. 1855, p. 287 [Greenland] ;

Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 9 [Greenland] ; Ridr/io. Man. p. 200 (1887).";
Lagopus groenlandicus, Brehm, Nauman. 1855, p. 287 ; id. Vugelf.

p. 2i i4, footnote ( 1855) ; Olphe- Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. f asc.

37-40, p. 65 (1886).
Lagopus rupestris, 8. islandorum, Bias. List Eur. B. p. 16 (1862).
Lagopus rupestris, y. reinliardtii. Bias. List Eur. B. p. 16 (1862).
Lagopus mutUH, Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 329 [Yezo?]; Swinh. P. Z. S.

186:'), p. 338 [Japan] ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 35 [Hondo] ; Blakist.

&• Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 226 [Japan].
Lagopus mutus, /3. reinhardti, Dubus, Consp. Av. Eur. p. 21 (1871).
Lagopus albiis, Dull, P. Cal. Acad. Sci. v. pt. i. p. 28 (1873)
[Choumagin Is. & Unalasbka], & v. pt. iii. p. 274 (1875) [Attn &

Kyska Is.].
Lagopus rupestris, var. occidentalis, Sundev. (E/d. Sv. Vet.-Ak. Fork.

1874, p. 20 [Greenland].
Lagopus mutus, var. rupestris, Baird,Brew., ^-Ridyio. B. N. Am. iii.

p. 462 (1874).
Lagopus mutus reinhardti. Turner, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 229

(1882).
Lagopus mutus rupestris, Turner, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 228

(1882).
Lagopus mutus atkhensis. Turner, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. pp. 230,

233 (1882) ; Reich. ^ Schal. J.f. 0. 1883, p. 409.
Lagopus rupestris occidentalis, Nels. Cruise 'Corwifi,^ p. 83 (1883).
Lagopus rupestris reinhardtii, Stejn. Zeit. yes. Orn. i. p. 91 (1834) ;

A. O. U. Check-l. p. 174 (1880) ; Chamb. Auk, vi. p. 217 (1889)

[S. Greenland].
Lagopus rupestris nelsoni, SteJn. Zeit. qes. Orn. i. p. 91 (1884) ; id.

Auk, i. p. 226 (1884) [Unalashka Is.]; A. O. U. aieck-l. p. 174

(1886) ; Ridyic. Man. p. 201 (1887) ; Nek. Rep. Nat. Hist. Alaska,

pp. 131, 13S, pi. X. (1887).
Lagopus rupestris atkhensis, Stejn. Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 92 (l."^84);

A. 0. U. Check-l. p. 174 ( 1886) ; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska,

p. 155, pis. iii. & iv. [,^ $ summer] (1886): Nels. Rep. N. H.

Al(tska, pp. 137, 139 (1887); Ridyw. Man. p. 201 (1887).
Lagopus rupestris, subsp. insularis, Boyd. Consp. Av. Ross. fasc. i.

p. 34 (1884) [Behring Is.].
Lagopus ridgwavi, Stejn. Zeit. yes. Orn. 1884, p. 89, pi. v. ; id. Am.

Nat. 1884, p. 774; id. P. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p. 98 (1884) [Com-
mander Is.].
Lagopus welchii, Brewst. Auk, ii. p. 193 (1885) [Newfoundland] ;

A. O. U. Check-l. p. 174 (1886) ; Ridyw. Man. p. 201 (1887).
Lagopus islandicus, Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40,

p. 58 (1886).

This species is merely a more Northern rufous form of L. mutus
VOL. xxu. E

50

*ETEAONIDA.

and goes through similar changes of plumage ; in summer the males
are easily distinguishable, but in winter it is impossible to teU one
from the other. This form has been divided into a number of
species and subspecies in different parts of its range, the birds from
Iceland being known as L. islandorum, those from Greenland and
the western side of Davis Strait and Baffin's Bay as L. reinhardti ;
those from Newfoundland as L. ivelchi ; those from Arctic America
as L. rupestris; those from Unalashka Is. as L. nelsoni; while from
the outer Aleutian Islands the bird is known as L. atkhensis, and
from Behring Island as L. insularis or L. ridgwayi. At present the
only ones which have escaped being given a name are those from
Japan and the North of Asia. Of the greater number of these
supposed different species we have seen or possess examples, and of
the rest there are excellent figures and descriptions. After going
over all the facts very carefully and allowing for very slight
individual differences and climatic variations, we cannot see the
slightest object to be gained in cataloguing under endless names
what are clearly only forms of one species, especially as L. rupestris,
taken as a whole, appears to us barely specifically distinct from
L. mutus. We have not seen examples from Newfoundland, but
from all accounts they have the upper plumage grey, almost iden-
tical with that of L. mutus in autumn. It is also on record that
grey forms which have been identified as L. mutus have been
obtained in some of the islands to the north of Arctic America.

The adult male of L. rupestris appears to have the chest always
barred with black in the summer plumage, and never uniform
blackish brown as in L. mutus. This is the only striking difference
beyond the general tone of the plumage.

Adult male. Total length 14-G inches, wing 7'7, tail 4*5, tarsus 1*2.

Adult female. Total length 14 inches, wing 7*5, tail 4*1, tarsus
1-15.

Hah. Iceland, Greenland, Newfoundland, and Arctic America,
Aleutian Is., Behring Is., Japan, and Northern Asia, and probably
as far west as the Ural Mountains.

a, b. S imm. st. et

sk.
c, d. S ad. et imm.

sk.

e. Pull. sk.

f, ff. d 2 imm. sk.

h. 2 imm. sk.

i-l. d 2 fid. et

imm. sk.
m, «. cJ 2 ad. sk.
o-u. (S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
to. 2 ad. sk.

X. cJ ad. sk.

Iceland, autumn.

Iceland, winter.

Iceland, July.
Iceland, Sept.

Iceland, winter.

Greenland, autumn.

Greenland, autumn.
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland,

Sept., Nov., Jan.
Musk-ox Bay, Greenland,

June.
N. Greenland, lat. 82° 31',

June {H. W. Feilden).

Purchased.

Gould Coll,

Gould Coll.
J. Backhouse, Esq.,
Jr. [P.].

H. E. Dresser, Esq.

("■pi -]

Capt.' Holboll [C.].

Gould Coll.

Dr. E. B. Sharpe

[P.].
Lords of the Treasury

[P.].
'Alert' Arctic Exped.

1. lAGOPTjg.

51

J/, z. c? 5 ad. sk.

a'. Piill. sk.

b'. (S ad. sk.

c'. c? ad. sk.
d'. cf ad. sk.

c'. cJ ad. St.

f-h'. S ad. et 2

imm. sk. et st.
i'. 2 ad. sk.
/, k'. cT ? ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. .sk.
»»'. (5" imm. sk.

n'-p'. (S 2 ad. sk.

q'. 2 ad. sk.

r', s'. c? ad. sk,

v. 2 ad. sk.

«', u'. c? imm. sk.

«j'. J imm. sk.
a:'. Sternum and
shoulder-ffirdle.

Hare Ravine, N. Greenland,
lat. 82° 32', May, June,
(if. TF. Feilden).

Ritenbenk, N. Greenland,
July {H. W. F.).

Discovery Bay, winter.

Nortliumberland Sound, Oct.
Port Bowen, Cockburu Is.,

winter.
Arctic America, winter.

Arctic America, summer and

winter.
Arctic America, summer.
Hudson's Bay, winter.
Canada, Jan. ( W.H.Collins).
Fort Resolution, Jan. (J.

Lockhart).
N.W. America, winter and

summer.
Galsova R., Alaska, Feb.

{E. W. Nelson).
Kegiktowik, Alaska, Mar.,

Oct. {E. W. Nelson).
Nulato, Youkon H., Alaska,

Jan. ( W. H. Ball).
Kotzebue Sound.

[Falkland Is.]

'Alert ' Arctic Exped.

'Alert' Ai'Ctic Exped.

Lords of the Treasury

[P.].
Gould Coll.
Dr. Neill [P.].

Admiral Sir G. Back

[P.].
Dr. J. Rae [P.].

Gould CoU.
Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt. Collinson [P.],

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt.Kellett&Lieut.

Wood [P.].
G. Bennett [P.].

Dr. J. Rae [P.\

5. Lagopus hyperboreus.

Tetrao lagopus, Ross, App. Parn/s Narrative, p. 193 (1828).
Lagopus alpina, var. hyperborea, Simdev. in Gaim. Voy. Scandin.,

AH. livr. xxxviii. pi. (1838).
Lagopus hemileucurus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 354 [Spitzbergen] ;

Evans ^- Star ye, llm, IS-VJ, p. 170 ; Neiot. P. Z. S. 18l34, p. 4fM3 ;

id. Ibis, 1865, p. 502 ; Grai/, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 9:5 (1867) ;

id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 278 (1870) ; Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 179, pi. 482

(1871); Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40, p. 01

(1886).
Tetrao alpina, Torell, Bidr. Spitsber;/. p. 51 (18o9).
Lagopus hyperborea, Mabw/ren, CEfv. Konyl. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1863,

p. 100 ; Stejn. Zeit. t/es. Orn. 18S4, p. 80.
Lagopus hyperboreus, Elliot, Mon. Tdr. pi. xxiv. (1865).
Lagopus riipestris?, Neiot. Ibis, 1805, p. 504, 1871, p. 249.
Lagopus rupestris, var. hj'perborea, Sundev. CEfv. Sv. Ak. Fork. 1874,

pp. 18, 20 [Spitzbergen].

This species differs from L, mutus and L. rupestris in the amount
of white on the basal part of the tail, which is always considerably
more than in the latter ; the second pair of tail-feathers have the
basal two-thirds white, and this colour gradually decreasing on the

52 TETEAOXID^.

outer pairs is confined to the basal third of the outer web in the
seventh pair, but in the outermost pair, at least, the basal two-thirds
of the outer web is white.
Hah. Spitzbergen.

a. 5 ad. sk. South shore of la Sound, Spitz- Gould Coll. (Type of

bergen, June {E. Evans). L. hemileucurus.)

b. Imm. sk. Spitzbergen. Lords of the Admiralty

[P.].

6. Lagopus leucurus.

Tetrao (Lagopus) leucuru?, Sw. ^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 356

pi. 63 (1831) ; Natt. Man. Orn. ii. App. p. 612 (183i), & i. p. 820

(1840).
Tetrao leucurus, And. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 200, pi. 418 (1839).
Lagopus leucurus, Douijl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 146 (1829) * ; Aud.

B. Amer. v. p. 125, pi. 302 (1842) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 636

(1860) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 128 : Elliot, Mon. Tetr. pi. xxv.

(1865) ; Gray, List Gallinm Brit. Mm. p. 03 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii, p. 278 (1870) ; Coop. Calif. Orn. i. p. 542 (1870) ; Baird, Brew.,

^ Ridgw. B. N. Amer. iii. p. 464 (1874) ; Brewer, P. Bost. Soc.

xvi. p. 348 (1874) ; Cones, Bull. U.S. Geol. Sun. i. p. 263 (1876) ;

Scott, Nutt. Orn. C. iv. p. 96 (1879) [Colorado] ; Dreiv, Bull. Nutt.

Orn. C. vi. p. 141 (1881) [Colorado] ; Hartl. J. f. 0. 1883, p. 277 ;

Stejn. Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 92 (1884) ; Coues, Key, p. 588 (1884) ;

Drew, Auk, i. p. 392 (1884), ii. p. 17 (1885) [Colorado]; Olphe-

Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40, p. 64 (1886) ; A. O. U.

Check-l. p. 174 (1886) ; Ridgio. Man. p. 202 (1887).

Adult male. Easily distinguished from the other species of
Lagopus at all seasons by having the outer tail-feathers pure white.
The changes of plumages are similar to those of L. niutus, but the
prevailing tints of the upper parts in summer are rufous buff or
greyish buff, coarsely barred, marked, and spotted with black, the
chest, breast, and sides white widely barred with black, often
mingled with rufous buff, and the wings aud the rest of the under-
parts white. In autumn the ground-colour of the upper parts is
chiefly rufous buff, vermiculated and finely barred with black;
middle tail-feathers partially or entirely rufous buff, freckled with
black ; chest, upper breast, sides, and Hanks like the upper parts,
but usually more or less mixed with the black-barred feathers of
summer. Winter plumage pure white ; no black patch in front of
the eye. Total length 12'6 inches, wing 7'3, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-2.

Adult female. In summer plumage very different to the male, the
upper parts being black, coarsely barred and marked with rufous ;
the whole of the underparts pale rufous buff, barred with black ;
the wings and tail are white like those of the male. The autumn
aud tuinter plumages are similar to those of the male, but in the
former some of the summer plumage is retained on the breast.
Total length 12 inches, wing 7*2, tail 3-7, tarsus 1*2.

Immature birds have the primaries more or less finely mottled
with brown.

* No name given.

2. LTRURUS, 53

Hah. Summits of the Rocky Mountains : south to New Mexico ;
north to Fort Halkctt, British America ; westwards to Oregon,
Washington Territory, and British Columbia.

a-d. S ad. sk. et Cascade Mountains, summer J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.],

St. & pull. sk. and winter.

e. Ad. sk. llocky Mountains, winter. Gould Coll.

/. $ ad. sk. W. side. Rocky Mouutains, J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

summer.
g-i. (S 2 ad. sk. Colorado, summer, autumn, Salvin-Godman Coll.

and winter (C. E. Aiken).
k. c? imm. sk. Colorado Mts., W. of Denver, Salvin-Godman Coll.

autumn (Z). Thompson).
I. 6 ad.sk. Blaine's Peak, Sept. (C. E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aiken).

2. LYRURUS. „

Type.

Lyrurus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 497 (1831) L. tetrix.

Lym-us, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 132 L. tetrix.

Tail composed of 18 feathers, the outer ones more or less curved
outwards and longer or much longer than the centre pair.

1st primary much shorter than the 2nd and falling between the
7th and 8th ; the 4th slightly the longest.

Tarsi entirely feathered, shorter than the middle toe and claw.

Toes naked, pectinated on the sides.

AxiUarics long and pure white.

Range. Europe and Northern Asia.

Key to the Species.

A. Plumage mostly black.

a. Under tail-coverts piu'o white tetrix cJ , p. 53.

b. Under tail-coverts black wiokosietoicd d , p. 58.

B. Plumage mostly rufous or buff, barred with

black.

c. Black bars and marking on breast much

coarser ; tail 4'5 tetri.v $ , p. 53.

d. Black bars and marking on breast much

tiuer ; tail 55 mlokosieioiczi $ , p. 58.

1. Lyrurus tetrix.

Black Game, Alhin, N. II. Bird.'^, i. pi. 22 & ii. pi. 34 (1738).
Urogallus minor, Hat/, Si/n. p. 53, A. 2; Briss. Oni. i. p. 18G (1760).
Tetrao tetrix, Lin?/. 6'. N. i. p. 274 (1700) ; Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 748

(1788)', Lat/i. Lid. Oni. ii. p. 035 (1790); Beseke, Beytr. Viiy.

Kurl. ^. 69 (1792); Bechd. Nat. Deutschl. iii. p. 483 (1793);

Pall. Zooyr. Boxko-As. ii. p. 59, pi. 52 (1811) ; Penn. Brit. Zool, i.

p. 362, pi. 40 (1812); Kilss. Om. Svec. i. p. 300 (1817) ; Steph. in

Skaic's Gen. Zool. p. 279, pi. 19 (1819) ; Pour, Orn. Prov. ii. p. 28,

pi. 253 (1830) ; Nihs. III. f,,. Skand. Faun. i. pis. 27, 61 (1832) ;

JS'aum. Nat. Vog. Deut^M.'Vi. p. 324, pi. 157 (1833) ; Gould, B.

54 TETBAONIB^.

Eur. iv. pi. 250 (1837) ; Macgill.Brit. B. i. p. 145 (1837) ; Bimid.
Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 218 (1840) ; Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. ii.
p. 34 (1860); Middend. Sibir. Bets. ii. pt. ii. p. 201 (1851) ; Ejcerboll.
Damn. Ftigle, p. 237, pi. 28 c (1852) ; Schinz, Nat. Vog. p. 167,
pi. 77 (1853) ; Brandt in Hofmann, N.-Ural Exped. ii. App.
p. 69 (1866) ; Sund. Svensk. Fogl. pi. xxxiii. figs. 1 & 2 (1856) ;
Nihs. Skand. Faun., Foq. ii. p. 61 (1858) ; Schr. Reis. Amurl. i.
p. 398 (1859) ; Jauh. Sf Lapo7n7n. Rich. Orn. p. 429 (1859) ; God-
man, Ibis, 1861, p. 85 [Bodd] ; Boner, Forest Great, p. 147 (1861) ;
Companyo, Hist. Nat. Pyren. iii. p. 197 (1863) ; Radde, Ost-Sib.
ii. p. 299 (1863) ; Fitz. Atl. Nat., Viig. pi. fig. 243 (1864) ; More,
Ibis, 1866, p. 426 [Gt. Britain] ; David, N. Arch. Mus., Bull. iii.
p. 37 (1867) [Pekin] ; Degl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 47 (1867) ;
Gray, List of B. pt. v. Gall. p. 85 (1867) ; Lloi/d, Game-B. Swed.
(§• Nor7v. p. 72, pis. (1867) ; Dybow. J.f. O. 1868, p. 336[Daouria] ;
Collett, Vid. Selsk. Forh. Christ. 1868, p. 157 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.
p. 276 (1870) ; Favre, Bull. Sac. Neuch. viii. p. 428 (1870) [Ekaterin-
bourg] ; Elwes ^ Buckl Ibis, 1870, p. 328 [Bulgaria] ; Fritsch, Nat.
Voq. Europ. p. 290 (1870), pi. 31. figs. 3 & 4 (l871) ; Gould, B. Gr.
Brit. iv. pi. 6 (1871) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 230 (1871) ; Stejn.
J. f. O. 1871, p. 124 [S. Tyrol] ; Szvinh. P. Z. .S. 1871, p. 400 [N.
Chelee] ; Baton, Scot. Nat. i. p. 113 (1871-2) [Perthshire] ;
Collett, Forh. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1872, p. 234 [N. Norway] ; Alst.
Sf Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 66 [Archangel] ; Severtz. Tiirkest. Jevotn.
p. 68 (1873) ; Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 205, pi. 487 (1873) ; Tacz.
J.f. O. 1873, p. 98; Danf. ^- Broivn, Ibis, 1875, p. 417 [Transyl-
vania] ; Severtz. J. f. O. 1875, p. 181 [Central Asia] ; Seebohm ^
Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 22 [Lower Petchora] ; Palm. J. f. O. 1876,
p. 41 [Finland] ; Eadakoff, Hand-Atl Map 16 (1876) [whole
distribution] ; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 322 ; Schal. J.f. O. 1876, p. 25
[Mark Brandenburg]; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, pp. 49, 65 [Obi K.];
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 153 (1877) [Poland] ; Collin, Skand.
Fugle, p. 410 (1877) ; Wiistn. J.f. O. 1877, p. 33 [Mecklenburg];
Bau, etc. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 325, 1878, p. 418 [Germany] ; Liebe,
J. f. O. 1878, p. 76 [E. Hungary] ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 147
[Yenisei] ; Brandt, J.f. O. 1880, p. 241 [St. Petersburg] ; Finsch,
Verh. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 232 (1880) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1880, pp. 71,
393 [Germany] ; Schal. J.f. 0. 1881, p. 302 [Mark Brandenburg] ;
Biichn. u. Pleske, Beitr. Orn. St. Pet. p. 91 (1881) ; Meyer, Vogel-
Skel. pi. xvi. (1881), pi. cii. (1886); Booth, Rough Notes, ii. pi. &
text (1881-7) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 220 [Astrakhan], p. 380
[Archangel] ; Cah. J. f O. 1882, p. 90, 1883, p. 61 [Germany] ;
Bogd. Co?isp. Av. Ross. fasc. i. p. 26 (1884) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1884,
p. 39 [Germany] ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 435, pi. 20 (1884) ;
Saund. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 60 (1884) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1885,
p. 315 [Germany] ; Schal. Zeit. ges. Orn. ii. p. 13 (1885) ; Wiebke,
J. f. O. 1885, p. 392 ; Meier, J. f. O. 1885, p. 95 [E. Prussia] ;
Harting, Zool. 1885, p. 41, pi. i. [ J in cT plumage] ; Csatd, Zeit.
ges. Orn. ii. p. 482 (1885) [Hunyard] ; Pleske, Uebers. Vog. Kola,
p. 311 (18S6) ; Cab. J.f. O. 1886, p. 344, 1887, p. 568 [Germany] ;
Lorenz, Orn. Kaukas. p. 62 (1887) ; Salvad. Ucc.Ital. p. 197 (1887) ;
Meyer, Unser Auer-, Racket- tind Birkwild, etc. pp. 16-35, pis. 4-7
(1887) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. vii. (1888) ; Knauthe, J.f. O.
1888, p. 36; Reiser, J. f. O. 1888, p. 51 ; Severtz. Zeit. ges. Orn.
iv. p. 17 (1888) [Turkestan] ; 3Ieyer 8f Helm, Zeit. ges. Orn. iv.
p. 370 (1888) ; Pleske, MSm. Ac. St. Pet. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47
(1888) ; ' The Field,' 1888, Dec. 22 [Newfoundland, introd.] ;
Lorenz, J.f. O. 1889, p. 153 [N. Caucasus] ; Saund. III. Man. Brit.

2. LTBtrRirs. 55

B. p. 479 (1889) ; Mat. Ibis, 1889, p.I261 [Newfoundland, introd.l ;

Schal. J. f. 0. 1890, p. IG ; Sawid. Ibis, 1891, p. 186 [Switzerland] :

Altum, J.f. O. 1891, p. 101, woodcut; Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 511

[E. Prussia] ; Millais, Game B. pp. 21-42, pis. & woodcuts (1892).
Coq de Bruvere a queue fourchue, UAubent. PL Enl. pis. [nos. 172,

173] ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 2oo (1772).
Nemesian Grous, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. pt. ii. p. 735 (1783) ; id. Gen.

Hist. B. viii. p. 244 (1823).
? Tetrao nemesianus, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 748 (1788) ; Lath. Ind.

Om. ii. p. 637 (1790).
Black Grouse, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 733 (1783), Suppl. i. p. 213

(1787); Pe«w.^/-c^Zoo/.ii. p. 314(1785); Lath. Gen. Hist. B.rai.

p. 228 (1823) ; Selb. Brit. Orn. i. pt. ii. pis. 58,59 (1833); YarreU,

Brit. B. ii. p. 304, fig. (1843).
Urogallus tetrix, Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 180 (1829).
Lyrurus tetrix, Sjvaitis. ^- Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 497 (1831) ;

Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 153, pis. xxi., xxii. (1834) ; Gray, List

of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 47 (1844) ; Elliot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23

td. Mon. Tetr. pi. xii. (1805); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. i.

p. 242 (1876) ; Stejn. Am. Nat. 1884, p. 774 ; Gigl. Av. Ital. p. 344

(1886); Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40, p. 30

(1886) ; Giyl. Av. Ital. i. p. 533 (1889), ii. p. 654 (1890), iii. p. 513

(1891).
Tetrao iuniperorum, Brehm, Handb. Voyel Deutschl. p. 509 (1831);

id. Voyelf. p. 261 (1855).
Tetrao ericaeus, Brehm, Handb. Voyel Deutschl. p. 511 (1831 ) ; id,

Voyelf. p. 261 (1855).
Lyurus derbianus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 132.
Tetrao peregrinus, Brehm, Nauman. 1855, p. 287.
Tetrao tetrix, subsp. viridanus, Lorenz,J.f. O. 1891, p. 366*.

Adult male. General colour black ; the feathers of the head, neck,
lower back, and rump widely, and of the mantle narrowly margined
with purplish steel-blue ; the outer webs of the outer primaries pale
brown, more or loss mottled with white, the basal part of the four
inmost primaries and of the secondaries pure white, the inner second-
aries also narrowly margined at the extremity with the same
colour ; except in very old examples there are usually traces of
rufous mottlings on the outer secondaries ; axillaries, under wing-
coverts, and under tail-coverts pure white, though in some specimens
the latter have a black spot at the extremity ; thighs and vent more
or less mixed with white ; naked skin and wattle above the eye
scarlet ; bill black ; feet horny brown. Total length 23-5 inches,
wing 10-3, tail S"8, tarsus 1-9.

In summer, while the males are moulting and present a some-
what miserable appearance without their tails, the black feathers on
the back and sides of the head and nape are replaced by browuish-
buif and black feathers barred like those of the female.

Immature males have much less blue gloss on the plumage : many
of the feathers of the head and neck are narrowly fringed with
rufous, and the wing-coverts, scapulars, and secondaries are more or
less thickly vermiculated with the same colour ; the primaries are
more or less mottled at the rip and the outer primary is more

* I have examined typical examples of this supposed subspecies.

56

TETRAONID^.

pointed than in the adult ; the tail is smaller and the outer feathers
much less curled *.

The young male resemhles at first the young female, but soon the
black feathers begin to appear on the sides and middle of the breast
and belly, shoulders, back, and in the tail.

Adult female. Top of the head and neck equally barred with
black and rufous buff; back and rump black, barred with rufous ;
wing-coTerts, scapulars, and secondaries very similar, but the bars
are much broken and take more the form of mottlings ; the longer
wing-coverts and secondaries arc irregularly tipped with white ; the
basal part of the inner primaries and secondaries white, rest of pri-
maries dark brown, mottled on the outer web with buff ; sides of
the head, chin, and throat rufous buff, spotted with black ; breast
and sides barred with black and rufous and fringed with white ;
belly and flanks more mottled with black ; thighs and tarsi white,
more or less finely mottled with dusky ; under tail-coverts rufous
or whitish, barred with black and widely tipped with white, and
extending beyond the middle pair of tail-feathers ; tail-feathers black,

mottled and barred with rufous and narrowly tipped with white.

Total length 17 inches, wing 8-9, tail 4-5, tarsus 1-6.

Immature females can be distinguished from the adults only by

the more pointed first primary, mottled at the tip with rufous buff.
Young females have rufous-buff shaft-stripes at the ends of the

wing-coverts ; scapulars and outer secondaries and the tail reddish

brown, barred with black.

Hah. Europe and Northern and Central Asia, ranging westwards

to Great Britain, eastwards to the River Kolima, N.E. Siberia,

southwards to the Eastern Pyrenees, North Italy, N. Caucasus, Tian

Shan and Peking, and northwards to about 69° N. lat.

a, b, $ ad. st.f Scotland. Sir William H. Flower

[P.].

c. 2 ad. St. Scotland. Old Coll.

d. S ad. sk. Scotland. Hiune Coll.

e. S ad. sk. Scotland. Gould Coll.

f. 9 ad. £k. Scotland, Oct. W. B. Tegetmeier, Esq.

[P-]-

g. S imm. sk. Cromarty, Jan. G. St. Quintin, Esq. [P.].
h. 2 ad. sk. Holme Eose, Nairnshire, H. F. Rose, Esq. [P.].

Jan.

i-r. S 2 ad. et Buchanty, Perthshire, C. S. H. Drummond Mo-

P^ill- St. June. ray, Esq. [P.].

s. c? ad. sk. Buchanty, Perthshire, Capt. W. A. Drummond

Dec. Moray [P.].

t,u.(S^ ad. sk. Tyndrum, Perthshire, Marquis of Breadalbane

Dec. [P.].

* Young birds from Scotland attain the black plumage much earlier than
specimens from Norway, Russia, and Siberia. Birds shot in Norway in the
month of April and at Omsk in May have still all the wins;- and tail-coverts
thickly mottled with rufous, and even retaiu a few feathers of the first plumage,
so that one niiglit expect to find males during the breeding-season retainmg
much of their juvenile plumage, or even breeding if the old ones allow them,
t Assuming male plumage.

2. ITRrEUS.

57

v-a'- d $ ad- et

imm. sk.
b'. (S imm. sk.
c',d'. $ ad. sk.

«'-/'■ d ad. et

$ imm. sk.
g'. Pull. sk.
A', i'. d 2 fid. St.
A', /'. S ad. et

imm. sk.
m'. S ad. sk.
n'. (S imm. sk.
o',j9'. 2 ad. et

pull. St.*
q'. $ ad. st.

[var.].
r . cJ imm. sk.
«'-«'. (5 2 imm.

et pull. sk.
v'-to'. 2 ad. sk.*
x', y'- 2 imm. sk.
z',a". cJad. et 2

imm. sk.
b",c". cJ 2 imm.

sk.
d"-h". c? 2 imm.

etjuv. St. et sk.
t", a". 2ad.sk.*
v. 2 ad. sk.»
m", «". cJ ad. et

imm. sk.
o",p". S 2 imm.

sk.
q". Sternum.
r". SkuU.
«". Skeleton.

Argyllshire, Dec.

^Vrg^-llshire, Nov.

Dunipace, Larbert, Stir-
ling, Nov.

Lammermuir Hills {R. G.
W. R.).

England.

Ne wcastle-on-Ty ne .

Devonshire.

Switzerland.
Carlsbad.
N. Europe.

N. Eui'ope.

S. Norway, AprO {F.D.G.).
Norway, Jan., June, Nov.

Norway, Jan., Oct.
Sweden.
Helsingfors, March.

Lithuria, Poland, April.

Archangel.

Perm, E. Russia, Nov., Dec.

Caucasus.

Omsk, May.

S. Manchuria.

Scotland.

F. Menteith Ogilvie, Esq.

[P.].
Alfred MiUer, Esq. [P.].
J. A. Harvie Brown, Esq.

[P.I.
Tweeddale Coll.

Purchased.

Sir W. C. Trevelyan [P.],

Montagu Coll.

Gould CoU.

Lord Odo Russell [P.].

Purchased.

J. Brenchley, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Prof. R. CoUett [P.].

Prof. R. Collett [P.].

Tweeddale Coll.

F. W. Forssell, Esq. [C.].

Dr. J. Stolzmann [P.].

Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe

[P.].
Purchased.
Gould CoU.
St. George Littledale, Esq.

[P.].
H. E. M. James, Esq.

J. Wy, Esq. [P.],

Purchased.

Hyhnd between Lymrus tetris and Lagopus scoticus.

Lacropus tetrici-scoticus, CoUett, Nyt Mag. Nat. Chmt. xxiii. p. 163

(1877) ; id. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 236.
Lairopotetrix dicksonii, Malm, (EJv. Vet.-Ak. JTorh. 1880, p. 17;

Reich. ^- Schal. J.f. 0. 1882, p. 117.
Tetrao tetrix scoticu;*, Meyer, Umer Alter-, Rachel- und Birkwild,

etc. p. 80, pi. xvi. (1887).
Black Game X Grouse, MilUtis, Game B. p. 40, pi. (1892).

Hijhrid between Lyrurus tetrix and Lagopus lagopus.
Tetrao lagopoides, Ni/ss. III. Skand. Faun. i. pi. v. (1832) ; id.

Skand. Faun. p. 83 (183.5); Collett, Fork. Vid. Selsk. Oirist. 1868,

p. 1-58, and 1872, p. 242.
Lagopotetrix lagopoides, Malm, CE/v. Kgl. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1880,

p. 30.
Tetrao lagopides, Nilss. Skand. Faun. p. xxxii (1824"), ed. 2, p. 87

(18.58) ; CoHin, Skand. Fugle, p. 416, Suppl. pi. .5 (1877).
Tetrix lagopides. Sunder. Svensk. Fogl. pi. xxxiv. figs. 3 & 4 (1856).

* Assuming male plumage.

58 TETKAONID^.

Tetrao lagopodi-tetricides, Simdev. Svensh. Fogl. p. 255 (1856) ;

Collett, Fork. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1872, p. 242.
Tetrao canus ?, Degl. S,- Gerbe, Orn. Euroj). ii. p. 50 (1867).
Lagopus tetrici-albus, Collett, Fork. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1872, p. 238.
Tetrao lagopodo-tetrix, Boffd. Consp. Av. Jtoss. fasc. i. p. 37 (1884).
Tetrao albo-tetrix (hybridus), Henke, Z. ges. Orn. ii. p. 47, pi. iii,

(1885) [$].
Lagopus albus X Tetrao tetrix, Henke, Z. ges. Orn. 1886, p, 267 ;

Meyer, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 419 ; Collett, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 224,

pis. xxi., xxii. ; Henke, MT. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 126.
Tetrao tetrix albus, Meyer, Unser Aiier-, Racket- und Birkwild, etc,

p. 75, pi. xiv. (1887).
Tetrao albus tetrix, Meyer, Unser Auer-, Rackel- und Birkivild, etc,

p. 81, pi. XV. (1887).

a. S ad. St. Norway. Prof. R. Collett [P.].

Hybrid hetiueen Lyrurus tetrix and Tetrastes bonasia,

Tetrao bonasides, Nilss. Skand. Faun. i. p. xxxii (1824).

Tetrao tetrix X Bonasa betulina. Dresser, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 345 ;

Pleske, Mem. Ac. Petersb. (7) xxxv. no. 5, p. 1, pi. fig. 1 (1887).
Tetrao bonasio tetrix, Bogd. Consp. Av. Moss. fasc. i. p. 36 (1884) ;

Kolfh. (Efv. Ak. Fork. 1891, p. 196.
Tetrao tetrix bonasia, Meyer, Unser Auer-, Rackel- und Birkicild,

etc. p. 91, pi. xvi. (1887).

Hybrid between Lyrurus tetrix and Phasianus colchicus.

Tetrao tetrix X Phasianus colcbicus, Sabine, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 52 [Corn-
wall] ; Eyton, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 62 ; Meyer, Nature, xxxiv. p. 218 ;
Angus, fr. N. H. Soc. Glasgow, 1884-5, p. 260, pi. iii. ; Fi-itsch,
3IT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1886, p. 98, pi. ; Tschusi u. Delia-Torre, Ornis,
1890, p. 134 ; Millais, Game B. p. 40, pi. (1892).

Tetrao tetrix colchicus, Meyer, Unser Auer-, Rackel- und Birkunld,
etc. p. 93, pi. xvii. a887).

a. S ad. sk. Northumberland. Duke of Northumberland [P.],

2. Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi.

Tetrao tetrix, Nordm. Obs. Faun. Pont. p. 219 (1840).

Tetrao mlokosiewiczi, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 266, woodcuts [Eastern

Caucasus]; Dress. B.Eur, v. p. 219, pi. 488 (1876) ; v. Pelz. MT.

orn. Ver. Wien, 1877, p. 25 ; Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 37

(1877) ; Gould, B. As. vi. pi. 66 (1879) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 26 ;

id. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 409 ; Radde, Orn. Caticas. p. 358, pi. xxiii.

(1884) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Ross. fasc. i. p. 29 (1884) ; Lorenz, Beitr,

Orn. Caucus, p. 46, pis. iii. & iv. (1887) ; Meyer, Unser Auer-,

Racket- und Birkivild, p. 18 (1887).
Tetrao acatoptricus, Radde, Orn. Caucus, p. 358 (1884); id. J,f, O,

1885, p. 79.

Adidt male. General colour deep black ; neclv and mantle slightly
glossed with bluish ; primaries dark brown, lighter on the outer
web ; tarsi smoky brown : inner half of the under wing-coverts and
axillaries pure white ; under tail-coverts very short, falling far
short of the middle tail-feathers; the outer tail-feathers curved

5. TETBAO. 59

downwards and only slightlj' outwards. Bill black ; naked skin and
wattle above the eye scarlet ; feet dark brownish horn. Total length
20 inches, wing 8, tail 8-2, tarsus 2.

Immature male {after the first moult). Feathers of the top of the
head and ear-coverts rufous, tipped with buff and spotted and
mottled with black ; rest of the upper parts rufous buff, shading
into greyish at the tips and finely mottled all over with black except
on the scapulars and lesser wing-coverts, where the black markings
are much coarser. Quills blackish brown ; primaries and their
coverts margined at the tip with white and most of the former
margined with pale buff along the margin of the outer web ; second-
aries and their coverts also white-tipped, the former rather coarsely
mottled with whitish on the outer parts of both webs ; chin and
sides of the head mostly white, spotted with black ; lower part of
throat uniform white ; front of neck narrowly barred with whitish
buff and black ; breast, sides, and flanks greyish buff, thickly and
finely mottled with black ; middle of lower breast and belly brownish
black ; under tail-coverts rufous, barred with black and tipped with
white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white. Tail and upper
tail-coverts irregularly barred and mottled with rufous, buff, and
black, the latter colour predominating on the outer pairs of tail-
feathers, and all margined at the tip with white *.

Adult female. Generally resembles the immature male, but the
tone on the upper pa,rts is less grey and the markings on the plumage
are much coarser ; the top of the head, neck, mantle, and chest are
barred with bufl and black, all the scapulars and feathers of the
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts have a black sub terminal
blotch ; the tarsi are white, finely mottled with smoky brown, and
the axillaries and under wing-covtirts are white except a few of the
outer ones, which are barred with black or grey. Total length 16"6
inches, wing 7"7, tail 5'5, tarsus 1-85.

Hob. Caucasus Mountains.

a. c? ad. sk. Caucasus. GoiJd Coll.

b-d. (S ad. et imm. sk. Caucasus. Count Branicki [P.].

^S- 6 ? fid. et (S imm. Ciscaucasia, Feb., Purchased.

sk. Dec.

3. TETRAOt. n.

Type.

Tetrao, Linn. S. N. i. p. 273 (17G6) T. urogallus.

Uroji-allus, Scop, (ex Gfesner), Introd. Hist. Xat. p. 478

(1777) T. urogallus.

Tail composed of 18 feathers, rather long, rounded or wedge-
shaped, the middle pair being much longer than the outer pair.

* This feraale-like plumage is retained throughout the first year, probably
till the second moult. In this respect this species differs entirely from L. (efrix,
in which tlie young male attains his black plumage at the Jirst moult and by
December closely resembles the old male.

t Doubtful species, Lag optts ferrxig incus, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 37 (Mexico).

60

TETEAONIB^.

1st primary much shorter than the 2nd and about equal to the
8th, the 4th slightly the longest.

Tarsi feathered ; toes naked, pectinated on the sides ; tarsi shelter
than the middle toe and claw.

Axillaries very long, pure white or white mixed with black and
buff.

Eange. Europe and North and Central Asia.

Key to the Species.

A. Mantle not barred with black. {Males.)
a. Scapulars not tipped with white.

a'. Breast and belly black, with a few of the

feathers in the middle tipped with white, urogallus, p. 60.

b\ Breast and belly mostly white, some of the
feathers mottled with black towards the

extremity uralensis, p. 65.

6. Scapulars widely tipped with white.

c'. White tips narrower, forming an inter-
rupted line of white spots ^>a?'«jVos<?7's, p. 66.

d'. White tips wider, forming a continuous

white baud kamtscJiaticus, p. 67.

B. Mantle strongly barred with black. (Females.)

c. Breast and belly bufi"or whitish bulf barred

with black.
e'. Darker; white tips to the scapulars

narrower urogalbis, p. 60.

f. Paler; white tips to the scapulars much

wider uralensis, p. 65.

d. Breast and belly black, barred with buff and

tipped with white.

g'. White tips of scapulars forming an inter-
rupted line of white spots parvirostris, p. 66.

h'. White tips of scapulars forming a con-
tinuous white band kamtschaticus, p. 67.

1. Tetrao urogallus.

Muscovian Black Game-cock, Albin, N. H. Birds, ii. p. 28, pis. 29,

30 (1738).
Urogallus major, Briss. Orn. i. p. 182 (1760).
Tetrao lu-ogallas, Linn. S. N. i. p. 273 (1766) ; (??w. S. N. i. p. 746

(1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 634 (1790) ; Shaic, Mus. Lever.

p. 221, pi. (1792) ; Beseke, Beytr. Vog. Kurl. p. 69 (1792) ; Bechst.

Nat. Deutschl. iii. p. 470 (179-3) ; Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 56

(1811) ; Penn. Brit. Zool. i. p. 347, pis. 44, 45 (1812) ; Temm. Pig.

et Gall. iii. pp. 114, 696 (1815) ; miss. Orn. Svec. i. p. 297

(1817); Stej}h. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 266, pi. 18 (1819);

Breh)n, Beitr. Vdgelk. ii. p. 604 (1822) ; id. Lekrb. Eurup. Vog. i.

p. 427 (1823) ; Boux, Orn. Prov. ii. p. 25, pis. 250, 251 (1830) ;

Nilss. lllmn.Jig. Skand. Faun. i. pis. 55, 76 (1832) ; Natim. Nat.

Vog. Dewtschl. \i. p. 277, pis. 154, 155 (1833) ; Schinz,Nat. Ahbild.

Vog. p. 275, pi. 105 (1833) ; Jard. Nat. Libr., Orn. iv. p. 109, pi. 13

(1834); Gould, B. Fur. iv. pi. 248 (1837); Macgill. Brit. B. i.

p. 138 (1837) ; Dhnid. Vog. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 219 (1840) ; Gray,

61

List of B. pt. iii. Gnll. p. 45 (1844); Tliomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. ii.
p. 31 (185U) ; Middend. Sibir. Reis. ii. pt. ii. p. lUo (1851) ; Schinz,
Nat. Voy. p. 156, pi. 77 (1853) ; Brmidt in Hofmann, N. Ural
Rvp. ii. App. p. 08 (1856) ; Siindev. Svensk. FogL^\. xxxii. figs. 1
& 2 (1856) ; Nilss. Skand. Faun., Fo(j. ii. p. 45 (1858) ; Jaub. <§•
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 428 (1859) ; Godman, Ibis, 1861, p. 85

Lilf. Ibis, 1866, p. 383 [N. Spain] ; Deyl. <§• Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii,
p. 44 (1867); Gray, List of B. pt. v. Gall. p. 84 (1867) ; Lloyd,
Game B. Sived. ^ Norw. p. 1, pis. (1867) ; Collett, Vid. Selsk. Fork.
Christ. 1808, p. 157 ; Elwes ^- Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 327 [Balkan
Mts. ?]; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 275 (1870); Fritsch, Nat. Vog
Earop. p. -li^ (1870), pi. 31. figs. 3 &4 (1871) ; Gray, B. West Scot.
p. 227 (1871) ; St>'Jn. J. f. O. 1871, p. 463 [S. Tyrol] ; Baton, Scot.
Nat. i. p. 114 (1871-2) [Perthshire] ; Collett, Vid. Selsk. Fork.
Christ. 1872, p. 234 [N. ISorway]; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. iv. pi 5
(1872) ; Tacz. J.f 0. 1873, p. 98 ; Severfz. Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 68
(1873) ; Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 223, pis. 489 [part] & 490 (1873) ; Alst.
Sr Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 66 [Archangel] ; Danf. ^- Brown, Ibis, 1875,
p. 417 [Transylvania] ; Severtz. J. f. 0. 187.5, p. 181 [Central Asia] ;
Schal. J. f. O. 1876, p. 2*0 [AI<u-k Brandenburg] ; Palm. J. f. O.

1877, p. 325 [Ciermany] ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 65 [Obi R.] ; Liebe,
J. f O. 1878^ p. 75_[E. Hungary]; Harvie-Brown, Capercaitlie in

Scotl. pp. loo (1879); Seebohin, Ibis, 1879, p. 147 [Yenisei]-
Brandt, J. f. O. 1880, p. 241 [St. Petersburg] ; Cab. J.f. O. 1S80,
pp. 71, 393 [Germany] ; Fin-^ch, Verh. Ges. TFien, xxix. p. 231
(1830) [Irtish] ; Bikh>i. u. Pleske, Beitr.Orn. St. Pet. p. 88 (1881) •
Giyl. Ibis, 1881, p. 206 [Italian Alps] ; Schal. J.f. 0. 1881, p. 302
[Mark Brandenburg] ; Meyer, Voy.-Skel. pi. xvi. (1881-2), pi. xlviii.
(1883), pi. Iii. (1884) ; Booth, Rouyh Notes, ii. pi. & text (1881-7) ';
Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 379 [Archangel] ; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 18o'
[Santander] ; Cab. J.f. 0. 1883, p. 61, 1884, p. 38, 1885, p. 314
1886, p. 341, 1887, p. 568 [Germany] ; Saund. Ibis, 1884, p. 387
[Pyrenees] ; Saund. ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 45 (1884) ; Stejn. Am.
Nat. 1884, p. 774 ; Boyd. Consp. Av. Ross. fasc. i. p. 24 (1884) •'
'^-'^ohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. j). 440, pi. 21 (1884); Homeyer, Zeit.
0/vj. i. p. 261 (1884) [^Austria & Hungary] ; Csatd, Zeit. ges.

Seeboh
ges

L,a .\ac. loso, p. -ZiV; mc/tal. jU-it. yes. Orn. u. p. 13 (1885) [Marl
Brandenburg]; Pleske, Uebers. THy.Kola, p. 311 (1886); Gigl Av
Ital. p. 343 (1886) ; Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40
p. 11 (1886); Meyer, Unser Auer-, Rackel- and Birkicild, etc
pp. 1-15, pis. 1-3 (1887) ; Meyer S,- Helm, Zeit. yes. Orn. iv. p. 369
(1888) ; Pleske, MSm. Ac. St. Pet. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47 (1888) •
Severtz. Zeit. yes. Orn. iv. p. 18 (1888) [Turkestan]; Reiser, J.f 0
1888, p. 50; Saund. HI. Man. Brit. B. p. 477 (1889); Giyl Av
Ital. i. p. 532 (1889), ii. p. 662 (1890), iii. p. 507 (1891) ; Schal
J. f. 0. 1890, p. 16; Altum, J. f. O. 1891, p. 99: Sau7id. Ibis'
1891, p. 185 ^Switzerland] ; Hartert, iJw, 1892, p. 511 [E. Prussia] •
Millais, Game B. pp. 1-20, pis. & woodcuts (1892). '

62 TETEAONIB^.

Coq de Bruyere, D'Aubent. PL Enl. [Nos. 73 & 74].

Le Grand Coq de Bruyere, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 239 (1772).

Wood-Grouse, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 729 (1783) ; Penn. Arct.

Zool. ii. p. 312 (1785) ; Lath. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. 223 (1823).
Tetrao ereniita, Thimherg, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1798, p. 179; Nilss.

Skand. Faun., Fog. ii. p. 45 (1835j & p. 48 (1858).
Urogallus vulgaris, Flem.PMl. Zool. ii. p. 231 (1822) ; Fitz. Atl. Nat.,

Vdff. fig. 242 (1864) ; Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 196 (1887).
Teti-ao major, Brehm, Handb. Vtig. Deiitschl. p. 503 (1831) ; id. Vogelf.

p. 260 (1855) ; id. Nmmian. 1855, p. 287.
Tetrao crassirostris, Brehm, Ha7idb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 504 (1831) ; id.

Vogelf. p. 260 (1855) ; id. Nauman. 1855, p. 287.
Capercaillie, Yarr. Brit. B. ii. p. 289, fig. (1843).
Tetrao taczanowskii, Meyer, Unser Auer-, Rackel- und Birkivild, etc.

p. 10 (1887).

Adult male. Head and neck dark grey, mottled with black and
shading into dull black on the forehead, sides of head, chin, and throat,
the latter being more or less glossed with green ; mantle, lower back,
and ramp black, covered with wavy white lines ; the interscapular
region usually washed with reddish brown ; wing-coverts and scapulars
reddish brown, finely mottled with black ; primaries, primary-coverts,
and secondaries dark brown, the latter largely mottled with reddish
brown on the outer web ; the basal part of the outer web of the third
to the sixth primaries and the tips of the secondaries are margined
with white : the chest dark glossy green, shading into black on the
breast and beUy, most of the feathers down the middle of the
belly and on the flanks tipped and mixed with white ; vent and
thighs mostly white ; feathers on the tarsi brownish black ; upper
and under tail-coverts black tipped with white; tail black, an
irregular marbled white band crossing the terminal half of the
feathers. Axillaries and most of the under wing-coverts white, a
few of the outermost ones dark brown. BiU yellowish horn-
colour ; feet dark leaden grey. Wattle above the eye scarlet. Total
length 35 inches, wing 14*6, tail 12-3, tarsus 2-8.

Young males by December are similar to the above in plumage,
but can be distinguished by their much smaller size and the absence
of the marbled white band on the tail.

A quite young male has most of the upper parts dull reddish brown
thickly mottled with black, a few feathers on the mantle have the
ground-colour grey, and the upper tail-coverts are widely tipped with
white ; the wing-coverts, scapulars, and secondaries have whitish-
buff tips extending for some distance up the shaft, and the second-
aries are also irregularly mottled along the outer margin with pale
buff ; chin and throat whitish, neck mottled with black, chest and
breast rufous-buff intermixed with a few black feathers ; rest of
underparts dirty white more or less mottled with dusky ; tail-
feathers dull brownish red, with marbled bars and tips of buff.

Adult female. Top and sides of the head, back and sides of the
neck, mantle, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black, barred with
rufous buff and tipped with white except on the back ; lesser, median,

3. TETEAO. 63

and secondary coverts and secondaries the same, but the buff bars
are broken up into irregular markings ; the lai-ger coverts, scapulars,
and secondaries are tipped with white ; primaries and primary-
coverts dark brown, mottled with pale rufous on the outer web ;
chin, throat, and fore part of neck rufous buff, shading into darker
rust-colour on the chest ; breast, belly, sides, flanks, and under
tail-coverts rufous buff, with a subterminal black bar and white tip
to each feather ; the under tail-coverts do not extend nearh/ to the
end of the middle tail-feathers ; tarsi dirty white, mottled with black.
Tail chestnut, barred with black and tii)pcd with white. Axillaries
and the inner wing-coverts white, barred and marked with black
and buff, outer coverts barred with black and buff and tipped with
white. Bill brownish horn, paler at the tip and along the cutting-
edges ; feet greyish brown. Total length 25 inches, wing 1 1*7,
tail 7*3, tarsus 2"1.

In some adult females the white ends to the feathers of the upper
and under parts are almost or entirely absent. In these examples the
whole breast and belly are rufous buff, the black subtermiual bars
are less marked, and only a few feathers down the middle of the
belly and on the flanks are white-tipped. These differences are
apparently due neither to age nor season, but represent a distinct
" rufous phase " of coloration.

It is by no means rare for barren females to assume more or
less the plumage of tho male.

Hab. Europe, N. and Central Asia ; ranging through the pine-
forests westwards to Scotland, eastwards as far as Lake Baikal,
and southwards to the Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, N.E. Turkestan,
and Altai Mountains.

a. c? ad. sk. Scotland. Hume Coll.

b. (5 ad. sk. Scotland. Piu'chased.

c. $ ad. sk. Scotland. Montagu Coll.

d. 2 ad. St. Perthshire. Lt.-Col. L. II. Irbv

e. f. S ad. et Killin, Perthshire, Dec. Marquis of Breadal-
imm. sk. bane [P.].

a, h. cJ $ ad. st. Ballinluig, Perthshire, March. Baron A. von Hiigel

i-r. cf 2 ad. et Buchanty, Perthshire, Nov. C. H. Drummond

pull. St. Moray, Esq. [P.].

s. $ ad. sk. Tillicoultry, Clackmannan, Major II. G.Wardlaw

Dec. Kamsay [P.].

t. $ ad. sk. Dumblane, Stirlingshire, Oct. W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq. [P. .

u. $ juv. St. Norway. Gould Coll.

t>, w. Juv. sk. Norway. Purchased.

x-h'. S ad., juv., Norway, April, Jime, July. Prof. Collett [P.].
pull. sk. et $
ad. St.

c'. • 2 ad. sk. Norway, Oct. Prof. Collett [P.].

* Female assuming male plumage.

64 TETEAOIfn)^.

d', e'. S ? ad. sk. Norway. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. (T ad. sk. Pyi-enees, March. A. B.Brooke, Esq. [C.].

^', /*'• cJ $ ad. sk. Lithuania, Poland. Dr. J. Stolzmann [P/].

i'. * 2 ad. St. Russia. J. Brenchley, Esq. [P.].

k', I'. (S ad. et Archangel. Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe

pull. sk. [P.].

m'. (S ad. sk. Sloboda, Prov. Smolensk, St. Petersburg Museum

April [Prjevalsky). [E.].

n' . Skeleton. Zool. Soc. Coll.

o', p'. Skulls. Black Forest. Dr. Giinther [P.].

Hybrid hetween Tetrao urogallus and Lagopus lagopus S .

Lagopus urogallo-albus, Grief/, Bergetis Mus. Aarsher. 1889, no. 5,
pp. 1-13, pi.

Hybrid between Tetrao urogallus and Lyrurus tetrix.

Spurious Grous, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 734 (1783) ; Suppl. i.

p. 214 (1787),
Hybrid Grous, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. 230 (1823).
Rackelhahu, auct.

Tetrao hybridus, Sparrtn. Mies. Carls, fasc. i. pi. 15 (1786) ; Gould, B.
Eur. iv. pi. 249 (1837) ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 45 (1844) ;

Deyl. 4' Gerbe, Orn. Eur op. ii. p. 49 (1867); Olphe-Gall. Faun.

Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40, p. 19 (1886).
Tetrao hybridus urogalloides, Nilss. III. Skand. Farm. i. pi. iv. (1832).
Tetrao medius, Met/. Berl. Mag. v. p. 337 (1811) ; Temm. Man.

d'Orn. p. 287 (1815); id. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 129,698 (1815);

Steph. in Shale's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 277(1819); Naum. Nat. Vog.

Deutschl. vi. p. 304, pi. 156 (1833) ; Schinz, Nat. Abhild. Vog.

p. 277, pi. 105 (1833) ; Companyo, Hist. Nat. Pijren. iii.

p. 197 (186-3) ; Fritsch, Nat. Vog. Europ. p. 289 (1870), pi. 31.

tig. 6 (1871) ; Danf. i^ Broivn, Ibis, 1875, p. 417 [Transylvania] ;

Dybows. Zool. Anz. ii. p. 400 (1879) ; Meyer, Vog.-Skel. pi. xlix.

(1883), pi. Ii. (1884) ; Cab. J.f. 0. 1884, p. 39 [Germany] ; Meyer,

MT. orn. Ver. Wieii, 1884, p. 19 [Saxony] ; Tschusi zu Schmidh.

Ornis, 1888, p. 517, pi. 11; Altum, J.f. O. 1891, p. 96; Lorenz,

J. f. 0. 1891, p. 405.
Tetrao intermedius, Langsd. Mem. Acad. Petersb. iii. p. 236, pi. 14

(1811) ; Twinn, Ibis, 1800, p. 431 [Perthshire]; Meyer, MT. orn.

Ver. Wien, 1881, pp. 72, 91; Jiickel, Zool. Gart. 1881, p. 103;

F., MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 49 [Schleswig] ; Talsky, MT.

orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 183 [Moravia] ; Schmid/i. MT. orn. Ver.

Wien, 1884, p. 172, pi.
Tetrao urogallides, Nilss. Skand. Fawn. i. p. xxxii (1824) ; Nilss.

Skand. Faun., Vog. ii. p. 73 (1858) ; Collin, Skand. Fugle, p. 416

Suppl. pi. 5 (1877).
Tetrao urogalloides, Nilss. Skand. Faun. ii. p. 72 (1835) ; Collett,

Vid. Selsk. Fork. Christ. 1868, p. 158.
Tetrao maculatus, Brehni, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 504 (1831) ;

id. Voyelf. p. 260 (1855) ; id. Nauman. p. 287 (1855).
Tetrao pseudourogallus, Brehm, Nauman. 1855, p. 287.

* Female assuming male plumage.

3. TETRAO.

65

Tetrao urogallo-tetrix, Collett, Fork. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1872, p. 235

[N. Norway]; Boyd. Consp. Av. Ross. fasc. i. p. 35 (1884).
Tetrao tetrix and T. urogallus, Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 232, pi. 489, part.

(1873).
Tetrao urofrallusx T. tetrix, Pleske, Uebers. Vog. Kola, p. 316 (1886) ;

Millais, Game B. p. 19, pi. (1892).
Tetrao tetrix urogallus, Meyer, Unser Auer-, Racket- und Birkwild,

etc. pp. 36-74, pis. 8-13 (1887).

Adult male. Intermediate in size between the males of T. urogallus
and L. tetrix, and easUy distinguished from both by the shape of the
tail, which is emarginate and moderately forked, the outer feathers
being rather more than an inch longer than the middle pair, the
under tail-coverts considerably shorter than the middle tail-feathers,
and the chin, throat, and chest are usually glossed with rich purple
changing to dull greenish.

Adtdt female. Closely resembles the female of L. tetrix, but the
tail-feathers are all subequal, and the under tail-coverts are much
shorter than the middle pair.

Not uncommon and apparently, as a rule, fertile.

O) 6. c? 2 imm. sk. N. Europe,
et St.

c. tS ad. sk.

d. (S ad. sk.
e-(j. c? ad. ; S 2

imm. sk.
h. cJ ad. sk.

Norway, Feb.

Norway.

Norway, Jan., Sept., Dec.

I. S ad. sk.

k. (S ad. skeleton.

/. Ad. skeleton.

m, n. Ad. skeletons. Norway.

Russia.

Riasan, Russia, April.
Norway.

Pm'chased.

F. Bond, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Prof. R. CoUett [P.].

Hon. W. Rothschild

[P.].
Purchased.
Prof. K. CoUett [P.].
Zool. Soc. Coll.
Prof. R. CoUett [P.].

Hybrid between Tetrao urogallus and T. hybridus.

Tetrao m-ogallus X Tetrao medius, Fritsch, MT. orn. Ver. Wien,
1887, p. 127 [Bohemia].

Hybrid between Tetrao urogallus and Phasianus colchicua.
Oapercaillie X Pheasant, Millais, Game B. p. 20, pi. (1892).

Subsp. a. Tetrao uralensis.

Teti-ao uralensis, Nazarow, Bull. Mosc. 1880, p. 365 ; Meyer, Uyiser

Auer-, Racket- und Birkwild, etc. p. 10 (1837).
Tetrao urogaUus uralensis, Menzb. Ibis, 1887, p. 302 [3. Urals].

Adult male. Upper parts much paler than those of T. urogallm ;
the grey on the head, neck, back, upper tail-coverts, and sides pre-
dominates over the black, the reddish brown of the wing-covorts
is much lighter, and the white tips to the taU-co verts wider. The

VOL. XXII. F

66 TETEAONTD^,

whole of the breast, belly, and underparts are white, most of the
feathers of the former mottled with black at the tip ; under tail-
coverts black, with wide white tips and white shafts ; the tail-
feathers, especially the middle pair, are finely mottled with reddish
grey and white, and the marbled white band across the tail is more
marked. Total length 35 inches, wing 15-2, tail 12-2, tarsus 2-9.

Numerous examples in every intermediate stage of plumage
between T. urogallus and the subspecies T. uralensis are to be met
with in the London market, but I have been unable to find out
what part of Eussia they come from.

Adult female. Resembles the female of T. urogallus., but is much
paler, aU the rufous-buff markings in the latter being yellowish
buff, and the white tips to the feathers, especially the scapulars and
secondaries, more marked. Total length 24 inches, wing 11*3,
tail 7-2, tarsus 2-2.

Hah. Ural Mountains.

a,b. cS 9- ^d. sk. Orenbiu'g, Russia, Nov. Purchased.

c. 2 ad. sk. (in Orenburg, Dec. Purchased,
almost complete

male plumage).

d. cJ ad. sk. St. Petersburg Market. St. Petersburg

Mus. [E.].

2. Tetrao parvirostris.

Tetrao urogallus, var. rupestris, Pall. Zoogr. Mosso-As. ii. p. 58,

note 2 (1811).
Tetrao urogallus, var. minor, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 58 (1811 ).
Tetrao urogalloides, Middeml. {nee Niks.) Sibir. Reise, ii. pt. ii.

p. 195, pi. xviii. (1851) [Daouria] ; Schr. Rets. Amur-L. i. p. 396

(1859) ; Nordm. Bull. Soc. Mosc. xxxiv. p. 261 (1861) [Amoor] ;

Radde, Ost-Sib. ii. p. 299 (1863j ; Elliot, Mon. Tetr. pi. vi. (1865) ;

Dyhow. J. f. O. 1868, p. 336 [Daouria]; Tacz. J. f. O. 1873,

p^ 98 ; id. 'Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. i. p. 243 (1876) [Transbaikal] ;

David Sr Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 390 (1877) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool.

Fr. viii. p. 333 (1883) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Ross. fasc. i. p. 24

(1884) ; Meyer, Unser Auer-, Rackel- und Birkwild, etc. p. 8

(1887).
Tetrao parvirostris, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 880 (1856) ; Gray, List of B.

pt. V. Gall. p. 85 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 276 (1870).
Tetrao urogalloides, var. sachalinensis, Bogd. Consp. Av. Ross. fasc. i,

p. 122 (1884) [Isl. of Saghallen].
Tetrao sachalinensis, Meyer, TJnser Auer-, Rackel- und Birkivild, etc.

p. 9 (1887).

Adult male. Head and neck black, darker than in T. kamtscliati-
cus, uniformly glossed with blue, and with green on the throat and
cheeks ; back uniform blackish brown, with a slight bluish gloss,
and very finely vermiculated with white ; scapulars, wing-coverts,
and secondaries brownish black, finely vermiculated with yellow,
and all except the lesser wing-coverts with a large white spot at
the tip ; primaries dark brown, with the outer webs of the third to
the sixth partly margined with white ; upper taU-coverts black,
largely tipped with white, the tijjs forming an interrupted line of

3. TETRAO. 67

spots ; under wing-coverts white, smoky brown towards the edge ;
throat and upper breast dark metallic greeu ; lower breast and
abdomen brownish black, tho feathers glossed with green at the
margins ; flanks indistinctlj^ vcrmiculated, the white spots are
reduced to small dots scattered over the sides of tho abdomen.
Under tail-coverts black, tipped with white. Tail uniform dark
black. Tarsi covered with smoky brown feathers. Naked skin
round tho eye scarlet ; bill black, much smaller than in T. urogaUus ;
toes dark grey. Total length 35 inches, wing 15, tail 14'8,
tarsus 2-7.

Adult female. Feathers of the top of the head rufous, marked
with black spots glossed with blue and tipped with white ; back of
the neck barred with rufous, black, and white : back and upper tail-
coverts black, finely barred with rufous and irregularly edged with
yellow ; scapulars black, barred with yellow and widely tipped with
white, the tips formimj an interrupted line of spots ; wing-coverts
brownish black tipped with whitish yellow, the greater and lesser
ending in a large isolated white spot. Flight-feathers greyish
brown, outer webs of the third to the sixth primaries finely edged
with white ; secondaries finely mottled with rufous on the outer
web and narrowly margined with white ; sides of the head more
rufous than in T. kamtschatlcus and with larger black dots ; throat
reddish bufl', barred with black, the lower parts edged with white ;
neck rufous, barred with black and more or less spotted with
white; chest black, glossed with greeu, barred with fine bands of
rufous and tipped with white ; breast and belly black, barred with
buff and tipped with white, upon the flanks the white margins are
dotted with black ; under tail-coverts black, tipped with white and
with a subterminal V-shaped rufous bar. Tail blackish brown,
irregularly barred with rufous and tipped with white. Tarsus
smoky grey. Total length 2o inches, wing 11-6, tail 7*7, tarsus
1-7.

Hah. N.E. Siberia, east of Lake Baikal, and Saghalien Island. It
is not found in Kamtschatka.

a,b, cj 9 ad. sk. Saghalien Is. {Dr. Suprunenko). St. Petersburg

Mus. [E.].

3. Tetrao kamtschatlcus.

Tetrao kamtschaticus, Kittl. Reise Kamtschatka, ii. p. 353, woodcut
(18o8) ; Meyer, Unser Auer-, Racket- und Birkwild, etc. p. 9
(1887).

Tetrao camtschaticus, Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 333 (1883).

Adult male. Head and neck black, slightly glossed with blue, and
with green on the long plumes of the throat ; back greyish black,
finely vcrmiculated with white, shading into rufous on the inter-
scapular region ; scapulars the same, the wing-coverts and second-
aries greyer, and all except tho lesser coverts are largely tipped
with white ; flight-feathers dark grey, the outer web of the
primaries, from the second to the seventh, with the basal part
margined with white ; under wiug-coverts white, mixed with dark

p2

68

TETEA0NID2E,

grey ; upper tail-coverts dark grey, vermieulated with white on the
sides and largely tipped with white, the white tips fonninr/ a con-
tinuous white band ; throat and upper breast dark metallic green ;
lower breast and belly black, vermieulated on the sides and flanks
with white, and largely tipped with the same colour, the spots
becoming smaller towards the middle of the belly, and increasing in
size towards the under tail-coverts, which are black with wide
white tips; tail black, the middle feathers vermieulated nearly all
over with white. Tarsi covered with smoky - brown feathers.
Naked skin round the eye red ; bill black ; feet horny grey. Total
length 30 inches, wing 14-1, tail 11, tarsus 2-7.

Adult female. Differs from the female of T. parvirostris chiefly
in having the top of the head blacker and more widely margined
with white ; the upper tail-coverts brown, barred with rufous and
largely tipped with white, the wide white tips to the scapulars
forming a continuous ivhite hand, and the tarsi white, slightly
variegated with brown. Total length 22 inches, wing ll'l,
tail 6-4, tarsus 2-0.

Bab. Kamtschatka.

a, J imm. sk. Kamtschatka. Purchased.

4. CANACHITES.

Type.
Canace, Reich, {nee Curtis, Dipt. 1838) Nat. Si/st.

Vog. p. xxix (1852) C. canadensis.

Canachites, Stejn. P. U.S. Nat. Mas. viii. p. 409

(1885) C. canadensis.

Tail composed of 16 feathers, moderately long and somewhat
rounded, the outer pair not much shorter than the central pair.

1st primary much shorter than the 2nd, and about equal to the
7th ; 4th somewhat the longest.

Axillaries long and dark grey with white shaft and tip.

Middle toe and claw longer than the tarsus by about the length
of the claw.

Tarsi feathered ; toes naked, and pectinated on the sides.

Range. Northern parts of N. America.

Key to the Species.

A. Upper tail-coverts edged or tipped with grey ;

tail with a well-marked terminal rufous
band.

a. Chin and throat black canadensis ^ , p. 69.

b. Chin and throat rufous, spotted with black . canadensis J , p, 69.

B. Upper tail-coverts tipped with white, no

terminal band to tail.

c. Chin and throat black franhlini S , P- 71.

d. Chin and throat rufous, spotted with black . franhlini J , p. 71.

4. CANACniTES.

1. Canachites canadensis.

Brown and Spotted Heathcock, Edw. Nat. Hist. B. ii. nl. 71

(1747). ^

Black and Spotted Heathcock, Edw. Glean, iii. p. 118, pi. 118

(1750). ' ^

Gdlinote de Canada, Briss. Orn. i. p. 20.3, pi. xx. (1760).
La G^Iinote de la Baye de Hudson, Briss. Orn. i. p. 201 (1760).
Teti-ao canadensis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 274 (1766) ; Forst. Phil. Trans.

Ixii. p. 389 (1772) ; Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 749 (1788) ; Lath. Ind.

Orn. 11. p. 6.37 (1790) ; Temm. Pi;/, et Gall. iii. pp. 160 bis, 702

(1815) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 275 (1819) ; Sabine,

Frankl. E.vp. i. App. p. 683 (1823) ; Bonap. Am. Orn. iii. pi. 21.

fig. 2, $ (1828) ; id. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. iii. p. 891 (1830) ;

Swains. 4" Rich. F. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 346, pi. Ixii. J (1831) ; Nutt.

Man. Orn. i. p. 667 (1832) ; Jard. Nat. Libr., Orn. iv. p. 12-5, pi. xv.

(18.34); And. Orn. Biol. ii. p. 437, pi. clxxvi. (18-34), v. p. 563

(1839) ; id. B. Amer. v. p. 83, pi. ccxciv. (1842) ; Gray. List of B.

pt. iii. Gall. p. 45 (1844) [part.] ; Baird, B. N Amer. p. 622 (1860) ;

Coues, P. Ac. Philad. 1861. p. 226 [Hudson Bay to Maine and N.

York]; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 122 [Fort Carlton]; Baird, Ibis,

1867, pp. 268, 271 ; Gray, List of B. pt. v. Gall. p. 86 (1867) ;

Dall ^- Bann. Tr. Chicago Ac. i. p. 287 (1869) [Nulato] ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 276 (1870) ; Maynard, B. E. Mass. p. 138 (1870)

[Massachusetts] ; Finsch, Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 61 (1872) ■

Merr. Nutt. Orn. C. iii. p. 53 (1878) [N. York] ; Breicst. Nutt.

Orn. C. iv. p. 43 (1879); Maynard, B. E. N Amer. p. 347

(1881); Sartl. J.f. O. 1883, p. 276 [Portage Bay and Ckilcat,

Alaska].
Tetrao canace, Linn. S. N. i. p. 275 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii.

p. 749(1788). r X ,, f

Spotted Grous, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 735 (1783), Suppl. i.

p. 214 (1787); Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 307 (1785): Lath. Gen.

Hist. B.\m.^.2S2 {\823).
Canace canadensis, Beic/i. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xxix (1851) ; Bonap C

B. xlv. p. 428 (1857) ; Elliot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23 ; id. Mm.

7V^npl. ix. (1865); Merr. Mutt. Orn. C. vi. p. 233 (1881) TO'.

York], & vii. p. 238 (1882) [Canada]; Coues, Key, p. 578

Canace canadensis, var. canadensis, Baird, Breio., Sc Ridow. N. Am

^. iii. p. 410 (1874).
Dendra<rapus canadensis. Turner, P. U. S. Nat. Mas. viii. p 245

(18S5) [Fort Chimo]; Ridyw. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. .355

(1885) ; Turner, Cont. N. H. Alaska, p. 152 (1880) ryukon

Valley]; A. O. U. Check4. p. 171 (1886); Fish. J. Cincinn. Soc.

X. p. 205 (1887); Town^. Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887) [X. Alaska];

CItudb. Auk, iv. p. 103 (1887) [X. Hampshire] ; Ridyic. Man.

p. 196 (1887) ; Thompson, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 507 (1891)

[Manitoba].
Deudragopus canadensis, Seton, Auk, iii. p. 153 (1886) [Manitoba].

Adult male. Top of the head, back and sides of the neck, back,
and rump grey, barred with black, the bars, especially on the lower
back and rump, being concentric : a band of blackish feathers across
the mantle, barred with rufous grey: scapulars, lesser, median, and
secondary coverts, and a few of "the outer secondaries sandy or

70

TETEAONIB^.

rufous -white, mottled and barred witli black, the scapulars and some
of the median coverts with a white shaft-spot dilated at the ex-
tremity ; primaries, primary-coverts, and rest of secondaries dark
brown, the quills being more or less margined with buff round the
outer web and tip ; upper tail-coverts black, mottled with rufous
grey and tipped with grey ; a small patch of black and white
feathers behind the bare skin surrounding the eye, and a similar
spot behind the lores ; chin, throat, chest, and middle of breast
black ; throat surrounded by an irregularly marked white band ;
fore part of the neck brownish black, tipped with rufous grey or
white ; sides of the breast and belly black, widely tipped with white ;
sides aud flanks like the scapulars ; vent white ; under tail-coverts
black, widely tipped with white ; tail black, slightly mottled with
rufous towards the base, and tipped with chestnut. Total length
15-5 inches, wing 6-8, tail 4-8, tarsus 1-4.

Immature males and females after the first moult cannot be dis-
tinguished from the adults, except by the more pointed first primary.

Adult female. Top of the head, neck, mantle, lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts black, barred with pale rufous yellow, and,
especially on the three latter, tipped with grey ; lesser, median,
and secondary coverts and scapulars similar to the back, but the
rufous bars are irregular and broken up into mottlings ; as in the
male, the scapulars and a few of the coverts have dilated white shaft-
spots at the extremity ; quills and primary-coverts as in the male ;
lores, chin, and throat pale rufous and whitish yellow, barred and
spotted with black ; fore part of neck and chest pale rufous, barred
with black ; breast, belly, and uuder tail-coverts the same, but
tipped with white ; sides and flanks like the scapulars ; vent white ;
tail as in the male, but irregularly barred with rufous ; in very old
specimens most of the barrings disappear, and only the bases of the
outer feathers are finely mottled with pale rufous. Total length
14-2 inches, wing 6-8, tail 4, tarsus 1-4.

Hah. Northern N. America, ranging westwards to the east side
of the Rocky Mountains, eastwards to New England and New York,
northwards to Alaska, and south to Minnesota.

rt-c. S ? ad. et (S

imm. sk.
d-f. S ? ad. sk.

et St.
g, h. (S ad. st. et

2 imm. sk.
i. 2 ad. sk.

k, I. c? ad. et imm.

sk.
,H-q. c? ad. sk. et

5 ad. St.
/•. $ ad. sk.

s. 5 ad. sk.
t. S ad. sk.

N. America.
N. America.
North Laud Exp.

Nulato, Alaska, March (K

W. Nelson).
Fort Reliance, Alaska, Oct.

{E. W. Nelson).
Fort Simpson, April.

Fort Simpson, March (B. R.

Ross).
Jaspers House, May.
Repulse Bay.

Hudson's Bay Co.

J. J. Audubon, Esq.

[C.].
Admiral Sir G. Back

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].

A. Murray, Esq. [P.].

Dr. J. Rae [P.].

4, CANACUITES.

71

w, V. 2 inim. et

juv. sk.
w, X. c? imm. et

2 * ad. sk.
y. Pull. sk.

s. S ad. sk.

a', b'. 5 ad. sk.
c', d'. cJ $ imm.

sk.
e'. cJ ad. sk.

/'. c? ad. sk.

g', h. 2 imm. sk.

''. (S ad. sk.

/'. Skeleton.

Fort Chimo, Ungava, Aug.,

Sept. (Z. Tli". Turner).
Ungava " Forks," Dec. (X. ilf .

T%irner).
New Brunswick, May (<5. A.

Boanlmaii).
Musquash, New Brunswick,

Dec. (A. R. Dresser).
Maine, Oct., Nov. {M. Hardy).
St. Croix River, Maine {G.

A. Bonrdman).
Bay of Fundy, Maine ((?. A.

Boardman).
Sebo^^•is Lake, Maine, Nov.

(M. Hardy).
Lake Terror, New York, Nov.

(C. H. Merriam).
Watson, New York, Dec. {A.

J. Day an).

2. Canachites franklini.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gdlinote du Canada, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. ii. pis. 22 & 23 fnos. 131.
1.32]. ^

PTetrao fusca, Ord, Guthrie's Geog. (2nd Am. ed.) ii. p. 317 (1815).

Tetrao canadensis, .Boworp. (nee L.) Am. Oni. iii. p. 47, pi. xx. (1828).

? Lagopus ludovicinna, Gnf. ed. Cuv. iii. p. 263, pi. (1829).

Tetrao franklinii, Doxyl. trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 1.39 (1829) [W. of
Rocky Mts., lat. .50^-54-] ; Swains. ^- Bich. F. Bor.-Amer. ii.
p. 348, pi. Ixi. (1831) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 623 (1860) ; Coop.
:^- Suckl. Bep. E.rpl. Miss. Biv. xii. no. 3, p. 221 (1860) ; Blakist.
Ibis, 1862, p. 8 [W. of Rockv Mts., 49° N.], & 1863, p. 122 ; Lord,
P. B. Art Inst. iv. p. 123 (1864) : id. Brit. Colinnb. ii. p. 164
(1866) [between Cascades and Rocky ]Mts.] ; Baird, Ibis, 1867
p. 271 ; Gray, List of B. pt. v. Gall. p. 86 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B.
ii. p. 276 (1870) ; Coop. Calif. Orn. i. p. 529 (1870).

-anace frankliuii, Elliot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23: id. Monoar
Tetr. pi. X. (i860). ^ ■

(aiiace canadensis, var. franklini, Baird, Brew., & Ridaw. N. Amer.
2?. iii. p. 419(1874).

"itrao canadensis franklini, Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Sun: iv. p. 6-'>8
(1878) (Rockv Mts., Lat. 49°]; Williams, Nutt. Orn. C. vii. p. 61
(1882) tMontanal. ^

Cnace canadensis franklini. Coues, Key, p. 579 (1884).

Dndragapus franklinii, Ridyw. P. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355
1885) ; id. A. 0. U. Check-l. p. 172 (1886) ; Ridyw. Man. p. 196
1887). r ^ , J V

Adit male. Differs from adult male of C. canadensis chiefly iu
having the ground-colour of the back and rump brownish grey
iustcacof grey, the upjier tail-covorts tipped with white, and the
tail-feshcrs without any chestnut terminal band. Total length 15
inches,ving 7-2, tail 5-2, tarsus 1-6.

Adu, female. Can easily be distinguished from the female of

* Assuming male plumage.

72 TETRAONID^.

C canadensis by having the upper tail-coverts tipped with white
instead of grey. Total length 14 inches, wing 7, tail 4*4, tarsus 1*6.
Hub. "West side of northern Eocky Mountains, ranging westwards
to the coast-ranges.

a. (S ad. sk. N. America. Dr. Richardson [P.].

h, Juv. St. N. W. America. Gould Coll.

c-k. c? 2 ad., imm., W. side Rocky Mts. J. K. Lord, Esq.[P.].
pull. sk. et St.

5. FALCIPENNIS.

Type.

Falcipennis, Elliot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23 .... F. falcipennis.

Tail composed of 16 feathers, moderately long and rounded.

Outer primaries attenuated and sickle-shaped ; Ist primary mucl;
shorter than the 2nd, and falls between the 7th and 8th ; 4ti
is slightly longer than the 3rd and 5th.

Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw by the length of tie
claw.

Axillaries long, dark grey mixed with white.

Range. North-eastern Siberia ; Kamtschatka ; Saghalien Islaid.

1. Falcipennis falcipennis. '

Tetrao canadensis, var. franklinii, Middend. Sibir. Peis., Aves, p.202,

pi. 17. fig. 4 (1851) [Daoui-ia]; Schr. Pels. Amur-L. i. p. 399

(1859).
Tetrao falcipennis, Hartl. J. f. 0. 1855, p. 39 ; Grap, List of B. it. v.

Gall. p. 87 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 276 (1870).
Tetrao canadensis, Padde, Ost-Sib. ii. p. 301 (1863).
Teti-ao franklinii, Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 338 [Amoorland].
Falcipennis hartlaubi, Elliot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23 ; id. Mon.

Tetr. pi. xi. (1865).
Canace falcipennis, Tacz. Bull. Sac. Zool. Fr. i. p. 242 (1876) ; Bogd.

Consj). Av. Moss. fase. i. p. 30 (1884).

Adult male. General colour above black, barred with greyia and
sandy buff ; top of the head dark grey, indistinctly mottled with
black; mantle black, tipped with sandy buff; lower back,'ump,
upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and wing-coverts mottled audedged
with sandy buff, the scapulars, lower back, and rump wittwhite
shaft-spots at the extremity; primaries, primarj'-coverts, scond-
aries, and the outer wing-coverts with the ground-colour I'own,
the secondaries narrowly tipped and margined round the ouir web
with white ; chin, throat, and cheeks black, a small patch )ehind
the eye and the base of the throat mostly white ; fore part ad sides
of upper neck black, barred with bufif ; fore part and sides o lower
neck dark smoky black, becoming paler on the chest and mldle of
the belly ; rest of undorparts smoky black, each feather witla wide
subterminal white cross bar, gradually changing into hearshaped
spots on the sides and flanks ; vent white ; i;nder tail-cov<ts and
tail black, widely tipped with white, except the two midle tail-
feathers, which have the extremities mottled with greyish ad with
an irregular subterminal white spot. Total length 16'finches,
wing 7'2, tail 4-7, tarsus 1-4.

6. DENDEAGAPUS. 73

Immature male. Still retains, among the scapulars, feathers largely
barred and mottled with rufous and with buff shaft-stripes ; the
sides of the neck are mottled and barred with rufous buff; the
white marks on the feathers of the underparts are nearly all heart-
shaped ; and the outer primaries arc tipped with buff', and even
more acute than in the adult.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the head and neck
barred with black and buff and tipped with sandy ; mantle black,
with a subtorminal buff" bar, and mottled with sandy at the extremity ;
lower back, rumj), and upper tail-coverts mottled with rufous grey
and black, tipped with sandy grey, and with asubterminal pale buff
shnft-spot ; chin, throat, and sides of the head more or less mixed
with white; neck and chest black, barred with buff; breast greyish
black, witli a wide white subterminal patch to each feather ; the
feathers of the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts similar, but with
the basal part thickly mottled with sandy buff; the outer webs of
the outer tail-feathers more or less margined and mottled with buff.
Total length 14-7 inches, wing 7-2, tail 4-3, tarsus 1-4.

Hab. Same as that of the genus.

a. cJ ad. sk. Kamtschatka. M. Brandt [C.].

b-d. (S $ ad. sk. Saghalien Is. (Dr. Suprunenko). St. Petersburg

Mus. [E.].

6. DENDEAGAPUS.

Type.

Dendragapus, Elliot, P. Ac. I'hihtd. 18G4, p. 23 D. obscurus.

Tail composed of 20 feathers, elongate, truncate, and sub-
equal.

Male with a distinct inflatable air-sac on each side of the neck.

The 1st primary is much shorter than the 2nd, and falls between
the 7th and 8th ; the 4th is slujhtli/ the longest.

Axillaries long and white.

Middle toe and claw longer than the tarsus.

Range. N. America.

Key to the Species.

A. Chest and breast not baiTed and marked with

buff. (3/f/te.)

a. Tail souifwhat rounded and with a terminal

grey band.
a'. Band wider, varying on the middle feathers

from 1 to 1 :') iuch obscttrus, p. 74.

b'. Band narrower, le-ss than an inch wide on

the middle feathers fuliffinoSKS, p. 75.

b. Tail square, without a terminal gi'ey band,

but the tips of the feathers have narrow gi-ey

margins ricliardsoni, p. 76.

B. Chest and breast barred and marked with buff.

(Females.)

c. Tail with a terminal grey band.

c'. Band wider, about 08 iuch on the outer-
most feathers obscurus, p. 74.

74

TETEAONID^.

d' . Band narrower, about 0'5 inch on the

outermost feathers fuliginosus, p. 75.

d. Tail narrowly marj^ined with grey, but with-
out any terminal band richardsoni, p. 76,

1. Dendragapus obscarus.

Tetrao obscurus. Say, Long's Exp. R. 3fts. ii. p. 14 (1823) ; Bonap.

Am. Orn. iii. p. 27, pi. xviii. (1828) ; id. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. iii.

p. 391 (1830) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. p. 666 (1832) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.

1858, p. 1 [Trinity Mts., N. California] ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 620

(1860) ; Gray, List Gallinee Brit. Mus. p. 86 (1867) [part.] ; id.

Hand-l. B. i'i. p. 276 (1870); Cooper, Calif. Orn. i. p. 526 (1870)

[part.]; Scott, Nutt. Orn. C. iv. p. 96 (1879) [Colorado]; Brew,

Nutt. Orn. C. vi. p. 142 (1881) [Colorado].
Canace obscm-a, Bonaj}. C. R. xlv. p. 428 (1857); Belding, P. U.S.

Nat. Mus. i. p. 4-38 (1878) [Central California] ; Mearns, Bull. Nutt.

Orn. C. iv. p. 197 (1879) [Ft. Klamath] ; Coues, Key, p. 579

(1884) ; Dretv, Auk, ii. p. 17 (1885) [Colorado] ; I£ensk. Auk, iii.

p. 80 (1886) [N. Mexico].
Dendragapus obscurus, Elliot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23 ; id. Man.

Tetr. pi. vii. (1865) ; A. O. U. Check-l. p. 170 (1886) ; Ridgw.

Man. p. 195 (1887) ; Mearns, Auk, vii. p. 52 (1890) [Arizona].
Canace obscurus, \ar. obscurus, Baird, Brexo., Sf Ridgio. N. Amer. B.

iii. p. 422 (1874).

Adult male. General colour above smoky black, mottled, especially
on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, with grey ; wing-
coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries mottled and irregularly
barred with brown, most of the median wing-coverts and scapulars
with terminal white shaft-spots ; primaries and rest of secondaries
brownish black, the latter irregularly margined and tipped with
whitish ; lores, chin, and throat white, spotted with black, cheeks
smoky black ; a dark smoky-black band across the sides and fore
part of the neck ; axillaries and most of the under wing-coverts
pure white, a hidden white patch on each side of the neck ; chest,
breast, and belly light grey, each feather narrowly margined with
white ; sides like the scapulars ; flanks and under tail-coverts grey,
mottled and barred with black, and with white shafts and tips ; tail
black, widely tipped with dark grey, the band on the middle feathers
varying in width from 1 to 1'5 inch, and on the outermost feathers
from 0-5 to 0-8 inch. Total length 19"5 inches, wing 10, tail 6-7,
tarsus 1*7.

Immature male. Has the plumage very similar to the female, but
the feathers of the chest are not barred with buff ; the outer pri-
maries are pointed and mottled with buff towards the tip.

Adult female. General colour above smoky black, barred, espe-
cially on the top of the head, mantle, and scapulars, with buff, and
mottled towards the tips of the scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and
upper tail-coverts with pale sandy buff; quills as in the male, but
the outer margins of the secondaries have the whitish-buff markings
coarser and more broken up ; lores, chin, and throat white, spotted
with black ; axillaries and most of the under wing-coverts pure
white ; chest and upper breast grey, barred with buff and black

6. DENDRAGAPUS.

75

round tho fore part of the neck ; lower breast and belly grey ; sides
and flanks black, barred and mottled with buff, and tipped with
white Hke the scapulars ; under tail-coverts similar in markings, but
greyer ; tail black, with a wide grey terminal baud, finely mottled
with black, tho middle pair of tail-feathers with irregular bars
of buff. Total length 17 inches, wing 8-G, tail o'9, tarsus 1-6.

Immature female. Differs only from the adult in the pointed
shape of the first primaries.

Younrj birds have pale shaft-stripes to the feathers of the mantle,
scapulars, wing-coverts, outer secondaries, and chest : in a very
young bird the chin, throat, lower breast, and bcUy are white, and
the rest of the uuderparts are white spotted with black.

Ilab. Rocky Mountains, west to the Wahsatch, south to New
Mexico and Arizona, and north to the South Pass.

Capt. Kellett and
Lieut. Wood [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

a. Juv. sk.

b. c? ad. sk.

c. (S imm. sk.

d. cJ imm. sk.

e. c5 imm. sk.
/. c? imm. sk.

ff-l. ^ad.etcJS

juv. sk.
m. 2 Jid. sk.

n. 2 imm. sk.

N.W. America.

N.W. America.

San Francisco Market, Dec.

Salt Lake, Utah, Aug. (E.
W. Nelson).

Colorado {Mrs. Maxivell).

North Park, Colorado, April
{E. Cones).

Santa Fe Mts., New Mexico,
Aug. (H. W. Hcnshmo).

Burgwin Cantonment, Mar.
( W. W. Anderson).

North Fork, Indian Terri-
tory, ;May {('. H.Merriam).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Subsp. a. Dendragapus fuliginosus.

Tetrao obscurus, ? Neicb. P. E. R. Rep. vi. pt. iv. p. 93 (1857); Coop. ^
Suekl. Rep. JS.ipl. Miss. Riv. xii. no. 3, p. 219 (18G0) ; Lord, P. R.
Art Inst. i. p. U2 (18(53) ; id. Brit. Columb. ii. pp. 163, 298
(1866) [^Vancouver Isl., British Columbia"! ; Brown, Ibis, 1868,
p. 423 [\ ancouver Isl.] ; Dall cS- Bann. Trans. Chicago Ac. i. p. 287
(1869) [Sitka]; Finsch, Abh. nat. J'er. Brem. iii. p. 01 (1873).

Canace obscurus, var. fuliginosus, Baird, Brew., &■ Ridgw. N. Amer.
B. iii. p. 425 (1874).

Tetrao obscurus fuliginosus, Hartl. J. f. 0. 1883, p. 275 [Portage
Bay, Alaska].

Canace obscuni fuliginosa, Coues, Key, p. 680 (1884).

Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus, Rtdyu: P. U.S. Nat. Mas. viii.
p. 355 (1885); Anfh. Auk, iii. p. 164 (1886) [Oregon 1 ; A. O. U.
Clieck-l. p. 171 (1886); Townsend, P. U.S. Nat. Mu.i^.x. pp. 200,
235 (1887) [N. California]; Ridyic. Man. p. 196 (1887); Merrill,
Auk, V. p. 145 (1888) [Oregon] ; Bendire, Auk, vi. p. 32 (1889).

Adult male. Differs chiefly from the male of D. obscurus in
having the grey band across the tip of the tail narrower, less than
an inch wide on the middle feathers, and less than O'o on the outer-
most feathers ; it is, moreover, a somewhat darker and more uni-
form bird, with much less buff markings on the upper parts, especially
the wing-coverts.

76

TETBAONIB^.

Adult female. Only to be distinguished from the female of D.
ohscurus by having a narrower grey band across the tip of the tail.

Hah. Northern Eocky Mountains near Pacific coast, from Cali-
fornia to Sitka.

a-c. (5 ad. at cJ 2

imm. sk.
d, e. (S 2 ^d. sk.

/. 2 ad. sk.

g, h. (^ ad. sk.
i. c? ad. sk.

k. Pull. sk.

Vancouver Is.

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Fort Klamath, Oregon, April, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Aug. (Capt. Bendire).

Des Chutes River, Oregon, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll.
{H. W. Henshaw).

California. Dr. A. Eartlett [P].

Round Valley, Mend. Co., Call- Salviu-Godiuan Coll.
fornia, March {H. W. Hen-
shaw).

North Honey Lake, Call- Salvin-Godman Coll.
fornia, June [H. W. Hen-
shaw).

2. Dendragapus richardsoni.

Tetrao richardsonii, Hour/l. Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 140 (1829) [W.

side of Rocky Mts.] ; Wils. Hliist. Zool. pis. xxx., xxxi. (1831) ;

Lord, P. H. Art. Lnst. i. p. 122 (1863) ; Baird, This, 1867, p. 271 ;

Gray, List GalUnw Brit. Mus. p. 86 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. ii. B. p. 276

(1870) ; Cooj). Calif. Orn. i. p. 628 (1870).
Tetrao obscurus, S'wains. Si- Rich, (nee Say) F. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 344,

pis. lix., Ix. (1831); And. Orn. Biog. iv. p. 446, pi. ccclxi. (1838) ;

id. Syn. p. 283 (18.39) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 609 (1840) ; Aud. B.

A^ne'r. v. p. 89, pi. ccxcv. (1842) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 8 [Belly R.],

& 186.3, p. 121 ; Lord, Brit. Columb. ii. p. 164 (1866) [between

Cascades and Rocky Mts.].
Dendragapus richardsonii, Elliot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23 ; id. Mon.

Tetr. pi. viii. (1865).
Canace obscurus, var. richardsoni, Baird, Brew., Sf Ridgw. iii. p. 427

(1874).
Tetrao obscurus richardsoni, Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Saw. iv. p. 629

(1878) [Rockv Mts., Lat. 49°] ; Williams, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cvii.

p. 63 (1882) [Montana].
Canace obscura richardsoni, Coues, Key, p. 579 (1884).
Dendragapus obscurus richardsoni, Ridyiv. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii.

p. 355 (1885) ; A. 0. U. C/ieck-l. p. "171 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man.

p. 196 (1887).

Adult male. Easily distinguished from D. obscurus and D. fuli-
ginosus by having the tail uniform black, without any grey band
across the extremity, though the tips of the feathers have narrow
grey margins ; the tail, moreover, is squarer, the outer feathers
being slightly longer than those of the middle.

Adxdt female. Resembles the female of D. obscurus, but has no
grey band across the tip of the tail, though the tips of the feathers
are usually margined with grey.

HcdK Northern Rocky Mountains, from Central Montana north-
wards.

a-f. d ? ad. et W. side Rocky Mts.

imm. sk. et st.
ff. (S ad. sk. Fort Plalkett, May.

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.]

7. TrsiPANTJCiius, 77

h. S ad. sk. Fort Halkett, April ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll.

8, A;, c? iuim.et $ Fort Simpson, April. B. R. Ross, Esq.

ad. sk.

I, in. $ ad. sk. Teton Caiion, Montana, July Salvin-Godman Coll.

( C. H. Merriam).

n. 2 fid. sk. Chief Mt. Luke, Montana, Sah-in-Godman Coll.

August {E. Cuues).

o. 2 fid. sk. Fort Dufferin, Aug. N. Am. Boundary

Comm. [PA

p. 2 imm. sk. Hudson's Bay. HudsonBay Co. [P.].

7. TYMPANUCHUS.

^ Tjije.

Tympanuchus, Gloff. Hand. u. Hilfsb. p. 396 (1842). . T. cupido.
Cupidonia, Reich. Nat. Sijst. Vo;/. p. xxix (1852) .... T. americanus.

Tail composed of 18 feathers, rather short and rounded ; the
outer feathers about two-thirds the length of the middle pair.

A tuft of elongate feathers and an inflatable air-sac on each side of
the neck.

1st primary much shorter than the 2ud, and falls between the Sth
and 7th ; 3rd slightly longest.

Axillaries long and pure white.

Tarsi feathered, shorter than middle toe and claw.

Range. N. America.

Keij to the Species.

A. Tufts of feathers on the sides of the neck very

long, ca. ;3 inches. (Males.)

a. Longer feathers of neck-tuft lanceolate and

pointed cupido, p. 77.

b. L(inger feathers of neck-tuft parallel-edged,

with rounded or truncate tips.
a'. Feathers of chest brown, with subterminal

band and tip white. Size larger : wing

ca. 0 inches americantts, p. 78.

6'. Feathers of chest with about six alternate

bars of brown and white. Size smaller :

wing ca. 8'3 inches pallidicinctus, p. 80,

B, Tufts of feathers on the sides of the neck much

shorter. (Females.)

1. Tympanuchus cupido.

Urogallus minor, fuscus, &c., Catesb. ii. App. p. 1, pi. i. (1743).
Tetrao cupido, Linn. S. N. i. p. 274 (1706) ; Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 751

(17S8) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 638 (17t)0) ; Temyn. Pig. et Gall. iii.

pp. 161, 703 (1815); Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 55, pi. 219 (1825) ;

Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 662 (1832) [^part., New Jersey, &c.].
Pinnated Grous, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. ii. p. 740 (1783) ; Penn.

Arct. Zool. ii. p. 305 (1785) ; Lath. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. 237

(1823).
Bonasa cupido, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 299 (1819) [New

Jersey and Long Island].
Cupidonia cupido, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 628 (1860) [part.] ; Maynard,

78 TETEAONID^.

B. E. Mass. p. 138 (1870) [Martha's Vineyard and Naushon Isl.] ;

id. B. E. N. Amer. p. 350 (1881) [part.] ; Coues, Key, p. 583 (1884)

[part.] ; Breivst. Auk, ii. p. 82 (1885) [Massachusetts].
Cupidonia cupido, var. cupido, Baircl, Bretv., 8( Ridgio. N. Am. B. iii.

p. 440 (1874) [part.].
Tympanuchus cupido, Ridgio. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355 (1885) ;

A. O. U. Check-l. p. 175 (1886) ; Ridgiu. Man. p. 203 (1887).
Cupidonia cupido brewsteri, Cones, Key, App. p. 884 (1887).

Adult male. Differs from T. americanus in having the neck-tufts
of the male composed of not more than ten lanceolate pointed
feathers.

Adult female resembles the female of T. americanus.

Hah. Island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. (Formerly
Long Island, New Jersey, Eastern Pennsylvania.)

a,h, S 9- ^d. sk. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., Jan. Purchased.

2. Tympanuchus americanus.

La Gelinote hup6e d'Am(5rique, Briss. Orn. i. p. 212 (1760).

Tetrao cupido, Wils. (nee Linn.) Am. Orn. iii. p. 104, pi. 27. fig. 1
(1811) [Kentucky] ; Bo7iap. Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. iii. p. 392 (1830)
[Missouri and Oregon?] ; Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 662 (1832) [part.,
Pennsylvania ?, Kentucky, «&c.] ; Schim, Nat. Ahhild. Viig. p. 277,
pi. lOo (1833) ; And. Orn. Biog. ii. p. 490, pi. 186 (1834) ; Koch,
Wieqm. Arch. Nat. 1836, p. 159 ; And. Am. Orn. v. p. 93, pi. 296
(1842) ; Reich. Aves, Gallin. pi. 217. figs. 1896-98 (1849) ; Max.
J.f. O. 1858, p. 439 ; Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 120,

Cupidonia amerieana, Reichenh. Nat. Syst. Vog. p. xxix (1852) ;
Bonap. C. R. xlv. p. 428 (1857).

Cupidonia cupido, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 628 (1860) [part.] ; Fitz. Atl.
Nat. Vog. fig. 244 (1864); Elliot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23;
id. Mon. Tetr. pi. xvi. (1865) ; Dress. Ibis, 1865, p. 315, & 1866,
p. 26 [Texas] ; Snow, B. Kansas ed. 3, p. 11 (1875) ; Rob. <§• Benn.
Nutt. Orn. C. v. p. 18 (1880) [Minnesota] ; Mayn. B. E. N. Amer.
p. 350 (1881) [part.] ; Breivst. Nutt. Orn. C. vii. p. 59 (1882)
[Variety from Iowa] ; Nehrl. Nutt. Orn. C. vii. p. 175 (1882)
[Texas]; Copies, Key, p. 583 (1884) [part.] ; Bretv, Auk, ii. p. 17
(1885) [Colorado]; Nehrl. J. f. O. 1885, p. 142 [Illinois]; Agersb.
Auk, ii. p. 285 (1885) [Dakota] ; Smith, Auk, iii. p. 139 (1886)
[Columbia].

Bonasa cupido, Gray, List B. pt. v. Gall. p. 88 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B.
ii. p. 277 (1870) ; Meyer, Vog.-Skel. pi. cxxvii. (1888-89).

Cupidonia cupido, var. cupido, Baird, Brew., 8^ Ridgw. N. Am. B. iii.
p. 440 (1874) [part.].

Cupidonia pinnata, Brewst. Auk, ii. p. 82 (1885) [from Illinois west-
ward].

Tympanuchus pinnatus, Ridgiv. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355
(1885).

Tympanuchus americanus, Ridgw. Auk, iii. p. 132 (1886) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. p. 175 (1886) ; Seton, Auk, iii. p. 153 (1886) [W. Mani-
toba] ; Ridgw. Man. p. 203 (1887) ; Eversm. Auk, v. p. 349 (1888)
[Indiana] ; Thompson, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 614 (1891)
[Manitoba].

/. TTMTANUCHUS.

79

Adult male. General colour above brown, barred and marked with
buff and black ; the feathers on the crown mostly dark brown tipped
with white and somewhat elongate, forming a short crest ; those on
the back of the neck, wing-coverts, scapulars, and secondaries tipped
with whitish buff; the neck-tufts composed of more than ten
feathers, the longer ones are black, the middle and lesser ones
creamy white down the middle and margined on their inner webs
with pale chestnut ; quills pale brown, all (except sometimes the
innermost primaries) toothed or barred with buff ; lores and space in
front of the eye, patch above the ear-coverts, chin, and throat whitish
buff; a dark brown band from the angle of the gape to the ear-
coverts and a patch of spots of the some colour on the sides of the
throat ; feathers on fore part of neck dark brown, barred with light
red, and mostly with white shafts and tips ; rest of the underparts
paler brown, barred and fringed with white ; asillaries long, and
pure white like the vent ; thighs brownish white ; under tail-
coverts brownish black, mottled and very widely tipped with white ;
tail brownish black, narrowly tipped with white, the middle feathers
mottled and irregularly barred towards the margins of the webs.
Total length 16-5 inches, wing 0, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-9.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the neck-tufta
much reduced in length and the outer as well as the middle tail-
feathers barred with rufous buff. The measurements are usually
also a trifle less.

In iioung specimens the general colour is brown, blotched with
black, and barred and mottled Avith buff; the top of the head is
chestnut, with a black patch in the middle ; the feathers of the
mantle, wing-coverts, scapulars, outer secondaries, and tail with
strongly marked whitish-buff shaft-stripes ; chin, throat, and under-
parts white, the latter barred with dark brown and washed with
buff or pale rufous on the sides.

Hab. Prairies of Mississippi Valley, south to Louisiana and Texas,
west to the middle of Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota, north to
Manitoba and Wisconsin, east to Indiana and Kentucky.

a, b. S 2 ^d. St. ;

c, d. c? ad. et

$ juv. sk.
e. cj ad. sk.

/. cJ imm. sk.
ff. Juv. sk.

h. (S juv. sk.

». $ imm. sk.
k, I. Pull. sk.

m. cJ ad. sk.

n. Skeleton.

Noi'th America.

New York Market, Feb. {H.
W. llen^hinu).

Illinois {J. II. Batty).

Rockford, Illinois (/. Black-
man).

Fox Prairie, Richland Co.,
Dlinois, August {JE. W.
Nelson).

Iowa, Dec. {E. Coues).

Moody Co., Dakota, Jime
(F. J. Jencks).

Ivan Pap, Kansas, Jan.
{Brown).

Purchaaed.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

80 TETKAONID^.

Hybrid between Tympanuchus americanus and Pediocsetes
columbianus.

Cupidonia cupidiui-columbiana, Breivst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. ii. p. 66

(1877).
Pedioecetes phasianellusx Cupidonia cupido, Gurney, Auk, i. p. 391

(1884).

a. cJ ad. sk. North America. Purchased.

3. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus.

Cupidonia cupido, var. pallidicinctus, Ridgiu., in Baird, Breto., 8f
Rldgw. N. Am. B. iii. p. 446 (1874) [Texas] ; Laivr. Bull. Nutt.
Orn. C. ii. p. 52 (1877) [S. Missouri]; Merrill, P. U.S. Nat. Mtis.
i. p. 159 (1878) [S. Texas].

Cupidonia cupido pallidicincta, Coues, Key, p. 584 (1884).

Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, Ridrpo. P. V.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355
(1885) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. p. 175 (1886) ; Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 187
(1887) [W. Texas] ; Ridgio. Man. p. 203 (1887).

Adult male. Resembles the male of T. americanus, but is smaller
and easily distiugaished by having the darker subterminal bars on
the back treble, i. e. composed of a wider brown band in the middle
and two narrower black bands on each side, whereas in the latter
bird they are uniform black or have at most only a spot of brown
on the margin of each web ; the feathers of the chest have about
six alternate bars of brown and white and the bars are also much
narrower. Total length 15 inches, wing 8*3, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-6.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the neck-tufts
much shorter and the longest feathers buff barred with black ; all
the tail-feathers are barred with buff.

Hah. Eastern border of Great Plains from Nebraska ('?), S.W.
Kansas, S.W. Missouri (?), and western part of Indian Territory to
W. Texas.

a, 6. c? 2 ^^- sk. Kansas (1>. G. Elliot). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c,d. cJ 2 ad. sk. Kansas, Feb. ((?. N. Laiu- Salvin-Godman Coll.
rence).

8. CENTROCERCUS. r^

Type.

Centrocercus, Swains. Faun. Bor.-A^ner. ii. pp. 342,
496 (1831) C. urophasianus.

Tail composed of 20 feathers, elongate, wedge-shaped, and pointed,
the outer pair more than half the length of the middle pair.

An inflatable air-sac on each side of the neck.

1st primary much shorter than the 2nd, and falls between the
6th and 7th ; 4th rather longest.

Axillaries long and white.

Tarsi shorter than middle toe and claw.

Range. N. America.

8. CEXTHO(,i;i{Cl-S. SI

1. Centrocercus urophasianus.

Cock of the Tlaiiis, Lew's ^- Clark, ii. p. 180, sp. 2.

Tetrao nroY>\^iisimu'^, Bonap. Zool. J. iii. p. 213 (1828) [Missouri];

id. Am. Orn. iii. p. oo, pi. xxi. ti;:-. 1 (1828); Dmiql. Tr. Linn.

Soc. xvi. p. 133 (1829); Uonaj). Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. iii. p. 390

(1830) ; Wik. III. Zool. pis. xKvi., x.vvii. (1831) ; Xutt. Man. Orn.

i. p. cm (1832) ; And. Orn. lilorj. iv. p. 503, pi. 371 (1838) ; id.

B. Amer. v. p. 108, pi. 297 (1842) ; Npu-b. Epj). P. R. Ii. ."^urv. vi.

pt. iv. p. 9o (18o7) ; Nemcird, J.f. O. 1858, p. 431; Om. f/.-V.

Bupl. Krp. ]). 280 (1858) [ Walla- WitUa] ; Grai/, Iland-l. B. ii.

p. 276 (1870).
Tetrao (Centrocercus) uroplnisianua, Swains. Sf Richards. Faun. Bor.-

Amer. ii. p. 358, pi. 58 (18:J1).
Centrocercus! urophasianus, Jard. Nat. Libr., Orn. iv. p. 140, pi. xvii.

(1834) ; Gray, List, of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 46 (1844) ; Baird, B. N.

Am. p. 624" (I860) ; Coop. ^ Suckl. Rep. Expl. Miss. Riv. xii.

no. 3, p. 222 (1860) ; ElUot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23; id. Mon.

Tetr. pi. xiii. (1865) ; Coues, Il/is, 1866, p. 265 [Soda Lake, 8. Cali-
fornia] ; Gray, List Gallince Brd. Mus. p. 87 (18i>7) ; Cooj). Calif.

Orn. i. p. 53(5 (1870) ; Baird, Brew., ^- Ridtfw. N. Am. B. iii. p. 429

( 1874) ; Couc.t, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sun: iv. p. 629 (1878) [Montana] ;

Scott, Nntt. Orn. C. iv. p. 96 (1879) [Colorado] ; Mearns, Nntt.

Orn. C. iv. p. 197 (1879) [Ft. Klamath]; Coues, Ket/, p. 580

(1884) ; Dreio, Auk, ii. p. 17 (1885) [Colorado] ; A. O. U. Check-l.

]). 176 (1886); Ridyw. Man. p. 205 (1887) ; Tuwnsend, P. U. S.

Nat. Mus. X. pp. 2(i0, 235 (1887) [N. California].
Sage Cock, Blliot, Mon. Tetr. pi. xiii. (1865).

Adult male. General colour above black, verj- irregularly barred,
mottled, and marked with sandy grey, buff, and rufous, some of the
feathers, especially the wing-coverts, scapulars, and secondaries,
irregularly barred with white and the former with white shaft-
stripes ; quills and primary-coverts brown, the secondaries margined
at the tip with wlaito and mottled on tlie outer wob with buff;
sides of the head, chin, and throat spotted with black and white,
in some specimens the former, in some the latter colour pre-
dominating ; a white crescent on the front of tlie neck, followed by
a largo black patcli ; a lateral ruff of elongate white feathers on
each side of the neck, the shafts produced into long recurved pro-
cesses bearing black filaments ; chest white, the feathers short and
scale-like, with sharp-pointed shafts ; breast similar, but the tips of
the shafts are produced beyond the wel) into black bristles ; belly
black, whitish on the sides ; sides and thinks mottled with black,
brown, and buff. ;ind with whitish shaft-stripes; under tail-coverts
black, largely tipped with white. Tail dark brown, the basal two-
thirds of the featliers mottled with rufous and irregularly barred
with buff. Total length 28 inches, wing 12-o, tail 12, tarsus 2-2.

Specimens after the summer moult are much more brightly
coloured ; and most of the markings on the new feathers of the
U])per parts are warm rufous buff instead of sandy whitish buff as
in the old ones.

Allah female. DitYers from the male ehietly in having the chin
and throat white, and the fore part of tlie neck spotted witli

VOL. XXII. (J

82

TETKAONID.55.

brownish black. Total length 22 inches, wing 10-8, tail 6-5,
tarsus 1'9.

Immature birds resemble the female in appearance, but the
general colour of the upper parts has less black intermixed and the
markings on the breast are coarser and less regular.

Hah. " Sage-brush " plains of the Rocky Mountain plateau, north
into British America, south to New Mexico, South California, Utah,
and Nevada.

a. 2 ad. sk.

b. (S ad. sk.

c. c? imm. sJc.

Rocky Mountain?.
Fort Dufterin, July.

Middle Fork, Snake R.,

Idaho Terr., July (C. H.

Merriain).
Laramie River, Wyoming,

Aug. {E. Cones).
Clear Fork, Nebraska, Sept.

{F. V. Hayden).
f, g. J ad. et $ imm. Rocky Mountains, California.

St.

9. PEDIOCETES.

Hudson Bay Co. ]P.].
N. Amer. Boundary

Commission [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. (J imm. sk.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Dr. A. Barclay [P.].

Type.
Pediocretes, Baird, Rej). Expl. and Surv. ix. pt. 2,

Zool. p. 625 (1858) P. phasianellus.

Tail composed of 18 feathers, wedge-shaped, rather long ; the
middle pair more than twice as long as the outer pair.

1st primary shorter than 2nd, intermediate in length between
6th and 7th ; 4th rather the longest.

Axillaries long and white.

Tarsus shorter than middle toe and claw.

Range. N. America.

Key to the Species.

A. General colour above dark, the black on the

upper parts predominatino: over the rufous, buff,
and white markings ; feathers of the chest
black, with a white heart-shaped patch in the
middle and a white frinoe round the margin. . j^Iiasianellus, p. 82.

B. General colour above light, the rufous, buff, and

white markings on the up])er parts predo-
minating over the black ; feathers of the chest
white, each feather with a concentric submar-
ginal black band colunibianm, p. 83.

1. Pediocaetes phasianellus.

Long-tailed Grous from Hudson's Bay, Udtv. Nat. Hist. B. pt. iii.

p. 117, pi. (1750).
Tetrao urogallus /3, Linn. S. N. i. p. 273 (1766).
Tetrao phasianellus, Linn. S. K i. p. 273 (17G6) ; Forst. Phil. Trans.

Ixii. pp. 394, 495 (1772) ; Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 747 (1788) ; Lath.

Lid. Orn. ii. p. 635 (1790) ; Temm. Fir/, et Gall. iii. pp. 152, 701

(1815): Sfejdi. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 284 (1819): Sabine,

!l. riODIOCKTIOS. 83

Frrtnkl. Erp. i. App. p. tiSl) (ISii'i) ; Marrai/, I'r. J'/ii/s. Sor.

Edinb. ii. p. 49 (1859) [Troutlake Statiou] ; Gray, Iland-l. Ji. ii.

p. :^7U (1870).
Long-tftilecl (ti-ous, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. ii. p. 732 (178o), Sujijil- i-

p. 212 (17S7).
Sharp-tailed Urous, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 306 (1785), & i. p. 357

(1792).
Centrocercus phasianellus, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 46 (1844) ;

id. List Gallime Brit. Miis. p. 87 (1867).
Pediocoetes keunicotti, Suckl. P. Ac. Philad. 18G1, pp. 334, 3()1

[Fort Kae & Big Island].
PediociCtos phasianellus, ii/f/wf, P. Ac. Philad. 18i>2, p. 403 ; A. O. U.

Check-l. p. 170 (1886); Ridqw. Man. p. 201 (1887); Tlwmpmn,

P. U. S. Nat. Mas. xiii. p. 516 (1891) [Manitoba].
Pedicecetes phasianellus, Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, p. 8 1 Forks of the Sas-
katchewan], & 1863, p. 124; Dall Sf Bann. Tr. Chicago Ac. i.

p. 2S7 (1S69) [Nulato to Fort Yukon]; Pdz. Ibis, 1873, p. 37 ;

C'uKe.s-, Jt7, p. 581 (1884).
Pediaecajtes phasianellus, Elliot, Man. Tetr. pi. xv. (1865).
Pedicecetes phasianellus, var. phasianellus, Baird, Brew., ^- Ridyw.

iV.^?n..B. iii. p. 434(1874).

Adult male and female. Much darker and rather larger than
P. coJumhianus ; the black on the upper parts predominates over the
rufous, bull', and white markings, the latter being especially con-
spicuous on the wing-covcrts and scapulars; the feathers of the
chest black, 'svith a white heart-shaped patch in the middle and a
white fringe round the margin, while on the rest of the underparts
the black markings are much stronger and the feathers on the tarsi
are longer. Total length 1(J"8 inches, wing S"4, tail 4-G, tarsus l'").

Ilah. Interior of British America, north to Fort Simpson, south
to Lake Winnipeg and the north shore of Lake Superior, east to
Hudson Bay, and west to the Ilocky Mountains.

a, b. 5 ad. sk. et st. Fort Simpson. B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.l.

c. 2 fi'd. sk. Fort Resolution, Mav Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Z. Clark).

d. 2 ad. St. Repulse Bay. Dr. J. Rae [P.].

e. (S ad. sk. Northern Land Expedi- Admiral Sii- G. Back [P.].

tion.

Subsp. X. Pediocaetes columbianus.

Phasianus columbianus, Ord, Guthrie's Geog. (2nd Amor, ed.) ii.

p. 317 (1815).
Tetrao phasianellus, Ord (nee Linn.), Guthrie's Geog. (2nd Amer.

ed.) ii. p. 317 (1815) ; Bonap. Am. Orn. iii. pi. xix. "(1828) ; Nutt.

Man. Urn. i. p. 669 (1832) ; Aud. Orn. Biog. iv. p. 569, pi. 382

(1838) : id. B. Amer. v. p. 110, pi. 298 (1842); Neirb. Rep. P.

R. R. Sure. vi. pt. iv. p. 94 (1857) ; Cass. U.S. E.rpl. Eij}ed. p. 284

(ia58) [Oregon].
Tetrao urophasianellus, Dour/l. Tr. Linn. Sac. xvi. p. 130 (1829)

[R. Columbia .^- X. CaliforniaJ.
Centrocercus phasianellus, Jard. Xat Libr., Orn. iv. p. 136, pi. xvi.

(1834).

84 TETEAOXI ]).!;.

Pedluecetes phasianellus, Neuwied, J. f. 0. 1858, p. 435.
Pediocfetes phasianellus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 62G (1860) ; Coop.

c^- Suckl. Hep. Expl. 3Iiss. Rlv. xii. no. 3, p. 223 (1860).
Pediocfetes columbianus, Elliot, P. Ac. PhUad. 1862, p. 403.
Pedirecetes urophasianellus, Blakisf. Ibis, 1863, p. 127.
Pedisecretes columbianus, Elliot, Mon. Tetr. pi. xiv. (1865).
Ceutrncercus columbianus. Gray, List Gallina Brit. Mu!<. p. 88 (186/).
Pedia?cetes columbianus, Coo2j. Calif. Orn. i. p. 532 (1870).
Tetrao columbianus, Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 276 (1870).
Pedioscetes phasianellus, var. columbianus, Baird, Brew., Sj- Ridyw.

iii. p. 436 (1874).
Pedioecetes phasianellus colLiinbianus, Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv.

iv. p. 630 (1878) [Dakota ; Montana] ; Mearns, Bull. Kutt. Orn. C.

iv. p. 117 (1879) [Ft. Klamath] ; Bob. 8r Benn. Bull. Xutt. Orn.

C. V. p. 17 (1880) [Minnesota] ; Breivst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. vii.

pp. 227, 233 (1882) [Washington Terr.] ; Coues, Key, p. 581 (1884) ;

Nehrl. J.f. O. 1885, p. 143 [Illinois] : Drew, Auk, ii. p. 17 (1885)

[Colorado] ; Ayersb. Auk, ii. p. 285 (1885) [Dakota] ; 8eton, Auk,

i'ii. p. 153 (1886) [W. Manitoba] ; Memll^Auk, v. p. 145 (1888)

[Oregon].
Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris, Bidyw. P. Biol. Soc. Wmh. ii.

p. 93 (1884) [Montana].
Pediocfetes phasianellus columbianus, A. O. U. Check-l. p. 176

(1886) ; liidyw. Man. p. 204 (1887) ; Townsend, P. U.S. ^'at.

Mus. X. pp. 200, 235 (1887) [N. California].
Pediocfetes phasianellus campestris, A. 0. U. Check-l. p. 176 (1880) ;

Bidqw. Man. p. 204 (1887) ; Thoinjjson, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii.

p. 516 (1891) [S. & W. Manitoba].

Adult male. General colour above sandj grey or greyish clay-
colour, mottled and irregularly barred and blotched with black and
spotted with white, especially towards the base of the feathers of
the iuterscapulary region ; wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer second-
aries Avhite, spotted at the extremity ; quills light brown ; rest of
the secondaries barred and tipped with white ; all the primaries
spotted on the outer web with white and the inner ones tipped with
the same colour ; lores, superciliary stripes, cheeks, chin, and throat
pale buff; cheeks and sometimes the throat spotted with black : neck
buff, barred and mottled with black ; chest, breast, and sides of
belly white, each feather with a concentric submarginal black band;
sides and flanks like the scapulars ; middle of belly and vent white ;
tarsi smoky white ; under tail-coverts mottled with black and sandy
grey, and barred, mottled, and widely tipped with white ; two
middle pairs of tail-feathers barred and marked with rufous buff
and black and lipped with white ; rest of outer feathers mostly
white, with the basal part of the outer web mottled with black.
Total length 15 inches, wing 8-1, tail 5, tarsus 1*7.

Adult female. Resembles the male, but the tail is a trifle shorter
and the size somewhat less ; generally, too, the barring on the back
of the neck and upper mantle is stronger and more regular. Total
length 14-8 inches, wing 7*7, tail 4-5.

Hab. United States — north to Manitoba, east to Wisconsin and
Northern Illinois, south to New Mexico, and west from Northern
California west of the Rocky ^Mountains to Fort Yukon, Alaska.

10. BONASA.

a. Imm. sk.

/>. Ad. sic.
C-f. $ ;ul. vt

*sk.
(/. c? ad. sk.

/i. $ ad. sk.
2. I'lill. sk.

A-. Imm. sk.

/. 2 imm. t^k.

m. J ad. sk.

?i. 2 imm. sk.

o-r. 2 ad. et imm.
sk.

s-v. Ad. sk. et st.

Canada.

Hudson's Bay.
Fort Dufreria.

North Minnesota, Dec.
(K jr. Nc/son).

Atkinson, Nebraslva,.Tan.

Portneuf Canon, Idaho
Territory, Feb. (C. H.
Merriam).

Salt Lake, Utah, Dec.
{E. W. Nehon).

Fort Crook, X. California
(■/. Feilner).

Oak Grove, Oregon, Sept.
[H. W. Hemhaio).

Fort Klamatli, Orefron,
Jan. (C. Bendire).

'\^■alla- Walla, Washing-
ton Tenitorv, Oct.,
lso\.{H. W.liemhaic).

West side of Rockj
Mountains,13i'itish Co-
lumbia.

Government of Canada
[P.].

Hudson Bay Co. [P.].
N. American Boundaiy

Commission [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coil.

G. F. Morcom, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman. Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

J. K. Lord^ Esq. [P.].

10. BONASA.

Ivpe.
Bonasa, Stepli. in Shaic's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 298 (1819) . . B. uuibellus.
Bonasia, Bonap. Tr. Ain. Phil. ISoc. iii. p. ^89 (1830);

id. Com}). List B. Eur. p. 48 (1838) B. umbellus.

Selves similar.

Tail composed of 18 feathers, rather long, bluntly ■wedge-shaped,
the outermost pair being nearly as long as the middle pair.

1st ])rimary much shorter than the 2nd, and falls between the
7tli and 8th ; 4th slightly tlie longest.

A frilled ruffle of fan-shaped feathers on each side of the neck.

Tarsus half-feathered, sliortcr tlian middle toe and claw.

A short crest. Axillarics fairly long, barred black and white.

liuntje. N. America ; ranging north to Alaska and Labrador, and
south to Xorth California and South Carolina.

1. Bonasa umheUus.

Pheasant of Pennsylvania, Edwardfi, Phil. Tranc. .\lviii. p. 499, pi. 1.5

(17.-.4).
KuHed Heath-cock or Grous, Edw. Glean, v. p. 79, pi. 248 (1758).
La Grosse Gelinoto de Canada, Briss. Oni. i. p. 207, pi. .\.\i. tif I

(1760); D'Auhrnt. PI. Enl. no. 104. °

I.ia Gelinote hupee de Peusilvanie, Bn.^s. Orn. i. p. 214 (1760).
Tetrao umbellus, Linn. S. A', i. p. 27.5 (170i>) [Pennsylvania"; Gm.

S. A', i. pt. ii. ]). 7.")2 (1788) ; L.ath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 6-38 (17!K)) ;

Wih. Am. Orn. vi. p. 4."), pi. 49 (1812) ; Temm. Piy. et Gall iii'

pp. 165, 704 (1815) ; Douyhty, Cab. A'. IL i. p. 13, pi. ii. (1830) ;

86 TEXEAONID.^;.

(Sw. c^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-A?n. ii. p. 342 (1831) ; Atid. Orn. Bior/. i.
p. 211, pi. 41 (1831), V. p. 560 (1839) ; Jai-d. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv.
p. 127, pi xiv. (1834); Aud. B. Am. v. p. 73, pi. 293 (1842) ;
Neiub. Rep. P. R. R. Surv. vi. pt. iv. p. 94 (1857) ; Cass. U.S.
Expl. E.iped. p. 283 (1858).

Tetrao togatus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 275 (1766) [Canada]; Forst.
Phil. Trails. Ixii. p. 393 (1772); Oni. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 752
(1788).

Euffed Grous, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 738 (1783) ; Suppl. i. p. 215
(1787) ; Pe7in. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 301 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. B.Vni.
p. 234 (1823).

Shoulder-kuot Grous, Lath. Gen. 81/71. ii. pt. ii. p. 737 (1783).

Tetrao tympanus, Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 288 (1792) [Pennsyl-
vania].

Bonasa umbellus, Stejih. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 300 (1819) ;
Graij, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 46 (1844) ; Baird, B. N. Am.
p. 630 (1860) ; Elliot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23 ; id. Mon.
Tetr. pi. i. (1865) ; Gratj, List Gallince Brit. Miis. p. 89 (1867) ;
Ball i,- Bann. Tr. Chicago Ac. i. p. 287 (1861)) [Nulato, Alaska] ;
Graij, Kand-l. B. ii. p. 277 (1870) ; Snoic, B. Kansas, ed. 3, p. 11
(1875); Merr. Tr. Cotmect. Ac. iv.p. 100 (1877) [Connecticut] ;
Merr. Nutt. Orn. C. vi. p. 233 (1881) [N. York]; Muyn. B.
E. N. A^ner. p. 351 (1881); Beckh. J. Ciiic. Soc. vi. p. 145 '(1883)
[Kentucky]; Nehrl. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 142 [HHnois] ; Breu-st. Auk,
iii. p. 102 (1886) [;N. Carolina]; Fox, Auk, iii. p. 319 (1886)
[Tennessee] ; Loomis, Auk, iii. p. 483 (1886) [S. Carolina] ; Turner,
P. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 245 (1886) [Labrador] ; A. O. U. Oieck-l.
p. 172 (1886) ; Chadb. Auk, iv. p. 103 (1887) [N. Hampshire] ;
Langdon, Auk, iv. p. 129 (1887) [Tennessee] ; Ridgw. Man. p. 197
(1887) ; Richm. Auk, v. p. 20 (1888) [Columbia] ; Fa.vmi Sf Allen,
Auk, V. pp. 149, 151, 153 (1888) [N. Hampsliire] ; Ecer^n. Auk, v.
p. 349 (1888) [Indiana]; Brewst. Auk, v. p. 389 (1888) [Massa-
chusetts] ; Faxon, Auk, vi. pp. 44, 99 (1889) [Massachusetts] ;
Riics, Aiik, vi. p. 52 (1889) [Virginia] ; Loomis, Auk, vii. p. 36
(1890), viii. p. 326 (1891) [S. Carolina].

Tetrao unibelloides, Bougl. Tr. Liiin. Soc. xvi. p. 148 (1829) [54°
N. lat., source of Peace R.].

Tetrao (Bonasia) umbellus, Bonap. Tr. Am. Phil. Soc. iii. p. 389
(1830) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 657 (1832).

Tetrao sabinii, Bougl. Tr. Linn. Son. xvi. p. 137 (1829) [N.W.
America, Stiaits of Cape Mendocina to Vancouver Is.] ; Baird,
Ibis, 1867, p. 271.

Bonasa umbellus, var. unibelloides, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 925 (1800) ;
Baird, Bretv., S,- Ridgw. N. Am. B. iii. p. 453 (1874).

Bonasa sabinii, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 631 (1860) ; Coo]?. S^ Suckl. Rej).
Expl. Miss. Riv. xii. no. 3, p. 224 (1860) ; Lord, Pr. R. Art. Inst.
iv. p. 123 (1864) ; Elliot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23 ; id. Mon. Tetr.
pi. iii. (1865) ; Gray, List Gullina Brit. Mus. p. 89 (1867) ; Ball^
Bann. Tr. Chic(k/oAc. i. p. 287 (1869) [Sitka & British Columbia];
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 277 (1870) ; Cooj). Calif. Orn. i. p. 540
(1870) ; Cones, Key, p. 585 (1884) ; Toicns. Auk, iii. p. 491 (1886)
[N. California].

Bonasia umbellus, Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 127 [Forks of the Sas-
katchewan to Hudson Bay].

Bouasa umbelloides, Elliot, P. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 23 ; id. Mon.
Tetr. pi. ii. (1865).

Bonasia sabinii. Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 424 [Vancouver Is.].

10. BUNAS A. 87

liouiisa ]i)h:<n, Jai/ro.r, C'or?iell £ra, Dec. 8, 1871, & Jiiu. 10, 1872;

Idis, \h7-2, ])]). liil, 4:?9.
Boiiasa uiiibiiliis, var. umbellus, Baird, Brew., ^ Ridgw. N. Am. B.

iii. p. 448 {1S74).
ISoiiasa uinbellus, var. sabini, Baird, Breiv., ^- Ridgw. iii. p. 454 (1874).
Boiiasa iiinbt'llus unibelloidos, Mearns, Bull. Nntt. Orn. C. iv. p. 197

(]S7!)) [Ft. Klamath]; Willium>^, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. vii. p. 63

(1882) [Montana] ; Svton, Auk, ii. p. 270 (1885), iii. p. 153 (1886)

[Manitoba] ; Turner, Contr. N. II. Alaska, p. 152 (1886) [Yukon

Valley] ; A. O. U. Check-l. p. 172 (1880) ; Ridyw. Man. p. 198

(1887) ; Thompson, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 509 (1891) [\V. &

S. Manitoba].
Bonasa unibella, Men: Bull. Nntt. Orn.C. vii. p. 238 (1882) [Canada] ;

Cones, Key, p. 585 (1884).
Bonasa umbellus sabini, Breicst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. V\\. pp. 227, 232

(1882) [Washington Terr.] ; Anth. Auk, iii. p. 164 (1886) [Oregon] ;

A. O. !'. Vlu'ck-l. p. 173 (1886) ; Townseml, P. U.S. Nut. Mus.

X. pp. 200, 235 (1887) [N. California] ; Ridgw. Man. p. 198 (1887) ;

Merrill, Auk, v. p. 145 (1888) [Oregon].
Bonasa uinbella umbelloides, Coues, Key, p. 585 (1884) ; Dreio, Auk,

ii. p. 17 (1885) [Colorado].
Bonasa umbellus togata, Ridyio. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355

(1885); A. O. U. Check-l. p. 172 (1880); Rid>pi\ Man. p. 198

(1887); Dwiyht, Auk, iv. p. 10 (1887) [Cape Breton Is.]; Britt.

^ Co.v, Auk, vi. p. 117 (1889) [N. Brunswick]; Thompson, P. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 508 (1891) [E. Manitoba].*

Adult male. General colour above rufous or grcj', but every
intermediate stage of coloration between the two can be found ; top
of the head barred with black ; feathers of the short crest mostly
black, those of the mantle mostly tipped and mixed with buff and
barred and marked with black ; the frilled rutilcs on the sides of the
neck black more or less glossed with green at the tips, in some
specimens, however, they vary to dull chestnut ; feathers of the
interscapular region, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
finely vermiculatcd with black, and with pale buff, subtcrminal,
heart-shaped or oval spots irregularly edged with black ; wing-
coverts and scapulars somewhat similar, but the buff markings
take the form of a mesial streak and the latter usually have the
inner web blotched with black ; (]uills brown, the outer webs of
the middle primaries mostly buff barred with brown ; the secondaries
narrowly margined with dirty white and more or less mottled with
rufous or sandy along the margin of the outer web ; ear-coverts
elongate, with whitish shafts and tips ; chin and throat and a small
patch before and behind the eye bufl', most of the feathers on the

* This species is subject to great cliiriatic variation and. as is the case with
many other birds, siidi as Turtiix taiqour, lias two well-niHrked phases of
plumage, a grey and a rufous. These phases intergrade and every intermediate
shade between the two c«n he found. The various varieties liave been catalogued
vmder no less than four different names, eitlier as species or subspecies, by the
latest American authors ; but as all these varieties are to be found among a
series of specimens from New York alone and are therefore not even dependent
on locality, we consider it needless to employ more than one name for all,
especially as the lour recognized forms grade imperceptibly into one another.

XETKAONIDJE.

sidps of the throat edged -with brown, those of the fore part of the
neck dark brown tipped with white ; breast butt or rufous buff,
with a subterminal brown bar and white tip to each feather (the
colour of this bar varies much in different individuals, even from
the same locality, and is sometimes exceedingly faint, at others
strongly marked and edged with lines of a deeper colour) ; sides like
the wing-coverts ; flanks and belly widely tipped with white, and
with dark brown or blackish subterminal bands ; vent white ; under
tail-coverts orange-buff or grey, more or less mottled Avith dusky
and tipped with white. Tail-feathers rufous, sandy, or grey, or a
mixture of ail three, barred and mottled with black and with a wide
siibterminal black band edged on either side with grey ; in some
specimens, usually those with chestnut rufHes, the subterminal
band is dull chestnut or brownish, in others it is interrupted or
indistinctly defined : these are apparently purely individual cha-
racters and are due neither to age nor sex. Total length 17 inches,
wing 7'3, tail 6'5, tarsus 1-G.

Adv It female. Similar to the male but rather smaller and with
the ruffles usually less developed.

Yonvq birds differ chiefly from the adults in having the outer
secondaries, scapulars, and tail-feathers rufous brown, with rather
widely placed bars of buff, edged and mottled with dusky ; chin and
throat white.

Hab. Same as that of the genus.

a, b. (S 9 iii^™- sk.

c. (5 iid. sk.

d. S ad. sk.

e,f. d? ad.^k.
ff, h. (S ad. et imm.

sk. ot St.
i. (5 imm. sk.
k, I. cJ ad. .sk.

OT. 6 imni. sk.
n. 2 ad. sli.

o. (5 ad. sk.

/.. 2 ad. sk.

q, V. (S 2 inim. sk.

*-, t. S ad. et imm.

sk.
V. 2 pull. sk.

T. Full. sk.

-f. $ ad. sk.

Vancouver Is., Nov., Dec.

(A. Forrer).
Kulato, Alaska, Feb. {E. W.

Nelson).
Anoik, Alaska, March {E.

W. Nelson).
Fort Sinjpscu, March.
Canada.

Canada.
Fort Dufferin.

Hudson's Bay.

Calais, Maine {G. A.

Bottrdmcm).
Massachusetts (//. W. Hcn-

shmv) .
Grantville, Massachusetts,

Marcb (H. W. Hmshaw).
Wellesley, Mass., Oct. {H.

W. Henshaic).
Wellesley Hills, Mass., Oct.

(H. W. Henslunc).
Concord, Mass., June {H.

IV. Jiejishaic).
E. Hampton, ]\Jass., June

(C. H. Merriutii).
Gianville, AVasbington Co.,

New York (,/. A. Hurst).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Cull.

B.E.Eoss.Efq.rP.].
Mrs. Mauger [P.J.

Govt, of Canada [P.].
N. Amer. Boundary

Commission [P.].
Hudson's Bay Co.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoD.

Sahin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddalo Coll.

11. TETRASri;S.

89

X. Juv.sk.

y. 2 ad. sk.

s-/'. d 2 ad.,iium.,
& pull. sk.

m'. Juv. sk.

w'. cJ imm. sk.

o'. $ ad. sk.
p. j ad. st.
q', !•'. Pull. sk.

s', v. c? imm. sk.

m'. (S imm. sk.

w'. c5' imm. sk.
w'. c? imm. sk.

.r'. 2 ad. sk.

y' . cS imm. sk.

s'. d" aJ- sk.

«", b" . Imm. sk.

c"-/'. J 2 ad.,

imm., & juv. sk.

et St.
g", h". S ad. et 2

imm. sk.
i" . S iram. sk.
k"-n" . Ad. et imm.

sk.

Leyden, New York, Aug.

(C. II. Merriam).
Locust Grove, New York,

.Ian. {C. II. Merriaiu).
Lyons Fall, New York, Jan.,

Feb., May, June, Oct.,

Dec. (A. J. Day an).
Moose Kiver, Louis Co.,

New York, July (C. 11.

Merriam).
Washington, B.C., Nov. {H.

W. Ilcnshaio).
Michigan.
Eockport, Indiana.
\Vaukegan, Illinois, June

{E. W. Nelson).
Menomonee, Wisconsin, Oct.

{E. W. Nelson).
Deadwood, Dakota, Oct. {V.

Bailey).
Oregon.
Fort Klamath, Oregon, Nov.

(C. Bendire).
Dalles, Oregon, Nov. (H.

jr. Ilenshaw).
Columbia Kiver, Oregon,

Oct. (H. W. Hemhaw).
Walla-Walla, Washington

Tenitory, Oct. ( C. Bendire).
Snake Kiver, Washington

Territory, Sept. {V. II.

Merriam).
Colville, W. side of Kooky

Mountains.

Lake Osoyoos.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Prof. Steere [P.].
Prof. Kirtland [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Cascade Mountains.
Fraser Kiver.

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

11. TETRASTES.

Type.

Tetrastes, Keyi>. c^- Bias. Wirhelth. pp. Ixiv, 109, 200

( 1840) T. bonasia.

^exes different.

Tail composed of Di feathers, bluntly wedge-shaped, the outer
feathers very littlo shorter than the central pair.

1st primary considerably shorter than the I'nd, and falls between
the 7th and Sth ; 4th slightly the longest.

Tarsus half-feathered, shorter thau the middle toe and claw.

A short crest. Axillaries moderately long; barred or mottled
with black and white.

liancje. Europe and X. and Central Asia.

90 TETRAONID^.

Key to the Species,

A. P'eatliers of the breast black, margined with

white and sometimes a white spot in the
middle.

a. Chiu and throat black bonasia S , p. 90.

b. Chin and throat mostly white bunasia $ , p. 90.

B. Feathers of the breast saudy grey, with

narrow black bars.

c. Chin white ; throat black, tipped with dark

red ; chest reddish black, barred and

tipped with grey griseive7itris J , p. 93.

d. Chin white ; throat black, tipped with

buff; chest black, irregularly barred with

rufous and tipped with grey griseiventris 5 , p. 93.

C. Feathers of the breast black, barred and

tipped with white ; outer tail-feathers black,
with wide-set white bars and white tips.

e. Chin and throat black severtzovi S » P- 93.

/. Chin and throat buff, tipped with black . . severtzovi 5 ? p- 93.

1. Tetrastes bonasia.

Hazel Hen, Will. Orn. p. 126, pi. 31 (167ei) ; Lloyd, Game B. Siced.
^- Xonc.-p. 112, pi. (1867).

La Gelinote, B'Aitbent. PL Enl. [nos. 474, 475] ; Briss. Orn. i.
p. 191 (1760) ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 274 (1772).

Tetrao bonasia, i?w«. S. N. i. p. 275 (1766) ; Gh)i. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 753
(1788): Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 640 (1790); Beseke, Beytr. Vog.
Kiui. p. 70 (1792) ; Bechst. Nat. Deutschl. iii. p. 500 (1793) ; Pall.
Zoogr. Rossu-As. li. p. 70 (1811) ; Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 174,
706 (1815) ; Nilss. Orn. Svec. i. p. 305 (1817) : Steph. in iShems
Gen. Zool. xi. p. 271 (1819) ; Roua; Orn. Proven, p. 29, pi. 254
(1830); Navm. Nat. Tog. Dentsehl. vi. p. 358, pi. 158 (1833);
Dhnid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 219 (1840) ; Midd. Sibir. Reis. ii.
pt. ii. p. 289 (1851) ; Sikinz, Nat. Vog. p. 158, pi. 78 (1853) ;
Sunder. Svensk. Fogl. pi. xxxiii. tigs. 4, 5 (1856) ; Ntlss. Skand.
Faun., Fog. ii. p. 40 (1858) ; Comjmnyo, Hist. Nat. Pyren. iii.
p. 198 (1863) ; Bree, B. Eur. iii. p. 203, pi. (1867) ; David, N.
Arch. Mus. Bidl. iii. p. 37 (1867) [MongoUa] ; Radakoff, Hand-
Atl. Map 15 (1876) [Whole distribution]; Palm. J. f. O. 1876,
p. 42 [Finland] ; Bau, etc. J. f. O. 1877, p. 325 [Germany], 1878,
p. 417 ; Finsch, Lhis, 1877, p. 64 [Obi R.] ; Finsch, Terh. ges.
Wien, xxix. p. 233 (1880) [Obi R.] ; Cab. J. f. 0. 1880, pp. 70,
393, 1882, p. 90, 1883, p. 61, 1886, p. 347, 1887, p. 668 [Ger-
many] ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 380 [Arch;mgel] ; id. Ibis, 1884,
p. 3o [Yezo] ; Csuto, Zeit. ges. Om. ii. p. 482 (1885) [Himyad] ;
Meyer ^ Helm, Zeit. ges. Orn. iv. p. 371 (1888) ; Seebohm, B.Jap.
p. 373 (1890) ; Altum, J.f. O. 1891. p. 103; Hartert, Ibis, 1892,
p. 511 [E. Prussia] ; Cami^bell, Ibis, 1892, p. 248 [Corea].

Tetrao betulinus, Scop. Ann. I. p. lit), no. 172 (1769) : Gm. S. N. i.
pt. ii. p. 749 (1788) ; Lath. Ltd. Orn. ii. p. 637 (1790).

Birch Grouse, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 735 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.
B. viii. p. 245(1823).

Hazel Grous, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 744 (1783) ; Penn. Arct.
Zool. ii. p. 317 (1785) ; Lath. Gm. Hist. B. viii. p. 242 (1823) ;
Chapman, Wild Spain, p. 3 (1893) [Basque Provinces, N. Spain].

11. TETRASTKS. 91

Tetiao canus, Simrrm. Mus. Carls, fasc. i. pi. 10 (1784) [albino] ;

Gm. S. A. i. pt. ii. p. 753 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Om. ii. p. 640

(1790).
llelsingian Grous, LatJi. Gen. 8yn. Si/ppl. i. p. 217 (1787) ; id. Gen.

Ukt. B. viii. p. 244 (1823).
IJonasia sylvestris, JBnhm, I'm/. Deidschl. p. 514 (1831); Bonap.

Hev. Om. Eur. p. 174 (1850) ; Jauh. ^- Lapumm. Rich. Om.

p. 430 (1859); BlakUt. Ibis, 1862, pp. 324, 329 [N. Japan J ;

Whiti'hj, Ibis, 1867, p. 204 [HakodadiJ ; Fritsch,Nat. Vog. JEurop.

p. 280 (1870), pi. 31. figs. 1 & 2 (1871).
Bonasia rupestris, Brehm, Handb. Vo//. DeutscJil. p. 513 (1831).
Jidnasia euioptea, Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 251 (1837).
Totrastes bouasia, Keys, e^- Bias. Wirbelth. p. 200 (1840) ; Brandt in

Ilofmaun, N. Ural Exp. ii. App. p. 69 (1856) ; Colk-tt, Vid. Selsk.

Fork. Christ. 1869, p. 158; Sirink. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 400 [N.

Chelee] ; Alst. ^- Brotm, Ibi.^, 1873, p. 66 [Archangel] ; Seebohm ^•

Bromi, Ibis, 1876, p. 22l [Lower Petchora] ; Collin, Skand. Fugle,

p. 416, Supjyl. pi. 4 (1877) : David 8,- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 390 (1877) ;

Blakist. iSc Pnjer, Ibis, 1878, p. 226 [Yezo] ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879,

p. 147 [Yenisei] ; Brandt, J. f. 0. 1880, p. 241 [St. Petersburg,

S. Finland] ; Boi/d. Consp.Av. Boss. fasc. i. p. 30 (1884) ; Fleske,

Uebers. Vbg. Kola, p. 306 (1886).
Bonasa svlvestris, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 46 (1844) ; Elliot,

P. Ac.'Philad. 1864, p. 23 ; id. Mon. Tetr. i)l. iv. (1865) ; Begl. ^•

Gerbe, Om. Europ. ii. p. .52 (1867).
Bonasa albigularis, Brehm, Yogelf. p. 262 (18.55) [Kamtschatka].
Tetrao (Tetrastes) bonasia, Sehr. lieis. Aniur-L. i. p. 400 (1859) ;

Raddc, Ost-Sib. ii. p. 301 (1863).
Bonasa betulina, Gray, List Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 89 (1867) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 277 (1870); Dress. B. Eur. v. p. 193, pi. 486

(1871); Collett, Fork. Vid. Selsk. Christ. 1872, p. 237 [N. Norway] ;

Danf. yi)- Bromi, Ibis, 1875, p. 417 [Transylvania]; Tacz. Bull.

Sod Z<wl. F: i. p. 242 (1876), ii. p. 15;'. (1877) [Poland]; Gigl.

Ibis, 1881, p. 206 [E. Alps] ; Saund. Ibis, 1884, p. 387 [P^TeIlees] ;

Gigl. Av. Ital. p. 345 (1880) ; Sahad. El. I'cc. Ital. p. 197 (1887) ;

Gigl. Av. Ital. i. p. 534 (1889), ii. p. 640 (1890), iii. p. 508 (1891) ;

Saund. Ibis, 1891, p. 180 'Switzerland^.
Bonasia betulina, Ih/bouski\ J. f. O. 18(r8, p. 336 [Daouria] ; Tacz.

J. f. O. 1873. p. 98 ; Bolau, J. f. 0. 1881, p. 62"; Meier, J. f. O.

1885, p. 95 [E. Prussia] ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 609, 1888, p. 467

[CoreaJ; Dorr. J.f. 0. 1888, p. 89.
Bonasa bonasia, S^^■jn. Am. Kat. 1884, p. 774; Tschusi zu Schmidh.

Om. Jahrb. i. p. J61 (1890) ; Meyer, Vog.-Skcl. pi. clsxx. (1892).
Tetrastes betulinas, Schal. Zeif. ges. Om. ii. p. 42 (1885).
Tetrastes bonasa, Olphe-Gall. Faun. Om. Eur. Occ. fasc. 37-40,

p. 43 (1886).

Adult nude. General colour above grey, rufous, or some inter-
mediate stage ; toj) of the head, short crest, back and sides of the
neck, and mantle barred with black ; the feathers on the sides of the
neck rather long, tipped with white and showing some tendency
towards tlie formation of a ruffle &s in Bonasa ; rest of the lower
back, rumj), and upper tail-coverts more or less finely mottled with
black and with black shaft-stripes ; scapulars at^d outer secondaries
blotched with black, the shorter scapulars and sometimes the
secondaries spotted with white at the extremities; wing-coverts,

92

TETEAONIDa:.

mostly with white tips, quills dull blackish brown, the outer webs
mottled with rufous or buff ; chin and throat black, circumscribed
by a white line, parting across the forehead and traversing the
cheeks below the eye ; a small white patch behind the eye ; ear-
coverts elongate, brown barred with dusky ; front of neck and chest
brown or rufous brown, with a subterminal black band and white
tips ; rest of the underparts with dark centres and white margins
and often, especially on the breast and belly, with a mesial white
spot, but the feathers on the sides and flanks are generally more
rufous ; vent and tarsi white ; centre pair of tail-feathers brownish
or reddish grey, indistinctly barred and mottled with black and buif
and narrowly tipped with grey ; outer tail-feathers mottled with grey
and black, with a ^vide subterminal black band and white tip.
Total length 14 inches, wing 0-5, tail 4-9, tarsus 1-3.

Adult female differs chiefly from the male in having the chin and
throat mostly white and in being slightly smaller.

Young hirds have the feathers of mantle, scapulars, and wing-
coverts barred and blotched with black and with marked buff shaft-
stripes ; chin and throat white ; chest and upper breast reddish
brown, blotched with black and mixed with white ; rest of under-
parts mostly white, but the sides and flanks are usually strongly
bari'ed with black ; all the tail-feathers are greyish brown, or reddish
grey indistinctly baiTcd and mottled \^"ith dusk}\

Hah. Europe and N. and Central Asia; ranging in the west to
Scandinavia, and in the east to Kamtschatka, Saghalien, and Yezo,
Japan, southwards to N. Spain, xf. Italy, Transylvania, the Altai
Mountains, and N. China.

a-c. (S 2 ad. sk. et

St.

d. c? ad. sk.
e,f. c? imm. et

pull. sk.
(/. c? ad. sk.
/>, i. c? 2 ad. sk.
k. (5 ad. sk.

l-o. S 2 "d. et

imm. sk.
p, q. $ ad. St.

r. 2 ad. sk. [var.].

s, t. Juv. sk. et st.

u. c? ad. sk.

V. 5 ad. sk.

w. 5 ad. sk.

.r-c'. S $ ad. et

juv. sk.
d' ,e'. cS ? imm. sk.

France.

Germany.
Norwa}', July.

Eidsvold, Norway, March.
Selbo, Norway, April.
Sweden, Dec. (H. Wheel-

u-riffht).
Helsingfors, Finland, March.

Russia.

St. Petersburg.

ArcLaugel.

River Kama, Perm.

Malo Altymskoie, Obi River,

July.
Saiar Mts., Altai.

S. Manchuria, June.

S. Yezo, Oct. {T. W. Bla-
kiston).

Purchased.

Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.

Prof. R. CoUett [P.l.
Prof. R. Collett [P.
Tweeddale CoU.

Dr. F. W. Forssell

[C].
Purchased.
J. Brenchley, Esq.

[C.].
Dr. R. Bowdler

Sharps [P.].
H. E. Dresser, Esq.

[P.].
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].

St. George Littledale,

Esq. [P.].
Dr. H. M. James [P.].

Tweeddale Coll.

11. TETRASXES. 93

/'. $ imm. sk. Tlaliodadi, Auir. Dr. MoKinlav [P.].

g'-i'. r;?aa. .sk. Jliikodrtdi (//. J(7»Vf/y). Tweeddale Coll.

et St.

Htihrul between Lyrurus tetrix and Tetrastes bonasia. /See p. 58.

2. Tetrastes griseiveutris.

Tetrastes jrriseiventris, Mcnzb. Bull. Mono. Iv. pt. i. p. lOo, pi. iv.

(1880) [Perm] ; Reich. S^- Schal. J.f. 0. 1881, p. 73 ; Homeyer, MT.

ont. Ver. Wien, 1883, p. 228.
Tetrao griseiventris, Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 430, pi. xi. ; id. P. Z. S.

1884, p. 409.

Adult male. Easily distinguished from T. hunasia by having no
white tips to the feathers on the sides of the neck, and in fact no trace
of the incipient ruffle : the scapulars and wing-coverts also devoid of
any white markings ; the chin white ; throat black, each feather tipped
with dark red and not circumscribed by any while band ; fore part
of neck and chest a mixture of rufous and black, barred and tipped
with grey ; rest of the underparts grey with indistinct bars of black,
becoming very faint on the thighs ; and the black band across the
outer tail-feathers not nearly so well defined and more or less
mottled with butf. Total length 14 inches, wing 6*5, tail 4-7,
tarsus l-;5.

Adidt feniaJc. Differs from the male in having the feathers of tho
throat black, widely tipped with butf; those of the chest black,
barred or marked with rufous and tipped with sandy grey ; and the
rufous feathers of the sides and flanks with wide irregular black bars.

Hab. Eastern llussia ; Government of Perm.

3. Tetrastes severtzovi.

Tetrastes sewertzowi, Prjcv. Monf/oUa, ii. p. 130, pi. xviii. (1876)
id. in Rou-l. Orn. Misc. ii. p. 430, pi. 52 (1877) ; Uedit. J. f. O.
1880, pp. 538, 540 [IloaugLo &. Koko-uor].

Adidt male. Differs chiefly from T. bona.iia in having not only
the mantle, but the whole of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts eijually distinctly barred with black; on each side of the
neck a more marked line of elong;ite, black, white-tij)ped feathers,
indicating the incipient ruffle ; the whole of the underparts black,
barred and tipped with -nliite, the sides, as usual, being mixed
with rufous ; all the outer tail-feathers black, with narrow wide-set
white bars and tips. Total length 13-.3 inches, wing Iv", tail o*3,
tarsus 1-.3.

Adult female. Differs chiefly from the female oiT. honasia in the
same resyiects as the male, from which latter she is distinguished by
having the chin and throat buff tipped with black, as well as by her
somewhat smaller size.

Hub. Xansu, Koko nor, and the Hoangho River.

a,b. c? ? ad. sk. Kansu, Oct. Ikn-ezowsky Coll.

94 PnASIANID.5E.

Family II. PHASIANID.^.

Nostrils never hidden by feathers.

Tarsi partially or entirely naked, and often armed with spurs ;
toes naked, and never pectinate along the sides.

Key to the Genera*.

I. The cutting-edge of the lower mandible not

serrated.

a. First primary longer than or equal to the

tenth primary t ; tail shorter, usually mucli

shorter, than the wing ; sides of the head

feathered, with or without a naked space

surrounding the eye. (Perdicince.)

a'. Upper half of tarsi covered with feathers

(first primary equal to the third ; tail of

14 feathers) 1. Lkrwa, p. 100.

b'. Feathers on the tarsi scarcely extending
below the joint.

a". Tail with 20 to 22 feathers 3. Tetraogallus,

b". Tail with 16 to 18 feathers. [p. 103.

a'". Tail | the length of the wing ; tarsi
of male armed with stout blunt

spurs 2. Tetraophasis,

b"'. Tail i the length of the wing ; tarsi [p. 102.

of male without spurs 9. Perdix, p. 185.

e". Tail with 14 feathers.

c'". Tail half or more than half the

length of the wing.

«*. Throat covered with feathers.

a'\ First primary is equal to tlie

sixth ; sides and flanks strongly

barred, in marked contrast to

the rest of the plumage 4. Caccabis, p. 110.

i\ First primary varies in length
between the seventh and the
tenth ; sides and flanks not
barred, or if barred do not
contrast with the rest of the

underparts 6. Francolinus,

b*. Throat naked (first primary is [p. 127.

equal to or rather longer than

the tenth) 7. Pternistes,

d'". Tail less than half the length of the [p. 173.

wing.
c*. Hind toe with a well-developed

claw ; tarsi in male without [p. 205.

spm's 13. Arboricola,

* N.B. — The generic characters are founded on the males, and are thus not
always applicable to tlie females.

t "if slightly shorter, as in FraiKolinus squamahis and F. schuetfi, the shortness
of the tail at once distinguishes them as I'enUchitp.

riiAsiANii).?;. 95

d'. Hind toe witli a rudimentary
claw; tarsi in male armed with

one or more pairs of spurs 15. Caloperdix,

d". Tail with 10 to 12 feathers. [p. 222.
e'". First primary falls between the
sixth and tenth.
e*. First primary is equal to the tenth.
c'. Hind toe with a rudimentaiy
claw.
«'. Head crested ; bill mode-
rately stout 16. RoLLULus, p. 225.

b^. Head with no crest ; bill very

stout 17. Melanoperdix,

d'\ Hind toe with a well-developed [p. 227.

claw.
6*. Wing 6 inches : short crest of
the head and under tail-
coverts crimson ; tarsi with-
out spurs (but only female

known) 14. IL?:matort\-x,

<?. Wing more than 7 inches: [p. 221.

no crest ; tarsi in male armed
with a pair of sharp spurs . . 8. Rhizothera,
e^. Wing less than 4 inches ; no [p. 183.

crest ; tarsi in the male
anned with blunt tubercles. . 12. Microperdix,
y. First primary varies in length be- [p. 202.

tween the sixth and eiirhth.
e'. Wing less than 4 inches ; tarsi
in male armed with a blunt

tubercle 11. Perdicula,

f'\ Wing more than 4 inches. [p. 197.

/*. Bill yellowish ; general colour

of plumage isabelline 5. Ammopehdix,

y". Bill black ; plumage varied [p. 123.

with bright colours 10. Margaropehdix,

/'". First primary falls between the [p. 195.

second and fourth.
(7*. Axillaries long and pure white . . 18. Coturnix, p. 229.

/('. Axillaries short and grey 19. Syncecus, p. 24G.

e". Tail with 8 feathers '. 20. Exoalkactoria,

[p. 249.
l>. First primary considerably shorter than the
tenth primary * (or if longer, as in Pha-
sirniu", the tail is always longer than the
wing) ; the tail is shorter, or much longer,
than tlie wing ; sides of the head feathered
or entirely naked. {P/iasinni»<s.)
c'. Featliers of the upper parts not squarely
truncate.
/". If the head and neck are mostly naked,
the tail is always longer than the
■wing.

* In PAanianiig tlie first primary is about equal to ihe ciglitliand considerably
longer than the tenth ; but the length of the tail is always greater than that of
the wing.

90 PHASIANID.T..

g'". Upper tail-coverts do not exceed the
tail in length,
i*. If the head and neck are mostly
naked, the former is ornamented
with wattles.
(j^. Tail considerably shorter than
winp:.
¥. Tail with 10 feathers ; wing

less than 4 inches 24. Ophrysia, p. 265.

i^. Tail with 14 feathers ; wing
more than 5 inches.
ci' . Plumages of sexes similar;
spurs, if present in male,
usually absent in female.
a^. A large naked space be-
hind the eye ; tarsi not

armed with spurs 21. rxiLOPACHYS,

h^. No marked naked space [p. 255.

behind the eye, ; tarsi
in male, and sometimes
in female, armed with

spurs 22. Bawbusicola,

b'. Plumages of sexes different ; [p. 257.

females, as well as males,

nearly always armed with

one or more pairs of spurs.

c". Sides of the face naked

round the eye.

«^ Bill rather slender and

elongate ; crest short ;

(under tail - coverts

never crimson) 2o. Galloperdix,

L^. Bill stout, short, and [p. 2G0.

wide ; crest well deve-
loped ; (under tail-
coverts in the male

crimson) 25. Ithagexes,

(F. Sides of head entirely [p. 207.

naked 28. Acomus, p. 28o.

A:". Tail with 18 feathers.

c". Bill rather feeble ; upper
tail-coverts extend uuich
more than half svay up the
tail ; a large inflatable
wattle beneath the throat

of the male 26. Tragopan,

d/. Bill long and very strong; [p. 271.

upper tail-coverts extend
half or less than halfway
up the tail ; no wattle
beneath the throat of the

male 27. Lophophorus,

Iv'. Tail about as long, longer, or [p. 277.

very much longer than the
wing.
/". No elevated comb on the tup
of the head.

PHASIANIDiE, 97

e'. Tail with 32 feathers (28 in

female) 30. Lobiophasis,

/". Tail wilh 20-24 feathers. [p. 291.

r'. An elongate -white ear-
tuft on each side of the
head; tail-feathers never

ocellated 31. Crossoptii.on,

/*. No elongate ear-tuft on [p. 293.

each side of the head ;
tail-feathers ornamented
with round metallic

ocelli 38. POIA'PLECTRON,

!/''. Tail with 16-18 feathers. [p. 353.

(/^. Occipital crest absent or
very short,
c*. Outer tail-feathers me-
tallic purplish gi'een ;
tail with 16 feathers. . 39. ChalCURUS,
d^. Outer tail - feathers [p. 3G1.

not metallic purplish
green; tail with 16

or 18 feathers 35. Phasianus,

h^. A well - developed occi- [p. 318.

pital crest.
<^. Sides of the head
naked, or a large
naked space suiTOunds
the ej'e.
a'". Crest more or less
erect, composed of
tufted feathers with
shafts naked at the

base 29. Lophura, p. 286.

6'°. Crest recumbent,
composed of long
soft hair-like fea-
thers,
rt". No erectile cape-
like feathers
covering the back
of the neck ;
upper tail-coverts
not very long.
a^'. Middle tail-fea-
thers curved
outwardsatthe
extremity, and
subequal or not
much longer
than the second

pair 32. Genn\«us, p. 296.

A''. Tail like that
of I'/iasia/iiis ;
middle tail fea-
thers straight,
and consider-
ably Unig'er

9S

PHASIANIDJ5.

than the se-
cond pair 34. Catreus, p. 310.

b^K An erectile cape
of feathers cover-
ing the back of
the neck; upper
tail-coverts very

long 36. Chrysolophus,

/9. Sides of the head fea- [p- 3;59.

thered ; no marked
naked space round the
eye ; upper tail-co-
verts more than half
the length of the
tail, which is never
much longer than the
wing; plumage never

very brilliant 33. Pucrasia, p. 310.

7n^. An elevated comb on the top
of the head ; sides of the head
and throat mostly naked, or
ornamented with one median
or a pair of lateral wattles . . 37. Gallus, p. 34;i.
k^. Head and neck mostly naked,
never ornamented with wattles ;
crown feathered; middle tail-
feathers enormously developed.
»■'. Secondaries enormously deve-
loped, much longer than the

primaries 40. Argusiands,

k\ Secondaries about as long as the [p- 362.

primaries _• 41. Rheinardtius,

h'". Upper tail-coverts far exceed the tail [p- 366.

in length 42. Pavo, p. 368.

ff'. Head and neck mostly naked, some-
times crested, sometimes with a bony
helmet ; tail never longer than the wing.
i'". Middle tail-feathers are not elongate
and tapered, and not much longer
than the outer pair; feathers of
mantle and chest short and rounded.
/■". General colour of plumage black ;
tarsi armed with spurs ; a line of
short feathers down the middle

of the crown 43. Phasidus, p. 373.

wji. General colour of plumage black,
finely vermiculated with grey ;
tarsi" armed with spurs ; chest
and mantle white; top of the

head naked 44. Agelaster,

n*. General colour of plumage black, [p- 3/4.

finely spotted with white or pale
blue.
l\ Top of the head naked, with a
bony helmet ; outer webs of
outer secondaries are not pure
white ; plumage spotted with
■white 45. Xumida, p. 374.

PHAsiAxiiu:. 99

?«'. Top of the liead with a full
feathered crest ; outer webs of
outer secondaries pure white ;

plumage spotted with pale blue. 46. Guttera, p. 380.
k'" . Middle tail-feathers elongate and
pointed, about twice as long as the
outer pair; feathers of mantle and [p. 385.

chest very long and pointed 47. Acryllium,

d'. Feathers of upper parts squarely truncate 48. Mkleagris,

[p. 386.

II. The cutting-edge of the lower mandible is

serrated. ( OdontophorirKe. )

c. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw.

e'. Tail more than half tlie length of the wing.

/)". Tail as long as or nearly as long as the

wing. Size largo : wing more than

^••") inches (1st primaiy much shorter

than the 10th) 49. Dendrortyx,

i". Tail about f of tiie length of the wing [p. 392.
or less ; wing less than o'o inches.
/'". Crest well or fairly well developed.
0*. Tail with 14 feathers (sexes simi-
lar ; crest rather short ; 1st pri-
mary equal to the 8th; 50. Callipepla,

pK Tail with 12 feathers. [p. 394.

«\ Sexes similar.

h". Crest composed of two very
long black feathers ; 1st pri-
mary falls between the 7tli
and 8th ; .sides uniform grey ;
Hanks chestnut, irregularly

barred with white 51. Oreortyx, p.397.

o*. Crest of several pairs of fea-
thers, and not unusually
elongate; 1st primary falls
between the 9th and 10th ;
sides and Hanks barred with

black and white 53. Phii.ortyx,

o*. Sexes dififerent (feathers of crest rp_ ^q^^

long or fairly long ; 1st primaiy
falls between the 8th and 9th').
;A Tail f of the length of the

wing, or more 52. Lophohtyx,

5*. Tail rather more than ^ the [p. 399.

length of the wing 54. Eupsychortyx,

hi'". No distinct crest (sexes different ; [p. 407.

1st primary falls between the 7th

and 8th) ." 55. Ortvx, p. 414.

f. Tail not more than half the length of tiie

^ wing.

k". 1st primary falls between the 7th and

8th (sexes different ; claws very long).

n"'. Sides of head and neck with black

and white pattern ; sides of chest

and breast beautifully ocellated with

white or buff 56. Cyetosyx, p.425.

o'". Sides of head and neck with no

distinct pattern ; sides of chest and Tn. 409.

breast with white shaft-stripes .... 57. Dactylortyx,

H 2

100 PHASIANID^.

/". 1st primary shorter than the 10th
(sexes similar, or different ; claws

moderate) 58. Odontophohus,

d. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw [p. 430.

(1st primary falls between the 8th and

9th ; tail of 10 feathers) 59. Rhynchoetyx,

[p. 443.

1. LERWA.

Type.
Lerwa, Hoclgs. Madr. J. v. p. 300 (1837) ; id. J. As. Soc.

Beng. xxiv. p. 580 (1855) L. lerwa.

Tetraoperdix, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ;

id. J. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 580 (1855) L. lerwa.

Tetraonoperdix, Agass. Index Univers. p. 3G6 (1846) . . L. lerwa.

Lerva, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 248 (1849) L. lerwa.

Sexes similar.

Tail with 14 feathers, about ^ of the length of the wing, rounded,
the outer pair | of an inch shorter than the middle pair : all similarly
coloured.

The 1st primary equal to the 3rd, and only slightly shorter than
the 2nd and longest.

Tarsus feathered for half its length, rather shorter than the middle
toe and claw, armed in the male with a stout blunt spur.

Range. Himalayas to Western China.

1. Lerwa lerwa.

Perdix lerwa, Hod(is. P. Z. S. 1833, p. 107 [Nepal]; Grng, III. Ind.

Zool. ii. pi. 44. fig. 1 (1834).
Lerwa nivicola, Hodqs. Madr. J. 1837, p. 301 ; Gray, Gen. B. p. 61

(1840) ; id. Li.'^i of B. pt. ii. Gall. p. 36 (1844) ; id. Vat. Hodqs.

ed. i. p. 127 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 508 (1846) ; Gould, B. Asia,

Ti. pi. 75 (1855) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 555 (1863) ; Gray, List Gal-

linm Brit. Mus. p. 83 (1867) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 382 ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 274 (1870) ; Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 400 [Moupin] ;

Hume, Nests ^ Eqgs Ind. B. p. 536 (1873) ; David ^ Oustalet, Ois.

Chine, p. 392 (187*7) ; Hume S^- Marsh. Game B. Ind. ii. p. 1, pi.

(1879) ; Marshall, litis, 1SS4, p. 42:5 [Ohamba] ; Gates, ed. Hume's

Nests ^ J^ggs Ind. B. iii. p. 42s (1890) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1891, p. 380

lW. Sze-chuen].
Tetraoperdix (Lerwa) nivicola, Hodgs. in Gi-ay's Zool. Misc. p. 85

(1844)5 Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. nos. 108, 109.
Lerva nivicola, ^c^ams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 501, 1859, p. 186 [High

ranges of Cashmere and LadakJ ; David, N. Arch. Mus. Bull. vii.

p. 11, no. 360 (1871).
Lerwa lerwa, Ilartert, Kat. 3Ius. Senckenb. p. 195 (1891).

Adult male and female. Head, neck, and the whole of the upper
parts black, with narrow cross bars of white, except on the upper
back and wing-coverts, where they are buff or rufous. The outer
secondaries, scapulars, and some of the outer secondary coverts are
dark rufous towards the extremity, mixed here and there with bufP
and barred and mottled with black. Primaries, primary-coverts,
and bastard wing dark brown ; the inner primaries narrowly
tipped and often dotted on the margin of the outer web with

1. LERWA.

101

white. Inner secondaries black, irregularly barred, mottled, and
widely tipped with white. Chest and upper breast rich chestnut,
eacli feather with the basal lialt' margined with white and widely
barred with black ; but these marks are hidden, except when the
feathers are lifted up. The lower breast, belly, sides, and flanks are
the same ; but the white margins of the feathers extend nearly to
the extremity, giving these parts a streaked appearance. The
middle of the belly and thighs are barred with black and whitish
buff or rufous. The under tail-coverts are chestnut tipped with
white. Tail-feathers black, barred and mottled with white. Iris
brown, sometimes reddish. Bill and legs bright coral-red. Total
length 1-i inches, wing 7'5, tail 4'5, tarsus 1'7.

In youmjer birds the barrings on the head and upper parts are
wider and all butf; on the underparts of the neck they are less
clearly defined than in the adult and gradually merge into the
chest, all the feathers of which, like those of the breast, are mottled
and barred with black nearly to the extremity.

The chick has the upper parts black, mottled and barred with
rufous buff; the top of tlie head is covered with blackish down, the
sides are white, witli a black stripe on either side passing below the
eye ; the underparts are black, with irregular shaft-stripes and bars
of buff: all the primaries are mottled on the margin of the outer
web with whitisli, and the terminal parts of the secondaries are
black mottled witli buff. Bill black ; feet flesh-colour.

Ifcib. The higher ranges of the Himalayas, and extending north-
wards to Moupin and W. Sze-chuen, China.

a. c? ad. sk.
b-i. d 2 ad. at

imm. sk.
k-r. cJ $ ad. et

imm. sk.
s-u. J 2 ad. sk.
V, tv. 2 imm. sk.

x-z. (J 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
a'. 2 i'uui- sk.
b', c'. 2 ad. et

pull. sk.
d'-ff'. S $ ad. et

imm. sk.

h'~l'. 2 ad. et

imm sk.
m'. 2 imiu. sk.

n'-i/'. cT 2 ad. et
imiu. sk.

='._ c? ad. sk.
a". 2 iiiHii. sk.
A". liupi'rtVct
skeleton.

N.W. Himalayas.

JulUirce Joul, close to the

Snowy Piange, Jan., Feb.
Koteghur, Due.

Nunda, Kooloo, Feb.
Hills beyoud Simla, Sept.

{It C'. Bearan).
Bhagarati \'alley.

Kumaon {Cajjt. Strachetj).
Kumaon.

Nepal.

Sikhini, Jan. (Z. Mamlelli).

Native Sikhim, April (Z.

Mayiilclli).
Native Sikhim, Feb., Mav,

July, Aug., Oct., Dec. (*Z.

Mimdellt).
Darjet'ling.

Hills N.W. of Darjeeliug.
Nepal.

Capt. S. Pinwill [P.].
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU,

Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.]. (Types of

the species.)
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
B. 11. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].

102 PHASIANID^.

2. TETRAOPHASIS.

Tetraophasis, Elliot, Mo7iog. Plias. i. pi. xxi. (1871). . T. obscuru.s.

Sexes similar.

Tail with 18 feathers, wedge-shaped, rather long, about | of the
length of the wing.

1st primary falls between the 8th and 9th ; 4th slightly longest.

Tarsus in male with a stout s]>ur.

A large grey patch of downy feathers beneath each wing.

Axillaries very long, dark grey, tipped with chestnut.

Range. Mountains of Central and Eastern Thibet, north to
Kansu and south to the Mekong Eiver, Western Chiua.

Key to the Species.

a. Chin, throat, and fore part of neck dark chestnut . obscurus, p. 10:2.

b. Chin, throat, and fore part of neck pale fawn-

colour szechenyii, p. 103.

1. Tetraophasis obscurus.

Lophophorus obscurus, Verr. N. Arch. Mas. Bull. v. p. 33, pi. vi.
(186y) I Moupin].

Tetra "igallus (Tetraophasis) obscurus, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 275
(1870).

Tetraophasis obscurus, Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 399 ; Elliot, Mon.
Fhas. pi. xxi. [text] (1872) ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. [text] pi. 44
(1874); Sclut. Ibis, 1874, p. 169; Prjev. Mongolia, ii. p. 129
(1876); id. in Powleys Orn. Misc. ii. \>. 429 (1877) [Kansu];
Dedit. J.f. O. 1886, pp. 538, 540 [Koko-nor and Hoangho R.].

Adult male. Top and sides of the head dark grey, each feather
with a narrow darker shalt-stripe ; nape, sides of the neck, and
mantle dull olive-brown, some of the feathers, especially on the
lower parts of the mantle, with a blackish spot at the end of
the shaft ; rest of the back and rump brownish grey. Outer
secondaries, scapulars, and wing-coverts olive-brown, each with a
light terminal band shading into buff on the outer feathers. Pri-
maries and rest of secondaries daik brown, the latter tipped and
slightly margined on the outer web with buff. Chin, throat, and
fore part of neck daik chestnut, indistiuctly margined all round with
buff. Chest and upper part of breast grey, each feather with a
black shaft terminating in a black spot ; rest of breast and belly
grey mixed with buff; sides and flanks brown tipped with buff, some
of the feathers with ciiestnut blotches on the outer web ; under tail-
coverts chestnut, widely tipped with white. Upper tail-coverts and
centre pair of tail-feathers pale greyish brown, vermiculated with
black and slightly tipped with white ; second and third pairs more
widely tipped with white and mixed with black ; remaining pairs
black, with the last fifth white and the basal part slightly mottled

3. TETEAOGALLUS. 103

with irroy. Tarsi armerl with a pair of spurs. Total length
18-G iiiclies, wing 8"3, tail (r<i, tarsus 2-'2.

Adult female. Differs from the male only in having the outer webs
of the seeondaries and secondary coverts more or less mottled with
butt' towards the margin, and in lacking the spurs on the tarsi.
Total length IS inches, wing 8, tail G, tarsus 2-1.

Hdlj. Eastern Thibet : ranging from iloupin to Koko-nor and the
mountains of Kansu.

a, 6. cJ $ ad. sk. Kansu, Jan. Berezowsky Coll.

2. Tetraophasis szechenyii.

Tetraophasis sz(5chenyii, Madard^z, Zeit. yes. Orn. ii. p. 50, pi. ii.

(188.5) ; id. Ibis, 1880. p. 145 [Central Thibet] ; Oustal. Ann. Hci.

Nat. (7) xii. p. 314 (1892) [Thibet and Ta-tsieSn-lou].
Tetraophasis desgodinsi, Oustalef, Le Nat. 1881), p. 276 [Yer-ka-lo,

Mekong H.] ; Sclut. ^- Saimd. Ibis, 1887, p. 112.

Adult male. Differs from the male of T. ohsciirus in having the
lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, aud middle tail-feathers grey
instead of pale olive- grey ; the chin, thi'oat, and fore part of neck
pale fawn-colour ; and the middle of the breast and belly mixed
with rufous buff and bloteiied with chestnut, like the sides and
thinks. Total length IT'O inches, wing 8-9, tail 6-1, tarsus 2-2.

Adult female, llcsembles the male, but has no spurs aud is
slightly smaller.

Hah. Mountains of Central Thibet, ranging north to the Sok
Pass, east to Ta-tsien-lou, and south to Yer-ka-lo, Mekong River.

a. (S ad. sk. Between Chiamdo and the Sok Ilenrv Seebohm, Esq.
Pass, Thibet {Thuruld). [P.J.

3. TETRAOGALLUS.

lype.

Tetraogallus, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 4r> (^1833) ;

id. List Gen. B. p. 62 (1840) T. bimalayensis.

Chourtka, Mofsckoulski, Hull. Sue. Musc. i. p. 04,

pis. viii. .V: xi. (1839) T. caucasicus.

Megaloperdix, Brandt, Bud. Ac. St. Petersb. viii.

p. 19J (1841), i. p. 281 (1843) T. cauciisicus.

Oreotetrax, Cab. in Ersch u. Grub. Encijcl. sect. .'5,

xxii. p. 144 (1846) " T. caucasicus.

Sexes similar or slightly diflerent.

Tail about g of the length of the wing, rounded, the outer pair of
feathers about 2 inches shorter than the middle pair.

1st primary equal to the (ith ; 2nd to the 4th subecjual.

Tarsus equal to, or slightly longer than, the middle toe aud claw.

A naked elongate patch behind the eye.

Banije. Mountains of Asia, extending west to Asia Minor and tho
Caucasus, east to Western Cliina, north to the Altai mountains, and
south to the mountains near Shiraz aud the Himalay;is.

104

PHASIANID^.

Key to the Species.

I. No white on the basal half of the primary

quills.

A. Chest white, divided from the breast by

a grey band tibetanus c? & 5 > P- 10-1.

B. Chest o-rey henrici (^ Si. $ , p. 106.

II. Basal half of the primary quills more or

less white.

C. Feathers of the sides and flanks edged

with buff, rufous, and black.
a. Secondaries with only traces of white
near the base of the shaft. (Chest-
feathers white, with wide subter- [p. 106.

minal black bars.) himalayensis c5' & $ ,

h. Secondaries with the basil half more
or less white.
a'. Chest-feathers grey, with a black

spot on the margin of both webs . caspius c? , p. 108.
b' . Chest-feathers grey, vermiculated
with buff, and here and there a

black spot caspius ^ , p. 108.

c'. Chest - feathers black, margined,
barred, and vermiculated with
buff caitcasicus cJ & $ , p. 100.

D. Feathers of the sides and flanks uniform

white altaicus cJ & $' , p. 110.

1. Tetraogallus tibetanus.

Tetraogallus tibetanus, Gould, P. Z. S. 185.3, p. 47 [Thibet] ; id. B.
Asia, yii. pi. 2,2 [text] (18-">3) ; Jerd. B. hid. iii. p. 5.54''(lb63) ;
Gray, List GallincB Brit. Mus. p. 83 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 275
(1870) ; Hend. ^- Hume, Lahore to Yark. p. 281 (1873) ; Hcidly,
Sir. F.'w. -p. IS2 (187G) [Sanju Pass, E. Turkestan]; David ^
Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 391 (1877) [JMoupin] ; Prjev. Mongolia,
ii. p. 127 (1876); id. in Boivlet/s Orn. Misc. ii. p. 427 (1877)
[Kansu, S. Koko-nor and N. Tibet] ; Hume ^- Maish. Game B.
Lnd. 1. p. 275, pi. (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 430 (1878) ; iiharjye,
Second Yark. Miss.,Aves, p. 123 (1891).

Oreotetrax tibetana, Radde, J.f. O. 1876, p. 218.

Adult male mid female. Top of the head, nape, and upper part of
the mantle dark grey, shading into buft' and greyish buff' on the lower
parts, and closely vermiculated with fine blackish lines. Feathers
of the lower back the same, onl}- margined on the sides with
buff; rump and upper tail-coverts pale rufous, with the black
vermiculations much farther apart. Lesser, median, and secondary
coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries blackish grey, finely ver-
miculated with buff, and widely margined with creamy white, the
former only on the sides, the latter all round their margins. Pri-
maries and primary-coverts dull greyish brown, the former tipped
with creamy white, most strongly marked on the innermost feathers.
Rest of the secondaries like the primaries, but with the last part of
the outer web white. Lores and ear-coverts white. Sides of the

3. TETRAOGALLrS.

105

head, throat, and neck very dark grey ; chin, middle of throat and
neck and chest pure white, the latter divided from the rest of the
underparts by a band of dark grey. The breast, belly, sides, flanks,
and under tail-coverts white, margined with black on the sides,
except some of the lower flank-feathers, which have only one black
striiie down the middle. Thighs a mixture of grey and buff. Tail
blackish, slightly tipped -with rufous, the centre pair of feathers
somewhat vermiculated with rufous. Iris brown or reddish brown.
Bill orange-red. I^egs and feet coral-red. Tarsus provided with a
strong blunt spur in the male *. Total length 20 inches, wing 10*8,
tail 6"2, tarsus 2"5.

Younfjer specimens differ from the adults in having the sides of
the throat and neck black vermiculated with buff, and the whole
of the chest buff vermiculated with black, and with usually a few
white feathers of the adult plumage intermixed.

In quite i/oituff specimens there is a white superciliary streak
edged above and below with black ; the wing-coverts and scapulars
are much more coarsely marked with buff on a black ground than
in the adult, and each feather, together with those of the upper and
lower back, has a buff spot at its extremit)' : the breast and rest of
the underparts arc whitish buff', without any black streaks ; the
primaries are mottled with buff' at the tip, and the terminal part of
the outer web of the secondaries is margined and mottled with
white.

Ilah. Thibet, ranging east to the Sanju Pass, E. Turkestan,
west to Moupiu, north to Kansu and Koko-nor, and south to the
Himalayas.

a. 2 ad. sk.

b. 2 imm. sk.

c. d. 2 iiom. et
juv. sk.

e. 9 imiu. sk.

f. 5 imm. sk.
g-k. J ad. et

imm. sk.
Ir. S 2 aJ- et

imm. sk.
s. 2 imm. sk.
t-v. d 2 nd. et

imm. sk.
?<"-«'. cJ ad., imm.

et juv. ak.

l^addk (Capt. Strac/tey). India Museum

[P.].

Sahti Pass, Sept., 17,500 ft. (J. Bid- Ilimie Coll.

du/ph).

Sanju Pass, Kuen Lun Mts., Aug., Hume Coll.

Sept. {G. Henderson).

Yarkaiid, Oct. (G. Henderson). Hume Coll.

Sikliim. Hume Coll.

Interior of Sikhim, Aug., Oct. (L. Hume Coll.

MandeUi).

Native Sikhim, July, Dec. Hume Coll.

Darjeeling. Hume Coll.

Thibet. Hodgson Cull

(Types of the species.)

Thibet, Sept., Nov. {L. Mandelli). ' Hume Coll.

* There is no doubt tli.it Gould was right, and that the adult male and
female axv perfectly similar in phmiage. I have examined three specimens
obtained bv Prje\alsky in !X. Thibet and Kansu. and described by him as adult
fen-.ales, and find I hey are all immature birds, and one oC them is no doubt
the identical specimen described from Kansu in Kowlev's Orn. Misc. ii.
p. 427.

106

PHASIANIDiE.

2. Tetraogallus henrici.

Tetraogallus henrici, Ousted. Ann. Set. Nat. (7) xii. pp. 295, 313
(1801) [Ta-tsieu-loul.

Adult male. Differs from the male of T. iibetanus in having the
colour of the throat and chest grey, with only a narrow white
band down the middle of the chin and upper half of the throat,
and the upper tail-coverts yellowish grey, not rufous. Total length
ca. 26-4 inches, wing 11, tail 7'2, tarsus 2-2.

Adult female. Similar to the male.

Hab. Ta-tsien-lou, W. Sze-chuen, China.

3. Tetraogallus himalayensis.

Lophophorus nigellii, Jard. ^- 8elb. III. Om. pi. 141 (nee iid. op. cit.
pi. 70j.

Tetraogallus nigellii, Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 46 (1834) ; Viffne,
P. Z. S. 1841, p. 6 [Cashmere and Little Thibet] ; Hodys. in
Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844); Icon, iiied. in Brit. Mas. no. 781.

Tetraogallus himalayaniis. Gray, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 105 [Himalayas];
w7. List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 30 (1844) ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 30
[te.\t] (18o3j ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 501, 1859, p. 186 [Cash-
mere and Ladak] ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 549 (1863) ; Gray, List
GaUinm Brit. Mus. p. 83 (1867) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 382; Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 275 (1870); Ilend. ^- Hume, Lahore to Yark.
p. 280 (1873) [Sanju Pass]; Hume, Nests i^ B. Ind. B. p. 535
(1873); Scully, Sfr. F. iv. p. 181 (1876) [Hills of Yarkand] ;
Hume ^ Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 267, pi. (1878) ; Finsch, Verh.
Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 237 (1880) [Saisan] ; Biddulph, Str. F. ix.
p. 358 (1880) [Gilgit]; Sculli/, Str. F. x. p. 138 (1881) [E. Tur-
kestan]; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 93 ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 586
[GilgitJ ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 425 [Samarkand] ; Severtz. Ibis,

1883, p. 72 [Pamir, Alai, and Tian-shan Mts.] : Marshall, Ibis,

1884, p. 423 [Chamba] ; Scully, M. S^ B. N. Afyhan. p. 86 (1887)
[Hindu Kush] ; Gates, ed. Hume's Nests i^ E. Ind. B. iii. p. 46
(1890) ; Sharpe, Second Yark. Miss. p. 123, pi. xv. (1891).

Tetraogallus caucasicus. Gray (nee Pall.), Cat. Hodgs. ed. 1, p. 126

(1846); Bree, B. Eur. iii. p. 232, pi. (1867); Fritsch, Nat. Vog.

Europa, p. 282 (1870), pi. 31. fig. 7 (1871).
Megaloperdix nigellii, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 68 (1873) ; id.

J.f O. 1875, p. 181.
Megaloperdix nigellii, ^ minor, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 68

(1873) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 323.
Oreotetrax himalayensis, Radde, J. f. O. 1876, p. 217.
Tetraogallus caspius, Dresser [nee Gmel.), Ibis, 1876, p. 322.
Megaloperdix himalayensis, Boyd. Consp. A v. Imp. Boss. fasc. i. p. 39

(1881); Pleske, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47

(1888) [Kuli Kalau, Turkestan].

Adult male. Top of the head and upper part of the mantle pale
grey tinged with buff ; a large chestnut patch on either side of the
nape, produced along the sides of the head as far as the eye ; rest of
the upper parts blackish grey, finely vcrmiculated with buff, the
feathers of the lower back, rump, lesser, median, and secondary
coverts and the scapulars edged on either side with jjuff, washed

3. TETRAOGALLUS. 107

witli chestnut on the median and secondary coverts. Primaries
with the basal two-thirds white and the rest blackish grey, finely
mottled with rufous buft' at the tips of the inner quills; primary-
coverts blackish grey ; secondaries dark grey, with the outer web
vermiculated witli buff, and a small white patch at the base next the
sliaft. Lores, superciliary stripes, sides of the head and neck, chin,
throat, and fore part of the neck white, the latter terminated by a
dark cliestnut band, which also margins it laterally. Chest and
upper breast white, with wide black transverse bars, less marked or
absent on the latter *. Rest of the underparts blackish grey, finely
verniiculaled with buff; feathers of the sides and tianks purer grey,
margined with chestnut and buff, often fringed externally with black.
Under tail-coverts white. Centre pairs of tail-feathers rufous,
thickly mottled with black, outer pairs with chestnut ends and
the rest of the inner web and subterminal portion of the outer
blackish t. Iris dark brown. Bill i)ale horny or slaty, dark at the
l)i)int ; cere and scale over nostril orange ; naked patch behind the
eye yellow. Legs and feet yellowish red or orange. Tarsi provided
with a pair of stout blunt spurs. Total length 25-5 inches, wing
12-G, tail 7-8, tarsus 2-8.

Adult female. Scarcely differs in plumage from the male, but the
spurs are absent, and generally the feathers on the front part of the
forehead and above the eye are Iniff barred with grey. Total length
22o inches, wing 1U"S, tail (;'8, tarsus 2'5.

In >/OH»r/er e,f(i)iij)J s the chestnut patches on either side of the
na])e are more or less united, the upper part of the mantle is usually
buff, and the outer primaries are pointed and mottled with rufous
buff at the extremities.

In a cfiick the whole of the upper parts are buff, mottled and
blotclied with black ; all the feathers of the mantle, wing-coverts,
and scajjulars have a jiale stripe down the terminal part of the
shaft, dilated into a triangular white spot at the extremity. Chest
and breast rusty, widely tijjped with white, edged internally with
black ; breast similar, but less rusty ; tail rufous buff, barred and
mottled with black.

Jiah. Himalayas, ranging west to the Hindu Kush, and north-
wards through tlie Altai ranges.

a. $ nd. sk. Himalayas. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

/>. .luv.sk. Kmuium( Cajit. atracJie;/). Inilia Museum [_P.].

c. 5 nd.sk. Kumaon. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(l-l. (J 2 nd. sk. Bhngarati Valley. Hume Coll.

til. 2 ad. sk. Simla. ' Ca])t. Stackbouse Piuwill

[P.l.

It. 2 imm. sk. N.W. Himalayas {S. Tweeddale Coll.

Pimcill).

* In some specimens even the bars on the chest are nearly obsolete ; this has
apparently notliing to do with ape or sex.

t In some the outer tail-featliers are chestnut, more or less mottled with
black, except tlie inner and basal part of the inner webs, which are blackish

108

PHASIANID^.

0, p. S imm., $

ad. sk.
?-«■ d ? ad. sk.
<. d ad. sk.
z<-w. J 2 ad. sk.
.r. 5 ad. sk.
y. $ ad. sk.

z-^'. d ad., imm.,

et juv. sk.
c'. c^ iiiiin. sk.

d', e'. c? 5imm.sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.

ff'. d imm. sk.

h', {'. c? ad. sk.

k', I'. Skeletons.

Kooloo, Feb., Oct.

Kotegliur, March.
Kotekhaie, Feb.
JuUureghoul, Jan., Feb.
Cashmere.

Affrhanistan ( TV. Grif-
fith).
Ladak {Capt. Sfracheij).

Sauju Pass, Kuen Lun
Mts. (Dr. Belleio).

Ferghana, March.

Saisan, May (Finsch ^
Brchm).

Saiar Mts., Altai, .Tau.

Tarbagatai, Saiar Mts.,
April, Nov.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum

P.].

India Museum [P.].

India Museum [P.].

Henry Seebohra, Esq.[P.].
Geographical Society of

Bremen.
Henry Seebohm, Esq. [P.],
St. Petersburg Museum

[E.].

4. Tetraogallus caspius.

Tetrao caspius, Gm. ReUe, iv. p. G7, pi. 10 (1784) ; id. S. N. i. pt. ii.

p. 762 (1788).
Perdix caspia. Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 65o (1790); Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. XXV. p. 228 (1817).
Caspian Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. Stippl. ii. p. 283 (1802) ; id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 290 (182.3).
Lophophorus nio-elii, Jard. Sc Se^j. 111. Orn. pi. 76 {nee iid. op. cit.

pi. 141) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 10.5.
Perdix (Megaloperdix) nigelli, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. iii.

p. 188 (1845).
Tetraogallus caspius, G<mld, B. Asia, vii. pi. 29 ("text part.] (1853) ;

Sclat. 4- Wolf, Zool. Sh-et. (1) pi. 40 (1861) ; Ay//, et Gerbe, Orn.

JEurop. ii. p. 55 (1867) ; Grai/, Lid Gallince Brit' Mm. p. 82 (1867)

[part.] ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p.' 275 (1870) ; Blanf. E. Pers.W. p. 275

(187G)[Elburz, Kurdistan, and higher ranges near Shiraz] •,Danford,

Ihis, 1877, p. 254, 1878, p. 29, 1880, p. 91 [Gok Mts., S.'Asia

Minor, Taurus, Ai'menia, Kurdistan]; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 27.
Tetraogallus caucasicus, De Filippi (nee Pall.), Viagg. Pers. i. p. 351

(1865).
Megaloperdix (Tetraogallus) caspia, Bolle c^- Brehm, J.f. O. 1873,

p. 1.
Megaloperdix raddei, Bolle S^- Brehm, J.f. O. 1873, p. 4.
Tetraogallus challayei, Oustal. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1875, p. 54 ; id.

Joiirn. de Vlnst. 1875, p. 353 [Erzeroom].
Oreotetrax caspia, Radde, J.f. O. 1876, p. 217.
Tetraogallus tauricus. Dresser, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 675.
Megaloperdix caspia, Bogd. B. Caucus, p. 142 (1879); id. Consp. Av.

Imp. Boss. fasc. i. p. 39 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Caucas. p. 343,

pi. xxii. ( 1884) [Caucasus] ; Zaroiidn. Bull. Mosc. (n. s.) iii. p. 110
(1890) [Transcaspia].
Megaloperdix sp., Radde Sj- Walt. Ornis, 1889, p. 85.

Adult male. Differs from T. himalaycnsis in its paler colour gene-
rally, the absence of chestnut on the nape and sides of the head, and
iu having the cheeks pale grey, shading into darker on the band
which margins the sides of the throat and fore part of the neck ; the

3. TETRAOGATXrS. 109

basal part of the secondaries white ; the chest and upper breast pale
g;rey, most of the feathers, except those in the centre, with a black
s])ot on either margin, and the outer tail-feathers black, slifrhtly
tipped with rufous, mottled with black. Total length 24 inches,
wing 11-."), tail T'o, tarsus 2-6.

Adult female . Differs from the male in having some of the grey
feathers on the sides of the throat and all the feathers of the chest
mottled with butf. Total length 23 inches, wing 11, tail G-9,
tarsus 2-3.

In a yoinujer specimen, with the outer primaries pointed, the
lower part of the chest differs from that of both the adult birds,
many of the feathers are white, and the rest are slightly mottled
with grey.

JIab. Mountains of Asia Minor, ranging west to the Gok Moun-
tains, east to Transcaspia, north to the Caucasus, and south to the
higher ranges near Shiraz, S. Persia.

(', h. ^ 2 "<i- *^- Taurus Mountains, April Tweeddale Coll.

( C. G. Banford).

c. Imm. sk. Kurdistan. Sir A. H. Layard [P."].

(/. J ad. skeleton. Taurus. C. G. Danford, Esq. [P.].

5. Tetraogallus caucasicus.

Tetrao caucasica, Fall. Zuoyr. lioss.-As. ii. pp. 7G, 87 (note), nl.

(1811).
Chourtka alpina, Moischoulski, Bull. Soc. Mosc. no. i. p. 95, pis. viii.,

viii. bis, & xi. (1839).
Perdix (Megaloperdix) caucasica, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. \iii.

p. 100 (1841), i. p. 281 (184.".), iii. p. 189 (1845\
Tetraogallus caspius, Gould, B. Asia. vii. part text to pi. 29 (18o3) ;

Gray, List GaUince Brit. Mu.s. p. 82 (I8ti7) [part.].
Oreotetrax caucasica, liadde, J.f. O. 1876, p. 21t').
Tetraogallus caucasicus, March. Bee. Zool. 1877, p. 354, pi. 133;

Secbuhjn, Idi.'>, 1883, p. 27.
Megaloperdix caucasica, Boyd. B. Cauca-'t. p. 140 (1879) ; id. Consp.

Av. Imp. Boss. fasc. i. p. 38 (1884) ; Baddc, Orn. Caucas. p. 335,

pi. xxi. ligs. 1 & 2 (1884) ; id. J.f. O. 1^8.5, p. 79.
Megalloperdix caucasica, Lorenz, Beitr. Orn. Xaukas. p. 55 (1887).

Adult male and female. Resembles T. caspius in general plumage,
but the back of the head and nape are rusty red. The whole mantle
is barred and vermiculatod with black and buff; the lower part of the
cheek and the band down the sides of the throat dull chocolate.
The feathers of the chest are blackish grey, margined all round and
vermiculated and irregularly barred with buff. Total length 21
inches, wing 10-f<, tail G•J^, tarsus 2'4.

In a iioumicr male the band down the sides of the throat is dark
grey ; and in a still younger example the feathers of these parts
are blackish, barred and edged with buff, like those of the chest.

llah. Caucasus Mountains.

a. (5 inim. sk. Tersclia-t*blast, N. Caucasus, Jan. Purchased.

{Lorenz).

110 PHASIAirrD.E.

6. Tetraogallus aitaicus.

Perdix aitaicus, Gehler, Bull. Sci. Acad. St. Petersh. i. p. 31 (1837),

iv. p. 30 (1840) [Altai"].
Perdix (Meo-aloperdix) altaica, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Fetersb. viii.

p. 190 (1840), i. p. 28:2 (1843), iii. p. 188 (1845).
Tetraoo-allus aitaicus, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 105; id. List of B.

pt. iii. Gall. p. 30 (1844) ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 31 [text] (1853) ;

Grail, List Gallina> Brit. Mus.^. 83 (1867); id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 275 (1870) ; Finsch, Verh. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 240 (1880).
Megalopei'dix altaica, Badde, Peis. Ogt-Sih. ii. p. 304 (1863) ; Tacz.

J. f. 0. 1873, p. 98; Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. fasc. i. p. 39

(1884).
Oreotetrax altaica, Badde, J.f. 0. 1876, p. 218.

Adult male and female. Differ from T. caspius in having the
sides of the neck and the mantle grey, lilve the top of the head, the
latter rather paler on the lower parts and separated from the rest
of the back by a blackish band ; the rest of the upper parts darker,
and the edges of the wing-coverts and feathers of the lower back
and rump margined with white, never chestnut ; no white on the
basal part of the secondaries ; the chin and middle of the throat
and neck white, the lateral feathers of the two latter with black
shafts and terminal black dots ; the feathers of the lower part of
the chest with a pair of white terminal spots, one on each side of
the shaft, and edged internally with black ; the breast and sides
white, the belly white mixed with blackish grej' ; the flanks and
thighs blackish, finely vermiculated here and there with buff. The
primaries with much less white on the basal parts, and the outer
tail-feathers grey, blackish towards the extremity, and shading into
whitish on the basal part of the inner webs. Bill blackish ; legs
and feet orange (in skin). Total length 23 inches, wing 10-9, tail
6-8, tarsus 2'4.

A younrjer male with the outer primaries pointed does not other-
wise differ in plumage from the adult.

Hah. Altai ranges.

a. S vix ad. sk. Altai Mountains, April. Mr. Brandt.

6. [ 5 ] ad. sk. Altai Mountains (Kibori). St. Petersburg Aluseura

[E.].

4. CACCABIS.

Type.

Caccabis, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 183 (1829) C. saxatilis.

Alectoris, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 180 (1829) C. petrosa.

Chacura, Hodgs. in Grays Zonl. Misc. p. 85 (1844) .... C. chukar.
Pyctes, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) C. chukar.

Sexes similar.

Tail with 14 feathers ; somewhat rounded, and •§• of the length
of the wing.

1st primary about equal to 6th ; 3rd slightly longest.

The subterminal part of the outer webs of the primaries buff.

4. CACCAIUS. Ill

Sides and flanks barred, in marked contrast to the rest of the
underparts.

Ranije. Palaearctic region : from the Canaries to Cliina, and from
Mongolia to S. Arabia.

Keij to the Sj^ecies.

I. Outer tail-feathers dark chestnut.

A, Top of the head not dark chestnut ; outer

scapulars margined with vinaceous or
dirty prrey.

a. A black band surrounds the throat.

a' . Feathers of the chest uniform (isabel-
line grey), not margrined on the sides
with black ; belly ])ale rufous buff.
a". Lores black; ear-coverts black mixed

with buff sa.vatilis c? & J ,p. 11 1.

b" . Lores white ; ear-coverts chestnut . cAwAiar cf «& $ , p. 113.
b' . Feathers of the chest widely margined
on the sides with black ; belly bright
rufous buff }-vfa c? & ? , p. 118.

b. Band round the throat double, on the in-

side black, on the outside reddish brown, iitagna (?&?)?■ 120.

B. Top of the head dark chestnut ; a chestnut

collar surrounds the neck, spotted, espe-
cially on the sides, with white ; outer sca-

])ulars with rufous-chestnut borders .... petrosa S^2 tV- ^^0.
II. Outer tail-feathers grey; top of the head

black ; a wide black band surrounds the

throat, and is continued down the middle of [p. 122.

the neck melanocephala c^& 2j

1. Caccabis saxatilis.

La Bartavelle, D'Aiibcnt. PL Enl. ii. pi. 39. no. 231 ; Buff. Hist.
Nat. Ois. ii. p. 420 (1771) jiart.].

Greek Partridgf, Lath. Gen. Syii. ii. pt. ii. p. 763 (1783).

Perdix rufa, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 647 (1700) ; VieilL X. Did. d'llist.
Nat. XXV. p. 194 (1817); id. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 206, pi. 92.
fig. 4 (1823).

Perdix saxatilis, Wolf S,- Afn/cr, Hist. Nat. Oi.^. FAllem. p. 87,
pi. 48 (180o) ; Mci/er ^- Wolf, Tasch. iJeitt.i. i. p. .30."), pi. (I8I0) ;
Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 340, 72o (1815) : id. Man. tfOrt). ii.
p. 484 ( 1820) ; Vieill. Faun. Fran<;. p. 252, pi. 109. tig. 5 ( 1828) ;
lioux, Orn. Prov. ii. p. 41, pi. 259 (1830); Brehm, Handb. Vog.
Deutschl. p. 523 (18-31) ; Men{ti: Cat. i?rtw. p. 47 (1832) ; Schinz,
Nat. Abbild. Vog. p. 270 (1833) ; Natim. Nat. 7 w/. Deutschl. vi.
p. 540, pi. 164 (1833) ; Schinz, Faun. Ile/rit. p. 99 (1837) ; Gould,
B. Europe, iv. text to pi. 261. fig. 2 (1837) ; Cre.<pon, Orn. Gard,
p^ 330 (1840) ; Schinz. Furop. Faun. i. p. 288 (1840) ; Bout. Orn.
Dauphinc, p. 63, pi. 42. fig. 2 (1843); Malherbe, Faun. Orn. Sicil.
p. 152 (1843); Schinz, Nat. Vcigel, p. 163, pi. 79 (1853); Bonap.
J. f. 0. 1858, p. 30 ; Compango, Ili-'f. Nat. Pgrcn. iii. p. 202 (1863) ;
Jaubert Sf Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 417 (1859) ; Bettoni, Ucc. Lom-
bard, ii. pi. 94 [text] (1868); id. Ucc. Lombard, ii. fasc. .\xxiv.
t. 95 (1870) ; Danf. ^ Broum, Ibis, 1875, p. 417 [Transylvania] ;

112 PHASIANID^.

Giyl. Jii's, 1881, p. 207 [Dalmatia] ; id. Icon. Av. ltd. pi. 252
(1881) ; B.-Torre u. Tsckiisi, Ornis, 1885, p. 493, 1887, p. 280, 1888,
p. 219, 1890, p. 137 [Eastern Hungary] ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 339
(1886) ; Olphe-Galliard, Fmin.Orn. Europe Occ. fasc. xxxix. p. 13
(1886); Cab. J. f. O. 1887, p. 568, 1888, p. 528; D.-Ton-e u.
Tschusi, Ornis, 1888, Suppl. p. 260 ; Giffl. Avif. Ital. i. p. 522
(1889), ii. p. 658 (1890), iii. p. 515 (1891).

Perdix grseca, Steph. in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 346 (1819) ; Bonap.
Icon. Faun. Ital. i. fasc. iv. pi. 39 (1834) ; Keysl. u. Bias. Wirhelth.
Europa's, p. 202 (1840) ; Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 119 (1840); Dec/l.
Orn. Europ. ii. p. 51 (1849) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 124
(1860) [part.]; Deyl. 8f Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 64 (1867);
Fritsch, Nat. Vog. Europa, p. 283 (1870), pi. xxix. fig. 7 (1871) ;
Caf>. J.f. O. 1882, p. 90.

Red Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 289 (1823).

Perdix rupestris, Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 522 (1831).

Carcabis grseca. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 608 (1846); Ehoes 8j~ Buckl.
Ibis, 1870, p. 328 [Macedonia]; Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn.
Europe Occ. fasc. xxxix. p. 13 (1886).

Caccabis saxatilis, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 80 (1867) ; id.
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 274 (1870) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 223 ; Lilford,
Ibis, 1875, pp. 8, 9 [Pyrenees c&; Maritime Alps]; Dress B.Europe,
vii. p. 93, pi. 470 (1875) ; Salmd. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 199 (1887) ;
Wilson, Ibis, 1887, p. 150 [Switzerland]; Saunders, Ibis, 1891,
p. 186.

Adult male and female. Resemble C. chuhar, the only tangible
differences being that in the present species the lores are black
instead of white (though it must be remarked that in some specimens
of C. chid-ar the small spot of black feathers is sometimes present
below the nasal opening), and the ear-coverts are a mixture of black
and buff instead of chestnut. The throat- space circumscribed by
the black baud is pure white, while as a rule in C. chulcar it is
more or less suffused with buff.

Male. Total length 15 inches, wing 6"6, tail 3-6, tarsus 1*8.

Female. Total length 13-6 inches, wing 6-2, tail 3-4, tarsus 1-7.

Hah. Mountains of Europe : Eastern Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians,
Apennines, and Balkans, also Sicily. [It is doubtful if this bird is
the species found in Greece.]

a, b. S 2 ^d. sk. Valais, Switzerland, Jan. Dr. C. Moesch [C.].

c. 2 ad. sk. Ursern, Switzerland. Tweeddale Coll.

d. 5 ad. sk. [Constantinople] (Degrolle). Riocour Coll.

e. c? ad. sk. [Algeria] Spring (Loche). Riocour Coll.

Hybrid, between Caccabis saxatilis and C. petrosa.

Perdix saxatilis X P. petrosa, Olj)he-Gall. Bull. Soc. Orn. Suisse,
1865, p. 69, and Rev. Zool. 1866, p. 78.

Hybrid between Caccabis saxatilis and C. rufa.

Perdix labatei, BouteiUe, Orn. Dauphine, ii. p. 3.37, pi. 72. fig. 5
(1843) ; Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn. Exirope Occ. fasc. xxxix. pp. 8
& 8 bis, with pi. (1886).

4. CACCABIS. 113

Subsp. a. Caccabis chukar.

Perdix rufa, Gin. {nee Linn.) Nov. Com. Acad. Petr. xv. p. 443 (1771).
La Bartaveliu ou Perdix Grecque, liuf. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 420

(1771) (part.).
? Tetrao k&keBi, Falcic, Beitr. Kennt. Rtiss. Reichs,in. p. 390 (1786) ;

Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 760 (1788).
P Perdix kakolik, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 655 (1790) ; Bonnat. Tabl.

Encycl. Meth. i. p. 214 (1791) ; Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xxt.

p. 226 (1817).
? Kakelik Partridge, Lath. Geti. Sun. Suppl. ii. p. 282 (1802) ; id.

Gen. Hist. viii. p. 290 (1823).
Tetrao rufa, Pall. Zuot/r. Boss.- As. ii. p. 79 (1811).
Red Billed Partrid.tre, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 298 (1823).
Perdix saxatilis, Wern. (nee Wolf ^ Mei/er) Atl. Orn. d' Eur. ord.

10, pi. 16 (1828) ; Ritpp. N. Wirbelth., Vog. p. 10 (1835) [Sinai];

Gould, B. Europe, iv. pi, 261. fig. 2 (1837) ; Dicks. ^ Ross, P. Z. S.

1839, p. 133 [Erzeroom].

Orn. Europ. ii. p. 67 (1867) ; Seoertz. J.f. O. 1875, p. 181 [Tui--
kestan] ; Bo(/d. B. Caueas. p. 139 (1879) ; Midi. J. f. 0. 1879,
p. 391 [Cyprus]; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 26 [Caucasus]; Bogd.
Coiisp. Av. Imp. Ross. fasc. i. p. 40 (1884) ; Lorenz, Beitr. Orn.
Kuukas. p. o5 (1887) ; Zaroud. Bull. Mosc. Ixi. p. 323 (1885) [Trana-
caspia] ; id. I. e. n. s. iii. p. 109 (1890).

Chacura pugnax, Hodgs. Madr. Journ. 1837, p. 505.

Caccabis saxatilis, Diniid. Voy. Rtiss. Merid. iii. p. 220 (1840);
Tristram, Ibis, Us.j9, p. 35 [S. Palestine] ; id. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 449 ;
id. Ibis, 18U8, p. 213 [Palestine] ; JVyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 16 [Sinai] ;
id. Mamm. iSj- Avif.iiinai,-^\. xx. (1873) ; Sulvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll.
p. 570 (1882) [Smyrna]; Radde, Orn. Caucus, p. 348 (1884); id.
Ornis, 1887, p. 495 [Samui- R.] ; Radde if Walt. Ornis, 1889,
pp. 6(i, 179 [Trauscaspia].

Caccabis chukar, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 36 (1844) ; id. Cat.
Hodys. ed. i. p. 127 (^1846) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. .508 (1846) ; Adams,
P. Z. S. 1858, p. 502 [W. Himalayas & Punjab], 1859, p. 185
[Cashmere, Ladiik] ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 236 [Ivumaon] ; Sioinh.
Ibis, 1865, p. 353 [Chefoo] ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. bO
(1867) ; Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 203 [Mussooree] ; v. Pet. Ibis, 1868,
p. 321 [Kotoghui-]; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 384 [Simla]; Brooks,
Ibis, 1869, p. 60 [Almorah] ; Melliss, Ibis, 1870^, p. 102 [St.

Str. F.i. p. '358 (1873) [}im-ee]{ Heuyt^. J. /.''O. 1874^, p. 399
[N. China] ; Dress. B. Europe, vii. p. 97 (1875) ; Swinh. Ibis,
1875, p. 126 [Chefoo] ; Ball, Utr. F. iii. p. 208 (1875) [Suliman
Hills]; Blanf.E. Pers. ii. p. 275 (1876) [Baluchistan & Shu-az
Dist.]; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 323; David ^- Oustal. Ois. Chine,
p. 395 (1877) [MongoUa& X.E. China]; Pqevalsky, Monyoliu, ii.
p. 126 (1876); id.inRotcl. Orn. Jiwf.ii. pp. 425, 426 (1877) [Kal-
gan, Mongolia, Kansu] ; Danf. Ibis, 1878, p. 28 [Taurus] ; Butl.
Cat. B. Sind, p. 54 (1879) ; Scully, Str. F. viii. pp. 348, 366, 367
(1879) [Valley of Nepal] ; Barnes, Str. F. ix. pp. 219, 458 (1880)
rChaman]; Biddulph, Str. F. ix. p. 35-< (18S0) ^liilgit] ; Wardlaw
Ramsay, Ibis, 1880, p. 70 [Kmrum Valley] ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1881,
VOL. iill. I

114 phasianidjE.

p. 93; Scully, Ibis, 1831, p. 586; id. Sir. F. x. p. ]39 (1881)

[Gilgit] ; Oudalet, Ann. Sci. Nat., Zool. xiii. art. no. 7, p. 4 (1882) ;

Swinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 119 [S. Afghanistan]; Severtz. Ibis, 1883,

pp. 80, 82 [Pamir Range] ; Tristr. Palest, p. 123 (1884) ; Olphe-

Galliard, Faun. Oni. Europe Occ. fasc. xxxix. p. 15 (1886) ;

SJmrpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 498 [Bushire] ; Pleske, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb.

(7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47 (1888) ; Guillem. Ibis, 1888, pp. 96, 106

[Cyprus] ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 175 [Quetta] ; Lilford, Ibis,

1889, pp. 333, 334 [Cyprus] ; Hart, Faun. Flor. Sinai, p. 225

(1891) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 166 [Aden].
Pyctes (Chacura) chukor, Hodgs. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ;

id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas. no. 110.
Caocabis grseca. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 36 (1844) ; id. List

Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 80 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 274 (1870) ;

Elwes 8f Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 328 [Imbros & Leninos].
Cliacura groeca, var., Riipp. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 106, no. 376 (1845).
Perdix grteca, Evers. J. f. 0. 1853, p. 292 [Altai] ; Bonap. J. f. O.

1858, p. 31; Lindenn. Voy. Griechenl. p. 124 (1860) [part.];

Poivys, Ibis, 1860, p. 238 [Ionian Is.] ; Sperlinrj, Ibis, 1804, p. 285

[part., Ionian Is.] ; Bree, B. Eur. iii. p. 242, p'l. (1867).
Chacura chuliar, Keugl. Viig. N.O.-Afr. p. 50, no. 523 (1856).
Perdix synaica, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).
Perdix altaica, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).

Perdix chukart, Bonap. J.f. O. 1858, p. 31. ■"

Perdix sinaica, Bonap. J. f. O. 1858, p. 31.
Chacura sinaitica, Ileuyl. J.f. 0. 1862, p. 410.
Caccabis chukor, Jerd. B. Lid. iii. p. 564 (1863) ; Hume Sf Marsh.

Game B. Ind. ii. p. 34, pi. (1879) ; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 423

[Chamba] ; Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. pt. 3, p. 87 (1889) ;

Oates, ed. Hume's Nests (^ Egqs Ind. B. iii. p. 431 (1890) ; Sharpe,

Second Yark. Miss., Aces, p.'l21 (1891).
Perdix grosca, var., Bree, B. Eur. iii. p. 244, pi. (1867).
Caccabis altaica, Gray, List Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 80 (1867) ; id.
. Ha7id-l. B. ii. p. 274 (1870).

Chacura groeca sinaitica, Heiigl. Peterm. Geoyr. Mitth. 1869, p. 417.
? Chacura grosca similis, Heuyl. Peterm. Geoyr. Mitth. 1869, p. 419.
Perdix chuchar, David, N. Arch. Mm. Bull. vii. p. 11 (1871) [Pekin,

Sze-chuen].
Caccabis chukar, var. pubescens, Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 400 [N.

China to the Yangtze].
Caccabis sinaica, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 916 (1873).
Caccabis arenarius, Hend. c^- Hume, Lahore to Yark. pp. 283, 284

(1873); Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 199 (1887).
Caccabis pallescens, Hend. S,- Hume, Lahore to Yark. p 283 (1873) ;

Scidly, Str. F. iv. p. 182 (1876) [Kashgar & Yarkand].
Caccabis pallidus, Hend. S,- Hume, Lahore to Yark. p. 284 (1873) ;
Forsyth, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 324 [Kashgar] ; Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 183
(1876) [Hills S. of Kashgar] ; Sharpe, Second Yark. Miss., Aves,
p. 121 (1891).
Perdix grseca s. saxatilis, Krilp. J.f. O. 1875, p. 282 [Smn'na].
Perdix chucor,i^m.sc^, Verh. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 240 (1880) [Saisan].
Caccabis hyemalis, Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 80 [Pamir Range].
Caccabis sinaitica, Kaiser, Ornis, 1890, p. 521.
Perdix saxatilis chukar, Hartert, Kat. Mus. Senckenb. p. 194
(1891).

After a careful examination of a very large series of birds ranging
from the Grecian Archipelago to Kalgau in the north of China,

4. CACCABIS. 115

1 am satisfied that it is impossible to distinguish more than one
subspecies of C. saxatilis, and that all the paler and darker races,
which from time to time have been elevated to the rank of species
under a number of names, are merely climatic variations of one
and the same bird.

The range of this subspecies is very extensive and varied,
for it is found in localities from sea-level to an elevation of at
least 16,000 feet, and apparently flourishes quite as well in the
most desert country as it does in the well-watered and cultivated
hills. It is scarcely surprising that these physical surroundings
should largely affect the Chukar, both in size and colour, but
between the extremes of size and colour it is easy to select from
the series of specimens befoi'e me a number of birds showing a
complete gradation between the two.

The lightest coloured bird in the whole of our series is from
Bushire, while somewhat darker specimens come from Bagdad,
Shiraz, Afghanistan, Sindh, Ladak, &c., and the darkest are from
the Grecian islands, Cyprus, Asia Minor, and the Himalayas, and
other parts where the vegetation is plentiful. Chinese specimens
from Kalgau and the Nankow Pass have the upper parts of the
body of a more reddish tint (p'.iij-icens, ISwinhoe), but they scarcely
differ from the paler forms from Khiusan, N. Afghanistan, and
several other localities.

Adult male and female. Forehead and sides of the head grey,
shading into duU vinous in the middle and on the nape ; back and
sides of the neck and upper part of the mantle usually grey or
brownish grey, shading into dull vinous on the lower part of the
mantle, and to greyish drab or grey on the lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts. The inner and longer scapulars and wing-
coverts are greyish drab ; the outer scapulars are bluish grey, widely
margined all round with dull vinaceous red. Quills brown, the
subterminal part of the outer web of the primaries (except the first)
and of the inner secondaries butf. A black baud across the front
of the forehead passes backwards on either side to the eye, behind
which it is continued down the sides of the throat, meeting its feUow
on the front of the neck ; a black patch on the chin and at either
angle of the gape ; ear-coverts chestnut ; superciliary stripe, which
commences above the eye, lores, cheeks, and throat white or whitish
buff. Chest and breast grey, washed more or less with isabelline
and vinous on the sides. Belly, vent, and under tail-coverts bright
buff. Feathers of the sides and flanlcs grey at the base, buff in the
middle, and dark chestnut at the extremity, the colours being
divided from one another by two transverse black bars. Two
middle pairs of tail-feathers drab-grey ; outer pairs the same, but
with the terminal half dark chestnut. Iris yellow, orange, or
reddish brown. Bill crimson to coral-rod, often dusky on the
culmen. Legs and feet coral-pink to deep red. The tarsus is
generally provided with a stout, short, knob-like spur in the male.

Male. Total length l-i"6 inches, wing 6-7, tail 3-9, tarsus 1"9.

female. Total length 13--1: inches, wing 6-5, taU 3*8, tarsus I'S.

The above description and measurements are taken from Hima-

i2

116

PHASIANID^.

layan specimens ; the desert varieties have the upper parts washed
with different shades of isabelline and the uuderparts paler.

Younger specimens which have not quite completed their first
moult still retain some of the outer secondaries and primaries of the
first plumage ; these have the outer webs irregularlj' notched with
buff', edged with black, and are minutely dotted with the latter
colour ; otherwise the plumage is similar to that of the adult.
Bill brownish black. Legs and feet orauge-red.

A quite young bird has the general colour of the upper parts
sandy brown, the mantle and wing-coverts have a buft' spot at the
extremity of each feather, and the outer webs of the quills are
notched and mottled with buff. The tail is sandy, finely mottled
with buff and dusky. The underparts are whitish, most of the chest-
and breast-feathers with paler spots at the extremities of the shafts.

Hah. Ranging in the west to the Ionian Islands [and perhaps
found on the mainland of Greece], in the east to China, in the
north to Mongolia and Turkestan, and in the south to the Persian
Gulf and apparently to Aden (C. arenarius, Hume). Island of
St. Helena [introduced].

a. Ad. sk.

b, c. Ad. sk.
d-h. S 2 ad. sk.

*') ^-6 2 ^^- ®t-

I. Imm. sk. [var.].

Hi. c? ad. sk.

n. Ad. sk.

o. 2 ad. sk.

p, (J. Ad. sk.

r. Ad. sk.

s. Juv. sk.

t,u. 2 ad. et juv.

sk.
V. Ad. sk.

IV. Ad. sk.

x-a'. cJ 2 ad. sk.
b'. J ad. sk.

o', cV. S $ ad. sk.

e' . Ad. sk.

/'. <S ad. sk.

Zante, Ionian Islands.

Grecian Archipelago.
Cyprus, Aprd, May, Nov.
El Busrah, Palestine.
Smyrna, Asia Minor.

Anasha, Taurus, Asia Minor,
U&vch. (C.G.Danford).

Hassan Chouslar, Anatolia,
Jan. (C. G. Danford).

Erzeroom, Turkey in Asia,
Sept. {Dickson ^- Ross).

Bagdad.

Kiriind, Persia, June.

Mungerrah, Persia.

North of Shiraz, S. Persia,

July.
Bushire, Persian Gulf, Feb.

Muscat, Arabia.

NearQuettah(fF. Griffith).
Bala jMurghab, Afghanistan,

Dec. (J. Aitchison).
Khusan, Nov. {J. Aitchison).

Khelat, Baluchistan, Nov.

{Capt. Maiden).
Low hills below Duryale, N.
Sindh, Jan. {A. 6. H.).

Sir Charles Fellowes

[P.].
Gould Coll.
Lord Lilford [P.].
Canon Tristram [C.].
R. Cumherbatch,

Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.

Sir Kenneth Loftus

Sir Kenneth Loftus

Su^ Kenneth Loftus

[P.].
W.T.Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
A. J. V. Palmer, Esq.

[P.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P.].
India Museum [P.].
Afghan Boundary

Comm. [P.].
Afghan Boundaiy

Comm. [P.].
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

4. CACCABTS.

117

cT ad. St.
/♦'. Ad. sk.

i. Ad. sk.
k', I'. (S ad. sk.
m'-u'. cJ ad. sk.
v'-x'. (S ad. sk.
y'. cJ ad. sk.

:'-e". d 9 ad- »'<■
/",£^". Ad.sk.

h"-k". d 2 ad. sk.
l"-n". Ad. sk.
o",p". Ad. sk.
q"^w". Ad. et puli.

sk.
.r". $ ad. sk.
y", z". Ad. sk.
a\ Ad. sk.
6^ 2 ad. sk.

c^. 2 ad. sk.

d^-i^. d 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
k\ Ad.sk.
P. d &d. sk.

m'. Ad. sk.

n\ 2 ad. sk.

o^. Juv. sk.

p\ d ad. sk.
y'. 2 ad. sk.
»•'. Ad. sk.
«". Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.

M^. Ad. .«k.
I)', w^. Ad. sk.

.v\i,\ Ad. sk.

s^ 2 atl. sk.
a\i^ Ad.sk.

c'-e'. Inirn. sk.
/*. Ad. sk.
g\ Ad.sk.

A«, i^ Ad. sk.
k*. Juv. sk.
/*. Skeleton

Himalaj'as.
Himalayas.

Himalayas.

Murdan, Feb. ( /. li. Johnmn).
Kotegbur, Feb., Marob, Oct.
Simla, Oct. (A. O. H.).
Solon neai- Kussowlee, Nov.

{A.O.ID.
Ijiissabir, Jan., Feb.
Hills nortb of Mussooree

( Wilson).
Bbagaiati Valley.
Kumaon (Capt. Strachey).
Almora, Oct.
Nepal.

Nepal Valley, May (J.Scidli/).

Darjeeling, March.

Tbibetl-^

Ak Musjia, Cashmere, June

(J. Bidduljjh).
Ijoonii, Cashmere, Jan. [J.

Btdduljjli).
Ladak {Capt. Strachey).

R. M. Ferguson, Esq.

[P.].
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].

Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Lord Gifford :P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].

Ladak, Sept. (2^. Stoliczkci). India Museum [P.].
Karbu, Ladak, June (G. Hume Coll.

Henderson). (Type of Caccahis pallesceiis, Hume.)
Lamaguru, Aug. {F. Sto- India Museum [P.].

liczka).
Karaka.~-h, Aug. (G. Hen- Hume Coll.

derson) (Type ot Caccahis palHdits, Hume.)

Arpalak Rivei", Aug. (G

Heuden<on).
Yarkand, March (J. Scully).
Yarkand (J. Biddufph).
Kans/an, Aug. {F. Stoliczka).
Jungalik,April {F. Stoliczka).
Cht>hil Gombaz, March {F.

Stoliczka).
Kiwaz, Oct. (Col. Gordon).
N. of the Little Alai Moun-

tain.<.
South Muzart, Aug.

Saisan Turkestan, May.
Saiar Mountains, Altai.

.\ltai Mountains.

China.

Nankow Pass, Sept. (i?.

Swinhoe).
Kalgan.
Central Asia.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.
India Museum I P.
India Museum [P.

India Museum [P.].
St. George Little-
dale, Esq. TP.].
Rev. Dr. I^ansdell

Di. libloflF[C.].
St. George Little-
dale, Esq. [P.].
Gould Coll.
Gould CoU.
Hume Coll.

Gould CoU.

lis PHASIANID^.

2. Caccabis rufa.

Red-legg'd Partridge (Perdix rufia), Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 27,
pi. xxix. (1738).

Tetrao rufus, Lin7i. S. N. i. p. 276 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 756
(1788) ; Bechst. Nat. Deutschl. iii. p. 519 (1793) ; Hayes, Osterl.
Menag. pi. 69 [text] (1794) ; Brokhausen, Teutscke Om. 1st livr.
pi. 103 [with text] (1800).

La Perdrix rouge d'Europe, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. ii. pi, 44. no. 150 ;
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 431, pi. xv. (1771),

La Perdrix rouge-blanche, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 437 (1771).

Guernsey Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 768 (1783) ; Suppl.
i. p. 220 (1787) ; id. Gew. Hist. viii. p. 291 (1823).

Perdix rubra, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 361, 726 (1815) ; id. Man.
(TOrn. ii. p. 485 (1820); VieiU. Tahl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 206
(1823); Wern. Atl. Om. clEur. ord. 10, pi. 17 (1828); Millet,
F. Maine et Loire, ii. p. 389 (1828) ; Roux, Om. Prov. ii. p. 38,
pis. 257, 258 (1830); Brehm, Handb. Vog. Deutschl. p. 523
(1831) ; Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl. vi. p. 563, pi. 165 (1833) ;
Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Vog. p. 271 (1833) ; tit.-Hilaire , Exp. Moree,
iii. p. 54 (1833) ; Gould, B. Europe, iv. pi. 260 [text] (1837) ;
Macqill. Brit. B. i. p. 215 (1837) ; Schinz, Europ. Faun. i. p. 288
(1840) ; Keys. ^ Bias. TVirbelth. Europas, p. 202 (1840) ; Crespon,
Om. Gard, p. 331 (1840) ; Malherbe, Faun. Om. Sicil. p. 153
(1843) ; Bot(t. Om. Dauphine, p. 65, pi. 42. tig. 3 (1843) ; Degl.
Om. Europ. ii. p. 53 (1849) ; Schinz, Nat. Vor/el, p. 164, pi. 79
(1853) ; Hare. Ann. Mag. N H. (2) xv. p. 437 (1855) [Madeira] ;
Jaubert et Lapomm. Rich. Om. p. 418 (1859) ; Droiiet, Faun.
Aqoreenne, p. 123 (1861); Bert. Cat. An. l' Tonne, p. 59 (1864) ;
Degl. ^ Gerbe, Om. Europ. ii. p. 69 (1807) ; Fritsch, Nat. Vog.
Europa, p. 285 (1870), pi. xxix. fig. 9 (1871) ; Rey, J.f. O. 1872,
p. 154 [Portugal] : Falloji, Ois. Belg. p. 137 (1875) ; Jesse, Ibis,
1876, p. 382 [Corsica] ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 207 [N. & Cent.
Apennines, Elba, & Montecristo].

Perdix rufa, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 229 (1817) ; Sfeph.
in Shmc's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 347 (1819) ; Vieill. Faun. Franq. p. 251,
pi, 109. figs. 1, 2 (1828) ; Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 506, pi. 90.
fig. 2 (1831) ; Drapiez, Diet. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 424, pi. fig. 2 (1842) ;
Yarrell, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 343 (1843) ; Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 450
[Portugal]; Wright, Ibis, 18Q9, p. 252 ; R. Gray, B. West Scot.
p. 243 (1871) ; Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 219 [Madeira & E. Azores] ;
Booth, Rough Notes, ii. pp. 1-3 (1881-7) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B.
ii. p. 457 (1884); Gie/l. Avif. Ital. p. 3.38 (1886); Hartxuig,
J.f. O. 1886, p. 483; 'Gigl. Avif. Ital. i. p, 521 (1889), ii. p. 658
(1890), iii. p. 515 (1891) ; Koenig, J.f O. 1890, p. 288.

Perdix rubra Candida, Naum. Nat. Vog'. Deutschl. vi. p. 567 (1833).

Perdix rubra pallida, Naum. Nat, Vdg. Deutschl. vi.p. 507 (1833).

•Perdix rubra varia, Naum. Nat. Vog. Derdschl. vi. p. 566 (1833).

Caccabis rufa. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 36 (1844) ; id. Gen.B.
iii. p. 508 (1846) ; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 428 ; Lilford, Ibis, 1866,
pp. 176, 384 [Spain]; /?oc?m«n. Ibis, 1866, pp. 99, 107 [Azores];
Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 81 (1867) ; Godman, Azores, p. 31
(1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 274 (1870) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871,
p. 223 [S. Spain]; J>ms. B. Eurojje, vii. p. 103, pi. 471. fig. 1
(1875) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 9 [Tuscany] ; Saunders, ed. YarrelVs
Brit. B. iii. p. 115 (1832) ; Irhj, Ibis, 1883, p. 185 [N. Spain] ;
Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 387 [Pyrenees]; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885,

4. CACCABIS. 119

p. 41 [Corsica] ; Olphe-GalUard, Faun. Orn. Europe Occ. fasc. xxxix.

p. 4 (1886) ; Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 199 (1887) ; Backhouse, Ibis,

1887, p. 73 [E. Pyrenees] ; Tait, Ihis, 1887, p. 380 [Portugal] ;

Reid, Ibis, 1888, p.* 76 [Gran Canary] ; Tristram, Ihis. 1889, p. 27

[Gran Canary] : Saunders, III. Man. Brit. B. p. 489 (1889) ; Evans,

Ibis, 1891, p' 76 ; Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 186; Waldo, Ibis, 1893,

p. 201 [Gran Canary].
Perdix rufidorsalis, BreJim, Voyelfmu), p. 266 (185o).
Perdix rubra intercedeus, Brehm, Ally, deutsch. nat. Zeit. p. 472

(1857).
Perdix rufus, Fontaine, Faime Luxemb., Ois. p. 175 (1865).
Cothurnix rubra, Lemett, Cat. Ois. Seine-Inf. p. 116 (1871).
Perdix atrorufa, Vincelot, Essais etym. Maine-et-Loire, ii. p. 30

(1872) ; Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn. Eurojje Occ. fasc. xxxix, p. 12

(1886).
Perdix xanthopleura, Vincelot, Essais etym. Maine-et-Loire, ii. p. 32

(1872) ; Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn. Europe Occ. fasc. xxxix. p. 12

(1886).
Caccabis rubra, Irhy, Orn. Gibraltar, p. 137 (1875) ; Wharton, Ibis,

1876, p. 26 [Corsica].
Caccabis rufa, var. australis, T/iAYr. Ibis, 1889, p. 28 [Gran Canary].

Adult male and female. Differ chiefly from C. sa.vatilis in the
following particulars : — The white superciliary stripes commence
behind the nostril, and are more or less distinctly joined across the
forehead. In addition to the black line yvhich circumscribes the
throat, the feathers of the chest and the sides and back of the neck
arc margined on either side with black, the former very widely, the
latter more narrowly. The flank-feathers have the basal part pale
grey, followed first by a narrow white, and then a narrow black
band, and terminated by a wider one of dark chestnut. The outer
tail-feathers are dark chestnut almost to the base. The whole
colouring is also somewhat warmer. The male bird is provided
with one or sometimes two pairs of blunt wart-like spurs, which
arc apparently not developed in the female. Naked skin round the
eye red. Bill, legs, and feet bright coral-red.

Male. Total length 13-6 inches, wing 6-2, tail 3-7, tarsus 1'7.

Female. Total length 13 inches, wing 6, tail 3-6, tarsus 1'6.

In youni/er birds the black band surrounding the throat is
absent, there is a patch of black-edged feathers on the chest, the
outer ])rimaries have the subtcrminal buff part of the outer web
toothed witli blackish brown, and the outer secondaries arc sandy
brown with irregular buff black-edged bars. Some of the wing-
coverts, too. are sandy brown, blotched on inner web with blackish,
and with pale buff patches or stripes down the shaft.

Hah. 8.W. Euro])e : ranging in the north to Belgium and
Switzerland, in the south to ^fadeira, the Azores, and Gran Canary
Island, and in the west to South and Central Italy ; also to Elba,
Corsica, and the Balearic Islands. Great Britain [introduced]. It is
not known to occur in N.W. Africa.

a. $ ad. sk. England, Oct. Hume Coll.

b-e. c5' 2 ad. et Lincolnshire, Sept., Oct. J. II. Caton Haigh.

imuj. sk. Esq. TP.].

120

PHASIANIDiE.

/. 2 ad. sk. Somerleyton, Jan. Gould Coll.

g. c? ad. sk. HaveiiiDgliam,Suft'olk, Oct. Shelley Coll.

h-k. (S 2 ad. sk. France. Eiocour Coll.

[var.].

/. $ ad. sk. Le Man.s, France, Jan. Hargitt Coll.

w, w. c? 2 ad. sk. Montrfeor, Nov. Dr. J. Stolzmann[P,].

0. 2 ad. sk. Toulouse, Nov. Tweeddale Coll.

p. d ad. sk. Valencia, Spain, Jan. (H. Tweeddale Coll.

Saundeis).

q,r. c? ad. sk. St, Mai"y's,Azores, June (i^.Z). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Godman).

s. 2 ad. sk. Teneriffe, July. E. G. B. Meade-

Waldo, Esq. [P.].

Hyhricl between Caccabis saxatilis and C. rufa. See p. 112.

3. Caccabis magna.

Caccabis magna, Prjevalsky, Mongolia, ii. p. 127 (1876) ; id. in
Roivley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 426 (1877) TKoko-nor, Tsaidam] ; Bedit.
J.f. O. 1886, pp. 531, 534-6.

Achtlt male and female. Differ from C. chul-ar in their larger
size, in having the lores black as in C. sa.vatilis ; the collar of the
neck double, on the inside blackish or black, on the outside reddish
brown and almost the colour of the ear-coverts, and indistinctly
marked under the throat ; the black stripes on the flanks as narrow
as they are in C. saa-atilis, but the distance between them is as
large as in 0. chular, and the upper parts of the body paler than
in Chinese specimens of C. c7iul-ai:

Male. Total length 15 inches, wing 7'5-7"7, tail 4-4-15, tarsus
1-6-1-7.

ffab. South Koko-nor Mountains, Northern Thibet, and the
Tsaidam plains.

a, b. c? 2 fid. sk. Koko-nor Mountains, Feb. St. Petersburg Museum
{Prjevalshj). [E.].

4. Caccabis petrosa.

Eed-legged Partridge from Barbary, Edtv. Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 70,

pi. 70 (1747).
Perdix rubra barbarica, Briss. Orn. i. p. 239 (1760).
La Perdrix de Roche ou de la Gambra, Buif. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii.

p. 446 (1771).
Barbary Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 770 (1783) : id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 293 (1823).
Tetrao rufus, var. b, Gm. S. N. i, pt. ii. p. 757 (1788).
Tetrao petrosus, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 758 '(1788).
Perdix petrosa, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 648 (1790) ; Te^nm. Pig. et

Gall. iii. pp. 368, 727 (1815); Steph. in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xi.

p. 350 (1819) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 228 (1817) ;

Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 487 (1820) ; Vieill. Faun. Franq. p. 263,

pi. 110. fig. 1 (1828); IVern. Atl. Orn. d'Fur. ord. 10, pi. 18

(1828) ; Pour, Orn. Prov. ii. p. 42, pi. 260 (1830) ; Schinz, Nat.

Abhild. Vog. p. 271 (1833) ; Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 105,

4. CACCABI9. 121

pi. iv. (1834) ; Webb c^ /?«•<//. Orn. Can. p. 29 (1836-44) [Tene-
i-itte, Gomera, Hierro] ; Gould, B. Europe, iv. pi. 261. fig. 1 [text]
(1837); Keys. Sr Bias. Wirhelth. Europa's, p. 201 (1840); Schinz,
Europ. Orn. i. p. 289 (1840) ; Malkerhe, Faun. Orn. Sicil. p. 154
(1843) ; Bickf. S,- Ro.-^s, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 66 ; Bec,l. Orn. Euro]).
ii. p. .",6 (1849) ; Bo/le, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 173 [not in Fuerteventura
t& Lanzarote] ; id. J.f. 0. 1857, p. 333 ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl.
p. 123 (18G0) ; Sperlinq, Ibis, 1804, p. 285 ; De<jl. et Gerbe, Orn.
Europe, ii. p. 71 (18G7) ; Wright, Ibis, 1869, p. 253 [Malta?];
Sutton, Ibis, 1870, p. 397 [Auckland, N. Zealand]; Homeyer,
J. f. 0. 1870, p. 228 ; Frifsch, Nat. Vog. Europa, p. 286 (1870),
pi. xxix. fig-. 0 (1871) ; Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 219 [Canaries] ;
Brooke, Ibis, 187.3, p. 335 [Sardinia] ; Giqlioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 207
[Sardinia]; id. Avif. Ital. p. .340 (1880) ; id. Avif. Ital. i. p. 524
(1889), ii. p. 058 (1890), iii. p. 515 (1891).

PerdLx barbara, Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 208, pi. 94. fig. 2
(1791).

Alectoris, Kaup (Perdix petrosa, Lath.), Nat. Syst. p. 180 (1829).

Caccabia petrosa, Gi-ai/, List of B. pt. iii. Gali. p. 37 (1844) ; id. Gen.
^.iii.p. 508 (1846)"; Salviii, Ibis, 18-59, p. 353 [E.Atlas] ; Tristr.
Ibis, 1860, p. 72 [S. of ^Nlzab Country, N. Sahara] ; Lilford,Ibis,l8CS,
p. 384 [Gibraltar, iutrod.] : Chambers, Ibis, 1867, p. 101 [Tripoli] ;
Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 428 [Tangier vS: E. Morocco]; Taczan.J.f. O.
1870, p. 51 [Con.stantine, Algeria]; Saimders, Ibis, 1871, p. 223
[Murcia]; Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 296 [Oran] ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875,
pp. 9, 35 [San Antioco]; Dress. B. Europe, vii. p. Ill, pi. 471.
fig. 2 (1875) ; Irby, Orn. Gibraltar, p. 1.36 (1875) ; Dixon, Ibis,
1882. p. 577 [Constantine] ; Saund. ed. YnrrelFs Brit. B. iii. p. 121
(1882) ; Salvad. EL Ucc. Ital. p. 200 (1887) ; Koenig, J. f. 0. 1888,
p. 258 [Tunis] ; lieid, Ibis, 1888, pp. 75, 76 [Teneriffe] ; Waldo,
Ibis, 1889, p. 6 [Gomera] : Tristram, Ibis, 1889, p. 27 ; Koeiiic/,
J. f. O. 1890, p. 450; Waldo, Ibis, 1890. p. 436 [Lanzarote];
Er'ans, Ibis, 1891, p. 76 ; Saunders, Ibis,im\, p. \m; Waldo, Ibis,
1893, p. 201 [Teneriffe, Gomera, Lanzarote].

Caccabis barbara, Sclat. P. Z. S. 18-59, p. 430.

Caccabis (Alectoris) petrosa. Gray, List GaUinte Brit. Mus. p. 81
(1867) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 275 (1870).

Adult male and female. Differ from C. sa.vatilis in having the
top of the head very dark chestnut ; the outer scapulars margined
with bright chestnut ; the ear-coverts dark chestnut ; the lores,
chin, throat, and sides of the face grey, like the superciliary stripes :
a dark chestnut band surrounding the sides and front of the neck,
and most of tlie feathers, especially on the sides, with a white
terminal spot ; the breast vinaceous, and the feathers of the sides
and flanks coloured as follows : — the basal part is grey, bounded by
a narrow black cross-bar ; the middle part is buff, shading into
white, and di^•idod from the terminal chestnut part by a second
narrow black band. The males arc provided with a pair of blunt
wart-like spurs. Iris brown. Bare skin round the eye, bill, and
legs red.

Male. Total length 12"o inches, wing 6-5, tail 4*1, tarsus 1-8.

Female. Total length 12'4 inches, wing O-l. tail 3'9, tarsus 1'7.

JI((b. X.W. Africa, Gibraltar [introduced], Sardinia, Malta?;
Islands of Teneriffe, Gomera, Lanzarote. and Hierro, Canaries.

122 PHASIANID^.

a. cJ ad. sk. Genoa. Salvin-Godman Coll,

b. (S ad. sk. San Remo [F. Gould). Gould Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Tripoli, Dec. Goidd CoU.

d. cJ ad. sk. Tunis, March. Gould Coll.

e-ff. cJ ad. sk. Tangiers. Shelley & Tweeddale

Colls.
h-k. d ? ad. sk. Teueriffe, April {F. D. God- Salvin-Godman Coll.

7nan).
I. ? ad. sk. Teneriffe, March. E. G. B. Meade-

Waldo, Esq. [P.].

Hybrid between Caccabis saxatilis and C. petrosa. See p. 112.

5. Caccabis melanocephala.

Perdix melanocephala, Eiipj). N. Wirbelth., Viiy. p. 11, pi. v. (1836)

[Jeddah].
Chacura melanocephala, Hiipp. Voff. N.O.-Afr. p. 106, no. 377

(1845) ; Heuffl. Vikj. N.O.-Afr. p. 50, no. 524 (1856).
Caccabis melanocephala. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 508 (1846) ; Heugl.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 919 (1873) [Mecca]; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886,

p. 19 [Aden Dist.] ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 160 [Aden].
Francolinus yemensis, Nichols. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 128, pi. 40.
Caccabis nielanocephalus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 274 (1870).
Perdix botta, vide Hevgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 919 (1873).
Caccabis yemensis, £'eM(/^. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 918 (1873).

Adidt male and female. Lores, top of the head, and nape black,
the latter more or less washed ■with deep chestnut and somewhat
elongate, forming a moderate crest ; neck pale isabelline, shaded
here and there with dull rufous. Eest of the upper parts slate-
blue, each feather, especially on the upper back and wing-coverts,
margined with brownish isabelline. Quills as in other members of
the genus. A wide white superciliary stripe, which commences
behind the lores and in front of the eye, is continued backwards
on the sides of the head and shades into the neck. A black line
below the eye ending in a patch above the angle of the gape ; a
black spot on the chin and one on either side at the base of the
lower mandible. Ear-coverts black, fringed with buff; the white
cheeks and throat are surrounded by a wide black band terminating
on either side behind the ear-coverts and continued down the
middle of the neck. The feathei's of the ear-coverts, throat, and
fore neck are elongate and somewhat hairy in appearance. Chest
and upper breast grey, margined with isabelline, some of the
feathers with a small black spot on one or both webs near the
extremity of the margin. Middle of the lower breast and belly,
thighs, and under tail-coverts buff. Feathers of the sides and flanks
slate-grey, with the terminal part white crossed by two narrow
black bars, the outer subterminal and the inner dividing the grey
from the white. The tail-feathers are dark grey, shading into
blackish towards the extremity and tipped with buff, the two middle
pairs are also finely mottled, especially towards the edge of the
webs, with buff and dusky.

5. AMMOPERDIX. 123

Male Total length 16-6 inches, xving 77, tail 5-7, tarsus 2-25
female ToirA length IG inches, wing 7-2, tail 5-5, tarsus 2-1
aab. S.W. Arabia, Jeddah, Mecca to Aden.

a' I «H • ?■ tr'?^^"-^ Zoological Soc. Coll.

; i 1- I 7 '^,T- S"- R Burton [P.].

c. ? ad. sk. Zaidah, near Aden, Dec. Col. J. Y. Yerburv

rp 1 ^

d. $ ad. sk. Haith-al-him, March (/. Y. HumeColl.

Yerbury).

e. 6 ad. sk. Lahej, Sept. W.T. Blanford, Esq.

rc.j.

5. AMMOPERDIX.

Ammoperdix, Gould, B. Asia,x{\. pi. i, or part iii. (1851). A. bonbami.

Sexes quite ditFerent.

Tail with 12 feathers, somewhat rounded, but feathers subequal
and about half the length of the wing. '

1st primary = (Jth, and is not mucli shorter than the 3rd, which
18 slightly the longest.

Claws short, somewhat curved. Tarsus equals middle toe and
claw ; no trace of spurs.

Flank-feathers in the male barred hngitudinalhj ; no bare spaces
behind the eye and on the cheek.

Range. N.E. Africa, S.W. Asia.

Key to the Species.

I. Flank-feathers vinaceous and chestnut, margined

on either side with black.
a. A black band across the forehead and con-

tinned backwards in superciliary .^tripes . . bonhami cf , p. 123
h. Ao black band across the forehead or above

t^'^^'y^^ //.//»• c?. p. 125.

II. Flank-feathers buff, mottled with black \ *''"^'«'"« ? . P- 123.

I ^'crji 2 , P- 125.

1. Ammoperdix bonhami.

'''S;. o?J:7 of iTsiof • '■ '■ ''''' ''■ ' " ^^^^^^''"J ^ ^- ^'-.

Caccabis bonhamj Gr„,;, Ann. Mag. N. H. xi. p. 372 (1843) • id
Gen. B. m. p 508 (184(i) ; FvaJ,Zool. T.p. pt. 3, pi. GlTl84nT

Perd,x gnseogulans,/?,-«„.//, Bull. Acrul. St. p'Jsh. i. f. .^05 {{tH)'
Severtz. Turkest Jevofnw, p. 68 (1878); id. J. f. O. 1875 v 181

Ammoperdix bonhami, Gonld li Aoin nl i ns-^n. iJ
RZ. S. 1858. p. 503 [N. P..n abV; ^^A'/^/i i .^ '. 07 OsS
Jl,nne Str. F , p^ 00,; n873)TlIilI. of Si.ulh .1- Mek™n\ 2?'
^eMs .V I>ni^huL B p. .540 (1873) ; Ball. Str. F. iii. p. 2TO (],;75)
L 4l"7r^-n fv ^'•'-'''•'//"■til87G, p. 323: Butll, Str.F.t\
Pn1 /-^'^'o'l^^- ^^'"^erat : Blanf. E. Pers. ii. p. 074 (187(3)
[Paluch,.t,,n. Sluraz Dist.]: Bull. Cat. B Sind. efc^r,. 54 (1879) •
Hwne .y .Varsli. Game B. Ind. ii. p. 45. pi. (1879) • Barn e^ Str
i='.ix.pp. 219,458 (1880) [Cham.rn, S. ^Afghanistan] riS^^^/X;

124 PHASIANID^..

Europe, vii. p. 117, pi. 472 (1880) [Euphrates Valleyl ; Swmkoe,

Ibis, 1882, p. 119 [S. Afghanistan]; S/tarpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 498

[Bushire] ; Pleske, Mem. Acrid. St.-Petersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47

(1888) [Bokhara] : Slwrpe, Tr.Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. p. 87 (1889) ;

St. JoJin, Ibis, 1889, p. 175 [S. Afghanistan & Kelat] ; Oates, ed.

Hume's Nests ^ Eggs Lid. B. iii. p. 4;33 ( 1890) : Barnes, Ibis, 1893,

p. 167 [Aden].
Ammoperdix griseogulari.s, Filippi, Viag. Pars. i. p. 351(1865);

Radde, Orn. Caucas. p. 352 (1884) ; id. u. Walt. Ornis, 1889, p. 87 ;

Zaroudn. Bull. Mosc. Ixi. p. 324 (1885) [Transcaspia] : id. I. c.

(n. 8.) iii. p. 108 (1890).
Caccabis (Ammoperdix) bonhami,Grff?/, List Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 81

(1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 275 (1870).
Perdix cinereogidaris, Cab. J.f. O. 1873, p. 458.

Adult male. Top of the head and nape dull grey, most of the
feathers fringed with buff in freshly moulted specimens. The sides
and the greater part of the back of the neck white barred with
grey. Upper part of the mantle vinous isabelline, faintly barred
with grey, and shading into isabelline on the rest of the upper
parts ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts have a row of
V-shaped black spots along the shaft of each feather. Scapulars,
median and secondary coverts finely mottled with buff, and the
inner webs of the former are also vermiculated with black. Pri-
maries and secondaries brown, the first primary uniform, the
remainder barred and washed ou the basal half of outer web with
rufous buff, and with whitish buff on the terminal portion ; second-
aries mottled on the outer and somewhat on the inner web with
buff. A black band across the forehead continued in a superciliary
stripe down either side of the head. A white band from the nostrils
to the eye continued behind the eye across the ear-coverts, and
ending in a small vinous patch on the side of the neck. Chin
whitish ; cheeks, throat, and fore part of the neck grey. Chest
and breast delicate vinous buff; belly white, with rufous margins to
the feathers ; vent white, under tail-coverts buff. Peathers of the
sides and flanks vinous chestnut on the outer web, vinous fawn or
whitish on the inner, and margined on either side with black.
Centre pair of tail-feathers rufous buff mottled with dusky ; outer
pairs chestnut, more or less tipped with the same. Iris orange-
brown ; bill bright orange ; legs and feet greenish yellow. Total
length 9'5 inches, wing 5'2, tail 2--1, tarsus 1*2.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the general colour
of the top of the head and upper parts uniform darker isabelline,
irregularly barred all over with faint rufous-buff bars ; the wings
more coarsely marked, and the inner webs of the scapulars blotched
with black ; the forehead, rest of the head, throat, sides and fore
part of the neck whitish, marked and barred with dusky grey ;
and the rest of the underparts darker isabelline, clouded all over
with dusky and vermiculated with blackish on the feathers of the
sides and flanks. Iris orange - brown ; bill brown : legs and
feet dusky yellow. Total length 9-5 inches, wing 4-9, tail 2-3,
tarsus l-l.").

5. AMMOPERDIX.

125

A quite young bird resembles the female in general plumage, but
the feathers of the chest have a whitish patch at the extremity of
the shaft.

Hah. S.W. Asia, extending in the west to the Euphrates Valley,
in the east to N.W. India, in the north to Transcaspia, and in the
south to Aden.

a. S ad. sk.
a^, a-. cJ 5 ad.

sk.

b. cf ad. sk.

c. $ ad. St.

d,e. S 2 a<i- si
/. c? ad. sk

[Palestine.]

Biredjik, Euphrates, Feb

(C. G. Danford).
Mesopotamia {Jones).
N. Persia.

g,h. (5' 5 ad. sk. Busbire, Jan., Feb

Shelley Coll.

H. E. Dresser, Esq.

[E.].
India Museum [P.].
Sir Kenneth Loftus
[P.].
Teheran, Jan. {E. W. Bonham). Zoological See. Coll.
(Types of the species.)
Sbiraz, -5000 ft., June. Sn 0. St. John [C]

i. (S ad. sk.
k. S ad. sk.

/. 2 ad. sk.

wj. cJ ad. sk.

A. J. V. Palmer, Esq.

[P.].

Mekran Coast, Feb. {A. 0. H.). Hume Coll.
Candabar, Afghanistan, May Hume Coll.

{Sir O. Sf. John).
Candahar, Jan.

I\iarez-dasbt, Nov. {J. Ait-

chison).
Bolan Pass ( »^. Griffith).

n-s. c? $ ad. st

etjuv.sk.

t, u. cJ $ ad. sk. Khelat, May (O. T. Duke).
V. (J ad. sk. Baluchistan, Feb.

to,x. cJ ? ad.sk. Durvale Hills, Upper Sindh,
Jan. (A. O.H.).

i/-<^'- c? $ ad. sk. Khewra, Salt Range, April
{A. O. H.).

e'-r. <S $ ad. sk. Murdan, Feb., Mar., Dec. {J.
JR. Johnson).

»', t'. cJ $ ad. sk. Mm-dan, Mai-. {J. R. John-
son).

ti, »'. d 2 ad. sk. Attock, March.

to', x'. S ? ad. sk. Rawul Pindee, Oct.

y'. S ad. sk. Loodhiana ( W. Griffith).

z', a". S ? ad. [Thibet.]
sk.

b". $ ad. St. fThibet.]

c". cS ad. sk. No locality.

Lieut. -Col. Swinboe

[P.].
^Vfgban Boundary

Comm. lP.].
India Museum [P.].

Hume Coll.

W. T.Blaaford,Esq.

[C.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Lord Gifford [P.l.
Gould CoU.

2. Ammoperdix heyi.

Perdix heyi, Temm. PL Col. v. pi?. :37, 38, nos. 328, 329 (1825)
[Desert of Akaba, Arabia] ; liiipp. N. Wirbelth., Viig. p. 10 (1835)
[Red Sea Coast].

Caccabis hevii,G/w/,Zi>< ofB. pt. \n.GaU. p. 37 (1844) ; id.Gen B iii
p. o08 (184(j) ; Tristr. Ibis, 18o9, p. 36; id. P. Z. S. 1864. "p. 449
[Dead Sea Basin]; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870. p. 17 [SinaiJ; id. Mamni
Sf Avif. Si/uii, pi. xix. (1873) ; Harf, Faun. Flor. Sinai, d 2->5
(1891). ' ^'

126 PHASIANID^.

Ptilopachus hayi, Riipp. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 106, no. 375 (1845)

[Djeddah & Sinai].
Ammoperdix hevi, Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 2 (1851); Adams, Ibis,

1864, p. 28 [Nubia] ; Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 67 [Assouan] ; Tristr.

Ibis, 1868, p. 214 [Arabia Petriea] ; Shellet/, Ibis, 1871, p. 143

[Egypt] ; id. B. Eyxjpt, p. 222 (1872) ; Tristr. Palest, p. 123

(1884) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 166 [Muscat].
Gaccabis rupicola, it'c/*^. Nomencl. p. 85 (1854).
Ptilopachus heyi, Heuyl. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 50, no. 522 (1856).
Caccabis (Ammoperdix) heyi, Gray, List Gallino' Brit. Mm. p. 82

(1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 275 (1870).
Ammoperdix bayi, Heiigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 913 (1873) ; Kaiser,

Ornis, 1890, p. 522 [Egypt].
Perdix flavirostris (Riipp. MS.), Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 914

(1873).

Adult male. Differs from the male of A. honliami in having the
general colour of the upper parts much paler. The top of the head
is vinous grey, and shades gradually into uniform vinous fawn on
the neck and hack and pale isabelline on the wings, rump, and
upper tail-coverts, which are also barred and venniculated with
dusky grey. The secondaries rufous buff, mottled with blackish
grey. A white band across the forehead joining the white band
which passes from the nostrils to the eye, and is continued behind
over the ear-coverts. Fore part of the cheek dark chestnut ; chin
and middle of the thi'oat rufous chestnut, rest and the head and
throat dull vinous grey. The rest of the underparts are the same
as in the male of A. bonhami. Total length 9-5 inches, wing 5,
tail 2-5, tarsus 1*25.

AcUtU female. Is not to be distinguished from the female of
A. bonhami.

Hab. Both sides of the Red Sea, extending north to the Dead
Sea, and westwards to Egypt and Nubia, about as far south as 20°
of N. latitude, and eastwards to Muscat, Persian Gulf.

(t,b. (5 2 ad. st. N. Africa. Pm'chased.

c. $ ad. sk. Deudor, Nubia. Dr. Adams [P.].

d. 2 ad. sk. Egypt. Sir G. Wilkinson

[P.].
e,f. cJ 2 ad. sk. Engedi, Palestine, Jan. [H, B. Salvin-Godman and

Tristram). Tweeddale Colls.

a. <S ad.sk. Jebel Usdum, Palestine. CanonH. B.Tristram

^[^^•^- ^ .
h. 5 ad. sk. Jericho. Canon H. B. Tristram

[C.].

i. (S ad. sk. Hills above Jericho, Dec. {H. Tweeddale CoU.

B. Tristram).
k. 2 ad. sk. Ain Sultan, Jericho, April Salvin-Godman Coll.

(H. B. Tristram).
I, m. d 2 ad. sk. Muscat, Arabia. Col. Mills [P.].

n. Ad. skeleton. Djeddah, Arabia. Purchased.

o, p. Skeletons.

6. FEANCOLINFS. 12/

6. FRANCOLINUS.

Francoliuus, Stcp/i. i>, Shaws Gen. Zool xi ut ii '^^^^'

p. 310(1819) ^ ,,. f ,.

Attagen, Kei/d. u. Blm. Wivbelth. Europ. p. 201 ''"='^''=^'^^tu,..

ScL^ila; 'iy/y/^ ■ CaL b'. Mm. ' Xs'. 'Soc. p;2o0 ^^ ^'^°^°^^'^"^-

Clamator, '/.VyM, ' 'di.' 'i?: " M^;; X.' So'c p'. 2o0 ^' ^'''^'"*°*^-

(1849) p

DiJ\-macis, lieichenb. NatiirL Js'i/st.', Viig. p.' xxviii ' "^P^"'^^"

Scleroiira,"^;^ G ii/xHi/p.- 882VlSoG)- : ! ! ! R SST"

Perdidius; ^/>,.; :/:/ o. 18G0; p! "lbs :;;;::; ; f; ESS""''"'"

difcnt.'''"'"^' '™'^'' "' '''''^^^' "'"'^"■- ^''' ^^ '-^ ^^^ ^P^^ies quite
Tail of 14 feathers and about half the length of the win-

th. .'fr'T'-' ?™'^ T ^'°^^^ ^'^^"^" t'^'' 7^h and lUth ■; 4th to
the bth subeciual and longest.

Tarsus without spurs, or with one or more pairs

Throat covered with t'eathors.

Range. Africa, Cyprus, and S.W. Asia.

fb ^° m" "?;:"r'"* ^"^ ^- r^'«'^'<' ^he 1st primary is slightly shorter
thau the 10th, so that the character of the wing fs somewhal
Pheasant-hke and in these two instances may be consiZed in
some degree to break down : but the len-th of tL VnJ f
distinguishes these birds as Francolins! '^ """^^

Ke^j to the Species.
A. Both webs of the primaries with a well-
defined row of rufous or buff spots.
a. A chestnut uuclial collar.
a'. Tln-oat black r >•

b: Throat white . '. francohnus rf, p. 132.

6. No chestnut nuchal collar". ^' """'^'""' ^ ' P" ^'^-■

c'. Scapulars chestnut or cliestnut and
black, with white or buff ocelli. Uudei-

parts covered with white ocelli c/iinen<n\ rf « T?fi

rf'. S^capulars black, edged with brown, '""'"'"' ^ ' V- ^■^^■
v,-itli short transverse bars and spots of
but}. Underparts buff, barred with

black „, . . -

r'. Scanulars black, edged' witii-buff ' ! ! ' " Si o't n« '
n. Both wAs of the primaries without a weUl ^ "^ ^' ' ^'^^•

defined row of buff' spots.
c. With wiiite or bufl shaft-streaks on the
leathers of the back and scapuhu-s
/'. Chin and throat black.

a". Breast-feathers black, with heart-
shaped white centres lathami S, p. 139.

128 PHASIANID^.

b" . Breast-feathers black, with heart-
shaped white centres, and margined

externally with brown lathami 5 , p. 139.

g'. Chin and throat not black.

c". Breast and flanks whitish buff', uni-
formly barred with black. [p. 141.
a'". With narrow wavy black bars .. pondicenanus c? $>
b'". With wider regular black bars.
«^. Shoidders, wing-coverts, and the
outer web of the secondaries
barred with brownish grey.
«% Chest and back of the neck

barred with black and white, coqui t3 , p. 143.
b'\ Chest and back of the neck
vinaceous grey and dull chest-
nut, with white shaft-streaks, coqui J , p. 143.
b*. Shoulders, wing-coverts, and the
outer webs of secondaries uni-
form light red schlegeli J , p. 145.

d". Breast and flanks are not whitish
buff, uniformly barred with black,
c'". Feathers surroundiug the neck
barred alternately with black and
white, contrasting strongly with [p. 145.

the rest of the plumage * streptophorm S ? ,

d'". Feathers surrounding the neck
dark chestnut, edged on either side
with white or buff,
fl*. Breast and underparts without
chestnut spots.
e\ Size larger : wing about 6-5. . *sep/uena cJ $ , p. 146.
d'. Size smaller : wing about 5-6 . *granti c? 2 , p. 148.
d*. Most of the feathers of the
breast and underparts with an
oblong dark chestnut spot at
the extremity of the shaft.

e". Size larger : wing 6-5 spilogaster cJ, p. 149.

f. Size smaller : wing 5-7 *kirki d ? , p. 149.

e'". No collar of feathers contrasting
with the rest of the plumage sur-
rounds the ueck.

e^, Underparts uniform buff alhogularisS 2 , p- 149.

y*. Underparts with various mark-
ings.
(/. Throat white, more or less
spotted with black, and not
circumscribed by a marked
black line.
a^. Throat equally spotted all

overwithroundblackspots. spilolcemus J 2,p- 150.
b'^. Throat spotted on the edges
with black ; sometimes the

* Females differ from the males in having the wing-coverta and scapulars
transversely barred with buff.

I

G. FRANCOLINUS. 129

middle feathers are in addi-
tion edjred with black,
a". Middle of breast and belly
pale biift', with black

shaft-stripes yntturalis J J , p. 151.

h'. Middle of breast and belly
pale buff, with irregular
arch-shaped black bars,
giving it an ocellated
appearance.
«"*. Inner webs of the pri-
maries mostly chest-
nut nluensis (S , p. 152.

b". Inner webs of the pri-
maries brown, more or
less mottled with ru-
fous qfricanus cJ $ , p. 152.

h'\ Throat white, neither spotted

with black nor surrounded by

a black line.

c". Feathers of the upper back

brownish grej-, mixed with

black and barred with buff. Jinschi c5" 5> P- I'^S-
d''. P\'athers of the upper back
chestnut in the middle,
variegated with black and

margined witli grey castaneicollis 5 , p. 153.

r'. Throat pure white, circum-
scribed by a marked black
line,
e". The black and white super-
ciliary stripes meet at the
back of the head, and are

confluent on the nape .... levaillanti d ?,p. 154.
/*. The black and white super-
ciliary stripes do not meet
at the back of tlie head,
but continue down the sides
of the neck.
c'. Upper back like the rest
of the upjier parts ; only
nape rufous.
c*. Lower pait of breast
and belly rich buff,
streaked with chest-
nut and dotted Avith

black ffariepensis cf $ , p. 155.

(P. Lower breast and belly
buff, almost immacu-
late jugularis cJ $ , p. 156.

e^ Lower breast and belly
whitish, with black

V-shaped bars shelleyi S , P- 157.

cF. Upper back and nape
with a large rufous chest
nut patch spotted witli
hlack elgmensis $ . p. 157.

VOL, XXII. K

130

PHASIANID^.

k^. Throat bright rufous chestnut ;
feathers of underparts white,
edg'ed on either side with

bhickish brown

d. None of the feathers of the upper siu'face

have white shaft-strealis. (In F. erckeli

a few of the outer scapulars have buff

shafts.)

h' . Whole of the underparts narrowly

barred with black and white

i' . Underparts not barred.

e". Inner webs of the primaries pale buff,
or brown, barred or freckled with
buff.
f". Chest mixed with rufous.

</'. Underparts with rufous shaft-
streaks ; inner webs of pri-
maries freckled with rufous . .
h^. Each feather of the underparts
with a black raquet-shaped
shaft-streak ; inner webs of pri-
maries with irregular longitu-
dinal or transverse buff stripes .
</'" . Chest not mixed with rufous.
i^. Greater pr.rt of the inner webs
of the primaries uniform buff;
feathers of the chest buff, with
a wide brownish-black stripe
down the middle of each.
/'. Top of the head and ground-
colour of the upper parts red-
dish or olive-brown ; feathers
of the mantle widely margined
all round with whitisli buff . .
m'. Top of the head and ground-
coloui- of the rest of the upper
parts rich dark brown ; fea-
thers of the mantle narrowly
margined on the sides with

white

k^. Inner webs of primaries freckled
or dotted witli buff; underparts
strongly striped with brownish
black on a white or buff ground.

n^. On a white ground

o'. On a buff ground

V'. Inner webs of primaries with lon-
gitudinal rufous or buff stripes ;
feathers on the chest dark brown,
naiTowly margined with whitish

buff

f". Inner webs of primaries uniform dark
brown, sometimes slightly dotted
with buff towards the marginal ex-
tremity.
h'" . Throat spotted with black,
m*. Lower back and scapulars black-

(jularis c? $ , p. 1-58.

adspersus 6 2>V- ■'^^^•

griseostriatus S > P- It^O-

bicalcaratus cJ 5 , p. 160.

clappertoni c? ? ? P- 161.

yedgii S » P- 163.

hartlcmhi, p. 163.
icterorhynchus S $ »

[p. 163.

sharpn c5' ? , p- 164.

G. FRANCOLIJJUS. 131

ish brown, each feather nar-
rowly margined and vermicu-

lated with white ... capensis cJ J , p. 165.

n*. Lower back and scapulars reddish
or olive-brown, tinely mottled
with black.
j}^. Breast and belly white, with

V-shaped black marks .... nataknsis c? 5,p. 16G.
q^. Breast and belly while, with a
heart-.sha])ed black mark on

each feather hildebrandti (S , p. 168.

''. Throat not spotted with black.
0*. Underparts bright rust-colour,
dotted with buff; flight-feathers
without a clear spot at the ex-
tremity ; tail-feathers and outer
webs of the wings brown, ver-

miculated with rufous bulf. . . . hildebrandti $ , p. 168.
/?■■. Underparts clear ochre; isolated
feathers with white borders,
and some of the breast-feathers
spotted with black at the tip ;
flight-feathers with a clear spot
at the extremity ; tail-feathers
and outer webs of the wings
rust>-red, barred with dark

brown Jischeri J , p. 169.

j'. Underparts neither rust-coloured

nor ochre.

r'. Feathers of the back of the

neck brownish or blackish,

edged with white or grey.

(/"'. Breast-feathers whitish

bufl", with dark shaft.s .... squamatus cj $ , p. 169.
h'\ Breast-feathers grey or buff,
shading into brown to-
wards the shaft.
e'. Margins of the feathers of
the middle of the breast
and belly dull grey .... schuetti cJ, p. 170.
f. Margins of the feathers of
the middle of the breast
and belly pale bull" .... schuetti $ , p. 170.
t^. Breast-feathers dark brown,
with a wide subniarginal

band on each side ahantensis cf $ , p. 171.

s'. Feathers of the back of the

neck chestnut, edged with

white or grev.

i\ Bill red ; all the feathers of

the underparts with wide

chestnut stripes down the

centre jacksoni S > P- 171.

/". Bill black ; all the feathers
of the underparts with an
oblong spot at the extre-
mity ercki'li J $ , p. 172.

k2

132 PHASIANID^

1. Francolinus francolinus.

The Francolin, Edw. Glean. Nat. Hist. v. p. 75, pi. 246 (1758).
Tetrao francolinus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 275 (1766) ; Giildenstddt, Heisr

Eussl. i. p. 226 (1787) ; Gniel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 756 (1788) ; Hayes,

Osterl. Menacj. pi. 93 [text] (1794) ; Donndorff, Orn. Beijtr. ii.

p. 109 (1795).
Le Francolin, Buffon, Hist. Nat. ii. p. 438 (1771) ; D' Anient. PI. Enl

ii. pis. 45, 46 (nos. 147, 148).
Francolin Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 759 (1783) ; id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 271 (1823).
Perdix francolinus. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 644 (1790) ; Temm. Pig.

et Gal. iii. pp. 340, 723 (1815) ; Vieill. Tabl. Encxjcl. Meth. i. p. 214

pi. 95. fig. 2 (1823) ; Valenc. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxviii. p. 437 (1825) ;

Werner, Atl. Ois. d'Eur. Order 10, pi. 15 (1828) ; Vieill. Faun.

Frang. p. 254, pi. 110. fig. 2, pi. 111. fig. 1 (1828j ; Less. Traite

d'Om. p. 505 (1831); &chi7iz, Nat. Abbild. Toy. p. 269 (1833);

Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 110, pi. yi. (1834) ; Schinz, Europ.

Faun. 1. p. 287 (1840) ; Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 118 (1840) ; Demid.

Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 220 (1840) ; MaUierbe, Faun. Orn. Sicil.

p. 151 (1843) ; Deffl. Orn. Euroji. ii. p. 48 (1849); Schinz, Nat.

Vogel, p. 161, pi. 79 (1853) ; Sperling, Lbis, 1864, p. 284 [Syria];

Bree, B. Europe, iii. p. 236, pi. (1867).
Francolinus vulgaris, Slej^h. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 319 (1819) ;

Gould, B. Eurojx, iv. p. 259, pi. (1837); Gray, List Gall. B.

iii. p. 35 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 505 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B.

Mus. As. Soc. p. 251 (1849) ; Adatns, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 502 [N.

India], 1859, p. 186; Irbz/, Ibis, 1861, p. 236 [Oudh & Kumaon];

Lilford, Ibis, 1862, p. 352 [extinct in Europe]; Heiiql. J.f. O.

1862, p. 411 [Nile Delta] ; Bree, Ibis, 18G3, p. 113 ; Sc'hlegel, Ibis,

1863, p. 116 [Sicily] ; Jerd. B. hid. iii. p. 558 (1864) ; Fitzinger,
Atl. Nat. Vog. fig. 236 (1864) ; Tristram, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 449
[Palestine]; Filippi, Viay. Pers.\. p. 351 (1865) ; Gray, List Gallinm
Brit. Mus. p. 53 (1867) ; Degl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 59
(1867) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 167 ; Tytler,Ibis, 1868, p. 203 [Simla
to Mussooree] ; Tristram, Ibis, 1868, p. 212 [Syria] ; v. Pelz. Ibis,
1868, p. 321 [Koteghur] ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, "p. 383; Saunders,
Ibis, 1869, p. 396 ; Salvadori, Ibis, 1870, p. 153 [Sicily] ; Saunders,
Ibis, 1870, p. 299 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 266, no. 9680 (1870) ;
Fritsch, Nat. Tog. Europa, p. 292 (1870). pi. 29. fig. 8 (1871);
Shelley, B. Eqypt, p. 222 (1872) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1872, p. 80 ; Hume,
Nests and Eggs Ind. B. p. 537 (1873); id. Str. F. i. p. 226
(1873) [Sindh] ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 427 (1874) [Chota Nagpur] ;
Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 6 ; Broohs, Str. F. iii. p. 256 (1875) [Mus-
sooree & Gangaotri] ; Le Messurier, Str. F. iii. p. 379 (1875)
rSindh] ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 6 (1876) [Deesa]; Schaloiv, J.f. O.
1876, p. 186 ; Dresser, B. Europe, vii. p. 123, pi. 473 (1876) :
Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 273 (1876) [Baluchistan, S. Persia, &
Caspian] ; Danford, Ibis, 1877, p. 262 [S. Asia Minor] ; Ball, Str.
F. vii. p. 225 ( 1878) [Ganges to Godaveri] ; Scully, Str. F. viii.

N. India, Assam, Cachar, Tipperah, Manipur] ; Miill. J.f. O. 1879.
p. 390 [Cyprus] ; Beid, Str. F. x. p. 62 (1881) [Lucknow] : Mur-
doch, Str. F. X. p. 168 (1881) [Jacobabad, Sindh] : Giylioli, Urn.
1881, p. 206 ; C. Swinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 119 [S. Afghanistan] ; See-

6. FRANCOLINUS. 133

bohm,I1ns, 1883, p. 27 [Caucasus]; Trist. Palest, p. 124 (1884):

Marshall, llm, 1884, p. 423 [Chamba] ; Gif/lioli, Avif. Ital. p. 387

(I88(i) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 198 (1887) : Taylor, Sir. F. x. p. 530

(1887) [Orissa]: Jfume, Str. F. xi. p. 304 (1888) [Maiiipur] ;

Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. p. 87 (188'J); Giylioli, Avif.

Ital. pt. i. p. olo (1889) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 17o [Afghanistan

& Kelat] ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests i^- Eqijs, iii. p. 428 (1890) ;

Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 291 (1891).
Attageu fraucolinus, A'«/s. c'^- Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 201 (1840);

Bo(/(l. B. Caiicas. p. 142 (1879) ; id. Cotisp. Av. Imp. Ross. fasc. i.

p. 42 (1884) ; Zaroudn. Bull. Mosc. Ixi. p. 322 (1885) [Transcaspia] ;

td. I. c. (n. s.) iii. p. 108 (1890).
Fraiicoliniis vulgaris ?, var. brevipes, Ilodf/s. in Gray's Zool. Misc.

p. 85 ( 1844) : id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas. nos. 030-2 ; Bonap. C. R.

xliii. p. 414 (1850).
Francoliuus tiistriatus, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856) [Cyprus] ;

lirce, Ibis, 1803, p. 115.
Francolinus henrici, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856) [Sindh].
Francoliuus asiiie, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1850) [Asia Minor] ;

Bree, Ibis, 1863, p. 115.
Choetojms francolinus, Blasius, List B. Europe, p. 18 (1862).
Francolinus francolinus. Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 38.

Adult male. Top of the head blackish brown, each feather edged
with buff; an oblong white patch situated behind the eye covers
tlic hinder part of the cheek and ear-coverts ; rest of head, chin,
and throat bhick ; a wide dark chestnut ring surrounds the neck.
Upper back black, each feather with one or more jjairs of white
ocelli ; middle back, lesser and median wing-coverts, and scapulars
blackish brown, edged with buff, and with a submargiual tawny
or bufE band on each web. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts black, witli narrow transverse white bars. Primaries and
secondaries and their coverts dark brown, with rows of tawny-buff
spots on both webs. Wiiole chest, breast, and belly black ; a few
feathers on the sides of the breast, belly, and flanks with a sub-
terminal pair of white ocelli. Thighs and vent rufous, tipped with
buff; under tail-coverts dark chestnut. Centre pair of tail-feathers
black, barred with white like the upper tail-coverts ; rest of tail-
feathers with the terminal third black, and the remainder barred
with white. Bill black ; a small blunt spur on each tarsus ; legs and
toes orange. Iris brown. Total length 13 inches, wing G, tall 3'5,
tarsus 1-7 (specimens from India). Total length l:J-8 inches, wing 6*9,
tail 4, tarsus 1"9 (specimens from Cyprus, Asia Minor, ifcc).

Adult female. General plumage of the upper parts like that of the
male, but the upper back resembles the middle back and wing-
coverts, and the general tone of the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts is browner. The sides of the face are buff, dotted -^vith
black ; the ear-coverts blackish brown : chin and throat white ; the
chestnut collar is confined to the nape; front and sides of the throat
and rest of underparts white mixed with buft", with 1-shaped black
bars, which vary greatly in intensity, being quite faint in some
(?very old) specimens, while in the majority they are very clearly
defined, and divide the extremity of each feather into paired white

134

PHASIANID^.

ocelli. Iris brown. Bill, upper mandible dusky horny, lower pale
flesby ; legs and feet brownisb red. Total length 12-6 inches,
wing 5-9, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-6 (Indian specimens). Total length
13'8 inches, wing 6-6, tail 3-9, tarsus 1-9 (Cyprus &c. specimens).

Immature male has the larger part of the feathers of breast and
belly ornamented with a subterminal pair of white ocelli.

Tn still younger specimens the whole of the feathers of the under-
parts, with the exception of a few in the middle of the chest and
breast, have a subterminal pair of white ocelli ; while the flanks are
buff or white, with large V-shaped black bars ; the chestnut collar
is narrow and incomplete, and the throat is whitish buff mixed with
black.

In a quite young hirfl the plumage is like that of the female, and the
the chestnut collar is only indicated by a few rufous feathers on nape.

It is to be remarked that Indian specimens, although absolutely
identical in plumage with those from Cyprus, Asia Minor, and
Persia, are considerably smaller in size.

Indian specimens : wing 5' 7-6 inches.

Cyprus &c. specimens : wing 6-6-6-9 inches.

Hah. From Cyprus, Palestine, and Asia Minor, through Persia
eastwards to Northern and Central India, Assam, Cachar, Tipperah,
and Manipur. (Apparently extinct in Sicily.)

a-l. (S $ ad. sk.

7n. S ad. sk.

n, 0. S 2 ad. sk.

p, q. (S imm. et

2 ad. sk.
r. cJ ad. sk.

«. 5 ad. sk.

t, u, (S 2 ad. sk.

V. (S ad. sk.

w,x. c? 2 ad. st.
y. 5 ad. sk.

s. S ad. sk.

a'. 2 ad. sk.

v. tS ad. sk.
c'. (S imm. sk.

d', e'. S ad. sk.

/. c? ad. sk.
g\ h'. S 2 ad. sk,
i'-v^. cS 2 ad. et
imm, sk.

Cyprus, April, May, June,

"Nov.
Plain of Gennesaret.

Anatolia, Jan., Feb. (C. G.

Danford).
Osmanjik, Asia Minor, Jan.

Osmaniik, Asia Minor, Jan.

(C. G. D.).
Adana, Asia Minor, Jan.

(C. G. D.).
Euphrates River.

Fao, Persian Gulf, June.

Persia.
Busrah, Dec.

Dasht P., Beluchistan, Jan.

De-Kamran, Oct. [Dr. Ait-

chison).
Kandahar ( Pf'. Griffith).
Shiliarpur, Nov. {Major

MacRae).
Sukkur, Jan., March {A.

O.H.^- W.T.Blanford).
Karachi, April (E. A. Butler).
Kutch.
Gm'gaon Dist., Jan. to Sept.

(A.O.H. S,- W.N. Chill).

Lord Lilford [P.].

Canon H. B. Tris-
tram [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

C. G. Danford, Esq.

[P-].
H. E. Dresser, Esq.

[E.].
H. E. Dresser, Esq.

Euphrates Expedi-
tion [P.].

W. D. Gumming,
Esq. [P.].

Sir K. Loftus [P.].

W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.].

W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.].

Afghan Boundary
Commission.

India Museum [P.].

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

6. FEANCOLINUS.

135

x'-A'. S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
/'. cJ ad. sk.

w'. (5 imm. sk.

m'. cJ imm. sk.

o*. cJ ad. sk.
p'-r\ <S $ ad. et

imm. sk.
H*~u\ c? $ ad. et

imm. sk.
y^-z*. cf ad. sk.

< i'. c? ad. et

imm. sk.
e\ d^. d 2 ad. sk.

<^',f- d 2 ad. sk.

</*. c? ad. sk.

A'-r'- cJ2.ad.,

imm., et juv. sk.
s*. Juv. St.

ir>. cf ad. sk.

«'. (J ad. sk.

?;'. 2 ad. sk.
?<>'. (S ad. sk.
x'. c? ad. sk.

if-a\ S 2 ad. sk.

6''. cJ ad. sk.
c^-e*. cJ 2 ad. sk.

f. 2 ad. .■^k.
^'■■. cf nr. ad. sk.
A", cf imm. sk.

t'. c? ad. skeleton.
&". Imperfect ske-
leton.

Moultan {('apt. Ttceedie).
Koteghur, June, Oct., Dec.

Fagoo, near Simla, Aug.
(R. C. Beavayi).

Hills below Simla {S. Pin-
IV ill).

Near Simla, Oct. ( W. Da-
vison).

Simla (F. Stoliczka).

Dehra, Feb.

Bhagaratti Valley.
Kumaou.
jVlmorah, Oct., Nov.

N.W. Provinces {S. Pin-
will).

Kheree Dist., Futtehghur
Dist., Feb. (A. Anderson).

Nepal Valley, June {J.
SlhUij).

Nepal.

Nepal.

Darjeeling Terai, March

(Z. Mandelli).
Bhotan Doars, April (Z.

Mmidelli).
Assam {.WClellatul).
Shillong. Aug. ( W. Davison).
Shillong, May (A. Jf. Chen-

nell).
Manipur, Feb., May

(A. O. II.).
Dacca,
^launbhoom, Feb., March

{li. C. Beavnn).
Deccan, July (ZjVh/. Burgess).
Deccan [Vol. Syhes).
India.

Nepal.

Gould Coll.

Hume & Tweeddale

Colls.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll. and

India Museum [P.],
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.

India Museum,

R. Ferguson, Esq.

[P.].

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P-1

Hybrid between Francolinus francolinus and F. pictus.

Francolinus intermedius, Butler, Str. F. v. p. 211 (1877) [Deesa];

id. Cat. B. Sind. p. .U (1879) : Grant, Bns, 189i', p. 40.
Hybrid between F. pictus and F. vulgaris, ILune ^- Marshall, Game

B. India, ii. p. l'."), pi. (1879).

Adult male. Most nearly resembles F. pictus, but has an ill-
defined chestnut collar surroundins the neck : the centre and lower

136 PHASIANID^.

parts of the throat are thickly spotted with black ; there is also a
black band from the lores runinug through the e)'e above the ear-
coverts, and the chest is mostly black ; the belly is pale rufous,
edged with bufE.

a. <S ad. sk. Deesa, Aug. [E. A. Butler^. Hume Coll.

(Type of F. ititermedius.)

2.-Francoli]ius cMnensis.

Le Perdrix de la Chine, Briss. Orn. i. p. 234, pi. 28 a. fig. 1 (1760).
Tetrao cliinensis, Osbeck, Voy. en Chine, ii. p. 326 (1771) ; P. L. S.

Midi. S. N. Siqjpl. p. 129 (1776).
La Perdrix perlee, Buffim, Hist. Nat. ii. p. 446 (1771).
Francolin de I'Isle de France, Soiinerat, Voy. aiuv Indes, ii. p. 166,

pi. 97 (1782).
Pintado Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 761 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.

viii. p. 274 (1823).
Pearled Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 772 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.

viii. p. 276 (182:3).
Tetrao pintadeanus, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. pt. ii. p. 93 (1786).
Tetrao perlatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. pt. ii. p. 758 (1788).
Tetrao madagascariensis, Gmel. (nee Scop.) S. N. i. p. 756 (1788).
Perdix perlata, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 648 (1790) ; Bonn. Tabl. Encycl.

Meth. i. p. 213 (1790) ; Temm. Pig. et Gal. iii'. pp. .326, 721 (1815)

[part.] ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 238 (1817) ; id. Gal.

Ois. ii. pp. 41, 213 (1825) ; Less. Traite Orn. p. .505 (1831).
Perdix madagascariensis, Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 214, pi. 95.

fig. 3 (1790).
Francolinus perlatus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 325 (1819) ;

Strickl. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 107 ; Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 36 (1844) ;

id. Gen. B. iii. p. 505 (1846) ; Swinkoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 63 [Amoy],

1861, p. 50 [Hongkong], 1862, p. 259 [Foochow] ; Blyth, Ibis, 1862,

p. 387 ; Maillard, Notes He Reunion, p. 163 (1862) ; id. Ibis, 1863,

p. 104 ; Gray, List Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 53 (1867) ; Sivinhoe, Ibis,

1867, p. 406 [Amoy] ; Anders. Zool. E.vijed. W. Yunnan, Aves,

p. 672 (1878) [Bhamo].
Perdix (Francolinus) maculatus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 2 (1831) ; id.

Fasc. B. China, pi. 7 (1871).
Perdix phayrei, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xii. p. 1011 (1843).
Perdix siueusis, Spaloiosk. Viiy. t. 31.
Francolinus sinensis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 251 (1849) ;

Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 151 [Siam] ; Swinkoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 307

[S. China] ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. .3.59 [Is. of Hainan] ; id. P. Z. S.

1871, ]). 400 [Canton to Amov] ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1875,

p. 350 [Karen-nee] ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 468.
Francolinus pintadeus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 2.50 (1849).
Francolinus phayrei, Bh/th, J. A. S. Betiy. xxiv. p. 480 (1855) ;

Blanford, Ibis, 1870, pp. 463, 409 [Irrawaddy Valley] ; Blyth (5r
IVaid. Mamm. 8f B. Burma, p. 149 '"(1875).
Francolinus madagascariensis, Hartl. Orn. Beitr. F. Madag. p. 69

(1861) ; Netvton, Ibis, 1861, p. 274 [Mauritius] ; Hartl. Voy.

Maday. p. 280 (1877).
Francolinus pictus, Schomburgh, Ibis, 1864, p. 263 [Siam].
Francolinus pintadeanus. Gray, List Birds, pt. v. Gall. p. 54 (1867) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 266, no. 9683 (1870) ; Schaeck, Mim. Soc.

Zool. Fr. iv. p. 305 (1891).
Francolinus chinensis. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 266, no. 9681 (1870)

id. Fasc. B. Chijia, p. 6 (1871) ; Hume, Nests ^ Eggs Ind. B

I

6. FRANCOLINUS. 137

p. 539 (1873); Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 171 (1875) [Upper Pegu];
David Sf Oustnl. Ois. Chine, p. 400 (1877) [Cochui Cliina, S. China,
Is. of Hainan] ; Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 443 (1878) [Karen-nee
Hills]; Hume ^- Marshall, Game B. India, ii. p. 27, pi. (1879)
[Tonquin] ; Oates, B. Brit. Burmnh, ii. p. 323 (1883) ; id. ed.
Hume's Nests ^- Fi/qs, iii. ]). 431 (1890) ; Schaeck, M6m. Soc. Zool.
Fr. iv. p. 301 (1891); Grunt, Ihis, 1892, p. 39,

Adult male. Diflfers from the male of F. jnctus in having the
crown of the head surrounded by a band of rufous buff; the scapu-
lars are chestnut or chestnut and black spotted with white ; the buff
spots and bars on the primaries and secondaries much reduced in
size ; the centre pair of tail-feathers have the last third uniform
black like the outer pairs ; the lores and superciliary stripe black ;
a black baud from the gape, which runs down the side of the throat
and surrounding the ear-coverts joins the superciliary; the rest of
the sides of the face, chin, and throat pure white ; and the under
tail-covcrts rufous buff. Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs dusky
orange. Total length 12-6 inches, wing 5-5, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-6.

The immature male resembles the adult female, but the scapulars
are mixed with chestnut and the feathers of the chest and upper
breast are partly occllatcd like those of the adiilt male.

Adult female. Ditfers from the male in having the upper back,
scapulars, and wing-coverts black, margined with brownish and
with short transverse bars and spots of buff; the scapulars not
conspicuously mixed with chestnut, though most of them have a
chestnut stripe down the outer half of tlio shaft ; the lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts black, tipped with brownish buff and
barred with pale buff; the sides of the head washed with rufous
butf ; and the uudcrparts whitish buff, barred with black. Total
length 12-3 inches, wing 5-6, tail 3, tarsus 1-5.

In the immature female the rufous-buff band surromiding the
crown is not developed. The feathers of the neck, chest, and upper
back have wide buff shaft-stripes, and the black bars on the under-
parts are broken and irregular.

Hah. Indo-Chinese countries; Burma, Siam, Cochin China, Hainan,
and S. Chiua. Not found in Tenasserim or the Malay Peninsula.
Madagascar ?, Reunion, and Mauritius [introduced].

a, h. d ad. sk. Karennee, March (7?. G. JV. Tweeddale Coll.

a.).

c. S ad. sk. Tonglioo. Tweeddale CoU.

d. (S ad. sk. 60 miles from Tonghoo. Tweeddale CoU.
c-^. cJad. etimm. sk. Thavetmyo, Sept. \b. G. W. Tweeddale CoU.

it^.

h-k. (S 2 ad. et Thavetmyo, March, April, Hume Coll.

imm. sk. Jiuie (E. JV. Oates).

I. 2 ad. sk. Thavetmyo, Jan. E. W. Oates, Esq.

[C.].
wj. S ad.sk. Thoungyeen River, AprU. C. T.Bingham, Esq.

[P.l.
n-p. d 2 ad. sk. Siam {Schomburr/k). Gould Coll.

y, r. cJ ad. sk. Bausfkok, March, Aprd( C'a/V. Ur. R. B. Sharps

Conrad). [P.].

138

PHASIANID^.

s. cJ ad. sk.
t. cJ ad. sk.
u. 2 imm. sk.

V, w. ^ ad. sk.
X, y. cJ ad. sk.
z-b'. c? ad. sk.

c'. c? ad. sk.
d' . 2 imm. sk.
e',/'. cJ imm. sk.

(A h'- d 5 ad. sk.
i', k'. (5 ad. sii.

Cambodia, Sept.

Cambodia.

Saigon, April {Conrad).

Hainan, March (R. Sicinhoe).
Canton (Col Tuckett).
Amoy, May, July {R. Swin-

hoe).
Fungan, June (Col. Tuckett).
Fokien, Oct. (K. Sivinhoe).
China.

Mauritius (Beusher).
Mauritius, Oct.

I'. S ad. skeleton. China.

M. E. Pierre [P.].
M. Mouhot [C.].
Dr. Pt. B. Sharpe

[P.J.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume & Tweeddale

CoUs.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
J. R. Reeves, Esq,

[P.].
Shelley Coll.
Gould & Zool. See.

Colls.
J. R. Reeves, Esq.

[P.].

3. Francolinus pictus.

Pintado Partridge, var. A, Lath. Gen. fiiyn., Snppl. i. p. 212 (1787).

Perdix picta, Jard. l<f Selb. III. Orn. pi. 50 ; Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv.
p. 10.3, pi. iii. (1834).

Perdix hepburnii,/. E. Graij, III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. r5. fig. 1 (1830-32).

PerdLx hephurnii, var. pallida, J. E. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 55.
tig. 2 (1830-32).

Francolinus pictus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. -jOS (1846) ; id. List
Gall. B. iii. p. 36 (1844) ; Bh/th, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 251
(1849) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 561 (1863) ; Gray, List Gallince Brit.
Mus. p. 54 (1867) ; Blanf. J. A. 8. Beny. xxxvi. p. 200 (1867)
[Guzerat & Kutch] ; Bh/th, Ibis, 1867, pp. 157, 158: Bearan,
Ibis, 1868, p. 383 [Gwalior. N.W. Provinces] ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
ii. p. 266, no. 9682 (1870) ; Boldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 469 [Ceylon] ;
Hume, A'^ests^ Egys Ind. B. p. 538 (1873) ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, "p. 415
[Kattiawar] ; Butler, Sir. F. iv. p. 6 (1876) [Aboo] ; Fairbank,
Str. F. iv. p. 262 (1876) [Deccan] ; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 211 (1877)
[Aboo, N. Guzerat] ; Ball, Str. F. v. p. 419 (1877) [Mahanadi
& Godaveri rivers j ; Davidson i.^- Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 87
(1878) [Deccan] ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 225 (1878) [Raipur] ; Hmne
^ Marshall, Game B. India, ii. p. 19, pi. (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B.
Sind, p. 54 (1879) : Wardlaw Ra?nsai/, Ibis, 1880, p. 70 ; Lec/ye, B.
Ceylon, iii. p. 744 (1880) ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bombay, p. 68 (1880) ;
Vidal, Str. F. x. p. 160 (1881) [Karli, W. Ghauts] ; Davidson,
Str. F. X. p. 316 (1882) [W. Khandeish] ; Swinhoe ^ Barnes, Ibis,
1885, p. 131 [Central India] ; Macepryor, Str. F. x. p. 440 (1887)
[Deccan & S. Mahratta] ; Taylor^ Str. F. x. p. 530 (1887) [not
known in Orissa] ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests S/- Eqqs, iii. p. 430
(1890); Schaeck.' Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr.'w. p. 303 (l891) ; Grant,
Ibis, 1892, p. 40.

Adult male. Upper parts, wings, and tail very similar to those of
F. francolinus, but there is no trace of a chestnut collar, and the
feathers of the lower part of the neck, like those of the upper back,
are black with siibmarginal pairs of white oceUi. The sides of the
head and forehead dull rust-red ; chin and throat paler and more or
less spotted with black ; feathers surrounding the upper parts of
the neck rufous buff, with black shaft-stripes. Rest of underparts

G. FRANCOLLN'TJS. 139

black, with one or more pairs of submarginal white ocelli on each
feather; centre of belly and thighs buff; flanks buff, barred with
black ; under tail-coverts deep chestnut. Iris dark brown ; bill
dark homy brown ; legs and feet yellowish orange. Total length
11-6 inches, wing 5-3, tail 2*3, tarsus 1'7.

Adult female, llesembles the male, but the chin and throat are
paler and not spotted with black. Iris dark brown ; bill dark
horny above, pale whitish flesh below ; legs and feet yellowish
orange. Total length 11 "6 inches, wing 5*3, tail 2-5, tarsus 1"7.

In j/ci'.nc/er specimens the whole of the underparts are whitish
buflf, barred with black.

Hah. Western and Central India, ranging west to X. Guzerat,
north to Hamirpur, and south as far as Karli, W. GJhauts, and
Masulipatam, also to Ceylon.

a. S ad. sk. Gondul, March. Capt. Lloyd [P.].

b, c. S ad. sk. Deesa, July, Aug. {E. A. Hume Coll.

Butler). '

d. c? ad.sk. Ahmedabad,Feb. (TT. C. .^ry). Hume Coll.

e. (J ad. sk. Mt. Aboo, May. Hume Coll.

/. $ ad. sk. Neemuch, Aug. Major Yerbury [P.].

ff. (S ad. St. P^^-^^'- Provinces.] Capt. S. Piuwill [P.J,

h-n. cJ 2 ad. sk. .Ihansie Dist., May, Aug., Hume Coll.

Oct. (A. O. H.).

o. cJ ad. sk. Hammii-pur. Hume Coll.

p, a. cJ ad. sk. [Behar.l B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].

r-t. S ad. sk. Saugor, July, Aug. Hume Coll.

u. Ad. sk. Saugor ( W. T. Hooper). India Museum [P.].

V. 2 ad. sk. Raipur. Hume Coll.

w, X. Ad. sk. Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll.

y, s. iS ad. sk. Khandeish, March {J. David- Hume Coll.

son).

a', b'. Ad. sk. Deccan (Lt. Burgess). Gould Coll.

c', d'. Ad. sk. Deccan (Col. Syhes). India Museum [P.].

«'>/'■ d" $ ad.sk. \M'^m\m,i>i^\>t. (E.A.Butler). Hume Coll.

(/'. Ad. sk. Masulipatam, April (J. E. Hume Coll.

Honfalall).

h'. 2 imm. sk. Ceylon, May ( Tl^. V. Legge). Dr. R. B. Shaii*

[P.].
»'. Ad. skeleton. India.

Ilyhrid hetn-een Francolinus francolinus and F. pictus. See p, 135

4. Francolinus lathami.

Leona Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. :.'r3 (1823).

Francolinus latluuni. Hartl. J. f. O. 18")4, p. -'10 [Sierra Leone |,
1855, p. 100; id. Oni. W.-Afr. p. l'02 (1857) [Aguapim] ; Gray,
List GalliiKe Brit. Mus. p. 55 (18ti7) ; S/iarpe, Ibis, 18G9, p. 387
[Fantee] ; C/w/w, Ibis, 1874. p. 71 ; Beic/i. J. f. O. 1877, p. 13
[Loango Coast]; Sfiarpe ^- Bourier, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 79
(1878) [Congo R.] ; Bocaqe, Oni. Am/ola. p. 411 (1881) [N. of the
Congo K.] ; liiittikofer, Notes Lexjd. Mus. vii. p. 231 (1885) [\V.
Liberial, ^-iii. p. 205 (1886); Schaeck; Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv.
p. 380 0891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 40.

140 PHiSIANID^.

Francolinus peli, Temm. Bijdr. tot de Dierk. 1. p. oO, pi. (1854)

[Dabocrom].
Peliperdix lathami, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).
Perdicideus lathami, Hein. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 198.

Adult male. Top of the head olive-grey, shading into grey on the
forehead and margined with white ; upper back dark olive-brown,
each feather with a wide white shaft-stripe, edged externally
with black ; middle back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, except the
primary-coverts, olive-brown, widely edged with chestnut, mostly
dotted or marked with black and with white shafts ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-brown, with paler margins and
markings. Primaries, primarj'-coverts, and secondaries dark brown,
the middle part of the outer webs of the primaries margined with
white ; the outer webs of the secondaries margined with chestnut
and buff, and in the outer ones barred and marked with chestnut ;
a black band commences on the lores, and passing through the eye
circumscribes the top of the head, dividing it from the grey cheek,
ear-coverts, and sides of the neck. Chin, throat, and front of neck
black. Chest and breast black, each feather with a white heart-
shaped subterminal spot. Sides and flanks olive-brown, with white
black-edged shaft-stripes. Belly and under tail-coverts whitish buff,
the latter more or less spotted and barred with black. Centre tail-
feathers like the upper tail-coverts ; three outer pairs blackish brown,
marked with rufous and tipped with white. Total length 10 inches,
wing 5-6, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-7.

Adult female differs from the male in having the whole ground-
colour of the top of the head and iipper parts olive-brown, faintly
and irregularly barred with rufous buff and black, many of the
scapulars and wing-coverts blotched with black ; and the chest-
and breast-feathers are widely margined outside the black with
brown. Total length 9-5 inches, wing 5"4, tail 2*4, tarsus 1'6.

Youmj birds resemble the female, but the chin and throat are
white ; the general colour of the upper parts is much more uniform ;
the scapulars, secondaries, lesser and median coverts are mostly dull
chestnut ; the scapulars and coverts each with an oval or irregular
black blotch, edged internally with buff at the inner web. The
feathers on the underparts are whitish, with a wide black margin
on each side. Nestlings have the top of the head, back, and rump
deep chestnut ; no white shafts to the feathers of the upper parts,
but most of the scapulars and lesser and median coverts have a
white triangular dot at the extremity of the shaft ; otherwise the
plumage is much the same as the above.

Nab. Loango Coast, Gaboon, Gold Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone,
and Senegambia.

a, b. d 2 ad. st. W. Africa. Purchased.

c. S ad. sk. W. Africa. Purchased.

d. d" ad. sk. Coast of Guinea. Purchased.

e. 2 ad. sk. Gold Coast ( T. E. Buckley). Shelley Coll.
/. (S ad. sk. Fantee {Gov. Ussher). Shelley Coll.

fj, h. Pull. sk. Fantee. Dr. R. B. Sharpe[P.]

0. FRANCOLINUS. 141

t-w. 2 ""i- 6t juv. Kaizaraku, Deiikera, Ainil, Sbellev Coll.

sk. Oct (Gov. m^-hei-).

n. d ad. sk. Accra, Feb. (fr. E. &). Shelley CoU.

o,p- d 2 ad. sk. Gaboon {Du C/iaillu). Tweeddale ColL

?> '■• d$ ad.sk. Gombe, Quillc 111 Eiver, June Shelley Coll.

(Dr. Liican).

5. Francolinus pondicerianas.

La Perdrix dii Pondicheiv, Sonnerat, Voy. aux hides, ii. p. 165

(1781').
Pondichen-v Partridfie, Laih. Gen. Sy?u ii. p. 774 (1783), Suppl. i.

p. 2-21 (l'787) ; id. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 1^79 (1823).
Tetrao pondicerianus, G/»el. &i/st. JSat. i. pt. ii. p. 760 (1788).
Pei'dix ponticeriaria, Lcdh. Ind. Orn.n. p. 649 (1790) ; Tenun. PI.

Col. V. pi. 32 (182:i) ; Less. Traite d'Oni. p. 505 (1831) ; Blut/t,

Cat. B. Mus. As. &oc. p. 252 (1849).
Perdix pondiceriaiia, Bo7i)i. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 211 (1791) •

Te^)tm. Pi;/, et Gcd. iii. pp. 3.32, 722 (1815) ; rieill N. Diet.

dHist. K<d. XXV. p. 2.39 (1817).
Francoliuus pondicerianus, Stej)/i. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 321

(1819); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 505 (1846); Schaeck, Mhn. Soe.

Zool. Fr. iv. p. 307 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 40.
Perdix orientalis, J. E. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. pi. 56. fig. 2 (1830-32) ;

Hodi/s. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ; id. Icon. ined. in Brit.

Mus. no. 379 [Nepal].
Francolinus ponticeriauus, Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 35 (1844) ;

Layard, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2) xiv. p. 107 (1854) [N. Ceylon] ;

Burffe,ss, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 31 ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 186 [low

hills bordering Punjab]; Netctun, Ibis. 18()1, p. 275 [Mauritius] ;

Gray, List Gallincc Brit. Mus. p. 54 (1867) : id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. L'66, no. 9684 (1^''0); Hcrtl. Voy. Maday. p. 282 (1877)

[Bourbon and Kodriguez] : S/iarpe, Rev. Zool. Coll. ' Alert' pt ii

p. 483 (1884).

Ghazi Khan]; Fairbank, Sir. F. iv. p. 262 (1876) [Deccan] ;
IIu7ne, Str. F. iv. p. 459 (1876); Bla>if. E. Persia, ii. yt. 273
(1876) [Baluchistan & S. Persia]; Davidson ic Wenden. l>tr. F.
vii. p. 87 (1878) [Deccan] ; Ball, UStr. F. vii. p. 225 (1878) [Ganges
to Godaveri].

Ortvgornis pondiceriana, Hume, Nests S- Eyys, p. 542 (1873) ; Seu
J. f. O. 1875, p. 292 ; Butler, i>tr. F. iv. pp. 6, 35 (1876) [Aboo
I'v: N. Guzerat]; Fairbank, IStr. F. v. p. 409 (1877) ITalani
Hills] ; Leyye, B. Ceylm, iii. p. 748 (1880) [X. Ceylon]. ^

Ortvgornis pondicerianus, Uume ^- Marshall, Game B. India ii
p. 51, pi. (1879): Doig, Str. F. viii. p. 371 (1^79) [E. Naira] ';
Bull. Cat. B. S. Bombay, p. 69 (1^80) ; lieid, Str. F. x. p. 62
(1881) [Lucknow] ; Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 317 (1882) [W.
Khandeish] ; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 410 (1883) [Nilghiris, Mvsore" ■
Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 166 [Muscat]: Macyreyor, Str. F. x.'p. 44Y)
(1887) [Ileccan & Mahratta Country'; Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 465
(1887) [Mysore] ; Oates, ed. Hume's Ne.-^ts ^- Eyys, iii. p. 435 (1890).

Ortygornis ponticeriauus, Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 55 (1879).

142

PHASIANID^.

Adult male and female. Forehead rufous ; top of the head umbre-
browii ; neck whitish grey with narrow black bars ; back, rump,
scapulars, and wing-coverts a mixture of chestnut and brown, barred
with buif and mostly with white shafts, some of the scapulars with
the ground-colour of the inner web blackish brown ; upper tail-
coverts brown barred with buff; primaries and secondaries brownish
grey, the basal part of the outer web of the outer primaries and
nearly the whole of the outer web of the inner primaries and second-
aries barred and mottled with rufous. Superciliary stripe and cheeks
rufous buff; ear- coverts chestnut-brown ; lores whitish; a band of
feathers from the gape to the back of the eye edged with black ;
centre of chin and throat rufous buff, margined all round by first
an indistinct black and then a pale buff band, the black band
forming a patch at the base of the throat ; chest a mixture of buff
and rufous, with narrow somewhat irregular blackish bars ; rest of
the uuderparts pale buff, with irregular wavy transverse lines of
black, some of the feathers on the sides spotted with chestnut;
centre of belly often imiform buff ; centre pair of tail-feathers like
the upper tail-coverts, outer pairs chestnut, shading into black
towards the extremity, and tipped with greyisli buff: iris dark
brown ; bill horny brown, pale flesh below ; legs and feet dull red.
A sharp pair of spurs in the male. Total length 12-5 inches, wing
5"8, tail 3-5, tarsus 1*6.

The immature males and females differ only from the adult in
having the throat white, the upper part of the outer webs of the
outer primaries marked with buff, and no spurs.

Hah. India, Ceylon, Afghanistan, lialuchistan, >S. Persia, and
Arabia. Amirantes and Mascarenhas Is. (introduced).

a. c? imm. sk.
b-g. S ? ad. sk.
h, i. (S ad. et imm.

sk.
j. 2 ad. sk.
k. 5 ^'d. sk.

/. ? ad. sk.
m. S ad. sk.
n. (S ad. sk.
o-q. S ? ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
s-x. (S 2 ad., imm.,

et pull. sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.
"--/'. 6 $ ad. sk.

[I'y ^i'- 6 2 ad. sk.

i-1! . S ? ad. sk.
on' . 2 ad. sk.

n , (>'. 2 ad. sk.

Muscat.

Afghanistan {W. Griffith).

Siodh.

Karachi, Jan. {E. A. Butler).
Meliur, Upper Sindh, Jan.

(A. O. H.).
Sukkur, Dec. (.4. O. H.).
Sehwan Hills, Jan. {A. O. II.).
Kattiawar, May.
Jodhpur, Jan., Feb.
Ajmere, Jan.
Sambhur, April, May, June,

Dec. (J?. M. Adam).
Murdan, Feb. (/. R. Johnsim).
Gurgaon Dist., Jan., Feb.,

March, Aug. {A. O. H.^- W.

N. Chill).
Bewur, Mynpuree Dist., Jan.

(A. Anderson).
Oudh, Nov., Dec, Jan.
Itahunabad, Luckuow Dist.,

Nov. (G. Reid).
Nepal.

Col. Mills [P.].
India Museum [P.].
Gould CoU.

Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Capt. Lloyd [P.].
Hume Coll.
Plume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].

I

G. FKANCOLINUS.

143

f/, q'. S ad. sk.
!•' , s' . cJ ad. et

pull. sk.
t'. S ad. sk.
«'. S ad. nV.
v'. (S ad. .«k.
lo'-a". (S ? ad. sk.

6", c". c? 2 ad sk,
d", e". S inim. ;

2 ad. sk.
/", 'f- 3 ad. sk.
A". (S ad. sk.
i''. 2 ad. sk.
k", I". S ad. sk.
m"-o". $ ad. et

imni. sk.
Sternum.

Daijei'ling'.

Maunbhoom, March, April

(li. C. Bcavmi).
Saugor ( W. T. Hooper).
Satpura Hills, Feb.
Deccan {Col. Sykes).
Alimednugger Dist., Feb.,

Dec. {S. B. Fairbank).
Belgaum, Oct. {E. A. Butler).
Mysore, Oct., Nov.

Madras.

Tuticoriii, March.

India.

Eagle Is., Amirautes, March.

Rodrisiuez.

P

Rodriiiuez.

Imperfect skeleton.
Slicleton.

India Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

India Museum [P.].
Ilume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

W. Davison, Esq.

[P.].
Hume & Gould Colls.
Hume CoU.
India Museum [P.].
Dr. Coppinorer [P.].
H. H. Slater, Esq.

[C.].
H. H. Slater, Esq.

[C.].

G. Francolinus coqui.

Perdix coqui, Smith, Hep. Exp. Cent. Afr. p. 55 (1836) [Kurri-
chaine].

Francolinus subtorquatus, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. pi. 15 (1838) ;
Grai/, List Gall. B. ill. p. 35 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 505
(1846); Gurnet/, Ibis, 1860, p. 2\r^ [Natal]; id. P. Z. S. 1864,
pp. 3, 0 [Damaraland] ; Grai/, List Gatlina; Brit. Mtis. p. 50 (1867) ;
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. l'73 (1867) [Orange Free Statel ; Gttrney,
Ibis, 1868, p. 467 [i.,impopo R.] ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. "ii. p. 265,
no. 9658 (1870); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. .'386 [Transvaal &
Matabele] ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 85 [Durban] ; id. Ibis, 1882,
p. 361 [Matabele] ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 600 ( 1884) ;
Ayres, Ibis, 1884, p. 2:32 [Transvaal], 1886, p. 293 [Limpopo R.],
1887, p. 61 [Umzeilla's Country] ; Bil/fikofer, Notes Leyd. Mus. x.
p. 242 (1875) [Humpata, Mossaniedes], .\i. p. 80 (1889) ; lieich.
J. f. O. 1891, p. 143 [Unyanmezi] ; Sehaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr.
iv. p. 349 (1891).

Choetopus subtorquatus, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).

.Sclero]>tera subtorquata, Gurney ed. Anderss. B. Damara L. p. 246
(1872) [Okavango R.].

Francolinus schlegeli, Bocaye (nee Ileiigl.), J. Sc.Lisb. vii. p. 94 (1879) ;
id. Orn. Am/ola, p. 407 (1881) [Benguela]: Sharpe, ed. Layard's B.
S. Afr. p. 602 (1884).

Francolinus semitorquatus, Ayres, Ihi.t, 1880, p. 110 [Rustenburg].

Francolinus coqui, i/«7//w, j. /\ O. 1882, p. 194 [Kakoma]; Schalow.
J. f. 0. 1883, ]). 341 ; Mat.schie, J. f. O. 1887, p. 147 [Marungu];
Shellei/, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 370 [Duruina] ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 41 :
Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 550 [(Julu-gulu].

Francolinus sp., Bohm, J.f. O. 1885. p. 40 [Gondal.

Francolinus stuhlmanni, JReich. J.f 0. 1889, p. 270[UsegTia] ; Hartl.
Abh. nat. J'er. Brem. xii. p. 40 (1891).

Adult male. Top of the head and car-coverts chestnut-browu,
rest of the head and nape rufous buff, usually paler on the chin and
throat and in some specimens white ; neck, chest, and rest of under-
parts white, shading into buff on the belly, Hanks, and under tail-

144 PHASIANID^.

coverts, and -widely barred with black. Some of the flank-feathers
are blotched on the onter web with chestnut ; rest of the upper
parts, scapulars, and wing-coverts (except the greater primary-
coverts) a mixture of chestnut and buff, with wide bars of black or
dark grey, interrupted on the back, rump, and scapulars by rather
wide buff shaft-stripes ; primaries, primary-coverts, and secondaries
greyish black, the latter barred with rufous on the outer web : tail
rufous buff, barred with greyish black. In some specimens the bars
on the under tail-coverts are obsolete and in others nearly so. Iris
light hazel-brown ; bill dark ashy horny, yellow at gape ; tarsi and
feet dark bright yellow ; a well-developed pair of spurs. Tota
length 11 inches, wing 5-5, tail 3, tarsus 1-5.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having a black superciliary
streak passing down the side of the neck, a second commencing on
the lores passes along the side of the throat and joining that from
the other side completely circumscribes the throat with a black
line ; neck and chest dull chestnut, mixed with grey and with white
shafts ; the rest of the upper parts sometimes greyer, with the bars
and markings less regular : iris bright hazel ; bill dusky, basal part
chrome-yellow ; tarsi and feet bright chrome. J^o spurs.

Immature male has the black superciliary and malar stripes of
the female partially developed, the outer webs of the primaries are
narrowly margined and marked with buff; otherwise the plumage is
the same as that of the adult male.

In a still younfjer bird the plumage is nearly like the females,
but the chest is mixed with the white and black barred feathers of
the adult.

In qtdte young examiiles the shaft-streaks on the upper parts are
stronger thau in the adults ; there are no traces of black lines on
the sides of the head ; the chin and throat are whitish, and the rest
of the underparts are more or less barred and spotted with black.

Hah. East, South, and South-west Africa.

a,b. cJ 2 ad. sk. Duruma, Aug. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq.

c. 2 ad. sk. Zambesi. Dr. Bradshaw [C.].

d. 9 ad. sk. Lehtaba, Umzeilla's Countrv, J. H. Gurnev, Esq.

-M^y {W. Ayres). ' ^ [P.].

e. c? ad. sk. Bamangwato, July {T. E. Shelley Coll.

Buckley).

f. S imm. sk. Limpopo Eiver, July (T. Shelley Coll.

Ayres).

g. (S ad. sk. Limpopo Eiver, Aug. [T. J. H. Gui'uey, Esq.

Ayres). [!*•]•

/(. 2 ad. sk. Tropic of Capricorn, S. Africa. Sir A." Smith [C.].

(Type of the species.)

i,li. 2 ad. etjuv. Rusteuburg, Aug., Dec. (T. J. H. Gurney, Esq.

sk. ' Ayres). fP.].

/. c5 ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Nov. (T. Shelley Coll.

Ayres).

m. S ad. sk. Spitzkop, near Potchefstroom, Shelley Coll.

April {T. Ayres).

I

6. FRANCOLIXT73. 145

M. c? ad. sk. Natal {Gordge). Shelley Coll.

0. $ ad. sk. Natal. J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

p. Juv. ik. Durban, March ((?. E. S.). Shelley Coll.

?> >■• 6 2 s<i- sk. Pinetown, March, June {G. Shelley Coll.

K S. 4- T. L. Ayres).

8. $ ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased.

t. cJ ad. St. S. Africa. Gould Coll.

u. S imm. sk. Damaraland. Shelley Coll.

7. Francolinus schlegeli.

Francolinus schlegelii, Heurjl. J.f. 0. 1863, p. 275 [Bon^o], 1864,
p. 271 [Djur and Kosanga R.] ; id. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869,
p. 415; id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 898, pi. xxx. (1873); Schaeck,
Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 379 (1891) [part.] ; Grant, Ibis, 1892,
p. 41.

? Francolinus buckleyi {Shelley), Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 41 [Accra].

Adult male. Top of the head and back of the neck as far as the
nape reddish brown ; ear-coverts blackish brown ; rest of the head
and neck buff, palest on the throat and darkest on the nape. Back
and scapulars light red mixed with brownish grey, with whitish or
buff shaft-streaks edged with black and irregular narrow transverse
black markings across the webs. Scapulars have a large blackish-
brown patch covering the middle third of the inner web. Shoulders
and wiug-coverts light red. Rump and upper tail-coverts buff,
irregularly barred and vermiculated with blackish grey. Primaries
brownish grey ; secondaries with the outer web light red, the inner
brownish grey. Tail light red. Chest, breast, belly, and flanks
white, with transverse bars of black, some of the latter with light
red and chestnut black-edged spots on the outer webs. Thighs and
vent white. Under tail-coverts pale buff, with a few wide-set,
very narrow blackish bars. A pair of shai*p spurs on the tarsi.

Hab. Bongo, Equatorial Africa, and perhaps Accra on the West
Coast.

In Captain Shelley's collection there are two female specimens
which were obtained by him at Accra in 1872 and may belong to
the present species. They differ from the female of F. coqui in
having the black lines over the eye and round the throat almost
obsolete, the greater part of the basal two-thirds of the inner
primaries and secondaries chestnut, and the general tone of the top
of the head and upper parts dull grey, with only narrow bars of
rufous buff here and there. Possibly these birds may represent
a distinct species, but in the absence of male specimens it is im-
possible to say. Should the Accra bird prove new, the species may
stand as Francoliniui buckleyi, a MS. name given by Captain Shelley,
who believes his birds to be distinct.
?a,b. 2 ad. sk. Accra, Feb. (G. E. S.). Shelley ColL

8. Francoliiius streptophorus. (Plate I.)

Francolinus streptophorus, Grant, Ibis, 1891, p. 126 [Elgon] ;

Schaeck, Mim. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 361 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892,
p. 42 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 550.
VOL. XSII. L

146

PHASIANIB^.

Adult male. Top of the head, ear-coverts, back, ■wings, rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail umber-brown, the lower back, rump, and
scapulars also largely blotched with rich dark brown on one or
both webs, and mostly with white shaft-stripes. Lores, superciliary
stripes, and sides of the face and throat, nape and sides of neck
bright chestnut. A narrow white band separates the superciliary
stripe from the top of the head, and a second parallel band running
from below the eye along the side of the head divides the hinder
part of the cheek and sides of throat from the ear-coverts. Chin
and throat white, some of the feathers tipped with chestnut. Mantle
and upper chest barred with black and white, and forming a wide
ring round the upper parts, which contrasts strongly with the rest
of the plumage. Lower chest and rest of underparts pale buff, the
former crossed with wavy black bars only, and the latter, especially
on the sides and flanks, with largo oblong black blotches on one or
both webs of the feathers. Outer tail-feathers darker brown than
the middle pair. Iris bright brown. Bill dusky ; gape and base
of lower mandible yellow. Legs dull yellow. Xo spur. Total length
11 inches, wing 6"2, tail 2'7, tarsus l-oo.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts barred with buff', and the wing-coverts spotted
with the same colour. Basal part of the outer web of the inner
primaries and the outer webs of the secondaries clouded along the
margin with buff'. Total length 10"8 inches, wing o-9, tail 2-5,
tarsus 1-5.

Hah. South foot of Mount Elgon and Masailand ; Central East
Africa.

a. cJ ad. sk. Mount Elgon, March. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.],

(Tj-pe of the species.)

9. Francolinus sephaena.

Perdix sephsena, Smith, Rep. Exp. Cent. Afr. p. 55 (1836) [Marikwa
and Limpopo II. J.

Fraucoliuus pileatus, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. pi. 14 (1838) ; Grmj,
List Gall. B. iii. p. 35 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 506 (1846) ;
id. List Gallitue Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1867); Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. 272 (1867) ; Atjres, Ibis, 1869, p. 297 [Limpopo K.] ; Finsch ^
Hartl. Voc/. Ost-Afr. p. 68(3 ( 1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 265,
no. 9667 (1870) ; Meugl. Om. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 890, pi. 29. fig. 2
(1873) [Bechuanalandj ; Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 282 [Transvaal] ;
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 386 [Limpopo to Matabele] ; Socage, J.f. O.
1876, p. 305 [Humbe, Mossamedes]; id. Om. Angola, p. 405
(1881) ; Sharps in Gates's Matabele L. p. 323 (1881) [Crocodile and
Gokwe R.] ; Holub u. Pelz. Om. S. Afr. p. 186 (1882) [Natal] ;
Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 360 [Gokwe R.] ; Sharpe, in Layard!s B. S.
Afr. p. 593 (1884); Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 119; Ayres, Ibis,
1886, p. 292, 1887, p. 61 [Lehtaba R.] ; Schaeck, Mem. Sac. Zool
Fr. iv. p. 355 (1891).

Ghoetopus pileatus, Bonap. C. E. xlii. p. 882 (1856).

I

6. FRANCOLIN0S. 147

Francolinus sepliaena, Newton, Ibk, 1868, p. 269 ; Grant, Ibis, 1892,

p. 42.
Scluroptera pileata, Gumei/'sed. Anderss. B. Damaral. p. 247 (1872)

[N. Damaralaud].

Adult male. Top of the head lunbcr-brown, with black bases and
centres ; neck surrounded by a collar of dark chestnut feathers,
widely edged with white on either web. Upper back, scapulars, and
■wing- coverts chestnut, shading into umber-brown in the middle of
each feather, and with a wide white shaft-stripe narrowly margined
with black ; some of the longer scapulars nearly black on the
terminal half of the inner web. Lower back, rump, and upper taU-
coverts umber-brown. Primaries and secondaries brownish black,
the outer webs of the inner primaries with the basal half chestnut
and the secondaries with the outer web edged with buff. A narrow
black, followed by a wider white, superciliary stripe ; a narrow
black line from the base of the nostril to the eye, and continued
behind the eye above the ear-coverts, which are brown ; rest of the sides
of the head white, the feathers of the fore part of the cheek tipped
with black and the hinder with chestnut. Chin and throat white.
Chest buff, with dark chestnut shaft-stripes, widening out into a club-
shaped spot at the extremitj' of each feather ; rest of the under-
parts butt' with pale shafts and finely clouded and pencilled with
greyish-black except on the middle of the belly and vent. Centre
pair of tail-feathers warm brown, outer pairs nearly black, washed
with chestnut towards the base. Iris hazel. Legs and feet red ; a
long sharp spur on each tarsus. Total length 12 inches, wing 6'5,
tail 3-8, tarsus 1*7.

Immature males resemble the adult female, but are provided with
a well-developed spur on each tarsus.

Adult female. Differs from the male only in having the middle
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts covered with wavy narrow bars
of buff and lines of black ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts mottled with black and whitish buff. Iris hazel. Legs red.

Hab. South Africa : on the east from the Marikwa R. and the
Transvaal to the Zambesi and westwards to the north of Damara-
land.

a. S id. sk. Machloutze River, Baman- Shelley Coll.

gwato's Country, Aug. ( T.
E. Buckley).

b. S ad. sk. Transvaal. J. H. Gumey, Esq.

[P.].
c,d. cJ 2 ad. sk. Crocodile River, July. W. E. & C. G. Gates,

Esqs. [P.].

e. cJ ad. sk. Marik-wa River, N.E. of Sir A. Smith [C.].

Kurichane. (Jj'pe of the species.)

f. S imm. sk. Lehtaba, Umzeilla's Country, J. H. Gurney, Esq.

May ( W. Ay res). [P.].

g. 2 ad. st. South Aiiica.

x2

148 PHASIANID^.

10. Francolinus granti.

Francolinus pileatus, Ruppell {nee Smith), Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 106
(1845) [Shoa] ; Guer. et Lafr. Fen: et Gal. Voy. Abyss, p. 250
(1847) ; Heuql. J. f. O. 1862, p. 413; Fischer, J. f. 0. 1878,
p. 293 [Malindi] ; Fischer Sr Reich. J.f. O. 1878, p. 250; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. p. 118 (1880) [Lado].

Francolinus, sp., Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 113 [Unyamuezi].

Francolinus granti, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 665, pi. 39. fig. 1
[Unyamuezi] ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 265, no. 9668 (1870) ;
Finsch ^ Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 589 (1870) ; Hewjl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. ii. p. 891 (1873) ; Fischer, J. f. 0. 1879, pp. 284, 300, 303
[Malindi, Tana E.] ; Fischer 8r Reich. J. f. 0. 1879, p. 339
[Kipini] ; Sharpe, in Layard^s B. S. Afr. p. 594 (1884) ; Fisch.
Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 382 (1884) [Pare, Chaga, Kilimanjaro, Ngaruka,
Nguiuman) ; Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 119 [Bagam'oyo, Pangani,
Mombasa, Laniu] ; Reich. J. f. O. 1887, p. 52 [S. & E. of Victoria
Nyanza] ; Shelley, Ibis, 188S,p. 303 [Taka, Manda Is.] ; id. P. Z. S.
1888, p. 48 [Lado] ; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 370 [Useri R.] ; Grant,
Ibis, 1890, p. 346 ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. xii. p. 40 (1891)
[Ussambiro] ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 358 (1891) ;
Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 42 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 551 [Ulu country
& Victoria Nyanzaj.

Francolinus rovuma. Gray, List Gallinee Brit. Mus. p. 52 (1867)
[part._ c?].

Francolinus schoensis, Heugl. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 415
[Sboa].

Francolinus schoanus, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 891, pi. xxix.
fig. 2 (1873) ; Salmd. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxi. pp. 210, 272
(1884) [Shoa] ; Hartert, Kat. Mus. Senckenb. p. 195 (1891).

Francolinus ochvogaster, Hartl. J.f. 0. 1882, p. 327 [Upper Nile]; id.
Beitr. Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. viii". p. 218 (1882) ; Reich. Sf Schalow,
J.f.0. 1883, p. 409 ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 357 (1891).

Francolinus kirki, Sclat. {nee Hartl.) P. Z. S. 1884, p. 389 [Berbera,
Somali].

The old and young of both sexes are quite similar in plumage to
F. sephcena, but the dark chestnut spots do not extend so far down
on the chest. In size the present species is also much smaller. In
a very old male specimen the lower chest, breast, and rest of the
underparts are nearly pure buff, the markings being only very faintly
visible on the sides.

Male. Total length 11 inches, wing 5-5, tail 3'5, tarsus 1'7.

Female. Total length 11 inches, wing 5'3, tail 3, tarsus 1*5.

Hah. East Africa from about 5° S. to 10° N. lat. and east of
about 31° E. long.

a. cJ ad. sk. Shoa {Harris). India Museum [P.].

b-d. (S $ ad. sk. Lado, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.].

March, April.

e. cJ ad. sk. Wakkala, Equatorial Afiica, Shelley CoU. (One

April {Fmin Pasha). of the typical specimens

of F. ochrogaster, Hartl.)

/. 2 ad. sk. Duriima, July. Dr. F. M. Hilde-

brandt [C.J.
g-i. c? 2 ad. et Uaeri River, July. H. C. V. Hunter,

imm. ■ sk. Esq. [P.].

6. FEANCOLINUS. 149

*. cf imm. sk. Taka, Dec. F. J. Jackson, Eaq.

[P.].
/. $ ad. sk. Lamu. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].
m, n. (S ad. sk. Lamu (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

0. (S ad. sk. Melinda (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley CoU.

p. d" "ad. .sk. E. Africa. Purchased.

(One of the types of F. rovuma, G. R. Gr.)
q. ^ ad. sk. ? Shelley CoU.

11. Francolinus spilogaster.

Francolinus spilogaster, Salmdori, Ami. Miis. Civ. Genov. vi. p. 541
(1888) [Ilarar] : Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 347 ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc.
Zool. Fr. iv. p. 363 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 42.

Adult male. Entirely similar to F. HrJci, from which it can be
distinguished only by its greater size. Wing 6"5 inches,
Mab. N.E. Africa : Harar, Shoa.

12. Francolinus kirki.

Francolinus kirki, Ilartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 827 : Cab. v. d. Decken's
Reisen, i. p. 60 (1869) ; Finsch S,- Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 588, pi. x.
fig. 1 (1870) ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 120 [tabora] ; Reich.
J. f. 0. 1889, p. 270[Usegua] ; Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 346 ; Schaeck,
Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 361 (1891) ; Gra7it, Ibis, 1892, p. 43.

Francolinus rovuma, Gray, List GaUina Brit. Mm. p. 52 (1867)
[part $].

Francolinus granti, Nicholson, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 359 [Dar-es-Salaam] ;
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 597 [Melinda, Dar-es-Salaam].

Both sexes resemble respectively the male and female of F.
.tephcena, but differ in having a dark chestnut oblong spot at the
end of the shaft on the feathers of the breast and belly.

Male. Total length 11 inches, wing .5"7, tail 3-.5, tarsus 1*6.

Female. Total length 10-5 inches, wing 5-5, tail 3, tarsus 1-5.

Hah. East Africa, from the Rovuma River to Dar-es-Salaam and
Zanzibar Island.

a, b. (S 2 ad. sk. Dar-es-Salaam (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

c. 5 ad. sk. Rovuma River (C. Living- Earl Russell [P."|.

stone). (One of the types of F. rovuma, G. R. Gr.)

13. Francolinus albogularis. (Plate II.)

Francolinus albogularis, Grai/, List Gall. B. iii. p. 35 (1844)
QV. Africa] ; Hartl. J. f. 6. 1854, p. 210 [Gambia] ; id. Om.
W.-Afr. p. 201 (1857) ; Grat), List Gallmat Brit. Mus. p. 50
(1867) ; id. Hand-l.B. ii. p. 26o, no. 9601 (1870); Schaeck, Mim.
Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 385 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 43.

Chcetopus albogularis, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (18.56).

Francolinus albigularis, Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 566 (1882).

Adult male. Top of tho head rufous brown; nape buff; neck,

150 PHASIANTD^.

upper back, and lesser and median -wing-coverts chestnut, most
feathers greyer towards the middle, and with white shaft- stripes
narrowly margined with black : middle back and scapulars much
the same, but heavily blotched and irregularly barred with black ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts grey, irregularly spotted and
barred with pale rufous and black. Primaries and secondaries and
their coverts light chestnut, dark brown at the extremity and along
the shaft. Ear-coverts dark brown ; sides of the face, chin, and
throat white, some of the cheek-feathers tipped with dark brown ;
neck and rest of uuderparts uniform buff, with pale shafts ; under
tail-coverts barred with brown ; some of the feathers of the sides
and flanks widely edged with chestnut. Centre pair of tail-feathers
like the upper tail-coverts, outer pairs chestnut, more or less barred
at the extremity with dusky. Bill black, yellow at the base. Legs
and feet yellowish. Tarsi with a well-developed pair of spurs.
Total length 9 inches, wing 5-2, tail 2-2, tarsus 1"4.
Hah. W. Africa, Gambia, and Casamanze.

a. d ad. sk. West Africa. Sk A. Smith [P.].

b. (S ad. sk. West Afiica. Governor Randall.

(Type of the species.)

14. Francolinus spilolaemus. (Plate III.)

Francolinus psilolsemus, Gray, List Gallinee Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1867)

[Shoa] ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 265, no. 9659 (1870) ; Heugl. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 897 (1873) ; Giglioli, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxvi.

p. 61 (1888) [Shoa].
Francolinus ptiloleemus, Hevgl. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 415.
Francolinus spilolaemus, Finsch ^ Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 586

(1870) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxvi. p. 306 (1888) ;

Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 374 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892,

p. 43.

Adult male. Top of the head black, edged with pale brown ; nape
buff, barred and spotted with black. Eest of the upper parts umber-
brown, blotched on one or both webs with black and with buff
shaft-streaks and bars of buff on either web. Ear-coverts dull
chestnut. Lores, superciliary stripes, sides of face, neck, and chest
buff, tipped with black. Chin and throat white, each feather with
a round subterminal black spot. Breast and belly buff, each feather
with a V-shaped black mark near the extremity of the shaft and,
as it were, supporting a chestnut blotch on the branch which goes
to the outer web. On some of the flank-feathers the chestnut
blotches are developed on both webs. Primaries and secondaries
and their coverts bright chestnut, mottled with brown at the
extremity, except the outer secondaries, where the mottling resolves
itself into three or four rather wide brown bars. Thighs and
middle of belly buff; under tail-coverts buff, barred with black.
Tail black, barred with buff. A pair of moderately-developed
spurs on the tarsi. Total length 12*3 inches, wing 6"4, tail 2-9,
tarsus 1'7.

6. FRANCOLINUS. 151

Adult female. Differs from the male onlj- in the absence of spurs.
Total length 11-6 inches, -wing 6-3, tail 2-7, tarsus 1'6.
Hah. N.E. Africa : Shoa.

n. S »<i- sk. Shoa {Harris). India Museum [P.].

(Trpe of the species.)
b-d. (S $ ad. sk. Shoa (Harris). India Museum [P.].

e. 5 ad. St. Shoa. India Museum [P.].

15. Francolinus gutturalis.

Perdix fruttiu-alis, RiijjpeU, X. Wirhelth. p. 13 (ISSo) [Abyssinia].

Francolinus gutturalis, Des Murs in Lefehvre's Voi/. en Abi/ss. p. 148
(1845-50) : liiippell, Or». N.O.-Afr. p. 103, pl.'40 (1845) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 505 (1846) ; Hem/. J.f. 0. 1802, p. 412 [Bogos, So-
mali] ; Brehm, Reis. Habesch, p. 223 (1863) ; Finsch, Trans. Zool.
Soc. vii. p. 293 (1870) ; Biaiif. Geol. S,- Zool. Abi/ss. p. 425 (1870)
[Senaf^, Anseba] ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Voq. Ost-Afr. p. 584 (1870) ;
Heiiffl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 895 (1873); Antin. e Sahad. Cat.
The. p. 135 (1873) : 'iid. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, iv. p. 498 (1873)
[Abvssinia] ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 372 (1891) ;
Grant, Ihis, 1892, p. 43.

Scleroptera guttiu-alis, BU/th, J. A. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 304 (1856)
[Somali] ; Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 248 [Somali].

Chcetopus gutturalis, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).

Adult male. Upper parts similar to those of F. sjyilolcemus ; lores,
superciliary stripes, sides of the face, neck, and nape rufous biiff,
spotted with black ; ear-coverts whitish brown ; chin and throat
white, the feathers at the edges spotted with black. Chest chestnut,
each feather witli a mottled grey and buff shaft-stripe. Breast and
rest of underparts pale btift', each feather with a black stripe down
the shaft or ^nth the shaft white and dividing the black on either
side nearly to the end of the feather ; sides and flanks heavily
blotched with chestnut and irregularly barred on the outer web
with blackish brown. Thighs and under tail-coverts barred with
black. Both the primaries and secondaries are more brown and
less chestnut than in /'. sjiilohnnus, and the ground-colour of the
tail is a trifle less black. A pair of moderate spurs on the tarsi.
Total length 12-5 inches, wing 6-5, tail 2-S, tarsus 1-4.

Adult female. Resembles the male, but is not provided with
spurs. Total length 11-9 inches, wing fi-3, tail 2-7, tarsus 14.

Uab. North-east Africa : Abyssinia, Bogos, Mountains of Somali.

a. S ad. sk. Anseba Vallev, Julv. W. T. Blanford, Esq

b. $ ad. sk. Tfkonda, Tigr^, Feb. W. T. Blanford, Esq.
c-ff. (S 2 ad. Senafe, Tigrc^ April, May Tweeddale Coll.

sk. ( W. Jesse).

m

16. Francolinns uluensis. (Plate lY.)

us uluensis. Grant, lbi<. 1892, p. 44 [Ulu (
[; S/iarpe, Jbis, 18U2, p. 551.

It is somewhat doubtful whether two specimens collected by

Francolinus uluensis. Grant, lbi<. 1892, p. 44 [Ulu Country, East
Africa]; S/iarpe, Jbi.<!, 18u2, p. 551.

152 PHASIANID^.

Mr. r. J. Jackson, at Machako's, in the Ulu Country, should be in-
cluded in F. gutturalis or not. One would certainly expect to find
them distinct from the Abyssinian birds, and on comparing them
with typical specimens from Abyssinia the differences, although few,
seem to justify my separating them under the above name. Both
specimens are males with fully-developed spurs, and they differ
from F. gutturalis in the following particulars : — On the side of
the neck, between the continuations of the rufous-buff superciliary
and cheek stripes, and behind the ear-coverts, lies a well-marked
triangular patch, an inch or more in length, of white feathers with
black tips. There is no trace of this in F. gutiuraUs, but it is
equally distinct in F. africanus from S. Africa. Again, the feathers
of the breast and belly, instead of having black shaft-stripes, are
covered with irregular arch-shaped black bars, which give these
parts an ocellated appearance much as in F. africanus. The tarsus
is longer than in F. gutturalis, 1"6 as against 1*4. Total length
12 inches, wing 6-5, tail 2-9, tarsus 1*6.
Hab. East Africa : Ulu Country.

a. cJ ad. sk. Machako's, Ulu Country, Feb. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of the species.)

17. Francolintis africanus.

Pearled Partridge, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 773 (1783).

Perdix afra, Lath, (nee Miill.) Ind. Orn. ii. p. 648 (1790) ; Temm.
Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 337, 723 (1815) ; Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 505
(1831).

PerdLs perlata, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 326, 721 (1815) [part.].

Francolinus africanus, Steph. in Sha%u's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 323 (1819) ;
Gratj, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 265, no. 9660 (1870) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl.
Coll. p. 566 (1882) ; Hartert, Kat. Mus. Senckenb. p. 195 (1891) ;
Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 43.

African Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 277 (1823).

Francolinus afer, Grag, List Gall. B. iii. p. 34 (1844) ; id. Gen.
B. iii. p. 505 (1846) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1866, p. ^23 [British
Kaifiaria]; Grai/, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1867) ; Layard,
B. S. Afr. p. 270 (1867) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 84 [Welliiigton
to Ceres, Cape Colony] ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 208 [Potchef-
stroom]; Sharpe, in Oates's Matabele L. p. 323 (1881) [VaalR.] ;
Holub Sf Pelz. Orn. S. Afr. p. 188 (1882) ; Sharpe, in Layard's
B. S. Afr. p. .595 (1884) [Grahamstown, Port Elizabeth];
Schaeck, M^m. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 81 (1891).

? Pternistes (Scleroptila) afra, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 250
(1849).

Choetopus afer, Bonap. C. B. xlii. p. 882 (1856).

Adult male. Upper parts and tail the same as in F. spilolcemus, but
only the outer webs of the inner primaries are mixed with chestnut,
and the secondaries are brown, barred with rufous buff. Ear-
coverts brown ; lores, superciliary stripes, and sides of the face and
throat rufous buff. Chin and throat white, more or less barred or
mottled on the lower parts and sides with black. A large patch of
black and white barred feathers is situated on the side of the neck

6. FKANCOLINUS. 163

behind the ear-coverts, and enclosed between the continuations of
the superciliary and cheek stripes of rufous. Upper chest rust-
coloured, each feather shading into bright buff towards the shaft
and tipped with grey ; lower chest a mixture of buff and grey,
blotched at the extremity with chestnut on one or usually both
webs. Breast and belly whitish buff, irregularly barred and arched
with black, and conveying the idea of the whole being finely and
rather irregularly ocellated. Sides and flanks buff, barred on the
outer web with blackish grej' and with a large chestnut blotch at
the extremity of the inner web ; under tail-coverts buff, barred ■wdth
black. A pair of moderate, rather blunt, spurs on the tarsi. Total
length 13 inches, wing G-4, tail 3, tarsus 1'6.

Adtth female. Differs only from the male in having no spurs.
Total length 12 inches, wing 6-3, tail 3, tarsus 1'5.

Hah. Eastern South Africa : Transvaal to Cape Colony.

a, 6. cJ $ ad. sk. Transvaal. J. H. Gurnev, Esq., & Dr.

R. B. Sharpe [P.].

c. S ad. sk. Potchefstroom. F. A. Ban'att, Esq. [P.].

d. S ad. sk. Drakensberg Mts., Natal. W. H. Coblev, Esq, [P.].
e,f. 6 2 ad. sk. Cape Colony {E. A. Butler). Shelley Coll."

^. cJ ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. Hardwicke Bequest.

h. (S ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. J. E. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

i, k. S 2 ad. sk. S. Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].

I. ? ad. sk. S. Africa. Mrs. Stirling [Pa

m. (S ad. sk. S. Africa {Layard). Shelley Coll.

18. Francolinus finschi.

Francolinus, sp. ?, Socage, J. Set. Lisb. vi. p. 278 (1878) [Caconda,

Benguelaj.
Francolinus finschi, Socage, Om. Angola, p. 406 (1881) ; Reich. 8f

Schalow, J. f. O. 1882, p. IIG; Sharpe, in Layard's B. S. Afr.

p. 598(1884); Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 381 (1891);

Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 43.

Adult male and female. Upper parts like F. gutturalis and
F. S2)ilolce7nKS, but differs in being larger and having a stouter bill;
the top of the head, back of the neck, and chest dusky grey; the
middle of the feathers darker ; sides of the forehead, superciliarics,
lores, cheeks, sides of the throat, and sides and base of the neck
reddish buff and unspotted ; chin and throat pure white ; the
feathers of the upper breast and flanks grey, narrowly barred with
buff, of the beUy and sides golden buff, all with chestnut spots and
margined with pale grey.

Male. Total length 14-5 inches, wing 6-5, tail 3-2, tarsus 1-65.

Hab. South-western Africa : Benguela.

19. FrancoliiLas castaneicollis.

Francolinus castaneicollis, Salvadori, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xxvi.
p. 542 (1888) [Lago Ciar-Ciar, Shoa]; Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 350,
pi. xi. ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 371 (1891); Grant,
Ibis, 1892, p. 44.

154 PHASIANID^.

Adult female (type of* the species). Top of the head dark, feathers
with pale margins and ornamented by subterminal black spots ;
forehead black, clothed with sharp rigid feathers. Superciliaries
and hinder margin of the forehead chestnut, variegated with black ;
space in front of the eyes pale and cheeks rufous chestnut, with
the margins of the feathers black ; ear-coverts brown. Nape
chestnut, the feathers ornamented with two white spots on the
outer web and two black on the inner ; feathers of the upper back
chestnut in the middle, variegated with black and margined with
grey ; lower back and rump olive-grey, spotted and marked in-
distinctly with black bars. Upper tail-coverts the same, but with
wider black bars ; breast and middle of belly white, spotted with
black and chestnut, the side feathers spotted with chestnut and
barred with black and white. Under tail-coverts dirty white,
barred with black. Wings dusky, the lesser and median coverts
with semi-lunar subterminal black spots and pale margins ; wing-
feathers variegated on the outer web with chestnut, the inner ones
with white shaft-stripes marked with black transverse spots and
pale bars. Outer tail-feathers rufous, variegated with black ;
middle pair greyish olive, barred with black, with the tips paler.
Bill and feet dusky. Total length 12 inches, wing 6-6, tarsus 1'7.

Hah. Lake Ciar-Ciar, Shoa.

20. Francolinus levaillanti.

Perdix levaillantii, Valenc. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxviii. p. 441 (1825)
[Cape].

Perdix vaillantii, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 33 [no. 477] (1829).

Perdix levaillantoides, Smith, Rep. Exp. Cent. Afr. p. 6o (1836).

Francolinus levaillanti, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. pi. 85 (1843) [Cape
Colony] ; Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 33 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii.
p. 505 (1846) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1864, p. 354, 1865, p. 274 [Natal] ;
Gray, List Galliwe Brit. Mus. p. 49 (1867) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. 270 (1867) ; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 375 [Grootevadersbosch] : Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 265, no. 9656 (1870) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 261
[Transvaal] ; Butler, Feildeti, ^ Reid, Zool. (3) vi. p. 338 (1882)
[Newcastle, Natal] ; Sharpe, in Layard' s B. S. Afr. p. 596 (1884)
[Port Elizabeth, East London, British Kaifraria] ; Grant, Ibis,
1890, p. 347 ; Schaeck, Mem. Sac. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 338 (1891) ;
Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 45.

Pternistes (Scleroptila) levaillanti, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 250 (1849).

Cbojtopus levaillanti, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).

Adult male and female. Top of the head brown, circumscribed by
the superciliary stripes of black and white feathers, which, starting
just behind the nostril, become confluent on the nape, and run down
the middle of the back of the neck, widening at the base of the
neck into a somewhat enlarged triangular patch of black and white
feathers. A second pair of bands of black and white feathers
arising close to the former, just above the angle of the gape, bound
the chin and throat and unite at the base of the latter, where they

6. FRANCOLINUS.

155

form a patch of white feathers edged and spotted with black. Rest
of the sides of the face and neck rust-colour, as also the outer part
of tlie chin and throat, centre part white, liest of the upper parts
iimher-brown, blotched on one or both webs with black, barred
with buff, and with buff shaft-stripes. Primaries and secondaries
and their coverts light chestnut, mottled with brown at the tips.
Chest aud breast light chestnut, with buff shaft-stripes, and here and
there irregularly barred or spotted with blackish. Belly buff,
blotched on one or both webs with chestnut; sides, flanks, thighs,
and under tail-coverts buff', barred with bro-wni and blotched here
and there with chestnut. Tail brownish black, tipped with light
brown and barred narrowlj' with buff. Tarsi with or without
small blunt spurs. Total length 13 inches, wing 6*5, tail 2-6,
tarsus 1"5.

Hah. South Africa : Transvaal, Orange Free State, Natal, Cape
Colony.

a. (S ad. sk.

Transvaal.

J. H. Gurnev, Esq. [P.l.
F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.].

6. Ad. sk.

Near Vaal River, Potchef-

stroom.

c. 2 ad. sk.

Near Kroonstad, Orange
Free State.

F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.].

d. S iinni. sk.

Ingagane R., Natal, July.

Capt. Savile G. Reid[P.].

e-g. S ad. sk.

South Africa.

J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].

h, i. $ ad. sk.

South Africa {Layard).

Shellev Coll.

j. (S ad. sk.

South Africa.

Mrs. Stirling [P.].

A-. Ad. sk.

South Africa.

Purchased.

/, m. $ ad. at

Cape of Good Hope.

Hardwicke Bequest.

juv. St.

n. Skeleton.

I

21. Francolinus gariepensis.

Francolinus gariepensis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. pis. 83[c?]&84[2]
(1849) [Caledou & Vaal Rs.]; Grni/, LiM Gall. B. iii. p. 33
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 505 (184G) ; id. List Gullina Brit. Mus.
p. 50 (18(57) : Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 27l' (18G7) ; Gray, Ha7id-l. B.
ii. p. 2U5, no. 9G57 (1870) ; Fimch S) Marti. Voy. Ost-Afr. p. 582
(1870) [part.] ; Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 282 [Transvaal] ; Sharpe, in
Layard s B. S. Afr. p. .509 (1884) [part.]; Ai/res, Ilm, 1886,
p. 292 [Potchefstroom, Limpopo R.] ; Grant, 76)'.-', 1890, p. 347;
Sc/iaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 340 (1891) [part.] ; Grant,
Ibis, 1892, p. 45.

Chcetopus gariepensis, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).

Adult male and female. Top of tho head and nape black, each
feather margined with rufous ; rest of the upper parts umber-brown
or greyish brown, most of the feathers blotched on one or both
webs with deep chestnut and black, barred with buff, and with buff
8haft-stri])es edged externally witli black. From behind the nostrils
arise a pair of superciliary stripes of mixed black and white feathers,
which pass along the sides of the neck, widely apart from one
another and never uniting at the back of the head as in F. levaillanti.
A second pair of white and black bands arise behind the gape, and
surround the white chin aud throat. Sides of the face rufous bufE.

156 PHASIANID^.

Feathers of the fore part of the neck rust-colour, paler towards the
shaft, and with a black subterminal mark on either web. Chest and
rest of underparts bright buff. All the feathers (except those of the
middle of the belly and vent, which are uniform, and the under tail-
coverts, which are barred with black) are heavily blotched on one or
both webs with dark chestnut, and dotted or margined with black
near the extremity ; some of the long flank-feathers are also barred
with black on the outer web. The primaries and primary-coverts are
chestnut mottled with brown at the extremity ; secondaries paler
and barred with brown. Tail blackish brown, barred with bufE
and tipped with pale buff. In most the male examples possess fairly-
developed spurs and the females do not ; but there are exceptions,
such as a female with a moderately-developed spur on the left leg
and none on the right, while a male, which is apparently perfectly
adult, has the spurs represented by a mere rudimentary pair of
knobs on the tarsi. Iris hazel ; bill dusky yellow at the base ;
tarsi and feet dusky yellow. Total length 13-5 inches, wing 6-8,
tail 3"1, tarsus 1*6.

Hah. South-eastern Africa west of the Drakensberg Mts.

a,b. (S 2 ^^- sk. Potchefstroom, April, J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

Nov. ( T. Ayres).

c. (S ad. sk. Transvaal. A. Foresman, Esq. [P.].

d. 5 ad. sk. Transvaal. Tweeddale Coll.
e,f. cJ ? ad. sk. Source of the Vaal River. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Tvpes of the species.)
g, h. c? 2 ad. sk. S. Africa. Earfof Derby [P.].

i, k. (S2 ad. sk. S. Africa. Mrs. Stirling [P.].

22. Francolinus ju^laris.

Francolinus gariepensis, StricM. i^ Scl. (nee Smith) in Jard. Contr.

Orn. p. 157 (1852) [Damaraland] ; Monteiro, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 91

[Benguela] ; Finsck S,- Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 582 (1870) [part.] ;
Bocaqe, J. f. O. 1876, p. 305 [CapangoiBbe] ; Socage, Orn. Angola,

p. 404 (1881) ; Sharpe in Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 599 (1884)

[part.].
Scleroptera gariepensis, Gurney, in Anderss. B. Damaraland, p. 245

(1872) [Damara- and Gt. Namaqua-Iands].
Francolinus jugularis, Biittikofer , Notes Leyd. Mus. xi. pp. 76, 77,

pi. iv. (1889) [Gambos] ; Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 348; Schaeck, Mem.

Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 342 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 45.

Adult male and female. Eesemble F. gariepensis, but the whole of
the plumage is somewhat paler ; the lower breast and belly are pale
buff, with only a few small spots of chestnut and black, except on
the sides and flanks. The black stripes surrounding the chin and
throat form a patch of black and white feathers on the front of the
neck, more marked in some specimens than in others, and in this
respect resembling F. levaillanti. Total length 12 inches, wing
6-9, tail 3-2, tarsus 1-6.

Hah. Western South Africa : from Gt. Namaqualand northwards
to Angola.

6. FEANCOLllTTJS. 157

a-c. S 2 ad. sk. Rehobotli, Gt. Namaqualand, Tweeddale Coll. & J.

June (C. J. Andersson). H. Giii-ney, Esq. [P.].

d,e. S 9- ad. sk. Benguela. J. J. Monteiro, Esq.

[C.].
/. 2 ad. St. Western South Aihca. Purchased.

23. Francolinus shelleyi. (Plate VI.)

Francolinus gariepensis, Finsch ^- Hartl. {nee Smith), Vog. Ost-
Afr. p. 582.(1870) [part.] ; ? Fkcher S) Reich. J.f. O. 18S0, p. 140
[Zanzibar] ; Bohm, J. f. O. 1882, p. 19-5 [Kuin, Kamba, Kakoma
Dist.J ; Shellci/, Ibis, 1882, p. .361 [Umfuli R.] ; Butler, Feilden, ^
Reid, Zool. {-i) vi. p. 338 (1882) [Colenso] ; Sharpe, in Layard\ B.
S. Afr. p. 599 (1884) [part., Umfuli R.] ; ? Fischer, J.f. O. 1885,
p. 120.

Fraacoliuus shelleyi, Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 348 ; Scliaeck, Mem. Soc.
Zool. Fr. iv. p. 77 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 45.

Adult male. Similar to F. gariepensis, but, as in F. jugularis,
there is a patch of black and white feathers at the base of the throat,
the chest is chestnut, the terminal part of the inner web of each
feather being pale buff, barred with black, and the tip grey. The
breast and belly white with ^^-shaped black bars ; the flanks and
sides are chestnut, with whitish-bufE shaft-stripes, and sometimes the
outer web the same colour and barred with black. Thighs, vent,
and under tail-covcrts pale buff, barred irregularly with black.
Total length 13 inches, wing 5-8, tail 3-4, tarsus 1-5.

Hah. South-eastern Africa : Natal, Swaziland, Umfuli R iv er.
? E. Africa, Zanzibar (Fischer).

a. d ad. sk. Natal {Gordge). Shelley Coll.

b. 2 ad. sk. Colenso, Tugela R., Natal, Nov. Capt. Savile G. Reid

fc.].

c. cJ ad. sk. Swaziland, July (T.^. 5?«;fc&e/). Shelley Coll.

d. S ad. sk. UmfuU River, Matabeleland, Shelley CoU.

Sept. {J. S. Jameson). (TyP^ of the species.)

24. Francolinus elgonensis. (Plate V.)

Francolinus elgonensis, Grant, Ibis, 1891, p. 126 [Mt. Elgon];
Schaeck, Mem. iSoc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 347 (1891); Grant, Ibis, 1892,
p. 45.

Adult female. Most nearly allied to F. shelleyi, from which it
differs in having the feathers of the head black, very narrowly mar-
gined with rust-colour ; the sides of the face and a patch on the
side of the neck, behind the ear-coverts and between the black and
white stripes, clear butf ; the car-coverts golden brown, with black
extremities ; the fore part, sides, and back of the neck, between the
continuation of the black and white superciliarj' stripes, rufous
chestnut, each feather ornamented with a round terminal black spot ;
the ground-colour of the rest of the underparts rich black; the
chest and breast feathers either chestnut tipped with buff and with
a subterminal wavj- black bar, or chestnut on the outer web and

158 PHASIANID^.

buff barred with black on the inner ; the belly and rest of the
underparts black, tipped and barred with buff mixed with rufous ;
the primaries and inner secondaries bright chestnut, barred and
mottled with black towards the tip ; the outer secondaries dark
brown, with regular narrow bars of buff and rufous on both webs.
Iris brown. Bill dusky horn, lower mandible fading into white
horn at base. Legs pale yellowish white. Total length 12 inches,
wing 6*9, tail 3-2, tarsus 1'8.

Hah. Central East Africa : Mount Elgon.

a. 2 ad. sk. Mount Elgon, Feb., 11,000 ft. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of the species.)

25. Francolinus gularis.

Wood Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 299 (1823).

Perdix gularis, Tevim. Tig. et Gall. iii. pp. 401, 731 (1815) ; Vieill.

N. Diet. (IHist. Nat. xxv. p. 198 (1817) ; id. Tabl. Encycl. Meth.

i. p. .366 (1823) ; Graij, HI. Ind. Zool. i. pi. .56. fig. 1 (1830-32) ;

Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 251 (1849).
Perdix monogrammica, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 504 (1831).
Francolinus gularis. Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 34 (1844) ; Hodgs. in

Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ; id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus.

no. 378 [Nepal] ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 505 (1846) ; id. List Gal-

lince Brit. Mus. p. 65 (1867) ; id. Hand-l B. ii. p. 266, no. 9685

(1870) ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 310 (1891) ; Grant,

Ibis, 1892, p. 46.
Ortygornis gularis, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 573 (1863) ; Htmie, Nests ^

E. Ind. B. p. 544 (1873) ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 234 (1878) [N. vaUey

of Ganges] ; Hume Sf Marshall, Game B. hidia, ii. p. 59, pi.

(1879) ; Hume, Str. F. ix. p. 258 (1880) [E. Cachar], xi. p. 305

(1888) [not in Manipur] ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests ^ Fggs, iii.

p. 437 (1890).

Adult male and female. Top of the head and nape brown, rest of
the upper parts narrowly barred with brown, black, and buff alter-
nately, and with white shafts. Primaries chestnut, shading into
brown towards the extremities ; primary-coverts brown, dotted on
the outer webs with rufous ; secondaries brown washed with rufous,
and with irregular bars of buff, edged on either side with deep
brown on the outer web. Wide superciliary stripe, lores, and
cheeks whitish buff; ear-coverts dark brown. Chin, throat, and
front of neck deep rust-colour. Feathers of the chest and rest of
the underparts white or pale buff, margined on either side by a
black and then a brown band. Under tail-coverts pale rufous.
Centre pair of tail-feathers brown-chestnut towards the base and
finely vermiculated with black ; rest of the tail-feathers dark chest-
nut, tipped with brownish buff. The male is provided with a sharp
pair of spurs.

Male. Total length 13 inches, wing 7-2, tail 4-1, tarsus 2-4.

Female. Total length 12-6 inches, wing 6-8, tail 3-4, tarsus 2-1.

Hab. Northern India : Terai region, skirting the southern bases
of the Himalayas from Pilibhit to Sadiya in E. Assam, Cachar, and
Tipperah.

6. FRANCOLINUS. 159

a. c? ad. sk. [Central India.] Tweeddale Coll.

b, c. (S ad. St. liimalaya Mountains.

d-f. cJ 2 fid. sk, Oudh, L)ec. Hume Coll.

g. $ ad. sk. Mogul Serai, Oudh, Nov. Hume Coll.

h, i. cJ $ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[C.].

k-m. (S ad. sk. Purneah. Capt. S. Pinwill [P.].

n, 0. $ ad. sk. Buxa Doars, Jan., Feb. (L. Hume Coll.

Alandelli).

p,q- <i 2 ^d. sk. Dacca. Hume Coll.

r-t. (S 2 ^d. sk. Assam (/. M'Cklland). India Museum [P.].

M. (S ad. sk. Gauhati, March. Hume Coll.

V. (S ad. sk. Dilkooslia, Cachar, April Hume Coll.

{J. Inc/lis).

w-y. S 2 ad.sk. Sylhet, Jan., Aug. (/. In- Hume Coll.

glis).

26. Francolinus adspersus. (Plate Til.)

Fraucolinus adspersus, Waterh. in Alexander'' s Exp. ii. p. 267, pi.
(1838) ; id. List GaU. B. iii. p. 34 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.
p. 505 (1846) ; Lciyard, B. S. Afr. p. 2i^9 (1867) [Orange E. and
Ovampoland) ; Gray, List Gal/ince Brit. Mm. p. 52 (1867) ; Layard,
Ibis, 18l)9, p. .375 [Namaqualand] ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 265,
no. 9669 (1870) ; Bocnye, J. Sci.Lisb. v. pp. 42,59 (1874) [Cunene
R.] ; id. J. f. O. 1876, p. 305 [Gambos] ; id. Orn. Angola, p. 410
(1881); Sharpe, in Layard'.^ B. S. Afr. p. 590 (1884); Schaeck,
Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 353 (1891); Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 46.

Choetopus adspersus, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1850).

Scleroptera adspersa, Gurney, ed. Anderss. B. Damaral. p. 247 (1872)
[Damara- and Great Namaqua-lands, Lake Ngami].

Adult male and female. ^Vliole of the upper surface and wings
(except the mantle) umber-brown, tincly mottled with dirty white
and black ; ear-coverts brown ; lores and space in front of the eyes
nearly l)lack ; rest of the sides of the face, superciliary stripes, chin,
and throat white, mottled with black. Mantle, neck, chest, and rest
of undcrparts narrowly barred with black and wliitc. The male is
provided with long sharp spurs. Iris brown ; bill and legs coral-
red. Total length 12-6 inches, wing (3-6, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-7.

Immature birds differ from the adult in having the mantle simi-
larly coloured to the rest of the upper parts, some of the scapulars
blotched with black at the extremity, and the underparts brownish
■white, finely vermiculated with black, many of the feathers of the
breast and belly being somewhat widely barred with white, and
those of the sides tipped with the same colour.

IJab. Western South Africa, from the Orange River to Cunene
River, and extending inland to Lake Ngami.

o. d ad. sk. Humbe, Cunene River Shelley Coll.

(AncJiieta).

b. Imm. sk. Damaraland (Capt. Ale.v- Gould Coll. (Type

ander). of the species.)

c. Ad. sk. Damaraland. Mrs. Stirling [P.].

160 PHASIANIDJ;.

d. $ ad. sk. Otjimbinque, Damaraland, Tweeddale Coll.

Sept. (C. J. Andersson).
e,f. Ad. etimm. Western S. Africa. Zoological Soc. Coll.

sk.
g. S ad. st. Western S. Africa.

27. Prancolinus griseostriatus.

Francolinus griseostriatus, Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 349, pi. x. [Quanza
R.] ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 348 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis,
1892, p. 46.

Adult male. Top of the head grej^ish brown ; lores, cheeks, ear-
coverts, superciliary stripes, and sides of throat reddish white, paler
in front of and behind the eye. Feathers of the back of the neck,
back, scapulars, and outer secondaries dark chestnut down the
middle, margined on either side by a black and pearl-grey band ;
the scapulars and outer secondaries are also irregularly vermiculated
and barred with black. Wing-coverts, lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts umber-brown finely vermiculated with dusky brown and
buff. Primaries and secondaries reddish chestnut, darker on the
inner webs, vermiculated and irregularly banded on both webs with
black. Chin and middle of throat white. Feathers of the front of
the neck and upper chest rufous chestnut, widely edged with whitish
grey. Breast, bellj', thighs, and under tail-coverts with wide dull
rufous shaft-stripes, slightly vermiculated on the flanks with black.
Tail rufous chestnut, the middle feathers pale buff on the edges of
webs, and all transversely vermiculated with black, though on the
outer feathers this is confined to the extremity. Under surface of
wings silver-grey, vermiculated with very dull rufous buff. A pair
of long sharp spurs on the tarsi. Bill dark brown, the tip, basal
part, and lower mandible yellow. Legs and feet yellow ; spurs dark
brown. Total length 12-5 inches, wing 6"3, tail 3*2, tarsus 1*7.

Hab. River Quanza *, W. Africa.

a. S ad. sk. River Quanza. Dr. R. B. Sharpe [P.].

(Type of the species.)

28. Francolinus bicalcaratus.

Tetrao bicalcaratus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 277 (1766).

Perdrix du Senegal, Dauhent. PI. Enl. ii. pi. 47 (no. 137).

Senegal Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 757 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.

viii. p. 267 (1823).
Perdix bicalcarata, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 643 (1790).
Perdix senegalensis, Bonn. Tabl. Enc. M. i. p. 212, pi. 93. fig. 2 (1791).
Perdix adansonii, Temni. Piy. et Gall. iii. pp. 305, 717 (1815) ; Leas.

r/Wfe-c^'Om. p. 504(1831).
Francolinus senegalensis, Steph., Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 330 (1819).
Choetopus adansoni, Swains. B. West Afr. ii. p. 217 (1837) [Senegal].
Francolinus bicalcaratus. Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 33 (1844) ; id. Gen.

* Written by accident " Congo " in the original description.

I

6. FRAKCOLINUS. 161

B. iii. p. 505 (1846) ; Hartl. J. f. 0. 1854, p. 209 [Senepral, Gambia
R. Ni^er] ; id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 201 (1857) ; Gray, List GalUyKP
JBrit. Mus. p. 49 (18G7) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 265, no. 9655
(1870); Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 73 [Accra]; Shelley \- Buckley,
Ibis, 1872, p. 290 [Accra] ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 72 [Gold Coast] ;
Beich.J.f. O. 1874, p. 383 [Gold Coast]; Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 518
[E^ga, K. Niger] ; Shelley, Ibis, 188:3, p. 560 [Shonga,_R. Niger];
lieidflbis, 1885, p. 251[Mogador; C. Blanco, Morocco'; Hartert,
J. f. O. 1886, p. 602 [Loko , ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Z'ool. Fr. iv.
p. 335 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 46.

Didymacis senegalensis, Reichenb. Handb., Gall. fig. 1768 (1853).

Francolinus albiscapus, Reichenb. Handb., Gall. figs. 175-3-54 (1853).

Chcetopus bicalcaratus, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. SS2 (1856).

Adult male and female. Top of the head brown, shading into
rufous brown or dull rufous on the nape ; neck chestnut, with an
oval black spot edged with buff on the outer half of the shaft of
each feather, but in some specimens the rufous is almost wanting
on the back of the neck, and the feathers are almost entirely black
margined with white. Upper back, ■wing-coverts, and scapulars
brown vermiculated with black, and with a submarginal white band
on either side of the feather ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts umber-brown, black along the shafts and vermiculated with
the same colour. Primaries dark brown, toothed on the outer web
with buif and irregularly barred either longitudinally or trans-
versely on the inner web with rufous buff. Secondaries dark brown,
mottled with pale buff on the outer web and barred with rufous buff
on both. Lores, upper supercihary stripe, and stripe from the nostril
to the eye black ; lower superciliary stripe and space in front of
the eye white : cheeks and sides and base of the throat white, with
black shaft-stripes ; ear-coverts shining rufous brown. Chin and
rest of the throat pure white. Each feather of the chest and rest
of the underparts is pale buff, flanked for the basal two-thirds with
chestnut and with a wide raquet-shaped black shaft-stripe, within
which, along the shaft itself, is a clear line of buff succeeded by a
detached subtcrminal V-shaped spot of the same colour ; flanks
and under tail-coverts bufl", with wide black shaft-stripes. Tail
black, barred and clouded -with rufous buff'. The male has two pairs
of spurs, the second (upper) pair being much shorter and less pointed.
Total length 12-5 inches, wing 6-8, tail 2"o, tarsus 2*1.

Hah. West Africa, from the Niger to the Mogador coast and
C. Blanco, Morocco.

a. cJ ad. sk. C. Blanco, Morocco (Olcese). Capt. S. G. Reid [C.].

6. cJ ad. sk. Senegal ((TFinville). Riocour Coll.

c,d. (S 2 »d. sk. Gambia (Sir A. Moloney). Shellev Coll.

e-h. d" 2 ad. et Accra, Feb., April (T. E. Shelley Coll.

imm. sk. Buckley, G. £. S., Gov.

Ussher).

i. cJ ad. sk. Shonga. W.A. Forbes, Esq. [P.].

k-m. (S 2 ad. et West Africa. Purchased.

juv. sk.

n,o. cJ 2 ad. st. West Africa.
p. Skeleton.

VOL. iXII, K

162 PHASIANID^.

29. Francolinus clappertoni.

Francolinus clappertoni, Children, Denh., ^ Clappertori's Trav. App,
xxi. p. 198 (1826^ TBornu] ; Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 33 (1844) ;
id. Gen. B. in. p." 505, pi. 130 (1846); StricM. P. Z. S. 1850,
p. 219 ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 51 (1867) ; id. Sand-l.
B. ii. p. 265, no. 9663 (1870) ; Keugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 886
(1873) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 566 (1882) ; Grant, Bis, 1891,
p. 125 ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 375 (1891) ; Grant,
Ibis, 1892, p. 47.

Perdix clappertoni, Cretzschm. Bilpp. Atl. p. 13, pi. 9 (1826) [Kor-
dofan] ; Pdippell, N. Wirbelth. p. 11 (1835).

Francolinus riippeUi, Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 33 (1844) [part.] ;
Riippell, Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 106 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 605
(1846) ; Antin. Cat. Desc. The. p. 94 (1864) : Gray, List Gallince
Brit. Mus. p. 51 (1867) [part.] : id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 265, no. 9664
(1870) [part.] ; Hartert, Eat. Mus. Senckenb. p. 194 (1891).

Choetopus clappertoni, Bonup. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).

Adult male and female. Top of the head reddish brown ; fore-
head and a patch between the angle of the gape and the cheek
black ; ear-coverts pale brown. Superciliary stripes, cheeks, sides
of the throat, and back of the neck white with black shaft-stripes,
ilantle rufous brown, each feather widely margined with whitish
buff; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts like the mantle, but the pale
bull: edges are very irregular and most of the feathers are also
longitudinally or transversely barred with buff. Lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts umber-brown, darker along the shafts.
Primaries buff, darker towards the base of the inner web, brown
along the shaft, and mottled with the same colour at the extremity;
the basal part of the outer web of the outer primaries (where the
web widens) and the whole of the outer web of the inner primaries
is barred with dark brown : this gives the basal part of the wing,
when closed, a marked barred appearance peculiar to F. clappertoni
and the allied species. Secondaries reddish brown, barred trans-
versely on the outer webs with buff, edged externally ^vith dark
brown, and on the inner webs obliquely and irregularly with rufous.
Chin, throat, and front of neck white. Chest and rest of the under-
parts creamy buff, with wide blackish-brown club-shaped shaft-
stripes to each feather ; some of the fiauk-feathers are also blotched
with deep chestnut. Tail brown, with irregular wavy bars of buff
edged externally with darker brown. The male is armed with two
pairs of spurs, the upper pair being shorter and blunter. Both
mandibles blackish brown, yellowish at the base. j!iaked skin
round eye, legs and feet red. Total length 14 inches, wing 7-4,
tail 3-1, tarsus 2-3.

Hah. Central Africa : Xordofan, Darfur, Bornu.

a. cJ ad. sk. Central Africa. Capt. Clappertou [P.]. (Type

of tlie species.)
0. 2 ad. sk. Kordofan. Petherick Coll.

6. FRAxcoLixrs. 163

30. Francolinus gedgii.

PFrancolinus riippelli, Hartl. Abh. nut. Ver. Biem.\i\.-^. 118(1881)

[Lado] *
Francoliuus gedgii, Grant, Ibis, 1891, p. 124 [Elgon Plains] ; Schaeck,

Mhn. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 867 (1891) ; Grunt, Ibis, 1892, p. 47 ;

Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 551, pi. xiv.

Adult male. Diifers from F. cJappertoni in having the top of the
head and the ground-colour of the rest of the upper parts very dark
brown ; the white margins to the feathers of the upper parts nar-
rower and confiued to the sides of the feathers ; none of the wing-
coverts and only a few of the scapulars with traces of buff bars ;
and the tarsi, though the bird is a perfectly adult male, with only
one pair of blunt spurs. This last character is, however, of little
importance. Bill dark brown, yellowish at the base ; iris dark
brown ; legs brown in front, reddish brown behind. Total length
12 inches, wing 7'5, tail 2-S, tarsus 2-4.

Hah. Central East Africa : Elgon Plains.

a. cf ad. sk. Elgon Plains, Feb. — Gedge, Esq. [P.].

31. Francolinus hartlaubi.

Francolinus sp. ?, Bocarje, J. Sci. Lisb. i. p. 337 (1869).

Francolinus hartlaubi, Socage, J. Sci. Lisb. ii. p. 350 (1869); id.

J.f. O. 1870, p. 305; id. Orn. Angola, p. 408 (1881) [Capan-

gombo, Iluilla, Mossamedes] ; Sharpe, in Layard's B. S. Afr.

p. G02 (1884) ; Grant, Ibis, 1891, pp. 125, 120 ; Schaeck, Mem.

Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 380 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 47.

Immature male. Above ashy brown, spotted and dotted with
fulvous and black ; these spots are less conspicuous on the rump.
Top of the head dark brown, with a little space on the forehead
black, behind which there is a narrow white baud, which is pro-
longed on cither side of the head in a white superciliary streak.
Ear-coverts reddish brown ; sides of the head, neck, and under-
parts strongly striped with brownish black on a white ground,
slightly washed with yellow on the lower parts of the abdomen and
flanks. Under tail-coverts white, widely barred with blackish.
Quills pale brown, dotted -with buff on the outer webs and on the
edges of the inner. Tail-feathers blackish, barred and edged with
white. Eill very strong, black, with the edges and tip yellowish ;
feet pale pinkish yellow.

This species ajjpe.ars to be closely allied to F. clappertoni.

Hab. Western South Africa : Mossamedes.

32. Francolinus icterorhynchus.

Francolinus icterorhvnchus, Heugl J.f. 0. 1863, p. 275, 1864, p. 27
[Hongo]; id. Pete'rm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 415; id. Orn. N.O-
Afr. u. p. 894, pi. 29. tig. 1 (1873) [Djur,Kosanga] ; Hartl. Abh.

* I have little doubt that the specimen obtained by Eniin Pasha at Lado
is the siiiue as the bird from Elgou. It miglit be F. icterorhynchus as far as
locality is concerned ; but specimens of this species were also included in the
collection described by Hartlaub ; it is incredible that it should be the Abyssinian
species.

m2

1G4 PHASIAJflD^,

7}at. Ver. Brem. vii. p. 118 (1881) [Mahagi, Albert Nyanza] ; Shelley,
P. Z. S. 1888, p. 48 [Tingasi] ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv.
p. 378 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 47.

Aclvlt male and female. Lores and front of the head black, shading
into dark brown on the top. Feathers of the sides of the throat,
neck, and mantle black, margined with buiF. Back, scapulars,
rump, and upper tail-coverts brown, finely vermiculated with black
and buff, the shafts are reddish brown, and most of the feathers
have a wide black shaft-patch becoming pointed at the extremity,
this is most marked on the scapulars, which, with the wing-coverts
and some of the feathers of the back, are irregularly barred and
marked with buff. Primaries and secondaries dark brown, the
former toothed on the outer web with buff and irregularly barred
with rufous buff on the inner * ; both webs of the secondaries
irregularly barred with rufous buff, and the outer speckled along
the margin with the same colour. An indistinct white superciliary
stripe, and a band from the nostril to below the eye of the same
colour. Space in front of the eye and cheek black ; ear-coverts
brown ; chin and middle of throat white. Chest black, margined
with buff and often with a lanceolate buff patch within the black ;
breast and belly the same, but the terminal portion of the black is
circumscribed by the buff, and forms an irregular oval or round
spot. Sides and flanks black, irregularly barred with pale buff.
Tail blackish brown, with narrow irregular wavy bars of rufous
buff. The male is provided with two pairs of spurs, the upper pair
being blunter and shorter ; the female has one or two pairs of blunt
knobs. Iris brown ; bill yellowish orange, culmen dusky ; orbit
and spot behind the eye yellow ; feet orange-yellow. Total length
13-5 inches, wing 6-8, tail 3-2, tarsus 2'2.

The younger male, with only one pair of blunt spurs developed,
has the upper parts and wing-coverts more spotted and barred with
buff than the older males.

Hah. Central Africa : Bongo, Djur, Kosanga, and west of Albert
Nyanza.

a-c. S ? ad. sk. Tingasi, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.].

Aug., Sept.
d,e. 1^ 5 ad. sk. Langomei-i, Equatorial Africa, Shelley Coll.

July (Emin Pasha).

33. Francolinus sharpii.

Francnlinus rueppelii, Grai/ (founded on the figure of Perdi.v

chipperfoni, Cretzschm.), List Gall. B. iii. p. 33 (1844) [part.] ; id.

List Gallime Brit. Mus. p. 51 (1867) [part.] ; Finsch, Trans. Zool.

Soc. vii. p. 292 (1870) [Seuafe, Kokai, Anseba Valley] ; Grai/,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 26o, no. 9664 (1870) [part.] ; Blanf. Geol. S,- Zool.

Abyss, p. 425 (1870) [Autalo, Lebka 8c Anseba Valleys] ; Setigl.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 888 (1873) ; Grant, 76zs, 1891,pp. 125,126;

Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 377 (1891).
Francolinus clappertonii, Des Murs (nee Childr.), in Lefehvre^s Toy.

* The bars on the basal part of the outer webs of the outer primaries are
less regular and marked than in F. clappertoni and the other allied sjiecies.

G. FEANCoLrN-rs. 2gc

Vllulkr^^) ?]f; ^^- li'- ^\^^'^f ^) ' ^"'^^- ' '^«^-''^- Cat. Ucc
Shoaf; ^ ^ f^^^'^^^' ^'^°^^' ^-^^-i- P- '^08 (1888) [Farre,

trancolinus sharpu, Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 47. ^
^f?M7< 7na/e «nr7 female. Upper parts and win-s as in i^ r7.,» >. •
o..,but the general colour'is bio^.-ner, th^b^ earuIarfCd
mng-c^verts are regularly edged M-ith whitish bi^ like the ma'nte

weL"o''tt "^"''"^^"^f?'^^^ ^^^^S"^- ^-ff bars thnnnS
^A eb. ot the primaries are dark brosvn, barred either loiio-itudi ,a Iv

Z^T^'''^ T^ ^■^^*°"^' ^'"1 °"b' buff along the mag ns Th'e
great diiference between the present species and F. clanSLi and
A.7«/^z.isthat the feathers of the chest and breast are umber

red Tota w^? y'^' ^"T"'' P'''^^-^ ^^^^ed skin round the eye

Hah \L ■ i ' T^f' ^'''- ^'3' *^^^ 3-3, tarsus 2-3.
i/«6. Abyssinia, Eogosland, Shoa.

«. 2ad.8k. Kobii Lebka River, July Tweeddale Coll.

, (, >» . Jesse).

i>,c.6 2 ad. sk. Auseba ^-alley, July. w. T. Blanford, Esq.

'%. d2ad.sk. AValikoBogosland, July, Aug. xSdale, Salnn-
^^^•J'-'^^')- Godmau,& Shelley

h. 2 ad. sk. Senafe, W, Abyssmia, 31ay Shdky Coll

• , ^ ( '' • Jesse). "^

\, k. d 2 ad. St. Abvssinia. p„,„, „ ,

34. Francolinus capensis.
Cape Partridge, ZaM. Gen. Sun. ii. pt ii p 7.56 HTS^iV ,V/ r-

i^«.^ vm. p. 26o (1823) [Cape Colony . ^" ^^'^^^' "'• ^^'"•

retrao capensis, Gmel. 8,jst. Nat. I pt ii b 759 n7^^\ . r.-f n

^mm. p. 400 (1844), ^ Icon. hj.t\^5 ' ^ ^ ' ^'^'''- ^''''

t:j'S!!S ff-.>f^1i^;- ^j;P-/^?,(l-^)^ ^onn. Tall.
(I8/4)[KaneeRf." " ^^'^^^' ^'"''''- ^'"'- ^- ^f''- i- P- -^' 0

i P 368 S); ■ "''• P- ^^^ (181' ^' '^- ^«*^- ^"'y^^- ^^^^^■

K'.^'r '"^''°"^'' ^""'"'- -P'^- «^ ^«^'- "i- PP- 317, 720 (1815) [nart 1
Francolinus capensis, Steph. in Shaws gH zJol ^^v'Si(\S'4{

Francohnus clamata, Steph. in Shaics Gen. Zool. xl p. 327 (1819).

166 PHASIANIB^.

Perdix (Francolinus) clamosus, Less. Traite cTOrn. p. 504, pi. 87.

fig. 2 (1831).
Pternistes (Clamator) capensis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 250

(1849).
Chcetopus capensis, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).
FraDColinus clamator, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 268 (1867) ; Sharpe, in

Layard^s B. S. Afr. p. 591 (1884).

Adult male and female. Top of the head brown, -with dots of buff
round the margins of the feathers. Neck black, margined with
white. Kest of the upper parts, also the thighs and flank-feathers,
black, with two, three, or more narrow white lines equidistant from
one another and parallel with the margin of the feather, giving the
upper surface a general seal)' appearance. Primaries and second-
aries dark brown, the former vermiculated with buff on the outer
web and towards the extremity of the inner, the latter irregularly
barred on the outer and also slightly towards the extremity of the
inner web with buff. Feathers on the sides of the face dark brown
faintly edged with white, those of the chin and throat blackish
widely edged with white. Chest black, with irregular white shaft-
stripes, and thickly vermiculated with white ; rest of the underparts
the same, but with wide weU-defined white shaft-stripes and fewer
vermiculations. Tail black, with irregular bars of rufous buff.
The male is provided with one or two pairs of rather blunt spurs ;
in the female they appear to be absent. Bill dark brown, yellowish
at the base ; legs orange-red.

Male. Total length 16 inches, wing 8-8, tail 4"4, tarsus 2-7.

Female. Total length 15 inches, wing 8, tail 3-9, tarsus 2-1.

Young birds resemble the adults in the general plumage, but the
feathers of the upper parts have white shaft-stripes, the throat is
white, and the rest of the underparts are brownish irregularly barred
with white.

Hah. South Africa : Cape Colony, extending to the Orange River ;
Ptobben Island.

rt, 6. c? $ ad. sk. S. Africa. Mrs. Stirling [P.].

c,d- 6 2 ad. sk. S. Africa {T. C. Atmore). Shelley CoH.

p. $ ad. St. S. Africa.

/. Pull. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.].

y. Pull. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased.

/(. S ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. Hardwicke Bequest.

i. Pull. sk. Zoological Society Coll.

35. Francolinus natalensis.

Francolinus natalensis, Smith, S. Afr. Journ. (2) p. 48 (183.3) ; id. III.
Zool. S. Afr. pi. 13 (1838) [East and West of Port Natal] ; Gray,
List Gall. B. iii. p. 34 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 505 (1846) ;
Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 214 [Natal] ; Gray, List Gallinte Brit. Mus.
p. 53 (1867) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 273 (1867) ; Gurney, Ibis,
1868, p. 467 [Transvaal] ; Lat/'ard, Ibis, 1869, p. 375 [Mahura's
Countrv] ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 266, no. 9679 (1870) ; Buckley,
Ibis, 18"74, p. .387 [Transvaal to Matabelel ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876,
p. 209 [Rustenburg] ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 110 [round Rustenburg] ;

_,

6. FEAXCOLDTUS.

167

Sharpe, in Oates' Matahele L. p. 323 0881) [Makalapsi R.] ;

Sharpened. Lay ard's B. S. Afr. p. 592 (1884) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1886,

p. 292 [Limpopo II.] ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 345

(1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 49.
Perdix lechoho. Smith, Rep. Exp. Centr. Afr. p. 54 (1836).
Chcetopiis natalensis, JBonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).

Adult male aiul female. Feathers of the lores and forehead a
mixture of blao.k aud whitish buff ; rest of the upper parts like those
of F. icterorhynchus, but only the feathers of the neck are black
irregularly margined with white, and none of the rump-feathers
have black shaft-stripes. The ear-coverts are pale brown, the rest
of the sides of the face, chin, and throat white, each feather with a
subterminal round black spot. Chest, breast, and belly vary greatly
in the arrangement of the markings in different individuals. In
some specimens the ground-colour is pale buff, with a black shaft-
stripe on the basal two-thirds of each feather, and outside it a black
band parallel to the margin, in others the feathers are tolerably
evenlj- barred with V-shaped black bars, and between these two
extremes every intermediate arrangement can be found. These
differences have apparent!}- nothing to do with age or sex. The
flanks, thighs, and under taU-coverts buff, barred with brownish
black. Primaries and secondaries brown, the former speckled with
buff on the outer web, and sometimes also slightly on the inner, the
latter irregularly barred and vermiculated with buft' on both webs.
Tail dark brown, with irregular wavy bars of buff and black. The
male is provided with one or two pairs of spurs, when the second
pair are present they are small and blunt. One female specimen
has a blunt spur developed on the left tarsus, the others have noue.
Iris dark hazel ; bill and legs coral-red.

Male. Total length 13-5 inches, wing 7-2, tail 3"S, tarsus 1'9.

Female. Total length 12 inches, wing 6-3, tail 3, tarsus I'S.

Immature birds have the black patches on the feathers of the
upper parts much more strongly developed than the adults, and
narrow white shaft-streaks to the feathers of the mantle, chest, and
scapulars ; the breast and belly are widely barred and mottled with
brownish black.

llab. Eastern South Africa : ilatabeleland, Transvaal, Swaziland,
Natal.

a. $ imm. sk.

b,c. cJ 9 "d. sk.
d, e. 2 ad. sk.

/. $ ad. sk.
g-i. S ad. et

imm. sk.
;i-. 2 ad. sk.
/. $ ad. 9k.
m, V. Pull. sk.

Makalapsi River, W.E.&C.G.Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].
Shelley Coll.
F. A. RaiTatt and
J. II. Gurnev,
Esqrs. "P.".
Shellev Coll.'
Sir A.' Smith [P.".
(Tvpes of the species.
Durban (Gordge). ' Shellev C'^ll.

S. .\frica. Mrs. StirUng [P.].

S. Africa. VeiTeaux Coll.

Shoshon
Aug.

Transvaal, July ( T. E. Buckley)
Rustenbui'g, June.

Swaziland, Julv ( T. E. Buckley)
Natal.

168 PHASIANID-E.

36. Francolinus hildebrandti.

Francolinus (Scleroptera) hildebrandti, Cabanis, J. f. 0. 1878,
pp. 206, 243, pi. iv. fig. 2 [Teita Dist.].

Francolinus hildebrandti, Fisch. Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 382 (1884)
[Nivasha L. : Chaga Dist.] ; id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 120 ; Grant,
Ann. 8,- Mag. N. H. (6) iv. p. 145 (1889) [Masai : Kilimanjaro];
Hunter, in Willouqhby^s East Africa and its Big Game, App. i.
p. 292 (1889); Matschie, J.f. 'O. 1889, p. 340; Reich. J.f. O.
1890, p. 77 ; Grant, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) vii. p. 144 (1891) ; SchaecJc,
Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 364 (1891) : Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 49;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 552 [Lake Nivasha].

Francolinus altumi, Fischer ^ Reich. J.f. 0. 1884, p. 179, pi. ii.
[Mt. Meru; Mauri, Pangani E.] ; Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 120
[Lake Nivasha] ; Fischer, Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 386 (1884) [Pangani
R. & Chaga Dist.] ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 230 [Kilimanjaro] ;
Reich. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 51 [Ussandawi] ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1889,
p. 370 [Useri E.] ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 365 (1891).

Adult male. Plumage of the upper parts similar to F. natalensis,
but none of the feathers of the back and scapulars have black shaft-
streaks. Primaries and secondaries dark brown, vermiculated ■with
rufous on the outer web. Ear-coverts dark brown. Feathers of
lores, superciliary stripe and sides of the face, throat and neck black,
edged with white ; those of the chin and middle of the throat white,
with an oval or round subterminal black spot. Feathers of the chest,
breast, and belly white, with an irregularly shaped black spot
covering most of the basal half, and a large heart-shaped black spot
at the extremity. Thighs and under tail-coverts buff, barred with
rufous. Tail, like the rest of the upper parts, reddish brown, with
wavy vermiculations of black. Two pairs of spurs, the upper pair
blunt. Iris brown ; upper mandible black, lower mandible and
legs coral-red; feet dusky. Total length 13"5 inches, wing 7*5,
tail 3-8, tarsus 2-2.

In younger male specimens the heart-shaped spots on the chest
and rest of underparts are browner, and many of those on the breast
are mottled with rufous buff.

In a still younger specimen the underparts generally resemble
those of the female, but are paler, and most of the feathers of the
chest, breast, and flanks are mottled with black, and here and there
margined with buff, like those of the adult male. The base of the
throat and front of the neck resemble the adults, but the ground-
colour of the feathers is pale rufous buff instead of white. The
chin and rest of the throat are pale rufous bun.

Adult female. Has the upper surface similar to that of the male,
but diifers in having the underparts a dull orange-brick colour ;
most of the feathers of the breast ornamented with pale buff spots
at the extremities. The chin, throat, and sides of the face pale
rufous buff. Irides brown ; upper mandible dusky horn ; lower
mandible and legs coral-red. Total length 12'5 inches, wing 6*9,
tail 3*7, tarsus 1'9.

Hah. East Africa : Pangani River to the Kikuyu Country and
Lake Nivasha.

6. FEAXCOLlNrS, 169

a. S ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft. H. H. Johnston, Esq. [C.l.

b-i. cJ $ ad.sk. Kilimanjaro, June, Aug. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq. [P.'.

k. (S ad. sk. Useri River, July. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq. [P.].

37. Francolinus fischeri.

Francolinus fischeri, Jieich. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 51 [Ussere, Wembaere
Steppes] ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 353 (1891) ; Grant,
Ibis, 1892, p. 49.

Adult female. Top of the head greyish browu ; eye-stripe, cheeks,
and chin white, upper cheek dotted with black ; bridle-stripe and
broad temple-stripe grey-brown ; upper neck and the rest of the
underparts clear ochre, isolated feathers with white borders, and
some of the breast-feathers have their tips spotted with black.
Feathers of the back and sides of the neck blackish brown, with
broad white (some with mst-red) shaft-stripes and partial grey
margins. Feathers of the upper back grey, with black markings
and rust-red shaft-stripes. Wing and rest of the upper surface
faded brown, with a rust-coloured streak strongly developed. Flight-
feathers with a clean spot at the extremity ; tail-feathers and outer
webs of the wings clean rust-red, with irregular cross-bars of dark
brown. Iris brown ; upper mandible and point of lower brownish,
rest of lower mandible paler.

This species is near F. hildehrandti. Cab., but is distinguished by
the clearer under surface, white chin, grey tone of the neck, and
pale brown ground of the upper surface. Total length 12-8 inches,
wing 6-4, tail 4, tarsus 2.

Hah. IJssere, Wembaere Steppes.

38. Francolinus sqnamatus.

Francolinus squamatus, Cassin, P. Ac. Fhilad. viii. p. 321 (1857)
[Cape Lopez]; Gray, List Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 51 (18G7) ; id.
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 26-i, no. 96G6 (1870) ; Sharpe S,- Bouvier, Bull. Soc.
Zool. Fr. i. p. .52 (1876) [Landana & Chinchonxo] ; Socage, Om.
Angola, p. 409 (1881) [Landana, Loango Coast]; Schaeck, Mhn.
Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 383 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 50.

Francolinus ashanteusis, lieich. J.f. 0. 1877, p. 13 [Loango Coast]*.

Francolinus petiti, Bocage, J. Sc. Lisb. vii. p. 68 (1879) ; Reich. Sf
Schaloic, J.f. O. 1879, p. 423 [Landana].

Francolinus (Scleroptera) modestus. Cab. J.f. O. 1889, p. 89 [Chin-
chonxo, Loango Coast],

Francolinus modestus, lieich. J.f. O. 1890, p. 109 [Barombi Station,
Gaboon].

Adxdt male and female. Top of the head brown ; feathers of the
back of the neck and mantle reddish brown, shading into black
towards the extremity, and edged with white ; rest of the upper

* A young example doubtfully referred to F. ashanfcnsis most probably
belongs to this species.

170 PHASIANID^.

parts brown, finely vermiculated with black, most of the feathers
darker in the middle and paler towards the margins. In some
specimens the scapulars are blotched with black towards the ex-
tremity and irregularly barred with rufous buff. Primaries and
secondaries brown, the outer half of the outer web of the latter
mottled with rufous buff. Ear-coverts brownish white ; sides of
the face brown, white in front of the eye. Chin and throat white.
Sides and front of the neck like the back but paler. Chest and rest
of underparts brownish buff, with dark shafts only ; sides and
flanks with the whole of the middle of the feathers brown, and only
the sides buff, vermiculated with dark brown. Under tail-coverts
dark brown, with or without buff margins. Tail blackish brown,
irregularly barred and mottled with rufous buff. Iris dark reddish
brown. Bill and feet orange. The male is provided with one or
two pairs of spurs, the lower pair long and sharp, and the upper,
when present, short ; the female has none.

Male. Total length 13-5 inches, wing 7-3, tail 3-5, tarsus 2-1.

Female. Total length 12-5 inches, wing 6-6, tail 3, tarsus 1'9.

Hah. West Africa : Loango coast and Gaboon.

a, b. S ad. sk. et st. Cape Lopez, W. Africa. M. du Chaillu [C.].

c. S ad. sk. Cbinchonxo, Loango. Shelley Coll.

d-h. (S 2 ad. et Landana, Dec. {Dr. A. Shelley and Petit
imm. sk. Lucan). Colls.

39. Francolinus schuetti.

Francolinus (Scleroptera) schuetti, Cab. J. f. 0. 1880, p. 351, 1881,
pi. ii. [Lunda, Angola] ; Reich. Sf Schalow, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 116.

Francolinus schuetti, Fischer, Zeit. e/es. Orn. i. p. 382 (1884) [Chaga
Dist.] : Shellei/, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 230 [Kilimanjaro] ; Fischer, J.f.
O. 1885, p. 120 [Maurui, Pangaui R., & Lake Nivasha] ; Schaeck,
Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 382 (1891) ; Grcmt, Ibis, 1892, p. 50.

Francolinus altumi, Shellei/, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 370 [part.].

Adult male. Upper surface resembles that of F. squamattis, to
which species it is very closely allied, but differs in having the
feathers of the neck and mantle more widely margined, and with
grey instead of white; none of the scapulars barred with buff; the
chest and rest of the underparts like the mantle, but the brown of
the middle part is not so dark and merges gradually into the grey
margins. Iris brown ; bill and legs coral-red. Total length 13
inches, wing 6-9, tail 3-4, tarsus 2-1.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the margins of
the feathers on the middle of the breast and belly pale buff instead
of dull grey. Total length 12-5 inches, wing 6-6, tail 3-2,
tarsus 1*9.

Bab. West Africa : Lunda, Angola. East Africa : Lake Nivasha,
Kilimanjaro Dist., 5000 to 6000 feet, Chaga Dist., and Pangani R.

a. (5 ad. sk. Kilimanjaro, 6000 ft. II. II. Johnston, Esq.

[C.].
I'-ff- d $ ad.sk. Kilimanjaro, 5000 ft., June, H. C. V. Hunter, Esq.
Aug. [P.].

G. FRANCOLINUS. 17]^

40, Francolinus ahantensis.

Frnncolinus alianten.sis, Temm. Bijdr. tol de Dierk. i. p. 40, pi 14
V.^» [Ah-'^ntn, Gold Coast]; Hartl. Orn. ir.-^/)-. p.ii02 (ifo;) •
B.thkofer, ^otesI^,d Mus.xu.^.2?A{lBS5) tLiieria & Gold

(1891) ; &Vfm^, Ibis, 1892, p. 51. ^

Francolinus asliantensis, Gmy, Z/«< (?«//»*«, Brit. Mus. p. 51 (1867) ;
id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 265, no. 9665 (1870).

.-1(Z«7< male and female. Upper parts closely resemble those of
i^. s'/w,„„<„.9, but the feathers of the back of the neck are blacker
and more distinctly edged with white on the sides only. An iU-
aetined whitish superciliary stripe ; lores brownish buff;' rest of the
sides ot the face and car-coverts brown. Chin and throat white ;
front and sides of the neck blackish brown, edged xrith white on the
sides. Chest pale brownish, each feather margined on either wel)
by a white band edged on each side with blackish brown ; feathers
ot the breast and rest of underparts the same, but ^-ith the middle
pait of the feather darker towards the extremity. Under tail-
coyerts brown, vermiculatcd with black and edged 'with buff at the
extremuy. ins brown; culmeu black, lower mandible coral-red-
legs and leet pale coral-red.

i^"'"; '^t''^ ^?''^^^ ^^ "^^'^^^' ^i^g ^-3, tail 3-4, tarsus 2.
^.«^«Z. Total length 13 inches, wing G-7, tail 3-2, tarsus 1-S.
Hub. West Africa : Gold Coast, Liberia.

I' I ad' sk" ??^^°"^' ^^"^^^- Sl^^Uey Coll.

b. ^ ad. sk. Alisada, Fantee, Nov. {Gov. Shelley Coll.

UssJier).

41. Francolinus jacksoni.

&W Mem Soc. Zool. Fr,^. p. .36.3 (1891); Grant, Ibis, 189^
p. oi, pi. 1. ; Mai-pe, Ibis, 1892, p. 552.

Adult male. Forehead, lores, and fore part of cheeks dull red
Chin and upper part of throat white, with narrow rufous shaft-
streaks. Superciliary stripes, hinder part of cheeks, and lower part
of neck the same, but with wider rufous shaft-streaks. Top of the
head and nape reddish brown, with narrow black and grey vermi-
cula ed margins. Ear-eoverts light brown. i\eck, chest", breast
and belly bright chestnut, each feather margined on both sides with
white, speckled in some with black. Feathers of the upper back
with darker chestnut centres, and black and grey vermiculated
margins the chestnut gradually disap],earing towards the lower
back and on the shoulders, where the whole featliers are finely
vermiculated with black and grey, and only brownish red towS

k'nn? tl ^"'"f ""''^^ ^'"-^' ^^ ^"°^P ^''^^^ "^<^Ii-»g to
PeX f r ""T ^"'"-'=°^^rts, upper tail-coverts, and tail.
Feathers of the sides, Hanks, lower belly, and under tail-covert^

172 PHASIANID^.

with dark chestnut centres, widely margined with black and grey
vermiculations. A pair of strong spurs, supplemented by a second
blunt knob on the left tarsus. Irides brown ; eyelids coral-red :
biU dark coral-red. Front of legs coral-red, hinder part dusky.
Total length 15-5 inches, wing 9-1, tail 5*2, tarsus 2-S.
Hah. East Africa : Mianzini, Masailand.

a. (S ad. sk. Mianzini. Masailand, Aug. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of the species.)

42. Francolinus erckeli.

Perdix erckelii, Riippell, N. Wirbelth. p. 12 (1835) [Taranta, N.E.
Abyssinia],

Francolinus erckelii, Des Murs, in Lefebvres Toy. en Abyss, p. 144,
pi. 11 (1845-50).

Francolinus erkelii, Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. ?.3 (1844) ; Riippell,
N.O.-Afr.^. 106 (1845) [Abyssinia]; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 505
(1846) ; Jleugl. J. f. O. 1862," p. 412 [Shoa : Galla] ; Gray, List
GallitKB Brit. Mus. p. 51 (1867) ; Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. \ii.
p. 293 (1870) [Senafe, Maragaz] ; Blanf. Geol. ^- Zuol. Abyss.
p. 423 (1870) [Senafe, Anseba, Undul] ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 265
no. 9662 (1870) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 882 (1873) [Bogos,
Massowah, Wogara] ; Antin. et Salvad. Cat. Ucc. p. 134 (1873)
[Keren, Bogosland] ; Salvad. Ann. Miis. Civ. Genov. xxi. p. 2ll
(1884) [Shoa] ; Giglioli, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxvi. p. 61 (1888) :
Salvad. I. c. pp. 308, 540 (1888) ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv.
p. 368 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 51.

Cboetopus erkeU, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).

? Francolinus icteropus, Heuyl. J. f. O. 1862, p. 412 [Semien,
Abyssinia] ; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 666, pi. 39. fig. 2 ; Heugl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 885 (1873) ; Scliaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool.Fr. iv.
p. 370 (1891).

Adult male. Forehead, lores, and superciliary stripes black with
white shafts ; top of the head chestnut. Feathers of the neck chest-
nut, edged with grey, shading into white towards the extremity ; those
of the upper back and lesser and median wing-coverts grey or
greyish brown, widely edged on both webs with dark chestnut, and
the former have in addition more or less wide shaft-stripes of the
same colour or sometimes nearly black. Scapulars umber-brown,
with white shafts and blotched on the margin of the inner or both
webs with blackish brown ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts umber-brown. Primaries and secondaries and their coverts
the same. A white patch behind the eye ; ear-coverts reddish
brown, and rest of the sides of the face black with white shaft-
stripes. Chin and throat white. Chest grey, shading into white
on the breast and rest of underparts, each feather with an oblong
dark chestnut, sometimes black, spot at the extremity of the shaft ;
flank-feathers the same, but widely margined with chestnut on either
web. Tail-feathers dark brown, faintly vermiculated with black
towards the extremities of the feathers. Tarsi armed with two
pairs of equally developed stout sharp spurs ; iris brown ; biU black ;

(. PTEENI8TES. 173

legs yellow, dusky on the toes and claws. Total length 17 inches,
wing 8-5, tail 4*8, tarsus 2-4.

Younger males resemble the females in having the scapulars, tail-
coverts, and tail-feathers more barred with irregular wavy black
and buff bars ; the buff shaft-stripes, too, on the outer scapulars are
wider.

Adult female differs only from the male in having the upper tail-
coverts, tail, and outer scapulars barred with wavy bars of buff
and black, and the tarsi without spurs. Total length 15 inches,
wing 8-1, tail 4*4, tarsus 2-1.

Hah. X.E. Africa : Bogos, Eastern Abyssinia to Shoa, and
westwards to Wogara, 2500 to 11,000 feet.

a,b. S 2 fd. St. Abyssinia.

c, d. cJ ad. sk. Abyssinia ( W. Jesse). Ilume and Salvin-

Godman Colls.

e. c? ad. sk. Abvssinia. Purchased.

f. (S ad. sk. ITai'khallat, Tigr^, May (7000 ^V. T. Blanford, Esq.

feet). fC.].

ff. $ ad. sk. Senafe, March (7000 feet). W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

h, i. 2 ad. sk. Senafe, April, May ( W. Jesse). Tweeddale Coll.

k. cJ ad. sk. Shoa, Feb. (Antuiori). Shelley Coll.

l-p- 6 2 ad. sk. Ankobar, Shoa, May, July, India Museum [P.].

Sept. {Harris),

q. (S ad. sk. Aramba, Shoa, Dec. (Harris). India Museum [P.].

7. PTERNISTES.

Tvpe.

Pternistis, Wagkr, Isis, 1832, p. 1229 P. nudicollis.

Pternistes, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 01 (1840).

Similar to FrancoUnus, but with a naked throat.
Ranr/e. Africa.

Koj to the Species.

A. Feathers of the back and scapidars with
dark brown shaft-stripes,
fl. Neck-feathers black, with white or pale
buti margins.
fl'. Feathers of the lower breast and belly
uniform black, or blaclv or rufous
brown with a white band down the
centre, and often a blackish shaft-
streak,
fl". Feathers from the gape to the cheek
black (freckled with white in the
females and young).
a'". Sides of the feathers of the lower

breast and belly black : with spiir,~. nudicollis c)' . p. 174-
b'". Sides of the feathers of the lower
breast and belly rufous brovm ;
no spurs nudicollis $, p. 174.

174 PHASIANID^.

h" . Feathers from the gape to the cheek
white,
c'". Feathers of lower breast and

helly black humboldti cJ , p. 176.

d'". Feathers of the lower breast and
belly black, with a narrow white

stripe down the middle humboldti 2 > P- 176.

b'. Feathers of the lower breast and belly

white, with a wide central band of

black down the middle of each feather.

c". Upper chest grey, each feather finely

dotted towards the extremity with

black ; with spurs afer c? , p. 177.

d'. Chest brownish grey, with black

shaft-stripes ; no spurs afer 5 > P- 177.

c'. Feathers of the lower breast and belly
white, finely vermicidated with black,
and widely margined with chestnut.

e". Without black shaft-streaks crancM d" 2, p. 178.

/". With black shaft-streaks boehni d" $ , p. 179.

d'. Feathers of the lower breast and belly
umber-brown, like those of the back,
with dark shaft-streaks ; feathers of
the middle of the belly mottled on the
sides.

d". Edged with dark chestnut swainsoni S , p. 180.

h". Not edged with chestnut swainsoni $ , p. 180.

b. Neck-feathers white, with black and

rufous-brown margins ; under surface
white, with broad rufous-brown margins

and black shaft-stripes rufojnctus, p. 180.

B. Feathers of the back and scapulars with
white shaft-stripes.

c. Feathers of the chest white, edged with

brown leucoscepiis S 2 > p. 181.

d. Feathers of the chest brown, shading into

chestnut towards the base, and with a
narrow white shaft-stripe, forming a
triangiUar white patch, at the extremity, infuscatus S 2 , p- 182.

1. Pternistes nudicoUis.

Le Gorge-nue, Bufon, Hist. Nat. ii. p. 444 (1771).

Bare-necked Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 759 (1783).

Tetrao uudicollis, Bodd. Tabl. PL Enl.^. 11. no. 180 (178.3) ; Gmel.

Syst. Nat. i. p. 759 (1788).
Perdix nudicollis. Lath. Ltd. Orn. ii. p. 644 (1790) ; Bonnat. Tabl.

Encycl. Meth. i. p. 215 (1791) ; Tenmi. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 317,

720 (1815) [part.] ; Vinll. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 236 (1817) ;

Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 604 (1831).
Francolinus capensis, Staph, in Shale's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 333 (1819)

[part.].
Pternistis capensis, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1229.
Pternistes nudicollis, Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 32 (1844) ; Blyth,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 250 (1849) ; Sharpe, in Layard's B. S.

7. PTEBKISTES.

175

I

Afr. p. 589 (1884) [Maritime Dist. of Cape Colony : Swellendam
to E. London] ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 53.
Francolinus nudicollis, Gret)/, Gen. B. iii. p. 506 (184G) ; Layard,
B. 6'. Afr. p. 208 (1867) ; Graij, List Gallina; Brit. Mm. p. 48
(1867) ; Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 375 ; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 264,
no. 9647 (1870); Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 209 [Lydeubur<r : Cha-
lumna, Brit. Kaffrai-ia] ; Holub u. Pelz. Orn. S.-Afr. p. 187 (1882) ;
Schaeck, M6m. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 314 (1891).

Adult male. Lores, forehead, and superciliary stripe black ; top of
the head brown, with blackish shaft-stripes ; feathers of the sides
of the throat and neck black, margined on the sides with white ;
those of tlie mantle grey dotted with black, and with very wide
black shaft-stripes, llest of the upper parts umber -brown, with
black shaft-stripes, narrowest on the wing-coverts, lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts. Primaries, primary-coverts, and
secondaries brown, the latter with the inner web and the greater
part of the outer much darker. Ear-coverts dirty white ; feathered
part of the side of the face black. Feathers of the chest and rest
of tmderjjarts black, with white shaffc-stripes and an oblong black
terminal spot at the end of the shaft ; some of the long feathers of
the sides and flanks have in addition a narrow black shaft-stripe
within the white, and are margined on one or both webs with very
dark cliestnut. Tail brown, faintly dotted with blackish. Tarsi
with a shai'p pair of spurs. Naked skin round the eye and on the
chin and throat bright crimson. Bill orange-red ; legs and feet the
same. Iris brown. Total length 15"5 inches, wing 7"9, tail 3* 7,
tarsus 2*4.

A ijouiiger male resembles the adult female in having a grey
chest, but the outer webs of the secondaries, as in the younger
female, are finely mottled with rufous buif, and a pair of short blunt
spurs are present.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the feathers of the
sides of the face and neck more widely edged Avith white ; the chest
grey, each feather with a narrow dark rufous shaft-stripe and
narrowly margined on the sides with the same colour ; and the
tarsi without spurs. Total length lli-o inches, wing 7"3, tail 3-4,
tarsus 2'1.

YotDUfer females havo all the foatliers of the chest, breast, and
belly widely edged with chestnut, and the scapulars and the outer
secondaries are vermiculatcd with rufous buff. The skin of the throat
is thinly covered with scattered feathers.

IJab. South Africa : Transvaal, Cape Colony.

a. (5 inim. sk.

b. (^ ad. sk.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d. 2 nd. St.
e,f. 2 iuim. sk.

y. iS ad. sk.

Lydenburg.
Capo Colony.
Cape of Good Hope.
Cape of Good Hope.
South Africa.

South Africa.

F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.].
F. Thackeray, Esq. [P.].
Hardwicke JBequest.

Shelley Coll. & J. Eocke,

Esq! [P.].
Mrs. Stirling [P.].

176 PHASIAJflD^.

2. Pternistes hiimboldti,

FrancoHnus hmubolilti, lifters, MB. Akiid. Jf'ksensch. Berl. 1854,
p. 184 [Teto] ; Kirk, Ibis, 18t!4, p. ;J80 [Manganja Ilills. Zam-
besi]; Gray, List GalUnce Brit. Mus. p. 48 (1867); Finsch if
Hartl. Viif/. Ost-Afr. p. 581 (1870) ; Gray, Haml-l. B. ii. p. 264,
no. 9648 (1870) ; Schavck, Mem. S^^c. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 318 (1891).

Pternistes humboldti, BiHai/e, J. f. O. 1870, p. oU4 ; Sharjte. ed.
LayanTs B. S. Afr. p. 589 (1884) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1889. p. 370
[TnnaR.]; Grant, Ann. May. N. H. (6) vii. p. 145 (1891); id.
Ibi^, 1892, p. 53.

FrancoHnus mulicollis, Fischer ^' Jieich. J. f. 0. 1879, p. 339
[Kipini] ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 597 [ Dar-es-Salaam].

FrancoHnus (Pternistes) leucoparseus, Fischer ^- Reich. J.f. 0. 1884,
p. 203.

Pternistes nudicollis, Fischer, J. f. 0. 1885, p. 121 [Usegua] ; Eeich.
J.f. O. 1889, p. 270 [Quilimaue].

Pternistes leucopara>us, Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 121 [Kipini];
Matschie, J. f. O. 1889, p. 340; lieich. J.f. O. 18JX). p. 77.

FrancoHnus leucopaneus, Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 317
(1891).

Adult male. Upper parts as in P. nudicollis, but the lores are
■white, the indistinct superciliary stripe black and white, and
the dark shaft-stripes of the feathers of the back &c. scarcely
extend beyond the shafts themselves, as in P. afer. Ear-coverts
brownish ; feathered parts of the sides of the face and throat white,
entirely surrounding the naked skin of the chin, throat, and fore
part of the neck ; sides of the neck black. Feathers of the chest,
sides, and flanks whitish grey, narrowly margined with black on
both webs, and with a moderately wide black shaft-stripe. Breast
and belly black ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts brownish
grey, more or less mottled with black, and with dark shafts. Tarsi
with two pairs of spurs, the upper pair short and blunt. Naked
skin round the eye and on the chin and throat blood-red. Bill and
legs the same colour. Total length 14 inches, wing 7"4, tail 3-5,
tarsus 2-4.

Adult female. Eesembles tlie male generally, but difters in
haviug the lores black and white, the sides of the neck like the
back white, with a wide black band down the middle ; the breast
and belly show here and there, among the black, feathers with
remains of narrow white shaft-stripes ; some of the scapulars and
outer secondaries irregularly barred and spotted with black ; and
the tarsi are not armed with spurs. Total length lU'o iuches,
wing 7, tail 2-9, tarsus 2'2.

In an immature sj>ecimen the cheeks and sides of the face are
white with black shalt-stripcs, the feathers of the breast and belly
are black with a white band on either side of the black shaft. On
the upjier parts the shaft-stripes are wider, and most of the
feathers of the lower back and scapulars are barred and spotted
■with black.

llab. East Africa : from the Zambesi to the Kiver Tana.

I. PTERXISTES. 177

n. 2 ad. sk. Manganja Ifills, Zambesi Dist. Sir John Kirk [P.].

b. S ad. 8t. Mazoro {Sir J. Kirk). Livingstone Eiped.

c. 2 imm. sk. Dar-es-Salaaiu (Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

d. ? ad. sk. River Tana. Sept. H. C. V. Hunter

Esq. [P.].

3. Pternistes afer.

La Perdrix d'Afrique, UAuhent. PI. E>d. ii. pL 48 (no. 180).

La Perdrix ronp-e d'Afrique, Buf. Hist. Nat. ii. p. 444 (1771).

Tetrao afer, Miill. S. N. Suppl. p. 129 (1776).

Red-necked Partridge, Lath. Gen. ■Sun. ii. p. 771 (1783); id. Gen.
.ffw<. viii. p. 266(1823).

Tetrao rubricollis, Gmel Syst. Nat. i. p. 758 (1788).

Perdix rubricollis, Lath. Ind. Om.u. p. 648(1790); Bonn. Tabl.
Encx/d. Meth. i. p. 208, pi. 94. fig. 3 (1791).

Perdix nudicollis, Temm. Pig. et Gal iii. pp. 317, 720 (1815) [part.].

Francolinus rubricollis, St-eph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 335 (1819) ;
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 50G (1846j [part.l.

Pternistes sclat«ri, Socage, J. Sc. Lisb. i. p. 327. pi. vi. (1868)
[Mossamedesl, ii. p. 49 (1868) [HuiUaj ; id. J. f. O. 1876, p. 3a3.

Pternistes rubricollis, Bocage, J. Sci. Lisb. iii.' p. 175 (1871), iv.
p. 190 (1872) [Humbe], vi. p. 69 (1877) [Benguela", pp. 149, 207
(1878) [Caconda]; id. Orn. Angola, p. 400 (1881)"[Mossamede9,
Benguela, and Dande Bay] : Sharpens ed. Lagards B. S. Afr. p. 589
(1884); Soma, J. Sci. Lisb. xi. p. 167 (1886) 'Fazenda Mara-
vdha], xii. p. 102 (1887) Quissange], p. 228 (1888) [Quindumbo\
(2) i. p. 116 (18■^9) [Catumbella' ; Biittiko/er, Notes Leyd. Mui.
xi. p. 76 (1889) [Upper Cunene].'

Pternistes nudicollis, Gitrney's ed. Anderss. B. Damaraland, p. 244
(1872)[?Damaraknd[.

Francolinus sclateri, Schaeck, M6m. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. .330 (1891).

I*temistes afer, Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 53.

AclnJt male. Upper parts, wings, and tail resemble those of
P. nudicollis, but the lores and superciliary stripes are pure white,
and the dark shaffr-streaks on the feathers of the back are much
narrower, scarcely extending beyond the shafts themselves. Ear-
coverts brown edged with white, feathers on the sides of the face
and throat pure white, those of the neck black, marg:ined on either
side with white. Upper chest grey, finely dotted towards the ex-
tremity with black, and with black brown-edged shaft-stripes ; rest
of the underparts white, with a wide black band down the centre of
each feather. Tarsi with two pairs of spurs, the lower long and
sharp, the upper short and blunt. Iris brown. Naked skin round
the eye and on the chin and throat red. Bill, legs, and feet red.
Total length 14 inches, wing 7-1, tail 3-1, tarsus 2'2.

Adult ftiwih. Differs from the male in having the whole chest
brownish grey with blackish shaft-stripes ; the upper surface with
wider dark shaft-strii>es : a smaller patch of white on the lores and
the tarsi without spurs. Total length 12-5 inches, wing 6-5,
tail 2-8, tarsus 1-9.

Immature lirdi have the outer secondaries and long scapulars
barred and blotched with black and reddish buflF; the outer webs of
the inner secondaries are reddish buff thickly freckled with black ;

TOL. XIII. ' jf

178 PHASIANIDJE.

the loral patcli more black than white ; and some of the feathers of
the cheek with black shaft-stripes.

Hah. Western South Africa : Mossamedes, Benguela, Angola.

a. cT imm. sk. River Quauza. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

b. 2 ad. sk. Quissange, Nov. {Anchieta). Lisbon Museum [P.].

c. (S ad. sk. Barra do Dande, March Lisbon Museum [P.].

(AncMeta).

d. c? ad. St. Maeonjo, Benguela. Lisbon Museum [P.].
e-ff. d ad. ; $ imm. Huilla, Feb., March {An- Shelley Coll.

sk. chieta).

4. Pternistes cranchi.

Perdix cranchii, Leach, in Tuckey's Narrat. Eaplor. River Zaire,
App. p. 408 (1818) [Congo R.].

Francolinus cranchii, Sfeph. in Shawns Gen. Zool. xi. p. 336 (1819) ;
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 506 (1846) ; id. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 49
(1867); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 264, no. 9651 (1870); Schalow,
J.f. O. 1887, p. 229 [Marungu] ; Schaeck, Mim. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv.
p. 331 (1891).

Pternistes cranchii, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1229 ; Graij, List Gall. B.
iii. p. 32 (1844); Hartl. J.f. O. 1854, p. 210; id. Orn. W.-
Afr. p. 202 (1857) ; Sharpe ^ Bouv. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. i. p. 52
(1876) [Chinchouxo) ; Matschie, J.f. O. 1887, p. 147 [Marungu];
Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 54.

Perdix punctulata, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 43. fig. 3 (1833-4).

Arboricola punctulata, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 160.

Pternistes lucani, Bocage, J. Sc. Lish. vii. p. 68 (1879) [Landana] ;
Beich. ^ Schalow, J.f. O. 1879, p. 423; Bocage, Orn. Angola,
p. 402 (1881) [Loango Coast].

Francohnus lucani, Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 326 (1891).

Adult male. Lores black. Superciliary stripes and feathers on
the sides of the face (except the ear-coverts, which are brown)
black, narrowly margined with white. Top of the head brown.
Feathers of the neck, mantle, chest, and sides finely mottled with
black and white ; rest of the upper parts umber-brown, finely
mottled and dotted with black, and with darker brown shaft-
stripes. Quills brown, the outer webs of the primaries mottled
with buff, those of the secondaries with black. Breast and belly
like the chest, but each feather is widely margined on both webs
with chestnut. Vent and under tail-coverts brownish buff mottled
with black. Tail brown, faintly dotted with black. Tarsi armed
with a pair of sharp spurs. Iris brown, naked skin round the eye
and on the chin and throat crimson-red ; bill and legs the same.
Total length 14 inches, wing 7-3, tail 3-1, tarsus 2-2.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the feathers of the
back of the neck brown edged with white, and with dark shaft-
stripes, those of the mantle like the back ; the feathers of the
breast and belly much less conspicuously edged with chestnut, and
the tarsi without spurs. Total length 12 inches, wing 6-8, tail 3,
tarsus 1'9.

7. PTERNI8TE8. 179

In young specimens the shaft-strealcs of the back and upper parts
are wider and blacker, and the feathers, especially the scapulars,
are barred with buff. The chin and throat are thinly covered with
whitish feathers. Most of the underparts are white, widely barred
with blackish brown, shading into brownish buiF towards the margins,
others are partially or entirely finely mottled with black as in the
adult. Both webs of the quills are mottled with rufous buff.

Nab. West Africa : Congo and Loango Coast, ranging to Mar-
ungu, south-west of Lake Tanganyika.

a, h. 2 ad. et Landana {Dr. A. Lucan). Shelley Coll.

imni. sk.
c-h. S $ iid. et Landana, March, Sept. M. L. Petit [G.].

imm. sk.
L $ ad. sk. Congo (/. Cranch). Congo Kxpedition.

(Type of the apecies.)

5. Ptemistes boehmi.

Francolinus cranchii, Sclat. (nee Leach), P. Z. S. 18(34, p. 113

[Usui] ; Finsch ^- Ilartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 579, pi. ix. (1870) ; Heu(/l.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 902 (1873) [Usui]; Bohm, J. f. O. 1832,

p. 194 [Ugalia River]; Schahw, J. f. O. 1883, p. 34l"rKakomal;

Matschie, J.f. O. 1887, p. 139 [Karema].
Ptemistes biihmi, Heich. J.f. O. 188o, p. 465 [Gonda], 1887, p. 52

[Soboro, Ugogo]; Matschie, J.f. O. 1887, pp. 135,^156; Beick.

J. f. O. 1891, p. 143 [Uuyamuesi, Unyanyembe]; Grant, Ibis,

1892, p. 54.
Francolinus nibricoUis, Bohm, J.f. O. 1885, pp. .39, 71 [Gonda].
Francolinus boehmi, Schaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 324 (1891).

Adidt male and female. Upper parts as in F, cranchi ; upper breast-
feathors white with black shaft-stripes and vermiculated with black,
those of the belly white with black shatt-stripes and wide reddish-
brown margins, with small submarginal black bands. Xakcd skin
round the eye red, on the chin and throat yellow. Bill and feet
red ; iris brown. Wing G-8-7"2 inches, taU 3, tarsus '2-2.

Hah. Central East Africa : cast of Lake Tanganyika ; Usui,
Victoria Nyanza ; Unyamuesi, Unyanyembe and Ugogo.

6. Ptemistes swainsoni.

Perdix swainsoni. Smith, Hep. Exp. Cent. Afr. p. 54 (1836). [Rivers

S. of Kurrichaine].
Fraucolinus swainsoni. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. pi. 12 (1838) ; Grat/

Gen. B. iii. p. 506 (1846) ; Strickl. S,- Sclat. in Jard. Contr. Or'n[

P-^"'^'^-^^^" --,-.. ^ ...^ ... ^ .. -,

(1

and North Damaraland] ; Ai/res, Ifm, 1869, p. 297 [Transvaal! •
Grai/, Haud-L B. ii. p. 2(>4, lio. 9651 (1870) : Buckieif, Ihi.'>, 1874,'
p. 386 [Pretoria to Matabele] ; 7?nr;7/^/, Ibis, 1876, p. 209 [Lyden-
burg Dist.] ; Ai/res, Ibis, 1877, p. 346 [ VVaterberg Dist., Transvaal] ;

N 2

180 PHASIANID^,

id. Ibis, 1880, p. 109 [Rustenburg, Jjimpopo, and Eland's R.] ;
Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 3G0 [Inshlangeen and Quae-quae Rivers,
Matabele] ; Sckaeck, Mem. Soc. Zool. Ft: iv. p. 327 (1891).
Pternistes swainsoni, Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 32 ( 1844) ; Gurney's
ed. Anderss. B. Damaraland, p. 244 (1872) [N. Damaraland] ;■
Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 54 ; Sharpens ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 587
(1884) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1886, p. 292 [Limpopo R.].

Adult male. Lores black, margined ■with brown. Feathers of the
top of the head, back, rest of upper parts, chest, breast, sides, flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts umber-brown, finely dotted with black
towards the extremities, and with narrow dark shaft-stripes except
on the head, where they are nearly obsolete, and on the mantle and
long scapulars, where they are considerably wider and darker ; back
and sides of the neck and feathered parts of the face black, with
white margins ; ear-coverts brown. Feathers of the beUy brownish
buff, mixed with white towards the margins, mottled with black
and with black shaft-stripes, forming a blotch towards the extre-
mities ; most of the feathers, as well as those of the breast, are
margined ou the sides with chestnut. Primaries, secondaries, and
tail brown, the outer webs of the secondaries and the tail-feathers
vermiculated with black. Naked skin round the eyes and on the
chin and throat dark rose-red. Bill black, with the lower mandible
and bare skin over the nostrils red. Legs and feet black, with a
ruddy tinge. Iris brown. Tarsi with a long sharji pair of spurs,
sometimes supplemented by a second rudimentary pair. Total
length 14 inches, wing 8, tail 3-1, tarsus 2-4.

Adult female. Resembles the male, but most of the feathers of the
belly resemble the chest and breast, and are without the chestnut
margins which are conspicuous in the male. There are no spurs on
the tarsi. Total length 12-5 inches, wing 6-9, tail 2-9, tarsus 1'9.

Hah. South Africa ; Matabele, Transvaal, Damaraland.

a. 2 ad. sk. Inshlangeen River, June {J. Shelley Coll.

(S". Jameso7i).

b. S ad. sk. Limpopo River, Aug. {T. J. H. Gumey, Esq. [P.]

Ayres).

c. cf ad. sk. Transvaal. J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].

d. $ ad. sk. Lydenburg Dist. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.].

e. S ad. sk. S. Africa.
/. 2 ad. St. S Africa.

7. Pternistes rufopictus.

Pternistes rufopictus, Reich. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 52 [Wembaere] ; Hartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. xii. p. 40 (1891) [Ussambiro] ; Schaech,
Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 366 (1891) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 55.

Adult male. Top of the head dark brown ; superciliary streak white,
edged above with black ; naked sides of the head margined below
with a black band, beneath which is a white line which borders the
naked chin on either side. Feathers of the fore neck grey, with
black shaft-streaks, those of the rest of the under surface white,

7. PTERNI8TES. 181

-wibh broad rufous-brown margins and black shaft-streaks. Middle
of the belly greyish white ; the small feathers on the hinder sides
of the head black, margined with white on the sides. Neck-feathers
with black and rufous-brown edges on either side of the white
middle. The feathers of the upper back and wing-coverts grey in
the middle, with blackish-brown shafts and transversely barred ;
rump and tail-feathers grey, with thicker darker cross-bars. Wings
dark brown, with clearer rust-red cross-bars. Iris brown ; naked
skin round the eye orange-red, on the throat orange-yellow. Upper
mandible reddish brown, lower reddish. Legs dark brown. Total
length 15-() inches, wing S'4, tail 3-2, tarsus 2-8.

Hob. Equatorial Africa ; Wembaere Steppes, Ussambiro, and
Unyoro.

•a. Ad., head and Between Victoria and Albert Canon Tristram

neck only. Nyanza. [P.l.

8. Pternistes leucoscepus. (Plate VIII.)

Perdix rubricollis, Crctzschm. (nee Gmel.), Riipp. Atl. y. 44, pi. 30

(1826) (fig. resembles P. infmcatus) ; Riippell, N. TVirhelth. p. 11

(18.35) [Massouah].
Pternistes rubricoUis, Waf/l. Isis, 18S-2, p. 1229.
Pternistes rubricollis, (rz-ay. Lint Gall. B. iii. p. 32 (1844); Heuglin,

Ibis, 18r,9, p. 343 [Tadjura] ; Hew/l. J. f. O. 1862, p. 411; Blanf.

Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 426 (1870) [Komayli].
Francolinus rubricollis, Gmij, Gen. B. iii. p. o06 (1846) [part.!;

Finsch, Trans. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 292 (1870) [Sahati, Rairo];

Finsch Sf Ilartl. Viifj. Ost-Afr. p. .')76 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 264, no. 9649 (1870) ; Anfin. Mem. Soc. Geoyr. Ital. i. p. 183

(1878) ; Svlater, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 389 [Berberah] ; Salmd. Ann.

Mm. Civ. Genov. xxi. p. 272 (1884) [Slioa] ; Schaeck, Mem. Soc.

Zool. Fr. iv. p. 319 (1891).
Pternistes asiatica, Licht. Nomend. Av. p. 84 (1854).
Francolinus leucoscepus, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mm. p. 48 (1867) ;

Bocaqc, J. Sci. Lisb. iii. p. 178 (1871) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii.

p. 899 (1873) ; Antin. Sf Saload. Cat. Ucc. p. 130 (1873); Bagazd,

Boll. Soc. Geogr. Ital. 1887, p. 348.
Pternistes leucoscepus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxvi. p. 308

(1888) [R. llawasch]; Gramf, Ibis, 1892, p. 55.
Francolinus (Pternistes) rubricollis, Hartert, Kat. Mtis. Senckenb.

p. 194 (1891).

Adult male and female. Lores whitish, edged and sometimes tipped
•with brown ; feathers of superciliary stripe white, with brown shaft-
etripes. Top of the head darkish brown, most of the feathers with
whitish-buff shafts. Back and sides of the neck brown, each
feather margined with white, and with a reddish-buff shaft-stripe
shading into buff at the extremity ; rest of the upper parts bro-vvn,
shading into grey towards the margins, and eacli with a mode
ratcly wide white shaft-stripo, widest at the extremity ; the outer
6cai)idars, rump, and ujipcr tail-coverts are also finely vermiculated
with black and bull'. Primaries, primary-coverts, and secondaries
brown, the outer primaries with the outer web margined with buff

182 PHASIANID^,

and with a large patch of the same colour on the outer half of the
inner web, secondaries thickly vermiculated with buff on the outer
web and on the tip of the inner. Ear-coverts brown ; feathers on
the sides of the face white, with brown shafts. Chest, breast, and
thighs dull brown, with very wide white shaft-stripes extending
nearly halfway to the base of the feathers, so that white is the pre-
dominating colour of the chest and breast. Belly, sides, and flanks
similarly coloured; but the brown parts are mostly duU reddish
chestnut, and the basal half is edged on either web with pure white.
Under tail-coverts buff, dotted on the sides with black. Tail rufous
buff, thickly vermiculated with black. Iris brown. Legs reddish
dusky ; bill dusky, gape reddish ; naked skin round the eyes, chin,
and throat scarlet, shading inth yellow on the neck. Male with a
sharp pair of spurs, often supplemented by a second rudimentary
blunt pair.

Male. Total length 15 inches, wing 8-1, tail 3-6, tarsus 2-5.

Female. Total length 13-5 inches, wing 8:1, tail 3-3, tarsus 22.

Hah. North-east Africa ; Massouah, Bogos, Abyssinia, Berberah.

a, b. S ad. sk. Rairo, Massouah, Aug. Tweeedale Coll.

( W. Jesse).

c. d ad. sk. Ain, Lebka Valley, Masso- W. T. Blanford, Esq.

uah, Aug. [P.].

d. 2 S'd. sk. Haddas River, Massouah, W. T. Blanford, Esq.

June. [P.].

e,f. c? 2 ad. sk. Sahati, Massouah, June { W. Salvin-Godraan and

Jesse). Shelley Colls.

ff, 5 ad. sk. Kooniayli, Massouah, June Salvin-Godman Coll.

(W.Jesse).

h. 2 ad. sk. Abyssinia. (Type of species.)

i. cJ ad. St. Abyssinia. Dr. Ruppell [P.].

9. Pternistes infuscatus.

Pternistes rubricoUis, Siippell (nee Chnel.), Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 106
(1845); Speke, Ibis, 1860, p. 248 [Somali Land]; Reich. J.f. O.

1891, p. 143 [Ugogo].

Pternistes infuscatus, Cabcmis, J. f. 0. 1868, p. 413 [Lake Jipe] ;
id. V. d. Decken's Eeis. iii. p. 44, pi. 14 (1869) ; id. J.f. O. 1878,
p. 244; Fisch. Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 383 (1884) [Chaga Dist.] ; id.
J. f. O. 1885, p. 120 [Pare, Pangani] ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1889,
p. 370 [Useri River] ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 55 ; Shar2ie, Ibis,

1892, p. 552.

Francoiiuus infuscatus, Finsch 8j- Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 578 (1870) ;

Shelley, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 310 [Mamboio] ; Schaeck, M^m. Soc. Zool.

Fr.iv. p. 322(1891).
Pternistes clappertoni, Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 295 [Taveita and

Merereni].

Adult male and female. Closely resemble P. leitcoscepvs, from
which they differ in the following points : — None of the feathers of
the crown have whitish-buff shafts ; the feathers of the neck and
upper back are washed with chestnut, and the white shaft-stripes
on the upper parts are narrower and much less distinct on the

8. RHIZOTHERA. 183

scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts, which are vermiculatcd
with palo buff aud black. More of the primaries (about seven)
have the large buff patch on the inner web ; and all the feathers
of the chest and underparts have the basal two thirds mostly dark
chestnut, while the shaft-stripe is little more than a moderately
large white triangular spot situated at the extremity of each
feather.

Younr/er specimens have the scapulars, secondaries, rump, upper
tail-coverts, and tail barred with buff edged with black ; primaries
blotched and mottled with buff to the extremities.

Hab. East Africa : from Mamboio northwards to Kilimanjaro,
Teita district ; and Somali Land.

a, b. (S ^ ad. sk. Kilimanjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

c,d. S2 ad. sk. Useri River, July. II. 0. V. Hunter, Esq.

[P.].
e,f. (S ? imm. sk. Teita District, Julv. Dr. R M. Hildebrandt

[C.].
g. <S ad.sk. Mamboio (*S'(r</. ^( /-A-). Shelley Coll.

/*. $ ad. sk. Somali Land. Lieut. H.E. Barnes [P.].

8. EHIZOTHERA.

Type.
Rhizothera, Gray, Lint Gen. B. 2nd ed. p. 79 (1841);

id. Gen. B. iii. p. .50-5 (1846) K. longirostris.

Tail with 12 feathers, rather more than half the length of the
wing.

1st primary equal to the 10th, Gth slightly the longest.

Tarsi longer than middle toe and claw, and provided in both
sexes with a pair of short stout spurs. Claws moderate, slightly
curved.

WiiKje. Southern part of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and
Borneo.

1. Rhizothera longirostris.

Perdix longirostris, Temm. I'iq. et Gall. iii. pp. 323, 721 (1815)

[Sumatra]; Vieill. N. Diet, 'd'llist. Nat. xxv. p. 237 (1817); id.

Tabl. Encycl. M6th. i. p. 368 (1823).
Francolinus longirostris, Stcph. in Shaw'g Gen. Zool. xi. p. 317 (1819) ;

Grai/, III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 4"). fig. 2 (1833-34) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.

p. oUU ( 1846) ; Gray, List Gnllince Brit. Mm. p. 53 (1867) ; Schaeck,

M6m. Soc. Zool. Fr. iv. p. 312 (1891).
Tetrao curvirostris, Eq^. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 323 (1822)

[Sumatra].
Long-billed Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 282 (1823).
Curve-billed Partridge, Lath. Gen. Uist. viii. p. 279 (1823).
Illiiztithera longiro.-;tris, Grat/, List Gen. 2i. p. 70 (1841); id.

ILnid-l. B. ii. ]). 266, no. 9686 (1870) ; Wald. Ibis, 1872, p. 383

[Busan and Marup, N. Borneo] ; Salvad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 310

(1874) ; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 4 [Perak]; Everett, List B.Borneo,

p. 199 (1889) [Borneo].
Rhi/.othera curvirostris, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 252 (1849)

[Malacca].
Ortygomis longirostris, Beichenb. Syst. Av. pi. xxviii. (1852).

184

PHASIANID^.

Adult male. Top of the head rich brown ; back of the neck grey,
broadly edged on one or both webs with black, and irregularly
barred here and there with pale buff and rust ; middle feathers of
the upper back reddish brown, largely blotched on either web with
black and with one or two oblique wavy rust-coloured bars, those
on the sides have a wide pale buff shaft-stripe and the outer web
greyish vermiculated with buff and dusky and partially edged with
chestnut and black. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts grey
mottled with pale buff, and some have black spots at the end of the
shaft. The scapulars and outer secondaries are chestnut vermicu-
lated with buff and dusky, and margined round the extremity with
black often tipped with buff. The primaries, secondaries, and
primary-coverts are brown, with irregular bars of rufous buff on the
outer web, the outer secondaries being also washed with rufous
towards the extremities. E,est of the wing-coverts buff mottled
wdth grey or black, and with a large buff-coloured patch at the
extremity. Kest of the head, chin, throat, and upperside of the
neck rusty chestnut ; the edges of the superciliary stripe and ear-
coverts and a narrow line of feathers from the nostril to the gape
blackish. Rest of the neck and chest grey, shading into rufous-
buff on the breast and rest of underparts. Tail reddish brown
with wavy transverse bars of buff and black. Iris light brown.
Bill black. Feet reddish grey or white. Tarsi provided with a
pair of short stout spurs. Total length 14'6 inches, wing 7*7, tail
3-5, tarsus 2-2.

An immature male has the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts bright buff clouded with diisky, as in the adult female, and
the feathers of the chest are rufous buff, mixed with grey towards
the shaft; otherwise the plumage is much the same as in the
adult.

A quite young male resembles the female in general plumage, but
the feathers all round the neck have buff shaft-stripes and the
chin, throat, and cheeks, middle of the beUy, and thighs are
whitish.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having the neck and
cheek rufous chestnut, and the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts buff without much grey. Iris reddish brown. BUI black.
Feet pale flesh-colour or whitish. Tarsi provided with a short
stout pair of spurs. Total length 13*6 inches, wing 7*7, tail 3-3,
tarsus 2-1.

Hah. Same as that of genus.

a, b. S 2 fid. sk. Purlis, Malay Peninsula India Museum [P.].

(Dr. Cantor),

cjd. S inim. et Klang, Selangore, Oct. Hume Coll.

2 ad. sk. ( W. Davison).

^-9- d 2 ^-^- sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Piiiwill

[P.].

h, i. cJ ad. et Malacca, May {Dr. A. C. Tweeddale Coll.

imm. sk. Maingay).

k. (S ad. sk. Jobore, Jan. Hume Coll.

9. PEEDIX. 185

i,^n. cJ 2 a*!- sk. Sumatra (Sir T. Itaffles). India Museum [P.].

(Types of Tetrao curvirostris, Raffles.)

n,o. cJ 5 ad. sk. Busan, Sarawak, Borneo, Tweeddale Coll.

Oct. (A. H. Everett).

p. 2 ad. sk. Marup, July (A. H. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett).

g, r. 2 ad- sk. [Cliina.] J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

9. PERDIX.

Type.

Perdix, Brisson, Orn. i. p. 219 (1700) P. perdLx.

Perdrix, Briinnick, Zool. Fundament a, p. 86 (1772) . . P. perdix.

Starna, Bonap. Comp. List B. p. 4.3 (1838) P. perdix.

Sacfa, Hodgson, J. As. Soc. Beng. xxv. p. 165, plate

(1857) P. hodgsoniae.

Tail of 16-18 feathers, subequal, the outer pair being only a
little shorter than the middle, which are rather more than half the
length of the wing.

The 1st primary falls between 7th and 8th, and the 4th is rather
the longest.

Tarsus, without spurs, equals the middle toe and claw.

Range. Palaearctic region.

Key to the Species.

A. Tail with 18 feathers ; chest and breast not

wdely barred with black.

a. Feathers of the sides of the throat are not

elongate, horseshoe mark on the breast
chestnut if present.
a. Lesser aud median wing-coverts and sca-
pulars sandy brown, with naiTow wavy

clack cross-lines perdLv cS , p. 185.

b'. Lesser and median wing-coverts and sca-
pulars ■with the ground-colour of the
feathers (except at the extremity) mostly
black with ^^dde-set transvei-se butt" bars, perdit 2, p. 185.

b. Feathers of the sides of the throat elongate

and beard-like, horseshoe mark on the

breast black if present daurica cj $ , p. 192.

B. Tail with 1(5 featiiers ; chest and breast widely

barred witii black.

c. A black patch on the middle of the lower

breast ; the black patch on the hinder part
of the cheek and side of the throat large.
Larger, wing 62 hodgsonia d $ ,p. 193.

d. No black patcii on the middle of the lower

breast ; the black patch on the hinder part
of the cheek and side of the throat much
reduced. Smaller, wing 56-5'9 sifanica cf $ , p- 195.

1. Perdix perdix.

Tetrao perdix, Linn. S.N. i. p. 276 (1766); Gm. S. X. i. pt. ii
p. 757 (1788); Beseke, Betjtr. Nat. Vog. Eurl. p. 71 (1792;;

186 PHASIANID^.

Bechst. Nat. Deutschl. iii. p. 527 (1793) ; Pallas, Zoogr. Ross.-As.
ii. p. 77 (1811).
La Perdrix grise, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 401 (1771); UAtibent.

PI. Enl. ii. pi. 41, no. 27.
La Perdrix grise-blanche, Bxiff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 415 (1771).
Common Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 762 (1783), Suppl.

ii. p. 279 (1802) ; id. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 283 (1823).

Perdix cinerea, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 645 (1790) ; Bonn. Tabl.

Encijcl. Meth. i. p. 209, pi. 93. fig. 4 (1791) ; Meyer Sf Wolf,

Tasch. Deuts. i. p. 303 (1810) ; Penn. Brit. Zool. i. p. 308 (1812) ;

Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 373, 728 (1815) ; Meyer, Vog. Lip- u.

Esthl. p. 165 (1815); Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 198

(1817); Steph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 339, pi. 23 (1819);

Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 488 (1820) ; Millet, F. Maine-et-Loire, ii.

p. 392 (1828) ; TFern. Atl. Orn. d'Eur. Ord. 10, pi. 19 (1828) ; Vieill.

Faun. Franq. p. 248, pi. 108. fig. 1 (1828) ; Bom:, Orn. Prov. ii.

pp. 35, 256 (1830) ; Bre/mi, Handh. Vog. Deutschl. p. 524 (1831);

Montagu, Orn. Diet. ed. 2, p. 354 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. Rais.

p. 47 (1832) ; Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Vog. p. 272 (1833) ; Selhj, III.

Brit. Orn. i. p. 433, pi. Ixi. (1833); Naum. Nat. Vog. Deutschl.

Ti. p. 478, pi. 163 (1833) ; Jard. Vat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 95, pi. 1

(1834) ; Gould, B. Europe, iv. pi. 262 [text] (1837) ; Schinz,

Faun. Helvet. p. 99 (1837) ; Macgill. Brit. B. i. p. 218 (1837) ;

Korner, Skand. Fogl. p. 13, pi. 28. tig. 4 (1839^6) ; Crespon, Orn.

Gard, p. 333 (1840) ; Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 220 (1840) ;

Schinz, Euroj}. Faun. i. p. 289 (1840) ; Bout. Orn. Dauj>hine,

p. 68, pi. 42. fig. 4 (1843); Yarrell, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 333

(1843) ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 37 (1844) ; Degl. Orn.

Europ. ii. p. 57 (1849) ; Thomp. Nat. Hist. Irel. ii. p. 58 (1850) ;

Kjcerboll. Daum. Fugle, p. 234 (1852) ; Walters, N. Hist. B. Irel.

p. 128 (1853) ; Schinz, Nat. Vogel, p. 162, pi. 79 (1853) ; Poioys,

Ibis, 1860, p. 238 [Albania] ; Companyo, Hist. Nat. Pi/ren. iii.

p. 203 (1863) ; Bert. Cat. An. V Tonne, p. 59 (1864) ; Fontaine,

Faune Lu.remb., Ois. p. 176 (1865); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 428;

Lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 384 [N. Spain] ; Gray, List Gallime Brit.

Mus. p. 56 (1867) ; Collett, Fid. Selsk. Fork Christ. 1868, p. 159 ;

Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 450 [Portugal] ; Ehves ^- BucM. Ibis, 1870,

p. 328 [Macedonia & Bulgaria] ; Hutton, Ibis, 1870, p. 397 [N.

Zealand, in trod.]; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 267 (1870); Saunders,

Ibis, 1871, p. 223 [not S. of Sierra Morena, Spain] ; Gi-ay, B.

West Scotl. p. 241 (1871) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 68 (1873) ;

Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 137 (1875) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, pp. 8, 9, 13;

Danford Sj- Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 417 [Transylvania] ; Blanf. E.

Pers. ii. p. 273 (1876) [Aderbijau & Elburz] ; Palmen,J.f O.

1876, p. 42 [Finland] ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 323 ; Tacz. Bull.

Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 154 (1877) [Poland] ; Bau, etc. J.f. O. 1877,

p. 325 [Germany] : Dress. B. Europe, vii. p. 131, pis. 474 & 475

(1878); Liebe, J. f. O. 1878, p. 77; Cab. J.f. O. 1878, p. 417

[Germany] ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 371, tigs. 22, 23 ; Finsch,

Verh. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 240 (1880) [Omsk, Semipalatinsk, Ser-

giopol] ; Danford, Ibis, 1880, p. 94 [Angora] ; Cab. J. f. O. 1880,

pp. 70, 392, 1882, p. 89, 1883, p. 61 [Germany] ; Booth, Rough

Notes, ii. pp. 1-10 (1881-7) ; Saunders, ed. Yarrell's Brit. B. iii.

p. 105 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 220 [Astrakhan], & 1883,

p. 26 [Caucasus] ; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 185 [Santander] ; Mejer,

J.f. O. 1883, p. 392 [Hanover]; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. 5. ii.p.452

(1884) ; Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 147 [Huugarv] ; Saunders, Ibis,

1884, p 387 [Pyrenees] ; Cab. J.f. 0. 1884, p. 37 [Germany] ; Dedit.

9, PEUDIX. 18/

J.f. 0. 1885, p. 207 [St. Petersburg:]; PfesA-e, Uebers. Viig. Kola-

Halbinsel, p. 297 (18f<(j) ; Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn. Europe Occ.

fasc. xxxix. p. 22 (1886) ; Alteon, Ornis, 188G, p. 41G [Bulgaria];

Meyer, Vog.-Skel. pt. xi. pi. c. (188G) ; Mezves n. Homeyet-, Ornis,

1886, p. 247 [Olonetz, N. Russia] ; Hartert, J.f. O. 1887, p. 263

[Lower llhine] ; Lecerk. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 208 : Salvad.El. Ucc. Ital.

p. 200 (1887) ; Lilfurd, Bmh Brit. Isl. pt. ix. pi. (1888) ; Pleske,

Mem. Ac. St. Petersh. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47 (1888) [Tui-kestan] ;

Knaut. J. f. O. 1888, p. ;56 [Zobtin, Silesia] ; Tacz. Oryiis, 1888,

p. 487 [Polaud] ; Suimd. III. Man. Brit. B. p. 487 (1889) ; Leverk.

J.f. O. 1889, p. 259, 1890, p. 193; iSteen, Voy. Schlesw.- Hoist.

p. 82 (1891) ; Lydekker, Ibis, 1891, p. 393.
Perdix tinerea, vars. B & C, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 399, 400,

730, 731 (1815).
Perdix cineracea, Brehm, Handb. Vog. Dmitscfd. p. 525 (1831).
Starna cinerea, Bonap. Comp. List B. p. 43 (1838) ; Keys. v. Bias.
Wirbelt. Europas, p. 202 (1840); Gray, Gen. B. p. 61 (1840);

Jaubert et Lapomm. Rick. Orn. p. 421 (1859) [France] ; Linderm.

Vog. Griechenl. p. 125 (1860) ; Filippi, Viag. Pers. i. p. 351 (1865) ;

Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Europ. ii. p. 73 (1867); Severtz. J.f. O.

1875, p. 181 [Turkestan] ; Bor^d. B. Caucas. p. 138 (1879) ;

Brandt, J.f. O. 1880, p. 241 [St. Petersbm-g] ; Bogd. Consp. Av.

Imp. Boss. fasc. i. p. 40 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Caucas. p. 352

(1884) ; De la Torre u. Tschusi, Ornis, 1885, p. 493 [Hungary] ;

Radde, J. f O. 1885, p. 79 ; Cab. J. f. 0. 1885, p. 315, 1886,

p. 349, 1887, p. 568, 1888, p. 528 [Germany]; Liitken, Ornis,

1886, p. 80 [Denmark] ; Lorenz, Beitr. Orn.Kankas. p. 55 (1887);

Tschusi .V Dc la Torre, Orni,-^, 1887, p. 281, 1888, p. 249, Supijl.

p. 260, 1890, p. 138 [Hungary]; Meyer Hf Helm, Zeit.ges. Oi-n.

iv. p. 372 (1888) [Germany] ; Winge, Ornis, 1888, p. 402, & 1890,

p. 367 [Denmark] ; Leverk. J.f. O. 1889, p. 132 ; Dubois, Oniis,

1890, p. 327 [Belgium].
Perdix (Starna) cinerea, Middend. Sibtr. Reise, ii. pt. ii. p. 209 (1855-

75) [Barabiuska Steppe].
PerdLx sylvestris, Brehm, Vogelfa)u/,ja. 267 (1855).
Starna perdix, Fitzinger, Atl. Nat. tog. fig. 237 (1864) ; Bettoni,

Ucc. Lombard, ii. pi. 8 (1867) ; Fritsch, Nat. Vog. Europa, p. 293

(1870), pi. XXX. fig. 9 (1871) ; id. J.f. O. 1871, p. 379 [Bohemia] ;

Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 341 (1886) ; id. Avif Ital. i. p. 525 (1889), ii.

p. 661 (1890), iii. p. 516 (1891 ).
Starna palustris, Demevz. Ibis, 1864, p. 225.
Cothuniix cinerea, Lemett. Cat. Ois. Seine-Inf. v. 118 (1874).
Perdix (Starna) robusta, Homeyer Sf Tancre, Mitth. orn. Ver. Wien,

vii. p. 92 (1883) [Altai] ; Reich. ^- Schal. J.f. O. 1885, p. 456.
Perdix robusta, Homeyer ^- Tancr6, Mitth. orn. Ver. Wien, ix. pi.

figa. 3-5 (1885).
Perdrix cendi(5p, p. 26, P. blanche et P. noire, p. 27, Olphe-GaUiard,

Faun. Orn. Europe Occ. fuse, xxxi.x. (1886).
Perdix pallida, Demecz. in Olphe-GaUiard, Faun. Orn. Europe Occ.

fasc. xxxix. p. 35 (1886).
Perdix perdix, Hartert, Kat. Mu.^. Senckenb. p. 194 (1891); Gratit,

'Field; 21st Nov., 1891, & 9th April, 1892 ; id. Ann. Mag. N. H.

(6) xii. p. 1)2 (1893) [Sexual ditlereuces in the plimioge].
Perdix liispaniensi.s, Rilchenoio, Ber. Ally. Deutsch. orn. Ges. 17th

March, 1893, p. 5 [Corunna].

Adult male. Top of the head and nape brown. Most of the
feathers with a narrow rufous-bufl' shaft-stripe somewhat dilated

188 PHASIANID^.

and tipped with black at the extremity ; back and sides of the
neck brownish grey, shading into brownish buff on the back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts, and closely marked with narrow wavy
black cross-bars and lines ; the feathers of the back usually with
ill-defined subtcrminai chestnut cross-bars, which become strong
and well-marked on the rump and upper tail-coverts. Outer
secondaries, scapulars, lesser, median, and secondary coverts
brownish buff, paler towards the extremities, thickly vermiculated
with blacli, with a chestnut blotch on either web, and weU-defined
pale buff shaft-stripes. Primaries, primary-coverts, and rest of
secondaries dark brown, with ratlier wide-set buff cross-bars on
both webs, though in the latter they are less regular and more
broken. Forehead, lores, superciliary stripes, cheeks, chin, throat,
and front of neck dull rufous ; ear-coverts rather browner. Chest
and breast pale grey, finely vermiculated with black lines ; below a
wide horseshoe-shaped dark chestnut patch edged above with pale
rufous or white. Belly and thighs whitish, vermiculated with
black on the upper parts. Under tail-coverts dirty buff, vermicu-
lated with black. Sides and flanks the same, with narrow buff
shaft-stripes and wide subterminal chestnut cross-bars. Centre
pair of tail-feathers closely mottled with rufous buff and black,
somewhat paler towards the margins, second pair the same, but more
rufous towards the shaft, remainder of the feathers chestnut tipped
with buff. Iris dark brown. Bill blackish brown. Legs and feet
bluish grey. Total length 12-6 inches, wing 6-2, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-7.

The young male after the first moult resembles the adult, but
the general colouring of the plumage is perhaps not quite so rich.
The legs and feet yellowish brown, and the first primary is pointed
instead of round.

Adult female. Differs from the male in the following points : —
The sides of the neck are brownish, each feather with a narrow buff
shaft, somewhat dilated towards the extremity ; the lesser and
median wing-coverts and the scapulars have the ground-colour of
the feathers mostly black with wide-set transverse buff bars ; and
the horseshoe mark on the breast is reduced to a few chestnut
spots on either side, or sometimes entirely absent. (In a barren
female there is a very large horseshoe mark ; and the wing-coverts
have one web of each feather like that of the male, and the other
with normal buff bars.) Total length 12-'d inches, wing 6, tail 3-2,
tarsus 1"65.

The young female after the first moult resembles the adult, but
the horseshoe mark on the lower breast is large and well-marked
in the great majority of specimens, and it is the exception to find
young birds in which' it is rudimentary or absent. Legs and feet
yellowish brown.

In quite young birds the whole of the upper parts and the chest
and breast are brownish buff, and each feather of the mantle, chest,
and breast has a buff or whitish black-edged shaft-stripe. The
adult plumage first makes its appearance on the sides of the chest
and breast, and on the sides, flanks, rump, and upper tail-coverts ;

9. PERDIX.

189

while at the same time the whole tail, the inner primary and
secondary quills, and the lesser and median wing-coverts are re-
newed. Legs and feet yellowish brown.

Hah. Europe and Western and Central Asia : ranging westwards
to Norway and the British Isles : eastwards to the Barabinska
Steppe and Altai Mountains ; southwards to the valley of the
Douro, Naples, the Caucasus, Asia Minor, and North Persia.

a, b. (S iniiu. sk. Cromarty, Scotland, Jan.

c. (S imni. sk.
d-g. 6 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
h, i. (S 2 imm. sk.

k-n. c? 2 ad. et
imm. sk. et st.

o,p.(S2 inim. sk.

Aboyue, Aberdeen, Sept.
Banti'shire, Oct.

Morayshire, Dec.

G. St. Quintin, Esq.

[P.].
Dr.R.B.Sharpe[P.].
W. E. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq. [P.].
W. R. Ogilvie Grant,
Esq. [P.].
Southern Slope of the Gram- Gould Coll.
plans, 15,000 ft., Dec. (/.
Fowler).
Argyllshire, Dec. F. M. Ogilvie, Esq.

Q) r. (S imm. et juv. Dumblane,Stirhngshire, Oct., W.R. Ogilvie Grant,

sk. ■ Nov. Esq. [P.].

s. 2 imm. sk. England. Hume CoU.

t, u. 2 imm. sk. England, Nov. {Leadenhall Purchased.

Market).
V. d imm. sk. Preston Hall, Dec. [E. J. Gould Coll.

Betts).
w. Ad. St. Wallington, Northumberland. Sir W. Trevelyan,

Bart^[P.].
x-e'. (S 2 ad. imm. Lincolnshire, Sept., Oct.

et juv. sk.
f',g' • 2 ad. et imm. Norfolk, Nov.

sk.
h'-k'. 2 imm. sk. Norfolk, Nov.

J. H. Caton Haigh,

Esq. [P.].
Lord Esm^ Gordon

[P.].
W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

Esq. [P.].
F. aL Ogilvie, Esq.

[P.l.
o-q'. 6 2 imm. sk. Ipswicli, Suflblk, Oct., Nov. J. D. Cobbold, Esq.

I'-n' . c? 2 imm. sk. Leiston, Suffolk, Nov., Jan.

[P.].

r', s'. (S 2 ad. sk. Buiy St. Edmunds, Sullblk, Rev. B. P. Oakes

t'-d". S 2 ad. et

juv. sk. et st.
e". d imm. sk.

/"-i". 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
k". cJ imm. sk.

/". 2 imm. sk.
»»i". cf imm. sk.

«". cJ ad. fik.

o". (^ imm. [var.]

sk.
p". 2 ad. sk.

Oct.
Cambridgeshire.

Swavesey, Cambridgeshire

(i'. God man).
Northamptonshire, Oct.

Bedfordshire, Oct.

[P.].
J. Baker, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Lord Lilford [P.].

W. R. Ogilvie Grant,

^ Esq. [P.].

A\'itnev, Oxfordshire, Nov. S. A. Vime,Esq. [P.].
llighgate, Middlesex, March Tweeddale CoU.

(J. Davy).
Cookham, Berkshire. Tweeddale Coll.

Kent. J. Planta, Esq. [P.].

Ashdown, Sussex, Oct.
{Earl of Craven).

Gould CoU.'

190

PHASIANID^.

•j". 2 ad. [var.] sk. Petersfield, Sussex.

r". 2 imm. sk. Hampshire.

s", t". 5 ad. et c? New Forest, Hampshire,

imm. sk. Dec, March.

u". J imm. [var.] Barnstaple, Devonshire ( W.

sk. J. Hose).

v"-x". Ad. et imm. France.

St.

y"-b'^. Ad. [var.] st. France.

c^, (P. S imm. et $ Montresor, France.

ad. sk.
*^,/^- 6 imm. et $ Near Haarlem, Holland.

ad. sk.
ff'. (S imm. sk. Sweden {H. Wheelwright).

h^-P. 5 ad. et imm. Helsingfors, Finland.

sk.
m^. iS imm. [var.] Russia.

sk.
n^-t^. S 2 ad. et Russia, Nov. {Leadenhall

imm. sk. Market),

u^-x^. S ad. et imm. Poland, Jan.

sk.

Mark Bradenburg, Sept.,

Oct.
Holstein, Oct., Nov.

y^-a\ 6 ad. et 2

imm. sk.
b\ c\ S ad. et 2

imm. sk.
d\ 2 ad. sk.

e^-i\ c? 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
hK 2 ad. sk.

Austria, Nov. {Leadenhall

Market).
Hungary, Dec.

West .side of the Gulf of
Salonika {Spencer).
l*-n'^. d' ad., 2 imm. Thessaly {Lord J. Browne).

sk., ad. st.
o*. 2 ad. sk. Angora, Asia Minor, April.

pK Skeleton.

q*-v*. Skulls and sterna.

ViscountWolmer[P.].
Gould CoU.
Gould Coll.

Gould Coll.

Dr. R. B. Sharpe [P.]

& Riocour CoU.
Riocour Coll.
Dr. Stolzmann [P.].

M. F. E. Blaauw [P.].

Gould Coll.

Dr. F. W. Forssell

[C.].
Verreaux Coll.

Purchased.

Dr. J. Stolzmann

[E.].
Dr. A. Reichenow

[E.].
Dr. A. Reichenow

[E.].
Purchased.

E. Chemel de Cher-

nelhaza [P.].
Gould Coll.

Gould Coll.

C. G. Danford, Esq.

[C.].

The follcwmg refers to the curious rufous variety known as Perdix
montana, of which the synonymy is added in the footnote * : —

* Perdix montana, Briss. Orn. i. p. 224, pi. xxi. fig. 2 (1760) ; Lath. Ind.

Orn. ii. p. 646 (1790) ; Bechst. Nat. BeiitschL iii. p. .5.54 (1793) ; Vieill.

N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxr. p. 226 (1817) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi.

p. 344 (1819) ; Vieill. Tahl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 210, pi. 94. fig. 1 (1823) ;

Vieill. Faun. Frang. p. 250, pi. 108. fig. 2 (1828) ; Naum. Nat. Vog.

Deufschl. vi. p. 482 (1833); Jauhert (Sf Lapomm. Eich. Orn. p. 421

(1859).
La Perdrix de Monlagne, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 419 (1771) ; BAiibent.

PL Enl. ii. pi. 42. no. 136; Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn. Europe Occ.

fasc. xxxix. p. 26 (1886); Alteon, Ornis, 1886, p. 416 [Kustendji,

Kumania].
Tetvao montana, Gm. 8. N. i. pt. ii. p. 758 (1788).
Perdix torquata et P. varia, Bechst. Nat. Dcutschl. iii. p. 553 (1793).

9. PERDIX. 191

In tho most extreme form of this variety the whole head and
neck are dull rust-red, and the rest of the plumage dark chestnut,
except the thighs and lower part of the belly and vent, which are
white, tho primaries, which are brown, the secondaries and longer
scajiulars, which are irregularly margined with whitish or buif,
finely vermiculated with black, and the wing-coverts and scapulars,
which have irregular M-hitish shaft-stripes dilated at the extremity
of the secondary coverts into a whitish patch dotted with black.

In a second specimen the plumage is as above, but the primaries
are mottled, especially on the outer web, with rufous white, and
most of the lesser and median coverts have a small white patch at
the extremity.

Two other specimens combine all the characters of the above, but
all the feathers of the back, wing-coverts, scapulars, outer second-
aries, and flanks are tipped with white, mottled with black.

A fifth resembles these two last specimens, but also approaches
the typical P. jicrdir in the plumage of tho top and back of the
head, the back and sides of the neck, and the mantle (but these parts
are greyer than usual), and of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts (though the ground-colour is dirty white instead of brownish
buff). On the uuderparts the chestnut horseshoe mark is enormously
developed, while the flanks and sides are almost normal. The tail
is uidike that of any other, having the basal portion of the outer web
white, slightly mottled with black.

On the whole, this bird, with the exception of its tail, is exactly
intermediate between a typical specimen of the variety P. montana
and P. perdiv, though the parts of the jjlumage which resemble the
latter are paler than usual.

P. montana is said to be confined to the mountains of Lorraine,
but I have seen specimens of this variety, which are still preserved
in private collections, that were shot some years ago in Northumber-
land, and are in every way identical with birds from Lorraine.
Several examples are also preserved in the Newcastle Museum.
There can be no doubt that it is merely a strongly-marked variety
of P. perdLv, and not a distinct species ; and I think anyone who
takes the trouble to examine the five specimens which I have de-
scribed above, and sees the gradual transition they display between
t}i)ical P. perdiv and typical P. tnontatia, can only arrive at the
same conclusion.

a. Ad. sk. France. Riocour Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk. France. Riocour Coll.

d. .\d. sk. Zogny, Jan. Riocour Coll.

e. Ad. St. Mountains of Lorraine. Dr. K. B. Sharpe [P.^.

Pertlis cinerea, var. A, Temm. Pig. et GaU. iii. pp. 398, 730 (1815).
Mountain Partridge, L<Uh. Gen. HL^. viii. p. •JS.S (182.3).
Clieshire Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hi-st. viii. p. 28(1 (1823).
Perdix cinerea, var. montana, Jard. Nut. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 101, pi ii
(1834).

192 PHASIAJJID^.

Subsp. a. Perdix damascena.

Perdix damascena, Briss. Orn. i. p. 22.3 (1760) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii,.

p. 646 (1790) ; Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. Metli. i. p. 210 (1791) ; Vieill.

N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 223 (1817); Jaubert ^- Lapomiti.

Rich. Orn. p. 421 (1859) [France] ; Fontaine, Faun. Luxemb., Ois.

p. 177 (1865) ; Olphe-GaUiard, Faun. Oi-n. Europe Occ. fasc. xxxix,

p. 35 (1886).
La petite Perdrix grise, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 417 (1771).
Tetrao damascenus, 6'ot. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 758 (1788).
Perdix cinerea, var. D, Tenun. Pi</. et Gall. iii. pp. 392, 731 (1815).
Damascus Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 287 (182-3).
Perdix damascenus, Vieill. Fatm. Franq. p. 2-50 (1828).
Perdix cinerea, Malherbe, Faun. Orn. iSicil. p. 154 (1843).
Perdix minor, Brehn, Vogelfang, p. 267 (1855).
Starna cinerea, var. damascena, Svhn. Ornis, 1887, p. 537 [Alsace] ;

Dubois, Ornis, 1890, p. 327 [Belgium].
Starna cinerea, var. peregriana, Tschusi u. De la Torre, Ornis, 1888,

p. 250 [Sdesia].

This is a smaller migratory race of P. perdix, perfectly similar
in plumage, and differing only in its somewhat smaller size, and in
having yellow legs and feet and apparently also a yellow bill in the
adult. Total length 9 inches, wing 5-9, tail 3"1, tarsus 1-4.

Hah. Apparently an Alpine form, descending to the plains during
the cold season, when it is met with in very large flocks, which are
reported not to associate with the Common Partridge (P. perdix).

a, b. Ad. et imm. sk. France. Riocour Coll.

c. Ad. sk. [var.]. France. Eiocour Coll.

2. Perdix daurica.

Tetrao perdix, var daumica, Pall. Zoogr. Boss. -As. ii. p. 78 (1811)

[Dauria].
Perdix sibirica, Pall. Zoogr. Boss.'As. ii. Tp. 80 (1811); Gould, B.

Asia, vi. text to pi. 73 (1871).
Perdix cinerea, var. daurica, Schrenck, Reis. Amur-L. i. p. 521

(1859).
Perdix cinerea, Lamprey, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 221 [Tien-Tsin Market] ;

Homeyer, J.f. O. 1870, p. 174.
Perdix (Starna) cinerea, var. rupestris davurica, Radde, Reise Ost-

Sib. ii. p. 304, pi. xii. (1863).
Perdix barbata, Verr. ^- Desm. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 62, pi. ix. [Dauria] ;

Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 307 ; Verr. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 371 ; Gray,

List GaUinee Brit. Mus. p.56 (18U7) ; Dybouski, J.f. O. 1868, p. 337

[Dam'ia] ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 267 (1870) ; David, N. Arch.

Mus. Bull. vii. p. 11 (1871) ; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. 73 (1871) ;

Swinh. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 400; Tacz. J.f. O. 1873, p. 99; Heugl.

J.f. O. 1874, p. 399; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 323; Tacz. Bull. Soc.

Zool. Fr. i. p. 243 (1876) [Lake Baikal]; Prjev. Mongolia, ii.

p. 123 (1876) ; id. Roivley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 422 (1877) [Kiachta

and Dolon-nor to Sources of Yangtze-Eang] ; David ly Otistal.

Ois. Chine, p. 392 (1877) ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 80; Pleske, Bull.

Acad. St. Pitersb. xiii. p. 297 (1892) [Tian-shan, Prov. of Guchen,

Chami and Dzuugaria],

9. PERDIX. 193

Perdix daurica, David, N. Arch. Mus. Bull. iii. p. 38 (1867) [Mon-
ifolia and Mts. near Pekin] ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 68
(187;5); id. J.f. O. 1875, p. 181 [Turkestan]; Pleske, M6m. Ac.
St. ntersh. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47 (188S).

Starna daurica, Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. fasc. i. p. 41 (1884)
[Dauria, Dzungaria, Kuldja, Tian-shan].

Adult male. The general colour above resembles that of P. perdix,
but is paler, and the colour of the back and sides of the neck and
upper back is greyer, while the subterrainal chestnut cross-bars on
the back are darker and as strongly defined as on the riimp and
upper tail-coverts. A narrow black band across the front of the
forehead between the nostrils ; ear-coverts brown, tipped with
whitish ; below the eye a whitish patch narrowly edged beneath
with black ; forehead, lores, wide superciliary stripes, and the fore
part of the cheeks rufous buff: feathers on the sides of the chin
and throat similar in colour but considerably elongated, and with
dark shafts; middle of chin and throat paler; hind part of the
cheeks and sides of the neck grey ; sides of the chest and breast
grey, finely vermiculatcd with black, middle bright buff, followed by
a large black horseshoe-shaped patch ; belly, thighs, and under tail-
coverts M-hitish ; sides and flanks dirty white, each with a sub-
terminal chestnut cross-bar. Two middle pairs of tail-feathers and
the terminal part of the third pair whitish, with wavy bars and
vermiculations of black ; remainder of the feathers chestnut, more
or less tipped with white, and with an ill-defined darker chestnut
subterminal baud. Total lengtli 11-5 inches, wing 6, tail 3-5,
tarsus 1-5.

A yoiintj male has the sides and back of the neck and mantle
brownish white, with spots and shaft-stripes of whitish ; the upper
parts are more coarsely marked than in the adult, and the black
horscslioe mark much reduced.

Adidt ftmalc. Appears to differ from the male in having the
black horseshoe much reduced or absent, and there is much less
bright buff on the chest and breast ; there is also a chestnut patch
on the cheek below the eye. Total length 1 1 inches, wing 5- (5, tail 3,
tarsus 1-4.

Ilab. Xorth-eastern and Central Asia, ranging north to Dauria,
eastwards to Amoorland, Mantchuria, and the mountains near Pekin,
westwards to D/.ungaria and the Tian-shan Mountains, and south-
wards to the souires of the Yangtze-kiang.

a-d. cJ ? ad. sk. Dauria. Gould Coll.

et St.
e. (J imm. sk. South Mantchuria. II. M. .Tames, Esq. [P.].

/. Juv. sk. Kau^n (Grnin-Grzitnailo). St. Petersburg Museum

[E.].

3. Perdix hodgsoniaB.
Sncfa hod}rsoni.Tp. Hodgson, J. As. Sue. Beng. .\xv. p. 165, pi. (1857)

[T.snng, Thibet].
Perdix hodsrsonia", Gould, B. A.^ia, vi. pi. 74 (1857) ; Adams, P. Z. S.

1859. p. 185 [Nobra, N. of Ladak] : Leadb. P.Z.S. 1861, p. 198

VOL. XIII. O

194 PHASIANID^.

[Hanlee, Thibet] ; Gray, List Gallince Brii. Mus. p. 57 (1867) ;

Hume, Nests Sf E. Ind. B. p. 544 (1873) ; Cock ^ Marsh. Str. F.

i. p. 349 (1873) ; Hu7ne, Str. F. vii. p. 432 (1878) ; mime S,-

Marsh. Game B. Ind. ii. p. Go, pi. (1879) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests

4- F. Ind. B. iii. p. 438 (1890) [Ooug Lung La Pass, between

Indus and Pangong Valleys].
Perdix hodgsonii, Adams, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 503 [N. of Mussooree] ;

Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 575 (1863).
Perdix (Sacfa) hodgsonise, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 267 (1870).

Adult male and female. A narrow black band across the front of
the forehead between the nostrils, followed by a wider white band
edged with black ; crown and sides of the head chestnut ; rest of
the back of the head and nape a mixture of black and rufous buflf,
with a triangular whitish spot at the extremity of each feather ;
back and sides of the neck with a wide rufous-chestnut collar fringed
in freshly-moulted specimens with whitish : mantle grey, shading
into brownish grey on the lower back, rump, and shorter upper
tail-coverts ; all are barred transversely with black, and the feathers
have usually a bar or two of buff more or less mixed with chestnut
near the extremity ; the wings, scapulars, and coverts resemble
those of P. perdiv, but the markings are brighter and more strongly
defined, and the inner webs of the longer scapulars and outer
secondaries are rich golden buff ; the lores and fore part of the
cheeks white, margined with black and separated from the bill by a
narrow black line of feathers. A white patch of feathers beneath the
eye edged below with black. Ear-coverts black, with pale shafts
and chestnut bases. A large black patch on the hinder part of the
cheek and side of the throat. Chin, middle of the throat, and a
band round the fore part of the neck white, the latter bounded below
by a narrow black band ; feathers on the sides of the chin and
throat elongate, with black shafts, hot less developed than in P. dau-
rica. Chest, breast, and belly white with a subterminal black bar,
except a large patch of feathers in the middle of the breast, which
are black, widely margined with white (this patch is almost hidden
in freshly-moulted birds, but is strongly marked in worn specimens).
Sides and flanks rufous buff, with a wide subterminal chestnut band
and a whitish patch and black wavy lines at the extremity of each
feather. Rest of the underparts whitish or buff, with irregular
wavy black lines and marks. Tail and longer tail-coverts as in
P. daiirica, but the subterminal bars on the latter are usually black
instead of chestnut. Naked skin round the eye and on the cheek
red. Bill and legs horn-green.

Male. Total length 11-5 inches, wing 6-2, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-7.

Female. Total length 11 inches, wing 6-1, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-65.

In a younger specimen the crown and back of the head are
blackish, with buff shaft-stripes ; the back and sides of the neck
and the mantle are brownish buff, marked and barred with black,
and with whitish-buff shaft-stripes edged with black. The chestnut
collar and the black patches on the hinder parts of the cheeks are
just beginning to appear ; otherwise the plumage is nearly similar
to that of the adult.

10. MAKQAKOPEllDIX. 195

A quite youwi bird differs principally from the young of P.j>erdix
iu having the black cheek-marks indicated by brownish-black
patches.

Hob. Southern Thibet, just extending into India, in Cashmere,
Gurhwal, and Kumaon ; also Native Sikhim and Darjeeling.

a, b. Ad. sk. I.adak. Hume Coll.

c. Ad. St. Nobra, N. of Ladak. Capt. Smith [C.].

d-7n. Ad., imm., at Thibet, Sept. to Dec. Hume Coll.

juv. sk. (Z. Mandelli).

n. Ad. sk. Tsang, Thibet. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of the species.)

o, ^;. 5 ^d- sk. Interior of Native Sik- Hume Coll.

him, May {L. Mandelli).

q. cS ad. sk. Darjeeling. Hume Coll.

4. Perdix sifanica.

Perdix sifanica, Prjevalsky, Mongolia, ii. p. 124 (1876) ; id. Rotoley'g
Orn. Misc. ii. p. 423 (1877) [Mts. of Kansu] ; Dedit. J.f. 0. 1886,
pp. 528, 53n, 536, 540 [Nan-shan Mts.] ; Pleske, Bull. Acad. St.
Petersb. xiii. p. 297 (1892) [North Nan-shan and Si-nmg Mts.].

Adult male and female. DiflFer from P. hodgsonice in having no
black patch on the middle of the lower breast, all the feathers of
the chest, breast, and belly being whitish, with a subterminal black
bar ; the black patch on the hinder part of the cheek and side of
the throat much reduced ; and the subterminal bars on the feathers
of the lower part of the mantle chestnut instead of black, as is
the case in almost all specimens of P. hodgsoiiuv. Hodgson's type
specimen is the only example of the fifteen specimens before me in
which these are chestnut and resemble the present species, though
one bird from Ladak is somewhat intermediate. This species is
also somewhat smaller.

Male. Total length 10*5 inches, wing 5*9, tail 3"2, tarsus 1'6.

Female. Total length 10-5 inches, wing 5"55, tail 3, tarsus 1'55.

Hub. Northern Thibet, Kansu, Nan-shan and Si-ning Mountains.

a,b. cJ 2 ad. sk. Kansu, April, Oct. M. Berezowsky [C.].

c, d. (S 2 "id. sk. Kansu, April, June (Grutn- St. Petersburg Mus.
Grziinailo). [E.].

Typo.

10. MARGAROPERDIX.

Margaroperdix, Reichenb. Sat. Syst. Voi/el,

p. xxviii (1852) M. madagascariensia.

Tail with 12 feathers, wedge-shaped, the centre pair of feathers
considerably longer than the next pair and about half tiie length
of the wing.

1st primary falls between the 6th and 7th, and is not much
shorter than the longest.

Tarsus without a spur, and shorter than the middle toe and claw.

Claws moderate, somewhat curved.

Range. Madagascar ; lleunion (introduced).

o2

196 PHASIANID^.

1. Margaroperdix madagascariensis.

La Grande CaiJle de Madagascar, Sonn. Voy. hid. Orient, ii. p. 169,

pi. 98 (1782),
La Caille brune de Madagascar, Sonn. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 171

(1782).
Madagascar Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 788 (1783) ; id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 310 (1823).
Grey-throated Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 788 (1783); id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 300 (1823).
Tetrao madagascariensis, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insiibr. pt. ii. p. 93

(1786).
Tetrao striatus, Gmel. S. W. i. pt. ii. p. 763 (1788).
Tetrao griseus, Gtnel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 764 (1788).
Perdix striata. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 654 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. XXV. p. 261 (1817) ; Temm. PL Col. \. pi. 39 [no. 82]

(1823) ; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425 [RiSunion, introduced] ; Schl.

in Pull. (§;• Van Dam. Rech. Madasc. pt. ii. p. 120 (1868).
Perdix grisea. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 654 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. XXV. p. 259 (1817).
Coturnix striata, Bonn. Tail. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 221, pi. 97. fig. 2

(1791).
Coturnix grisea, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 523, 744 (1815) ; Steph.

in Shares Gen. Zool. xi. p. 370 (1819).
Coturnix perlata, Temm. Piq. et Gall. iii. pp. 470, 739 (1815) ; Stei^h.

in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 368 ^1819).
Coturnix griseus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 507 (1846).
Coturnix strictus, C\iv., Heiigl.Viig. N.O.-Afr. p. 51, no. 534 (1856).
Margaroperdix striata, Hartl. Orn. Madagas. p. 69(1861); Maillard,

Notes Reunion, p. 163 (1862); Roch ^ Neioton, Ibis, 1863, p. 168;

Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 454; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 164; Newton,

P. Z. S. 1865, p. 836; Grandidier, Hist. Madagas., Ois. i. p. 487,

pis. 199-201 A (1885) ; Sibree, Ibis, 1891, p. 565.
Perdix madagascariensis. Gray, List GalUnce Brit. Mus. p. 57 (1867).
Perdix (Margaroperdix) madagascariensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 267

(1870).
Margaroperdix madagascariensis, Hartert, Kat. Mus. Senckenb. p. 195

(1891).

Adult male. Top of the head reddish brown, a line of black
feathers down the centre with buff shaft-stripes : back of the neck
and mantle dull reddish brown, with whitish shaft-stripes widely
edged on either side with black. Scapulars, inner median and
secondary coverts, and outer secondaries the same, but with the
terminal half of most of the feathers barred on the inner or both
webs with rufous bufi' edged with black. Lesser and outer median
wing-coverts chestnut (sometimes margined with grey and with
grey shaft-stripes). Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
black mixed with reddish brown and tipped with olive-brown, each
feather with a longitudinal white shaft-stripe and transverse bars
of rufous or buff on both webs. Primaries, primary-coverts, and
secondaries blackish brown, more or less mottled and edged with
pale rufous on the outer web. The superciliary stripes, w^hich are
continued down the sides of the neck, and two stripes which com-
mence at the gape and bound the sides of the throat pure white ;

11. PERDICULA. 197

otherwise the rest of the head, chin, and throat are black. Sides
of the neck, chest, and breast grey ; front of the neck and middle
of the chest chestnut ; middle of the breast and bellj' black, each
feather with a large round or oval white spot near the extremity.
Sides and flanks chestnut, with white black-edged shaft-stripes.
Tail black, with reddish-white cross-bars. Iris brown. Legs and
feet greyisli black. Bill black, bluish towards the base. Total
length 10 inches, wing .5-1, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-3.

Adult female. Top of the head black fringed with olive-brown, a
line of feathers with buff shaft-stripes running down the centre of
the head ; the whole of the upper parts black tipped with warm
olive-brown, and each feather with a whitish or buff shaft-stripe
and transversely barred on both webs with rufous buff. QuiUs like
those of the male. Chin and throat buff; ear-coverts brown ; rest
of the head rufous buff dotted with black. Eest of the underparts
buff or rufous buff ; the feathers of the neck, chest, breast, belly,
and under tail-coverts each with two black lines, parallel with one
another and with the margin of the feather ; sides and flanks barred
with black. Tail black, with buff cross-bars. Total length 9-6
inches, wing o-l, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-3.

JIab. Same as that of the genus.

«-c. c? 2 ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.

<^-/. 6 2 ad. sk. Madaga.«car, March ( IF. D. Tweeddale Coll.

Coican).

g, h. J 2 ad. sk. Madagascar (Bewsher). Shellev Coll.

t,k. cT ? ad. sk. Central Madagascar. ShelleV Coll.

I. 2 ad. sk. Central Madagascar. Seebohm Coll.

11. PERDICULA. ^

Perdicula, IIod(/s. Bemj. Sport. Mag. ix. p. 344 (1837 J . . P. asiatica.

Tail with 12 feathers ; rather feeble, but much stiffer than the
upper tail-coverts and less than half the length vi the wing.

Ist primary intermediate in length between the 7th and 9th ; 4th
slightly longest.

Tarsus equal to the middle toe and claw ; a pair of blunt spurs in
the male.

Axillaries short.

liamje. Teninsula of India and Ceylon.

Key to the Specks.

A. Chest and breast barred with black and white.
(Males.)
a. Throat lufoiis chestnut: inner webs of pri-

™»"e3 not barred with rufous buff asiatica, p. 198.

h. Throat dull briek-red ; inner webs of pri-

luarics barred with rufous buff aiyoondah, p. 200

II. (-host and breast not barred with black and

white. (Females.)

c Throat rufous cliestuut asiatica, p. 198.

<i. Ihroat white tinged with vinaccous argoondah, p. 200.

198 PHASIANID^.

1. Perdicula asiatica.

Perdix asiatica, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 649 (1790).

Asiatic Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 278 (1802) ; id. Gen.
Hist. viii. p. 281 (182.3).

Lauwan Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 304 (1823) [$].

Perdix cambayensis, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 41 [no. 447] (1828) ;
Franklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 123.

Coturnix pentah, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 153 [Deccan] ; Gray, III.
Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 45. fig. 3 (1834) ; Sykes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 19,
pi. iii. (1841) ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 39 (1844) ; Adams,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 18(3 [Casbmere].

Perdicula rubicola, Hodgs. Beng. Sport. Mag. ix. p. 344 (1837).

Coturnix cambaiensis. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 38 (1844) ; id. Cat.
Hodgs. ed. i. p. 128 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 507 (1846).

Perdicula rubicolor, Hodgs. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ; id. Icon,
ined. in Brit. Mus. uos. 768-764.

Coturnix rubiginosa, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 507 (1846).

Perdicula asiatica, Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 504 [Lower ranges of
W.Himalayas]; Irliy, Ibis, 1861, p. 2.36 [Oudh and Kumaon];
Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 4 (1863) ; Holdsiv. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 470
[Ceylon, S. India] ; Hume, Nests S,- E. Ind. B. p. 546 (1873) ; Lloyd,
Ibis, 1873, p. 415 [Kattiawar] ; Hmne, Str. F. vii. p. 158 (1878)
[Distribution] ; Davidson c^ Wenden, Str. F. yii. p. 87 (1878) [Hills
at Satara and Nulwar, W. Deccan] ; Ball, Str. F. yii. p. 225 (1878)
[Ganges to Godayeri] ; Hnne Sf Marsh. Game B. Ind. ii. p. 109,
pi. (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 55 (1879) ; id. Cat. B.
S. Bombay, p. 69 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 77 (1880) [S. Kon-
kan] ; Ler/ge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 752 (1880) ; Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 422
(1880) [Bombay];" Reid, Str. F. x. p. 63 (1881) [Lucknow] ;
Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 817 (1882) [W. Khandeish] ; Davison, Str.
F. X. p. 411 (1883) [5lygore and Nilghiris] ; Swinh. Sf Barn. Ibis,
1885, p. 131 [Centrallndia] ; Taylour, Str. F. x. p. 465 (1887)
[Manzeerabad, Mysore] ; Oates, ed. Hume's Kests ^- F. Ind. B.
iii. p. 440 (1890).

Perdicula cambayensis, Jei'd. B. Ind. iii. p. 581 (1863") ; Ball, Str. F.

ii. p. 427 (1874) [Chota Nagpur] ; Butler, Str. F.iv. p. 0 (1876)

[Mt. Aboo] ; Fairb. Str. F. iy. p. 262 (1876) [Khandala, Maha-

Tjaleshwar, &c.].

Perdicula argoondah, Gould {nee Sykes), B. Asia, vii. pi. 5 (1863).

Coturnix (Perdicula) asiatica, Gray, List Galling Brit. Mus. p. 62

(1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 268 (1870).
Coturnix (Perdicula ) cambaiensis, Gray, List GallincB Brit. Mus. p. 61

(1867).
Perdicula cambaiensis, Blyth, Bjis, 1867, p. 160; Beavan, Ibis, 1868,

p. 386 [Maunbhum, Umballab, Pimjab]!
Coturnix (Perdicula) cambayensis. Gray, Hand'l. B. ii. p. 268 (1870).

Jungle Busb-Quail, J/iWiC &; Marsh. GameB. ii. p. 109 (1879).

Adult male. Top of the head and nape brown, the feathers on the
sides tipped with black ; back, rumj), and upper tail-coverts earthy
brown, with narrow, wavy, transverse black bars ; most of the
feathers of the mantle with pale buff shafts, and those of the lower
back and rump with buff cross-bars, but in very old examples the
buff markings are almost or entirely absent ; most of the wing-
coverts and scapulars have buff shaft-stripes and cross-bars, and are

11. PERDICULA. 199

largely barred and blotched towards the extremity with black ; the
flight- feathers are dark brown, barred on the outer web with rufous
buif — except the first primary, which is uniform brown, and the
outer secondaries, which are barred on both webs. Forehead, lores
and superciliary stripe, chin, and throat rufous chestnut, the super-
ciliarj' stripe and the two latter edged above with a yellowish-white
band ; car-coverts dark brown, separated from the chestnut super-
cilium In' a narrow white band ; rest of the underparts white,
regularly baiTed with black. Thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts
pale chestnut ; tail brown, with rufous-buff cross-bars edged with
black. Bill black or dusky ; iris hazel ; legs and feet orange ; tarsi
with a pair of blunt spurs. Total length 6'4 inches, wing 3'3,
tail 1*5, tarsus 0-95.

In immnture males the shaft-streaks on the feathers of the mantle
are usually wider ; the rufous chestnut of the lores and superciliary
stripes is ill-defined, while on the chin and throat it is mixed with
white and the shafts of the feathers are white ; the rest of the
underparts are mixed with vinaceous-buff feathers with narrow
white shaft-stripes, and the long barred flank-feathers are vinaceous
buff barred with black.

In a (juite iiouiuj mide the only trace of rufous chestnut is on the
chin ; the chest and rest of the underparts are dull vinaceous buflf,
and most of the feathers have white shaft-streaks.

Adult female. Difters from the adult male in having no buff shaft-
streaks or bars on the feathers of the back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts (in some specimens there are verj- slight traces of buff on
the upper tail-coverts) ; the wing-coverts much less barred with
buff and blotched with black, and the fore part of the neck, chest,
breast, and belly uniform viuaceous buff.

In immature females the feathers of the mantle and many of those
on the underparts have white shafts ; the wing-covcrts are more
barred with buff and blotched with black ; the rufous-chestnut
sujjcrciliary stripe and throat of the adult are more or less feebly
developed, and the chest and sides of the breast are sometimes
faintly and narrowly barred with blackish.

JIab. India and Ceylon.

ad. (5 2 ad. sk. Mount Aboo, May, July, Hume Coll.

Aug. (G. King),

e, f. (S ad. sk. Moimt Aboo. Col. E. A. Butler

[C.].

g. (S ad. sk. N.W. Ilimalavas. Capt. Stackhouse

Pimvill [P.].

h. $ ad. .-^k. IIinialaya.<i. Gould Coll.

i. cf ad. sk. Gangaotri Valley.

k, I. <S ad. et Simla. " Ilume Coll.

imm. sk.

»i, w. (5 $ ad. sk. Umballah. Hume Coll.

o>P- 6 2 «d. sk. Di'hra Dhoon, .Fan. Hume Coll.

q. S ttd. sk. Dehra Dhoon. Tweeddale Coll.

r. $ ad. sk. Kumaon {Strachey). India Museum [P.].

«. cJ ad. sk. Futtegurb,Oct. (^4.^-i>irf<fr- II. Seebohm, Esq.

am). [P.].

200

PHASIANID^.

t, u. (S ad. et

imm. sk.
V, w. 5 ad. et

imm. sk.
x-h' . S ad. et

imm. sk.
c'. 2 ad. sk.
d'-f. 6 2 ad.sk.
(/. S ad. sk.

h'-V. 6 2 ad. et

(5 imm. sk.
m', n . cJ ? ad.

sk.
o'-s'. c? 2 ad. et

2 imm. sk.
t'-Tx!'. S 2 ad.

et imm. sk.
V'-r" . 2 ad. et

S imm. sk.
s". Pull. sk.
t",u" . (S 2 imm.

sk.

v"-y". <S 2iiuna-

sk.
z"-b\ 6 2 ad.

sk.
t'-/^. c? 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
g^-i^. 6 ad. et S

2 imm. sk.
k^-u\ S 2 ad.,

imm., et juv.

sk.
v''-a\ S 2 ad. et

cJ imm. sk.
b'-'f. d 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
ff\ 2 ad. sk.

h'-kK 2 ad. et
(^ 2 imm. sk.
l\ c? ad. sk.

7)i'-o\ d 2 ad.

et (S imm. sk.

;j^, 5^. Skeletons.

Etawah, April.

Mirzapore District, March

(M. Thompson).
Beliar.

[Darjeeling.]
Assam {Grfffiths).
Muddapur, Sept. ( W. E.

Brooks).
Maunbhoom, Jan. and

March {li. C. Beavan).
Sumbulpur, March.

Karial, near Raipur, Jan.,

Feb.
Raipur.

Seoni.

Nursingpur, Dec.
Deccan {Sykes).

Valley of the Tapti, W.

Khandeish, May.
Khandeish, March and May

{J. Davidson).
Khandala, Feb., April (<S'.

B. Fairbank).
Mahabaleshwur, May (-S.

B. F.).
S. Konkan, Jan.-May {G.

Vidal).

Madras.

Muddur, Mysore, May,
July, Aug. ( W. Davison).

Swasamaodrium, Mysore,
Aug. {R. G. If. B.).

Segore, Feb. (Marie).

Pothanore, Oct. (H. B. P.

Carter).
Ceylon, Sept. ( W. V.Leffge).

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum and

Gould Coll. (Types

of C. pentah.)
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Tweeddale and G ould

Colls.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume and Gould

Colls.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Sharpe find Hume

Colls.
Zool. Soc. Coll.

2. PerdiciUa argoondah.

Marbled Quail, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 312 (1823) [S juv.].

Coturnix argoondah, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 153 [Deccan] ; id. Trans.
Zool. Soc. ii. p. 17, pi. ii. (1841) ; Gray, Lis/ of B. pt. iii. Gall.f. 39
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 607 (1846); Burgess, P. Z. S. 1855,
p. 31 THabits] ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 156 (1878).

11. PKKDICDLA. 201

Perdicula argoondah, Layard, Ann. Mag. N. II. (2) xiv. p. 107

(1854) [Ceylon]; Hume, Nesfs ^- E. Ind. B. p. 645 (1873); id.

Str. F. vii. p. 159 (1878) [Distribution] ; Davidson ^ Wend. Str.

F. vii. p. 87 (1878) [Deccan]; Hime i^- Marsh. Game B. Ind. ii.

p. 117, pi. (1879) ; Butl. Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 55 (1879) ; id. Cat.

B. S. Bombay, p. 69 (1880) ; id. Str. F. ix. p. 423 (1880) [Bombay] ;

Swi7ik. ^- Barn. Ibis, 1885, p. 131 [Central India] ; Oates, ed. Httme's

Nests cy E. Ind. B. iii. p. 441 (1890).
Cotumix argoonda, Newton, Ibis, 1861, p. 116 [Mauritius, introduced].
Perdicula asiatica, Jerd. (nee Lath.) B. Ind. iii. p. 583 (1863) ; Ball,

Str. F. ii. p. 427 (1874) [Chota Nagpur P]; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 7

(1876) [N. Guzerat]; Fuirb Str. F. iv. p. 262 (1876) [Ahmed-

nagar and Deccan generally].
Coturnix (Perdicula) argoondali, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 62

(1867); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 209 (1870).
Ptoek I5ush-Quail, Hume S,- Marsh. Game B. ii. p. 117 (1879).
Perdicula argoonda, Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 317 (1882) [W. Khan-

deish] ; Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 465 (1887) [Manzeerabad, Mysore].

Adult male. Differs from the adult male of P. asiatica in having
the feathers of the upper parts, especially the back of the head,
nape, and mantle, transversely barred with buff and black or grey
edged on either side with black ; the primaries and secondaries are
barred on both webs with rufous buff; the forehead, lores, and
superciliary stripe, and the chin and throat dull brick-red, not
margined above by a white band. Iris dark brown ; bill horny
brown above, lavender-blue below ; legs and feet orange-red ; tarsi
armed with blunt spurs. Total length &5 inches, wing '&3, tail 1"7,
tarsus 1.

Immature males have the upper parts viuaceous brown with
irregular wavy black lines and narrow buff shaft-stripes edged on
either side with black : as age increases each shaft -stripe becomes
constricted into four or five isolated buff patches ; these spread
transversely and eventually become united with other pale spots
situated on the margins of the feather. Thus without any moult
taking place the feathers become transversely barred with buff as in
the adult.

A very yoanrj male has the whole of the underparts buff, washed
with vinaceous and indistinctly barred with black.

Adult female. Has the whole of the upper parts dull vinaceous,
with some faint indications of dusky cross-lines and buff' marks;
the flight-feathers Imrred on the outer and mottled on the inner
■web with rufous buff; the middle of the chin, throat, and belly
whitish, and the rest of the underparts dull viuaceous.

Immature femahs have tlie upper parts more or less distinctly
barred and mottled with buff and black.

Hab. India; ? Ceylon ; Mauritius (introduced).

a,b. (J imui. et Kutcb. Hume Coll.

$ ad. sk.

c-e. (S 2 ^^- sk. Kattiawar, Feb., June. Cnpt. Llovd [P,].

/. $ ad. sk. Godra,PnncbMehals,Sept. Hume Coll.

ff. cf ad. sk. Deesa, Oct. (E. A. Butler). Hume Coll.

h. $ ad. sk. Mt. Aboo, May. Hume Coll.

202

PHASIAHID^.

i-l. S ad. et c? $

imm. sk.
m-o. S ad. et

imm. sk,
2). d" ad. sk.
1, r. cS 2 ad. sk.
s. c? ad. sk.
t. J imm. sk,

M. 5 ad. sk.

V, iv. (J imm. sk.

a', y. J imm. sk.

s-e'. d 5 ad. et

d' imm. sk.
f-k'. S 2 ad. sk.

r. 5 imm. sk.

ni, n. 5 ad. sk.

o'-ti . (S 5 ad. et
cJ imm. sk.

J^', ^i;'. (S 2 ad. sk.
.r'-«". cJ Jad. et

imm. sk.
6". 2 imm. sk.
c", d". (5 2 ad.

sk.

Sambhur, May {R. M.

Adaiyi).
Near Ajmere, Dec, Jan.

Near Jodhpur, Feb.

Jbansie, Aug.

Jubbtilpur.

Gurgaou District, Jan. {A.

O. H.).
Delbi.

N.W. India.
N.W. Himalayas.

Etawab, April and Dec.

Etawab, Dec. {A. Ander-
son).

Coimbatore, Oct. (A. G. R.
Theobald).

Bassein, N. Konkan, Feb.
{James).

Deccau {Sykes).

Khandeisb.

Kbaudeisb, Marcb, May,

Oct. {J. Davidson).
Western Gliauts.
Belgaum, Julv and Aug.

{E. A. Butler).

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Himie Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Capt. Stackbouse

PinwiU [P.].
Hume Coll.

Seebobm Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum and
Gould Coll. (Types
of C. aiyoondah.)

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Type.
M. erytbrorbyncba.

12. MICROPERDIX.

Microperdix, Gould, B. As, vii. pi. iii. (1862).

Tail of 10 feathers, fairly developed, rounded, and rather more
than half the length of the wing.

1st primary equal in length to the 10th ; 6th sHghtly longest.
Tarsi without spurs, and equal to the middle toe and claw.

Banr/e. Peninsula of India and Manipur.

Key to tlie Species.
Throat white.
7. White band between the eyes narrower ;

chest browner. Size larger ; wing 3"3- [p. 203.

3'4 erythrorhyncha ^ ,

b. White band between the eyes wider ; cbest

greyer. Size smaller ; wing 3-0-3-1 .... bleioitti S , V- 204.
Throat, cbest, and breast dull rufous cbest- [p. 203.

nut. Size larger ; wing 3-3 erythrorhyncha $ ,

Throat, cbest, and breast pale brick-colom-.

Size smaller ; wing 3-1 blvicitti 2 , p. 204.

Throat dark chestnut manipurcnsis c? , p. 204.

Tbroat blackish grey manipurensis 2 > P- 204.

12. MICKOPEKDIX. 203

1. Microperdix erythrorhyncha.

Coluniix erytlirorhynclia, fSi/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 153 [Valley of
Karli, N. Konkan] ; Grai/, III. Lid. Zool. ii. pi. 44. fig. 2 (1834) ;
Sijkes, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 16, pi. i. (1841) ; Gray, List of B.
pt.iii. Gall. p. 40 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 507 (1840).

Perdix erythrorhyncha, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xi. p. 808 (1842)
[Southern India].

Perdicula erythrorh^Ticha, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 881 (1856); Jerd.
B. Lid. iii. p. 584'(1863) ; Bulffer, P. Z. S. 1806, p. 571 [Welling-
ton, Nilghiris] ; Bli/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 160 ; Blanf. Ibis, 18G7, p. 464
[Siroucha] ; JEhces, Ibis, 1870, p. 528 [Cardamum Hills, Travan-
core] ; Fairb. Sir. F. v. p. 409 (1877) [Kokaikanal, Palanai Hills] ;
Davidson ^- Wend. Sir. F. vii. p. 87 (1878) [Sholapur, Poona,
Satara Hills].

Microperdix erythrorhyncha, Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 3 (1862) ;
Hume, Npsts'i^ E. Lid. B. p. 548 (1873) ; Fairb. Sir. F. iy. p. 202
(1876) [Khandala, Mahableshwar, &c.].

Coturnix (Microperdix) erytlu-orhyncha, Gray, List GallincB Brit.
Mus. p. (B (1867); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 269 (1870).

Microperdix ervthrorhyuchus, Hume ^- Marsh. Game B. Ind. ii. p. 123,
pi. (1879) ; 'Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 423 (1880) [Bombay] ; id. Cat.
B. S. Bombay, p. 69 (1880) ; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 411 (1883)
[Nilg-hiris, Wynaad, Mysore]; Tern/, Str. F. x. p. 479 (1887)
[Palanai Hills] ; Gates, "ed. Humes Nests ^- E. Ind. B. iii. p. 442
(1890).

Adult male. Top of the head black, except the middle of the
occiput, which, like the nape and rest of the upper parts, is earthy
brown ; a white band between the eyes is continued backwards
down each side of the head and forms a U-shapcd white mark ; the
feathers of the back, rump, and upper tail-coyerts have a rounded
black subterminal spot narrowly circumscribed with buff ; the wing-
coverts and scapulars, which arc rather warmer brown than the
back, have narrow white shaft-stripes, buff cross-bars, and are
mostly blotched with black near the extremity of the inner web ;
flight- feathers blackish, the outer four (primaries) margined a ad the
rest barred and mottled with rufous buff. Forehead, lores, super-
ciliary stripe, sides of face, feathers round the gape and on the chin
black ; ear-coverts dark brown ; throat white, irregularly margined
below with black ; neck and chest greyish brown, washed with
rufous and gradually shading into rufous chestnut on the rest of the
underparts ; the feathers of the neck and chest are usually more or
less spotted with black like those of the back, but on the sides, flanks,
and under tail coverts the spots are very much larger and edged
with whiti.sh. Tail black, with narrow buff or pale rufous bars.
Iris brown ; bill, legs, and feet rich red. Tarsi without spurs.
Total length 7 inches, wing 3-4, tail 1*9, tarsus 1.

In immature males the forehead, superciliary stripes, sides of the
head, chin, and throat arc white washed with rufous, and some of
the feathers of the mantle and chest have pale buff shaft-stripes ;
otherwise the plumage resembles that of the adult.

Adult female. Like the adult male, but the forehead, lores, super-
ciliary stripe, sides of the head, chin, and throat are dull rufous

204

PHASIANID^.

chestnut, aud the crown of the head is almost entirely brown, with
onlj' a few black spots on the sides.

In immature females the crown is mostly black, as in the male.

Hah. South-western hills of the Indian Peninsula, ranging north
to Bombay and south to the Cardamum Hills.

a. 2 ad. sk.

S.W. India.

Tweeddale Coll.

b. $ ad. sk.

Mahableshwur Hills, May
{S. B. Fairbank).

Hume Coll.

<^-5'- c? 2 ad. sk.

N. Konkan {Si/kes).

India Museum.
(Types of the species.)

h. cJ ad. sk.

Bulgaum, Aug. (JE.A. But-
ler).

Hume Coll.

t. cT ad. sk.

Madras.

ludia Museum [P.].

k-r. iS 2 ad. et

Wynaad, March-May ( W.

Hume Coll.

imm. sk.

Davison).

s-k\ J 5 ad. et

Ootacamuud, Jan.-April

Hume Coll.

imm. sk.

and June {W. Davison).

l'-^'. d ?ad. sk.

Coonoor, July, Sept. {B.

Hume and Tweed-

G. W. R.).

dale Colls.

q'~t'. (^ ad. sk.

Kotagherry, Oct. [Miss
C'ockburn).

Hume Coll.

u', v'. (5 ad. sk.

Pykarra.

Hume Coll.

2. Microperdix blewitti.

Perdicula erytbrorhyncha, Ball (ncc Sykes), Sir. F. ii. p. 428 (1874)

[Chota Nagpur and Satpura Hills].
Microperdix blewitti, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 512 (1874) [Eaipur];

Ball, Str. F. iii. p. 294 (1875) ; id. Str. F. vii. p. 225 (1878) ;

Hmne S^- Marsh. Game B. Ind. ii. p. 130, pi. (1879).

Adult male. Closelj' resembles the male of M. erythrorliyncha,
from which it can only be distinguished by having the white band
between the eyes nearly twice as wide and the black forehead much
narrower, the chest greyer, and the underparts paler. It is also
somewhat smaller. Total length 6-8 inches, wing 3-1, tail 1-6,
tarsus 0-95.

Adult female. Somewhat paler than the female of M. c'-ythro-
rliynclia, especially on the forehead, lores, superciliary stripes, chin,
throat, and underparts, which are pale duU brick-colour.

Hah. Central Provinces of India.

a. 2 ad. sk.

h-i. S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
k, I. cS ad. et $

imm. sk.
m-u. cj 5 ad. sk.
v,w. (S $ ad.sk.

Balaghat District, Central Provinces, Hume Coll.

April {^R. TJiompson).

Seoni. Hume Coll.

Bardumkhem, Paipur District, Dec. Hume Coll.

Eaipur. Hume Coll.

Kaiial, Raipur, Feb. Himie Coll.

3. Microperdix manipurensis.

Perdicula manipurcDsis, Hume, Str. F. ix. p. 467 (1880) [Bases of
Eastern Manipur Hills] ; Reich. ^- Schal. J. f. O. 1883, p. 408 ;
Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 309 (1888).

13. ARBORICOLA. 205

Adult male. Whole of the upper parts dark grey ; top of the head,
nape, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts tipped and barred with
black : wing-coverts the same, but mostly blotched with black on
the subterminal part of the inner web ; flight-feathers blackish,
barred with pale Iniff on the outer web, except the first primary,
which is narrowly margined with buff on the outer web, and the
last secondaries, which are barred on both ; forehead, lores, super-
ciliary stripe, chin, and throat dark chestnut ; a white stripe from
the gape to the eye and continued behind to the dark grey car-
coverts ; neck and upper parts of chest grey, shading into tawny
buff on the breast and belly, each feather with a black shaft-stripe
and those of the breast and belly with a wide black subterminal
cross-bar : under tail-coverts black, tipped and spotted on each web
with white ; tail mottled and barred with dark grey and black.
Total length Cro inches, wing 3-4, tail 2, tarsus 1-05.

In immature viales the last secondaries are black, more widely
barred with tawny buff ; otherwise the plumage is as above.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having none of the
dark chestnut markings on the head, chin, and throat, the two
latter being white or whitish grey and the breast and belly buff
instead of tawny.

An immxtture female has the last secondaries marked like those of
the immature male, but is otherwise similar to the above.

Hah. Eastern Mauipur hills.

a-g. d" 2 ^d. et Phalel, Manipur, April Hume Coll. (Types of

imm. sk. (^A. 0. H.). the species.)

13. ARBORICOLA*.

Type.

Arborophila, Hodgs. Madras Journ. v. p. 303 (1837). A. torqueola.
Arboricola, Ilvdgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85

(1844) A. torqueola.

Arboriphila, Gray, Cat. Mamm. l^- B. Hodgs. p. Vll

(1846) A. torqueola.

Arborocola, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. o06 (1846) A. torqueola.

Tropicoperdix, Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beny. xxviii. p. 415

(1859) A. chloropus.

Phfenicoperdix, Blyth, fide Hartl. Arch./. Naturges.

xxvi. pt. ii. p. 09 (1861) A. chloropus.

Oreoperdix, Sirinli. Ihis, 1864, p. 425 A. crudigularis.

Peloperdix, Blyth, Jide Gray, List Gallince Brit. Miis.

p. 58 (1867) A. charltoni,

Hyloperdix, Sttndev. Tent. p. 116 (1872) A. torqueola.

♦ Doubtful species :— Perching Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist, viii.p. 281 (1823).

Perdix (Arboricola"), sp., v. Martens, J./. 0. 18fi(>, p. 25.

Arborophila. sp., Walden, TV. Z. S. is. p. 223 (1875).
Under this title a specimen in the Military Library at Manilla is briefly
characterized as follows : — '• Head greenish black : breast vinous red, streaked
with black ; sides pale red with blaok spots."' This description is so vague
that it is impossible to form a decided opinion on it, but probably the bird
represents a distiuct species of this genus, inhabiting Luzon.

206 PHASIANIBJE.

Nails long and nearly straight.

Tail of 14 short, somewhat rounded feathers, the middle pair rather
longer than the outer and less than half the length of the wing.

Fore part of the throat and neck often thinly covered with feathers
or nearly naked.

A supraorbital chain of bones. [Wood-Mason, Ann. N. H. (4)
xvi. p. 145.]

1st primary about equal in length to the 9th, sometimes to the
8th or 10th ; 4th or 5th slightly longest.

Range. Himalayas and Indo-Chinese countries ; Sumatra, Java,
Borneo, Hainan, Formosa, ? Philippines.

Keij to tlie Species.

A. Concealed patch of downy feathers under
the wing grey.
a. Feathers of the sides and flanks grey or
grey edged with chestnut, usually with a
white spot or shaft-stripe on each.
a'. Upper back olive -brown, baiTed and
fringed with black.
a". Top of the head bright chestnut; chin
and throat black, in some specimens
each feather nan-owly margined with

white torqueola <S , p. 207.

h". Top of the head brownish or olive-
brown, each feather tipped with black.
a'". Chin, throat, and front of neck
rufous, the two latter spotted all
over with black, sometimes on the

sides only torqueola J , p. 207.

V". Chin and throat black ; front of neck

black, each feather edged with white, atrogularis S $,
c'". Cbin and throat black ; front of [p. 209.

neck orange-scarlet aniens, p. 210.

iZ'". Chin, upper part of throat, and front
of neck white ; lower part of throat

black crudigularis ^ 5 >

b'. Upper back uniform olive-brown, not [p. 211.

barred with black; sometimes some of
the feathers are slightly fringed with
black at their extremities,
c". Chest grey ; top of the head olive-
brown, each feather edged with black-
ish brown.
e'". Front of the neck bright rufous. [p. 211.

a*. Cbin and throat black iyitermedia (S 5 ,

b*. Chin and throat rufous, thickly [p. 212.

spotted with black mfogularis S 2 >

/' ". Front of the neck black, separated

from the chest bj' a narrower white

and a wider darli chestnut band . . gingica, p. 213.

d" . Chest and top of the head chestnut ;

chin and throat bright rufous ; front

of neck white, divided from the chest

by a narrow black band mandellii(S $ , p. 214.

13. ARBORICOLA. 207

h. Feathers of the sides niid flanks uniform

clu'stiiut javanica c^ J , p. 214.

c. Feathers of the sides and flanks black, with

narrow wide-set white bars nibrirostria S 2 »

d. Feathers of the sides and flanks each with [p. 215.

a large subteriuinal white spot partially or
wholly bordered with black.
c. Chest brownish ochre or olive-buff ; sca-
pulars chestnut at the extremity ; super-
ciliary streak pale buff hnmiieopectus cJ $ ,

d' . Chest bright rust-red or reddish chestnut ; [p. 216.

scapulars olive-brown at the extremity.

e" . Superciliary stripe grey hyperythra, p. 217.

/". SuperciUary stripe rust-red erythrophri/s J 9 ,

e. Feathers of the sides and flanks greyish, [p. 218.

widely barred with white and black at the
extremity.
e'. Feathers of the back dark olive-brown,

faintly margined with blackish orientalis, p. 218.

/'. Feathers of the back golden brown, fringed

and barred with black sumatrana, p. 219.

B. Concealed patch of downy feathers under the
wing snow-white. Feathers of the sides
and flanks irregularly barred or marked and
mottled with brownish black and buff.

f. Sides and flanks marked and mottled with

black and buff ; chest olive-brown, with

wavy bars of black chloropus cS $ , p. 219.

g. Sides and flanks barred with black and buff ;

upper half of chest chestnut charltoin^S ? , p. 221,

1. Arboricola torqueola.

Olive Partridge, Lafh. Gm. Hist. viii. p. 30:3 (182-3).

Perdix torqueola, Valeiic. Diet. Sei. Nat. xxxviii. p. 4.3-5 (182.)) ;

Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 600 (1846) ; id. List Gallina- Brit. Mm. p. 57

(1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 267, no. 9693 (1870).
Perdix megapodia, Temm. Pi. Col. v. pis. 35 & 36 [nos. 462, 463]

(1828) ; Less. Traite Om. p. 506 (1831) ; Strickl. Ann. Mag. N. H.

viii. p. 374 (1842).
Perdix olivacea, Grai/, in Griff". An. Kingd. iii. p. 54 (1829) ; id. III.

Lid. Zool. i. pi. 57 "(1830-32).
Perdix torquata, Less. Traite Orn. p. 506 (1831).
Arborophila olivacea, Hodgs. Madr. Journ. 18;37, p. 303 ; Gray, List

Gall. B. iii. p. 37 (1844).
Arboricola olivacea, v. torqueola, Hodgs. in Grai/'s Zool. Misc. p. 85

(1844); id. Icon. ined. in Brit.Mus. nos. 111-114 [Nepal].
Arbiriphila torcjiieola. Gray, Cat. Hodgson, p. 127 (1846); Hume,

Nests .S- Eggs Ind. B. p. -544 (1873) ; id. Str. F. ii. p. 449 (1874).
Arboricola torqueola, Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beiig. xviii. p. 819 (1849) ;

1868, p. 321 [Koteghur]; Beaian, Ibis, 16CS, p. 385 [Darjeelinff,
Sikhim, 8aX) ft.] ; Bulger, Ibis, 1869, p. 170 [Mts. Tongloo and

208 PHASIAXID^.

Tendong, Sikhim] ; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 423 [Chamba] ; Grant,

Ibis, 1892, p. 392.
Hyloperdix torqueola, Sundevall, Tent. p. 116 (1872) ; Nichols, ed.

SundevaU's Tent. p. 203 (1889).
Arboricola torqueolus, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Ill (1879) ; Scully,

Str. F. viii. p. 319 (1879) [Nepal] ; Hume S,- Marsh. Game B. ii.

p. 09, pi. (1879).

Adult male. Top of the head bright chestnut, shading into rusty
red on the lores. Feathers of the nape partly rust-red and partly
white, with a wide black band down the middle. Upper back
olive-brown, fringed and barred with black ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts the same, but each feather ornamented in addition
with a triangular or heart-shaped black patch situated near the
extremity. Lesser and m.dian wing-coverts and scapulars pale
olive-brown, widely margined on the sides with chestnut ; the
latter and some of the median coverts with a subterminal black
patch and tipped with chestnut. Primaries and their coverts
brownish black, slightly margined with rust-colour at the extremity.
Secondaries the same, but with the outer half of the outer web
chestnut shading into buff at the extremity and dotted here and
there with blackish brown ; secondary coverts with the whole outer
web chestnut and the inner blackish brown. Ear-coverts bright
rust-red; superciliary stripe, sides of the face, chin, and throat
black (in some specimens the superciliary stripe is edged superiorly
and the throat-feathers narrowly margined with white) ; a narrow
white band, commencing at the base of the lower mandible, borders
the sides of the chin and throat ; behind the ear-coverts, on the side
of the neck, lies a patch of rust-coloured feathers spotted with black;
fore part and rest of the sides of the neck black, narrowly margined
with white and divided from the grey chest by a wide white band.
Middle of breast and belly white ; feathers of the sides and flanks
grey, widely margined on either web with chestnut and ornamented
by a narrow white shaft-stripe or spot. Thighs and shorter under
tail-coverts a mixture of olive-grey and buff, barred with black and
spotted occasionally with white ; longer under tail-coverts black
tipped with white. Tail-feathers olive-brown, irregularly marked
with black and with au ill-defined subterminal black bar. Bill
black ; orbital skin crimson ; iris brown or reddish brown ; legs
and feet pale violet or flesh-colour. Total length 11-8 inches,
wing 6, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-7.

Young males have a white spot at the extremity of the grey
chest-feathers ; the sides and flanks also have white spots and are
almost devoid of chestnut margins ; and the outer webs of the
primaries are margined with rufous buff. Orbital skin blue-grey,
tinged with red.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the top of the
head brown or olive-brown, each feather with a black shaft-stripe ;
the wing-coverts more or less mottled with black ; the ear-coverts
olive-brown ; the superciliary stripes, sides of the face, chin, throat,
and neck rust-coloured or rufous buff, each feather with a terminal
black spot ; a rust-red baud separating the neck and chest, which is

in. AKUounora.

20y

browni.sli grey tinged wiih rusty, and the sides and flanks with
HLilitorininal white sj)ots and blotclies.

Youn(j females have a wliite spot at the extremity of the feathers
of the chest as well as the underparts, and the outer webs and tips
of the primaries and secondaries are mottled with rufous buff.

Huh. Outer ranges of the Himalayas from Chamba and tlie Ravi
to the eastern border of Sikhim and possibly the Xaga Hills. Ranging
from oOUO-U,(lOO feet.

a. (S ad. St. India.

b. 2 iinm. sk. Nortliern India.

c. 2 ad. sk. Kotekbaie, Feb.
d-rn. J 2 ad. sk. Koteghiir.

Kotegliur, June (^. C.5e«crt«).
Simla.

(S ad. sk
0, p. tS ad. et 2

imni. sk.
q, r. S "d. sk.
s-u. (S sid. sk.
V, w. 2 'I'l- sk.
X. (S ad. sk.

y. (S ad. sk.
a. 2 ^^- ^^■
a -I'. (S 2 ad. sk.

m . 2 ad. sk.
n't', d' 2 ad.sk.

u'. (5 ad. sk.

v'-o'^. cJ 2 *^- ®t

cf juv. sk.
p'-iD-. cS 2fi'd.sk.
.»•'-«'. d" $ad. sk.
6'. (S ad. sk.
c^. 2 jn'V- sk.
d\ J ad. .sk.
e'. Skoletou.

Purchased.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Capt.S.Pinwill [P.].

Koomarsain, Nov.
Kiiniaon (Sfrac/iei/].
BliaLrarratti Vallev.
Ahnorah, July (G. F. L. Mcu-

s/inll).
Almorah, Nov.
Xaini Till, Oct.
Nepal.

Nepal Vallev, .luly (/. Scidhj).
Native Sikhim, Jan., Feb.,

March (L. Manddli).
Native Sikiiim, Sept. {J. Bid-

dulph).
Sikhim, Jnn.,Feb.,Mar., Aug.,

S.'pt.. Dec. (/.. MandelU).
Dai'ifeling, Mar., April.
Darjeeling.
Darjeeling.

Hajee, Sept. {J. liiddiilph).
[.\ssam] ( Si/fce.i).
India.

Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.],
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[C.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
(iouldC.nll.
Tweeddale Coll.
ludia Museum.

2. Arboricola atrogularis.

Arboricola atrogularis, hlifth,J. An. Soc. .xviii. p. 819 (1849) [Assam,
Sylhet]; id. Cat. li. Mus. As. Soc. p. 2.j:3 (1849) ; id. J. As. Soc.
Bemj. xxiv. p. L>7r> (I8.jti); Jerd. B. hid. ii. p. 579 (1864) [Tip-
perah and Chittagoug] ; Bh/th, Ibis, 18(.>7, p. lo9; Hume, Str. F.
V. p. 44 (1877) ; Andfrxou, Yunnrtii, ii. Birds, p. G7;3 (1878) TKachin
Hills"; If lime Si' Manb. Game B. ii. p. 79, pi. (1879) ;"" ifwrne,
Str. F. viii. p. Ill (1879); id. Str. F. xi. p. oOO (1888); Grant,
Ibi.% 1892, p. 393.

Perdix atrogularis. Gray, List Gallina Brit. Mits. p. 58 (1867) ; id.
Haml-l. B. ii. p. 267,' no. 969.') (1870).

Arborophila atrogularis, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 449 (1874).

Arboricola atrigularis, Oates, ed. Hume's Xe.^fs ^- £)/<;.■>, iii. p. 439
(1890).

Adult male and femnJc. Feathers of the top of the head olive-
brown, shading into grey or white on the lores, each with a black
VOL. x.\ri. p

210 PHASIANID-T..

spot at the extremity ; nape aud back of the neck rufous buif, also
spotted -with black at the extremity. Back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts olive-brown, fringed and barred with black; the subtermiual
bars on the lower bark, rump, and upper tail-coverts wider than the
rest, sometimes forming a triangular black spot. Lesser and median,
wing-coverts light olive-brown, with wide-set narrow wavy black
lines and shaft-blotches or spots of black. Basal half of the sca-
pulars dull chestnut mottled with black, the outer half ornamented
by bands of pale olive-buff, black, and chestnut. Primaries and
secondaries and their coverts similar to those of A. torqueola.
Ear-coverts buif. Superciliary stripe black, edged superiorly with
white, a wide white triangular patch of white commencing at the
base of the lower mandible. Chin and throat black ; front of
neck black, margined with white ; chest grey ; middle of breast
and belly white ; feathers of the sides and Hanks grey edged with
olive-brown and each with an oval white spot on the shaft near the
extremit}'. Under tail-coverts black, irregularly barred with
brownish buff and widely tipped with white. Tail olive-brown,
barred and mottled with black. Bill black ; iris brown ; orbital
and gular skin intense red ; legs and feet orange-red.

Male. Total length 10 inches, wing 5-6, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-7.

Female. Total length 9 inches, wing 5, tail 2, tarsus 1*5.

In what appears to be a rather less mature male from Dibrughur
most of the breast-feathers have the basal two-thirds irregularly
barred with black.

Hal). N.E. India, ranging from Sudiya in Eastern Assam to the
Khasia and Garo Hills, southwards through Cachar, Sylhet, Tip-
perah, Hill Tipperah, Manipur, and Chittagong ; also found in the
Kachin Hills, east of Bhamo.

a. Ad. sk. Assam [McClelland). India Museum [P.].

b, c. c? 5 ad. sk. Sudiya, June (J. Cockbuni). Hume Coll.
d-g. (^ ad. sk. Dibrughm', Jan., Apiil {J. JR. Ilume Coll.

Cri])ps).

h, i. 5 ad. sk. N. Khasia Hills, Feb., March Tweeddale Coll.

{A. W. Chennell).

k, I. Ad. sk. [Khasia Hills.] India Museum [P.].

m. Ad. sk. Garo Hills, Feb. {H. H. God- Tweeddale Coll.

idn-Austen).

n. Ad. sk. Cachar (J. Inf/lis). Hume Coll.

0. 5 ad. sk. Svlliet, May (J. R. Cripps). Hume Coll.

p. Ad. sk. Manipur. Dr. G. Watt [P.].

q-s. S fid. sk. Tipperah, Jan., March. Hume Coll.

t, u. <S ad. sk. et Kachin Hills, Feb. Dr. J. Anderson [P.].

sternum.

3. Arboricola ardens.

Arboricola ardens, Styun, Bull. Oni. C. no. ii. p. vi (1892); id. Ibis,
1893, pp. 56, 436, pi. xii. [Liuwowan, Hainan].

Adult male (type). Most nearly allied to A. atrogularis and
A. crudir/idaris, but differing widely from both as well as from all
other members of the genus in having an orange-scarlet i^atch of
feathei's on the fore part of the neck and middle of the chest. The

in. AUBORICOLA. 211

texture of this patch of briglitly-eoloured feathers resembles spun
glass, the vanes being rather stiff, hair-like, and shining. It
reminds one strongh^ both as regards eolour and texture, of a
similar patch met with in some of the Horned Pheasants, such
as Trufjopan siitt/ra or T. melanocephala. The same orange-red
extends in a less degree round the sides of the neck, and the breast
and belly are faintly washed with the same colour. Total length
8 inches, wing 4-8, tail 1-75, tarsus 1-3.
IJah. Mountains of Hainan.

4. Arhoricola crudigularis.

Oreoperdix crudiirulnris, Sici/i/ioe, Ibis, 1864, p. 426 [Formosa], 1865,

p. 542, 1866, pp. 133 & 401 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 400 ; David ^■

Omtal. Ois. Chine, p. 393 (1877).
Perdix crudigularis. Gray, List GaUiiue Brit. Mus. p. 57 (1867) ; id.

Haud-l. B. ii. p. 207, no. tl6'.»2 (1870).
Arboricola crudigularis, Bb/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 160; Grant, Ibis, 1892,

p. 393.

Adxilt male and female. Differs from A. atrogulctris in having the
nape and back of the neck mixed ^\nth chestnut ; the barring on the
upper parts wider and darker ; the chin, upper part of the throat,
checks, ear-coverts, and front of the neck white ; and the lower part
of the throat black. Bill black ; iris olive-brown ; bare skin round
the eye purplish flesh-colour ; legs orange-red.

Male. Total length 9-5 inches, wing o-5, tail 2'2, tarsus 1-55.

Female. Total length 9-3 inches, wing 5-3, tail 2*1, tarsus 1'55.

Hah. Mountains of the interior of Formosa.

«. 2 ad. sk. Tamsuy, Formosa, June {Ii. Tweeddale Coll.

Sicinhoe).

b. Ad. sk. Formosa, Marcli {Ii. Sicinhoe'). Tweeddale Coll.

c. (^ ad. sk. Formosa, Marcli (i?. iSWji^oe). Hume Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Formosa, April {R. Swinhoe). Goxdd Coll.

e. (J ad. st. Formosa. K. Swinhoe, Esq.

[C.]._
f-i. Sterna and Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq.

shoulder-girdles. [C.].

5. Arboricola intermedia.

Arboricola intermedia, Blyth,J. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 277 (1856)
[? Arrakan]; id. Ibis, 18(57, p. 159; id. Sr Wnlden. Cat. Mamm. ^ B.
Burma, p. 150 (1875) [Arrakan] ; Gates, B. Burmah, ii. p. 327
(1883) between Prome and 'i'onghoop] ; id. ed. Hume's Xests S;-
Byffs, ill. p. 440 (1890) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 393.

Arboropliila intermedia, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 450 (1874) ; Oafes,
Str. F iii. p. 344 (1875).

Arboricola iiiterniedius, Hume i^" Marsh. Game B. ii. p. 85, pi.
(1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Ill (1879); id. Str. F. xi. p. S07
(1888) [E. Manipur].

Adult male and female. Differ from the male of A. torqveola in
having the top of the head brown or olive-brown, sliading into grey on
the forehead and with a black spot at the extrcmitv of each feather ;

p2

212 PHASIANID.E.

the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts devoid of black bars, though
in some specimens the feathers are fringed with dusky ; the back
and sides of the neck are rufous buff or rust-colour, each feather with
a rather large terminal black spot ; the feathers of the superciliary
stripe white with black shaft-stripes, those of the sides of the face
and ear-coverts whitish or pale buff tipped with black ; chin and
throat black; and the fore part of the neck bright rust- colour. Bill
black ; iris light brown ; gape, eyelids, and orbital space dull
crimson ; legs and feet coral-pink.

Male. Total length 11 inches, wing 5-6, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-8.

Female. Total length 10 inches, wing 5-4, tail 2-1, tarsus 1-6.

Bah. N.E. India : ranging from the Garo and Naga Hills through
Cachar, Manipur, and Arrakan to Pegu ; also obtained near Bhamo
in Upper Burma.

a. Ad. sk. Garo Hills (//. //. Godwin- Tweeddale Coll.

Austen).

h-f. (5 9 ad. sk. Machi, Manipur, May (A. Hume Coll.

O. H.).

g~r. (5 2 ad. sk. Aimole, Manipur, April {A. Hume Coll.

0. H.).

8. Ad. sk. Bhamo, June {E. W. Oates). Ilume Coll.

t-v. S ad. sk. Arrakan Hills, Jan. (E. W. Hume Coll.

Oates).

to-u. f? 2 ad.sk. Arrakan Hills, Jan., :Mav. E. W. Oates, Esq.

[C.].

z. Ad. St. Arrakan. Zoological Society.

a'. Ad. sk. Pegu. Tweeddale Coll.

6. Arboricola rufogularis.

Arboricola rufipes, Hodfjs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ; id.

Icon. ined. in Brit. Mu<s. no. 112 [Nepal].
Arboricola rufogularis, Blyth, J. As. Soc. Bevg. xviii. p. 819 (1849)

[Sikhim, lower range] ; id. Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 2-53 (1849) ;

id. J. As. Soc. Benf/.'xxiv. p. 276 (1855) ; Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 578

(1864) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 159; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 385;

Hume, Str. F. v. p. 114 (1877) ; Hume 8f Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 444

(1878) [Mooleyit,Tenafserim] ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Ill (1879) ;

Hume ^ Marsh. Game B. ii. p. 75, pi. (1879) ; Scully, Str. F. viii.

p. 349 (1879) [Nepal]; Oates, B. Burmah, ii. p. 328 (1883);

Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 393.
Perdix rufogularis. Gray, List Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1867) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 267,' no. 9694 (1870).
Arhorophila rufogularis, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 450 (1874) [Kumaon].
Arboricola rutigularis, Blyth Sf Walden, Mamm. S,- B. Burma, p. 150

(1875) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests ^ Fgys, iii. p. 4.39 (1890)_.
Arborophila tickelli, Hume, in Hume ^- Marsh. Game B. ii. p. 78,

note (1879) [Mooleyit].

Adult male and femcde. Resemble A. intermedia, but differ in
having the feathers of the chin and throat rust-red, each with
a terminal black spot as in the female of A. torqueola. The
fore part of the neck uniform rust-red, or very nearly so, and
bordered below by a black bapd. In most of the large series of

13. AKBOKICOLA. 213

specimens from Mooleyit this black band is absent; but in some
belonging to each sex it is represented by intermittent blault spots
at the extremities of some of tlie rust-red neck-feathers at the base
of tlie neck, while in one female specimen it is as strongly developed
as in any from Sikhim. The Tenasserim birds have received the
name of A. tickeUi, and are said to bo " distinctly and constantly
larger than the Himalayan " ; but this is not the case, and it
is impossible to consider them even subspecifically distinct.

Male. Total length 11 inches, wing 5-6, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-7.

Ftmale. Total length 10-5 inches, wing 5-4, tail 21, tarsus l-o.

Hab. Lower outer ranges of the Himalayas, from Kumaon through
Nepal and Sikhim as far east as the Laphla Hills north of the
Darrung Dist. ; also occurs in the higher ranges of Tenasserim, on
Mooleyit.

a, h. Ad. sk. Almorah, Oct. Hume Coll.

c-e. Ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P-]-

/. Ad. sk. Nepal. Gould Coll.

5r.cJad.sk. Nepal Valley, June (j:.Se!^A/). Hume Coll.

h-r. cS $ ad. sk. Sikhim, Jsm. to April (i. Hume Coll.

MamlelU).

«-M. 6 2 ad. sk. Native Sikhim, March, Dec. Hume Coll.

(Z. MamMU).

v-x. Ad. sk. ;Monj.>-plu>o, Feb., March. Hume Coll.

y-d'. Ad. sk. Darjeeling. Hume Coll.

e'. Ad. sk. Darjeeling. Gould Coll.

f'-x'. (S $ ad. sk. Mooleyit, Jan., Feb. ( W. Da- Hume Coll.

vison ) .

7. Arboricola gingica.

La Perdrix de Gingi, Sunnerat, Toy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. IG? (1782)

[male only].
Giniri Partridge, Lath. Gen. Sun. ii. p. 773 (1783) : id. Gen. Hist.

viii. p. 278 (1823).
Tetrao gingicus, Gmel. >S. N. i. p. 700 (17881.
Perdix gingiea, Laf/i. hul Orn. ii. p. 618 (1790) ; £onn. Tabl.

Encycl. Meth. i. p. 212 (1791) ; Temm. Pit/, et Gall. iii. pp. 410 &

733 (I8I0); Vkill. X. Diet. d'Hi.'it. Xaf. xxv. p. 197 (1817) ;

Step/i. ill Sliatc'g Gen. Zoul. xi. p. 3ol (1819).
Gorget Partridge, Lat/i. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 302 (1823).
Perdix seutata, Grai/, in Griff", ed. Cvr. iii. p. 54 (1829).
Arboricola gingiea, Bli/t/i, //.is, 1870, p. 174; Grant, //.(>, 1892,

p. 395, pi. ix.

Upper ])arts as in ^1. rvfoijularis, but the head browner, with a
broad white supercilium spotted with black ; throat and sides of the
neck pale ferruginous, with elongate black spots, not transversely
oval as in A. raforialaris : lower part of the front of the neck black,
forming a triangular patch, which is bordered below with a white
semicircle, and this by a broader semicircle of deep maroon colour ;
lower parts ashy, passing to Avhite on the middle of the belly, the
feathers on the flanks being margined laterally with ferruginous.

214 PHASIANID^.

Wing 5 inches. {Bhjth, from specimen in the Leyden iluseum
marked " Coromaudel.")

Hah. ? Philippines ; ?? Island of Luzon.

8. Arboricola mandellii.

Arborophila mandellii, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 449 (1874) [Bhotan

Doars], iii. p. 262, pi. i. (1875).
Arboricola mandellii, Hmne 4" Marsh. Game B. ii. p. 83, pi. (1879) ;

Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Ill (1879) ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 394.

Adult male and female. Differ from the male of ^. torqueola in
having the top of the head, lores, space in front of the ej'e, and nape
dark chestnut ; the back and sides of the neck rust-red, shading into
chestnut towards the ijack, with a black spot at the extremity
of most of the feathers ; the feathers of the back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts only fringed with blackish ; the edges to the lesser and
median wing-coverts and scapulars not so wide and much paler ; a
grey sui>erciliary stripe commencing above the middle of the eye
and dividing the top of the head and nape from the back and sides
of the neck ; cheeks and ear-coverts rust-red, spotted with black ;
the chin, thi'oat, and upper half of the fore neck uniform rust-red,
bounded by a white and then a black band ; the chest rich chestnut ;
and the middle of the breast and l)elly grey.

Male. Total length 11 inches, wing 5-4, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-6.

Female. Total length 10 inches, wing 5-1, tail 2, tarsus TS.

Hab. Lower hiUs of Bhotan and Native tSiklum.

a. Ad. sk. Bhotan Doars, April (Z. Mau- Hume Coll. (Type of

delli). the species.)

b-l. 6 ? ad. sk. Native Sikhim, Feb., March, Hume Coll.
April, Oct., Dec. (i. Man-
delli).

i). Arboricola javanica.

Javan Partridge, Broum, 111. Zool. p. 40, pi. 17 (1776) ; Lath. Gen.

Syn. ii. p. 775 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 308 (1823).
Tetrao javanicus, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 761 (1788).
Perdix iavanica, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 651 (1790); Bonn. Tabl.

Encycl. Meth. i. p. 211, pi. 96. fig. 1 (1791); Teinm. Pig. et

Gall. iii. pp. 404 & 732 (1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv.

p. 225 (1817); Stej^h. in Shaw's Geti. Zool. xi. p. 355 (1819);

Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 34 [no. 148] (1823) ; Less. Traite d'Orn.

p 506 (1831); Gray, List Gallince Brit. ili»s. p. 59 (1867) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 268, no. 9702 (1870).
Rust-Bellied Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 298 (1823).
Arborophila javanica, Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 38 (1844) ; Nicholson,

Lbis, 1882, p. 69 [Preanger Regencies].
Arboricola javanica, Blyth, Ibis, 18G7, p. 159; Grant, Ibis, 1892,

p. 396.
Pel operdix javanica, Meyer, Vog.-Skel. pt. xi. pi. ci. (1886).

Adult male and female. Top of the head reddish brown, shading

i;5. AKBOKICOLA. 215

into rust-colour on the forehead and lores. A hlack bund of
feathers commences behind cither nostril, and surrounding the eyes
unite with one another at the back of the crown ; thence the
united bands pass down the middle of the back of the neck, dividing
<i rust-red patch of feathers on the nape, and are finally lost in the
black band which surrounds the base of the neck. A second less
regular black band crosses the base of the throat (in some specimens
it is continued towards the chin) and bounds the rust- red patch on
the nape, and passing widely down the side of the neck joins the one
round the base of the neck. Chin, upj)er part of throat, cheeks, ear-
coverts, and front of neck rust-coloured, the latter usually more or
less spotted witli black. Back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark
grey, barred and fringed with black. Wing-coverts and scapulars
as in A. tor<jueola, but the chestnut mnrgius to the latter are less
defined and the subterminal black patches are wider. Chest grey.
Breast, belly, sides. Hanks, and under tail-coverts chestnut. Tail
black, barred with grey. Iris dark grey ; bill black ; feet red.

Male. Total length 11 inche.s, wing O'ti, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-8.

?\nuth. Total length 10 inches, wing 5-4, tail 2, tarsus 1"8.

A quite yuintg bird has the scajiulars reddish brown, each with a
small white spot at the extremity of the shaft ; the chin and throat
;iro white and the chest brown; otherwise the plumage is much the
same as that of the adult.

Hab. Mountains of Java.

n. Ad. St. Java. Zoological Soc. Coll.

A. $ ad. St. Java. Lidth-de-Jeude Coll.

<•. Juv. St. Java. Purchased.

d, (•• 6 2 iid. sk. Java, Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Java. Tweeddale Cull.

«7, h. Ad. sk. Java. (Jould Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Java. India Museum TP.].

A. Ad. sk. West Java (. I. 7?. Walhwe). Tweeddale Coif.

I. cfad.sk. West Java. A. K. Wallace, Esq.

[C.].

m. Ad. skeleton. Java. Purchased.

10. Arboricola rubrirostris.

Pelo])erdix rubrirostris, Utihwl. Ann. Mii.-:. Cir. Ciotoi: xiv. j). 2-11
(187!)) [Ml. Singalrtu, SuniatraJ ; AV(V/(. .y .Schal^ir, J.f. O. 187l»,
p. ;ilO; Snellciiiiin, in J'cfh's Middcn-Sumalra, iv. p. 4(), pi. iii.
(18S7); liiitti/cofer, X. Leyd. Mm. ix. p. 78 (1887) [Piulaug, W.
Suniatm].

" Perdix vethi, S(fil."^le Snellemau, iti Veth's Midden-Sumatra, iv.
pp. .".0, ;il (1887).

Arboricola rubrirostris, Grunt, Idi.s, 181):.', p. 3\)().

Adult w(de. Head, throat, and neck black ; a snitdl white patch on
the lores and chin ; a line of white spots along each side of the
crown, and also along the sides of the throat. The feathers giving
this appearance are very curious, being naked shafts supjjorting a
white jilume at the extremity. Back and rest of upper parts rich
olive-brown, barred and fringed with black, the terniimil half of

216 pnAsiANiB.T;.

the scapulars is paler olive-brown, with a wide terminal black bar.
Primaries and their coverts brownish black ; secondaries, their
coverts, and some of the outer median coverts the same, but mar-
gined on the outer web with pale olive- or rutous-brown. Chest
olive-brown, interspersed with similar white shaft-plumes to those
of the crown and tliroat, and giving this part an irregular spotted
appearance. Upper breast and sides of lower breast and belly-
white, with a large round black spot near the extremity of each
feather ; middle of lower breast and belly white ; sides, flanks, and
under tail-coverts black, with narrow wide-set white bars ; thighs
olive-brown, fringed with white. Tail olive-brown, barred and
mottled with black. Iris brown ; bill coral-red ; legs and feet reddish
brown. Total length 9-6 inches, wing 5-2, tail 1"7, tarsus 1*75.

Adult female. Difiers only in having rather more white about
the lores and chin. Total length 8-6 inches, wing 4*9, tail 1"6,
tarsus 1-6.

Hah. Mountains of Sumatra.

a, 6. d' ? ad. sk. Lolo, Sumatra, Dec. {Carl Bork). Tweeddale Coll.

1 1 . Arboricola brunneopectus.

Arboricola brunneopectus, Tick., Bli/th, J. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 276
(1855) [Tenasserim Mts., 3000- 5000 ft.] ; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 482
(1874) ; Hume S^ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 443 (1878) [Kyouk-nyat,
Mooleyit]; Hmne, Str. F. viii. p. Ill (1879); Hu7ne ^- Marsh.
Game B. ii. p. 87, pi. (1879) fTonghoo, Karen, and E. slopes of
Pegu Hills]; Binqham. Str. F. ix. p. 195 (1880) [East of Dawna
Ranfre] ; Dates, Sir. F. x. p. 236 (1882) [Pegu] ; Grant, Ibis, 1892,
p. 397.

Arboricola brunneipectus, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 159; id. Sf Walden,
Cat. Mamm. ^ B. Burm. p. 150 (1875) ; Oafes, Birds Burma/),
ii. p. 325 (1883).

Arborophila brunneopectus, Hujne, Str. F.ii. p. 449 (1874), iii. p. 174
(1875j.

Arborophila brunneipectus, IJ'ald. Ibis, 1875, p. 459.

Adult male and female. Forehead, lores, and wide superciliary^
stripes, which are continued backwards down the sides of the neck,
buff; top of the head either olive-brown tip])ed with black, or black
barred with brown towards the base * ; middle of the back and sides
of the neck black ; feathers round the base of the neck buff- olive,
with a black triangular spot at the extremity of each ; back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts olive-brown, fringed and barred with black ;
lesser and median wing-coverts and scapulars a mixture of reddish
chestnut and pale olive, fringed at the extremity and often mottled
more or less with black ; many of the median wing-coverts with a
large black patch in the middle, reaching from the base nearly to the
extremity of the feathers, and most of the scapulars with a large

* The same peculiarly shaped feathers, with naked shafts and only a tuft of
Tanes at their extremity, already mentioned in the description oi A. rwhrirosfris,
are found in nnniherg among the featliers on the fop of the head in this species,
but owing to their bring black are less conspicuous.

13.

AUnOKIl 01 A.

21'

eubterniinal transverse black spot and tipped with chestnut. Pri-
m;iries and their coverts blackish brown, mixed with rufous buff at
the tips ; inner secondaries the same, margined with reddish ochie
on the outer web ; outer secondaries and secondary coverts reddish
ochre, tlie inner webs ol' the former more or less mottled with black,
and of the latter mostly black. A black band commences behind
the nostril, surrounds the eye, and passes over the ear-coverts into
the black patch on the side of the neck. Chin, throat, cheeks, and
ear-coverts pale buff; front of the neck with scattered lines of buff-
coloured feat;hers with black extremities, between which can be seen
the bright red skin of the throat. Chest brownish ochre, more or
less barred with black at the base ; breast paler ; belly white, edged
with brownish buff; sides and flank-feathers black and brownish
buff, each with, a large subterminal white blotch partially or wholly
bordered with black. I'ndcr tail-coverts brownisla buff, with a large
black bar near the extremity. Tail-feathers olive-brown, mottled
with black. Bill black; iris deep brown ; orbilal patch and gular
skin (thinly covered with tracts of feathers) bright red; legs and
feet red, varying from dull coral to pale bright red, pinker or even
orange in young birds.

Male. Total length 11 inches, M-ing .5'6, tail 2'5, tarsus 1'7.

Female. Total length 10 inclies, wing 5"4, tail 2-35, tarsus 1'6.

Jfab. Karen, Tonghoo, and Eastern Pegu Hills as far south as
the latitude of Tavoy, Tenasserim.

a, h. $ ad. sk. I'^astern Pegu Hills, April.

c. 5 ad. sk. Eastern Pegu Hills, April

{E. W. Oittes).

d. S ad. sk. Tonghoo Hills, March ( R.

G. W. R.)
p. (J ad. sk. Toughno IMst.

f,g. d ad.sk. Karen Hills, April {Ji. G.

U: It.).
A -»i. (5' 2ad.sk. Thoiingyah, Sept, Oct.,

Nov. (./. JDar/iiiff).
n. $ nd. sk. Thuimgyeen Kiver, Jan. (T.

T. Bingham).
0. 2 ad. sk. Kyouk-nyat, Feb. ( fC. 7^rt-

vison).
p. 5 ad. sk. Myawaddy Road, Jan.

q, >: J 2 ad. sk. Mooleyit, Feb. ( TJ'. Dari-

sort),
s, t $ ad. sk. Tyahoba, Tenasserim, .^pril

( Jl'. Limbim/).

E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

E. W. Gates, Esq. {C.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Capt. C. T. Riugham

LC.].

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

12. Arboricola hyperythra.

Bambusicola li\ pi rvtlirii, .S/mrpr, ////>, ls7!1, p. 2ti() LawasR.j;

/.V/<//. .V Sc/ia/,.ir.' J. f. O. 187!t. p. 4l'2 ; Gould. li. Asia. vi. pi. 71

(1S7!») : Errrer/. AiV f{. Horn. p. 200 (l.^StM.
Arboricola hyperythrn, Grant, Jbis, 1892, p. .397.

Adult. Diticrs from A. hntuneo2iectus chiefly in having the broad

218

PHASIANID^.

superciliary strijie, ear-coverts, and cheeks dull ashy grey : the chin,
throat, chest, and breast reddish chestnut. Total length 10-5 inches,
■wing 5-2, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-6.

Hah. Lawas Eiver, jS^orth-west Borneo.

13. Arhoricola erythrophrys.

Eambusicula hyperytbra, S/iarpe {nee Sharpe, 1879), Ibis, 1887,

p. 454 [Kina Ealu].
Bambusicola erythrophrys, Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, pp. 139, 284, 288, 289,

pi. iv. ; Everett, List B. Born. p. 200 (1889).
Arboricola erythrophrys, Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 397.

Adult male and female. Resemble A. hi/pen/thra, but distinguished
by having the lores, superciliary stripes, and sides of the face bright
rust-colour ; and the chin and throat blackish in the male. Iris
greenish brown ; bill black ; skin round the eye dull pink, that on
the throat brighter ; legs salmon-pink. Total length 10 inches,
wing 5-8, tail 1*8, tarsus 1-85.

Bab. Kiua Balu, Xorth Borneo.
a. cJ ad. sk. Kina Balu, Feb. A. II. Everett, Esq. [C],

14. Arboricola orientalis.

Perdix orientalis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 184 (1822)

[Java].
Oriental Quail, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 322 (1823).
Perdix personata, Horsf. Zool. Res. pi. 61 (1824); Gray, in Griff.

Anim. Kingd. iii. p. 53 (1829) ; id. List GaUince Brit. Mus. p. 59

(1867) [part].
Tropicoperdix personata, Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beng. xxviii. p. 415
• (1859).
Arboricola personata, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 159.
Arboricola orientalis, Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 397.

Adult. Lores and superciliary stripe white : top of the head and
back of the neck blackish brown ; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
rich dark brown, each feather fringed with blackish at the extremity,
those of the rump with a pale greyish-brown subterminal band.
Lesser and outer median wing-coverts and scapulars dark brown,
shading into dark olive-brown towards the extremity of the outer
■web ; a black blotch is situated near the extremity of each feather,
bordered externally "with rufous, fringed -with black. Inner median
coverts the same, but "widely bordered with dull orange-red. Pri-
maries and their coverts dark brown ; secondaries and their coverts
the same, margined "with rufous on the outer web, the outer secon-
daries are also widely tipped with dull orange-red fringed with
black, like the inner median coverts, and have a small oblong black
spot on the shaft near the extremity. A dark brown band com-
mences behind the nostril, surrounds the eye, and passing above the
ear-coverts is continued down the side of the neck. Chin, throat,
cheeks, and ear-coverts white ; the front of the neck, as in A. hrunneo-
pecius, is thinly covered with feathers of the same colour. Chest

13. ARIIOKICOLA. 219

and sides of breast brownish ^rey, each feather black or mottled
with black towards the base ; middle of breast and belly whitish ;
sides and Hanks grey, somewhat irregularly and widely barred with
white and black, and tinged and fringed with rufous buff at the
extremity ; under tail-coverts black, tipped with white. Tail dark
brown. Iris pale reddish yellow ; legs and feet the same ; bill appears
to have been reddish brown, and the orbital and gular skin scarlet.
Total length 11 inches, wing 5"9, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-8.
Jlab. Mountains of East Java.

a. Ad. sk. Province of Blambangan, East India Museum [P.].

.lava (7'. Uorsfield). (Tjpe of the species.)

15. Arboricola sumatrana.

Perdix personata, Gray (nee Ilorsf.), Lut GaUimc Brit. Mus. p. 59
{18b7) [part., Sumatra]; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 2ti8, no. 9703 (1870).

Arboropbila personata, Niehulson, Ibis, 1883, p. i'o5 [Central Sumatra,
3000 ft.].

Arborophila sumatrana, Grant, Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) viii. p. 1:97
(1891).

Arboricola sumatrana, Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 398.

Adult. Itesembles A. onentalis, but differs in having the lores
pale brownish; no white superciliary stripe; the top of the head
golden brown tipped with dark brown ; the back and upper parts
golden brown, fringed and strongly barred with black ; the chest
and breast uniform grey, shading into white on the belly ; the side
and flank-feathers with broad regular three-fold bands of black, white,
and black at the extremity ; the under tail-coverts white, black
towards the base, and the tail-feathers dark brown clouded with
golden brown. (Fonale) Iris dark brown ; bill black ; legs and feet
red ; wattle round eye scarlet : skin of neck scarlet (below feathers).
Total length 11 inches, wing 5-8, tail 2-2, tarsus VS.

Hah. Mountains of Central Sumatra, 3000 feet.

<t. .\d. sk. Sumatra. Zool. Soc. Coll.

(Type of the species.)

1<). Arboricola chloropus.

Tropicoperdix chloropus, Tick., Blyth, J. As. Soc. B. xxviii. p. 41o
(1,8-yj).

Arb()ric't)la chloropus, Tick. J. As. Soc. B. xxviii. p. 4o3 (1859)
;^Ainlierst]: Blyth, Ihis, 1807, p. 160; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 482
(1874) [I'ahpo(>n]; Blyth ^- Walden, Cut. Mamm. ^- B. Burm.
p. loO (l87o) Ziimmee R.]; Hume >.y Dari-ion, Str. J-', vi. p. 444
(1878) [N. I'll; Central Teuasseriml; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Ill
(1879) ; Hume Sf Marsh. Game B. ii. p. 91, pi. (1879) [Tonghoo];
Binyham, Str. F. ix. p. 195 (1880) [Thoungveen Vallev]; Oates,
Str. F. x. p. 230 (1882) [Pegu]; id. />'. Burmah, ii. p. 326 (1883)
[E. slopes of Pegu Hills, Coclim China] ; Grant. Ibis, 1892, p. 398.

PLtvnicoptidix chloropu.*, Blyth, Jide Hartlauh, Arch. f. Natiiryes.
xxvi. pt. ii. p. 99 (1861); Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 4^2 (1874), & vi.
p. 447 (1878) [Moulmeiu].

220 pqasianidj:.

Arboropliila chloropus, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 449 (1874).
Peloperdix chloropus, Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 176 (1878).

Adult male and female. Top of the head, middle of the nape, and
back of the neck rich brown ; upper back the same, each feather
with a Pubmarginal black line and irregular black bars either
roughly following the shape of the feather or crossing transversely.
Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts also rich brown, fringed,
barred, and dotted with black and rufous or buff ; most of the wing-
coverts and scapulars the same, with a rather large buff or buff and
rust-coloured patch near the extremity, and an oblong buff spot or
streak at the extremity of the shaft. Primaries and their coverts
blackish brown, edged with rufous buff near the extremity of the
outer web. Inner secondaries the same, margined and mottled on
the outer web with rufous buff; outer secondai'ies like the scapulars.
Feathers of the lores and superciliary stripe white, edged with
black, or with one web black, and continued backwards in a buff
black-edged band bordering the crown and brown middle of the
nape. Chin white ; throat and sides of face white, with a black spot
at the extremity of each feather ; front and sides of the neck ruat-
cnlour and similarly spotted. Chest brown, barred with black, some
of the feathers shading into brownish buff towards the extremities.
(In one specimen the upper half of the chest is uniform brown and
not barred with black.) Middle of the breast rust-red, shading into
pale buff or white on the belly ; sides and flanks and under tail-
coverts buff and brownish, irregularly marked and barred with black.
A large hidden patch of pure white downy feathers on either side.
Tail reddish brown, irregularly barred and mottled with black. Iris
dark hazel-brown ; bill dusky red at base, remainder greenish : eye-
lids and orbital skin purphsh ; legs and feet pale green.

Male. Total length 12 inches, wing 6-2, tail 2-9, tarsus 1-6.

Female. Total length 10-3 inches, wing 5-9, tail 2-6, tarsus 1-5.

Hah. From the hills north of Tonghoo and the Pegu Yoma south-
wards along the lower slopes of the Tenasserim Hills as far south as
the latitude of Tavoy. Also recorded from Cochin China.

a,b. cJ 2 ad. sk. Eastern Pegu Hills, April. E. W. Gates, Esq. [G.].

c. 5 ad. sk. Eastern Pegu Hills, April Hume Goll.

(E. W. Oates).

d. J ad. sk. Kytiulinyat, Salween Dist., Hume Coll.

.Jan. ( W. Daimon).
e-h. J 2 ad. sk. Pahpoon, .Ian. ( W. I)avi- Hume Coll.

gon).
i. cJad.sk. Thoungyah, Nov. (t7. -D«r- Hume Coll.

liny),
k. 5 ad. sk. Thoungyeen River, Jan. Hume Coll.

{C. T. BvK/hain).
I, m. Ad. sk. Thoungyeen Valley. Capt. C. T. Bingham [C.].

n. cS ad. i?k. Near Myawadee, Jan. ( JI'. Hume Coll.

Davison).
o, p. c? ad. sk. ^leetaii,¥eh. {W.Davison). Hume Cull.
q. (S ad. sk. Tavoy, Dec. (TF. Davison). Hume Coll.

,._,

14. n.EMAxoRivx. 221

1 7. Arboricola charltoni.

Perdix charltouii, Ei/tcm, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. xvi. p. 230 (184o)

[Malacca] ; Gray, List Gallitue Brit. Mtis. p. 58 (18G7) ; id. Iland-l.

B. ii. p. 1^58, 110. 9701 (1870).
Francolimis charltoiii, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 605 (1846).
Arboricola (:-) charltoni, Blyth, Cut. B. 3Ius. As. Soc. p. 253 (1849)

[Penang!.
Tropicoperdix charltoni, Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beng. xxviii. p. 415

(1859).
A-rboricola charltoni, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, pp. 160, 313 ; Hume 4" Davison,

Sir. F. vi. p. 445 (1878) ; Hume 6r Marsh. Game B. ii. p. 93, pi.

(1879); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. ill (1879); Grant, Ibis, 1892,

p. 398.
Peloperdix charltoni, Bli/fh, fide Gray, List Gallina Brit. Mas. p. 58

(1867) ; Omtal. Bull. 'Soc. Philom. (7) vi. p. 259 (1882).
Arboropiiila charltoni, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 450 (1874) ; Nicholson,

Ibis, 1883, p. 89 [Se<,'ilind P., N.E. Borneo]; Everett, List B.

Borneo, p. 199 (1889) lN. Borneo] ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, pp. 140,

284, -267 [Benkoka K. & Sandakan].
Arboricola pvrrhogaster, Rcichenb., Bli/th ^- Walden, Cat. Mamm. Sr

B. Burma, p. 151 (1875) [Prov. Wellesley].
Arboriphila charltoni, Elliot, Auk, viii. p. 15 (1891) [Sapagaya R.,

N.E. Borneo].

Adidi male and ft' male. Differ from A. chloropus in having all the
feathers of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts vermiculated and
irregularly barred with black, most of the feathers with irregular buff
spots or bars ; the ear-coverts uniform rufous or rufous chestnut; the
sides of the neck and a ring round the base black ; the front of the
neck white, spotted with black ; the upper half of chest chestnut, the
lower half, sides, and flanks buff, widely barred with blackish brown ;
these bars are rather less sharply detined on the lower chest of the
female. Iris brown ; bill black ; feet dull yellowish green.

Male. Total length 11 inches, wing ()-3, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-6.

Female. Total length 1() inches, wing 6, tail 2-4, tarsus I'o.

Hah. The ^lalay Peninsula from Pinang southwards, Sumatra
and X. Borneo. Keported also from Bankok in Siam and the
South Tenasserim Hills.

a f. Ad. sk. Pinang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum [P.].

g, h. Ad. sk. Malacca. Major A. Charlton [P.].

(Types of the species.)

«'. Ad. sk. Malacca. India Museum [P.].

k. Ad. sk. Malacca. Gould Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Elopura, \. Borneo, .\pril Dr. R. B. Sharpe [P.].

( W. B. Fryer).

14. H.ffiMATORTYX.

TypP-
Hsematortyx, Sharpe, ///(,<, ls7!t, p. 2(it; H. sanguinicep.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, short, rounded, and less than half
the length of the wing.

1st primary equal in length to the 10th ; nth slightly longest.
Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw, and armed with

222 PHASIANID^.

three pairs of spurs in the male {fide Evereft in litt.), none in the
female : nail on hallux small but well developed.

Range. Northern Borneo.

1. Haematortyx sanguiniceps.

Hffimatortyx sanguiniceps, Sharpe, IbU, 1879, p. 266 [Lawas Mts.] ;
Reich. 4- Schaloiv, J. f. O. 1879, p. 423; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. 70
(1879) ; Everett, List B. Born. p. 200 (1889) ; Hose, Ibis, 1893,
p. 423 [Mt. Dulit].

Adult female. General colour of the plumage blackish brown;
top of the head and nape deep crimson, lighter on the sides of the
head and cheeks ; chin and throat pale rufous, washed with crimson ;
fore part of neck and chest reddish chestnut ; longer under tail-
coverts widely tipped with brilliant crimson.

In an apparently not quite adult example most of the wing-
coverts have a rust-coloured spot at the extremity of the shaft, and
some of the feathers on the middle of the breast are mottled with
reddish chestnut.

Total length 10"5 inches, wing 6, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-9, middle toe
and claw 1'6.

Hub. Lawas Mts. and Mt. Dulit, in Sarawak.

a. 2 "fix ad. sk. Mt. Dulit, Sarawak, 5000 ft., C. Hose, Esq. [C],

November.

15. CALOPERDIX.

Type.
Caloperdix, Bb/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 160 C. oculea.

Tail of 14 feathers, less than half the length of the wing.

1st primary equal to the 10th, 4th to the 6th, sube(iual and
longest.

Tarsi longer than the middle toe and claw, and armed in the male
with one or more pairs of spurs ; hallux with rudimentary nail.

Range. S. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Key to the Species.

A. Black feathers of mantle shading gradually into

the rufous-chestnut nape.

a. Feathers of mantle ornamented with white

concentric bands ; chest not mottled and barred

with black omlea, p. 222,

b. Feathers of mantle with irregular pale yellow

transverse bands ; basal half of chest-feathers

mottled and barred with black suniatrana, p. 224.

B. Black feathers of mantle sharply defined from

dark chestnut nape, ornamented with narrow

concentric white lines borneemis, p. 224.

1. Caloperdix oculea.

Perdix oculea, Tem?n. Piff. et Gall. iii. pp. 408 & 732 (1815) ; Vieill.
N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. 'xxv. p. 227 (1817) ; Steph. in Shows Gen.
Zool. xi. p. 353 (1819); Vieill. Tahl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 367

15. CALOPERDIX. 223

(1S23); Gmy, in Grif. Anim. Kingd. iii. p. 53 (1829) ; id. III.

Ind. Zool. I. pi. o8 (18.".0-;'.2).
ICyed Partridfie, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 301 (1823).
Cryptonyx ocellatus, J'i;/. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 349 ( 1829).
Kollulus ocellatus, Gray, List of Gall. iii. p. 43 (1844) ; id. Gen. B.

iii. p. 507 (1846).
Rolliihis (I-') ocellatus, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 253 (1849)

[Tenasserim].
CJalloperdix oculea, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).
Rolliilus oculeiis, Gray, List Gallinm Brit. Mus. p. Go (1867) ; id.

Hund-l. B. ii. p. 269 (1870) {nee Sumatra].
Caloperdix oculea, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 160 [part., Mergui] ; Salvad.

f/w. i/o?-». p. 310 (1874) [part., Tenasserira & Malacca] ; Zf/^wp,

Str. F. iii. p. 325 (1875) [Bankasoon] ; Hume Sf Davison, Sfr. F. vi.

p. 449 (1878) [Palaw-ton-ton, Malawoon] ; Gates, B. Burmah,

ii. p. 329 (1883) [part., Malay Pen.].
Caloperdix ocellata, Blyth 4'- Wald. Cat. Mamm. Sc B. Burm. p. 151

(1875) [part., Mergui & Wellesley Prov.].
Caloperdix oculeus, Hume, Str. F'. viii. p. Ill (1879) ; Hume <§-

Mar.<h. Game B. ii. p. 101, pi. (1879) [Moulmein] ; Hume, Str. F.

ix. p. 121 (1880) [Kopah].
Calloperdix oculeus, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 69 (1879) [Malacca].
Francoliiius oculeus, Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 50 [part., Tenasserim,

Malacca].

Adult male and female. Top of the head bright chestnut, shading
into clear rufous chestnut on the lores and back of the neck. Upper
back black, each feather -with a white submarginal line, within
wliich is a second white line, either following the shape of the
feather, or merely represented by a white shaft-stripe; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts black, each feather with a bright rust-
coloured submarginal line widened and pointed towards the extre-
mity of the feather. Lesser and median wing- coverts and scapulars
olive-brown, with a round black spot at the extremity of the
feathers. Primaries and their coverts blackish brown, with light
rufous-buff margins ; secondaries the same, with the outer half of
the outer web margined and mottled with rufous buff. A short
black stripe passing from behind the eye across the top of the ear-
coverts : rest of the face, chin, and throat pale rufous buff. Xeck,
chest, and rest of underparts clear rufous chestnut ; some of the
flank-featlicrs and under tail-coverts with a round black spot near
the extremity ; sides black, barred with white or buff. Tail black.
the two middle pairs of feathers with rufous-buff bands irregularly
following the shape of the feather. Male with a pair of spurs, or
sometimes two situated close together. Iris deep brown ; bill black ;
legs and feet pale dirty green.

Male. Total length U-S inches, wing 5*7, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-8.

Female. Total length lOw inches, wing 5-3, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-6,

Hah. S. Tenasserira and Malay Peninsula.

a. $ nr. ad. st. [India.] India .Museum [P.].

b. S nd. sk. South Tenasserim, .Tan. E. W. Oate^, Esq. TC.].
c,d. S 9 '«'• "k. liankiisoon. March, April Hume Coll. *"

{W. Daviton).
e. 2 ad. sk. Coppah, Oct. (J. Darliyig). Hume Coll.

/. <f ad. sk. Keddali, Malay Peninsula. India Museum [P.].

224 PHAsiANin^.

q. S ac'- "k. Piirlis {Br. Cantor). India Museum [P.].

'h. 5 ad. sk. Malacca [Dr. A. C. Tweeddale Coll.

Mainyai/).

i. 2 ad. sk. Malacca. Tweeddale Coll.

k. S ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].

/. 5 ad. sk. Malacca. Gould Coll.

Subsp. a. Caloperdix sumatrana.

Tetrao ocellatus, Rafflen {nee Viq.), Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 322

(1822) [Sumatra].
Malacca Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 334 (1823).
Caloperdix oculea, Blyth {?iec Temm.), Ibis, 1867, p. 160 [part.,

Sumatra]: Salvud. Ucc. Born. p. 310 (1874) [part., Sumatra];

Beccari, Ann. Mu-f. (ienou. xiii. p. 455 (1878j ; Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Genov. xiv. p. 252 (1879) [Kaju tanam] ; Xichuls. Ibis, 1883,

p. 255 [Volcano of Kaba] ; Biittikofer, N. Leyd. Mus. ix. p. 78

(1887) [Padang, W. Sumatra].
Francolinus oculeus, Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 50 [part., Sumatra, Java].
Caloperdix sumatrana. Grant, Bull. Orn. C. no. ii. (Nov. 1st, 1892),

p. V, aud Ibis, 1893, p. 118.

Specimens from Sumatra and Java are on the whole less brightly
coloured than Malayan birds, especially on the underparts ; and
the chest and sides of the breast even in perfectly adult specimens
have the basal half of the feathers irregularly barred and marked
with black ; the black feathers of the mantle, instead of being
ornamented with a white submarginal band, are irregularly barred
with yellowish white.

Hall. Sumatra and Java,

a, b. c? $ ad. sk. Siedjoendjoeng, Sumatra, Oct. Tweeddale Coll.

(('. Bock). (Types of the subspecies.)

c. 5 ad. sk. Mt. Sago, Sumatra, Sept. (C. " Tweeddale Coll.

Bock).

d. S nr. ad. .sk. Sumatra (.4. i?. Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

e. 2 ad. St. Sumatra. Purchased.

/■ u. iS imni. sk. Sumatra. Wallace & Zool. Soc.

Colls.
h, i. S ad. sk. Java (Horsjield). India Museum [P.]

2. Caloperdix borneensis.

Caloperdix oculea, Salvad. {nee Temm.) Ucc. Born. p. 310 (1874)

[part., Borneo].
Francolinus oculeus. Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 50 [part., Borneo].
Caloperdix borneensis, Grant, Bull. Orn. C. no. ii. (Nov. 1st, 1892),

p. V, and Ibis, 1893, p. 117 [Mt. Dulit] ; Hose, Ibis, 1893, p. 423.

Adult male. Differs from C. oculea in having the chin and throat
darker and more rufous chestnut ; while the mantle is very black,
ornamented with narrower and more regular concentric white lines,
and sharply defined from the dark chestnut of the top of the head
and nape. Total length 104 inches, wing 5-3, tail 2-2, tarsus 1"75.

Ilab. Mount Dulit, Sarawak, N. Borneo.

a. cS ad. sk. Mt. Dulit, Sarawak, 5000 feet. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].

May. (Type of the species.)

16. itoLLrLus. 225

16. ROLLULUS.

Type.
Rolliilus, Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. Metli. i. introd. p. xciii

( 1790) R. rouh-oitl.

Crvptonyx, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 5:2(5, 745 (1815) li. roulroul.
I^iponyx, Vieill. Analyse, p. 51 (1810) R. roulroul.

A tuft of lonjr hair-like bristles on the middle of the forehead.

A long full hairy crest (in the male).

Tail composed of 12 feathers, short, soft, rounded, about two-
fifths of the length of the wing.

Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw ; the latter moderate,
rather straight ; claw on the hallux puite rudimentary.

1st primary equal in length to the 10th, .5th slightly longest.

Manae. South Tenasserim, Malay Poniusula, Sumatra, Java,
Borneo.

1. RoUnlus roulroul.

Roulroul de Malacca, Sonn. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 174, pi 100

(1782).
(ireen I'artridire, Lafh. Gen. Syn. iv. p. 777, pi. G7 (1783).
Pliasiaiuis roulroul, Scup. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 93 (1786).
J'ha.-ianus cristatus, Sjiarrm. Mus. Carls, tasc. iii. pi. 64 (1788).
Columba cristata, Gm. S. y. i. pt. ii. p. 774 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Oni.

ii. p. 596(1790).
Tetvao viridis, Gm. S. X. i. pt. ii. p. 761 (1788) ; Ea^. Tr.Linn. Sue.

xiii. p. 322 (1822) [Sumatra].
Perdix viridis, Lath. Ind. Dm. ii. p. 6-50 (1790).
Coturnix viridis, Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 219, pi 95. fi'T 4

(1791).
Tetrao poi-]ihyrio, Shaw S^ ^odd. 2\at. Misc. iii. pi. 84.
IVrdix coronata, Lath. Stijipl. Ind. Orn. p. 62 (1801).
Crowned Tartriilge, Lath. Gen. Syn. Sitpjd. ii. p. 278 (1802) ; id.

Gen. Hist. viii. p. 331, pis. cxxx., cxxxi. (1823).
Cryptonyx coronutus, Temm. Tig. et (Jail. iii. pp. 526, 745 (1815) ;

Temm. Tl. Col. v. pis. 43 & 44 [iios. 3-50 & 351] (1825) ; Less. Traite

d'Om. p. 499, pi. 86. fig. 1 (1831) ; Midi. Verhandl. Land- en

J'olhenk. Y>- 395 (1839-44); Sc/iinz. Nat. Vdyel, p. 154, pi. 75

(1853) ; Sehl. Ilandl. Dierk. i. p. 395 (1857).
C'rvi>tonvx cristatus, ]'iy. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 348 (1829) ; Cuv. lilg.

Anim'., Ois. yl 02. tig. 2 (1836-40).
Crypionix coroiiatus, Schi?i::, Nat. Abbild., Voy. p. 267 (1833) ; Jard.

'Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 187, pi. xxvi. (18.34).
Lipouvx cristata, Vieill. Gall. Ois. p. 35, pi. 210 (1834) ; Fitzinaer

.1^/! A«^ foV/. fig. 239 (1804).
Rollulus cristatus, Gray, Li.it Geiu B. p. 80 (1841); Bh/th, Cat. B.

Mus. As. Sue. p. 253 (l849j ; Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 870 (l8-ili) ;

Gray, List Gallinre Brit. Mns. I). iU (1807) j Blylh^- Walden, Cat.

Mamin. ^- B. Burma, p. 151 (1875).
KoUulus roulroul, Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 42 (1844); id. Gen. B.

p. 507 (1S4C.) ; /-/. Jlond-l. B. ii. p. 209, no. 97i'0 (1870) ; Wald.

Ibis, 1872, p. 382 ; Salcai/. Uec. Borneo, p. 308 (lb74) [Sarawak^ •

Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 324 (1875) [S. Tenasserim] ; Sharpe, Ibis

1870, p. 51 : Tweedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 3l'2 ; Hume ^- Davison,Str. F. vi!

p. 448 (1878) [I'alaw-ton-ton, Bankasoou, Malawoo-i] ; Bet^c Ann.

Mm. Civ. Genoa, xiii. p. 455 (1878) ; Salcad, I, c. xiv. p. 252

VOL. XXII. a

226

PHASIANIB^.

(1879); Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 270; JIume, Sir. F. Tiii.
pp. 69, 111 (1879) [Malacca, Johore, Wellesley Prov.] ; Hume
Sf Marsh. Game B. ii. p. 103, pi. (1879) [Western Siam]; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 800 ; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 4 ; Nicholson, Ibis,
1882, p. 65, & 188.3, p. 90 ; Bias. Terh. Ges. Wien, xxxiii. p. 69
(1883) ; Oates, B. Burmah, ii. p. 330 (1883) ; Meyer, Vog.-Skekt.
pi. Ixxxv. (1885) ; Bilttikofer, N. Leijd. Mas. ix. p. 78 (1887)
Tadaug, W. Sumatra] ; Everett, List. B. Borneo, p. 200 (1889)
Borneo] ; Sharj^e, Ibis, 1890, pp. 140, 284 ; Hose, Ibis, 1893, p. 423
[Mt. Dulit ifc Baram].

Hemipodius nigrifrous, Drajnez, Diet. Sci. Nat. x. p. 562, pi. 45.
%. 2 (1845).

Rollulus coronatus, Jei'd. B. Ind. ii. p. 580 (1864) ; v. Pelz. Ibis,
1873, p. .36.

Iiollulus rulrul, Brik/gem. Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. v. p. 463 (1877).

Cryptonyx roulroul, Snellemaii, in Veth's Midden-Sumatra, iv. p. 46
(1887).

Piolulus rouh-oul, Elliot, Atik, viii. p. 15 (1891) [N.E. Borneo].

Adult male. Fore part of the head, superciliary stripes, lores,
cheeks, ear-coverts, chin, throat, and neck black. A tuft of long
stiff, black, hair-like shafts situated in the middle of the forehead.
A white band across the top of the head between the eyes separates
the black fore part from the long hairy maroon crest which covers
the hinder part of the head. Back of the neck, back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts rich green glossed with steel-blue. Primaries
and secondaries and their coverts dark brown, and, the primaries
especially, mottled on the outer web with rufous buff ; scapulars
and rest of the wing-coverts maroon, glossed with purple and blue.
Rest of the underparts black, the chest and breast glossed with
blue. Tail and the longer upper tail-coverts black. Bill black,
scarlet at the base, naked skin round the eye, legs, and feet scarlet.
Iris slaty grey. Total length 10-8 inches, wing 5-5, tail 2-3,
tarsus 1'7.

Adult female. The whole head is blackish grey ; the frontal tuft
of bristles is well developed as in the male, but the occipital crest
is only moderate. The neck, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, chest,
and breast are bright grass-green, shading into greyish green on
the belly and under tail-coverts. Primaries, secondaries, and their
coverts as in the male ; scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts
chestnut, edged with maroon slightly glossed with purple. Tail
black. The bill is black and the iris is brown, otherwise the soft
parts are like those of the male. Total length 10-5 inches, wing o-2,
tail 2'3, tarsus ^'6.

An immature female resembles the adult, but the extremities of
the scapulars and wing-coverts are tipped with rufous buff.

Hab. Malay Peninsula from South Tenasserim southwards,
extending into Siam, Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

a, b. (5' ad.sk. Near Palawtonton, S. Tenasserim, Hume Coll.

Dec. ( W. Davison).
c~n. (^ 2 ad, sk. Bankasoon, March, April, May, Hume Coll.

& Dec. ( Jf. Davison),
o, p. (5 2 ad, sk. Malawcon, Feb., April ( W. Davi- Hume Coll.

son).

17. 1IELA.X0PERDIX.

y. $ ad. sk. Malawoon, Jau.

»•. (J ad. sk. S. Tenasserim, Jan.

«-v- 6 2 ad. sk,
n; v. c5' 2 ad. sk.
^Z-^r. $ ad. et

iiuni. sk.
e'-i'. S 2 ad . sk.
k'-m'. (S 2 ad.

sk.
n'. 2 nr.ad.sk. Malacca

Province AVellesley (Dr. Cantor]
-Selang'ore, Dec. ( TF. Davison).
Malacca, Jan., July, Aug-.

Malacca, .Nug. {R. G. W. li.).
Malacca.

E. W. Gates, Esq.

[C.l.
E. W. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

o'-f/'.d 2 ad. sk.
'■>«'• d 2 ad. sk.

t'. d ad. sk.

ti -7p'. (f 5 ad.

sk.
x'. (^ ad. sk.

ij'. d ad. sk.
z', a". 2 ad. et

iuv. St.
i"'-d". (S 2 ad.

sk.
e". d ad. St.
f",'j"- d ad.sk.

/("-Z;". (J ad.jimm.

et pull. .sk.
I". Juv. sk,

7)i"-o". (S 2 ad.

_sk.
J)". 2 imm. sk.

q". Pull. St.
>•". Skeleton.

«'V'. Skeletons.

«". Skeleton.

Malacca {Dr. Cantor).
Joliore, March, Aujj. { W. Davi-
son).
Sumatra.

Siedjoendjoencr, Sumatra, Sept.,

Oct. (C. Bock).
Lamponfr, S.E. Sumatra (E. C.

BiLvton).
Java.
Java.

Sarawak, Borneo.

Sarawak.

Sarawak {A. li. Wallace).

Mt. Dulit, Sarawak, June, Aug.

Baram, Sarawak, Sept.

Marup {A. II. Everett).

Sandalam ( W. B. Pryer).

Tweeddale Coll.
W.IIarvev,Esq., &
Capt. S. Pinwill ^P.].
A. R. Wallace,

Esq.[C.].
India Museum[P.J.
Hume Coll.

A. R. Wallace,

Esq. [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Sarawak.

Indian Arcbipelag-o.

Purchased.

Ilajah Brooke [P.].

Sir Hugh Low [C.].
Tweeddale & Gould

Colls.
C. Hose, Esq. [C.].

A. H. Everett, Esq.

[C.l
Tweeddale Coll.

Dr. B. B. Sharpe.

A.Wiener.Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman

Coll.
A. H. Evei-ett, Esq.

[C.].
Purchased.

17. MELANOPERDIX.

Ttix".

Melanoperdi.K, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 580 (1864) M. nigra.

Tail short, soft, and rounded, -with 12 tail-feathers only, more
than half the length of the wing.

1st primary cniual in length to the lOtb, 5th slightly longest.

Bill sliort, thick and deep.

Tarsus long, much longer than middle toe and claw ; the latter
short and curved ; liallux with a rudimentary claw.

Ilancje. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

q2

228 PHASIANID^.

1. Melanoperdix nigra.

PPerdix cambaiensis, Lath. Iml. Orn. ii. p. 655 (1790) ?[ $juv.].
? Cambaian Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. Hiippl. ii. p. 282 (lci02) ; id.

Gen. Hist. viii. p. 334 (1823).
PCryptonyx rufa8, 2'emm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 534, 747 (1815).
? Cryptonyx cambaieusis, Vif/ors, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 350 (1829).
Cryptonyx niger, Vig. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 349 (1829) ; Bonap.C. JR. xlii.

p. 876 (1856).
Cryptonyx ferrugineus, Jiff. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 349 (1829).
Cryptonyx ferruginous. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 45. lig. 1 (1833-34).
Cryptonyx dussumieri, Less. Belamj. Voy. Ind. p. 275, pi. vii. (1834) ;

Hchl. Handl, Dierk. i. p. 393 (1857).
Perdix ajruginosiis, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 106.
KoUulus niger, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 507 (1846) ; Strickl. P. Z. S.

1846, p. 105.
Melanoperdix nigra, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 580 (1864) ; Salvad. Uco.

Borneo, p. 309 (1874) ; Bias. Verh. Ges. Wien, xxxiii. p. 70 (1883)

[Lihong Baliaja] ; Graboivsky, Ornis, 1885, p. 160 : Everett, List B.

Borneo, p.l99(1889) [Borneo]; Hose, Ibis, 1893, p.423 [BaramDist.J.
Arboricola ? feruginoaa, Blyth, Ibis, 1807, p. 159.

Adult male. Whole plumage uniform glossy black, except the
primaries and their coverts which are brownish black. Iris dark
brown. Bill black. Legs and feet pale shining slate-colour. Total
length 10-5 inches, wing 5'5, tail 3-3, tarsus 1-8.

Immature male has the upper and underparts mingled with rufous
plumage resembling that of the female adult, and the scapulars,
wing-coverts, and secondaries have a buff-coloured spot at the
extremity of the shaft.

Adult female. General colour above chestnut, darkest on the head
and becoming brighter on the lower back and rump, more or less
vermiculated with black ; scapulars rufous towards the extremity,
each with a subterminal transverse black band. Primaries and
their coverts brown ; secondaries the same, mottled with ru;ous on
the edge of the outer web. Chin and centre of throat whitish,
most of the feathers rufous towards the margin. Chest dark
chestnut, shading into rufous on the breast, sides, flanks, and under
tail-coverts, the three latter are also more or less barred and mottled
with black ; belly whitish in the centre, shading into dirty buff oq
the sides. Total length 10-5 inches, wing 5-3, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-8.

Bah. Malay Peninsula, from Province Wellesley southwards,
Sumatra, and Borneo.

a-e. <S 2 ad. sk. Province Wellesley, Malay India Museum [P.].

Peninsula (Dr. Cantor).

f-i- 6 2 ad. sk. Malacca, Aug. Hume Coll.

]i-p^ J 2 ad. et Malacca {Dr. A. C. Ilaingay). Tweeddale Coll.

(J imm. sk.

g. S ad. sk. Malacca, Aug. (P. G. W. P.). Tweeddale Coll.

r-u. cJ 2 ad. sk. Malacca {Dr. Cantor). India Museum [P.].

v-.v. (S 2 ad. sk. Malacca. Gould Coll.

y, z. 2 ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse

Pinwill [P.].

a . 2 ad. sk. Penibaw, Malay Peninsula. W. Davison, Esq.

[P.].

y, c'. o 2'^^' st. Singapore. Purchased.

I

i

13. COTUENIX, 229

d' , e . S imm. et Sumatra {Sir T. Raffles). Zool. Soc. Coll.

$ ad. sk.

f'9'- 6 5 ad. sk. Sarawak, Borneo. Rajah Brooke [P.^.

'') t. d 2 ad. sk. Saz-awak. A. li. Wallace, Esq.

[C.].

k'. 2 ad. sk. Tegora, Sarawak, Oct. {H. H. Tweeddale Coll.

FA-erett).

l\ m'.(S Jad. sk. Barara, Sarawak, May, June. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].

n . cS inim. sk. Suai liiver, Sarawak. C. Hose, Esq. I P-J-

"i P ■ d 2 'I'l- ''^*^- ^^- I^atu Sanjf, Sarawak, Jan. C. Hose, Esq. [P.j.

IS. COTUENIX.

Type.
Coturnix, Moehrin(j, Av. Gen. pp. 2o, o-t (17-j2) ; Bonn.

Tahl. Encycl. Meth. i. pp. Ixxxvii, 21() (1791) C. coturnix.

Ortvfiion, Keifscrl. u. Bias. Wirbelth. JEuropa's, pp. Lwi,

U-2, 202 (1840) C. coturnix.

Perdortyx, Moidess. Mem. Soc. SaOne, vi. p. 3G (1880) . C. coturnix.

Tail of 10-12 feathers, short, soft, covered by the upper tail-
coverts ; less than half the length of the wing.

1st primary is slightly shorter than the 2ud and equal to the 4th,
2nd and ;Jrd slightly the longest.

Axillaries long and white.

Tarsus without spurs.

llange. Eastern Hemisphere, and Xorth America [introduced^.
Key to the Species.

A. Outer web of the primaries with irregular

bars and marks of buff.

a. Chin and throat white, with a black

Ijand commencing on the chin and

passing down the middle of the tliroat. coturni.v d ,p. 231.

b. Chin and throat bright rufous chestnut,

with a black band situated as above. . cajiensis cJ, p. 237.
e. Cliin and throat dull brick-ixjd, without

any bhick markings japoyiica (S , p. 239.

d. Feathers on the chin and sides of the

throat white, short and rounded. No

black band down the middle of the

throat.

a'. Size larger: wing ca. 4'2 coturnix 2 , p. 2.il.

h' . Size smaller : wing ca. 3"8 capeiisis 2 , P- -37.

e. refvlhers on the chin and sides of the

throat elongate and lanceolate, usually
margined on one or both Avebs with
rufous. No black baud down the
middle of the throat japontra 2 > P- 239.

B. Outer web of the primaries unifornr

brown, not barred ana marked with buif.

f. Chin auvl thnvit white, with a very

clearly delined black anchor- shajWd

mark (a large black patch on the

middle of the chest and Dreast).
c. General colour of the under])arts buff, corovtandelica ^ , p. 241.
d'. General colour of the underparts

chestnut dclcgorguei cJ , p. 243.

230

PHASIANID^.

g. Chin and tliroat brick-colour or cliestnut.
e'. Throat cluU brick-colour. Size smaller :

■wing' ca. 4-1 pectoralis J , p. 244.

/'. Throat bright brick-colour or chest-
nut. Size larger : wing ca. 46. . . . novec-zealaticHa t^ , p. 245.
//. Chin and throat white or buff, without a
black band down the centre.
(/'. Chest-feathers without a submargiual
black band on either web.
a". Ground-colour of the wing-coverts

sandy buff ; underparts pale buff . coromandellca 5';P-241.
V . Ground-colour of the wing-coverts
blackish grey ; underparts rufous

buff or dull chestnut delegorguei $ , p. 243.

h' . Chest-feathers with a subraarglnal
black band on either web.
c". Black bands on the feathers of the
breast not confluent in the median
line but separated by a buff
isthmus. Size smaller: wing

ca. 4-1 ^;ec^wa/?s 5 , p. 244.

d" . The black bands on the feathers
of the breast separated only by
the pale shaft. Size larger : wing
ca. 4"6 nov(e-zeal(md{(e J , p. 245.

^^^S^

IT.

1. Coiurnix cotnrnix, J ad.

I.

II. C. japonica, 2 ^d.*

Perhaps no species of Game Birds have been more confused, and
their changes of plumage less understood, than the Common Quail
{Coturniv coturni.v) and its near ally the Japanese Quail
(C japonica); and I am pleased to say that I have now at last
discovered definite and well-marked characters by which both the
males and females of these two species may be readily distinguished,
Avhile the intermediate forms are, as I shall presently show,
undoubtedly the results of interbreeding.

CoturnLv japonka is the resident bird found in Japan and China,
and sometimes occurs in N.E. India and Burmah, as there are

* These -woodcuts as well as the following remarks are reproduced from
Ann. Mag. N. H. 1892, x. pp. 109-171.

18. coTURNix. 231

specimens of this species in the British Museum obtained in Bootan
atifl Karoii-ncc. The male is characterized by the uniform dull
l)riik-red throat williout any trace of a black baud down the
luiddle, and the female by having the feathers on the chin and
sides of the throat elongate and lanceolate and of much the same
structure as those found in FerdL' harhata.

Tlie typical form of Ooturnir coturnic, commonly known as the
migratory Quail of Europe, has the throat pure white, the male
having a black anchor-shaped mark down the middle, while in the
female tlie feathers on the sides of the throat are short and rounded,
never elongate as in the female of C.jaimniai. This bird ranges
over an enormous area, practically the whole of the Ethiopian and
rala>arctic llcgions, extending in the south to South Africa and in
tlie east to China and Japan. In the islands surrounding the African
coast, namely ilauritius, Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, the
Cape-Verd Islands, the Canaries, Madeira, and the Azores, and also
in the southern part of Africa south of about 15"" S. lat., a resident
subspecies of C. coturnLv, known as C. capensis, is found, which is
distinguished from the typical form by its somewhat smaller size
and by having tlie throat of the male bright rufous-chestnut with a
black anchor-shaped mark down the middle. In Japan and China
the migratory Quail (C. coturniv), as already pointed out, inhabits the
same tract of country during the breeding-season as C. Japonica, and
there cannot be the slightest doubt that the two species frcfjuently
interbreed, with the result that all sorts of intermediate hybrids
are produced. These intermediate plumages are most noticeable
among the male hybrids. For instance, some have the dull brick-
red throat of C. japonica and the black anchor-shaped mark of
C. cotiinil.i; others have only the upper two-tliirds of the throat
dull red and tlie lower third white, while again a third lot have in
addition a black band down the centre of the red part, and all
kinds of intermediate stages between these three examples may be
found. These hyl)rids are, so far as I know, generally only found
in ilongolia, China, and Japan, though there is one specimen in
tlie very large scries of tlie British Museum said to have been
obtained in Bootan. Equally also, though of secondary importance,
v. cottd-iu.v interbreeds freely with the red-throated resident race
(C. ccqunsis) in South Africa and the islands surrounding tlie
coast, and tlie results are seen in the many male birds from South
Africa and Southern Europe &c. in which the white parts on the
sides of the head and throat are more or less sutiused with the
bright rufous-chestnut of the resident bird.

The females of course are not to be distinguished. I may add
tliat Indian examples of C. columi.c are, generally speaking, very
l)ure bred and seldom show any trace of rufous on the sides of the
head and throat.

1. Cotumix coturnix.

La Caille. 7?m«. Orn. i. p^ 247 (1700); Hiif Ilist. Xat. Ois. u.

p. -W'J, pi. xvi. (1771) ; D'Aubent. PI. Enl. li. pi. 49. uo. 170.
Tetrao israelitaruui, llasselq. lieisv Palaest. p. 3ol (17(J2).

232 PHASIANID^.

Tetrao coturnix, Linn. S. N. i. p. 278 (1766) ; G7nel. S. N. i. pt. ii.
p. 765 (1788) ; Fall. Zoof/r. Rosso-As. ii. p. 80 (1811).

La Caille blanche, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 476 (1771).

Common Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 779 (1783), Suppl. ii.
p. 280 (1802) ; id. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 312 (1823).

Perdix coturnix, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 651 (17901 ; Meyer 8f Wolf,
Tasch. Deuts. i. p. 306 (1810) ; Pemi. Brit. Zool. i. p. 366 (1812) ;
Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 491 (1820) ; Millet, F. Maine-et-Loire,
ii. p. 396 (1828) ; Vieill. Faun. Fran^. p. 255, pi. iii. figs. 2 & 3
(1828) ; Wern. Atl. Orn. d'Fur. Ord. 10. pi. 20 (1828) ; Hour,
Orn. Prov. ii. p. 43, pi. 261 (1830) ; Menetr. Cat. Rais. p. 47
(1832) ; St.-Hilaire, Exp. Moree, iii. p. 53 (1833) ; Sell). Lll. Brit.
Orn. i. p. 4-37, pi. Ixii. (1833) ; Naum. Nat. Vdff. LJextschl. vi.
p. 675, pi. 166 (1833) ; Schi77z, Nat. Abbild. Tog. p. 273 (1833) ;
E6n\er, Sknnd. Ftx/l. p. 13, pi. 28. fig. 5 (1839-46) ; Benoit. Orn.
Sicil. p. 120 (1840) ; Schinz, Furoj). Faun. i. p. 290 (1840) ;
Cresrion, Orn. Gard, p. 335 (1840) ; Demid. Voy. Riiss. Merid. iii.
p. 221 (1840) ; Yarrell, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 355 (1843) ; Malherhe,
Faun. Or ft. Sicil. p. 155 (1843) ; Degl. Orn. Europ. ii. p. 63
(1849); KJcerholl. Damn. Fugle, p. 235 (1852); Droiiet, Faun.
Acoreenne, p. 124 (186D; Companyo, Hist. Nat. Pyren. iii. p. 204
(1863^ ; Bert. Cut. An. VYonne, p. 59 ri864) : Sperl. Lhis, 1864,
p. 285 [Malta]; Wriqht, Ibis, 1864, p. 139 [Malta. Gozol : Fallon,
Ois. Belg. p. 138 (1875) ; Palmen, J.f. O. 1876, p. 42 [Finland] ;
Koenig, J.f. 0. 1886, pp. 516, 523 [Isl. of Capri].

Coturnix communis, Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 217, pi. 96.
lig. 2 (1791) ; Graxi, List of B. pt. iii." Gall. p. 38 (1844); id. Cat.
Hodgs. ed. i. p. 128 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 607 (1846) ; Hartl.
Syst. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 203 (1857) ; Ada^ns, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 504
[India] ; Jaubert et Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 423 (1859) ; Tristr.
Ibis, 1860, p. 72 [N. Afi-ica] ; Jerd. B. Lnd. iii. p. 586 (1863) ;
Swinh. Ibi.'i, 1863, p. 398; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 308 [China, Japan,
Foi-mosH]; Fitzim/e); Atl. Nat. ToV/. fig. 2.38 ( 1 864) ;• ilfo?-«, Ibix,
1865, p. 420 [Great Britain] ; Degl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eto-op. ii. p. 80
(1867) : Gray, List Gallinfe Brit.' Mus. p. 69 (1867) ; Brahe, Lbis,

1867, p. 428 [Tangier ? & E. Morocco] ; Tristr. Lbis, 1868, p. 215
[Palestine] ; v. Pelz. Lbis, 1868, p. 321 [Koteghur] ; Bearan, Ibis,

1868, p. 386 [India] ; Stnith, Ibis, 1868, p. 4-50 [Portugal] ; Wi/atf,
Ibis, 1870, m. 17 [Sinai]; Elwes S,- BucMey, J6/a-, 1870, p." 3i8
[Turkey] ; Blanf. Ibis, 1870, p. 470 [Pegu] ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.
p. 268 (1870); Fritsch, Nat. Vog. Europa, p. 294 (1870), pi. xxx.
figs. 7 & 8 (1871) ; Shellei/, Ibis, 1871, p. 143 [Egypt] ; Saunder.",
Lbis, 1871, p. 224 [S. Spain] ; Gurney, lbis, 1871, p. 296[Algeria1 ;
Fritsch, J. f. O. 1871, p. 380 [Bohemia] ; Shellei/, B. Egypt, p. 223

(1872) ; Rey, J.f. O. 1872, p. 154 [Portugal]; ' Shelley 'S^ Buckley,
Lbis, 1872, p. 292 [Accra] ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 227 (1873) [Sindh] :
He7id. ^ Hume, Lahve to York. p. 284 (1873) ; Hu7ne, Nests ^
E. lnd. B. p. 64^ (1873) ; Heugl. N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 904 (1873) ;
B7-ooke, Ibi.% 1873, p. 336 [Sardinia] ; Adam, Str. F. i. p. 393

(1873) [Sambhur] ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 428 (1874) [Chota Nagpiir] ;
Stolicz. Str. F. iii. p. 218 (1875) [Kashgar] ; Le Mess. Str. F. iii.
p. 379 (1875) [Sindh] ; BIyth Sf Walden, Cat. Mai7wi. ^- B. Burma,
p. 151 (1875) [Arralian, Karen-nee, Martaban]; Whai-ion,Ibis, 1876,
p. 26 [Corsica] ; Dresser, Lbis, 1876, p. 323 [Turkestan] ; But'.er,
Str. F. iv. pp.7, 35 (1876) [Guzerat] ; Scully, St/: F. iv. p. 184
(1876) [E. Turkestan] ; Fairb. St7: F. iv. p. 262 (1876) [Deccanl ;
Prjev. Motiqolia, ii. p. 125 (1876) ; David <§- Oustal. Ois. Chi7ie,
p. 396 (1877) [part]; Bau, ^-c. J.f. O. 1877, p. 325 [Germany] ;

18. COTURNIX. 233

Hume S,-I)av!Knn,Str.F.\\. p. 447 (1878) [not found in Tenasserim] ;
DiividsoH Sf Wendev, Sir. F. vii. p. 87 (1878) [Deccan] ; Ball, Sir.
F. vii. p. 226 (1878) [Ganges to Godaveri] ; Cripps, Sti: F. vii.
p. 298 (1878) [Faridpur] ; Dress. B. Europe, vii. p. 143, pi. 47()
(1878); Liehe, J.f. 0. 1878, p. 77 [E. Hungary]; Cab. J. f. O.
1878, p. 416 [Germany]; Butl. Cat. B. Shid, ^'c p. 55 (1879);
Hume ^- Marsh. Game B. Ltd. ii. p. 134, pi. (1879) ; Bogd. B.
Caucas. p. 143 (1879); Budolf, J.f. 0. 1879, p. 72 [Danube];
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 362, figs. 9, 10 ; Scull)/, &tr. F. viii.
pp. 350, 367 (1879) [Nepal]; Doiff, Str. F. viii. p. 371 (1879)
[E. Narra] ; Finsch, Verh. Ges. Wim, xsix. p. 241 (1880) [Sur-
gut, Narvm] ; Butl. Cat. B. S. Bombay, p. 69 (1880) ; Seebo/tm,
Ibis, 1880, p. 193 [Krasnoyarsk] ; Let/f/e, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 756
(1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix.'p. 76 (1880) [S. Konkan] ; Hume <§•
Inglis, Str. F. ix. p. 258 (1880) [N.E. Gachar] ; Biddulph, Str. F.
ix. p. 359 (1880) ; Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 423 (1880) ; Barnes, Str.
F. ix. p. 458 (1880) ; Cab. J.f. O. 1880, pp. 69, 392, 1882, p. 88,

1883, p. 60 [Germany] ; Brid, Str. F. x. p. 63 (1881) [Lucknow] ;
Scully, Str.F.x. p. 139 (1881); Id. Ibis, 1881, p. 586 [Gilgit] ;
Biddulph, Ibis, 1881, p. 94 [Gilgit]; Sclat. ^- Hartl. P. Z. S.
1881, p. 173 [Socotra] ; Saund. ed. Yarrell Brit. B. iii. p. 123
(1882) ; Sioinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 119 [S. Afghanistan] ; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1882, p. 220 [Astrachan] ; Dixmi, Ibis, 1882, p. 577 [Prov.
of Constantino] ; dates, Sfr. F. x. p. 236 (1882) [Pegu, Bassein] ;
iJurid.son, Str. F. x. p. 817 (1882) [W. Khandeisli] ; Oates, B.
Burmah, ii. p. .331 (1883); Daviso?i, Str. F. x. p. 411 (188.3)
[Ootacaniund, Nilghiris] ; 3Ieyer, J. f O. 1883, p. 394 [Han-
over]; Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 27 [Caucasus]; Severtz. Ibis, 1883,
p. 72 [Pamir] ; Irbi/, Ibis, 18S3, p. 185 [Santander] ; Clarke, Ibis,

1884, p. 147 [Slavu'nia, Huno-ary] ; Tristr. Palest, p. 124 (1884) ;
Cab. J. f. O. 1884, p. .37 [Gernianv] ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii.
p. 462 (1884) ; Bogd. Cunsp. Av. Imp. Boss. fasc. i. p. 43 (1884)_;

Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 41 [Corsica] ; Swinh. Sf Barn. Ibis, 1885,
p. 131 [Central India]; Meres S,- Homeyer, Oniis, 1886, p. 247
[N.W. Russia] ; Ples]u;Uebers. Fog. Kola-Halbinsel, p. 298 (1886) ;
Gigl. Avif. Itnl. p. 341 (1886) ; Loreiiz, Beitr. Orn. Kaukas. p. 56^

(1887) ; 'llartert, J.f. O. 1887, p. 263 ["Wesol & Lower Kbine] f
Si/monds, Ibis, 1887, p. 333 [Oranire Free State] ; Tail, Ibvs,
1887, p. 380 [Portugal] ; Tai/lor, Str. F. x. p. 4(w (18s7) [Man-
zeerabad, Mysore]; Salvad. 'El. Ucc. Ital. p. 201 (1887), p. 540

(1888) ; Giglioli, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxvi. p. 61 (1888)
[Shoa]; Pleske, Mem. Ac. St.-Peter.^b. (7) xx.xvi. no. 3, p. 47
(1888) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 309 (1888) [Manipur] ; Sound. III.
Man. Brit. B. p. 491 (1889) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 175 [Kan-
dahar] ; Gi,/l. Avif. Ital. i. p. 527 (1889), ii. p. 649 (1890), iii.
p. 510 (1891) ; Oate.'^, ed. Ilutnes Kesfs S- E. Ind. B. iii. p. 443
(18iX)"); I)uboi.% Ornis, l.'OO, p. 327 [Belgium]; Kaiser, Ornis,
1890, p. .523 [Egviit] ; Erans, Ibis, 1891, p. 75 ; Hart, Faun. Flor.
Sinai, p. 22,3" (1^91); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 500 [Lower
Yangtze Basin]; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 167 [Aden].

Coturnix alba, Bechst. Xat. Deutschl. iii. p. 681 (1793).

Coturuix nigra, Bechst. Nat. Deutschl. iii. p. 582 (1793).

Coturni.v varia, Bechst. Nat. Deutschl. iii. p. 5.81 (1793).

Coturnix major, Bechst. Nat. Deutschl. iii. p. 581 (1793) ; id.
Handb. J'iig. Deutschl. p. 527 (1831) ; Montagu, Orn. Diet. ed. 2,
p. 394, woodcut (1831) ; Fontaine, Faune Luxemb., Ois. p. 178
(1865); Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn. Europe Occ. fasc. xxxix.
p. 39 (1886).

234 PHASIANIDJ;.

Coturnix dactyliscnans, Temm. Pig.et Gall. iii. pp.478, 740(1815);
Meyer, Voy. Liv- u. Estlil. p. 1(37 (1815) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen.
Zoul. xi. p. 361, pi. 24 (1819); Sykes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 162
[Deccan] ; Gould, B. IJurupe, iv. pi. 263 [text] (1837) ; Macqill.
Brit. B. i. p. 233 (1837); Strickl. P.Z.8. 1850, p. 220; Tristr.
Ibis, 1859, p. 36[S. Palestine]; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 50,260,
341 [China] ; Adams, Ibi.% 1864, p. 28 [Egypt & Nubia] ; Filippi,
Viay. Pers. i. p. 351 (1865) ; Swink. P. Z. <S'. 1870, p. 602 [N. lat.
33°, E. long. 127° 30']; Tacz. J.f. O. 1870, p. 511 [Constantine,
Algeria], lC)73, p. 99 ; Roivley, Orn. Misc. i. pi. xii. figs. 3 & 4
(1875), ii. p. 91 (1877) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zuol. Fr. ii. p. 154
(1877) [Poland]; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 208 [British Kaffiaria &
Transvaal] ; Brandt, J. f. O. 1880, p. 241 [St. Petersburg] ;
Hovmjer, Zeit. yes. Orn. i. p. 261 (1884) ; Dedit. J. f. 0. 18s5,
p. 207 [St. Petersburg] ; Cah. J.f. O. 1885, p. 316, 1886, p. 350,
1887, p. 511, 1888, p. 530 [Germanyl; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 20
[Aden]; Kueniy, J.f. O. 1888, p. 257 [Tunis]; Meijer %■ Helm,
Zeit. yes. Orn. iv. p. 373 (1888) ; Tacz. Ornis, 1888, p. 487 ;
Sharpe, Tr. Limi. Soc. (2) Zool. v. p. 87 (1889) : De la Torre ii.
Tschusi, Ornis, 1885, p. 496, 1887, p. 283, 1888, p. 252, 1888,
Suppl. p. 263, 1890, p. 140 [Austria, Hungary]; Steen, Voy.
Schlesw.-IIolst. p. 82 (1891).

Perdix cothurnix, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 248 (1817).

Coturnix vaeA\a,,Brehm, Handh. Voy. Deutschl. p. 528 (1831).

Coturnix minor, Bre/im, Ilandb. Toy. Deutschl. p. 529 (1831).

Coturnix europieus, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 344 (1837).

Urtygion coturnix, Keyserl. u. Bias. Wirbelth. Europa''s, p. 202
(1840) ; Linderm.Viiy. Griechenl. p. 125 (i860) ; CullettJ'id. Sekk.
Fork Christ. 1868, p. 160; Alston Sr Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 66
[Sumja] ; Danf. 8^- Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 418 [Transylvania];
Severtz. J. f. O. 1875, p. 181 [Turkestan] ; Radde, Orn. Caucus.
p. 354 (1884) ; Radde Sf Walt. Ornis, 1889, p. 87 [Transcaspia].

Coturnix vulgaris. Bout. Orn. Dauphin^, p. 72, pi. 43. tig. 1 (1843) ;
Tkomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. ii. p. 66 (1850) ; Walters, N. Hist. B.
Irel. p. 129 (1853) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1859, p. 50 [Egypt] ; Poioys,
Ibis, 1860, p. 238 [Ionian Is.] ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 236 [Oudh,
Kumaon]; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 449; Tschusi, J.f. 0. 1870,
p. 272 [Galicia, Poland] ; Gray, B. West Scot. p. 245 (1871) ;
Severtz. Tnrkest. Jevotnie, p. 68 (1873) ; Irby, Orn. Gibraltar,
p. 138 (1875) ; Booth, Rouyh Notes, ii. pp. 1,2 (1881-7) ; Lilford,
Ibis, 1889, p. 335 [(Jyprus].

Coturnix dactylisonans ? v. indicus, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc.
p. 85 (1844) ; id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. nos. 130, 131.

Ortyx coturnix, Chenu etDesm. Encycl. Ois. vi. p. 154 (1854).

Coturnix coturnix, Liclit. Nomencl. Av. p. 84 (1854) ; Sharpe, ed.
Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 603 (1884) [part.]; id. Ibis, 1886,
p. 489, 1891, p. Ill [Fao] ; id. Second Yark. Miss. p. 122 (1891) ;
Grant, Ann. May. N. H. (6) x. pp. 167, 168, 169 (1892).

Coturnix baldami, Naum.Jide Brehm, Voyelfang, p. 274 (1855).

Coturnix leucogenys, Brehm, Nau>nau)i.Y>.'288 (1855).

Turnix coturnix, Salvin, Ibis, 1^51), p. ."153 [Tunis].

Coturnix chinensis, Stvinhoe, Ibis, 1S(J0, pp. 63, 358 [Amoy].

Synoicus lodoisise *, Verreaux <§• Des Murs, Rev. et Mag. Zool. ] 862,

* Through the kindness of Dr. G. MartorelH, I have been enabled to
examine the type of this supposed species, which is unquestionably merelj a
dark form of the Common Quail, and is to C. coturnix what the so-called
Sabine's Snipe is to Gallinayo cwlestis — a semi-melanistic variety.

18. coruENix. 235

p. 22o, pi. xi. [Lombnrdv] ; ScMei; Ihis, 1802. p. .380 : SimmJerx,
Ihis, 1809, p. ;«)3; Saioiii Sf Sclat. Ibis, 1877, p. 129; GiijlwU,
Ibis, 1881, p. 186.

Coturiiix y]isilopliorus,/?osc ?,Ji(Ie Gra;/, Hnnd-l. ]>. ii. p. 208 (1870).

C'otuinix vulf^aria /3. baldami, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 08 (l87;5)
[Turkestan].

Orty^noii coturiiix /3. baldami, Serertz. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 181.

Orlyx cf)iiiuiunis, Lcmett, Cat. Ois. Seine Inf. p. 129 (1879).

Coturiiix cciiumunis orientalis, Bvydanoic, Consp. Ac. Imp. Hoss.
fasc. i. p. 44 (1884) ; Zaroudn. Bull. Mosc. Ixi. p. 323 (1885)
[Transcaspia] ; id. I. c. p. 108 (1890) [Trauscaspia].

Perdortyx lodoisia;, Montess. Mem. Sue. Sdune, \i. p. 30(1880).

Adult male. Top of the head black, all the feathers tipped -with
brown or reddish brown, a white or pale bntf stripe down the
middle of the head ; feathers of the mantle sandy or reddish brown,
each with a wide buff black-edged shaft-stripe tapering to a point,
and with a wide black bar or blotch on one or both webs. The
scapulars and feathers of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
are very similar to the mantle, but the ground-colour is generally
black with narrow -^^-shaped transverse bars of dirty or reddish
white, and the shaft-stripes are wider and confined to a line of
leathers down each side of the spine, forming a regular pattern.
The lesser, median, and secondary coverts are sandy brown, with
very narrow shaft-stripes and transverse bars of butf edged with
black. Primaries, primary-coverts, and secondaries blackish
brown, the former barred and mottled on the outer web, the latter
on both, with Iniff. Lores and superciliary stripe white, a reddish
or blackish-brown liand commences behind the upper angle of the
nostril and jiasscs tlirough the eye over the ear-coverts ; a black or
sometimes reddish-black band extends backwards to behind the
eye from the angle of the gape ; a black angle-shaped mark *
commences on the chin and passes down the middle of the throat,
the arms curving upwards to the ear-coverts. The remaining portions
of the sides of the head, chin, and throat are white, and usually
separated from the chest by an ill-defined band of black and rust-
colourcd spots. Chest rufous buff, with white shaits, shading into
whitisli buff on the rest of the underparts ; sides and Hanks reddish
buff, spotted with black, and with wide white black-edged shaft-
stripes. Tail-feathers black, tipped with whitish and barred with
buff. Total length (i-T inches, Aving 4-2, tail 1'5, tarsus 1.

Youmj males resemble the adult female, but the chest has only
a few black spots.

Adult female. Differs from the adult male in having no black
band down the middle of the throat, only the arms of the anchor-
sliaped mark being somewhat imperfectly represented, and the chest
is more or less thickly sjiotted with black.

Hal. Europe, Asia (except the south-west corner, Siam, &c.),
Africa.

* In some specimens the middle black band is very much wider than in
others, and covers a large part of the Ibroat. These are apparently very old
specimens.

236

PHASIANID^.

a-c. (J ad. et
pull. sk.

d. 2 ad.sk.

e. 2 ad. sk.

f. Pull. sk.

ff. c? ad. sk.
h. (5 ad. sk.
i, ^. c? ? fid. sk.
^. c? ad. sk.
»». c? HI'- ad. sk.

Cambridgeshire.

Cambridgeshire, March (P.

Godman).
Croydon, Maj' [Darey).
Eourne, Aug. {Evans).

Somersetshire.

Heligoland, May (Giitke).

Spain.

Home, Jan. (P. L. Sclater).

Vienna.

(5 imm. sk. Has-keui, April.

o,p. c? 2 ad. sk.
S") '■■ c? 2 ad. sk.
s. cT nr. ad. sk.
t. <S ad. sk.
u, V. 2 ad. sk.

w. 2 ad. sk.
X. cS ad. sk.

y. 2 ad. sk.

s. c? nr. ad. sk.
a'. c5' ad. sk.
h' . S ad. sk.
c'-e. 6 2 ad. sk.

^',u'-<5 2ad.sk.

A', «'. 2 ad. et

imuj. sk.
li. 2 ad. sk.

I' , m! .S 2 ad. sk.

n . S nr. ad. sk.
o'. c? ad. sk.
f! . 2 ad. sk.

<i-iv . S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
x' . 2 ad. sk.
y' . cj ad. sk.
^-y'.<5 2 ad. sk.

c"-r'. <S 2 ad.

et imm.
yn" . c? nr. ad.
?i". 2 ad. sk.

o" . S ad. sk.
»". J ad. sk.

Cyprus, May {II. GuiUemard) .
Egypt, Feb., April [G. E. S.).
Kisgath, Palestine.
Socotra, March.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept.

Mekran Coast {E. A. Butler).
Toman-agha, Afghanistan,

April (J. Aitchison).
Sang-hadji, Afghanistan, May

{J. Aitchison),
Sindh.
Roree, Nov.

Deesa, Feb. {E. A. Butler).
Sambhur, April & Nov. (P.

M. Adam).
Sirza Dist., Punjab, Dec. (^4.

O. //.).
Punjab, Jan., Dec.

Yupchan, Cashmere, Dec. {J.

Biddulph).
N.W. India.

Pliraalaya ]Mts.
Dhurmsala, May.
Umballah, NoV. (P. C.

Beavan) .
Etawah, March, April, Oct.,

Nov. ( W. E. Brooks).
Cawnpur, May ( W. E. B.).
Sultanpur, Oudh.
Nepal Valley, Nov. & Dec.

(/. Scully).
Nepal.

Darjeeling.

Buxa Doars, Feb. (i. Man-

delli).
Bengal, Sept. {Blytk).
Debar.

Purchased.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

J. H. Gurnev, Ji'-,

Esq. [P.], •
Montague Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Dr. R. B. Sharpe

[P.].
Dr. R. B. Sharpe

[P.].
Lord Lilford [P.].
Shelley Coll.
Canon Tristram [P.].
Prof Balfour [C.].
W. D. Cummiug,

E.q. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Afghan. Delim.

Comm. [P.].
Afghan. Delim.

Comm. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Capt. Stackhouse
Pinwill [P.].

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].

18. COTUENIX.

237

q' , /•". cf nr. ad. Faridpur, Feb. & March (./.

et $ imin. li. Cripps).

s"-u". (S 2 ad. et N.E. India.

imm. sk.
c",w". (^ 2 iid.sk. "Raipur.
.r". 2 ad. sk. Saugor ( W. T. Iloopei-).

y",z".S ? ad.sk. Dcccan (tSijlces).
d^-c^. cJ ad. sk. Khandeisli.

Basseiu, N. Koukan {Capt.

James).
S. Konkan, Dec. (<?. Vklal).
Ootacamimd, Ma}' ( W. Uuvi-

son).
Lawiencepur, March (i?. G.

IV. It).
Madras.
Uilkooshah, Cachar, Sept.

(J. I»f//is).
Krasnojarsk, Xov.

d\ 2 ad. sk.

e'. 2 ad.sk.
p. 2 ad. sk.

i/'-«^. d 2 ad.sk.

A:\ P. d 2 fid. sk.
«i'. 2 ad. sk.

n\ d iir- ad.

sk.

o\ 2 ad. sk.
F'-w'- d 2 ad.

sk.
v^. 2 ad. sk.
ic'\ .v^. d 2 ad.

sk.
»/''-«'■ 2 ad. sk.
'/)\ 2 ad. sk.
c*-(/*. Ad. skele

China (Tuckeff).

Chetbo, May, June, Oct. (H.

Sicinhoe).
Fokien, Sept. {R. Swinhoe).
Anioy, Jan. & Nov. {R.

Swinhoe).
Ilakodadi, .Tapan, Aug.
Nagasaki, Nov.
^N'iirtemburs:.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
India Mu^5eunl.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

T«-eeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.
Hume (Joll.

Seebohm Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale and See-

bohm Colls.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebokm Coll.

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.]
Dr. A. Giinther [T.].

ton, skulls & sternum.

A curious variet}- or seml-mclanistic form of C. coturniv occurs
in Spain in the marshj' neighbourhood of Valencia. In the niaie
the general colour of the upi)er parts is black, with narrow buff or
rufous cross-bars ; the pattern formed by the wide golden-buff shaft-
streaks on the feathers of the mantle and on either side of the body-
is normal ; the greater part of the sides of the head, chin, and
throat are black, interspersed here and there with a white feather ;
the chest- feathers are mottled with black, and the feathers of the
sides and flanks are black, dotted with rufous, and with a wide
white sha{t-strii)e down the middle of each. In {ho female all the
undcrparts are suffused with dirty brown.

a,b. d 2 ad.sk. Valencia, Oct. (//. Saunders). Tweeddale Coll.

Subsp. a. Coturnix capensis.

VenViK cotiim'w, V'ebb ^- Berfh. Orn. Can. p. 20 (1836-44); Bare.
Ann. Mof/. X. H. (2) xv. p. 437 (18oo) [Madeira]; LoUe, J.f. O.
185o, p. 17."?, 18o7, p. .■!34 [Canaries].

Coturnix dacfvlisonans, Strickt. &,- Sclat. (nee Temm.) inJard. Contr.
Orw. 18.")2, p. I.")7[l)amaraland1; Xrwfon, If>i\ l8t«, p. 102 [Ma-
deira]; Z(/v'"v/, li. S. Afr. p. 27 t (I8ti7) ; At/res. Ibis, 1874, p. lO-'i,
1878, p. 410 [Transvmil] ; Sharpe in Gate's' Matahele L. p. 324
•i ) [Transvaal] ; Koenig, J.f.0. 1890, p. 449 [Madeira,Caiiaries].

238

PHASIANID^.

Coturnix communis, Cass. (wee 5oww.) U.S. Expl. E.vped. p. 288 (1858)
[Cape de Verde lsi];Neivkm,Ibis, 1863, p. 454 [Madagascar] ; Godman,
Ibis, 1866, pp. 99, 107 [Azores] ; Schl. in Poll. Sj- Van Dam, Rech.
Madagasc.^t. ii. p. 120 (1868) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 467 [Pot-
chefstroom] : Godman, Azores, p. 32 (1870) ; Dohrn, J. f. 0. 1871,
p. 8 [Cape Verde Is.] ; Gurney, ed. Anderss. B. Damaral. p. 248
(1872) ; Newton, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 301, 302 [Comoro Is.] ; Ayres,
Ibis, 1878, p. 298 [Potchefstroom] ; Hartwiy, J.f. O. 1886, p. 484
[Madeira] ; iSibree, Ibis, 1891, p. 565 [Madagascar] ; Waldo, Ibis,
1893, p. 201 [Canary Is.].

Coturnix capensis, Lickt.Jide Grat/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 2i'S (1870) ;
Grant, Ann. May. N. H. (6) ix. pp. 167, 169, 170 (1892).

Ortygion coturnix, Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 219 [Canaries, Madeira,
Azores].

Cotluiruix dactylisonans, Ilolub ^- Pelz. Beitr. Oni. S.-Afr. p. 188
(1882).

Coturnix coturnix, Sharpens ed. LayarWs B. S. Afr. p. 603 (1884)
[part.] ; Clifton, Oimis, 1888, p. 153 [King William's Town].

Adult male. Differs from the adult male of C. coturnix in having
the lores, sides of the head, chin, and throat bright rufous chestnut,
the chest washed with the same. Total length 6-3 inches, wing
3-9-4, tail 1-4, tarsus 1-1.

Adult female. The plumage does not differ from that of C coturnix.

Younger males resemble the adult, but the black band down the
middle of the throat is indistinctly represented or absent.

Hah. South Africa, south of about 15° S. lat., Mauritius,
Madagascar, Comoro Islands, Cape Verd Islands, Canaries, Madeira,
and Azores.

a. <S ad. sk.

b. S ad. sk.

c,d. c? 2 ad. sk.
e, f 6 ad. et cJ

iiiim. sk.
g. $ ad. sk.
h. S ad. sk.
i. cJ ad. sk.
Ti. S 'H'- ad.sk.

1. 5 ad. sk.

m. S ad. sk.

n. 5 ad. sk.
0,2). S ad. et
S nr. ad. sk.
q, r. S 2 ad. sk.
s-y. (S 2 ad. sk.

2. <S nr. ad. sk.

Intermediate
a. (S ad. sk.

Mauritius.
Madagascar,

Coican).
S. Africa.
S. Africa.

Feb. ( W. Deans Tweeddale Coll.

Cape.

King William's Town.
Durban, Natal (Gordye).
Kroonstad, Orange Free State,

April.
Marico, Transvaal.

Potchefstroom, March (Ayres).

R. Gambia.

Orotava, Teneriffe, April

{F. D. G.).
Cape "N'erde Is.
St. Michael, Azores, March

(F. D.G.).
Flores, Azores, Mav {F.

D. G.).

forms between Coturnix cotur
Cape Colony.

Gould Coll.

J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].

Earl of Derby [P.].
Lieut. Anstey [P-]-
Shelley Coll.
J. H. Gurney, Jr.,

Esq. [P.].
F. A. Barratt, Esq.

[P.].
J. H. Gurnev, Jr.,

Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

M. A. Bouvier [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godman Coll.

nix and C. capensis.
F. Thackeray, Esq.
[P.].

18. COTDEJTIX.

231)

/^r. J'ad.st.etsk.
(I. S ad. sk.

e. (S ad. 8k.
/. (S ad. sk.

(/. S ad. sk.
h. cf ad. sk.
/. S ad. sk.
^■-«. (^ 2 ad. sk.

o. (J ad. sk.

p. d ad. sk.
7. c? ad. sk.
/•. c? ad. sk.

s. c? iniia. sk.

f. d ad. sk.

Xatal.

Madeira.

Croydon, May {Davy).

Cauibridyvshire, Nov.

Gibraltar.

Ursern, S\yitzer]and.
Austria {A. li. Wallace).
lluugary, April, May, Aug-.

Off Cerijrotto, S. of Greece

{Lord J. Brnvne).
India (R. C. Bcaraii).
Kuuiaon {StraclK-i/).
E. Burdwan, Feb. {II. C.

Ben ran).
Sliillonsr, A.isam, Oct. {J.

Cockhum).
N.E. India.

Purchased.
C. J.Cossart,E.sq.T.].
Tweeddale Coll.
J. H. Gurney, Jr.

Esq. [P.].
Col. L. II. Irbv [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
8eabohm Coll.
Iluntrarian National

Mus. [E.l.
Gould Coll."

Seebohm Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

2. Coturnix japonica.

Cotiirnix vulgaris japonica, Teynm. S,- Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 10-3, pi 01
(184l') ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 467 [Corea].

Coturnix ja])oniea, Cass, in Perry's E.vp. Jap. ii. p. 227 (18.56)
[Hakodadi] ; Bla];!st. Ibis, 1862, p. 329 [Ilakodadi] ; Whifel,/,
Ihi.i, 1867, p. 204 [Ilakodadi]; Gray, Hayid-l. B. ii. p. 268 (1870) ;
Swinh. P. Z. 8. 1S7U, p. 602 ; id. I/Jis, 1875, pp. 126, 452 [Chef 00] •
Tacz. Bull. Sue. Zool. Fr. i. p. 224 (1876) l)auria] ; Prjerahky,
Rowleijs Orn. Mi.sc. ii. p. 424 (1877) [SJv Monsrolia. Ordos,
Kansu, Koko-norJ ; Blakiston ^- Prijer, litis, 1878, p. 226 [Japan] ;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 28 ; Grant, Ann. May. N. H. (6) x.
pp. 167, 170, 171 (1892) (with woodcut of head).

Ortygion coturnix, Badde, liei.se Osf-Sib. ii. p. 306 (1863).

Coturnix muta, Dyboirski, J. f. O. 1868, p. 337 (descr. nulla) •
Przeical. J. f. O. 1872, p. 138; Tacz. J.f.O. 1873, p. 99
[Daouria].

Coturnix communis, Sivinh. (nee Bonn.) P. Z. S. 1871, p. 401 [N.
China]; David S,- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 396 (1877) 'part.] ; Prje-
valsky, Rowley sOrn. Misc. ii. p. 424 (1877) [S.E. Mongolia] ; Tacz.
P. Z. S. 1887, p. 610 [Corea] ; Seebohm, B. Jap. p. 373 [part.]
(1890). * Lf J

Coturnix ussur:en.«is, Bnyd. Cousp. Av. Imj). Ross. fasc. i.p. 45 (1884)
[Amoor& Lake Baikal].

J'luU male. Differs from the male of C. cotami.r chiefly in
having the lores, sides of the head, chin, and throat uuiform'duU
brick-red, without a trace of tlie black anchor-shaped liiark ; the
margins of the flank-feathers mostly rufous and much less spotted
with black. Total length 'yj inches', wing ;^9, tail 1-2, tarsus l-Oo.

Adult ft male. Differs from the female of C. cot urniv in havino-
the feathers of the chin and throat elongate and lanceolate,
especially those on the sides of the latter, which arc usually mar-
gmed on tlie outer web with rufous ; the margins of the" chest,
Hank- and side-feathers mostly rufous, much less spotted with black.'

Touiij inulis have the elongate tliroat-i'eathers like those of the

240

PHASIANID-E.

adult female, and the middle of the throat is suffused with dull
brick-red ; as the short rounded feathers of the adult are moulted
the elongate feathers disappear ; otherwise the plumage resembles
that of the adult male.

Hah. Japan, Manchuria, S.E. Mongolia, and China, as far south
as Canton. Specimens have also been obtained in Bhootan and
Karen-nee.

a. c? ad. sk.

b. $ ad. sk.
c-e. S ad. et

imm. sk.
/. ? ad. sk.
(J, h. (S ad. sk.

Japan.
Japan.
Japan.

Yezo, Dec. {McVean).
S. Yezo, June, August.

i-m. (S 2 ad. sk. llakodadi, May, Aug., Oct.

n. cS ad. sk.
o-t. S $ ad. et

imm. sk.
u. 5 ad. sk.
V. 5 f>d. sk.
IV, .V. (5 ad. sk.
y, z. (^ imm. sk.
«'-c'. c? ad. sk.

(]'. J ad. sk.
e'-h'. cT 2 ad. sk.
i'. cJad. sk.
k'-o'.(S $ad.et

J imm. sk.
p, q. (S imm. ;

2 ad. sk.
?•'. 5 ad. sk.
s'. 2 ad. sk.
f. $ ad. sk.

Fujiyama, Hondo.

Nagasaki, Kiu-siu, Jan., Nov.,

Dec.
Nagasaki.
China.

Kalgan, 2C00 feet.
Pekin, Nov. {R. Sxvinhne).
Chefoo, May {R. Swin/we).

Shanghai, Oct. (R. S.).
Shaughai. Jan., Feb., Oct.
Feiig-wan-shan, April.
Amoy, Jan., Feb., April, Aug.

{R. Swinhoe).
Canton {Tuckett).

Hong-kong.
Bhootan (Femherton).
Karen-nee, March (R.G. W.R.).

Tweeddale Coll.

C. Maries, E^q. [C.].

Exchanged.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale & See-

bohm Colls.
Seebohm tV Gould

Colls.
Seebohm Coll.
F. Eiuger, Esq. [P.].

Admiral St.John[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm & Tweed-
dale Colls.

E. Swinhoe, Esq.[P.].

F. W. Sty an, PJsq.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Tweeddale & See-
bohm Colls.
' Challenger ' Exped.
India Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Intermediate specimens between CotumLv coturnix
and C. japonica.
«. cJ ad. sk. Tschikai R., Trans - Baikal, Purchased.

July.
6. S ad. sk. Kalgan (2000 feet),

c, d. (S ad. et Pekin, Nov. {R. Swinhoe).

imm. sk.
e,f. (S 5 ad. sk. Chefoo, May {R. Swinhoe).

(J. (5 imm. sk. Hamilton Is.

h. c? imm. sk.
i-o. <S ad. sk.
p. S ad. sk.
q. (S ad. sk.
r-u. c? ad. et

imm. sk.
v-x. cJ ad.sk.
y. d ad. sk.

Kiukiang, Feb.
Shanghai, Feb., Oct.
Hong-kong,
Hong-kong, March.
Japan.

Hakodadi, Aug.
Bhootan (Pemberton).

Gould Coll.

Tweeddale & See-
bohm Colls.

Tweeddale & See-
bohm Colls.

A. G. Wilday, Esq.
[P.].

F.W.Styan,Esq. TP.J.

F.W.Styan,E,«q. [P.].

' Challenger ' Exped,

Gould Coll.

Exchanged.

Seebohm Coll.
India Museum [P.].

i

IS. COTURNIX. 0J1

3. Coturnix coromandelica.

Tetrao coidmandelicus, 6-',/(e/. ;S. .Y. i. pt. ii. p. 704 (178S)
1 erdix r.n,„ian,lelica, Lath. Ind. 0/-«. ii. p! 6.54 (1790) ;' T/e,?/ N
Did. dlList. Nat. XXV. p. 200 (1817). V ^^ > *- '«"■ ^> ■

Coturnix coromanclelica, Bonn. Tabl. Encyd. Meth. i p. 221 a79n •

p. 007 (1846); ul. Cat. Hod^s. ed. i. p. 128 (1840)- Goidd R

18bl,p.2../ [Oudh, IVLimaon ; Jerd. B. Ind ili. p. .588 (180.:j) •

B vrJo^n^yi^ %^^^ [fearabbur take]; if^;;,., Xc.ts 4- U. Ind
JS. P- -f-JOaS/S) ; lf«me, 6Y;-. F. in. p. 178 (187-5) [Pe-nil • Ball

[Mt Aboo N. Giuerat]; i^,„>i. ,S^,, f. iv. p. 262 (1876) fDec-

Vidal, S/i:

Hume ^- Marsh. Game B. Lid. ii. p. I.50 pj (1879)
& r.f P^^^f ^V^- ^^°^'^'^"^ ^^^"^/^'■."'Sy;. F. ix. p. 42.3 (1880) ;
[Lucknow]; Oafes, Str. F x. p. 2.3(5 1882) [Tbavetmvo &
Bassem]- Davidson, Sfr. F x. p^ 317 (iW) fw KbanSil
^-J'^nS^r. Fx p. 411 (1883? [Xilgiiris/wUadTS S ;
0«<. B Bunnahn p. 333 (1883) ; Swinh. ^- Barnes Ibis, 1885
p l.,2 [Central India] ; Hume, Str. F xi. p. 310 (1888) [Assam
Cbit agong Mampur] ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests Sc E. Ind B^i
0892?. ^ ^' ^''""'' ^nn.3Iag. N H. (0) ix. pp. 1087 "172
Coturnix textills, Temm.Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 512, 742 (181.5) ; SfenJ,

Aat. Lit)., Orn. iv. p. 116, pi. viii. (1834). -'

lerdix textilis, 7V,«;«. PI. Col. v. pi. 40 [no. 3-5] (1824) ; Drapie-

Diet. Set. Aat. viii. p. 429, pi. ti-' 1 (184-') ^J>"P>e.,

rerdixohvacea /?«c/.«« P. Z. S. 1831, p. 123 [India],
tot mux textihs?, y. pluviali.s, Ilod^,. in Grays zLl. Mise. p. 8-5

(I'^ij) ; id. Icon. med. in Brit. .Viis. nos. 119, l->0

^i" 5 wTfirrr '^''" 1'.^ •'''^', -^^ " «^'^^''' ^«'- '^^«"''«' ^- ^- ^'"■">",
p. lol (l»/6) [LpperEui-mab]. '

^''f"1\male. Differs from the male of C. fo<«rn;.r chiefly in havin.'
the black pattern on the throat and neck more stron-Iv marked • a
large black patch covering the mi<ldle of the chest and breast • the
leathers ot the sides and Hanks black, widely margined on the sides
with white or buff, and the outer webs of the primaries uniform
Drown, never barred and marked with rufous or buff. Iris brown •
bill dark horny : legs and feet pale flesh. Total length 5 iucheo'
wing -i-o, tail 1-2, tarsus 1-05. '

Adidt female is very similar to the female of C. cotur.iiv, but may
be at once distinguished by Laving uo bull' or rufous bars or

TOL. XXII.

R

242

PHASIANIDiE.

mottling on the outer webs of the primaries as well as by its
smaller size.

Young males differ from the adult in having the black anchor-
mark on the throat smaller and less distinct, and the patch on the
chest rudimentary or absent.

Hah. Greater part of the peninsula of India : Assam, Manipur,
Chittagong, and Pegu. It is no doubt also found in Arrakan.

a. J juv. sk,

b. 2 ad. sk.
c-e. (S ad. sk.

f-n. (^ 2 ad. sk.
o-q. 5 ad. et c?

nr. ad. sk.
r-b'. (S ad. et imm.

sk.
c'-m'. ^ 5 ad. sk.
n'. 2 ad. sk.
o'-w'. (S $ ad. et

imm. sk.
.r'. c? imm. sk.
«/', »'. c? ad. sk.

a", b". c7 2 ad. sk.
c", d". (S $ ad. sk.

e". 5 ad. sk.

f"-h". S 9. ad. et

(3 imm. sk.
i". cS ad. sk.
k", I". (5 ad. sk.

m", n". 5 ad. et cJ

imm. sk.
o", p". cJ 5 ad. sk.

y". 2 ad. sk.

r"-u" . S 5 ad. sk.

v". 2 ad. sk.
lo'-y". cJ 2 ad.sk.
3"-c^ S 2 ^^- ^^•
d\ e^. d 2 ad. sk.
/'. Imm. sk.

ff^. S ad. sk.
/(■'. c? ur. ad, sk.
2\ 2 ad.sk.

k'. cS ad. sk.

P. d ad. sk.

Hvdrabad, Sindh, Oct. (K A.

'Butler).
Deesa, Nov. [E. A. Btdler).
Sambhur, May, July (i2. M.

Adam).
Punjab, Jan. -April.
Sultanpur, Gurgaon, May,

June {W.N. Chill).
Delhi.

Etawah District,
Cawnpore, June.
Futtebghur, July & Dec.

{A. Anderson).
Oudh, Dec.
Nepal.

E. Bengal.

Calcutta, August (W. T.

Blanford) .
Maunbhoom, April {R. C.

Beavan).
Eaipur.

Saugor, August.
Khandeish, April, May (J.

Davidsoti).
Deccan (Sykes).

Ahmednugger {S. B. Fair-
bank).

Kalsi, S. Konkan, Feb. ((?.

Vidal).
Belgaum, April, May (H. A.
Butler).

Mysore, May (IF. Davison).

Madras.

Madras, June {H. G. W. B.).

Godavery Valley, Mar., Apr.

Secunderabad, Nov. {G. M.
Slavff liter).

[Assam] (Gn'ffitJis).

Manipur, March {A. 0. H.).

Pegu.

Tbayetmyo, April.
Eassein, Feb, [James).

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[C.].
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll,
Seebohm Coll.

India Museum [P.],

Hume Coll.

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[P,].
E. W. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
Hume Coll.

18. coTiniyix. 243

4. Coturnix delegorguei.

Coturnix delep-orofuui, Dele(/. Vat/. Afr. Amti: ii. p. 015 (1847) ;
Graij, JIand-l. li. ii. p. 208 (1870); Finsch S, Ilartl. Vog. Od-
Afr. p. T)')! (1870); Giirney, ed. Anderss. Ii. Damaral. p. 249
(1872) [Ondonga, Lake Ngami] ; Hettql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii.
p. !)07 (1873); Hartl. Abh. naf. Ver. IJreni. vii. p. 118 (1881)
[Mahagi, W. of Albert Nyanza] ; Sharpe, in Oates' Matabele L.
p. .324(1881) [Gubuleweyo] ; Bocaye, Orn. Any. p. 412 (1881)
[Mossamedes ; Ambaca, N. of Quanza] : Sclat. P. Z. S. 1881,
p. 259 [W. of Lake iVlbert Nyanza] ; Sharpens ed. Lat/ard's B. S.
Afr. p. 005 (1884) ; FiscJt. " Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 381 (1884)
[Bondei] ; id. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 121 [Gelidja, Bondei] ; Beick. J.f. O.
1887, p. 53 [Kawanga, Masai Steppes] ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 303
[Kilimanjaro] ; Jackson, Ibis, 1889, p. 583 [Kilimanjaro] ; Ilartl.
Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. xii. p. 41 (1891) [Mandera] ; Grant, Ann.
Mag. N. H. (6) ix. pp. 168, 173 (1892) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 168
[Aden].

Coturnix histrionica, Ilartl. Rev. et Mag. Zool. i. p. 495 (1849) [St.
Thomas Is.] ; id. Beitr. Orn. W.-Afr. pp. 1, 38, pi. xi. (1852) ;
id. Syst. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 204 (1857); Layard, B. S. Afr.
p. 275 (1867) ; Gray, List Gallina Brit. 3Ius. p. 60 (1867) ; Bocaye,
J. Acad. Lisb. no. ii. p. 145 (1867) [St. Thoma? Is.], v. p. 46
(1868) [R. Chiniba], viii. p. 350 (1870) [Ambaca] ; Layard, Ibis,
1869, p. 75 [Grahamstown and eastwards] ; Sharpe, P. Z. 8. 1809,
p. 564, 1870, p. 147 [Ambriz, Quanza R.] ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871,
p. 202 [Mariqua R., Transvaal].

Coturnix fornasiui, liianc. Spec. Zool. 3fos. fasc. xvi. p. 399, pi. i.
fig. 2 (1850) ; id. Mem. Ace. Sci. Bolog. (2) iv. p. 521, pi. ii. lig. 2
(1865) ; Guerin, Her. Zool. 1866, p. 316.

Coturnix crucigera, Heugl. Viiy. N.O.-Afr. p. 51, no. 533 (1856);
id. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 413.

Adult male. Differs chiefly from the male of C. coturnix in having
the general colour of the upper i)arts, including the wing-coverts,
b]acki.sh brown ; the primaries uniform brown, never barred with
rufous or buff ; tlie black pattern on the throat more strongly
marked ; the general colour of the sides of the neck and rest of the
underparts light chestnut ; a large black patch in the middle of the
chest and breast as in C. coromandellca, and the feathers of the sides
and flanks black down the middle. Iris rich brown ; bill black ;
legs and feet salmon-colour. Total length G inches, wing 3-7,
tail 1-3, tarsus 1.

Adult female. Differs from the female of C. coturnLv in the much
darker colour of upper parts, in having the outer webs of the
primaries uniform and the underparts rufous bxifl' or dull chestnut,
washed with dusky on the chest, most of the feathers with a pale
dark-edged shaft-stripe, and the feathers of the sides mottled and
barred with black and buff.

Jiab. Africa, south of about 15" X. lat., recently obtained at
Aden {Barnes).

a. (T ad. sk. Island of St. Thomas, Aus. Lisbon Museum [P.].

b. rf ad. sk. Island of St. Thomas, Oct" (/. Shiu^e Coll.

J. Monteiro),

r2

244 PHASIA.NIDJ5.

c, d. 5 ad. sk. Landana, Sept. M. L. Petit [C.].

e. S ad. sk. Kattenbella, Benguela, Nov. Sbarpe Coll.

(*S'a/«).
/, y. (S ad. sk. Kingwilliamstowa. Major H. Trevelyau

[P.].
7i. (S ad. sk. Natal. Tweeddale Coll.

i-l. S 2 ad. sk. Giibuleweyo, Dec, Jan. {F. W. E. & C. G. Uates,

Oates). Esqs. [P.].

m. 2 ad.sk. IMakaraR., Jan. (Jl 6'. Jamesow). Shelley Coll.

n, 0. d' 2 ad. sk. Makalaka Country. Dr. Bradsliaw [C.].

p. 9 ad. sk. Tete (Sir John Kirk). Livingstone Exped.

[P.].
q. (S ad.sk. Maliagi,Eq. Africa,Dec. (£"?«;/(). Shelley Coll.

r. (S ad. sk. Lamii, Sept. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].
8. c? ad. sk. Shelley Coll.

t. (S ad. sk. Aden. Lieut. 'H. E. Barnes

[P.].

5. Coturnix pectoralis.

Austral Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 308 (1823).

Coturnix pectoralis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 8 [N. S. Wales]: irl.

Syn. B. Austr. text & pi. fig. 1 (1837-8) ; Gray, List of B. pt, iii.

Gall. p. 40 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 507 (1846) ; Gould, B.

Austr. V. pi. 88 [text] (1848) ; id. Handh. B. Austr. ii. p. 190

(1865) ; Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 334 [Port Denison] ; Gray, List

Gallincs Brit. Mus. p. 61 (1867) ; Diyqles, B. Amtr. ii. pt. xv. pi. 95

[text] (1867) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. *p. 268 (1870) ; Ramsay, P.

Linn. Sac. N. S. W. i. p. 185 (1876), ii. p. 196 (1877) [distribution] ;

id. Tab. List Anstr. B. p. 19 (1888); North, N. ^- E. B.

Austr. p. 289 (1889) ; Grant, Ann. May. N. H. (6) ix. pp. 108, 173

(1892).
Syuoicus australis, Ramsay, Ibis, 1865, p. 86 [Port Denison].

Adult male. Upper parts as in the male of C. coturni.r, but
somewhat darker, especially on the wing-coyert'S ; superciliary
stripes, sides of head, chin, throat, and fore part of neck uniform
dull hrick-red, without any black markings; a black patch in the
middle of the chest ; feathers on the sides of the chest, breast, and
belly white, with a black stripe down the shaft ; sides and flanks
very similar to those of G. coturnix. The outer wel)s of the
primaries are uniform brown, not barred and marked with buff.
Iris hazel ; bill black ; legs and feet pearly yiuous white. Total
length 7 inches, wing 4-1, tail 1-5, tarsus -9.

Adult female. Upper parts darker than in the female of C.
coturnix ; sides of the head and throat whitish buff dotted with
black ; feathers of the chest and breast with a black curved sub-
marginal bar on either side of the shaft, not confluent at the
extremity, but separated b}' a wide buff isthmus ; sides of the belly
with longitudinal lines and spots of black. Bill olive.

In younger male specimens the sides of the face and throat are
paler, the black patch on the breast is not developed, and the outer
edge of the outer web of the primaries is slightly mottled with bufJ.

Hal). Australia ; Tasmania.

18. COTURNIX. 245

a, h. (J 2 ad. sk. Australia. Sir E. Sabine [P.].

c. cf ad. sk. Aiisti-iilia. Hardwicke Uequest.

tl-f. J 2 ad.sk, Somerset, Cape York (Coc/;erf// Sal vin-Godman Coll.

c^ Thorjie).

(J. J ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll.

A. S ad. sk. ^lelhoLirne. Tweeddale Coll.

i. 2 ad. sk. South Australia. C. D. E. Fortnuni,

Esq. [P.].

/.-, I. S 9- ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

m-p. cf ad., cf South Australia. Seebohua & Gould

iinin., et 2ad.sk. Colls.

(J. 2 ad. sk. Murray lliver. Sir G. Grey [P.].

/•. (^ ad. sk. Tasmania. Ronald Gunu, Esq.

^^■'^-
s. 2 ad. sk. Tasmania. Lords of tlie Ad-

miralty [P.].

6. Coturnix novse-zealandise.

Coturnix novre zealaudire, Quoy Sj- Gccim. Voy. Astrol., Zool. i. p. 242,
pi. 24. fig. 1 (18:i0) ; Gould, Syn. B. Amtr. text & pi. fig. 2 (18:J7
-8) ; Dieffenh. Trav. N. Zeal. ii. p. 19.5 (1843) ; Gmy, Gen. B. iii.
p. 507 (1'840) ; EUmnn, Zool. imi, p. 74G8 ; Haaat, Ibis, 1862,
p. 102 ; Gray, Ibis, 18ti2, p. 233 [N. & S. Islands] ; id. Lid Gallince
Brit. Mus. p. 01 ( 1807 ) ; llaast, J.f. 0. 1808, p. 243; Grm/. lland-l,
B. ii. p. 268 (1870) ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1870, p. 334; Mutton, Ibi>i,
1870, p. 398 [Auckland; rare]; Potts, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. ii. art.
viii. p. 06 (1870), iii. art. xi. p. 92 (1871); Hutton, Cat. B. N.
Zeal. p. 22 (1871) ; Finscli, J.f. O. 1872, p. 168; Potts, Trans. iA.
Z. Inst. V. art. xx. p. 185 (1873) ; Puller, B. Neio Zeal. p. 161, pi.
(1873) ; Finsch,J.f. O. 1874, pp. 172, 193; S/iarpe, App. Voi/.Frcb.
cy Terr., Birds, pp. 10, 27, pi. 8 (1875) ; Buller, Man. B. N. Zeal.
p. 43, pi. xix. (1882); id. Hist. B.N. Zeal. i. p. 225, pi. xxiii.
(1888) ; Erans, Ibis, 1891, p. 75 ; Grant, Ann. May. N. II. (0) ix.
pp. 108, 173 (1892).

Adalt male. Very similar to C. pectoraJis in general appearance,
hut the general colour of the upper j)arts is ^va^mer and more inter-
mixed with rufous buff; the sides of the head, chin, and throat only
are brighter brick-colour, and there is a black band, as it were the
arm of the anchor-mark, on each side of the throat, while the fore
part of the neck resembles the chest and middle of the breast,
which, in what appears to bo a very old male, are mostly black
with irregular bull' spots and markings near the extremity of the
margin, while in another adult male specimen these ])arts are black,
irregularly barred and tipped with whitish buff. The rest of the
underparts are much more thickly marked with black. Iris hazel ;
bill black ; legs and feet pale llcsh-brown. Total length 7"6 inches,
wing 4-6, tail PS, tarsus 1.

AiluH female. The upper parts resemble those of the male: on
the under surface the plumage is similar to that of the adult femalo
of C. pectoralis, but the black bars on the feathers of the chest and
breast are conllucnt, or very nearly so, and form W-shaped
markings ; on the rest of the underparts the black markings are
stronger and more numerous.

246 PHASIANID^.

Younr/er males resemble the females, but the throat resembles
that of the male adult, and the black markinj^s on the nnderparts
are much wider and more completely fused in the median line,
assuming a V-shaped form.

Hah. New Zealand (said to be nearly extinct).

a. c? ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P.].

b. (S nr. ad. sk. New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq.

[d.].

c. d. S imm., 5 New Zealand {A. Dnndas). Zool. Soc. Coll.
ad. sk.

e, f. (S imm., 2 Port Cooper {F. Stmnr/e). Capt. Stokes, E.N.

"ad. sk. [P.].

g. $ ad. sk. Port Cooper {F. Strcmr/e). Gould Coll.

19. SYNffiCUS.

Type.

Synoicus, Gould, B. Austi: v. pi. 89, or pt. xii. (184.3) . . S. australis.
Synaecus, Aqass. Index Univermlis, p. 358 (184'3) .... S. australis.
Synrecus, Mull. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280 S. australis.

1st primary is about equal to the 4th and somewhat shorter than
the 3rd, which is the longest.

Tail composed of 10 (rarely 12) feathers, feeble, rounded ; outer
feathers much shorter than the middle pair, which are less than
half the length of the wing.

Axillarics short, grey.

Tarsus without spurs.

Range. Australia, New Guinea, Timor, and Flores.

Key to the Species.

A. Sides of the crown not mostly black ; upper parts not

blotched with black, or with the black markings
present in the form of moderate bars ; shaft-stripes
narrower, confined to the shaft itself. {Mcdes.)

a. Chin and throat dirty white australis, p. 247.

b. Chin and throat dull rufous raulteni, p. 249.

B. Sides of the crown black or mostly black ; upper

parts coarsely blotched with black ; shaft-stripes
wider than the shafts themselves. {Females.)

c. Chest pale rufous buff, barred all over with black, australis, p. 247.

d. Chest pale, dull rufous, with black bars nearly

obsolete raalteni, p. 249.

The common Australian Swamp-Quail {Synoecvs australis) has
been divided by Gould into no less than four species, which are
apparently founded on differences of age or sex. As he has not
given comparative diagnoses, it is impossible to see from his descrip-
tions in what particulars his supposed species differ. He was himself
aware that his distinctions were weak and far from satisfactory,

19. SYNCECUS. 247

for while describing his fourth epecies (S. cervinus) he remarks :
" tlie Swiimp-Quails of Australia must either be regarded as con-
stitutiiig but one or several species — a point which must be left
for future invcstip;ation."

liesidcs the differences of plumage, indi%iduals differ considerably
one from another in size, though this is of little or no imjiortance.
Having had the advantage of examining a comparatively large
series of these birds from all parts of their range, I am perfectly
satisfied that there is only one species. The changes in the plumage
of the upper parts are very similar to those found in Excalfactoria
chinensis.

1. Syncecus australis.

'Nevf JloWand Q\m\l, Lafk. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 283 (1802); id.

Gen. Hist. viii. p. 306 (1823).
Coturnix australis, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 474, 740 (1815) ;
Sfeph. in Shard's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 373 (1819) ; Vieill. Tahl. Encycl.
Meth. i. p. 308, pi. 237. fig. 2 (1823) ; Gould, Si/n. B. Austr. text & pi.
(1837-S) ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gull. p. 39 (1844) ; id. Gen. B.
iii. p. 507 (1846).
Terdix australis, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat.xxx. p. 262 (1817) ; id.

Gal. Ois. ii. p. 40, pi. ccxv. (1825).
Dwarf Partridge, p. 305 [ d ], atid Elegant Quail, p. 306 [ $ ], Lath.

Gen. Hist. viii. p. 300 (1823).
Synoicus sordidus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 33 [S. Australia] ; id. B.
Austr. V. pi. 91 [te.xt] (1848) ; id. Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 195
(1805) ; BanLsay, P. Linn. Soe. X. S. W. i. p. 186 (1876), ii. p. 196
(1877) [distribution] ; Masters, P. Linn. Soe. K. S. W. ii. p. 275
(1877) [Port Darwin] ; Bamsay, Tab. Li.ot Aust. B. p. 19 (1888).
Svnoieus diemenensis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 33 [Tasmania] ; id.
' B. Austr. V. pi. iK) [text] (1848) ; id. Handb. B. Au.'^tr. ii. p. 194
(1805); Bamsni/, P. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. i. p. 185 (1870), ii.
]i. 19(i (1877) [distribution] ; id. Tab. List Aust. B. p. 19 (1888) ;
North, X. >.y B. B. Austr. p. 290 (1889).
Svnoieus australis, Gould, B. Austr. v. pi. 89 [text] (1848) ; id.
'Handb. B. Awtr. ii. p. 193 (1805) [X. S. Wales, S. Australia,
Tasmania]; Diyi/les, B. Austr. ii. pt. xx. pi. 96 [text] (18t)8);
Jiamsai/, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 119 [N.E. Queensland]; id. P. Linn.
Soe. X.S. jr. i. pp. 185, 219 (1870), ii. p. 190 (1877) [distri-
bution] ; id. Tab. Liit Aust. B. p. 19 (1888) ; North, N. 4" E.
B. Austr. p. 289 0889).
Svnoieus cervinus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 195 (1865) ;
'Ramsay, P. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. i. pp. IsO. 3>i4, 394 (1876), ii.
p. 190 (1877), iii. p. 290 (1878), iv. p. 101 (1879) [distribution];
id. Tab. List Aust. B. p. 19 (1888) ; North, N. ■$■ E. B. Amtr.
p. 291 (1889).
Coturnix (Svnoieus) australis, Gray, List Galliiue Brit. Mas. p. 61

(1867) ; i(V. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 208 (1870).
Syncecus australis, Miill. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280 [Melbourne].
Synoecus diemenensis, Miill. P. Z. S. 18(i9, p. 280 [Melbourne].
Coturnix (Synoicus) sordidus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 268 (1870).
Coturnix (Synoicus) diemenensis. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 2(>8 (1870).
Coturnix (Synoicus) cervinus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 268 (1870).

248 PHASIANTD^.

Synoecus cervinus, Sharjx, J. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 504 (1877) [S.E.
New Guinea] ; Furbes, P. Z. 8. 1878, pp. 121, 127 [Cape York &
Booby Is.] ; id. Voy. ChalL, Birds, pp. 84, 92 (IfcSO) ; Salvad.
Orn. Pap. iii. p. 254 (1882) [Pole Is.].

Adult male. In very old examples — that is, in birds of three yfars
old or more (S. sordidus, Gould)- — most of the markings on the upper
and underparts disappear, and there is a general tendency to
uniformity of colour in the plumage. The feathers of the upper
parts are reddish brown on the sides, and dull grey down the middle,
with only a few fine mottlings of black ; while the white shafts so
conspicuous in younger examj^les are scarcely apparent; on the
iinderparts the buff feathers are grey down the middle, and the
V-shaped black bars are nearly obsolete ; the superciliary stripes
and sides of the head and throat are dull grey ; the outer webs of
the quills indistinctly mottled with rufous, and the tail-feathers
uniform grey.

In birds of the second year (typical S. australis) the upper parts
are mottled with black and barred with rufous, and the narrow
white shafts of the feathers are clearly marked ; the outer webs of
the quills thickly mottled with rufous ; the superciliary stripes,
sides of the head, and throat pale vinaceous white ; the feathers of
the underparts buff, each with a series of V-shaped cross-bars ; and
the tail-feathers black, barred with butf. Total length about lo
inches, wing 3-5-4-2, tail 1 •7-2-0, tarsus 0-9.

A quite young male has most of the plumage of the upper parts
like that of the adult female, but on the sides of the mantle
numerous feathers of the second year (or S. australis stage of
plumage) are moulting in.

Adult female differs from the male in having the black markings
and patches on the upper and underparts much coarser ; the centres
of the feathers are not grey, and the shaft-stripes, which are much
wider than in the male, are pale buff.

Hah. South-eastern Kew Guinea, Australia, Tasmania.

«. c? ad. sk. Port Moresby, S.E. New A. Goldie, Esq. [C.].

Guinea.

b. S ad. sk. Astrolabe Mts, H. H. Romilly, Esq.

[P.].

c. tS ad. sk. Australia. Tweeddale CoU.

d. (^ ad. sk. Australia. J. B. Jidies, Esq.

[P.].
f ; /"• 6 2 ad. sk. N.W. Australia. Capt. Bowyer Bower

[P.].
(/. c? ad. sk. Port Essington. Gould Coll.

h. (S ad. sk. Cape York Is. ' Challenger ' Exped.

i, k. c? 5 ad. sk. Cape Y'ork Is. {Cockerell ^ Tweeddale & Gould

Thorpe). Colls.

l-n. c7 5 ad.sk. Somerset, Cape Y^ork(CocAere// Sahin-Godman Coll.

Sf Thorpe).
o,p. S imm. et Boar Pocket, N. Queensland, Lord Leigh [P.];

$ ad. sk. April.

2-«- 6 ? ad. sk. Mcreton Bay. Gould Coll.

20. EXCALFACTOEIA. 249

t. S ad. sL Eichmoiul Kiver. A. P. Goodwin, Esq.

To '^? r^' '^■- ^>^ ''^- ^^''''«^- GoScoll.

y. 2 ad. sk. ^e^v S. Wales. IIu,„e Coll.

''.■ f «-^'--*'^'- S.Australia. Sir G Grev TP 1

' 7ull^sk '• '* ^- '^"''"''^'" ^^°'^^' ^<^"l-

/;. d ad. sk. Adelaide. Gould Coll.

h' o ^' i"" ^ielbourne, Victoria. Tweeddale Coll.

^■'l^lf■^ Tasmania. Gould Coll.

' ^ l^ : • ?T"u"'"'4i- Hume Coll.

/ . c? ad. sk. Ilobart To^^•n, Oct. Gould Coll.

2. Synoecus raalteni.

Perdix raaltenii, Midi, i, Schl. Land- en VoUcenh. p. 158 (1839-44) •
Gray, Gen B m. p. 500 (1846) ; B/yt/i, Ihis, Ls07, p. 160.

Coturnix r,ialtemi, Jfall. F. Z. S. Ib63, p. 486 rTimol- Floresl
n^A (^po3c^'^)/"alteni, Graij, List GalHnce Brit. Mus.i. 02
(Ibb/) ; td. Uand-l. B. li. p. 269 (1870).

^r?»7< ,„rt7,. In the oUest example the feathers of the upper
parts are rufous with grey centres, rerj- faintly mottled or dotted
Avith back and with mere indications of white shaft-stripes ; the
top of the head reddisli brown ; quills brown, washed and mottled
with pale rufous on the outer web ; sides of head, chin, throat, and
rest ot underparts dull rufous, most of the feathers with pale buff
at the extrcnuty of the shaft, those of the sides and flanks with
traces of dark bars; tail brown, indistinctly mottled with bufi;

In a somavluit less mature bird the pale shaft-stripes on the
upper parts are much more distinct; and the feathers of the lower
breast, belly, sides, and flanks are distinctly barred with black.

lota length r4 inches, wing 3-0-3-8, tail 1-5-1-7, tarsus 0-95.

Adult female Jhftevs from the male in having the whole of the
upper parts blotched and marked with black, while the shait-stripes
are much wider and more distinct ; the chin and throat are whitish
buff, and the rest of the underparts are washed with pale rufous
and much more strongly barred with black.
JIab. Islands of Timor and Tlorcs.

«-o. d ? ad. sk. E. Timor. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

20. EXCALFACTORIA.
Ex-calfactoria. Bo»np. C. B. xlii. p. 881 (l,v5(i) F J,--"^- •

tumpsortyx, IIe,ne, Ao,«e„c/. Mus. Hein. p. --JO ('I'sgO)". E. chinenli.';

Tarsi without spurs.

liunijc. Indo-Chinese countries to Australia.

250 PHASIANID^.

Key to the Species.

I. A black triangular patch on the chin and middle

of the throat. {Males.)

A. \\'ing-coverts and scapulars sandy brown, washed

with slate-grey ; the outer median coverts, with
or without the outer webs, bright chestnut.

a. Middle of the chest and breast brightchestnut. chinends, p. 250.

b. Chest and breast uniform slate-blue lepida, p. 254.

B. Wing-coverts and scapulars chestnut, with a

slate-grey stripe down the shaft of each adansoni, p. 255.

II. No black on the middle of the chin and throat ;

underparts buff, barred with black. {Females.)

1. Excalfactoria chinensis.

The Chinese Quail, Edw. Glean. Nat. Hist. v. p. 77, pi. 247 (1753)
Lath. Gen. Syn, ii. pt. ii. p. 783 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 318
(1823).

Tetrao chinensis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 277 (17G6) ; Gin. S. N. i. pt. ii.
p. 765 (1788).

Perdix chinensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 652 (1790) ; Vieill. K. Diet.
d'Hist. Nat. XXV. p. 260 (1817).

Coturnix sinensis, Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 223, id. 96. fig. 3
(1791).

Coturnix excalfactoria, Temm. Piy. et Gall. iii. pp. 516, 742 (1815) ;
Stejjh. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 371 (1819).

Coturnix llavipes, Blyth, J. As. Soc. Bmy. xi. p. 808 (1842) ; Gray,
Grn.i?. iii. p. 507"(1846).

Coturnix chinensis, Grai/, List of B. pt. iii. p. 39 (1844) ; id.
Cat. Hodgs. ed. i. p. 128 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 507 (1846) ;
Laijard, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2) xiv. p. 107 (1854) [Ceylon];
Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 50 [Canton Dist.] ; Leyge, B. Ceylon, iii.
p. 755 (1880) ; Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 187 [Tissa, Ceylon].

Coturnix philippensis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ;
id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. nos. 119, 120.

Excalfactoria chinensis, Bonap. C. B. xlii. p. 881 (1856) ; Maillard,
Notes Rhmion, p. 163 (1862); Jerd. B. hid. iii. p. 591 (1863);
Simihoe, Ibis, 1863, p. 398 ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 308 [Formosa] ;
Goidd, B. Asia, vii. pi. 6 (1867); Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 386
[Maldah, Lower Bengal]; Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 360 [Hainan] ? ;
id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 401 [S. China] ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 470 [Ceylon] ; Himie, Nests ^- E. Ind. B. p. 553 (1873) ; Ball,
Sir. F. ii. p. 428 (1874) [Chota Nagpur] ; Leqge, Ibis, 1874, p. 26
[S. Cevlon] ; Hume, 8tr. F. iii. p. 323 (1875) [Pakchan] ; Oates,
Str. P. iii. p. 345 (1875) [Pegu plains] : Blyth ^ Walden, Cat.
Mamm. 4" B. Burma, p. 151 (1875) [Arrakan, Tenasserim, Malay
Pen.] ; David ^- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 397 ( 1877) ; Ball, Str. F.
vii. p. 226 (1878) [Raipur]; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 69 (1879)
[Nealys, Malacca]; Oates, Str. F. viii. p. 167 (1879) [Pegu];
Hume ^ Marsh. Game B. Lid. ii. p. 162, pi. (1879) ; Bidie,
Str. Fix. p. 209 (1880) [Chingleput Dist., Madras] ; Hume S,-Inglis,
Str. F. ix. p. 258 (1880) [Dilkhushah, Cachar] ; Butler, Str. F. ix.
p. 423 (1880) [Bombay] ; Betd, Str. F. x. p. 63 (1881) [LucknowJ ;
Wenden, Str. F. x. p. 165 (1881) [Bombay, Pooua] ; Oates, Str.

20. EXCALFACTOUIA. 251

F. X. p. 286 (1882) [Lower Pefju] ; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 412
(1883) [Wvnaad, Kampur, Mysore]; Kelltum. Ibis, 1882, p. -j
[Malay Stati's] ; Dates, B. Burniah, ii. p. 'i'.'A (188-j) ; Midi.
J. f. O. 188.J, p. lUO [Salanga Is.]; Jltime, Str. F. xi. p. .'510
(1888) [Assam, Cachar, Sylhet, Manipur] ; Hartert, J.f. O. 1889,
p. 4.3J ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests ^- E. Ind. B. iii. p. 448 (1890).

Excalfactoria minima, Gould, P. Z. S. 18o9, p. 128 [Celebes]; id.
B. Asia, vii. pi. 7 (1867) ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 87 (1872),
ix. p. 224 (1875) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vii. p. G7.5 (187;j),
xviii. p. 9 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. iii. p.' 2.5-5 (1882) ; Pleske, Bull.
Acad. Petersb. xxix. p. 536 (1884) [Ternate]; Salvad. Agy. Orn.
Pap. pt. iii. p. 195 (1891).

Syncecus sinensis, Newton, Ibis, 1861, pp. 116, 275 [Mauritius^.

Coturnix caineana, Swinh. Ibis, 1865, pp. 351, 542 [Swatow] ; id.
Ibis, 1870, p. .3(30,

Coturnix (Excalfactoria) chinensis, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus.
p. 63 (1867) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 269 (1870).

Coturnix (Excalfactoria) minima, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus.
p. 63 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 269 (1870).

Excalfactoria sinensis, Hume Sf Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 447 (1878)
[Pakclian, Malawoon] ; Binyham, Sir. F. ix. p. 196 (1680) [Kau-
Karyit, Moulmein, Thounpryeen].

? Excalfactoria sp., Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 257 (1882).

Adult male. ^liddle of the head, nape, back, and rump brown,
with vormiculations and subterminal bars and blotches of black :
most of the feathers below the nape with whitish shafts, widest on
the lower back and rump. (In very old examples the shaft-stripes
entirely disappear.) Forehead, sides of the crown and head and
nock, lesser and median winj^-coverts, and upper tail-coverts more or
less washed with dark slate-blue. Outer webs and ends of the outer
median wing-coverts bright chestnut. Primaries, secondaries, and
their coverts brown ; the outer webs of the secondaries and of their
coverts sandy, faintly vcrmiculated with brownish ; a wliite Ijand
from the nostril to the eye ; chin and throat black, a white band
edged with black on either side ; fore part of tlie neck white,
edged with black ; upper part of the chost, sides of the breast, sides
and Hanks slate-blue, rest of the underparts rich chestnut. (In
very old si)ecimens the chestnut on the underparts gradually takes
the place of the slate-blue till very little of the latter remains.)
Tail chestnut. Total length o-2 inches, wing 2-8, tail 1*1,
tarsus '8.

Vounrfcr male.'} have the general colour of the upper parts
browner than in the adult, the black markings larger and more
numerous, and almost all the feathers with a pale buff or white
shaft^stripc ; down the middle and along either side of the head the
shaft-stripes of the feathers form pale bands. The wing-coverts
resemble the plumage of the back, and only one or two show traces
of chestnut on the margins of the outer webs : the edges of the
black and white markings on the throat and neck are less sharply
defined. On the underparts the slate-blue predominates, and on
the sides and flanks is mixed with sandy and spotted with black.
Tail slate-blue, edged with chestnut.

PHASIANIDJ3.

Adult female. Upper surface resembles that of the young male, but
the forehead, wide superciliary stripes, and cheeks are rufous buff ;
the chin, throat, and lore part of the neck are white, shading into
rufous buff towards the sides ; rest of underparts buff", paler
towards the middle of the breast and belly ; chest, sides, and flanks
barred with black. (In very old examples the barring on the
chest nearly disappears.)

Immature females have the feathers of the upper breast and sides
spotted. As age increases these spots resolve themselves inlo
transverse black bars.

Hah. Ceylon, Indian Peninsula, the Indo-Chinese countries,
Formosa, Celebes, Ternate ; ? Hainan.

a. 5 iium. sk.

Ceylon {H. Kevill).

Tweeddale Coll.

h. $ ad. sk.

Rampur, Mysore Eoads,
May (W. Davison).

Hume Coll.

c, d. 2 ad. et S

Eaipur, Feb. and April.

Hume Coll.

imm. sk.

e. c? ad. sk.

Lucknow, Oudh, Aug. (6^.
Jiekl).

Hume Coll.

/, (/. 2 ad. et cJ

Fyzabad.

Hume Coll.

imm. sk.

h-^>. S 2 ad, et

Nepal.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

imm. sk.

[P.].

q-t. c? 2 ad. et

Darjeeling.

Tweeddale CoU.

imm. sk.

u. c? ad. sk.

Darjeeling (Pearson).

India Museum [P.].

V. (S imm. sk.

Bhotao IJoars, Feb. (L.
Maiidelli).

Hume Coll.

w. cJ ad. sk.

Dacca.

Hume Coll.

.i-b\ cJ imm. sk.

Suddya, Assam, April and
May (/. Cockburn).

Hume Coll.

c'. 2 ad. sk.

Dibrughur, April {A. W.
Chennell).

Tweeddale Coll.

d', e'. 2 imm. sk.

Shillong, Dec. {J. Cock-
burn).

Ilume Coll.

/. S ad. sk.

Kliasia Hills, Jidy.

Hume Coll.

(J, h'. 2 ad. ; c?

Manipur,March(.-1.0.JEf.).

Hume Coll.

imm. sk.

i' . c? ad. sk.

Tongboo, Sept. (i? . G.
W. E.).

Tweeddale Coll.

j'-n'. 2 ad. et S

Lower Pegu, May, Juh',

E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

imm. sk.

Sept., Oct.

0. 2 ad. sk.

Malawoon, Tenasserim,
Jan. ( W. Davison).

Hume Coll.

p, q'. S ad. sk.

Pakchan, Jan. ( W. D.).

Hume Coll.

r, s'. (S ad. sk.

Province Wellesley, Dec.

Dr. A. McKinlay [P.].

t'-e". S 2 ad. et

Penang {Cantor).

India Museum [P.J.

imm. sk.

/". cJad.sk.

Qualla Lompob, Salangore,
May ( W. Davison).

Hume Coll.

(j"-dF'. c? 2 ad. et

Klang,Salangoie,Feb.-July

Hume Coll.

imm. et juv. sk.

( W. Davison).

e\p. cJ ad. sk.

Neealys, 31 miles from

Hume Coll.

Malacca, Oct. ( W. D.).

20. EXCALF.VCTORIA.

253

g'^-kK S 2 ad. sk.
P-o'. S 5 ad. sk.
p^, (f. 2 ad. sk.
>•'. (S ad. sk.

«'. cJ ad. sk.
t'-a'. d 2 ad. et

irnrn. sk.
b\ c'. 5 ad. et

(^ imm. sk.
dK J imm. sk.

c'-h\ 2 ad. et
cf imm. sk.

]\ralacca, July.
Malacca (Dr. Maiiif/a;/).
M-ilacca (Dr. Cantor).
Malacca.

Sinsrapore.

Sinjapore Is., Oct., Xor.
( W. Davison).

China.

Hume Coll.
T\veeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Capt. Stackhouse Pia-

will [P.].
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

J. R. Ueeves, Esq. [P.].

Takow, Formosa, Dec. (R. Seebohm Coll.

Switihoe) .
Makassar, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq.

(Types of £. minima, Gould.)

Subsp. a. Excalfactoria lineata.

Cotuvnix pliilippensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 25J, pi. xxv. fig. 1 (17G0).
La Caille des Philippines, DAuhent. Fl. Enl. ii. pi. 51. Too. I2G] tig. 2.
La Petite Caille de I'lsle de Lufon, Sonnerat, Voy. N. Gain. p. 54,

pi. L'4 (1770).
Manilla Quail, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. ii. p. 790 (1783) ; id. Gen.

Jlisf. viii. p. -321 (1823).
Oriolus lineatus. Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 87 (1786).
Tetrao manillensis, Ginel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 764 (1788).
Perdix manillensis, Laf/i. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 655 (1790).
Coturuix manillensis, Bonn. Tab. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 221, pi. 97.

tig. 4 (1791).
Tetrao chineusis, Ilm/e^, Oderl. Mmafj. pi. 50 [text] (1794).
Teli-ao sinensis, Ilaffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 324 (1822) [Sumatra].
Ciu'stnut-bellied I'artridge [cJ], Undulated Partridge [$], Lath.

Gen. Hist. viii. p. 305 (1823).
Coturnix nana, Schinz, Nat. Abbild. To//, p. 275 (1833).
Synoicus ? chinensis, Gould, B. Amir. v. pi. 92 [text] (1848) ;

' Digqles, B. Aiistr. ii. pt. xx. pi. 96 [text] (1868).
Coturnix chinensis, Sclat. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 221 [Borneo].
E.xcalfactoria chinensis, ? TValden l^ Lai/ard, Ibis, 1872, p. 106

[Negi-os]; Salrad. Ucc. Borneo,-p. 311 (1874); Walden, Tr.Z.S.ix.

£, 224 (1875) [Philippines] ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1878, p. 419 [Sarawak,
anjermassing] ; id. P. Z. 8. 1879, p. 350 [Labuan] ; Xichok.
Ibis, 1881, p. 155 [Java], 1883, p. 255 [Sumatra]; Kiitter, J.f. O.
1883, pp. 293, 316 [Philippine Is.] ; Wardlaio-Bamsaij, Ibis, 1884,
p. 331 [Manilla! ; Grabows. Oniis, 18S5, p. 161 fS.E. Borneo] ;
luitfer, J. f. 0. 1885. p. 353 [Borneo] ; Guillem. P. Z. 8. 1885,
pp. 272 j;Sulu Is.], 416 [Silam]; Wardlaiu-Bamsai/, Ibis, 1886,
p. 160 [Manilla]; Everett, P. Z. 8. 1889, p. 225 [Palawan];
Whitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 57 [Palawan]; 8/iarpe, Ibis, 1890,
pp. 140, 284 [Labuau, Ivina Balii].

Excalfactoria australis, Gould, Handh. B. Austr. ii. p. 197 (1805) ;
Ilanmiii, Ibi-s 1868, p. 279 [Sydney]; id. P. Z. 8. 1876,
p. 119 [X.E. Queensland]; id. Tab. List Ami. B. p. 19 (1888);
North, N. Sf E. B. Austr. p. 291 (1889).

Coturnix (Excalfactoria) australis. Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus.
p. 6.-! (1867) ; ("</. ILvtd-l. B. ii. p. 269 (1870).

Coturuix sinensis, 8ivinh. Ibis, 1869, p. 348 [Formosa].

254

PHASIANID^.

Svnoicus (Excalfactoria) sinensis, Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i.
'p. 186 (1876).

Adult male. Upper parts much darker than in the male of
E. chinensis, and more strongly blotched with black ; plumage
otherwise similar.

Adult female. Upper parts with much more black than in the
female of E. chinensis. Underparts darker and much more strongly
barred with black.

Hab. Philippines, Palawan, Sulu Islands, Borneo, Java, Sumatra,
Australia.

a-c. cJ imm. et M&mWa {Maitland Seriot).

juv. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk. Taguso, Palawan, June.

e-ff. d 2 ad. et Labuan.

imm. sk.
h. cT ad. sk.
i-ni. c? 2 ad. sk.
?i-2}. (S 2 ad. sk.

g, r. 2 ad. sk.

s. cT ad. sk.
t. tS ad. sk.
u~x. S 2 ad. sk.

y-a'. 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
v. 2 ad. sk.
c', d'. (S 2 ad. sk.
e'-h'. S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.

Sarawak, Borneo.
Busau, Sarawak.
Sumatra.

Gilolo.

Australia.
Australia.

Somerset, Cape York
( Cocherell S,- Thorpe).
Queensland.

Moreton Bay.

[N. S. Wales.]
S. Australia.

Tweeddale Coll.

J. Whitehead, Esq.

[P.].
I'ssher and Everett

Colls.
Eajah Brooke [P.].
Everett Coll.
A. K. Wallace, Esq.

^ ^^■]-

Tweeddale and "VN allace

Colls.
Gould Coll.
Sir E. Belcher [P.].
Salvin-Godman and

Tweeddale Colls.
Salvin-Godman and

Tweeddale Colls.
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Sir G. Grey [P.]

2. Excalfactoria lepida.

Excalfactoria sinensis, Ramsay (nee Linn.), P. Limi. Soc. N. S. W.

i. p. 371 (1876) [New Ireland].
Excalfactoria lepida, Hartl. Sitz. Ver. Hamb. vii. p. (1879) fMioko,

Duke of York Is.]; Sali:in ^- Scl. Ibis, 1880, p. 135; Reich. 6r

Schal. J. f. 0. 1880, p. 101 ; Salvad. Atti R. Ace. Sc. Tor. xvi.

p. 625 (1881); id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 9 (1882); id.

Orn. Pap. iii. p. 256 (1882); id. Agg. pt. iii. p. 195 (1891);

Finsch, Toe/, d. Siidsee, p. 20 (1884) [New Britain] ; Tristr. Cat.

C'o«. ^'. p."34(1889).
Excalfactoria chinensis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p.

Group].
? Syncecus australis, Layard, Ibis, 1880, p.

New Britain].
Coturnix sinensis, Finsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 539.

Adult male. The upper parts are darker than those of the true
E. chinensis, and similar to those of the subspecies E. lineata. There
is no trace of chestnut on the upper wing-coverts and all the under-
parts are slate-blue, except the lower part of the belly, thighs, vent,

447 [Duke of York
302 [Blanche Bay,

i

21. PTiLorAcnys. 555

and under tail-coverts. Total length 4-S inches, -wing 2-7, tail -9,
tarsus "7.

Hah. New Britain, New Ireland, Duke of York Group.

a. i5 ad. sk. New Britain (Lieut. liichards). Tweeddale Coll.

h. j imm. sk. New Britain, June (Kleinschmidt). Godetfroy Mus.

3. Excalfactoria adansoni.'

Coturnix adan?onii, 7>;v. lii'c. et Mcig. de Zool. 18-51, p. .51-5

[Gaboon]; Haiti. Si/st. Orn. W.-A/r. p. 204 (1857); lieicA.

J. f. O. 1874, p. 383, 1875, p. 48 [Gold Coast, Cameroons];

iSfuirpe's ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. (306 (1884) [Kingwilliams-

town] ; Reich. J.f. O. 1890, p. 109 [Cameroons].
Excalfactoria adan.sonii, Bonap. C. B. xlii. p. 881 (1856) ; Grant,

Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) ix. p. 167 (1892).
Coturnix (Excalfactoria) adansonii, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus.

p. 63 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 269 (1870).
Coturnix emini, Beich. Alh/. deut.sc7i. orn. Ges. Berlin, Bericht x.

(7tb Dec, 1891) p. 3; id. J.f. 0. 1892, p. 18, pi. 1. fig. 3 (d)

[Bukoba, Victoria Nyanza].

Adult male. Differs from the male of E. cJiincnsis in having the
whole of the upper parts blackish brown washed with slate, except
the wing-coverts, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, sides, and flanks,
which are bright chestnut, especially the outer wing-coverts, with a
slate-grey shaft-stripe down each feather ; the middle of the back
blotched with black. (In very old specimens these marks disappear.)
The white patch on the fore part of the neck larger and extending
further down on the chest ; and the rest of the underparts very
dark slate-grey. Total length 5-2 inches, wing 2-9-3, tail 1-1,
tarsus '8.

Adult female. Very similar to the female of the subspecies E.
lineata, but the wing-coverts and scapulars are more distinctly
barred with black. The average wing-measurement is 3'l-3'2.

Hab. Africa, south of about 5° north latitude.

a-ff. S 2 ad. et Accra, July (J. Stnitit). Shelley Coll.

imm. sk.

h-l. d 2 ad. et Gaboon. Shelley Coll.

imm. sk.

m. 2 ad- sk. Natal (Gordye)." Shelley Coll.

n, 0. cJ ad. sk. Pinetown, March (T. L. Ayres). Sharpe Coll.

21. PTILOPACHYS.

Type.

Ptilopnchiis, Sicaint. Class. B. ii. p. 344 (1837) P. fuscus.

PetrogiiUiis, /. E. Gray, Ma., fide Jard. Sf Selb. III. Orv.

(n. s.) text to pi. x%-i. (1837) P. fuscus.

Ptilophachys, iSY/jcA/. Ann. Mag. X. H. vii. p. 37 (1841) . . P. fuscus.

Soxes similar.

Tail composed of 14 feathers, rather long and rounded, and more
than i the length of the wing.

256 PHASIAXID^,

Tarsus slioiter than the middle toe and claw, and not armed with
a spur.

Claws short and rounded.

A naked space round the ej'e.

Banrje. Africa : from Senegambia and the Gold Coast to Kordofan,
Abyssinia, and the Siik Countrj".

1. Ptilopachys fuscus.

Eufous-breasted Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hid. viii. p. 296 (1823).
Biift-breasted Partridge, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 296 (1823).
Calid Quail, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 317 (1823).
Perdix fusca, rieill. Tail. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 366 (1823) ; id. Gal.

cles Ois. ii. p. 40, pi. ccxii. (1825) ; Jard. 4' Selb. Lll. Orn. (new

series) pi. xvi. (1837).
Perdix ventralis, Valenc. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxviii. p. 435 (1825)

[Senegal] ; jRiipj}. A". Wirhelt., Voff. p. 11 (1835).
Petrogallus fuscus, J. E. Gray, MS., in Jard. >§• Selb. Lll. Orn. (new

series) text to pi. xvi. (1837).
Ptilopacbus erytbrorbTnclius. Swains. B. of W. Afr. ii. p. 220 (1837) ;

id. Class. i?."ii. p. 344 (1837).
Ptilopaclius fuscus, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 31 (1844) ; id.

Gen. B. iii. p. 505 (1846); Hartl. Syst. Om. W.-Afr. p. 203 (1857) j

id. J.f. O. 1861, p. 267 [Bissao].
Ptilopacbus ventralis, Bi'ipp. Vog. N.O.-Afr. p. 105 (1845)

[Kordofan and West Abyssinia] ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 504 (1846) ;

id. List Galliwe Brit. Mus. p. 45 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 263

(1870) ; Shelley ^- Buckley, Ibis, 1872, p. 292 [Accra].
Ptilopachys ventraHs, Henyl. Orn.\ N.O.-Afr. iii. p. 879 (1873);

Sliarpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 553 [Ngobota, Siik Country].

Adult male and female. Top of the head brown, shading into
sienna on chest and mantle, each feather with a dark band down the
shaft ; those of the head are also margined with brownish white,
while those of the other parts hare a submarginal baud of whitish,
and are ii'regularly barred with brown towards the margins.
Eest of the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts duU brown, finely
vcrmiculated with whitish. Scapulars and lesser and median wing-
coverts the same, but more coarsely marked with white and inter-
mixed with sienna towards the middle. Primaries and secondaries
and their coverts brown, finely mottled on the outer and slightly on
the inner web with rufous. Superciliary stripes, cheeks, chin,
throat, and neck dark brown, margined with whitish. Middle
of the breast imiform buft' ; sides of the breast, sides and Hanks
chestnut, irregularly and transversely barred towards the margins
of the webs with dark brown and white. Thighs dark brown,
irregularly barred with white ; belly and under tail-coverts dark
brown, the latter fringed with dirty white. Tail dark brown,
faintly mottled, especially on the inner feathers, with rufous bufi".

Mede. Total length ll"inches,''wing 5-2, tail 3-6, tarsus 1-2,

Female. Total length 9-5 inches, wing 4-7, tail 3-1, tarsus 1-1.

Huh. Same as that of the genus.

22. BAMBUSICOLA. 257

«, />. Ad.ot inira. sk. West Afriea. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Senegal. Riocour Coll.

(Type of the species.)

d. Ad. sk. Gambia.

e-k. Ad. sk. Accra, Feb., March {G. E. S. Shelley Coll.

4- T. E. Buckleii).

I. Ad. sk. Niger (/iaikie). ' Shelley Coll.

tn-o. Ad. sk. Abyssinia (Esler). Shelley Coll.

22. BAMBUSICOLA.

Type.
Bambusicola, Gould, P.Z. S. 1862, p. 28o 13. thoracica.

Sexes similar.

Tail composed of 14 feathers, rather loug and wedge-shaped, more
than three-fourths of the length of the wing, the outer pair of
feathers being about two-thirds of the length of the middle pair.

1st primarj- much shorter than the 10th, which is equal to or
rather shorter than the 2nd. ijth is slightly longest.

Males (and sometimes females) with a pair of spurs.

Claws like those of FrciiicoUnns.

liange. Indo-Chinese countries and Formosa.

Ke;/ to the Species.

A. Superciliaiy stripe baft ; priiuary-quills mostly

chestnut fytchii, p. 257.

B. Superciliary stripe grey ; primary-quills dark

blackish brown.

a. Cheeks and ear-coverts rufous chestnut thoracica, p. 258.

b. Cheeks and ear-covei"ts dark grey sonorivox, p. 259.

1. Bambusicola fytchii.

Banibusicdla fvtchii, Anders. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 214, pi. xi. [Ponsee,
Yunnan]: /iicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 400: Godicin-Aiiste/i, P. Z. S.
1874, p. 44 ; Bli/f/i i,- Waldeu, Cat. Mamm. S,- B. Burma, p. 151
(1875) ; David if'Omtal. Ois. Chine, p. ;J'J4 (1877) [S.W. Sze-chuen] ;
Hume, Str. F. v. p. 493 (1877) ; Anderson, Yunnan, ii. Birds,
p. t>73, ])1. hv. (1878) ; Hume Sr ^farsh. Game B. ii. p. 97, pi.
(1879) ; Fytche, Burma, ii. pi. iv. (1879) : Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Ill
(1879); (V?. Sir. F. xi. p. :i08 (1888) [E. Manipur] ; Grant, Ibis,
1892. p. 389.

Bambusicola JKipkinsuni, Godicin- Austen, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 44 ; id.
J. .l.--. Soc. Bent/, xliii. pt. ii. p. 172 (1874) [Khasia Hills] ; Hume,
Str.F. iii. p.399 (1875;.

Adult male and female. Top of the head reddish brown, ochraceous
on the lores : nape dark sienna, each feather with a wide chestnut
stripe down the middle ; upper back olivaceous brown, each feather
with a wide dark chestnut band down tiie centre, and often
vermiculated or dotted with white on the margin. Scapulars and
lesser and median wing-coverts pale brown, with irregular bars of
buff and fine vermiculations of black, a large subterminal dark
chestnut and black patch and a whitish-butf margin. Lower back,

VOL. XXII. s

258 pnAsiANiD^.

rump, and upper tail-coverts pale olive-brown, finely vermiculated
with lighter colour and black, some of the longer upper tail-coverts
being also spotted along the shaft with black. Primaries and second-
aries and their coverts light chestnut, darker towards the extremities
of both webs ; the secondaries and their coverts narrowly margined
and irregularly barred with buiF. Ear-coverts chestnut (in some male
specimens black), superciliary stripe, sides of face, chin, and throat
buff or pale rust-coloured. Feathers of the chest olive-brown, with a
chestnut shaft-patch at the extremity, and a white blotch on either
margin. Breast and rest of underparts pale buff; sides, flanks, and
under tail-coverts with large black subterminal heart-shaped spots.
Tail-feathers reddish brown, the middle pairs irregularly barred and
mottled with buff. Male provided with a pair of spurs, female
generally without. Upper mandible deep brown, lower brown ; iris
orange-hazel. Legs and feet grey, pale brownish grey, or dark.

Male. Total length 12-3 iuches, wing SS, tail 4-4, tarsus 1-9.

Female. Total length 11*5 inches, wing S'B, tail 4*2, tarsus 1*7.

Immatare specimens differ in having buff shaft-stripes on the
feathers of the back of the neck, back, wing-coverts, and scapulars,
and the rump and upper tail-coverts with larger subterminal black
spots, often running some distance up the shaft.

JIab. N.E. India. Garo, Khasia, and Naga Hills, also the hills
of N. Cachar, E. Manipur, and Kachin to S.W. Sze-chuen.

a-ff. (^ 2ad.,inmi., Shillong, Aug., Oct., Nov., Dec. Hume CoU.

et pull. sk. (J. Cockburn).

h. cJad.sk. Naga HiUs, Jan. (^. 7F. CAe/me/Z). Tweeddale Coll.

i, k. S 2 ad. sk. Manipur, April, May {A. 0. H.). Hume CoU.

/. 2 ad. sk. Ponsee, Kachin Hills, April. Dr. J. Anderson

[P.].

m. Pull. St. [3 days old]. Zool. Soc. Coll.

2. Bambusicola thoracica.

Perdix thoracica, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 335, 723 (1815) ; Blyth,

Cat. B. Mtts. As. Soc. p. 607 (1849) ; Gray, List Gallime Brit. Mus.

p. 58 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 267, no. 9699 (1870); id. Fasc.

B. China, p. 6 (1871) ; David, N. Arch. Mus. Bull. vii. p. 11 (1871)

[Sze-chuen].
Perdix sphenura. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. '2 (1844) ; id. Fasc. B. China,

pi. viii. (1871).
Arborophila sphenura, Gray, List Gall. B. iii. p. 38 (1844).
Francolinus thoracicus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 505 (1846).
Francoliaus sphenuius, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 506 (1846).
Starna thoracica, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 883 (1856).
GaUoperdix sphenura, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 882 (1856).
Bambusicola sphenura, Gould, F. Z. S. 1862, p. 285.
Arboricola bambusffi, Stcinh. Ibis, 1862, p. 259 [Hills of Foochow].
Bambusicola thoracica, Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 307 ; id. Ibis, 1863,

pp. 400, 401 [Foochow] ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 400 ; David ^- Oust.

Ois. Chine, p. 393 (1877) [S. China, Fokien to Sze-chuen and S.

Shen-si] ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 329 [Lower Yangtse basin]; Grant,

Ibis, 1892, p. 389 ; De la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 494 [Foochow

and Swatow Hills].

22. B.VMBUSICOLV. 259

Adult male and female. Top of the bead umber-brown, usually
some of the feathers with subtermiual rufous spots ; forehead and
lores grey ; back of neck brownish grey, shading into pale olive-
brown on the rest of the upper parts ; most of the feathers of the
upper back ■with a wide, tri;ingular, terminal, chestnut shaft-patch.
Wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries irregularly barred,
vermiculated, and spotted with buff, the scapulars with large sub-
terminal dark or very dark chestnut blotches, margined with black
and butf ; sonic of the upj)er scapulars are also spotted with white.
Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with faint, wavy, trans-
verse bars of dusky. Quills and their greater coverts blackish grey ;
the outer webs of the primaries, inner secondaries, and their coverts
irregularly margined and mottled with buff. A pale grey super-
ciliary band passing down the side of the neck and dividing the
brownish nape from the sides and front of the neck, which with the
sides of the face, chin, and throat are bright rufous chestnut. Chest
grey, with fine transverse lines of black, and edged below with
rufous chestnut. Rest of the uuderparts bright or pale buff ; most
of the feathers of the sides and flanks with a large or moderate
subterminiU transverse spot or bar of dark chestnut and black or
black. Tail dull chestnut ; both webs of the middle feathers and
the outer webs of the outer feathers irregularly barred and mottled
with buff. Bill blackish grey, with broad pale tip ; iris rich
brown ; eyelid brown ; legs and claws light greenish grey.

Male. Total length 11-8 inches, wing o--t, tail 3-8, tarsus 1-7.

Female. Total length 10-S inches, wing 5*2, tail 3-5, tarsus 1-6.

In younger specimens the chin and throat are mixed with buff
feathers, and the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts arc spotted
with dark chestniit and black.

Hab. 8. China ; Fokien to Sze-chuen and S. Shen-si.

a-c. c? ad, et imni. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq.

sk. [P.].

d. 9 ad. St. China. J . R. Reeves, Esq.

[P.].

e. S ad. sk. China. Gould Coll.

/. $ ad. sk. Foochow, May {It. Swinhoe). Tweeddale Coll.

g. S ad. sk. Shaughai, Jan. F. W. Stvau, Esq.

[P.}. ■
h. cS ad. skel. China. Zool. Soc. Coll.

3. Bambusicola sonorivox.

Banibusicola sonorivo.x, Gould, P. Z. S. 18(32, p. 285 [Formosa] ;

Stvin/ioe, Ihi.", 18(i:3, pp. 208, 399 ; Gould, B. Asia, vi. pi. (53 (1864) ;

SiHn/we, Ibis, 1865, p. 542, 1866, pp. 134, 404, 405, 406; Grant,

Ibis, 1^9l^ p. 389.
Perdi-Y sonoiivox, Grai/, List Gallina Brit. Mux. p. 58 (1867); id.

Iland-l. B. ii. p. 26'7, no. 9700 (1870) ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871,

p. 400.

Adult male and female. General plumage resembles that of B.
thoracica, but is altogether richer and darker, and may be at once

260

PHASIANID^.

distinguished \)y having only the chin and throat chestnut, the sides
of the face darkish gre)^ like the superciliary stripes and sides of
the neck, instead of bright rufous chestnut, aud the general colour
of the breast and belly ochraceons buff, each feather with a sub-
terminal transverse spot or bar of bright chestnut usually margined
with blackish. Bill leaden black, brownish white at the tip of the
upper mandible ; legs and feet dark brownish olive-green.

Male. Total length 10 inches, wing 5-3, tail 3-8, tarsus 1-6.

Female. Total length 9'6 inches, wing 5'1, tail 3'5, tarsus I'O.

Hab. Island of Formosa.

a,b.c?2 fid. sk.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d, e. c? ad. st.

North Formosa, March {B.

Stoinhoe).
North Formosa {R. Swinhoe).
Formosa.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

R. Swinhoe, Esq.

[C.].

23. GALLOPERDIX.

Type.

Galloperdi.Y, Blyth, J. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. pt. 2, p. 936

(1844) G. lumilata.

Hepburuia, Reichenh. Nat. Syst. Vog. p. xxviii (1852) . . G. lunulata.

Plectroperdix, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 293 (1890). G. kuudata.

Sexes different.

Tail composed of 14 feathers, fairly long, rounded, the outer
feathers more than an inch shorter than the middle pair.

1st primary is much shorter than the 2ad, which is equal to or
shorter than the 10th ; 5th and Gth slightly the longest.

Tarsi rather longer than the middle toe and claw, and armed in
the male with two and sometimes with three pairs of spurs. In the
female one pair of spurs is developed, rarely two, though one or
other of the tarsi may be armed with two spurs.

Axillaries short.

A large naked space before and around the eye.

Range. India and Ceylon.

Key to the Species.

I. With two or three pairs of spurs. (Males.)

A. Top of the head brown, without white mark-

ings ; mantle chestnut, edged with pale sandy
brown ; breast chestnut, with or without
grey spots spadicea, p. 261.

B. Top of the head black, with white shaft-stripes

or spots.

a. Mantle chestnut, each feather with a sub-

terminal white ocellus surrounded by a

black ring ; breast buff, spotted with black, lunulata, p. 263.

b. Mantle black, with white shaft-stripes ; breast

white, more or less edged with black .... bicalcarata, p. 2G4.

23.

CiALLOJ'EKDIX.

II. Witl

C

Without a pair of spurs, sometimes
with three si,iir.s (twoou one leg and one on the
^ i>Uier), rarely with two pairs. (Females.)
'. l^pper parts more or less strongly marked with
black ; breast chestnut, with black tips to tlie

leathers '

U. Upper parts uniform or very hnely\-ermicu'lated
With black.
c Back dull olive-brown ; chest ochraceous
d. Uack and breast chestnut, finely vermiculated
with black ...

261

simdicva, p. 2G1.

huudatu, p. 2G3.
bicalcavata, p. 264.

1. Galloperdix spadicea.

^^"l./l<^9'?i7Sf' '^^ Madagascar, Sonnemt, Vorj. Ind. Orient, ii.
Brown Alrican Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 759 (1783)
Tetrao spadiceus, Gmel. 8. N. i. pt. ii. p. 7o9 (1788) ^ ''

«;J;f J'^dicea, 5««,.«^ 2W ^,,ey./. Meth. i. p. 208(1791) ; Temm.

I'erdi.x si-adiceus, Gray, in Griff, vd. On: iii. p. 47 (1829)
iM-ancohnus spadiceus, Gray, III. Ind. Orn. ii pi. ]•>. h^' 2 (18341 ■
Lei<s. in Behmy. Toy. Ind. Orient, p. 272 (1834)- Jerd mZL-

rolyplectron northia-, Gray, III. Ind. Orn. ii. pi. 43. fi<r. 1 (1834)
I haginis northuxs Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 32 (1844 ^'
Kliaginis madagascariensis, Gray (nee Tetrao madagarensis, Seon)

Lst ofB. pt. i„. Gall. p. 32 (1,-44) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. .504 (1846 '
Gal operdix spadiceus, Blytk, CaK Mas. A... Soe. p. 241 (1849)

Ooald, B As. VI. pi. 68 (18-54) ; Jerd. B Ind. iii. V 541 863 •

>^(. vhandala, Mahableshwar, and Ghat rangefv. p'409
(.S'O.Palam fills]; Ball, Sir. F. v. p. 418 (1877) (T^etween
Mahaiudi and Godavari Kivei.] ; MarX B. Nest.IrT^'l^

t " "ns-; '}/■ '"• f- ^i l^^''^) [I'eccan ,'i.W/,67;..7.: S
U ^ .t--^'^H ; ^ '*'/. •-*>''•■ ^•. i-x. p. 76 (18.S0) rs. Konkanl ■ Batler
%'r- J "• ^-^i: i}-"^ [R^''''' '^"^l S. Mahiittacoun ^^;' ^S'

KN^-), p. 131 [Central India] ; Taylor, Sfr. F. x. p. 464 rMan/eera-
(INN Uralani flills] ; Oate,, ed. Burners Nests ^- Eyys, iii. ^i I23

"gasca4 '^'^'''''' ^'"'''' ^'"''' ^''"■' ^'*^"'^''^- P- ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^'^^'^*-
Ithaginis spadiceus. Gray, List Gnllince Bnt. Mus. p. 47 (1867) • id

Iland-l. B. 11. p. 264 (1870) U<?o/; , la.

Galloperdix spadicea, /.Vy//,, /6,V. I8(i7, ,,. 157 Oudh. Gorakhpurl-

^S.'S9;p:%<?-''^ [CardamuiJlliHsJ; Mair.t, Buu'll\

^IS''p"S4ll875)"'' ^''"' ^''- ^- "• P- '-^ (^^"^^ ^^^^'^ Nagpur],

262

PHAPIANID.^.

Adult male *. Lores and forehead sandy buff, shading into dark
brown on the top and back of the head ; nape paler brown ; rest of
the upper parts rufous chestnut ; most of the feathers, especially
those of the mantle, margined with pale greyish brown ; and the
wing-coverts, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts finely
vermiculated with biaek. Quills brown, except the outer webs of
the secondaries, which resemble the coverts ; rest of the head and
neck pale greyish brown, shading into whitish on the chin and
throat ; underparts chestnut or rufous chestnut, each feather mar-
gined with pale sandy brown or buff. Many specimens have a
larger or smaller patch of feathers in the middle of the breast,
ornamented with ash-grey centres ; these markings have apparentlj'
no reference to age, locality, or season. Under tail-coverts chestnut,
vermiculated with black. Tail blackish brown, the centre pair of
feathers and the outer webs of the second and third pairs mottled
with rufous ; legs and feet coral-red ; bill dusky red at the base,
horny towards the tip. Total length 14-6 inches, wing 6-3, tail 5-4,
tarsus 1-7.

An immature male has the plumage of the adult, but the upper
parts and breast are intermixed with feathers resembling those of
the female, and the spurs on the tarsi are wart-like or absent.

Adult female differs from the male in having all the upper parts,
especially the mantle and wing-coverts, mottled and irregularly barred
with black, most strongly marked in specimens from Southern India.
The feathers of the neck and underparts tipped with black, and all
the tail-feathers mottled with rufous or buff. Tarsi sometimes
withoiit sjjurs, usually with a pair and often two.

Hah. Peninsula of India ; Madagascar, introduced.

a-g. d $ ad. sk.

h, i. S 2 ad. sk.
k,l. d2 ad. sk.
m-o. (S 2 ad. et J

imm. sk.
p. c7 ad. sk.

q. c? ad. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
s. 2 ad. sk.

t-v. r7 ad., $ injm.

sk."
U-, .r. J 2 inmi. sk.

Mount Aboo, May, July {G.

Kivff).
Deccan [Col. Sykes).
Matheian, 1 "eb.
Maliablesliwar, April, May

(H. J. Bruce).
Mabablesbwar, May [S. B.

Fairbank).
S. Konkan, Feb. (G. VicM).
Bc^'^mm,^^]^. {E.A.Butler).
Goa Frontier, April (S. B.

Fairbank).
Malabar Coast.

Calicut.

Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].
Col. Lloyd [P.].
Hume Cull.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

1

* Specimens from Mount Aboo are iindoubteclly somewhat paler tban those
from the Nilghiris. The males have the breasts and underparts generally paler
chestnut, and the females have the blnek markings paler and less di,<<tinct,
especially on the upper parts of the body. There cannot, lio-never, be the
shghtest ground foi- supposing that there are even two distinct races, much less,
species, as this variation in tint is fully accounted for by the diffierence in
climate, the annual rainfall on Mount Aboo being slight compared with that of
Calicut and the Malabar coatts, whence the most richly coloured birds in our
series were obtained.

23. GALLOPERDIX. 263

y. 2 ju^'- sk. Courjjf, Bramagherry Hilln, Iluine Coll.-

April ( W. Davimn).
z-i'. J $ ad. sk. Ootacamund, Jau. to April Hume Coll.

{W. Davison),
k'-vi. (5 5 ad. sk. Kota;?h«'rry, March ( W. Hume Coll.

Davisdn).
n'~t'. c{ $ ad. et Goonoov, 3 a.r\. {W. Davison). Hume Coll.
cj iiiim. sk.

u', w'. J ad. et imiii. Mv.'^ore, July. W. Davison, Esq.

sk. . ~ ^ ^p_-j_

w . cf ad. sk. Mj'sore, ^lay (If. Darison). Ilume Coll.

.1''. 2 ad.sk. Seegrore, Feb. {IF. Davison). Hume Coll.

y', s'. J ad. sk. Shevaroy Hills, Fob. j(-4. 6'. Hume Coll.

H. Theobald).

a"-c", cj" 2 ad. sk. Madras, .April ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.

d"-(/". c? 2 f^^l- sk. Seoni Forests, Feb. aud May Hume Coll.

(li. Thompson),

h". S ad. sk. Oudli. Hume Coll.

2. Galloperdix lunulata.

Curiia Partrid^^e, Lath. (i,-n. Hist. viii. p. 270 (1823).

I'erdi.x: lunulata, Valenc. Diet. Sci. Nat. xxxviii. p. 446 (1825) ; Gray,

in Grif. ed. Cuv. iii. p. 48 (1829) ; Less. Traite dOrn. p. 504 (1831).
Ptrdix hardwiekii. Gray, in Grif. ed. Cuv. iii. p. 48 (1829) ; id. III.

Ind. Zool. i. pi. 52 (1830-32).
Friiucolinus uivosus, De/essert, May. de Zool. Ois. pi. 18 [text] (1840) ;

id. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 100.
Francolinus hardwickii, Delessert, Voy. dans I'Inde, p. 26, pi. 10 (1843J.
Ithagiuis luuulalus, Grai/, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 32 (1844) ; id.

Gen. B. iii. p. 504 (l84(i) ; id. List Gallincc Brit. Mus. p. 47 (1867) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. ]). 264 (1870).
Galloperdix hu.ulosa, Bli/th, Cat. .Mas. As. Soc. p. 241 (1849) ; Gould,

B. As. vi. ])1. ti9 (18.54) ; Sclat. ^- Wolf, Zool. Sket. 2, pi. 41 (1861) ;

Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 382 [Maunbhuom].
Galloperdix lunulosiis, Jerd. B. Iml. iii. p. 543 (1863); Marsh. B.

Nest. Ind. p. 59 (1877) ; Hume ^- .Marsh. GameB. Ind. i. pi. (1878).
Galloperdix lunulatus, Hume, N. ^- D. Ind. B. p. 5.33 (1873); Ball,

Str. F. ii. p. 427 (l.'^74) [Chota Nagpur], v. p. 418 (1877) [Mahanadi

and Godaveri rivers], vii. p. 225 (1878) [Ganges to Godaveri] ;

IIu7ne ^ Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 255, pi. (1878); Markham,

8tr. F. ix. p. 206 (1880) [Allahabad]; Butler, Utr. F. ix. p. 422

(18.S0) [IVlgaum Dist.]; Davi.son, Str. F. x. ]). 4\0 (1883) [Nil-

ghirisj; Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 531 (1887) [OrissaJ; Gates, ed. Hume's

Nests '^ Eyys, iii. p. 425 (1890).

AduJt male. Top of the head black, more or less glossed with
dull purplish green, each feather with a white shaft usually ending
in a subterniinal white spot ; mantle, back, and rump chestnut, the
feathers, es])ecially of the former, with white black edged ocelli at
the extremity, but iti some examples these markings are nearly or
entirely absent on the lower back "and rump ; wing-coverts and
scapulars resemble the feathers of the mantle, but arc more or less
mixed with dark brown, glossed with dull purplish green. Quills dark
brown. Lores, sides and underparts of the head and neck white,
spotted and barred with black ; chin white. Chest, breast, and

264 PHASIANID^.

middle of belly buff, each feather with a black terminal si)ot, much
reduced in old examples ; sides and flanks like the back ; under tail-
coverts the same, but more mixed with black. Upper tail-coverts
and tail black, slightly glossed with purplish green. Legs and feet
grey ; bill blackish horn ; lower mandible paler. Total length
13*6 inches, wing 6-2, tail 4-8, tarsus 1-5.

Immature males differ from the above in having the greater part
of the wing-coverts and scapulars brownish black, glossed with
purplish green, and the chest and breast much more heavily spotted
■with black.

Adult female. Top of the head black, with chestnut shaft-stripes ;
neck and upper parts of the body dull olive-brown, most of the
feathers narrowly margined with dusky ; lores, superciliary stripes,
and cheeks mostly dark chestnut ; chin and throat chestnut or
chestnut mixed with buff, with a rather clearly marked buff band
on each side ; chest and breast ochraceous brown, shading into dull
olive-brown on the lower parts, most of the feathers with a small
blackish terminal spot or margin. Quills and tail as in the adult
male. Total length 12"6 inches, wing 5"9, tail 4*4, tarsus 1"4.

Immature females have the plumage of the upper parts finely
mottled and irregularly barred with chestnut and black ; the outer
secondaries and tail-feathers are more distinctly barred.

In still younc/er examples the breast and mantle are spotted
with buff.

Hab. Peninsula of India.

a, b. 5 ad. et India. India Museum [P.].

imm. sk.

c,d.S2 ad sk. N.W India. Capt. S. Pinwill[P.].

e. J ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].

/. § ad. sk. Parisnath Hills. Hume Coll.

g. (S ad. sk. Jubbulpur Dist. Tweeddale CoU.

h-r. (S ? ad. sk. Eaipur, Jan. Hume Coll.

s-«<'.cJ ?ad.,imni., Raipur. Hume Coll.

juv. et pull. sk.

v'-y'. (S 2 '^^- 6t Seoni. Hume Coll.

pull. sk.

z'. c? ad. sk. Madras. Hume Cull.

a". (S imm. sk. Metupallium, Sept. (i?. G. Tweeddale Coll.

W. R.).

b". c? ad. sk. Coonoor, Nov. W. Davison, Esq.

i

[P.].

3. Gallop erdix bicalcarata.

Perdix bicalcaratus, Penn. Ind. Zool. p. 40, pi. vii. (1769).

Perdix zeylouensis, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 7.59 (1788) ; Bonnat.

Encyd.'Meth. i. p. 210, pi. 93. fig. 3 (1791).
Perdix ceylonensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 644 (1790) ; Temm. Pig.

et Gall. iii. pp. 311, 718 (1815).
Cevlon Partridge, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 278 (1802) ; id. Gen.

Hist. vlii. p. 208 (1823).

24. opiiKYbiA. 265

Francoliiius ceylanensis, Less. Trai/e crOrn. p. ^04 (IfS.'il).
Gfillo])erdix zeyloiiensis, Hlyth, Cat. AIus. As. <S'oc. p. L!41 (1849) ;

Gould, B. As. vi. pi. 67 (1854); Hume, N. Sf E. hid. B. p. 535

(187;3).
GalUiperJix bic\alcai'ata, Laynrd, Ann. May. N. H. (2) xiv. p. lO^

(l8o4); Blyth, I/ji\ 18H7,'p. mS: IMdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 469;

Le(/(/e, Ibis, 1874, p. 26, 1875, p. 400 ; id. IJ. Cei/l. iii. p. 741, pi.

(1880).
Itba^iiii.s zevkinensis, Gray, List Gallincc Brit. Mus. p. 46 (1867) ;

id. lland-l. B. ii. j). 264 (1870).
Galloperdix bicalcavatus, Hume, Str. F. vii. pp. 430, 453 (1878) ;

Hume ^- Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 261, pi. (1878); Gates, ed.

Hume's Nests 8f Eygs, iii. p. 426 (1890).

Adult male. Top of the head, back and sides of the luck, mantle,
sides, and flanks black, each feather, especially of the three last,
with a wide white shaft-stripe ; lower back and rump dark
chestnut finely mottled with black; wing-coverts and scapulars the
same, but with the terminal part black with a shaft-stripe or sub-
terminal spot of white. Primaries and secondaries dark brown,
the latter mottled with chestnut on the outer web. Feathers of
the sides of tlie head white edged with black, of the chin and
throat white, of the chest black with a large white subterminal
patch, and of the middle of the breast and belly mostly white, more
or less widely edged with black according to age ; rest of the under-
parts blackish, mixed with whitish grey or rufous. Tail and upper
tail-coverts black. Naked skin round the eye, bill, legs, and feet
red. Tarsi armed with two pairs of long spurs, a third pair being
sometimes present. Total length 12 inches, wing 61, tail 4-5,
tarsus 2.

Adult female. Head blackish ; feathers of the forehead and sides
of the head with pale rufous centres ; chin and throat white ; quills
and tail very similar to those of the male, but the latter has the
feathers slightly mottled with rufous, liest of the plumage chestnut,
brightest on the breast, finely vermiculated with black. Tarsi with
or without a pair of spurs. Total length 10'8 inches, wing 5"6,
tail ."j-^, tarsus 1'9.

Hab. Ceylon.

a. cJ ad. sk. Ceylon. Purchased.

6, c. cJ 5 ad. sk. Ceylon. Ilunie Coll.

d-n. S $ad. sk. Ceylon (H. Xerill). Twoeddule Coll.

""?• (S 2 "d. sk. Uiigani Korale, W. Civlon, Hume Coll.

.luiu', Doc. (Hart).
r. J'lid. sk. Kuruwitty, Ceylon, Dec. {S. Tweeddale Coll.

Vhajmian).
s. Ad. skel. Ceylon.

24. OPHRYSIA.

Type.

Ophrysia, Bonap. C. Ii. xliii. p. 414 (1856) 0. superciliosa.

Malacortyx, B/;/t/i, Ibis, 1867, p. 313 (). .^uperciliosa.

Malacotuniix, Bli/t/i, I'. Z. S. 1807, p. 475 ( ). .-uperciliosa.

266

PBASIANID^.

Sexes different.

Tail composed of 10 feathers, -well-developed, wedge-shaped ;
outer pair of feathers two-thirds the length of the middle pair.
1st primary much shorter than 10th ; 5th or 6th longest.
Tarsus rather shorter than middle toe and claw.
Plumage long and soft.

Range. N.W. India.

1. Ophrysia superciliosa.

RoUulus superciliosus, Gray, Knowls. Menag., Aves, p. 8, pi. xvi.

(1846).
Ophrysia superciliosa, Bonap. C. R. xliii. p. 414 (1856) ; Hume, Str.

F. \'ii. p. 4.34 (1878) ; Hume 8; Marsh. Game B. Ind. ii. p. 105,

pi. (1879) piussoorie, Naini Tal].
Ptilopachus (Ophrysia) superciliosa, Gray, List Gallincs Brit. Mus.

p. 45 (1867).
Malacotui'nix superciliosus, Blyth, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 475 [Mussooree] ;

Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 8 (1868).
Malacortyx superciliaris, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 31-3.
Coturuix (Ophrysia) superciliosa, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 269 (1870).

Adult male. Middle of the crown and nape pale brownish grey,
each feather with a black shaft-stripe ; sides black, separated from
the black superciliarj' stripes on either side by a wide white band
confluent with its fellow on the fore part of the head, which is
also white ; rest of the upper parts, wing-coverts, and scapulars
grey, more or less washed with olive-brown, each feather margined
on the sides with black ; flight-feathers dark brown, the primaries
more or less mottled with rufous buff on the margin of the outer
webs ; a white spot before and behind the eye, and a white band
down each side of the throat commencing below the eye ; rest of
the plumage on the sides of the head, chin, and throat black ; rest
of underparts resemble the upper parts, but are somewhat greyer,
except on the sides and flanks ; under tail-coverts black, tipped and
evenly spotted on either web with white. Tail dark olive-brown ;
biU coral-red ; legs and feet dull red. Total length 9 inches,
wing 3-5, tail 3, tarsus 1.

Immature males differ from the adult in having the last secondaries
black, with a narrow buff shaft-stripe and transverse bars and marks
like those of the female; a few of the feathers of the middle of the
back are brown marked with black, and almost like those of the
female.

Adult female. Upper parts warm light brown ; some of the
feathers of the middle of the head and all those of the nape and
back of the neck with black shaft-stripes ; a black band on each
.side of the crown ; those of the back and rump with subterminal
1 riangular black spots edged above with bufl'. Upper tail-coverts
with irregular black blotches and intermediate buff bars along the
shaft ; the feathers of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
are also finely mottled with black ; wing-coverts and scapulars like
the back ; flight-feathers brown, mottled and irregidarly barred on

25. IXHAGEXES. OQ-T

and the Jast secondaries, which are barred on both webs Lores
supereihary stnpes and sides of the bead pale vinaeeous grej a
: hite spot before and behind the eye ; ear-coterts brown ChS and

Z ^^n'd tt; uY ""f^'^^'i ^^'^ ^^« '^-'^' but^afer 'ndmore
Wo;,/.! ^'^l^P'^' -J"/^^^ f^'^^i^^^ takes more the form of a
long o^aI ; some of the flank-feathers are flncly mottled with black •
on the under tail-coverts the black middle extends irrliaih to
lithbr/'T';/r*'rj ^"^ ^ack, finely mottled and ma ked

Tm % W 1 .'"f? ^'^ ^"'^^'"' ^^"^ ^•'^' t^^ 2-7, tarsus 1.

^/«6. iN.^^ . India, :Mussooree, and ^faini Tal.

'tum? si- "'^■' ^ •'^^P^^ij/^^uf-^ooree, June, Hume Coll.

e. 6 ad. sk. Budraj Mu.sooree, A'cv. Col. L'Estrange [P.].

, Q , . (J^- Mackmno7i). c l j

/. V ad. sk. Sherkadanda xXaini Tal, Dec. Hume Coll.

{Cancithen).

23. ITHAGENES.
Wiaginis, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1228 t ^-^P""-

Plectropus, Zm. Camp. Buffon vii W 'sv-^ ns-^-. T ^'■"''"t"^.

Ithagenes, ^,,„e^. .-/,, Tent. p. nT(?872 ^ ^ ' ' ' " r" "'"'"'"'■
^ -^ v-^°'^/ I. cruentu«.

about an inch shorter than tlic middle pair ^

Plumage long and soft, feathers lanceolate

K,if to the .S^^ecies.
A. I3rea,st pale green. {Males.)
a. I'onger median wing-coverts green
« ■ 1 liroat red . .
A'. Throat -ne^' cruentus, p. 268.

A. Longer me^lian wing:^overtsVust:eolour" ■;.■; ' ' " SwfV^^^'
15. Hreast not green. (Females.) »»>t>usu-, p. 2, 0.

" and throat^'''^""^ rust-colour; also the chin

iruoitwi, p. 268.

268 PHASIANID^.

d. Lores and forehead brownish.

c'. Throat brownish ; breast pale greyish brown,

finely vermiculated all over with brownish

black geoffroyi, p. 269.

d'. Throat dirty grey ; breast pale brownish biift",

with scarcely a trace of dark vermiculations . sinensis, p. 270.

1. Ithagenes cruentus.

Phasianus cruentus, Hardwicke, Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 237 (1822)

[Nepal HHls].
Sanguine Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 205 (1823j.
Perdix cruenta, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 31 [no. 332] (182o) ; Less.

Traite d'Orn. p. 504 (1831).
Phasianus gardneri, Hardwicke, Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 167 (1827)

[Valley of Nepal].
Lophophorus gardneri, Less. Man. WOrn. ii. p. 180 (1828).
Phasianus cruentatus, Gray, in Grijf. ed. Cuu. iii. p. 47 (1829).
Perdix gardneri, Gray, in Griff, ed. Cuv. iii. p. 47 (1829).
Ithaginis cruentus, War/l. Isis, 1832, p. 1228; Gray, List of B.

pt. iii. Gall. p. 31 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 504 (1846) ; Blyth,

Cat. Mas. As. Soc. p. 241 (1849); Gould, B. As. vii. p. 43 (1851) ;

Jerd. B. Lnd. iii. p. 522 (1863) ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 46

(1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 264 (1870) ; Elliot, Mon. Phas. ii.

pi. 30 (1872) ; Hmne ^- Marsh. Game B. Lnd. i. p. 155, pi. (1878) ;

Sadly, Str. F. viii. p. 343 (1879) [Nepal].
Perdix cruentatus, Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 112, pi. vii. (1834).
Ithaginis cruentatus, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ;

Gray, Cat. Hodgs. ed. i. p. 126 (1846).

Adult male. Lores and forehead black, top of the head buff or
rufous buff; nape and mantle grey, each feather with a white
shaft-stripe ; lower back, rump, scapulars, lesser and shorter
median wing-coverts the same, but the shafr-stripes are washed
with green and edged with black ; longer median wing-coverts have
in addition the whole of the terminal half washed with green;
upper tail-coverts widely margined with crimson. QuiUs and their
coverts dark brown, each with narrow white shafts, somewhat
dilated towards the extremity of the feather ; the secondaries are
narrowly margined on the outer web with whitish buff. Feathers
enclosing the bare space round the eye mostly black, in some
specimens partially margined with crimson ; ear-coverts and sides
of the neck white, edged with black ; chin, throat, and cheeks
crimson ; fore part of the neck greenish white, edged with black ;
chest and breast * pale green, usually some of the feathers edged
with crimson ; belly and sides darker, the feathers of the latter with
rather marked paler green shaft-stripes; flanks like the lower back;
under tail-coverts crimson, tipped with greenish white. Tail-
feathers white at the tip, shading into dusky brown towards the

* In specimens from Nepal the feathers of the chest and upper breast have
the sides widely margined with crimsoii ; this is also more or less well marked
in those from Native Sikhim ; but iu birds from Sikhim and Darjeeling these
crimson marks are only present on a few feathers, and often entirely absent.

25. ITHAQENES.

209

base, tho darker basal parts, except- in tlic outer pair, beinj^ mir-
rowly margined with a crimson fringe. Total length 15-0 inches,
■wing 8*3, tail GS, tarsus 2-f).

In yoiUKjer males without spurs the crimson of the chin and
throat is often mixed with black, the pale margins of the second-
aries are more broken and less defined, and the tail-feathers
are edged and mottled \vith black at the extremity.

In a (jHite i/oHur/ male the top of the head and throat are rufous
buff, many of the feathers tipped with duU crimson ; the plumage
is greyish above, brownish below, all the feathers with pale shaft-
stripcs with scarcely a trace of green, and the quills and tail-
feathers are dark brown, mottled with rufous and buff.

Adult female. Front and sides of the head, chin, and throat*
rust-colour, back of the head and nape slate-grey, upper parts
pale brown, finely mottled with blackish brown ; quills dark
brown, the secondaries mottled with palo rufous buff on the outer
web ; chest and rest of underparts reddish brown, paler on
the sides, flanks, belly, and under tail-coverts, and finely mottled
with blackish brown. Tail dark brown, mottled with pale rufous
buff. Total length 11-5 inches, wing ""T, tail 5-7, tarsus 2-3.

Hah. Higher regions of Nepal, Native Sikhira, Sikhim, and
Western Bhootan ; extending also into Thibet.

a, 6. J $ ad. sk. Nepal.

c-k. (S $ ad. sk. Nepal.

/. 9 imiu- sk.
m. S iiuiu. sk.
n-p. (S imra. et

juv. sk.
q-n. cf $ ad. et

imm. sk.
o'. 5 ad. sk.

p', q'. $ ad. et

pull. sk.
r'-b". S 2 ad. et

imm.sk.
c"-q". c? 9 ad. et

inun. sk.
r". Pull. sk.

N('])al.

Xhatmuudu, Nepal.

Dolaka, Nepal, Aug. (L. Man-
dell i).

Nat. 8ikhim,Feb.-Apr., Aug.,
Oct.-Uec. (Z. Maiidelli).

Intr. of Nat. Sikhim (L. Man-
delli).

Sikhim, May (£. Mandelli).

Intr. of Sikhim, June, Oct.

(Z. Mandelli).
DarjeeUng, April.

Thibet, Aug. (Z. MandeUi). Iliune Coll.

Major - Gen. Ilard-
wicke [P.].
(Types of the species.)
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll,

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

2. Ithagenes geoffi'oyi.

Ithaginis gooffroyi, Terr. Bull. Soc. dAcclun. (•!) iv. p. 706 (1807) ;
dray, Hand-l.' ii. p. l>04 (1870) ; Sclater, Ibi-s 1870, p. 297 [Ta-
tsien-lou]; David, N. Arch. Mas. Bull. vii. p. 11. no. .■?o8 (1871)
[Moupin, Sze-chuen]; Swinh. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 400 ; Gould, B.
As. vii. pi. 42 (1872) ; Elliot, Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 31 (1872) ; Sclater,

In one epeciiuen the chin nnd throat are washed with crimson.

270 THASIANIDiE.

Ibis, 1874, p. 169; Dai'id ^- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 401, pi. 1]3
(1877) [W. Sze-chueu, E. Thibet] ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1891, p. 381
[W. Sze-chuen].

Adult male. Differs from the male of /. cruentus in having the
long feathers on the top of the head and nape grey, with white
shafts ; the patch of green on the wing-coverts larger ; the chin,
throat, and chest grey ; and the tail-feathers uniform whitish grey.
Total length 17 inches, wing 7"7, tail 6, tarsus 2-6.

Adult female. Differs from the female of /. cruentus in having
the front and sides of the head and chin and the throat brownish ;
the general tone of the upper parts rather greyer ; the underparts
similar to the upper, and finely vermiculated with blackish brown
all over ; the tail much more closely mottled with buff and
indistinctly margined with crimson. Total length 16 inches, wing
7"1, tail 5-1, tarsus 2-5.

Hab. Higher regions of Eastern Thibet and Western Sze-chuen.

a,h.S2 ^d. Mountains of Moupin, Purchased of M. Verreaux.

sk. Western Sze-chuen, China. (Types of the species.)

3. Ithagenes sinensis.

Ithaginis sinensis, David, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) xviii. art. 5, p. 1 (1873)
[Shen-si], & xix. art. 9, p. 1 (1874) ; id. Journ. jE.rpl. Chin. i. p. 174
(1875) ; David 8f Omtal. Ois. Chine, p. 402, pi. 114 (1877) [Shen-
si and Ho-nanl ; Pleske, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. xiii. p. 297
(1892) [North Nau-shan].
Ithaginis geoffioyi, Prjev. (nee Verr.) Mongolia, ii. p. 122 (1876) ;
id. in Roivl. Orn. Misc. ii. p. 421 (1877) [Kansu Mts.].
Adult male. Differs from the male of /. geoffroyi in having the
sides of the crest brownish black ; the patch of colour on the wing-
coverts rust-brown, some of the feathers being sometimes narrowly
margined with crimson ; the chin, throat, and fore paii of neck
blackish grey, shading into brownish grey on the chest, each feather
with a narrow whitish shaft-stripe, those on the chin being washed
with crimson. Total length 17'6 inches, wing 8, tail 7, tarsus 2-5.
Immature and young males generally resemble those of 7. rri<eM<t<5,
but the brown patch on the wing-coverts is distinctly marked though
mixed with black.

Adult female. Differs from the female of /. geoffroyi in having
the upper parts browner, more like those of the female of /. cruentus,
but paler ; the chin and throat whitish grey ; and the underparts
pale brownish buff', scarcely vermiculated on the chest and breast.
Total length 16-2 inches, wing 7-5, tail 5-9, tarsus 2-4.

Eab. North of the Nan-shan and Kan-su Mountains ; Sinling
Mountains between Shen-si and Ho-nan.

a b. S imm., $ Shen-si, N. China, Dec. Tweeddale Coll.

'ad.sk. [O.Finsch).

c-e. S 2 ad. et Kan-su, Aug., Nov., Dec. M. Berezowsky [C.].

S iuv. sk.

/. cJad. sk. Kan-su, Feb. (P;:;ey«Mj/). St. Petersburg Mus.[E.].

g. 5 ad. sk. Nan-shan Mts. (Grum- St. Petersburg Mus.[E.].
Grzimailo).

20. TRAGOPAX. 271

20. TRAGOPAN.

Type.

Satyra, Less, (nee Meig. Dipt. 180.3) Diet. Sci. Nat. lix.

p. 19G (1828) T. satyra.

Tragopan, Ouv. [nee Mnhr. A v. 1752) H^ff. Anim. ^d. 2, i.

p. 479 (1829) T. satyra.

Cerioruis, Stcnbis. Clans. B. ii. p. 341 (1837) T. satyra.

Ceratoriiis, Cub. in Ersch u. Grub. Eticycl. sec. 3, xxii.

p. loO ( 1S40) T. satyra.

Tail composed of 18 feathers, rather long, wedge-shaped, the
outer pair about two-thirds of the length of the centre pair.

The 1st primary is shorter than the lOtli and much shorter than
the 2nd, which is about equal to the 8th or 9th : 4th or oth slightly
the longest.

The male has a short crest, a pair of elongate fleshy horns
inserted above the eye, and a large gular flap, most prominent
in the breeding-season and especially when the birds are e.xcited by
passion. Cheeks and throat thinly covered with hair-like feathers.

Sides of the head feathered.

Axillaries very long.

Tarsus equal to or slightly lon2;er than the middle toe and claw,
and armed in the male (rarely in the female) with a short stout
spur.

Range. Northern India ; Himalayas from Cashmere to Assam
and N.E. Manipur; China, north to Shen-si, west to Sze-chuen,
south to Quang-si, and east to Fo-kien.

Keij to the Species.

A. Breast spotted with whito or grey. (Mules*.)

a. With round white spots, surrounded with

black.
«'. (Tcneral colour of the breast orange-
carmine sati/ra, p. 271.

b'. General colour of the breast black me^anocephalus, p. 273.

b. W'ith oval grey or lavender spots, not

surrounded with black. (General colour

of breast orange-carmine.) temmiucki, p. 275.

B. Breast not spotted.

c. Chest orange-red, breast dirty grey bh/thi, p. 276.

d. Chest and breast buft' caboti, p. 277.

1. Tragopan satyra.

Horned Indian Pheasant, EJw. Xut. IIi.<t. />. iii. pi. 116 (1750).
Phasiauus bougalensis cornutus, Uriss. Oni. vi. App. p. 14 (17(50).
Meleagris satvra, Linn. S. N. i. p. 269 (1766); Lat/i. Ind. Oni. ii.

p. 619 (1790) ; Grif. ed. Cm: iii. pi. (1829).
Le Napaul ou Faisan coruu, Buff". Hist. Xat. Ois. ii. p. 362 (1771).

♦ I am unable to give a key to the plumnge of the other sex, as the females
of the last three species are not represented in the Collectiou.

272 PHASIANID^.

Phasianus cornutus, Miill. Suppl. Linn. S. N. p. 125 (1776) ; Steph.

in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 239 (1819).
Horned Turkey, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 680 (1783) ; Suppl. i.

p. 203 (1787).
Penelope satyra, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 733 (1788); Bonnat. Tabl.

Encycl. Meth. i. p. 170, pi. 84. fig. 1 (1791).
Phasianus satyrus, Temm. Fig. et Gall. ii. p. 349 (1813), iii. p. 672
(1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xi. p. 39 (1817) ; id. Gal.
Ois. ii. p. 23, pi. 206 (1825).
Horned Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 208 (1823).
Tragopan satyrus, Cuv. Reg. Anim. i. p. 479 (1829) ; Gray in Griff.

ed. Cuv. iii. p. 31 (1829); Gou'd, Cent. B. Himal. pi. 62 (1832);

Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 222, pi. x.\iv. (1834) ; Temm. PL Col.

V. pis. 13, 14 [nos. 543, 544] (1834) ; Guerin, Icon. Beg. Anim.,

Ois. p. 26, pi. 43. fig. 4 (1829-38) ; Hudgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc.

p. 85 (1844).
Satyra satyra, Less. Diet. Sci. Nat. lix. p. 196 (1829) ; id. Traite

cTOrn. p. 493 (1831).
? Phasianus nepaulensis, Gray, in Griff, ed. Cuv. iii. p. 29 (1829).
Satyra pennanti. Gray, III. hid. Zool'.i. pi. 49 (1830-32).
Satyra lathami, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 51 (1830-32) ; Gray, List

o/ JS. pt. iii. G«/;. p. 28 (1844).
Phasianus melanocephalus. Gray, 111. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 47 (1830-32).
Satyrus cornutus, Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Voy. p. 2.52, pi. 98 (1833).
Satyra nepaulensis. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 40 (1834).
Tragopan melanocephalus, Jard. Nal. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 226, pi. xxvii.

(1834).
Ceriornis macroloplius. Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 341 (1837).
Satyra cornuta. Gray, List of Gen. B. p. 78 (1841).
Ceriornis lathami, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 499 (1845).
Ceriornis satvra, Gray, Cat. Hodgs. ed. i. p. 125 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat.

Mus. As. Son. p. 240 (1849) ; Sclat. Sr Wolf, Zool. Sket. 2, pi. 39

(1861) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 516 (1863) ; Sclat. List ofPhas.j). 10

(1863) (Nepal, Sikhim, Bhotan) ; Gi-ay, List Gallince Brit. Mus.

p. 40 (1867) ; Irlnj, Ibis, 1868, p. 234 [Kumaon] ; Beavan, Ibis,

1868, p. 379 [Sikhim]; Goidd, B. As. vii. pi. 49 (1868); Bulger,

Ibis, 1869, p. 169 [Sikhim, above 8000 ft.] ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 262 (1870) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 164, Llliot, Man. Phas. i.

pi. 22 (1872) ; Murie, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 730, pis. Ix., Ixi. ; Hume,

N. ^ E. Lnd. B. p. 521 (1873) ; Marsh. B. Nest. Ind. p. 59 (1877) ;

Hume Sf Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 137 (1878) ; Scully, Str. F.

viii. p. 343 (1879) [Nepal] ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 117, pi. viii.

tig. 4 ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests ^Eggs, iii. p. 409 (1890).

Adult male. Top and sides of the head black ; cheeks and throat
thinly covered with black hairy feathers ; sides of the occiput,
mantle, chest, breast, and rest of iinderparts orange-carmine,
the basal part, especially of the flank-feathers, black, irregularly
barred with buff ; each of the feathers of the lower parts of the
mantle and chest and the rest of the underparts with a round white
terminal spot edged externally with black, except on the belly,
where the black margin is partially or entirely absent ; back, sca-
pulars, inner wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-brown
at the extremity and black barred with buff towards the base, each
feather with a white black-edged spot at the tip ; rest of wing-
coverts the same, but edged on each side with dark orange-carmine.

2G. TRAdOPAN.

273

Quills and primary-coverts black, barred on both webs with rufous
butt'; bastard-winj^ pale orange-red tipped with black; lesser and
mc'diiin under wing-covcrts orange-red. Tail black, the basal
part barred and variegated with buff. Bill blackish brown ; upper
throat and orbits purplish blue ; gular wattle orange or salmon with
transverse blue bars ; horns greenish blue ; legs and toes pale flesh-
colour. Total length 26 inches, wing 10-2, tail 9-5, tarsus 3-3.

Iinmafnre males resemble the female, but the orange-red feathers
of the nuilc are more or less developed on the neck and sides of the
occiput; some of the black feathers of the head are likewise present,
and some of the feathers of the back and scapulars are spotted with
white at the extremity.

Atlidt female. General colour above black mottled with buff,
rufous-buff', and sandy, many of the feathers of the back, scapulars,
and wing-coverts with buff shaft-spots ; on the wings the rufous-
buff tint predominates, (iuills as in the adult male. Chin and
thrdat white or buff; uuderparts sandy and buff finely mottled
with lines of Idack, most of the feathers with whitish or buff
triangular shaft-spots. Tail black, irregularly mottled and barred
witli buff and rufous-buff'. Total length I'J-o inches, wing \),
tail 7-1, tarsus 2-9.

In a quite young specimen nearly all the feathers of the upper
and under parts have rufous shaft-stripes.

Hah. The higher ranges of the Himalayas from Kumaon and
Western British Gurhwal, through Nepal and Sikhim to Bhotan.

a-d. <S 5 ad. et

iniui. sk.
e. cS ad.sk.

et pull. sk.
V. (S ad. sk.
w. cT ad. sk.

x-3. * $ad. etjuv.
sk.

d 2 >id. sk.

d $ ad. sk.

d ? ad. et

India.

Kumaon.
Nepal.

Hardwicke Coll.

Hume CoU.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Ilurae Coll.
Hume Coll.

a'-h".

imni. sk.
w', .r'. 2 ad. et

pull. St.
y'js'.c^ad.skeletons. Nepal.

a"-d". Skeletons.

Nepal, June {J. Scully).

Nepal, March (L. Man-
dell i).

Dolaka, Nepal, Jan., July (/-. Hume Coll.
Mandelli).

Native Sikhim, Jan. to Mav, Hume Coll.
Oct., Dec. (Z. Mandelli).

Sikhim, Feb., April, June Hume Coll.
(L. Mandelli).

l)arjeehng,Feb., March, Apri

Hume and Salviu-

Godman Colls.
Zool. Soc.CoU.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].

2. Tragopan melanocephalus.

Phasianus melanocephalus, Gray, in (iriff. ed. Cuv. iii. p. 20 (1829)
(Alraorah).

One assuiuiDg the male plumage.

274 PHABIANID^.

Satyra melanocephala, J. E. Ch-ay, III. Ind. Zool, i. pis. 46, 48 (1830-
32J ; G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 28 (1844).

Tragopan hastingsi, Vig. P. Z. 8. 1830, p. 8 ; Gould, Cent. B. Himal.
pis. 63, 64,65 [text] (1832) ; Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 224, pis.
XXV., xxvi. (1834) ; Hidton, J. A. S. B. xvii. pt. 2, p. 695 (1848) ;
Schinz, Nat. Voy. p. 147, pi. 70 (1863) ; Fitz. Atl. Nat. J oy. fig.
232 (1864).

Ceriornis melanocepliala, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 499 (1845) ; id. Cat.
Hodqs. ed. i. p. 125 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 240
(1849) ; Gould, B. As. vii. pi. 45 (1855) ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1858,
p. 498 [N.W. Himalayas] ; id. P. Z. S. l859, p. 185 [Pinjal Range] ;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 617 (1863) ; Sclat. List of Phas. p. 10, pi. 10
(1863) [N.W. of Simla and S. Cashmere] ; Grai/, List GalUnce Brit.
Mus. p. 41 (1867) ; v. Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 320 [Koteghur] ; Beaimn,
Ibis,l8C8, p. 380 [Simla] ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870, p.l64 ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 262 (1870) ; JElliot, Mon. Phas. i. pi. 23 (1872) ; Hmne,
N. S) E. hid. B. p. 622 (1873) ; Broohs, &tr. F. iii. p. 256 (1875)
[Mussooree and Gangaotri]; Marsh. B. Nest. Ind. p. 59 (1877) ;
Hume >§• Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 144, pi. (1878) ; Marsh. Ibis,
1884, p. 422 [Chamba] ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests (^ Eyys, iii. p. 410
(1890).

Adult male. Differs from T. satyra chiefly in having a much
longer black occipital crest tipped with dull Indian red ; no red on
the sides of the occiput ; only the sides and back of the neck dark
Indian red ; a patch of dark red on the upper wing-coverts of the
shoulder only ; the bastard-wing black, barred with buff like the
quills ; the white subterminal spots of the longer upper tail-coverts
surrounded with rufous ; the neck and upper part of chest shining
orange-scarlet, the feathers being unusually stiff and hard ; the
feathers of the rest of the underparts black at the extremity and
dark red irregularly barred with black towards the base, except the
flank- feathers, which have the basal part barred with black and buff;
each feather with a round subterminal white spot. Bill blackish ;
naked skin round the eye bright red ; fleshy horns sky-blue : gular
flap purple in the middle, flesh-coloured on the sides, spotted and
edged with pale blue ; legs and feet livid flesh-colour. Total length
27 inches, wing 10'8, tail 9-2, tarsus 3"1.

Immature males resemble the females in general plumage, but
the head is suffused with black and the neck with dull orange-red,
and most of the feathers of the upper parts and all those of the
under have a round subterminal white spot edged with black.

Adult female differs from the female of T. satyra in having the
general tone of the plumage much greyer, with very little rufous
buff even on the wings and uridcstparts.

Hah. Higher ranges of the Western Himalayas from Native
Gurhwal westwards to Cashmere.

a. cJ imm. sk. Cashmere {J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll.

6, c. c? $ ad. sk. Snow range, Plimalayas, Nov. Hmne Coll.

d-t. c? $ ad. et Koteghur, March, April, Oct. Hume Coll.

imm. sk.

v-a' . J 5 fid. et Kooloo, Feb., April. Hume Coll.

imm

sk.

2G. TKAQOPAX. 275

//. 2 !id. sk. N.W. of Simla {S. Pinwill). Tweeddale Coll.

r'. J nd.sk. Interiorof Simla Hills, April Tweeddale Coll.

(li. C. Beavan).

d',p'.Sad. et Simla. Capt. S. Pinwill [P.].

imra. .sk.

/. $ ad. sk. Simla, Sept. (A. O. IL). Hume Coll.

<;'. (S ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

h,i. c? $ ad. sk. N.W. Himalayas. India Museum [P.].

.;'->«'. c? ad. sk.; 2 Himalayas. Ronald Ferguson,

^ ad. et c? imm. st. Esq. [P.].

n'. Jad.sk. Almorah. Maj or General Hard-

wieke [P.]. (Type
of the species.)

3. Tragopan temmincki.

Satyra temminckii, J. E. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 50 (1830-32);

G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 28 (1844).
Tragopan temminckii, Benn. P. Z. S. 1834, p. 33.
Ceriornis temmincki, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 499 (1845) ; Bh/th, Cat

Mus. As. Soc. p. 210 (1849) ; Swlnk. P. Z. S. 1863, p. SOi" ; Sdaf.

Lht of P/,as. p. 1 1, pi. 1 1 ( ] 8(J3) [China] ; Grai/, List Gallime Brit.

Mm. p. 41 (1867) ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 4(S (1869) ; Grai/, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 262 (1870) ; Mat. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 164 FN. & E. Sze-

chuen to C. Cliim]; Jerd. Ibis, 1870, p. 147 [Upper Assam];

David, X. Arch. Mas. Bull. vii. p. 11 (1871) [Sze-chuen] ; Swirih.

P. Z. .S". 1871, p. 399; Blliof, Mon. Phas. i. pi. 24 (1872) ; David

Sf Ousial. Ois. Chine, p. 118, pi. 112 (1877) [S.W. China to S.

Shen-.si] : Hume, 6'fr. F. viii. p. 201 (1879) [Mishmi Hills] ; Sclat.

P. Z. S. 1879, p. 117, pi. viii. iig. 3 ; SeeboAm, Ibis, 1891, p. 379

[W. Sze-chuenJ.

Adult male. Differs from the male of T. satyra in having the
orange-red occipital crest longer, the terminal part of the feathers
of the upper parts Indian red and the subterminal spots pale pearl-
grey instead of -white ; the bastard-wing reddish buff, the inner
webs barred and mottled with black ; the longer upper tail-coverts
brown, greyish towards the extremity, and margined all round with
dark Indian red ; the sides and fore part of the neck, shoulders,
and lesser under wing-coverts reddish buff ; the outer half of the
feathers of the rest of the underparts Indian red, each with a large
subterminal grey spot ; and only the feathers on the sides of the
breast have this spot surrounded by black. Bill black ; horns blue ;
gular flap rich deep blue, barred with red on the outer margins ;
legs and feet red. Total length 25 inches, wing 9-9, tail 7-8,
tarsus y-2.

Adult fenuile. Appears to bear a close resemblance to the female
of T. satyra.

Hah. South-west and Central China ; ranging from the Mishmi
Hills through Sze-chuen to South Shen-si and Hoo-pee.
a. <S ad. .'ik. China. .T. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

*■ c^ "d. sk. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

(Tvpe of the species.)
t2

276 PHASIASID^.

c. J ad. sk. Mishmi Hills. Hume Coll.

d, e. Pull. St. Zoological Soc. Coll.

Hyhrid between Tragopan temmincki and Catreus wallichi.
a. Pull. St. No locality. J. J. Stone, Esq.

4. Tragopan blythi.

Ceriomis temmincki, Jerd. {nee Gray) Ibis, 1870, p. 147 [Upper
Assam] ; Neivton, Ibis, 1870, p. 520.

Ceriornis blythi, Jerd. P. As. Soc. Benq. 1870, p. 00 ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1870, pp. 163, 219, pi. 15; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 520; Grai/, Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 262 (1870) ; Gould, B. Asia, vli. pi. 47 (1872) ; Elliot,
Mon. Phas. i. pi. 26 (1872) ; Godic.-Aust. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 496
[Nao-a Hills] ; Hume,Str. F. vii. p. 472 (1878) [ $ described] ; Hume
4" Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 152, pi. (1878) ; Godiv.-Aust. Ibis,
1878, p. 206 [Mozemahl ; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 457, pi. xxxix. ;
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1884, p. ^477 ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 301 (1888)
[X.E. Manipur].

Adult male. Differs from the male of T. satyra chiefly in the
following points : — The orange-red feathers on the sides of the head
form superciliary stripes commencing above the anterior part of the
eye and joining one another posteriorly in an occipital crest, as in
T. melanocephalus ; the orange-carmine round the neck does not
extend on to the mantle ; the terminal part of the feathers of the
upper parts, on each side of the white spot, is very dark Indian red
instead of olive-brown ; the longer upper tail-coverts have the
white subterminal spots surrounded with reddish brown as in T.
melanocephalus ; the sides of the face, chin, and throat are almost
entirely naked. The fore part of the neck and chest are orange-
carmine ; breast and belly smoky grey or greyish buff ; sides and
flanks like the upper parts. Bill black, orbital skin orange ; horns
azure ; gular flap brimstone tinged with blue ; legs and feet light
brown tinged with pink. Total length 24 inches, wing 10-2, tail
7'4, tarsus 3-2.

Adult female. Apparently nearly resembles the female of T.
satyra, but has the upper surface blacker and less ferruginous, and
the lower surface is paler and without the ferruginous buff". From
the female of T. melanocephalus it is said to be distinguished by
the black and buff of the upper surface, which are much richer and
darker in tone.

The female specimen obtained by Mr. Hume from Mr. G. Damant
and described by the former in the ' Birds of India ' is not to be found
among the specimens in the Hume Collection.

Hah. Higher ranges of North-east Assam, east of the Burrail
range, and southwards to North-east Manipur.

a. S ad. sk. Sadiya, Upper Assam. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

[P.]. (Type of
the species.)

b. S ad. sk. Kohima, Naga Hills (G. Hume Coll.

Damant).

c. J imm. sk. Samaguteng, Xaga Hills, Dec. Hume Coll.

{G. Damant).

27. LOPHOPHORUS. 277

d. c? ad. sk. Manipur. r,r n Woff rp i

e. 6 inm. sk. Bred in confinement. J. }.Stone El^.'fp.]

o. Tragopan caboti.

u. pi. 48 (18o8); ^K^»,/,. p. z. ^. 1863, p. .307 ; Sdat List of
P^'as. p. 11 (186:j) [? China] ; S,ci„k. //, >, 1865, p. So iffill of

?87" i lo-^^r'"",^'; ^-f '^' l^'l' P- 399;-*«/.arZ. P. Z. S.

Sanifif' !*■ ' P ^^^ ^^^^'^ tMts. between Fo-kien and

Cerion^s modestus, David MS., David S,- Omtal. Ois. Chine, p. 419

A<lult male Head very similar to that of T. I,h,thi, hut the black
feat ers of the back of the head cover also the nape ; the feathers

tlrnlT"'lTl^'^r '" ^"^"^- '^^ ^P°t at the extremity of each
tlTZ ". . l^"«-^-olourcd, the edges maroon, and one or two

b f? T^ f/'°^' r '^°"^ '"°'' ''^'■^ «" the basal part of the
Wfi;/ r.'^K a- "t^^ tail-feathers are more coarselv barred and
mottled with butt than in any of the other species of the genus.
As in I U^tla the sides of the face, chin, and throat are naked.
Lht^t breast, and belly buff", mottled with black and buff and edged
wth Indian red towards the base; sides and flanks much like ?he

eathers of the upper parts. Total length ca. 23 inches, wing 9-2,
laiJ ca. b-b, tarsus 2-9.

A.Mt female is said to resemble the female of T. temmincU.
//«6. bouth-ea^tern China: mountains between Fo-kien and
Kiang-81 ; also the hills in the interior of Quan^

-SI .'

"• ^ '^'l- ''^^ China. Purchased.

27. LOPHOPHORUS.

' L. sclateri.

Tail composed of 18 feathers, of moderate length, and rounded,
the outer pair about an inch and a half shorter than the middle pair

Ihe 1st primary considerably .shorter than the 10th; 2nd about
equal to the 8th : ,5th slightlv the longest.

o. 11/''^^,,«1 ™^1« Y'^^ ^° elongate crest of feathers or without a
tre,t, all the feathers of the top of the head being curled (as in
-ilatiucodia comrii). ^

Nearly naked space round the eye.

Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw, armed in the male
with a stout spur.

Mawje. Himalayas from Eastern Afghanistan to Xorth-east
Assam and northwards to Western Sze-chuen and Eastern
Koko-nor.

278 PH.VSIANID^.

Key to the Species.

I. Most of the upper plumage metallic. {Males^

A. Whole tail chestnut ; crest of spade-shaped

metallic-green feathers.

a. Lower back white ; undei-parts black refalyens, p. 278.

b. Lower back gulden green, each feather edged

with violet and purple ; underparts metallic
golden green, shading into dark bluish green
on the sides and flanks , impeyanus*, p. 280.

B. Tail bluish green, glossed with blue and purple,

inner and middle parts of the feathers black
with a row of irregular white spots on each
side of the shafts ; crest of ordinary elongate
purple feathers. (Lower back white, under-
parts black.) Vhuysii, p. 281.

C. Tail chestnut, with a wdde white terminal baud

and the basal part black, barred and irregu-
larly mottled with buff ; top of the head
covered with curly metallic-green feathers.
(Lower back white ; underparts black.) .... sclateri, p. 282.

II. None of the plumage metallic. (Females.)

D. Lower back with alternate irregular bars of

black and rufous buff more or less parallel

with the edge of the feathers refulgem, p. 278.

E. Lower back white I'huysii, p. 281.

F. Lower back pale ochraceous white finely

mottled with dark brown sclateri, p. 282.

1. Lophophorus refulgens.

Lophophorus refulgens, Temm. Pig. et Gall. ii. p. 355 (181.3), iii.
p. G73 (1815) ; Ste]jh. in Shato's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 249, pi. 15
(1819) ; Griff, ed. Cuv. iii. p. 14 (1829) ; Temm. PL Col. v.
pis. 11, 12'[nos. 608,. 513] (1830); Schinz, Nat. Ahbild. Vog.
p. 252, pi. 97 (1833) ; id. A'at. Vog. p. 152, pi. 74 (1853); Sclai.
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 1.

Impeyanus refulgens, Less. Truite d'Orn. p. 488, pi. 85 (1831).

Lophophorus impevauus, Gould (nee Lath.), Cent. B. Himal. pis. fiO,
61 (1832) ; Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 219, pis. xxii., xxiii. (1834) ;
Viyne, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 6 [Cashmere & Himalava] ; Gray, Gen. B.
iii. p. 502 (1844) ; id. List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 30 ( 1844) ; id. Cat.
Hodys. ed. i. p. 125 (1846) ; Hutton, J. As. Soc. Benq. xvii. pt. 2,
p. 695 (1848) ; Blytli, Cat. Mn.s. As. Soc. p. 246 (1849) : Goidd, B.
Asia, vii. p. 53 (1850) : Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 500 [near Simla] ;
Mitch. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 544, pi. 147. fig. 2, & pi. 149. tig. 5 ;
Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 185 [Cashmere] ; L'by, Ibis, 1861, p. 235
[Kumaon] ; Jerd. B. hid. iii. p. 510 (18(33) ; Sclat. List Phas. p. 3
(1863) ; Fitz. Atl. Nat. 7%. fig. 229 (1864) ; Gray, List Gallina
Brit. Mm. p. 37 (1867); Tyiler, Ibis, 1868, pp. 191, 194, 203
[Simla to Mussooree] ; v. Pelz. Ibis, 1868, p. 320 [Koteghur] ;
Beavati, Ibis, 1868, p. 379 [Simla, Sikhim] : Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.
p. 261 (1870) ; Elliot, Mon. Phas. i. pi. 18 (1872) ; Hume, N. <§• F.
Ind. B. p. 520 (1873) ; Brooks, Str. F. iii. p. 256 (1875) [Mussooree
and Gungaotri Hills] ; Wilson, Str. F. iv. p. 227 (1876) ; 3Iarsh.

* The female of this species is as yet unknown.

27. Loi'HOPnouTJs. 279

B. Nest. Ind. p. 59 (1877) ; Hume <^ Marsh. Game B. Ind. i.
p. 125, pi. (1878); Scully, Sir. F. viii. p. 342 (1879) [Nepali;
Fuirbrotk. IStr. F. ix. p. 203 (1880) [Kurrum, Af<,'haiii,stan] ;
M'urdl.-Iiams. Ilm, 1880, p. 70 [E. Afglianistan] ; Gates, ed.
Hume'.i JS'ests <^- Fi/i/s, iii. p. 407 (1890).
Lophophorus irupeyauus, v. refulgeos, Hudys. in Gray's Zool. Misc.
p. 85 (1844).

Adult male. Top and sides of the head, crest of spade-shaped
feathers, and a patch of feathers hetwten the sides of the breast
and mantle metallic green shot v\ith blue and purple ; back and
sides of the neck purple, shading into reddish copper and glossed
with golden green ; mantle shining golden green ; outer wing-
coverts metallic bluish green ; inner wing-coverts and scapulars,
rump and shorter upper tail-coverts bronze-crimson in some lights
and purple edged with metallic bluish green in others ; longer
upper tail-coverts golden green ; lower back snow-white ; quills
and bastard-wing brownish black ; throat blackish, slightly glossed
with golden green ; rest of the underparts black ; tail pale rufous,
darker towards the extremity. Eill black, cutting-edges of the
mandildes pale horny ; orbital skin bright blue ; legs and feet dusky
greenish or pale yellowish green. Total length 26 inches, wing
ir6, tail 9, tarsus 3'2.

InuiKdure males resemble the females, but the chin and throat
are usually more or less suffused with blaek, the markings on the
underparts are coarser, and the whitish-buff shaft-stripes on the
feathers are wider. In several cases at least some of the adult
feathers appear to be obtained by a change of pattern without a
moult.

Allah female. Feathers of the top of the head, short crest, neck,
mantle, and rump black, buff down the middle and often, especially on
the mantle, with an irregular black shaft-stripe or a black stripe on
each side of the shaft meeting one another anteriorly : wing-coverts
and scapulars the same, but the black lines in the buff centre part
are still more irregular and broken up into bars and mottlings ;
feathers of the lower back alternately barred with irregular black
and bulf, the bars more or less parallel to the edge of the feather ;
upper tail-coverts black barred with buff, the longer ones tipped
with white freckled with black ; quills blackish brown, the
primaries slightly mottled with buff on the margin of the outer
web, and the secondaries on both are margined at the tips with
whitish bulf. Sides of the head reddish huff mottled with black ;
chin and tliroat white ; feathers of chest and sides of breast like
the mantle ; rest of underparts mottled with black and buff and
with more or less distinct white shaft-strijies. Tail black barred
with rufous, and margined at the extremity with white, the black
parts of the middle pair of feathers being mottled, especially towards
tho margins, with buff. Total length 26 inches, wing 10"5, tail 7*5,
tarsus 2"t).

Hah. Elevated forests of the Himalayas from Eastern Afghanistan
to Western Bhootan.

280

PHASIANIDJi.

a. cJ ad. sk.

Chitral, Kafiristan, April.

Colonel Biddulph

Colonel C. H. T.

Marshall [P.].
Capt. Stackhouse

PimviU [P.].
Hume Coll.

b-d. c? ad. rar. et Chaniba, S. Castmere.

c5 imui. sk.

e-ff. (S 2 ad. et N.W. Himalayas.

pull. sk.

h-n. J 5 ad. et Kooloo, Feb., April, Nov

imm. sk.

o-e'. c? $ ad. et Eoteghur, March, April, and Hume Coll.

imm. sk. Oct.

/. 9 ad. sk. Simla, Nov. {W. Davison). Hume Coll.

ff'-i'. S 2 ad. et Kumaon (Capt. Strachey). India Museum [P.].

imm. sk.
J , k' . Juv. sk.
I', (f imm. St.
vi' , n . (S imm. sk.

o'-ii'. (5 5 ad. et

imm. sk.
v'-.r. cJ ad. et juv.

sk.
y'-q". S 2 ad. sk.

Kumaon (Capt. Strachey).

Kumaon.

Nepal.

Nepal, Dec. and Jan. (i.

Ma7idelli) .
Nepal.

Hume Coll.
Purchased.
Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
Dolaka, Nepal, Jan. and Aug. Hume Coll.

(L. Maiidelli).
Nat. Sikhim, Jan. -April, Hume Coll.
July, Oct. and Nov. (Z.
Mandelli).

r"-s" . (S imm. et Sikhim (L. Mandelli).

2 ad. sk.
t". cJ ad. sk. Int. of Sikhim, May (L.

Mandelli).
u",v". (5 2'™™-sk. Darjeeling (Eccles).
w"-y" . J imm. sk. Himalayas.

s". (f ad. st.

a^-e^. Juv. sk. et

pull. St.
p-i^. Skeletons.
k^. Imperfect skel.

Himalayas.

Nepal.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale and

Sharpe Colls.
Ronald Ferguson,

Esq. [P.]
Zoological Society's
Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.],

2. Lophophorus impeyamis.

Impeyan Pheasant*, Lalh. Gen. tiyn. ^uppl. i. p. :^08, pi. 114 (1787) ;

id. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 210, pi. 12-5 (182-3).
Phasianus impejanus. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 632 (1790).
Phasianus impeyanus, Bonnat. Tail. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 186, pi. 88.

fig. 1 (1791).
Phasianus curvirostris, Shaio, Miis. Lever, p. 101, pi. (1792).
Monaulus impejanus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'JIist. iW. xxi.p. 322 (1818).
Monaulus impeyanus, Jleill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 31, pi. 208 (1825).
Lophophorus impeyanus, v. Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 120 ; Marsh. Str.

Feath. ix. p. 203 (1880) [Chamba].
Lophophorus chambanus, Marsh. Ibis, 1884, p. 421 [Chamba].

* Latham particularly mentions that in his specimen " the back and wing-
coverts are rich purple, tip]jed with green bronze," and the underparts and
thighs dull black with here and there a greenish gloss. A glance at his figure
will at once show that hia description refers to the bird from Chamba, and not
to L. refulyens, Temm.

27. LOVIIOPIIORUS. 2Sl

Adah male. Differs chiefly from L. refnh/ens in having the
feathers of the lower back golden green, shading into purjdish
blue towards their extremities ; the longer npper tail-coverts dark
chestnut with golden-green tips; the purplish golden-bronze of the
sides of the neck nearly meeting in front ; the chin, throat, and fore
part of neck glossed with pale greenish gold, and the chest and rest of
underparts metallic golden green, shading into dark bluish green on
the sides. Hanks, and under tail-coverts. Total length 20 inches,
wing 11-.5, tail U, tarsus '.i.

Ilab. Chaniba, tSouth Cashmere.

a. S <id- *k. Chamha, S. Cashmere, Feb. Col. C. 11. T.

Marshall [P.].
(Tvpe of L. chambanus, Marsh.)

b, c. cJ vix ad. sk. Chamba, S. Cashmere.' Col. C. H. T.

Marshall [P.].

3. Lophophorus I'huysii.

Lophophorus I'huysii, J'<?7V. 4" Geoff. St.-Uil. Bull. Soc. Acclim.
(2) iii. p. 223, pl. (1866) [Moupin Dist.], iv. p. 706 (1807) ; &/.
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 1, pl. i. ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 297 [Ta-tsien-
lou]; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 261 (1870) ; Stcinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 399; David, N. Arch. Mus. Bull. vii. p. 11 (1871); Elliot,
Mon. Phas. i. pl. 19 (1872); Gotild, B. As. vii. pl. 54 (1873);
Sclafer, Ihin, 1874, p. 169 ; David iy Oustul. Ois. Chine, p. 403, pl.
1 10 (1877 ) [Moupin, E. Koko-nor & W. Sze-chuen] ; Seebohm, Ibis,
lb91, p. 379 [W. Sze-chueu].

Adull male. Differs from L. refuh/ens in the following points : —
The occipital crest is purple -bronze and composed of ordinary
elongate feathers ; the back of the neck and upper part of the
mantle are dark red-gold, shading into bronze-jmrple shot with
greenish blue on the lower part of the mantle ; the scapulars and
wing-coverts are not so purple and are shot Avith metallic golden
green ; the rump-feathers resemble the wing-coverts, but are
margined with white; the long up])er tail-coverts, the outer part of
both webs of the central pair of tail-feathers, the outer half of the
outer webs of the rest, and the extremities of all bluish green shot
with blue and purple ; the rest of the tail-feathers (tlie middles of
the centre pair, and the greater part of inner web and the inner
half of the outer web of the rest) black, irregularly spotted on each
side of tlie shaft with white. Bill horn-colour ; naked skin round
the eye blue ; legs and feet lead-colour. Total length 30 inches,
wing 12-6, tail lO 3, tarsus 33.

A'l lilt female. May be distinguished at a glance from the female
of L. refiilijens, the whole of the lower back being pure white.

I/itl). ^^'estern Sze-chuen and Eastern Koko-nor.

") *• c? $ imm. Mountains of Moupin, West- Purchased of M.Verreaux.
sk. ern Sze-chuen (i>aA/-y). (Types of the species.)

282 PHASlAXIDiE.

4. Lophophorus sclateri.

Lophophoius sclateri, Jerdon, Ibis, 1870, p. 147 pNIishmi Hills] ; id.
J. As. Soc. Bene/. 1870, p. 61 ; .Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 162, pi. xiv. ;
Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 261 (1870) ; Elliot, Mon. Phas. i. pi. 20
(1872); Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 488 (1874) [E. Assam]; Hume 8)-
Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 136, pi. (1878) [Hills E. & S.E. of
Sadiya] ; Godio.-Aust. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 681, pi. Ii. [Sadiva, Eastern
Assam] ; Hume, Str. F. ix. p. 203 (1880) [Mishmi Hills] ; id.
«r. i^. xi. p. 301 (1888).

Chalcophasis sclateri, Elliot, Mon. Phas., Introd. p. xix (1872) ;
Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 55 (1873).

Adult male. Top of the head covered Tvith curly bluish-green
feathers shot with purple and gold ; ear-coverts the same but not
curled ; back and sides of neck reddish copper with dull green
reflections : mantle, longer scapulars, and median and greater
secondary wing-coverts metallic green with purple reflections ;
patch of lesser wing-coverts at the angle of the wing brilliant
metallic dark green shot with blue and purple ; shorter scapulars
and rest of lesser wing-coverts golden green and reddish copper ;
quills and primary-coverts black, the secondaries shghtly glossed
with bronze-green on the outer web ; lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts white, the two former mostly with narrow dark shaft-
stripes ; chin, throat, fore part of neck, and rest of underparts rich
black, with a slight purplish gloss on tbo sides and flanks ; tail
chestnut, with a white terminal band an inch and a quarter wide,
the basal part of the feathers black irregularly barred and mottled
with buff. Bill yellowish horny ; forehead, lores, and sides of the
head bright blue, nearly naked ; legs and feet yellowish brown.
Total length 2(i inches, wing 11-8, tail 8-2, tarsus 3-1.

Adult female. Head and neck very rich dark umber-brown, each
feather of the former with a V-^li'^P^d pale ochre mark ; each of
the latter has a centre line of richer brown, fiueh' mottled towards
the margins. A broad extent of the rump and upper tail-coverts
pale ochraceous white, very finely, delicatelj' mottled with dark
brown. Tail above rich black, with six or seven narrow whitish
bars and tipped with the same (the counter colouring of male) ;
shoulder of wing very rich dark chestnut-brown, the shafts pale
ochraceous. Primaries rich dark umber ; secondaries slightly
mottled with brown. Cheeks and throat dark umber, markings like
those on the head ; chin white ; breast, abdomen, and thighs dull
umber, most delicately and finely mottled with pale ochre. Under-
side of tail black, with narrow white bars. The legs appear to have
been of a pale grey and the bill whitish. \_Godwin-Austen.'\ Wing
11*5 inches, tail 8, tarsus 3.

Hob. Hills east and south-east of Sadiya, N.E. Assam.

a. (S ad. sk. Mishmi Hills, Upper Assam, Zool. Soc. Coll.

Nov. (Jerdon). (Tvpe of the species.)

b. d ad. sk. Mishmi Hills, Dec. {Sir S. Hume Coll.

Bat/let/).

28. AcoMcs. 283

28. ACOIIUS.

Type.
Houppifer, Giterin-Meneville, Icon. lil'i/. Anwi.,

Ois. p. 2(J (1829-38) A. erythrophtbalmus.

Alectryou, Cab. {nee Montf., Moll. 1810) in

Ersch u. Grub. Encycl. sec. 3, xxii. p. 147

(1S4()) A. pyronotus.

Acomiis, lieichenb. 2\at. 8yst. Viiy. p. xxx

(18-32) A. eiythrophthalmus.

Ilouppiferus, Elliot, Man. Phas., Introd. p. xxi

(1872) A. erythroplithalmus.

Tail composed of 14 feathers, rather short, laterally compressed
and hen-like ; the third pair are very slightly longer than the
middle and very much longer than the outer pair.

1st primary considerably shorter than the 2nd, which is about
equal to the 10th ; 6th slightly longest.

Head without a crest.

A large ntJied patch on each side of the head. Xo wattles.

Male and female with a pair of stout spurs. Female black *.

Tarsus nearly half as long again as the middle toe and claw.

Uanje. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.
Key to the Species.

I. Pluirage not uniform black.

A. Chest and breast black enjthrophthalmus <S , p. 283.

B. Chest and breast black with white

shaft-stripes pyronotus cT , p. 284.

II. I'lumage uniform black

C. Upper parts uniformly glossed with j erythrophthalmus 2 , p. 283.

greenish blue \pyronotus $ , p. 284.

D. Feathers of the ujtper parts edged

with shming bluish green, pro-
ducing a scale-like appearance .. inornatiis (S'\,y>.'2So.

1. Acomus erythrophthalnms.

Phasianus erythrophthalmus, i?(7^. Tr. Linn.Soc. xiii. p. 321 (1822)

[Sumatra],
lliifous-tailed Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Hid. viii. p. 204 (1823).
Houppifer diardii, Guerin-M eneville, Icon. liey. Anim., Ois. p. '26,

pl. 43. fig. 2 (1828-38) [Java].
Phasianus erythrophthalmus, Gray, in Griff", ed. Cuv. iii. p. 28 (1829).
I'ha.sianus purpureus, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i. pl. 42 (18.30-32).
Alfctrophasis ervthrDphthalmuy, Grat/, List Gen. B. p. 78 (1841) ; id.

List of n.yt.'Vn. Gull. p. 2(j (1844); ILime, Sir. J^'. viii. p. 68

(1870) [Malacca] ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 531 [Perak].
Alectrophasis purpm-eus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 78 (1841).
Gallophasis erytlirophthahuos, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 408 (184^3).
Gallophasis purpureus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 498 (1845).
Eiiplocomus erythrophthalnios, Blyth, Cat. .Mns. As. <Soc.p.24o (1849).
Euplocamus ervtlirophthalnuis, Sc/at. i\- Wolf, Zool. Sket. 2. pl. 34

(1^(31) ; !:iclat. List of Phas. p. 7, pl. 8 (18(33).

* The female of A. inornatus is not yet known. t See footnote page 285.

284 PHAS1ANID.1:.

Euplocamus erytlirnphthalmos, Gray, List Gallm<s Brit. Mus. p. 35

(1867) ; id. lland-l. B. ii. p. 259 (1870).
Euplocamus purpureus, Gray, List Gallinee Brit. Mus. p. 3G (1867) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 259 (1870).
Euplocomus erythroplithalmus, Elliot, Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 28 (1872).

Adult male. Top of the head black; neck and chest black glossed with
dark purplish blue ; upper back and scapulars the same, wing-coverts
and secondaries slightly glossed with steel-blue and all finely marked
M'ith irregular wavy white bars ; lower back fiery bronze-gold,
shading into fiery bronze-red on the rump ; upper tail-coverts black
glossed with steel-blue ; primaries dark brown, slightly vermiculated
with whitish buff'; rest of the underparts black, slightly glossed
on the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts with purplish or steel-blue,
the former are also vermiculated with white. Tail uniform pale
rufous buff, blackish towards the base. Pacial skin and wattles
bright red ; bill blackish ; legs bluish grey. Total length 20 inches,
wing 9*5, tail 6"4, tarsus 3.

An immature male has much less gloss on the plumage, the under-
parts are brownish black, and the outer tail-feathers are mottled all
over with black.

Adult female. Plumage entirely black, glossed with purplish or
steel-blue ; soft parts like those of the male. Total length 18-5
inches, wing 8'4, tail 5'4, tarsus 2*8.

Hah. Southern part of the Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. ? Java.

«. (S ad. st. Indian Archipelago. Capt. Sir E. Belcher

[P.]. _
b. 9 ad. st. Indian Archipelago. J. Nightingale, Esq.

[P.].
c-e. cJ 2 ad. sk. Keddah, Malay Peninsula India Museum [P.],

{Dr. Cantor),
f. S ad. sk. Penang {Dr. Cantor). India Museum [P.].

<l-k. (S 2 ad. sk. Province Wellesley {Dr. India Museum [P.].

Cantor).
l-p. 6 ? ad. sk. Malacca (July). Hume Coll.

(J, r. (S 2 ad. sk. Malacca (Simson). Hume Coll.

s, t. (S 2 ad. sk. Malacca {Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll.

u. S ad. sk. Malacca. A. R. Wallace, Esq.

[C.].
V, w. S 2 ad. sk. Malacca. Capt. Stackhouse

Pinwill [P.].
■^') y- 6 2 ad. sk. Malacca. W. Harvey, Esq. [P.].

z. 2 ad.sk. Malacca (Caw/or). India Museum [P.].

«'. (S ad. sk. Singapore (Feb.\ Gould Coll.

b' , c'. (S ad. et Sumatra {Sir T. Raffles). India Museum [P.].

imm. sk. (Types of the species.)

d' , e'. Skeletons. Zool. Soc. Coll.

Hybrid hetiveen Acomus erythroplithalmus and GennaBus muthura.
a. (S ad. st. England. Zool. Soc. Coll.

2. Acomus pyronotus.

Euplocomus erythrothalmus {sic). Gray {nee Briffl.), Illiist. hid. Zool.
ii. pi. 38. fig. 1 (1834).

I

2S. ACOML'S. 9gg

Aleotropliasis pyronota, Gra;/, List of B. pt. iii. Gull. p. 2G (1844)
(-Tdlophasis inronotius, 6Vay, Gen. B. iii. p. 498 (184o)

TiS) '''' P"'''^"'^^"^' ^'««'«- -'^'S'., i?o««/». C.ii." xlii. p. 87y

Euplocomus pyronotus, fr'/w/, 7/r,„f/-/. B. ii. p. 259 (1870) • EUiU
Mon. Phas. u pi. 29 (1872); Salvad. Ucr. Born. ^r>. 307 \W74) ■

p. 68 (lb8,i) [Lihon- Eahaja ; E.orett, LUt B. Born. p. 199 (1889)
Acoiuus pyronotus, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 2o9 (1»70)
1 hasianus personatus, Blyth, Ibis, 1870 p 174

having the neck and mantle grey finely mottled with black, each
feather w:th a white shaft; the chest, breast, and sides of the bel y
a 1 with nai-row white shaft-stripes. Total length 20 inches, winl
^) o, tali o-/, tarsus 3-3. °

lotal length Ib-o inches, wing S-4, tail 5, tarsus 3-15.
nab. Sarawak, Borneo.

c ' J" ^ ?,1 ""i'^" ?^'''"'', ^'''''"^''' •^"""' ^^"^- C. Hose, Esq. [C.l
c,a. ci act. SK. Sarawak. T?o,"„i, o i yX^A

e,f. d 2 ad. St. Sarawak. 5^^!^ £°t' fp"}

5^. d ad. sk. Sarawak. a '•'■p ?,'-°?^ LP-].

A-dad.sk. [China.] j/r^.' Reeves, Esq.

[P.]._ (Type of the

A. R. Wallace, E'sq.

[aj.

R. Ret

[P.].. (T.
species.)

3. Acomus inornatus.

Acnnius inornatus Salvcul Ann Mus.Civ. Genov. xiv. p. 250 (1879) ;
Id. F.Z.S. IH'9 p bol, pi. .xlvm. Mount Singalan. West Coast o f
Sumatra^: '""'''"'f"-' ""■ ^^V^' ^^- i- P- -^(1887) [Padang; W

Ad^Ot male (tj-pe)*. Resembles the females of both A. eruthro-
phtkahnus and .4. pyronotus in general appearance, but may be at
onc.recogn,zed by Its hirger size, deep black colour all oveJ, even
on the head, and by having all the feathers of the upper parts back
upper tail-coverts and wing-coverts, and also the foaJhers^of the neck
and bn>ast. distinctly and sharply edged with shining dark bluish
green, turning to blue near the hind neck, so that all these part
appear beautifully scaled; this scale-like appearance is completely

wnte. on the label of the type sp^J^,:; '■ Th: V \:::^^Z;^^TZ
to wa^ the fonmle of L. rufa " ' P'^"*"'^''.^ ""> bird referred

286 PHASIANID^'E.

wanting in the females of the ahove mentioned species. Lastly the
hidden parts of the feathers do not incline to brown, but are only
greyish towards the base. Total length 18-5 inches, wing 8*9, tail
6"o, tarsus 2'8.

Hob. Mount Singalan, and Highlands of Padang, West Sumatra.

29. LOPHUEA. „

Type.

liOphura, Fleming, Tliilos. Zool. ii. p. 230 (1822) L. ignita.

Euplocomiis, Temm. {nee Latr., Lep. 1809) PI. Col. y. text

to Lojjhophorus, p. 3 (1830) L. ignita.

Macartneya, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 492 (1831) L. iguita.

Spicifer, Kaup, Das Thierreich, ii. Theil i. p. 78 (1836) L. ignita.

Lophalector, Cah. in Ersch u. Grub. Encycl. sec. 3, xxii.

p. 146 (1846) L. ignita.

Lophora, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 259, no. 2378 (1870) L. ignita.

Diardigallus, Bonap. C. R. xliii. p. 414 (1856) L. diardi.

Tail rather long, composed of 16 feathers, laterally compressed as
in the genus Gallus, the 3rd pair rather longer than the central and
2nd pairs and very much longer than the outer pair.

1st primary shorter than 2nd, which is about equal to the 10th ;
5th and (jth slightly longest.

Head with a ftiU crest composed of more or less long bare shafts
supporting a bunch of plumes at the extremity.

A large naked patch on each side of the head.

Male only with a long stout pair of spurs.

Tarsus nearly twice as long as the middle toe and claw.

Ranqe. Shan States, Siam, Cambodia, Cochin China, S. Tenasserim,
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

Key to the Species.

A. Mantle not reddish brown or chestnut. {Males.)

a. Chest black glossed witli pm-plish blue.

a'. Breast black; middle pair of tail-feathers

white rufa, p. 286.

b'. Breast fiery bronze-gold ; middle pair of tail-
feathers uniform dark buff ignita, p. 288.

b. Chest dark grey, very finely vermiculated with

black ; breast and middle pair of tail-feathers

black glossed Tilth purplish green diardi, p. 290.

B. Mantle reddish brown or chestnut. {Females.)

c. Wing-coverts chestnut, finely vermiculated with

black.

c . Outer tail-feathers chestnut rufa, p. 286.

d'. Outer tail-feathers black ignita, p. 288.

d. Wing-coverts black with wide irregular buff bars

mixed with black diardi, p. 290.

1 . Lophura nifa.

Gallus macartnyi, Steph. {nee Temm.) in Sliaic's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 218
(1819) [part].

Phasianus Ignitus, Ttafl. {nee Shaw Sf Nodder) Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii.
p. 320 (1822) [Sumatra]; Vieill. Tahl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 363,
pi. 237. fig. 2 (1823) ; Daniell, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 24.

I

29. LOPnrnA. 2S7

rhasianus riifiis, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Sue. xiii. p. 321 (1822) [Sumatra] ;

Grtti/, in Grif. ed. Ci/v. iii. p. 28 (1829).
Sumat'ran Phebant, Lath. Gm. Hist. viii. p. 204 (1823).
Galliis i<,^uitus, Vieill. {nee Shaw ^ Nodd.) Gal. Ois. ii. p. 29, pi. 207

(1825).
Phasiauus castaneus, Gray, in Griff, ed. Cuv. iii. p. 28 (1829).
Gallus macartnovi, Schinz, Nat. Ahhild. Vog. p. 248, pi. 93 (1833) ;

Schinz, Naf. Viig. p. 147, pi. 70 (1853).
Etiplofomus ignitUfi, Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 214, pis. xix., xx.

(1834) ; Graij, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 2o9 (1870).
Eiiplocanuis ipruitu.s, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 39 (18.34) ; Blyth,

Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 243 (1849) ; miot, Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 26

(1872) [svn. part] ; Bh/th S)- Walden, Cat. Mamm. Sf B. Burma,

p. 149 (1875) ; Elliot, ibis, 1878, p. 124.
Euplocamus vieilloti, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 77 (1841) ; Gould, B. As.

vii. pi. 15 (1852) ; Sclat. List. ofPkas. p. G, pi. 7 (18(33) [Tenasserim,

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra] ; Gray, List Galliyia: Brit. Mus. p. 35

(1867) ; Sclat. ^- Wolf, Zool. Sket. 2. pi. 3(3 (18(57) ; Hutne,

Sir. F. ii. p. 481 (1874) [Tenasserim], iii. p. 324 (1875) ; Sclat.

P.Z.S. 1875, p. 380; Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 119 (1877) ; Hume 4-

Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 213, pi. (1878) ; Hu7nc ^- Davison, Sir.

F. vi. p. 438 (1878) [Pakchanj ; Elliot, Ibis, 1878, p. 413 ; Kelham,

Ibis, 1881, p. 532 [Perak]; Gates, B. Burmah,\\. p. 320 (1883)

[S. Tenasserim].
Euplocomus vieilloti. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 26 (1844) ;

id. Haml-l. B. ii. p. 259 (1870) '; v. Pelz. Verh. Ges. JFieti, xxix.

p. 532 (1880) ; Man. J. f. O. 1885, p. 160 [Salanpa Is.] ; Vorderm.

Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xlix. Afl. 2. p. 101 (1889).
Gallopliasis vieilloti. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 498 (1845).
Euplocamus sumatranus, Dubois, Bull. Ac. Bvlg. (2) xlvii. p. 825

(1879) [Sumatra] : v. Pelz. Verh. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 531 (1880).
Euplocomus sumatranus, Vorderm. Nat. Tijdsehr. Ned. Ind. xlix.

AH. 2. p. 98 (1889).

Adult male. Differs from the male of L. ic/nita in bavins the lower
breast and rest of the underparts black, most of the feathers being
edfjcd with a steel-blue gloss ; the feathers of the sides and flanks
•with white shaft-stripes* ; and the central tail-feathers white. Bill
white or horny white ; facial skin and wattles bright smalt-blue ; legs
and feet vcrmilion-red, spurs whitish. Total length 27 inches,
wing 11-0, tail 10--J, tarsus 4-3.

An immature 9»«7e, in which some of the nnnp-feathers and longer
upper tail-coverts are black mottled with rufous like those of the
female, has the wing-covcrts, chest, and underparts dull black, with
scarcely a trace of steel-blue gloss except at the ends of some of the
side feathers, which have very narrow rufous-chestnut shaft-stripes;
the white central tail-feathers with narrow black shaft-stripes on
their basal two-thirds ; and a pair of short spurs 0-4 inch in length.

* In most Sunaatran specimens (Euplocamus su7nafranus, Dubois) the majority
of the shaft-stripes are rufous butf or cliestuut ; but as tliis difTereiice is also
found, thougli in a slighllj less marked degree, in some of the specimens from
Bankiisooii. Tenasserim, and is not constant even in Suiiiatran examples, it cannot
be regarded as luniug any specific importance. In Tenasserim specimens it
is certainly a sign of immature plumage ; in Sumatran birds it appears to be
more or less retained iu apparently fully adult cxjimples with well-developed
spurs.

288

PHASIANID^.

Adult female. Resembles the adult female of L. ignita, but is easily
distinguished bj' having the ground-colour of the lower back, rump,
upper tail-coverts, wing-coverts, and scapulars paler than that of
the neck * and mantle ; the outer webs of the secondaries chestnut,
mottled with black, and the tail-feathers dark chestnut, the
middle pairs being mottled with black ; soft parts as in the male,
but not so bright. Total length 24 inches, wing 10, tail 7'6,
tarsus 3-6.

In younger specimens the black vermiculations, especially on the
greater wing-coverts and secondaries, are much stronger.

Hah. Siam, Malay Peninsula from South Tenasserim southwards,
and Sumatra.

a. cS imni. sk.

b. cJ ad. sk.

Siam.
Tenasserim.

c-w. cJ 2 a^d- et Bankaooon, Feb. -May, and
imm. sk. December ( W. Davison).

x,y. (5' 5 ad. sk. Malawoon, Jan., Feb.

India Museum [P.].
J. C. D. Packman,

Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.

s. 5 ad. sk. Penang [Dr. Cantor).

a'-c'. (S 2 ad. et Prov. Wellesley {Dr. Cantor). India Museum

imm. sk.

d'. (S ad. St. Malacca.

E. W. Gates, Esq.

[C.].
India Museum [P.].
tP.].

e',f. cJ 2 ad. sk. Malacca.

ff'. 2 imm. sk. Malacca {Dr. Cantor).

h' , i . (S 2 ad. sk. Malacca.

k', I'. 6 2 ad. sk,
m', n. (S ad. et 2

imm. sk.
o', p'. (S 2 ad. sk. Malacca.

Malacca {Dr. Maingay).
Malacca.

q, /•'. c? 2 ad. sk.
«'-?<'. d ad. et 2

juv. sk.
v' . 2 ad. sk.
w' , Skeleton.

Sumatra {Sir T. Raffies).
Sumatra, Oct. ( Carl Bock) .

[Borneo.]

Cuming Coll. (Type
of E. vieilloti, Gray.)
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Capt. Stackhouse

Pinwill [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
W. Harvev, Esq.

[P.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq.

[C.].
India Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Zool. Society's Coll.

2. Lophura ignita.

Phasianus ignitus, Shaw S) Nndder, Nat. Misc. ix. pi. 321 ; Gray, in

Grif. ed. Cuv. iii. p. 30 (1829).
Fire-backed Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Sujipl. ii. p. 274 (1801).
Gallus macartneyi, Temm. Pig. et Gall. ii. p. 273 (1813), iii. p. 663

(1815).
Gallus macartnyi, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 218 (1819)

[part.].
Houppifer ignitus, GuSrin-Meneville, Icon. Reg. Anim., Ois. p. 26,

pi. 43. fig. 3 (1829-38).
Euplocomus macartneyi, Temm. PI. Col. v. in text of genus Lopho-

phorus, p. 3 (1830).

* In some specimens the feathers of the back of the neck and upper parts
of the mantle are edged on the sides with white like those of the sides and
front of the neck ; this peculiarity is also incipiently represented in a female of
L. ignita.

29. LOPurRA. 289

Euplocomiis ifjiiitus, Oraji, Lisf. of B. pt. iii. p. 2(j (1844); MiilUr,
I'erhnmU. Land- en Volkvnk. p. o76 (1839-44) [liaujannasin] ; Low,
-SV(;-«Hv//,-, p. 411 (1848); Sharpe, Ihk, 1879, p. 270 [Lawas aud
^leiifraliinf,' Kivurs) ; v. Pch. Verh.Ges. l('ien,xxix. p. oJJl (1880) ;
S/iarpc, r. Z. S. 1881, p. 800 [Sandakan] ; Nichols. Ibis, 1883, p. 90
[Silaml; Elliot, Auk, \m. p. 15 (1891) [Kinabataiigan R., N.E.
Honiei)].

(lallDpliasis ignitus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 498 (184o).

Eiiplocaiims nobilis, !Sclaf. P. Z. 8. 18(33, p. 118, pi. xvi. : id. List of
J'liii.s\ p. 7 (lsc.;5) ; Gray, List Gallin(e Brit. Mm. p. 35 (1867) ;
tSclaf. P. Z. 8. 18(i8, p. 2U1 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 259 (1870) ;
Elliot, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 138 : Waldm, Ibis, 1872, p. 382 ; Elliot,
Man. Phas. ii. pi. 27 (1872) ; Salrad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 306 (1874) ;
Elliot, Ibis, 1878, p. 414 ; Shnrpe, Iln.s, 1879, p. 234 [Sarawak] ;
8elat. Iliis, 18S0, p. 371 : Guillem. P. Z. 8. 1885, p. 41G [Silani,
Saudakan] ; Everett, List B. Born. p. 199 (1889) [N. & S. Borneo].

AduU male. Short feathers on the head, chin, and throat black ;
crest, neck, mantle, chest, upper breast, scapulars, and upper tail-
coverts purplish blue ; wing-coverts tipped with steel-blue : lower
l)ack and rump fiery bronze-red ; lower breast aud upper belly fiery
bronze-gold ; rest of uuderparts black, some of the feathers tipped
with steel-blue. Quills aud the fifth to the eighth pairs of tail-
featliers black, fourth pair bhick, tipped with buff, third pair mostly
buff, partially black on the outer web, and the two centre pairs
uniform dark buff. Bill horny white, large smalt-blue wattles
surrounding the eye and covering the sides of the head ; legs and
feet red. Total length 23 inches, wing lO-.l, tail S'4, tarsus 4-4.

A (fuite young male has the plumage mostly like that of the young
female, but the back of the head, middle of the nape, and the centres
of the upper feathers are mostly black, slightly glossed on the margin
with steel-blue.

Adult female. Head, crest, mantle, and wing-coverts uniform

Loi'huha, sp.

Fire-backed Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 184 (1823).
Macartneya niacartneyi, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 493 (1831).
Euplocaimis ignitus, Sclai. {ntc Shaw Sc Nodd.), P. Z. S. 1863, p. 118;

Sclat. P. Z. S. 1H75, p. 380; Hume, Sir. F. v. p. 119 (1877); Elliot,

Ibis, 1878, pp. 124, 411.

Adult male. Kesembles the male of L. iynita, but differs in having the
feathers down the ceutrc of the lower breast and belly entirely black, those on
the sides niarp:ined or larpely mixed with black, only the central part in some
being rufous chestnut, and the central tail-feathers are white.

This specimen was sent by Mr. J. R. Reeves from China, and has evidently
been in captivity, for some of the quills of both wings liave been cut. Elliot is
of opinion that this specimen is a hybrid between L. iynita. Shaw & Nodd., and
L. riifa, Gray ; but I can see no reason for this conjecture, and were it not for
the fact that this bird was not shot in a wild state I should have no hesitation
in describing it as a distinct species.

Since writing tlie above I liave seen a second almost similar living specimen
in the collection of Mr. E. W. Marshall at Marlow, but was unable to discover
whence it had been obtained.

a. S ad. sk. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

VOL. XXII. V

290

PHASIANID^.

chestnut, gradually shading into darker on the lower back, rump,
upper tail-coverts, and greater wing-coverta, all of which are finely
vermiculated with black. Quills brownish black, the primaries
washed and the secondaries mottled with rufous on the outer web ;
chin and throat white ; neck and chest chestnut, margined with
white on the sides ; breast and sides of the belly black, sometimes
mottled with chestnut, and edged all round with white ; rest of
underparts white, somewhat mottled with black. Tail black, the
two centre pairs of feathers sometimes mottled with chestnut. The
third pair are the longest, being f of an inch longer than the central
pair and half as long again as the outer (8th) pair. Soft parts as
in the male. Total length 22 inches, wing 9-8, tail 7'6, tarsus 3"6.

A quite yoking female has the plumage like the adult, but the
wing-coverts and scapulars have subterminal bars and blotches of
black, and the chest-feathers are mostly black.

Hah. Borneo.

a. $ ad. sk.

b-e. cJ 2 ad. st.

et sk.
f,g. d2 ad. sk.
h. (S ad. sk.

i. 2 ad. sk.

k, I. 9 ad. et iuv.

sk
7n-t. S 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
u-tc. Skeletons.

Elopura, N. Borneo, April

( W. B. Fryer).
Sarawak, Borneo.

Sarawak.
Sarawak.

Sarawak (A. H. Everett^.
Mt. Dulit, Sarawak, 1000 feet,

Baram, Sarawak, April to
July.

Tweeddale Coll.

Rajah Brooke [P.].
(Types of the species.)
Sir H. Low [C]
A. R. Wallace, Esq.

[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
C. Hose, Esq. [C.].

A. II. Everett & C.
Hose, E.sqr8. [C.].
Zool. Soc. Coll.

3. Lophura diardi.

Euplocomus diardi, Temni. MS., Boncqy. C. Jt. xhii. p. 415 (1856) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 260 (1870).
Diardigallus prselatus, Bonap. C. R. xliii. p. 4I5"(1856) ; Gould, B.

Asia, vii. pi. 21 [male only] (1860).
Gallus diardi, Teinm. MS., Schl. Handl. d. Dierk. i. p. 379, Atl.

Aves, pi. V. fig. 55 (1857).
Diardigallus fasciolatus, Blyt.h, J. As. Soc. B. xxvii. p. 280 (1858).
Diardigallus crawfuvdi, Schomh. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 250.
Euplocamus crawfurdi, Sclat. List of Phas. p. 0 (1863).
Euplocamus prrelatus, <Sc/af. Zis)! ()/■ PAns. p. 6, pi. 6 (1863) [Siam,

Shan States] ; Schomb. Ibis, ] 864, p. 259 [E. Lao Country] ; Sclat.

^ Wolf, Zool. Skef. 2. pi. 35 (1867) ; Grm/, List Gallints Brit. Mus.

p. 34 (1867) ; Elliot, Man. Phas. ii. pi. 24 (1872).

Adult male. Feathered parts of the head, chin and throat black ;
crest black, slightly glossed with steel-blue ; neck, mantle, chest,
and upper breast very finely vermiculated with grey and black ;
wing-coverts, scapulars, and secondaries black, finely vermiculated
with white ; the lesser and median wing-coverts and the scapulars
with a black subterminal band, narrowly edged with white ; lower
back buff, glossed with gold ; rump and shorter upper tail-coverts
black, glossed with purplish blue and widely edged with dark

30. LOUIUl'HASlS. 291

crimson with bronzc-rcrl reflections ; priraarieg brownish black,
faintly mottled with white; rest of the undcrparts, longer upijor
tail-coverts, and t ail black, slightly glossed with steel-blue or purple ;
tlio first three pairs of tail-fcathors are unusually long and pointed,
the tliird pair being considerably longer than first. Facial skin and
wattles red. Bill and spurs white ; legs and feet scarlet. Total
length 24 inches, wing 9-8, tail 13, tarsus 3-4.

A i/nif-e jiowKj male differs from the adult in having no crest ; the
nock and back mixed with rufous-chestnut feathers vermiculated
with l)lack like those of the adult female ; the wing-coverts and
secondaries interspersed with blackish-brown feathers, irregularly
barred and mottled with buff, and the tail-feathers chestnut,
marked and barred with black.

Adult female. Top of the head and neck brown, shading into
whitish on the chin and throat ; mantle, chest, breast, and sides of
the belly reddish chestnut, the feathers of the two latter margined
all round witli white ; lower back black, closely mottled with rufous
buff; rump and upper tail-coverts mottled with buff; wing-coverts,
sca])ulars, and secondaries black with wide-set buff bands, mottled
with black ; primaries brownish black, mottled with buff ; rest of
the underparts brownish black, edged with white ; under tail-coverts
chestnut. Two middle iiairs of tail-feathers like the outer second-
aries, five outer pairs dark chestnut, third pair intermediate. Total
length 21 inches, wing S-S, tail 8-3, tarsus 2-1).

Hah. Shan States, Siam, Cambodia, and Cochin China.

a,b. d" 2 ad. sk. Siam. Sir R. Schomburgk [P.].

c-e. c? 2 ad. st. et sk. Siam. Zoological Society's Coll,

f-i. (S juv. et $ ad. sk. Cambodia, July. M. E. Pierre [P.].

ITi/hrid between Lophura diardi ajid Gennaaus lineatus.
a. 2 ad. St. England. Zool. Sec. Coll.

30. LOBIOPHASIS.

Type.
Lobiophasis, Sharpe, Ann. Ma<j. N. 11. (4) xiv. p. 373(1874). L. bulweri.

Tail composed of 32 feathers in the male (28 in the female),
compressed elongate, pointed, the middle pairs of feathers much
curved and more than twice as long as the outer pairs, which have
little or no outer web. All the feathers have the shaft produced
beyond tho web and in the outer pairs it terminates in a sharp
point.

1st i)rimary is much shorter than the 2nd, which is about equal
to the 10th ; the ."Jth is if anything slightly the longest.

The male has the head almost entirely naked, only a few feathers
down tho middle of tho crown. Three pairs of elongate wattles — a
largo pair, one on each side of the occiput, a very large one on each
side of tho throat, and a small pair on the lores on each side of the
base of the culmen. In the female only the sides of the head are
naked ; there is a rudimentary pair of wattles, one on each side of
the throat.

u2

292 PHASIANID.15.

The tarsus is armed with a short stout spur, and is much longer
than the middle toe and claw.

Range. Borneo.

1. Lobiophasis bulweri.

Lobiophasis bulweri, Sharpe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) xiv. p. 373 (1874)
[Lawas Mts., Sarawak] ; Gould., B. A.sia, vii. pi. 13 (1875) ; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1876 .p. 466, pi. xliv. ; Shaiye, Ibis, 1879, p. 267 ; Treacher,
Ibis, 1888 p. 413 [Kinabataugan] ; Everett, List B. Born. p. 198
(1889).

Lobiophasis castaneicaudatus, Sharpe, P. Z. <S'. 1877,p. 94 [Lawas E,.];
Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 12 (1877) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 267.

Adult male. Neck and chest dark crimson ; back, rump, and lesser
and median wing-coverts black, more or less tinged with purple ;
all tlie feathers are margined with steel-blue at the extremit}', which
is slightly curled. Primary-quills and their coverts dark brown ;
secondaries and secondary-coverts brownish black ; breast, sides, and
flanks like the back, but the steel-blue margins are narrower ; belly,
thighs, and very short under tail-coverts black ; upper tail-coverts
and tail pure white. Bill horn-colour ; naked skin of face and
wattles blue ; legs red. Total length 35 inches, wing 10*3,
tail 18, tarsus 3-5.

Immature males differ from the adults in having the top of the
head thicklj- covered with purplish-black feathers mixed with rufous ;
the chin and throat thinly covered with black feathers ; the wattles
rudimentary ; the dark crimson on the neck and throat much
brighter ; and the tail-feathers and the upper tail-coverts dark
chestnut and shaped more like those of the female.

Adult female. Upper parts finely mottled with brownish bufi" and
black, inclining to rufous on tlie wing-coverts ; the outer webs of the
primaries mostly rufous, indistinctly mottled with black, the inner
webs uniform dark brown ; secondaries black, mottled on both webs
with rufous. Underparts rufous, finely mottled with black. Upper
tail-coverts and tail chestnut, with some small black vermiculations.
Total length 20 inches, wing 9-4, tail 6-4, tarsus 3-7.

A young female differs from the adult in having most of the wing-
coverts and scapulars tipped with rust-red and obliquely barred
with black on one or both webs; the outer webs of the primaries
blackish, only slightly vermiculated with rufous buff towards the
margin ; and the upper tail-covorts finely mottled with brownish
buff and lilack.

Hah. Borneo.

a. (S ad. sk. Moimtains of Lawas R., Sara- GovernorBulwer[P.].

wak. (Type of the species.)

b, c. S fid. St. et Lawas River. Governor Uss]ier[C.].
2 ad. sk.

^, e. c? 5 iuiui- sk. Lawas River. Governor Ussher[C.].

(Types of L. casta?2eicaudatus, Sharpe.)
f. c? imm. sk. Lawas River. W. Pretyman, Esq.

[R].
ff, h. S ad. sk. Sarawak {A. H. Eoerett). Tweeddale Coll.

i. (5 juv. sk. Mt. Dulit, Sarawak, Jmie. C. Hose, Esq. [C.].

81. CROSSOI'TILON. 293

31. CROSSOPTILON.

Type.
Crossoptllon, Ilodys. J. As. Soc. Beiuj. vii. p. 8G4

(18:38) ' C. tibetanum.

Tail cotnpoaed of 20 to 24 feathers, large, full, and rounded ; the
middle pair of feathers twice as long as the outer pair ; the ex-
tremities of the middle pairs much curved, and the webs very long
and free.

let primarj- considerably shorter than the 2nd, which is equal to
the 9th or 10th ; 5th or Gth slightly the longest.

Top of the head covered with short, soft, curly feathers ; ear-
coverts produced into long white tufts on each side of the head ;
rest of the plumage of the body long and hairy.

Sides of the face naked, covered with papillae.

Sexes similar in jdumage, but in the male the tarsi are armed with
a pair of short stout spurs.

Tarsus considerably longer than the middle toe and claw.

Range. Higher ranges of Central and Eastern Asia.

Key to the Species.

A. Mantle white.

a. Basal part of the outer tail-feathers dark .... tibetatiitm, p. 293.

b. Basal part of the outer tail-feathers white .... leucurum, p. 294.

B. Mantle brownisii black ; basal part of the outer

tail-feathers dirty white tnantchuricum,

C. Mantle slate-blue. [p. i>94.

c. Bnsal part of the outer tail-feathers white ;

an indistinct white band across the head be-
tween the ear-coverts anritum, p. 295.

d. Basal part of the outer tnil-featiiers brownish

black glossed with blue ; a wide well-defined
white baud acro-ss the back of the head
between the ear-coverts hnnnanl, p. 296.

1. Crossoptilon tibetanum.

Phasianus (Crossoptilon) tibetanus, Ifocl(/s. J. Ax. Soc. Beriff. vii.

p. 864, pi. 411 (18:58) : id. Inil. Jier. iii.'p. oil:^, pi. (18:59).
Crossoptilon tibetaiunn, JLadj/n. in Grai/\i Zoo/. J//.<r. p. 8.1 (1844) ;

Schif. Li.'it of P/i/is: p. (), pi. 4 (186:3); Gnu/, List Gul/ina- Brit.

Mx.s. p. :U (18(;7); Darid, N. Arch. Mi/s. Bull. vii. p. 11 (1871)

[.Moupin]; Elliot, M(m. Phcm. i. pi. 14(1872); David ^- Oustal.

Oin. Chine, p. 407, pi. 107 (1877) I W. Sze-chuen] ; Hume, Sti: F.

vii. p. 426 (1878); SculJ}/, Str. F. viii. p. 343 (187i)) ; Oustal.

Ann. Sci. Xnt. (7) xii. p. iU") (18!12) [part.^.
Crossoptilon auritum, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 49-3, pi. cxxv. (1845) ; id.

Cat. llodijs. ed. 1, p. 124 (1846).
Crossoptilon drouvnii, Verreaiur, N. Arch. Mux. Bull. iv. p. 85,

pi. iii. (1S(W) [Moupin"] ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 399 ; JElliut, Mon.

Phax. i. p. xviii, ])1. 1") (1872).
Crossoptilon tihetanus, Gra;/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 259 (1870).
Cros.so])liliini tibetantnn, Hume Sf Mar.ih. Game-B. Ind. i. p. Ho, pi.

(1878) ; Seehohm. Il>i.-; 1891, p. 378 [W. S/.e-chuen].

Adult male. Top of the head covered with short, soft, curly black

294 PIIASIANIDiE.

feathers ; the ear-coverts, as in all the members of this genus, are
greatly produced and form long white tufts on each side of the head ;
the whole of the plumage above and below is pure white, shading
into grey on the longer wing- and upper tail-coverts ; primary-quills
dark brown, secondaries blacker and somewhat glossed with purple.
Tail with 20 feathers, purplish bronze towards the base, shading into
dark greenish blue and deep purple towards the extremity*. Naked
parts on the sides of the head scarlet ; bill reddish horn ; legs red.
Total length 3B inches, wing 12-4, tail 18"6, tarsus 3'9.

Adult female. Is distinguished from the male by the absence of
spurs ; the plumage is perfectly similar.

Hah. Mountains of AVestern China and Eastern Thibet.

a. ^ ad. sk. Thibet. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.],

(Type of the species.)

b. (S ad. sk. (imperfect). Thibet. B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

2, Crossoptilon leucurum.

Crossoptilon tibetanum, Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nat. (7) xii. p. 315 (1892)

[part.].
Crossoptilon leucurum, Seebohin, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv. p. xvii

(Dec. 21st, 1892) ; id. Ibis, 1893, p. 250 [Between the Sok Pass

and Chiamdo, E. Tibet].

Adult male and female. Like C. tibetanum, but with the greater
part of the tail-feathers white. In the male all the tail-feathers are
])ure white, with black extremities glossed with piu-plish blue. In
the female the white on the tail-feathers is less extensive, and the
middle and outer pairs have the inner webs grey, while all are
tipped and margined with dark grey.

Hah. Eastern Thibet, between the Sok Pass and Chiamdo and
Lhassa.

3. Crossoptilon mantchuricum.

Crossoptilon tibetanum, Lamprey {nee Hodgs ), P. Z. S. 1862, p. 221.

Crossoptilon auritum sive mantchuricum, Swirih. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 286,
& 1863, p. .306 [Mantchouria].

Crossoptilon auritum, Sclat. List of Plias. p. G, pi. 5 (1863) [Mant-
chouria] ; Milne-Edw. N. Arch.'Mus. Bull. i. p. 12, pi. i. figs. 1 & 2
(1865) [E. of Pekiu] ; Sdat. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 418 ; Saxirin, P. Z. S.
1866, p. 437 [Mts. N.W. of Pekio] ; David, N. Arch. Mus. Bull. iii.
p. 37 (1867) [San-Yu] ; Bartl. P. Z.8. 1868, p. 115 ; Gould, B. Asia,
vii. pi. 22 (1870).

Crossoptilon mantchuricum, Netpton, Ibis, 1865, p. 361 [Pekin];
Gray, List GallinesBrit. Mus. p. 31 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 259
(1870); David, N. Arch. Mus: Bull. vii. p. 11 (1871) [Pekin];
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 399 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 495 ; Elliot,

* In the type specimen the six outer pairs of tail-feathers have an oblong
white spot or line on their outer web nearly parallel to the sliaft, but these
markings are not equally developed on the two sides. In three specimens
of C. tibdaniim living in the Zoological Society's Gardens, as well as in a large
number of skins I have e.xamined, the white spots on the outer tail-feathers
are entirely absent, and in one the primaries are greyish brown. There can be
no doubt that C. drouyni is synonymous with G. tibetanum.

31. CHOSSOI'TILON. 295

Man. Phas. i. pi. 10 (1872) ; David 8,- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 405,
pi. lOG (1877) [Mts. of Pechi-Ii] ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 118,
pi. viii. fig. 0.

Adult male. Top of the head covered -\vith short black curly
feathers ; back of the head and neck black, slightl)' glossed and
shading gradually into brown on the lower parts of the mantle and
wings ; the secondaries are slightly glossed with i)urplo ; lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dirty white ; chin, throat, and
elongate ear-tufts white ; an indistinct white baud separates the
short feathers of the top from those covering the back of the head ;
chest dark blackish brown, gradually becoming lighter on the
underparts ; vent and under tail-coverts brownish white. Tail with
"22 feathers ; the basal part dirty white, and the extremities brownish
black glossed with rich purplish l)lue : the lateral webs of the central
pairs are very long and free, and the extremities are much curved.
Naked sides of the face scarlet ; bill light reddish horn-colour ; legs
red. Total length about 41 inches, wing 12-7, tail 22-6, tarsus -I'l.

Adult female, llesembles the male, but has no spurs.

Hah. Mountains of Mantchouria and Pechi-li.

a. cJ ad. sk. N.W. China. Gould Coll.

b'd. (S ? ad. St. Mountains X.W. of Pekiu. Hon. Sir F. W. A. Bruce,

et 2 ad. sk. K.C.B. [P.].

«,/. Pull. St. England. Zool. Soc. Coll.

4. Crossoptilon auritum.

Phasianus auritus, Pull. Zooi/r. Posso-Asiaf. ii. p. 8G (1811); Grai/,
Lid Gallince Brit. Mas. p." 31 (1807); Sclut. Ibi.i, 1874, p. 170.

Crossoptilon auritum, f/r^y, Ilaiid-l. B. ii. p. 2.59 (1870); Swinh.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 3U9 ; iiclat. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 49-5 ; Elliot, Mon.
Phag. i. pi. 17 (187:i); Prjev. Monijolia, ii. p. 121 (1870); id. in
Bowl. Orn. Misc. ii. p. 420 (1877) [Kansu, Ala-shan Mts.] ; Darid
>.V Ousidl. Ois. Chine, p. 400, pi. 108 (1877) [X.W. Sze-chuen,
E. Koko-uor]; Prjev. Beisrn in Tibet, p 204 (1884); Ple.-ikc,Bull.
Acad. tSt. Petersb. xm. p. l'97 (18!)2) [North Nan-Shan].

Crossoptilon cajridescens, David, J/<S'. ; Mdne-Edw. C. R. l.xx. p. 538
(1870) [Sze-chuen]; id. Ann. May. N. H. (4) v. p. 308(1870);
David, N. Arch. Mas. Bull. vii. p. 11 (1871) [Koko-uor].

Adult male. Top of the head covered with short, soft, velvety
black feathers ; lores, chin, throat, and elongate ear-patches wiiite ;
rest of the upper and under parts slate-grey ; an indistinct white
band divides tlie black of the top of the head from the grey of tlie
occiput ; primaries brown ; secondaries dark brown, sliglitly glossed
with i)uri)le. Tail with 24 feathers ; the two middle pairs grey,
shading into black glossed with purple at the extremity, and with
very long, curved, free webs ; the six outer pairs have the basal
three-quarters white and the extremity l)lack gh)ssed with purple ;
the remaining pairs have the basal part black, the sixth i)air being
white on each side of the shaft. Bill reddish horn : naked sides of
face scarlet ; legs red. Total length 40 inches, wing 12-4, tail 21,
tarsus 4.

Adxdt female. Kesembles the male, but has no spurs.

296 PHASIANID^.

Hah. Mountains of Koko-nor, Kansu, and North-west Sze-
chuen.

a, b. c? ? ad- sk. Kansu, Dec. M. Berezowsky [C.].

c. rj ad. sk. Kansu, Feb. (Prjevalski). St. Petersbum Museum

[E.].

d. (S ad. sk. Baga-gorgi, Cliuan-che, St. Petersburg Museum

April {Prjevalski). [E.],

e. cJ juv. sk. Babo-cbo, China, Aug. St. Petersburg Museum

( Grum-Grdmailo) . [E.].

/. Skeleton.

5. Crossoptilon harmani.

Crossoptilon harmani, Elwes, Ibis, 1881, p. 399, pi. xiii. [E. Thibet].

Adult male. Resembles C. aurituin in general plumage and
appearance, but may be at once distinguished by having a wide
and well-marked white band across the back of the head between
the car-coverts and no white on the basal part of the outer tail-
leathers ; moreover the white of the throat extends further down
towards the chest, and the plumage of the head and neck appears
to be somewhat darker. It is impossible to say certainly how
many tail-feathers there may have been originally, as the unique
type specimen is in very bad condition and the tail-feathers are all
loose. Capt. Elwes, in the original description, gives the number
as 20, but the plate represents 22. There are now 19 to be found,
one on the left side being absent ; but it appears to me that the
two central pairs are wanting, and that the full number is 24, as in
C auritum.

Hah. Thibet, 150 miles east of Lhassa.

a. (S ad. sk. 150 miles east of Lhassa, II. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.].

6000 ft. (Type of the species.)

32. GENN^US.

Type.

Geuna2us, Wagl. Isis, 18-32, p. 1228 G. nycthemerus.

Nycthemerua, Swams. Class. B. ii. p. 341 (18-37). . G. nycthemerus.

Alectrophasis, Gray, ListGen. B. ed. 2, p. 78 (1841). G. cuvieri.
Grammatoptilus, Ileiche?ib. Nat. Syst. Voff. p. xxx

(1852) G. liueatus.

Hierophasis, Elliot, Mun. Phas. text to pi. xxv. p. 2

(1872) G. swinhoii.

Tail of 16 feathers, long, laterally compressed ; the centre pair
somewhat or considerably longer than the second pair, and at least
three times the length of the outer pair.

1st primary considerably shorter than the 2nd, which is equal to
the 9th or 10th ; the 5th or (ith slightly the longest.

Head with an elongate hairy crest.

Sides of the head naked.

Tarsi considerably longer than the middle toe and claw, and
armed in the male with a pair of stout, fairly long spurs.

luuujc. Himalayas : Indo-Chinese countries.

32. GENNJ2U3. 21*7

Key to the Species.

I. General colour above is not olive-brown or
rcddi.sh brown. (Males.)
a. Scajmlars not dark crimson witli bronze-red
reflfftions.

A. Tail black without anywbite markings.

a. J 5rea.st- feathers dirty white and lan-

ceolate.
a'. Feathers of the lower back and
rump margined with white.
a" . Crest white, sometimes mixed

with du.sk)' brown (ilbocristatiiti, p. 298.

h". Crest black leucomelanus, p. 300.

h'. Feathers of tlie lower back and rimip

not margined with white inuthura, p. SOL

b. Breast-feathers black, only moderately

pointed ; feathers of the lower back
and rump widely margined with
white korsfieldi, p. 302.

B. Tail black vermiculated with white, inner

margins of the middle pair of featliers
without white ; feathers of the lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts mar-
gined with white.

c. White vermiculations on the mantle,

scapulars, and wing-coverts wide-set,

irregular, and very fine cuoieri, p. 303.

d. White vermiculations on the mantle,

scapulars, and wing -coverts much
coarser aud more regular, an outer
submarginal white line pai-allel to the
edge of each feather davisoni, p. 304.

C. Tail black vermiculated with white, inner

margins of the middle pair of feathers
white ; featliers of the lower back, rump,
and u])pertail-ci)Vert.s fringed with white;
mantle, sca])ulars, and wing-coverts black,
with tine close white vermiculations . . oatesi, p. .306.

D. Tail black, with irregular oblique white

lines nearly or quite as wide as the black
interspaces ; inner web aud last third of
middle pair of tail-feathers white.

e. Mantle black, finely vermiculated with

irregular transverse white lines liiteatus, p. ,304.

/. Mantle black, each feather with five or
six regular white lines parallel to the
edge and nearly as wide as the black
intei-spaces andersoni, p. 306.

E. Tail white, the outer pairs of feathers

with iri-egular oblique black lines ; plu-
mage of the upper parts white, each
feather with five or si.x nan-ow regular

black lines parallel to the edge nycthemerus, p. 307.

/3- Scapulars dark crimson, with bronze-red re-

tlections ; crest and upper back pure white, swinhoii, p. 309.

298

PHASIANID^.

II. General colour above olive- or reddish brown.
(Ihnales*.)
y. Scapulars and wing-coverts without triangu-
lar buff spots.
A. Feathers of the breast and underparts
either margined with white or buff, or
with white or buff shaft-stripes, or with
both characters combined.
(I. Sides of the neck without triangular
white shaft-spots; mantle without
wliite V-shaped shaft-stripe.«(.
a'. Outer tail-feathers black.

a". Uudei-parts with white shafts, but
never pale shaft-stripes.
a'". Underparts light reddish brown, albocristatus, -p. 298.
b'". Underparts dark reddish brown , i,,,,^,„,i 300.

or dark brown ... midhura, p. 301.

b . Underparts usually with narrow ' ' ^

buff shaft-stripes horsfieldi, p. 302.

b'. Outer tail-feathers washed with chest-
nut towards the base cuvieri, p. 303.

c'. Outer tail-feathers chestnut; under-
parts with buff shaft-stripes oatesi, p. 306.

h. Sides of the neck with triangular white
shaft-spots ; mantle with white V-
shaped shaft-stripes ; outer tail-
feathers reddish brown, with irregular
white black-edged bars.
d'. Underparts with narrower pointed
white shaft-stripes; outer webs of
the secondaries mottled with buff
and black along the margin only . . lineatus, p. 304.
«'. Underparts with wider pointed white
shaft-stripes ; outer webs of the
secondaries with irregular oblique
buff bars reaching to the shaft. . . . andersoni, p. 306.
B. Feathers of the breast and underparts
without either pale margins or shaft-
stripes ; sides of the neck and mantle
without any white shaft-marks ; outer
tail-feathers black, with irregular oblique

white lines ni/cthemerus, p. 307.

8. Scapulars and wing-coverts each with a sub-
terminal triangular yellowish-buff spot
widely edged with black ; inner webs of
the primaries with wide alternate bars of
chestnut and black swinhoii, p. 309.

1. Gennseus albocristatus.

Phasianus albocristatus, Tig. P. Z. S. 1830, p. 9, & 1832, p. 16 ; id.
Phil. Maq. 1831, p. 60 ; Goidd, Cent. B. Himal. pis. 66, 67 [text]
(1832) ; 'Vigne, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 6 [Alpine Punjab].

Gennaeus albocristatus, Wugl. Isis, 1832, p. 1228.

Phasianus hamiltonii, Gray, in Griff, ed. Cuv. iii. p. 27 (1829) ; id.
111. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 41 (1830-32).

Euplocomu8leucomelanos,(?/'«y, iis<()/i?. pt. iii. p. 25 (1844) [part.].

* The female of G. davisoni is at present unknown.

32. OENN^ETJS, 209

Euploconius leucomelas, Iludys. in G'raifs Zool. 3fhc. p. 85 (1844)
[part, no. 80 J ] ; id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas., Gall. pi. 14. no. 80 2 ■

Eiii)l()r'i}nuis albocristuttis, Uutton, J. As. Soc. Bom), xvii. pt. 2, p. 693
{lf<48) ; Blyth, Cat. Mtt^. As. Soc. p. 244 (1840J; Irdi/, Ibis, 1861,
p. 2;io [Kuumon].

Euplocamiis albocristatus, Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 499 [Simla,
Cashmere] ; Sclat. Lid of Phas, p. 9 (1863) ; Gray, List Galliiue
Brit. Mm. p. 32 (1867) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 260"(1870) ; LUioi,
Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 18 (1872) [svn. part.] ; Hume ^.V ImiUs, Str. F. v.
p. 42 (1^77) ; lEume i^ Marsh. Game B. hid. i. p. 177, pi. (1878) ;
Marsh. Ibi.s, 1884, p. 423 [Gbauiba] ; Oates, cd. Hume's Nests Si-
JSff!/.", iii. p. 413 (1890).

Gallophasis albocristatus, Mitch. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 544, pi. 148. fig. 1,
& pi. 149. fig. 3 ; Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 186; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
p. 532 (1863) [part.] ; lilyth, Ibis, 18(i7, p. 153 ; Ti/t/er. Ibis, 1868,
p. 203 [Simla to iMussoori'e] ; v. Pelz. P/is, 1868, p. 321 [Koteghur] ;
Beavan, Ibis, 18G«, p. 380 [Simla] ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 60 [Naini
Tal, Almorah] ; Ilnme, N. ^ E. Ind. B. p. 526 (1873) ; Marsh.
B. Nest. Ind. p. 59 (1877).

Adult male. A long hairy white crest ; forehead, sides and back
of tlie head and neck, mantle and wing-coverts, and upper tail-
coverts black, glossed with purplish and steel-blue ; feathers of the
mantle and upper tail-coverts also narrowly margined with dirty
white ; lower back and rump the same, but with a wide white
terminal band ; primaries brown ; secondaries darker, and slightly
glossed with greenish blue on the outer web ; chin and throat
black ; fore part of neck dirty white, gradually shading into brown
on the belly and rest of the underparts. Tail black, glossed with
])urplish blue. Naked facial skin scarlet. Bill greenish white ;
legs and feet livid white tinged with brown. Total length
25 inches, wing 9"3, tail 11, tarsus 3.

Immature males have the edges of the longer upper tail-coverts
finely mottled instead of margined with white ; the spurs, too, are
small or absent.

A venj yountj specimen has the plumage of the upper parts like
that of the female, but darker, and most of the feathers of the
mantle and wing-coverts have a wide subtcrmiaal black bund ; the
underparts are brownish white.

Adult female. A long brownish-grey hairy crest; whole plumage
reddish brown, redder on the rump, upper tail-coverts, chest, and
rest of the underparts ; feathers of the upper parts finely vermi-
culated with blackish and edged with grey, except those of the
wing-coverts and underparts, where the margins are white ; chin,
throat, and middle of belly dirty white : primaries brown ; middle
pair of tail-featiiers reddish finely mottled with black, rest black
glossed with steel-blue. Total length 22-5 inches, wing 8-8,
tail 8-8, tarsus 2-5.

Immature f males differ only in having the middle pair of tail-
feathers with rather strongly marked wavy bars and mott lings of buff.

Hab. Lower and middle ranges of the Western Himalayas, from
Ha/ara to Kumaon and Western Nepal.

a. c? ad. St. Himalayas. K. Ferguson, Esq. [P.].

6. cJ ad. sk. llimnluyas. Gould Coll.

300

PHASIANIDiE.

c,d. (^ 2 ^^- ^^- s^-
e. cJ ad. sk.
f-h. c? 2 ad. sk.
i-o. S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
p. cJ ad. sk.

q. 2 ad. sk.
?•. j ad. sk.
c«. c? ad. sk!
^. cJ ad. sk.
^l-z. d 2 ad.

et

Ui'i, Caskmere, Dec.
N.W. Himalayas {Griffiths).
N. W. of Simla {S. Pinwill).
Koteghur.

Koowanoo, Khunaitee, Jan.
(A. O. H.).

Kotekhaie, Feb.

Kooloo, Feb.

Nagkunda, Oct. {A.O.H.).

Mulwah Tal, Oct. (A.O.H.).

Simla, Nov., Dec. ( W. Da-
vison).

Simla, Sept. {R. C. Beavan).

Simla.

UmbaUali, Nov. {R. C. £.).

Saharunpar Dist.

Mussooree.

Kaladoongee, Dhoon, Sept.
{A. O. H.).

Kalsi (G. F. L. Marshall).

Bhagirati Valley.

Kumaon.

Kumaon (Stracheij).

Western Nepal.

Rev. H. Lansdell [C.].
India Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum [P.].

B. H. Hodgson,

[P.].

Esq.

a'. (J ad. sk.
b'. 2 ad. sk.
c'. 2 j"v. sk.
d' . S juv. sk.
e . 2 imm. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.

(/'. S juv. sk.
h'-7i' . (5 5 ad. et

imm. sk.
o'-q' . (S 2 ad. sk.
r'-y'. S ad., $

imm. sk.
w'. d 2 ad. sk.

x'. Skeleton.

2. Gennseus leucomelanus.

Coloured Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Sup^il. i. p. 210 (1787) ; id.

Gen. Hist. viii. p. 203 (1823).
Phasianus leucomelanos. Lath. Ind. Om. ii. p. 633 (1790) ; JBonnaf.

Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 189 (1791) ; Temm. Pig. et Gall. ii. p. 353

(1813), iii. p. 670 (1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xi. p. 40

(1817) ; rig. P. Z. S. 1832, p. 16.
Nepaul Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 202 (1823).
Euplocomus leucomelanos, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. p. 25 (1844) [part.].
Euplocomus leucomelas, Hodgs. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ;

id. Leon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Gall. pi. 14. tii»-. 79.
Gallophasis leucomelanos, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 498 (1845) ; id.

Cat. Hodqs. ed. 1, p. 124 (1846) ; Hutton, J. As. Soc. Beng. xvii.

pt. 2, p. 694 (1848).
Gallophasis albocristatus, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. .532 (1863) [part.].
Euplocomus leucomelanos, Grai/, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 33

(1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 260 (1870).
Euplocamus leucomelanus, Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 428 (1878) ; Hume

^ Marsh. Game B. Lid. i. p. 185, pi. (1878 I.
Gallophasis leucomelanus, Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 345 (1879) [Nepal].

Adult male. Plumage like that of G. albocristatus, but the crest is
black glossed with purplish blue, and the terminal white bars to the
rump and upper tail-coverts are usually narrower. Size smaller.

Adult female. Perfectly similar to the female of G. albocristatus,
but rather darker.

Young specimens differ from their adults in the same points
mentioned under the j'oung of G. albocristatus.

JIab. Nepal.

32. GENNJEUS.

301

a. (S ad. st.

b-i. S 2 !id. et

imm. sk.
k. 2 inim. sk.

[var.].
I, m. (S ad. et $

imm. sk.
n. (S ad. .sk.
o-i". cf $ ad.,

imm., etpull.sk.
iv-y- 6 $ ad. sk.

z. Imperfect skeleton.

Nepal.

Nepal.

Nepal.

Nepal.

Nepal.

Np])al ^'alley, Jan., June-

Ang., and Oct. (J. !Scully).
Dolaka, Nepal, Dec, Jan.

(i. Mandelli).

B. II. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
B. II. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
B. H. Hodgson, E.sq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Goidd Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

3. GennsBus muthura.

Cliittygong Pheasant, Lath. Gen. lli»t. viii. p. 200 (1823).
Pbasianus muthura. Gray, in Griff, ed. Ciiv. iii. p. 27 (1829).
Gallophasis muthura, Gray, Gvn. B. iii. p. 498 (1845).
Euplocomus meliinotus (Ilhith), Hutton, J. As. Soc. Bentj. xvii.

pt. 2, p. (i!»4 ( 1^4S) : Uh/h, Vat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 244 (1849).
Gallapha.sis melanotus, Uudys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Gall. App.

pi. no. 937 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 24 (1849) ; Mitch. P. Z.S.

1858. p. 544, pi. 149. fig. 2; Gray, Cat. Hodys. ed. 2, p. 68

(1863) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 534 (1863) ; Hvme, N. 8,- E. Ind. B.
p. 627 (1873); Marsh. B. Nest. Ind. p. 59 (1877).
Euplocamus melanotus, Sclaf. List of Phas. p. 9 (1863) [Sikkim and

Bliotan] ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 33 (lh67) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 260 (1870) ; Elliot, Mon. Phus. ii. pi. 119 (1872) ; Hume

cV In,jli.s, Str. E. v. p. 42 (1877).
Gallophasis melanonotus, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 381 [Darjeelino-,

Interior of Sikhim, 2000-7000 ft.]; Buhjer, Ibis, 1869, p. 171)

[Daijeeling].
Euplocomus melanonotus, Hume 4' Marsh. Game B. Ind. i p. 191

pi. (1878).
Euplocamus melanonotus, Oates, ed. Hume's Nests Sc Eqqs, iii. p. 415

(1890).

Adult male. Differs from the male of 6'. leucomelanvs in having
the feathers of the lower bax'k and rump glossed -with uniform deep
l)ur])lish blue, witliout -svliite terminal bands, the general gloss of
the head, neck, and mantle more intense purple.

Adult female is not to be distinguished from the female of
G. Icueomelanu!^.

Hah. Sikhim, Native Sikliira, Western Bhootan. ? Eastern Nepal.

o-e. (J ad. et iuim. Native Sikhim, Jan.-
sk. March (L. Mandelli).

f-k. S $ ad. et Sikhim (i. Mandelli).
imm. sk.

Sikhim, Jan. -April, June,
Aug., Oct., Nov. (Z.J/.).
Darjeehng.

et

l-f. d $ ad

imm. sk.
i/'-?'. 6 $ ad. et

imm. sk.
?•', s'. S ad. et $

imm. sk.
t', «'. (S $ ad. St.

Darjeeling.
Daijeeling.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Ilume Coll.
Gould Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq,
[P.]. ^

302

PHASIANID^.

v-z\ S 2 atl. et Darjeelin^. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

imm. sk. [C.].

a", 6". S sid. et 2 Mongphoo {J. Gammiii). Hume Coll.

imm. sk.
c". c? iiiini. sk. [Darjeeling.l Zool. See. Coll.

d" . 2 ad. sk. Lower Hills, Bhootan Hume Coll.

Doars, Jan. (i. Mandelli).
e"-g". 2 '^d. st. et No locality. Zool. Soc. Coll.

imm. sk.
h". Skeleton.

Hybrid between Acomus erythropMhalmus and Gennseus muthura.

See p. 284.

Hybrid between Gennaeus muthura and Phasianus colchicus.

a. tS ad. st. Hampshire. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.].

4. Gennaeus horsfieldi.

Sylhet Pheasant, Lalh. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 208 (182.3).

? Phasianus lathami, Gray, in Griff, ed. Cnv. iii. p. 26 (1829).

Gallophasis horsfieldi, Gray, Gen. B. iii, p. 498, pi. cxxvi. (1845);
Mitch. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 544, pi. 148. fig. 2, pi. 149. fig. 1 ; Sclat.
^- Wolf, Zool. Sket. 2. pi. ^9 (1861).

Euplocomus horsfieldi, Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 244 (1849).

Euplocamus horsfieldi, Sclat. List of Phas. p. 9 (1863) [Assam,
Sylhet] ; Gray, List Gallinm Brit. Mus. p. 33 (1867) ; id. Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 260 (1870) ; Elliot, Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 20 (1872) ; Hume ^^
Infflis, Str. F. v. p. 42 (1877) [Cachar] ; Huvie iS- Marsh. GameB.
Ind. i. p. 198, pi. (1878) ; Fasson, Sir. F. ix. pp. 203, 205 (1880)
[Chittagong Dist.] ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 303 (1888) [N. Arrakan,
JNIanipur]; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests ^ Eggs, iii. p. 416 (1890).

Euplocomus cuvieri, Hume c^- Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. pi. only (1878).

Adult male. Black glossed with purplish or steel-blue ; feathers
of the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with a terminal
white band very narrow on the latter ; soft parts as in G. albo-
a-istatiis. Size the same as in the other species.

Immature males have less gloss on the feathers, the edges of the
wing-coverts, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts, and the outer
margins of the secondaries vermiculated with rufous and buff.

Adult female. Eesembles the female of G. leucomelanus or G.
muthura, but in old specimens the centre pair of tail-feathers
become uniform dark chestnut, whereas in the two latter there is
alwavs some black mottling. As a rule the rump is paler and more
olive-brown, and contrasts rather strongly with the middle pair of
tail-feathers.

Hob. Eastern Bhootan, Assam, Sylhet, Cachar, Manipur, Hill
Tipperah, Chittagong, and N. Arrakan ; also at Bhamo.

a-c. (S ^ &.A. St. et
cJ ad. sk.

d. (S ad. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.

/•

g-h. c? 2 ^^- ^^■

Bhootan.

[Assam.]

Assam {McClelland).

Gauhatti, Assam, Dec.

(W.Davison).
Sadiya, Assam, March,

April {J. Cocichurti).

India Museum [P.].

Gould Coll.

India Museum [P.].

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

32. GENNiEUS.

303

/. (5 ad. sk.

m. 2 ad. sk.
»!-/>. ij' 9 ad. sk.

q-s. S ? ad. sk.

t-w. cJ $ ad. sk.

.T, y. $ ad. et c?

imm. sk.
z-l'. S ? ad. etimm.

sk._
m', n'. (S $ ad. sk.
o'. cS ad. sk.
2)'-s'. c? ad. et imm.

sk.
f, «'• d $ imm. sk.
v'-.v'. c? imm. et

pull. sk.
y'. Skeleton.

Hybrid between
a. 2 ad. St.

Tippook, March {J. Cork-
burn).

DolUih,May (./. Cockfnirn).

Dibniirhur, iSIarch, April
{J. R. C'n'ppn).

N. Khasia Hills, March,
April (A. W. Chcnnell).

Dilkoubhah, Cachar, Jan.
( W. Davison and J.
Inylis).

Cachar {J. Inglis).

Manipur, Feb. to May

{A. O. II.).
Tipperah.
N. Arrakan.
N. Arrakan {McClelland).

Bhamo.
No locality.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].

E.W. Gates, E8q.[C."
Zool. See. Coll.

Gennaeus horsfieldi and Phasianus versicolor.
England. Zool. Soc. Coll.

Subsp. a. Gennsens cuvieri.

Hybrid between Phasianus fasciatus and P. leucomelanos, McClell.

'Ciiknffn Journ. N. II. ii. p. 147 (b'^42).
Lo])hophorus cuvieri, Tcmm. Pi. Col. v. pi. 10 [no. 1] (18i20) ; Less.

Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 179 (1828): Steph. in Shaic^s Gen. Zool. xiv.

p. 300 (182C.) ; Griff, ed. Cuv. iii. p. 14, pi. (1829) ; GuMn-Mene-

ville, Icon. Kig. Anim., Oix. pi. 40. ficr. 2 (1829-38) ; Less. TraiU

d'Orn. p. 489 (1831) ; Schinz, Nat. Abhild. Vog. p. 253, pi. 98

(1833) ; Bli/tk, Ibis, 18G7, p. 153.
Lophyrus cuvieri, Ste}>h. in Shmv's Gen. Zool. xiv. pi. 36 (1820).
Ilouppifer cuvierii, Guerin-Meneville, Icon. lil'y. Anim., Ois. p. 25

(1829-38).
Gallophasis cuvieri, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 498 (184^5).
Euplocoiiius cuvieri, Grat), Iland-l. B. ii. p. 260 (1870); Sanders.

Str. F. viii. p. 493 (1879) [Chittagong].
Euplocamus cuvieri, Hume ^- Mamh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 202 (1878) ;

Oates, B. Burmah, ii. p. 318 (188;}) [part.].
Monaulus nielanion, J'ieill. Tabl. Encucl. Mvth. i. p. 366, pi. 237.

fig. 1 (1823).
Alectrophasi.s leucomelanos. Gray, List Gen. B. p. 78 (1841).
Euplocomus lineatus, Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. iSoc. p. 244 (1849)

[part.].

Adult male, llesemblos the male of G. JtorsJiiJdi, but all the
feathers of the upper parts are finely pencilled with irregular wavy
white lines ; the inner webs of the centre pair of tail-feathers are
black to the edges. 8ize and soft parts as in G. Jiorsjieldi.

^l(7!<///i?»irt/«; resembles the female of G. horffiddi, but all the
tail-feathers are more or less mi.xed with dull rufous mottled with
black, the outer pairs only being black towards the extremity.

Hah. Northern Arrakan Hills and Chittagong.

304 PHASIANTD.E.

a,b. c? $ ad. sk. Arrakan Hills. Zool. Soc. Coll.

c. cJad. sk. Arrakau Hills {Capt. Boyle). Zool. Soc. CoU.

d. Sternum.

Subsp. (i. Gennseus davisoui.

Euplocanius andersoui, Anderson (nee Elliot), B. W. Yunncm, p. 670

(1878) [youngier male].
Euplocamus liiieatus, Anderson {nee Vig.), B. W. Yunnan, p. (J69

(1878) [above Mandalay].

Immature male. Differs from G. cuvieri in having the white lines
on the feathers of the upper parts coarser and more regular, especially
on the mantle, scapulars, and wing-coverts. The feathers of these
parts have an outer suhmarginal white line parallel to the edge,
within which are four or five irregular hut more or less parallel lines.
In this respect the present sub.species approaches G. andersoni, but
the white lines are narrower and the black interspaces broader than
in the former.

Hab. Kachin Hills east of Bhamo.

a. cJad.sk. Kachin Hills, Yunnan, Dr. J. Anderson [P.]. (Tj-pe
Feb. of the subspecies.)

5. Gennseus lineatus.

Liueated Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. i^Ol (1823).

Phasianus lineatus, Vig. Phil. Mag. ISol, p. 147 ; id. P. Z. S. 1831,

p. 24 ; Jard. ^- Selh. III. Orn. u. s. pi. 12 (1836).
Phasianus reynaudii, Less. Truite a Orn. p. 495 (1831); id. in

Belang. Toy. Ind. Orient, p. 27(5, pis. 8, 9 (1834) [Pegu].
Gennseus lineatus, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1228 ; Oates, Str. I', v. p. 164

Phasianus fasciatus, McClell. Calcutta Journ. N. H. ii. p. 146, pi. iii.
(1842) [Arrakan F].

Gallophasis lineatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 498 (1845) ; Hume, Str. F.
ii. p. 482 (1874) [Tenasserim].

Gallophasis fasciatus. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 498 (1845).

Euplocomus lineatus, Blyth, Cat. Mas. As. Soc. p. 244 (1849)
[part.] ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 260 (1870).

Euplocamus lineatus, Sclat. ^- U'vlf, Zool. Shet. 2. pi. 38 (1861);
id. List of Phas. p. 8, pi. 9 (1863) [Tenasserim and Pegu]; Gray,
List Gallince Brit. Mm. p. 34 (1867) ; Elliot, Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 23
(1872) ; Hume, N. ^- E. hul. B. p. 525 (1873) ; Goidd, B. Asia, vii.
pi. 14 (1875); Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 165 (1875) [Pegu Hills east
of the Irrawaddy R.] ; Hume i) Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 205,
pi. (1878) ; Hume i^- Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 436 (1878) [Tenas-
serim I ; Bingham, Str. F. ix. p. 195 (1880) [Thoungyeen jungles] ;
Oates, Str. F. x. p. 236 (1882) [Pegu]; Oates, B. Burmah,n.
p. 316 (1883) [E. slope Arrakan Hills ?, Siam, IrraAvaddy Valley
to Bhamo] ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests ^ Eggs, iii. p. 416 (1890).

Nycthemerus lineatus, Blyth «^ W'alden, Cat. Mamni. S/- B. Bivrtna,
p. 149 (1875) [Karen Hills].

Adult male. Top of the head and elongate crest black, glossed
with purplish blue ; back and sides of the neck, back, rump, upper
tail-coverts, lesser and median wing-coverts, and scapulars finely

;52. GKNX.KCS. :i<*5

vermiculated with alternate black and wliilc lines, runninji fhicfly
across the feathers: primaries and tlieir covcrfs hlnckisli hrow ii ;
secondaries and secondary-coverts black, all witli oblii|uely-irrc^ular
■white lines ; chin, throiit, fore part of neck, and rest of undcrparts
Idack with a slij^ht bine gloss ; the feathers on the sides of the
breast always have white shaft-stripes *. Middle pair of tail-
feathers dirty white, more or less vermicidatcd with black on the
enter web except at the extremity ; rest of the feathers obliipiely
vermiculated with black and white, the black gradually increasing
and the white diTuinishing on each successive feather, so that the
outer pair are black, obliquely vermiculated with white. Bill bluish
or brownish horny ; facial skin blood-red ; legs and feet fleshy
brown. Total length 2U inches, wing 9"7, tail 12, tarsus 3-3.

In an iunuatare male the wing-coverts and scapulars are inter-
mixed with pale olive-brown feathers, greyish towards the tij) afid
vermicidatcd with black ; some of the black feathers of the breast
are mixed with brown, and the white shaft-stripes are mostly con-
fined to the feathers of the sides and tlanks.

Adult female. Top of the head and crest tinged with rufous, rest
of the up])er parts olive-brown ; most of the feathers of the mantle
with V-**liaped white marks narrowly edged with black : inner webs
of the ])rimaries and secondaries brown ; the outer webs of the
latter slightly mottled with whitish buff along tlie margin ; sides of
the neck with triangular white spots ; chin, throat, and fore part
of neck whitish ; rest of the underparts brownish chestnut, each
featlicr with a pointed wliite shaft-stripe margined with black,
^liddle pair of tail-feathers buff, mottled on the outer web and also
slighth' on the inner witli black; the six o iter pairs are reddish
brown, with wide irregular white bars mottled and widely margined
■with black ; the second pair have the basal two-thirds like the outer
pairs, and the terminal third buff mottled with black like tlie
middle pair. Total length 22'b inches, wing 8-9, tail 8"7,
tarsus 2" 7.

Hah. Pegu, Tonghoo and Karen Hills, Tenasserira as far south
as Tavoy, and N.W. Siam. It is ako stated to extend up the
Irrawaddy Valley as far as Ehamo.

a-e. cJ $ad. etpuU. St. No locality. Zooi. Soc. Coll.

/. cJ ad. sk. [Arrakau Hills] {Cajd. Zool. Soc. Coll.

</. (5 ad. sk. Upper Pegu, March. E. W. Gates, Esq.

[CI.
h-k. (S ad. sk. E. Pegu Hills, April. E. W. Gates, Esq.

[CI.
I'P 6 2 ad. et $ Tonghoo Hills, Feb. to Tweeddale Coll.

imm. sk. April (Ji. G. W. It.).

9 ti. d $ ad. et rj Kar.u Hills, Jan. and Tweeddale Coll.
imm. sk. May {li. G. ]\'. IL).

* III some fully aclult and very old specimens almost all the feathers of the
breast mirl boUy have white shaft-stripes, while in otlier equally julult examples
tiiese marks are absent except on the sides of the breast ; this character seems
to have no reference to age or locality, and appears to be individual.

VOL. XXII. X

306 phasiantd-t:.

V, w, S ? ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Jan. and E. W. Gates, E>i(j.

Dec. [C.].

.r,y. c? ad. sk. Pahpoon, Feb. and Dec. Hume Coll.

( W. Davison),

z, a'. S ad. sk. Sahveeu Dist., Jan. ( W. Hume Coll.

Davison).

V. c^ad. sk. Tlioun<?yeen R., Oct. (C. Hume Coll.

T. Binriham).

c. c? fid. sk. Foot of bonat, Tlioung- C. T. Bingham, Esq.

veen Valley, Jan. [C-]-

d. S ad. sk. Wimpong, Dec. ( W. Da- Hume Coll.

visori).
e'. cJ ad. sk. Tenasserim {Heifer). India Museum [P.].

Hijljrid between Lophura cliardi and Gennteus lineatus. See p. 291.

Subsp. o. Gennaeus oatesi.

Lopbopborus cuvieri, Hume {nee Temm.), Sti: F. ill. p. 166 (IS?-*))

[S.E. Arrakan Hills].
Euplocamus cuvieri. Oaten, Str. F. iii. p. 343 (1875) ; id. B.

Bunnah, ii. p. 318 (1883) [part. ; near Prome, S.E. Arrakan

Hills].
Euplocamus lineatus, Feilden {nee Vig.), Str. F. iii. p. 168 (187o)

[Thayetmyo Hills).

Adult male. Resembles the adult male of G. Ihuatus, but differs
in having the feathers of the lower back and rump fringed with
white and only the margins of the inner webs of the middle pair of
tail-feathers white, without any black marking. In one specimen
the feathers of the sides of the breast have white shaft-stripes ; in
another they are uniform black. Size and soft parts the same as
given for G. lineatus.

Adult female. Eesembles the female of G. horsfieldi in general
plumage, and differs from that of G. Unenfus in having no white
triangular spots on the sides of the neck, while the underparts are
warm brown, with narrow bufi'-coloured shafts, much the same as
in G. liorgjieldi. It differs, moreover,, from both these, as well as
from the other nearly allied forms, in having the outer tail-feathers
chestnut slightly mottled with black, as in Lophura rifa, while the
centre pair are brownish buft' thickly mottled with wavy lines of
black.

Hah. South-eastern Arrakan Hills in the vicinity of Prome and
Thayetmyo.

a, b. cS 2 ad. sk. S.E. Arrakan Hills, near E. W. Gates, Esq. [C.].

Prome, lat. 19° X., Jan. (Types of the subspecies.)

c. J ad. sk. Arrakan Hills ( Capt. India Museum [P.].

Buffle).

6. GennsBus andersoni.

Euplocamus andersoni, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 137 ; id. Mon. Phas.
ii. pi. xxii. (1872) ; Anderson, B. W. Yunnan, p. 670, pi. liii.
(1878) [Kachin Hills] [type-specimen only) ; Hume ^~ Marsh.
Game B. Ind. i. pi. (1878) ; Oatcs, B. Burniah, ii. p. 319 (1883).

32, GENN-T2CS. 307

Xvctheiuonis andersoni, BIyth l^ Walden, Cat. Mamm. 4' B. Burma,

■p. 14!) (187">).
Euplncunuis cniwfiirdi, Hume Sf Davison, Sir. F. vi. pp. 437, -O^l

(1878) [Dargwin, N. Teuasberiui] ; Hume ^- Marsh. Game B. Ind.

i. p. i'0;J, pi. (1878).

Adult male. Differs from the adult male of G. lineaius in having
every feather of the mantle and wing-coverts regularly marked on
each web with about ten alternate black and white concentric bands ;
it differs from the adult male of G. davisoid in having the tail
similarly marked to that of G. Uneatus, and the breast-feathers
with white shaft-stripes. Bill pale bluish horny ; facial skin deep
crimson ; legs and feet dark pinkish Hesh-colour. Total length 2S
inches, wing tj-9, tail 13-(j, tarsus 3'4.

Adult female. Resembles the female of G. Hiieatus, but the white
shaft-stri])es on the feathers of the underparts are much wider, and
the outer webs of the secondaries are obliquely marked with wavy
buff bars. Total length 23"o inches, wing 'J3, tail 9"7, tarsus 3'1.

I/ab. Kachin Hills east of Bhamo and the Salween Yalley as far
south as Dargwin.

a. 2 ad. sk. 20 m. X. of KoUidoo, Salween Dist., Hume Coll.

Jan. ( TV. Davison).

b. 2 ad. sk. Kollidoo, Nov. ( Jr. Daviifon). Hume Coll.
c,d. (5 5* id. sk. Dargwin, Salween Dist., Jan. ( JF. Hume Coll.

Davison).

7. Gennaeiis nycthemerus.

White China Pheasant, Albin, Xat. Hist. B. iii. p. 35, pi. xxxvii.

(1740).
Black and White Chinese Pheasant, Edic. Xat. Hist. B. ii. pi. 06

(1747).
Phasianus nvcthemerus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 272 (1760) ; Gni. S. X. i.

pt. ii. p. 743 (1788) ; Lat/i. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 0;U (1790) ; Bonnat.

Tahl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 187, pi. 89. figs. 1 & 2 (1791); Ilaiies,

0.'<terl. Menai/. p. 13, pis. 13 & 14 (1794); Temm. Piq. et Gall. ii.

p. 281 (181.3"), iii. p. 0O."> (181.>) ; Vieill. X. Dirt, d'kist. Xat. xi.

p. 40 ( 1817) ; :steph. in S/iaw'sGen. Znol. si. p. L':54 (1819) : Griff.

ed. Cm: iii. p. 23 (1829); Less. Trai/e d'Orn. p. 4!)o (1831);

Se/iin::, Xat. Abbild. To;/, p. 24.S, pi. 9o (1833) ; Jard. Xat. Lib.,

Orn. iv. p. 207, pi. xviii. (1834); Schinz, Xat. fiig. p. 148, pi. 71

(18o3).
Faisan noire et blanc de la Cliine, D'Aubent. PI, Enl pis. 123, 124 ;

Biif. Hist. Xat. Ois. ii. p. 850 (1771).
Pencilled Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. ii. p. 719 (1783) ; id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 199(1823).
* ?Pliii.<ianus crawfurdii, Graij, in Griff", ed. Cuv. iii. p. 27 (cJ juv.)

(1829).

* I'/ui.fianiis cravftirdi wns described by J. E. Gray from a drawing made
by Mr. Crawfurd of a bird obtained at Ava. The description is yery m.'ngre, but
might apply, as it most likely does, to the iiouiig male of G. ni/cthfinerus. It
caunot possibly apply to any known female of the group, for the wing-coverts
are described as white.

In Gould's 'Birds of Asia' Crawfurd's drawing is erroneouslv reproduced

.t"2

308 phasianid.t:.

Gennseus nyctLemerus, War/l Isis, 1832, p. 1228.

Euplocomus nycthenierus, J. E. Gray, III. Inch Zool. ii. pi. 38. fig. 2

(1834) ; G. R. Gr<>y,ListofB. pt.iii. Gall. p. 25 (1844) ; Blyth, Cat.

Mus. As. Soc. p. £44 (1849) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 260 (1870).
Nycthemerus argentatus, Sivains. Class. B. ii. p. 341 (1837).
Gallophasis crawfurdii, Gray, Geii. B. iii. p. 498 (1845).
Gallophasis nycthemerus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 498 (1845).
Eiiplocamus nyctlieinerus, Gould, B. As. vii. pi. 17 (1859); Sclat.

List ofPhus. p. 8 (1863) [Southern China]; Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1863,

p. 307 ; Gray, List Gallinee Brit. Mns. p. 33 (1867) ; Swinh. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 399; Elliot, Mon. I'has. ii. pi. 21 (1872) ; David 4- Oustal.

Ois. Chine, p. 416 (1877) [S. China, Fokieu, Chi-kiang].

Adult male. Top of the head and crest black glossed with purple ;
sides of the head, back, and sides of the neck and rest of the upper
parts white, the feathers of the mantle, lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts each with five or six narrow regular black concentric
lines; scapulars, wing-coverts, and quills the same, but the black
lines are fewer, coarser, and less regular; chin, throat, fore part of
neck, and rest of underparts black, glossed with purple, some of
the feathers on the sides of the breast with white shaft-stripes,
others with the whole of the outer web Avhite. Tail unusually long ;
centre pair of tail-feathers pure white, rest white, with irregular
oblique black lines gradually increasing in number and thickness
towards the outer pair. Bill greenish horn ; facial skin blood-red ;
legs and feet scarlet. Total length 40 inches, wing 10"5, tail 24,
tarsus 3- 6.

Young male has the upper parts like those of the female, but
most of the feathers of the wing-coverts have narrow bars of buff
edged with black running parallel to the margin ; the outer webs of
the secondaries ol)liquely vermicuiatcd with black and buff lines ;
most of the feathers of the chin, throat, and chest black, glossed
with purple, but the majority of the feathers on the rest of the
underparts marked with alternate black and white or black and buff
lines running parallel to the edge ; tail as in the female.

Adult female. Crest blackish brown ; top of the head, rest of
upper parts, and middle jjair of tail-feathers olive-brown, more or
less vermicuiatcd with fine dusky lines ; inner webs of the quills
brown ; chin and throat dirty brownish white ; neck and rest of
underparts similar to the upper, but the feathers of the belly, thighs,
and under tail-coverts are mottled and vermicuiatcd, especially the
latter, with black ; the second pair of tail-feathers are brownish
huff, obliquely vermicuiatcd with brownish black ; the outer pairs
are black, obliquely vermiculated with white. Colours of soft parts
like those of the male, but not so bright. Total length 20"5 inches,
wing 9-1, tail 9'8, tarsus 3-2.

as the female of his Liardigalhis ■pralatus. The figure given there agrees
■well with the female of G. andcrsoni, but whether it is an accurate reproduction
of Crawfurd's original drawing is impossible to tell ; if so, where are the white
■wing-coverts mentioned by Gray ?

What PliaMii.nus rrninfurdi really was is shrouded iu uncertainty, and tlie
name should be dropped.

(

Ii2. GliM.N-.TiUS. 309

Iiiiiiiittnri' foiKtifs have oblique wavy baft' lines on the outer
webs of tlie secoudaries, and the ehest as well as the rest of the
uiiderparts are finely vermioulated with blackish.

Hab. South China, Fokieu, Chekiang.

a, b. (S iium. sk. & Canton, China. — Beale, Esq. [P.].

2 ad. .St.
c-f. 2 inini. et China. Purchased.

pull. .sk.
(/. cf ad. St. Richmond, Surrey. Dr. Dowler [P.].

//. cj iuim. sk. S. Wales. Viscount Emlyn [P.].

«'. Skeleton.
k. Sternum.

8. Gennseus swinhoii.

Euplocainus swinhoii, Gould, P. Z. S. 180:2, p. 284 [Formosa]; Sclat.

List of Phas. p. 7 (1863) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1803, p. 401 TFurmosa];

Goii/d, B. Asia, vii. pi. 10 (1864) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1865, pp. 353, 538,

1860, pp. 133, 308, 404, 1867, pp. 232, 409; Sclat. .y Wolf, Zool.

Sket. 2. pi. 37 (1807); Gray, List Gallimc Brit. Mus. p. 34

(1867); Touchard, Bull. Soc. Acclim. pp. 417-423 (1870) ; Swinh.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 3!J9 ; Elliot, Mon. Phus. ii. pi. 25 (1872) ; David Sr

Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 417, pi. 102 (1877).
Euplocomus swinhoii, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 260 (1870).

Adult male. Feathered parts of the head, the chin, throat, and
iieck bhick, the latter sliglitly glossed with steel-blue ; mantle pure
white : lower back, rump, and shorter uj)pcr tail- coverts black, glossed
with ])urplish blue, and somewhat curled towards the extremity ;
scapulars dark crimson, with bronze-red reflections ; wing-coverts
and outer secondaries black, margined with a glossy steel-green
band, the ends of these feathers are also slightly curled, giving
them, as well as the feathers of the lower back &c., the appearance
of having, in some lights, a velvet-black subterminal band ; pri-
maries brownish, secondaries and their coverts black ; underparts
black, richly glossed with purplish blue on the chest, breast, and
sides ; centre pair of tail-feathers longest, pure white, rest black ;
sometimes the second pair have the inner web white. Bill and
spurs pale horny ; facial skin and wattles crimson ; legs and feet
scarlet. Total length 29-5 inches, wing!)-5, tail 16, tarsus 3-S,

An immature male * has the crest short and mixed with black ;
the mantle chestnut, mixed with black above, most of the feathers
with white shaft-stripes ; the wing-coverts, lower back, and rump
dark chestnut and rufous buff thickly mottled with black, most of
the feathers of the latter margined with metallic purplish blue ;
underparts black without any gloss ; and the middle pair of tail-
feathers dark chestnut mottled with black.

Advlt ft male. The short crest, top of the head, and neck reddish
brown mottled Mirli black, and with rufous-buff shaft-stripes ;
mantle the same, t)ut the middle of each feather black, and the
shaft-stripes ai'o V-shapod ; wing-coverts and scapulars similar,

* Swinlioe says that "this plumage is carried tlirough ibe winter, but it.
varies iu its reseiiiblanco to the one sex or the other."

310 rEIASIANID.T:.

but the black central part is more extensive ; lower bac-k, rump,
and upper tail-coverts black, closely vermiculated with bulF; pri-
maries and secondaries black, the former barred mostly with rufous,
except on the margin of the outer web, and the latter mostly with
buff; chin and throat whitish brown ; chest and upper breast very
similar to the mantle, but the ground-colour is pale brown ; rest of
the underparts rufous buff, with irregular bars and vermiculations
of black ; middle pair of tail-feathers like the upper tail-coverts,
with indistinct wide black bars mottled with buff; seven outer
pairs dark chestnut, somewhat mottled with black. Total length
19'6 inches, wing 9"1, tail 7"9, tarsus 3-1.
Hah. Island of Formosa.

a-e. S imm. sk. et Formosa {li. Sminhoe). Zoological Soc. Coll.

pull. St.
f-h. S $ ad,, (S Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

imm. St.
i. (S ad. skeleton. Formosa. K. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].

k. Sternum.

33. PUCRASIA*.

Type.
Euloplius, Less, (nee Geoffr., Hym. 1704) Comp.

L'uffon, vii. p. 354 (1836) P. nipalensis.

Pucrasia, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 79 (1841) P. macrolopha.

Gallophasis, Hocl(/s. J. As. Soc. Beny. xii. pt. i. p. 313

(1843) P. nipalensis.

Lophotetrax, Cab. JSrsck u. Gruh. Encycl. sec. 3, xxii.

p. 144 (1846) P. macrolopha.

Lochmophasis, Heine, l^omend. Mus. Hein. p. 298

(1890) P. nipalensis.

Tail composed of 16 feathers, long, wedge-shaped ; the middle
pair of feathers slightly the longest, and about twice as long as the
outer pair.

The 1st primary is considerably shorter than the 2nd, which is
about equal to the Sth ; the 4th is slightly the longest.

Head (in the male) with an elongate crest; the feathers behind
the ear-coverts are greatly elongated and surpass the crest in
length.

Sides of the head feathered.

Tarsus about equal to the middle toe and claw ; armed in the
male with a moderately stout and long spur.

liauge. Himalayas, from N. Afghanistan and Kafiristan to the
mountains of Eastern Thibet, China, and Mantchouria.

Key to the Species.

I. With long crest and elongate bunches of
feathers behind the ear-coverts. [^Mules^

* Doubtful species: — Pucrasia joretiana, Heude, Ibis, 1883, p. 225 [Shanghai] ;
id. ./. /. 0. 1885, p. 456.

'33. I'LCKASIA. :i\ 1

A. r>:is;il part of tliu outer tail-f'eatliers mostly
liliick or black and riit'dus, nover j^rey.
(f. No distinct yellow nuchal collar.

(i. Sides and llank.s with black siiaft-stripe.s.
(/". Darlt chestnut does not e.xtend rdund

the back of the neck inacmloji/ia, ]i. 'Ml.

/>". Dark chestnut extending more or less
completely round the back of the

neck biddulphi, p. M'-i.

h'. Sides and Hanks black, or black and

chestnut, narrowly margined with grey.

c". Mantle black, or black mixed with

chestnut and margined with whitish

buff; lower back and rump blaitk,

edged with white nipalensis, p. 31 4.

d" . Mantle uniform dark chestnut ; lower
baclv and rump grey, with black

shaft-stripes caManea, p. 314.

b. A well-marked yellow nuchal collar metjeri, p. 315.

15. Jiasal ])art of the outer tail-feathers grey.

c'. Sides and Hanks with grey or bulf shaft-
stri]ics.
e" . "With a rufous-yellow nuchal collar;
ground-colour of .sides and flanks

grey vcndho.-^iilci, p. 315.

f". With no rufous-yellow nuchal collar ;
ground-coldur of sides and flanks

pale rufous buff darwini, p. 31(5.

II. With .short crest; no elongate bunches of
feathers behind the ear-coverts. [^FenudesP\

f macvolopha, p. 31 1 .

C. Basal part of the outer tail-feathers black and ! '' 'J" >\- ■■
,.',,, •< iiiim/cnsis, p. 314.

rulous or chestnut, never Ki"ey ) . ' . ' i .,-i ,

' "^ •' .- cnstanea , p. 314.

\^mci/eri, p. 315.

I). Basal part of outer tail-feathers grey.

c. Black cross-bar complete xanthuspilu, p. 315.

d. Black cross-bar incomplete, represented by

a black spot situated on the t^haft danvini, p. 31G.

1. Pucrasia macroloplia.

Satvra mncrolopha, Less. Diet. Set. Kat. lis. p. 190 (1820); id,

fraite d'Orii. ]). 493 (1831).
I'hasiauus puorasse, Grai/, >7i Griff', cd. Cur. iii. p. I'G (18:29) [Al-

niorah Hills].
Phasianus jnicrasia, Grai/, III. Ind. Zuol. i. pi. 40 (1830-32) ; Gould,

Cod. />'. llinuil. pis. C9, 70 (1831'); Jit/ne, 1\ Z. S. 1841, p. 6

[Alpine Punjab].
Euploci.mus pucrasia, Jmd. Kat. Lib., Orti. iv. p. 'JIO, pi. xxi.

(1834).
Tragoj)an pucrasia, Timm. PI. Col. v. te-xt to pi. 15 [no. 545]

(1834).
Eulophus nmcrolophus, Less. Cuntj). L'ltff'. vii. p. 354 (1830).
I'ucrasiamacrolophn, Grai/, List of li. pt. iii. Gall. -p. 31 (1844) [part];

id. Gen. B. iii. p. 503 (1844) ; JIultoii, J. As. Soc. Beiiij. xvii. pt. 2,

♦ The female of P. castanea, as far as I am aware, is unknown.

312 PIIASIANII)^.

p. 694 (1848) ; Guuld, B. Asia, vii. pi. 26 (1854) ; Adaiiis, P. Z. S.
]8o8, p. 500 [Simla] ; Irkj, Ibis, IfSCl, p. 235 [Kumaon] ; Jerd. B.
Ind. iii. p. 524 (1863) ; Gmif, List Gallhm Brit.Mus. p. 30 (1867) ;
Tytler, Ibis, 1868, p. 203 [Simla to Mussooree] ; v.Pek. Ibis, 1868,
p. 321 [Koteghur]; Becwan, Ibis, 1868, p. 380 [Simla]; Brooks,
Ibis, 1869, p. 60 [Naini Tal, Almorah] ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii.
p. 258 (1870) ; Elliot, Man. Phas. i. pi. 28 (1872).
Phasianiis macroloplia, Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 245 (1849)
[part].

Adult male. Long occipital crest bright buff ; a large snow-white
patch on each side of the neck ; rest of the head, chin, throat, and
fore part of neck black, glossed with dark green, the patch of
feathers on each side above the ear-coverts being enormously elon-
gated and considerably surpassing the crest in length ; mantle, lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts grey, wing-coverts and scapulars
browner and more or less tinged with olive and rufous ; all the
feathers of the mantle and most of the wing-coverts with a mode-
ratel)' wide black shaft-stripe extending to the end of the feather ;
greater secondary-coverts and scapulars with a black subterminal
blotch ; in very old birds the black shaft-stripes on the lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts (with the exception of the median line
ok' feathers) are not visible, being confined to the basal half of the
feathers, (iuills brown, the outer webs of the second to the sixth
primary buff, and the margins of the outer webs of the secondaries
greyish brown ; the middle of the chest, breast, and belly dark
chestnut ; feathers of the sides greyish white, with narrow or
moderate black shaft-stripes. Centre pair of tail-feathers chestnut,
blackish down the middle and tipped with brownish grey ; outer
pairs black, shading into brownish red on the basal three-quarters of
the outer web and narrowly tipped with white. Eill black ; legs
and feet grey, tinged with flesh-colour or purplish. Total length
23 inches, wing 9-4, tail 9-5, tarsus 2-0.

Immature males have the black shaft-stripes on the mantle twice
as wide as in adult birds, and on the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts they are strongly marked and extend to the extremities
of the feathers.

In a youMj male the top of the head is brown, the crest and
lengthened feathers are undeveloped, the feathers of the chin and
throat are white, those of the fore part of the neck white, margined
with black ; the back of the neck buff, barred and mottled with
black ; the chestnut on the breast is only partly represented, and
the under tail-coverts are widely tipped with white ; otherwise the
plumage does not differ much from that of the adult.

Adult female. Top of the head black, with rufous bars, a short
occipital crest brown in the middle, buflf on each side, and edged
and mottled m ith black ; feathers on the nape with black bars
glossed with green ; feathers of the mantle black, tipped with
brownish grey or sandy brown, and with irregular >|/ -shaped
rufoiis shaft-stripes ; wing-coverts and scapulars mottled with black
and rufous, with buff shaft-stripes, and the longer ones with large
black subterminal blotches extending over one or both webs ; lower

I

ii[i. rUCUASIA.

313

liack, rump, and shortor upper tail-covcrts sandy brown, mottled
with black, each feather with a wide black centre and a narrow rufous
shaft-.'stripe : lonjyer u])])er tail-coverts without black centres ; quills
l)n)\vii, more or less edged and mottled with buff and rufous ; wide
buff superciliarj- stripes ; feathers of the cheeks and ear-coverts
buff, ed<,M'd with black ; chin and throat white ; chest, breast, sides,
and Hanks like the mantle, but there is less black and the shaft-
stripes are much wider : belly -white, marked with black ; under
tail-covcrts chestnut, Midely tipi)ed with white, separated by a
black bar from the chestnut ; middle tail-feathers irregularly barred
^\■ith rufous buff, edged with black ; outer feathers black, more or
less mixed, csi)ecially on the outer web, with chestnut, and tipped
with white. Total length l!)-0 inches, wing 8-7, tail 7, tarsus '2-2.
IJah. Western Ilinialayas from Kumaon to Chamba.

a. J imm. sk.
b,c. c? 2 ad. St.
(I, e. d 2 "d- sk.
f. $ iuiui. sk.
</■ S ad. sk.
'h, i. S $ ad. sk.
/,■ q. S 2 ad. et

imm.sk.
r-t. (S imm., 5 ad.

India Mu.seum [P.].
India Museum [P.J.

[X.W. Himalayas.]

N.W. Ilimalavas.

[^'.^^'. Himalayas.] Gould Coll.

Murdan, Dec. ' Hume Coll.

Murree, Oct. Hume Coll.

Kotekliaie, Feb. Hume Coll.

Kotegbur, March, April, & Hume Coll.

Dee.
Koteghur,June(i2.C.i?eara?i). Tweeddale Coll

Capt. Stackbouse

I'inwill [C.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

«-c'. J$ad. et Simla, Sept., Oct., Nov. (^. O. Hume Coll.

imm. sk. H. ^- W. Laiimn).

li -<j'. c? 2 ad. et Simla.

imm. .sk.

/('. $ ad. sk. Hills X. of Mussooree

( Wihoii).

i' . d" imm. sk. Mussooree ( W. E. Bmuks)

k'-s . (J 2 "d. et Bbagirati N'alley.

imm. sk.

/'. rf inim. «k Kunuion, Oct.
u . J . 2 ad. etjiiv.

skeletons.

Subsp. u. Pucrasia biddiilphi.

Pucrnsia macrolupba, Admns {ncc Ltf'^.), T. Z. >>'. 1859, p. 186[Cash-

nxre"'.
I'u. ia>ia biddulphi, Marsh. Ihis, 1879, p. 4G1 ; id. J. f. O. 1879,

p. -Jl'4 : td. Str. F. viii. p. 445 (1879) [Ca.slimere] ; II time, Sti: F.

viii. p. 441) (Is7!»).

Adult male. Difiers from tyjiicnl 1'. macrolojdia in having the dark
chestnut extending more or less conqdetely round the back of the
neck, and the chestnut of the underjiarts much darker and more or
less mixed with black.

Adult femah'. Similar to the female of typical P. macrolopha.

Hah. N.W. Himalayas : Cashmere.

a-c. S $ ad. sk. Cnslimere, Nov. (/. Bid-

dulph).
d. $ ad. sk. Cashmer.' (Dr. Brlh-ir).

f. S ad.sk. Ciilgit (./. L'iddidjdi).

Hume Coll. (Types

of the specie^. )
India ^[usoum [P.].
lluiue Cull.

314 I'HASIANIDJE.

2. Pucrasia nipalensis.

Tragopan pucrasia, Temm. (nee Gray) PI. Col. v. pi. 15 [nee text]

[uo. 545] (1834) ; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 138 (1877) ; id. Sti: F. vii.

p. 124 (1878).
Gallophasis pucrasia, Hodgs. Icon. med. in Brit. Miis., Gall. pi. 20.

nos. 68, 71; id. J. As. Soc. Benr/. xii. pt. 1, p. 313 (1843); id. in

Grays Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844). '
Pucrasia macrolopba, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 31 (1844)

[part.]; id. Cat. Hodgs. ed. i. p. 12G (1846) ; Sclat. List Phas. p. 3

(1863) [part., Nepal] ; Blyfh, Ibis, 1867, p. 152 [part.].
Phasianus macrolopha, Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 245 (1849)

[part.].
Pucrasia nipalensis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 100 [Nepal, Bhotan] ;

td. B.Asia, vii. pi. 28 (1854) ; Sclat. List Phas. p. 4 (ls03) [Bliotan] ;

Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 30 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 258

(1870) ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 428 (1878) ; Hmne S,- Marsh. Game

B. Ind. i. p. 166, pi. (1878) ; Marsh. Ibis, 1879, p. 463 [Bhotan] ;

Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 343 (1879) [W. Nepal] ; Hume, Str. F. viii.

p. 449 (1879) [not in Bhotan].
Pucrasia duvauceli, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 879 (1856) ; Gray, Cat.

Hodgs. ed. 2, p. 68 (1863) ; Elliot, Mon. Phas. i. pi. 29 (1872) ;

id. Ibis, 1878, p. 125.

Adult male. Differs chieflj' from P. macrolojjha in having the
feathers of the mantle, sides and flanks black, more or less narrowly-
edged with gre^', the feathers of the Lack and sides of the neck and,
in some cases, the mantle edged and mixed with dark chestnut, and
the wing-coverts, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black,
the former margined with buff and the three latter with white.

AcluJt female resembles the female of P. nmcroloplia.

Hah. Central Himalayas, Xepal.

a-c. cJ ad. sk. Nepal. B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
d-i. S 2 ad. et Jumla, W. Nepal, Jan., Aug., Hume Coll.
imm. sk. Dec. [J. Scully).

3. Pucrasia castanea.

Pucrasia castanea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1854, p. 99 [Kafiristan] ; id. B. Asia,
vii. pi. 27 (1854) ; Sclat. List. Pirns, p. 4 (1863) ; Hume, Str. F. v.
p. 138 (1877) ; Elliot, Ibis, 1878, p. 125 *.

Pucrasia duvaucelii, Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 259 (1870) ; Marsh. Ibis,

1879, p. 463 [N. Afghknistan].

Adult mcde. Differs from P. macroloplia in having the upper part
of the mantle and neck dark chestnut like the rest of the under-
parts ; most of the feathers of the sides and flanks chestnut or
chestnut mixed with black, only a few being black narrowly edged
with white as in P. nipalensis ; and the centre pair of tail-feathers

* Mr. Elliot states that he purchased Gould's type of P. cadanea and that
it is now in the Zoological Museum at Stuttgart. Whatever the specimen he
purchased may have been it was certainly not the type, as the two typical
specimens of P. castanea were both in the collection of the Hon. East India
Company, and are now in the British Museum.

(

;}.'5. lacKASiA. .'515

sjindy brown, shading into grey towards the tip, and with bluckish-
browu shaft-stripes.

Hub. N. Afghanistan and Kafiristan.

a, b. ^ ad. sk. Kafiristan (Griffiths). India Museum [P.].

(Types of the species.)

4. Pacrasia meyeri.

Pucrasia meyeri, MadanUz, Ibis, ]88G, p. 14.5 [Central Thibet].
Pucrasia darwiuii, Oiistul. (jiec tSwinh.) Le Nat. 1886, p. i276 [Yer-
ka-lo, Upper Mekong],

Adult male. Differs from the male of P. .vanihosjtila in having
"tlie up])er tail-coverts fawn-colour, striped and freckled with black;
central tail-feathers rufous, becoming whiter at the tips, with two
irregular black bauds on each side, margined with fawn-colour ;
outer tail-feathers rich rufous ou the outer webs and brownish on
the inner margins, banded with black, each feather tipped with
pure white."

It will be noted that the description of the upper tail-coverts
and tail of F. meyeri agrees closely with that of P. macrolojJia. In
other respects the present species ap])ears to be entirely similar to
X. .vdii'Jws^iila.

A<J lilt female. Differs from the female of P. xantliosjrila in having
the middle tail-feathers fulvous vermiculated with black, and the
outer tail-feathers rufous, black towards the apex and tipx>ed with
white.

Hah. Yer-ka-lo, Upper Mekong to Ceutral Thibet.

5. Piicrasia xanthospila.

Kuplocanius pucrasia, Lamprei/ (nee firaii), P. Z. S. 1862, ]i. 221.
l'ucra*ia xantbosjnla, Gniti, i'. Z. .S'. 1804, p. 2.59, pi. xx. ; 3Ii//ie-

Edio. N. Arch. Mus. Bull. i. p. 14, pi. 1. figs. 3 & 4 {l8(;o) [X.l^.

of Pckin] ; Savrin, P. Z. S. ]8(K;, p. 4;}7 pits, of X. and W. t'hiua] ;

Daviel, K. Arch. Mus. Jhdl. iii. y. 37 (18U7) [Ta-Tchio-Cbau, Johol,

Oulacban] ; Gray, List Gallina Brit. Miis. p. 31 (1807) ; Gould, B.

Asia, vii. ])1. 24 (1869) : Grnij, Jlund-l. B. ii. p. 2.o9 (1870) ; Swliih.

P. Z. S. 1871. p. 3!t9 [N.W. China] : Darid, N. Arch. Mu.^. Bull.

vii. p. 1 1 (1S71) [Pekin, Mciugolia, Sze-chueu] ; Su-inhor, P. Z. S.

1872, p. ")5() [Matitchuria to Sze-chuen i ; Elliot, Mo)i. Phas. i. pi. 30

(1872); tichit. Ibla, lb74, p. Ii'i9 ; David cS- Oustal. Ols. Chine,

p. 407, pi. 104 (1877) [Mantchouria to E. Thibet]; Seehohm, Ibis,

1891, p. 380 pV. Sze-cluien].
Pucrasia davidiana, Milnc-Edw. X. Arch. y[us. Bull. i. p. 14 (18G.5).
Pucrasia xnnthospila, var. ruficoUis, David Sf Oustal. Ois. Chine,

y. 408 (1877) [Slien-se].
? Pucrasia meyeri, Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nat. (7) xii. p. 31(5 (1892) [Ta-

tsien-loii).

Adult male. In general appearance resembles the male of P. macro-
lojtha. but the disposition of the colours on the upper parts, sides,
and flanks is reversed, the shaft-stripes and margins of eacli feather
being grey and divided from one another on each side by a black
band ; the wing-coverts are similarly but less regulai'ly marked, and

316

PUASIANlD-li:.

the shaft-stripes are mostlj- buff ; there is a rufous-bufF iiucbal
collar, each feather with a pale buff shaft-stripe ; the louger upper
tail-coverts and centre pair of tail-feathers are pale grey with a
triple black, chestnut, and black submarginal stripe down each side ;
the rest of the tail- feathers are pale grey tipped with white, with
a wide black subterminal baud and two or three regular black bauds
across the basal part.

Adult female has the tail-feathers, with the excei)tion of the
centre pair, like those of the adult male, otherwise the plumage
resembles that of P. macrolojjJta.

Hah. Mountains of iS^.W. China, extending into Mantchouria and
Eastern Thibet.

a,b. S 2 'id. sk. Mts. N.SV. of Pekiu. Hon. Sir F. W. A.Bruce,

K.C.B. [P.]. (Types
of the species.)

c. (S fd. sk. Kansu, Jan. M. Berezowsky [C.l.

d. (S ad. .-k. Ta-chien-lu {Pratt). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

0. Pucrasia darwini.

Pucrasia darwini, Swinli. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 552 [Che-kiang] ; Elliot,
Monofjr. P/ias. i. pi. 30 bis (1872) ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 25 (1875) ;
David ^ Oiistal. Ois. Chine, p. 409 (1877) [Che-kiang and Fokien] ;
Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 499 [Lower Yangtse Basin].

Adult male. Like P. xanthospila, but there is no rufous-buff
nuchal collar and all the feathers of the sides and flanks, though
similarly marked with black, have the ground-colour pale reddish
buff instead of grey, and the grey basal parts of the outer tail-
feathers, though not barred with black, are margined with that colour
on both webs, and there is also a partial shaft-streak of the same.

Adult female resembles the female of P. o'antliospila, but the
black bars across the grey basal part of the outer tail-feathers are
incomplete and only represented by a black spot on the shaft.

Bab. Mountains of Eastern China, Ngan-whi, Che-kiang, and
Eo-kien.

a. S ad. sk. Niiigpo, Dec. (i?. Swinhoe). II. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

34. CATREUS.

Type.

Catreus, Cab. Ersch u. Grub. Encijcl. sec. 1, liii. p. 221

(1851) . C. wallichii.

LophopLasiauus, Heiche/ib. Xat. Syst. Voy. p. xxis (1852) C. wallichii.

Tail composed of IS feathers, the centre pair very long, about
live times as long as the outer pair.

1st primary shorter than the 10th, oth is slightly the longest.

A long full occipital crest, less marked in the female.

Male with a pair of strong spurs, sometimes represented in the
female by blunt warts.

Pamje. Himalayas ; extending eastwards as far as Katmandu in
Nepal and west to Chamba.

;54. CATKKCS. 317

1. Catreus wallichii.

Phasianus wallichii, Hardwich:, Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 166 (1827)
("Alniorali Hills] ; Iltidi/s. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ; id.
lion. ined. in Brit. Mii.s., (Idll. pi. \'2 bis, nos. 76-78 ; Gray, List of
Ji. pt. iii. Gall. p. 24 (1S44) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 497 (1845) ; id. Cat.
Ilodq^. ed. 1, p. 124 (lS4(j) ; Hutton, J. As. Soc. Bent/, xvii. pt. 2,
p. 695(1848); Blyth, Cat. iViis. As. Soc. p. 245 (1849); Adams,
P. Z. S. 1858, p. 499 [W. Himalayas]; Mitcli. P. Z. 8. 1858,
p. 544, pi. 147. %. 1, .V: pi. 149. fijr.' 4 ; L-by, Ibis, 1861, p. 2:35
[Kumaon] ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 527 (1863) ; Sehit. Li<:t of Phas.
p. 5 (1863) ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 28 (1867) ; Tiitler,
Ibis, 1868, p. 203 "[Simla to Musmoree] : L'eavan,Ibis, 1868, p. 3S0
[Simla] ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 258 (1870) ; Elliot, Monor/r. Phas.
ii. pi. X. [text] (1872) : Hume, X. ^- E. hid. B. p. 524 (1873) ;
Marsh. B. Nest. Ind. p. 59 (1877) ; Hume Sf Marsh. Game B.
Ind. i. p. 169, pi. (1878) ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 345 (1879)
[Nepal] : Marsh. Ibis, 1884, p. 423 [Chamba] ; Oates, ed. Hume's
Nests Si- Ef/(js, iii. p. 412 (1890).

Lophophovus wallichii, Less. Man. d^Orn. ii. p. 179 (1828) ; Griff,
ed. Cur. iii. p. 15 (1829) ; Ju/ne, P.Z.S 1841, p. 6 [Chamba].

Phasianus st ceii, Viy. Phil. May. 1831, p. 232 ; id. P. Z. S. 1831, p. .-'.o.

Catreus wallichii, Gimld, Cent. B. Himal. pi. Q'i [text] (1832) ; id.
n. Asia, vii. pi. 18 (1865).

Adult male. Top of the head blackish brown, each feather,
especially the longer ones of the crest, tipped with dirty white ; back
of the head grey ; neck white, barred on the nape with black ;
mantle barred with black and pale creamj- wliite, each feather
fringed with whitish grey and with a subterminal blackish band
glossed with dark green ; wing coverts and scapulars like the mantle,
but the black bars, except the subterminal one, are broken up and
irregular and the ground-colour ochraceous buff"; lower back and
rump rust-colour, each feather with a subterminal black band glossed
with itreen ; quills and primarv-coverts brownish black, irregularly
edged and mottled with buff; feathers of the check below the naked
patch and ear-coverts brown ; chin, throat, and chest dirty white;
breast and sides of the belly whitish bufl", barred with black ;
middle of the belly black ; flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts
ochraceous rust-colour ; upper tail-coverts and centre pair of tail-
feathers whitish buff, with wide irregular black bars as wide as the
interspaces, rest of the tail-feathers tiie same, but the bars on the
inner webs at least are mostly dark chestnut. Bill pale horny brown ;
naked skin round the eye scarlet ; legs and feet grey-brown. Total
length h4 inches, wing 10, tail 20*5, tarsus 2-it.

Immature males difl'er from the adult in having the breast and
sides of the belly almost devoid of black markings and washed yith
brifiht buff; the black subterminal bars on the upper parts, espe-
cially on the lower back and rump, where they are often absent, not
glossed with green ; and the spurs are rudimentary.

Adult female. Differs chierty from the male in having the feathers
of the head and crest edged with buff; the u])per parts of the
mantle pale chestnut, widely barred ami marked with black : the
lower back and rump a mixture of dirty brown, black, and buff, the
former predominating ; the quills regularly barred, those on the

318

PHASIANID.E.

outer web buff, oa the inner pale chestnut ; neck and chest black
edged with pale buff; breast and belly rufous chestnut edged
with buff, more or less mottled on the sides with black ; rest of
underparts buff mottled with black, and the tail-feathers brownish
or reddish brown, irregularly mottled and barred with black and
buff except the two outer pairs, which are mostly pale buff slightly
mottled with black. Total length 30 inches, wing 8"9, tail 15'5,
tarsus 2' 6.

Hah. Same as that of the genus.

a, b. 2 ad. sk.

N.W. Himalayas.

Capt. Stackhouse Pinwill
fP.].

c. S imm. sk.

Himalayas, Nov.

India Museum [P.].

d-f. 6 ? ad. sk.

Himalayas.

Maj.-Cxen. Haidvvicke[P.].
(Types of the species.)

g. 5 ad. sk.

Himalayas.

Ronald Ferguison, Esq.

[P.].
J. Bax, Esq. [P.].

/*. S iiuiu. st.

Himalayas.

i. c? ad. sk.

Kooloo, Juue.

Hume Coll.

j-v. S ? ad. 6 1 imm.

Koteghur, March, Apr.,

Hume Coll.

sk.

Oct., Dec.

iv-g'. (S 5 ad. et

Bhaghati Valley.

Hume Coll.

imm. sk.

h'. (S ad. sk.

Kumaon.

Hume Coll.

i'-l'.S imm., $ ad.

Nepal.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].

.sk. et c? imm. st.

m', n' . Skeletons.

o'. Imperfect skel.

Nepal.

B. II. IIodg.son, Esq. [P.].

Hj/brid between T. temmincki and C. wallichi. See p. 276.

Hijbrid between Catreus wallichi and Phasianus colchicus.
a. S ad. sk. England. Gould Coll.

35. PHASIANUS.

Type.

Phasianus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 270 (1766) P. colchicus.

iSyrmaticus, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1229 P. reevesi.

Graphephasianus, Reichenb. Nat. Syst. TUg. p. xxix

(1852) _ P. scemmerriugi.

Calophasis, Elliot, Monogr. Phas. i. pi. xiii bis or

pt. iv. (1872) P. elHoti.

*Tai] composed of 16 or IS feathers, long and wedge-shaj)ed,
the middle pair being much longer than the outer pair.

The first primary is about equal to the 8th and considerably
longer than the 10th.

Sides of the head naked ; uo crest, but the ear-tufts are consider-
ably lengthened in the male.

Tarsi in male provided with a pair of .spurs.

Jiauije. South-eastern Europe : across Central Asia ; Japan ; For-
mosa.

* In P. humia and P. ellioti there are only 16 tail-feathers, all the other
species have 18.

13."). riiAsiANTS. 319

Key to the Sjtecies.

I. Crown green or greeni.'^h bronze.
A. General colour of the lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts maroon or rufous some-
times glossed with green ; the dark bands
on the basal part of the central pair of tail-
feathers narrower.
«. Without a white ring round the neck or
with only traces of one.
«'. Wing-coverts reddish or sandy brown.
a". Middle of breast and sides of belly
rich dark green ; feathers of the chest
and upper breast without marginal
bands. farimensis, p. .327.

li". ^Middle of breast and sides of belly
dark purplish green ; chesi and upper
breast with wide tips of rich purple, colckicng, p. 320.
c". Middle of breast and sides of belly
purplish lake, chest and upper breast

with narrow purple margins talischeiisis, p. .S24.

b'. Wing-coverts white or nearly white.
d". INliddle of breast and sides of belly
i)ur])lish carmine,
rt" . iiunip and upper tail -coverts
washed with purplish lake; breast-
feathers narrowly margined with

purplish black ])efsiciis, p. .324.

l)'". liump and upper tail-coverts
orange-red ; breast-feathers widely
tipped with purplish red-bronze.
rt*. Scapulars edged with dark pur-
plish green ;);7'«c/}3a/iA', p. 32.i5.

b*. Sca])ulars not edged with dark

purplish green serafshanicus, p. 326.

e". Jiiddle of breast and sides of belly
dark green.
<■'". Flanks moderately tipped and
feathers of the mantle very nar-
rowly edged on the sides with

pm'j)lish green shawi, p. 326.

d'" . Flanks tijiped and feathers of the
mantle broadl}' edged with rich

green chrysotnelas, p. 327.

/;. With a wide wliite ring round tiie neck.
c. Chest glossed with purple ; white ring

more or less complete monyolicuc, p. 328.

d' . Chest glossed witii green ; white ring

incomplete in front semitorquaiiis, p. 329.

15. (leneral colour of tiie lower back, rump, and
ujiper tail-coverts greenish slate or slate ;
bhick bars o)i the basal part of the middle
tail-feathers wider.
c. Uuderparts with more or less fiery copper-
red in the plumage.
<"'. No white ring round the neck.
/". Chest mostly dark green.

320 rnAsiANiD.E.

e'". Scapulars Indian red ; submarginal
green bands on the rump-feathers

wider elec/ans, p. 329.

/'". Scapulars sandy red; submaro-iiial
green bands on the rump-feathers

narrower vlangali, p. 330.

g". Chest fiery orange-red.

g"'. Middle of the bre;ist and sides of
the belly dark green ; flank-
feathers orange-red strauchi, p. 330.

h'". Middle of the breast and sides of
the belly slightly glossed with
purplish green; flank-feathers buff, decollatus, p. 331.
f. A white ring round the neck.

h". Ground-colour of mantle and flanks
yellowish buff.
i'''. Scapulars margined with Indian

red torqnatus, p 331.

h'". Scapulars margined with sandy

brown satsr.hetmensis, p. 333.

i". Ground-colour of mantle and flanks

pale primrose formosanui^, p. 333.

d. Underparts dark green, on copper-red in

the plumage versicolor, p. 334.

II. Crown reddish brown or chestnut.

C. Lower back black, margined and barred with
white.

e. Sides of neck and belly white pUiofi, p. 3.3;").

f. Sides of neck steel-blue; belly chestnut . . humice, p. 335.
I)'. Lower back maroon.

g. Margined on the sides of the feathers with

fiery gold sammoTt'iigi, p. 336.-

h. Margined on the sides of the feathers with

white scintillans, p. 337.

III. Crown of the head white reeved, p. 337.

1. Phasianus colchicus.

The Pheasant, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 14, pis. 2o, 26 (1 738) ; Se/h,/,

Brit. Orn. i. pt. ii. pi. 57 (18.33).
Le Faisan, Briss. Orn. i. p. 262 (1760) ; D'Auhenf. PL Enl. pis. 121,

122 ; Bvff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 328, pi. xi. (1771).
Phasianus colchicus, i('«w. -S'. N. i. p. 271 (1766) ; Gviel. Nov. C'onan.

Ac. Fetr. XV. p. 451 (1771); Gm. 8. N. i. pt. ii. p. 741 (1788);

Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 629 (1790) ; Boyinat. Tahl. Encyd. Meih. i.

p. 183, pi. 87. fig. 4 (1791^ ; Meyer^- IFolf, Ta.^ch. der detotsch. Vdq. i.

p. 291, pi. (1810); Pall. Zvoyr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 83 (1811):

Te^nm. Pig. et Gall. ii. p. 289 (1813), iii. p. 666 (1815) ; id.

Man. d'Orn. p. 282 (1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi. p. 29

(1817); Steph. in Shaivs Gen. Zool. xi. p. 222, pi. 13 [hybrid]

(1819); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 453 (1820) ; Pou.r, Orn.' Prov.

p. 47, pis. 262, 263 (1825) ; Vieill. Faun. Franq. p. 247, pi. 107.

figs. 1 &2 (1828); Werner, Atl. Ois. d Fur. Ord. 10, pis. i. ^t ii.

(1828) ; Cuv. Rcg.Anun. i. p. 477 (1829) ; Grif. cd. C'uv. iii. p. 22

(1829); Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 495(1831); Montagu, Orn. Diet.

ed. 2, p. 367 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. Pais. p. 46 (]S3i>) [Caucasus] ;

Selhg, III. Brit. Orn. i. p. 417, pi. Ivii. (1833); Naion. Nat. Vog.

Beutschl. vi. p. 4^2, pi. 162 (18.33); Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Vog.

35. PIIASIANUS. .'521

p. 249, pi. 95 (18.3.3); Macyill. Brit. B. i. p. 114 (1837); Gould,
B. Eur. pi. 247 (1837) ; Boimp. Comp. List, p. 42, no. 285 (1838) ;
Sc/ii/iz, Ein-oj). FiiuH. i. p. 277 (1840) ; Ihhnid. J'o)/. Russ. Merid.
iii. p. 217 (1S40) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirbelth. ]>. Ixiv (1840) ; Crv.fp.
Oni. Gard, p. 321 (1840); Yiirrcll, Brit. B. ii. p. 277, woodcut
(1843); Gra;/, List B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 23 (1844); Schl. Rev. Crit.
Ois. d'Eur. p. Ixxiv (1844); Miihle, Bcitr. Orn. Gricchenl. p. 85
(1844); Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. iii. p. 50 (1844) [Cau-
casus Pr.] ; Gray, Gm. B. iii. p. 407 (1845) ; Bliith, Cat. B. Mi'.".
As. Soc. p. 240 (1849); Ucz/l. Orn. Europ. i'i. p. 40 (1.^49);
Thompson, N. II. Irel. ii. p. 10 (1850) ; Waiters, JV. Hist. B. Irel.
p. 123 (1853); Schinz, Nat. Voq. p. 148, pi. 71 (1853); Brehm,
Vofjelfang, p. 205 (1855); Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 237 [Albania,
Saloniiv-aJ ; Sclat. List Fha.^. p. 4 (18(i3) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 116 ;
Fitz. Afl. Nat., ViU). fi?. 227 (1864) ; Filijipi, Viagg. Pers. i. p. 350
(1865); More, Ibi's, 1865. p. 425; Gray, List Gallinm Brit. Mm.
p. 26 (1867); Dawkius, Ibis, 1869, ])! 358; Gould, B. Asia,Vu.
pi. 34 (1869) ; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 408 ; Hutton, Ibis, 1870,
p. 397 [N. Zealand]; Elwes .5- Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 829 [Tiirkev];
Grai/, Ilcmd-l. B. ii. p. 257 (1870) ; Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 224
(1871) ; Elliot, Mo7wg. P/ias. ii. pi. 2 ^textj (1872) ; Saunders, Ibis,
1872, p. 81 [Sicily]; Taylor, Ibis, 1872, p. 231 [Crimea]; Serertz.
Bull. Mosc. xh iii. pt. 3, p. 208 (1875) ; Davford if Brown, Ibis,
1875, p. 418 [Transvlvania] ; Jesse, Ibis, 1876, p. 382 [Corsica];
Dress. B. Eur. vii. p'. 85, pi. 469 (1879); Booth, Row/h Notes, ii.
3 pp. (1881-7); Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 206; Seebokm, Ibis, 1^82,
p. 220 [Astrakhan] ; id. Ibis, 1883, p. 27 [Caucasus] ; Bogd. Consp.
Av. Ross. i. p. 19 (1884); Radde, Orn. Caucus, p. 367(1884);
Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 41 [Cor-sica] ; Giglioli, Av. Ilal. \). •V.\^
(1886); Tegetm. P. Z. IS. 1886, p. 81 [^Transcaucasia]; Schneider,
Ornis, 1887, p. 537 [Upper Rhine Vallev] ; Radde, Ornis, 1887,
p. 496 [Caucasus] ; Salvad. El. Ucc. Ifal. p. 195 (1887) ; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1887, pp. 169, 170, 288 ; Gtirney, Ibis, 1888, ]>. 227 ; Giylioli,
Av. Ital. i.t. i. p. 515 (1889); Sa'und. III. Man. Brit. B. p. 485
(1889) ; Radde u. Walt. Ornis, 1889, p. 90 [Transcaucasia] ; Dubois,
Orjm, 1890, p. 327 [Beljziuni] ; Radde, Ornis, 1890, p. 413
[Caucasus]; Attum, J. f. O. 1891, p. 1.30.

Common Pheasant, Za^/<. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 712 (1783) ; id. Gen.
7//.s'^ viii. p. 187 (1823).

Phasianus marp:inatus, Wolf S( Meyer, Tasch. Deuts. i. p. 291, pi. (1810).

Pha>ianu3 colchicus septentrionalis, Lorenz, J.f. O. 1888, p. 572
[N. Caucasus].

Adult male. Top of the head bronze-green : forehead, back and
base of the neck, chin and throat dark green, shading into purjile
on the sides and front of the neck ; mantle fiery orange, eacli feather
with a narrow W-shaped margin of dark puridish green ; feathers
of tlie scapulars and interscapulary region mottled with black and
bufi' in the middle and surrounded by consecutive bands of bull',
black, and orange-red, roughly parallel with the margin of the
feather, which has the tip glossed with purplish lake ; lower back *,

* It is very rarely now tlint anything approaching n pure-bred male of
P. colchicus can be found in England ; even in specimens wliich appear to be
pure bred at tlie lirst glance (that is, in those whioh liave no trace of a white
ring), tlie subterniiual green bar of 1'. rorgvatiis is iisiinlly more cv less deve-
loped on the feathers of the lower bnfk, and llie basal part of the oenti-.d tail-
feathers is rather widely barred with black.

VOL. XXII. Y

322 r-HASIANID^.

nimp, and upper tail-coverts rufous buff, mottled ■with black and
widely tipped -with red, glossed with purplish lake ; lesser and
median wing-coverts reddish sandy brown, the inner ones edged
with red. Quills, greater coverts, and bastard-wing light brown,
barred and mottled with whitish buff, the outer webs of the
secondaries shading into buff towards their margins ; chest, breast,
and flanks tiery orange-red, each feather with a rich purple margin ;
middle of breast and sides of belly glossed with dark purplish green ;
rest of underparts dark brown mixed with rufous, especially on the
under tail-coverts. Centre pair of tail-feathers light olive-brown in
the middle and widely edged on each side with rufous glossed
with purplish lake ; a series of wide-set black bars across the
olive-brown central band, narrow on the basal part and in-
creasing in width towards the extremity ; outer pairs similar,
but shading into blackish brown towards the margins of the
inner web. Bill whitish horn ; legs and feet brownish horn-colour ;
naked skin on the sides of the face and wattles, when present,
scarlet-vermilion. Total length 37"5 inches, wing lO'l, tail 21-2,
tarsus 2'8.

Immaho-e males resemble the adult, but the plumage is less pure
and bright and the tail is shorter.

Adult female. Top of the head black, each feather edged with
sandy brown and tipped with black ; back and sides of the neck
the same, but the feathers have a slight pinkish tinge and a
glossy crimson and purple line across the tip ; mantle and sides
of the breast chestnut, with black centres and pale pinkish-white
margins mottled with black ; rest of the upper parts black, orange-
brown towards the tips and margined with sandy brown mixed
with buff. Quills as in the male, hut the barring and mottling,
especially on the outer webs of the secondaries, is much coarser ;
an elongate patch of white black- tipped feathers below the eye ;
chin and throat pale n;fous buff'; chest and upper breast much the
same as the mantle, but the basal parts are almost entirely hidden
by the sandy-pink tips ; flanks barred with black and buff in the
middle and edged with pale buff; rest of underparts pale buff, finely
vermiculated with dusky brown. Middle pair of tail-feathers
reddish brown down the middle, shading into sandy olive on the
sides and with wide irregular bars of black, buff, and black ; outer
pair very similar. Total length 24-5 inches, wing 8-6, tail 11"5,
tarsus 2"4.

Hub. Southern Turkey, Greece, Asia Minor to Transcaucasia,
extending northwards to the Volga.

a. (S ad. sk. Erzeroom, Turkey. Gould Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. R. Rion, Mingrelia, Hon. W. Rothschild

Transcaucasia. [P.].

c. d. c? 2 ad. sk. Caucasus. Purchased.

c. cJ ad. sk. Terski, Ciscaucasia, St. Petersburg Mu-

Feb. seum [E.].

/. 5 ad. sk. Astrakhan, .June. St. Petersburg Mu-

seum [E.].

35. rnAsiANus.

323

g. S ad. sk.

h, i. S 2 ad. sk.
j, k. (S ad. sk.*

l-n. S 2 ad. sk.*

0, p. Pull. St.

q, r. 5 ad. st. assuming

male plumage.
8. $ ad. St. assuming

male plumage.
t. (S ad. St.
V, V. (S 2 ad. St. [pale

var.].
10. $ ad. St. [pale var.].
.r. (5" ad. st. [albino var.].

y,z. c? $ ad. st.

a', c? ad. St.

b'. S ad. sk.*

c'. 2 ad. st. assuming

male plumage.
d'. d' ad. St. [pale var.].
e'-ff'. Pull. st.
A', c? ad. st.
i'. c? ad. St. [var.].
k'. (5 ad. St. [semi-albino

var.].
I'. 2 ad. St.
wi', ?i'. 2 ad. sk.

Gulf of Salonika,

Greece.
Bohemia.
Argyllshire, Dec.

Xorth umherland .

Cambridgeshire.

Norfolk.

Norfolk.

Norfolk.
Suffollc, Nof.

Suffolk.
Buckinghamshire.

Hampshire.

Tortworth Court, Glos.
Gloucestershire, Jan.
England.

England.
England.
England.
England.
England.

England.
Eno-land.

o',p'. (5 ad. sk. [pale var.]. England.

g'. 2 ad. sk. [])ale var.]. England.
/•'. cj ad.sk. [albino var.]. England.
s', t'. 2 ad. sk. in male England.

plumage.
?«'. 2 ad. sk. in male England, Nov.

plumage.
v'. 2 ad. sk. in male England.

plumage.
w',.v'. Skeletons. Germam'.

y'-a". Sterna.

Gould Coll.

Lord Ampthill [P.].

F. M. OgUvie, Esq.
[P.].

Gould Coll.
Purchased.
Dr. Hamilton [P.].

George Roper, Esq.

[P.].
Purchased.
T. Harcourt Powell,

Esq. [P.].
Eev. R. Wilson [P.].

G. C. Norman, Esq.
[P.].

G. B. Tyndale, Esq.

[P.].
Earl of Ducie [P.J.
H.J.Elwes,Esq.rP.].
Sir J. Trevelyan [P.J.

Dr. Gunther [P.].

J. Lupton, Esq. [P.].

T. Hodges, Esq. [P.].
Hume & Tweeddale

Colls.
Tweeddale & Gould

Colls.
F. Bond, Esq. [P.].

T. Hodges, Esq. [P.].

J. H. Gurney, Esq.

[P.].
Rev. T. Cobell [P.].

Dr. Giinther [P.].

llyhrid bctivetti Phasianus colchicus and P. torquatus.

a. <S ad. sk.

b. cJ ad. sk.

c. (S ad. sk.

d,e.cS2 ad. sk.

[England.]
[England.]
Argyllshire, Dec.

Hampshire.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
E. M. Ogilvie, Esq.

[P.].
Lady Featherston-
haugh [P.].

* These male specimens are not quite pure bred, and traces of the sub-
tormiual green bars may be seen od the rump-feathers.

V '>

324 PHASIANID.E.

ITyhrid between P. eolchicus and P. versicolor.

a,h. (^ ad.sk. (1st cross).")

c. (S ad. sk. (2nd cross). ^ England. Gould Coll.

d. (S ad. sk. (3rd cross). )

«)/• 6 9 ad. St. England. Gould and Zool. Soc.

Colls.

Hybrid between P. eolchicus and P. reevesi.

a. d ad. St. Suffolk, Dec. Lord Lilford [P.].

b-e. c? imm. et pull. st. Zool. Soc. Coll.

Hybrid between P. eolchicus and Chrysolophus pictus.

a. 2 ad. St. England. Dr. Thackeray [P.].

b. S ad. St. England. Zool. Soc. Coll.

c. c? ad. St. England. Purchased.

d. Skeleton.

Hybrid between P. eolchicus and Gallus domesticus (Spanish Fowl).
a, b. Ad. sk. et st. England. Mr. E. Bartlett [C.].

Hybrid between Catreus wallichi and Phasianus eolchicus. See p. 318.

Hybrid between Gennseus muthura and Phasianus eolchicus.
See p. 302.

Subsp. o. Phasianus talischensis.

? Phasianus eolchicus, Blanf.E. Fersia, ii. p. 272 (1876) [Mazan-

daran and Gurgan].
Phasianus persicus talischensis, Lorenz, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 571 [Talisch].
Phasianus eolchicus, Eadde S)- Walt. Ornis, 1889, p. 90 [Talisch.]

Adult male. Differs from typical P. eolchicus and resembles
P. persicus in having the middle of the breast amd sides of the belly
purplish carmine and the chest and upper breast narrowly margined
with purple. It differs from P. persicus and resembles P. eolchicus
in the colour of the wing-coverts, which are reddish sandy brown
instead of nearly white.

Adidt female. Does not differ from the female of P. eolchicus.

Hab. Talisch, south-west shore of the Caspian Sea. It is
probably also the bird that extends through Mazandaran to the
Gurgan River.

a, b. cT 2 ad. sk. Alazan Eiver, Trans- St. Petersburg Museum

cauca.sia. [E.].

2. Phasianus persicus.

Phasianus persicus, Sererfz. Bull. Mosc. xlviii. pt. 3, p. 208 (1875)
[S.E. Caspian]; id. J.f. O. 1875, p. 225; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 495;
JSogd. Coni^p. Av. Ross. i. p. 19 (1884) [Ashourada & Peninsula of

35. I'HASIANUS. 325

Potemkine] ; Seehohm, llm, 1887, p. 170 ; Moizb. Ibis, 1887, p. ^02
[Atrak, Sumbar, & Chaudir Itivers]; ISharpe, Tr. Linn. Hoc. (2)
Zool. V. p. 80 (1889) [13auder-i-ghaz] ; Eaddit ^- Walt. Oniis, 1889,
pp. 89-96, 170, 180 [Traiiscaspia] ; Zaroudn. Bull. Mosc. 1889,
p. 812.
Phasianus shawi, Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 132.

Adult male, llcsembles F. colcliicus in general plnmage and in
having the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts glossed with
purplish lake. It ditl'ers in having the lesser and median wing-
coverts nearly white; the black burs on the tail scarcely half as
wide ; the chest and breast-feathers glossed with purplish lake and
their dark purple margins much narrower, and the middle of the
breast and sides of the belly purplish carmine. Total length
35 inches, wing 9-3, tail 19-5, tarsus 2-8.

Adult female. Closely resembles the female of P. cohhicu^.

Hah. Valleys of Atrak, Sumbar, and Chandir llivers, South-east
Caspian, Ashourada Is., and the peninsula of Potemkine.

a. cJ ad. sk. Atrak 11., Transcaspia, Purchased.

March.

b. 2 ad. sk. Suinb.ar R., Transcaspia St. Petersburg Museum

{Grum-Grzimailo). [E.].

c. (S iniui. sk. Astrabad Market, Oct. Afghan Delim. Com. [P.].

[Aitchison),

3. Phasianus principalis.

Phasianus principalis, Sdat. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 322, pi. xxii. [Bala
Murghab, N.W. Afgliauistan], 1887, p. 502; Menzb. Ibis, 1SS7,
p. yOl [Murghab, Tejend, & l)ushak Rivers, & Kaakiik Dist.];
Hculli/, M. ^- B. N. Afiihan. p. 86 (1887) ; 8eebohm, Ibis, 1887,
p. 171; Srlat.Ibis,im), p. 584 [Upper Muvghabl; Shm-pe, Tr.
Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. p. 86, pi. vii. (1889) ; Radde ^- Walt. Ornis,

1889, pp. 89, no, 170, 180; Zaroudn.* Bull. Mosc. 1889, p. 813,

1890, ]). 309 [Streams from Daragez & Kalat Mts.].

Phasianus komarowii, Bof/d. Bull. Petersb. xxx. p. 356 (1886)
[Aschabad]; id. Mel. Biol. xii. p. 319 (1886) ; Zaroudn. Bull.
Mosc. ixi. p. 322 (1886) [Tchirin-Ichai & Kizil-Kan, tributaries
of Atrek R.].

Adult male bears the same relationship to P.persicus that P. chri/-
.loiiielas bears to P. shawi. It difiers from the former in having no
jiurple-lako gloss on the lower back, rump, and ujjpcr tail-coveits,
which are orange-red, the chest and breast widely tipi^ed with i)ur-
]dish-red bronze, and the flank-feathers widely tipped with dark
greenish purple. Total length 35-5 inches, wing U-l, tail l^l'o,
tarsus 2'7.

Adult female ver)" similar to the female of P. chriisomelas.

Hah. North-western Afghanistan and North-east Persia.

* Zaroiidnoi says that specimens o{ P. principalis from Tejend River differ
from the Murghab birds in iiaving tho feathers of iho sides and flanks tipped
willi creeiiish blue iiistfad of |iurplish blue, thus showing an approueh to
7*. chri^fomflu,' from the Amu Uaryu.

326 PHASIANID^.

a. S fid. sk. Bala-Murghab, Feb. (Aitchi- Afghan Delim. Comm.

son). fP-]-

h. 2 ad. sk. Karaol-Khana, Feb. {Aitchi- Atgliau Delim. Comm.

son)

[P.].

4. Phasianus zerafshanicus.

Phasianus zerafshanicus, Tarnovski, Field, Ixxvii. p. 409 (1891).
Phasianus klossovskii, Tarnovski, Field, Ixxvii. p. 409 (1891).
Phasianus tarnovskii, Seehohm, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 271 [Zarafshan
VaUey].

Adult male very closely allied to the male of P. principalis, but
the scapulars are not margined with dark greenish purple, aud the
breast-feathers have narrow heart-shaped purplish margins.

Hah. Zarafshan Valley.

5. Phasianus shawi.

Phasianus shawi, Elliot, P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 403 [Yarkand] ; id. Monog.
Phas. ii. pi. i. [text] (1872) ; Scicfli/, Str. F. iii. p. 483 (1875), iv.
pp. 75, 80, 83, 179 (1876) [Kashgar, Beshkant, larkand] ; Gould,
B. Asia,y\\. pi. 35 (187C) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 171 ; id. P. Z. S.

Phsi

Monoff. Phas. ii. pi. iii. [text] (1872) ; Hculli/, Sir. F. iii. p. 433

(1875).
Phasianus chrysomelas, Flbot, Str. F. v. p. 198 (1877).

Adult male. Differs chiefly from F. colchicus in having the lesser
and median wing-coverts white or whitish buff ; the lower back
and rump aud upper tail-coverts without any purplish-lake gloss,
and the feathers of the two former with a subterminal green spot
on each side of the shaft ; the chest and breast-feathers edged with
dark green, and the middle of the breast and sides of the belly dark
green. It is distinguished from P. chrysomelas by the tips of the
flank-feathers being purplish green instead of green, and the much
narrower margins to the feathers of the chest, breast, and mantle.
Total length 83-5 inches, wing 9-6, tail 19-5, tarsus 2-7.

Adult female. Much paler than tlie female of P. colchicus ; no
chestnut on the feathers of the mantle, of which the ground-colour
is pale rufous-buif ; the ground-colour of the rest of the plumage is
whitish buff. Total length 23-4 inches, wing 8-3, tail 11-2,
tarsus 2"3.

Hab. Valleys of the Yarkand, Kashgar, Aksu, and Khotan Elvers.

ft, 6. J 2 ad. sk. Ka^ligar (Dr. Bellew). India Museum [P.].

c, d. cJ $ ad. sk. Maralbashi, Jan. (/. Bid- Hume Coll.

dulj^h).

e. (S ad. sk. Maralbashi, Jan. (/. Bid- India Museum [P.].

dulph) .

f-h. d' 2 ad.sk. Yarkand, March. Hume Coll.

i. 2 ad. sk. Yarkand, P'eb. (,/. Scully). Hume Coll.

A;, c? ad. sk.* Beshkant, Feb. (J. <Sc(/Z/y). Hume Coll.

* With imperfect white collar.

35. pnAsiANDs. 327

G. Phasianus tarimensis.

Pliasianus shawi, Prjev. {nee Elliot) Isvest. Imp. liuss. Geogr. Obsch.

xiii. p. :37o (lf^77) [Lob-nor].
riiasianus tariiuonsis, Ih-jev. JDritte lirise in Cent. As. p. 9o (1883) ;

id. IteUen in Tibet, p. 59 (1884) [Tarim] ; Pleske, P. Z. S. 1888,

p. 415 (Karascliar to Lob-nor],

Adult male. Very closely allied to the male of P. shaivi, but
differs in having the wing-coverts yellowish brown instead of ashy
grey, and the margins of the feathers of the rump and of the upper
tail-coverts green and l)uff instead of orange-red. Total length
3U'3 inches, wing 'J-;}, tail lG-3, tarsus 2-S.

Adult ftmale. llescmbles the female of P. shaivi.

]l(d>. Ivanging from Karaschar along the Tarira Valley to Lob-nor.

a. (S ad. sk. Bagratsch-Kul, near Karaschar, St. Petersburg 31 u-

Nov. seum [E.].

6, c. cJ ? ad.sk. Lob-nor, Feb., Dec. (P/^'era/sZie). St. Petersburg Mu-
seum [E.].

7. Phasianus chrysomelas.

Phasianus chrysomelas, Severtz. Lull. Mosc. xlviii. pt. 3, p. 207 (1875)
[Amu-Darya] ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 493 [Lower Amu- Darya] ; id.
J.f. O. 1875, p. 225; Gould, £. Asia, vii. pi. 36 (1876); Boffd.
Consp. Av. lioss. fasc. i. p. 20 (1884) [Amu-Darya]; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1887, p. 172; Pleske, Mem. Ac. St. Pelersb. (j) xxxvi. no. 3,
p. 48 (1888) [KasaUnsk].

Pliasianus dorrandti, Severtz. J.f. O. 1875, p. 225.

Phasiamis oxianus, Sei-er/z. J. f. O. 1875, p. 225.

Phasianus insignis, Elliot, Ibis, 1876, p. 132.

Adult male. Differs from P. shawi chiefly in having the feathers of
the mantle widely edged with green, the chest, breast, and flanks very
widely tipped with the same colour, each of the feathers of the lower
back and rump with a triangular green spot at the end of the shaft,
and the black lines on the tail-feathers much narrower. Total
length 34 inches, wing 9-3, tail 19, tarsus 2*8.

Adult female. Similar to the female of P. shawi, but the black
spots on the middle of the chest and breast-feathers are more
strongly marked. Total length 24 inches, wing y'3, tail 12-4,
tarsus 2-4.

Uah. Valley of the Amu-Darya.

a. (S ad. sk.* Amu-Darya {Eussow). St. Petersburg Mu-

seum [E.].

b. 2 ^^- ^'^- Nukus, Amu-Darya. St. Petersburg Mu-

seum [E.].
Cj d. (S 2 "^' sl^- Pt'tro-.Vlexandrowsk, Amu- Purchased.

Darya, Dec.
e,f. cJ $ ad.sk.* Amu-Darya, near Bokhara. Purchased.

* With imperfect white collar, showing trace.-! of interbreeding with P. mon-
golicus.

328

PHASIANID^.

(J. 5 ad. sk. Bokhara {Severtzov). Gould Coll.

A. c? ad. sk * Delta between KarkulR. and Gould Coll.

Amu-Darya, Oct. (Severt-
zov).

Hi/bnd between P. chrysomelas and P. mongolicus.
rt. c? ad. sk. Nukus, Amu-Darya, Dec. Purchased.

8. Phasianus mongolicus.

Phasianus colcliicus, Lirht. {iiec Linn.) in Ecersm. Reise nach
Buchara, p. 133 (1823) [Kuwan and Jan Darja]; Meyend. Voy. a
Bokhara, p. 4i'8 (1826).

Phasianus torquatus, Karelin (nee Gmel.), Bull. Mosc. p. 661 (1841).

Phasianus mongolicus, Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. iii. p. 51
(1844) [Altai] ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 41 (1858) ; Sclat. List Phas.
p. 4 (1863) ; id. P. Zi S. 1863, p. 116 ; Gray,List Gallince Brit. Mu.s.
p. 27 (1867); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 257 (1870); Elliot, P. Z. S.
1870, p. 408: id. Monog. Phas. ii. pi. iv. [text] (ls72) ; Severtz.
TurJcest. Jevotn. p. 68 (1873) ; id. Bidl. Mosc. xlviii. pt. 3, p. 208
(1875) ; id. J. f. O. 1875, p. 224 ; id. Ibis, 1875, p. 493 ; Dresser,
Ibis, 1876, p. 323 ; Finsch, Verh. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 241 (1880) ;
Bof/d. Consp. Ai\ Boss. fasc. i. p. 20 (1884) ; Seehohn, Ibis, 1887,
p. 173 ; Pleske, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 47
(1888) [Chinaz].

Adult male. Differs from all the maroon and orange-red rumped
species in having a wide white ring (interrupted in front) round the
neck ; otherwise it most nearly resembles P. persicus, but the
mantle and scapulars, chest and breast are bronze orange-red with
purple and green reflections ; the feathers of the lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts are mixed with dark green and glossed with
green and purple : the chin and throat are mostly purplish bronze-
red ; the chest, breast, and flanks are tipped with very dark green ;
and the middle of the breast and sides of the belly are dark
green. Total length 36-5 inches, wing 9-6, tail 22, tarsus 2-8.

Adult female. Resembles the female of P. cJiri/so7nelas, but on
each feather of the upper mantle there is a subterminal black spot,
and a bar across the middle instead of a broad black submarginal
border. Total length 26 inches, wing 8'5, tail 12-3, tarsus 2-5.

Hab. Ranging from the Valley of the Syr-Darya across the
basin of Lake Ealkash as far east as Lake Zaisan and the Valley of
the Black Irtish, and southwards to the valley of the Hi and
Issik-Kul.

a. J ad. sk. Syr-Darya. Gould Coll.

b. c5' ad. sk. Fort Perovskie, Syr-Darya, Piu'chased.

Jan.

c-e. (S 5 ad. sk. Chinaz, Upper Syr-Darya St. Petersburg Mus.

(Pussoiv). [E.].

/. S ad. sk. Tashkend, Upp. Syr-Darya. Purchased.

* With iiii perfect white collar, showing traces of intei'breediiig with P. mon-
golicus.

35. I'UASIANUS. 329

Subsp. a. Phasianus semitorquatus.

riiasianus semitorquatus, Seoertz. Ibis, IcS/o, p. 491 [North-east of

Kuldja and Ebi-uor].
Piiaaiauus ujoufrolicus semitorquatus, Pkske, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb.

xiii. p. 295 (1892) [Prov. of Gutchen and Urumtsi].

Adult male. Differs from the male of P. moiujolicus in having the
mantle, upper tail-coverts, chest, and upper breast glossed vrith
green instead of purple-carmine, and the white ring more widely
interrupted across the fore part of the neck.

A'luU fi-mule. Very similar to the female of P. monr/oUcus.

JJab. Dzuugaria : vicinity of Ebi-nor, Kuldja, Urumtsi, and
Gutchen.

a. (S ad. sk. Ebi-nor, Dznngaria, Dec. Purchased.

{Severtzor).

b, c. (S 2 "tl- ^^- Urumtsi, Uzungaria, Dec. St. Petersburg Mus.

(Peiczow). [E.].

d. (5 ad. sk. [Altai Mountain?.]

9. Phasianus elegans.

Phasianus elegans, miot, Ann. ^- May. X. H. (4) vi. p. 312 (1870) ;
Sclut. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 070 [Yun-ling Jits., W. Sze-chuen] ; Elliot,
Munoy. Pluis. ii. pi. viii. [text] (1872) ; Seebuhm, Ibis, 1888, p. 315.

Phasianus sladeni, Anders. MS., Elliot, P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 404. 408 ;
Anders. P. A. S. 1871, p. 214 [W. Yunnan]; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 398 ; David S,- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 411 (1877) [W. Sze-chuen
and NV. Yunnan]; Anders. B. W. Yunnan, p. 671 (1878)
[Momieu dist.].

Adult male. This and the following species are at once dis-
tinguished from the species of the group including P. culchlcus and
its near allies by the general colour of the lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts, which are greenish or bluish slate with a rust--
coloured patch on each side *, and by the black bars on the basal
part of the middle tail-feathers, which are much wider. The
feathers of the mantle and scapulars are dark orange-red, rather
widely tipped with sandy buff and slightly glossed with green, the
upper feathers of the mantle are faintly edged and spotted at the
extremity with dark green ; the feathers of the lower back and
rump with rather wide subtenuinal dark green bands ; the lesser
and median wing-coverts greenish grey ; the chest, upper and
middle jiarts of the breast, and sides of the belly dark green ;
otherwise the plumage is very similar to that of J', colchicus.
Total length 27o inches, wing 9-1, tail 14'7, tarsus 2-5.

Adult female. Differs chietly from the female of P. colchicus in
having the chin, throat, and fore part of the neck white, and the
chest and rest of the underparts barred with irregular black bars ;
it is scarcely to be distinguished from the female of P. strauchi.
Total length 21*1 inches, wing 7'9, tail 9*8, tarsus 2-3.

Hab. West Yunnan and Western Sze-chuen.

* Except in P. versicolor.

330 PHASIANIDJE.

rt. (S ad. sk. Sze-chuen. J. J. Stone, Esq. [P.].

(Type of the species.)
b. (S ad. sk. [Sze-clmen] (/. E. Reeves). Zool. Soc. Coll.

10. Phasiamis vlangali.

Phasianus vlangalii, Prjev. Mongol, ii. pt. 2, p. 116, pi. xvi. (1876) ;
id. in Roivley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 386 (1877) ; id. Reisen in Tibet,
p. 59 (1884) [Tsaidam] ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 315.

Adult male*. Differs from P. elegans chiefly in having the general
colour of the mantle and scapulars sandy red, and the sides and
flanks golden buff" instead of dull orange-red glossed with purple.
It is distinguished from P. strauchi by its much paler scapulars and
by having the chest mostly dark green instead of fiery orange-red.
Total length 31'5 inches, wing 9'5, tail 17"5, tarsus 2-6.

Adult female. Upper parts like those of P. colchicus, but the
black markings are much fainter and the predominating colour is
pale buff; the chin and throat are pure white, and the rest of the
underparts whitish buff" with very faint indications of brown cross-
bars. Totnl length 22-5 inches, wing 8-2, tail 11, tarsus 2i.

Hah. Tsaidam, south of the Koko-nor Mountains.

«, 6. c? 5 'id. sk. Tsaidam, Sept., Nov. H. Seebohm, Esq.

(PrjemlsAy). [P.].

r, d. (S 2 ^"i- sk. Tsaidam, Feb., Nov. St. Petersburg Mus.

[Prjevalshy). [E.].

11. Phasianus strauchi.

Phasianus strauchi, P-Jev. Moiu/ol. ii. pt. 2, p. 119, pi. xvii. (1876) ;
id. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 417 (1877); id. Reisen in Tibet,
p. 59 (1884) [Kansu] ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 314 ; id. P. Z. S. 1888,
p. 267 (extends S. to Moupin t) ; Pleske, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb.
xiii. p. 296 (1892) [Sining Mountains, Tatung Mts. and River, and
Mts. of Amdoa].

Adult maleX- Differs from both P. elegans and P. vlangali in
having the chest and sides of the breast fiery orange-red instead of
dark green ; from the former it is also distinguished by having the
centres of the scapulars whitish buff freckled with black in the
middle, and from the latter by the dark Indian-red margins of
the scapulars. Total length 36'5 inches, wing 9*4, tail 23"3,
tarsus 2-5.

Adult female. Upper parts much like those oi P. colcliieus, but
the feathers of the nape and mantle are indistinctly tipped with dark
green instead of violet and purple : the underparts are whitish

* In all the specimens examined there are a few feathers at the back of the
neck more or less tipped with white.

t I have no donbt that Seebohm is wrong and that the specimens from
Monpin in the Pari^ Museum are correctly identified as F. dccollatus.

X In three of the specimens examined some of the feathers at the back of the
neck are tipped or more or less mixed with white.

35. PHA9IANU8. 331

buff; all the fcathora of the chest, breast, sides, and flanks barred
with black, the latter slightly glossed with green. Total len-'th
26-4 inches, wing 8-1, tail 12-5, tarsus 2-2. °

Ifah. IS'orth-uestern Kansu.

a. d ad. sk. Kansu, May (Prjevahhj). Seebohm Coll.

b, c. d ad. et Kansu, May, June (Grum- St. Petersburg Mus.
pull. sk. Grzimailo). rj; i °

d. $ ad. sk. Kansu, March {Prjevalsky). St. Petersburg Mus.

[E.].

12. Phasianus decollatus.

1 hasianus decollatus Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 135 [Sze-chuenl ;
iJaml, A. Arch. Mus. Bull. vii. p. 11 (1871) [Sze-cbuen, Moi.pin I
miot, Mum,,. Phas. ii. pi. vii. [text] (1872) ; Bacid ^- Oustal. Ois.
Chine, ^ 411, pi. 100 (1877) [Sin-ling Mts., S. Shen-se, E. Koko-
nor* Moupin, E. Sze-cbuen, E. Yunnan, W. Quei-cbow] : See-
bohm, Iks, 1888, p. 314; id. Ibis, 1891, p. 380 [W. Sze-cbuen].

Adult maUf. Differs chiefly from P. straudii in having the sides
and flanks buff instead of orange-red ; from P. torqmtus it may be
at once distinguished by having no white ring round the neck the
top ot the head dark green instead of pale bronze-green ; and the
margins to the chest-feathers much wider and dark green instead of
purple. Total length 34-5 inches, wing 9-2, tail lS-7, tarsus 2-S

Adult female. Kesembles the female of P. strcmcM, but the black
patches, especially on the scapulars, wing-coverts, and lower back
are larger and more strongly marked; and the chestnut on the
upper mantle is darker chestnut. Total length 25 inches win"- S-1
tail 10-5, tarsus 2-5. "^ '

Hah. Western China, ranging from Eastern Yunnan northwards
to Eastern Koko-nor [?]: eastwards to the Sin-ling Mountains and
southwards to Western Quei-chow.

13. Phasianus torquatus.

^'''■' f.^?l",^ri!^''"^"*' ^"^''- ^''"- '^^"- "• Pt- "• P- ^15 (1783 ), Sujwl.l

p. 20» (1/8/); )f/. G'e«. //«)■. viii. p. lyO(18L>3).
IJing Pliea^ant, Hayes, Ostcrl. Menag. p. 57, pis. 57, 58 (1794)

[liybnd]. ' v -»

p. 1.),

6tej,h. "--•••"'» --"• f'""'- -"• p. --0 ^iciyj; unit. td. t'liv. ni.
p. 22, pi. (1829); Gu^-nn-M^neville, Icon. Pkj. Anim , Oi, p -^5
pi. 42. fig. 1 (1829-;J8) ; Less. Traits d'Om. p. 495 (18:31)- jJrd

nf/i\^^''":-'''\ P;,^^^' P'- ■^''^- ^^^•^^) [Hybrid]: J. E. Gray,
III Ind. Orn.n. pi. 41. lig. 1 (1834) : G. Ii. Gray, List P. pt. iii.
Gall. p. 2.-} (lt>44); ul. Gen. B. iii. p. 497 (1845); Bh,th, Cat.
Mas. As. Hoc. p. 245 (1849); Guu/d, B. Asia, vii. pi. 39 (185(5) •
Schrenck, Peisen Amur-L. i. p. 402 (1859) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861

* Probably the birds from E. Kokonor should really be referred tn
P. sirawki. ■

t Several of the males examined show traces of a white ring round the neck.

332 PHASIANID^.

p. 49 [Hongkong], p. 341 [Pe-chi-li] ; Sclat. ^- Wolf, Zool. Sket.
1. pi. 37(1861); Lamprey, P. Z. S. 1862, p. i?21 [Shanghai];
Stvinh. Ibis, 1862, p. 259 [Foochow] ; Badde, Osf-SA. ii. p. 302
(1863); Sclat Lid Phas. p. 4 (1863) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 116;
Sioinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 481 ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 307 ; Milne-Edw.
N. Arch. Mm. Btdl. i. p. 14 (1865) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 349;
Savrin, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 436 [Amour, N. China, Corea] ; Sioinh.
Ibis, 1867, pp. 390, 402 [Cheefoo] ; David, N. Arch. Miis. Bull.
iii. p. 37 (1867) [Mongolia] ; Gray, List Gallijia: Brit. Mus. p. 27
(1867) ; Dyboioski, J. f. O. 1868, p. 337 ; David, P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 210; Gray, Hand-'l. B. ii. p. 257 (1870); Homeyer,J.f. O.
1870, p. 173 ; Dlliot, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 408 ; Hutton, Tr. N. Z. Inst.
p. 80 (1870) ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 397 [N. Zealand] ; Melliss, Ibis,
1870, p. 103 [St. Helena]; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 398 [Canton
to Pekin to Hau-kow] ; David, N. Arch. Miis. Bull. vii. p. 11
(1871) [Pekin, Mongolia]; Elliot, Monog. Phas. ii. pi. v. [text]
(1872); Sioinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 125 [Cheefoo]; Tacz. J.f. O. 1876,
p. 201 [Ussm-i] ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. i. p. 245 (1876) [Amour
and Ussuri] ; David ^- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 409 (1877); Prjev.
Mvnffolia, ii. p. 114 (1876) ; id., in Bowl. Orn. 3Iisc. ii. p. 385
(1877) [Hoang-ho, Ordos, Ussuri]; Bolau, J.f. 0. 1880, p. 131
[Askold] ; Blakist. 8,- Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. 1882, p. 127 [Tsu-
sima] ; Slater, Ibis, 1882, p. 435 [Hankow, Tchang] ; Seebohm, Ibis,
1884, p. 267 [KiukiangJ ; Bogd. Consjy. Av. Boss. fasc. i. p. 21(1884) ;
Seebohm, Zool. 1886, p. 225 [St. Helena] ; id. Ibis, 1887, p. 169;
Gifflioli et Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 584 [Corea] ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887,
p. 010 [Corea], 1888, p. 467 [Mantchouria] ; Diirries, J. f. O.
1888, p. 88 [Ussuri] ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 313 ; id. B'. Jap.
p. 369 (1890) ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 499 [Lower Yangtse] ;
Pleske, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. xiii. p. 296 ( 1892) ; Seebohm, Ibis,
1892, p. 99 [Tsu-sima] and p. 248 [Corea] ; de la Touche, Ibis, 1892,
p. 493 [Foochow and Swatow Hills].

Phasianus albotorquatus, Bonnat. Tabl. Encycl. Meth.i. p. 184 (1791) ;
Brandt, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. iii. p. 51 (1844).

Phasianus colchicus, var. niongolica. Pall. Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. ii.
p. 84 (1811).

Adult male. Eesembles the male of P. decollatiis, but ma}' be at
once distinguished from it and all the previous grey-rumped species
by the white ring round the neck; from P. formosanus it generally
differs in having the ground-colour of the mantle and the flank-
feathers bright orange-buff instead of primrose (hut in some pale
specimens from Corea and China this difference is scarcely apparent) ;
the margins to the chest- and breast-feathers very narrowly mar-
gined with purple, and the whole breast glossed with pink as in
F. 2>ersicus. Total length 35 inches, wing 9-2, tail 20-2, tarsus 2-7.

Adult female. Closely resembles the female of P. coZc/ttcHS. Total
length 24-2 inches, wing 8-2, tail 10'5, tarsus 2"4.

Nah. Ranging from the Lower Amoor, Mantchouria, Corea, Tsu-
sima, and Eastern Mongolia, through Eastern China as far south
as Canton.

a. (5 ad. sk. Blagovestchensk, Amur R., Purchased.

Dec.
^i, c. J 9 ad. sk. Corea. C.W.Campbell, Esq.

[P.].

35. PHASIANCS.

333

d. c? id. sk.

e. cJ ad. sk.
/, ff. d ad. sk.

h,i. cS imm. et 2 ^d.

St.

k. cJ ad. sk.

/. ? ad. sk.

m. (J ad. sk.

n, 0. (f ad. sk. et st.

p. (5 ad. sk.

q, r. cJ ad. sk. et st.
s. cJ ad. St.

China.

STiaiitrhai {Reeves).

l']ufrland.

Bedfordshire.

Kent, Dec.

St. Plelena.

China. Purchased.

China. Gould Coll.

China. J. K. Reeves, Esq.

rp.].

China. J. R. Reeves, Esq.

[P.].
Mrs. Ince [P.].
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
G. C. Norman, Esq.

[P-]-
Gould Coll.
Capt. Sir E. Belcher,
R.X. [P.i
t. 2 skeleton. Zool. Soc. Coll.

Hybrid between Phasianus colchicus and P. torquatus. See p. 323.

Hybrid bettueen Phasianus torquatus and P. versicolor.

Phasianus versicolor X P. torquatus, Blasius, Monatschr. Schttze
Vof/elio. 1889, p. 94, pis.

a, b. (S ad. sk. England. Gould Coll.

14. Phasianus satscheunensis.

Phasianus satscheunensis, Pr/ev. Reixen in Tibet, p. 59 (1884) (Sa-

tschen) ; Dcdit. J.f. O. 1886, p. 527.
Phasianus shawi, Seebohm, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 415 [part; Sa-tschen].
Phasianus satscheuensis, Pleske, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. xiii. p. 296

(1892) [N. of tlie Nan-Shan Mts.].

Adult male. Differs chiefl}' from P. torquatus in having the
general colour of the upper parts much paler ; the scapulars and
secondaries margined with sandy brown instead of Indian-red ; and
the margins to the feathers of the chest and underparts wider and
purplisli green, whereas in F. torquatus they are entirely absent or
only represented by the narrowest purplish border.

Adult female. Very much paler than the female oi P. torquatus
and most nearly resembles the female of P. vlunyali.

Hab. Sa-tschen, N. of the Nan-Shau Mountains.

a,b. cS 2 tid. sk. Schanto-po, N. of the Nan- St. Petersburg Mas.

Shan Mts., March {Grum- [E.].

Grzimailo).

c, d. (S 2 '^d. sk. Schao-wan, March (Pi-Jeralsky St. Petersbui'g Mus.

^- Grum-Grzimailo). [E.].

15. Phasianus formosanus.

Pha.«ianus torquatus, Su-i>iJi. (nrc Gm.) Ibis, \S&i, p. 401, 186G, p. 404.

Phasianus formosanus, Elliot, P. Z. {>. 1870, p. 40G [Formosa]; id.
Moiiof/. P/ia.t. ii. pi. vi. [text] (1872); David ■:^- Oiu^tal. Ow. C/iitte,
p. 410 (1877) [Formosa] ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 313.

Nearly adult male (tj-pe). Diflfers from P. torqtiatus generally in
having the ground-colour of the mantle and flanks pale primrose.

334 PHASIANID^.

the chest very slightly glossed with pink, and the margins of the
feathers more widely edged all round with purplish green. Total
length 26-8 inches, wing 8-9, tail 15-8, tarsus 2-7. {Mus.H.Seeholim.)
Hah. Formosa.

16. Phasianus versicolor.

Phasianus versicolor, Vieill Gal. Ois. ii. p. 23, pi. 205 (1825) ; Gray,
in Griff, ed. Cuv. in. p. 23, pi. (1829) ; Temm. PI. Col v. pis. (i,
7 [nos 486, 493] (1830) ; Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 496 (1831) ;
Schhiz, Nat. Abbild. Vog. p. 251, pi. 96 (1833); Jard. Nat. Lib.,
Orn. iv. p. 200, pis. xiv. & xv. (1834) ; Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 497
(1845); Schinz, Nat. Vog. p. 150, pi. 72 (1853) ; Cassin, Perry's
Evp Jap. ii. p. 223, pi. 1 (1856) [Simoda] ; Gould, B. Asia, vii.
pi 40 (1857) ; Sclat. ^ Wolf, Zool. Sket. i. pi. 38 (1861) ; Sclat.
List Phas. p. 4 (1863); id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 116; Graij, List
Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 28 (1867) ; id. Eand-l. B. ii. p. 258
(1870); Elliot, Mo7iog. Phas. ii. pi. ix. [text] (1872); Swii^h.
Ibis, 1875, p. 462 [Hakodadi] ; Blakist. ^- Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 226
[Hondo]; Seebohm, Ibis, 1888, p. 313; id. B. Jap. p. 370 (1890)
[Japanese Is. except Yezo].

Phasianus diardi, Temm. PI. Col. v. text to P. versicolor (1830).

Adult male. Distinguished from all other species of the genus by
having the whole of the chest, breast, and flanks uniform dark
green ; the top of the head is bronze-green as in P. torquatus ; the
mantle dark green, shot with purple and marked with lines of bull',
mostly following the shape of the feathers ; the upper tail-coverts
are uniform greenish slate, without any rust-coloured feathers on
each side as is the case in all the other grey-rumped species.
Total length 29 inches, wing 9-6, tail 17-5, tarsus 2-7.

Adult female. Closely resembles the female of P. strauclii, but
the feathers of the mantle are almost entirely black in the middle,
■ with sometimes a thin shaft-stripe of rufous, and the green tips to
the feathers are usually well-marked ; also the black bars on the
feathers of the chest, breast, and flanks are much more strongly
marked. Total length 24 inches, wing 8-2, tail lO'o, tarsus 2-2.

Bah. Japanese Islands, except Yezo.

a b SZ ad.sk. Japan. Gould Coll.

c'<?' (5 2 ad. sk. Japan. E. Hartert, Esq.[E.].

e' 2 ad. sk. Japan. ' Challenger ' Exp.

f q S9- ad. St. Japan. Zool. Soc. Coll.

// S ad. St. Japan. Purchased.

z " cJ ad sk. Hakodadi, Feb. Tweeddale Coll.

h 9. ad. sk. Nagasaki. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].

/. cf ad. sk. Northamptonshire, Feb. Lord Lilford [P.].

m. Skeleton.

Hybrid between G. horsfieldi and P. versicolor. See p. 303.

Hybrid between P. colchicus and P. versicolor. See p. 323.

Hiibrid beitveen P. torquatus and P. versicolor. See p. 333.

35. PHAsiANcs. 335

17. Phasianus ellioti.

Phasianua ellioti, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1872, p. TjoO [Che-kiang] ; David ^•
Oiistal. Ois. Chine, p. 412, pi. 101 (1877) [Clie-kian?, E. Fo-kien].

Calophasis ellioti, Elliot, Monoff. Phas. ii. pi. .xiii. bis [text] (1872) :
Gould, li. Ami, vii. pi. 23 (1874).

Gallophasis ellioti, Ritme, Ibis, 1881, p. 608.

Adult male. Top of the head sandy brown mixed with chestnut ;
nape and back of the neck grey, shading into white on the sides;
chin, throat, and fore part of neck black, slightly glossed with
purple ; a band of black feathers widely tipped with white divides
the mantle from the scapulars and runs roughly parallel to a dark
purplish-steel band across the lesser wing-coverts ; the mantle,
scapulars, median wing-coverts, chest, and breast orange-red, with
fiery-gold reflections, the former and the latter with short sub-
terminal black cross-bars ; the lower back and rump-feathers black,
barred and fringed with white ; primaries and their coverts brown,
the terminal part of the outer webs and tips of the former mixed
with rufous ; secondaries and secondary-coverts mostly brown on
the inner web and chestnut ou the outer, with a black subterminal
bar and white tip ; the white tips of the coverts are very wide, and
make a broad bar across the wing, subparallel to the two former ;
fiank-feathers like the secondary-coverts ; belly and vent white ;
under tail-coverts black, mixed with chestnut. Upper tail-coverts
and tail with wide alternate bars of chestnut and grej^, edged with
black, most marked on the outer tail-feathers. Total length 32-5
inches, wing 8*8, tail 19, tarsus 2-8.

Adult female. Feathers of the top of the head brown, edged with
chestnut ; sides of the head, back, and sides of the neck and chin
sandy grey : throat and fore part of the neck black ; mantle black,
mottled with rufous buff and tipped with sandy brown, the upper
feathers with irregular white shaft-spots ; lesser, median, and
secondary wing-coverts very similar, and separated from the mantle
by a -wide sandy-grey band ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts sandy brown, mottled with rufous buff and black. Quills
dark brown, irregularly barred and mottled with buff and rufous
buff. Chest, breast, and flanks sandy brown, irregularly spotted
with black ; the lower feathers edged with white, rest of under-
parts mostly white ; middle pairs of tail-feathers brownish white
mottled with black, outer pairs and under tail-coverts chestnut
widely tipped with white, and with a wide black subterminal bar.
Total length 20 inches, wing 8, tail 7"7, tarsus 2-5.

Hah. Mountains of South-eastern China, Che-kiang, and Fo-kien.

a,h. S 2 ^^- ^^- Ningpo. Purchased.

18, Phasianus humiae,

Callophasis humiae, Hutne. -S/;-. F. ix. p. 461 (18S0) [S. Manipurl :
id. Ibis, 1881, p. 608; GodH:-Aii.'<t. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 715, pi. li
[N.E.Manipur] ; Hume, Str. F. xi p. 302 (1888).

Phasianus huniia\ U'. Sclat. Ibis, 1801, p. l.')2 [Upper Burmah].

836 PHASIANIDJ!.

Adult male. Differs chiefly from P. ellioii in having the neck,
upper parts of the mantle, and chest glossed with purplish steel
like the band across the wing-coverts but darker ; the breast chest-
nut, more or less glossed with steel-colour and fiery orange-red
round the margins ; the belly and flanks chestnut ; the under tail-
coverts black glossed with steel-green. Tail and upper tail-coverts
grey : the middle pair of tail-feathers widely and irregularly barred
with a mixture of black and chestnut ; the middle pairs ou each
side barred with black, and the outermost pairs almost entirely
black, greyish only towards the base. Total length 33'3 inches,
wing 8-5, tail 20-6, tarsus 2 5.

Adult female. Differs from that of P. ellioti in not possessing the
black on the throat ; the white underparts of that bird (which are
in keeping with those of the male) are also absent. Wing S-2
inches, tail 7, tarsas 2*2. {Godwin- Austen.)

Hah. Manipur and Upper Eurmah ; Shan Hills.

a. S ad. sk. Manipur (^4. 0. H.). Hume Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. Manipur, April {A. 0. H.). Hume Coll.

(Type of the species.)

19. Phasiamis soemmerringi.

Pbasianus soemmerringii, Temni. PL Col. v. pis. 8, 9 [nos. 487, 488]
(1830) ; Less. Traite cFOrn. p. 496 (1831) ; Jard. Nat. Lib., Om.
iv. p. 205, pi. xvii. (1834) ; Gray, List, of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 24
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 497 (1845) ; Cnssin, in Perry's E.vp.
Jap. ii. p. 225, pi. 2 (1856) [S. & middle of Hondo] ; Selat. 8;
Wolf, Zool. Sket. 2. pi. 32 (1861) ; Sclat. List of Phas. p. 5, pi. 2
(1863) [Simoda, Hondo]; Gray, List Gallince' Brit. Mus. p. 29
(1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 258 (1870) ; Goitld. B. Asia, vii.

(1890) [Kiu-siu].

Adidt male. General colour above chestnut or brownish chestnut,
the margins of the feathers of the mantle, chest, scapulars, lower back,
and rump glossed with purplish carmine with fiery-gold reflections ;
the basal part of the feathers black, most noticeable on the wing-
coverts ; quills brownish black, the primaries mottled with rufous buff
and the secondaries irregularly margined round the outer web with
rufous ; breast and rest of underparts resemble the wing-coverts,
but the feathers are paler towards the margins ; central tail-feathers
chestnut with wide-set narrow black bars, above each of these black
bars the chestnut is of a deeper colour and becomes gradually
lighter towards the next bar ; outermost tail-feathers chestnut,
■widely tipped with black. Total length 50 inches, wing 8-8, tail 37,
tarsus 2-5.

Adult female. Top of the head blackish brown, each feather
margined with rufous buff ; back and sides of the neck and mantle
rufous, shading into vinaceous towards the extremity of each
feather, those of the mantle being somewhat coarsely mottled with

35. PHAsrANtrs. 337

black ; wing-coverts and scapulars similar, but of a more cinnamou-
coloiircd tint and with more strongly marked buff shaft-stripes ;
lower back and rum]) sand)' rufous, finely mottled with black and
with black shaft-stripes ; quills very similar to those of the male;
chin, throat, and fore part of neck pale butf, each feather tipped with
black ; chest-feathers greyish rufous, paler on the breast and undcr-
l)arts, and all with the basal part black ; upper tail-coverts and
middle pair of tail-feathers chestnut or rufous, indistinctly mottled
with black, and paler towards the margins ; outer tail-feathers
chestnut tii)ped with white, and with a subterrainal black band.
Total length 21 inches, wing 8"1, tail 7".5, tarsus 2-1.
J I ah. Japanese islands of Hondo and Kiu-siu.

a. (S ad. st. Japan. Leyden Mus'^um [P.].

l>,c. *(S 2 *<1. St. Japan. Purchased.

d. 2 (I'd. sk. Japan. Tweeddale Coll.

e. $ ad. St. Nagasaki. II. Whitely [C.].
.A .'/• d" ? ad. sk. Nagasaki. Gould Coll.

h-k. Skeletons. Japan. Purchased.

A marked variety of tliis species has been named P. sriiitilla»s by
Gould. The male differs from the typical male of P. siemmerrbigi
in having most of the feathers of the wing-coverts, back, and
especially the rump margined on either side with a white black-
edged band instead of with fiery gold ; while the lighter parts of
the tail-feathers below the black cross-bars are usuallypaler and often
strongly dotted with ])lack. This form cannot possibly be regarded as
a distinct species, for it not only occurs in the same islands where
P. strminerrini/i is found, but every intermediate stage between the
two forms may be seen.

The following synonymy belongs to this variety : —

Phasianus (Graphophasianus) scintillans, Gould, Ann. Mag. N. H. (3)
xvii. p. l.")0 (1866) [Yokohama] ; id. B. Asia, vii. pi. 38 (1867) ;
Seelwhm, II. Jap. p. 371 (1^00) [Hondo].

Phasianus scenimerringii, var. scintillans, Elliot, Monop. Phas. ii.
pi. xiii. [text] (1872) [Nagasaki].

a. (^ ad. St. Japan. Walter Langley, Esq. [P.].

l>. (J ad. sk. Japan. Tweeddale Coll.

c. (J nd. sk. Japan. (iould Coll.

f^ *• (5 2 ad. .sk. Hondo Is., Japan. Purchased.

20. Phasianus reevesi.

t Phasianus supeibus, Vicil/. {/ur Linn.) .Y. Diet, d' IIi.it. Xat. xi.

p. 40 (1817) ; Jard. Xat. Li/,., Oni. iv. p. L>02 (1834;; Lamprey,

P. Z. S. 1862, p. 220 "N.E. of J'ekin].
Par-tailed Pheasiint. Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 106. pi. cxxiv. (1823).
Phasianu.s reevesii, .7. E. Gnu/, in Griff, ed. Cm: iii. p. 2o (1820); id.

III. hid. Zool. i. pi. 30 (1830-32) ; G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii.

* Intermediate, showing au approach to the variety P. sciiitillan.i.

t I'hfi.iiamts siipcrhiis, Linn. Mantissa, p. 52l> (17G7-71), described from a
Chinese drawing, cannot be identified : it is probiiblv some domestic variety of
fialtus donifi'ticiK. and rertainly has notliing to do with P. reevesi, to which it
ha« been referred.

338 PHASIANID^.

Gall p. 24 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 497 (1845) ; Sdat. S,- Wolf,
Zool. Sket. 2. pi. 33 (1861) : Sdat. List of Fhas. p. 5, pi. 1 (1863)
[North & Central China] ■ Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 307 ; Saurin,
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 437 [Chi-li] ; David, N. Arch. Mus. Pull. iii. p. 37
(1867) [near Toung-Liu] ; Gray, List Gallinee Brit. Mus. p. 28
(1867) ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 33 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.
p. 258 (1870) ; David, N.Arch. Mus. Bull. vii. p. 11 (1871) [Pekin,
Sze-chiien] ; Blliot, Monoq. Phas. ii. pi. xi. [text] (1872) ; David
^ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 413 (1877) [Mts. N. & E. of Pekin &
between Shen-se, Honan, and Sze-chuen] ; Pavensw. Tr. N. Durh.
vii. pt. 1, p. 168 (1878) ; Creaph, Ibis, 1886, p. 382 ; Styan, Ibis,
1891, pp. 329, 499 [Lower Yan^tse].

Phasianus veneratus, Tettitn. PI. Col. v. pi. 5 [no. 485] (1830) ; Less.
Traits d'Orn. p. 496 (1831) ; Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. pi. xvi.
(1834).

Syrmaticus reevesii, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1229 ; Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 398.

Syrmaticns superbus, Strickl. Ann. Mag. N. H. vii. p. 36 (1841).

Adult male. Crown white, with some of the longer feathers
narrowly tipped with black and surrounded by a wide black baud,
which crosses the forehead, lores, ear-coverts, and nape ; a white
patch below the eye ; chin, throat, and nape white, edged below by
a black ring which surrounds the neck ; neck, mantle, lower back,
rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars cinnamon, each feather
bordered with black, giving these parts a scale-like appearance ;
wing-coverts white, widely margined and centred with black ;
primary-quills and coverts dark brown, mottled, especially on the
outer web, with rufous buff; secondaries brownish black, irregularly
barred with white and margined round the extremity or tipped
with buff; chest-feathers black and white like the wing-coverts,
but with wide chestnut margins, those of the sides and flanks with
the terminal part buff; belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts black ;
central tail-feathers with the middle white, barred with black and
chestnut, and margined on either side with brownish buff; outer-
most tail-feathers buff, narrowly tipped with black. Total length
about 6 feet 6 inches, wing 10"3 inches, tail 5 feet, tarsus 3'1 inches.
Adult female. Crown of the head reddish brown, ear-coverts
blackish brown with pale rufous-buff centres ; rest of the head, chin,
throat, and upper part of neck buff; lower part of neck and upper
mantle rufous, mottled or blotched with black and tipped with
rufous grey ; a well-marked white patch or shaft-stripe down the
centre of each feather ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
mottled with rufous buff and grey, and with black centre stripes ;
wing-coverts and scapulars somewhat like the mantle, but with buff
instead of white stripes down the middle; quills and their coverts
dark brown barred with rufous, some of the secondaries and their
coverts tipped with buff; chest, upper breast, and sides che-'^tnut,
mottled with black and tipped with buff, each feather, especially
those on the chest, with a trident-shaped white mark near the
extremity ; belly and rest of underparts mostly pale buff; centre
tail-feathers mottled with sandy-buff and black, and with indistinct
black blotches along the basal half of the shaft ; outer feathers

M6. CHRYSOLOPHUS. 339

chestiuif, mixed with black, barred and tipped with white. Total
length about ',i2 inches, wing 9, tail 1(5-0, tarsus 2-5.

//lib. Mountains of Northern and Western China, as far east as
Kiu-kiang.

a, b. S ad. sk. China. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
et 5 >'>d. St. (Types of the species.)

c. cJ <id. sk. China. Hardwicke Bequest.

d,e. c? $ ad. sk. China. Gould Coll.

/. Jad. sk. Argyllshire, March. A. Miller, Esq. [P.].

fl. Juv. at. England. Zool. Soc. Coll.

h. c? ad. St. Norfolk. H.R.H. Prince of Wales

[P.].
.1. J. St

t. 2 skeleton. China. .1. J. Stone, Esq. [P.].

k. Imperfect skel. China. Zool. Soc. Coll.

For Hyhrid between Phasianus colchicus and P. reevesi, see p. 324.

Hybrid between Phasianus reevesi and Chrj-solophus pictus.

a. (S ad. st. Devonshire. Ralph Sanders, Esq. [P.].

b, c. (S inim. st. Zoological Gardens. Zool. Soc. Coll.

3r>. CHRYSOLOPHUS.

Type.
Thaumalea, 1] agl. {nee Riithe, Dipt. 1831) Isis, 1832,

p. 1227 C. pictus.

Chrvsolophus, J. E. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 41. fig. 2

(1833-4) C. pictus.

Epomia, Hodgn. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 8.5 (1844) . . C. amherstiae.

Tail composed of IS feathers, vaulted, the middle pair very long,
more than four times as long as the outermost pair, which are short.

1st primary much shorter than the 2nd, which is rather shorter
than the 10th, the 5th being slightly the longest.

Tarsus rather longer than the middle toe and claw, and generally
armed in the male with a pair of short spurs.

Male with a full crest of hairy feathers, and a capo-like develop-
ment of erectile, squarely truncate feathers.

Ranye. Mountains of Eastern Thibet and Western and Southern
China.

Key to the Species.

A. Breast crimson-scarlet.

a. Middle pair of tail-feathers black, with rounded

spots of pale brown pictus, p. 339.

b. Middle pair of tnil-feathers obliquely striped

with black and light brown obscurus, p. 341.

B. Breast pure white amherstiee, p. 342.

1 . Chrysolophus pictus.

Red Pheasant Cock fitmi Cliina, .ll/iin, Xai. Hist. B. iii. p. 34,

pi. xxxvi. (1740).
Pauited Pheasant from China, Edtc. Nat. Hist. B. ii. pi. 68 (1747).
Piia.*ianus aureus sinensis, Briss. Om. i. p. 271 (1760).
Phasianus pictus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 272 (1766) ; Gm. iS. N. i. pt. ii.

z2

340 PHASIANID^.

p. 743 (1788) ; Lath. Intl. Oni. ii. p. 630 (1790) ; Bonnat. Tabl.

Encycl. Meth. i. p. 186, pi. 88. fig. 4 (1791) ; Shcm, Mm. Lever.

p. 204, pi. (1792) ; Haijes, Osterl. Menar/. p. 5, pis. 5 & 6 (1794) ;

Fall. Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 86 (1811) ; Temm. Piq. et Gall. ii.

p. 341 (1813), iii. p. 671 (1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xi.

p. 41 (1817); Steph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 231 (1819);

Werner, Atl. Ois. d'Eur., Ord. 10, pi. 3 (1828) ; Grif. ed. Cuv.

iii. p. 23 (1829) ; Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 495, pi. 83. fig. 2 (1831) ;

Schinz, Nat. Abbild. Voy. p. 250, pi. 96 (1833) ; Jard. Nat. Lib.,

Orn. iv. p. 209, pi. xviii. (1834) ; Schinz, Nat. Vog. p. 149, pi. 72

(1863).
Le Faisan dore, B'Aubent. PI. Enl. pi. 217 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.

ii. p. 355 (1771).
Painted Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Spi. ii. p. 717 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.

viii. p. 194 (1823).
Thaumalea picta, Waffl. Isis, 1832, p. 1228 ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii.

Gall p. 24 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 497 (1845) ; id. Cat. Hodgs.

ed. i. p. 124 (1846); Schrenclc, Reis. Amur-L. i. p. 521 (1859)

[Dauria and Amurland*]; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 307; Sclat.

List of Phas. p. 5 (1863) ; Fitz. Atl. Nat., Vog. fig 228 (1864) ;

Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 19 (1866) ; David, N. Arch. Mus. Bull. vii.

p. 11 (1871) [Sze-chuen]; Elliot, Monog. Phas. ii. pi. xv. [text]

(1872) ; David ^ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 414 (1877) [8. and S.W.

Provs. of China as far as Sin-ling Mts.].
Chrysolophus pictus, J. E. Gra,/, 111. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 41. fig. 2 (1834) ;

G. R. Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 29 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B.

ii. p. 258 (1870) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 398 [W. China to

Koko-nor].
Epomia picta, Hodgs. in Grag^s Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844).

Adult male. Top of the head and crest brilliant golden yellow ;
cape-like feathers covering the back of the neck brilliant orange at
the extremity, shading into yellowish buff towards the base, each
feather with a terminal and subterminal black band glossed with
steel-blue ; feathers of the mantle rich dark green, shading into
purplish blue, and with the basal half grey ; lower back, rump, and
shorter upper tail-coverts brilliant golden yellow like the crest, some
of the feathers on the sides and the shorter upper tail-coverts mixed
with crimson-scarlet ; longer upper tail-coverts and central pair of
tail-feathers black, thickly ocellated with pale brown spots, the former
with the terminal half crimson-scarlet and the latter tipped with
whitish buff; the rest of the tail-feathers are obliquely barred and
marked with pale brown and black, except the outermost pairs,
which are dark chestnut-brown, mottled with black ; scapulars dark
crimson-scarlet ; wing-coverts chestnut, mottled with black ; quills
brownish black, the primaries partially margined on the outer web
with buff, and all the outer secondaries glossed with rich purple-
blue ; chin, throat, and sides of the head pale rusty ; rest of the
underparts crimson-scarlet, shading into orange-brown on the middle
of the belly and thighs. Bill greenish yellow ; legs and feet greenish
horn. Total length about 40 inches, wing 7'7, tail 27, tarsus 2*8.

Adult female. General colour of the head and mantle brown,
barred with buff' and black, the feathers of the mantle are mixed

* This is a mistake : Diivid, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 210.

36. CHRYSOLOPHUS.

341

■with rufous ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pale
brown, finely vermiculatcd with black ; wing-coverts, scapulars, and
secondaries rather coarselj' barred with black and buff and tipped
with grej'ish brown, finely vermiculated with black ; primaries dark
brown, irregularly barred with bufi' on the outer web and rufous
on the inner; chin and throat pale buft'; sides of the head and rest
of undcrparts bufi', barred with brownish black, except on the middle
of the belly, which is nearly immaculate ; centre pair of tail-feathers
brown, with irregular blackish cross-markings, outer feathers washed
with rufous and indistinctly marked with bufi' and black bars and
mottlings. Total length 24 inches, wing 7, tail 14, tarsus 2"4.

Hah. Mountains of Southern and Western China, extending into
Koko-nor.

a. S ad. sk.

China.

Hardwicke Bequest.

b. S vix ad. sk.

China.

E. Cross, Esq. [P.].

c. 2 ad. sk.

China.

Purchased.

d. cJ ad. sk.

Ichang.

A. E. Pratt, Esq. [C.].

e. d ad. sk.

[China.;
[China.

Gould Coll.

f. (S imm. sk. (bad

B. n. Hodgson, Esq.

state).

[P.].

g. $ ad. St.

Cambridgeshire.

Mr. J. Baker [P.].

h. $ ad. St. (assuming

"\^'^arwickshire.

Rev. F. Annesley [P.].

male plumage).

t. (S ad. sk.

Herefordshire, Dec.

0. E. Cresswell, Esq.

[P.].

k. c? ad. St.

Herefordshire, Sept.

J. Home, Esq.

I. (S mm. St.

England.

Zool. Soc. Coll.

m. S ad. sk.

Purchased.

«, 0. rf $ ad. sk.

Zool. Soc. Coll.

p, q. Skeletons.

;•. Skull and sternum.

a. S ad. St. (C. am-
herstue %,C.pictus j).
6. tS ad. St.

Hybrid hetiveen Chrysolophus pictus and C. amhcrstise.

Thaimialen amherstise X T. picta, Elliot, Monog. Phas. ii. pi. xvii.

[text] (187:^).

Herefordshire. Purchased.

Dr. Vekemans [P.].

Hyhrid between C. pictus and Gallus domesticus (yar. Bantam).
a. Ad. St. Fifeshire, Nov. W. Berry, Esq. [P.].

Hyhrid between Phasianus colchicus and C. pictus. See p. 324.

Hybrid between Phasianus recvesi ami C. pictus. See p. 339.

Subsp. n. Chrysolophus obscorus.

Phasianus jiictus obscurus, >SW(/. Ned. Tijd. Dierk. ii. p. 152 (1865).
Chrysolophus nhscurus, Ciray, J.ist (ialli)i(r Brit. Mus. p. 30 (1867).
Thaumalea obscura, Elliot, Monog. Phas. ii. pi. xvi. [text] (1872).

Adult mnh\ Differs from the typical male of C. pictus in having
the sides of the head, chin, and throat brownish black : the scapulars
brownish black, scarcely tinged with red, the outer webs of the

342 PHASIANID^.

primaries not margin(?d with buff, and the central pair of tail-
feathers pale brown, obliquely barred and marked with black, and
similar to the second pair.

Adult female. Is said to differ from the tj^pical female of Cpictus
in having the general colour of the plumage darker, especially on the
sides of the head and throat, and the ear-coverts uniform dark brown.

Hah. Locality, if any, unknown.

I am exceedingly doubtful if this bird has any right to even sub-
specific rank. It is probably a domestic variety of C. pictus and
has never been obtained (so far as I am aware) in a wild state.

a. (S ad. sk. No locality. Gould Coll.

2. Chrysolophus amherstiae.

Phasianus amherstise, Leadh. Tr. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 129, pi. 15
(1828); Gray, in Griff, ed. Ctiv. iii. p. 25 (1829); Less. TraiU
d'Orn. p. 496 (1831) ; Blyth, Cat. 3Ius. As. Soc: p. 246 (1849).

Phasianus amherstia, Temm. PI. Col. v. Fhas. p. 11 (1830) ; Jard.
Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 210 (1834).

Thaumalea amherstise, Wayl. Isis, 1832, p. 1228 ; Gray, List of B.
pt. iii. Gall. p. 24 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 497, pi. exxv. (1845);
id. Cat. Hodys. ed. i. p. 124 (1846) ; Sclat. List of Phas. p. 5, pi. 3
(1863) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 307 ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 20
(1866) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 128, 670 [Yun-ling Mts., W. Sze-
chuen] ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 297 [Ta-tsien-lou] ; Sivinhoe, P. Z. S.
1870, p. Ill ; David, N. Arch. Mus. Bull. vii. p. 11 (1871)
[Moupin] ; Elliot, Monoy. Phas. ii. p. xx, pi. xiv. [text] (1872) ;
Sclat. Ibis, 1874, p. 169; David ^- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 415,
pi. 103 (1877) [W. Sze-cbuen, Yunnan, Quei-chow, £. Thibet] ;
Anders. B. W. Yunnan, p. 671 (1878) [Yunnan Frontier Hills] ;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1891, p. 380 [W. Sze-chuen].

Epomia amherstii, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844).
Chrysolophus amherstise, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mas. ^. 30 (1867) ;
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 258 (1870) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 398.

Adult male. Top of the head dark bronze-green ; elongate occipital
crest blood-red ; cape-like feathers covering the back of the head
and neck pure white, margined and barred across the middle with
black, glossed with steel-blue, and mostly rounded at the extremity ;
mantle and scapulars dark green, very similar in colour to the
feathers of the mantle in C pictus, but the extremities are much
more rounded ; feathers of the lower back and rump black, widely
tipped with yellowish buff, and with a subterminal band glossed
with dark green ; shorter upper tail-coverts tipped with scarlet ;
longer upper tail-coverts white, irregularly barred with black and
widely tipped wtih orange-red ; centre pair of tail-feathers white,
with arched black bars on either web and the interspaces marked
with wavy lines of black ; the outer feathers have the outer webs
brownish white, barred with black, but without any intermediate
black mottlings, and the inner webs white irregularly mottled with
black ; the wing-coverts and outer secondaries black, glossed with
dark purplish green ; primaries brownish black, partially maigined
with buff on the outer web, remaining secondaries black: chin,

37. GALLTJS. 343

throat, and foro part of nock brownish black, slightly glossed with
dark green ; chest-feathers similar to those of the mantle ; breast
and rest of underparts pure white, Ijarred with black on the flanks
and thighs ; under tail-coverts black, glossed with green. Naked
skin surrounding the ej-e blue ; bill greenish yellow ; legs and feet
bluish horn. Total length about 50 inches, wing 8-2, tail 36,
tarsus 3"1.

Adult female. Very similar to the female of C. j^ictus, but the
naked skin round the eye is blue, like that of the male.

Bab. Mountains of Western China and Eastern Thibet.

a, b. c? ad. etimm. sk. Mts. of Thibet. B. H. Hodgson, Esci- [P.].

c. (S ad. St. Herefordshire. Purchased.

(I. J pull. tik. Lowestoft, June. Colonel E. A. Butler.

37. GALLUS*. ^^.p^

GaJlus, Linn. Faun. Suecioa, p. 61 (1746) ; Briss. Orn. i.

p. 166 (1760) ; Temm. Pig. et Gall. ii. p. 87 (1813) G. gallus.

Alector, Klein, Hid. Av. I'rodr. p. Ill (1750) G. gallus.

Creagrius, Gloi/er, Hand- v. Hilfsb. p. 387 (184i^) G. varius.

Tail composed of 14 or 16 (in G. varius) feathers laterally com-
pressed as in Lophura ; the middle pair of feathers are much the

* Doubtful species: —

1. Gallus .eneis.
Gallus aeneus, Cuv., Temm. PI. Col. x. pi. 3 [no. 374] (1825); Less. Traiti
d'Orn. p. 492 (1831) ; Schin-, Nat. Ahbild. Vbg. p. 243, pi. 94 (1833) ;
Jard. Naf. Lib.. Orn. iv. p. 183, pl.ix. (1834); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 499
(184.5); ?j(f. P. Z. S. 1849, pi. viii. ; Blijth, Ibis, 1867, p. 156; Schin.:,
Nat. Vog. pi. 69 (1853).
This is belieTed by Blyth and others to be only a hybrid between G. domes-
ti^'iis and G. varius, but it may prove to be a distinct species resident iu the
jungles of Sumatra, whence il was originally doBcribed.

The specimen in the Britisli Museum formed part of the old collection of the
Zoological Society, and differs somewhat from the description of the type which
is preserved in the Paris Museum.

a. J ad. sk. No locality. Gould Coll.

2. Gallus temmincki.
Gallus temniinckii, Grai/, P. Z. S. 1849, p. 62, pi. vii. ; id. List Gailina
Brit. Mus. p. 39 (1867) [BataviaJ ; Bti/th, Ibis, IStiT, p. 156; Gray,
Hand-l.B. ii. p. 261 (1870).

There can be very little doubt that this bird is merely a hybrid between
G. gallus and G. varius.

a. (S ad. sk. Batavia. Purchased. (Typo.)

3. Gallus stramineicollis.

Gallus stramineicollis, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 317 (Sulu Is.) ; id. J.f. 0.
1879, p. 423.

This is probably only a domestic variety, alihough Mr. Burbidge, who obtained
the only specimen on record, was satisfied that it was a wild birtl
a. i-f inim. .-.k, HuUi U. (Burbidge). II. Vcitdi, Esq. |PJ. iType.)

344 PHASIAHID^.

longest, twice as long as the second pair and nearly four times as
long as the outer pair.

1st primary considerably shorter than the 10th ; and the 2nd
falls between the 8th and 10th. The 5th is slightly the longest.

In the males a high comb extends along the middle of the head
from the base of the culm en to behind the posterior margin of the
eyes and is serrated or entire : sides of the face, chin, and throat
naked ; either a pair of wattles on each side of the head, one below
the ear and the other on the side of the throat, or a single wattle
down the middle of the throat.

Tarsiis considerably longer than the middle toe and claw ; and
armed with a long, sharp, curved spur.

Range. Indo-Malayan region, Cochin China, Hainan, Philippine
Is., Palawan, Sumatra, Java, Timor, Lombock, and Celebes.

Keii to the Species.

I. Comb and spurs largely developed ; middle pair of

tail-feathers elongate. {Males.)

A. Comb emarginate ; a wattle on each side of

the throat. Tail of 14 feathers.

a. Hackles covering the mantle orange-red or

yellowish oraniie ; breast black (jallm, p. 344.

b. Hackles covering the mantle yellow with

dark shaft-stripes; breast reddish orange. . lafayetti, p. 348.

c. Hackles covering the mantle barred alter-

nately with black and white and each with
a yellow wax-like terminal spot ; breast-
feathers black edged -^-ith gi-eyish white
and with a white shaft-stripe sonnerati, p. 350.

B. Margin of comb entire ; a single wattle down

the middle of the throat. Tail of 16 feathers, r'arius, p. 352.

II. Comb rudimentary ; spurs not developed ; middle

tail-feathers not elongate. {Females.)

C. Lower back sandy brown finely mottled with

black.

d. Breast-feathers pale reddi^ih brown (jalhix, p. 344.

e. Breast-feathers white, fringed and nifu'ked

with black.
a'. Outer webs of secondaries ■nddely barred

with black and buff lafmjetti, p. 348.

h'. Outer webs of secondaries sandy brown

iinely mottled with black sonnerati, p. 350.

D. Lower back black, irregularly barred and

fringed with buH'; breast dull buff; outer

woba of secondaries black barred ■with buif. . varitts, p. 352.

1. G-aUus gallus.

Phasianus gallus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 270 (1766); Haffi. Trans. Linn.

Soc. xiu. p. 319 (1822) [Sumatra].
Grande Caille de la Chine, Sonn. Voy. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 171 (1782).
Hackled Partridge, Z«^A. Gen. Syti.'ii. p. 766, pi. 66 (1783); id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 307, pi. 129 (1823).
Tetrao ferrugineus, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 761 (1788).
PerdLx ferruginea, Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 651 (1790).

37. CALLUS. 345

Coturnix spadicea, Bonnat. Tahl. Encxjcl. Meth. i p. 218 (1791).

Gallus baiikiva, Tt-min. Pit/, et Gall. ii. p. 87 (1813), iii. p. (io4 (Itilo) ;
ateph. in Shaic's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 198 (1819) ; Ilorsf. 'Jr. Linn.
Sue. xiii. p. 185 (1822) [Java]; Vieill. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i.
p. .3(J4 (182;5) ; Griff, ed. Cuv. iii. p. 20 (1829) ; Gncri/i, Icon. lify.
Anim., l)i^. p. 2(j, pi. 42. figs. 2,2rt (1829-38); J. E. Gray. III. Ind.
Zool. i. pi. 43. fifr.3 (1830-32) ; Less. Traite d'Oni. p. 491 (1831) ;
Srhinz, ^at. Abbild. Viitj. p. 342, pi. 94 (1833) ; Jard. Nat. Lib.,
Orn. iv. p. 175, pi. (1834); Hodt/s. in Grat/s Zool. M isc. -p. 8o
(1844) ; Grai/, List of U. yt. iii. Gall. p. 27 (1.-544) ; id. Gen. B. iii.
p. 499 (1845) ; id. Cat. Hodys. ed. i. p. 125 (1840) : Schinz, JS'at.
Voy. p. 145, pi. (J9 (1853) ; Adams, F. Z. S. 1858, p. 498 [Simla,
S. (Jashmere] ; Wallace, P. Z. /S'. 18G3, p. 486 [Lombock, Timor] ;
Sclat. List of Phas. p. 10 (1863); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 156;
Melliss,Ibis,'\H10,p. 103 [St. Helenal; Wald. Tr. Zool. Soc. viii.
pt. 2, p. 86 ( 1872) [Celebes] ; Hartl. S,- Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872,
pp. 89, 1 03 [Pelew I.*.] ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 953 [Zamboanga],
LS79, p. 73 JJasilauj; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 138 [Celebes, Togian Is.J;
Guillen,. P. Z. 8. Ib85, p. 272 [Sulu I.^.]; Bias. Ibis, 18ti8, p. 374
[Palawan]; Shufeldt, J. Comp. Med. i( Sury. Oct. 1888, 34 pp.
30 ligs. ; Bias. Ornis, 1888, p. 317 ; Everett, List B. Born. p. 199
(1889) [Balabac, Palawan | ; Skarpe, Ibis, 1890, p. 57 [Palawan].

(Jalliis ieiTUfrineu.^, Bh/th. Ann. May. K. II. xx. p. 387 (1847),
i. p. 455(1848); id.^Cot. Mus. As. Soc: p. 242 (1849); Adams,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 185 [S. Cashmere]; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 234
[Kumaon]; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 536 (1863); Gray, List Gullince
Brit. Mus. p. 37 (1867); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 154: Beavan,
Ibis, 1868, p. 381 [Sikbim, Maunbhoom, and Umballah] ; Brooks,
Ibis, 1869, p. 60 [Naini Tab Almorab]; Bulyer, Ibis, 1869, p. 170
[Sikbim]; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1870, p. 357 [Hainan]; Gray, Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 261 (1870); Stcinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 399; Elliot,
Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 32 (1872); Hujne, N. ^- E. Ind. B. p. 528
(1873) ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 426 (1874) [Chota Nagpui] ; Hume,
Str. F. ii. p. 4cj2 (1874) [Pabpoon, Amherst] ; Blyth ^- Walden, Cut.
J/rtWi. ..y B. Burina. p. 149 (1875) [Tonghoo] ; Hume, Str. F. iii.
p. 171 (1875) [Upper Pegu]; Armstr. Str. F. iv. p. 338 (1876)
[Cliiua P>akeerj ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 780 [Ponap^] ; Hume ^•
Inr/lis, Str. F. v. p. 44 (1877) [Cachar] ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 164
(1877); Wardl.-Rums. Ibis, 1877, p. 468 [Kareu-iiee] ; David ^
Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 420 (1877) [Cochin China, Hainan]; Marsh.
B. Xest. Ind. p. 59 (1877); Hume i{ Marsh. Game B. Lid. i.
p. 217, pi. (i.-^78); Anders. B. If. Yunnan, p. 669 (1878) [E. of
Kachia Hills, Upp. Ijiuauab] ; Hume ^- Darison, Str. F. vi.
pp. 442 & 521 (1;<78) [Tenas^^erim] ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 225
(1878) [Ganges to Godaveri] ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 68 (1879)
[Malay Peninsula]; Scully. Str. F. viii. p. 348 (1879) [Nepal];
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Cir. Gen. xiv. p. 251 (1879) [Sumatra];
Binyham, Str. F. ix. p 195 (1880) [Tboungveen Vallev] ; Fasson,
Str. F. ix. p. 205 (1880) [Chittagong] ; Mull J.f (X 1882, p. 432
[Salauga Is.] ; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 1 [W. Malav Pen.": Nichols.
Ibis, 1882, p. 65 [S.E. Sumatra] : Oute.'<, Str. F. x. p. 236 (1882)
[Pegu]; id. B. Burmah, ii. p.' 322 (1883) [Siam]; Nichols. Ibis,
1^83, p. 255 [Sumatra"^: Marsh. Ibis, 1884, p. 423 [Cbambal ;
Biitiikof. N. L-yd. Mu.^. ix. p. 78 (18.'^7) [Padang, W. ^Sumatra] ;
Taylor, Str. F. \. p. 5.31 ( 1887) [Orissal ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 3(J4
(1888) [Manipur] ; Hartert, J.f. O. 1889, pp. 379, 4.!4 : Tegetm.
Ibis, 1K»0, p. •■i(i4 I Donit'stic lireeds] ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests «§"
Tv/^-S iii. p. 417(18i»0).

346

PHASIANID^.

Adult male*. Top of the head and mantle dark orange or orange-
red, shading into orange or j'ellowish orange towards the extremities
of the longer hacklesf; feathers on the lower part of the mantle
hidden hy the hackles and lesser coverts round the bend of the wing
black more or less glossed with green or purplish blue ; scapulars,
median wing-coverts, and lower back dark maroon-red, shading into
orange or orange-red on the long hackles which represent the rump-
feathers and shorter upper tail-coverts : secondary-coverts black
glossed with purplish green ; quills black, the outer margins of the
primaries ciunamon and the outer half of the outer webs of the
secondaries chestnut or deep rufous brown ; fore part of the neck,
chest, and rest of underparts black, slightly glossed with green ;
longer upper tail-coverts and tail glossed with green or ])urplish green.
Bill dark brown ; emarginate comb and wattles crimson or red ; ear-
lappets generally white or pinkish white in Indian birds, red in
Burmese and Malayan specimens : naked skin on the sides of the
head, chin, throat, and fore part of neck paler red ; legs and feet
slatj'. Total length 29 inches, wing 9-5, tail 14, tarsus 3-1.

Immature males have the hackles of the mantle much paler than
in the majority of adult birds and mostly with dark shaft-stripes ;
the chestnut part of the outer webs of the secondaries finely
mottled with black nearly to the margins ; the feathers underlying
the hackles of the mantle dull brownish black without any green
gloss, and the comb and wattles rudimentary.

Adult female. Top of the head rust-red, shading into orange on the
neck and pale yellow on the upper mantle, each feather with a wide
black stripe down the centre ; rest of the upper parts pale reddish
brown, finely mottled with black and with pale shafts ; quills
blackish brown, the outer half of the outer webs of the secondaries
mottled with pale reddish brown ; fore part of neck chestnut ; chest
and breast pale light red, shading into pale reddish brown on the
sides, flanks, and belly, each feather with a pale shaft : under tail-
covcrts brownish black; tail-feathers like the secondaries, the
centre pair of feathers mottled on the margins of both webs and
the outer pairs on the outer web with pale rufous. Soft parts much
the same as those of the male ; the comb in very much smaller, and
the wattles are absent. Total length 16-5 inches, wing 7*5, tail
5-5, tarsus 2-4.

Hub. The jungles of North-eastern and parts of Central India,
ranging south through the Malay Peninsula, east through Siam to
Cochin China and Hainan ; it also occurs in a wild state in Sumatra,
Java, Lombock, Timor, Celebes, Palawan, and the Philippines.

* In June the hackles and long tail-feathers are moulted both in this and the
following species, aud the former are replaced by short black feathers. A second
moult takes place in September, and the short feathers of the neck are again
replaced by hackles and the long tail-feathers reappear.

t There is considerable variation iu the colours of the hackles covering the
mantle and rump and other parts of the plumage in different specimens, but
these differences appear to be merely individual and are not dependent on
locality.

347

a. (J inirn. sk.

b. (S ad. sk.

c-/.(S $ad.et inim.

8k.
ff. d" ad. sk.
h,i. (j'ad.etimin..«k.
k-ni. c? 2 ad. sk.

n. c? imm. sk.
o-r. (S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
s-u. cJ 2 ad. s]i.

r. PuU. sk.

w-f. d 2 ad- «t

pull. sk.
^'-^'. 6 2 aJ* sk.

m'-.r'. c? 2 ad.,
imm.,et juv. sk.
y'. J ad. sk.

='-c". d 2 ad. sk.
rf", e".c3" 2 ad. sk.
/"-/«". c? 2 ad. sk.

t'', k." d 2 ad. sk.

l"-n". cJ 2 ad. sk.

o", p". (S 2 ad. sk.
q". S ad. sk.
r"-v". (S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
w". Pull. sk.
x"-a^. J 2 ad. ft

imm. sk.
6'. d ad. sk.

c'-/*. 6 2 ad. sk.

i?'-A:^ e 2 ad. et

imm. .^k.
l\ 2 ad. sk.
w»'-o'. d" 2 ad. sk.

jy', q^. cJ ad. sk.
»•', *^. cJ ad. et pull.

sk.
<'. cj .juv. sk.
u'. 2 ad. sk.

v\ 2 ad. sk.

»% .r\ S 2 ad. sk.

India.
India.

Gould Coll.
Major-Geueral Hard-

wicke [P.l
Tweeddale Coll.

Umliallah, Oct., Nov. (R. C.

Hear cm).

8aliarun])ur Distr. Hume Coll.

Sewalik Range. Hume Coll.

Dehia Dhoon, Dec, Jan. {G. Hume & Tweeddale

Khic/). Colls.

Kalsi \g. F. L. Marshall). Hume Coll.

Kumaou (Cajit. Strachetj). India Museum TP.]-

Kumaon.

Oudli, Sept.
Isepal.

Native Sikhim, Feb., March,

July, Dec. (Z. MundelU).
Sikhim, April, Mav, Julv,

Sept., Nov. (Z. Mandrlli).
Sikhim Terai, April (//. J.

Ehces).
Darji'dinp-, April.
Assam (driffith).
North Khasia Hills, Feb.,

March (.4. W. Chcnnell).
DoUah, Assam, April, May

(.7. Cockburn).
Sadhya, Assam, March,

April {J. Cockburn).
Cachar (J. Inglis).
Bengal.
Eaipur, Jan.

Hume & Tweeddale

Colls.
Hume Coll.
B. II. Hodgson, Esq.

[C.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Goidd Coll.
Hume Coll.

British Burma (H. FeUdeyi). Tweeddale Coll.
British Burma. Capt. S. Pin will [P.].

San-g-vewa, British Burma,
Dec."(i?. G. W.B.).

Eastern Pegu Hills, Mai'ch,
April {E.W. Gates).

Tontrhoo, Feb., March, Nov.,
[k. G. W. R.).

North of Ilangoon, May.

Teuasserim, Jan. (W. Lim-
borff).

Palipoon, Jan. ( JC. Davison).

Kaukaryit, April, June (C.
T. Biughcnn).

Thoungyeen, .lune.

Amherst, ]\Iarch {]]'. Davi-
son).

Tavoy, April ( W. Davison).

Bankasoon, May, Dec. ( If.
Davison).

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume & Tweeddale

Colls.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Major Bingham [P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Oue a femttle assuming male plumage.

348

PHASIANIDJS.

y^ z\ 2 piiH. sk.

Malewoon, March ( W. Davi-

Hume Coll.

a'-d\ d 2 ad. sk.

S071),

Salang, Feb., March [J. Dar-
ling).

Hume Coll.

e\ 2 ad. sk.

Taroar, Feb. (/. Darling).

flume Coll.

/I. cJ imm. sk.

Province Wellesley ( Cantor).

India Museum [P.].
India Museum [P.].

ff'-f. d 2 ad. sk.

Malacca {Cantor).

k''. cS ad. sk.

Malacca.

Zool. Soc. Coll.

Z\ S ad. sk.

Malacca {Dr. 3Iainyay).

Tweeddale Coll.

»^^ «^ 6 2 ad. sk.

Malacca.

Capt. S.Pinwill[P.].

0*. 2 ad. sk.

Malacca.

Wallace Coll.

p*. is ad. sk.

Malacca, July ( W. Davison).

Hume Coll.

q^. 2 ad. sk.

Saigon, Cochin China, May.

M. E. Pierre [P.].

rK 2 imm. sk.

Sumatra.

Wallace Coll.

s\ tK cJ ad. et

Java {Horsfield).

ludia Museum [P.J.

imm. sk.

u\ vK S 2 ad. St.

Java.

Purchased.

w*. 2 ad. sk.

Java.

Tweeddale Coll.

a;'. 2 imm. sk.

West Java.

F. Nicholson, Esq.

rp.].

y. c? ad. sk.

East Java.

Wallace Coll.

z', a°. cJ ad. sk.

Lombock.

Wallace Coll.

b'. S ad. sk.

East Timor.

Wallace Coll.

c'-e^ d 2 ad. sk

Philippine Islands.

H. Cuming, Esq.

et 1^ imm. st.

[C.].

f,g'.6 2 ad.sk.

Luzon, Jan., April {A. B.
Meyer).

Tweeddale Coll.

A'. J ad. sk.

Guimaras, March {A. B.
Meyer).

Tweeddale Coll.

i'-Z'. Pull. sk.

Cebu.'March {A. H. Everett).

Tweeddale Coll.

nv'-d'. S 2 ad.* sk.

Ba.silan,May(^. R. Everett).

Tweeddale Coll.

J)'. (S ad. sk.

Zamboanga, March {A. H.
Everett).

Tweeddale Coll.

q'. Skeleton.

Java.

r\ Imperfect skel.

Nepal.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq,

[P.].

s'-w'. Skeletons [G

'. domesticus (Kulm Fowl)].

v^. Sternum \G. domesticus (Bantam)].

u^-z'. Skulls.

Dr. Gunther [P.].

Hybrid between Gallus domesticus and Crax alberti.

Crax alberti X GaUus domesticus, Aquaro7ie, Bull. Soc. d'Acclim. 1869,
p. 357.

2. Gallus lafayetti.

GaUus lafayetii, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 491 (1831); Gray, Gen. B.

iii. p. 499 (1845) ; id. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 39 (1867).
Gallus stanleyi, J: E. Gray, III. hid. Zool. i. pi. 43. fig. 1 (1830-32) ;

Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 243 (1849) ; Layard, Ann May.

N. H. (2) xiv. p. 62 (1854); Sclat. List of Phas. p. 10 (1863);

Blyth, Ibis, 1867, pp. 154, 307 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 261 (1870; ;

Hvldsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 468 ; Leyge, Ibis, 1875, p. 400 ; Rume ^

Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. pi. (1878).
Gallus lafayettii, Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pi. 18 (1849) ; Elliot, Man.

Phas. ii. pi. 33 (1872); Rume, N. ^ E. Ind. B. p. 530 (1873);

* One a female assuming male plumage.

37. OALLUS. S-JQ

Hume Sf Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 241, pi. (1878) ; Hume, Str. F.
vii. p. 429 (1878); Lenge, B. Ceyl. iii. p. 73(3, pi. (1880); Oates,
ed. Hume's Nests Sf Egijs, iii. p. 422 (1890).

Adult male. Top of the head rufous orange ; hackles on the back
and sides of the neck, upper part of tlie mantle, and lesser wing-
coverts golden orange, with a black band down the middle ; low
part of the mantle, scapulars, and median wing-coverts orange-rea,
with a dark maroon centre stripe ; lower back and rump bright
orange-red, tlie terminal half of each feather with a large triangular
spot of rich glossy violet and narrowly margined with black : upper
tail-coverts glossed with purple and blue ; [jrimarics brownish black,
lightest on the outer web : secondaries black, slightly glossed with
purplish blue ; greater coverts black, more or less mixed or margined
on the outer web with dark chestnut ; feathers at the base of
the naked throat rich glossy violet ; chest, breast, and sides like
the lower part of the mantle ; feathers of the belly chestnut,
mottled and tipi)ed with black ; flanks, thighs, and under tail-
coverts mostly black ; tail black glossed with purplish blue. Comb,
■wattles, and naked skin about the head yellowish or purplish red,
the former with a large oval yellow spot on the middle of the
posterior half. Bill ])rown ; feet and legs pale yellow. Total length
30 iuches, wing i', tail 11, tarsus 3.

In a iiounij mate the greater part of the plumage above is dark
chestnut, the glossy violet spots on the lower back and rump are
present, also some median wing-coverts like those of the adult male;
all the secondaries and secondary-coverts are blackish brown, finely
mottled with chestnut, except the second quill, which is barred with
buft' like that of the female. The chest and breast are chestnut,
with hero and there an adult feather. The tail is much like that
of the female, hut the two outer pairs of feathers are black.

In an hnmatKre male some of the outer secondaries have their
inner webs and extremities finely mottled with rufous, otherwise
the plumage is like that of the adult.

Adult female differs chiefly from the female of G. ffallus in
the following poiuts : — The fringes to the feathers of the neck and
uj>per mantle are darker, more rufous, and not so wide ; the
secondaries are black, irregularly barred with buft"; the feathers of
the chest and sides are black, mottled with rufous buft' and with
whitish shaft-stripes ; the breast and rest of the underparts are
white, irregularly liarred and margined with black ; and the tail-
feathers are black, thickly mottled with rufous. Comb very small ;
no wattles: facial skin not quite so naked as in G. (jallits. Total
length 17 inches, wing 7"5, tail 4-9, tarsus 2-4.

An immatnre ffmnlc has much less white about the chest and the
tips of the wing-featlicrs are mottled with pale rufous.

Ihth. Ceylon.

a,b.(S2 "<i' St. Cevlon. Purchased.

c. cS ad. sk. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart [P.].

d. cJ ad. sk. Cevlon. Purchased.
e-ff. S 2 ad- s'k. CeVlon (XerilP)- Tweeddale Coll.

350

PHASIANID^.

h-k. c? ad. et cJ 5

imm. sk.
I, tn. cJ ad. sk.
n-s. <S $ ad. et

imm. sk.
t-h'. S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
c . (S ad. sk.

Ceylon.

Ceylon.

West Province, Ceylon, Nov.

& Dec. {Hart).
N.E. Province, Ceylon, May,

July, Oct., Dec. {Hart).
Trincomalee, Nov. 6.

3. G-allus sonnerati.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Col. W.V.Le^ge[P.].

Coq et Poule sauvage des Indes, Sonn. Voij. Ind. Orient, ii. p. 148,

pis. 94, 95 (1782).
Wild Cock, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 698 (1783).
Phasianus gallus. Scop, {nee Linn.) Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. pt. ii.

p. 93 (1786) ; Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 737 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn.

ii. p. 62.5 (1790); Bonnat. Tahl. Encijcl. Meth. i. p. 180, pi. 86.

figs. 4, 5 (1791).
Sonnerafs Wild Cock, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 181 (1823).
Gallus sonneratii, Temm. Pig. et Gall. ii. p. 246 (1813), iii. p. 659

(1815) ; Steiih. in Shaiifs Gen. Zool. xi. p. 200, pi. 12 (1819) ;

Tenm.Pl. Col. v. pis. 1 & 2 [nos. 232, 233] (1823); Vieill. Gal.

Ois. ii. p. 26 (1825) ; Grif. ed. Cuv. iii. p. 19 (1829) ; Less. Traite

d'Om. p. 492 (1831) ; Si/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 151 [W. Ghaut.s] ;

Schinz, Nat. Ahhild. Vog. p. 243, pi. 94 (1833) ; Jard. Nat. Lib.,

Orn. p. 186, pis. xi. & xii. (1834) ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall.

p. 27 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 499 (1845) ; Blyth, Ann. Mag.

N. H. XX. p. 388 (1847), i. p. 455 (1848) ; id. Cat. Mus. As.

Sac. p. 243 (1849); Schinz, Nat. Vdg. p. 145, pi. 69 (1853);

Burgess, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 29; Sacc, Rev. Zool. (2) xiv. p. 11,

pi. 3 (1862); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 5.39 (1863); Sclat. List of

1870, p. 528 [Cardamum Hills] ; FMiot, Man. Phas. ii. pi. 34
(1872) ; Lloijd, Ibis, 1873, p. 401 [S. Konkan] ; Hione, N. Sf E.
Ind. B. p. 531 (1873) : Butl. Str. F. iv. p. 5 (1876) [N. Guzerat
and Aboo] : Fairb. Str. F. iv. p. 262 (1876) [Khandala to Goa] ;
Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 404 (1876) [Travancore] ; Butl. Str. F. v.
p. 222 (1877) : Fairb. Str. F. v. p. 409 (1877) [Palani Hills] ;
Marsh. B. Nest. Ind. p. 59 (1877) ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 56
(1877); Hume ^- Marsh. Game B. Ind. i. p. 231, pi. (1878);
Davidson i^- Wend. Str. F. vii. p. 86 (1878) [Deccan] ; Butl. Cat.
B. Sind, p. 53 (1879) [Aboo] ; Mclnroy, Str. F. viii. p. 493
(1879) [Mysore] ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 76 (1880) [S. Konkan] ;
Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 205 (1880) [Belgaum], p. 421 (1880)
[Deccan and S. Mahratta] ; Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 316 (1882)
I^V. Khandeish]; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 409 (1883) [Nilghiris,
Wvnaad, and ti. Mysore] ; Sicinh. (^- Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 131
[Central India] ; Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 464 (1887) [Manzeerabad,
Mysore] ; Terry, Str. F. x. p. 479 (1887) [Palani Hills] ; Gates,
ed. Hume's Nests ^ Eggs, iii. p. 420 (1890).
Phasianus indicus. Leach, Zool. Misc. ii. p. 6, pi. 61 (1815).

Adult male. Hackles covering the top of the head, back and
sides of the neck, and upper part of mantle black, fringed with grey,
barred with white, and with a yellowish spot like sealing-wax at
the extremity ; the longer hackles are glossed with purple ; shorter

37. OALLtrs.

351

upper tail-coverts bronze-purple, loiif^er ones purplish blue, j?rccnish
at the margin; rest of the feathers of the back and rump and lesser
coverts at the bend of the Ming black, slightly glossed with purple,
edged with grey, and with narrow white shaft-stripes ; the longer
rump-feathers are fringed with reddish orange at the extremity
and ornamented with yellow wax-like spots ; median wing-coverts
and scapulars black, with narrow yellowish-white shaft-stripes
dilating at the extremity into large ol'dong orange-yellow wax-like
spots, fringed externally with orange-red ; quills aiid their coverts
brownish black. Underparts like the lower back: flank-feathers
fringed at the extremity with reddish orange ; lower part of belly
and vent mixed with buff ; tail black, glossed with bluish green.
Comb, wattles, and naked skin on sides of face, chin, and throat red ':
bill horny brown ; legs and feet yellowish red. Total leno-th 28
inches, wing 9, tail 16-2, tarsus 3-1. °

Aihdt femaU: Differs chiefly from the female of G. hfauefti in
the following points :— All the feathers of the neck and mantle have
well-marked rufous or buff shaft-stripes, the outer webs of the
secondaries are finely mottled with sandy brown and black, and the
breast-feathers are devoid of the thick black cross-bars ; the sides
of the head arc covered M-ith small feathers. Comb, which Ls very
small, and naked skin round eye and on sides of throat red. Total
length ](}•') inches, wing 7-9, tail .5-2, tarsus 2-7.

JIab. Western, Southern, and Central India, bounded on the
north-east by the valley of the Godaveri, and on the north-west bv
the Aravalli Hills. ^

a-ff- d ? ad. et

pull. sk.
A-A-. d 2 ad. sk.
/. c? inun. sk.

w. «. 6 ? ad. sk.

o. cT ad. .sk.

P~t. 6 9 ad- sk.

«, r. cT nd. sk.
«'. cT ad. sk.

.r. 2 n<b sk.
t/-h'. d 2 aJ- *k.
c', d'. cT ad. et

imni. sk.
e'-k'. (j- 2 nd. et

inim.

Mt. Aboo, April, .Tune, .Jalv
(A. O. H. ^- G. Kin I/). '
Dec can.
Khandeish.

Godra, Bombay.

S. of Godavery K., near Badra-
chellum, Feb. ( JV. T. Blan-
forct).
Bclgainii, Feb., April, Mav

(^. A. Ilutler).
INfysore, April ( W. JDavison).
Mysore.

Segore, Feb. ( W. Dan'son),
IMrtdras, April ( Jf. Bnvison).
Wynaad, April ( Tf. Davison).

Ootacamund, Jan.- March i Jf.
iJacixou).

I fume Coll.

India Museum [P."'.
MajorWalcott, R.A.

MajorWalcott, R.A.

[P.].
Iliinie Coll.

/'-«'. cS 2 ad. et Kotagherry, Feb., March {J.

imm. sk
o'. /''• d 2 aJ- sk.
9', '■'• d ?ad. .sk.
s', t'. 2 ad. sk.
»<'. d juv. sk.
v', tc'. Skeleton.'?.

Cockburn).
Coonor, Jan. ( 7f". Davison).
Ramghaiit, Jan. (Xeville).
No locality.
No locality.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
VV. Davison,

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Purchased.

Esq.

352 PHiSlANIDiE.

4. Gallus varius.

Phasianus varius, iSfiaiv ^- Nodd. Nat. Misc. x. pi. 3o3 [text].
Gallus varius, Griff, ei. Cuv. iii. p. 21 (1829) ; Less. Traite d!Orn.

p. 492 (1831) ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 27 (1844) ; id.

Gen. B. iii. p. 499 (184.5) ; Sclat. List of Phns. p. 10 (1863) ;

Bh/th, Ibis, 1867, pp. 307, 308 ; Gray, List GalUnce Brit. Mus. p. 40

(1867); id. Hnnd-l. B. ii. p. 261 (1870); Elliot, Mon. P/ias.

ii. pi. 3o (1872) ; Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 3 [Singapore ?] ; Hmne,

Str. F. X. p. 68 (1887) [Joliore, Malay Pen.].
Gallus furcatus, Temm. Pic/, et Gall. ii. p. 261 (1813), iii. p. 662

(1815); Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. si. p. 215 (1819); Vieill.

Tahl. Eacijcl. Meth. i. p. 364 (1823) : Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 4

[no. 483] (1829) ; Graij, III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 43. fig. 2 (1830-32) ;

8chinz, Nat. Abbild. Vog. p. 242 (1833) ; Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv.

p. 184, pi. X. (1834) ; Schinz, Nat. Vog. p. 145 (1853) ; Wallace.

P. Z. S. 18()3, p. 486 [Lombock, Floresj.
Gallus javauic us, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 185 (1822) [Java].

Adult male. Top of the head, back and sides of the neck, and
upper part of the mantle covered with short truncate feathers,
somewhat curved at the extremity, black at the base, shading iuto
purplish blue edged with golden green near the extremity, and
margined with purplish or greenish bronze and fringed with black ;
lower part of the mantle golden green shot with blue, shading into
violet-bronze towards the extremity and margined with black;
hackles of the lower back and rump long and black, narrowly
margined all round with golden yellow ; shorter upper tail-coverts
the same, but some have the centre part glossed with bluish green ;
lesser and median wing-coverts elongate and reddish orange, with
a wide black stripe down the middle ; quills and greater coverts
black, slighth' glossed with bluish green ; chest and rest of uuder-
parts black, somewhat mixed with buff towards the vent ; longer
upper tail-coverts and tail black, glossed with bluish green. Upper
margin of the j;omb entire, a single wattle down the middle of the
throat ; sides of the head and lores naked, with only a few tiny
isolated plumes. All the naked parts are scarlet ; the comb and
wattle green, yellow, and scarlet ; bill horn-colour ; feet and legs
flesh-colour. Total length 28 inches, wing 9, tail 11"2, tarsus 2-9.

In an immature male the secondaries and second ar3T-coverts are
margined and mottled with buff, and the comb, wattle, and spurs
are rudimentarj-.

Adult female. Top of the head, neck, and upper part of the
mantle sandj' brown, the feathers of the latter with submarginal
blackish bands and dusky centre stripes ; rest of the upper parts,
secondaries, and secondary- coverts black, slightly glossed with
green and irregularly barred and margined ac the extremity with
buff; primary-quills and coverts dark brown; lores, superciliary
stripes, and sides of the face pale buff; chin and throat white;
underparts buff, the chest-feathers with brownish margins and the
sides and flaidis with blackish mottlings ; tail black, irregularly
edged with buff. Total length 15-3 inches, wing 7*7, tail 4-5,
tarsus 2'3.

38. POLYTLKCTKOX. 353

Hub. Java, Lombock, aud Flores (said to have been obtained
wild near Singapore).

a,b.S<i a<i- St. Java. India Museum [P.].

V, d. (S ad. sk. Java. (xould Coll.

e. S imin. sk. Java. India Museum ^P.].

f,g- 6 2 ad. sk. East Java. Wallace Coll.

h. cJ ad. sk. [Sinfrapore] (Cantor). India Museum [P.].

I. 2 ad. sk. [China]. J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].

k. c? ad. sk. No locality.

;58. POLYPLECTRON *. ,j,

Polvplectron, Temm. Pi;/, ef dull. ii. p. o63 (1813) . . P. chinquis.

Dip'lectron, Vieill. Anah/se, p. 50 (181ti) P. chinquis.

Polyplectrum, Less. Traite (VOrn. p. 487 (1831) P. chinquis.

Diplectrum, A(;asx. Index Unirersulis, p. 12-5 (1846). . P. chinquis.

Diplecti-cipus, Glnijer, Hand- u. Ili/f.^h. p. 382 P. chinquis._

Emphania, Reichenh. Nut. Syst. Voij. p. xxix (1852) . P. napoleonis.

Tail composed of 20 to 24 feathers, large, full, aud rounded, the
middle pair twice as long as the outer pair and each ornamented
with one or a pair of metallic ocelli.

1st primary much shorter than the 2nd ; 2nd shorter than the
10th : fjth slightly the longest.

Sides of the face naked or very nearly so.

Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw, and armed in the male
with generally two and sometimes three sjiurs on each leg.

Range. Indo-Chinese countries, from Sikhim to Cochin China,
throughout the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Palawan, and
? Philippines.

Key to the Species.

I. Mautlo aud wing-coverts ornamented with

brilliant round metallic ocelli or wdth the

terminal portion of each feather metaUie.

{Males.)

A. Breast and belly brown, thickly spotted

and mottled with dirty white or buft'.

a. Outer tail-feathers witli well-developed

metidlic ocelli on the inner as well as

the outer webs.

«'. t)celli green or bluish green, with

blue aud violet reflections. Facial

skin pale fleshy yellow, throat

white chinquis, p. -3.54.

//. Ocelli golden green, with bluish-
violet reflections. Facial skin
crimson ; no white throat germaini, p. 357.

b. Outer tail-feathers with no ocelli on the

inner web bivalcaratum, p. 357.

* Doubtful species : — Perdix concentrica, J. E. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 53.
fig. 1 (1830-32).

VOL. XXII. 2 A

r!54 rHASlANIDJ3.

B. Breast and belly black, or black with a
few minute buff dots.

c. Mautle and wing-coverts with round

metallic ocelli ; middle of chest white

like the ohin and throat schleiennncheri, p. 359.

d. Mantle and wing-coverts with the ter-

minal portion of each feather metal-
lic ; chin, throat, and rest of under-
parts black,
c'. White superciliary stripe very nar-
row or absent nehrkorn(P, p. 3G0.

d'. Wide white superciliary stripes con-
tinued over the back of the head

and confluent on the nape najwieonis, p. 361.

IT. Mantle and wing-coverts without ocelli or
witli only rudimentary traces. (Females.)
0. Outer tail-feathers with metallic ocelli on
the inner as well as the outer webs.

e. Mantle and longer upper tail-coverts

without any trace of metallic ocelli. . chinqtns, p. 3.54.
/. Mantle with rudimentary dark greenish-
blue ocelli ; most of the longer upper
tail-coverts with pairs of well-marked

ocelli yerinaini, p. 357.

D. Outer tail-feathers with ocelli on the

outer web only.

g. Longer upper tail-coverts with pairs of

well-marked ocelli; each feather of

the mautle with a black subterminal

blotch bicalcciratum, p. 357.

h. Longer upper tail-coverts without ocelli.
e' . Each feather of the mantle with a

black subterminal blotch scldeiermacheri, p. 359.

J, n, ,, .,, , 1, -1111 [nehrkornm. p. 360, and
f. Mantle without subtermm.al black I i 1 1 *^ /

•^ , , , < probably napoleoms,

^^^^^'^^^ ( p. 361.

1. Polyplectron chinquis.

Peacock Pheasant from China, Edw. Nat. Hist. B. ii. pi. 67 (1747).

Le Paon du Tibet, Briss. Oni. i. p. 294 (1760).

L'Eperonnier, UAubent. PI. Enl. pi. 492 [male] ; BvJ^. Hist. Nat.

Ois. ii. p. 368 (1771).
Le Chinquis, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 365 (1771).
Pavo chinquis, AMI. Snppl. to Linn. S. N. p. 121 (1776).
Iris Peacock, LatJi. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 673 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist. viii.

p. 118 (1823) [part].
Pavo tibetanus, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 731 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.

ii. p. 617 (1790) ; Bonnat. Tnbl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 179, pi. 83.

fig. 3 (1791).
Pavo bicalcaratus. Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 017 (1790) ; Shaiv, Mus.

i«w. p. 73, pL (1792).
Pavo iris, Bonnat. Tall. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 178, pi. 83. fig. 2 (1791).
Polyplectron chinquis, Temm. Piq. et Gall. ii. p. 363 (1813), iii.

p. 075 (1815) [part]; id. Pi' Col. v. pi. 17 [no. 539] (1831);

Schinz, Nat. Ahhild. Voy. p. 254 (1833) ; Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv.

pi. vi. (1834) ; Less. Comp. de Buf. vii. p. 319 (1836) ; Blyth, Cat.

;J8. POLYl'LKCTKON. 355

3f>(H. vl.s-. Son. p. 241 f 1849) : Schmz, Nat. T'ty. p. 154, pi. 75 (1853) ;

>Swinh. P. Z. S. ] 8(!3, p. 307 * [S. China] ; mat. List of Phas.

p. 1 -i ( ISO;;) : r,'o,^A/, Ji. Asia, vii. pi. -"iO ( ls71) ; v. Pe'z. Ihlx, 1H7;3,

p. 110: Jllyth >^- U'a'.Jcn, Cat. Mumm. ^- H. Burma, p. 148 (1875)

[iSvlhet, A.s.iam, 'reiiassyriiii jn'ov.] ; Hume Sf Imjiis, Str. F. v.

p. 40 (1877) [Cachar] ; Sdat. P. Z. -S. 1879, pi. viii. figr. 2.
Diploctron tibetaiius, Vii'ill. N. Diet. (VHist. Nat. x. p. 313 (1817).
The Thibet I'eacock, Lath. (ien. Hist. viii. p. 120 (18l^3).
Diplectron bicalcaratu.?, Meill. Gal. des Oi.s. ii. p. 17 [part], pi. 203

(1825) ; Sc/iiiiz, Nat. Abbil/l. Vd;/. pi. 93 (1833).
Polvplectron albocellatiini (Teinm.), Cuo. Keg. Anim. i. p. 474

(i82'J) : Griff, ed. C'uvier, iii. p. 13 (1829).
PolyploL'tiuiu albo-ocellatura, Lrss. Traite dCOrn. p. 487 (1831).
Pcilyiili-'ftroii tibetaiiua, Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. IGl (1834).
Polyjilectron tibetaiuim, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 495 (1845); Elliot,

Alun. Pkas. i. pi. G (1872)'; Hume iSr Marsh. Game B. Ind. i.

p. 105, pi. (1878); Fasson, Str. F. ix. p. 203 (1880) [Chitta-

gon<r]; Hii7ne, Str. F. xi. p. 300 (1888) [Manipur, Arrakan] ;

Crijips, Str. F. xi. p. 301 (1888) [E. Assam] ; Hartert, Kat. Mus.

Senckenb. p. 108 (1801).
Polypk'ctron atelospihini, Grai/, List Gallince B)-it. Mits. p. 24 (1807)

[Laos MountaiuSj ; id. Hand-/. 11. ii. ]>. 257 (1870).
Polvplectron cvclospihmi. Grai/, List Gallintp Brit. Mus. p. 23 (1867)

[Js.E. ludia] ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 256 (1870).
Polvplectron enieospilum, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Miis. p. 24 (1867)

[N.E. India] ; id. Haml-l. B. ii. p. 257 (1870).
Polyplectrou bicalcaratum, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 398 [S.W.

China].
? Polyplectron intermedins, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 36 (1873) [Looshaie

Country], & v. p. 118 (1877) ; Flliot, Ibis, 1878, p. 124.
Polyplectron thibetanuni, Hume ^- Davison, Str. F. vi. pp. 432, 521

(1878) [North and Central Tenasserim] ; Binyham, Str. F. ix.

p. 105 (1880) [Thouii^yeen Valley and Sinzaway] ; Oates, B.

Burmah, ii. p. 315 (1883) [Arrakan].
Polyplectron heleuir, Oates, Ibis, 1883, p. 136, pi. v. (immature)

[Upper Bm'ma] ; id. B. Burmah, ii. p. 316 (^1883).

Adult male. Feathers of the top of the head rather elongate,
hairy, and mottled with black and white ; feathers of the neck
barred with brownish white and brown, those on the back soft and
somewhat downy ; all the rest of the upper parts brown, irregularly
dotted all over with dirty white ; nearly every feather of the
mantle, scapulars, lesser and median wing-coverts, outer second-
aries and their coverts with a large, round, subterminal metallic
ocellus of dark green, shading into violet exteriorly and with
purple and blue reflections; each spot is edged with successive
rings of black, brown, and dirty white ; longer up])er tail-coverts
and all the tail-feathers with pairs of ocelli, very similar to the
above, but situated one on each side of the shaft at some distance
from the extremity ; those spots are more oval in shape than those
OQ tlie wings, and are entirely green in cue light and pur])le in

* There are now no specimens from Southern China in the Collection, and I
cannot find any record oi' any ever having been there.

356

PHASIANID.E.

another ; the dirty white ring surrounding each is imperfect
exteriorly, and disappears into the brown of the feather ; the
primaries are faintly dotted with huff on the outer web and uniform
brown on the inner ; sides of the head almost entirely naked ; chin
and throat thinly covered with white feathers ; rest of underparts
brown, with irregular mottled and dotted bars of dirty white.
Facial skin pale fleshy yellow ; bill black, except basal part of lower
mandible which is yellow ; legs and feet blackish. Total length
2o-6 inches, wing 8*4, tail 13-2, tarsus 3.

In an immature male the plumage resembles that of the female,
but the ocelli on the mantle, scapulars, wing-coverts, and second-
aries are mostly irregularly represented bj' somewhat obscure dark
green and violet spots, the latter colour predominating ; the rings of
dirty white enclosing the ocelli are represented by irregular dots.

Adtdt female. The top of the head and neck brown, the latter
obscurely barred with paler brown and white dots situated at the tips
of the shafts ; rest of the upper parts brown mottled with pale brown ;
the ocelli on the mantle, &c., of the male are represented by black
spots more or less glossed, especially on the outer secondaries, with
violet and purple ; the tip of each feather is thicld}' mottled with dirty
white ; the feathers of the back and rump have white shafts and a few
scattered whitish dots ; the ocelli on the longer tail-coverts are
absent and are only obscurely represented on the outer pairs of tail-
feathers, not, as a rule, on the middle pairs, which have onh* dark
spots; chin and throat white; rest of underparts brown, finely
mottled with whitish buff, under tail-coverts the same. Facial skin
pale fleshy yellow ; bill horny brown ; legs and feet very dark
plumbeous. Total length 19 inches, wing 7 1, tail 8, tarsus 2-4.

An immature female has the outer secondaries and longer scapulars
margined and mottled with rufous and the outer webs of the second-
aries are dotted with pale rufous.

Hah. Indo-Chinese countries, ranging in the north-west to Sikhim,
eastward to the Laos country, and southwards through Tenasserim
as far as Mergui.

a. S ad. sk.

b. cS ad. sk.

N.E. India.
N.E. India.

(Type
(Type

c, d. (5 ad. sk. Darjeeling.

e. cJ ad. sk. Darjeeling.

f-n. (5 ad. et imm. Bhotau Dears, Feb. to May

sk. (Z. Mandelli).

0. J ad. sk. Buxa Dears, May [L.

Mandelli).
?)-/•. cf ad. etimm.sk. Assam {A. W. Chennell).
s~u. c? ad. sk. Assam.

)'. (S ad. sk. Assam (McClelland),

v. (j' ad. sk. N. Khasia Hills, March

(A. TV. Chennell).
X. (J imm.sk. Gst,ro}iil\s, Feb. (Godzvin-

Austen).

.1. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
of P. cyclospilum, Grav.)

J. R. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
of P. enicos}nlum, Gray.)

Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Purchased.
India Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

38. POLVl'LKCTKON. 357

y,z. d" ad. sk. GAc\\tix {J. liujlh). Hume Coll.

«'. $ ad. sk. Dilkou.^bah, Cachar. Hume Cull.

b'. j imm. sk. Bhamo {Lownde.s). E. A\'. Oates, Esq. [C.j.

(Type of P. helence, Uates.)

c,d'. cJ 2 ad. sk. Tboun^ryali, Tenasseiim, Hume Coll.

Nov. {J. DnrliiKj).

e',f- 6 $ ad. sk. Mo.ileyit, Feb. ( W. Hume Coll.

Da v> .toil),

g. (S ad. sk. Foot of Nwalabo, April Hume Coll.

( W. Uaci.iuii ).

h'. $ imm. sk. JMergui, April ( Jf. Z//«- Tweeddale Coll.

hor(/).

»". J ad. (tail only).* Laos Mouutains. M. Moubot [C.]. (Type

of P. atelospUum, Gray.)

2. Polyplectron germaini.

Heu Peacock I'beasant from China, Edw. Nat. Eist. B. ii v\. 69
(1747). ^

I/Eperonnier, U Auheyit. PI. Enl. pi. 493 [femelle].

PolyplcotiMU nrermaini, EUmI. Ihis, 1866, p. 56 ; id. Mon.Phas.'i.
pi. 8(1872) [Eien-boa, Cocbin Cbiiia]; Hume, iStr. F. yii. p. 4i>6
(1878) ; Hume S,- 3Iar.ih. GameB. Lid. i. p. Ill (1878).

Adult male. General colour blackish brown, irregularly spotted
^vith light brown, the spots being much smaller and closer together
than in P. chinquis. Head and back part of nock black, each
feather barred with white; back, wings, and tail covered with
metallic spots, in some lights of a dark lustrous green, in others of
a rich purjde : primaries dark brown. Upper mandible black,
lower horn-colour ; orbital skin crimson ; feet black. Total leno-th
20 inches, wing 7'5, tail l(t"o, tarsus '2-b.

Adult female is distinguished from the female of P. chinquis bv
the following characters : — The ocelli on the mantle, scapidars, win*-
coverts, and outer secondaries are comparatively well-marked and
glossed with dark green, changing to jiurple and bordered anteriorly,
especially on the scapulars and outer secondaries, with narrow X-
shaped black and bufl' bands ; the extremities of these feathers are
not thickly s])otted with dirty white ; most of the longer upper
tail-coverts, like the tail-feathers, carry a pair of dark green ocelli,
shot with purjde, and situated one on each web. The only specimen
examined has oidy IS tail-feathers, but no doubt some are missiuo-.
Total length IS-fi inches, wing 7"1, tail .S"o, tarsus 2-3.

llah. Cochin China.

a. $ ad. sk. Cocbiu China. M. V.. I'lerre [P.].

b. $ imm. sk. Bred in captivity. F. PI Blauuw, Esq. [P.].

3. Polyplectron bicalcaratum.
Le Paon de la Chiue, Briss. Om. i. p. 291 (1760).

• Tlie shorter upjwr tail-coverts have been pulled out and tbcir places
supplied by the wing-coverts, licnpulars, and outer secondaries.

3-58 PHASIANIDJE.

Pavo bicalcaratus, Linn. 8. N. i. p. 268 (1760) ; Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii.

p. 730 (1788) ; Haffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 319 (1822) (Sumatra) :

Grif. ed. Quo. iii. p. 13, pi. (1829).
Le petit Paonde Malacca, Somi. Voy. hid. Orient, ii. p. 173, pi. xcix.

(1782).
Phasianus malacceusis, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Lnsubr. pt. ii. p. 93

(1786).
Polvplectron chinquis, Temm. {nee Midi.) Piy. et Gall. ii. p. 363

(1813) ; iii. p. 675 (1815) [part].
Iris Peacock, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 118 (1823) [part].
Diplectron bicalcaratum, Vieill. Gal. des Ois. ii. p. 17 [part] (1825).
Polyplectrou bicalcaratum, Viff. m ^ Raffl. Mem. p. 676 (18.30)

[Sumatra]; Temiii. PI. Col. v. Eperonnier, pp. 2, 6 (1831);

Less. Comp. de Bivff. -vii. p. 321 (1836) ; Gray, List of B.

pt. iii. Gall. p. 22 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 495 (1845): Blyth,

Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 242 (1849); Sclat. List of Phas. p.' 12,

pi. 12 (1863) ; Fitz. Atl. Nat.,Vdg. fig. 225 (1864) ; Gray, List

(rallince Brit. Mus. p. 23 (1867) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 256 (1870) ;

Gould, B. Asia,\n. pi. 51 (1870) ; Elliot, Man. Phas. i. pi. 7 (1872) ;

Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 481 (1874) [Tenasserim] ; Hume ^ Davison,

Str. F. vi. p. 434 (1878) [? Hills of S. Tenasserim] ; Hume i,- Marsh.

Game B. Lid. i. p. 114, pi. (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 68 (1879)

[Malay Pen.]; Kelhum, Ibis, 1881, p. 531 [Perak] ; Midi. J.f. O.

1882, p. 432 [Salauga Is.].
Polyplectron hardwickii, J. E. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 37 (1830-

32), ii. pi. 42. fig. 1 (18.^4); G. R. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall.

p. 22(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 495 (1845) ; id. List Gallince Brit.

Mus. p. 24 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 257 (1870).
Polyplectrou lineatum, J. E. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. 1. pi. 38 (1830-32) ;

G. R. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 495 (1845).
Polyplectrum bicalcaratum. Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 487 (1831) ; Jard.

Nat. Libr., Orn. iv. p. 156 (1834).

Adult male. Easily distinguished from the male of P. cJiinquis
by the following differences : — The longer crest- feathers are straight
and glossed with purplish green, the dark bars on the feathers of
the back of the neck are glossed with violet; the ground-colour of
the rest of the upper parts is buff, thickly dotted and mottled -with
black ; the ocelli on the wings and tail are entirely rich green in
one light and purplish or blue in another* ; only the middle pair of
tail-feathers have ocelli on each side of the shaft ; on all the outer
pairs there is only one on the outer web ; on the middle pair of
tail-feathers and longer upper tail-coverts the ocelli are confluent in
the middle line and not divided from one another by a pale band ;
the basal part of the tail-feathers and tail-coverts behind the ocelli
is black reticulated with buft ; the anterior part is rufous buff thickly
spotted with black ; the ear-coverts are blackish slightly glossed
with green ; rest of the itnderparts vermiculated with black and
buft". Upiier mandible blackish brown, under mandible horn-colour ;
naked skin on side of head red ; legs and feet black. Total length
22 inches, wing S'2, tail 10, tarsus 2-8.

The immature male resembles the female, but the black patches

* In one specimen from Malacca all the ocelli are dark greenish blue with
deep violet rellections.

38. POLYI'LECTKON.

359

which represent the ocelli on the longer scapulars, outer secondaries,
&c. are more or less preen.

Adult female is easily distinguished from the female of F. cJiliicjuis,
having the ground-colour of the back, wings, and rump huff,
mottled with black ; no ocelli on the inner webs of the outer tail-
feathers ; the longer u])per tail-coverts with paired ocelli like the
centre pair of tail-feathers ; the basal ])art of the tail-feathers black
mottled with Initf, and the terminal part buff spotted and mottled
with ])lack. Total length IS'2 inches, wing 7*1, tail 0-5, tarsus 2\i.

llaJ). South Tenasserim? Malay I'eninsula ; Sumatra.
«-/. cT ? !vd. L't imm. Prov. Wellesley {Dr. Can- India Museum [P.].

sk.

for).

[/. (S ad. sk.

Malacca.

A. R. Wallace, Esq.

[C.].
Hume CoU.

A, t. (5 imm. et 5 ad. sk.

IVIalacca, July.

k-r. (S 2 ad. et imm.

sk.
s-y. (S 2 ad. sk.

Malacca, May {Mainfjay).

Tweeddale Coll.

Malacca.

Capt. Stackhouse Pin-

will [P.].

s, a. c? 2 ad. sk.

Malacca.

W. Harvey, Esq. [P.].

b', c'. c? 2 ad. sk.

Malacca {Dr. Cantor).

India Museum [P.].

fi') e. cJ 2 imm. sk.

Malacca.

Purchased. (Types of

P. hardwickh

: & P. lincatinii, Gray.)

f. S imm. sk.

Malacca {Hardioickc).

India Museum [P.].

ij', h'. cJad. et2imm.
sk.

Singapore.

Ilume Coll.

4. Polyplectron schleiermacheri.

Poh-plectron schleiermacheri, Iirii</(/. Ah. Vcr. Brcm. v. p. 401 , pi. ix.
(1877) [S.E. Borneo]; v. Pelz. Vvrh. z.-b. Wicn, xxx. p. 27 (1881)
[ 2 , Teweh, C. Borneo] ; Everett, J. A. S. Sir. Br. p. 198 (,1889).

Adult male. At once distinguished from P. hical carat am, to which
it is most nearly allied, by the following characters: — The crest is
curled forwards ; the frill round the hack of the neck is more
developed and the violet margin much wider : the ocelli on the back
and wings ^are bluish green ; the sides of the neck and chest are
black, finely mottled with buff, each feather with a golden-green
subterminal, heart-shaped ocellus changing to bluish jjurple ; the
middle of the neck and chest white, which colour is irregularly con-
tinued down the middle of the breast and belly ; the rest of the
underparts are black speckled with buff ; the ocelli on the middle
pair of tail-feathers and upper tail-coverts touch but are not con-
fluent. Bill horn-brown ; naked skin on face reddish ; legs and feet
blue-grey. Total length liO inches, wing 7*8, tailca. 7'8, tarsus 2-Q.

Adult female. Differs chiefly from the female of P. hicalearatum
in having no ocelli on the longer upper tail-coverts, so that the tail
shows only a single series, and the underparts washed with black.
Total length 14 inches, wing &S, tail 5-(>. tarsus 2'3.

Hah. ilountaius of Bonieo. Recently obtained at Peitan,
X. Borneo {Everett).

a. cJ ad. sk. Soutli-ea.'it Borneo, Nov. Darmstadt Mus. [E.]. (One
(G. Fischer). of the types of the species.)

860

PHASIANID^.

5. Polyplectron nehrkornse.

Polyplectron empbanes, Sclat. {nee Sclat. 1863) Ibis, 1878, p. 386 ;

ticeedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 623 [P. Princesa].
Polyplectron napoleonis, Tweedd. (nee Less.) P. Z. S. 1878, p. 792 ;

>'Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 203 ; Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 317 [Palawan] ;

Everett, List B. Born. p. 198 (1889) [Palawan] ; Whitehead, Ibis,

1890, p. 57 [Palawan].
Polyplectron nehrkomee, Blasius, Mitth. orn. Ter. Wien, 1891, p. 1

[Palawan] ; id. J.f. O. 1891, p. 10.

Adult male. Top of the head and elongate crest dark green,
changing to purplish bUie ; back of the neck black, each feather
with a submargina] steel-blue band and wide tei'minal fringe of
golden green ; mantle, scapulars, and median wing-coverts with the
base black and the terminal half greenish blue edged with golden
green and changing to dark blue and deep violet ; the lesser wing-
coverts black ; the bastard-wing, quills, and their coverts brownish
black ; the lower back and rump black, thickly spotted and mottled
with rufous buff; the upj)er tail-coverts and tail the same, but the
spots are fewer, rounder, and paler than on the back ; the longer
tail-coverts and tail-feathers are terminated by a submarginal black
band, edged on either side with buff and fringed externally with
black ; each of these feathers is ornamented with a pair of bluish-
green ocelli, changing to deep violet and circumscribed by a black-
and-grey ring ; but the three or four outer pairs of tail-feathers
have the ej^e on the inner web obsolete and only represented by a
black spot ; a very narrow superciliary * and a triangular patch
covering the hinder part of the cheek and ear-coverts pure white ;
lores, tliiu covering of feathers on the sides of the face, chin, throat,
and rest of underparts black ; the feathers on the fore part of the
neck are sometimes obscurely tipped with golden green, like those
of the back. Bill dark brown, tip horny ; orbital skin crimson.
Legs and feet purj^le-brown. Total length 19 inches, wing 7'3,
tail 8-7, tarsus 2-5.

An immature male resembles the female, but the tail and greater
coverts are like those of the adult male, though the ocelli are much
smaller and are absent on the inner web of all the tail-feathers
except the three middle pairs ; one or two of the feathers of the
mantle have a metallic bluish-green patch in the middle ; and traces
are apparent of black plumage on the mantle, wing-coverts, throat,
and underparts.

Adult female. Top of the head and nape brownish black, a well-
developed crest ; rest of upper parts pale rufous brown, finely
mottled with black ; the feathers of the mantle and wing-coverts
with an ill-defined submarginal band of rufous buff ; most of the
feathers with pale shafts ; quills and their coverts dark brown ;
upper tail-coverts and tail finely mottled with rufous buff and

* Tliis stripe is absent in one specimen I have examined, and the super-
cilium is entirely naked.

39. CHALCURUS. 361

black ; longer coverts without ocelli ; the three middle pairs of tail-
feathers with a pair of dark green ocelli edged with black on each
web, on the outer pairs the ocellus on the inner web is obsolete and
represented by a black spot ; lores, thin covering of feathers on
sides of face, chin, and throat white ; rest of underparts reddish
brown faintly mottled with black, the feathers of the chest and
breast with jiale shafts. Orbital skin black. Total length 14 4
inches, wing 0*8, tail o'o, tarsus 2-2.
Hah. Island of Palawan.

u-c. (S 2 ad. et Puerto Priucesa, Palawan, Jan. Tweeddale Coll.

cJ imm. sk. {A. IT. Everett).

6. Polyplectron napoleonis.

Polvplectrum napoleonis, Less. Traite (tOrn. pp. 487, 6o0 (1831);

id. C„mp. de Buf. vii. p. 323 (183(i) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 495

(l84o) ; id. List Galliiue Brit. Mus. p. 25 (1867).
Polyplectron eniphanuni, Teinm. IH. Cut. v. pi. 18 [no. 540] (1831);

Jard. Nat. Lib., Oni. iv. p. 159, pi. 5 (1834); Gray, Hand-l. B.

p. 257 (1870); Elliot, Mon. Phas. i. pi. 9 (1872); Salvad. Ucc.

Born. p. 304 (1874); Oust. Bull. !Soc. Phihm. (7) vi. p. 259

(1882) [Luzon].
Eniphauia napoleonis, Bonap. C. li. xlii. p. 878 (1856).
Polypleetrou emphaues, Sclat. List of Phas. p. 12 (1863).

Adult male. Exactly similar to the male of F. nehrhorntr, but the
white su])erciliary stripes are wide and strongly marked and confluent
on the nape. Total length 18-5 inches, wing ""3, tail 7'S, tarsus 2-5.

Hal). Unknown : ? Luzon, Philippine Is.

«. c? ad. sk. [Molucca Islands.] Purcha.-:ed of M. Vevreaux.

39. CHALCURUS.

Type.
Chalcurus, Bonap. Ann. Sci. Nat. (4) i. p. 146 (1854). . C. chalcurus.

Tail composed of 16 feathers, elongate, wedge-shaped as in
Pliimaniis ; the middle pair nearly three times as long as the outer
pair ; all partially glossed with metallic purple, but no ocelli.

1st ])rimary much shorter than the 2nd, which is shorter than the
lOth ; (ith a "tritle the longest.

Sides of the face covered with small feathers.

Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw.

The basal half of the shafts of the contour-feathers much swollen.

Riuuje. Sumatra.

1. Chalcnrns chalcnras.

Polvplectrum chalcurum. Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 487 (1831).
Polyplectron chalcurum, Tnnm. PI. Col. v. pi. 19 [no. 5l!>] (1831)

[Sumatra]; Jard. Xaf. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 103, pi. vii. (]8.34);

Less. Vomp. de Buff. vii. p. 322 (1836); Gray, List of B.

362 PHASIA>'ID^.

pt. iii. Gall p. 22 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 495 (1845) ; Sdat.

List of Phas. p. 12 (1863) ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 25

(1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 257 (1870) ; Elliot, Mon. Phas. i. pi. 10

(1872) ; Nichols. Ibis, 1883, p. 255 [Sumatra] ; Biittikof. N. Leyd.

Mus. ix. p. 77 (1887) [Padang, W. Sumatra].
Pol^'plectrum inocellatus, Cuv. Paris Mus. ; Less. Traite d'Orn.

p. 487 (1831).
Chalcurus inocellatus, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 878 (1856) ; Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv. p. 248 [Mt. Singalau, W. Sumatra].

Adult male. General colour brown, all the feathers of the back,
wiug-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts barred and fringed with
dull rufous ; the bai's on the longer upper tail-coverts are less
regular and defined, but more directly transverse than those of the
back, which more or less follow the curve of the margin of the
feathers ; quills dark brown, the secondaries slightly mottled on the
outer web with pale rufous ; sides of the face somewhat thickly
covered with whitish-brown feathers ; chin, throat, and neck-
feathers with brown margins and whitish centres ; uuderparts
brown, the under tail-coverts with irregular pale rufous bars ; the
three middle pairs of tail-feathers black, irregularly barred with
rufous, shading into purplish blue towards the extremity, and
tipped with black spotted with pale rufous ; the rest of the outer
pairs similarly marked, but the greater part of their outer webs are
])iirplish blue changing into violet. Total length IS inches, wing
6-6, tail 9-2, tarsus 2-4.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller and without spurs.
Total length 15'7 inches, wing 6-2, tail 7'4, tarsus 2*2.

Hah. Same as that of the genus.

«, b. cS 2 ^d. sk. Sumatra. Leyden Museum Coll.

c. $ ad. sk. Lolo, Sumatra (C. Bock). Tweeddale Coll.

40. ARaUSIANUS.

Type.

Argu.s, Tcmm. {nee Boh., Moll. 1761 ; nee Scoj)., Lep.

\Tri) Piy. et Gall. ii. p. 410 (1813) A. argus.

Argusianus, Rqfinesqiie, Analyse, p. 219 (1815) A. argus.

Argusanus, Bonap. V. Ii. xlii. p. 878 (1856) A. argus.

Argusa, Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 530 A. argus.

Argusinius, Oustal. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) vi. p. 254

(1882) A. argus.

Tail composed of 12 feathers ; the middle pair enormously elon-
gate and more than four times as long as the outer pair.

1st primary shortest; 10th longest; secondaries enormously
developed, much longer than the primaries ; the Sth and Dth nearly
twice as long as the 1st.

Sides of the face, chin, throat, and fore part of the neck naked.

Tarsus much longer than the middle toe and claw.

Range. Laos Mts., Siam, South Tcnasserim, ilalay Peninsula,
Sumatra, and Borneo.

40. AKGUSIANCS. 363

Key to the Species.

A. ^Fi(l<ll(' tail- feathers euoriuously elongate.

(Malrs.)

a. I'riiiiaries with a rufous-brown band finely

dotted witli white on tlie inner web.

«'. Mantle black, mottled with buft'and rufous;

lower back and rumj) but¥ with black

spots anjus, p. 363.

b'. Mantle black, mottled with white and
rufous ; lower back and rump rufous-buff

with black s])ots yo-Dh }'• «^'^5-

h. rriniaries with a rufous-brown band finely
dotted with white on the inner as well as

the outer web bipunctalus, p. 36(5.

15. Middle tail-feathers not enormously elongate.
(Fciitidvii.)

c. Feathers surroundinij: the neck chestnut. Un-

devjiarts rufous, verniiculated with black . . arr/iis, p. 363.

d. Featliers surroLinding the neck rust-red. Un-

derpaits sandy bro^\^l, finely vermiculated

witii black grayi, p- 365.

1. Argitsianus argus.

I'hasiaiuis argus, Linn. S. X. i. p. '272 (1760) ; Gm. S. N. i. ]it. ii.
p. 742 (17S8); Lath. Intl. Orn. ii. j). 6i'9 (1790); Bonmit. Tabl.
Ennid. Mith. i. p. lS-<, pi. 87. fig. 3 (1791); Shaw, J/^^s. Lever.
p. 4'], pi. (1792) ; liajjl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 320 (1822) [Su-
matra] ; Grai/ in Griff', ed. Cur. iii. p. 24 (1829).

l/Argus ou Le'Luen, Huff. Hi.'<t. Xcd. Ois. ii. p. 301 (1771).

Argus Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. p. 710 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist. viii.
p. 20o (1823).

Argus giffanteus, Temm. Fig. ct Gall. ii. p. 410 (1813), iii. p. 678
(isl.j)'; Steph. in .shaivs Gen. Zool. xi. p. 243, pi. 14 (1819);
Sehinz, Nut. Abbild. Jw/. p. 2o3, pi. 97 (1833); Jard. Nat. Lib.,
Or?}, iv. p. 16r,, pi. \iii.'(1834) ; Jard. ^- Sell). III. Orn. n. s. pis. 14
& 15 ( 1837) ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii. GcdI. p. 23 (1844) ; id. Gen. B.
iii. p. -J96 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 242 (1849) ; Sc/iinz,
Nat. T7)>/. p. 152, ])1. 74 (lb53); Cass. i'.S. L.rpl. E.rped. p. 292
(1858) [Singapore]; Sclat. List of I'/ias. p. 12 (1863) [part.];
Fdz. All. Nat., V,»i. fi-. 226 {\HiA) ; Wallace, Malay Arch. i. p. 32
(18(;9) ; Llliot, Mon. Phas. i. jd. 1 1 (1872) ; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 481
(1874) [Tenas-serini], iii. p. S24 (1875) ; Hume Sf Marsh. Game B.
Ind. i. p. 90, pi. (1878) ; Hume Sf Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 427 (1878^
[S. Tenasserini] ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 68 (1879) [Malacca];
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 115, pis. vii. & viii. fig. 1.

Argus pavonius, J'ieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. ii. p. 507 (1810); id.
Gal. des Ois. ii. p. 19, pi. 204 (1825) ; Less. Traits d'Orn. p. 488,
pi. 84 (1S31).

Malav Peacock, /,(///(. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 121. pi. 120 (1823).

Argus pavoninus, ,/. F. Gray, III. Lid. Zool. i. pi. 36 (18;^0-32).

Argusianus giganteus, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mu-o. p. 25 (1867) ;
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 257" (1870); Blyth S,- Walden, Cat. Mamm.
(.V B. Burma, p. 148 (1875).

Argu.-iauus argus, Twedd. Ilns, 1877, p. 322 [Lanipong, Sumatra];
Suhad.AuH.Mus. Civ.Gmov. xiv. p. 294 (1679); Oates.B.Bunnah,

364 PHASIANID,E.

ii. p. 313 (1883) [Siam?]; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 52 (1883);
Harterf, J. f. O. 1887, p. 378 ; id. Cat. Mus. ISeiickeiib. p. 198
(1891) [Siam].
Argusa gig-anteus, Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 530 [Perak, Malacca].

Adult male. The top of the head and short occipital crest black ;
back of the neck thinly covered with hairy feathers finely barred
with black and white ; mantle, wing-coverts, and scapulars black,
chequered and mottled with buff; lower back and shorter rump-
feathers clear buff, with rounded black spots ; longer rump-feathers
paler buff, and elongate middle pair of tail-coverts whitish, thickly
marked with kidney-shaped black spots and blotches ; rest of upper
and under tail-coverts black, with narrow wavy bars of white. Pri-
maries greyish brown, shading into yellowish towards the margins
of the outer webs and ornamented with closely approximated rows
of black and rufous spots ; on the basal part of the inner web, and
separated from the shaft by a yellowish line regularly barred with
black, is a band of rufous minutely dotted with white ; shafts dull
blue, edged with yellow near the extremity. Secondaries pale
brownish white, the outer web with oblique bands and rows of
black spots ; next the shaft a series of large ocelli, gradually
increasing in size towards the extremity ; each of these ocelli is
yellowish in the centre, shading into white on the one side and
reddish brown on the other and surrounded by a black band ; the
inner web white towards the margin, ornamented with several rows
of round black spots ; the terminal part of each feather black, reti-
culated with pale rufous and spotted and marked with white. Eore
part of neck chestnut barred with black ; rest of underparts black,
with wavy bars and markings of chestnut and buff. The long
middle pair of tail-feathers tipped with dirty white ; the outer web
reddish brown shading into black towards the shaft, and the inner
web grey : the Avhole thickly dotted with small white ocelli sur-
rounded by black rings ; the outer feathers similarly marked, but
nearly unitbrm black, mottled with rufous towards the extremity.
Bill and claws bluish white ; facial skin dark blue ; legs and feet
bright red. Total length 72 inches ; wing to the end of the pri-
maries 19, to the end of the secondaries J:54 ; tail 50, tarsus 4*4.

The immature male difi'ers from the adult in having the lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts like those of the female, only
more coarsely marked : the primaries rufous, mottled and spotted
with small irregular black marks ; the secondaries like those of the
female, but the ocelli of the adult are present in a rudimentary form ;
the breast finely vermiculatcd with reddish brown and black ; and
the outer tail-feathers mottled with rufous to the base.

Adulf female. Feathers on the top of the head buff edged with black;
nape as in the male ; neck chestnut, slightly mottled with black and
shading into reddish buff on the mantle, which is thickly mottled
with black: lower back, rump, and u]iper tail-coverts bright buff,
irregularly barred and vermiculatcd with black : primaries chestnut,
mottled and spotted with irregular black marks ; wing-coverts,
scapulars, and secondaries black, thickly covered with buff hiero-

40. ARGUSIANPS.

365

glyphics, the outer webs of the latter next the sh.ifts mixed with
rufous ; chest aiifl rest of undcrparts rufous, finely mottled with
black ; under tail-coverts black, finely verraiculated with pale rufous ;
tail-feathers black, thickly mottled with irregular rufous lines and
marks. Legs and feet duller red than in the male. Total length
[M inches ; wing to the end of the primaries 13, to end of the
secondaries 15; tail 12-5, tarsus 4.

Jfal). Laos Mountains, Siam, South Tenasserim, the Malay Penin-
sula, and Sumatra.

M. Mouhot [C.].

E. W. Dates, Esq. [C.].

Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.],

India Museum [P.].

India Museum [P.].
A. R. Wallace, Esq.

Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
will [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

^\\ Harvey, Esq. [P.],

Purchased.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Dr. YOU Faber [C.].

Tweeddale Coll.

2. Argusianus grayi.

Argus giganteus, Mull, {nee Tejnm.) Ter/iandl. Land- en Volkenk.

p. 4:50 (18;39-44); Silatcr, P. Z. S. 18(53, pp. 124 [part] & 222 ;

id. Lht ofPhciii.^. 12 (1863) [part., Borneo].
Argus gravi, Elliot, Ibis, 1865, p. 423 [Borneo]; id. Mon. Pha,^. i.

p. xviii,"pl. 12 [text] (1872) [Borneo]; Sftarpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 23

[Bintulu'^; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 267 [Lawas R.]; EUiut, Auk, viii.

p. 14(1891) [X.E. J5orneo].
.\rgusianus gravi, Oray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 26 (1867) ; id.

Iland-l. B. \\. p. 257 (1870) ; W'alden, Ibis, 1872, p. 381 ; Salrad.

Ucc. Bum. p. 305 (1874) ; Gnillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 416 [Silam,

Sandakau]; Evirett, List B. Born. p. 197 (1889).

AdvH male. Differs chiefly from the adult male of A. argus
in having the mantle, wing-coverts, and scapulars black, mottled
with white and rufous, the lower back and rumj) rufous buff; the
neck and upper chest brighter rufous, with yellowish shaft-stripes ;
the sides and flanks more or less mottled with white. Total length
60 inches ; wing to end of primaries 17, and to end of secondaries
33 ; tail 42. tarsus 4.

<t, b. c? imm. sk.

Laos Mts.

r, d. S 2 ad. st.

S. Tenasserim.

e-v. S 2 ad., imm.,

Baukasoon, Tena.sserim,

etpuU. sk.

Feb., March, and Dec.

( Jr. Davison).

«•. cJ nr. ad. sk.

Province Wellesley {Dr.

Cantor).

.r-6'. S 2 ad. et

Mountains of Tringgauu,

imm. sk.

Malacca {Dr. Cantor).

c, d'. S 2 'iJ- sk.

Malacca.

(''. 2 ad- sk.

Malacca.

f, g'. 6 2 ad. sk.

Malacca.

h'-r. S 2 ad. et

Malacca {Dr. Maiw/aij).

imm. sk.

m'. cJ imm. sk.

Midacca.

n, 0. (S 2 ad. sk.

Malacca.

/>'. rj ad. .St.

[Malacca.]
Singapore.

q', >•'. c? 2 "d. .sk.

#'. c? ad. sk.

Sumatra (C. Bock).

f. S ad. sk.

W. coast of Suiuiitra.

ti. (S ad. sk.

Lampong, S.E. Sumatra

{E. C. Bmton).

(•'. Skeleton.

366

pnAsiANiD.T;.

The younr/ male differs from the adult in a similar manner to the
young of A. argus.

The adult female differs from the female of ^. argus in having
the feathers of the neck rust-red instead of chestnut, the buflt"
markings on the terminal parts of the feathers of the rump and
upper tail-coverts not so coarse ; the chest and underparts pale
sandy brown, only slightly mixed with rufous and thickly vermicu-
lated with black. Total length 29 inches ; wing to the end of the
primaries 12-6, and to the end of the secondaries 14; tail 11-8,
tarsus 3'6.

Hab. Borneo.

«. (f ad. sk.

b, c. (S ad. sk.

d, e. (S ad. et imm.

sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.

ff-k. cJ $ ad. et c?

imm. sk.
l,m.(S2 ad. sk.

N. Borneo.
N. Borneo.
Sarawak.

Sarawak.

Baram, Sarawak.

Mt. Dulit, Sarawak,
2000 to 3000 feet, No-
vember.

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Rajah Brooke [P.].

(Types of the species.)
A. "K. Wallace, Esq.

[C.].
C. Hose, Esq. [C.].

C. Hose, Esq. [C.].

3. Argusiauus bipunctatus.

Argus bipunctatus, Wood, Ann. May. N. II. (4) viii. p. 67 (1871) ;
Elliot, Man. Phas. i. pi. 13 (1872).

This species is still known only from a portion of a primary
wing-feather from a male bird, which is now preserved in this
Museum ; but it is so perfectly distinct both in its markings and in
the shape of the shaft of the quill from either of the above species
that one can have no hesitation in recognizing it as belonging to
a distinct species, in spite of the somewhat fragmentary evidence.

The general colour of this feather is similar to that of a primary
quill of A. argus and A. grayi, but there is a reddish-brown
band minutely dotted with white on the outer as well as the inner
web. These bands extend over a large proportion of both the webs ;
the shaft is remarkably narrow and attenuated.

Hab. Unknown.

a. Portion of primary quill. Locality unknown.

E. Bartlett, Esq. [P.].
(Type of the species.)

41. RHEINARDTIUS.

Type.

Rheinardius, Oudal. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) vi. p. 254

(1882) R. oceUatus.

Rheiiihardius, Sclat. ^ Sautid. Ibis, 1883, p. 107 R. ocellatus.

Rheinartius, Ousial. N. Arch. Miis. (2) viii. p. 256

(1885) R. ocellatus.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, the middle pair being enormously

41. RHEINARDT1U3. 367

elongate, fhc second pair considerably shorter, and t],e outermosf

pair al.ont one fifth the len,?th of the middle pair ^''^^^ost

1st primary much shorter than the 2nd- 4th is nhnnf p,,,, i •

len,tii to the 10th; and the 5th or Oth slightly the long t^^"^ "
.Secondaries not longer than the primaries '

Sides ot- the head naked, crown feathered, and an erect occipital

hairy crest covering the nape. "t-Lipiiai

Tarsus rather shorter than the middle toe and claw.
Haur/e. Mountains in the interior of Tonkin.

1. Eheinardtius ocellatus.
Argus ocellatus, 7 «r.i?o„«^;. c. H. xlii. p. 878 (1850)- IFocd

(4) VI 1. p. lit (18, 1; : ui. Man. I'hm. i. p]. \h (l87->) "^

Khe.nartius ocellatus, Omfal. Amu Sci. Nat (6) xiii. Art' 12 flSS-'') ■

^ .rf. A ArcL M<s. (2) viii. p. 250, pi. ii. (1885). ^ "^ '

IvheiuarCus ocellatus, Ou.fal. Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) vi p 254 n88«>l

[Sw^f'"'"' ''"""^- ^"^^- ^'^'^- ^- ^'•- "■• ^'^%^

ff'^^irnaJe. General colour of the upper parts dark brown mixed

here and there with red, each feather thickly covered wit h^mall

Mhitespos and markings; on the outer webs of the siclndarie

hese markings take more the form of irregular oblique whte lines

n^hl n% n'^ covered with short velvety feathers, brownihbfack

m the middle and white on each side; a high occipital crest of

erect hairy feathers, white in the middle and reddish brown on the

Ides; ear-coyerts brownish black like the top of the head chh^

a^d throat whitish, gradually shading into rufous round the sides of

Zk':t\''T"T" r/''l '' '^'' "Pl"^^ but more mixed with
daik chestnut, and each feather with a more or less marked shaft!
Hripe ot deep chestnut; the upper tail-coverts and enomouit
elongate pair of centre tail-feathers have the ground-cZ r .rev
thickly covered with larger spots and markings of che tmit' the
pots on either side of the shaft with black Ventral Ws' and
smaller rounded dots of white: the outer tail-feathers have the
ground-colour reddish brown, thickly covered with round wUte
Bigots surrounded by rings of black. Total length about 7 feS

Adult female Genoral colour above umber-brown, each feather
transversely mottled with black and buff, these marking are
stronger on the secondaries and tail-feathers; underpart Lwn
tnn\hr;r;f '' -Hh ..lack: crest much shorter Ld les fti i

hife n 1 ?. °'"''' ^l" ''''^ P'"'"^^ "> f'-°"t being Idackish

T V *i 'I'^'^'^r^^^b'"* ones on the nape dirty whitish buff
Total ength about ^U inches, wing ll-o, tail iVo, ta'rsus 3-4

//rt6. ^ame as that of the genus.

0,6.6 2 ad. St. Mts. in interior of Tonkin. Purchased.

368 PHASIANID^.

42. PAVO.

Type.

Pavo, Linn. S. N. i. p. 267 (1766) P. cristatus.

Pavianus, Bafinesque, Analyse, p. 219 (1815) "P. cristatus.

Spiciferus, Bonap. C. B. xlii. p. 878 (1856) P. muticus.

Tail long and wedge-shaped, composed of 20 feathers ; upper tail-
coverts far exceed the tail in length.

1st primary much shorter than the 10th ; 5th somewhat the
longest.

Tarsus much longer than the middle toe and claw, armed in the
male with a short stout spur.

An elevated crest of feathers.

JRcim/e. India and the Indo-Chinese countries, Malay Peninsula,
? Sumatra, and Java.

Key to the Species.

A. Crest composed of erect naked shafts with

plume-like extremities.

a. Upper tail-coverts enormously elongate cristatus Si P- 368.

b. Upper tail-coverts not enormously elongate . . cristatus 5 , p. 368.

B. Crest composed of normally developed feathers

equally webbed on each side of the shaft.

c. Upper tail-coverts enormously elongate muticus S , p. 371.

d. Upper tail-coverts not enormously elongate . . muticus 5 , p- 371.

1. Pavo cristatus.

Pavo cristatus, Linn. S. K i. p. 267 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii.
p. 729 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 616 (1790) ; Bonnat. Tabl.
FmcijcI. Meth. i. p. 176 (1791) ; Hayes, Osterl. Menag. p. 99, pi. 99
(1794); Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii'. p. 93 (1811); Temm. Pig. et
Gall. ii. p. 26 (18i3), iii. p. 650 (1815) ; Cuv. Beq. Anim. i. p. 438
(1817) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. p. 473 (1818) ; Cnv.
Beg. Anim. i. p. 473 (1829) ; Griff, ed. Cuv. iii. p. 12 (1829) ;
Guerin-Meneville, Icon. Beg. Anim.., Ois. p. 25, pi. 40. fig. 1
(1829-38); Vig.inBaffi. Mem. p. 676 (18.30) [Sumatra!]; Less.
Traits d' Orn. ^. 486, pi. 82. fig. 1 (1831); Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832,
p. 151 [Deccan] ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 22 (1844) ;
Bhjth, Cat. Mus. As. Soc. p. 239 (1849) ; Layard, Ann. Mag. N. H.
(2) xiv. p. 62 (1854) [Ceylon] ; Burgess, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 29 ;
Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 498 [Puniab] ; L-hy, Ibis, 1861, p. 234
[Oudh and Kumaon] ; Jerd. B. Lid. i'ii. p. 506 '(18( 3) ; Sclat. List of
Phccs. p. 11 (1863) : Fitz. Atl. Aaf., I'o,/. fig. 224 (1864) ; Blyth,
B)is, 1867, p. 151 ; Gray, List Galliyuc Brit. M%is. p. 22 (1867);
Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 379 ; Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 103 [St. Helena] ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 256 (1870); Ehves, Ibis, 1870, p. 528
[Cardamum Hills] ; Holdstv. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 467 [Ceylon] ; B/liot,
Mon. Phas. i. pi. 3 (1872) ; Hume, N.S(E. Ltd. B. p. 516 (1873);
Adam, Str. Fr. i. p. 392 (1873) [Sambhur] ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873,
p. 415 [Kattiawar]; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 276 (1874) [Ptoss I.,
Andamans] ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 426 (1874) [Chota Nagpur] ; Leqge,
Ibis, 1875, p. 400 [S. Ceylon] ; Butl. Str. F. iv. p. 5 (1876) [N. Gu-
zerat]; Fairb. Str. F. iv. p. 262 (1876) [Khandala], v. p. 409
(1877) [Palani Hills] ; Marsh. B. Nest. Ind. p. 59 (1877) ; Hume,
Str. F. vii. p. 67 [Rajpootana], p. 177 (1878) [Sindh] ; Bavids. Sc
Wend. Str. F. vii. p. 86 (1878) [Deccan] ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 225

42 I'Avo. 369

(1878) [Criiiiri^s t(i (rodiivtiri]; II nine if Marsh. Gnine B. Ind. i.
p. HI, pi. (187S) ; Sciillfi, Str. F. viii. p. 342 (1H79) [Nepal] ; Duif/ ,
ISti: F. viii. p. -•371 (1879) [Eastern Narra] ; Wilmn, Str. F. viii.
p. 492 (1879) [Dh.ion]; liuHer, Str. F. viii. p. 49:3 (1879) [Moz-
uirernugg'er Dist.]; id. Cat. B. Sind, p. 53 (1879) [Siiid, Ciitch,
Kattiawar, Gujarat, Mt. Aboo] ; Leryr/e, B. Ccyl. iii. p. 731 (1880) ;
Vidnl, Str. F.'\k. p. 75 (18S0) [S. Konkin] ; Mclnmy, Str. F. ix.
p. 202 (1880) [Mysore]; But/er, Str. F. ix. p. 421 (lAsO) [Deccari
andS. Maliratta Couutrv] ; Reid,Str. F. x. p. fil (1881) [Luc-know
Civil Div.]; David^i. Str. F. x. p. 316 (1882) [W. Kliandei.sh] ;
DaviMti, Str. F. x. p. 409 (1883) [Nilghiris, VVvuaad, Mysore];
Swinh. ^- Barn. Ibis, 1885, p. 131 [Central India] ; Tai/lur, Str. F.
X. p. 4(54 (18-^7) TM inzeerabad, Mysore], pp. 530, '.531 (18S7)
[Orissa] ; Oatps, cd. Hume's Nests ^-'Eggs, iii. p. 405 (1890).

Lo Paoii, D'Aident. PL Enl. pis. 433, 434 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii.
p. 288, pi. X. (1771).

Crested Peacock, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 668 (1783) ; id. Gen.
Hist. viii. p. 108 (1823).

? Pavo assameusis, McClell. Lid. Rev. 1838, p. 513.

Adult male. Top of the head covered with short curly metallic
green and blue feathers, occipital crest composed of fan-shaped
bluish-f^reeu feathers at the end of elevated shafts ; neck greenish
blue, shading into rich purplish blue on the upper parts of the
mantle and chest; feathers of the mantle with the terminal half
copper-coloured, surrounded with golden green and margined with
black, and with narrow green shaft-stripes ; feathers of the lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, especially the latter, enor-
mouslj- developed, with the greater part of the web free ; the
majority of these feathers, except the very longest and some of the
outer tail-coverts, are ornamented with brilliant subtcrminal ocelli,
green with purple pupils in a field of golden copper, and circum-
scribed with rings of gold, copper, and other metallic hues ; the
general ground-colour of the shorter feathers in the middle of the
train is purplish copper, and the rest golden green, the whole
varying in colour according to the light, a number of the lateral
feathers are l)ladc-shaped and feathered on the outer web of the
shaft only ; the longest upper tail-coverts terminate in green fan-
shaped plumes devoid of ocelli ; the lesser and median wing-coverts,
scapulars, and outer secondaries pale buff, barred and mottled witli
black, more or less glossed with green ; the primaries and their
coverts and the bastard-wing pale chestnut ; the inner primaries
more or less mottled with black ; the rest of the secondaries and
their coverts black ; a few of the outer median coverts black, glossed
with purplish green ; feathers in front of the eye, the superciliary
stripe, chin, throat, fore ])nrt of neck, breast, and tlanks dark glossy
green ; belly and largely- developed downy under tail-coverts
blackish brown ; thighs whitish buff ; tail blai'kish brown, the
outer web with wavy buff mottlings. Naked skin round the eye
a!ul on the cheek livi<l whit* ; bill and legs dark horn-grey. Total
length to end of tail .'35 inches, to end of upi»er tail -coverts 78,
wing 17'."). tail 19-.3, t.irsus 5-5.

Adult fi'tnalc. Top of the head, lores, superciliary stripe, ear-

VOt. XXII. 2 B

370

phasiaxid.t:.

coverts, and nape dark chestnut, irregularly bordered with white ;
crest shaped like that of the male, but the terminal plume mostly
chestnut edged with golden green ; upper neck chestnut, most of the
feathers tipped with golden green ; lower part of neck and upper
mantle golden green, some of the lower feathers fringed with buff ;
rest of the upper parts brown, more or less indistinctly mottled with
buff; primaries and secondaries dark brown, the former indistinctly
mottled with rufous and the latter with bull" towards the edge of
the outer web ; the outer median and secondary wing-coverts more
coarsely mottled with buff and black ; chin, throat, and a part of
the neck white ; chest brownish black, edged with green and
shading into buff ; breast, sides, and flanks buff, more or less
mixed with rufous, and shading into brown on the belly and under
tail-coverts ; tail dark brown, shghtly mottled with whitish buff.
Total length 32 inches, wing 16, tail 13, tarsus 4-8.

Young males closely resemble the female, but the primaries are
mostly pale chestnut, more or less mottled with black, and the
secondaries are more coarsely mottled with pale buff.

Immature males resemble the adult, but the mantle and chest are
greenish blue and not nearly so brilliant, and the train is absent
or rudimentary.

Hah. India and Ceylon.

India.

India.

Eaipur, Cent. Provinces.

Delhi.

Etawah.

Sikhim, Feb. (L. MandelU).

Bhotan Dears, March [L.

Mandelli).
Assam.
[Assam.]
England.
England.
No locahty.

a-c. c? ad. sk.

d. 5 ad. st.

e. cj juv. sk.
f-k. S ad. sk.
I. S ad. sk.
m-u. '(S 2 ad. et

cJ imm. sk.
V. d" ad. sk.

w. S ad. sk.
X. $ ad. sk.
y. (5 ad. St.
z-a' . (S 2 ad. St.
v. PuU. St.
c'-e' . Skeletons.
/'. 2 skeleton.
g'-k' . Sterna.

A well-marked variety has been described under the name of
Pavo nigriinnnis ; the following is the synonymy: —

Black-shouldered Peacock, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 114 (1823).
Pavo nigripennis*, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 221; id. List of Phas.

p. 11 (186.3) ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Miis. p. 22 (1867) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 2.56 (1870) ; Elliot, Mon. Phas. i. pi. 4 (1872) ;

Gurney, Zool. 1883, p. 33.

* Birds belonging to this variety closely resemble the hybrids between
P. crisfatus and P. muTicus, but as it has been clearly shown by Darwin that
the black-winged variety arises independently in flocks of P. cristatus which
hare been pure bred for many years, there can be no doubt that it is merely a
sport of Nature.

India Museum [P.].
Dr. J. F. Royle [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum [!*•]•
India Museum !^P.].
Dr. Dowler [P.].
J. E. Harris, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

42. I'Avo. 371

Differs from P. cnxinlns in Inviiii;- tlu' whole of the lesser and
median wing-covcrts, gc.ipiilars, and secondaries brownish l)lack,
more or less i>iossed with pnrple and edged with green; only the
longer scapulars and secondaries witli traces of huff mottling': the
primaries and tlieir coverts with an irregular Idack line running
along the shaft to the tip and edging the inner web, and the thighs
black instead of buff.

a. c? ad. St. [Malav Archipelago.] Purchased.

b. S ad. St. Yorkshire (in coutineiueut). J. Michell, Esq. [P.].

Hijhr'ul between Pavo cristatus iS ai'J- i*. mutieus $ .
a. b. e imm. st. Zool. Soc. Coll.

Hybrid between Pavo mutieus S and P. cristatus J .
a, b. cJ imm. st. Zool. Soc. Coll.

Hybrid between P. cristatus aiid Xumida meleagris,
Hocker, J. f. 0. lS7l), p. 132.

2. Pavo mutieus.

Le Paon du Japon, Briss. Oni. i. p. 289 (1760).

Pavo mutieus, Limi. S. N. i. p. 2(J8 (170(5); Cini. S. N.\. pt. ii. p. 7."}1
(1788) : Lath. Ind. Oni. ii. p. 017 (17'J0) ; Temm. Pifl. et Gull. ii.
p. 50 (1813), iii. p. 052 (1815); Griff, ed. Cuvier, in. p. 12, pi,
(1829); Viffor.'i in Itaffl. Mem. p. 070 (18.30) [Sumatra, Java];
Jard. ^'at. Lih., Orn. iv. p. 152, pi. 1 (,1834); McClell. Calcutta
Joum. N. II. ii. p. 144 (1842) [Chittagoug] ; Bhith, Cat. Mm. As.
Soc. p. 239 (IS49); Craicf. Tr. Ethn. Sue. n. s.' ii. p. 451 (1803)
[Malay Pen., Sumatra, Java] ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. "jOB (1803) ;
Sclat. List ofPhus. p. 11 (1803); Blijth, Ibis, 1807, p. 152; Grm/,
List Gallime Brit. Miis. p. 22 (1807); id. Ilnnd-l. B. ii. p. 250
(1870); Stcinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 359 [Cochin China]; id. P. Z. S.
l."<71, p. 398 [S.W.China]: E/lu,t, Mon. P/uis. i. pi. 5 (1872);
Iliimc, Sfr. F. ii. p. 481 (1874) [Tenas.«erim], iii. p. 105 (1875)
[I'^per Pegu] : Blt/th ^- Walden, Cat. Mamm. Sf B. Burma, p. 147
(18/5) [Chittagoug, Arrnkau, Tenasseriui, Siani] ; Daiid^- Oustal.
Ois. Chine, p. 402 (1877); Hume Sr Damson, Str. F. vi. pp. 425,
520 (1878) [Tenasserim], vii. p. 4ij5 (1878) : Anders. B. W. Yun-
wrt«, p. 008 (1878) [Upper Burniah] ; Ilutnc ^- Marsh. Gatne B.
hid. i. p. 94, pi. (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. ]). (i8 (lf<79) [Malay
Pen.] ; Bingham, Str. F. \\. p. 195 (1880) [Tlioungveen and At-
teran Valleys] ; Fasson, Str. F. ix. p. 2t)2"(1880) fChittagong] ;
Kelham, Ibis, 1881, p. 529 [Kedah and Peraki: Oatrs, Str. F. x.
p. 235 (1882) [Pegu] ; id. B. Burmah, ii. p. 3l5 (1883).

Le Spicifere, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. .3(H3 (1771).

Japan Peacock, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 072 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.
viii. p. 110 (1823).

Pavo japonensis, Bonnat. Tabl. Enctjcl. Mfth. i. p. 179 (1791).

Pavo spiciferu.s, Shaw ^- Nwld. Nat. Misc. xvi. ])1. (>41 : Vieill. Gal.
des Ois. ii. p. 14, pi. 202 (1825) : Le^s. Traite d'Orn. p. 486
(1831) ; Gni;/, List „f B. pt. iii.. Gall. p. 22 (1844).

Pavo javanicus, Homf. Tr. Linn. S<jc. xiii. p. 18.5 (1822) [Java].

2 n 2

372

PUASIANID^.

Pavo cristatus, Raffi. (nee Linn.) Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 319 (1822)
[Malay Pen., Java, ? Sumatra] ; ScJdnz, Nat. Abbild. Vog. p. 23[),
pi. 92 (1833).

Javan Peacock, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 116 (1823).

Javanese Peacock's head, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 53. fig. 2 (1830-
32).

Pavo alclrovandi, Wilson, III. Zool. pis. xiv., xv. (1831).

Pavo spicifer, Schinz, Nat. Vog. p. 150, pi. 73 (1853).

Adult male. Differs chieflj' from P. cristatus in having the feathers
of the crest more elongate, normally developed, and equally webbed
on each side of the shaft ; the whole ot the feathers of the neck,
upper mantle, and chest dull gold, narrowly margined with black
and with a large central patch of deep blue shading into golden
green on the sides ; the wing-coverts and scapulars black, glossed
with purplish blue and margined with green ; the feathers of the
lower back, rump, and shorter upper tail-coverts more glossed with
purple, the longer upper tail-coverts with brilliant gold and green ;
the thighs black glossed with green. Naked skin round the eye
bluish green, on the cheek orange ; bill horn-grey ; legs and feet
dark brownish grey. Total length to end of tail 51 inches, to the
end of the upper tail-coverts 82-5, wing 19-1, tail 22-5, tarsus 6-G.

An immature male resembles the female, but the lower back is
mostly bronze-green shading into bronze on the rump, the upper
tail-coverts are golden green tipped with bronze, and do not extend
to within six or seven inches of the end of the tail.

In quite young specimens the green of the neck, mantle, and breast
is well developed, though slightly mottled here and there with buff;
the crest also is about three inches in length ; and the tail is
distinctly barred with buff.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the lower mantle,
back, rump, scapulars, and outer secondaries mostly blackish brown,
barred and indistinctly mottled with buff and only very slightly
glossed with green ; the upper tail-coverts extending nearly to the
end of the tail and of a golden-green hue irregularly barred with
buff. Total length 41 inches, wing 16-7, tail 16, tarsus 5-4.

Hah. Indo-Chinese countries, ranging north to Chittagong, east
through Siam to Cochin China, and south through the Malay Penin-
sula ; also Sumatra ? and Java.

a. Imm. sk.
b-d. S 111'- ad. et

S imm. sk.
€, f. c? imm. et

■ 2 ad. sk.
(/,h.(S2 ad. sk.

t. 5 ad. sk.
k-t7i. (5 imm. et

juv. sk.
n, 0. c? imm. sk.

et (5' head onlv.

Burmah (Houghton). Tweeddale Coll.

Salween District, Jan. (TF. Hume Coll.

Davison).

Pahpoon, Jan. ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.

Wimpong, nr. Thatone, Jan. Hume Coll.

Dec. ( W. Davison).

Siam. Purchased.

Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.].

Malacca [Cantor).

India Museum [P.].

p. (^ imm. ak.

Malacca.

q. <S jiiv. sk.
r, «. c^ 5 ad. st.
t. I'ull. St.
u, V. Skek'ton.«i.
«'. cJ sternum.

[Salawatti], July.
Malayan Archipelago.

Java.
Java.

43. PHASIDTTS. 373

Capt. Rtiu-khouse I'in-

will [P.].
Gould CVill.
I'lircliased.
Zool. .Soc. Coll.
Purchased.
Zool. Soc. Coll.

43. PHASIDUS.

Type.

Pliasidus, Qissin, P. Ac. rhilad. l8o(J, p. 322 P. niger.

Head and neck naked, with the exception of a band of feathers
from the base of the bill to the occiput, and a few small scattered
plumes on the neck.

Tail probably composed of 14 feathers, moderately long and
rounded. Upper tail-coverts about | the length of tail.

let primary considerably shorter than the 2nd, which is about
equal to the 10th, the 4th slightly the longest.

Tarsus somewhat longer than the middle toe and claw, provided
with a short blunt spur in the male.

liancje. W. Africa, from Cape Lopez to Loango.

1. Phasidus niger.

Phasidus niger, Cass. P. Ac. Pkilad. 1856, p. 322 [Cape Lopez];
Hart I. Oni. IV.-Afr. p. 268 (1857) ; Casn. Jouni. Ac. Philad. (2)
iv. p. 7, pi. 3 (1858) : Du Chuill. Expl. Equttt. Afr. p. 158 (1861 ) ;
id. Ihk, 1861, p. 303; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p." 126 ; Gray, List
Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 45 (18G7) [Ogowe K.]; id. Hand-l. R. ii.
p. 2()3 (1870) ; Elliot, Man. Pha.-^. ii. pi. 36 (1872) ; Iteich.J.f. O.
1877, p. 13 [Loango Coast] ; liochvbr. Ad. iSuc. Linn. Bord.
xxxviii. p. 356, pi. xxii. (1884).

Adult male. A band of black feathers from the base of the bill
to the occiput, rest of the head nalced ; chin and throat almost
naked, with a few small scattered black plumes ; nape and back of
the neck thiidy covered with feathers ; rest of the plumage blackish
brown, obscurely vormiculatcd with brown. Naked skin on the
head and neck Xaples-yellow, shading into orange-yellow on the
throat and lower parts of the neck : bill reddish brown ; legs
pinkish horn ; the tarsi are armed with a pair of short stout
spurs. Total length 16-6 inches, wing 8-8, tail 5-o *, tarsus 2"7.

Adult fimule. Similar in plumage to the male, but without spurs.

J/ab. Same as that of the genus.

a, b. S ad. sk. Ogowe R., West Africa. M. Du Cbaillu [C.l.

* Middle pairs of feathers wanting in botli specimens. Cassin gives the
length as 60.

374 ntAsiAxiD.^.

■44. AGELASTES.

Type.
Agelastes (Temm.), Bviiap. P. Z. S. 1849, p. 14^3 . . A. meleagrides.
Agelastus, Hurtl. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 356 A. meleagrides.

Skin of the head and greater part of the neck naked or with only
a few niiimte scattered plumes.

Tail composed of 14 feathers, rather long, rounded, the outer
feathers not very much shorter than the middle pair. Upper tail-
coverts I of the length of the middle pair of tail-feathers.

1st primary m'jch shorter than the 2ud, which equals the 10th ;
5th to 7th longest.

Tarsus considerahly longer than the middle toe and claw, and
armed in the male with a short stout spur.

Mange. West Africa from Liheria to Gaboon.

1. Agelastes meleagrides.

Agelastes meleagrides (Temm.), Bonap. P. Z. S. 1849, p. 145; Sc/il.

Handl. Dierk. 1857, Toy. tig. 57 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 11^6

[(.4aboon] ; Gray, List GallincB Brit. Mtis. p. 45 (]8<7); id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 263 (1870J ; Hchl. Dierentuin, 1872, p. 220, fig. ;

Elliot, Mon. Phdi. ii. pi. 37 (1872) ; Biittikofer,N. Leyd. Mm. vii.

p. 230 (1885), & X. p. 98 (1888) [Liberia].
Agelastus meleagrides, Haril. J.f. O. 1855, p. 356 [Babocrom];

Schl. Handl. tot der Dierk. i. p. 382 (1857) : Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 200 (1857).

Adult male. Feathers on the lower parts of the neck, upper
mantle, and chest white ; rest of the plumage black, iinely vcrmicu-
lated with white, except the primaries, which have the outer web
edged with whitish grey. A pair of short stout spurs. Naked
skin of the head red, darker on the occiput and hind neck ; skin of
the lower neck milky white. Bill greenish brown, feet olive-grey.
Total length 19 inches, wing 8-7, tail 6, tarsus 2'9.

Adult female. Differs only from the male in having no spurs.
Total length 18 inches, wing 8'4, tail 6, tarsus 2-9.

An immature specimen has the head and neck more or less
covered with downy blackish-brown feathers ; the mantle and chest
blackish brown, the rest of the plumage the same, tipped and barred
■with rusty brown, and the middle of the belly white.

Hab. Same as that of the genus.

«. h. 2 ad. et imm. Denkera, Asliantee (Ussher). Sharpe & Shelley

sk. CoUs.

c. (5 ad. sk. Elmina, Fantee. Purchased.

45. NUMIDA.

Type.

Numida, Livn. S. N. i. p. 273 (1766) N. meleagris.

Numidia, F/em. Philus. Zvol. ii. p. 230 (1822) N. meleagris.

Querelea, Beichenb. Aat. Si/st. J'dff. p. xxvii (1852) . . N. mitrata.

Head and neck naked ; top of the head with a bony helmet, more

4;j. M-.MiiiA. 375

or less elevated ; a pair of wattles, one on each side behind the angles
of tlie gape.

1st primary shorter than the 2nd, which is equal to or rather
longer than the loth : .5th slightly the longest.

Tarsus not armed with spurs, rather longer than the middle toe
and claw.

Tail composed of IG feathers, fairly long and somewhat rounded,
the middle pair of feathers being about 4 an inch longer than the
outer pair. Tail-coverts reach to within half an inch of the
extremity of the tail.

(jeneral plumage black, spotted with white, the outer webs of the
first four or five secondaries arc not margined with pure white.

Raivje. Africa and Madagascar.

Key to the Species.
(Sexes similar in plumage.)

A . A wide collar of vinous grey covering the

upper part of the mantle and chest melea(/ris, p. 375.

B. No vinous grey collar.

a. No horny bristles at the base of the bill.
a'. Bony helmet long, elevated, and com-
pressed (height 1 *-l'5 inch, length
•9 1), tarsus 3'1, middle toe (with

claw) 2(J-j coronata, p. 376.

b' . Bony helmet less elevated and stouter

(height '7 inch, length 1'2), tarsus 3'5,

middle toe (with claw) 3-15 marungensis, p. 377.

c' . Bony helmet elevated, cylindrical, and

slightly curved backwards (height 2'1

inches, length '.So), tarsus '2'1, middle

toe (with claw) 2-4 cornuta, p. 378.

d'. Bony helmet short, stout, and conical

(height -8 inch, length '9), tarsus 32,

middle toe (with claw) 2-6 mitrata, p. 378.

b. A bunch of homy bristles at the base of

the culmen ^>^i7o/7iy«c/irt, p. 379.

1. Ntunida meleagris %•

Numida meleagris, Linn. S. N. i. p. 273 (1766) ; Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii.
p. 744(1788); Lat/i. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 621 (1790); Bonnat. Tabl.
Ennicl. Meth. i. p. 191 , pi. 85. fig. 1 ( 1791) ; Temm. Pig. et Gall. ii.
p. 431(1S13), iii. p. 680(1815); Steph. in Shatr'.-i Gen. Zool. xi.
p. 258 (1819); Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 497, pi. 81. fig. 2 (1831);
Jiird. Nut. Lib., Orn. iii. p. 229, pi. 29 (1836) ; Grm/, Li^t B. pt. iii.
Gall. p. 29 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 501, pi. 128. fig. 2 (1845) ;

* The height is measured from the middle of the base to the apex.

+ The length is measured at the base of the helmet.

J Cabanis, J. f. O. 187ii, p. 2Ut. describes a supposed new species from Zanri-
b;ir under the name of yii'itida oriciitali.% but it appears to be only a domestic
variety of yxinUla meleagris with abnormally developed wattles (1 iuch wide
and I au inch long) at the angle of the gape.

376 rUASIANlD^.

Dejimj, r. Z. S. 1847, p. 39 [Jamaica, Cuba, introduced] ; Gosse, B.
Jam. p. 325 (1847) [Jamaica] ; Allen S)- Thomps. Exp. Niq. ii. p. 60
(1848); Hartl. Om. W.-Afr. p. 199 (1857) [Gambia, Ashantee,
Gaboon, Cape Terd, Annobon, and St. Thomas Is.]; Salle, P. Z. S.
1857, p. 236 [St. Domingo]; Sclaf. P. Z. 6'. 1863, p. 125; Gray,
List Galliwe Brit. Mug. p. 43 (1867): Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 104
[St. Helena, introduced]; Elliot, Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 39 (1872);
Ussher,Ihis, 1874, p. 71 [Gold Coast] ; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 490.

Numida galeata. Pall. Spic. Zool. i. fasc. iv. p. 13 (1767).

La Peintade, UAubent. PL Enl. ii. pi. 10 [uo. 108].

Guinea I'intado, Lath. Gen. Syn.\\. pt. ii. p. 685 (1783); id. Gen.
Hist. viii. p. 144 (1823).

Numida rendallii, Ogilhy, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 103; Eraser, Zool. Typ.
pi. 62 (1841-2).

Numida maculipennis, Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 226 (1837)
[Senegal].

Numida marchei, Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) xiii. Art. 1 bis (1882)
[Gaboon] ; id. N. Arch. Mm. (2) Tiii. p. 305, pi. xiv. (1885).

Adult. Differs from N. coronata and from all the allied species in
having a -wide collar of vinous grey coTcring the upper part of the
mantle and chest; the black feathers on the nape are continued in
a thin line almost to the base of the helmet ; the white spots on the
mantle are smaller and less uniformlj- round : the helmet is very
similar in shape to that of N. mifrata or N. ptllorliyncha, but the
■wattles at the angle of the gape are very much wider. Bare skin on
the sides of the face and neck, chin, and wattles red, rest of neck
bluish ; helmet horn-colour : legs and feet reddish dusky. Total
length 25 inches, wing 10'5, tail 6, tarsus 2'8, middle toe (with
claw) 2-2.

In immature specimens many of the white spots of the adult are
represented by bars and markings of white, especially on the wings
and tail, middle of back, and breast.

Hah. West Africa, Senegambia, southwards through Ashantee to
Gaboon ; Cape de Verd Is., Annobon, St. Thomas.

a. Ad. sk. Africa. India Museum [P.].

h, c. Ad. sk. West Africa. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. R. Gambia. Governor Rendall. (Type

of N. rendalli, Ogilby.)

e,f. Juv. sk. R. Gambia. Governor Rendall.

ff. Ad. sk. Bathurst {Sir A. Mo- Shelley Coll.

loney),

h. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Mr. Gosse [0.].

t, k. Skeletons.
I. Sternum.

Hybrid hetiueen Pavo cristatus a7ifZ Kumida mcleagris. See p. 371.

2. Numida coronata.

Numida meleagris, Steph. (nee Limi^ in Shale's Gen. Zool. xi. pi. 17
(1819).

Numida coronata, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 29 (1844); td.
List of Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 43 (1867) ; Gurner), Ihis, 1868,
pp. 2.o3, 463 [Natal]; Eiimh &f Hartl. 11 f/. Osf-Afr. p. 568
(1870); Elliot, Mon. Phas. ii. pi. 40 (1872);" Htvyl. 'Orn. A'.O.-

45. xcMiiJ.v. 377

Afr. iii. p. 876(1873); Ayres, Ibix, 1877, p. 340 [Transvaal];
Cfif). J. f. O. 187H, p. 244 [Teita, Ukanibaiii]; Fisch. i^- Iteuh. J.
f. O. 1878, p.2.-)(); Fisch. J. f. (). 187.-^, p. 2'.»4 [Takungu]; Ai/res,
Ihis, ISI^O, ]). -im ■ Butl., F('U(l.,i,-Rei(l, Zoul. (.3)vi. p. .V,)-i (l"882)
[Natal] ; SlieUey, Ibis, 1882, p. :5(J0 [Mashonii] ; Hohm, J.f. O. 1882,
p. 197 [Kakoma] ; Siholoic, J. f. O. 18S8, p. 341 ; Fischer, Zeit.
(/es. Orn. i. p. 380 (1884) ; Sharpe's ed. Laiiard's B. .S". Afr. p. o81
(1884) [part.] ; Bi>hm, J. f. O. 1885, pi>. 40, 53, G4, 07 [Gonda];
Filch. J. f. O. 1885, p. 110 [Pangani, Ngaruku, Ngurunian, Nai-
wasclia]; lieich. J. f. O. 1887, p. 51 [Kibaia], 1889, p. 270
[Unguru] ; llartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. xii. p. 39 (1891) [Ussongo,
E. Unguro].

Nuniida mitrata, Schit. (nee Fall.) P. Z. S. 1862, p. 12 ; Layard, B.
S. Afr. p. 260 (1S07) [part.] ; Sperl. Ibis, 18(18, p. 291 [Zanzibar].

? Numida cornuta, Buckl. Ibis, 1874, p. 380 [.Matabele].

Adult. Bony helmet long, elevated, and compressed, and usuallj'
curved backwards ; the base extends from the forehead to the
occiput, and the height varies from 1 inch to I'o. The general
colour of the plumage is black, thickly spotted all over with white ;
the spots on the upper parts smaller than those on the under,
and divided from one another by a network of dotted white lines ;
the feathers round the base of the neck are more or less barred
with narrow black and white bands ; a band of elongate black
feathers on the nape ; over the naked head and neck a few hairs
are scattered, most numerous below the eye ; each of the white
spots along the margin of the outer web of the secondaries takes the
form of a short oblique band. Upper parts of the head and wattles
at the angles of the gape red ; neck bluish purple : bill yellowish
horn-colour, darker at the base ; legs and feet dark horn-brown.
Total length 20-5 inches, wing 11, tail G-4, tarsus 3"1, middle toe
(with claw) 2-05.

Ihih. Eastern S. Africa and East Africa.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. General Hardwicke [P.].

(Tvpe of species.)

b, c. Ad. sk. South Africa, Dec. Earl of Derby [P.].

d. cf ad. sk. Khinoster IJiver, Orange J. II. Gui-uey, Esq. [P.].

Free State, May (T.
Ai/re^).

e. Ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvajxl. F. A. Barrett, Esq. [P.].

3. Numida marxmgensis.

Numida mitrata, Bocaqe (nee Pa/l.), J. Ac. Lisb. no. viii. p. 340
(1870) Tpart. Cacouda] ; id. J.f. O. 1870, p. 307.

Nuniida cornuta, Bocar/e (nee Finsch Sf Hartl.),J. Ac. Lisb. no. xxiv.
p. 278 (1878) [Caconda].

Nuniida coronata, Bncaye (nee Gray), Orn. Anyola, p. .307 (1881)
[part.] ; Sharyje's ed. Layard'g B. S. Afr. p. 581 (1884) [part., I3en-
guela]; Schnlou;J. f. O. 1886, p. 412 TQua Mparal; ? Mat'^chie,
X f. O. 1887, p. 139 [Boga-Katani," Karema], 1887, p. 147
[Marungii].

Numida coronata marungensis, Schahic, Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 105
(1884) [Maningu\

Numida coronata, var., Schalow, J.f. 0. 1886, p. 430, 1887, p. 228.

378 rnAsiANiDj^.

Adult. Differs from the male of N. coronata in being much
larger, in having the helmet less elevated and stouter ; and the fine
black and white bars on the base of the neck continued on to the
chest. Naked skin of the face and throat ashy tinted with red ;
helmet, sides of the face, and front of the crown flesh-colour:
bill horny green ; tarsus dark purple. Total length 27 inches, wing
12-5, tail 7-4, tarsus 3"5, middle toe (with claw) 3-15.

Hah. West Africa, ranging from Benguela to Marungu, west of
Lake Tanganyika.

a. S ad. sk. Caconda, Benguela, May {An- Shelley Coll.

chieta).
h. (S ad. sk. Caconda, Nov. (Anckieta). Lisbon Museum [P.].

4. Numida cornuta.

Numida mitrata, Gray (nee Pall.), List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 29

(1844) ; id. Gm. B. iii. p. 501 (1845) ; id. List Gallina Brit.

Mus. p. 43 (1867) ; Laijard, B. S. Afr. p. 266 (1867j [part.] ;

Bocage, J. Ac. Lisb. no. iv. p. 326 (1867) [Rio Conco], no. viii.

p. 349 (1870) [part., HuillaJ ; id. J.f. O. 1876, p. 307.
Numida cornuta, Finsch S; Ilartl. Vor/. Ost-Afr. p. 5G9 (1870);

Gurney's ed. Andcrss. B. Damaral. p. 238 (1872) [Damara and

Gt. Namaqua Land]: Bocage, J. Ac. Lisb. no. xvii. p. 41 (1874)

[Cunene K.] ; id. J. f. O. 1876, p. 306.
Numida coronata, Bocage [nee Gray), J. Ac. Lisb. no. xii. p. 275

(1871), no. xiv. p. 199 (1873) [Cunene R.] ; Sharpens ed. Layard's

B. S. Afr. p. 581 (1884) [part., Mossamedes].

Adult. Easily distinguished from N. coronata by the shape of the
bony helmet, which is less than half the breadth and nearly cylin-
drical ; only a few feathers below the naked neck show traces of
bars, and the white spots are continuous over the whole plumage ;
but this character is not of much importance, for in the type
specimen of N. coronata the bars at the base of the neck are broken
iuto irregular spots. Naked skin of face clear blue ; helmet vermi-
lion ; naked part of the neck purplish blue, wattles the same, scarlet
at the extremity. Total length 21-.5 iuches, wing lU-4, tail 5 8,
tarsus 2-7, middle toe (with claw) 2-4.

Hah. Western S. Africa, Great Namaqua-Land, Damara-Land, and
Mossamedes.

a. Ad. St. Damara-Land. Capt. Alexander [P.].

h. Ad. sk. Rio Coroca, Mossamedes {An- Shelley Coll.

chieta).

c. $ ad. sk. Huilla, Mossamedes (Anckieta). Lisbon Mus. [P.].

5. Numida mitrata.

Numida mitrata, Pall. Spic. Zool. i. fasc. iv. p. 18, pi. 3 (1767) [Mada-
gascar] ; Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 745 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.
p. 622 (1790) ; Bo?it2at. Tall. Ena/cl. Meth. i. p. 192, pi. 85. fig. 2
(1791) ; Tetmn. Pig. et Gall. ii. p. 444 (1813), iii. p. 682 a815) ;
Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool xi. p. 261 (1819) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 125, 1864, p. 114 [Uzaramo] ; id. Ibis, 1864, p. 300 [Comoro Is.];

4u. NIMIUA. 379

Kirk, Ihis, 18(J4,p. .'5.'50 [Ziimbesi]: Gray, List GuUiim- firit. Mus.
j).4:i (]NG7) ; Fimch Sf Hartl. Fix/. Ost-Afr. p. 570 (1870) ; Elliot,
Moti. Fhas. ii. pi. 41 (1872) ; Hartl. Vm/. Mndaq. p. 275 (1877) :
Fischer, Zeit. ges. Orn. i. p. 380 (1884); id. J. f. O. 1885, p. 119
f Dar-es-Salaam.Rafjamovo, Maiirui,Mkaramo, Paril; Meyer, Voy.-
.Skel. pt. X. pi. m (188G)'; Reich. J. f. O. 1887, p. 51 [Uzeguha] ;
>iibree, Ihis, 1891, p. 500.

Mitred Pintado, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 688(1783); id. Gen.
Hist. viii. p. 148 (1823).

Querelea luitrata, L'oiiap. C. E. xYii. p. 870 (1850).

Querelea tiarata, liounp. C. 11. xlii. p. 876 (1856).

Numida tiarata, Hartl. Orn. Mada(/a.9. p. 08 (1801) : Sclat. F. Z. S.
\m:',. p. 125 ; Forh >5- ^\'wt. Jim, 1803, p. 108 ; Neu-t. Ibis, 1803,
]). 454 L-Madajrascar], 1805, p. 1.53 [Is. of Rodriguez] ; id. F. Z. S.
1865, p. 830; iichl. F. Z. S. 1860, p. 425 [Nossi-b6, Mayotte,
introduced] ; Grandid. Fer. et Mag. Zool. 1807, p. 418; Follen et
Tan Dam, Fecherrh. Madar/. p. 118 (1808) [Bouzv] ; Sharpe,
F. Z. S. 1870, p. 399; Newt.' F. Z. S. 1877, p. 301 [Anjuan, Mau-
ritius] ; Shellett, F. Z. S. 1879, p. 078 [Grand Comoro].

Nuniida tiara, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 44 (1807).

Nuniida mitrata, var. tiarata, Grandid. Hist. Mudag., Ois. ii. p. 500
(1885).

Adult. Very similar in plumage and appearance to N. coronata,
but may be at once recoonized by the shape of the helmet,
which is much smaller and nearly conical in shape, the base
measuring 1 inch in length and the height U-7. The feathers of
the lower part of tlie neck and upper chest are finely barred with
black and white. Top of the head scarlet, helmet jialcr ; rest of the
naked skin on the sides of the face and neck Idue; wattles blue,
tijiped with red : legs and feet brownish horn ; bill yellowish horn,
reddish towards the base. Total length 20 inches, wing lO-o,
tail 0-2, tarsus 3-2, middle toe (with claw) 2-6.

Hal). East Afi-ica, Comoro Is., Madagascar, Kodriguez, and other
islands, into which it has probably been introduced.

a. cJ ad. sk. Mombasa, August. G. C. Mackenzie, Esq.

[P.].

b. Ad. sk. Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Grand Comoro (Kirk). Shelley Coll.

d. Ad. sk. ^Madagascar. Purchased.

e. Ad. sk. Madagascar (Borshcr). Sliellev Coll.

f-h. Pull.sk. Madaga.^car, March. \V. Deans Cowan [C.].

i. $ ad. sk. Ikodriguez (2^.i/. 67«^«-). Transit of Venus Exp.

k. Sternum. liodriguez. Transit of Venus Exp.

6. Numida ptilorhyncha.

Numida ])tvIor]i\nciia, Licht., Less. Traite d'Oni. p. 498(1831); id.
Co>nj)l. d'e Biif. ii. y. 2WJ (18:)7).

Numida ptiloriivnclia, Fiijip. N. Wirbel. p. 184 (18.35-40) ; Graii,
List of B. pt. "iii. Gidl. ]). .-JO (1844) ; id. lu-n. B. iii. p. 501. ])1. 128
(l.'>45): Licht. Fiij>/>. -Sysf. Ucbers. pp. 102, 105, pi. 30 (1845)
[.\byssinin, Sennaar, KordofauJ ; Licht. Cat. .)/?«. Berl. p. 86
(1854) ; Heugl. i>yst. Ceber-s: p. 50 (1855) [Abyssinia up to 8000

380

PHASIANID^.

feet] ; Brehm, J. f. O. 1855, pp. 481, 486, 493, 1857, pp. 84, 91,
382 ; Heugl. SB. Ah. Wien, xix. p. 302 (1856) ; id. Ibis, 18o9,
p. 343 [coast of Abyssinia] ; Blyth, J. A. S. Benq. xxix. p. 386
(1860); Heugl. J.f. 6. 1862, p. 409, 1864, p. 272; 'Hartm. J.f. O.
1863, p. 319 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 18(i3, p. 125 ; Aiitin. J. f. O. I860,
p. 09 ; Blanf. Zool. Abyss, p. 421 (1870) ; Finsch ^ Hartl. Voy.
Ost-Afr. p. 570 (1870j ; Fi^isch, Trans. Z. S. vii. p. 291 (1872) ;
Elliot, Man. Phas. ii. pi. 42 (1872) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. iii.
p. 872 (1873) : Antin. ^ Salvad. Vat. Ucc. p. 137 (1873) ; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xxi. p. 212 (1884) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888,
p. 48 [Tingasi].

Numida meleagris, Lefeb. Abyss., Ois. p. 142 (1845-50).

Numida ptilorhynchus. Gray, List Gallince Brit. Miis. p. 43 (1867).

Adult. Eesembles the male of N. mitrata, but differs from this
as well as from all the allied species in haviug a bunch of horny
bristles at the base of the culmen : these bristles vary greatly in
length and number ; in some fully adult specimens they are largely
developed, while in others they are very short and few in number.
The upper half of the neck is thinly covered with black feathers ;
the margins of the outer webs of the secondaries are finely vermicu-
lated with black and white ; the white spots on the greater secondary
coverts are more or less confluent and form oblique white bands.
In some specimens the inner webs of the primaries have two or
three rows of white spots, in others they are uniform dark brown or
with only a few spots near the extremity. The absence or presence
of white spots is apparently purely individual, and has nothing to
do with age or sex. Bare skin of neck, face, and wattles blue ;
helmet and bristles pale horny : legs reddish dusky. Total length
19 inches, wing 11, tail 6-4, tarsus 3-2, middle toe (with claw) 2-7.

Hah. Equatorial and North-east Africa, Tingasi, Shoa, Abyssinia,
Bogos-Laud, Suakiin, Sennaar, and Kordofan.

a. Head only.

h-d. Ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.

/. $ ad. sk.

g. S ad. sk.

h. (S ad. sk.

i, h. (S 2 ad. sk.

/, m. 2 ad. sk.

n, 0. Skeletons.

46. GUTTERA.

Guttera, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1225 G. cristata.

A well-developed crest of black feathers extending from the base
of the bill to the occiput, rest of the head and neck naked. Wattles
at the angle of the gape very small or well developed.

Near Suakim.

Abyssinia.

Senafe, Abyssinia, May

( W. Jesse).
Kooiiiavli,Abyssinia, April

( W. Jesse).
Arafle, Abvssinia, June

(TI': Jesse).
Aiiseba Valley, Bogos-

Land. Aug.
Shoa, Feb., April (Sir

W. Harris).
Tingasi, Equatorial Africa,

Aug.

Capt. R. H. Pentoa

[P.].
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

W. T. Elanford, Esq.

[C.].
India Museum [P.].

Emin Pasha [P.].

Type.

40. fiUTTKRA. 381

1st primary considcnably shorter than the 2nd, which is abi)ut
oiiiial to tlie Itlth ; 'rih is ixsrhaps sli>,'htly the longer.

Tarsus not arnioJ with spurs, rather longer than middle toe and
claw.

Tail composed of IG feathers, modcratcl}- long and somewhat
j-ounded. Tail-coverts reach within half an inch of the end of the
tail-feathers.

General plumage black spotted with pale blue, the outer webs of
the first four or five secondaries margined with pure white.

Ran^e. Africa.

Keij to the Species,

(Sexca similar in ])lumage.)

A. A unifnrm black collar.

a. Black collar covering the upper part of the chest

only. Naked sldn on head and neck cobalt-blue,

except chin and throat which are red cristata, p. 381.

b. Black collar covering the whole chest and usually

more or less washed with chestnut. Naked skin
dark purple, black round the eye and yellowish

grey round the back of the neck * edouardi, p. 382.

V>. riuniage spcitted with pale blue right up to the
bare skin of the neck.

c. Crest full and curly. Naked skin on the top of

the head, roiuid the eye, and on the chin and
throat red, rest purplish blue. Wattles rudi-
mentary, red ^Mc/it';-rtH(',p.3<3.

d. Crest of thin erect or semi-erect feathers. Naked

skin dark (? purplish blue). Wattles well-
developed, dark blue plumifera, p. 384.

1. Gutter a cristata.

Numida cristata. Pall. Spic. Zool. i. fasc. iv. p. 15, pi. 2 (17G7) ; dm.

S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 746 (1788); Lath. Ind. Om. ii. p. ()22 (17!10) ;

lionnut. Tiihl. Emi/cl. Meth. i. p. 1!)2, pi. 85. fig. 3 ( 1791 ) ; Temm.

Pi(j. et Gall. ii. p."448 (1813), iii. p. (-.82 (1815) [part.];' Steph. in

IShmcs Ci'cn. Zoi'l. xi. p. 263 (181!)) ; Yarr. Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 370,

pi. 12 (1827) ; Jard. Xaf. Lib., Om. iii. p. 228, pi. 2S(lS36) ; JIarfl.

Om. ll'.-Afr.-p. 199(1857) [Sierra Leone, .-Vshantet', .\guapim] ;

Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 126; Fiiisch .^- JIarfl. V6y. Ost-Afr.

p. 572 (1870) [part.] ; Elliot, Man. Phas. ii. pi. 45 (1872) ; Us^sher,

Jbi.i, 1874, ]). 71 [Gold Coast]; Biittikofei; N. Leyd. Mus. vii.

p. 230 ( 1885), X. ].. 98 (1888) [Liberia].
Crested Pintado, Lath. Gc/i. Si/n. ii. pt. ii. p. 688, pi. 62 (1783) ; id.

Gen. Ili.it. viii. p. 148, pi. 122 (1823).
Guttera cristata, Jf 'a(/l. Isi.i, 1832, p. 1225.
Numida plumitVra, Sharpe {nee Cassin), Ibis, 1872, p. 73 [Accra].

Adult. General plumage black, spotted all over with small round
dots of bluish white, and most of the feathers are very narrowly

* See note on G. edouardi.

382 phasianidj:.

edged with the same colour. Top of the head covered with a full
long crest of curling black feathers ; a uniform black collar round
the base of the neck extending in front onto the upper part of the
chest ; primaries dark brown spotted with bluish white, or uniform
with only the outer web of the inner ones marked with irregular
oblique lines and dots of bluish white ; secondaries with the ground-
colour of the outer web black, of the inner dark brown, the first
four or five have the outer web margined with white and all are
ornamented with longitudinal bluish-white lines, those on the
inner webs formed by the confluence or semiconfluence of rows of
numerous dots. Rudimentary wattles at the angles of the gape and
naked skin on head and neck cobalt-blue, except chin and throat
which are red : bill horny yellow, blue at the base ; legs and feet
brownish lead-colour. Total length 20 inches, wing lU-2, tail 5-1,
tarsus 3, middle toe (with claw) 2*4.

Hah. W. Africa, Sierra Leone to the Gold Coast.

a. Ad. sk. Sierra Leone. Mis. W. P. Manger [P.].

b, e. Ad. sk. Denkera, Gold Coast (.//. Shelley Coll.

T. Ussher).
d. Skeleton. West Africa.

2. Guttera edouardi.

Nnmida cristata, Less, {nee Pall.) Traite (VOrn. p. 408 (1831) [C.'.pe
of Good Hope]; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 3.30 [Zambesi]; Fit^sch i^
Hartl. Tog. Ost-Afr. p. 572 (1870) [part.] ; ? Sharpe's ed. Layard's
B. S. Afr. p. 586 (1884) [Benguela].

Numida edouardi, Hartl. J. f. O. 1867, p. 36 [Natal]; id. Ibis, 1870,
p. 444 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 495.

Numida pucberani, Gray, List GallincB Brit. Mus. p. 44 (1867) [Zam-
besi] ; Sharpens ed. Layard's U.S. Afr. p. 586 ( 1884).

Numida verreauxi, Elliot, Ibis, 1870, p. -300 [Natal] ; Selat. P. Z. S.
1870, p. 383 [Natal] ; Layard, Ibis, 1871, pp. 105, 106 [Zululand] ;
Elliot, Mm. Phas. n. pi. 44 (1872); Gurney, Ihis, 1873, p. 255
[Natal]; Sharpens ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 585 (1884) [Natal];
Seehohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 350.

? Numida edwardi, Socage, J. Ac. Lisb. no. xii. p. 275 (1871)
[Benguela].

Numida sp., Sclat. P. Z. S. 1890, p. 86, pi. xii. [Zambesi].

Adult male and female. Differ from G. cristata only in having the
black collar surrounding the base of the neck extended over the
whole chest and usually more or less washed with chestnut *. Bill

* I am at present unable, from the evidence at band, to absolutely settle the
question which Mr. Sclater (P. Z. S. 1890, p. 86} has raised regarding the
coloration of the naied skin of the head and neck in this species. Mr. Elliot
describes live specimens (types of his iV. verreau.ri) obtained in Natal as follows : —
" Black about the eyes, sides and back of neck light bhie, and throat from
the base of the bill to the feathers of the breast bright red. The skin of the
neck full behind, forming a plait about midway, and falling in a kind of fold
over the feathers of the lower part." This description may have agreed with

4G. GUTTEIIA. 383

yellowish horn ; legs and feet. ashy. Total length 20 inches, wing
1()4, tail 5-1, tarsus 3"1, middle toe (with claw) 2-7.

J/ab. (South Africa, Natal, Zulu-Land to the Zambesi; ?Benguela.

a. Ad. St. South Africa.

b, c. Ad. .sk. South Africa. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. Natal, Dec. Zool. Soc. Coll.

(Type of N. rerreau.vi .)

<")./"• 6 $ ad. sk. Natal {T. Ayrrs). Sharpe Coll.

g. S id. sk. Natal ('/'. Ai/res). Gurney Coll.

h. 2 ad. sk. Zulu Land, June (Gonh/e). Shelley Coll.

I. Ad. sk. Zambesi. Sir John Kirk [P.].

k. Ad.sk. Victoria Falls, Zambesi. Sir Jolui Kirk [P.].

/, m. 5 ad. sk. Mozambique, May, July. Lord Liiford [P.].
n. Imperfect skeleton.

3. Guttera pucherani.

PNumida ffigvptiaca, Lalh. Iiid. Orn. ii. p. 622 (1790).

LaPeintadu d'Egypte, Bonnaf. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 193 (1791).

Egyptian Pintado, Lnth. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. ii. p. 272 (1802) ; id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 147 (1823).
Numida cristata, Shaw i^- Nodd. (nee Pall.) Nat. Misc. pi. 7o7 ;

Lai/ard, IIm^ 1861, p. 120, 1864, p. 133; id. B. S. Afr. p. 267

(1867) [Zanzibar^.
Numida pucherani,'.ffffr</. /. f. O. 18150, p. 341 [Zanzibar]; Sclat.

P.Z.S. 1863, p. 126, 1864, p. 114 [Ugogo]; Sperl. Ibis, 1868,

p. 291 ; Fi»sr/i .y Hai-tl. Vw/. Ost-Afr. p. 574 (1870) ; Elliot, Man.

J>/ias. ii. pi. 46 ( 1872): Fisck. Sflleich. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 2oUL\VitoJ ;

Fisch. J. f. O. 1878, pp. 293, 294, 1879, pp. 284, 300 i MaHndi] ;

id. ^- Reich. J.f. O. 1880, p. 140; Hhellei/, P. Z. S. 1881, p. o97

[Melinda, Pangani]; Fisch. Zeit. yes. Orn. i. p. 381 (1884); id.

J.f. O. 1885, p. 119 [Zanzibar, Tombatu Is., Bajramoyo, Pangani,

Ungii, Wapokomoland] ; Peich. J. f. O. 18^7, p. 51 [Uzeguba' ;

Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 295 [Kak.5, Taveita] ; id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 371

[Ivilimanjaro, Tana 11.].

one of Mr. Elliot's tj-pes now before me and with two specimens from Mozam-
bique, bui ii is iiiipossiblo to tell from dried skins, which look idl dark. On tlie
other hiuul, tlie spcciineu described and figured bv Mr. Sclator and obtained
near tlu" Victuria Falls, Zambesi, " seems to differ." he says, " in having a con-
Bpicuous fold of naked skin at the back of the neck of a pale yellowish-grey
culour, the naked skin on the throat not red but leaden grey, and a slightly
feathered chin." This description applies to the grc.it majority of our series of
G. edouardi from Natal, Zulu-hind, and Zambesi. It may be that the birds
described as having the throat bright red are old birds in the breeding-seaeon,
and that the birds with the yellowish-grey neck and leaden-grey throat are
younger examples ; but, even supposing Mr. Elliot's stateiueiU to be correct,
tliere can be no doubt that all the specimens before me belong to one and the
same species, G. edouardi. Mr. Ayres (Ibis, IS73, p. 25t>) says " the bare skin
of the sides of the head, chin, throat, and upper neck is black, but whitish <m
the occiput." This note is made from specimens which were being hawked
about the town of D'l'rbau, and, as no doubt the dark purple skin on the sidea
of the head, chin, throat, and upper neck turns black soon after death, tliis de-
scription agrees well enough v»itli Mr. Sclaler's figure and description of the
live bird in the Zoological Gardens.

384 phasianid-t:.

Nuinida granti *, Grant, WuUc acrcm Africa, p. 37 (1864) [Uofogo] ;

Elliot, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 584; id. Mori. Phas. ii. pi. 48 ! (1872) ;

Hartl. Ahh. nnt. Ver. Brem. xii. p. 39 (1S91) [Xguni].
Niuuida ellioti. BartlHt, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 652, pi. Ixv. [Mombasa] ;

Schit. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 539.
Guttera pucherana, Cab. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 244.

Adult male and female, DifFor from G. cristata and G. edouardiin
having the spotting continued right up to the base of the naked
neck. The naked skin round the eye and top of the head, the chin
and throat, and the rudimentary wattles at the angle of the gape
are red ; the back and sides of the neck blue, and the plait of skia
at the back of the neck is much larger and deeper than in the
above-mentioned species. Total length 20 inches, wing 10-8, tail 5,
tarsus 3-6, middle toe (with claw) '2~.

Hah. East Africa, from Zanzibar to the Tana E,., and westwards
into the interior.

a. Ad. sk. Kilimanjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Melinda {Kh-k). Shelley Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Masai-Land. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Pangani River (Kirk). SheDey CoU.

4. Guttera plumifera.

Numida plumifera. Cassin, P. Ac. Philnd. viii. p. 321 (1856) ; id.
Junrn. Ac. Philad. iv. p. 6, pi. 2 (1858) [Cape Lopez^; Du Chaill.
Expl. Equat. Afr. p. 155 (1861): id. Ibis, 1861, p. 303; Sdat.
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 120 ; Grai/, List Gallince Brit. Mm. p. 44 (1867) ;
Elliut, Mon. Pkas. ii. pi. 47 (1872).

Adult male and female. Closely resemble G. pucTierani, Imt the
crest is composed of thin straight feathers growing upwards ; the
bluish-white spots on the body are rather smaller, wider apart, and
whiter. The wattles at the angle of the gape are much more de-
veloped ('5 inch in length). The naked skin of the head and neck is
stated by Cassin to be "dark,"' probably bluish purple ; bill bluish
horn, lighter at the tip : legs dark blackish brown t. Total length
2o inches, wing 9-6, tail 4'5, tarsus 3, middle toe and claw 2'5.

Less mature specimens have the naked parts, especially on the
chin and throat, more or less thinly covered with black feathers.

Hah. W. Africa, from Cape Lopez to Loango.

a, b. Ad. sk. Cape Lopez. P. B. Du Chaillu [C.].

c. 2 ad. sk. Landana. M. L. Petit [C.].

* There can be little doubt that the bird met with by Grant was G. puchcrani;
this can be seen at once from the coloration of the naked skin of the head
and neck, which is correctly described. If the figure of y. gra/i/i given in
Elliot's ' Monograph ' had the spotting on the breast continued up to the
neck, the plate would do well enough for G. puchcrani, of which the coloration
of the naked skin is incorrectly represented on pi. 46.

t The one described by Cassin is evidently immature, for he says : — " throat
and upper part of neck covered with short velvet-like feathers in the male,
naked in the female."

47. ACijyi.r.rrM. 385

47. ACRYLLIUM.

Tvpe.

Acrylliuiu, Grnij, Lht Gen. B. p. (Jl ( 1S40) A. vulturiiuuii.

A^i'ylliuiu, (rraij, List (ialliare Brit. Mm. p. 4-'i (18(57) A. vultui-iiuiiu.

Head and upper part of neck naked; a horseshoe-shaped l)an(l of
feathers extending from the ear-coverts round tlie nape. Plumage
of neck, chest, and mantle developed into long pointed hackles.

Tail long, wedge-sha[)ed, composed of IH feathers ; middle pair
much elongated and pointed, one-third longer than the second pair
and much more than twice as long as the outer pair.

Tarsi in the male with four or five knobs on each.

1st primary shorter than 2nd, which about equals 9th ; 6th
slightly longest.

liamje. East Africa from the Paiigani R. to Somali-Land, and
westwards to Kilimanjaro. West Africa ?

1 . Acryllium vultarinum.

Numida vultiuiiia, JIardir. P. Z. S. 1S;U, p. .'y) [W.Africa] ; Gould,
Icon. Ai'. pi. 8 (I8;i7) ; Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. .501 (184.5); Hartl.
Si/st. Orn. Wi-Ht-Afr. p. 200 (18-57); id. J. f. O. 1801, p. 2()(5 ;
Layard, Ibis, 18(31, p. 120 [X.W. .Madagascar, domestic] ; Sclat.
P. Z. 8. 18(i;5, p. 12<;; Poll. Ned. Tijdschr. p. 39 (18G3) ; Lmjard,
Ibis, 18(34, p. 133 [East coast north of Zanzibar I ; Grai/, List Gal-
ling Brit. Mus. p. 44 (18(37) ; Kirk, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 953 [Lamu] ;
Schl. Si- Poll Rccherch. Maditij. p. 119 (1867); Schd. Ibis, 1808,
p. 501 ; id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 280 [Barava, Somali] ; Fin.^ch ^
Hartl. rii/. Osf-Afr. p. .575 (1870); Kirk. P.Z. S. 1872, p. 789;
Elliot, Mm. P/ttis.'ii. pi. 38 (1872); Fi.sc/ier ^- Reichenow, J. f. O.
1880, p. 140 [Harava]; Sclat. List Vert. An. p. 29(5, fig. 53 (1883) ;
Shelley, Ibis, 1885, p. 414 [Somali-land] ; id. P. Z. -S'.4889, p. .371
[Useri River, Tana, Duruuaj; Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 119
[Barava, Massa, Pangani R.].

Acryllium vidturiuum. Gray, List Gen. B. p. 61 (1840); Hartl.
J. f. O. 1S54, p. 209; Cab. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 244 ; Fischer, J. f. O.
1878, p. 2'.t4, 1879, p. ,300 [R.'Tana]; id. Zcit. yes. Orn. i. p. 381
(1884) [Chaga Dist.J.

Adult male. Head and upper half of the neck naked, with the
exception of a horscshoe-shapcd band of velvety reddish-brown
feathers extending Irom the ear-coverts round the back of the nape ;
lower neck, mantle, and chest covered with long poiutetl hackles,
black with wide white shaft-stripes, and margined with i)ale cobalt
except the shorter ones at the back of the neck, the longer hackles
are also more or less minutely dotted witii white and gradually
merge into the long pointed feathers of the upper back, which are
black with narrower white shaft-stripes and minutely marked all
over with wavy dotted lines of white ; lower back, rumj), wing,
tail-coverts, and thighs black, minutely dotted all over with white,
and covered with small, rounded, black-edged s])ots ; sides aud flanks
similar, but washed with purple ; tlie secondary-coverts have also

VOL. .vxn. 2 c

386 PnASIANTD.E.

oblique lines of white on the outer web ; primaries blackish brown,
spotted with white towards the tip and the inner ones mottled with
the same colour along the margin of the outer web ; inner second-
aries brownish black, outer black, all more or less spotted with
white at the extremity, and, except the first two, with oblique white
bars on the outer web and oblique rows of white spots on the inner,
the first four are also margined with reddish brown, and the third
and fourth have a submarginal band of purplish blue, while the
fifth is narrowly margined with the same colour. Ereast and belly
cobalt-blue, black down the middle. Long pointed middle pair of
tail-feathers black, minutely dotted all over and spotted with white
towards the base ; outer ones black, largely spotted all over with
white. Naked parts of the head and neck cobalt-blue. Total
length 30 inches, wing 12'2, tail 11"3, tarsus 4-1, middle toe (with
claw) 3.

Adult female. Differs from the male only in having no spurs on
the tarsi and being a little smaller. Total length 27 inches,
wing 12, tail TO, tarsus 3-8, middle toe and claw 2-9.

In immature specimens the hackles on the neck and chest are
interspersed with short feathers transversely barred with black and
white, some of the wing-coverts are also barred with white, and the
back of the neck is thinly covered with feathers.

A very young female has the head still covered with rufous down,
longitudinally barred with black ; the plumage of the upper parts
alternately barred with black, buff, and rufous, and tipped with
buff; the chin and throat white, and the undeq^arts black, barred
and fringed with pale buff.

Hah. Same as that of the genus.

a,h. c? 5 ad. sk. Useri River, Kilimanjaro, H. C. V. Hunter, Esq.
July. [P.].

c. Ad. St. Zanzibar Coast. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. West Africa {Gqjt. Pi-obyn). Hardwicke Coll. (Type

of species.)

e. $ pull. sk. Bred in confinement. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.].

48. MELEAGRIS.

Type.

Meleagris, Linn. S. N. i. p. 208 (1766) M. gallopavo.

Orallopavo, Briinnich, Zml. Fundamenta, p. 86 (1772). M. gallopavo.

Cenchramus, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 78 (1841) M. gallopavo.

Gallopavus, Des Murs (1854),_^c?e Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 262 (1870) M. gallopavo.

Skin of the head and neck naked and carunculated, with only a
few hair-like feathers ; an erectile process situated on the fore-
head.

Tail composed of 1 8 feathers, broad, rounded, the outer feathers
not much shorter than the middle ones. Upper tail-coverts are
two-thirds of the length of the middle pair of tail-feathers.

1st primary about equal to the 10th, 5th slightly the longest.

48. MKLEAGltlS. 387

Tarsus more than halt" as lonj^ again as tlio mifldlc toe and claw,
and armod in tho males with a largo stout spur.

Jiaiuie. U.S. of N. America; Central America; 31cxico, Guate-
mala, Yucatan, and British Honduras.

Key to the Species.

A. None of the tail-feathers with subterminal me-

tallic ocelli, though some of the outer fe ithers
usually show traces of a metallic band. (Males
with a pair of strong spui's on the tarsi, females
without.)

a. Upper tail-coverts margined with white gnllopnpo, p. .'587.

b. Upper tail-coverts mirgined with rufous buff . ellioti, p. 3cS8.

c. Ujjper tail-coverts margined with dark chestnut

or chestnut-maroon.
a'. White bars on the primaries as wide or

nearly as wide as the dark iuter.spaces .... americana, p. 389.
b' . White bars on the primaries much narrower

than the dark interspaces osceola, p. 390.

B. All the tail-feathers with a subterminal greenish-

bliie oeellus shot witli purple. (Males with a
pair of very strong spurs on the tarsi, females
with small blunt knobs.) ocellata, p. 391.

1. Meleagris gallopavo.

Crested Turkey, Albiii, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 30, pi. 33 (1738) [domestic
var.].

The Turkey Cock, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 33, pi. 35 (1740).

Meleagris gallop ivo, ij«rt. S.N. i. p. 208 (1706); Gmel. S. N.'x.
pt. ii. p. 732 (1788) ; Lath. Ltd. Orn. ii. p. 018 (1790) ; Steph. in
Shine's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 150, pi. 8 (1819); Gray, List Gallinee
Brit. Mus. p. 42 (1867) ; id. Hand-/. B. ii. p. 202 (1870) ; Melliss,
Ibis, 1870, p. 104 [St. Helena] ; Beudire, Am. Nat. vii. p. 320
(1873) ; Coues, B. N.-Tf'est,^^. 392, footnote (1874) [New Mexico,
Arizona] ; Hensh. Auk, iii. p. 80 (1880) [New Mexico].

The Turkey, Pennant, Phil. Trans. Ixxi. p. G7, pi. iii. (1781) [part.,
Mexico].

Mek'iigris mexicana, Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 61 ; id. Am. J. Set.
xxii. p. 139 (]8o6) ; id. Bdiab. N. Phil. J n. s. iv. p. :'.71 (1850) ;
id. Ann. May. N. H. {2} xix. p. 107 (1857); Bryant, P. Bost.
Soc. N. H. vi. p. 158 (1857) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 018 (18(X))
[part.] : Svlnt. P. Z.S. 1803, p. 125; Coues, P. Ac. Philad. ]8G(),
p. 93 [S. liockvMts.]; Elliot, B. N. Amer. ii. pi. 38 (1809);
Coop. Calif. Orn. i. p. 523 (1870); AUen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii.
p. 343 (1871); Llliot, Man. Phas. i. pi. 32 (1872); v. Pelz. Ibis,
1873, p. 35.

MeUngris gallopavo, var. mexicanus, Baird, Brew., ^ Eidgio. N.
Atncr. B. iii. p. 410 (1874) [part.].

iSfeleagris gallipavo, Coue.'^, Key N. A. B. p. 57G (1884).

Meleagris gallopavo mexicana, Scott, Auk, iii. p. 389 (1886) [Ari-
zona]; A. O. U. Check-li-4, p. 177 (188()) ; liidyn: Man. N.Amer.
B. p. 207 (1887) [part.]; Bendire, N. Amer. B. p. 110, pi. iii.
tig. 15 (1892) [part.].

Adult male. With a long bunch of coarse blatk hair-Iiko feathers

2c2

388 PHASTANIP-T..

situated on the middle of the breast ; feathered part of the back of
the neck, upper back, lesser, median, and greater secondary-coverts
and underparts copper-bronze, shot with purplish green and fiery
gold, the feathers except on the neck, mantle, and chest margined
with black ; lower l>ack and rump black, with a subterminal metallic
purplish band ; upper tail-coverts with the basal part barred with
chestnut and the extremity widely tipped with white. Primaries,
primary-coverts, and bastard-wing nearly equally barred with dark
brown and white, the white bars on the inner webs more or less
mottled with brown ; secondaries similar, but the white bars are
narrower and the brown paler and mixed with rufous, especially on
the outer quills, which are somewhat glossed on the outer web with
purplish green and red-gold. Flank-feathers and under tail-coverts
black, with a wide subterminal metallic band and widely tipped
with white. Tail-feathers mottled with dull chestnut and black, with
a wide subterminal black band and white tip, the outer feathers
have a slight metallic band across the middle of the black. Naked
skin on head and neck pale crimson ; bill orange-red ; legs and feet
coral-red. Total length ca. 43 inches, wing 21, tail 15-5, tarsus 7.

Adult female. Difiers from the male in having the feathers up the
middle of the back of the neck continued in a narrow band over the
crown to the base of the small erectile process ; no bunch of hair-
like feathers on the breast and no spurs ; the plumage is very similar
though not so bright, and the lower back and all the underparts are
fringed with white like the feathers of the rump and upper tail-
coverts. Total length ca. 40 inches, wing 17"9, tail 14-3, tarsus 5-3.

Hab. Tablelands of ^^orth Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and
Western Texas.

a. Juv. sk. Santa Fe Mts., New Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

July {H. W. Henshmv).

b. (S ad. sk. Mexico. (Type of Meleagris mexicann, Gould.)

c. 2 ad. sk. Ciudad Durango {Fnrrer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. c? ad. et imm. st. Midland Counties, England,
[domestic var.].

e. c? ad. St. England,
[domestic var. with tufted head].

/; ff. Skulls. Yarrell Coll.

Subsp. a. Meleagris ellioti.

Meleagris mexicana, Baird {nee Gould), B. N. Amer. p. 018 (1860)

[part.].
Meleag:ris gallopavo, Dresser (nee Linn.), Ibis, 1866, p. 25 [S. Texas,

N.E. Mexico] ; Sennett, Bull. U. S. GeoL Surv. iv. no. 1, p. 63 (1878)

[Rio Grande, Texas], and v. no. 3, p. 427 (1879) [Lomita] ; Brown,

Bnll. Nutf. Orii. C. viii. p. 41 (1882) [S.W. Texas].
Meleagris g.illopavo, var. mexicauus, Baird, Brexv., ^- Bide/ic. N.

Amer. B. iii. pp. 403, 410 (1874) [part.].
Meleagris gallopavo, var. intermedia, Sennett, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv.

V. p. 428 (1879).
Meleagris gallopavo mexicann, Ridgiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 207

(1887) [part.,E. Mexico, S. Texas]; Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 116

(1892) [part.].

4S. mi:[>i:a<;ius. 389

Meleapris ftallopavo ellioti, Heunett, Aide, \f<'.)-2, p. lt';7, ],1. iii. [E.
Mexico & S. Texas].

Adult male. Differs from M. rfnllopavo in having the feathers of
the lower rump, upper and under tail-coverts, and tail-feathers
tipped with pale rufous buff (though it must be remarked that the
colour varies greatly in different specimens from the same locality,
in one it is almost chestnut while in another it is pale whitish buff).
The white bars on the primaries are much narrower than in J/, r/al-
lopavo, and not so wide as in JI. americana.

Adult female. Differs from the male in the same points as the
female of M. gallopavo.

}Jah. Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas, Eastern Mexico, and South-
west Texas.

a-c. (S ad. et Tamaulipas, Mexico ( IV. B. Salvin-Godman CoU.

imm. sk. I{icAard.so>i).

d'(j. S ad. et Hidalgo, Texas, April (P. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.

vix ad. sk. Armstrong).

2. Meleagris americana.

Gallopavo svhestris, Catexhi/, Carol, i. App. p. xliv (1730) ; Briss.
Orn. V. p." 102 (1760) ; Leconte, P. Ac. Phdud. ix. p. 179 (1857).

The Turkey, Pennant, PhU. Trans. Ixxi. p. 79 (1781) [North
America].

Meleagris americana,* Bnrlram, Trav. p. 290 (1791) [Pennsylvania] ;
Hildr. Am. J. Sci. xxix. p. 85 (183G) [Virginia]; Grai/, Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 262 (1870) ; Loumis, Bull. Nutt. On,. C. iv. p. 217 (1879)
[S. Carolina].

Meleagris palawa, Barton, Med. ^- Phys. J. ii. pt. i. pp. 163— t (1805)
[United States].

Meleagris silvestri?, Vieill. X. Diet, d'llist. Xat. ix. p. 447 (1817).

Meleajrris fera, Ti<-ill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 10, pi. 201 (1825) ; Grai/, List
Gallince Brit. Miis. p. 42 (1867).

Meleagris gallopavo, Bonap. (nee Linn.) Am. Orn. i. p. 79, pi. ix.
(1825) ; Aud. Orn. Biog. i. pp. 1 & 33, pis. i. & vi. (1831) [distri-
bution]; Nutt. Man. i". p. IW8 (1832) : Hitchc. Rep. Geol. Mass.
p. 549 (1833) [Massachusetts] ; Jard. Xaf. Lib.. Orn. iii. p. 117, pis.
1. ^; ii. (1836) ; And. B. Am. v. p. 42, pis. 287, 288 (1842) ; Thumps.
IliH. Vermont, p. 101 (1842) [S. ^'ermontJ ; Linsl. Am. J. Hci.
xliv. p. 264 (1843) New England] : De Kai/, Zf>ol. X. Y. p. 199,
pi. 76. fig. 172 (1844) ; Grag, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 29 (1844) ;
And. Orn. Biog. v. p. 559 (1849) 'Mas.*acluisetts, Vermont, Maine
(now extinct )" ; Ma.i: J. f. O. 1858, p. 426 ; Helat. P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 125: AlUn,Mem.Bost. Soc. i. p. 500 (1868) I'lowa]: Caton,
Am. Xat. iii. p. ■2S (1869), vii. p. 431 (1873); Alfen, Bull. Mus.
C. Z. ii. p. 342 (1871) 'part.], iii. p. 181 (1872) [Kansas]; Trippe,
Pr. Bust. -Soc. XV. p. 240 (1872) [Iowa] ; Elliot, Mon. Phas.i. pi. 30
(1872): Snow, B. Kansas, no. 193 (1873); Hatch, Pr. Minn.
Acad. i. p. 61 (1874) [S. Minnesota]; Brewer, P. Bust. Soc.
xvii. p. 445 (1875); Men: Her. B. Conn. p. 99 (1877); ScoU,
Bull. Xutt. Orn. C. iv. p. 147 (1879) [\V. Missouri] ; Stearns Sr
Coues, X. Enijl. B. L. ii. p. 143 (1883) lextinct]: A. O. V. Chech-
list, p. 177 (1886) ; Breirst. Auk, iii. p. 103 (1886) [W. X. CaroUna] ;

* No description, but as the name has been freqnently used I have retained it.

390 THASIANIDiE.

Ridyw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 207 (1887) [part., nee Florida] ;
Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 112, pi. iii. fig. 14 (1892) [part., nee Florida].
Meleafi-ris gallopavo, var. americana, Coues, Key N. A. B. p. 232
(1872): id. B. N.-West, p. 391 (1874) [8. Minnesota, Iowa,
Kansas, Indian Ter., Texas] ; Merr. Tr. Connect. Ac. iv. p. 98
(1877) [Connecticut, extinct] ; Brown, Bull. Nidt. Orn. C. iv. p. 12

(1879) [Alabama].

Meleagris gallopavo, var. gaUopavo, Baird, Brew., ^ Ridgw. N. Amer.

B. iii. p. 404 (1874).
Meleagris gallopavo, var. occidentalis, Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. i.

p. 55 (1876) [extinct in New England].
Meleagris gallipavo americana, Coues, Bull. Nuit. Orn. C. v. p. 100

(1880) ; Nehrl. Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. vii. p. 175 (1882) [S.E. Texas] ;
Hay, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. viii. p. 93 (1882) [Lower Mississippi] ;
Ridyw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. viii. p. 21 (1882) [Indiana]; Beckh.
J. Cine. Sac. vi. p. 145 (1883) [Kentuckv] ; Nehrl. J. f. 0. 1883,
p. 275 [Illinois] ; Bailey, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. viii. p. 41 (1883)
[Georgia] ; Coues, Key N. A. B. p. 576 (1884) ; Ayersh. Auk, ii.
p. 285 (1885) [S.E. Dakota].

Meleagris gallipavo, Koch, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1889, pp. 129-134
[Pennsylvania].

Adult male. Differs chiefly from M. gallopavo in having the
lower rump, upper and under tail-coverts, flanks, and tail-feathers
tijiped with deep chestnut-maroon, and the white bars on the wings
a trifle narrower.

Adult female. Is perfectly similar in plumage to the male, but
the feathers of the lower back and underparts are fringed with
chestnut ; the feathers of the nape extend to the crown, and the
pectoral hunch and spurs are wanting.

Bah. Eastern United States of North America, ranging north to
Southern Canada, south to Georgia and Eastern Texas, and west to
the edge of the Great Plains.

a-c. (J 5 ad. St. North America.

d. 2 ad. sk. North America, July Audubon CoU.

{Vif count Guye).

e. Skeleton. Canada. E. K. Karslake, Esq. [P.].
f,y. Skeletons.

Subsp. a. Meleagris osceola.

Meleagiis occidentalis *, Bartram, Trav. p. 83 (1791) [near Pincolata,

Florida].
Meleagi-is gallopavo, Allen (nee Liyin.), Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 342

(1871) [E. Florida].
Meleagris gallopavo osceola, Scott, Avk, 1890, p. 376 [Tarpon Springs,

Florida].

Adult male. Distinguished from M. americana by the very narrow
white bands on the quills, and the paler chestnut tij^s to the tail-
coverts.

Hah. Florida.

a, b. <J ad. sk. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Feb., Salviu-Godman Coll.
Mar. ( W. E. IJ. Scott).

* Wo description, and the name is misleading, the subspecies being only
found in the eastern State of Florida.

48. MELEAOEIS. 391

3. Meleagris ocellata.

The Turkey, Pennant, Phil. Trans. Ixxi. p. 79 (1781) [part., Yuca-
tan].

Meleagris ocellata, Cuv. Mem. Mas. d'JIist. Nut. vi. p. 1, pi. i.
(1820) [Gulf of Honduras]; Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 1(J [no. 112]
(1824) ; Less. Traite cCOrn. p. 490 (1831) ; Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn.
iii. p. 143, pi. iii. (183*5); Cabot, P. Bost. Sor. i. p. 73 (1842);
id. J. BiMt. Soc. iv. p. 246 (1842) [part.]; Grai/, List of B.
pt. iii. Gull. p. 29 (1844) ; Sdat. ^- Salo. Ibis, 18o9, p. 225 ;
Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. G2 [Belize, Peten] ; Tai/lor, Ibis, 18G0,
p. 311 ; Sclaf. P. Z. S. 18G1, p. 402, pi. xl, & 1863, p. 125; Grat/,
Lv^t Gallince Brit. Mas. p. 42 (1867) ; id. Haml-l. B. ii. p. 262
(1870) ; Elliot, Mon. Phas. i. pi. 33 (1872) ; Boticard, P. Z. S.
1883, p. 461 [Yucatau]; Eidaw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 207
(1887).

Meleagx-is aureus, Vieill. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 361 (1823).

Adult male. Feathers of the mantle, scapulars, and chest have
the basal half black, the terminal half brass-green shading into
purplish black towards the extremity, margined by a narrow dark
black line and fringed with greenish copper. On the lower back
and rump the basal parts of the feathers are finely mottled with
white, their extremities gradually increase in brilliance and the
margins in width till on the upper tail-coverts and tail the colours
attain their greatest magnificence ; here the brass-green of the
mantle is replaced by brilliant greenish-blue bands changing to purple
and forming subtcrminal ocelli on the tail-feathers ; the wide margins
are rich copper-red with green reflections. The lesser and median
wing-coverts are mostly golden green with shades of dark blue and
narrow black margins ; the greater secondary-coverts reddish copper
shot with golden green and purple and shading into greenish gold
towards the ends of the inner webs. Primaries, bastard-wing, and
primary- coverts brownish black barred with white, widest on the
outer webs of the inner quills ; bastard secondary with the outer
■wob uniform brown, rest with the outer web mostly white, the
dark bars being confined to the part next the quiU ; inner webs of
all dark brown barred with white : the outermost secondaries have
the dark bars glossed with metallic golden green. Breast and belly
black, with copper-red margins to the feathers ; flanks and under
tail-covorts like the lower back. Head and neck covered with
naked blue skin, scarlet round the eye, and ornamented with small
red wart-like wattles, the largest situated between the eyes ; the
erectile process on the forehead blue with red warts at the tip.
liill, legs, and feet red ; the tarsus armed with a long stout sharp
spur. Total length ca. 40 incl»ps, wing 16-5, tail 13o, tarsus 5 5.

Adult female resembles the male ; but the plumage is not so
brilliant and the ocelli at the ends of the tail-feathers are much
reduced. The erectile process is very small, and the great spurs
are represented by small wart -like knobs. Total length ca. 33
inches, wing 142, tail 13-1, tarsus 4-4.

JJab. CoutralAmcrica; Guatemala, Yucatan, andBritishHonduras.

392

I'HASIANll).!:.

It. ^ ad. sk.
I'-S-- 6 2 ad.
J imm. sk
fi, i. 6 2 <id. 5

A-. $ ad. sk.

/. c? ad. St.
»j-/?. 2 ad.

pull. St.
q. Sternum.

et

Central America.

Buctzotz, Yucatan, April {G.

F. Gauwer).
Yasha, Peten, Guatemala,

April (O. Sulvin).
W. District, British Honduras,

March {F. BUmcanemu).
British Honduras.
British Honduras.

49. DENDRORTYX.

Zoo]. Soc. Coll.
yahiu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Earl of Derby [P.].
Purchased.

Type.

Dendrortyx, Goidd, Mon. Odontoph. pi. xx. or pt. i.

(1844), Introd. p. 20 (1850) D. macrourus.

Sexes practically similar. A short occipital crest.
1st primary miioh shorter than the 10th ; 5th longest.
Tail composed of 12 feathers, the oiiter pair much shorter than
the middle pair, which are as long or nearly as long as the wing.
Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw.
Bill very stout and short ; claws moderate.
Bange. Central America, from Southern Mexico to Costa Eica.

Key to the Species.

a. Chin and throat black (feathers nf chin

sometimes with whitish middles) .... macrowns cT $ , p- -^92.

h. Chin and throat grey bavhatus cJ $ , p. 393.

V. Cliiu and upper part of throat white,

lower part with chestnut black-edged

centres Inwophyys cJ 2 , p- 394.

1. Dendrortyx macrourus.

Ortyx macroura, Jard. ^ Selh. III. Orn. i. text to pi. 38 and

pi. 49(1825-39) [Mexico]; Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 128, pi. xii.

(lf^34).
Tetrao marmorata, La Llare, Beff. Trim. i. p. 144 (1831) ; id. La

Nat. Mex. vii. App. p. 65 (1884).
Dendrortyx macrourus, Gould, Mon. Odontoph. pt. i. pi. 20 (1844) ;

G7-ay, List Gullina Brit. Mus. p. 73 (1807) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 272 (1870).

Adult male. Head, chin *, and throat black, the longer occipital
feathers with a triangular reddish-brown spot at the extremity, and
forming a moderate crest ; an incomplete white superciliary stripe
commencing above the middle of the eye and continued backwards
above the ear-coverts ; a similar parallel stripe below the ear-
coverts and bordering the sides of the throat. Feathers of the
neck, mantle, chest, and sides chestnut in the middle and widely
edged with grey on the sides, on the middle of the chest and sides
the chestnut centres are paler and less distinct ; lower back, rump,

* In some specimens the feathers of the chin have whitish middles.

49. DKNDIUJKTVX. 303

aud upper tail-coverts dull olive-brown, finely mottled with black,
and with a narrow irregular black and white band at the extremity.
Wing-coverts (except the primary-coverts) and scapulars olive-
grey, tinely mottled with black, mostly with ill-defined chestnut
centres, and irregular black and white spots or markings on the
sides ; secondaries very similar to the longer coverts but with dark
centres ; primaries and i)rimary-coverts brown, mottled with buff
on the outer web. Breast and middle of belly dirty white, shading
into brownish grey on the flanks, which are mottled Mith dusky
and have indistinct rut'ous centres ; thighs and under tail-coverts
like the upper tail-coverts, but the former are paler. Tail brownish
black, mottled, especially on the centre pair, with whitish buff or
buff'. Iris, naked skin round the eye, bill, and tarsi coral-red ; claws
dark brown. Total length 15 inches, wing 6'3, tail 6-5, tarsus 2,
middle toe and claw 2*1.

Adult female. Resembles the male but is smaller. Total length
13'3 inches, wing 5'!*, tail 0-3, tarsus 1-75, middle toe and claw 1"8.

Ilah. S. Mexico, Colima, Guerrero, Oaxaca.

a, b. Ad. et pull. Mexico. Purchased.

St.

0. Ad. .sk. Mexico ( Tf7(!Vf). Sahin-Godman Coll.

d-f. cT $ ad. sk. Sien-a Nevada de Colima, Salvin-Godman Coll.

12,000 ft, April, Dee. (W.

B. likhardtiun ii; W. Llotjd).
(J. Ad. sk. Omilteme, 8000 ft., State of Salviu-Godman Coll.

Guerrero, July {D. \V. Smith),
h. (S ad. sk. Tonaguia, Oaxaca, Feb. (.V. Salviu-Godman Coll.

TriijiUo ) .

2. Dendrortyx barhatus.

Dendrortvx bai-batus, Lkht., Gould, Mon. Od(»it(>j)fi. jit. ii. pi. 22
(1846)'[Jalapa] ; Grui/, List Ocdliiue Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1867); id.
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 272 (1870).

Admt male and fenmle. Top of the head and ear-coverts brown,
forehead paler, the occijtital feathers forming a fairly long crest ;
superciliary stripe, cheeks, throat, and fore part of neck dark grey,
chin and middle of throat usually paler ; back and sides of the
neck chestnut, edged on the sides with grey ; mantle similar, but the
grey sides are narrower and there is an irregular blaek and white
8]»ot on the margin of both webs ; rest of the upper parts very
simihir to I), macrouvus, but the ends of the seajjulars and outer
secondaries are mostly deep black, irregularly edged and marked
with buff round the extremity ; the chest, breast, and sides of
belly are dull light chestnut ; rest of the underiiarts nearly similar
to D. maci-ourus. The ground-colour of the quills and outer tail-
feathers reddish chestnut. Bill, naked skin round the eye, legs and
feet red. Total length 13*6 inches, wing ()-2, tail 4-J>, tarsus 1-95,
middle toe and claw 2-1.

An imumtut-e bird differs from the adult in having most of the
feathers of the nape and mantle blotched with black at the

394 PHASIANIDJi:.

extremity, edged with olive-brown finely mottled with dusky, and
with buff shaft-stripe dilated at the extremity ; only the middle of
the chest and breast rust-coloured and barred and mottled with dusky,
the sides and flanks marked and barred with black and white.
Hub. Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico.

a, b. Ad. St. et sk. Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico. Purchased of M. Ver-

reaux.
c-f. Ad. et juv. Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico Salvin-Godman and
'sk. {de Oca). Gould Colls.

3. Dendrortyx leucophrys.

Ortyx leucophrys, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 132 [Coban].
Dendrortyx leucophrys, Gould, Mon. Odontoph. pt. ii. pi. 21 (1846) ;

Sdat. L^' Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 226 ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus.

p. 73 (1807); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 272 (1870); Boucard, P. Z. S.

1878, pp. 40, 42 [Volcano of Irazu, Costa Rica, 7000 ft.] ; Zeledon,

P. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 112 (1886) [Costa Rica].

Adult male and female. Differ chiefly from D. macroiirus in
having the forehead, lores, chin, and upper part of throat white ;
the superciliary stripe complete ; the white stripe below the ear-
coverts absent ; the occipital feathers dull rufous and shorter ; the
lower part of the throat and neck similar to the mantle, which has
the dark chestnut stripe down the middle of the feathers edged on
either side with black ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts uniform olive-brown finely mottled with dusky, and almost
if not entirely devoid of buff markings, those on the wing-coverts
and secondaries much reduced ; the breast and rest of underparts
more dusky grey, with well-marked rufous stripes down the middle ;
and the quills and outer tail-feathers with the ground-colour
chestnut. Bill black, lower mandible orange below ; naked space
round the eye, tarsi and feet orange-red. Total length 13'6 inches,
wing 6, tail 5-7, tarsus 1'95, middle toe and claw 2"1.

Hub. Guatemala and Costa E.ica.

a-c. Ad. sk. Dueiias, Guatemala, Nov. (O. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin).
d. 5 ad. sk. Panajachel, 5000 ft., Solola, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guatemala, May {W. B.

Richardson).

50. CALLIPEPLA.

Tvpe.

Callipepla, Wayl. Isis, 1832, pp. 277, 1229 C. squamata.

Sexes similar. Crest short, not extending much beyond the
feathers of the head.

1st primary equals the 8th ; 4th longest.

Tail composed of 14 feathers, three fourths the length of the wing.

Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw.

Range. South-western United States of N. America and Mexico.

50. CALLIPKPLA. 395

Key to the Species.

(I. Middle of breast and Lolly palo bulF; male

witlumt a dark chestnut patch in the middle

111' tlie bt'lly squamata, p. 395.

l>. Middle of breast and belly deeper bull" or

ocliraceous ; male with a dark chestnut patch

in the middle of the belly castanei venter, p. 396.

1. Callipepla squamata.

Ortyx squamatus, Vicjors, Zool. Joiirn. v. p. 27o (1830) [Mexico];

A//erf, P. Ac. I'hilad. iii. p. 221 (1847) [New Mexico].
Ortyx squamata, Less. III. Zool. text to ])1. 52 (1831).
Tetrao cristata, La Llave, Itcy. Trim. i. p. 144 (1831) ; id. La Nat.

Me.v. vii. App. p. Go (1884).
Callipepla strenua, Wayl. Isis, 1832, p. 278 [Mexico].
Callipepla squamata, Cirai/, List Gen. B. ed. i. p. 01 (1840) ; Gould,

Man. Odontoph. pt. i. pi. 19 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 514 (1846) ;

McCall, P. Ac. Philad. v. p. 222 (ls51) [llio Grandel ; Cassin,

III. B. Oil. -p. 129, pi. xix. (1853); Baird, U. S. ^- Me.v. Sun\,

Birds,-p. 23 (1859) ; id. B. iV. Arner. p. 046 (1860) ; Coues, P. Ac.

Philad. 1866, p. 95 ; Gray, List Galliufe Brit. Mus. p. 78 (1867) ;

id. Hund-l. B. ii. p. 273 (1870) ; Coop. Calif. Orn. i. p. 550 (1870) ;

Coues, B. N.-JVe.sf, p. 441 (1872); id. Knj N. Aitier. 7i. p. 238

(1872) ; Baird, Breu:,^- liidyw. N. Amer.' B. iii. p. 487 (1874) ;

Brewst. Bull. Nuft. Orn. C. viii. p. 33 (1883) [Arizona] ; Coues,

Key N.Am. j5. p. 593 (1884j; Stephens, Auk, ii. p. 226 (1885)

[Tucson, Arizona]; Scott, Auk; iii. p. 387 (188()) [Arizona];

A. O. U. Chvck-list, p. 169 (1886); Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 187

(1887) [W. Texas]; liidipc. Man. N. Am. B. p. 191 (1887);

Thurber, Auk, vii. p. 89(1890) [Colfax Co., N. Mexico]; Bendire,

N. Am. B. p. 18, pi. i. tifjrs. 4, 5 (1892).
Callipepla squamniata, Gumbel, Jouni. Ac. Philad. n. s. i. p. 219

(1849) [N. Mexico " and the adjoininjr parts of California ! "J.
Calli]iepla squamata pallida, Brewst. Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. vi. p. 72

(1881) [liio San Pedro, Arizona].

Adult male. Forehead and sides of head grey, short occipital
crest and eur-coverts brown, the former tipped with white; chiu
and throat whitish buff; nock, mantle, chest, and sides of breast
prey, shading into pale whitish buff on the middle of the breast
and belly, every feather margined with black, giving all these parts
a beautiful scaled appearance, while across the middle of each
featlier of the undcrpurts is a V-shaped dusky band or mark ;
M'ings, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coTcrts brownish grey,
I lie longer scapulars and outer secondaries margined on the inner
web with white ; Hanks grey, with white shaft -spots on the terminal
half of the leathers ; rent buff ; under tail-covcrts pale rufous buff,
with usually a dark mark or band down the middle; tail grey,
tlie outer feathers narrowly margined round the tips with white.
Total length 10 inches, wing 4-8, tail 3-0, tarsus 1"2, middle toe
and claw 1*35.

Adult female. Differs only from tho male in having dusky

39(3

PHASIANIDJE.

shaft-stripes to the feathers of the throat, inside the wliite margins
to the inner webs of the secondaries a black marginal line, and
the outer margins of the secondaries with indistinct buff mottlings.
Total length 9-5 inches, wing 4-7, tail 3-4, tarsus 1-2, middle toe
and claw 1-3.

Ilab. 'New Mexico, Arizona, Western Texas, and IVorth and Central
Mexico from Chihuahua and San Luis Potosi as far south as the
City of Mexico. ? S.E. California.

a-c. cJ 2 ad- sk. San Pedro slope, Pinal Co., Salviu-Godman Coll.

Arizona, Nov., Dec. ( JV. E.

n. Scott),
d-o. cJ 2 ad. et New Mexico [H. W. Senshaw). Salviu-Gndman Coll.

juv. sk.
P^- 6 2 ad. et Engle, New Mexico, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

imm. sk. {E. W. Nekon).

«, i. d" ? ad. sk. Presidio Co., Texas, June Salvin-Goduian Coll.

( W. Lloyd).
n-7v. c? 2 ad. sk. Cliupadero, Chihuahua, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mexico, Jan. ( W. Lloi/d).
.(•, y. (5 ad. sk. San Diego, Chihuahua, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mexico, Feb. (^F.Z%f/).
~^/'- J 2ad. sk. San Luis Potosi, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

July ( ir. B. liic/iardson).
g k' . (S 2 ad. sk. Plains of San Luis Potosi, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mexico, July ( W. B. Rich-

ardson).
I'. S ad. sk. Near the City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Subsp. a. Callipepla castaneiventer.

Callipepla squammata, McC'all {nee Vig.), P. Ac. Philad. v. p. 222
(1851).

Callipepla squamata, Dresser (nee Vig.), Ibis, 18GC, p. 28 [S.
Texas].

Callipepla squamata castanogastris, Breust. Bull. Kutt. Orn. C. viii.
p. 34 (1883) [Lower Eio Grande; E. Mexico]; A. O. U. Check-
list, p. 109 (1886); liidgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 192 (1887);
Beckham, P. U. S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 640, 656 (1887) [S.W. Texas];
Attu-ater. Auk, ix. p. 233 (1892) [San Antonio, Texas] ; Bendire,
N. Am. B. p. 22, pi. i. figs. 6, 7 (1892),

Adult mcde and female. Differ from C. squamata in having the
general colour of the middle feathers of the breast and belly deeper
buff or ochraceous, and in the male a dark reddish-chestnut patch on
the middle of the belly. (This patch is sometimes indicated in the
female also.)

Hah. Tamaulipas, N.E. Mexico, and lower Eio Grande Talley,
Texas.

a. 2 ad. sk. Rio Grande R., Texas, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

[H. B. Butcher).
i-''. cJ 2 ad. sk. Rio Grande City, Texas, Salvin-Godman Coll.

March {F. B. Armstrong).

51. OUKOUTVX. 3!}7

wi. J ad. sk. Fort Duncan, Rio Grande, Salvin-Goduian Coll.

Texas, Feb. (//. R Dresser).
".". (^ 2 aJ. sk. E;i<rle Pass, liio Grande, Texas, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dec. (//. E. Dresser).
;'. 7- c? ? ad. sk. Benavides, Duval Co., Te.xas, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dec. (F. B. Arnutroni/).
r. 2 ad. sk. Laredo, Texas, Feb. {H. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Btdcker).
s, t. 2 ad. St. fit Mexico. Gould & Evtou Colls.

sk.
u, V. (S ad. sk. et Mexico. Purchased.

2 ad. St.
"'-/'• cT 2 ^J-sk. Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mexico, March {F. B. Arm-

stroiKj).

51. OREORTZX.

Type.
Oreortyx, Baird, B. X. Amer. p. 042 (1860) 0. pictus.

Sexes similar. Crest very long.

1st primarj- falls between the 7th and 8th ; the 3rd or 4th
slifihtl}- the longest.

Tail composed of 12 feathers : | of the length of the wing.
Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw.

liunr/e. "Western States of N. America, ranging northwards to
Washington Territory, southwards through California to Cape
St. Lucas, and westwards into Eastern Xevada.

1. Oreortyx pictus.

Ortyx picta, Douglas, Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 14.3 (1823) [Cali-
fornia • ; Vii/ors, ZodI. Juurn. iv. p. 400 (1829) ; Less. III. Zoo), text
to pi. o2 (18;31) ; Jard. .V S,'lh. 111. Orn. ii. text to pi. 107.

Ortvx plumifera, Gould, P. Z. S. 18:J7, p. 4:2 [California]; Aud. B
Amer. v. p. G9, pi. 291 (1842).

Lopliortvx plumifera, Nitft. Man. Orn. i. p. 791 (1840); Coop. i!(-
SiickLBep. F.vpl. .Viss. Biv. xii. no. .i, p. 225 (1800).

Callipepla picta, 6'o(/W, Mon. Odoiif. ]>t. i. pi. 1.5 (1844); Gamhel,
Joitnt. Ac. Philad. (u. s.) i. p. 219 (1849) ; Keivbernj, Rep. P. R.
R. Siirv. vi. pt. iv. p. 9:1 (1857) ; firm/, List Galliiice Brit. Mus.
p. 79 ( 18G7) ; id. llnnd-l. B. ii. p. 274 (1870).

Perdix plumifera, Aud. Orn. Biuyr. v. p. 22(5, pi. 423 (1849).

Oreortyx ]nctus, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 642 (18fX)); ? Dresser, litis,
1866, p. 27 [S. Texas!]; CVw/e-s IIhs. 1866, p. 2(;0 'Cajon Pass,
San Bernardino Mts.1 ; Coop. Calif. Orn. i. p. 546 (1870); Cones,
Kei/ X. Am. B. p. 237 (1^72) ; id. B. X.-Jf'esf. p. 440 (1874);
Baird, Brew., ^- Ridytc. B. X. Amer. iii. pp. 475, 523 (1874);
Anthonji, Auk, iii. p. 164 (1886) [Washington Co., Oregon":;
Evermann, Auk: iii. p. 92 (1886) [Ventura Co., Cal.]; A. O. F.
Check-list, p. I(i8(1886); Ridgn: .Van. p. 191 (1887); Beldinij,
Occas. Pap. Cal. Ac. Sci. ii. p. '9 (1890) ; Bendire, X. Am. B. p. 13
(1892). ^

Oreortvx picta, Belding, P. U. S. Xat. Mtis. i. pp. .391-393, 438
(1879) [^Central California].

398 PHAPIANID^.

Oreortyx picta plumlfera, Behling, P. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 533

(1883) [Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cal.j ; Stephens, Auk, i. p. 355

(1884) [Colorado desert].

Orortyx picta, Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 591 (1884).

Oreortyx pictiis plumiferus, A. O. TJ. Check-list, p. 168 (1886) ;

Ridqiv. Man. p. 191 (1887) ; Toimsend, P. U. S. Nat. Mus. x.

pp. 199, 235 (1887) [N. California] : Beldiiuj, Occas. Pap. Cal.

Ac. Sci. ii. p. 9 (1890) ; Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 14, pi. i. figs. 2, 3

(1892).
Oreortyx pictus confinis, Anthony, P. Calif. Ac. Sci. (2) ii. p. 74

(1889) ; id. Zoe, i. p. 5 (1890) [San Pedro Martir Eange, Lower

Cal.] ; Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 17 (1892).

Adult male and female. An occipital crest of two very long black
feathers ; top of the head, back and sides of the neck, upper part of
mantle (in males and some females) *, chest, and breast slate-grey ;
rest of upper parts olive-brown ; the scapulars and outer secondaries
margined on the inner web with white more or less mixed with
pale rufous ; a white band extending across the chin to the lores ;
throat and fore part of neck deep chestnut, margined on either side
by a white band, which passes across the basal half of the ear-
coverts ; a black patch on the cheek below the eye often continued
on the side of the throat in a line between the chestnut and
white ; upper part of the belly mostly chestnut ; underparts and
vent pale buff; sides and flanks irregularly marked and barred with
chestnut, white, and black ; thighs rufous ; under tail-coverts
black, with chestnut middles ; tail-feathers dark olive-grey, finely
mottled with black. Bill black ; iris, legs, and feet brown. Total
length 9-6 inches, wing 5-2, tail 3-3, tarsus 1"4, middle toe and
claw 1*6.

A quite young bird in August has all the upper parts olive-
brown, washed with rufous on the inner webs of the scapulars and
outer secondaries, and all finely mottled with black and pale buff;
many feathers of the mantle have also pale shafts, and the scapulars
and some of the wing-coverts are blotched with black ; the chest-
nut throat of the adult is black ; the chest and upper breast dirty
grey, most of the feathers with pale shafts and whitish spots at the
tips ; only a few of the chestnut feathers of the Hanks are beginning

* Most of the males have the mantle grey, but in some specimens this colour
is more or less mixed with olive-brown ; on the other hand, most females have
the olive-brown continued up the back of the neck to the crest, but some have
the upper mantle more or less washed with grey. I have seen no males with
the olive-brown going up to the crest, and no females have the back of the neck
and mantle clear grey like the breast ; but several specimens in intermediate
plumage belong to both sexes. Ridgway, in his ' Manual,' p. 191, recognizes
two subspecies of Oreortyx {0. pictus and 0. -pliimiferus), and uses these sexual
characters to distinguish them. He makes out that the brown-necked birds
(females) are confined to the Coast-region, while those w:th grey neck and
mantle (males) inhabit the Sierra Nevada. But in a good series of speciniens
from Carson, Nevada, I find many brown-necked specimens (all females) as
well as grey, and from the Coast-region there is about an equal number of
each.

52. LornouTYX.

to appear, and the middle of the belly is a
dirty white and Idackish bars.
Hub. Same as that of the genus.

c. S aii. St.
d-f. 6 2 ad. sk.
g. S ad. sk.
h, i. 5" ad. sk.

k, I. S fid. sk.
m. 5 ad. sk.

n. S ad. sk.

o. cf -id. sk.

p. 5 ad. sk.

q. Juv. sk.
»". Juv. sk.

«. rull.sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.
M, u. c? 2 fi*!- sk.
?y. c? ad. sk.
.r, y. J 2 ad. sk.
s. (5 ad. sk.
a'. 2 ad. sk.

A'. 2 ad- sk.
c', rf'. cf ad. sk.

e'-n'. (S 2 ad. sk.

Portland, Oregon, Jan. (//. W.

Hcnshaw).
California.
California.
California.
California (H. W. II. Sf E. W.

Nelson).
California.
Cloverdale, California, March

{H. W. H.).
San Francisco, Cal., Oct.

{A. Forrer).
Bear Valley, Cal., June.

Michigan Bluffs, Cal., Oct.

{F. Gruber).
Lake Begles, Cal.
Big Trees, Santa Cruz, Cal.,

Aug. (Z. Belding).
Calaveras Co., Cal., June

(Z. Belding).
Mountains near Fort Tejon,

Cal., Aug. (7/. W. //.).
San ijeruardiuo Mts., Cal.,

April (li. B. Herron).
San Bernardino Mts., Cal.,

Oct. (F. Stephens).
Ballena, San Diego Co., Cal.,

May {F. Stephens).
Nigger Caiion, San Diego Co.,

Cal., May (F. Stephens).
Cuyaruaca Mts., San Diego

Co., Cal., June {F. Ste-

phc7is).
Sierra Nevada, Cal.
AValker's Basin, Cal., Nov.

{II. W.IL).
Carstin, Nevada, Nov., Dec.

(U. W. II.).

3i)9

mi.xturo of indistinct

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.
Gould Coll.
Zool; Soc. Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

G. F. Morconi, Esq.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

F. Gruber, Esq. [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Twecddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

52. LOPHORTYX.

Type.

Lophortyx, Bonap. Cotnp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer.

pp. 42, 43 (1838J L. californicus.

Sexes different. Crest in both sexes extending much beyond the
feathers of the head.

1st primary falls between the Sth and 9th; 4th generally
slightly longer than the 3rd and oth.

400 PHASIANID.E.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, about f the length of the wing.
Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw.

Range. South-western United States of North America and
Mexico.

Kei/ to the Species.

A. Chin and throat uniform deep black ; crest

black.

a. Feathers of the breast and belly edged

with black; a chestnut patch in the

middle of the belly calif ornic7is S , P- 400.

b. Feathers of the breast and belly not edged

with black ; a black patch in the middle

of the belly gambeli S » P- 403.

B. Chin and throat black, each feather margined

all round with white ; crest pale rufous ;

breast and belly with round white spots ... dowjlau S , P- 404.

C. Chin and throat white, with dark shaft-

stripes.

c. Sides and Hanks dark olive-brown, with

white shaft-stripes ; feathers of breast and

belly margined with black californicus 5 , p. 400.

d. Sides and flanks chestnut, with white

shafts ; feathers of the breast and belly not

margined with black gambeli J , p. 403.

e. Sides and flanks dull olive-brown, spotted

with white on the sides ; breast and belly

spotted all over with white douglasi J , p. 404.

1. Lophortyx californicus.

Tetrao californicus, Shaw •$• Nodd. Nat. Misc. ix. pi. 345 (1797 ?).
Perdix californica, Lath. Ind. Orn. Siippl. p. Ixii (1801) ; Temm.

Pig. et Gall. iii. p. 738 (1815) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv.

p. 259 (1817) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 152, pi. 413 (1839).
Californian Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 281 (1802) ; id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 328 (1823).
Ortyx californica, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 384 (1819) ;

Less. III. Zool. text to pi. 52 (1831) ; Jard. Nat. Lib., Orn. iv.

p. 126, pi. xi. (18.34) ; Jard. 8r Selb. III. Orn. i. text to pi. 38, &

ii. text to pi. 107; And. B. A^ner. v. p. 67, pi. 290 (1842).
Coturnix californica, Vieill. Tabl. Encyul. Meth. i. p. 367 (1823).
Ortyx californicus. Less. Cent. Zool. p. 188, pi. 6l) (1830) ; Hutton,

ibis, 1870, p. 397 [New Zealand], 1871, p. 447 ; id. Trans. N.

Zeal. Inst. 1870, p. 80.
Lophortyx californica, Bonap. Comp. List, p. 42 (1838) ; Nutt. Man.

Orn. i. p. 789 (1840) ; Baird, U. S. 8f Mex. Surv., Birds, p. 22

(1859) ; Coop. 8r SucM. Rep. Eapl. Miss. Riv. xii. no. 3, p. 225

(1860) ; Cones, B. N.-West. p. 4.39 (1874) ; Belding, P. U. S.Nat.

Mus. i. pp. 391, 392, 439 (1879) [ Central California], v. pp. 528, 544

(1883) [W. & S. Lower California]; Stejihens, Auk, i. p. 355

(1884) [Colorado Desert]; Coues, Key N.Am. B. p. 592 (1884).

r)2. LOl'IIOKTYX. 401

Cullipepla califiirnica, Gould, Mon. Odontoph pt. i. pi. 10 (1844);
(iamhd, Jimm. Ac. Philad. (n. s.) i. p. 218 (1849); Neiul/ern/,
Rep. P. R. R. Siirv. vi. pt. iv. n. 92 (18")7) ; Grai/, L'st (7idlm<7;
Brit. Mm. p. 78 (1867) ; id. Kand-l. B. ii. ]). 274"(1870); A. O.
U. Check-li.-!t, p. 109 (1880) ; Ecenman, Auk, iii. p. 92 (18><(i)
[Ventura Co., Cal.] ; Towmend, P. U. S. Nat. Mas. x. pp. 199,
2;i5 (1887) [N. ('alifnrnia, coast]; Rid(/w. Man. N. Am. B.
p. 19.3 (1887) ; Beldiii,/, Occm. Pap. Cal. Ac. Sci. p. 12 (1890) ;
Betidire, N. Atn. B. p. 2:3, pi. i. figs. 8-10 (1892).

Lophoi-tv.K californianus, Orai/, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 44 (1844) ;
Baird',B. N. Amer. p. 644 (18G0) ; Cones, Pm, 1800, p. 20.5 [Soda
Lake]; Brown, Pds, 1S6S, p. 417 [Vancouver Is., introduced];
Coo;;. Calif. Orn. i. p. .549 (1870) ; Coue.f, Kn, N. Am. B. p. 2.38
(1872) ; Bnird, lirew., i<,- Ridgw. N. Am. B. iii. p. 479 (1874) ;
Conp. P. U. S. Nat. Mus. ii. p. 251 (1880); Dnnu, Auk, ii. p. 14
(188.5) [Denver, introduced].

Ortyx vii'fjinianus, Ilutton, Ibis, 1867, p. 379 [New Zealand].

Lo])liortyx californicus brunnescens, Ridgtc. P. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii.
p. 94 (1884) [Santa Barbara, California].

Callipepla calitbruica vallitola, Ridgw. P. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii.
p. .3.5.5 (1880) [Interior valleys of California] : A. O. U. Check-list
p. 109 (1880) ; Townsoid, P. U. S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 200, 2-3.5
(1887) TN. California, interior]; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 192
(lSS7)r,7'r/f/7Vs, Auk, vi. p. 221 (1889) fSanta Barbara, Cal.];
Bcldiiig. O'ccas. Pap. Cal. Ac. Sci. p. 12 (1890) ; Bendire, N. Am. B.
p. 20 (^l«92j.

Adult male. Forehead yellowish buff with dark shafts, bounded
behind by a white band which crosses the head between the eyes,
and is continued beliiud lliem in a white suj)ercLliary stripe ; on
each side of this baud llie head is black, shading into brown on
the occipital region ; a well-developed crest of black club-shaped
feathers ; chin, throat, and cheeks black, bounded bj' a white band
M'liich passes across the base of the black ear-coverts ; back and
sides of the neck, mantle, and chest grey ; eacli feather of the former
with a l)lack marginal band, produced up the shaft and giving a
W-shaped ap])earance ; there is also a subterminal white spot on
both webs ; these last disappear on the feathers of the mantle, on
the lower feathers of which the 1)lack margins also gradually dis-
appear ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are olive-
brown, washed with grey (in coast specimens), or grey washed with
olive (in inland s])ecimens); the wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer
secondaries are usually rather darker, the latter edged, especially on
the inner web, with bull'; primaries and inner secondaries brownish,
the middle of the breast buff; middle of belly chestnut, shading into
white or whitisli but!" on the sides and underparts ; all the feathers
are margined and barred across the middle with black; the sides
and Hanks with white .shaft-stripes ; thighs and under tail-coverts
buff, blackish down the middle ; tail slato-grey. Total length 9-7
inches, wing 4*4, tail 8-0, tarsus 1*2"), middle toe and claw 1-45.

Adult fc male. Differs chiefly from the miile in having the crest
shorter and browner, no bhick and whit<^ pattern on the head and
throat, most of the feathers being dirty white with dark centres, the
general colour of the neck, mantle, and chest brownish grey, and of

VOL. XXII. 2 D

402

rilASIANID.E.

the underparts white, tinged with buff on the belly. Total length.
9 inches, wing 4-3, tail 3-3, tarsus 1-2, middle toe and claw 1-4.

Young males and females somewhat resemble the female adult, but
most of the feathers of the upper parts and chest have butf shafts ;
the wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries are mostly
washed with rufous and finely mottled and marked with black ; the
throat, breast, and rest of iinderparts are whitish, the two latter
indistinctly marked and barred with dusky ; and the tail with
transverse whitish mottlings. The adult feathers usually begin to
apjjear fii'st on the sides of the neck and chest.

Bab. Western States of N. America, ranging north to Washington,
south as far as Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, and eastwards to
Nevada. Introduced into various parts of the world.

a-c. (5 2 ad. sk.

d, e. (J imm. sk.

et 2 ad. st.
/. 2 ad. sk.
ff-i. S ad. St. 2 ad.

et juv. sk.
k. S ad. sk.
l-p. S 2 ad. sk.

q, r. c? 2 ad. sk.

s, ^. c? 2 ad. sk.
u,v. c? 2 ad. sk.
w-y. juv. et pull.

sk.
z-r>! . S 2 *id. et

juv. sk.
o'-q'. juv. et pull.

r'-v'. (S 2 ad. sk.

to'. S ad. sk.

.r'. 2 ad. sk.

y'-a".S 2 ad.sk.

b" . S ad. sk.

c"-g" . S 2^'i. sk.

h", i" . S ad. sk.

k"-m". (S 2 ad.

•sk.
n", o" .(^ 2ad.sk.

p" s" . Juv. et
pull. St.

Whidley, Washington Terr.,

Dec. \H. W. Henshaiv).
California.

California.
California.

California (C. H. Merriam).
Redwood, Cal., April {H. W.

II.).
Big Trees, Santa Cruz, Cal.

{A. Forrer).
Monterey,Cal.,Oct. (H. W.H.).
Kernville, Cal., Oct. {H. W. R.).
Fort Tejon, Cal., Aug. (/.

XantHs).
Jolon, Cal., Sept., Oct. {H. W.

H.).
Santa Inez, Cal., Sept., Oct.

[B. W. H.).
San Bernardino Co., Cal., Dec.

(B. W. B.).
Ap-ua Caliente, San Bernardino

Co., Cal, April {R. B.

Berron).
Cohuilla Valley, Cal., April.

Colton, Cal., April & Dec. {R.
B. Berron ^ F. Step/iens).

San Diego Co., Cal. (C. B.
Merriam).

Ballena, San Diego Co., Cal.,
Feb., March (F. Stephens).

Colorado Desert, Cal., April
{F. Stephens).

Cape St. Lucas, Lower Cali-
fornia, Sept. (./. Xanti(s).

Carson, Nevada, Oct., Nov. {B.
W. B. Sf E. W. Nelson).

Zoological Gardens.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt. Sir E. Belcher

fp.].
G. Barclay, Esq. [P.].
Gould & Verreaux

Colls.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godiuan Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

G. F. Morcom, Esq.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Zool. Soc. Coll.

52. LOPHORTYX. 4<)'6

Ili/brid bit we a ],ophort3'x califoruicus and L. gambeli.

Lophortyx graiubeli X L. califoruicus, Henshaw, Auk, ii. p. 247
(I880) [Sau Gori^onio Pass, 8. C'alifornia].

a,b. d ad. sk. Aijiia Calionto, San Gorgonio Pass, Salvin-Goduian Coll.
San Bernardino, Gal., March {11.
B. Her roil).

2. Lophortyx gamtieli.

Lophortvx gambeli, Nutt., Gambd, P. Ac. Fhilad. 1843, p. 260 [West
of California]; McCall, P. Ac. Philad. v. p. 221 (1851) ; Baird,
U. S. lV Mex. Surv., Birds, p. 23 (1859) ; id. B. N. Amer. p. 645
(1860) ; Dresser, Ibis, 186G, p. 28 [S. Texas] ; Cuues, Ibis, 1866,
p. 4(3 [Arizona], p. 202 [Colorado Valley], p. 205 [Soda Lake] ; id.
P. Ac. Phi/ad. 1800, p. 94 ; Coop. Calif. Orn. i. p. 553 (1870) ;
Corns, Keii N. Am. B. p. 238 (1872); id. B. N.- West, -p. 432
(1874) ; Baird, Brew., ^y Eidffiv. B. N. Am. iii. pp. 482, 523
(1874) ; Breicst. Bull. Nuft. Orn. C. viii. p. 32 (1883) [Tucson,
Arizona] ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 593 (1884) ; Balding, P. U. S.
Nat. Mas. vi. p. 344 (1884) [Sonora] ; Stephens, Auk, i. p. 355
(1884) [Colorado Desert], ii. pp. 228, 231 (1885) [Arizona].

Callipepla venusta, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 70 [California].

Callipepla pambeli, Gambel, Journ. Acad. Philad. (n. s.) i. p. 219
(1849) ; Gould, Mon. Odontoph. pt. iii. pi. 17 (1850) ; Cassin, III.
B. Cal. i. p. 45, pi. ix. (1853) ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 79
(1807) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 274 (1870) ; Scott, Auk, iii. p. 388
(1886) [Arizona]; A.O.U.Check-list,^. 170(1886) ; Ridyw. Man.
N. Am.. B. p. 193 (1887) ; Johnson, Auk, vi. p. 280 (1889) [Palm
Springs, Cat.]; Beldiny, Occa.<. Pap. Cal. Ac. Sci. ii. p. 14 (1890);
Stephens, Auk, vii. p. 297 (1890) [Colorado Desert] ; Bendire,
N. Am. B. p. 29, pi. i. tigs. 11-14 (1892) ; Wall, Auk, x. p. 204
(1893) [San Bernardino, Cal.].

Loj)liortyx califoruicus, Coues (iiec Shaw Sf Nodd.), Ibis, 1865, p. 165
[Arizona] ; Dresser, Ibis, 1860, p. 27 [Devil's River].

Adult male is at onco to be distinguished from L. californicus by
having the forehead bhicker ; the back of the head chestnut; the
feathers of the back of the neck witliout subtermiual white spots ;
the chest with dark .shafts ; the middle of the belly black ; the
feathers of the breast and belly without black margins, and the
feathers of the .sides deep chestnut instead of grey. Total length
9-8 inches, wing o. tail 4, tarsus 1-3, middle toe and daw 1-55.

Adult femah'. Differs from the female of L. californicus in having
the crest considerably more developed, the back of the neck without
•white spots, the chest with dark shafts, the feathers of the breast
and belly not margined with black, and the flanks chestnut. Total
length 9-2 inches, wing 4'0, tail 3-9, tarsus 1'3, middle toe and
claw 1-45.

A young male differs from the adult much in the .same points
mentioned for the young of L. californicus, but the crest is deep
chestnut, and the crown of the head is washed with the same
colour ; there are also traces of the chestnut sides and flanks and
the black patch on the belly of the adult.

2d J

404

PHAsiANrn.E.

Hah. Western States of N. America, ranging north to Utah, south
to the State of Sonora, North Mexico, westwards to South California,
and east to Arizona and Western Texas.

«-c. S ? ad. sk. Washing-ton, Utah, Oct. {H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

W. H.).
(I. 2 ad. sk. Toquerville, S. Utah, Oct. (H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

7T: B.).
e. 2 ad. sk. Southern Utah, Oct. {H. W. Salvin-Godman Coll.

H.).
f-i. S 2 ad. sk. New Mexico (H. W. H.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. 2 ad. sk. Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nov. (Ferrari-Perez).
I, m. (5 2 ad. sk. Arizona (H. W. H.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

n, 0. (S ad. et juv. Camp Grant, 60 miles east of Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. Tucson, Jan., July {H. W.

H. 8f Dr. Polmer).
p. S ad.sk. GilaCo., Arizona, Nov. (Z?. IF. Salvin-Godman Coll.

K.).
q, r. 2 ad. sk. Gila River, Arizona {E. W. Salvin-Godman Coll,

Nelson) .
s, f. c? 2 ad. sk. Yuma, Arizona, May. G. F. Morcom, Esq.

u. cJ ad. St. California. Purchased of M.\er-

reaux.

r, w. 2 ad. sk. California, Feb., July. Zool. Soc. Coll.

x-a'. cJ 2 ad. sk. Agua Caliente, Cal., Jan., Salvin-Godman Coll.

April (i?. B. Herron).

b', c . cj ad. sk. Colorado Desert, Cal., April Salvin-Ciodman Coll.

{F. Stephens).

3. Lophortyx douglasi.

Ortyx douglasii, Vii/., Dovylas, Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. p. 14-5 (1828).
Ortyx elegans, Lesson, Cent. Zool. p. 189, pi. Gl (1830) [California !].
Ortyx spilogaster. Vigors, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 4 [Mexico].
Caliipepla elegans, Gould, Mon. Odontoph. pt. i. pi. 18 (1844) ; Gray,

List Gallina: Brit. Mm. p. 78 (18lJ7) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 273

(1870) : Fitisch, Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. 1870, p. 357 [MazatlanJ ;

Bidf/iv.' Man. N. Am. B. p. 193 (1887).
Lophortyx elegans, G)-ay, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 45 (1844) ;

Coop. Bull. Ntdt. Orn. C. ii. p. 95 (1877) [part., Mazatlan].
Caliipepla douglassii, Gambel, Jour?!. Ac. Philad. (n. s.) i. p. 218

(1849) [Mazatlan].
Caliipepla douglasii, Greet/, List Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 78 (1867) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 273 (1870).
Caliipepla elegans bensoni, Bidgw. P. U. S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 148

(1887) [Campos, Sonora].

Adult male. Feathers of the top and sides of the head whitish and
with black shaft-stripes : crest long and pale rufous ; back of the head,
nape, and upper mantle with a triangular chestnut spot at the extre-
mity of each feather ; inner wing-coverts, scapulars, sides, and flanks
similarly marked, but with an elongate white spot or partial margin
on each web ; lower mantle grey, shading into olive-brown on the
wings, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; primaries and

I

;V3. riiiLoKTVx. 4no

prinmry-covcrts brown ; secondaries and their coverts similar, but
washed with olive on the outer web and finely mottled with butt';
feathers of chin and throat black, edged with white ; chest, breast,
and belly grey, the two latter ornamented with round white spots ;
under tail-coverts dark brown down the middle, buff on the sides ;
tail-feathers slate-grey, washed with brown towards the tip. Total
length 9-3 inches, wing 4-4, tail 3-2, tarsus 1'2, middle toe and
claw 1-4.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the general colour
of the top and sides of the head and nape olive-brown ; the crest
usually dark brou n ; the mantle washed with greyish and mottled
with whitish buif; the rest of the upper parts similarly marked ;
the inner wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries deep
Idackish brown, more or less mottled with rufous and margined
with buff ; the chin and throat white with dark shafts ; and the
rest of the underparts greyish brown, covered with rounded white
spots.

Ilah. Western Mexico : States of Sonora, Sinaloa, Jalisco.

a, h. (S ad. sk. et Mexico. Ur. J. E. Gray [P.].

St.

c. (S ad. sk. Mexico. (lould Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Ysleta, Sonora, Mexico, May Salvin-Godman Coll.

( W. Lloyd).

e. 2 ad. sk. Guadalupe, Sonora, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

April (W.L.).
f,g. 5 *id. sk.* Quiriego, Souora, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

April ( ir. L.).
h-k. (S $ ad. sk. Sierra de Alamos, Sonora, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mexico, May ( W. L.).
I. (^ ad. sk. Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. 2 '•^^- *'f [Mazatlan J (Capt. Beechey). Zool. Soc. Coll.

(Type of Orty.v dotiglasii, Vig.)
w, o. cJ 5 ad. sk. Presidio, Mexico, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A. Furrer).
p~b'. (S $ ad. sk. San Bias, Jalisco, ISlexieo, Salvin-Godman Coll.

April, May ( W. B. Rkhard-

so/i).

53. PHILORTYX.

Typi

Philortyx, O'viild, Mon. Oilontojih. pi. 14, or pt. ii.

( 1840) ; Introd. p. 17 (18o0) P. fasciatus.

Sexes similar ; crest well developed and extending much beyond
the feathers of the head.

1st primary falls between the 9th and 10th ; 4th slightly the
longest.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, about | of the length of the wing.

Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw.

Ranye. Southern Mexico : States of Colima, Guerrero, and Puebla.
* One assuming male plumage.

406 PHASIAN1D,E.

1. Philortyx fasciatus.

Ortyx fasciatus, Natter er, MS., Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 133 [Cali-
fornia!]; Cooper, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. ii. p. 95 (1877) [Colima,
Mexico].

Ortyx perrotiana, Bes Murs, Bev. Zool. 1845, p. 207 [Mexico].

Philortyx fasciatus, Gould, Mon. Odontoph. pt. ii. pi. 14 (1846).

Philortyx personatiis, Ridgw. Auk, iii. p. 333 (1886) [State of Puebla].

Callipela fasciata, Ridyw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 193 (1887).

Callipepla personatus, '-R«V/(/w. Man. N. Am. B. p. 193 (1887).

Adult male and female. Top and sides of the head olive-brown,
washed with rufous on the crown ; a well-developed occipital crest of
blackish-brown, parallel-edged feathers, tipped with rufous ; neck
and mantle grey or olive-grey, each feather margined with reddish
brown ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts olive-brown,
margined and barred across the middle with black and buff; wing-
coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries olive-brown, barred and
tipped with buff, and mostly, especially the two latter, blotched with
deep brownish black towards their extremities ; primaries, primary-
coverts, and inner secondaries brown, the latter barred on the outer
web with buff; chin and throat white; chest, sides of breast,
belly, and flanks strongly barred with black and white, and fringed
with reddish brown at the extremity : middle of breast and belly
white, some of the feathers with a rounded or oval black spot in the
middle ; vent and under tail-coverts buff, the latter with heart-shaped
black spots down the middle ; tail-feathers grey, the middle ones
washed with olive, and all with mottled cross-bars of black and
pale buff. Total length 7'6 inches, wing 4, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-15,
middle toe and claw 1'35.

Immature birds (in January) have the lores, superciliary stripes,
and the greater part of the chin and throat black ; many of the
feathers of the mantle, scapulars, and wing-coverts with buff shaft-
stripes, and the primaries marked on the outer web and tipped
with buff.

A very yovyig specimen has the top of the head covered with
dark chestnut down ; the lores, forehead, and superciliary stripes
and cheeks rufous buff ; the chin, throat, and middle of the breast
yellowish white ; all the rest of the body is covered with feathers ;
the upper parts are much like those of the adult, but the mantle
is blotched with black and every feather has a wide buff shaft-
stripe ; the fore part of the neck, chest, and breast black, with white
shaft-stripes, and the flank-feathers white, spotted on each web with
black.

Bab. Same as that of the genus.

a. Ad. .sk. Mexico. Gould Coll.

6. Ad. sk. Mexico (W /life). Salvin-Godnjan Coll.

c~l. cJ 5 ad. et Plains of Colima, Jan. ( W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.

imm. sk. Bichardson).

vt. (^ ad. sk. Sierra Madre del Sur, State of Sahin-Godnian Coll.

Guerrero, Oct. (Mrs. H. H.
Smith).

/)4. jJursYCHuRirx. 407

n, 0.5 ad. et pull. Dos Arroyos, State of Guerrero, Salviii-Godmau ("oil.
8k. Sept., Oct. {Mrs. H. II.

Smith).

54. EUPSYCHORTYX.

Type.
Eupsvchortyx, Gould, Mon. (klontoph. pi. 10, or pt. i.

(1844); /«^/W. p. 15 (1850) E. leucopogon.

Sexes different ; crest well or fairly well-developed.

1st primary falls between the Sth and 9th ; 4th slightly the
longest.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, rather more than half the length
of the wing.

Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw.

Range. Central America and the North of South America.

Keij to the Species (Males)*.

A. Breast and belly not pure white.

a. Chin and throat not black.

a' Superciliary stripe black cristaius, p. 407.

b'. Superciliary .strijie ritfous chestnut.

a". Chest thickly spotted right up to the

throat ; ear-coverts white leucopogon, p. 408.

b" . Chest almost immaculate.

a". Chest much longer and brownish
white ; ear-coverts dirty white ;

underparts paler sonnini, p. 409.

b'". Crest shorter, dark brown ; ear-
coverts dark brown ; imdei-parts
brighter parcicristatus, p. 410.

b. Chin and throat black.

c . Chest vinaceous with few white spots ;

mantle dark grey, mottled with black . . lerjlandi, p. 41 1.
d'. Chest white, each feather margined with

black ; mantlechestuut,mostoftliefeathers

with a more or less distinct central spot. iii(/ro//u!arif>, p. 412.

B. Breast and belly pure white (chin, throat, and

superciliary stripes the same coloiu-) hypoleucus, p. 413.

1. Eupsychortyx cristatiis.

La Caille hup^e du Mexique, Briss. Orn. i. p. L'()0, pi. xxv. fig. 2

(1700).
Tetrao cristatus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 277 (1760); Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii.

p. 705 (1788).
Caille liiipee du ^lexique, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. ii. pi. 61 [no. 126].
he Zouecolin, I>iijf. Hist. Nat. Ow. ii. p. 485 (1771).
Crested Quail, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. ii. p. 784 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.

viii. p. 329 (1823).
Perdix cristata, Z^^/i. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 052(1790); Temm. Pig.et

Gall. iii. pp. 440, 730 (1815).

* It h.Ts not been found possible to make a satisfactory key for distinguishing
the females.

408 PHASIANID^.

Coturuix cristata, Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. •222, pi. 96. fig. 4

(1791).
Le Colin Zon&olin, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 247 (1817).
Ortyx temminckii, Sfepfi. hi 8/imv's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 381 (1819).
Ortyx neoxenus, Vigors, P. Z. 8. 1830, p. 3.
Ortvx cristata, Lesson, III. Zool. text to pi. 52 (1831) ; Jard. ^ Selh.

ill. Orn. i. text to pi. 38.
Ortvx cristatus, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 44 (1844) ; id. List

GalUnce Brit. Mus. p. 76 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 273 (1870) ;

r. Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 36.
Eupsvchortvx cristatus, Gould, Man. Odontoph. pt. ii. pi. 9 (1846) ;

Cuoj)er, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. ii. p. 9-5 (1877) ; Berlepsch, J. f. O.

1892, p. 98 ; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 305, .325 [ Aruba, Curafao].
Perdix neoxenus, Aud. Orn. Bioyr. v. p. 228, pi. 423 (1849).
Eupsycbortyx gouldi, Berlepsch, J.f. O. 1892, p. 100 [Cura9ao].

Adult male. Lores, top of the head, elongate crest, chin, and throat
huff or rufous buii' ; ear-coverts white, a wide black superciliary
stripe and a black band running from the angle of the gape between
the throat and ear-coverts ; feathers of the back of the neck white,
with a triangular black patch at the extremity : mantle, sides of the*
neck, and wing-coverts mostly rufous washed with grey, and shading
into grey on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; all the upper parts are
finely mottled with black, and many of the wing-coverts, scapulars,
outer secondaries, and feathers below the mantle are blotched with
the same colour, while the three former are also edged with whitish
buff ; quills brown, the secondaries more or less mottled on the
cuter webs with rufous white ; chest-feathers rufous down the
middle, barred with black, and with a white spot on either side of
the extremity ; sides and flanks very similar ; breast and belly
white, barred with black, and, especially in the middle of the breast
and belly, widely tipped with orange-buff ; under tail-coverts buif
with dark centres ; tail-feathers brownish grey, with irregular
mottled bars or vermiculations of pale buff. Total length 8 inches,
wing 4, tail 2-4, tarsus 1-15, middle toe and claw 1*3.5.

Adult female. Differs chiefly from the male in having the super-
ciliai'y stripe orange-yellow : the ear-coverts pale brown and the
band below them whitish buff; the sides of the throat washed with
the same colour and the feathers margined on the sides with black.
Total length 8 inches, wing 3'9, tail 2-3, tarsus 1*15, middle toe and
claw 1'3.

Hah. Islands of Curacao and Aruba.

a, b. c? ad. st. et $ [S. America.] Pui'chased.

ad. sk.
c. <S ad. sk. [Mexico.] Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Eupsychortyx leucopogon.

Ortyx leucopogon. Less. Eev. Zool. 1842, p. 175 [San Carlos, Central

America]; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pi. 36 (1846).
Ortyx leucotis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 133 [Santa Fe de Bogota] ;

Gray, List GalUnce Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1867); id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 273 (1870).

")-!. EUl'SYCUOKTYX. 4U9

Eiip.svchortyx leucotis, Gould, Mutt. Odoittvph. pt. i. pi. 10 (18-t4);

Salvm, Ihk, lfS7(J, p. 379 [Veragaa] ; iiclat. S) :Saiv. I>. Z. 6". l»7i),

p. 044 [Medellin, Antioquia].
Eup>^vehol■t^^c leucopogou *, frowW, Monogr. Odortt.oph. pt. iii. pi. V-j

(1850).

Adult male. Easily distinguished from /s. cristattts bj- having the
superciliary stripe and the throat right up to the ear-coverts bright
orange-chestnut, so that the white car-patch is margined above and
below with chestnut instead of with black as in E. cristaiiii; but
otherwise the plumage of both species is very similar. Total length
8(3 inches, wing 4:"1, tail 2'7, tarsus 1*:^, middle toe and claw 1-li.

Adult female diti'ers from the male in having the feathers of the
superciliary stripe and throat buff, edged with black ; the ear-coverts
brown ; the crest dark brown instead of brownish white ; the
mantle blotched with black like the rest of the back, and the whole
of the upper parts more coarsely marked ; the underparts paler, and
the black middle and cross bars much coarser and more conspicuous.
Total length 7'7 inches, wing '3-'.), tail 2-5, tarsus 1*15, middle toe
and claw 1"3.

Hab. Veragua to the United States of Colombia.

«, 6. cf $ ad. St. Sta. F^ de Bogota, U.S.C. Turchased.

<■-(/. S 2 ad.sk. Sta. ¥6 de Bogota. (tould Coll.

A. (5 ad. sk. Sta. F6 de Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. 2 ad. sk. Sta. Fe de Bogota (Purdic). Director Roy. (^ar-

deu?, Kew [P.].

/>:. cJ ad. sk. Near Bogota. Tweeddale Coll.

l-ti. cf 2 ad.sk. Antioquia, U.S.C. (T. K. Salviii-Godman &

Sahnon). Gould Colls.

o. (J ad. sk. Medellin, Antioquia. Gould Coll.

p-r. cJ ad. et imm. Veragua {Arc6). Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk.

3. Eupsychortyx sonnini.

Coturnix fronte sordida, Rozier, Journ. de Fhys. ii. pt. i. p. 217, pi. 2

(1771').
La Caille de Cayenne, Virey, in Sonn. ed. Buff. Ois. vii. p. 133 (1802).
I'erdix sonnini, Temm. Pitj. et Gnll. iii. pp. 451, 737 (1815); Vieill.

N. Diet. inUd. Nat. XXV. p. 246 (1817); id. Tabl. E»cijcl. Meth.

i. p. 309 (\i<20) ; rcmm. PL Col. v. pi. 42 [no. 75] (1823).
Ee Colin Sonnini, Tiei/l. X. Diet. d'Hixt. A'at. xxv. p. 246 (1817).
Ortvx sonninii, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zoul. xi. p. 383 (1819) ; Lenson,

I'U. Zuol. text to pi. 52 (1831) ; Jaid. ^- Selb. III. Orn. i. text to

* Birds from Verng;ua have rather more white on tlie chin and upper part
of the thriiat tlian is generally found iu speoiineus from Antioquia. I haTe
not the slightest doubt tlint the bird from " San Carlos in Central America"
which formed the type of Lesson's 0. feiirapo</on was merely a rather white-
throated example of this species. The striking dilferences shown in Gould's
plate are probably im))riiTemeut8 ou uature, and the chestnut band which com-
mences behind the eye and crosses the ear-coverts in his figure no doubt
really represents the superciliary stripe.

410 PHASIiNlD.S;.

pi. 38; Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 44 (1844); id. List

GalUnce Brit. Mus. p. 77 (18671 ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 273 (1870) ;

V. Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 290 (1871).
Sonnini's Quail, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 328 (1823).
Ortvx cristatus, Cab. {nee Linn.) in Schomb. Brit. Guiana, pt. iii.

p". 747 (1848).
Eupsychortyx sonninii, Gould, Mon. Odontoph. pt. iii. pi. 11 (1850) ;

Cassin, P. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 378 [St. Thomas] ; Newton, Ibis,

1860, p. 308 [St. Thomas, introduced] ; Sclat. ^ Salmn, P. Z. S.

1869, p. 252 [Plain of Valencia] ; Cory, Auk, iv. p. 225 (1887) ; id.

B. West Ind. p. 224 (1889) ; id. Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 96 (1892).

Adult male. Differs chiefly from E. leucopogon iu having the
chest pale vinaceous, slightly vermiculated with black ; most of the
feathers with one or two small, irregular, black-edged white spots
on the margins of one or both webs, but these marks are mostly
hidden and do not take away much, if at all, from the general
uniform appearance of the chest ; the ear-coverts are dirty white.
Total length 8'5 inches, wing 4*1, tail 2-6, tarsus I'lo, middle toe
and claw 1-3.

Adult female. Resembles the female of E. levxcpogon, but the
black markings on the underparts are less coarse, especially on the
throat ; the superciliaries and cheeks are, moreover, washed with
orange-rufous and much brighter, while the general colour of the
underparts is paler. Total length 8-3 inches, wing 3-9, tail 2-45,
tarsus 1-1, middle toe and claw 1-2.

A quite yoiuKj bird has the upper parts ven,' similar to those of
the female adult, but all the feathers of the mantle, wing-coverts,
scapulars, and chest have pale buff shaft-stripes ; chin and throat
white, rest of the underparts white irregularly barred with black.

Hah. K. of S. America, ranging south to the Rio Branco, east to
British Guiana, and west to Caracas, Venezuela.

a. (5 ad. sk. Forte do Rio Branco, Brazil, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nov. (Natterer).
British Guiana. Schomhurgk Coll.

Quonga, Brit. Guiana, Sept., Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oct., Nov. (H. TVhitely).

Caracas, Venezuela. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mustique, Grenadine I., W. I., Salvin-Godman Coll.

June (Z). W. Smith).

[Mexico.] Gould CoU.

No locality. Eyton Coll.

4. Eupsychortyx patvicristatus.

Ortyx parvicristatus, GotiM, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 106 [Santa Fe de
Bogota] : Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 44 (1844) ; id. Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 273 (1870).

Eupsychortyx parvicristatus, Gould, Mon. Odont. pt. ii. pi. 12 (1846).

Ortyx parvirostris, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1867).

* Apparently assuming male plumage on the chest.

b-g. S 2 ad. sk.

et St.
h-o. (5 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
p. (5 ad. sk.
q. (S ad. sk.

r.
s.

(^ ad. sk.
2 ad. sk*

54. EUPSYCIIOKIVX. 411

A'/ith male* Differs from E. sonnini generally in being more
richly and darkly coloured ; the feathers of the crest are shorter
and browu ; the car-coverts are brown ; the chest is pale chestnut ;
the breast and belly are rufous chestnut, and the white spots are
much reduced in number. Total length 8-5 inches, wing 3'9, tail
2'5, tar>us 1, middle toe and claw 1-15.

Adult female. Does not differ from the female of E, sonimii.

Hah. United States of Colombia; vicinity of Bogota.

a-c. (S ad. sk. Nr. Sta. Fe de Bogota, U.S.C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{G. Crou-ther).

d-i. 6 ad. sk. Sta. F6 de Bogota. Gould Coll.

k~m. S $ ad. sk. Sta. F^ de Bogota. Purchased.

et St.

*^-P- 6 $ ad. sk. Sta. Fe de Bogota. Tweeddale Coll.

5. Eupsychortyx leylandi.

Ortvx leylandi, Moon; P. Z. 8. It^yO, p. 62 [Omoa to Coniavagua,
Honduras] ; Sclat. S,- Snhin, Ibis, 1859, p. 2i'6 : Taijlor, Ibis, i860,

fi. 312 [Comavagua, Honduras] ; Boiicard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 42
San Jos6, Costa Eica] ; Nutting, P. U. S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 390
(1884) [Nicaragua]; Zeledon, P. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 112
(1880) [Costa IJicaJ.
P]upsvchortvx leucofrenatus, £Uict, Ann. Lye. N. York, vii. p. 106,

pi. 3 (1860) [Honduras].
Coliuus leylandi, C/ierrie, Auk, ix. p. 320 (1892) [San Jos6, Costa
liica].

Adult male. Most nearly allied to E. sonnini and E. jjaw?-
cristatus, the chest being vinaceous, indistinctly vermiculated with
dusky and vcrj' sparingly sjiotted, but easily to be distinguished
from either by having the chin and throat black ; the sides of the
throat and superciliary stripes bufft, wider and nearly uniform
in old birds, but narrower and each feather tipped with black in
younger examples ; in old birds, too, the base of the throat is bounded
by white feathers with black tips, in younger birds these are re-
presented by dull rufous feathers edged with black ; the upper
parts are considerably darker than in eitlier of the above-mentioned
species, the black vermiculations and miirkings being much coarser.
Total length 8-4 inches, wing 4"1, tail 2-4, tarsus 1*1, middle toe
and claw 1-3.

• The description and measurements are taken from the most richly-coloured
Bogota specimens, with the breast and belly mostly chestnut; in other specimens
which more nearly approach K. scnmiiii in the culoration of tliese jwrts the
general size is nitlier larger and the tarsus is \2. AVith limited material and
labels without exact particulars, it is impossible to say wliat the cause of this
variation in size and colour may be, but tlie probability is that it is climatic.

t Very conspicuous in two birds from Nicaragua, much less so in two from
Costa Rica ; but, as another adult specimen from Nicaragua is perfectly inter-
mediate, I do not attach much importance to these difftrcnces, and believe
they are due to age and not to locality.

412

PHASIANID^.

Younger males have the black feathers of the throat with white
shafts aud middles.

Adult female. To be distinguished from the females of E. sonnini
and E. parvicristatus, which it greatly resembles, b)' having the
chest like that of the male, but more spotted ; the superciliary
stripe wider and pure yellowish buff; the throat the same, with
very slight black edges to the outer feathers ; and the upper parts
with the black markings coarser.

Hab. Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Ilica.

a. 2 ad. St. Costa Eica (Endres). Purchased.

6, e. cJ 2 ad. sk. Costa Rica {J. Carmiol^- Cajjt. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Doiv).
d, e. d 2 fid. sk. Costa Rica. Gould Coll.

/. c? ad. sk. San Jose, Costa Rica, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(J. Carmiol).
y. S imm. sk. Irazu Distr., Costa Rica (if. Sahin-Godman Coll.

Rogers),
h-n. <S 5 ad. et Chinandega, Nicaragua, May Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. sk. ( W. B. Richardmn) .

6. Eupsychortyx nigrogularis.

Ortyx nigrogularis, Gotdd, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 181 [Mexico] ; id. Man.

Odontopk. pt. ii. pi. 4 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 514, pi. cxxxii.

(1846); id. List Gallina Brit. Mm. p. 76 (1867): id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 273 (1870) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 461 [Chable,

Yucatan].
Ortyx nigrigularis, Sclat. ^ Sahin, Ibis, 1859, p. 225 [Yucatan and

British Honduras].
Cohnus nigrogularis, Ridgio. Man. N. Am. B. p. 190 (1887).
Colinus nigrogularis segovien.sis, Ridyio. P. U. S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 693

(1887) [Segovia River, Honduras].

Ad^dt male. Lores, superciliary stripes, chin, and throat black ;
top of the head aud moderate crest brown, edged on the forehead
and sides with white ; a white stripe from the angle of the gape
across the ear-coverts ; feathers of the back and sides of the neck
and upper part of the mantle chestnut, mostly with white centres ;
those of the lower mantle chestnut, margined with grey finely
mottled with black ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts grey
tipped with olive-brown, and with large deep black mottled blotches ;
scapulars and outer secondaries very similar, but with their inner
webs margined with white ; wing-coverts brown, with chestnut
middles; quills brown; the inner secondaries mottled with pale
brown on the outer web ; chest, breast, and belly white, each
feather margined all round with black, those of the sides and flanks
with chestnut ; under tail-covcrts rufous, tipped with whitish and
with black centres ; tail brownish grey, the middle feathers especially
more or less mottled towards the tips with whitish brown. Total
length 8-2 inches, wing 4-1, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-15, middle toe and
claw 1"35.

54. EUPSYCiiopavx.

413

Adult female. Differs from the female of E. sonnini and the
allied species in having the superciliary stripes and throat bright
butt', witliout any trace of black marking. Total length 8 inches,
wing 4'1, tail 2-2, tarsus I'lo, middle toe and claw l-3o.

Hab. Central America: Yucatan, British Honduras, and Honduras.

a-c. cJ 2 ad. sk.

et St.
d,e. cJ $ ad. sk.

f-n. cJ $ ad. sk.

o. (S ad. sk.

p. cJ nd- sk.

<]. (S ad. sk.

r. J inim. sk.

Honduras.

Tizimin, Yucatan, May (G.

F. Gaumer).
Buctzotz, Yucatan, April

(G. F. G.).
Chable, X. Yucatan, Dec.

{G. F. G.).
Peto, Yucatan, April (G.

F. G.).^
Merida, Yucatan, June (Dr.

A. Schoft).
No locality.

Dyson Coll.

Salvin-Godmau and

Goidd Colls.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.

7. Eupsychortyx hypoleucus.

Eupsychortyx b}-poleucus, Gould, P. Z. S. 18(30, p. 62 [Acnjutla,

Mexico.]
Eupsychortyx leucopogon, Salfin ^ Sclnt. (nee Less.), Ibis, 1860,

p. '277 [San Geronimo].
Ortvx hvpoleucus. Gray, List GaUinm Brit. Mus. p. 77 (1867) ; id.

Hand'-l. B. ii. p. 273 (1870).

Adult male. Differs from all the previously described species
chiefly in having the superciliary stripes, chin, throat, chest, breast,
and belly white ; the tail-feathers also are rather distinctly barred
with whitish grey, more closely thau in any other species of the
genus. Total length 7"8 inches, wing 4-1, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-1,
middle toe and claw 1-3.

Immature males have the breast, belly, sides, and flanks much like
those of the female, but more or less intermixed with the white
feathers of the adult male according to age ; the scapulars and outer
secondaries are barred with white.

Adult female closely resembles the female of E. crisiatiis, but the
feathers of the crest arc darker. Total l(>ngth 7'o inches, wing 4'1,
tail 2*5, tarsus !•!, middle toe and claw 1-25.

Bab. Central America ; Guatemala.

a, b. 2 ad. sk.
c. c? imui. sk.
d-f. S $ ad. et <S
imm. sk.

g. (5 ad. sk.

Guatemala.
Vera Paz, Guatemala.
San Geronimo, Vera Paz,
Guatemala, Aug., Nov.

^ (O. «.).
No locality.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Goll.
Salvin-Godman Cull.

Purchased of M. Vtr-
reaux.

414 PHASIANID^.

55. ORTYX.* „

Type.
Ortyx, Steph. in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 376 (1819) ;

Gould, Monogr. Odontoph., Introd. p. 1.3 (1850) . . 0. virp:iuianu3.

Colinus, LesH. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 190 (1828) 0. virginianus.

Ortygia, Boie, Ists, 1828, p. 326 0. virginianus.

Colinia, Nutt. Man. Orn. i. p. 646 (1832) O. virginianus.

Sexes diiferent ; no distinct crest.

1st primary falls between the 7th and 8th ; 4th slightly the
longest.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, rather more than half the length
of the wing.

Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw.

Range. United States of North America, Mexico, and Cuba.

Key to the Species (Males ) t.

I. Chin and throat white, surrounded by a black

band.

A. Feathers of the middle of the breast and

belly whitish or whitish buff, with V-shaped
black bars.

a. Feathers of the mantle vinaceous rufous,

the edges grey barred with black.
a . Bars on the breast narrower and less

marked virginianus, p. 41.5.

b'. Bars ou the breast wider and more

conspicuous Jloridanus, p. 418.

b. Feathers of the mantle barred and mottled
with pale rufous and black, and edged

indistinctly with grey texatius, p. 419.

B. Feathers of the middle of the breast and

belly chestnut, irregularly edged and

spotted with white on the sides cubanensis, p. 421.

C. Feathers of the middle of the breast and

belly didl reddish chestnut.

c. Black band below the throat wider and

extending over the upper part of the

chest pectoralis, p. 421.

d. Black band narrower, not extending on to

the chest graysoni, p. 422.

II. Chin and throat black.

D. Middle of breast and belly uniform chestnut

or dull brick-colour.

e. Chin and throat black, chest dull brick-

colour ridgwayi, p. 422.

* Doubtful species : —

Ortj-x affinis, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 3 ; Reinhardt, Ihis, 1861, p. 115
(Virgin Islands),
t It has not been found possible to make any satisfactory key to the females.

55. ORTYX. 41 i

/. Chin, throat, and chest black.

c'. Feathers of the top of the head black,
edged and tipped with brown, a white
superciliary stripe usually fairly de-

veliiped coyolcos, p. 423.

d! . Feathers of the top of the head uniform

black, superciliary stripe black atriceps, p. 424.

E. Middle of brea^it and belly white, barred

with black and mixed with chestnut .... castaneus, p. 424.

1. Ortyx Virginian us.

New-England Partridge, Albin, Kut. Hist. B. i. p. 26, pi. xxviii.

(1738).
American Partridge, Catesby, Carol, ii. App. pi. 12 (1743) ; Nutt.

J/rt»i. Or«. i. p. 647 (1832).
La Perdrix de la Xouvelle Angleterre, Briss. Om.i. p. 229 (1760) ;

Buf. Hist. Xat. Ois. ii. p. 447 (1771).
La Caille de la Louiziane, Briss. Orn. i. p. 258, pi. xxii. fig. 2 (1760) ;

D'Aubent. PL Enl. ii. pi. 53 [no. 149].
La Perdrix d'Amerique, Briss. Orn. i. p. 230 (1760).
Tetrao virginianus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 277 (1766) ; Gm. S. X. i. pt. ii.

p. 761 (1788).
Tetrao marilandicus, Li7in. S. N. i. p. 277 (1766).
Tetrao mexicanus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 277 (1766) ; Gni. S. N. i. pt. ii.

p. 762 (1788).
Le Colenicui, Buf. Hist. Kat. Ois. ii. p. 487 (1771).
Virginia Partridge, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. ii. p. 777 (1783).
Maryland Partridge, Lat/i. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 778 (1783) ; id. Gen.

Hi.^t. B. viii. p. .'524 (1823).
Louisiana Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 785 (1783) ; id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 326 (1823).
Tetrao marilandus, Gm. S. X. i. pt. ii. p. 761 (1788).
Perdix virginiana. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 650 (1790) ; WHs. Am. Orn.

vi. p. 21, pi. xlvii. (1812) ; Jard. ed. IVils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 223,

pi. 47. tig. 2 (1832) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. i. p. 388, pi. 76 (1831), v.

p. 564 (1839).
Perdix marilanda, L.ath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 651 (1790).
Perdix mexicana, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 653 (1790).
Tetrao minor, Bartr. Travels, p. 290 his (1791).
Coturuix virginiana, p. 219, marilandica, p. 220, mexicana, p. 223,

Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. (1791).
Perdix borealis, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 436, 735 (1815) [part.] ;

VieiU. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 44, pi. 214 (1825).
Le Colin ho-oui. J'ieill. N.Diet. d'Hist. Nat. x\v. p. 242 (1817).
Ortvx borealis, Steph. in 6'hair's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 377 (1819); Jard.

^- Self>. III. Orn. i. text to pi. 38.
Ortyx virginianus, Jard. Xat. Lib., Orn. iv. p. 123, pi. x. (18.U) ;

Gould, Monot/r. Odontoph. pt. i. pi. i. (1844) ; ff'oodJi. Sityr. Pep.

p. 94 (1853) [Indian Territory; Texa.<i] ; Neic(on,Ibis, 1859, p. 254

[St. Croix, introduced] ; Baird, U. S. S( 3/e.r. Surv.. Birds, p. 32

(1859): Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 640 (1860) ; Sclaf. P. Z. S. 1861,

p. 80 [Jamaica, introduced] ; Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, p. 205

[Jamaica]: Ilnyd. Pep. p. 173 (1862) [Missouri R. tu White K.] ;

Marsh, P. Ac. ' Philad. 186:3, p. 303 [Jamaica]; Gray, List Gat-

liiue Brit. Mus.^. 75 (1867); id. Hand-l.B.'ii. p. 272(1870);

416 FHiSIANID^.

Trvppe, P. Essex Inst. vi. p. 118 (1871) [Minnesota] ; id. P. Bosf.
Soc. XV. p. 240 (187-2) [Iowa] ; Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 352
(1871), iii. p. 181 (1872) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 237 (1872) ;
id. B. N.-West, p. 431 (1874); Snoiv, B. Kansas, ed. 3, p. 11
(1875) ; Brotm, Bull. Nutt. Om. C. iv. p. 12 (1879) [Alabama] ;
Scott, Bull. Nidt.Oni. C. iv. p. 147 (1879) [W. Missouri] ; Loonw,
Bull. Nutt. Om. C. iv. p. 217 (1879) [S. Carolina] ; Lawrence, P.
U. S. Nat. Mus. i. pp. 237, 487 (1879) [Antigua, introduced],
p. 450 [Guadelupe, Martinique] ; Cori/, B. Bahama Is. p. 142
(1880) ; DaUjleish, Bull. Nutt. Om. C. v. p. 144 (1880) [England,
introduced] ; A. E. Newton, Handh. Jamaica, p. 117 (1881) ; Cory,
Bull. Nutt. Om. C. vi. p. 154 (1881) [Haiti, introduced] ; Beck-
ham, Bull. Nutt.Om. C. vii. p. 165 (1882J [Louisiana] ; Allen, Ibis,
1883, p. 226 ; Samuels, N. Sr E. Birds, p. 389 (1883) ; Cory, Birds
Haiti ^- San Doininyo, p. 138 (1885); Breimt. Auk, iii. p. 103

(1886) [N. Carolina] ; Lanydm, Auk, iv. p. 129 (1887) [Tennessee] ;
Eoermann, Auk, v. p. 349 (1888) [Carroll Co., Indiana] : Richmond,
Auk, V. p. 20 (1888) [Dist. of Columbia]; Feilden, Ibis, 1889,
p. 410 [Barbadoes].

Ortvx virginiana, And. B. Amer. v. p. 59, pi. 289 (1842) ; De Kay,
Zool. N. York. p. 202, pi. 75 (1844) ; 3Iax. J. f. O. 1858, p. 443 ;
Fowler, Am. Nat. iii. p. 535 (1869) [habits] ; Ridyio. Bull. Nutt.
Om. C. vii. p. 22 (1882) [Knox Co., Indiana] : Hay, Bull. Nutt.
Om. C. vii. p. 93 (1882) [Lower Mis.?issippi] ; Bailey, Bull. Nutt.
Om. C. viii. p. 41 (1893) [Georgia] ; Steams 4" Coues, N. Em/land
Birds, pt. ii. p. 167 (1883) ; Coue.^ Key N. Am. B. p. 589 (1884) ;
Agershurg, Auk, ii. p. 285 (1885) [S.E. Dakota]; Wilcox, Auk,\\.
p. 315 (18.'55) [Idaho, introduced].

Ortyx marylandus, Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 38 [Cuba, Jamaica].

Ortyx virginianus, var. virginianus, Baird, Brew., Sf Ridgio. N. Am.
B. iii. p. 468 (1874).

Colinus virginianus, Stejn. Auk, ii. p. 45 (1885) ; Cory, List B. West
Ind. p. 24 (1885) ; Fox, Auk, iii. p. 319 (1886) [Roane Co., Ten-
nessee] ; A. O. U. Check-list, p. 167 (1886), Cory, Auk, iv. p. 224

(1887) [Bahamas. Haiti, San Domingo, Jamaica, St. Croix, Antigua];
Ridyw. N. Am.' B. p. 188 (1887); Cory, B. West Ind. p. 223
(1889) ; Rives, Auk, vi. p. 53 (1889) [White Top Mountain,
Virginia] ; Fa.von, Auk, vi. p. 99, footnote (1889) [Saddle-Back
range, Mass.] ; Pindar, Auk, xi. p. 313 (1889) [Fulton Co., Ken-
tucky] ; Belding, Occas. Pap. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii. p. 8 (1890) ; Loomis,
Auk, vii. p. 35 (1890) [Pickens Co., S. Carolina], viii. p. 326 (1891)
[S. Carolina] ; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 96 (1892) [Bahamas, Greater
and Lessei- Antilles] ; Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 1, pi. i. fig. 1 (1892) ;
Scott, Auk, ix. p. 120 (1892) [.Jamaica, introduced] ; Coomhs, Auk,
ix. p. 204 (1892) [Louisiana] ; Todd, Auk, x. p. 38 (1893J [Indiana
and Pennsylvania].

Adult male. Lores whitish, shading into pale buff on the sitper-
ciliary stripes ; forehead black ; feathers of the top of the head black,
widely tipped with riifbus chestnut ; back and sides of neck mostly
white, with a triangular chestnut patch at the extremity, edged on
the sides with black ; mantle vinaceous rufous, shading into grey
towards the sides of the feathers, which are more or less distinctly
barred with black ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts oHve-
grey, finely mottled with dusky and buflf; most of the feathers down

5'). ORTYX. 417

the middle of the lower back blotched with black and mottled with
rufous at the extremity, and the rump-feathera and upper tail-
coverts with a black subterniinal shaft-spot ; the inner wing-coverts,
scapulars, and outer secondaries rufous, shading' into grey on the
outer web. which is indistinctly barred with wliite ; a bhick sub-
terminal l)lotch and black vermiculatioiis towards the extremity,
which together with the inner web is margined with buff; the
rest of the wing-coverts rufous, irregularl}' barred with black on
the edges ; quills greyish brown, the inner secondaries edged and
irregularly barred along the margin with rufous buff ; a black
band across the cheek from the gape to the ear-coverts, which are
chestnut ; chin and throat white, terminated by a wide black band
which extends across the throat between the car-coverts ; upper
chest vinaceous rufous like the mantle, shading into whitish buff
or buff on the lower chest and breast and into white on the belly,
all these parts are somewhat irregularly barred with rather narrow
wide-set black bands ; sides and flanks chestnut in the middle, and
white irregularly barred with black along the margin, the last black
liar on each side of the extremity is usually more or less crescent-
shaped, producing an ocellated appearance ; under tail-coverts pale
rufous tipped with buff, each with a subterminal arrow-shaped
black mark on the shaft : tail-feathers slate-grey, mottled towards
the extremity with greyish. Total length 8-6 inches, wing 4"5,
tail 2"o, tarsus 1"2, middle toe and claw 1'45.

Adult female. Differs chieHy from the male in having the throat
bright buff' ; the black bands from the gape to the ear-coverts and
across the front of the neck represented only by black tips to the
feathers ; the bhick bands on the underparts are much less distinct
and usually absent on the middle of the brea«t and belly. Total length
!S-() inches, wing 4 5. tail '2--), tarsus \-'2, middle toe and claw 1-4.

A chid- has the lores, forehead, and sides of the head covered with
buff-coloured down, the top of the head witli brownish rufous, and
the chin and throat with white ; the ear-coverts brownish black ;
gencriil colour of the ujjper ])arts browner than ir the adult and all
the feathers with pale shaft-stripes ; the rest oi the underparts
brownish white, also with pale shafts and a whitish-buff spot on the
extremity of each feather.

J/al). Eastern United States of Xorth America ; ranging north to
Massachusetts and Minnesota, west to Dakota and Indian Territory,
Texas, and south to Georgia and other (nilf States. Also introduced
into manv of the West Indian Islands ami various parts of the Old
World.

a. cJ ad. St. X. America. Ilardwicke Bequest.

b,c. (S 2 ^^- "k. N. America, May, July (7/. Snlvin-Ciodmau Coll.

U'. Henxhaw).

d. 5 ad. sk. Vermilion, Dakota, Jan. ( W. Salvin-tiodmau Coll.

Breirster).

*./• cJad.sk. Mt. Carmel, Illinois, Julv, Salvin-Godnian Cell.

Aug. [E. W.Xeho),).

g. cJad.sk. Chicago, Dec. (.E. Z. Z^aynn). Salvin-Godman Coll.

VOL. ixii. 2e

418

PHASIANID^.

h. 2 ad. sk.

i, ^. c? 2 ad. sk. et

St.

I. $ ad. sk.

m, n. cj" 2 ad. sk.

0. c? ad. sk.

p. S ad. sk.

q-u. S 2 ad. sk.

V, w. <S 2 ad. sk.
x-g'. S 2 ad. et

pull sk.
h'. 2 ad. sk.

i'-l'. <S ad. sk.

rn'-p'. 2 ad. sk.

q'~s. cJ 2 ad. sk.

t' . c? ad. sk.

u', v'. (S 2 ad. sk.
7v',x'. c? ad. sk. et

2 ad. St.
t/'. (^ ad. sk.

Michigan.
Rockport, Indiana.

New York.

Sing Slug, New York, Nov.

{A. K. Fwher).
Albany, New York {J. II.

Hurst).
Marston's Mills, Massachu-
setts, Dec. ( W. Breivster).
New Haven, Connecticut,

Dec. (A. J. Daymi).
New Jersey.
Washington D.C., Sept.,

Nov. (iT. W. H.).
Aiken, S. Carolina, March

(C. H. Merriam).
Falle Church, Virginia, Nov.,

Dec. {H. W. H.).
Fairfax Co., Va., Dec. {H.

W. H.).
H.illister's,Va.,Nov. (ir. W.

H.).
Qiiantico, Va., March (//.

W. H.).
Bermuda, Dec.
Jamaica.

[Orizaba, Vera Cruz,

Mexico.]

Subsp. a. Ortyx floridanus.

Prof. Steere [P.].
Prof. J. P. Kirtland

Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt. S.G. Reid [C.].
P. H. Gosse, Esq.

[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Ortyx virginianus, var. floridanus, Coues, Key N. A. B. p. 2.37

(1872) ; Baird, Brew., S( Ridyiv. N. Atner. B. iii. p. 522 (1874)

[Miami, Fla.].
Ortyx virginiana floridana, Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 591 (1884).
Oolinus virginianus floridanus, ISfejn. Auk, ii. p. 45 (1885) : A. 0.

U. Check-list, p. 167 (1886); kidgiv. Man. N. Am. B.' p. 188

(1887); Chapman, Auk, v. p. 270 (1888) [Gainesville, Fla.];

Scott, Auk, vi. p. 245 (1889) [Miami, and Tarpon Springs, Fla.] ;

id. Auk, ix. p. 212 (1892) [Caloosaliatchie region, Fla.j ; Bendire,

N. Am. B. p. 7 (1892).

Adult male. Differs chiefly from the male of 0. virginianus in
having the general tone of the plumage darker, the top of the head
much blacker, and the black markings on the rest of the upper
parts coarser and more marked ; the buff edges of the outer
secondaries and scapulars much narrower ; the ear-coverts black,
and the band from the gape passing uninterruptedlj' across them
round the base of the throat, where it usually widens out con-
siderably, often extending over the upper chest and generally
taking the place of the vinaceous rufous which predominates in
0. vir/jmianus. The black bands on the rest of the underparts are
much coarser and more strongly marked. Total length 8-6 inches,
wing 4'3, tail 2-3, tarsus 1'2, middle toe and claw 1*3.5.

.>;). ORTYX.

419

Adult female. Differs from the female of 0. virginianas in being
generally rlarker and having the buff edging of the outer secondaries
and scapulars much narrower and the blafk markings on the
breast and underparts mucli more strongl\- marked and equally
developed on the feathers of the middle of the breast and belly.
Total length 8"G inches, wing 4-3, tail 2-3, tarsus 1"15, middle toe
and claw I'JJ.

The chick in July resembles the chick of 0. ^'iiyiiiianxs described
above.

Quite yoinit/ l>ir<i.<i (both male and female) in August resemble the
above, but the top and sides of the head are covered with greyish-
brown feathers, and on the mantle, wing-coverts, and sides of breast
and belly the adult feathers begin to make their appearance.

Hid). Florida, U.S. of N. America.

a-c. (S 2 <ad. sk. Florida.

d. S ad. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.

/, !/. 2 ad. sk.

h. S ad. sk.

i. (S ad. ^k.

k-(f".d $ad.,imm.
juv. et pull. sk.

h". (5 imm. sk.

i". J juv. sk.
k", r: d ? ad. sk.
in". $ ad. sk.

Florida, Feb. (B. H. Warren).
Hawkiusville, Fla., March

(/?. //. JV.)
Orange Co., Fla., April (B.

H. jr.).

Dieirgor Settlement, Fla.,

April (B. If. W.).
Okaluunkee, Fla., April (C.

TI. Mcrriain).
Tar]i(in Spring.-i, Fla., Jan.-

^Nlarcli, June- Aug., Oct.,

Die. ( IV. E. D. >Sr.oU and

W. S. Dickinson).
Melbourne, Fla., Sept. [W.

Ho vie).
St. Lucie, Ha., Oct. ( W. H.).
Fort Drum, Fla., Oct. ( Jr. H.).
Miami, Fli., April (//. W.

Ilenshaw).

W. Di.smore, Esq.

[P.].
Salvin-Ciodman Cidl.
Salvin-(iodmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Snbsp. h. Ortyx texanus.

Ortvx virginianus, McCall {nee Linn.), I'. Ac. Philad. v. p. 220
(\S~>\) [X. Mexico, S.W. Texas]; Xehrlimj, Bull. Nutt. Oni. C.
vii. p. 175 (1882) [S. Texas].

Ortyx texanus, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. York, vi. p. 1 (18o3) ;
liaird, U.IS. .y Mex. Stirv., Birds, p. 22 (1859) [W.Texas]: id.
B. N. Ainer. p. 041, pi. xxiv. (18(iO) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, pp. 315,
317, 1806, p. 27 [S. Texas]; Gra)/, List Gallirue Brit. Mug. p. 75
(1867) ; id. Haml-l. B. ii. p. 272 (1870).

Ortyx virgiidanus, var. texanu«, Coues, Key X. A. B. p. 237 (1872).

Coiinus virgiiuanus texanus, Baird, Brew., S\- Bidyw. B. X. Atner.
iii. p. 474 (1874) ; Strjn. Auk, ii. p. 45 (1885) ;' A. O. U. Check-
li-af, p. 1()7 (1886); Bidt/iv. Man. X. Am. B. p. l88 (1887);
Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 186 (1887) [W. Texnsl : Beckham, P. U.S.
Xa}. Miis. X. pp. o;{6. 640, 655 (1887) [S.W. Texas]; Hashrouck,
Ai(k, vi. p.' 2.!7 il 880) [En.-*tland Co., Texas]; Aff water. Auk, ix.
p. 23;3(181t2) [.San .\ntomo, Texas] ; Bendire, X.Am. B. p. 8 (1892).

2 K 2

420

phasiantm:.

Ortyx virginiana texana, Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 53
(1878) [Rio Grande, Texas]; Broivn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. vii.
p. 41 (1882) [S.W. Texas] ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 691 (1884).

Adult male. Differs from 0. jioridanus in having the upper
parts much paler and greyer, and the vinaceous chestnut markings
of the latter replaced by pale vinaceous. It resembles 0. vir-
ginianus in having the black band round the base of the throat
narrower, and 0. Jioridanus in having the black bars on the
chest and breast coarser and more marked. Two specimens, which
apparently represent only an individual variety, have a large black
patch covering the chin and middle of the throat ; but, other-
wise, their plumage is perfectly similar to the above. Total length
8*6 inches, wing 4-3, tail 2-4, tarsus 1-2, middle too and claw 1-35.

Adult female. Resembles the female of 0. Jioridanus, but the
general colour of the upper parts is greyer and paler, and the
vinaceous chestnut markings are replaced by pale vinaceous. Total
length 8-4 inches, wing 4-2, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-15, middle toe and
claw 1"3.

Hab. Southern and Western Texas, U.S. of N. America, and
North-east and Western Mexico.

a, b. 2 ad. sk.

c, d. S 2 ^d. sk.
e,f. c? ? ad. sk.

g. J ad. sk.
h-l. (S 2 ad. sk.

f)t. J ad. sk.

71, 0. c? $ ad. sk.
p. 5 ad. sk.
g. 5 ad. sk.
)■, s. c? ad. sk.

t, u. <S 9. ad. ,sk.

V, IV. (S $ ad. sk.

et St.
.V, y. 6 2 ad. sk.

z. S ad. sk. [var.].

Santana, near Guadalajara,

Jalisco, Mexico, March

{W.Lloyd).
N.E. Mexico.
Xicotencal, Tamaulipas,

Mexico, May [W. B.

Jiicknrdson).
Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas,

Mexico, April ( W. B. B.).
Sierra Madre, above Ciudad

Victoria, Tamaulipas,

Mexico ( W. B.B.).
Hacienda de las Escobas,

Nuevo Leon, Mexico, May

(F. B. Armstrong).
San Agustin, Nuevo Leon,

Mexico, ^fay {F. B. A.).
San 1 edro, Nuevo Leon,

Mexico, May (F. B. A.).
Vaqueria, Nuevo Leon,

Mexico, May (J^. B. A.).
Estancia, Monterey, Nuevo

Leon, Mexico, April {F.

B. A.).
Topo (^hico, Monterey, Nuevo

Leon, Mexico, March {F.

B. A.).
Texas.

Texas [Heermann).
Brownsville, Texas,
{F. B.A.).

June

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

o5. oKxrx. 421

a'-k'. (S 2 ad. sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, March, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oct.-Dec. (F. B. A.).
I', fit'. J 2 ad. sk. Medina, Texas, Dec. (//. -E". Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Dresser).
7?'. Jad. ak. [var.]. San Antonio, Texas, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(//. E. D.).
o. cf ad. sk. [pale Papalote, Bee Co., Texas, Salvin-Godman Coll.
var.]. Feb. {F. B. A.).

2. Ortyx cubanensis.

Ortyx virginianus, D'Orh. {nee Lath.) in Ramon de la Sagra's Hist.
Cuba, p. 182 (1839) ; Simdev. CEfv. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1869, p. 601.

Ortvx ciibanensis, Gould in Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 514 (1846) ; id.
Mnnoqr. Odontoph. pt. iii. pi. i (1850); Gundlach. J. f. O. 1856,
p. ?,Sf ; Brei'jst. P. Bod. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 307 (1860) ; Alhrecht,
J. f. O. 1861, p. 213; Gundlach, Rep. Fis. Nat. Cuba, i. p. 303
(1866) ; Grui/, List GnUin(P Brit. Mus. p. 75 (1867) ; id. Hand-l.
B. ii. p. 273 (1870) ; Gundlach, J. f. O. 1874, p. 300, 1875, p. 293,
1878, p. 101 [Porto Rico]; id. Anal. Soc. F.ip. Hist. X vii.
p. 350 (1878).

Ortyx cubensis, Sclaf. ^- Sitlvin, Nam. Av. Keotr. p. 137 (1873).

Ortvx virgiuiauus, var. cubanensis, Baird, Brew., %■ Ridgw. iii. p. 468
(1874).

Colinus cubanensis, Con/, List B. West Ind. p. 24 (1885); id. Auk,
iv. p. 223 (1887); id. B. Ji'esf Ind. p. 222 (1889); id. Cat. W.
Ind. B. p. 96 (1892) [Isle of Tiiips].

Colinus virtrinianus cubanensis, Ridf/u\ Man. N. Am. B. p. 188
(1887) ; Chapman, Auk, v. p. 395 (1888) ; Scott, Auk. vi. p. 245
(1889) [Key West, Fla.] ; Bvndire, X. Am. B. p. 9 (1892).

Adult male. Most nearly resembles 0. te.vaaus, but the top of
the bead is quite black and the featlicrs of the chest are mos*^ly
black mixed with dull rufous or white in the middle ; those of the
breast and belly, as well as the sides and Hanks, have the ground-
colour rufous, more or less edged with black on the sides and
irregularly spotted with white. Total length S inches, wing 4-2,
tail 2-3, tarsus 1'2, middle toe and claw 1-4.

Ailult female is coarsely spotted on the underparts with black,
dirty white, and rufous.

Ilab. Island of Cuba.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.
Zool. Soc. Coll.

3. Ortyx pectoralis.

Ortyx pectoralis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 182 [Alexico]; id. Monofjr.

Odontoph. pt. iii. pi. v. (1850); Grai/, List Gallinee Brit. Mus.

p. 76 (1S67) ; id. Iland-I. Ii. ii. p. 273 (1870).
Colinus pectoralis, Rid,pc. Man. X. Am. B. p. 189 (1887).

Adult male. General colour of the upper part.s very similar to
that of O. le.yaniis, but in the most adult example the top of the

a. (S ad. sk.

Cuba.

b, c. (S ad. sk.

Cuba.

(/. (S imm. sk. [var.].

Cuba.

422 PHASIANID^.

head is entirely black ; otherwise the markings of the head, chin,
and throat are very similar. The upper chest is black, most of the
feathers with a white bar across the basal half ; the rest of the
nnderparts are uniform pale rufous chestnut. Total length 7-7 inches,
wing 4, tail 2-1, tarsus 1-1, middle toe and claw 1-25.

In a specimen which appears to be a younger bird the black
feathers of the chest are devoid of white cross-bars, and the thighs
and under tail-coverts are similar to those of the adult female.

Achdt female. Very similar to the female of 0. texanus, but the
general colour of the upper parts is darker and browner and the
black markings on the nnderparts are heavier. Total length 7"6
inches, wing 4, tail 2-1, tarsus I'l, middle toe and claw 1-25.

Hah. Vera Cruz, Eastern Mexico.

a. cJ nr. ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased of M. Verreaux.

b, c. $ ad. sk. Mexico. Gould Coll.

d. d ad. sk. Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Salviu-Godman Coll.

Mexico (de Oca).

4. Ortyx graysoni.

Ortyx gTaysoni, Lawrence, Ann. Lye. N. York, viii. p. 476 (1867)

[Guadalaxara, W. Mexico].
Colinus graysoni, Strjn. Auk, ii. p. 45 (1885) ; A. O. V. Check-list,

p. 168 (188G) ; Ruigw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 189 (1887J.

Adult male. Differs chiefly from the male of 0. pectoralis in
having the black round the base of the throat reduced to a band
and not extending over the upper chest, which is dul] rufous chest-
nut like the rest of the uuderparts. Total length 78 inches, wing
4-5, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-2, middle toe and claw 1-4.

In youm/er males the feathers of the top of the head are
irregularly "edged with wliitish or buff; the wings and back are
more coarsely barred with white, and the feathers of the thighs are
spotted at the extremity of each web with white edged internally
with black. Total length 7-7 inches, wing 4-3, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-15,
middle toe and claw 1'3.

The female resembles that of 0. j^ectoralts, but is somewhat
larger.

Hab. State of Jalisco, W. Mexico.

a. (S nr. ad. sk. Santana, near Guadalajara, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Jalisco, Mexico ( W. Lloyd) .
b c. (S ad. sk. et LakeChapala, Jalisco, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.
' nr. ad. sk. Aug. ( W. B. Richardson).

d. 9 ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased of M.Ver-

reaux.

5. Ortyx ridgwayi.

? Ortyx graysoni, Stephens {nee Laivr.), Auk, ii. p. 227 (1885) [Tucson,

Arizona].
Colinus ridgwayi, Brewst. Auk, ii. p. 190 (1885) [S. of Sasabp,

Sonora, Mexico] ; Stephens, Auk, ii. p. 2i'8(1885) ; Brown, Forest

55. OKTYX. 423

and Stream, xxv. no. 25, Dec. 31, 1885, p. 445 ; Allen, Bull. Am.
Mus. \aL Hist. i. p. 273, pi. xxiii. (1886) ; id. Auk, iii. p. 275
(IHSC); Morcom, Auk, iii. p. 287 (1886) ; Scott, Auk, iii. p. 387
(188(;) [Arizona] ; A. O. U. Check-lid, p. 168 (1886); Allen, Auk,
iii. p. 483 (1886), iv. p. 74 (1887) [Barboquivari Mts., Arizona] ;
Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 189 (1887) ; Brewnt. Auk, iv. p. 159
(1887) [Sonora, N. Mexico] ; Allen, Auk, vi. p. 189 (1889) [Tubal,
Arizona] ; Bendire, N. Amer. B. p. 10 (1892).

Adult male. Differs from the adult male of 0. grayaoni in having
the lores, su])erciliary stripes, chin, and throat black. From
0. coi/olcos and 0. atricq^s it is at once distinguished by having the
black confined to the chin and throat and not extending over the
p;ile reddish brick-coloured chest and underparts. Total length
8"4 inches, wing 4-5, tail 2-5, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and claw 1"35.

Adult female. Closely resembles the adult female of 0. coijolcos,
but is larger. Total length S'4 inches, wing 4-5, tail 2'5, tarsus 1'2,
middle toe and claw 1"35.

Ilab. Arizona, U.S. of America, and Sonora, X. Mexico.

a. J ad. sk. South of Sasabe, Soui.ra, G. F. Morcom, Esq. [P.].

JNIexico, Aug. (F.Stephens). ( i'vpe of species.)

b,c. (S 2 ^'^- ^k. Barboquivari Mts., Arizona Salvln-CJodmau Coll.
{Brown).

6. Ortyx coyolcos.

La Caille du Mexique, Briss. Orn. i. p. 256 (1700).
Le Covolcos, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 486(1771).
Tetrao covolcos, Milll. S. N. Suppl. p. 129 (1776); Gm. S. X. i. pt. ii.

p. 763 (178rt).
Lesser Mexican (Juail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 786 (1783) ; id.

Gen. Hist. viii. p. 327 (1823).
Perdix covolcos, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 053 (1790) ; Bonn. Tahl.

Enoicl.'Meth. i. p. 215 (1701).
Le Coiin Coyolcos, Vieill. N. Did. ^ Hii>t. Nat. xxv. p. 241 (1817).
Ortvx nigrogularis, Gray (nee Gould), List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 44

(1844).
Ortvx coyolcos, <7omW. Monogr. Orfow^o;j/j. pt. iii.pl. 6, right-hand tig.

(1850)'; Grai/, List Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 76 (1867) ; id. Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 273 "(1870).
Colinus coyolcos, Ridgio. Man. N. Am. B. p. 189 (1887).

Adult male. Resembles 0. pectoralis and 0. r/rajfsoni, but the
chin, throat, and lores are entirely black, and the white sui)erciliary
stripe is almost or entirely absent in the most adult examines. It
must be noted that most specimens have a certain amount of white
on the basal part of the feathers of the throat ; this is apparently a
sign of immaturity, as there is no trace of white in what appear to
be the most adult examples from the same locality. The feathers
of the top of the head are black in the middle and rather widely
tipped and edged with sandy or rufous brown. Total length 7"7
inches, wing 4'2, tail 2-3,- tarsus I'lo, middle too and claw 1-4.

Adult female. Closely resembles the females of 0. pectoralis and

424 PHASIANIDJE.

0. grayson'i. Total length 7'7 inches, wing 4*2, tail 2-3, tarsus I'l,
middle toe and claw 1-3,
Hah. Oaxaca, S. Mexico.

a. J ad. sk. Mexico. Purchased.

b-f. d" ? ad. et Juchitan,Tehuantepec, Salvin-Godman, Tweed-

vix ad. sk. Feb., April, & Auo^. dale, and Gould Colls.
{F. Sumichrast).

g-k. J 2 ad. et Tehuantepec, F'eb. ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll.

vix ad. sk. B. Richardson).

7. Ortyx atriceps.

Ortv-V covolcos, Gould {tiec Miill.), Monoqr. Odontoph. pt. iii. pi. 6,
left-hand fig. (1850).

Adult male. Differs chiefly from the male of 0. coyolcos in having
the top of the head, superciliary stripe, chin, and throat all uniform
black without a trace of while, and the general colour of both upper
aud uuderparts darker. Total length 7*7 inches, wing 4'2, tail 2'3,
tarsus 1'2, middle toe and claw 1"4.

Adult female. Differs from the female of 0. coyolcos in being
altogether darker, especially on the upper parts ; the grey markings
of the mantle in the latter species being replaced by brownish black.
Total length 7'4 inches, wing 4, tail 2'3, tarsus Dl, middle toe and
claw 1-35.

Hah. Putla, W. Mexico.

a,b. S2- ad. sk. Putla, W. Mexico, Sept. Gould Coll. (Types

(Rebouch). of the species.)

c, d. (S 2 f'd- sk. Putla, W. Mexico, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.
{Rebouch) .

8. Ortyx castaneus.

Ortyx castaneus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1812, p. 182 ; id. Monogr. Odontoph.
pt. iii. pi. 3 (1850) ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 76 (1867) ;
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 273 (1870).

Adult male. Differs chiefly from 0. cubanensis in having the top of
the head, mantle, and general colour of the rest of the upper parts
dark chestnut, the black markings being much reduced and the buff
edges to the scapulars aud outer secondaries strongly marked ; the
chin and throat are entirely black, and the wide white superciliary
stripe of 0. cubanensis is only represented by an indistinct white line.
The chest is dark chestnut like the mantle, and the middle feathers
of the breast and belly are white barred with black. Total length
9 inches, wing 4*5, tail 2'4, tarsus 1"3, middle toe and claw 1'5.

It has been suggested [Baird, Brew., and Ridgw. N. Am. B. iii.
p. 468 (1874)] that this is " a somewhat melanistic plumage (of
0. virginianus) occasionally seen in specimens from Iowa, Illinois,
&c. ? " but this seems to me exceedingly improbable. In the
Museum collection there are varieties of 0. texanus which have the
chin and middle of the throat black, but otherwise their plumage

i

50. CYRTONYX. 425

does not differ from the ordinary type ; still, it may be a similar
case to Penliv montana, which is no doubt only a strongly-marked
rufous variety of P. pcrd'w.
Hah. Unknown.

a. (S ad. sk. No locality. Guuld Cull. (Type of the species.)

56. CYRTONYX.

Type.

Cyrtonyx, Gould, Mon. Odontaph. pi. vii., or pt. i.
'(1844), Introd. p. 14 (1850) C. montezumse.

Sexes different. Kather a full occipital crest, though none of the
feathers are particularly elongate.

1st primary falls between 7th and 8th ; 4th usually slightly the
longest.

Tail composed of \'2 feathers, less than half the length of the
wing.

Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw.

Claws very long, more curved than in Dactijlortiix.

Range. South-eastern United States of N. America, Mexico, and
Central America.

Key to the Species.

I. .\ black-and-white patterned head. (Males.)

a. Flauks dark grey, with a row of rounded

paired white spots down each web 7nontezum(e, p. 4:^5.

b. Flanks grey, with a row of rounded paired

ruf'ous-butf or chestnut spots down each

web sallcei, p. 427.

c. Fbinks chestnut, irregularly barred with

black shading into grey towards the

margins ovellatns, p. 428.

II. Head without black-and-white pattern. [Fe-

nuiles.)

1. Cyrtonyx montezumse.

Ortvx moiitezunin\ J'itjorx, Zoo/. .Tourn. v. p. 275 (1830) [Mexico] ;

jard. is- >Sdl>y, 111. dm. iii. pi. 12G; £onnji. P. Z. S. 1837, ^. 114.
Ortyx nias.sena, Le.sson, Cent. Zool. p. 189 (1830) [descr. nulla] ; id.

ill. Zool. pi. 52 (1831).
Tetrao guttata, La TAavr, 7?<y/. Trim. i. p. 144 (1831) : id. La Xat.

Met: vii. .\i)p. p. (Jo (1884).
Odoutophorus nicleagris, Wat/l. Isi.s, 1832, p. 277.
Perdix perspicillata, Licht.,Jidc Gould, Monogr. Odontoph. pt. i. text

topi. 7 (1844).
Ortyx massena;, Fiusch, Abk. nat. Ver. Brem. 1870, p. 357 [Guada-

laxara].
Cyrtonyx massena, Gould, Mo7}ogr. Odontoph. pt. i. pi. 7 (1844) ;

M'Call, Pr. Ac. Philnd. v. p. 221 (1851) ; Ca.mn, III. B. Cal. p. 21,

pi. iv. (1853) ; Baird, U. S. S,- Me.r. Sun:, Bird.-<, p. 23 (1859) ; id.

B. N. Ainer. p. t)47 (I860) ; Z)»y.w>% Ibix. 18lKi, p. 29 [S. Te.xas] ;

CoHcf, P. .It: Pliilnd. 18t)H, p. 95 [Fort Whipple, .Vrizoua] ; Grai/.

426

PHASIANID^.

List Gaaince Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1867) ; Cooper, Cal. Orn. i. p. 558
(1870) [Gulf of California] ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 272 (1870) ;
Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 239 (1872) : Baird. Breic, lV Bidgio.
N. Ainer. B. iii. p. 492 (1874) ; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 443 (1874) ;
Stephens, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. iii. p. 94 (1878) ; Breicst. Bull. Nutt.
Orn. C. viii. p. 35 (1883) [Chiricahua Mts., Arizona] ; Coues, Key
N. Am. B. p. 594 (1884).
Cyrtonyx montezumse, Stejn. Auk, ii. p. 46 (1885) ; Scott, Auk, iii.
p. 389 (1886) [Arizonal; A. O. U. Check-list, p. 170 (1886) ; Bidgio.
Man. N. Am. B. p. 194 (1887); Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 187 (1887)
[W. Texas] ; Beckham, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 637, 656 (1887)
[S.W. Texas] ; Mearns, Auk, vii. p. 52 (1890) [Arizona] ; Ben-
dire, N. Am.B. p. 35, pi. i. tig. 15 (1892).

Adult male. Feathers of the top of the head black, barred and
tipped with sandy brown and with buff shaft-stripes : occipital
crest reddish buff; forehead, sides of the head aud throat, and fore
part of neck with an elegant black-and-white pattern, the black
markings being arranged as follows : — the space down the middle of
the forehead, a band bordering the top of the head and passing in
front of the eye across the lores and cheeks and ending in a wide
triangular bluish-black patch ; ear-coverts, chin, middle of the
throat, and a band bordering the base of the neck ; a narrow line of
black leathers also surrounds the eye; mantle, scapulars, lower back,
and rump are pale rufous thickly barred with black ; each feather,
except those of the lower back, with a wide buff black-bordered
shaft-stripe ; the wing- and upper tail-coverts are greyer, and the
black markings take the form of a row of spots on each web ; pri-
maries, primary-coverts, and secondaries dark brown, with the outer
web barred with white, the bars on the inner secondaries being
washed with pale rufous and extending across the outer half of the
inner webs ; middle of the chest and breast dark chestnut ; sides and
flanks dark grey, with a row of three or four paired spots on each
web ; rest of underparts deep black ; tail-feathers very similar to
the upper tail-coverts. Total length 8-2 inches, wing 5-1, tail 2-2,
tarsus I'l, middle toe and claw 1-4.

An immature male has the sides of the head and throat like those
of the female, with only a few black feathers beginning to appear
on the chin and ear-coverts.

Adult female. Feathers of the top of the head black barred with
brown or rufous-buff and with pale shafts ; mantle, scapulars, lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pale reddish or sandy brown,
barred and blotched with black ; all the feathers, except those of
the lower back aud rump, with broad buff black-edged shaft-stripes ;
wing-coverts pale vinaceous grey, with indistinct bars towards the
base ; quills like those of the male ; sides of the head white, washed
on the superciliaries and cheeks with pale vinaceous and dotted with
black; chin aud throat white: a black band commences on the ear-
coverts and passing down the sides of the neck forms an ill-defined
border to the base of the fore part of the neck ; rest of the under-
parts pale vinaceous, shading into buff on the middle of the breast and
belly, as well as on the under tail-coverts, and spotted and marked

56. CIRTONYX.

4-S,

■with black on the webs and down the shaft, especially on the feathers
of the sides and flanks. In vcn- old (?) specimens these black marks
are much reduced. Total length 7"^ inches, wing 4-7, tail 2-1,
tarsus I'l, middle toe and claw Vdo.

Hah. Mexico, e.xtcndiuij north to Arizona and S.W. Texas, south
to the City of Mexico, west to Jalisco, and east to Tamaulipas.

a-c. c? 2 nd. sk.
et St.

d. (5 ad. sk.

e. 2 ad. sk.

/. 2 ad. sk.
ff. J ad. sk.
/t. (J ad. sk.
I. cJ ad. sk.
k. 2 nd. sk.
/, in. cJ ad. sk.
71. (J ad. sk.
o, J). J ad. sk.

q. <£ ad. sk.

r, s. d 2 "^^' ^^•

t. cf ad- sk.

«-y. 6 2 *d. et
imm. sk.

Mexico.

Arizona (//. W.Henshaio).
Apaciie, Arizona, Sept. (Z)r.

C. G. Newberry).
Crittenden, Arizona, Sept.

[H. IV. H.)
S.E. Arizona, Sept. {Lieut.

Silman).
Yeccera, Sonora, April ( H '.

Lloyd).
State of Chiliualuia (Ba-

chan-Hephiirn ) .
Jesus M:tria, Chihuahua,

Dec. ( W. L.)
Canada, Chihuahua, Feb.

( ir. L.).

Kcar Choix, Sinaloa, June
(TF.Z.).

Sierra Madre, Tepic, Ja-
lisco, GOOO f.'et, June( Jf.
B. liichurd-ion).

Near City i)f .Mexico.

Puebla (liebouch).

Sierra Madre above Ciudad
Victoria, Tamaulipas ( W.
B.IL).

Baudera llilLs, Texas, Nov.
(If. E. Dresser).

Gould and Eyton

CoUs.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould and Tweed-
dale Colls.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Cyrtonyx sallaei.

Cyrtonyx salhui, I'err. Arcana Nat. i. p. '.in, pi. 4 (18")9) ; Gray,
List' Gallimc Brit. Mas. p. 74 (1807) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 2^2
(1870) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 1U4 (1887).

AduU male. At once distinguished from the male of C. monte-
zumcr by having the shaft-stripes to the feathers of the upper parts
(except those of the mantle) orange-rufous or chestnut; the black
bars on the wiug-coverts, scapuLirs, and outer secondaries much
narrower and in the form of bands which are about half the width
of the interspaces ; the whole of circuinorbitid stripe, as well as the
triangular patch on the cheeks, dark bluish black ; the sides of the
breast and tlauks paler grey, and the row of spots on each web
arc rufous butl' or chestnut. Total length 8*3 inches, wing 5-2,
tail 2-2, tarsus Mo, middle toe and claw TUo.

428

PHASIANID^.

Females as yet unknown, but no
C. montezumce.

Bab. Mexico, State of Guerrero.

a. (S ad. sk. Mexico.

b. J ad. sk. Mexico.

c. d ad. sk. Amula (6000 ft.). State of

Guerrero, Mexico, Aug.
(i». W. Smith).

doubt resemble those of

Purchased of M.Verreaux.
(Type of the species.)
GouklColl.
Salvin-Godman Coll,

3. Cyrtonyx ocellatus.

Ortyx ocellatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 18;!6, p. 75.

Cyrtonyx ocellatus, Gould, Mon. Odontoph. pt. ii. pi. 8 (1846) ; Sclat.

Sf Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 226 ; Grm/, List Gallinee Brit. Mus. p. 74

(1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 272 (1870) [Guatemala]; Ridgio. Man.

N. Am. B. p. 194 (1887).
Cyrtonyx sumichrasti, Laivr. Ann. N. Y. Sci. i. p. 51 (1877) [Santa

Efigenia, Tehuantepec].

Adult male. Differs from the male of C. sallai in having many of
the black markings on the upper parts in the form of round black
spots ; the middle of the chest and breast pale buff tipped with
rufous, and the sides with buff; feathers of the flanks chestnut,
somewhat irregularly barred with black, shading into grey towards
the margins. Total length 8-3 inches, wing 5-3, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-25,
middle toe and claw 1"5.

The young male has none of the black pattern on the chin,
throat, and sides of the head, these parts being nearly white, while
the chestnut on the breast, belly, and flanks is much paler ; the
feathers of the upper parts are mostly black barred with rufous buff,
and with wide buff or rufous-buff shaft-stripes edged on either side
with black.

Adult female. Scarcely differs from the female of C. montezumce,
but the general ground-colour of the upper parts is black, finely
barred with rufous and mottled towards the tips of the feathers
with sandy, and the outer wing-coverts are more distinctly barred
with black. Total length 8 inches, wing 5, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-25,
middle toe and claw 1'45.

An immature female has most of the underparts pale rufous buff
with small spots of black, the adult vinaceous feathers being
partially represented on the sides and flanks.

Bab. Central America ; Tehuantepec and Guatemala.

a. c? ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased.

b. 2 ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Coll.

c. J ad. sk. Quezaltenango, Guatemala, Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Sept. (O. .S'.).
d-f. S 2 ad. et Dueiias, Guatemala (O. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

imm. sk.
ff-i. c? 2 ad. sk. Toliman (5000 ft.), Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Dec. ( W. B. Richardson).

57. DACTTI.ORTrX. 429

57. DACTYLORTYX.

Sexes different. Occipital tVathors Iciiiithcncd into a short crest.

Ist primarj' equals the 8th ; 4th longest.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, | of the lengtli of the wing.

Tarsus much shorter than tlie middle toe and claw.

Claws very long, much like those of Arhoricola.

Bill moderately stout, not so deep as that of Odontoplwrus.

Range. Central America ; Southern Mexico, Yucatan, Guatemala,
and San Salvador.

1. Dactylortyx thoracicus.

Ortyx thoracicus, Gambel, P. Ac. Fhilad. iv. p. 77 (1848) [Jalapa,

Mexii^'o].
Perdix lineolata, iicA^. in Mus. Berlin,Jide Gould, Monogr. Odontoph.

pt. iii. text to pi. 32 (1850).
Ortyx lineolatus, Natterer, MS., fide Gould, Monogr. Odontoph.

pt. iii. text to pi. 32 (1850).
Odontopliorus lineolatus, Gould, Monogr. Odontoph. pt. iii. pi. 32

(1850) ; Gray, List Gallina; Brit. Mns. p. 73 (1867) ; id. Hand-l.

B.n. p. 272(1870).
Strophiortyx lineolatus, Bimnp. C. R. xlii. p. 883 (1856).
Odoutophorus thoracicus, Sclat. 4" Sah-in, Ibis, 1860, p. 276 [Volcan

de Fuego].

Adult male. Top of the head brown, more or less washed with
rusty, the feathers down the middle with i)ale shaft-stripes ; feathers
of the nape black mixed with brown and with wide Imff centres ;
mantle almost similar to the top of the head ; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts pale olive- brown, some of the feathers, espe-
cially the upper tail-coverts, indistinctly blotched with black near
the extremity of the shaft ; scapulars, wing-coverts, and outer
secondaries largely mixed with black towards the extremities of the
inner or both webs, the rest of the feathers finely mottled with
sandy brown, rufous, and black, shading into greyish on the outer
webs ; all the feathers have pale buff shaft-stripes, and the longer
scapulars and outer secondaries have the outer web margined with
golden buff; quills brown, mottled with buff on the outer web;
superciliary stripe, cheeks, chin, and throat reddisli chestnut, ear-
coverts dark brown, and a black patch of feathers on the side of the
throat : chest and rest of underparts grey, faintly washed with
reddish brown, and with white shaft-stripes ; thighs like the upper
tail-coverts ; middle of belly and vent white ; under tail-coverts
buff, irregularly barred with black ; tail blackish brown, with
irregular motlled bars of buff. Total length 0 inches, wing 5-3,
tail 2-'2, tarsus 1'3, middle toe and claw 1"7.

A nearh/ mdture male him the middle of the chin and throat white
and some of the feathers of the chest and breast spotted with black.

Adult female has the upper i)arts very similar to those of the
male, but the superciliary stripes and cheeks are greyish white; the
chin and throat white, and tlie chest and breast dull brick-red, with

430 PHASIANID.T..

pale shafts. Total length 8-5 inches, wing 5-3, tail 2, tarsus 1-3,
middle toe and claw 1"7.

Immature females have the chest and sides of the breast spotted
with black ; and iti stiU younger birds the sides and flanks are also
thickly spotted with black.

Hah. Same as that of the genus.

a. 2 ad. St. Mexico. Purchased.

b. 2 Tix ad. sk. Hucienda de Los Atlixcos, Salviu-Godman Coll.

Mexico, March {F. I). G.).

c. 5 vix ad. sk. Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico Salvin-Godmao Coll.

(D. W. Smith).

d. Imm. sk. Atoyac, Mexico, May (7). W. Salvin-Godman Coll.

ISmith).

e. cJ ad. St. Cordoba, Mexico. Purchased of M. Ver-

reaux.

f. 2 ad. sk. Omilteme (8000 ft.), State of Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guerrero, July {D. W. Smith).
(/, h. S 2 ^^- sk- Tizimin, Northern Yucatan, Salvin-Godman Coll.

April {G. F. Gaumer).
i: 2 ad.sk. Peto, Yucatan, April (fr.jP. G.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. cJ ad. sk. Guatemala. Purchased of M. Ver-

reaux.
l-j^. S 2 ack 6t Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. sk. Jan., Feb., Aug., & Sept.

(O. ,S').
q-t. (5 2 ad. et Duenas, Guatemala, Oct. (0.<S'.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

imm. sk.
u. S ad.sk. Quezaltenango, Guatemala, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(0. S.).
V. 2ad.sk. \ok'ande San Miguel, Salvador, Salvin-Godman Coll.

March ( W. B. Richardson).

58. ODONTOPHORUS *.

Type.

Odontophonis, Vteill. Analyse, p. 61 (1816) ; id. N.
Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 177 (1819); Gould,
Monogr. Odontoj)h., Introd. p. 21 (1860) O. guianensis.

Dentophorus, Merr., fide Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 271
(1870).

Strophiortyx, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 883 (1856) .... 0. columbianus.

Sexes similar or almost similar in plumage. Moderately long and
full occipital crest.

1st primary shorter than the 10th ; 4th or 5th rather the longest.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, not more than half the length of
the wing.

Tarsus not longer than the middle toe and claw.

Bill very stout ; claws moderate.

Eecnge. Central and South America.

* Doubtful species : —
White-cheeked Partridge, p. 304, Mexican Fartridge, p. 322, and IHud-
sonian Quail, p. 330 ; Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. (1825).

58. ODONTOPHORUS. 431

Keij to the Species.

A. Cbost and breast not spotted witli white.

a. General colour of chest brownish bufl";
outt^rwebs of primaries barred with buff.

a'. Cheeks and ciiin dark chestnut (juiemensis S $ , p- 432.

h'. Cheeks ru.-t-red ; chin whitish iiiurmoratiis (S $>

h. General colour of chest prey ; outer webs [p. 433.

of primaries barred with white capuciraS $, p. 434.

c. General colour of chest rust-red, rufous

chestnut, or dark chestnut.
c'. Superciliary stripe rufous chestnut or
rust-colour.
a" . Chin and throat black.

a". Top of head uniform chestnut like
the superciliary stripe ; ear-
coverts black melanotis c^' 5 , p. 435.

b'". Top of the head blackish brown,
contrasting with the supercili-

aries; ear-coverts chestnut - . . . e)\i/f/irnps(J 5, p. 435.
b". Chin and throat rust-red.

c'". Breast and belly rust-red h)/peri/fhrus (J , Tp. 436.

d'". Breast and belly dark grey hyj)ei-ythrm J , p. 436.

d'. Superciliary stripe of mottled black and
white feathers.

c". Breast and belly rust-red speciosufi (S , p. 437.

d". Breast and belly fri'ey speoiosus^ , p. 437.

e'. Su])erfiliary stripe brownish black like

the top of the head tne/a/ionoftis, p. 438.

d. General colour of chest black Ictwolanius J $ , p. 438.

B. Chest and breast spotted ^Vith white.

e. Chin and throat grey; general colour of

the undei-]iarts brick-red.

/'. Hinder part of crest bright rust-red .. ste/latiis (J , -p. 439.

f/'. Hinder part of crest brownish black .. ste/laf us 2 , f. 439.

f. Chin and throat black, with white shaft-

stripes.
K . General colour of the underparts brown-
ish buff,
c". Hinder part of crest bright rust-red . gtdtatusS , p- 439.
/". Hinder ])art of crest brownish black, ffuftatus^, p- 439.
r. General colour of the underparts rufous
or rufous-brown ; whole crest rust-
red, rather darker in female verat/iieims c^ 5 > P- 441.

g. Chin butf or rufons-butf; throat smoky

bull", with pale bulf shafts; general colour

of the uudeipartsdark chestnut hdlliviani, p. 441.

h. Chin white; throat black; fore yiart of

neck white, edged below with a black

band ; general colour of underparts deep

rust-red, ])aler towards the middle of the

breast strophium, p. 442.

I. Chin and throat white, barred on the sides

with black; general colour of underjiarts

reddish brown cobimbintius, p. 442.

432 PHASIANID^.

1. Odontophorus guianensis.

Le Tocro ou Perdrix de la Guyane, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 513

(1778).
Guiana Partridge, Lalh. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. ii. p. 776 (1783) ; id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 323 (1823).
Tetrao gaiianensis, Gfii. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 767 (1788).
Perdix guianensis, Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 050 (1790) ; Bonn. Tahl.

Encifcl. Meth. i. p. 216 (1791).
Perdix dentata, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 419, 734 (1815).
Perdix rutina, Spiv, Av. Sp. Nov. ii. p. 60, pi. 76 6 (1825) [Fore.st3

of the Amazon^.
Odontopliorus ruius, Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 38, pi. 211 (1825).
Odontophorus guianensis, Gould, Motwqr. Odont. pt. i. pi. 23 (1844) ;

Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 43 (1844) ; Cah. in Srhomb. Brit.

Guiana, pt.' iii. p. 747 (1848) ; Sclat. ^ Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1867,

p. 591 [Capim K.] ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 71 (1867) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 271 (1870) ; v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 289 (1870) ;

Broicn, Brit. Guiana, p. 371 (1876) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 175

[Bartica Grove, Merume Mts., Camacusa] ; Hiker ^ Chapman,

Auk, viii. p. 162 (1891) [Sautarem, Brazil].

Adult male and female. General colour of the top of the head
deep chestnut, with irregular marks and dots of paler rufous and
black ; nape and mantle grey, finely mottled with black ; lower
back and rump sandy rufous-brown, shading into darker rufous on
the upper tail-coverts and all dotted with black, but in very old
specimens these black dots are almost obsolete ; wing-coverts,
scaptdars, and outer secondaries rufous, blotched, especially towards
the tip of the inner web, with black and all irregularly marked and
mottled with the same colour — some of the scapulars have an
irregular dirty white or grey band on the outer web next the shaft
and the longer scapulars and outer secondaries have the inner web
edged with buff; cjuills dark brown, irregularly barred on the outer
web with buff ; chin, cheeks, and sides of throat dark chestnut ;
ear-coverts buff; middle of throat and fore part of neck greyish;
chest and rest of imderparts pnler or darker rufous-buff, more or
less barred and marked with dusky on the chest, sides, and flanks*;
tail dark rufous-brown with indistinct bars. Bill bluish black ; iris
hazel ; naked skin round the eye vermilion ; legs and toes bluish
lead.

Male. Total length 11 '5 inches, wing 5'9, tail 2-8, tarsus 1"6,
middle toe and claw I'S.

Female. Total length 10 inches, wing 5"4, tail 2-3, tarsus 1'5,
middle toe and claw 1'6.

Hah. British Guiana and Lower Amazons.

* In some specimens these barrings are much heavier and more marked
than in others ; but, apparently, this is not due to age, and in what appears to
be a perfectly adult male specimen from Camacusa, British Guiana, the whole
of the underparts are barred with black, and in general appearance the bird
closely resembles specimens of 0. marmoratus, which appear to us to be barely
subspecifically distinct, but more material is necessary to decide this question.

58. ODONTOPHOBtrs. 433

a, b. Ad. sk. S. America. Gould Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Demerara, Brit. Guiaua. Gould Coll.

d. (S ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Ooll.

Dec. {H. Wldtely).

e. S ? ad. sk. Camacusa, Brit. Guiana, April Salvin-Godman CoU.

(//. Whitelij).
f. $ ad. sk. Merume ^Its., Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

June(Zr. Whitely).
(J. 2 ad. sk. Barra do Rio Negro, Brazil, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oct. {Natterer).
h. (S ad. sk. Capim River, Juae ( Wallace). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Subsp. a. Odontophorus marmoratus.

Ortyx (Odoutopborus) marmoratus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 107

[Santa Fd de Bogota].
Odontophorus packyrhynchus, Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 282

(1844-46) ; Gould, 3fono(/r. OJontoph. pt. iii. pi. 24 (1850) ; Grat/,

List Gidlince Brit. Mm. p. 71 (1807) ; id. lland-l. B. ii. p. 271

(1870) ; Tacz. P. Z.S. 1874, p. 558 [Monterico, Ceuti-al PeruJ; id.

Orn. Perou, iii. p. 287 (1886).
Odoutopborus guianensis, Lawrence {nee Gin.), Ann, Lye. N. York,

vii. p. 301 (1862) [New Granada].
Odontophorus marmoratus, Sclat. ^- Salvin, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 371

[Panama] ; Gray, List GaUin<e Brit. Mus. p. 71 (1867) ; id.

Iland-l. B. ii. p. 271 (-^870); Saloin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 218

['3ugaba, Chiriquil; Sclat. 4" Salvin, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 545 [Re-

medios, AntioquiaJ, p. 641 [Yuyo, Bolivia].

Adult male and female. This form appears to intergrade with
0. guianensis, but more material is required before the question can
be satisfactorily settled. The characters by which the present sub-
species is apparently dist'nguished are that the sides of the head and
chin are rust-red, the general colour of the underparts darker and
almost invariably barred witli black and buff, thoagh amongst the
series before us we find a specimen from Lion Hill, Panama, which
so closely approaches typical 0. yulanensis that it cannot be distin-
giiished. No doubt the present foi-m is barely subspecifically distinct
from Guiana birds, and is absolutely identical with 0. luichy rluj nclius,
Tscliudi, from Peru. Total length 11 inches, wing 6-2, tail 3,
tarsus 1-7, middle too and claw 1*8 *.

An immature bird differs chieffy in having the crest and top of
the head uniform dark reddish brown, very faintly vermiculated
with dusky ; the mantle grey, slightly washed with sandy brown
and with very faint or almost imperceptible dusky vermiculations ;
the dull reddish-brown middles of the outer secoudarios sharply
defined from the black marg'nal lines and almost devoid of black
vermiculations ; the loner weos. of the quills, especially the outer

* Specimens from Panama are considerably smaller than those from the U.S.
of Colombia. A Pan.imn male has the wing 55, tail 27. The marked differ-
ence in size between the sexes observed in 0. guiancmis does not apparently
obtain in the present form, judging from Pnnaina specimens only, as none of
our specimens from the U.S. of Colombia are marked as females.
VOL. iXU. 2 F

434

PHASIANID^.

primaries, mottled with buff ; aad both upper and lower mandibles
orange-red.

Hah. Western S. America, ranging north into Panama, south to
Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Panama. Tweeddale Coll.

h,c. t? 2 vix ad. sk. Bugaba, Chiiiqui (Arce). Salvin-Godman CoU.

d,e. (S 2 '^i^ ^d. sk. Chepo, Isthmus of Panama Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Arce).
f,g. 5ad.sk. Lion Hill, Panama (ikfeZeflw- Salvin-Godman Coll.

nari).
h. Ad. sk. U.S. of Colombia. Purchased.

i-l. d ad. sk. U.S. of Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. (S ad. sk. Remedios, U.S. of Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Sahnon).
n. Ad. sk. Santa F6 de Bogota. Gould Coll.

0. Ad. sk. Santa F6 de Bogota. Gould Coll. (Type

of the species.)
p, q. Ad. sk. Sarayacu,Ecuador(i?Mc^?e?/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

r. Ad. sk. Peru {Tschudi). Gould Coll. (One of

s. Imm. sk. the typical examples of

0. pachyrhynchus, Tschudi.)
Yuyo, BoUvia {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Odontophorus capueira.

Perdix capueira, Spix, Av. Sp>. Nov. ii. p. 59, pi. 76 a (1825) [Rio

de Janeiro].
Perdix deutatus. Max. (nee Temm.) Beitr. Nat. Bras. iv. p. 486 (1832).
Ortyx capistrata, Jard. ^ Selb. III. Orn. i. text to pi. 38.
Odontophorus capistratus, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 43 (1844).
Odontophorus dentatus, Gould {nee Temm.), Monogr. Odontopih. pt. ii.

pi. 26 (1816) ; Burmeister, Uebers. Thiere Bras. iii. p. 333 (1856) ;

Grai/, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 71 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 271 (1870) ; v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 289 (1870) ; Reinhardt, Vid.

Medd. Kjobenh. 1870, p. 52.

Adult male. Upper parts very similar to those of 0. guianensis,
but the mantle is brown or rufous brown blotched with black and
with pale buff shafts ; the markings on the outer webs of the pri-
maries are white ; and the chin, throat, and underparts are dark
grey. Bill black ; legs and feet greyish black. Total length
11 inches, wing 6*2, tail 3'1, tarsus 1"S, middle toe and claw 1*95.

Adult female. Similar in plumage to themale, but rather smaller.

Immature birds have the pale shaft-streaks on the mantle wider
and more conspicuous than the adults ; the black shaft-spots, too,
on the lower back and rump are much coarser, and the grey under-
parts are washed with reddish brown.

In quite young speciriieiis the shaft-stripes of the mantle are still
wider ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are devoid of
black shaft-spots ; the chest and underparts are rufous brown,
marked and barred with black and buff. The upper mandible
is orange ; the lower yellowish.

Hah. Eastern South America, ranging north to Bahia, west to
Goyaz, and soulii to i\io Grande del Sur.

58. ODONTOPHORUS. 435

a. Ad. sk. Brazil.

b, c. Imm, et juv. Brazil. Lord Stuart de Ko-
sk. thesay [P.].

d. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e-n. Ad.sk. Baliia (PFwcAerer). Salvin-Godnian and

Gould Colls.

h. S juv. sk. llio Claro, Goyaz (Joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i, k. S ad. etimm. Sao Paulo {Joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk.

I. (S ad. sk. Casa pintada, Sao Paido, .Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Nutterer).

m. (S ad. sk. Rio Grande del Sur. Tweeddale Coll.

3. Odontophorus melanotis.

Odontophorus melanotis, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 586 [Tucurriqui,
Costa Kica] ; id. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 161 [Verag-ua] ; Gray, Iland-l.
B. ii. p. -n-A (1870) ; Halmn, Ibis, 1872, pp. 313, 323 [Chontales,
Nicaragua]; Richmond, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 524 (1893)
[Escondido R., Nicaragua].

Odontophorus melanotus, Zeledon, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 112
(1886) [Costa Rica].

Adult male. Difl'ers chiefly from the male of 0. s2}eciosus in having
the whole of the top of the head and superciliary feathers deep
chestnut ; ground-colour of the upper parts brownish black : mantle
without white shaft-stripes ; the outer webs of the ^mmaries marked
with rufous buff ; and the general colour of the chest and underparts
dark chestnut. Total length ii-5 inches, wing 5-8, tail 2-2, tarsus
l'7o, middle toe and claw I'So.

Having no specimens sexed as females, it is impossible to state
with certainty what the diti'crence is between the two sexes ; but I
believe that the specimens which have the inner webs of the outer
secondaries tipped with buff arc females.

Bah. Central America : Nicaragua, Costa llica, and Yeragua.

II, b. Ad. sk. et Chontales, Nicaragua [Belt). Salvin-Godman Coll.
head.

c. Ad. sk. Costa Rica {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Tucurriqui, Costa Rica (.4m=). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Type of species.)

e. d ad. sk. Veragua (Ai-ce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. Odontophorus erythrops.

Odontophorus erythrops, Gottld, P. Z. S. l^o9, p. 99 [Pallatanga,
Ecuador]; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 576 LChimb.), W. Ecuador].

Adidt male. General colour and markings of the upper parts very
similar to those of 0. melanotis, but darker: the central part of the
top of the head dark brown, indistinctly vermiculated with black ;
the lores and supcrcihary stripes more rufous chestnut ; a chest-
nut stripe running from the gape passes across the cheeks to
the ear-coverts ; and the chest and rest of underi)arts are darker

2 f2

436 PHASIANID^.

chestnut. Total length y-6 inches, wiug 5-9, tail 2-5, tarsus 1-8,
middle toe and claw 1"9.

Female. Plumage probably almost identical with that of the male.

Hah. Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk. Pallcitanga, Ecuador (Fraser). Eyton Coll.

b, c. S ad. et ad. Pallatrnga, Ecuador, Oct. Gould Coll. (Types
' sk. [Fraser). of species.)

d. Ad. sk. Balzar Mts., Ecuador {Illincj- Salvin-Godman Coll.

• worth).
e /. Ad. sk. Monji, Ecuador (C.5mc^%). Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. Odontophorus hyperythrus.

Odontophorus hyperythrus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 223 [Santa Fe de
Bogota] ; Mat. ^ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 545 [Santa Elena,
Antioquia].

Odontophorus hypospodius, Sclat. ^- Salvin, Nome?icl. Av. Neotrop.
p. 163 (1873) [Antioquia].

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, slightly washed
with rufous and finely vermiculated with black ; the scapulars and
outer secondaries are marked very similarly to those of the other
species, and the rest of the quiUs are like those of 0. le^icokemus ;
lores, superciliary stripes, chin, throat, and underparts deep rust-
red, rather paler towards the middle of the breast and belly ; a
small patch of white on the car-coverts ; the thighs, vent, and under
tail-coverts rufous brown vermiculated with black, and the latter
edged with rufous buff. Total length 11 inches, wing 5-9, tail 2*4,
tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 2-15.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the breast and rest
of underparts dark grey, shading into blackish grey on the flanks.
Total length 10*4 inches, wing 5-6, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-8, middle toe
and claw 1'9.

Less mature males have the feathers of the wing-coverts and
scapulars spotted with buff at the extremity, some of the feathers
of the mantle blotched or marked with black, and the ridge of the
culmen and the tip of the beak orange-red.

Less mature females have the grey feathers of the breast and belly
mixed here and there with rust-colour.

It would thus appear that the young females in their first
plumage resemble the male parent and have the whole of the
underparts rust-coloured, and that the grey plumage of the adult
female gradually takes the place of the rufous ; for in the spe-
cimens before us aU the new feathers which are being moulted-in
are grey, while some of the old rufous feathers appear to be changing
to grey without a moult.
Bab. U.S. of Colombia.

a. cJ ad. sk. Santa Eg de Bogota, U.S. of Gould CoU. (Type

Colombia. of species.)

b. 2 vi^: ad. sk. Santa F6 de Bogota, U.S. of Gould Coll.

Colombia,

5S. ODOXTOPHORTJS. 437

c-e. S ad. et c? 2 Santa Elena, Autioquia, U.S. Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. sk. of Colombia (7". K. Sal-

mon),
f. 2 ad. sk. Concordia, Antioquia, U.S. of Salviu-Godman Coll.

Colombia (J. K. Salmon). (Type of O. hypo-

spodius, Scl. & Salv.)

6. Odontophorus speciosus.

Odontophorus speciosus, Tschudi, Wiegm. Arch. 1843, p. 387 ; id.
Fauna Peruana, p. 281, pi. xxxiii. (184-1-46) [Chanchomayo,
Peru] ; Gould, Monogr. Odonfoph. pt. iii. pi. 2o (18o0) ; Gray, List
Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 71 (18157) ; td. Hund-l. B. ii. p. 271 (1870) ;
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. oo8 [near Chilpes, Central Peru] ; id. Orn.
Perou, iii. p. 288 (1886).

Adult male. Top of the head dark reddish brown, faintly vermi-
culated with black ; upper parts similar but paler, the scapulars and
outer secondaries with the usual black patches near the extremity ;
most of tlio feathers of the back of the neck and mantle with whitish-
buff shaft-stripes ; wing-coverts and scapulars mostly with a tri-
angular buff spot at the extremity ; most of the feathers of the
lower back with a black shaft-spot near the extremity ; quiUs
brown, the inner primaries slightly and the secondaries largely
mottled \\ ith buff on the outer web ; well-marked black and white
superciliary stripes passing backwards above the ear-coverts down
the sides of tlie neck ; chin, throat, and sides of face black ; neck,
chest, and rest of underparts bright rust-red ; thighs and under
tail-coverts brownish, with mottled bars of black and rufous-buff
tips. Total length 10 inches, wing 5*7, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-8, middle
toe and claw 1"9.

This species is nearly allied to 0. hyperythrus, but is easily
distinguished by the black-and-white eyebrow and black chin and
throat.

A younr/er male differs from the adult in having the black-and-
white superciliary stripe much reduced in width ; mantle with
scarcely any trace of pale shaft-stripes ; the inner webs of the
longer scapulars and outer secondaries widely edged towards the
extremity with rich rufous buff : chin, throat, and sides of the face
chestnut with dusky margins.

Adult female. Differs chiefly from the adult male in having only
the chest rufous chestnut, the breast and belly being dark grey with
a few of the feathers on the sides tinged with rufous. Total length
9".j inches, wing 5'3, tail 2-1, tarsus 18, middle toe and claw 1'9.

Hab. Ecuador and Peru.

a. Ad. sk. Chanchomayo, Peru (Tschudi). Gould Coll. (One of

the typical specimens.)

b, c. $ ad. et cJ Granadillas, Ecuador (C.^i/cA;- Salvui-God man Coll.
\ix ad. sk. ley).

438 PHASIANID^.

7. Odontophorus melanonotus.
Odontopliorus melanonotus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 382 [Ecuador].

Adult. General colour of the upper parts deep bro-wnish black,
indistinctly vermiculated with pale rufous ; chin, throat, chest, and
upper breast deep rust-red or reddish chestnut ; rest of the under-
parts like the back, but the vermiculations are more strongly
marked and sand-coloured. Bill black and very stout ; legs and
feet horny black (in skin). Total length 10 inches, wing 5*5,
tail 2-1, tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 2"15.

Hah. Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Gould Coll. (Type

of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Rio Napo, Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

8. Odontophorus leucolaemus.

Odontophorus leucolaemus, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 161 [Veragua] ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 272 (1870) ; Zeledon, P. U.S. Nat. Mus.
viii. p. 112 (1886) [Costa Rica].

Adult male and female. General colour of the upper parts dark
olive-brown, slightly washed with rufous and thickly vermiculated
with black ; the scapulars and outer secondaries blotched with
black towards the extremity, the latter being also tipped with
golden buff on the inner web ; quiUs dark brown ; secondaries
irregularly mottled with rufous on the outer web ; the forehead,
sides of the head and throat, and the chest and breast black, the
feathers of the latter with irregular hidden white bars ; the chin
and middle of the throat white ; the rest of the underparts rich
rufous brown, the feathers of the beUy being mixed with black,
those of the thighs and under tail-coverts tipped with pale rufous,
and all more or less thickly vermiculated with black.

Adult male. Total length 9 inches, wing 5-3, tail 2-2, tarsus 1-8,
middle toe and claw 1"95.

Adult female. Total length 8 inches, wing 5, tail 2, tarsus 1-65,
middle toe and claw 1'75.

In what appears to be the oldest male example the chin is black
and only a small triangular patch of white remains on the middle
of the throat, whilst the hidden white bars on the breast-feathers
are nearly obsolete.

Hab, Costa Eica and Veragua.

a. Ad. sk. Dota, Costa Rica (J. Carmiol). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. S ad. St. Veragua (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. 2 ad. sk. Cordillera de Tole, Veragua Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Arce). (Type of species.)

d,e. cJad. etpull. Calovevora, Veragua (^rce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk.

/. S ad. sk. Chitra, Veragua {Arce). Gould Coll.

•'58. ODONTonioRrs. 439

0. Odontophorus stellatus.
Ortjx (Odontophorus) stellata, (lould, P.Z.S 184'' p 183
Udontophoms stellatus, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall.^. 43 (1844)-

vf\ !^-~"''- ^^t^'^^'f'- pt- "• Pl- 27 (1846) ; Sclat. ^- Sahin,
X. Z .S. ibO/ p. ,0.3 ; Gray, List Gcdlince Brit. Mus. p. 72 (1867) •

''iTiL^S^i^iS)."'*^'^''' ^^"^'' ^"^^'•- ^'^^"'^^•

^cZ«Z< m«Zc Upper parts very siraUar to those of 0. guianemu;

colon?' 17 w """"\ 1 ^'"^"^ ''^"^ °^ ^ ^"g^t ™f«^^« <=liestnut
Sin)'- I ", .^'^^ *^'°''^ ^'"^^■' ^^^«t ^^'i '•e^^t of underparts
deepbnck-rcd; the feathers of the sides of the chest and bLst
with a suhtermina diamond-shaped white shaft-spot edged ex-

t^lJ I'T^^^.T' ^°'^''' ^""S -^-S' tail 2-7, tarsus 1-5,
middle toe and claw 1-6. '

Adidt female Diflfers from the male in having the elongate
occipital crest deep brownish black. Total length 10 inches
wing 5-J, tail 2-0, tarsus 1-5, middle toe and claw 1-6

Immature male differs from the adult in having the forehead and
mantle light uniform brown, some of the feathers, especiaUy on the
sideot the head and back of the neck, with short white shaft-stripes
the occipital crest brighter reddish chestnut, the lower back and
rump paler and without any black shaft-spots, the inner webs of
the quills mottled with buff, and the general colour of the under-
parts brighter and more of a rust-red. The upper mandible is
reddish orange, the lower yellowish.

Hab. Central South America, ranging westwards to Eastern
-Ecuador and Eastern Peru and eastwards to Eorba, llio ^ladeira.
a,b.6^ ad. sk. Brazil. L,,d Stuart de Rothe-

say [P.]. (Types of

c. 6 imm. sk. Borba, Bio Madeira, Jan. slh^'-Godman Coll

(Aatterer).

fffj\ ^io^^o.Jcuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

6,/dadsk. E Peru (^. 2?,,,-</,«). Gould Coll.

ff. ¥ ad. sk. Chayavetas, E. Peru, .\ug. Salvin-Godman CoU

{£. Bart/ett).

10. Odontophorus guttatus.

Ortyx guttata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 79 [Bav of Honduras].

Odontophorus guttatus. Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 43 (1844) •
^t^T'^^,P'^n^"P\y^-/^- Pl- 2S(1846); Sclat.isahl\
Handf'n • "' ^,';!!!l>^SGu/linr,Bnt. Mus. p. 72 (1867); id

440

PHASIANIB^.

Odontopliorus consobrinus, Ridgw. P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 469
(1893) [Vera Cruz].

Adult male. Upper parts very similar to 0. guianensis, but tbe
general ground-colour of tbe nape and mantle is olive-brown
instead of grey ; tbe wbole of the forehead and fore part of tbe
crest brownish black, the binder part bright rust-red ; tbe outer
webs of the primaries indistinctly mottled with buff, never regu-
larly barred or marked ; a dark chestnut band commencing below
tbe eye crosses the ear-coverts and passes down each side of the
neck ; cheeks, chin, and throat black, with white shaft-stripes ; rest
of underparts greyish olive-brown, tinged on the sides and flanks with
rufous, each feather with a subterminal white spot partially or
wholly edged with black. Bill black ; legs and feet horn -black (in
skin). Total length 11 inches, wing 5-9, tail 2-8, tarsus 1-7,
middle toe and claw 1'9.

Adult female differs from the male in having tbe whole crest
brownish black (younger examples show traces of rufous on some
of the underneath feathers), and well defined whitish-buff shaft-
streaks down the feathers of tbe mantle which are scarcely visible
in fully adult males. Total length 10*5 inches, wing 5-7, tail 2-7,
tarsus 1'7, middle toe and claw I'S.

lu immature Inrds (of both sexes?) tbe hinder part of the crest
is rust-red as in the adult male ; the neck, chest, breast, and sides
are mottled and barred with black, and the white diamond-shaped
spots take more the form of shaft-stripes ; the chin and throat are
mostly greyish brown, with a few o' the adult feathers on the
chin and sides ; and the upper and lower mandibles are orange-red.

A q^iite young hird has the rust- red hind crest well developed ;
and apparently the young resemble the male and differ from the
female parent in this respect, but tbe want of properly sexed female
specimens prevents my being quite certain of this.

Specimens from Dota, Costa Kica, and Chiriqui, where the ranges
of the present species and 0. veraguensis overlap, are somewhat
intermediate, having the underparts more or less strongly washed
with rufous.

Hah. Central America ; Southern Mexico to Chiriqui.

Purchased.
Pm-chased of M. Ver-
reaux.
Chimalapa, Tehuantepec, Salvin-Godman Coll.

March ( W. R. Richardson).
Vera Paz, Guatemala, Nov.

(O. S.).
Dueuas, Jan. (0. 8.).
Volcan de Fuego (5500 feet),

Aug., Nov. [O.S.).
Volcan de Agua, Nov. (O. S.).
British Honduras {F. Blanca-

neaux).
San Felipe, W. Dist. British
Honduras, May (F. B.).

a, h.
c. S

(5 ad. sk.
ad. st.

Mexico.

Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico.

d-g. (S $ ad. et

imm. sk.
/;. 2 imm. sk.

i. 5 ad. sk.

Jt, I. (3 imm. et 5

vix ad. sk.
m. $ ad. sk.
n. Pull. sk.

o,p. cJ 5 ad. sk.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coil.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

I

08. ODONTOPHORTTS. 441

q. 9 ad. sk. Belize, British Hnndiiras (F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Blancaneaux).

r, s. 2ad.sk. Jlondnras (Cajji. Harlow). Zool. Soc. Coll.

(Types of the species.)

t. (S imm. sk. Costa Rica. Purchased.

M. cJ ad. sk. Barranca, Costa Rica, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(J. Carmiol).

V. S ad. sk. Dota, Costa Rica, Jan. [J. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Carmiol).

to. S ad. sk. Chiriqui (Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

x-z. c? ad. sk. Volcau de Chiriqui {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

a'. (S ad. sk. Central America. Purchased.

11. Odontophorus veraguensis.

Odontophorus veraguensis, Gould, P. Z. S. 185G, p. 107 [Veragua] ;
Salvin, P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 161 [Panama] ; Graij, List Gallin<e Brit.
Mus. p. 72 (1867): id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 272 (1870); Zeledon,
P. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 112 (1886) [Costa Rica].

Adult male. Is readily distinguished from the adult ma^e of
0. (juttatus by having the -whole of the top of the head and crest
rust-red, and the whole of the underparts strongly washed with
reddish chestnut. Total length 9-5 inches, wing 5*7, tail 2-7,
tarsus 1*65, middle too and claw 1*7.

Adult female. Differs only from the male in having the head and
crest rather browner. Total length !)'3 inches, wing 5-5, tail 2-5,
tarsus 1'65, middle toe and claw 1'75.

Ilah. Central America, ranging from Panama and Yeragua to
Costa Rica.

a. 2 ad. sk. Dota, Costa Rica, July [J. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Carmiol).

h, c. cJ ad. sk. Chiriqui {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d, e- d ? ad. sk. Southern slope, Volcan de Salvin-Godman Coll.

Chiriqui {Arc6).

f, (J. 2 ad. sk. Veragua. Gould Coll.

(Types of the species.)

/*. $ ad. sk. Central America. Purchased.

12. Odontophorus balliviani.

Odontophorus balhnani, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 69 [Bolivia];
Gould, Monor/r. Odontoph. pt. iii. pi. 29 (1850) ; Gray, List Galling
Brit. Mus. p.' 72 (1867) ; id. Hnnd-l. B. ii. p. 272 (1870) ; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 780, 784 [Huasnmpilla, Peru] ; Tacz. Orn.
P£rou, iii. p. 290 (1886).

Adult. Is easily distinguished from 0. vcrafjuensis, to which it is
most nearly allied, by having the superciliary stripes, as well as
the chin aiul a band on each side of the head below the ear-coverts,
buff or rufous buff; a black b^nd from the angle of the gape,
passing below the eye and across the ear-coverts down each side of
the neck ; the crest dark chestnut ; the general colour of the
upper parts more rufous and much less heavily blotched with black ;

442 PHASIANID^.

the inner webs of the quiPs mottled with rufous ; the throat
blackish brown, with paler shafts, and the rest of the underparts
dark chestnut, the diamond-shaped white black-edged spots being
large and conspicuous, especially on the sides and flanks. Bill,
legs, and feet lead-colour ; iris hazel. Total length 10'5 inches,
wing 5"8, tail 2-7, tarsus 1-S, middle toe and claw 2.
Hah. Peru and Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Cocapata, Cocabamha, Bolivia. T. C. Bridges, Esq. [C.].

(Type of the species.)

b. Ad. sk. Huasampilla, Peru, March (H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Whitely).

13. Odontophorus strophium.

Ortyx (Odontophorus) strophium, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 184

[Southern Countries of Mexico !].
Odontophorus strophium, Gould, Monoc/r. Odontoph. pt. i. pi. 31

(1844) ; Gi-m/, List Gallincs Brit. Mm. p. 72 (1867) ; id. Hand-l,

^.ii. p. 272(1870).
Strophiortyx strophium, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 883 (1856).

Adult male\^']. Top of the head deep brown; nape very deep
chestnut ; mantle reddish brown, with narrow whitish shaft-stripes ;
outer primaries uniform dark brown on both webs, otherwise the
plumage of the upper parts is very similar to that of 0. c/uianensis
and the other previously described species ; superciliary stripe, chin,
and bands along the side of the throat mottled with black and white ;
a black band from the angle of the gape passes below the eye, across
the ear-coverts, and down the sides of the neck ; throat black,
margined below by a wide white band across the fore part of the
neck, which in turn is succeeded by a black band ; the chest,
breast, sides, and flanks rufous chestnut, shading into rufous buff
on the middle of the belly, all the feathers with subterminal white
shaft-spots. Total length lO'o inches, wing 5-8, tail 2-5, tarsus 2,
middle toe and claw 2-1.

The immature bird differs from the above in having the chest,
breast, and underparts largely mixed with brownish grey, and the
white spots represented only by a few narrow shaft-stripes on the
sides of the chest and breast.

Hah. U.S. of Colombia.

a. Ad. sk. [U.S. of Colombia.] Gould Coll. (Type

of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Sta. Fe de Bogota. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

c. Imm. sk. Sta. Fe de Bogota. Gould Coll.

14. Odontophorus columbianus.

Odontophorus columbianus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 94 [Caracas] ;

id. Monogr. Odontoph. pt. iii. pi. 30 (1850).
Strophiortyx columbianus, Bonap. C. It. xlii. p. 883 (1856).

Adult. Head and upper parts very similar to those of 0. stro-

59. BHYNCHORTTX. 443

ph'mm, but the chin and throat are -vrlnte, the feathers on the sides
heinp; tipped Avith black, the whole being bounded by black bands
which commence at the angles of the gape, pass below the eyes,
across the ear-coverts and down the sides of the throat, and unite
in a wide band on the fore part of the neck ; rest of the underparts
reddish brown, eacli feather with a large diamond-shaped black-
edged white shaft-spot. Bill black ; feet lead-colour. Total length
11 inches, wing 5-7, tail 2-5, tarsus 1'85, middle toe and claw 2-05.

The immature hint has the mantle spotted and marked with
black, the pale shafts very slightly developed, and the general tone
of the underparts brownish grey, with only traces of white spots
on the feathers of the chest, breast, and sides.

Hah. Venezuela.

a. Imm. sk. Venezuela {Spence). Salvin-Godman Coll.

59. RHYNCHORTYX.

Sexes similar ? No distinct crest.

1st primary falls between the 8th and 9th ; 4th longest.
Tail composed of 10 feathers, less than half the length of the
wing.

Tarsus lonf/er than the middle toe and claw.
Bill very stout.

liaiuje. Central America ; Veragua.

Key to the Species.

A. Superciliary stripe and sides of head bright

rust-rod ; chest gi-ey spodiostetkus, p. 443.

R. Superciliary stripe and sides of the head dull

olive-brown ; chest dark rufous cincttts, p. 444.

1. Rhynchortyx spodiostethiis.

Odontophorus spodiostethus, Salvin, Ibis, 1878, p. 447 [Veragua] ;
Richmond, P. U.S. Nat. Mm. xvi. p. 524 (1893) [Escondido K.,
Nicaragua, and PanamaJ.

Adult. Top of the head and nape rusty brown ; feathers of the
mantle dark grey, edged with reddish brown ; lower back and nimp
buff, thickly clouded and vermiculated with grey, and the median
feathers with black shaft-stripes ; scapulars and outer secondaries
brown, shading into deep chestnut towards the margins, finely
mottled on the outer web with buff and on the inner with black ;
inner webs with a black subterminal band and buff margin ; rest
of wing-coverts greyish brown, blotched with black towards
the extremity of the inner web, and barred and mottled with buflF;
quills brown ; secondaries blotched with rufous buff on the outer
webs ; lores, forehead, superciliary stripes, cheeks, ear-coverts.

444

PHASIANID^.

and sides of the throat bright nist-red ; middle of chin and throat
white ; front and sides of neck, chest, and sides of breast dark
grey, shading intobuif on the middle of the breast and belly ; flanks
indistinctly clouded with dusky and barred with black ; under tail-
coverts buff, barred with black ; tail finely mottled with rufous
and black. Total length 7-5 inches, wing 4-9, tail 1-8, tarsus 1-4,
middle toe and claw 1"15.

In the type specimen the rump and upper tail-coverts are washed
with vinaceous grey, and in both this and a second specimen the rufous
and buff markings on the wing-coverts and scapulars are more
strongly marked than in the bird described above, while a few of the
feathers of the nape have white shaft-stripes or spots. These
characters probably indicate that the birds are not yet in the most
adult plumage.

Hah. Veragua and Panama.

a, h.\^S ? ] Ad. sk. Veragua. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Types of the species.)
c. c? ad. sk. Agua Dulce, Panama, Gould Coll,

Dec.

2. Rhynchortyx cinctus.

Odontophorus cinctus, Salvin, Ibis, 1876, p. 379 [Veragua] ; Mmvley,
Orn. Misc. iii. p. 39, pi. Ixxxvi. (1878).

Adult. Top of the head, mantle, chest, and sides of breast deep
rufous ; a white band from the lores to the eye, and continued
behind the eye above the ear-coverts and along the sides of the
neck ; wings very similar to those of li. sjjodiostethus ; in the type
the lower back and rump are dark grey, finely mottled with whitish ;
but in a second example these parts are dull vinaceous, very slightly
freckled with black, while a line of feathers down the centre have
deep black shaft-stripes (these difiFerences are due probably to either
age or sex, but it is impossible to say which); upper tail-coverts
reddish brown, vermiculated with black ; superciliary stripe and
sides of head dull olive-brown ; ear-coverts blackish chestnut, chin
and throat white ; breast, belly, and flanks white, rather widely
barred with black, except down the middle of the body ; under tail-
coverts buff, barred with black ; tail-feathers reddish brown,
vermiculated with black. Total length 7'5 inches, wing 4-6,
tail 1"7, tarsus 1*3, middle toe and claw 1"15.

Hab. Veragua.

a, b. Ad. sk. Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

(Types of the species.)

iitBGAPODIID^. 445

Suborder II. PERISTEROPODES.

Inner notch of the atnrnum less than half the length of the entire
sternum.

The hallux is on the same level as the other toes, and its basal
phalanx as long as that of the third toe.

Family I. MEGAPODIID.E.

Oil-gland nude.

Eggs deposited in the sand or in a mound raised by one or more
pairs of birds ; young hatched fully feathered, -without the inter-
vention of the parent bird, and able to fly almost from birth.

Key to the Genera.

A. Upper tail-coverts extend to the end of the

tail , 3. LiPOA, p. 463.

B. Upper tail-coverts do not extend to the end of

the tail.

a. Bill slender ; claws very long and straight,

the claw on the middle toe being much
longer than the length of the culmen (mea-
sured from the tip to the posterior wall of
the iiasid opening) ; tail composed of
12 feathers.
a'. Secondaries as long as the primary [p. 446.

quills 1. MEGAPonrus,

b'. Secondaries much shorter than the pri-
mary quills 2. EuLiPOA, p. 462.

b. Bill stout and strong; claws shorter and

more rounded, the claw on the middle toe

shorter than the length of the culmen

(measured from the tip to the posterior

wall of the nasal openiug) ; tail composed

of 16-18 feathers.

!■'» Top of the head covered with feathers,

which are sometimes very narrow and

hair-like, never with either a casque or

fleshy crest.

a". No wattle at the base of the neck ;

tail shorter and rounded ; nasal opening [p. 464.

oval 4. Talegallus,

b". A vasculai- wattle at the base of the

neck ; tail long and fO-shaped ; [p. 467.

nasal opening round 5. Cathetubus,

d'. Top of the heau with an elevated fleshy
crest, extending from the base of the
culmen to the middle of the crown ; a
pendulous wattle on the biisal part of the
tore neck ; upper tivil-coverts chestnut ; [p. 469.

nasal opening round 6. Aepypodius,

e'. Head covered with a large round occipital

casque ; fore p.irt of tarsi reticulated [p. 471.

with small hexagonal scales 7. MegaCephalon,

446 MEGAPODIIDiB.

1. MEGAPODIUS *. ,^

Type.

Megapodius, Qtioy ^- Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 125 (1824). M. freycineti.

Aiecthelia, Less. ^- Gam. Bull. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 115

(1826) M. freycineti.

Alechthelia, Hartl. {I8i2), Jide Gray, Ha?id-l. B. ii.

p. 255 (1870) M. freycineti.

Amelous, Gloger, Hand- m. Hilfsb. p. 375 (1842) M. freycineti.

In some species the head and neck are mostly feathered, while iu
others the whole head and neck with the exception of the occipital
region and nape are almost entirely naked.
Nostrils oval.

Tail short and rounded, composed of 12 feathers.
Upper tail-coverts do not reach to the extremity of the tail-
feathers.

1st primary is about equal to the 10th (sometimes a little longer
or shorter) ; 5th somewhat the longest t.

Tarsi and feet very large and strong ; fore part of tarsus covered
with a single row of large scutes.

Eange, Islands of the Pacific; north to the Philippine and
Marianne Is., south to Australia, east to Ninafou, and west to the
Nicobar Is.

Key to the Species.
A. No white on the basal part of the primaries.
a. Mantle oUve-brown or rufous brown, like
the rest of the back J.
a' . Underparts pale grey.
a". Outer webs of the outer primaries pale

ochraceous 7ucobariemis, p. 447.

* Doubtful species : —

1. Megapodius, sp.

There are two quite young specimens in the British Museum, wliich are said
to Lave been obtained on Lord Howe's Island. They differ from all other young
of a similar age which I liave examined in having the back and wings barred with
iw^aud black, as well as by the paler colour of the underparts. They closely
resemble the figure of the young of M. laferousii given by Finsch in the J. Mus.
Godeffroy, viii. pi. v. fig. 3 (1875). So far as I am aware, no species of
Megapode is knowji to occur on this island, and the probability is that these
young birds represent an unknown species ; but this cannot be decided till adult
specimens are obtained.
a, h. Juv. sk. Lord Howe's Island.

2. Megapodius, sp.

Megapodius sp., Cheeseinan, Tr. tf- P. S. Zeal. Inst, xxiii. p. 219 (1891)
[formerly inhabited Sunday I., Kermadec Group].

3. ? Megapodius andersoni.
? Megapodius ? andersoni, Gray, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 291 [New Caledonia],
18(54, p. 44.
G. E. Gray has given the above name to a bird from New Caledonia referred
to in MS. by Anderson (who accompanied Cook's third Voyage) under the name
of Tctrao australis, and briefly described by him as follows: — "fusca nigraque ;
pedibus nudis."

\ The fifth secondary is said to be absent in Megapodius rubrifrons
{=M. eremita). See Selat. Ibis, 1890, p. 81.

\ A slight tinge of grey on the upper mantle in one specimen of M. tenim-
herensis.

1. MEGAPODItrs. 447

b". Outer webs of the outer primaries pale

brown tmimbermsis.Ta. A4S.

b. Lnderpuits dai-k gi-ey c«7«iV, p. 449.

c Lnderparts dark brown sanghiren.k, p. 450.

«? . Underparts rufous bro«Ti bermteini, p. 450.

b. .Mantle grey or dark gi-ey, forming a distinct
contrast with the coloration of the rest of
the upper parts.
e'. Legs dark (olive-browu or dark olive),
c". Feathers on the forehead extending to
the base of the culmen.

?,'■ ^''n^ brownish grey forsteni, p. 451.

b . iielJy brown brumieiverUris, p. 452.

d . J^orehead naked with the exception of

a few minute plumes eremita, p. 452.

/ . l-egs orange-red. ^

e\ Flanks blackish gi-ey macgillivrayi, p. 453.

/ .Flanks dark chestnut duperreyi, p. 454.

c. Mantle and general colour of upper parts
blackish grey,
fj'. Head blackish gi-ey, like the rest of the
upper parts.

C- V*""* ^'^'^f' ; freycineti, p. 457.

n . Legs yellow or red.

c\ Fore part of the head feathered .... geelvinkianus, p. 459.

i, J^-,™P''""tofthe head naked layardi, v,. -^b^.

h . Head French gi-ey laperousii, p. 400.

B. Basal part of the pnmanes white pritchardi,^. 461.

1. Megapodius nicobariensis.

Megapodius nicobarien.ris, Blyth, J. As. 8oc. Beng. xv. pp. 52, 372

P. AS. 8bl, p.090, 1804, p. 43; v. Pelz^ Reiee Novara, v/g.
p. 110, pis- IV. & VI. tig. 12 [<,cr.r] (1865) ; Ball, J. A.s. Soc. Bern.
xxxix p. -32 (18/0) ; id. Sir. F. i. p. 82 (1873) [Nicobars] ; Hume,

\L'- W-}'^ ^^^'^^ ' *''• ^^''- ^- ''• PP- ^1. -'"« [Great Cocos?!
lV,f'^^.<l*'^); ^'""'^ ^ ^'^^"'•s/i. Game B. Ind. i. p. 119, pi
^ 1 >. '/i"."^r"^PP' !'• ■^-^' P'- "• (^880); Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nut. xi.
p. IlJ (lb81) ; Oate^, ed. Hume's Nests i^- Eggs, iii. p. 449 (1890).
Megapodius triukutensis, Sharpe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) xiii p 448
(1874) [Truikut, Nicobars] ; Walden, Ann. Ma,/. X. H. (4)'xiT.
p. 103 (1874) [Nangcowry, Camorta, Katschal,"and Trinkut Is.!
Nicobars]; Hu7ne, Sd: F. ii. p. 499 (1874).

Adult male and female *. Top of the head reddish or olive-
browu ; sides of the crown firom behind the eyes, the occiput, and

A:*TT^T''-*P^'''"?T',''**'''^'^^"'''''^''*'>''""«''^''e'l ''T Tweeddale (Ann Mag.
i>. U. (-i) XIV. p. KhJ, 18,4), have a curious teudoucy to lose the leathers on the
crown and assume a naked callosity. In a female adult from Xangcowrv I
the crown .s entirely naked and covered with a thick black-looking skm, which
appears almost ot the nature of a scab ; the saa.e peculiarity is equally developed
in an immatui-e male from Camorfi ; while in three other speciiueustboth adult
and imu.ature the crown is partially denuded and the skiu is ol the same black
colour. In aU the other specimens the skin of the top of the he;id is red

I am of opinion that the naked head in the aboye-mentioned specimens is
aonormal, and possibly caused by disease.

448

MEGAPODIID^.

sides of the head behind the ears pale French grey ; rest of the
upper parts doll olive-brown, brighter on the wing-coverts and
outer webs of the quills ; chest grey washed with brown, shading
into pure grey on the breast and belly. Bill light greenish or
yellowish, yellower along the edge of the mandibles ; naked skin on
the hep.d and neck varying from dull cherry-red to bright brick-
red ; iris brown ; front of tarsus dark or sometimes greenish-horn
colour ; toes darker ; soles pale flesh or pale yellow ; tibio-tarsal
joint and back and sides of tarsus dull red. Total length 14'5
inches, wing 9-2, tail 2-9, tarsus 2-7.

In less mature examples the chin and throat are partially covered
with small whitish-grey feathers, and the neck is entirely covered
with Taathers ; the whole of the rest of the underparts are brown or
rufous brown.

Hah. Nicobar Islands.

a. Imm. sk.
h-g. S 2 ad., imm.,
et pull. sk.

h. Imm. sk.

i, k. (S vix ad. sk.

l-t. tS 2 ad., imm.,

et pull. sk.
u, V. 2 ad. et S imm.

sk.
w-d'. (S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
e'. Imm. sk,

/'-/.-,'. S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
I'-q'. cJ 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
»•', s'. c? vix ad. et

2 imm. sk.

[Port Blair, S. Andaman.]
N'cobar Is., April & August

(iE. J. Wimberley and F.

A. de Hoepstorff').
TillangchongjNicobars, Mar.

(V.Ball).
Bompoka L, Jan. ( W. Da-
vison).
Oamorta I., Jan.-March

{E. J. W.^ W.D.)
Camorta I., Jan., Dec. {R.

J. W.).
Trinkut I., Jan.-March {R.

J.W.,W.D.,^F.A.deR.).
Trinkut I.

(Type of M.
Katschal I., Feb. {R. J. W.,

W. D., SfF. A. de R.).
Nangcowi-y I., Jan., Feb.,

May {R. J. W.).
Treis I., March {W. D.).

Hume CoU.
Hume & Tweeddale
Colls.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume & Tweeddale

Colls.
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe

[P.].
Hume & Tweeddale

Colls.
Dr. Shai-pey [P.].
tfinkutensis, Shai-pe.)
Hume & Tweeddale

CoUs.
Hume & Tweeddale

Colls.
Ilimie Coll,

2, Megapodius tenimberensis,

Megapodius tenimberensis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 57 (Loetoer, N.
of Yamdena and Firinun I., Tenimber Group] ; Salvad. Aggiunte
Orn. Pap. pt, iii. p. 194 (1891).

Adult male. Most nearly resembles M. nicobariensis, but the
upper part of the mantle is slightly washed with grey, in this
respect showing an approach to M. cluperreyi, and the sides of the
head, chin, and throat are also more thickly covered with small
feathers. Bill pale yellow ; iris dark brown ; legs in front black,
but the tibio-tarsal joint and back of the legs are red ; feet black.
(In the second specimen both the legs and feet are said to be red.)
Total length 14 inches, wing 9'6, tail 3-5, tarsus 2-9.

llab. Tenimber Group,

1. MEGAPODIITS. 449

a. S ad. sk.

Lootoor, N. of Yanidena, Tweeddale Coll."^

Tfi limber (J roup, Sept. | (Types of

(7/. O. Forbes). }. \he

b. cJ ad. sk. Firiium I., Teuiiiiber Group, II. 0. Forbes, | species.)

Sept. Esq. [C.]. J

3. Megapodius cumingi.

Mcgapodius rubri])es, Waglcr, !■■<!■<, 1820, p. 737 [part. Celebes].

]Mejj:a])odius vutipus (sic), Grai/ {nee WaijL), List of B. pt. iii. Gall.
p.L'l (1844) [Luzon].

Meira])odius c-iuiiingii,i>///«v/n, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 118, pi. 39 FLabuan] ;
J/ot/e,/ ^S- miha/ii, Contr. iV. //. Labuan, p. 32, pi. 7 (185.5) ; Gray,
P. Z. \S. 1801, 'p. 290 [Luzon, Labuan], 18G1, p. 43 ; v. Mnrtois,
J. f. O. 18GU, ]i. 26 [Mindanao, JMindoro] ; Schl. Ned. Tijdschr.
Bierk. iii. p. 263 (1866); Gray, List Gallime Bri^. Mus. p. 21
(1867) ; id. I£and-l. B. ii. p. 255 (1870) ; Waldcn, Trans. Zool.
8oc. viii. p. 29 (1872) ; Saload. Ucc. Borneo, p. 302 (1874) ; Wal-
den, IVans. Zool. Soc. is. pp. 225, 251 (1875) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S.
1878, p. 624 [Pala-svan] ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 267 [Brunei] ; id.
1\ Z. 6". 1879, p. 349 [Labuan, Kuraman, Daat], 1881, p. 800
[Saudakan] ; id. Ibis, 1884, p. 'i-2'2 [8. Palawan] ; Oustal. Ann.
iSci. Nat. xi. p. 1 11 (1881); Whitehead, Ibi.% 1888, p. 411 ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1888, p. 203; Blasius, Ornis, 1883, p. 317 [Palawaul; Everett,
r. Z. S. 1889, p. 225: id. J. As. Soc. Str.'Br. p. 197 (1889)
[Ijalabac, .Marasi Bay, Taguso] ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, p. 141 [Pulo
Tega, N. Borneo].

Megapodius gilbertii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1801, p. 289 [Celebes], 1864,
p. 43; /(/. Iland-l. B. ii. ]). 255 (1870) ; Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc.
viii. p. 87 (1872) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 138 [X. Ctdebes] ; Oustal.
Ann. Sci. Nut. xi. p. 107 (1881) ; Guillcni. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 559
[N. Celebes].

Megapodius lowi, Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1875, p. Ill [Labuan].

^Megapodius pusillus, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 765, pi. Ixxviii. [Zebu]
(Juv.).

Megapodius dillwvni, Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 766 [Philippine Is.],
1878. p. 95."5 [Zaiul)oanga], 1879, p. 73 [Basilan] ; Oustal. Ann.
Sci. Nat. xi. p. 118 (1881).

Megapodius dilhvini, Steere, List Birds S^- Mamm. Philippines, p. 25
(1890) [Mindanao, Basilan, Masbate, Mariiiduque].

Adult male and female. Differ chiefly from 21. nicobariensis in
liaving the whole of tho jiluraago darker, esjiccially the grey sur-
rounding the crown and of the underparts. Specimens differ con-
siderably intir .St' in the colour of the upper parts, even in those from
the same locality — some being olive-brown, otliers rufesccut olive-
l)rown. Hill horn-yellow ; skin of the orbital, loral, and auricular
regions wasliod with red ; iris warm brown ; legs (in the male)
reddish, brighter than in the female ; the tarsal scutclla and feet
dark olivaceous brown. Total length 15 inches, wing 9, tail 3,
tarsus 2'~.

llah. Philippine Islands, ranging south to Palawan and the small
islands of the north coast of iJornco, also to the Sulu Islands, Celebes,
and Tojian I.

VOL. xxn. 2 0

450 JIEGAPOMIDJE.

a. Pull. St. Philippine Is. Purchased of M. Ver-

veaux.
6-fZ. Ad.st.et sk. Luzon, Philippine Is. Cuming Coll.

. Ad. sk. Luzon (Maitland Heriof), Tweeddale Coll.

/. c? inim. sk. Cebu, March {A. H. Eve- Tweeddale Coll.

rett). (Type of 3/. pusUlus, Tweedd.)

g- i. (S ad. et 5 Zaniboanga, Mindanao, Tweeddale Coll.

imm. sk. March, May {A. H. K).

k. 2 imm. sk. Basilan, June (A. If. E.). Tweeddale Coll.

l-t. S 2 ad. sk. Palawan, Jan. (A. H. E.). Tweeddale Coll.

K. Ad. sk. Palawan (Ze?npriere). Dr. R. B.:)-\9dler

Sharpe [P.].
V. Ad. sk. Banguey I-, N. Borneo. A. H. Everjtt, Esq.

[C.].
w. Imm. sk. Omadal I., April. Dr. M'Kinlay [C.].

X. Pull. sk. Balabac I. Br. R. Bowdler

Sharpe [P.].
y. Ad. sk. Labuan. Tweeddale Coll.

z-c'. Ad. et pull. Labuan (J?, iojt'). Dr. R. Bnwdler

sk. Sharpe [P.].

(Types of J/, loivti, Sharpe.)
d'. Ad. sk. Kuruman I. II. Veitch, Esq. [P.].

e'. PuU. sk. Tega I., April. A. H. Everett, Esq.

[C.].
/', f/'. 2 "* ix ad. Menado, X. Celebes. A. R. ^"^ allace, Esq.

sk. [C.]. _

(Types of 31. qilhertii, Gray.)
/*'. Pull. sk. Celebes. " Tweeddale Coll.

i'. 2 -vix ad. sk. Tojian I. {A.B. Meyer). Tweeddale CoU.

4. Megapodius sanghirensis.

Megapodius sanghirensis, Schl. Notes Leyd. Mus. ii. p. 91 (18S0)
[Siao and Sanghir Is.]; Ot(stal. Ann. iHci. Nat. xi. p. 110 (1881) ;
Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 626.

Adidt. Most nearly allied to M. cnmingi, from which it differs in
having the upper parts dark chestnut-brown without any olive shade
and the underjiarts dark brown ; in this respect it approaches
M. bernsteini, and reminds one of immature specimens of J/, nico-
6amm?5, but the colour is much darker. {Mus.Lugd.) Total length
14 inches, wing 9, tail 3, tarsus 2 b.

Bub. Sanghir Is.

5. Megapodius bernsteini.

Megapodius bernsteinii, <S'c7//. Ned. Tijd^rhr. Dierk. iii. p. 261 (1866)
[Sula] : Gmy, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 255 (1870) ; Oudal. Ann. Sci. Nat.
xi. p. 137 (1881).

Adult. Upper parts very similar to those of M. euminr/i, but the
cheeks and neck are more thickly covered with small feathers, and
the outer webs of the primaries and secondaries are more strongly
washed with rufous, \Ahile the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts are dark brownish chestnut, and the tail is brownish black ;
the chest is olive-brown, gradually shading into rufescent brown on

1. MEGAPODIUS. 451

tho lower breast, belly, and flanks : bill horn-colour, legs reddish.
Total length 12 inches, Aving 7'5, tail 2-o, tarsus 2-5.
Ilah. Sula Is.

a. Ad. sk. Sula Islands. Purchased.

6. Megapodius forsteni.

Merrapodius forstenii, Toum., Gray, (icn. B. iii. p. 491, pi. 124 (1847);

Grat/, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 302 [Amboina], l6(}], p. 289 [(Jerain,

Banda?]; Reicltenb. Tauben, pp. 4, 190, pi. 271. fi^r. 2496 (1862);

Wallace, P. Z. S. 186.3, p. 34 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1804, p. 43 [Boeroe] ;

J'Ynsc/i, Neu-Giii7i. p. 180 (I86.j) [Celebes!]; Schl. Ned. Tijdschr.

Uierk. iii. p. 20.'> (J 806) [Harouko or Ema] ; Gray, List Gidlitue

Jlrit. Mies. p. 19 (1807) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25") (1870) ; Salcad.

Ann. Miis. Cii: Genoo. viii. p. 383 (1870) ; Cab. ^- Beicftenow,

J. f. O. 1876, p. 320; Bosenb. Malay. Arckij). p. 373(1878-79)

[Goram] ; Sch. 3Ius. Pai/s-Bas, viii. p. 70 (1880) ; Onstal. Ann.

Set. Nat. xi. p. 99 (1881) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Geww. xviii.

p. 7 (1882); id. Oni. Pup. iii. p. 23.5 (1882); Blasius, P. Z. S.

1882, p. 710 [Ceram] ; Bias. S)- Nehrk. Ver/i. Ges. Wien, x.vxii.

p. 430 (1882) [Amboina; egg]; Salcad. Affyiunte Orn. Pap. pt. iii.

p. 194 (1891).
Me^rapodius sp., Bose7ib. Bcis naar Zuidoostereil, p. 100 (1807)

[(Torani].
Mei^apodius wallacei, Gray, List Gallincs Brit. Mus. p. 21 (1867)

[part. juv. froiu Boeroe].
Mefrapodius alHuis, Meyer, SB. Ak. Wien. Ixix. p. 215 (1874) [Rubi,

New Guinea]; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. viii. p. 400 (1870)

[.Jobi], X. p. 163 (1877) [Sorong] ; id. Atti Ac. Tor. xiii. p. 312

(1877); D'Alb. Nuova Guin. p. 582 (1880); Oiestal. A7in. Sci.

Aiit. xi. p. 95 (1881) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 7

(1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 237 (1882).
Megapodius decollatus, Oustal. Bull. Assoc. Sci. Fr. xxi. p. 248 (1878)

[d'Urville I.].
Megapodius duperrej-i, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, viii. p. Q2 (1880) [part.

Jobi I.].
Megapodius aflinis, var. jobiensis, Scld. Mus. Ltiyd. (Jide Oustal.

Ann. Sci. Ant. xi. p. 95 (1881)).

Adult. Very similar to ^F. eremita, but is easily distinguished by
the feathering on the forebcad being continued to the base of the
culmen, the feathers of the occiput more elongate and forming a
short but di.stinct crest, -while the olive-brown of the upper parts is
somcwbat lighter. " ]5ill yellowish, above nostrils black : feet
dusky yellowish olive, tibia beneath dull yellow, claws black; iris
rcddi.sh brown, skin of face and throat red" (Wallace). Total
length 14-5 incbcs, wing S-2 to 8-9, tail 2-0 to 3, tarsus 2-6 to 2*8.

Hub. Booroe, xVmboina, Ceram, and Goram, ranging north to
Western New Guinea, Jobi I., and d'Urville I., off the north coast
of New Guinea.

a-c. Ad. et juv. sk. Boeroe. A. It. Wallace, Esq. [CT

d. Ad. sk. Amboina. A. 11. Wallace, Esq, ~

e,/. Ad. sk. Ceram. A. B. NNallace, Esq

rc.i.
c.l

[C.

452 MEGAPODIID^.

7. Megapodius brunneiventris.

Megapodius brunneiventris, Meyer, Ahh. Zooh Mm. Dread. 1800-91,
no. 4, p. 15 (1892) [Astrolabe Bay, E. New Guinea].

Adnlt. Said to resemble M.forsteni, but tbe belly is brown and
the top of the head covered with a well-developed olive-brown crest,
the greater wing-coverts being of the same colour.

I consider this species to be very doubtfully distinct from M. for-
steni ; it is probably founded on an immature specimen.

Hah. Astrolabe Bay, New Guinea,

8. Megapodius eremita.

Megapodius eremita, Hartl. P. Z. .S'. 18G7, p. S30 [Bougainville I.] ;
*SW«^. P. Z. S. 1878, pp. 289, 290, 671, 673 [New Ireland] ; Finsck,
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 14 [Duke of York I.] ; Sc/il. Mus. Pays-Bas, vii'.
p. 6.5 (1880) ; adat. Voy. Challenyer, p. 32, pi. xi. (1880) [Pigeon
I., Admiralty Group] ; Lmjard, Ibis, 1880, pp. 303, 308 [Blanche
Bay, New Britain]; Finsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 5.39 [New Britain];
Oustal. Ann. Sci. Xctt. xi. p. 103 (18S1) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 7 (1882); id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 238 (1882);
Finsch, Voy. d. Sildsee, p. 20 (1884) [New Britain] ; Studer, in
Fnrschunysreisp. S.M.S. ' Gazelle,' iii. p. 253, pi. sii. (1889) ; Meyer,
Ibis, 18U0, p. 423 [eggs]; Salvad. Aggiunte Orn. Pa2). pt. iii.
p. 194 (1891).

Megapodius brenchleyi, Gray, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) v. p. 328 (1870)
[Gulf I. and San Christoval, Solomon Group] ; id. Hand-l. B. ii.
p. 255 (1870) ; id. Cruise Cura^oa, p. 392, pi. 20(1873) ; Ita7may,
P. Linn. Sue. N.S. W. iv. p. 75 (1879) [Savo, Solomon Is.] ; Srhl.
Mus. Pays-Bas, \m. p. 65 (1880) ; Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nat.xi. p. 105
(1881) ; Brazier, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. vi. p. 150 (1881) ; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 7 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. iii. pp. 240,
564 (1882) ; Tristram, Ibis, 1882, p. 144 ; Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc.
N.S. TV. vii. p. 39 (1882) [Solomon Is.] ; Kissack, P.P. Soc. Queensl.
i. p. 181 (1885) ; Sharpe in GoukVs B. New Guin. pt. xxii. pi. xi.
(1886); Grant,P.Z.S. 1887, p. 3-32 [Alu, Shortland I.], 1888,
pp. 187, 201 [Guadalcanar] ; Woodford, P. Z. ,S'. 1888, p. 249; id.
Nat. amour/ Heiid-htnters, p. 100 (1890) [Savo] ; Meyer, Ibis,
1890, p. 4l'3 ; Salvad. Ayyivnte Orn. Pap. pt. iii. p. 194 (1891).

Megapodius sp., Brazier, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 006 [Savu, Treasury I.,
New Britain]: Bamsay, P. Linn. Soc. N.S.TF. i. p. 375 (1870), ii.
p. 112 (1878) [Kera I., Solomon Group].

Megapodius hueskeri, Cab. ^- Beichenoiu, J.f. O. 1876, p. 326 [New
Hanover] ; Sdat. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 113 [Duke of York I.].

Megapodius rubrifrons, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 556 [Pigeon I., Admi-
ralty Group].

Megapodius macgillivrayi ?, Bamsay {nee Gray), P. Lin?). Soc.
N.S. W. ii. p. 112 (1877) [egg from New Ireland] ; Oustal. Ann.
Sci. Nat. xi. p. 52 (1881) [eg^ from New Ireland].

Adult male and female. Mantle dark grey; top of the head and
rest of upper parts dark olive-brown ; lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts washed with dark chestnut; chest and rest of under-
parts dark grey, shading into brownish grey on the belly and thighs ;

1. MEG.vroDTtrs. 453

naked skin on the fore part and sides of the head and neck red.
liill jx'Uow, dusky at the base; iris reddish brown ; legs black, olive-
brown or olive ; t'oet black. Total length 15 inches, wing8'8 toU'^,
tail 2-5 to 3, tarsus 2-6 to 2-8.

Specimens difl'or somewhat in size, an adult male from the Admi-
ralty Islands in the north being somewhat smaller than those from
(Juadalcauar and San C'hristoval in the south of the Solomon group.

Jfal). Admiralty Is., Xew Hanover, New Ireland, Duke of York I.,
Now Britain, and the Solomon Islands.

a. c? !ul. sk. Pigeon I., Admiralty Group. 'Challenger' Exp.

(Type of M. rubrifrons, Set.)
h-(l. Ad. et juv. New Ireland. IJev. G. JJrowu

•sk. [C.].

I-. Ad.sk. New Ireland (-R^y.6-'.7i/-o?'70. Tweeddale Coll.

./; 'J- 6 2 ad. sk. Duke of York I., Oct., Dec. l)v. K. Bowdler

( T. Kleinschmtdt). Sharjw [P.].

/(. .Tuv. sk. Now]h-itain,Aug.{0.i^(«4't7i). TweeJdale Coll.

/. 5 a.l. sk. Alu, Shurtlaud I. C. M. Woodford,

Esq. [C.].

/.-. Juv. sk. Gulf I., Solomon Group, J. Bieuchlev, Esq.

Sept. [P.]. (Type of

M. brenchlef/i^ Gray.).

/. 5^ ad. flk. San Christoval. Heginald Tupper,

I'sq. rp.i-
in. 71. 2 ad. et San Christoval, Jan. (J., 1/ac- ^ oy;ige of II.M.S.
juv.sk. yiUicray). 'Herald.'

9. Megapodius macgillivrayi.

Megapouius duperreyii, Macyill. (ncc J,c»s.) l'«y. ' liattlemahe,'' i.
]). IHO, ii. p. ()3 (IfSo:^) ; Rairum/, P. Linn. Soc. A'.'S'. K'. iv. p. lUl
(1879) [part.]; Oudal. Ann. Set. y'a'. xi. p. 77 (1881) [part.].

Megapodius macgillivrayi, Grai/, P. Z. S. 18<>1, p. '269, 18154, p. 4^5
[Duchateau and Pig Is., Louisiade Arch.] ; Reichenh. Taidten,
p. liJO (18G2); hM. Scd. TijihJa: Dicrf;. iii. p. I'Gl (LStIO);
(h-aij, LUt Gullince Brit. Mu... p. 10(1SG7); id. Hand-l. B. ii.
J). I'u-j (1870) ; Hchl. Mus. Pays- lias, \m. ]>. tio (1^>0); Stilvad.
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xviii. j). G (188:>); id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 'S2'i
(1S82); id. Affffiunfe Orn. Pap. pt. iii. p. 1!»4 (18'.»1).

Mi'gapudius niacgillivraii, ^clat. P. Z. <!>'. lb7G, p. 4G0, pi. xliii.
[shores of Huou Gulfj.

Adult male and fern nh. Closely resemble M. eremita, from which
they may be at once distinguished by the colour of the legs, which
are a])i)arently orange-red like those of M. dnpenryi ; tlie naked skin
on the forehead and round the eye appears to have been dark
jiurplish black, not red ; wliile the occipital feathers are elongate,
and form a short thick crest as in M. fomti'in. Total length HJ'O
inches, wing 8-5-8'll, tail ;3-;3-2, tarsus 2'A 'l-"!.

Jfah. Louisiade Archipelago, extending to the shores of Huoa
(iulf and the Astrolabe Mountains.

«. cJ ad. sk. Duchateau Is., Louisiade Arch. Yoy. of II. M.S. ' Rattle-
(J. MacyiUivray). snalcp.' (Type of the

sjiecies.)

454 MEGAPODIID^.

6. Ad. st. Louisiade Arcli. ? Purchased of M. Ver-

reaux.

c. Ad. sk. Astrolabe Mts. A. Goldie, Esq. [C.].

d. Ad. sk. Iluon Guli', May {Dr. Comrie). Tweeddale Coll.

10. Megapodius duperreyi.

Megapodius duperreyii, Less, i.^' Ga?-n. Bull. Sci. Nat. y\\i. p. 3 13
(1826) [Dorey, New Guinea]; Less. Voy. Coqnille, i. pt. ii. p. 700,
pi. 36 (1828) [New Guinea]; id. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 223 (1828) ;
JVa(/l. Isls, 1829, p. 737; Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 478, pi. 87. fig. 1
(1831) ; id. Compl. de Buf., Ois. p. 256, pi. 10. fig-. 1 (1840) ;
Miill. Verh. Land- en Volkenk. p. 109 (1839-44) ; Sclat. Journ. P.
Linn. Soc. ii. p. 169 (1858) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 196 [Aroe
Is.] ; id. Cat. B. Neiv GutJi. p. 61 (1859) ; lieichmb. Tauhen, p. 3,
pi. 275. fig. 1530 (1862); Rosenb. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 135; ScM. Ned.
Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 260 (1866) ; Salvad. ^- D'Alb. Ami. 3Ius.
civ. Genov. vii. p. 838 (1875) [Yule Is., S.E. New Guinea]:
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. ix. p. 47 (1876) ; Rnmsay, P. Linn.
Soc. N.S. W. i. p. 394 (1876) [Port Moresby]; DAlb. Ann. Mvs.
Civ. Genov. x. p. 20 (1877) [Fly R.l ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov.
X. p. 162 (1877) [Andai, Sorong] ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. WO
[Wokau, Aroe Is.]; Bamsai/, P. Linn. Soc. N.S.JV. iii. p. 116
[Hall Sound, Yule I.], p. 295 [Laloki R.] (1878), iv. p. 101
(1879) ; liosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 562 (1878-79) ; D'Alb. ^- Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xiv. p. 127 (1879) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Genov. xiv. p. 665 (1879) ; D'Alb. Nuov. Gtmi. pp. 184, 582, 585,
688 (1880); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, viii. p. 57 (1880) [Wetter;
Poulo-Ai ; Banda ; Wammer ; "VYonoumbai and Trangan; Aroe;
Triton Bay, W. New Guinea] ; Salvad. Voy. Chall., Birds, p. 83
(1880); Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nat. xl p. 77 "(1881) ; Meyer, Verh.
Ges. Wieyi, xxxi. p. 767 (1881) [Sumba, Solor] ; Sharpe, J. Linn.
iS'oc. xvi. p. 447 (1882) [Sogeri] ; Salvad. Ann. 3Ius. Civ. Genov.
xviii. p. 6 (1882); id. Orn. Pip. iii. p. 220 (1882); Meyer, Zeit.
yes. Orn. i. p. 224 (1884) [Dobbo, Aroe Is.]: Sharpe, Pep. ' Alert,'
Birds, p. 26 (1884) ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 663 [Borey, New
Guinea]; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) ix. p. 690 (1890)
[Rigo] ; id. Ayyiunte Orn. Pap. p. 194 (1891).

Megapodius rubripes, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 46 [no. 411] (1826)
[Celebes! Amboina !] ; Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 222 (1828);
Wayler, Isis, 1829, p. 737; Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 479 (1831) ; id.
Comp. de Buf., Ois. p. 256, pi. 9. fig. 1 (1840) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.
p. 491 (1847) ; Sclat. J. Pr. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 169 (1858) [New
Guinea, Celebes !] ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 196 ; id. Cat. B. New
Guin. pp. 50, 61 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438 [New Guinea];
Reichenb. Tauhen, p. 5, pi. 276. fig. 1533 (1862) ; Rosenb. Nat.
Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 252 [Ceram ! Amboina !] ; id. J. f. O.
1864, p. 135; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 43 [Amboina!]; Finsch,
Neu-Guin. p. 180 (1865) [Waigiou ! Celebes!]; Gray, List
Gallinm Brit. Mus. p. 21 (1867) [Amboina!]; id. Hand-l.B.\\
p. 255 (1870) ; Rosenb. Malrni. Arch. p. 323 (1878-79).

Cat. B. New Guin. p. 60 (1859) [Dorey, New Guinea] ; id. P. Z. S.

\

1. MEGArODIUS. 455

1850, p. 1 ")0 [Dorev, New Guinea], ISfil, pp. 290, 43R, pi. xxxiii.

(jiiv.); Rrichcnh. Taiiben, j). 190 (18(y) ; IfW/«ee, P. /. 6'. 1863,

p. 487 [Lombock and Floris] ; (Jrfi)/, P. Z. S. 18(U, p. 43;

id. LiM. Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 20 (18 57); Roaenh. Itci^ naar

Ziiiiloostercil, p. /jO [Maikor, Aroo Is.], p. 82 [Doela, Kei Is.]

(181)7); Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 255 (1870); Mfiyer, SB. Ak.

Wlen, l.xix. pp. 87, 214 (1874) ; Rosenb. Malaij. Archip. p. 372

(1878-79).
Mef,Mpi)dius tumulus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 20; id. B. Austr. v.

pt. vi. pi. 79 (1842); Grai/, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 290, pi. xxxiv.

[N. Australia ; Islands in Endeavour and Torres Straits] ; id. P. Z. S.

1864, p. 43 [Cairncross I.] ; Guuld, llandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 167

(1865); Finsch, Noi-Guui. p. 180(1865); Ramsay, Ibis, I860,

p. 86, 1866, p. 325 [Port Denison]; Gray, Hand-l. B.n. p. 255

(1870); Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 117, 118 [X. Queensland!;

Dir/r/h's, B. Au^fr. ii. p. & pi. 94 (1877) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1878,

p. 126 [Cape York] ; Ramsay, Tab. List Au^fr. B. p. 18 (1888) ;

Lumholtz, Amony Cannibals, p. 149, woodcut (1889); North,

Nests ^- E. Austr. B. p. 282 (1889).
Mejrapodius rufipes, 311111. Land- en Volkimh. pp. 23, 109 (1839-44)

[11. l^tanata, W. New Guinea] : Rosenb. Reist. naar Geelwinkb.

p. 84 (1875).
Alecthidia urvillei, Wallace (nee Less.), Ann. May. N. II. (2) xx.

p. 478 (1857).
Megapodius sp., Wallaoe, Ann. Mag. N. II. (2) xx. pp. 473, 477

(1857) [juv.] [Kei and Aroe Is.].
Megapodius poul.lii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 290 [Lombock], 1804,

p. 4:; [Floris] ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 255 (1870).
^legapodius amboincnsis. Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 293 [Banda].
Megapodius duperrei, Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. hid. xxv. p. 252

(1863) [Salawatti]; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned.Ind.l. p. 520

(1890) [Kangeang Arch.].
Megapodius maegilivrayi, Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 180 (1865) [Port

Essington].
Megapodius assimilis. Masters, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. IF. i. p. 59 (1887)

[Dungeness and Bet Is., Torres Straits] ; Ramsai), P. Linn.

Soc. N.S.W. ii. p. 196 (1877j; id. Tabl. List Austr. B. p. 18

(1888)._
Megapodius sp., Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. lud. xlix. p. 71

(1889) [Kaugeaug Arch.].

After carefully examining a large scries of specimens from
Lombock, Floris, Kei, and Aroe Islands, also New Guinea and
Australia, I have arrived at the same conclusions as Oustalet,
who was the first to recognize that the birds inhabiting these
islands were not specificallj- distinct from one another. If we
compare the more lightly coloured birds from Floris and Lombock
(4I/. (jonhlii. Gray) with llie much darker specimens from Western
Australia (J/, tumulus, tiould), the difference between the two is no
doubt considerable both in colour and size, thougli the latter is of
little or no imjtortance, but the Lombock birds cannot be distin-
guished from some specimens from Kei and Aroe Islands, while
other specimens from the latter localities are undistinguishable from
New Guinea and Australian examples. It is therefore impossible

456

MEGAPODIID^.

to recognize more than one' species, as the chain of intermediate
forms between the extreme types is complete.

Adult male and female. Top of the head -with a full occipital
crest of brown feathers ; back of the neck and mantle grey, shading
into rufescent olive-brown on the middle of the back and wings ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark chestnut; tail
blackish chestnut; chin, throat, and underparts smoky grey ; sides,
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts mostly dull chestnut. Bill
reddish brown, with yellow edges ; iris dark brown ; legs and feet
bright orange ; toes dark reddish brown.

(Adult from Floris.) Total length 14 inches, wing 8-8, tail 3"6,
tarsus 2'55.

( cS adult from Kei Islands.) Total length 14 inches, wing 8'7,
tail 3-5, tarsus 2-65.

( S adult from Aroe Islands.) Total length 15 inches, wing 9,
tail 3"5, tarsus 2"65.

( (5 adult from Dorey, N^ew Guinea.) Total length 15"5 inches,
wing 9-4, tail 3-9, tarsus 2-9.

(Adult from Port MoUe.) Total length 16 inches, wing 10-2,
tail 4-2, tarsus 2-9.

( c? adult from Cairncross Island.) Total length 16*8 inches,
wing 10"2, tail 4-1, tarsus 3.

Immature birds are easily recognized by their sharp-pointed
outer primaries, and even in specimens in which the chest appears
to be uniform grey there are almost always a few pale rufous
feathers of the first plumage hidden beneath the grey plumage of the
adult.

In cfiite young specimens the chin and throat are buff, shading
into grey on the neck, and into pale rufous-brown on the rest of
the underparts.

Hah. Eanging from the Kangeang Archipelago in the west, through
Lombock, Floris, iSumba, Banda, Kei, Aroe, Balawatti, "Western
and Southern Xcw Guinea, and the islands of Torres Straits to
Jforth-east Australia.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. Juv. sk.

d. e. J 5 ^d. sk.
/. 2 imm. sk.

(j-m. cJ ad., imm.,
et juv. sk. & St.
n. $ ad. sk.
o. cj vix ad. sk.

p, q. S ad. sk.

et St.
r, s. Imm. et

juv. sk.
t. $ ad. sk.

Lombock.

Floris ( Wallace).

Floris.

Kei Is.

Aroe Is., July (U. 0.

Forbes).
Aroe Is.

Wokam, Aroe Is.
New Guinea {A. R. Wal-
lace).
Dorey, New Guinea.

Astrolabe Mts.

Prince of Wales Is., Torres
Straits, Aug.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
(Tvpe of M. goiddii, Gray.)
Gould Coll.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l.
A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

' Challenger ' Exp.
Goidd Coil.

A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

A. Goldie, Esq. [C.].

Voy. of II.M.S. ' Alert.'

n. J ad. sk.

r. Jiiv. st.
rv-y. Ad. et imm.

St.

=. d" "d. sk.
a', y. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
</'. Ad. sk.
'-'-y'.Ad. ut imm.

sk.
h'. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.

k'-m. cf ad. et

imm. sk.
n'. (j ad. sk.

(>'. Ad. sk.
/y'. Ad. sk.
ij'. Ad. sk.
/•'. Juv. bkel.

1. MEG.iPODItrs.

Boobv Is., ToiTes Straits,

A II jr.
Australia.
I'oit Essington, Australia.

I'ort Es.sington.

Cape York.

t'ape York.

I'oit Albany (C. Coren).

( J iiff u si an d ( Cuckerell ^^

Thoffie).
Queensland.
I'ort Molle, Queensland,

Dec. (,/. Macyillin-aij).
Cairucross I., Oct. (J. Si.).

Barnard Isles, June

(J. M.).
No localitv.

* [Amboina].

• No locality.
Cape York.

457

Vov. of II.M.S.' Alert.'

Purchased.

Cai)t. \V. ChamlxTs, R.N

|P.].
J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.].
Gould Coll.
' Challenger ' Exped.
Tweeddale C(j11.
Salvin-Godman Cull.

Iliime Coll.

^'oy. of ll.M.S. '

' Ptattle-

snake.'

Voy. of II.M.S.

' Rattle-

snake.'

Vov. of II.M.S. '

' Rattle-

snake.'

Tweeddale Coll.

Lidth de Jeude Coll.

Lidth de .leude C

oll.

I'ui-chased.

1 1 . Megapodius freycineti.

? La Caille de la Nouvelle Guinee, Soun. Voij. Nouv. Gtiin. p 170.
pi. lU.J (.Juv.)(ir7G).

? New (Guinea Quail, Lath. Gen. Spi. ii. pt. ii. p. 789 (1783) (e.f Son-
ncrat).

? Oriolus cothuvnix, Scop. Del. Flor. ct Faun. Lisiibr. ii. p. 87 (178G)
(cj- Sonnerat).

? T.trao novte-guineac, Gmel. S. K. i. pt. ii. p. 764 (1788) (e.r Sonneraf).

'; IVrdix uovffi-guineie, Lath. hid. Oni. ii. p. Uo5 (17'JO) {e.v Son-
nerat).

Megapodius freycinet, Quoj/ ^- Gaim. Toy. I'lanie, p. l:?o, pi. 32
(181*4) [Waigiou & Guelje] ; LesM. Man. d'Oni. \\. p. 22l> (1828).

Megapodius fre\cineti, Tevuu. I'l. Cot. v. pi. 4.> [uo. 220T (182-3 f)
[iiec Bauda, Amboina !] ; ll'uf//. Si/sf. Av. M.ga])odius, sp. 2,
p. 207 {1&27) ; Li'.^i. J'oy. Coijiii/le, ZooL i. pt. ii. p. 702 (1828);
ill. Man. d'Oni. ii. p. 224 (lft:2S); Wof/l. Ist.% 1829, p. 736; Le'J.
Traite d'Orn. ]>. 478 (1831) ; Sicfiins. "('/«.<». £. ii. p. 3.jl (1837) j
Miill. Verh. Land- en Volkenk. p. 109 (1839-44) ; Gnn/, Gen. Ii.
iii. p. 491 (1847); Sclat. J.Linn. Soc. ii. p. 1(;9 {ISofy'i ; Gray,
P. Z. S. 18r)8, p. 19(5 Xfcw Guinea]; id. Cat. Ii. Sew Ginn.
pp. 50, 61 (18o9); id. P. Z. S. 1860. p. 302 [Kaioa. Baiian.
tJilolo], 1861, pp. 288, 432. 438 [Boni] ; Rosenb. Nat. Tij.hchr.
Ked. Ind. xxv. p. 2.j2 (1863): id. J.f. O. 1864, p. 13.j; Gray
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 42 [Mv.-ol, .Mortv Is.l ; Finsch, Xeu- Guinea',
p. 180 (I860) [Salawatti, Ternate] ;" 6c/»/. Ned. Tijdjchr. Dierk.
iii. p. 261 (18G6) [Raoii, Alareh, Obi, Gagie, & Strong]; Gray,

* Both these specimens are exactly similar to birds from tl.e Aroe Isliinds,
and probably came from tli.-.t locality.
r This date is uudoubtcdlv erroneous.

458 megapodiidj:.

List Gallinm Brit. Mus. p. 19 (1867) ; id. Band-l. B. ii. p. 255

(1870); 8chl. Dierent. p. 213 (1872) [Gilolo]; Meyer, SB. Ak.

Wien, Ixix. pp. 88, 215 (1874) ; Rosenb. Reist. naar Geelvinkh.

p. 8 (1875) [Ternate] ; Salvnd. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vii. p. 793

(1875) ; Cab. ^ Reichenow, J.f. O. 1870, p. 326 [Pulo-Pfinantr] ;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. ix. p. 65 (1876) [Bataug Ketc'll,

X. p. 102 (1877) [Sorong] ; Rosenb. Malat/. Archip. pp. 407, 562

(1878-9) ; UAlb. Nuova Guin. p. 582 (1880) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-

Bas, viii. p. 66 (1880); Oustal. Ann. Set. Nat. xi. p. 64 (1881) ;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 0 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. iii.

p. 230 (1882) ; Pleshe, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. xxix. pp. 536, 540

(1884) [Ternate] ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 570 [Batjan], p. 663

[Waigiou]; Nehrk. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 34 [VVaigiou]; Salvad.

Aggiunte Orn. Pip. pt. iii. p. 194 (1891).
Alecthelia urvilii, Less. ^- Gam. Bull. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 115 (1826) ;

Less. Voy. Coqinlle, Zool. i. pt. ii. p. 703, pi. 37 (1828) [Guebe,

Molucca Is.].
Alecthelia imillii, Z<'ss. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 225 (1828); id. Traite

d'Orn. p. 479 (1831) ; id. Compl. de But, Ois. p. 257, pi. 8. fig. 1

(1840).
? Coturnix novfe-giiineae, Graj/, Gen. B. iii. p. 507 (1846); id.

P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438; id. Cat. B. Nero Guin. pp. 60, 01 (1859);

Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 179 (1865) ; Rosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 562

(1879).
Megapodius quovii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 289, pi. xxxii. [S.

Gilolo], 1864, 'p. 43; 'Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 180 (1805); Gray,

List Galliiue Brit. Mus. p. 19 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 255

(1870).
Megapodius alecthelia, Quoy S) Gaim., Reichenh. Tavben, p. 6, pi. 275.

liar. 1529 (1802) ; RoM-iib. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Lid. xxv. p. 253

(1863) : id. J.f. O. 1864, p. 135.
? Excalfactoiia nova-guinea', Jerd. B. Lid. iii. p. 592 (1863).

Adult male and female. General colour black; feathers of fore-
head extend to the base of the culmen, those on the occiput rather
elongate and forming a short full crest : top of the head, mantle,
and upper back \^ashed with grey ; wings, lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts with a brownish and sometimes an olive-brown
tinge ; feathers on the chin, throat, and rest of the underparts
black, washed with grey like the mantle, shading into brownish
black on the belly and thighs. Naked skin on the sides of tlie
head and neck dull red ; bill dusky horn-colour, paler towards the
extremity ; iris chestnut ; legs and feet black. Total length 15
inches, wing 8*7-9, tail 3-3"3, tarsus 2-7-3.

Immature birds resemble the adult, but ma}' be easily recognized
by their smaller size, pointed outer primaries, and by the brownish-
buff feathers still remaining among the dark greyish-black plumage
of the underparts, also by having some of the secondaries edged with
rufous on the outer web.

Hub. Molucca Islands and Western Xew Guinea,

a. Ad. St. Mortv Island. A. E,. Wallace, Esq.

[C.].

b. d ad. sk. Morty Island ( Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

1. MEOAI'ODIUS.

4:)9

('. .luv. slv.

d, <>. Ad. et

jiiv. sk.
f. $ ad. sk.

<7, /'. c? ail.

juv. sk.
I-/, c? ad. et

1mm. .sk.
m. c? ad. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
^. Ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
J". $ ad. sk.

(Jilolo.

cJ (Jilolo.

Kaioa I.
et Batjan.
2 ]Mysol.

Salawatti, July (Ifoedt).
[Salawatti.J
[Salau-alti.]
Waigioii ( M'allncA.
New Guinea {von li<i!<pnhpr(/).
[Nancowry Is., Nicobar] *, Jan.
( W. Davison).

A. R. Wallace,

[C.]. (Type o

quin/u, Cxray).
A. R. Wallace,

[C.].
A. K. Wallace,

[C.].
A. R. Wallace,

[C.].
A. R. Wallace,

[C.].
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Ilume Coll.

E.sq.
f M.

E.q.

Esq^.

Esq.

Esq.

12. Megapodius geelvinkianus.

Mep-apodius jreelvinkianus, Meyr, SB. Ak. Wien, \\\x. p. 88 (1874)

[IMat'oor, Mauem, & Misori Is.]; Beccari, Ann. Mus. Cio. Gcnov.

vii. p. 71<j 0875); id. Ibi^, 1870, p. 2o4 ; Sc/il. Mux. Pm/s-Bas,

vii. p. 03 (18S0) [Misnoniin & Sook Is., Dorey, New Guinea] ;

Oitstal. Ann. Hd. Xnf. xi. p. 74 (lfi8l) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.

Gcnov. xviii. p. 0 (1882) ; id. Oni. Pap. iii. p. 227 (1882).
? Me<rapodius rubripes, Roscnb. (nee Tennn.) Heist, naar Geelvinhb.

p. .")7 (1S75) [Mafoor].
ISIejrapodius du]ierreyi, Salvad. (nee Less.) Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov.

vii. p. 7il3 (l87o) [Ansus, Jobi I.].
Meyapodius affinis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. \\v\.. p. 400 (1870)

[Ausus, Jobi I.].

A'hdt. Allied to M. frei/cinct!, from which it is distinsruishcd by
haviiii? the naked skin on the head and neck cherry-red and the
tarsi of the same colour. Total length 14 inches, wing 8-0-9-5,
tail 2-7-'i, tarsus 2-5-2-S.

Ilah. Mafoor, Misori, and Jobi Is,, Geelvink 15ay, and Dorey,
\V. New Guinea.

13. Megapodius layardi.

Meprapodius brazierif, Sclaf. P. Z. S. 1800, p. rr2< ^founded on an
e^n- iVom "\'auua Lava, Ranks Is,]; Salriii S' Slnt. llii<, 1878,
p. 27(>, note; Sc/inieltz, Virh. Vcr. Ihunh. iv. p. 7l.t (1879);
Brazier, P. Linn. Soc. X. S. W. vi. p. 150 (1881) ; (hisfal. Ann.
Sci. Nn(. xi. p. 153 (1881 ); U'i,/lesw. Ahh. Mus. Dresd. 1890-91,
no. 0, p. 58 (1892).

Megapodius sp., Gray in Brenchley's Cruise of the ' Cura(;oa,^ ■'^PP-

* ]")icd in confinement ; said to hnre come originally from Nnncowry Is.
t Tbis name is iuudmi^sible since it is only founded uu au egg.

460 MEGAPODIlDiE.

p. 392 (1873) [Tanua & Vate Is., New Hebrides] ; E.L. S>- E. L. C.

Layard, Ibis, 1878, pp. 27G, 280 [Vate I.J.
Me,i(apodiiis brenchleyi, Salvin {nee Gray), Ibis, 1874, p. 457.
Meo^apodius layardi, Tristram, Ibis, 1879, p. 194 [Vate I., New-
Hebrides] ; Layard, Ibis, 1879, p. 485; Schmeltz, Verk. Ver.

Hamh. iv. p. 79 (1879; ; Schl. Mus. Fays-Bas, viii, p. G5 (1880) ;

Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. p. 1.50(1881); Tristr. Vat. Coll. B.

p. 30 (1889) ; Wiylesw. Ahh. 3Ius. Bresd. 1890-91, no. 0, p. 68

(1892).

Adult male and female. The whole of the plumage is black; top
of the head, mantle, and back suffused with grej% changing to dull
olive on the wings and rump; the upper tail-coverts washed with
olive-brown ; i;nderparts like the mantle ; belly rather paler than
the breast ; the head and neck, with the exception of the occiput
and nape, are almost naked ; and the colour of the bare skin
appears to be orange-yellow. Beak pale yellow ; iris dark brown ;
lugs bright yellow. Total length 17 inches, wing 9-5, tail 3-5,
tarsus 2-9.

Hah. New Hebrides.

(i,b. c?^ ad.sk. Vate I., New II bi ides, C. L. Layard, Esq.

July, Sept. [C.].

(Co-t^pes of the species.)

14. Megapodius laperousii.

Megnpodius la Perouse, Qiioy i|- Gaim. Voy. Uranie, p. 127, pi. 33

(1824) [Guam, Botta, Tinian, Marianne Is.]
Megapodius laperousii, Temm. PI. Col. v. livr. 69, p. 3 (1826) ;

Wayler, Isis, 1829, p. 736; Less. Traite d'Om. p. 478 (1831) ;

id. Compl. de Buff., Ois. p. 255, pi. 9. tig. 2 (1840) ; Gray, Cat. B.

Trop. Is. p. 46 (1859); id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 289, 1864, p. 43 ;

Reiche.nh. Tauhen, pp. 5, 190, pi. 276. fig. 1532 (1862) ; Schl. Mm.

Pays-Bas, viii. p. 65 (1880); Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. p. 138

(1881) ; id. Le Nat. 1889, p. 261 ; id. Ann. Sci. Nat. (7) xi. p. 196

(1891) [Seypan and Pagon Is., Marianne Group].
Megapodius la Peyrouse, Less. Man. d'Grn. ii. p. 221 (1828).
Megapodius senex. Hart I. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 830 [Pelew Is.] ; Hart I.

6f Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 7, 1 18, 1872, pp. 89, 103 ; iid. Cat. 3Ivs.

Godeff. V. p. 11 (1874) ; Finsch, J. Mus. Godcff. iv. pt. viii. p. 29,

pi. V. figs. 2 & 3 (1875) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, viii. p. (i5 (1880) ;

Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. p. 140 (1881); Schmeltz, Efhn. Abtli.

M. G. p. 407 (1881) ; Ou.^tal. Le Nat. 1889, p. 261 ; Wiylesw. Abh.

Mas. Bresd. 1890-91, no. 6, p. 58 (1892).
Megapodius perou.^ii, Wiglesw. Abh. Mus. Bresd. 1890-91, no. 6,

p. 58 (1892).

Adult. Top of the head French grey ; forehead, sides of the head,
and throat very thinly covered with feathers of tlje same colour ;
mantle, back, and underparts greyish black, shading into very dark
olive-brown on the wings; rump and upper tail-coverts dark brownish
chestnut ; tail brownish black ; middle of the belly paler than the
rest of the underparts ; naked skin on the face red : bill and legs

1. MEGAPODIUS. 4GL

j-ellow; feet and (laws black. Total length 9-5 inches, wing 7,
tail 2-;5, tarsus 2.

An immature bird (type of the species) differs from the adult in
having the general colour brown, shading into rufous-brown on the
underparts, and the coverts and secondaries margined with rufuus.

JIah. ilarianne and Pelew Islands.

ft. Ad. sic. P.'lew r^. J. Colien, [C.].

L \ix ad. .sk. IVluw Is. {J. Cohen). Tweuddale L'oll.

1."). Megapodius pritchardi.

^^oga]1odills sp., Girii/, Cat. 11. Trop. lal. p. 40 (18o0) [Samoa].

Megapodius — F, Grin/, Cat. B. Trop. If. ]). 4(! (I8"»ii) [Ilapai I.].

Mega])odiiis stairi*, Grai/, P. Z. S. 18G1, p. 2'JO ; lieic/ie/i/). Tmihen,
p. 11)0 (1802) ; Gray. 'l\ Z. S. 1864, p. 44; Finsch Sf Hartl. Oni.
Centralpol. p. l-'io (18()7) ; Finsch, J.f. O. 1872, p. 52; Whitmee,
IftU, 187;'), p. 447 [real localitv of tvpo (egg) Xinafou not Samoa ) ;
Lniiard, P. Z. S. 187(3, p. 4U6 ; F'ui.ic/i, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 782,
78:'5; Ou.'^tal. Ann. Sci. Nat. .\i. p. 144 (1881); Wiylesw. Ahh.
.Mas. Brcsd. 18!)0-!)1, no. 0, p. 58 (1892).

Me'raiKidiiis buinabyi*, Grai,, P. Z. S. 18G1. p. 290 [Ilapai 1.1;
Ileichenh. raid>en,']\ 190 (1802) ; Gratj, P. Z. 8. 1864, pp. 42, 44 ;
Finach tS- Hartl. Om. Centralpol. p. lo-j (1807); iid. P. Z. fi.
1809, p. 545 [Tonga Is.]; Griife, J.f. O. 1870, p. 420; Laijard,
P. Z. S. 187()^, p. o03 [not found in Friendlv Is.].

IMegapodius sp., Bennett, P. Z. S. 1802, p. 24/^ [Ninafou].

Megapodius pritchardii, Gray, Ann. May. N. II. {■'>) xir. p. 378
(1804); id. P.Z.S. 1804, p. 41, pi. vi. [Ninafou]; Finsch 8f
Ilartl. Orn. Centralpol. p. 1;>3, pi. ii. lig. o [e'^^'] (1807) ; Gray,
Ilnnd-l. li. ii. p. 2oo (1870) ; Ilidton, Trans. K Zeal. Inst. iv.
p. 1(35 (1872) : ,SV'///. Mus. Pai/.f-Bas, viii. p. 04 (1880) ; Schmeltz,
Ethn. Ahth. M. G. 1^81, p. 20.J ; Baker, A. Zeal. Journ. Sci. ii.
p. 174(1884) [Ninafcm].

Jlegapodius sp., Ilidton, Ibis, 1809, p. S-jS [Xinafou].

Megapodius hultoni, Bull. Trans. X. Zeal. Inst. iii. p. 14 (1870).

Adult -f. Wings and back rufous brown; head, neck, interscapular
region, breast, and upper part of the belly dirty lead-grey ; middle
of the belly, vent, and luulor tail-coverts dirty ycllowi.sli grey ;
throat and neck thinly feathered. In the type-specimen the tail is
rufous brown, mixed with white; some of the longer upper tail-
covorts arc also white, and the basal portions of the primaries,
with the exception of the first, are mostly white, while some of the
outer secondaries also show traces of white towards the base.
Kakcd skin on the cheeks and upper part of the neck red ; bill

* Neither of these names, even if really foimded on eggs of this species
(wliich is soim>\vlmt d mbtful, as the luealilios of the types are uncertain), should
bo u.-('<l, sucl) ii:inu's lioinj; quite in.ulnii^sihlc.

t TliP nmount of white on the liasal part of the primaries and outer
scoouriaries, upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers appears to varv in each indi-
vidual specimen.

462 MEGAP0DIIDJ5.

yellow, dusky towards the base ; feet pale red. Total length 10-5
inches, wing 7'4, tail 2-15, tarsus 2*1.
Hah. Niuafou or Hope Island.

a. Ad. sk. (iu spirit). Niuafou. W. T. Pritchard, Esq. [C.].

(Type of the species.)

b. Ad. sk. (bad stale). [Ninafou.] Gould Coll.

2. EULIPOA.

Head and neck feathered with the exception of a small space
surrounding the eye which is mostly naked.

Nostrils oval.

Tail composed of 12 sharp-pointed feathers, the middle pair being
the longest.

Upper tail-coverts much shorter than the tail-feathers.

1st primary intermediate in length between the 7th_and Sth, and
much longer than the 10th ; 4th slightly the longest. Secondaries
much shorter than the primaries.

Tarsi and feet large ; fore part of tarsus covered with a single
row of scutes.

liaiu/e. Islands of Gilolo, Batjan, Ternate, Boeroe, Coram, and
Amboina.

1. Eulipoa wallacei.

Megapodius sp. nov., Wallace, Ibis, L^OO, p. 197.

Meg-apodiu? wallacei, Gray, P. Z. S. IHCO, p. 362, pi. clxxi. [E. Gilolo],

18t)l, p. 290, 1864, p. 43 ; Reichenh. Tauben, p. 162, Nuiit. pi. vii.

fig. 81 (1862); Wallace, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 34 [Boeroe, Ternate];

Finsch, Neu-Giiin. p. 180 (1865) [Batjan]; 8ehl. Ned. Tijdschr.

Z)«erZ;. iii. p. 264 (1866) [Amboina, Ceram] ; Gray, List Gallmce

Brit. 3Ius. p. 21 (1867) ; Wallace, Malay Arch. ii. p. 148 (1869) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 255 (1870) ; Schl. Dierent. p. 213 (1872) :

Bosenb. Beist. naar Geelvinkb. p. 8 (1875) ; Salvad. Ann. 3Ius.

Civ. Genov. vii. p. 793 (1875) ; Bosmb. Malay. Archip. p. 407

(1879) ; Sclil. Mus. Pays-Bas, viii. p. 75 (1880) ; Oustal. Ann.

Sci. Nat. xi. p. 154 ('1881) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xviii.

p. 7 (1882) : id. Orti. Paj). iii. p. 241 (1882) ; Bias. S)- Nehrk. Verh.

Ges. Wien, xxxii. p. 430 (1882) [Amboina] ; Pleske, Bull. Ac. St.

Pdtersb. xxix. p. 540 (1884) [Ternate] ; Salvad. Ayyiunte Orn. Pap.

pt. iii. p. 195 (1891).

Adult. Forehead olive, shading into rnfcsccnt olive-brown on the
short occipital crest ; mantle, lesser and shorter median vring-coverts
olive : scapulars and feathers of the middle of the back slate-grey,
more or less tinged with olive, and each with a wide bright chestnut
subterminal band ; the inner feathers of the inner median wing-
coverts similar to the scapulars, butt ipped with pale whitish grey ;
secondary-coverts olive, each with a very wide subterminal band of
bright chestnut ; primaries brownish black, the terminal part of the
outer web of the outer quills pale rufous buff, and the second to the
tilth quills with a buff spot on basal part of the outer web ; the
secondaries pale ochraceous brown, the innermost ones with a

3. LiPOA. 463

chestnut patch on the middle of the outer web ; lower back, rump,
tail-coverts, and undeipirts dark groy ; chin dirty white ; middle of
belly and vcut white. Hill dark olive, becoming yellowisli towards
the extremity ; legs dark olive, feet blackish. Total length 14 inches,
wing 7-(J-8,"tail 1 2-G-3-2, tarsus 2-2.
Hah. Same as that of the genus.

a, b. Ad. sk. East Gilolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.].

(Tvpes of the species.)

c. Ad. sk. East Gilolo {A. It. Wallace). Gould Coll.

d. 2 iul. sk. Boeroe. A. K. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

3. LIPOA. „

Tvpp.

Loipoa, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 12(J E. oc.41ata.

Leiopa, Gm;/, List of Gem. B. p. 70 (1841) L. ocellata.

Lipoa, Sundev. Teniamen, p. 118 (187:^) L. ocellata.

Top of the head covered with feathers forming a short thick crest.

Nostrils elongate and oval.

Tail long, rounded, and composed of 16 feathers.

The longer upper tail-coverts reach to the end of the tail.

1st primary intermediate in length between the Dtli and 10th :
5th slightly the longest.

Tarsi and feet rather short ; a double row of large hexagonal
plates down the front of the tarsus.

lianrje. Southern and Western Australia.

1. Lipoa ocellata.

Leipoa ocellata, Gould. P. Z.8. 1840, p. 126 [W. Australia^; id. B.
Auitr. V. pt. i. pi. 78 (1840) ; Grmi, Lid of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 21
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 4Ul (1^47); id. P. Z. S. 1801, p. 288,
1804, p. 42 [S. & W. Australia]; Gould, Ilund-l. B. Austr. ii.
p. loo (1805); Gray, List Gallinai Brit. Mus. p. 18 (1807) ; Schl.
Mus. Pays-Bas, viii. p. 83 (1880) ; Oudal. Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. p. H
(1881) , Bennett, Proc. Linn. Son. A'.6'. W. viii. p. 1<)3 (1883) [W.
New South Wales]; Ilanisay, Tall. List Austr. B. p. 18 (1888)
[N. S. Wales, Interior; South and West Australia] ; North, Nests
1^- Eygs Austr. B. p. 281 (1889).

AduU male and female. Top of head dark brown, feathers elongate,
pointed, and forming a short thick crest ; mantle grev, the lower
feathers tipi)ed with rufous-brown ; feathers of the middle of the
back, scapulars, and wing-coverts grey, with a wide subterminal
blackish-lirown band, edged infernally with white and ti[)ped with
rufous bull; tiie lunger scapulars and inner secondaries arc very
similarly marked, but the basal part is brownish grey irregularly
barred with black, and the baiulat the extremity is mostly rufescont
olive-brown, irregularly marked and edged with black ; lower back,
rump, and ujijier tail-coverts grey washed with brown, the latter
barred with black and tipped witii whitish grey; the longest upper
tail-coverts are as long as the middle tail-feathers ; primaries and

4G4; MEGAroDiiD.i;.

priman'-ooverts pale brown, darkesb towards the extremity aTid
tipped with white, most of the former being mottled with black on
the terminal half of the outer web ; rest of secondaries very similar,
but much more coarsely mottled with black, white, and brown on the
terminal half of the outer web ; forehead and superciliary stripes
washed with grey : cheeks, chin, and throat pale rust-colour, the
median feathers with wide white centres ; chest and upper part of
breast grej", with a band of black and white feathers down the
middle ; rest of underparts whitish, shading into buff on the vent
and under tail-coverts ; feathers of the sides barred with black ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries washed with chestnut ; median
tail-feathers brownish, with irregular mottled bars of black ; outer
feathers black, somewhat widely tipped with creamy white. Naked
skin on the sides of the head pale blue : bill, legs, and feet dark
brown ; iris light hazel. Total length 1'4 inches, wing 12-5, tail d,
tarsus 3"1.

JJab. Same as that of the genus.

a,l>. c? 2 ad. st. S. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.]-

c. Ad.sk. S. Australia (t7. C'ofA-e/'e?/ Salvin-Godmau Cull.

Sf J. Thorpe).

d. Skeleton. Zool. Soc. Coll.

4. TALEGALLUS.

Type.
Talegallus, Less. Voi/. C'oqiiille, i. pt. ii. p. 715 (1823) .... T. cuvieri.

Talegalla, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 185 (1828) T. cuvieri.

Tallegallus, Schl. Mus. Fai/s-Bas, viii. p. 78 (1880) T. cuvieri.

Top of the head covered with narrow feathers ; sides of the head,
chin, throat, and fore part of the neck mostly naked; no wattle.

Nostrils oval.

Tail rather longer than in ^■Epypodius, rounded, composed of IG
feathers, the middle pair being the longest.

Upper tail-coverts black, not extending nearly to the cud of the
tail-feathers.

1st primary much shorter than the 10th; 5th and Gth slightly
the longest.

Tarsi and feet large ; fore part of tarsus covered with a single row
of scutes.

lianeje. New Guinea and some of the islands off the coast.

Key to the /Species.

A. Top of the head covered with thin recumbent

hair-like feathers.

a. Bill yellow cuvieri, p. 465.

b. Bill sooty-brown fuscirostris, p. 46G.

B. Top of the head covered with semi-erect and

much wider feathers with well-developed webs.

c. Tail shorter, 6-4-G-8 inches johiensis, p. 467.

d. Tail longer, 8 inches longicaudus, p. 467

4. TALEGAT.I.US. 465

1. Talegallus cuvieri.

Tnlefrallus cuvieri, Less. Voi/. Cotpiill", Zoo/. Atl pi. 38 (1826) ; id.
Voy. Coquil/e, Zool. i. pt. ii. p. 71(5 (18:?8) [Uorey, New Guinea] ;
Quoi/ ^- Gaim. J'oi/. Antro/r/he, Atl. Zool. Oi.^eaur, pi. 2o. tig'.^. o, 6
[st.-rnum" (18;5.3) I Les^. ComjiL de Buff., Ois. p. l'o4, pi. 8.' tig. 2
(1840); Grai/, Gen. Ii. iii. p. 489 (184ij;; id. Cat. B. Xeio Guin.
pn. 49 [part., New Guinea], 61 (1809) ; id. P.Z. S. 18o9, p. 159
[Dorev, New (iuinea^, 1861, pp. 288, 438 Tpai't.] ; Bnchenh. Taiihen,
p. 9, pi. 277. fig. lo38 (1862) : Gray, P.Z. S. 18(i4, p. 42 [part.] ;
Fivsc/i, Neii-Guin. p. 179 (I860) [part.] ; -SV7i/. Ned. Tijdschr. iJierk.
iii. p. 259 (1866) [part.]; Gray, Litt GalUnfc Brit. Mns. p. 18
(1867) [part.]: id. Ilund-I. B. ii. p. 2o4 (1870) [part.]; Meyer,
SB. Ak. Wicn, Ixix. pp. 74, 80 (1874) [part., Andai, Passim,
Nappan, Geelvink Bay] ; Rosenh. lieist. naar Geelvinkb. p. 84
(1875) [Andai, New Guine.a] ; Snlvad. Ann. Mux. Civ. Genov.
vii. p. 792 (1875), ix. pp. 327, 334 (1877) [Salawatti, Warbusi,
Aiiibei'baki, Dorei-Hum, and Ranioi\ x. p. 162 (1877); Schl.
Notes Leyd. Mu.i. i. p. 159 (1879) [part.]; Rosenb. Malay.
Archip. p. 562 (1878-9) ; D'Alb. Nuoia Guin. p. 582 (18S0J ;
Omtal. Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. p. 43 (1881) ; Salmd. Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 8 (1882) [Has, Sorong'l ; id. Orn. Pap. iii.
p. 245 (1882); Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 664 [Salawatti and
Dorev Bav].

Tale^alla cuvieri, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 186 (1828) : id. TraitS
d'brn. p. 526 (1831); Sclat. Journ. P. Linn. Soc.il p. 168
(1858): Walhce, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 165; Ro.senb. J. f. 0. 1864,
p. 135 [part].

Tallogalla cuvieri, Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 252
(1863) [part.].

Tallegallus cuvieri, Schl. Mus. Pay.^-Ras, viii. p. 80 (1880) [part.].

Adult male and female. General colour of the plumage black ;
head and back of the neck thinly covered with narrow (almost hair-
like) feathers, which are recumbent on the crown ; chin and throat
thinly covered with brownish-white or dirty-white feathers : iris
yellow or yellowish red ; hill orange-red (yellow in dried specimens) ;
naked skin on the sides of the head and throat reddish brown ; legs
and feet orange or yellow. Total length 20-21 inches, wing 10-8,
tail 6-3, tarsus 3-;3-3o.

In a yoHiiga' e.rample the back and sides of the neck are mostly
dark chestnut ; the outer primaries extremely pointed ; some of
the secondaries marked with rufous buff along the margin of
the outer web ; and most of the wing-coverts and the feathers
of the mantle indistinctly edged with dull rufous ; the upper
mandible is dusky, especially towards the base, and the top of
the head, chin, and throat more thickly covered with feathers than
in the adult.

In a still younijer e.rantple the top of the head is mostly covered
with brownish-coloured downy feathers ; while on the shoulders
and the middle of the neck and chest patches of the reddish-brown
feathers of the first plumage are still intermixed with the dark
plumage of the adult.

Hah. Western New Guinea, Salawatti, Mysol, Gilolo.
VOL. xsii. 2 a

46(l MEGAPODIID^.

a. Juv. sk. Gilolo. Purchased.

h,c. 5 ad. sk. Kasim,MyPol Island, July, Gould Coll.

Sept. (A. R. Wallace),

d, e. Ad. st. et sk. New Guinea. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.l

/. Tmm. sk. Dorey. A. R. Wnllace, Esq. [C.J.

2, Talegallus fuscirostris.

Talegallus cuvieri, Gray {nee Less.), P. Z. S. 1858, p. 187 [Aroe Is.];

id. Cat.B. Neiu Guin. p. 49 [part.] : id. P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 288, 438

[part.J; Reichenb. Tauhen, p. 162 (1862); Gra%i, P. Z. S. 1864,

p. 42 [part.] ; Finsch, Xeu-Giiin. p. 179 (186.5) [part.1 ; Schl. Ned.

Tijdschr. D:erk, iii. p. 259 (1866) [part.] ; Posenh. Reis. naar de

Zuidoosfereil, pp. 50, 51 (1867); Gray, List Galling Brit. Mits.

p. 18 (1867) [part.]; id. Hand-l. ^.'ii. p. 254 (1870) [part.];

Meyer, SB. Ak. Wien, Ixix. p. 85 (1874) [part., Rubi, S. coast of

Geelvink Bay] ; Salvad. Sf D^Alb. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vii.

p. 8.39 (1875) [Mount Epa] ; B' Alh. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. x.

p. 20 (1877) [Fly River]; Rosenh. Malay. Archip. p. 372 (1878-9).
Tallogalla cuvieri, Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Lnd. xxv. p. 252

(1863) [part.].
Talegalla cuvieri, Rosenb. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 1-35 [part.].
Talegallus sp., Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 607 [egg- from S.E. New

Guinea].
Megapodius cuvieri, Ramsai/, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 394 (1877)

[Laloki R., S.E. New Guinea], ii. p. 122 (1877) [Port Moresby].
Talegallus fuscirostris, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. ix pp. 332,

3.34 (1877) [S. New Guinea and Aroe Is.], x. pp. 20 [note] 162

(1877) [Kulukadi] ; Sharpe, J. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 504 (1877), xiv.

p. 634 (1879) [Port Moresby] ; Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii.

p. 296 (1878) ; D'Alb. ^ Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gmov. xiv.

p. 127 (1879) ; Schl. Notes Leyd. Mus. i. p. 160 (1879) ; UAlb.

Nuova Guin. pp. 310, 582, .585, 588 (1880) [near Hall Sound] ;

Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. p. 49 (1881); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.

Genov. xviii. p. 8 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 248 (1882) ; 3Ieyer,

SB. Abh. Ges. Isis, 1884, Abb. i. p. 52 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.

Genov. (2) ix. p. 590 (1890) [Rigo]; Meyer, Ibis, 1890, p. 424;

Salvad. Aggiunte Orn. Pap. pt. iii. p. 195 (1891).
Megapodius (Talegallus) fuscirostris, Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

iv. p. 101 (1879).
Tallegallus cuvieri, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, viii. p. 80 (1880) [part.,

Aroe Is.].

Adult male and female. Plumage similar to that of T. cuvieri,
but the bill is sooty brown instead of orange-red. Naked skin of
the head and neck blackish grey ; iris yellow or brown ; feet
yeUow. Total length 21 inches, wing 11-11-5, tail 6-8-7, tarsus
3-5-3-7.

Hab. Southern New Guinea, ranging north-eastwards to Rubi on
Geelvink Bay ; Aroe Is.

a. Ad. sk. Sogeri District, S.E. New H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [C.].

Guinea, Feb.

b. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. K. Broadbent, Esq. [C.l
r. Juv. sk. Aroe Is. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [0.].

5. CATHETURUS. 467

3. Talegallus jobiensis.

Tiilepfalliis jobiensis, Mej/er, SB. Ak. Wien, Ixix. Abtb. i. pp. 74, 87
(1(S74) [Jobi I.]; lieccarif Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vii. p. 71fj
(1875); Salvfid. Ann. Mnif. Civ. Genov. vii. p. 792 (1875) [Ansus],
ix. pp. 328, 334 (1877); Bcccari, /Aw, 1876, p. 254; Schl. Notes
Leijd. Mus. i. p. 159 (1879); Ousted. Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. p. 54,
fig. 36 (1881) [Eastern shore of (leelvinlc Bay]; Salvad. Ann.
Mu.s. Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 8 (1882); id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 244
(1882) ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 663 [Jobi] ; 3Iei/er, Ibis, 1890,
p. 424; Salvad. Agginnte Orn. Pap. pt. iii. p. 195 (1891).

Tallegiillus cuvieri jobiensis, ScJil. Mus. Pai/s-Bas, viii. p. 82 (1880).

Adult. Plumage black like that of the other species, from which
it is easily distinguished by the much -wider and thicker feathers
which cover the top of the head, and which are more or less
erect. The naked skin of the head and the bill dusky red ; naked
skin of the throat blood-red ; legs, feet, and claws fiery red ; iris
reddish brown. "Total length 21'5 inches, wing 11*8, tail 6-6,
tarsus :3-6 " (Salvachri).

In our specimen the feathers of nape and sides of the neck are
dark chestnut marked with black, but this is no doubt a sign of
immaturity. Its measurements are as follows : — Total length
23 inches, wing 11*4, tail 7'3, tarsus 3-85.

Hah. Jobi I. and the eastern shore of Geelvink Bay ; also S.E.
New Guinea.

a. (S \ix ad. sk. Mainland of S.E. New Guinea, C. Hunstein [C.].
opposite China Straits.

4. Talegallus longicaudus.

? Talegallus {sive Aepypodius) sp. inc., Meyer, Ibis, 1890, p. 423

[Constantine Harbour, N.E. New Guinea].
Talegallus longicaudus, Meyer, Ahh. Mus. Dresd. 1890-91, no. 4,

p. 15 (1892) [Astrolabe Bay].

Said to be distinguished from T. johiensis by its darker colour,
longer tail, and shorter tarsus. Total length 23-2 inches, wing 1 1*2,
tail 8, tarsus 3.

I have little doubt that this '' species '" is really identical with
T. johiensU:

Hah. Astrolabe Eav, N.E. New Guinea.

5. CATHETURUS. „

Type.

Alectura, Lath, {nee .Vlectrurus, Mi-ill. 1816 ; nee Swains.

1837) Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 455 (1824) C. latbanii.

Cathi'turus, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 206 (1837) C. bithami.

Head and neck almost naked, thinly covered with hair-like
feathers ; a large vascular wattle at the base of the neck.
Nostrils round.

Tail composed of 18 feathers, the oth pair being considerably

2h 2

468 MEGAPODIID^.

longer than the central pair and much longer than the outer pair,
producing a (^-shaped appearance when the feathers are expanded.

Upper tail-coverts short, blackish brown.

1st primary much shorter than the 2nd, which is about equal to
the 10th ; 5th and 6th the longest.

Tarsi and feet rather large ; fore part of tarsus covered with a
double row of hexagonal plates.

Range. North-east and East Australia.

1. Catheturus lathami.

New Holland Vulture, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. i. p. 32, pi. vi. (1821).
Alectura lathami, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 455 (1824) ; J. E. Gray,

Zool. Misc. p. 3 (1831) ; Jard. ^ Selh. HI. Orn. iii. pi. 140.
Meleagris lindesayii, Jameson, Mem. Wernei-ian Nat. Hist. Soc. vii.

p. 473 (1835).
Catheturus australis, Swains. Class. B. i. p. 284, fig. 92 (1836), ii.

p. 20lJ (18.37).
Brush Turkey, Gould, B. Austr. v. pi. 77 (1840).
Talegalla lathami. Go7ild, P. Z. S. 1840, p. Ill; id. B. Anstr. v.
pi. 77 (1840J I N.S. Wales and Queenslandj : Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1860,
p. 426 ; Sdat. <§■ Wolf, Zool. Sket. ii. pi. xl. (18G1) ; Leycester, Ibis,
1861, p. 159 [Levcester's Creek, Richmoud R.]; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869,
p. 628; Garrod,'P. Z. S. 1873, pp. 469, 640; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 127 [Cape York] ; Hiwt, Bvll. Soc. Acclim. (3) x. p. 611 (1883).
Talegallus lathami, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 489, pi. 123, fig. 2 (1846);
id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 288, 1864, p. 42; Goidd, Hand-b. B. Anstr.
ii. p. 150 (1865) [Cape Howe to Port MoUe] ; Ramsay, Ibis, 1866,
p. 334 [Port Denison] ; Gray, List Gallince Brit. Miis. p. 18
(1867); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 254 (1870); Hutton, Ibis, 1870,
p. 379 [Auckland, introduced] ; Bamsay, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 116
[N.E. Queensland]; Schl. Notes Leyd.' Mus. i. p. \r,Q (1879; ;
Ramsay, Tabl. List Austr. B. p. 18 (1888) [Cape York, Rock-
ingham Bay, Port Deuison, Wide Bay district, Dawson R.,
Richmond and Clarence Rs., and N. S. Wales] ; North, Nests Sr
Eggs Austr. B. p. 279 (1889).
Catheturus novje bollandias, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 876 (1856).
Catheturus lathami, Reichenb. Tauben, p. 10, pi. 277. fig. 1540

(1862).
Tailegalla (Catheturus) lathami. Comely, Bull. Soc. Acclim. (2)
viii. p. 528 (1871), (3) i. p. 171 (1874), (3) ii. p. 54 (1875); St.
Denys, Bull. Soc. Acclim. (3) ii. p. 61 (1875), (3) iv. p. 569
(1877), (3) V. p. 113 (1878; ; Mairet, Bidl. Soc. Acclim. (3) v.
p. 176 (1878).
Tallegallus lathamii, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, viii. p. 79 (1880).
Talegallus (Catheturus) lathami, Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. p. 27
(1881).

Adult male and female. General colour of the upper parts dark
brownish black, lighter on the lower back, rump, and upjier tail-
coverts ; feathers of the underparts dark brownish grey, rather
widely edged with white, though in some specimens the pale
edgings are much less conspicuous ; belly and thighs nearly
white in some examples, while in others these parts are greyish

6. AEPYP0DIU8. 469

brown ; tail almost black. Skin of head and neck pink-red,
thinly sprinkled with short hair-like blackish-brown feathers ;
wattle bright yellow, tinged with red where it unites with the red
of the neck * ; bill black ; iris and feet brown. Total length 25-5
inches, wing 12, tail 9-8-10-2, tarsus 4-4-2.

In this species the middle pair of tail-feathers are not very much
longer than the outer pair, while the fifth pair are the longest.

JIab. Same as that of the genus.

a, b. (J ad. et Australia. Earl of Derby [P.].

imin. St.

c. Ad.sk. Australia. A. Cunningham, Esq. [P.].

(Tj-pe of the species.)

d. cJ ad. sk. Cape York. ' Challenger ' Exped.
e,f. Ad.sk. Cape York {Cockerell ^ Salvin-Godman Coll.

Thorpe),

y, h. Ad. sk. Port Molle, Queensland, Voyage of H.M.S.

Dec. (J. Macyillivray). ' Rattlesnake.'

»'. Pull. st. Bred in the Zoological Zool. Sac. CoU.

Gardens,

k, I. Juv. skeletons. Zool. Soc. Coll.

6. AEPYP0DIU3.

Ij-pe.

Aepypodius, Oustal. Le Nat. no. 41, p. 323 (1830). ... A. bruijni.
Aepipodius, Salvad. Aygiunte Orn. Pap. pt. iii. p. 195

(1891) A. arfakianus.

Head and neck mostly naked ; a pendulous wattle at the base of
the fore neck ; and a tieshy crest extending from the base of the
culmen to the crown.

Nostrils round.

Tail moderately long, composed of 16 feathers, the middle pair
shorter than the 2nd and 3rd pairs, giving the tail when expanded
a peculiar O-shape.

Upper tail-coverts short, and dark chestnut.

1st primary much shorter than the 2ud, which is about equal to
the 10th ; 7th or 8th slightly the longest.

Tarsi and feet rather large ; front of the tarsus covered with a
single row of wide scutes ; only the last two or three being divided
down the middle.

Range. New Guinea and Waigiou.

* The wattle at the base of the neck which Gould tells us is present in both
sexes, tliough smaller in the female, is not apparent in the majority of our
specimens. But in an example from Cape York it is well developed, and in
the dried skin takes a paraohute-like form surrounding the entire neck, being
if anything more largely developed towards the back of the neck, whereas in
Gould's figure it is represented a« a pendulous wattle on the fore part of the
neck.

470 MEGAPODIID.E.

Key to the Species.

A. Chest mostly chestnut ; a large cylindrical wattle

on each side of the nape ; top of the head

covered with horny papilli bruijm, p. 470.

B. Chest brownish black ; no -wattles on the nape ;

top of the head thinly covered with black hair-
like feathers arfakianus, p. 470.

1. Aepypodius bruijni.

Talegallus bruijnii, Oustal. C. E. xc. p. 906 (1880) [Waigiou] ; id.

Guide du Natiiraliste , nos. 9 & 10, p. 192 (1880) ; id. Bull. Assoc.

Set. Fr. (2) i. p. 173 (1880) ; id. Le Nat. no. 41, p. 32.3 (1880) ;

Eeiche7iow 8i 8chal. J.f. 0. 1881, p. 72.
TaUegalhis bruijnii, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, viii. p. 82 (1880).
Aepypodius bruijnii, 0«<sf(7/. Le Nut. no. 41 p. 323 (1880); Salmd. Ann.

Mus. Civ. Genov.xvm. p. 8 (1882) ; id. Oni. Pap. iii. p. 2.53 (1882).
Talegallus (Aepypodius) bruijnii, Oustal. Ann. Set. Nat. xi. p. 38,

figs. 33 [adultj, 34 [juv.] (1881).

Adult. General colour above brownish black, darker on the
mantle and upper back, browner on the lower back, and dark
chestnut on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; chest and upper
breast mostly chestnut, shading into dirty grey on the rest of the
underparts, some of the feathers of the lower breast and belly being
also washed with chestnut. Head and neck almost entirely naked,
■with the exception of a few hair-like feathers, which are most
numerous along the superciliary stripe and on the nape. An
elongate fleshy crest commences on the forehead at the base of the
culmen, elevated in front and spread out over the crown of the head
to the nape, the whole being covered wath close-set horny papilli ;
on either side of the nape there arises a large elongate wattle placed
at right angles to the neck, and from the basal part of the fore neck
there hangs down over the chest a single long subcylindrical wattle :
the colour of these wattles as well as the naked skin ou the head
and neck appears to have been red or orange ; bill and feet dusky ;
iris black. Total length 9 inches, wing ll'o, tail 5'7, tarsus 4-2.
(JBrit. Mus.)

Total length IS'S inches, wing 12-4, tail 6'4, tarsus 3-8. (Oustalet.)

Hah. Island of Waigiou.

a. (5 ad. sk. Waigiou (A. A. Bruijn). Purchased.

2. Aepypodius arfakianus.

Talegallus arfakianus *, Sahad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. ix. pp. 333,
334 (1877) [chicks from Arfak Mts.] ; Oustal. Ann. Set. Nat. xi.
p. 53(1881).

* I have allowed this name to stand though I tliiuk the evidence that
Talegallus arfakianus, Salvad., is the young of Aepypodius pyrrkopygius is by
no means conclusive. No doubt the rounded naaal opening is sufficient to
prove that these young birds really belong to the genus Aepypodius, and not to
Talegallus ; but I am not prepared to consider them identical with A. pyrrho-
pygiuii from the evidence before me. The system of giving names to very young
birds is most objectionable, and such names really ougbt not to be retained,
being only one degree better than names Ibunded ou eggs.

6. AEpypoDius. 471

Talegallus pyrrhopyfriu3, Schl. Notes Leyd. Mas. i. p. 159 (1879)
[West coast of Geelviuk Bav ?]; Reichenow 8^- Schal. J.f. 0. 1879,
p. 422 ; Oustal C. R. xc. p. iiOG (1880) ; id. Bull. Assoc. iSci. Fr. (2)
1. p. 17:U1880) ; Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. viii. p. 26 (1883)
[EgfT from Astrolabe Mts.].

Talejrallus ai-faki, .SV/i/. Notes Leyd. Mus. i. p. 160 (1879).

Tallegallus pyrrhopyifius, .S'c7i/. Mm. Pays-Bas, viii. p. 82 (1880).

Talet^^allus (/Epvpodius) pvrrhopvgius, Oustal. Ann. Sci. Nat. xi.
p. 40, tier. 3,5 ('1881) [Ajeniiasi, Arfak Mts.].

Aepvpodius arfakiaims, Salvad. Ann. Miis. Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 8
(1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. iii. pp. 251, 564 [Sogeri] (1882).

Aepipodius arfakianus, Sahad. Anniunte Orn. Pup. pt. iii. p. 195
(1891).

Adult. General colour of the upper parts black, tinged with
brown on the wings ; rump and upper tail-coverts dark chestnut,
underparts bro'\\Tier. Head and neck almost naked with the
exception of the nape and the back of the head, which are thickly
covered with black feathers ; top of the head sparingly covered with
hair-like black featheis; a fleshy crest from the base of the culraen
to the middle of the crown ; an elongated wattle from the base of the
fore neck (but the lateral wattles on the sides of the neck, so con-
spicuous in A. hruijiii. are absent). Naked skin on the sides of the
head and the wattles are apparently yellowish ; feet and bill dusky.
Total length 17'5 inches, wing 10-5, tail 5o, tarsus 3-6.

In a younger specimen the chin and throat are covered with
yellowish- white downy feathers.

Hah. New Guinea; West coast of Geelviuk Bay, and Astrolabe
Mountains.

a, b. Ad. sk. Astrolabe Mts., S.E. New II. II. Romilly, Esq. [P.].
Guinea.

c. Imm. sk. Astrolabe Mts. A. Goldie, Esq. [C.l

d. $ imm. sk. Sogeri, S.E. New Guinea. II. 0. Forbes, Esq. [C.].

7. MEGACEPHALON.

Type.
Megacephalon, Temm., Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 489 (184G) . . M. maleu.
Macrocephalou, Miill. Archiv fiir Katurg. xii. pt. i. p. 116

(1846) M. maleo.

Jlegacephala, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Rein. p. 303 (1887) . . M. maleo.

Head naked, covered with a large round occipital casque ; a
rounded tubercle behind each nostril ; neck, chin, and throat thinly
covered with hair-like feathers.

Nostril a rather large rounded oval.

Tail composed of 18 feathers, 3rd pair being considerably longer
than the middle pair, ginng the tail a CO-shaped appearance when
expanded.

Upper tail-coverts much shorter than the tail-feathers.

1st primary much shorter than the 2nd, which is about equal to the
10th ; 6th slightly the longest.

Tarsi and feet rather long, the fore part of the tarsus reticulated
with small hexagonal scales.

Raujc. North Celebes and the Sanghir Islands.

472 MEGAPODIID-E.'

1. Megacephalon maleo.

Maleo, Temm. PL Col. v. in text tj pi. 46 [no. 411] (1826) [Celebes].
MefTrtpodius rubripes, Quay &,■ Gaim. (nee Temm.') Voy. Astrolabe,

Zool. i. p. 239, pi. XXV. (18.33).
Megacephalon maleo, Hartl. Verzeichniss, p. 101 (1844) fdescr.

nulla); Gray, List Gen. B. p. 103 (1855); Schl. Randl. Dierk. i.

p. 389, Voff. pi. T. fig. 64 (1857) ; Wallace, Mis, 1860, p. 142

[Coast of northern peninsula of Celebes, habits] ; Finsch, Neu-

Guin. p. 180 (1866); Gray, List Gallinee Brit. Mus. p. 18 (1867) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 254 (f870) ; ScU. Dierent. p. 215, fig. ( 1872) ;

Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 88 (1872) ; Garrod, P. Z. S.

1873, pp 469. 640, 1875, p. 343; Sah-ad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov.

vii. p. 673 (1875) ; Briigg. Abh. nat. Ver. Breni. v. p. 88 (1876) ;

Sakad. Ibis, 1876, p. 385; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p 139 [Saio,

Sanghir Is.] ; Schl. Mus. Pay.-i-Bas, viii. p. 77 (1880) ; Oustal.

Ann. Sci. Nat. xi. p. 2 (1881); Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 559

[Wallace Bay, N. Celebes] ; Blasius, Ornis, 1888, p. 627 [Siao and

Great Sanghir].
Megapodius (Megacephaloma) maleo, Thienemann, Fortpjlanz. alter

Vcigel, pt. i. p. 11, pi. iv. fig. 1 (1845).__
Megacephalon rubripes. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 489 (1846) ; id. P. Z. S.

1861, p. 88, 1864, p. 42 ; Wallace, Malay Arch. i. p. 413 (1869).
Megacephalon rufipes. Gray, Gen. B. iii. pi. 123 (1846).
Maerocephalon {sic) maleo, Miill. Archiv fiir Naturg. xii. pt. 1,

p. 116 (1846).

Adult male arid female. Head and neck naked with the exception
of a few scattered hair-like feather.s ; top of the head covered with
a large rounded casque ; plumage of the upper parts, chest, flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts dark brown, inclining to black on the
tail, which is very slightly glossed with dark green ; breast and belly
beautiful salmon-pink. Casque black ; bill at the base of the upper
mandible reddish brown, the under mandible and middle of the
upper mandible black, point of bill yellowish ; skin of the neck
blackish ; round the eyes of a fleshy yellowish colour ; legs bluish
black : feet and claws yellowish. Total length 22 inches, wing 11-
11-8, tail 5-7-6, tarsus' 3-.5.

In a younr/er example with the casque less developed, the neck is
covered with brown and the chin and throat with white downy
feathers.

In a still younger examjjle the casque is entirely absent, and the
top of the head is covered with brown feathers mixed on the side
with white.

Hah. Same as that of the genus.

a. Imm. st. Celebes. Zool. Soc. Coll.

b, c. Imm. sk. Celebes. Gould Coll.

d. d ad. sk. Menado, Celebes {van Duiven- Tweeddale Coll.

hode).
e-g. 6 2 ad. sk. Menado, Celebes. A. R. Wallace, Esq.

[C.].
h. Skeleton. Celebes [A. B. Meyer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

CRACIDJ!.

473

Family II. CRACID.E.

Oil-gland tuffed.

The rifst is made either in a tree or on the ground, and the eegs
which are white, are incubated in the usual manner. '

Aey to the Genera.

I. Upperuiaudiblu higher than broad. (Cra-
CDue. )

A. Feathers on the top of the head semi-

erect and curled at the extremity ... 1. Cr^x, p. 474
li. I'eatlier.s on the top of the head re-

cum bent.

a Lores naked ........ 2. Nothocrax, p. 484.

6. Lores thicJdy feathered. ' ^

a'. Plumage of se.xes similar; culmen

more or less elevated, but no egs-

shaped tubercle on the forehead!". 3. Mitua, p 485

6 . 1 lumage of sexes different ; a very

large egg-shaped tubercle on the

^^^■^^^^^ 4. Pauxis, p. 487.

II. Upper mandible broader than hitjb.

C. With an elevated naked cvliudrical
occipital helmet; top of the head

mostly naked ( Oreophasinre.) 5. Oreophasis, p. 489.

L». Without an elevated helmet; top of
the head covered with feathers.
{Penelv2)hice.)
c. Inner web of outer primaries not very
_ deeply excised at the extremity,
c'. Throat mostly naked, with a
median wattle.

b bexes diHerent 7. Pexelopi.va, p. 502.

rf . A band of feathers down the
middle of the throat ; no median

, T '''''"^t ■; 8. Ortalis, p. 504

d. Inner web of outer primaries very
_ deeply excised at the extremity.
e. Fore part of neck mostly naked ;

with a short median wat'tle . . . .' 9. Pipixe, p. 516
/ . t ore part of neck mostly feathered ;

with a long vermiform wattle . . 10. Adurria, p 519
S . lore part ot neck as well as chin
and throat entirely feathered ; no
^""^^"^ • •' • • ■ n. Cham^petes, p. 520.

474

1. CKAX. „

Type.

Crax, Linn. S. N. i. p. 269 (1766) C. alector.

Mituporanga, Reichenb. Taiiben, p. 186 (1862) C. globicera.

Crossolaryngus, Reichenb. Tauben, p. 13(5 (1862) C. globulosa.

Sphajrolaryngus, Reichenb. Tauben, p. 136 (1862) ... C. alberti.

Feathers of the crest curled forward.

Base of the culmen with or without a swollen knob.

Base of the lower mandible with or without wattles.

Tail composed of 12 feathers.

Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw.

Range. Central and South America.

Key to the Species.

I. Crest uniform black, never barred with white.

{Males.)

A. No swollen knob on the base of the upper

mandible, and no wattles on each side of
the lower mandible.

a. Plumage of the upper parts glossed with

purple ; tail not tipped with white ....

b. Plumage of the upper parts glossed with

dull green ; tail tipped with white ....

B. A swollen knob on the base of the upper

mandible.

c. No wattles at the base of the lower man-

dible.

a' . Tail not tipped with white

b'. Tail slightly tipped with white

d. A wattle on each side of the base of the

lower maudible.
c , Tail not tipped with white.

a" . Swollen knob and wattles scarlet . .

b" . Swollen knob and wattles yellow . .
d'. Tail tipped with white.

c". Swollen knob and wattles yellow . .

d" . Swollen knob and wattles pale blue.

II. Crest always more or less barred with white.

(Females.)
C. General colour of the secondaries chestnut.

e. Tail not barred with white, or, if bairred,

the bars not perceptible on the under sur-
face of the webs

/. Tail strongly barred with white or pale buff,
the bars being as clearly marked on the
under surface of the feathers as on the

upper

D. Secondaries widely barred with black and
white, the white bars being nearly as wide
as the black interspaces (lower back tawny
buff, indistinctly barred with black ; pri-
maries and tail-feathers marked like the
secondaries)

alector, p. 475.
fasciolata, p. 476.

globicera, p. 478.
panamensis, p. 479.

carunculata, p. 481.
globulosa, p. 482.

daubentoni, p. 482.
alberti, p. 483.

glubicera, p. 478.
panamensis, p. 479.

grnyi, p. 480.

1. CKAX. 475

E. Secondaries black, with narrow white bars,

much narrower lluin the black inters])aces.

g. Outer primaries black barred with white.

e. Thighs uniforni tawny buff; tail-feathers

barred like the secondariis fascioluta, p. 476.

/'. Thighs black barred with buff; tail-
feathers not barred with white phiima, p. 477.

h. Outer ]iriniaries uuil'orni rufous-chestnut. . alberti, p. 483.

F. Secondaries uniform black.

i. Tail not ti[)ped with white.

</'. JJreast uniform black ; belly and under

tail-cuverts white alector, p. 475.

h' . Breast black, slightly mottled with buff;
belly and under tail-coverts rufous.
e" . Jksal half of the mandible scarlet . . carunculata, p. 481.
f". Basal half of the mandible yellow . . r/lohulusa, p. 482.
k. Tail tipped with white; breast black barred
with white ; belly and under tail-coverts
white daubiitttmi, p. 482.

1. Crax alector.

? (iallus indicus, Sloane, Jamaica, ii. p. 302, pi. 2(J0 (1725).

I-e llocco de la Guiane, Briss. 0/n. i. p. 298, pi. .xxix. (17(50).

Cra.\ alector, Linn. S. X. i. p. 2G9 (1766) ; G?n. 8. X. i. pt. ii. p. 785
(1788j; Lat/i. Ltd. Orn. ii. p. 622 (1790) [mas.]; Boyin. Tabl.
Encycl. Meth. i. p. 173, pi. 85. fig. 4 (1791) ; Temm. Piq. et Gall.
iii. pp. 27, 689 (1815) ; Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 6 (1825) ; Less.
Traite d'Orn. p. 484, pi. 81. fig. 1 (1831); Bennett, Gard. and
Menug. ii. p. 9 (1831) ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 20 (1844) ;
Cab. in ISclionib. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 746 (1848) ; Burmei.<ter, Syst.
Ueb. iii. p. 344 (1856); lieichenb. Tauben, p. 130 (1862); Gray,
List Gallinff Brit. Mm. p. 14 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 253
(1870) ; I'. I'elz. Orn. Bras. p. 286 (1870) [Rio Negri, Rio Vaupe,
and Rio Rranco] ; Sclat. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 277, pi. xliii. (1875) ;
Broun, Brit. Guiana, p. 345 (1877).

Crested C'urassow, Lat/t. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. 151 (1823).

Crax mitu, Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. pi. 199 (1825).

Crax i\oAnti\, Lieichenb. Tauben, p. 131 (1862).

Crax erythrognatha, Sclat. Sf Salvin, P. Z. >S. 1877, p. 22 [Colombia] ;
Sclat'. Trans. Z. S. x. p. 543, pi. xc. (1879).

Adult male. General colour black glossed with purple, which
renders it easily recognizable from the allied species ; lower belly,
flanks, and iiiuler tail-coverts white ; lores naked ; no swelling on
the base of the culmen nor wattles on the base of the lower mandible ;
cere and base of bill yellow, extremity horny blue ; feet hora-
coloured. Total length 34 inches, wing 15, tail 13, tarsus 4-5.

Adult female, llesembles the male, but the feathers of the crest
have a few white bars. Total length 33 inches, -wing 14,
tail 12, tarsus 4-3.

Bah. Rio N'egro, Rio Branco, Rio Vaupe, British Guiana, U.S.
Colombia.

rt, b. (} 2 id. sk. Interior of Colombia. Salvin-Godnian Coll. (Types

of C. erythrognatha, Sol. & Salv.)

476 CRACID^.

c. (5 ad. sk. S. Gabriel, Upper Rio Salvin-Godman Coll.

Ne^ro, Jan. {Nat.terer).

d. 5 ad. sk. Barra do Rio Negro, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sept. {Natter er).

e. cJ ad. st. Brit. Guiana. Purchased.

/, g. (S ad. sk. Brit. Guiana. Sir R. Schomburg-k [C.].

h. § ad. sk. Camacusa, Brit, Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aug. ( Whitely).
i. S ad. sk. Demerara, April. Salvin-Godman Coll.

k. Skeleton. Surinam.

/, m. Skeletons.

2. Crax fasciolata.

El Mitu, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 83, no. 338 (1802j [Paraguay].

Crax fasciolata, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 48, pi. Ixii. a (1825) [Para] ;

Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 20 (1844).
Crax alector, Hartl. {nee Linn.) Si/st. Ind. Azara, p. 22 (1847) ; Bur-

meister, La-Plata Reise, ii. p. 500 (1861).
Crax sclateri, Grai/, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 14 (1867) (nee spec.

c and d) ; id. tiand-l. B. ii. p. 253 (1870) ; Sdat. ^ Salvin, P. Z. 8.

1870, p. 515; V. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 287 (1870) [Matto G rosso] ;

Burmeister, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 701 [Bolivia] ; Sdat. Trans. Z. S.

ix. p. 278 (1875); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1887, p. 34 [Pilcomayo] ;

Sdat. Sr Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 145 (1889) [N. Argentina];

Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 147 [Forests near the Paraguay].
Crax circinatus, Licht. MS. in Mus. Berol. {fide Pelz.).
Crax discors, Natterer,MS. in Mus. Berol. (fide Pelz.).
Crax azarse, Nutterer in Mus. Vindob. {fide Pelz.).

Adult male. Plumage black glossed with dark green ; belly,
imder tail-coverts, and tips of the tail-feathers white ; no wattle on
the base of the culmen, which is bright yellow ; tip of the culmen
blackish horn ; lores and the space round the eye naked and
black; legs and feet pale pink. Total length 30-5 inches, wing
14-3, tail 13-6, tarsus 4.

Adult female. Crest white, tip and base of each feather black;
neck black ; rest of upper parts black, with narrow white cross-
bars, widest on the wing-covcrts and quills ; lower neck black,
barred with buif ; upper chest and, in some specimens, the sides of
the breast buff, barred with black ; the rest of the underparts pale
rufous buff, palest on the belly and under tail-coverts ; most speci-
mens have the tail black, barred with white, but in what appears to
be the most mature specimen the white bars are wanting and the
whole of the barring on the upper parts is very narrow : it there-
fore seems probable that the barring decreases with age. Total
length 29 inches, wing 13-2, tail 12-5, tarsus 3-8.

In what appears to be the least mature female the white bars on
the upper parts and tail are very distinctly wider than in the other
specimens.

Hub. South America, ranging north to Para, south to Paraguay,
and east to Bolivia.

a. c? ad. sk. TMexico.^ I Purchased. (Type.' of

h. 5 ad. sk. S. America. \ C. fclateri, Gray.)

1. CRAX. 477

c, d. 2 acl- sJf- S- America, Feb. ' Salvin-Godman Coll.

e, /". cJ id. et $ vix Rio do Caba^al, Brazil, Salvin-Godnian Coll.
ad. sk. Aug. (Natterer).

3. Crax pinima.

Crax pinima, Naitm-er, MS., v. Pelz. Oni. Bras. pp. 287, 341 (1870)
[District of Para] ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 253 (1870j; Sclat. 8f
Salrin, P. Z S. 1870, p. 518.

Crax incoinmoda *, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 690 ; id. Trans. Z. S. ix.
p. 281, pi. xlix. (1875), x. p. 544, pi. xciii. (1879).

Adult male. At present unknown.

Adult female. Differs chiefly from the female of C. fasciolata in
having the Mliole of the breast, sides, and thighs black, narrowly
barred with whitish buff, the belly -whitish butt', and the tail-feathers
uniform black, though the middle pair are irregularly marked with
white in a younger example. I have little doubt that the three
specimens before me all belong to one and the same species, but
they differ consideral)ly one from another in plumage, though the
differences are probably due to age. In the type the feathers of
the crest are black, with a narrow white band across the middle
third ; the primaries are black, irregularly and narrowly barred with
white on both webs, and the fore part, of the neck and chest are
uniform black.

In a second and apponnth/ less mature specimen there are two
white bands across the first and second third of each of the crest-
feathers ; the primaries are equally barred with rufous buff and
black ; the fore part of the neck is barred with white, and the chest
shows traces of the same colour ; while tlie lower parts of the breast
are buff, barred with l)lack, and the middle tail-feathers are narrowly
and irregularly barred with white.

In the third e.rample, which lived for more than four years in the
Zoological Society's Gardens, either the natural changes in plumage
have not taken place in confinement, or the specimen represents a
distinct species ; the feathers of the crest resemble those of C. fascio-
lata, being white, widely tipped Mith black, and black at the base ;
the i)rimaries (except the outer one) have the inner web uniform
black ; the forepart of the neck and chest are regularly barred with
white, and the middle of the breast is buff barred with black, as in
the second example described above. Total length 34"5 iuches,
wing 15'2, tail 13-5, tarsus 4-1.

llah. South America, District of Para and ? U.S. of Colombia.

a. $ ad. sk. S. America, July. Salvin-Godman Coll. (Type

of C. incommoda, Scl.)

* This species is based on the specimen obtained from the Jardin d'Acclima-
tntion in 1870, and referred to V. pinima by Srlnfer and Salvin in the P. Z. S.
1870, p. 518. Sclater afterwards consiJerpd tliis bird distinct, and described it
unrlor tlie name of (.'. i/wommoda ; but after comparing it carefully with the
original description of ('. pinima, v. Pelz., I am convinced that the original
identification was correct.

478 CRACID^.

b. 2 ad. sk, S. America, Dec. Salviu-Godman Coll.

c. 2 vix ad. sk. [U.S. Colombia.] Purchased of M. Verreaux.
cl, e. ? Skeletons. [Guiana.]

4. Crax gloMcera.

? The Red Peruvian Hen, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 37, pi. 40 (1740).
The Curasso Bird, Edwards, Glean, ii. p. 181, pi. 295. fig. 1 (1760).
Le Hocco de Curassow, Briss. Orn. i. p. 300 (1760).
Le Hocco du Perou, Briss. Orn. i. p. 305 (1760) ; D'Aubent. PL

Enl. ii. pi. 36 [no. 125].
Crax globicera, Linn. S. N. i. p. 270 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii.

p. 736 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 624 (1790) [d']; Bonn.

Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 175 (1791) ; Sclat. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 253;

Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 311 [Honduras] ; Salvin, Ibi.'i, 1861, p. 143

[Vera Paz] ; Sclat. ^ Sah-m, P. Z. S. 1870, pp. 513, 838 [part.,

Western Mexico to Honduras] ; Siimichrast , La Naturaleza, ii.

p. 37 (1871) [Vera Cruz] ; Sclat. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 274, pi. xl.

(1875) [part.] ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 459 [Yucatan] : Salvin,

Ibis, 1889, p. 378, 1890, p. 89 [Cozumel].
Crax rubra, Linn. S. N. i. p. 270 (1766) ; Got. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 736

(1788); Te7n77i.Piff. et Gall.m.^^.2l, 687 {1815); Bennett, Gard.

Sr Menag. ii. p. 225 (1831).
Le Hocco, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 373, pis. xiii., xiv. (1771).
Crax alector. Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 623 (1790) (femina); Sclat. ^

Salvi?!, Ibis, 1859, p. 223 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 61 [Peten and

Chilomo, Guatemala].
Globose Curassow, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. 154 (1823).
Red Curas.>ow, var. A, p. 153 [adult J], var. B, p. 154 [immature

2 ], Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. (1823).
Crax blumenbachii, ? Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 50, pi. Ixiv. (1825)

[Rio de Janeiro*]; Gray, List GallincB Brit. Mus. p. 15 (1867);

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 253 (;i870).
? Crax albini. Less. Traite WOm. p. 484 (1831) ; Reichenh. Tauben,

p. 135 (1862).
Crax temminckii, Tschudi, Faun. Per. p. 287 (1844-46) [Western

Mexico] ; Bunneister, Si/st. Uebers. iii. p. 347 (1856).
Crax edwardsii, Reichenb. Tauben, p. 134 (1862).
Crax pseudalector, Reichenb. Tauben, p. 131, pi. 174. fig. 1516 (1862).

Adult male. Whole of the plumage black glossed with dark
green, except the middle of the bellj', flanks, and under tail-coverts,
which are white ; wattle on the basal part of the ciilmen pale yellow ;
terminal part of both mandibles blackish horn ; legs and feet greyish
horn-colour. Total length 35 inches, wing 15-7, tail 14, tarsus 4-6,

An immature wale has the wattle on the culmen rudimentary ;
the feathers of the chin, throat, and thighs blackish brown barred
with white; otherwise the plumage resembles that of the adult
male.

Adult female. Feathers of the top of the head and crest black,
with a wide band of white across the middle third ; rest of the head,
chin, throat, and neck covered with short feathers barred with
black and white ; feathers of the back of the neck, mantle, and

* The locality is no doubt erroneous.

1 . CRAX.

479

chest mostly black glossed with green, and washed or margined
with rufous ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts deep
brownish chestnut, indistinctly mottled with black ; scapulars and
outer secondaries like the feathers of the mantle, but the extremities
are brighter rufous and mottled with black : quills and wing-coverts
chestnut, thickly mottled with black, especially on the inner
webs of the primaries and on the secondaries and their coverts ;
the outer webs of the secondaries are usually more or less irregularly
barred with white, though these markings disappear with age ;
breast dark chestnut, shading into cinnamon on the lower breast,
belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts : tail entirely black, glossed
with green in the most adult examples ; in the majority of specimens,
however, the median tail-feathers are mottled with chestnut and
retain traces of the yellowish-white markings of immaturity. Base
of both mandibles dark greenish brown, terminal part yellowish ; legs
and feet dull jiinkish grey. Total length 29 inches, wing 14,
tail 12, tarsus 4"4.

In yoiuKjer female specimens the crest-feathers are black with
several bars of white, while in the youngest examples the feathers
are mostly wliite tipped with black ; the wings and tail are largely
marked with white lines and irregular bands, while the chest, breast,
and thighs are barred with blackish or dark brown.

Hah. Central America, ranging from Western Mexico to Honduras
and to Cozumel Island.

a, b. (S ad. sk. Sierra Madre, above Ciudad Salvin-Godman Coll.

Victoria, TamauHpas, Mexico

(IT'. B. liichardvm).
Mizniitla. \'era Cruz, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Fcrrari-Verez).
CbimHla])a,'rt'huai)tepec, March Salvin-Godman Coll.

( W. B. Bicli(irdson).
Nortliern Yucatan [G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Guumer).
Cozumel Is., Yucatan, May Salvin-Godman Coll.

{G. F. (rauDier).
G uateiuala. Purchased of M. Verreaux.

c. 5 ad. sk.

d. 2 imiu. .*k.
«,/• 6 2 ad. sk.
ff-i. 2 inim. sk.

k, I. 2 fid. et

imm. sk.
m-r. c? 2 ad. et

vix ad. sk.
8, t. 2 ad. St.
u, V. Skeletons.

Savana Grande, Guatemala,

Nov. (O. S.)
[S. America.]

Salvin-Godman and

Tweeddale Colls.
Purchased.
Zool. Soc. Coll.

5. Crax panaiuensis.

? The Curasow Cock and Hen, Albm, Xat. Hist. B. ii. p. 2t>, pis. 31,
;52(1738).

Crax globicera, Lath, (nee Linn.) Ind. Orn. iv. p. 624 (1790) [$];
Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii! p. 12 (lt*67) [U.S. ColombiaJ, ix.
p. 139 (18t!9") [San Jo.«^, Costa Rica]; Frantzw, J. f. O. 1869,
p. 373 [Costa Kica] ; Sclat. S( Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 513 [part.,
Costa Kica and ranama] ; Sclat. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 274 (1875)
[part.] ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 42 [Costa Kica] ; Sclat. Trans.

480 CEACiDj;.

Z. S. X. p. 543, pi. Ixxxix. (1879) ; Richmond, P. U.S. Nat. Mm.

xvi. p. 524 (1893) [Rio Escondido, Nicaragua, and Rio Frio,

Costa Rica].
Crax rubra, Steph. (nee Linn.) in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 168,

pi. ix. (1819); Lawr. Attn. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 301 (1862) [U.S.

Colombia].
Red Curassow, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. 152, pi. 123 (1823).
Crax alberti, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 246, pis. xxvii. & xxviii.

[part. $].

Adult male. Similar in plumage to the male of C. globicera, but
the tail has a slight white margin, indicating an approach to
C. daubentoni. Possibly the coloration of the soft part is different.
Total length 34-o inches, wing 14-6, tail 13"3, tarsus 4-2.

Adidt female. Differs from the female of C. glohicera in having
no white markings on the wings, and the feathers of the tail
regularly barred with yellowish white, these bars being equally
conspicuous on the under surface of the feathers ; the back of the
neck, mantle, and chest are rufous-chestnut, almost devoid of black
in the oldest example, while the wing-coverts and secondaries are
uniform chestnut without any of the black bars so conspicuous in
younger specimens, and the pale bars on the tail are wide and well-
defined. Total length 33-3 inches, wing 14-4, tail 13, tarsus 4-6.

A somewhat younger example resembles the above, but the black
markings on the outer secondaries are still present, although fewer in
number, while the pale bars across the tail are rather less marked.

In still yoH)ir/er examples, the back of the neck, mantle, and
chest are mostly black as in the male, the wing-coverts and second-
aries are thickly mottled with black, and the pale bars on the tail-
feathers are narrower and less defined.

Hah. Southern Nicaragua and Costa Rica to the United States of
Colombia.

a. 2 vix ad. sk. Valza, Costa Rica, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(J. Carmiol).

h. $ vix ad. sk. Valza, Costa Rica, Feb. J. Carmiol, Esq. [C.].

c. cj ad. sk. Panama. J. McLyaunan, Esq. [C.].

d, e. cJ $ ad. sk. Lion Hill, Panama (/. Salvin-Godman Coll.

McLeannan).
f. $ ad. sk. South America. Zool. Soc. Coll.

6. Crax grayi.

Among the specimens mentioned by Gray in his List of the
Gallinse in the Brit. Mus. (1 867) are two females (c & (/) from
S. America, which he considered as doubtful varieties of his Crax
sclateri ( = C. fasciolata, Spix). These two specimens closely resemble
one another in plumage, but one has the lesser and median wing-
coverts almost devoid of black bars. Both specimens differ from the
female of C. fasciolata in having the white bars on the wings and
tail far wider, and about half the width of the black interspaces,
while the quills are equally and widely barred with black and
j-ellowish white ; the whole of the lower back, rump, and upper

1. CRAX. 481

tail-coverts are buff, somewhat indistinctly barred with black.
These specimens arc so different from the iemales oi C. fasciolata
that I have no hesitation in regarding them as distinct, especially
as in the genus Cra.v one looks to the females rather than to the
males for distinctive specific characters. Total length 32 inches,
wing 13'(), tail 12*7, tarsus 3'8.

a, b. $ ad. sk. 8. America. Purchased.

(Types of the species.)

7. Crax carunculata.

Wattled Curassow, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. viii. p. lo5 (1823).

Crax carunculata, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 44, 690 (1815) ; Steph.

in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 170 (1819); Sclat. %■ Salvui, P. Z. S.

1870, p. 517; Grat/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 254 (1870); Sclat. Trans.

Z. S. ix. p. 279 (1875).
Crax rubrirostris, <S)j/,r, Aik Bras. ii. p. 51, pi. Ixvii. (1825) [Rio to

R^ihia] ; Ma.i: Bei'tr. Nat. Bras. iv. Abth. ii. p. 528 (1833) [S.E.

Brazil].
Crax varrellii, ? Bennett, Gard. Si Menag. ii. p. 227 (1831) [Rio

Manmon] ; Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 33; Jard. <§■ Selb. III. Om.

n. s. pi. vi. (1836) ; Swains. An. in Mcnag. p. 188 (1837).
Crax blumenbachii, Burmeister, Sgst. Uebers. iii. p. 345 (1856)

[Ivio de Janeiro to Bahia].
Cra.x globulosa. Gray, List Gallinee Brit. Mus. p. 16 (1867).

Adult male. Plumage similar to that of C. glohicera, but the lores
are naked. A large swollen process on the base of the culmen and
a wattle on each side of the base of the lower mandible scarlet ; the
tip of the beak blackish horn, and the naked skin round the eye
dark blue ; legs and feet pinkish horn-colour. Total length '62
inches, wing 14-8, tail Vi-o, tarsus 4.

AduJt female. Differs from the male in having the belly, flanks,
and under tail-coverts rufous buff; feathers of the crest indistinctly
barred with white ; and the swollen process on the culmen and
caruncles on the base of the lower mandible absent ; soft parts
coloured as in the male. Total length 32 inches, wing 14-2, tail
11-9, tarsus 3-9.

Hah. S.E. Brazil : Rio de Janeiro to Bahia *.

a, b. (S ad. sk. et st. S. America. Zool. Soc. Coll.

c. 9 ad. sk. Tropical America,June. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. c? ad. sk. S.E. Brazil, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. (J ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil. Sudbury Museum [P.].
f-h. Skeletons.

* Under the name of Crax ghhidosa, Spix, Sclater and Salvin distinguish
the birds of the Upper Aiuazous from C. carunctdata, Tenira., which is found
in S.E. Brazil. The only difference is, tliat in the male of the latter the
swollen process on the base of the culmen and the wattles on the base of the
lower mandible are pale yellow instead of retl. It appears from what Sclater
says in his last remarks in the Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 279 that he has never
seen living specimens of C. globulosa, though several examples of C. carunctdata
have been kept from time to time in the Zoological Gardens. I am indinetl to
believe that t'. globulosa is merely a sjnionym of C. carunculata, and that the
VOL. xxil. 2 I

482 CEACIDiE.

8. Crax globulosa.

Crax globulosa, Sinx, Av. Bras. ii. p. 50, pis. Ixv., Ixvi. (1825) [Rio
Solimoes] ; iSray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 21 (1844; ; Reichenb.
Tauben, p. 135 (1862) ; Gray, List Gallincs Brit. Mies. p. 16
(1867) [part.] ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 253 (1870) ; Sclat. Si- Salvin,
P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 515 [Pebas & Rio Nape], 1873, p. 307 [Rio
Marafion & Rio Ucayali] ; Sclat. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 279, pi. xlvi.
(1875), X. p. 644, pi. xci. (1879) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 264
(1886) [Sarayacu].

Crax globosa, Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 346 (1856).

Crax globicera, Bates, Nat. on the Amazons, ii. p. 112 (1863) [Upper
Amazons].

Adult male. Resembles C. caruncnlata, but diifers in baving tbe
swollen process at tbe base of tbc culmen and tbe wattles at tbe
base of tbe lower mandible yellow instead of scarlet. Total lengtb
34 inches, wing 14-?, tail 13-7, tarsus 3*9.

Adult female. Differs from the adult female of C. carunculata
only in having the basal part of the lower and upper mandibles
yellow instead of scarlet.

In an immature female specimen the feathers of the throat are
barred with white, those of tbe breast and thighs are slightly
vermiculated and mottled with buff, and tbe outer webs of the
wing-coverts and quills are irregularly marked with whitish buff.

Hah. Upper Amazons : Pebas, llio Napo, Rio Marafion, Rio
Ucayali, and Sarayacu.

a. 2 ad. sk.* Amazons, Jan. Salvin-Godman Coll

b. 5 vix ad. sk. Samiria, Upper Amazons, Nov. Salviu-Godman CoU.

{J. Hau.vwell).

c. Skeleton.

9. Crax daubentoni.

Hocco, Faisan de la Guiane, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. ii. pi. 35 [no. 86].
Crax globicera, Temm. {nee Linn.) Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 12, 686

(1815) ; Steph. in Shaius Gen. Zool. xi. p. 166 (1819) ; Reichenb.

Tauben,-^. 133 (1862).
? Crax aldrovandi, Reichenb. Tauben, p. 134, Suppl. pi. 272 b.

fig. 5038 (1862).
Crax daubentoni, Gray, List Gallina Brit. Mus. p. 15 (1867) : id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 253 (1870) ; Sclat. 4'- Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p.'516

[Venezuela] ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 671 [Tucacas, N. Venezuela] ;

id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 624; Smnmei-hayes, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 420

[Venezuela] ; Sclat. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 276, pis. xli., xlii. (1875).
Crax mikani S [nee $], v. Pels. Orn. Bras. p. 343 (1870).

supposed difiPerftnce in the coloration of the soft parts is due to the former
species having been described from specimens in which the colour had faded
after death, as in dried skins of C. caruiiculata the wattles are alwaj's yellow.
The fact that the females of these two supposed species are also identical in
plumage is additional evidence in favour of considering them to be one and the
same.

* This specimen is probably not referable to this species — the whole bill in
the living bird being black, the naked skin round the eye dark bluish black, and
the legs red ; see Sclater, Trans. Z. S. x. p. 644 (1879)!

1. CRAx. 483

Adult yiiale. Similar to the male of C. ylgbicera, but distinguished
by having the tail-feathers tipped with white and a pale yellow
wattle on each side of the basal part of the mandible ; legs and feet
gre3'ish horn. Total length ;U inches, wing 15-2, tail 13-5,
tarsus 4-().

Adult female. Differs from the male adult in having the feathers
of the crest white at the base, while the breast, sides, and thighs
arc barred with white, as in the adult female of C. pinima ; the
wing-coverts also are more or less marked with lines of the same
colour: cere purplish black; bill black; legs greyish horn. Total
length 3I-5 inches, wing l4-o, tail 13-5, tarsus 4.

Hah. Venezuela.

a. (S ad. sk. S. America. Purchased. I (Types of

b. $ ad. sk. S. America. Lidth de Jeude Uoll. j the species.)

c. d. $ ad. sk. 8. America. Zool. Soc. Coll.

e,f. (S 2 ad. sk. Venezuela, May, Salviu-Godman Coll.

Oct.
q. Skeleton. Zool. Soc. Coll.

10. Crax alberti.

Crax alberti, Fraser, P. Z. S. ISoO, p. 24G, pis. xxvii.,xxviii. (nec^) ;

lieicheiib. Ttiubcn, p. 13G (186:?) ; Gray, List Gallinm Brit. Mus.

p. 15 (18C)7); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. i>rJ3 (1870); Sdat. ^- Salvin,

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 517 [U.S. Colombia]; Sclat. Trans. Z. S. ix.

p. 280, pi. xlviii. (1875).
?Crax niikaui ? [nee Sl i'- -^e/=. Orn. i?;-«w. p. 343(1870).
Crax \ iridirostris, Selat. Tr. Zool. Soe. ix. p. 282 (1875), x. p. 544,

pi. xcii. (1879) ; id. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 463 [Cartagena].

Adult male. Similar in plumage to the adult male of C. dauhen-
toni ; the lores are thickly covered with feathers. The basal part
of the culmen, which is somewhat swollen, and the wattles on
either side of the mandible blue, the remainder of the bill horny
yellow ; legs and feet grey. Total length '.i'j inches, ■wing 16,
tail lo, tarsus 4-6.

Adult fanale. Most nearly resembles the adult of C. fasdolata, but
is easily distinguished by the nearly black feathers of the crest as
well as by the much deeper colour of the uuderparts and the densely
featlu'red lores. General colour of the head, neck, chest, and upper
parts black ; each of the feathers of the crest with two white bars;
lower part of the mantle, wing-covcrts, scapulars, secondaries, and
inner ])rimaries, together with the lower back and tail, narrowly
barred with white ; the six outer primaries bright rufous chest-
nut, while the seventh and eighth are intermediate in colour beiween
them and the innermost primaries and secondaries ; breast chest-
nut, shading into cinnamon on the belly and under tail-coverts ;
sides of the breast and thiglis more or less barred with black ; and
all the tail-feathers tipped with white. Total length 32'5 inches,
wing 15'2, tail 13-3, tarsus 4'3.

Uab. U.S. Colombia.

2i2

484 CRACID^.

a S ad- sli. S. America, Oct Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Type of C. viridirostris, Sol.*)
b-d. (5 2 ad. St. S. America. " Zool. Soc. Coll.

e. S ad.' sk. Colombia, Aug. SalTin-Godman CoU.

/■. 5 ad. sk. Vicinity of Bogota (Cr. C/wc- Salvin-GodmaTi Coll.

ther).
ff-i. Skeletons.

Hybrid hetween Gallus domesticus and Cras alberti. See p. 348.

2. NOTHOCRAX. ^^

Nothocrax, Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 347 (1856). N. urumutum.

A full crest of long feathers covers the top of the head.

A large space surroimding the eye naked.

Culmen fairly stout and deep, no casque or swollen process at the
base.

Tail composed of 12 feathers.

Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw.

Range. British Guiana, Rio Negro and Upper Amazons, Rio
Pastaza, Sarayacu, Yquitos.

1. Nothocrax urumutum.

Crax uinimutum, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 49, pi. Ixii. (1825^ [Rio
Negro]; Cab. in Schomb. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 746 (1848) [British
Gufana] ; Reichenb. Tauben, p. 132 (1862) ; Gray, List Gallina
Brit. Mus. p. 16 (1867) ; v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 288 (1870) [Rio
Negro] ; Gray,Hatid-l. B. ii. p. 254 (1870).

Urax urumutum, Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 347 (1856).

Nothocrax urumutum, Btirineister, Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 347 (1856) ;
Sclat. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 519 [Rio Pastaza, Upper Amazons] ;
iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 307 ; Sclat. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 282, pi. 50
(1875) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 681 [Upper Amazons] ; id. Tram.
Z. S. X. p. 545, pi. xciv. (1879) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 265
(1886) [Yquitos] ; Beddard, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 321 (woodcut) ;
Salviti, Ibis, 1886, p. 174.

Adult male. A full black crest of long feathers covering the top
of the head ; nape (and feathered parts of the head), throat, neck,
and chest chestnut, shading into brownish chestnut on the mantle,
•which, like the rest of the upper parts, is finely vermiculated all
over with black ; quills brownish black, the primaries slightly and
the secondaries largely vermiculated with rufous buff on the outer
web ; breast and rest of underparts cinnamon, slightly mottled on
the sides with dusky ; tail black, tipped with whitish buff, except

* This specimen has been described under the above name as a distinct
species on account of the swollen cere and wattles at the base of the lower
mandible being pale green instead of blue, but this difference is no doubt
merely due to individual variation.

3, MiTUA. 485

the middle pair of feathers, which are termiculated towards the
niarf^ins with rufous huff. Lores and a large naked s])ace sur-
rounding the eye pale yellow above and purplish below; bill
scarlet : legs and teet flesh-colour. Total length 24 inches, wing
11-5, tail 9, tarsus 35, middle toe and claw 2-9.

Adult female. Differs from the male iu having the upper parts
and central tail-feathers more coarsely marked Avith pale rufous
buff" on a darker ground, while the chest, breast, sides, and thighs
are clouded and mottled with dusky ; the coloration of the soft parts
is similar. Total length 21 inches, wing 10*4, tail 8*8, tarsus 3-4,
middle toe and claw 2"8.

Hab. Same as that of the genus.

a. S ad. sk. S. America. Eyton Coll.

b-d. 6 2 ad. et Sarayacu, Ecuador {Buckley). Salviu-Godman Coll.

pull. sk.

e. $ ad. sk. Upper Amazons, May. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. (S ad. St. Rio Negi'o. Purchased.

g, h. Skeletons. Zool. Soc. Coll.

3. MITUA. „_„

Type.

Mitu, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 48.5 (18.31) M. mitu.

Mitua, Stricld. Ann. May. X. JI. vii. p. 36 (1841) M. mitu.

Crest moderate or well developed, and not curled at the extremity,
Culraeu much elevated, and sometimes swollen towards the
base.

Tail composed of 12 feathers.

Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw.

llanije. S. America.

Key to the Species.

-V. Belly and under tail-coverts dark chestnut.

a. Culmen swollen and elevated ; a well-developed

occipital crest ; tail tipped with white mitu, p. 485.

h. Culuu-n not much .';wollen ; occipital crest quite

short ; tail tipped with rufous iomentosa, p. 486.

B. Belly and under tail-coverts white ; culmen not
unusually developed ; crest fairly well developed ;
trtil tipptd with white 8«/wn/,p. 487.

1. Mitua mitu.

Crax mitu, Linyt. S. N. i. p. '270 (17(30) ; Omel. S. X. i. pt. ii. p. 73G

(1788) ; Gray, JIand-l. B. ii. p. 254 (1870).
Pauxi mitu, Temm. Pit/, et Gall. iii. pp. 8, 685 (1815) ; Gray, List

Galliiue Brit. Mus.'^. 17 (1867).
Ourax mitu, Cuv. jRh/. An. i. p. 441 (1817) ; Steph. in Shatc'g Gen.

Zool. xi. p. 175 (1819); Temm. PI. Co!.\. pi. 20 [no. 1.531 (1823);

Bennett, Gard. ^- Menarj. ii. p. 129 (1S31): Tschudi, Faun.

Peruana, pp. 47, 289 (1844-6) [N.E. & Central Peru] ; v. Pelz.

Orn. Bras. p. 288(1870) [Para, Kio Madeira, Matto Grosso].

486 CRACID^.

Crax tuberosa, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 51, pi. Ixvii a. (1825) [Rio

Solimoes].
Ourax erythrorhynchus, Sivains. Class. B. ii. p. 352 (1837) ; id. An.

in Menag. p. l87 (1837).
Mitu tuberosa, Grmj, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 21 (1844); Bates,

Nat. on the Amazons, ii. p. 112 (1863) [Rio Tapajos, Cupari

Forests, Upper Amazons (rare)].
Urax erythrorliynclius, Cab. in Schomb. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 747

(1848).
Urax mitu, Burmeister, Syst. Uehers. iii. p. 349 (1856) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1874, p. 558 [Central Peru].
Urax tuberosa, Burmeister, iSi/st. Uebers. iii. p. 348 (1856).
Mitu brasiliensis, Reichenh. Taubeti, p. 137 (1862).
Mitua tuberosa, Sclat. Sf Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 520 [Chatuicurros,

E. Peru] ; Burmeister, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 701 [Bolivia] ; Sclat. Sr

Salvin, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 307 [Loreto on the Maranon] ; Sclat.

Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 283, pi. Ii. (1875) [Loreto R.] ; Salvin, Ibis,

1886, p. 174 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou,ni. p. 266 (1886) [Monterico].

Adult male and female. General colour black glossed with blue, the
belly and under tail-coverts dark chestnut, tail tipped with white.
A well-developed occipital crest; culmen rounded and shaqily
compressed in front, swollen posteriorly, much deeper than in
M. tomentosa and M. salvini ; bill and feet red.

Male. Total length 34 inches, wing 14-5, tail 12, tarsus 4-4,
middle toe and claw 3'5.

Hab. British Guiana, Para, Rio Tapajos, Eio Madeira, Matto
Grosso, Bolivia, Peru, Rio Maraiion, and Upper Amazons.

a, &. Ad.st. S.America. E. Cross, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. Cosnipata, Peru, Oct. H. Whitely [C.].

e. (S ad. sk. Lake loanacan, Rio Solimoes, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Jan. {Nattcrer).
f-h. Skeletons.

2. Mitua tomentosa.

Crax tomentosa, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 49, pi. Ixiii. (1825) [Rio

Negro]; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 254 (1870).
Pauxi tomentosa. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 487 (1846) ; id. List Gallince

Brit. Mus. p. 17 (1867).
Urax tomentosa, Burmeister, Syst. Uehers. iii. p. 349 (1856) ; Cab.

in Scho7nb. Brit. Guiajia, iii. p. 746 (1848).
Mitua tomentosa, Sclat. Sc Snlmn, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 520 ; Sclat. Trans.

Z. S. ix. p. 280, pi. Iii. (1875) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 174 [British

Guiana].
Ourax tomentosa, v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 288 (1870) [Rio Negro, Rio

Branco].

Adult male and female. General colour black, glossed with blue
in female, or purplish blue in the male ; belly, under tail-coverts,
outer part of the thighs, and tips of the tail-feathers dark chestnut.
Head with only a very short crest.

4. I'Auxis. 487

Male. Total length 35 inches, wing 15,- tail 13-3, tarsus 4-8,
middle toe and claw 3-8.

Female. Total length 33 inches, wing 14, tail 12, tarsus 4-2,
middle toe and claw 3'2.

Hab. Kio Negro, Rio Branco, extending into British Guiana.

a. $ ad. sk. River Ivupunuiii, I'lit. Guiana, Sahin-Godman Coll.

Feb. (//. WMtvhj).
h. cf ad. St. Islands of the Kio Negro, Purchased.

Brazil.

c. J ad. sk. Marabitanas, Rio Negro, April Salvin-Godman Coll.

[Natterer).

d. Skeleton.

c. Imperfect skeleton.

3. Mitua salvini.

Mitua salviui, Reinhardt, Vid. Mcdd. Nat. For. Kjnbenhavn, Jan. 8th,
1879, pp. 1-6 ; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 108 ; Sdat. P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 109; id. Trans. Z. S. x. p. .54y, pi. xcv. (1879) [Interior of
Brazil ?]; Reichenow Sr SchaMnv, J.f. O. 1879, p. 310.

Adult male and female. General colour black glossed with blue ;
lower part of the belly, under tail- coverts, and tip of the tail white ;
feathers of the crest elongate as in M. mitu ; lores and sides of the
head thickly feathered ; bill shaped as in J\I. tonicntosa, but rather
larger and entirely red ; feet red.

Male. Total length 28 inches, wing 14-5, tail (imperfect) 11'7,
tarsus 5, middle toe and claw 3'9.

Female. Total length 28 inches, wing 14-5, tail 12-7, tarsus 4-7,
middle toe and claw 3'5.

Hab. Sarayacu, Ecuador.

a-d. (J 2 ad. et pull. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.
(Bucklei/).

4. PAUXIS.

Tvpe.

Pauxi, Tenun. Pit/, et Gall. ii. pp. 4-36, 46o, 4G8 (1813), iii.

pp. 1, 683 (181*5) P. paiLxi.

Ourax, CinK Reg. An. i. p. 440 (1817) P. pauxi.

Lophocerus, Sicains. Class. B. ii. p. 353 (1837) P. pauxi.

I'rax. Rcichenb. Ai\ Syst. Nat. p. xxvi (]85;i) P. pauxi.

Pauxis, Sclater, Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. '285 (1875) P. pauxi.

A large elevated fig-shaped casque covering the base of the
culmen and forehead.

Feathers of the head and nock short and velvety.

Tail composed of 12 feathers.

Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw.

liavge. Near Caracas, Venezuela ; Santa Martha, U.S. Colombia ;
Rio Cassiquiari and Orinoco ; North-east and Central Peru ;
? Cayenne {Buff'on).

488

1. Pauxis pauxi.

Le Hocco du Mexique, Briss. Orn. i. p. 302 (1760).

Crax pauxi, Liim. S. N. i. p. 270 (1766) ; Gmd. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 737

(1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 624 (1790^; Bonn. Tabl. Encycl.

Meth. i. p. 175, pi. 86. fig. 1 (1791) ; Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 5,

pi. 200 (1825).
Le Pierre de Cayenne, D'Aubent. PL Enl. ii. pi. 37 (no. 78)

[Cayenne].
Le Pauxi ou le Pierre, Buff. Hist. Nut. Ois. ii. p. 373 (1771).
Crax (jaleata, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 624 (1790) ; Bonn. Tabl. Encycl.

Meth. i. p. 175 (1791) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 254 (1870).
Pauxi galeata, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 1, 683 (1815) ; Gray,

Gen. B. iii. p. 487, pi. cxxii. (1846) ; Reichenb. Tauben, p. 137

(1862) ; Gray, List Gallinm Brit. Mus. p. 16 (1867) ; Sclat. 8f

Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 519 [nr. Caracas, Venezuela, and Santa

Martha, U.S. Colombia] ; Summerhayes, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 420

[Venezuela].
Ourax pauxi, Cuv. Beg. An. i. p. 440 (1817) ; Bennett, Gard. Sf

Menag. ii. p. 65 (1831) ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 21(1844).
Ourax galeata, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 173 (1819) ;

Tschudi, Faun. Peruana, pp. 47, 289 (1844-6) [E. Peru].
Lopbocerus galeata, Swains. Class. B. ii. p. 353 (1837) ; id. An. in

Menag. p. 184 (1837).
Urax pauxi, Burmeister, Syst. Uehers. iii. p. 350 (1856).
Ourax (Crax) pauxi, v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 289 (1871) [Rio Cassi-

quiari and Orinoco].
Pauxis galeata, Selat. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 285, pi. liii. fig. 1 (1875) ;

Funck, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 566 ; Bowlei/, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 684 [egg] ;

Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 648 ; Tacz. Orn. Peruu, iii. p. 266 (1886)

[N.E. and Central Peru].
Pauxis galeata, var. rubra, Sclat. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 285, pi. liii.
fig. 2 (1875) ; Funck, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 566.

Adult male. General colour of plumage black glossed with dark
green ; belly, under tail-coverts, and tip of tail white ; feathers on
the head and neck short and velvety ; a large elevated and fig-
shaped slate-bhie casque surmounts the base of the culmen and fore
part of the head. Bill bright red, legs red. Total length 33'5 inches,
wing 14, tail 13-2, tarsus 4-2, middle toe and claw 3"o.

Adult female*. Head and neck black, as in the male, but the
feathers of the chin and throat are mostly pale reddish brown ;
mantle, wing-coverts, and scapulars chestnut, barred and mottled
with shining black and tipped with bufi' or whitish buff; lower
back reddish brown, indistinctly barred with black ; upper tail-
coverts black, mottled and irregularly barred with rufous bufi';
quills pale rufous, with oblique markings and mottlings of black ;
chest rufous, with shining bars of black, shading into paler rufous
buff on the breast, sides, and thighs ; belly and under tail-coverts
white ; tail black tipped with white, the central feathers and basal

* Some females resemble the male in plumage, and differ only in being
somewhat smaller ; but these are apparently abnormal spec?imens, or barren
females which have assumed male plumage.

5. OKEOPHASIS. 489

part of the outer feathers mottled with rufolla buff: casque nearly
ari largo as in the male ; colour of soft parts apparently similar.
Total length '.i'S-o inches, wing 14*3, tail 13'2, tarsus 4-3, middle
toe and claw 3-4.

Hah. Same as that of the genus.

fi-c. cJ 2 ad. sk. et st. S. America. Purchased.

d. J ad. sk. S. America, July. Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. OREOPHASIS. ^ .

Type.
Oreophasis, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 48o (1844) 0. derbianus.

An elevated, straight, rather slender, cylindrical casque situated
on the top of the head between the eyes.

Base of the culmen as far as the nostrils densely covered with
velvety feathers.

Tail composed of 12 feathers.

1st priraarj' much the shortest, about half the length of the
5th, which equals the Idth ; 7th slightly the longest.

Tarsus very slightly longer than the middle toe and claw.

Raufje. Woods of Volcan do Fuego, Guatemala.

1 . Oreophasis derbianus.

Oreophasis derbianus. Gray, Gm. B. iii. p. 485, pi. cxxi. (1844) ;

Sdat. i<f Sah'in. Ibis, 1859, p. 224 [Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala] ;

Sahm, Ibis, 18(;0, pp. 43, 248 ; Reichenb. Tauben, p. 155, pi. 270,

fig. 1508 (lMi2): Grai/, List Gallinee Brit. Mus. p. 14 (1807);

id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 253 (1870); Sdat. ^- Salvin. P. Z. S. 1870,

p. 541.
Penelope fronticomis. Van der Hoev. Handb. der Zool. ii. p. 435

(1852-56).

Adult male and female. General colour black, glossed with dark
green ; the basal part of the culmen as far as the nostril, and the
fore part and sides of the head, covered with velvety black plumage ;
a nearly bare patch on the basal part of the throat ; fore part of
the neck, chest and brea.st white, each feather with a dark shaft-
stripe ; sides buff, or buff mixed with brown, and with wide dark
centres ; rest of the underparts brownish black, more or less
glossed on the thighs and under tail-coverts with dark green, and
edged with buff about the vent ; a wide white band across the
middle of the tail ; from the crown of the head between the eyes
rises a straight, rather slender, cylindrical casque thinly covered
with hair-like feathers. The casque, legs, and feet are deep ver-
milion ; bill pale straw-colour ; iris white.

M<ilt'. Total length 3(3 inches, wing 15'5, tail 15-2, tarsus 3'G,
middle toe and claw 3*4.

Female. Total length 32 inches, wing 14-8, tail 13"G, tarsus 3"3,
middle toe and claw 3'2.

Ilab. Same as that of the genus.

490 CKACIDJE,

a-c. Ad. sk. et st. Guatemala. Gould Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Volcau de Fuego, Guatemala. Purchased.

e-n. (S $ ad. et Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, SaMn-Godman Coll.

imni. sk. Jan., Aug., & Dec. (0. .S'.).

o, /J. Skeletons. Volcan de Fuego, Aug.(0.6'.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
q. Imperfect skeleton of mounted specimen (c).

6. PENELOPE*. „

Type.

Penelope, Merrem, Beytr. Vogel, pt. 2, p. 42 (1786) ;

id. Av. Icones et Bescr. ii. p. 39 (1786) P. marail.

Salpiza, Wagler, Isk, 1832, p. 1226 P. pileata.

Stegnolfema, Sclat. ^- Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. .521 P. montagnii.

Salpizusa, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 301 (1887) . P. argyi-otis.

Feathers of the crest fairly elongate, never curled forward.

Nostrils situated rather far forward, and never partially covered
with feathers.

A large naked space round the eye.

Chin and throat naked t, with a median wattle.

Tail composed of 12 tail-feathers.

Tarsus longer than or about equal to the middle toe and claw.
The feathering at the joint sometimes extends some distance down
the tarsus.

Range. Central and South America.

Key to the Species.

I. First eight primaries not white in the middle.
A. Tail without a distinct terminal band.

a. Scapulars and secondaries conspicuously

margined with rufous on the sides KKperciliaris, p. 491 .

b. Scapulars and secondaries not margined

with rufous.
a'. No weU-marked black superciliary stripe
contrasting with the sides of the crown.
a". Feathers of the cheeks grey, or widely
margined with grey.
«'''. Lower back chestnut.

a*. Feathers of the chest and breast
margined all round with whitish

grev montaymi, p. 492.

b'^. ]?eathers of the chest and breast
margined on the sides only with
white sclateri, p. 493.

* Hybrid between Penelope sp. and Galliis domesticus.
Ad. St. Zool. See. Coll.

t In one species, P. ■montagnii, the ebin ar.d upper part of the throat are
usually, but not always, covered with feath2rs. On this character Sclater and
Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 521, founded the genus Stegnolama, but as the chin
and throat are sometimes nearly naked, and in the nearly allied P. sclateri and
P. argi/rotis (which they leave in Penelope) these parts are sometimes partially
feathered, I do not consider it necessary to retain Stegnolama.

6. PENELOPE. . 491

V" . Lower back dark bluish or bronze

<rreen.

c*. Upper parts glossed with dark

olive-<;ieen ; belly finely mottled

with rufous and black ; primaries

dark, like the secondaries jacupeba, p. 494.

d^. Upper parts glossed with drep
bluish green ; belly uniform darlc
brown ; terminal part of the
outer jirimaries pale brown .... maraU, p. 495.
c" . Lower back brownish bronze .... ortoni, p. 496.
b". Feathers of the cheeks dark brown,
never nii.xed with grey.
d'". Belly brown.

c'. Upper parts brownish olive ;
feathers of the top of the head
uniform. Size larger, wing

15 inches purpurascens, ■pAOij.

y. Upper parts greenish olive;
feathers of the top of the head
margined with grey. Smaller,

wing 11-5 inches obsctira, p. 497.

e" . Belly chestnut.

</'. Crest uniform ; white niarldngs
on mantle almost, if not quite,
absent. Size larger, wing

145 inches cristata, p. 498.

A'. Feathei-s of the crest and mantle

margined with whitish grey.

Size smaller, wing 12 inches . . boliviana, p. 499.

b' . A well-marked black superciliary stripe

contrasting strongly with the pale sides

of the crown.

c". Back of the neck dark chestnut, top

of the head white with the tips of

the longer feathers chestnut ; under-

parts dark chestnut pileata, p. 500.

(/". Back of the neck brown or olive,
scarcely differing in colour from the
mantle ; feathers of the crown dark
with pale margins.

/'". Undeiiiarts light chestnut ochrogasier, p. 501.

(j". Undeii>arts dark brown jacucaca, p. 501.

B. Tail with a distinct terminal band arijyrotk, p. 501.

II. First eight primaries white, with dusky bases

and tips albipennis, p. 502.

1. Penelope super ciliaris.

Penelope superciliaris, Illigcr, Temm. Pit/, ef Ga/l. iii. pp. 72, 693
(1SI5) [Brazil) : Sfep/i. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 18U (1819);
H'ar/l. IMS, 18:30, p. 1110; Ma.i: Bei'tr. ^'at. Bras. iv. p. 539
(18;i2) ; L'linnt'i.itn; Si/st. Uebers. iii. p. 337 (1850) [8.K. Brazil];
Grui/., List Gallinfc Brit. Mm. p. 7 (1807); id. Jlniid-l. B. ii.
p. 251 (1870); Reinhardt, Vid. Medd. Kjiibenh. 1870, p. 53;
Sclat. <S- Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 528 Bahia] ; v. PeJz. Oni. Bras.
p. 282 ( 1870) [Kio & Sao PaiUo] ; Forties, Ibis, 1881, p. 357 [N.E.
of Quipapa] ; Berlepsch ^- Iherim/, Zeit. Ges. Orn. 1885, p. 178

492 CEACIDiE.

[Tacquary, Rio Grande do Sul] ; Meyer, Vogel-Skel. pt. xiv.

pi. cxxxviii. (1890) : Allen, Bull. Am. 3h(s. N. H. v. p. 149 (1893)

[Matto Grosso].
Penelope jacupemba, Spi.v,Av. Bras. ii. p. 5o,'pl. Ixxii. (1825) [Eio].
Salpiza superciliaris, JVac/l. Isis, 1832, p. 1226 ; Gray, List of B.

pt. iii. Gall. p. 20 (1844).

Adult male and female. Easily distinguished from all other
species of Penelope by having the feathers of the wing-coverts and
scapulars clearly bordered with light rufous ; otherwise the plumage
closely resembles that of P. montagnii, but the feathers of the top
of the head are uniform dark brown, while there is a clearly defined
whitish superciliary stripe.

Male. Total length 24 inches, wing 9"6, tail 10-8, tarsus 2*8,
middle toe and claw 2'G.

Female. Total length 24 inches, wing 9-8, tail 11-3, tarsus 2-8,
middle toe and claw 2*6.

Hah. Brazil : Para, Bahia, Eio, Silo Paulo, E,io Grande do Sul, Pdo
Parana, and Matto Grosso.

a.

Ad. sk.

Para.

R. Graham, Esq. [P.].

b.

Ad. sk.

Capim R., Vicinity of Para, June
(^. R. Wallace).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

c.

Ad. St.

Brazil.

Lord Stuart de Rothe-

say [P.].

d.

Ad. sk.

Brazil.

M. Claussen [P.].

e.

Ad. St.

Bahia, Brazil.

Sudbury Museum

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

f

Ad. sk.

Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer).

ih

Ad. sk.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

h.

S ad. sk.

Ypanema, Sao Paulo, Brazil,
March {Natferer).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

i.

Ad. sk.

Rio Parana, Brazil {Bayers).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

k-

-m. S $ ad.

Chapada, Matto Grosso, June,

Salviu-Godman Coll.

sk.

Oct., Dec. (H. H. Smith).

n.

Ad. sk.

{Zool. Gardens), Oct.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

0.

Ad. sk.

No locality.

Purchased.

P-

Ad. sk.

No locality.

Riocour Coll.

1,

r. Skeletons.

2. Penelope montagnii.

Ortahda montagnii, Bonap. C. B. xlii. p. 875 (1856) [U. S. Colombia] ;

Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 19 [Bogota], 1858, pp. 76, 556 [Matos

Riobamba], 1860, pp. 63, 72 [Pallatanga] ; Reichenh. Taiihen, p. 147

(1862).
Penelope montagnii. Gray, List of Gallinte Brit. Mus. p. 8 (1867) ;

id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 251 (1870); Berlepsch ^ Tacz. P. Z. S.

1884, p. 312 [VV. Ecuador, 9000 ft.].
Stegnolaema montagnii, Sctut. ^- Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 521, 1875,

p. 235 [Merida, Venezuela].

Adult male and female. Head, back, sides of the neck, chin
and throat dark brown, each feather margined with pale grey ;
mantle, wings, and tail olive-brown, sometimes inclining to rufous,
and with a greenish gloss ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
dark chestnut ; a naked patch on the fore part of the neck ; chest

6. PENELOPE. 493

and breast olive-brown, each feather margined all round with
greyish white ; belly and rest of underparts rufous brown. Total
length 22 inches, wing 9'5, tail 10, tarsus 2-4, middle toe and
claw 2'3.

This species has the chin and throat, as a rule, more or less
covered with feathers, and thus differs somewhat from the other
members of the genus. It resembles P. arfji/rotis and P. sclateri iu
having the feathering on the legs extending some distance below
the joint.

Homo specimens in which the wattle on the fore part of the
neck is devclo])ed have the throat mostly naked or only thinly clad
with hlack feathers with elongate hair-like shafts. In specimens
exhibiting the above characters, the bellj' and flanks are more or
less distinctly barred with dusky : whether these differences denote
age, sex, or season, I am at present unable to say, but I am inclined
to believe that they may bo characteristic of younger examples.

Ifab. Venezuela, U.S. of Colombia, Ecuador.

a, b. (J ad. sk. Sierra Nevada, Merida, Vene- Sah-in-Godmau Coll.

zuela { Goering).

c, d. Ad. sk. Int. of U.S. of Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Vicinity of Bogota, U.S.C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Ad. St. E3uadar. Purchased of M. Ver-

reaux.

g, h. Ad. sk. San Jos6, Ecuador {Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

1. .\d. sk. Pasto, Ecuador {Lehmann). Salvin-Godman CoU.

k, I. Ad. sk. No locality. Purchased.

m. Skeleton. U.S. Colombia. Eyton Coll.

3. Penelope sclateri.

Penelope sclateri. Gray, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 270 ; Reichenh. Tauben,
p. 151 {1862) ; Gmy, List Gallinee Brit. Mus. p. 7 (18ti7) [Bolivia];
id. JIaml-l. L'.ii. p. 250 (1870) ; Sclat. ^- Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 527 ; Sclat. P. Z. 6'. 1873, p. 7sO [Iluasampilla] ; Sclat. 4"
Salvin, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 679 [Peru] ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. oo8
[Central Peru] ; Sclat. ^- Salvin, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 040 [Bolivia] ;
Tacz. P. Z. S. 18^2, p. 48 [N.E. Peru].

Adult. EasUy recognized from P. montar/nii by having the super-
ciliary stripe and the feathers on the sides of the face whiter and
more marked ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts less
rufous and browner; the pale edgings on the chest and breast
narrower and confined to the sides of the feathers only ; tlie chin
and throat almost naked, as in the other species of Pendopc, though
in some specimens the chin and upper part of the throat are
partially feathered. Total length 22 inches, wing 9-5 to 102, tail
9'4, tarsus 2-4, middle toe and claw 2"3.

A IVruvian bird from Iluasanijiilla differs from typical specimens
of P. sclateri from Bolivia in liaving the general colour of the upper
parts browner, and llio lower back. rump, and upper tail-coverts
as well as the belly and underparts darker chestnut. One specimen,
however, from Bolivia, very nearly approaches the Peruvian bird in

494 CRACID^.

these respects. As there are no sexed specimens one cannot tell in
what respects, if at all, the sexes differ, but the probabilitj' is that
the smaller birds with the wing about 9'5 are females.
Hah. Peru and Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk. Huasampilla, Peru, March {H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Whitely).

b-d. Ad. St. et Bolivia. T.C.Bridges,Esq.[C.].

sk. (Types of the species.)

e. Ad. sk. Bolivia {Bridges). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/, g. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yungas, Bolivia Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Buckley).

4. Penelope jacupeba.

Penelope jacupeba, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 54, pi. 71 (1823) [Pai-a].
Salpiza jacucaca, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 19 (1844)

[spec. a].
Salpiza cristata. Cab. in Sclimnb. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 74-5 (1848).
Penelope greeyi. Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 206, pi. xxii. [Sta. Martha,

U.S. Colombia]; id. List of Gallinre Brit. Mus. p. 7 (1867) ; id.

Hund-l. B. ii. p. 250 (1870) ; Sclat. ^ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 523 ;

Salvin, Ibi'<, 1886, p. 174 [British Guiana] ; W. L. Sclat. Ibis,

1887, p. 317.
Penelope cristata, v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 280 (1870) [Eio Negro].

Adult male and female. General colour of the upper parts and
chest dark glossy olive-green ; the feathers of the fore part of the
head edged with greyish white, those bordering the sides of the head
and covering the cheeks similarly marked, the former making a rather
well-marked superciliary stripe ; feathers of the back of the neck,
mantle, and a few of the wing-coverts indistinctly bordered with
whitish grey, those of the fore part of the neck and chest margined
on the sides with white ; breast and rest of underparts rufous brown,
finely mottled with dusky, and slightly glossed with green on the
under tail-coverts.

This species is very closely allied to P. ohscvra, from which,
however, it may always be distinguished by the grey-edged cheek-
feathers and the more marked grey superciliary stripes, which are
continued down the sides of the naked throat : it is readily distin-
guished from P. marail by the much lighter and greener colour
of the upper parts as well as by the rufous-brown belly.

Male. Total length 29 inches, wing 11-5, tail 12-1, tarsus 2-8,
middle toe and claw 2-3.

Female. Total length 26 inches, wing 10, tail 9-6, tarsus 2-3,
middle toe and claw 2-3.

Hah. Para, British Guiana, Rio Negro, U.S. Colombia.

a. cJ ad. sk. Santa Martha, U.S. of Colombia. Zool. See. Coll.

(Type of P. greeyi, Gray.)

b. Ad. st. Brit. Guiana. Eoyal Geographical

Soc. [P.].

c. (S ad. sk. Brit. Guiana. Salvin-Godman Coll.

6. PENELOPE. 495

d, e. Ad. sk. Quonga, Brit. Guiana, Sept.- Salvin-Godman Coll.

(JI. Whitdy).
f,<j- c5' 5 ad. sit. Catnaousa, lirit. Guiana, .Vpril, Salvin-Godman Coll.

July (H. W.).
/j. S ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

April {H. W.).
%. 2 ad. sk. Dcmerara, May. Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. Penelope marail.

? Faisan verdatre de Cayenne, 1/ Anient. PL Enl. ii. pi. 39 [no. 338].

Marail, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 390 (1771) [Cayenne].

Marail Turkey, Lafli. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. ii. p. 082 (1783).

? Penelope jacupema. Men: Beyti: Vo(j. pt. ii. p. 42, pi. xi. (1786) ;

id. Av. Icone.i e.t Descr. ii. p. 39 (1786).
Penelope marail *, Gm. S. N.'i. pt. ii. p. 734 (1788); Bonn. Tabl.

Encyd. Meth. i. p. 171, pi. 84. fijr. 4 (1791) ; Temm. Pig. et Grill, iii.

pp. 50, 692 (1815) ; Steph. in S/iaic's Gen. Zoo/, xi. p. 183 (1819);

Wa(jl. Isis, 1830, p. 1110 [Guiana, CaA'enne] ; Grai/, Lut Gallin<e

Brit. Mus. p. 6 (1867) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 250 (1870).
Salpiza marail, M^agi. Isi.'i, 1832, p. 1226.
Salpiza jacucaca, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 19 (1844)

[spec. b~\.
Penelope purpurascens, J. E. Gray {nee Wayl.), Knoivsl. Menag. ii.

pi. .xi. (1846).

Adult male and female. General colour of plumage very dark bluish
green, much darker than that of any other species of the genus ; top
of the head black, with a slight greenish gloss ; some of the feathers
edged on the sides with grey ; the feathers on the forehead, along
the sides of the crown, and on the cheeks dark grey ; those on the
back of the neck and mantle indistinctly margined on the sides
with grey ; outer half of primaries pale brown, contrasting strongly
with the secondaries, and differing in colour from those of any other
species of Penelope ; front of neck and chest margined on the sides
with white ; rest of underparts brown, glossed with dark green on
the thighs and under tail-coverts ; outer tail-feathers 1)lack, glossed
with purple. Total length 32'5 inches, wing 13-5, tail 13"7,
tarsus 3-1, middle toe and claw 3.

Hub. British Guiana and Cayenne.

a, b. 2 ad. sk. Brit. Guiana, March. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Brit. Guiana. Roval Geogiaphical

See. [P.l

d, e. cJ $ ad. sk. Takutu R., Brit. Guiana, March Salvin-Godman Coll.

(//. Wkitely).
f. Skeleton. Guiana. Purchased.

• It is exceedingly doubtful whether Gmelin's name is really applicable to
this species, as it is founded on DWubenton's figure (no. 338), wliicb is repre-
sented as having the belly chestnut. Tins ilgure, were it not for the red skin
surrounding the eye and the fact that the bird is said to have come from
Oayeuue, might pass fairly well for " Meleagris cristata " of Linnseus.

496 CB.ACI-DM.

6. Penelope ortoni.

Penelope ortoni, Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 325 [Pichincha, W. Ecuador] ;
Berlepsch ^- Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 537, 576 [Chinibo, W.
Ecuador].

Brownish bronze, scarcely washed with green ; top of head
darker ; the feathers of the breast narrowly margined on the sides
with white ; these white markings are confined to the pectoral region,
and do not extend to the back of the neck as in P. jacupeha and
P. marail. Total length 32 inches, wing 11, tail 9 "4, tarsus 2-2,
middle toe and claw 2*1.

Hab. Western Ecuador.

7. Penelope purpurascens.

Penelope cristata, Bo7in. (nee Linn.) Tabl. Encyd. Meth. i. p. 171,
pi. 84. fig. 2 (1791).

Penelope purpurascens, Wagl. Isis, 1830, p. 1110; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1859, pp. 369, 391 [S. Mexico] ; Sclat. i|- Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 223
[Central America] ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 61 [Honduras] ; Grai/,
List GallincB Brit. Mus. p. 6 (1867) [Guatemala] ; id. Hand-l. B.
ii. p. 250 (1870) : Sclat. | Sahin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. ry22 [Mazatlan,
Mexico, Tonila, Oaxaca, Jalapa, Vera Paz] ; Sumichrast , La Natu-
raleza, ii. p. 37 (1871) [Vera Cruz] ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. ii. p. 306
(1874); Boucard, P.Z. S. 1883, pp.434, 459 [Yak -Jonat, Yucatan] ;
Meyer, Voyel-Skel. pt. xviii. pi. clxxviii. (1892).

Salpiza purpurascens, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1226.

Adult male and female. General colour above dull brownish olive
glossed with bronze-green, changing to a purplish gloss on the
secondaries and upper tail-coverts ; top of the head dark brown
with a slight purplish gloss ; feathers of the mantle margined
on the sides with white ; lower back and rump brown with a
bronze tinge ; feathers of the neck, chest, breast, and thighs brown,
margined with white on the sides ; belly and rest of underparts
dull brown ; the under tail-coverts with a slight purplish gloss.
Total length 34-o inches, wing 15, tail 14-6, tarsus 3-4, middle toe
and claw 3-2.

Immature specimens have the lower back, rump, belly, tail-
coverts, and the margins of the tail-feathers mottled with rufous
and dusky.

Hah. Mexico, Yucatan, Guatemala, and Honduras.

a-e. 6 ? a-d. et Sierra Madre, above Ciudad Salvin-Godmau Coll.
imm. sk. Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico

( W. B. Richardson).

f. S ad. sk. Santa Anna, River Jalapa, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Vera Cruz, Oct. {Ferrari-
Perez).

g. 5 ad. sk. Hacienda de los AtUxcos, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Mexico, March (F. D. G.).
h. 2 vix ad. sk. Villa Alta, Oaxaca, Mexico, Salvin-Godmau Coll.

March [Trujillo).
i. Ad. sk. Chimalapa,Tehuautepec,March Salvin-Godman Coll.

(W. B. Richardson).

0. PCNFr.on:. 41)7

k,L All. sic. Norllieni Yiic-itan {(r. F' S ilvin-Godinau Coll.

fi'iiHmer).
Ill, II. 5 ad. sk. Yalaliaii, Xnrthern Yucatan, Salvia-Ciodiiiaii Coll.

Dec. (G. F. Gauiner).
o. Ad. .sk. Guatemala. Purcliasod of M. Ver-

reaux.
]i. Ad.sk. Vera Paz, Uuatemila. Salvin-Godman CdII.

q. S id. sk. lletalhuleu. Guatemala, .Ian. Salviii-Godm in Coll.

(W. B. Richardson),
r. Ad. sli. Savana Grande, Guatemala, Salviu-Godman Coll.

Nov. (O. .S'.).
s. 5 ad. sk. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dec. (O. .S'.).
/. (5 ad. sk. Medio Monte, Guatemala, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll

(O. S.).
II. Ad. sk. Central America. Salvin-Godman Coll.

8. Penelope obscura.

El Yaciiliii, Aznra, Apant. iii. p. 72, no. 33o (1802) [Paraguay].

Penelojje obscura, llli(/er, Temm. Pu/. et Gall. iii. pp. (!>!, ti'J.') (1815j ;
Vieill. N. Diet. dHist. Nat. xxxvi. p. 343 (1819); Steph. in
Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 18o (1819) ; Vieill. Tab'. Enci/cl. Meth. i.
p. 361(1823); Wat/l. Isi.s, 1830, p. 1111 ; Reichenh. Tauhen, p. \r>\
(1802) ; Grai), liand-l. B. ii. p. 2ol (1870) ; Sdat. Sf Salrin,
P. Z. S. 1870,' p. OL>.j [Rio Vermejo, Rio Paraguay], 1879, p. 040
[Bolivia] ; Barnnvs, Auk, i. p. 27o (1884) [Lower UruguavJ ;
iSclat. £,- Hudxon, Aff/ent. Oni. ii. p. 140 (1889) [X. Argentine];
Kerr, Ihia, 1892, p. 147 [Lower Pilcomayo].

Penelope bridgesi. Gray, P. Z. S. 18C0, p. 270 [Bolivia] ; Reichenh.
Tauhen, p. Ml (18i;2).

Penelope nigricaiiiUa, Gray, P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 269 [Brazil] ; Reichenb.
Tauben, p. 152 (18()2); Gray, List Gallime Brit. Mils. p. 7
(1867); id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 2oO (1870); v. Pvlz. Oni. Bras.
pp. 281, 341 (1870) [Ytarare, S. Paulo].

Penelope brydgesii, Gray, Lift Gallirue Brit. Mus. p. 7 (1867) ; id.
Iland-l. B. ii. p. 2ol ("1870).

Penelope jacucaca. Gray, Li.tt Gallitue Brit. Mus. p. 8 (1867) ;
Tarz. dm. Pirou, iii. p. 267 (1886).

Penelope jacupeba, Svlnt. .y Salrin (wo Spi.r), P. Z. S. 1870, p. 524.

? Penelope pileata. White, P. Z. S. 15^82, p. 627 [Catamarca, Arg.
Rep.].

A'liilt male and female. Gcucral colour of the upper parts and
chest olive-brown glossed with green, and washed with copper on
the longer scajiulars, rump, upper tail-covcrts, and middle tail-
feathers : feathers of the top of the head dark brown, with wliitish-
grey margins, most strongly marked on the forehead and along the
sides of the crown ; feathers of the neck, mantle, wing-coverts, and
chest margined on the sides with white ; rest of underparts dull
reddish brown, indistinctly mottled with \yAc rufous and dusky. This
species may be distinguished from F. jacupe/ia by its dark brown
cheek-feathers and by tlio superciliary stripes being less distinct and
not continued behind tlue ear-coverts. Total length 29"5 inches,
wing 11-3, tail 11-7, tarsus 3-3, middle toe and claw 3 2.

In younga- e.vanip/es the toj) of the head is nearly uniform dark
voi,. xxir. 2 h

498 CRACID^E.

browD, or the edges of the feathers are indistinctly margined with
brownish; the upper parts .are browner and less glossed with
green ; and the breast and underparts are more distinctly mottled
with pale rufous and dnsky.

Huh. Uruguay, Brazil, Rio, Sao Paulo, Paraguay, N. Argentine,
Bolivia.

a. (5ad.sk. Uruguay, Jan. Alan Peel, Esq. [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased of M. Ver-

reaux.

c. cj vix ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

(Type of P. iiigricapilla, Gray .J

d. Ad sk. Rio, Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad.sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil (A"«^ie;'e/-). Salvin-Godman Coll.

f. Vix ad. sk. Paraguay {Faye). Salvin-Godman Coll.
£r. Ad. sk. Bdivia. T. C. Bridges, Esq. [C.].

(Type of P. hridgesi, Gray.)

0. Penelope cristata.

The Quan or Guan, Echuards, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 13, pi. 13 (1743).

Gallopavo brasiliensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 162 (17G0).

Meleagris cristata, Linn. S. N. i. p. 269 (1766).

Penelope cristata, 6^m. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 733 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.
ii. p. 619 (1790) ; Temm. Pig. et Gall. pp. 46, 691 (1815) ; Steph.
in Shaw's Gen. Zool. x\. p. 178 (1819) ; Wagl. Ms, 1830, p. 1110 ;
Bennett, Gard. Sf Menag. Z. S. ii. p. 131 (1831) ; Jard. Contr. Orn.
1848, p. 27, pi. I structure] ; Burmeister, Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 339
(1856); Sclat. ^ Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 525, 1879, p. 544
[Antioquia] ; Berlepsch i^- Tacz. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 576 [Chimbo,
W. Ecuador] ; Salmi, Ibis, 1886, p. 175 ; W. L. Sclater, Ibis,
1887, p. 317 [Corentyn and Orinoco Rivers]; Richmond, P. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 523 (1893) [Escondido R., Nicaragua].

Salpiza cristata, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1226 ; Ch-ag, List of B. pt. iii.
Gall. p. 19 (1844).

Penelope brasibensis, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 877 (1856).

Penelope jacuaca, Gi-ay, List of Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 6 (1867) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 317 [Costa Rica, Panama].

Penelope purpurascens, Lawr. Aiin. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 12 [U.S.
Colombia]; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 42 [Costa Rica].

Adult male and female. General colour of upper parts olive glossed
with coppery green ; top of the head dark brown slightly glossed
with green ; unlike P. boliviana, the white margins on the feathers
of the mantle are almost if not quite absent ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts dull chestnut with a slight greenish gloss ; the
scapulars, secondaries, and centre tail-feathers with a coppery gloss ;
chest and breast dull olive, each feather margined with white on
the sides ; belly dull chestnut ; thighs olive-brown ; under tail-
coverts the same, fringed with rufous. Iris carmine ; naked skin
of throat dull carmine ; tarsi and feet coral-red.

In yoxmger examples the tail-feathers are washed with rufous and
mottled with dusky on the margins of the webs.

]\[ale. Total length 35 inches, wing 14-5, tail 14*5, tarsus 3-7,
middle toe and claw 3*4.

Female. Total '
middle too and cl

Ilab. Southern
and Ecuador.

a, b. Ad. sk. et st.
c, d. (S ad. sk.
e,f. Ad. sk.
g,h. cJ 2 ad. sk.

i. Ad. sk.

k. (S ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.

m. Ad. sk.

n. Ad. sk.

(). PEXEr.oi'K. 49!)

ength ;M inches, wing 13-r>, tail 13-"), tarsus 3-4,
iw !)"2.
Nicaragua, Costa llica, Panama, U.S. Colombia,

S. America.

S. America, Jan.

S. America.

A'alza, Costa Rica, Feb. (J.

Carmiol).
La Palma, Costa llica, July

{Zcledon).
Panama {McLeannnn).
Lion Hill Station, Panama

[McLeannan).
Vicinity of Bogota, U.S. of

Colombia {Croiother).
Balzar Mts., Ecuador (//-

liiKjworth).

J. Murray, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godiuan Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

10. Penelope boliviana.

? Penelope jacuacu, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 52, pi. 68 (1825) [Soli-

moes].
Penelope boliviana, Bonap. C. R. xlii. p. 877 (1856) ; Reichenb.

Tauben, p. 151, pi. 271. %. 2493 (1802) ; Gray, List Gallince Brit.

Mus. p. 7 (1867) ; id. Ilnnd-l. B. ii. p. 250 (1870) ; r. Pelz. Orn.

Bras. pp. 282, 339 (1870) ; Sclaf. ^- .Sa/vin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 526

[Yurimaguas] ; Biirmeister, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 701 [Bolivia]: Sclat.

^ Sahin, P. Z. S. 1873, ]>. 307 [E. Peru] ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,

p. 558 [Central Peru], 1882, p. 48 [N.E. Peru].
Penelope nd'escens, Natt.fide v. Pelz. Orn. ^ras.'pp. 282,3.39 (1870)

[Kio M adeira, Lake Manaqueri, Upper Amazons, and Rio Huallaga].
Penelope jacuaca, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 250 (1870).

Adult male and female. Most nearly allied to P. cristata, but
distinguished by their smaller size as well as by the following
characters : — The crest and back of the neck are dull olive-gi-een,
each feather more or less distinctly margined with grey ; the
feathers of the mantle are very distinctly margined with white on
the sides ; and the chestnut of the belly extends right up to the
chest.

^[ale. Total longtli 27 inches, wing 12, tail 13, tarsus 3-3,
middle toe and claw 2"9.

Female. Total length 25 inches, wing 10-5, tail 11-2, tarsus 3,
middle toe and claw 2-7.

Hah. Urazil, Kio Solimocis, Lake Manaqueri, Rio Madeira, Upper
Amazons, Itio Huallaga, Peru, and Bolivia.

a. Ad. sk.

[Paru.]

Purchased of M. Ver-
reau.x.

b. (^ ad. .sk. Lake Manaqueri, Rio Solimoiis, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dec. {Xat(i'rvr).

c. $ ad. sk. Yquitos, Upjier .Vmazon.^, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(//. Whitvly).

2 k 2

500 CRACIDJ3.

(1, e. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Biic7>Jei/). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. (5 ad. sk. Yuiimaguas, Peruvian Amazons, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Jan. (E. Bartlett).

^. Ad. St. Bolivia. T. C. Bridges, Esq. [C.].

11. Penelope pileata.

Penelope pileata, Wagl. Isis, 1830, p. 1109 [Para] ; De.i Murs, Icon.
Orn. pi. 23 (1845) ; J. E. Gray, Knowsl. Menag. pi 9 (1846) [in-
correctly coloured]; id. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 7 (1867) ; id.
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 251 (1870) ; v. Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 282, 340 (1870)
[Rio Madeira, Rio Vauta] ; Sclat. ^- Saloin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 527.

Salpiza pileata, Waql. Isis, 1832, p. 1226 ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii.
Gall. p. 19 (1844)'.

Pipile pileata, Beichenh. Tauben, p. 153, pi. 271. fig. 2495 (1862).

Penelope leucothrix, Natterer, fide v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 282, 340
(1870).

Adult male and female. Feathers of the top of the head white
with dark shaft-stripes, the longer ones rufous or chestnut at the
extremity ; hack and sides of the neck and upper part of the mantle
dark chestnut, shading into rich glossy olive-green on the lower
parts, wings, and tail ; most of the feathers of the mantle and wing-
coverts edged on the sides with white ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts washed with dark rufous-brown and glossed with
green ; a narrow black superciliary line borders the white top of the
head and extends backwards along the sides of the neck ; feathers
on the cheeks mostly black ; fore part of the neck, chest, and breast
dark chestnut, most of the feathers edged along both margins with
white ; belly and rest of underparts similar in colour, but without
white margins.

Male. Total length 31 inches, wing 12*8, tail 13'6, tarsus 3-4,
middle toe and claw 3-2.

Female. Total length 30 inches, wing 12-2, tail 13, tarsus 3,
middle toe and claw 2-9.

Hah. Brazil : near Para, Rio Madeira, near Barra do Rio Negro,
and Rio Vauta.

a. Ad. St. S. America. E. Cross, Esq. [P.j.

b. Ad. sk. S. America. Purchased.

c. d. 5 ad. sk. Brazil, May, June. Salvin-Godman Coll.
e,f. Skeletons.

? Ht/brid between Penelope pileata and P. jacucaca.

In the Salvin-Godman collection there is a specimen obtained
from the Zoological Gardens, which is stated on the label to have
come originally from N. Brazil. It differs chiefly from typical
P. jacucaca in having the underparts of a deep chestnut, much
darker than in P. jnleata. There can be little doubt that it is a
hybrid between the two species.

a. S ad. islc. N. Brazil, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll.

oOl

12. Penelope ochrogaster.

Penelope ochrogaster, Natterer, v. Pfh. Om. Brax. pp. :^82, ^'-i?
(1870) [Cuyaba]; Grai/, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 2.'31 (1870); Scl. S,-
Sdlvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 527.

Adult malt', lleadily distinguisliecl from P. pUeata, to which it is
most nearly allied, by having the fjjeiieral colour of both upper and
under parts decidedly paler ; all the feathers on the top of head
reddish brown, margined along the sides with whitish ; the nape
and back of the neck dull olive-lirown, faintly washed with rufous,
and scared}' differing in colour from the lower parts of the
mantle; and the secondaries and middle tail-feathers with a pale
rufous tinge. Total length ;30 inches, wing 13'3, tail i4"2, tarsus
3-5, middle toe and claw 3*1

Hab. Brazil : near Cuyaba, Matto Grasso.

a. (S ud. sk. Engenho do Pari, INlatto Salvin-Godman CoU. (One
Grosso, June {Natterer). of the typical specimens.)

13. Penelope jacucaca.

Penelope jacucaca, Sjjuv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 53, pi. Of) (1825) "Bahia];

Waql. Isis, 1830, p. 1110; Scl at. ^- Sale. P. Z. S. 1870^ p. 523;

Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 251 (1870) ; Sahin, Ibis, 1886, p. 175.
Salpiza jacucaca, Wafil. Isis, 1832, p. 1226 ; Cab. in Schomb. Brit.

Guiayi. iii. p. 745 (18^8).
Penelope superciliaris, J. E. Gray, Knowsl. Menay. ii. pi. viii. (1846).
Penelope superciliosa, Cuv.Jide Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 251 (1870).

Adult male and female. The whole of the plumage brown ; the
feathers of the middle of the head dark brown ; those of the fore-
head margined on tlie sides with white; a wide white band borders
each side of the head ; upper parts slightly washed with dull green ;
most of the wing-coverts, scapulars, and feathers of the chest and
breast edged on the sides with white.

From P. pileata and P. ochrogaster, to which it is most nearly
allied, it is at once distinguished by having the general colour of
the underparts brown ; it also differs from the former and resembles
the latter species in having the back of the neck and upper mantle
much the same colour as the rest of the upper parts. Total length
28 inches, wing ll'S, tail 11*1, tarsus 3-2, middle toe and claw 3*2.

Hah. Bahia, Brazil, and British Guiana.

a. $ ad. sk. S. .Vnierica, March. Salvin-Godman Coll.

b-d. S ad.etad.sk. S.E. Brazil, Jan., Feb., Apr. Salvin-Oodman (^oll.
e. Skeleton. Salvin-Godman Coll.

14. Penelope argyrotis.

Pipile argyrotis, Bouap. C. It. .\lii. p. 875 (1856) [Caracas].
I'enclope montana, Licht. in ^Jits. Berol., Boiiap. C. Ii. xlii. p. 877

(1856); Ixeichenb. Tauben, p. 151 (18()2).
Penelope lichtensteinii, Gray, P. Z. S. I860, p. 269 [Venezuela]; id.

Li.st Galliiuc Brit. Mus. ]>. 7 (1867)

502 cracid.t;.

Penelope argvrotis, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 251 (1870) ; Sclat. Sf SaU.
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 528 [Int. U.S. Colombia, Bogota].

Adult. Diifers from all other species of Penelope in having the
tail-feathers tipped with rufous ; it differs chiefly from P. sclateri,
to which it is otherwise most nearly allied, in having the pale
superciliary stripes, as well as those from the angle of the gape to
the ear-coverts, whiter and more strongly defined ; the edgings of
the feathers on the chest and breast, as well as those on the mantle
and wing-coverts, pure white. Total length 24 inches, wing 10 to
10-9, tail 10-5, tardus 2-3, middle toe and claw 2-3.

Two examples from San Lucas, in Ecuador, differ somewhat from
the typical Venezuelan example in having the chin and upper part
of the throat feathered, the feathers of the belly and underparts
rather distinctly mottled with blackish, while the feathers of the
mantle and wing-coverts are almost devoid of white margins ; these
birds are probably younger specimens.

Hab. Venezuela, U.S. of Colombia, and Ecuador.

a. Ad. sk. Venezuela. Tuvchased of M. Verreaux.

(Type of P. lichtenstemii, Gray.)

b. Ad. sk. Int. of U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll.

( Triibner).

c. d. Vix ad. sk. San Lucas, Ecuador Salvin-Godman Coll.

(C Buckley.)

15. Penelope albipennis.

Penelope albipennis, Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 746 [N.W. Peru].

Adult male. Appears to be nearly allied to P. jacupeba and
P. ortoni, but is distinguished from these and all other .species of
Penelope by having the first eight primaries white with the base
and tfp dusky, and the ninth whitish towards the middle. Wing
13 inches, tail 13, tarsus 3-4, middle toe and claw 3-7.

A single specimen of this species was procured by M. J. Stolz-
mann near Tumbez, and he states that all the other specimens
observed on the wing in this locality had similar white primaries. It
would thus appear that this bird is not merely a semi-albino form of
P. ortoni or some other allied species, as one might naturally be
inclined to believe.

Hab. Vicinity of Tumbez, Western Peru.

7. PENELOPINA.

lype.

Peuelopiua, Reichenh. Tauben, p. 152 (1862) P. nigra.

Sexes different.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, rather long and rounded ; the outer
pair being about two thirds of the length of the middle pair.

1st primary much the shortest ; 8th about equal in length to the
10th ; SJih slightly the longest.

[In the immature male the wing is quite a different shape ; the

7. PENCLOI'INA. 503

Isfc primiiry is shorter than the 2ik1, which is about equal to the
10th, and the 6th is sliglitl)- the longest.] ,

No crest.

Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw.

lianije. Highlands of Guatemala.

1. Penelopina nigra.

Penelope niger, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 246, pi. xxix,

Teiielope nigra, Sclat. ^ Saloin, If/is, 1859, p. 224 ; &ilvm, P. Z. -V.

18(37, p. 160[Volcaude Agua]; Gray, ILand-l. B. ii. p. 251 (1870).
Penelopina nigra, Iteichenh. Tauben, p. 152 (1862) ; ScUtt. i^- Saliin,

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 528 [Guatemala].

Adult male. Whole of the plumage black glossed with dark green or
bluish green ; the underparts, especially the belly, browner and less
strongly glossed. Iris reddish brown ; naked space round the eye
purple ; naked skin of the chin, throat, fore part of neck, and large
wattle red ; bill, legs, and feet red. Total length 25 inches, wing
y'3, tail 11, tarsus 2-S-3, middle toe and claw 2-G-2-S.

Immature mahs have the plumage of the upper parts black, irre-
gularly barred with wavy rufous lines, most strongly marked on the
upper tail-coverts, and on these parts traces of rufous lines still
remain when the rest of the plumage has become black. The under-
parts arc brown, with wavy buti' and rufous-buff bars.

Adult female. Top of the head black, each feather edged with
brown ; those of the back and sides of the neck brown with dark
middles ; rest of the upper parts somewhat irregularly barred with
rufous and black, the latter colour slightly glossed with green on
the wing-coverts and tail ; the markings are finest on the lower
back and coarsest on the upper and under tail-coverts and middle
pairs of tail-feathers. Primaries irregularly mottled with buff on
the margins of the outer webs. Chest sandy brown, indistinctly
mottled with black ; breast and sides with irregular concentric bars
of rufous buff and dark brown ; belly brownish grey, indistinctly
mottled with dusky. Soft parts as in the male. Total length 24
inches, wing 9-3, tail 11, tarsus 2-S, middle toe and claw 2-6.

flab. Same as that of the genus.

«. c? ad. St. Guatemala. Gould Coll.

b-e. cf ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala (O. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salrin).

f. cJimm.sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. (0.6'.). Salvui-Godman Coll.

ij. S imm. sk. El Kincon, San Marcos, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll

( W . B. Richardson).

h. 2 ad. sk. Volcande Agua, Dec. (0.6'.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i-l. cJ ad.etimm.sk. VolcandeFuego, 11ec.(0. &). Salvin-Godman CoU.

m,n. S vixad. et $ Volcandolniego,Dec.(0.6'.). Tweeddalo Coll.

ad. sk.

o-q. $ ad. St. ct c^ "\olcan de Fuego (0. .S'.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

imm. sk.

504 CRACIDJE.

S. ORTALIS*.

Type.

Ortalis, Merrein, Av. Icones et Descr. ii. p. 40 (1786) ;
Gloger, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 373 (1842) ; Wharton,
Ibis, 1879, p. 450 O. motmot.

Ganix, Rqfinesque, Analyse, p. 69 (1815).

Ortalida, auct.

Ortaldia, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. p. 230 (1822) O. motmot.

Penelops, Reiclienh. (nee Kaup, 1829) Syst. Av. p. xxvi

(1853) 0. albiventris.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, long and rounded, the outer
feathers being shorter tlian the middle pair.

1st primary is much shorter than the 10th, and the 6th is slightly
the longest.

A large naked space surrounds the eye ; chin and throat naked, with
a band of thin feathers with bristle-like shafts down the middle.

Tarsus about equal in length to the middle toe and claw.

Range. Central and South America.

Key to the Species.
A. Outer primaries brown or hronze-brown.

a. Extremities of the outer tail-feathers chestnut.
«'. Chest uniform.

a". Outer tail-feathers chestnut almost to
the base.
a'". Top of the head chestnut. Size larger,

wing 8-3 motmot, p. 505.

b'" . Top of the head brown. Size smaller,

wing 6"8 araucuan, p. 506.

b". Outer tail-feathers with the basal half or
more dark, and the remainder chestnut.
c". Top of the head rufous chestnut .... }-iiJiceps, p. 506.
d'". Top of the head grey or brownish
grey.

a*. Belly chestnut tvagleri, p. 507.

b\ Belly whitish buff.

rt". The five outer pairs of tail-feathers

tipped with chestnut rvficauda, p. 507.

6'. The two outer pairs of tail-feathers

tipped with chestnut canicollis, p. 508.

b' . Feathers of the chest margined or spotted
with whitish at the extremity t-
c". Third pair of tail-feathers never widely
tipped with chestnut on both webs,
no strongly marked superciliary stripe ex-
tending backwards down the sides of the
head.
e". Top of the head rufous-brown or dark
chestnut.

* Doubtful species : —

? Ortalida ?leucopha;a, Licht., Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870).

i' In 0. supcrciliaris the spots on the feathers of the chest are rather faint
and indistinct.

I

8. OKTALIS. 505

c'. lu'iitlicrs (jf the sides of the face anil
ii])]iei' part (if tlie neck jKiiiited and
eil;.'('d with wliite ; belly white . . . dldiir/i/ria, p. 5L8.
rf'. Feathers of the sides df the faee and
upper part of the neck rounded and
uniform olive-brown; belly brown-
ish white sqnamatfi, p. ^Oll.

/'". Top of the head dark g:rey.

e\ Front of the head whitish ; maro;ins
of the chest-feathers narrower. Size

larf^e, wing 8'8 caracco, p. 'jO'tt.

/'*. Forehead only grey ; margins of the
chest-feathers wider. Size smaller,

wing 7'7 /guttata, p. /jIO.

d". Third pair of tail-feathers widely tipped
with chestnut on both webs; super-
ciliary stripe strongly marked and con-
tinued backward down the sides of the
neck. (Spotting on chest rather faint

and indistinct.) superciliaris, p. 511.

/;. Extremities of the outer tail-featiiers white or
buff,
c'. Under tail-coverts not white.

e" . Si?,e much larger; wing 9"6, tail lO'S . . jwliocephala, p. '51 1.
f". Size much smaller ; wing 8, tail 9'G .... vetu/a, p. ■'A'J.

d'. Under tail-coverts white teucoyastra, p. 514.

B. Outer primaries chestuut.

c. Outer tail-feathers tipped with wliite or buff.

e . Top (if the head chestnut f/arnila, p. 515.

f. Top of the head grey ciiierciceps, p. 515.

d. Outer tail-feathers tipped with chestuut enjthr'jptera,y}. 51G.

1. Ortalis motmot.

Phasianus guianensis. Bris,i. Or?!, i. p. 270, pi. xxvi. fig. 2 (1760).
Phasianus motniut, Li/ui. S. X. i. p. 271 (176(3) [Guiana ; Brazil] ;

(;i)i. S. A. i. pt. ii. p. 740 (1788).
Faisan de la Guiane, UAuhenf. I'L E71I. ii. pi. 32 [no. 146].
Phasianus katraca, Bodd. T(dd. PI. Enl.-^. 0(178-3).
l'lia.--ianus parraka, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 740 (178S).
Phiu-ianus parraqua, Lath. 2nd. Oni. ii. p. U32 (1790).
Penelope parrakoua, Temm. Pi;/, et Gcdl. iii. pp. 85, 695 (1815).
Ortalida parrakoua, Sfrp/i. in tS/ioic's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 189 (1819).
Penelope motmot, Wayl. lsi.% 1830, p. 1111.
Ortalida motmot, Wat/I. 7i<(s, 1832, p. 1227; Cah. in Schomb. Brit.

Guiana, iii. p. 744 (1848); Grai/, List Gnllince Brit. Miui. p. 10

( 1807) ; id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870); f<claf. V Sah-in, P. Z. S.

1870, ].. 532; r. Peh. Or>i. Bra.^. p. 285 (1871) [Rio Negro; Kio

]3ranco" ; id. Jhi.i, 1873, p. 119 [Cayenne]; Broun, Brit. Guiana,

p. 371 (1877) [Wahmaiia Mts.].
Ortalis parraqua, 6'%m-, Hand- u. Hilfsh. p. 373 (1842).
(htalida katraca, Gray, Li.<t of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 20 (1844).
Penelopt> parrakua. Bia-miisfer, Sii.if. J'ehern. iii. p. '.'A\ (1856).
Ortalis motmot, Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 175 [Bartica Grove and

Koraima, British Guiana] ; W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 317.

Adult )iialc. Top of the head and nape dark chestnut; feathered

50() CRACID^.

parts of the sides of head and fore part of neck similar but paler ;
rest of upper parts olive-brown, with a rufous tinge in freshly
moulted specimens ; quills and central pairs of tail-feathers browu
with a distinct greenish gloss ; outer tail-feathers maroon ; chest
and breast brownish or olivaceous grey ; belly somewhat paler ;
thighs and under tail-coverts darker, sometimes washed with rufous.
Bill slate-colour ; iris brown ; legs and toes purplish pink. Total
length 23 inches, wing 8'3, tail 10*3, tarsus 2-7, middle toe and
claw 2-4.

Hah. Caj'enne, British Guiana, Rio Negro, and Bio Branco.

a. Ad. sk. S. America. Baron Laugier [C.].

b. Ad. sk. Demerara, British Guiana. Salvin-Godman Coll,

c. S ad. sk. Iloraima, British Guiana, April (//. Salviu-Godman Coll.

Whitely).
(I. (^ ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Jan. Salvin-Godiuan Coll.

(H. Whitely).
e. c? ad. sk. Rio Negro, Dec. (Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/, (J. Skeletons. Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Crtalis araucuan.

Penelope araucuan, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 56 (1825) LProvince of

Maranhao] ; Wcif/l. Isis, 1830, p. 1112.
Penelope aracuan, Spi.r, Av. Bras. ii. pi. 74 (1825).
Ortalida araucuan, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1227 ; Gray, List Gallince

Brit. Mus. p. 11 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870) ; Sclat.

^ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 533; Reinhardt, Vid. Medd. Kjohenh.

1870, p. 4.
Ortalida superciliaris, Pelz. (nee Gray) Orn. Bras. p. 285 (1871)

[Para].

Adult male. Very similar to but much smaller than 0. moimoi,
from which it also differs in having the top of the head, nape,
and feathered parts of the sides of the head dark browu. Total
length 17 inches, wing 6'8, tail 8"2, tarsus I'd, middle toe and
claw 1-8.

Mab. Brazil : Province of Maranhao and vicinity of Para.

a. (5 ad. sk. Para, Lower Amazons, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Nattere)').

b. Ad. sk. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.].

3. Ortalis ruficeps.

Penelope ruficeps, JVar/l. Isis, 1830, p. 1111 [Brazil].
Ortalida ruficeps, Wagl. Lis, 1832, p. 1227 ; Sclat. .5- Sah'in, P. Z. S.
1870, p. 533 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870).

This species appears to be closely allied to 0. motmoi, but differs
in having the outer tail-feathers blackish, glossed with green and
tipped with chestnut, in which respect it resembles 0. wagleri.
Total length 16-25 inches, tail 7'8.

Hah. Brazil.

8. OKTALIS.

5U(

4. Or talis wagleri.

Ortalida wagleri, Gray, List Gallmce Brit. M%ii. p. 12 (1867)
[Alexico]; id. Ilmul-l. B. ii. p. 2."2 (1870); HcJat. ii Snlvin,
P. Z. S. 1870, p. /534 [Mazntlan, W. .M.xico" ; Later. Mem. Lost.
Soc. ii. p. 306 (1874).

Adult male and female. Top of tlio head Lro-iviiish black, shading
into dark grey on the nape ; superciliary stripe, feathered parts of the
sides of the head, and middle of the throat paler grey ; upper parts
and rest of neck and chest greyish olive ; quills dusky, glossed with
bronze-green ; breast and rest of uuderparts chestnut ; two middle
pairs of tail-feathers glossed with dark bluish green and the four
outer pairs widely tipped with dark chestnut. Iris dark brown ;
bare space round eye red and blue ; bare sides of throat red ; feet
grey. Total length 25-o inches, wing O'S, tail 10-5, tarsus 3,
middle toe and claw 3.

llah. Western Mexico, .Sinaloa, and Territory of Tepic.

Purchased.
(Types of the species.)
Salviu-Godman Coll.

Sahin-Godman Coll.

iSalvin-Godman Coll.

5. Ortalis ruficauda.

Ortalida ruficauda, Jard. Ann. Mag. N. H. xx. p. 374 (1847)
[Tobago] ; id. Vontr. Orn. 1848, p. 16, pi. •" structure] ; Gray,
IIa)id4. B. ii. p. 252 (1870) : Sdat. Sf Salviyi, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 334 ;
ficlat. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 790 [Tobago].

Ortalida bronzina, Grai/. List GulJimT! Brit. Miis. p. 11 (1867)
[\'enezuela] ; id^ Iland-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870). "

Ortalis ruficauda, Berlepsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 440 [Eio Apure and Kio
Orinoco, Venezuela].

Adult male and female. Differ from 0. icar/leri in having the top
of the head and nape uniform dark grey ; chest brownish grey,
shading gradually into jjale brownish buff on the breast and belly ;
thighs pale rufous buff; under tail-coverts chestnut.

Male. Total length 24 inches, wing 86, tail 10, tarsus 2-5,
middle toe aiul claw 2-4.

]'\'mali'. Total length 22 inches, wing 8'2, tail 8"9, tarsus 2"5,
middle toe and claw 2-4.

Jlab. Tobago and Venezuela.

a,b.

Ad. sk.

W. Mexico.

c,d.

sk

c-h.

sk

6 2 ad.
'S ? ad.

Presidio de Mazatlan, Sinaloa,
Mexico, March (A. Forrcr).

San Bias, Territorv of Tepic,
Jalisco, May ( W^B. Pichard-

.-. ?

ad. sk.

S(m).
Santiago, Terr, of Tepic, Mav
( W. B. P.).

a. cJ ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. d. Ad. i^\i.
e. 2 ad. sk.
/, y. Ad. sk.

/(, ('. Skeletons.

Venezuela (Spence).
V'enezuela.
1. of TobaiTO.
I. of Tobago (Kirk).
Uecquia, Grenadine Is.,
Voh.,MA\{lJ.ir.f>mit/i).
1. of Tobago.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased of ^LVem^aux.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

508

6. Ortalis canicoUis.

El Yacu-caragiiata, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 77, no. 336 (1802).
Penelope canicollis, Wagl. Isis, 1830, p. 1112 [Paraguay]; Bur-

meister, Reise La Plata, ii. p. 499 (1861).
Ortalida canicollis, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1227; Hartl. Syst. hid.

Azara, p. 22 (1817) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870) ; v. Pet.

Orn. Bras. p. 286 (1870) [Villa Maria, Upper Paraguay] ; Sclat.

8f Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 531 [Rio Parana & Rio VermejoJ ;

Burmeister, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 701 [Tucuuian].
Penelope caraguata, Nutterer MS., fide v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 286

(1870).
Ortalis canicollis, Salvin, Ibis, 1880, p. 363 [Tucumau and Salta,

Arg. Rep.] ; Berlej)Sfh, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 125 ; Sclat. S,- Hudson,

Arc/. Orn. ii. p. 147 (1889) [Paraguay & N. Argentine] ; Kerr,

Ibis, 1892, p. 148 [Lower Pilcomayo].
Ortalida guttata, White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 627 [Salta].
Ortalis guttata, Berlepsch, J.f. 0. 1887, p. 133.

Adult. Very similar to 0. rujtccmda, but the chest and upper
breast are darker and of a more olive-grey colour, and the chestnut
tips of the outer tail-feathers are much wider and only developed on
the two outer pairs, whereas in 0. rujicauda all the tail-feathers
except the middle ones are tipped with chestnut. Total length
20 inches, wing 8'8, tail 9"9, tarsus 2-35, middle toe and claw
2-35.

Hah. Paraguay, liio Parana, E.io Vermejo, Lower Pilcomayo,
Salta and Tucuman, Argentine Rep., Villa Maria, Upper Paraguay.

a. 5 ad. sk. Tucuman, Argentine Republic, II. Durnford, Esq.

June. [C].

b. ^ ad.sk. Salta, Argentine Republic, June. H. Durnford, Esq.

[C.]-

Ortalis albiventris.

Penelope albiventris, Wagl. Isis, 1830, p. 1111.

Ortalida albiventris, War/l. Isis, 1832, p. 1227 ; Grat/, List Gallinm

Brit. Mus. p. 12 (1867); id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870);

Sclat. ^ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 535.
Penelope aThcunn, Max. (nee SpivjBeitr. Nat. Bras. iv. Abth. ii. p. 549

(1833) [Babia, Minas Geraes] ; Bur^neister, Sj/st. Uebers. iii.

p. 340 (1856).
Ortalida araucuan, Gray, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 20 (1844).
Penelops albiventris, Reichenb. Syst Av. p. xxvi (1853).
Ortalida aracuan, v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 285 (1870) [Babia].
Ortalis albiventris, Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 357 [Macuca, Pernauibuco,

N.E. Brazil].

Adult. Top of the head and nape brownish chestnut, most of
the feathers, especially those on the forehead, superciliary stripes,
and sides of the face rufous or rufous-buff; back of the neck,
mantle, wings, and upper tail-coverts olive-brown, with a slight
bronze or purplish gloss in freshly moulted specimens ; lower back
and rump mostly chestnut, rather browner down the middle ; a line

8. ORTALIS. 509

of black bristlo-liko fe.'ttlu'r.s down the middle of tlie chin and
throat ; nock, chest, and upper breast brown tinged .with olive, each
feather with a rather wide wliitish margin ; lower breast and belly
■white ; thighs and under tail-coverts dull rufons grey, some of the
latter tipped with rufous ; the three middle pairs of tail-feathers
glossed with dark olive-gieen, the outer pairs w ith the basal parts
similar, and the terminal half dark chestnut. In some specimens
the tliird pair are also tipped with chestnut. Total length 19 inches,
wing 7, tail S"5, tarsus 2*2, middle toe and claw 2'2.

In what appear to be less mature hirds the crown of the head is
olive-brown or only slightly tinged with rufous, and the lower
breast and belly are less pure white.

[fah. S.E. 13razil : Provs. of Pernambuco, Bahia, and Minas
Geraes.

a, b. Ad. St. et sk. Brazil. Gould Coll.

c, d. Ad. sk. Brazil, June. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Brazil. Barou Laugier [C.J.

f. (S vi.vad.sk. Para. Purcbasedof M. Verreau.x.

y-l. Ad. et vi.v ad. Bahia, Brazil ( Wu- Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. c/wrer).

8. Ortalis squamata.

Ortalida squamata, Less. Diet. Sci. Kat. li.x. p. IQ-j (1829) ; id. Traite
d'Orn. p. 481 (1831) ; Gray,List Gallime Brit. Mns. p. 10 (1867) ;
id. Iland-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870); Sdut. Si Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870,
p. /JJjo [Brazil, Prov. of Sta. Catherina?]; Berlepsch l^- Iheriag,
Zeit. yes. Orn. 188-'), p. 179 [Rio Grande do Sul].

Adult. Very closely allied to, if not identical with, 0. albivcntrls,
from wliich it apparently difl'ers in having the feathers of the sides
of the face and upper part of the neck rather rounded and olive-
brown, whereas in 0. cdbiveniris they are more pointed, of a greyish
colour, and whitish at their extremity. The belly and underparts
of the body are darker, as in 0. (juttata.

In adopting Lesson's name for this bird I have followed Gray, and
Sclatcr and Salvin, but it is exceedingly doubtful what bird he
really referred to, and his description might equally apply to one
of the other allied species.

Hab. S. Brazil : Provinces of Rio Grande do Sul and ? Sta.
Catherina.

a. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased.

9. Ortalis caracco.

Penelope sp., Poejypig, Froricp's yotiz. \SP>\, no. 081, Bed. p. 8

[Upper Amazonia].
Ortalida caracco, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1227; Gray, lland-l. B. ii.

p. 2^2 (1870); !iclat. if Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. SJU [U.S.

Colombia].
Ortalida adspersa, Gray, List GalliiKB Brit, Mtc. p. 13 (18G7) ; id.

H(t»d-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870).

510 CRACID^.

Adult. Very nearly allied to 0. guttata, but can be distinguished
by having the forehead whitish grey ; the feathers of the chest and
upper breast rather narrowly margined all round with whitish; the
lower back and rump brownish olive, scarcely differing in colour
from the mantle ; and by its greater size. Total length 22 inches,
wing 8'8, tail 10-5, tarsus 2-4, middle toe and claw 2-4.

Hah. U.S. of Colombia and Upper Amazonia.

a. Ad. sk. [Brazil.] Purchased.

h. Ad. sk. U.S. of Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad.sk. Concordia, Autioquia ( T. A'. Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salmon).

10. Ortalis guttata.

Penelope guttata, Spix, Ar. Bras. n. p. 55, pi. 73 (1825) [Rjo
Solimoes'"; Wac/l. Isis, 1830, p. 1112; Bunneister, Syst. Uehers. iii.
p. 341 (1856).

Ortalida guttata, Waf/l. Isis, 1832, p. 1227 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858,
p. 7(3 [Rio Napo]; Grai/, List GallincB Brit. Mus. p. 11 (1867) ;
Sclat. ^ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 598 [Cosnipata, Peru] ; Gray,
Hand-!. B. ii. p. 252 (1870) ; Sclat. ^ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 536
[Bogota, Bolivia] ; Bunneister, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 701 [Santa Cruz de
la Sierra, Bolivia] ; Sclat. 8f Salvin, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 644 [Autio-
quia], p. 640 [Tilotilo, Bolivia] ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 56 [Chiri-
moto, N.E. Peru]; id. Orn. Perou, in. p. 278 (1886) [Monterico].

Penelope adspersa, Tschudi, Wiegm. Arch. 1843, p. 386 [E. Peru] ;
id. Faun. Peruana, Aves, p. 290 (1845-6).

Penelope maculata, Natterer, MS., fide v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 286
(1870).

Ortalida albiventris, v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 286 (1870) [Matto-Grosso ;
Rio Madeira].

Adult. Very closely allied to 0. albiventris, but apparently the
top of the head is always dark greyish brown or greyish black,
never brownish chestnut ; while the underparts are darker and of a
brownish-white colour. The lower back and rump in specimens
from Bolivia are distinctly browner and less rufous ; but specimens
from the Upper Amazons and U.S. of Colombia are quite inter-
mediate in this respect. Total length 19 inches, wing "-"J, tail 9,
tarsus 2-3, middle toe and claw 2-3.

It seems to me exceedingly doubtful whether the present species
is worthy of specific rank, as with a larger series from intermediate
localities the two extremes will probably be found to completely
intergrade.

Hah. Upper Amazons, U.S. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia,
Matto Grosso, and llio Madeira.

a. Ad. sk. Vicinity of Bogota, U. S. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Colombia.

b. Ad.sk. Sara3^acu, Ecuador (C. i?Mc^/ey). Salviu-Godman Coll.
c J ad. sk. Yquitos, Upper Amazons, July Salvin-Godmau Coll.

{R. Whitely).

d. Ad. sk. E. Peru {Tschudi). Salviu-Godmau Coll.

(Typical example of P. adspersa, Tschudi.)

8. ORTALIS. 511

e,f. Ad. sk. Tilotilo, Prov. Yuiiga", Bolivia Salvin-Godiiian Coll.

(C. Buckley).

g. Ad.sk. Int. of Bolivia (Z?nV/^es). Eyton Coll.

h-k. Ad. sk. et Bolivia. T. C. Bridges, E.^q.

vix fid. .St. [C.].

/. <S ad. 8k. Matto Grosso, Brazil, Sept. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

{2\aUeri:r).

1 1 . Ortalis superciliaris.

Ortalida superciliaris, Gray, List Gallinm Brit. Mies. p. 10 (1867) ;
id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. i>ol' (1870); Sdut. !^- Sakin, P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 537.

Adult. Closely allied to 0. i/iUtiUi, but smaller, and differing in
having a wide white superciliary stripe produced backwards along
the sides of the neck above the ear-eoverts ; lower back and rump
dark olive-brown like the mantle, in which respect it resembles
0. carctcco ; the chest and upper breast have an indistinct whitish
spot at the extremity of each feather ; the four outer pairs of tail-
feathers are tipped with chestnut, the third pair being almost as
widely tijiped as the fourth, and in this respect differing from the
other allied species, which rarely have any chestnut on the third
pair, and then only a small patch at the extremity. This species is
also very closely allied to 0. araucuan, and resembles it in size, but
is distinguishable by its white eyebrows and indistinctly spotted
breast. Total length about 17 inches, wing 6'S, tail 7'2, tarsus 1'8,
middle toe and claw 1"S.

Jfab. S. America.

a. cT ad. sk. S. America. Zool. Soc. Coll. (Type of the species.)

12. Ortalis poliocephala.

Penelope poliocephala, Jl'affl. /si'.s-, 18.30, p. 1112 [Mexico].
Ortahda poliocephala, JJ^a</l. Isis, 1832, p. 1227 ; Sclat. <§• Sahmi,

F.Z.S. 1809, p. 304 [Mexico]; iid. P.Z.S. 1870, p. o37 [Real

Arriba, ^'era Cruz, Rio Armeria, and Rio Tupila] ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. ii. p. 252 (1870) ; Later. Mein. Bost. Soc. ii. p. 300 (1874).
Ortalida leucogastra, Sclat. {nee Gotdd) P. Z. S. 1859, p. 391

[Oaxaca].

Adult male and female, (iround-colour of the upper parts and
chest greyish olive ; top of the head and neck dark grey : breast
and belly white, shading into rufous butt' on the thighs, flanks, and
imdcr tail-coverts ; tail black glossed with dull greyish green, all
the feathers widely tipjied with pale | rufous-buff. Total length
about 25 inches, w ing O'G, tail lU-8, tarsus 2"8, middle toe and
claw 2-8.

Hab. Mexico : Rio Armeria, Rio Tupila, Real Arriba, Vera Cruz,
Oaxaca, and Tehuantcpec.

n. 9iid.sk. y[ex\co {Lc Strange). Salvin-Goduian Coll.

512 CRACID^.

b. cS ad. sk. Tehuantepec, Feb. ( W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Richardson).

c. 9 ad. sk. Salina Cruz, Tehuantepec, Feb. Salviii-God man Coll.

{W.B.R.).

13. Ortalis vetula.

? Penelope vociferans, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 735 (1788) [Mexico] ;

Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 625 (1790) ; Bonn. Tabl. Encycl. Meth.

p. 172 (1791).
Penelope vetula, Wagl. Isis, 1830, p. 1112 [Mexico].
Ortalida vetula, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1227 ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii.

Gall. p. 20 (1844) ; Later. Ann. Lye. N. York, v. p. 116 (1852):

Sclat. ^- Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 224 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 62

[Omoa, N. Honduras] ; Sclat P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 391 [N.E. Oaxaca] ;

Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 311 [Honduras] ; Grai/, Lid Gallince Brit.

Mus. p. 11 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870) ; Sclat. Sf

Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 538 [Yucatan] ; Sumichrast, La Natura-

leza, ii. p. 37 (1871) [Vera Cruz].
Ortalida poliocepbala, Sclat. {nee Wagl.) P. Z. S. 1856, p. 310 [Cor-
doba, Vera Cruz, Mexico] ; Cassin, lllmtr. p. 267, pi. 44 (1862)

[Texas].
Ortalida raaccalli, Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 611 (1860) [Nuevo Leon,

Mexico] ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 24 [S. Texas] ; Laivr. Ann. Lye.

N. Y. ix. p. 209 (1870) [Texas].
Ortalida plumbiceps. Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 11 (1867)

[Honduras, Guatemala] ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870).
Ortalida ruticrissa, Sclat. ^ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 538 [Sta. Marta,

U.S.C.].
Oi'talis vetula, Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 460 [Yucatan] ; Salvin,

Ibis, 1889, p. 378, 1890, p. 89 [Meco & Holbjx Is., Yucatan

Coast].
Ortalis vetula maccalli, Coues, Key to N. Am. B. p. 573 (1884) ;

Herrera, La Naturaleza, (2) i. p. 278 (1889) ; Bendire, N. A?n. B.

p. 119, pi. iii. fig. 16 (1892) [Vera Cruz north to Lower Rio Grande

Valley].
Ortalis vetula pallidiventris, Ridgw. 3Ian. N. Am. B. p. 209 (1887)

[Y'ucatau].

Different names have been applied to this species in different parts
of its range, but from the series now before mo it is quite clear
that all these supposed species are merely slight climatic varieties of
one and the same bird.

Gray has distinguished the birds from Guatemala and British
Honduras under the name of 0. plumbiceps, and they are supposed
to differ from typical 0. vetula from Mexico chiefly in having the
tips of the five outer pairs of tail-feathers fulvous instead of pure
white ; but among our series I find two specimens from Teapa in
the State of Guerrero, S. Mexico, which so closely approach the
Guatemalan birds in this respect that it would be impossible to
separate them, while several other Mexican birds have dirty
whitish tips to the outer tail-feathers.

Again, Sclater and Salvin have described a bird from the Valle
Dupar, Sta. Marta, U.S.C, as 0. rujicrissa, on account of its rufous
vent and under tail-coverts, but it is exactly similar to a specimen
from La Antigua, Vera Cruz, W. Mexico, and many other Mexican

8. OKTALIS.

513

specimens approach it in the rufous colour of their under tail-
coverts.

The Yucatan bird is a somewhat paler form, and liidgway lias
distinguished it as subspccitically distinct under the name of
0. vetula jxillidiventris ; but a specimen from lirownsvillo, Texas,
is (|uite as palo and perfectly similar to Yucatan birds.

Lastly, the North-eastern Mexican bird has been named by
IJaird as 0. maccalli, but specimens from this locality are typical
O. vetula, Wagl.

On the whole, I do not think it possible that any of the above
forms can be considered even subspecifically distinct from typical
O. vetula. If any had a right to be so considered it would be the
0. plumljlcejis, (jiray.

Adult. Ditfers from the adult of 0. poliocephala in its much
smaller size and in having the head and neck less grey. Total
length 20 inches, wing 8, tail 'J'O, tarsus 2-5, middle toe and
claw 2-5.

The coloration of the underparts of the body is subject to
considerable vari:ition.

JIab. Southern Texas, ranging through Western Mexico and
Central America to the United .States of Colombia.

a. cJ ad. sk.

6, c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. St.
e,f. S ad. sk.

g. S ad. sk.

h-w. 9 ad. sk.

n. 2 ad. sk.

o,p. cJ $ ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.
r. PuU. sk.

8. Ad. sk.

t,u. cJ $ ad. sk.

v-ij. (J $ ad. sk.
2. Ad. sk.
a', b'. rj ad. sk.
c', d' . 2 ad. sk.
e',f. Ad. sk.

VOL, XXII.

Brownsville, Texas, March {F.

B. Armstrong).
Mexico.

^lexico.

Sierra Madre, above Ciudad

Victoria, Tamaulipas ( W.

B. Richardson ).
Aldama, Tamaulipas, March

( W. B. It.).
Tanipico, Feb., June (If.

li. It).
^'alle3, San Luis Potosi, May

( (F. B. B.).
Vera Cruz, Nov.
Vera Cruz, Feb. {W. B. R.).
Cue>ta do Misantla, June (.1/.

Trujillo).
Jalapa (C. F. Iloge).
Plan del Ilio (Canton de

Jalapa), Julv, Oct. {Ferrari-
Perez).
\'ega del Ca.sadero, Vera Cruz,

Dee. UV. T.).
La .ViitiiTua, Vera Cruz, Sept.

(M. T.).
llacieuda de los Atli.xcos,

Mareli {F. D. Godman ).
Teapa, Tabasco, Feb. (!>. IV.

Hinith).
Northern Yucatan (6'. F.

Gau liter).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased of M. Ver-

reaux.
Baron Laugier [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin

Salvin

Salvin

Salvin
Salvin
Salvin

Salvin-
Salvin-

Godman Coll.

-Godman Coll.

■Godman (/oll.

Godman Coll.
•Godman Coll.
-Godman Coll.

Godman Coll.
Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
2 I.

514

CEACIDJ5.

(f-li . c? ad. et Ilolbox I., Yucatan, Nov. S.ilvin-Godmnn CjII.

imm. sk. (G. F. G.).

I', VI. Ad. sk. Miiweres I., Yucatan, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{G.F.O.).
n',o'. 2 ad. fk. Meco I., Yucatan, Nov. {G. Salviu-Godman Coll.

F. G.).
■p'-t'. Ad. fck. Co/.umel I., Y'ucatan {G. Salvin-Godman Coll.

F. G.).
ii'. Ad. sk. Biitisli Honduras. Leyland Coll. (One

of the types of O. plum/u'ceps, Gray.)
v'. Ad. sk. Vicinity of Belize, Brit. lion- Salvin-Godmau Coll.

duras {lUuncaneaux).
?t;'. Ad. sk. Guatemala. Gould Coll. (One of

the types of O. p/uinbiceps, Ciray.)
.'•', y'. 2 «id. sk. (Tuatemala (O. <S ). ' Salviu-Godman Coll.

c', a". (S ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Guatemala, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nov. (O. -S').
i". Ad. sk. Valle Diipar, Santa Marta Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Joacf). (Type of 0. rirficrissa, Scl. & Salv.)

c". Skeleton.

14. Ortalis leucogastra.

Penelope alhiventer. Less, {nee Wagl.) Rev. Zoo?. 1842, p. 174
[Realejo, Nicaragua]; Gould, Voy. Sulph.,. Zool. p. 48, pi. 31
(1844).

Penelope leucoo-astra, Gould, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 105.

Ortalida leucogastra, Grm/, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 20 (1844) ;
Sclat. ^- Safvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 224 [Pacific Coast-region Central
America] ; iid. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 539 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 252
(1870).

Penelopsis albiventer, Bonnp. C. B. xlii. p. 877 (1850).

Champepstes leucosastra, BcicJicnb. Tanhen, p. 142 (18G2).

Ortalida leucogaster, Gray, List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 13 (1807).

Adult. Closely allied to 0. poliocepliala and 0. vetula : from the
former it is easily distinguished by having less grey on the top of
the head and nape, darker upper parts, and wliitish under tail-
coverts, as -nell as by its smaller size ; from the latter it differs
chiefly in the much whiter colour of the belly and under tail-coverts.
Total length 20-5 inches, wing S-3, tail 8-5, tarsus 2-3, middle toe
and claw 2'3.

Hah. Central America : Nicaragua, Salvador, and the racific slope
of Guatemala.

a. Ad. st.
h. Ad. sk.
c, d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

g, h. 2 ad. sk.

[Mexico.]

• luatemala.

Betalaleu, Guatemala, Sept.

(O. Sahin).
Costa Grande, Guatemala

{O.S.).
La Libertad, Salvador, Feb.

( W. B. Bichnrdson).
Momotombo, Nicaragua, May

( W. B. R.).

Purchased.
Verreaux Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Sfilvin-Godman Coll.

8. OETAHS. 515

15. Ortalis garrula.

Plmsiaiius jrarrulus, Hinnh. Oy. de Z<m1. i. p. 4 (1811) [Magdalena,

U.S.C, and Caracas, Venezuela].
Penelope f^airula, Wagl. Isi's, 18-'W, p. 1111.
Orlaliila (raiTula, Jf'affl. Li-f, ISW, p. U27 ; Grai/, lid of B. pt. iii.

dnU. y. 20 (1814); id. JA^t flallince Brit. M>i^. p. 12 (1867; ; id.

Hand-I. n. ii. p. 2o2 (lf<7U) ; Sdut. ^- Salvin, F. Z. S. 1870, p. 539.

Adult. Tliis and the t^\'o following species belong to a small
section of the genus Ortalis which is easilj- distinguished from the
species already described by having the primaries chestnut. Top
of the head and nape dull brownish rufous ; all the rest of the
u|)pcr parts greyish olive : chest olive-grey, shading gradually into
white on the breast and rest of underparts ; tail glossed witli dull
greyish green, all the feathers except the middle pair tipped with
white. Total length about 22 inches, wing S'S, tail 9-6, tarsus 2-8,
mi<ldle toe and claw 2'7.

JIah. Coast-i'cgion of the United States of Colombia, and Caracas,
V'enezuela.

n. 2 ad. sk. U.S. of Colimbia? Purchased.

b, c. Ad. sk. Cartagena, U.S. of Colombia Purchased.

[Bar rot).

(/, e. Ad. sk. Santa Marta, U.S.C. Purchased of M. Verreau.x.

IG. Ortalis cinereiceps.

Ortalida poliocephala, Laior. (nee Tfat/l.) Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii.
p. ;J3:3 (1862) [U.S. Colombia]; iiclat.' S,- Sahin, P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 371 [Panama] ; Snlrin, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 161 TSantiago de
A'eragua ; CordiOera de Tole] ; Frantz. J.f. 0. 1869, p. 372 [Costa
Rica]; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 139 (1870) [Costarica]
\ Grmi, lIand-1. B. ii. p. 2-'52 (1870).

Ortalida cinereiceps, Graij, List Gallinm Brit. Mns. p. 12 (1807)
[N.W. coast of America!]; Snlvin, Ibis, 1869, p. 318 [Panama;
Veragua] ; id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 217 ; Sclat. ^- Salvin, P. Z. iy\
1 870, p. 540 ; Grai/, Hand- 1. B. ii. p. 252 ( 1870).

Ortalida frantzii, Cab. J.f. O. 1869, p. 211 [Costa Rica]; Frantz.
J. f. O. 1869, p. 37.i ; Grai/, Hand-l B. ii. p. 252 (1870).

Ortalis cinereiceps, Richmond, P. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 523 (1893)
[Ebcondido K., S. Nicaragua].

yhlult male and female. Resemble 0. r/arrula, but the head and
nape arc dark grey instead of rufous-brown.

An imniatxre specimen resembles the adult, but the outer

I primaries of the first plumage are still present and are easily
recognized by their more pointed extremities, and by having both
webs indistinctly barred with dusky.
Ilab. Central America : Costa llica, Veragua, Panama, and the
United States of Colombia.
ill. Ad. sk. Costa Rica. Purchased.

i. J ad. sk. Costa Rica {J. Carmiol). Saivin-Godman Coll.

2l2

516 CEACID^.

c. Imm. sk. San Jose, Costa Eica (A. von Salvin-Godman Coll.

Frantzius).

d. c? ad.sk. Veragua {Area). Salvin-Godman Coll.
e,/. Ad. et pull. Cordillera de Tole, Veragua, Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. {Arce).

g. 2 fd. sk. Castillo, Veragua {Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Isthmus of Panama. J. McLeannan, Esq.

[C.].

i. Ad. sk. Panama. Capt.Kellett& Lieut.

Wood [P.]. (Type
of the species.)

k. (S ad. sk. Panama {McLeannan). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Paraiso Station, Panama {A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hughes).

m. Skeleton.

17. Ortalis erythroptera.

Ortalida ruficeps, Sclat. {nee Wagl.) P. Z. S. 1860, p. 289 [Baba-

hoyo, Ecuador].
Ortalida erythroptera, Natterer, Mus. Berol., Licht. Nomencl. p. 87

(1854) (descr. nulla) [Cumana, Venezuela?]; Sclat. Sf Saivin,

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 540 [Babahoyo ; Guayaquil] ; Gray, Iland-l. B.

ii. p. 252 (1870) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 333 [Palmal, Ecuador] ;

Tacz. ^ Berlepsch, P. Z. S. 1885, p. ll'J.

Adult. At once distinguished from 0. garrula and 0. cinereiceps by
having the extremities of the four outer pairs of tail-feathers widely
tipped with dark chestnut. In other respects it resembles the
former species, but the top of the head and nape are brighter chest-
nut, and the same colour surrounds the fore part of the neck, while
the tail-coverts are chestnut instead of white or dusky. Iris hazel :
bill blue ; face bluish ; throat reddish ; legs and feet blue. Total
length 24 inches, wing 9-2, tail 10'6, tarsus 3-1, middle toe and
claw 3-1.

Type sj^ecimen measures : Total length 21'o inches, wing 82,
tail 9'8, tarsus 2-6, middle toe and claw 2-7.

Hah. Western Ecuador : Babahoyo, Guayaquil, and Palmal ;
? Cumana, Venezuela.

a. Ad. sk. Babahoyo, Ecuador (Fraser). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Type of the species.)

b. Ad. sk. Bahar Mts., Ecuador {Illing- Salvin-Godman Coll.

worth).

9. PIPILE.

Type.
Pipile, Bonap. C. B. xlii. p. 877 (1856) P. cumanensis.

Sexes similar in plumage.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, rather long and rounded, the outer
pair about an inch and a half shorter than the middle pair.

1st and 2nd primaries with the last third of the inner web

9. ririLE. 517

deeply excised; the 1st much shorter than the 2nd, which is about
equal in lenp:th to the 10th ; 6th slifjhtly the longest.

Tarsus rather shorter than the middle toe and claw.

Head with a well-developed crest of pointed feathers ; lores and
a largo patch round the eye raked ; front of the neck naked, with
only a few hair-like feathers and a median wattle.

Range. South America.

Key to the Species.

A. Upper parts glossed with dark green ; both webs

of the outer secondary-coverts white cumanensis, p. /jl?.

B. Upper parts glossed with purple.

a. Outer webs of the outer secondary-coverts

white jdcnti/iffa, p. .518.

b. Outer webs of the outer secondary-coverts dark

brown with a white margin ci'Jubi, p. 519.

1. Pipile cumanensis.

Crax cumanensis, Jacquin, lieytr. p. i'5, pi. 10 (1784).

Crax pipile, Jacquin, Bcytr. p. !'(>, pi. 11 (1784).

Cumana Curassow, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. :?05 (1787).

I't'iielope leueolophos, Merrein, Av. Iioiies et I)ei<cr. ii. pp. 4.'], 44,

pi. 12 (178G) ; id. lieytr. Viiy. ii. pp. 46, 47, pi. 12 (1786) [Oyapok,

Guiana; Orinoco] ; Bonn. Tiibl. Uneyel. Meth. i. p. 171, pi. 84.

fig. 3 (1791).
Penelope cumanensis, Gm. S. A. i. pt. ii, p. 734 ("1788); Lath. Ind.

Orn.\\.\^. 620 (1790); Wayl. Lsis, 1830, p. 1109; v. Pdz. SB.

Ak. Wicn, xxxi. p. 330 (1858); Lvotaud, Ois. de 'Trin. p. 383

(1866) [Trinidad] ; Gray, Hand-L B. ii. p. 251 (1870).
Penelope pipile, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 734 (1788); Bonn. Tabl.

Encyl. Meth. i. p. 172, pi. 86. fig. 3 (1791) ; Temm. Piq. et Gall.

iii. pp. 76, 694 (1815) : Grai/, List of B. pt. iii. Gall. p. 19

(1844); /. E. Gray, Knoied^ Menay. ii. pi. 10 (1840): Cab. in

Schomh. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 745 (1848) ; Silat. P. Z. S. 1855, p. ]G3,

1858, p. 76 [Rio Napo, Ecuador]; Brmcn, Brit. Guiana, p. 345

(1877).
Crax cunamensis, Boiai. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 174, pi. 86. fig. 2

(1791).
Pijiile cumanensis, Bonap. C. JR. xlii. p. 877 (1856); Retchenb.

Tauben, p. 154 (1862) ; Sclat. & Saloin, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 529

[Venezuela ; Bogota ; E. Peru ; Bolivia].
Pipile leueolophos, IJonap. C. R. xlii. p. 877 (1856) [part.].
Pipile uattereri, Beic/ienb. Tauben, p. 154 (1862).
I'enelope jacquinii. Grai/, Lid Galhnce i//7'<. J7tw. p. 8 (1867)[Peru] ;

id. llaml-l. B. ii. p. 251 (1870).
Penelojie uattereri, v. I^elz. Orn. Bras. p. 283 (1870) [Upper Ama-

zon.s; Bio Negro]; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 251 (1870).
Penelope grayi, v. Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 284 (1870) [Sangrador, Matto

Grosso] ; Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 251 (1870).

Adult male ami female. General colour above black glossed with
dark green ; top of the head covered with elongate white feathers

518 CRACIDJ3.

forming a crest,* and extending halfway down each side of the
neck ; some of the feathers of the mantle, inner wing-coverts, and
chest margined with white on the sides ; the first six or seven outer
secondary-coverts and some of the enter median coverts white
except their tips, which are black glossed with green. Point of bill
black ; cere and naked skin round the nostrils and eye white,
streaked with blue ; naked skin on throat and wattle dark blue ;
eye dark red-hazel ; legs and feet Indian red, claws brownish black.

Male. Total length 30 inches, wing 13-2, tail 11-5, tarsus 2-5,
middle toe and claw 2-7.

Female. Total length 28 inches, wing 12-6, tail 107, tarsus 2-5,
middle toe and claw 2"6.

Hah. British Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad, Eio Xegro, Upper
Amazons, United States of Colombia, Eio Napo, Ecuador, E. Peru,
Bolivia, Matto Grosso.

a. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Royal Geographical

Society [P.].
&, c. c? 5 ad. sk. Talaitu River, Ihitisli Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Feb., Mar. {H. Whitely).

d. Ad. sk. U.S. Colombia. Verreaux Coll.

e. Ad. sk. U.S. Colombia (Triihier). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Vicinity of Bogota, U.S.C. Salvin-Godman Coll.
ff, h. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Bucldey). Salvin-Godman Coll.
?. Ad. sk. Peru. Gould Coll.

(Type of P. jacqiiinii, Gray.)
k. Ad.sk. Cosnipata, Peru, May (//. Salvin-Godman Col!.

Whitehj).
l-n. Skeletons.
o. S skeleton. Rio Xegro. Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Pipile jacutinga.
El Yacii-apeti, Azara, Ajmnt. iii. p. 80, no. 337 (1802).

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 251 (1870) ; v. Pek. Orn. Bras. p. 283 (1870)

[Sao Paulo].
PeTielope pipile, Woql. Isis, 1830, p. 1109 ; Burmeister, Syst. Uebem.

iii. p. 336 (1856) [Paraguay] ; v. Pek. SB. Ak. Wien,xxxi. p. 329

(1858) [Sao Paulo].
Penelope nigrifrons, Tetmn. 3fS., Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 482 (1831).
Penelope leucoptera, Max. Beitr. Nat. Bras. iv. p. 544 (1832).
Pipile nigrifrons, Bonap. C. Ii. xlii. p. 877 (1856).

* In some specimens, probably younger examples, the shafts of the feathers
are dark. This is one of the characters used by Gray in distinguishing the
Peruvian bird (which he calls P.jacquiiiii, Eeichenb.) from P. cumancnaia from
British Guiana. But two examples obtained by Wbitely on I he Takutu River,
Guiana, have a number of the crest-feathers witli dark shafts, while, on the
other hand, an example obtiuned by the same collector at Cosnipata, Eastern
Peru, has all the shafts white, so there can be little doubt the dark shafts are
a character which disappears with age.

9. PirnE. 519

Pipile leiicoloplios, Boiiap. C. li. xlii. p. 877 (18oG) [part.] ; Eekhenb.
Taiibni, p. Uy2 (XfyiVl).

ripilu jiitutinga, l^clat. ^- Salviii, P. Z. S. 1870, p. .'5;30 ; Bedqmh cS'-
Jheriny, Zvit. Ges. Or/i. 188."), p. 178 [Tacquavy, K. (Jraude do
SulJ ; Aleyer, Voyel-Hkel. pt. xiv. pi. cxxxvii. (1890).

Adult male and female. Differ from P. cumanensis chiefly iii
having a much smaller naked space round tlie eye, the chin and
upper i>art of the throat covered with black feathers ; the general
colour above brownish black glossed with purple; the forehead
and superciliary stripes black ; the elongate white feathers of the
top of the head and nape with black shaft-stripes ; only the ouUr
vcbs of the outer secondary-coverts white, and the white margins to
the feathers of the chest and breast much more strongly marked.
Iris reddish carmine ; cere and naked skin round the eye bluish
white ; base of the bill, chin, and upper part of the throat blackish
blue ; wattle and fore part of neck crimson-red ; legs and feet
carmine-red. Total length bU inches, wing 13, tail 11-5, tarsus 2-.5,
middle toe and claw 2-7.

JJah. 8.E. lirazil: Ijahia, Sao Paulo, Eio, Parana, Eio Grande
do Sul, and Paraguay.

«, h. Ad. sk. Brazil. Purchased of M.Verreaux

c. 2 ad. sk. S.E. lirazil, Aug. Salviu-Godiuan Coll.

d. Ad. sk. 8ao Paulo {Natierer). Salviu-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Ivio Parana {Jiodi/ers). yalvin-Godmau Coll.

3. Pipile cujubi.

Yacon Turkey, Lath. Gen. Si/n. ii. pt. ii. p. G81,pl. Ixi. (1783).
Penelope cujubi, 2\attefer MS., v. Pclz. SB. Ak. H'l'en, xxxi. p. 328

(1858) [Para] ; id. Orn. Bras. p. 284 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 251 (1870).
Pipile cujubi, Bcichenh. Tauhen, p. 153 (18G2) ; Sclat. S) Sahin,

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 530.

Adidt male and female. Iicsemble P. jacnUnria in having the
general colour brownish black glossed with purple, but may be at
once distinguished by having the feathers of the crest dark brown
edged with white, the chin and throat almost naked as in P. cuma-
nensis ; the outer secondar)"-coverts margined with white on the
outer web, the outer median and lesser coverts and a few of the
breast-feathers margined with white on both webs. Naked skin
round the eye, base of the bill, chin and throat dark blue ; fore
part of the neck and wattle red ; legs and feet Indian red (in skin).

Male. Total length 30 inches, wing 13-5, tail 11-5, tarsus 2-55,
middle toe and claw 2"7.

Ftmale. Total length 27-7 inches, wing 12-7, tail 11, tarsus 2-4,
middle toe and claw 2-o.

Hah. Lower Amazons, Para.

a-c. Ad. sk. Lower Amazons, Mav, June, Salviu-Godman Coll.

Oct.

d. Ad. st. [Lower Amazons.] Zool. Soc. Coll.

520

10. ABURRIA.

lype.

Aljurria, Reichenb. Nat. Si/st. V'iffcl, p. xxvi (1852) A. abuvri.

Opetioptila, Sunder. Tentamcn, p. 118 (1872) A. aburri.

Tail composed of 12 feathers.

Pirst three primaries are deeply excised at the extremity and
the 4th less so.

1st primary much shorter than the 2nd ; 4th equal to the 10th,
and the 6th slightly the longest.

Fore part of the neck partially naked, with an elongate vermiform
wattle ; only a small naked space below the eye.

Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw.

Range. Interior of the United States of Colombia, and Ecuador.
1. Aburria aburri.

Penelope aburri, Less. Diet. Set. Nat. lix. p. 191 (1829) [Vicinity of

Bogota, Valley of Cauca, and Mts. of Quindiu] ; id. Traite irOrn.

p. 482 (1831) ; Gray, List of B. pt. iii, Gall. p. 19 (1844) ; id. List

Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 9 (1867) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 251 (1870).
Aburria carunculata, Lteiclmih. Syst. Av. p. xxvi (1852) ; id. Tauhen,

p. 141 (1862): Bonaj). C. R. xlii. p. 877 (1856) ; Sdat. P. Z. S.

1857, p. 19 [Bogota], 1858, p. 76 [Rio Napo] ; Sclat. Sr Salvin,

P. Z. 8. 1870, p. 531 [Interior U.S. Colombia].
Penelope carunculata, Temm. MS., Sclat. ^ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1870,

p. 531.

Adult. "Whole of the plumage black glossed with dark green ;
fore part of the upper half of the neck mostly naked or thinly covered
with feathers, and with a naked elongate vermiform wattle situated
at the base. Total length 29 inches, wiug 14 to 14-5, tail 12,
tarsus 2-7, middle toe and claw 2-9.

Young birds resemble the adult, but the plumage is browner and
less glossy ; the naked skin on the throat and elongate wattle well
developed.

In the yoxngesf example fhe outer secondaries (which are feathers
of the first plumage) are brown, slightly glossed and mottled with
pale rufous towards the extremity ; and the outer primaries are much
less excised at the extremity.

Hah. Same as that of the genus.

a, h. Ad. sk. et st. U.S. of Colombia. Purchased.

e. (S -d. sk. U.S. of Colombia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Imm. sk. Interior of U.S. of Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Ti'iibner).

e. Ad. sk. Antioquia, U.S.C. [T. K. Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salmon).

f. .Tuv. sk. Santa F^ de Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

g. h. Ad. sk. Chiguinda, Ecuador ( Villa- Salvin-Godman Coll.

gomez).

11. CHAM^PETES. 521

n. CHAM^PETES.

ly pp.
Cliamappetes, Wagler, his, 183:.^, p. 1227 C. goildoti.

Tail composed of 12 feathers, lono; and rounded, the outer pair
bcinf^ a good deal sliortcr than the middle j)iiir.

The two outer j)rimaries deeply excised at the extremity, and the
third less so.

1st primary much shorter than tho 2iid ; 4th about equal to
the 10th ; and the Gth or 7th slin^litly the longest.

Chin and tliroat covered with feathers.

A naked sjjace round and in front of the eye.

No marked crest, hut the featliers of the top of the head are
rather long.

Middle too and claw slight!}' longer than the tarsus.

Range. Costa Kica to Peru.

Key to the Species.

A. Xlnderparts rufous gnudoti, p. 521.

B. Underparts black glossed with dull green .... unicolor, p. .^22.

1. Chamaepetes goudoti.

Ortalida gnudotii, Less. Man. d'Oni. ii. p. 217 (1828) ; id. Diet. Sn.

Aat. Hx. p. ]!)o (1829); ul. Traite dOm. p. 481 (1831) rQuindiii

Mts., U.S.C.] ; Gray, List GalliiieB Brit. Mm. p. 13 (1867) ; id.

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 25.3 (1870).
Chama'petes goudotii, HV////. 7«is, 1832, p. 1227 ; Reichenb. Tauben,

p. 142 (18B2); ScUd. ^- Sidnn, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 531 ; Berlepsch

^- Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 312 [W. EcuadorJ ; Saldn, Ibis, 1884,

p. 318.
Penelope rufiventris, Tschudi, Wiegm. Arch. 1843, p. 386 [Peruviaa

Andes, up to 7200 ft.]; id. Faun. Per., Ares, p. 291, pi. xxxi.

(1845-6) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882. p. 48 [N.l':. Peru].
Ortalida r\ifiventris, Sclat. P. Z. H. 1859, p. 147 [Pallatanga, Ecuador] ;

Grag, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 252 (1870).
Chauuepetes t.-cluulii, Taiz. Orn. Peroit, iii. p. 275 (1880) [Moyo-

baniba, N.E. Peru].

Adult male and female. General colour above brownish glossed
with bronze-green ; feathers of the top of the head and neck more or
less distinctly washed and margined with grey ; lower chest cinna-
mon, shading into rufous on the breast and into chestnut on the flanks,
thighs, and under tail-coverts. Total length 24 inches, wing 10-2,
tail 10, tarsus 2-6, middle toe and claw 2-7.

Specimens vary somewhat inter se, some having the underparts
a good deal paler than others. I am inclined to think that these
differences may be due to age — they are apparently not due to
sex.

Ilab. Interior of the United States of Colombia, Ecuador and
Peru.

522

o. h. Ad. St. U.S. of Colomhia. riircLased.

c, d. Ad. et vix ad. Interior of U.S. CulomLia Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Vicinity of Bofjota, U.S.C.

f, 'J. 5 ad. .sk. Province of Auiioquia. U.S.C.

{T. K. Salmon).
h. S ad. sk. Iletiro (7000 ft.), ProTince of

Antioquia (Z'. K. S.).
{. F Juv. sk. Ecuador.

A-. Ad. sk. Mcinity of Quito, Ecuador.

/. Ad.sk. Pallatanga, Ecuador (2^)-rt.sw).

vi-o. Ad.sk. Cliiguinda, Ecuador (C.^Mt/.:-

ley),
p. 5 ad. sk. Central Peru, Marcli (Jelslci).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Eyton Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Warsaw Mus. [E.].

2. Chamsepetes unicolor.

Chararepetes unicolor, Sahin, P. Z. S. 1807, pp. 159, 160 [Veragua] ;

Sclat. S,- Salvhi, F. Z. S. 1670, p. 531 ; Later. Ann. Lye. A\ Y. ix.

p. 139 (1870) [La Palma and Panclio Redondo, Costa Rica].
Ortalida unicolor, Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 253 (1870).

Adult male and female. General colour above black glossed with
dark green ; belly browner, and in most specimens the feathers
arc indistinctly mottled round the edges with pale rufous buff ; but
iu the two specimens marked as males one has no trace of these
edgings and the other only the faintest trace, so the difference may
be sexual or more likely still due to age. Total length 25 inches,
wing 11 to 11'7, tail 10-5, tarsus 2-7, middle toe and claw 2-85.

Hah. Central America : Costa Rica and Yeragua.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. d. (S ad. et vix
sk.

e. cS iT-d. sk.

San Jose, Costa Rica {Dr. A.

ton LVantziug).
Irazu, Costa Rica [H. Ttogers).
Calovevora, Yeragua {Arce).

Cordillera de Tole, Yeragua
{Arce).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
(Type of the .«pecies.)
Salvin-Godman Coll.

opisTiiocoMi. 523

Order YIII. OPISTIIOCOMI.

Palate scbizognathous ; nasals holorhinal ; no basyptcrygoid pro-
cess; antepenultimate dorsal vertebrae free, tbe inferior faces of
tlie centra of tbe dorsal vertebrae are flattened and without crests;
tbe sternum is unique — tbe lateral edges are nearly parallel for two
thirds of its length, then diverge so that it is wider posteriorly than
anteriorly ; the posterior margin with two small notches on each
side, the outer being reduced to a foramen ; keel very small and cut
away in front with a Hattened-out and broadened surface at the
posterior termination of the carina sterni. On this surface the
greater part of the weight of tbe body is supported when the bird is
at rest. The coracoids, clavicles, and furcula (which are short) are
completely ancbylosed to each other and to the sternum.

Tlae enormous crop distorts the furcula and sternum and occupies
tbe upper part of the chest, being placed in a deep cavity in tbe
u])per half of the pectoral muscles.
Hallux very long.
Xo bastard secondary.
Oil-gland tufted.

Xo lateral bare tracts on the neck ; the inferior feathered tracts
beginning at tbe bottom of the neck run in two parallel bands which
taper gradually towards the vent ; dorsal tract bifurcates between
the shoulders.

Tbe youug are hatched naked, and the pollcx and index digit are
provided with a claw which enables them to climb soon after they
are hatched, the bill as well as tbe legs and wings being used for
holding on to the twi^s ; they are also able to swim and dive with
facility when compelled to do so.

Eggs two or three in number, double-spotted and Eail-like.
Nest composed of sticks and placed on the tops of bushes near the
water's edge.

Family I. OPISTIIOCOMID/E.

1. OPISTHOCOMUS.

Typo.

Olii.-thocomus, lUiger, Prodr. Si/sf. Mamm. et Av. p. 239

(1611) ; I''h»i. I'hil. ZooL ii. p. I'O-' (\f-2-2) 0. hoazin.

Orthocorys, Vicill. Analyse, p. 4!) (16Iti) O. Loaziu.

Siisa, Vieill. Nvuv. Diet. cfJlist. Xat. sxx. p. 216 (1819). 0. hoaziu.

Tail elongate and rounded, composed of 10 feathers, the middle

pair being considerably longer than tbe outer pair.

524 OPISTH0COMID.15.

1st primary miich shorter than the 2nd, which is shorter than
the 10th ; 6th-8th subequal and longest. Fifth cubital remex
present.

Tarsus reticulated, shorter than the middle toe and claw.

An elongate crest of rather stitf-shafted feathers.

Sides of the head mostly naked.

Sexes similar.

Range. S. America : Surinam to the United States of Colombia
and southwards to Bolivia.

1. Opisthocomus hoazin.

Crax fuscus mexicanus, Briss. Oni. i. p. 304 (1760).

Faison huppe de Cayenne, d'Auhent. PL Enl. ii. pi. 38 [no. 337].

L'Hoazin, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 385 (1771).

Phasianus hoazin, Miill. 8. N. Suppl. p. 12.5 (1770).

Crested Pheasant, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 720, pi. Ixiv. (1783).

Phasianus cristatus, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 741 (1788) ; Lath, Ind.
Orn. ii. p. C31 (1790).

Orthocorys cristata, Vieill. Analyse, p. 49 (1816).

Opisthocomus hoatzin, Steph. in Shaiu's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 193 (1819) ;
Graij, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 126 (1870).

Sasa cristata, Vieill. ISouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. p. 216 (1819) ; id.
Gal. Ois. 1. pt. ii. p. 32.5, pi. 193 (J 825).

Opisthocomus cristatus, L'Hernnnier, C. R. v. p. 433 (1837) ; Gray,
Gen. B. ii. p. 396, pi. xcvii. iig. 4, pi. xcviii. (1845) ; Schomburyk,
Reise Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 712 (1848); Burmeister, Syst. Uebers.
in. p. 342 (1856) ; Sclat. P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 10 [Bogota] ; Huxley,
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 435, 460, 1868, p. 304 [skeleton] ; Neiuton, Ibis,
1869, p. 217; Cabanis, J. f. O. 1870, p. 318, pi. i. tig. 3 [jt^^V,
Sclat. Sf Salvin, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 308 [Cashihoya, E. Peru];
Perrin, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 685 [Maroni P., Surinam] ; id. Trans.
Z. S. ix. p. 353, pis. 63-66 (1875); Broivn, Canoe and Camp-
life Brit. Guiana, p. 257 (1876) ; Sachs, Schild. Reise nach Vene-
zuela, p. 259 (1878) [Confluents of the Orinoco] ; Garrod, P. Z. S.
1879, p. 109 [anatomy] ; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 25 ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1881, p. 2.59 [eggs from Obidos, Amazons] ; Nathusius, J. f. 0.
1881, p. 334, 1882. p. 275 ; Berlejysch, Ibis, 1884, p. 440 [Angostura,
Venezuela, and Yquitos] ; Briyhain, Chicago Ac. Sci. p. — (1884)
[Marajo I., Anabiju R.]; id. Ibis, 1885, p. 118; Tacz. Orn.Perou,
iii. p. 262 (1&861 [Casiuboya] ; Hurting, Ibis, 1886, p. 98 ; W. L.
Sclater, Ibis, 1887, p. 319 ["Berbice Pi., Brit. Guiana] ; Quelch, Ibis,
1888, p. 378 [Berbice R., Brit. Guiana] ; id. Timehri, ii. p. 363
(1888) [Abary Creek] ; Young, Notes Leyd. Mus. x. p. 169, pi. 8
(1888) ; Beddard, Ibis, 1889, pp. 283-293 [anatomy] ; Newton,
Ibis, 1889, p. 577; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H. ii. pi 107 (1889)
[Lower Beni, Bolivia] ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1889, \>. 57 ; Quelch, Ibis,
1890, p. 327 [Abary Creek and Berbice P., Brit. Guiana, habits] ;
Parker, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 44 ; id. Trans. Zool. Son. xiii. pp. 43-86,
pis. yii.-x. (1891) ; Gadow, P. R. Irish Ac. (3) ii. p. 147, pis. yii.
& viii. (1892).

Adult male and female. General colour of the upper parts dark
brown glossed with oUve ; top of the head covered with long, narrow,

1. onsTnocoiius.

525

pointed feathers with rather stiff shafts, those covering the foro
part of the head being reddish brown, while the occipital feathers
arc mostly dark brown ; feathers on the nape and back of the neck
dark brown with lanceolate buflf centres, those of the upper mantle
similar but with white shaft-stripes ; scapulars margined on the
sides with white ; feathers round the bend of the wing, and the
outer webs of the bastard-wing and outer primary-coverts mostly
pale buff; rest of the wing-coverts tipped with white; quills
chestnut-brown glossed with dull olive at the extremity ; first
secondary chestnut down the middle, remainder dark brown glossed
with olive ; chin, throat, chest, and breast pale buff, shading into
chestnut on the sides and rest of underparts ; under wing-coverts
chestnut ; tail dark brown glossed with olive and widely tipped with
whitish buff. Total length 23 inches, wing 12--i-l:^'G, tail 11-4-
12-4, tarsus 1-9-2-2, middle toe and claw l-'J.
JIah. Same as that of the genus.

a, b. 2 ad. sk. Tara, Lower Amazons, June Salvin-Godman Coll.
{A. R. Wallace).

c. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Iliocour Coll.

d, e. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir K. Schombur-rk

[P.].
/, i'- d 2 ad. St. Berbice K., British Guiana. J. J. Quelch, Esq.

[P.].
h. Ad. sk. Vicinity of Bogota, U. S. Salviu-Godman Coll.

Colombia,
t, k. S 5 ad. sk. Yquitos, U])p<:'r Amazons, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{H. W/utehi).
/, >«. Ad. sk. Bio Copatazii, Ecuador [C. Salvin-Godman Coll.

liuckliy).
n. Skeleton. British Guiana. J. J. Quelch, Esq

[P.].
0. Skeleton. Xo locality. Sulviu-Godmau Coll.

526

Order IX. IIEMIPODII.

Maxiilo-palatiues not coalesced with one another or -with the
vomer; nasals schizorhinal ; dorsal vertebrae heteroca4ous ; sternum
with a deep notch on each side of the posterior margin, about two-
thirds of the length of the entire sternum; episternum well-deve-
loped, incompletely perforated to receive the bases of the coracoids,
which are separated by a thin bony septum.

Bill like that of the Gallinae, but often not so strongly developed.

Peet generally with three toes only, the hallux being absent
except in Pedionomus.

Oil-gland tufted.

The spinal feather-tract does not reach the neck, but the three
others do.

No bastard secondary. Pifth cubital remex present.

Young born covered with down and able to run soon after they
are hatched.

Eggs double-spotted and three to five in number.

Nest none.

The female is always larger and the plumage almost alwaj's more
handsome than that of the male, and the latter in the majority of
species, if not in all, incubates the eggs and tends the j'oung.

Family I. TURNICID.E.

Keij to the Genera.

A. Hind toe absent Trnxix, p. o26.

U. Iliud tue present Pedionosius, p. 554.

1. TURNIX*.

Type.

Turnix, Bonnat. Tabl. Encycl. Metli. i. pp. Ixxxii, 5

(1790) T. Pvlvatica.

Tridactylus, Lacep. Mem. Instit. p. 512 (1800-1) . . T. sylvatica.

Ortvsis, Illiger, Prodi: Syst. Mamni. et Av. p. 242

(1811) T. sylvatica.

riemipodius, Tenun. Man. d'Oi-n. p. 313 (1815) : id.

Ply. ft Gall. iii. p. 610 (1815) T. nlgricollis.

* Doubtful species : —

1. Turnix, sp.

Ilemipodius tlioracicus. Bosnih. (iiec Tonm.) Naf. Tijd. Ned. Iiid. xxv.

p. 253 (18B3) ; id. J.f. 0. 18G4, p. 135 [part., Waigiou].
Turnix ocellata, Salmd. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 2o9 (1882).

1. TURNIX. 527

Typp.

Ortyfrodes, Vietll. Anah/se, p. 02 (1816) T. ocellata.

Areoturnix, Bonnp. C. Ji. xliii. p. 414 (ISoC)) T. taiiroor.

Areortyx, Jlciite, Nomoicl. Mu.f. llein. p. 2'JO (lS87j .... T. tai^four.

Hallux absent.

Range. Indo-Malayan region,' extending to New Britain, New
Caledonia, and Australia, also Arabia, S. Europe, Africa, and
Madagascar.

Key to the Species.

I. Taisus longrr than middle toe and claw;
bill .^lender or only moderately strong.
A. Entire breast transversely barred witli
black ; belly immaculate. Sexes
diflerent.
a . Cliiu and throat (and in very old
birds the middle of the chest)
black.
a". No rufous nuchal collar differ-
entiated from tlie back taiyoor $ ad., p. o30.

//'. A fairly dehued rufous nuchal

collar imgna.v $ ad., p. i'i.34.

c". A well-detined rufous nuchal

collar fasciaia $ ad., p. 535.

6'. Chin and throat barred with black
like the breast.
d". Sides of abdomen, thighs, and

under tail-coverts rufous rvfilatnx J ad., p. 5.30.

e" . Under surface witiiout rufous . . poiwUi 5 ad., p. 5.Ji7.

c . Chin and throat white, sides only

with narrow black edging.s to the

feathers.

/". Chest barred with black and rchite.

a'". Sides of abdomen, thighs, and

under tail-coverts rufous. . . . rvjilaftix J ad., p. 536.
//". Under surface without rufous ^jo«x'/// cJ ad., p. 537.
(j". Chest barred witli black and btif.
c". No rufous nuchal collar dif-
ferentiated from back.
a\ Abdomen and thighs rufous; I taiyoor iS &A.,^\ram..,'p. 5.30.
back rufous or brown .... j />M^«a.rcJad., $imm., p. 634.
h\ Abdomen whitisli ; thighs

rufous ; back blackish grey fasciata S ad., p. .535.

d'". A rufotis nuchal collar fasciata (^ 2 inim., p. 535.

B. Centre of breast not transversely
barred with black ; throat never
black. Sexes similar in one group,
but slightly different in the other
section.
d'. Middle feathers of the tail elongated
and ])iiinted and edged with white
or buff : feathers of the upper sur-
face edged with white or bufl,
giving the back a scaly appearance.
Sexes similar.

528 TURNICID^.

h". Centre of breast and belly im-
maculate ; sides of breast spotted
with black or barred with black
and white.
e"' . Scapulars marofined with white
or whitish grey. Feathers on
sides of breast pale buft', con-
trasting strongly with the
rust-red centre of the breast,
each with a heart-shaped sub-
terminal black spot.
c^. Larger ; wing ca. 3'7 in fe-
male sylvatica J 5 ad., p. 537.

d\ Smaller ; wing ca. 3'3 in fe-
male lepurana <S $ ad., p. 539.

/'". Scapulars margined with
golden buff or straw-colour.
<''. Feathers on the sides of the
breast buff, contrasting but
slightly with the brighter
buff centre of the breast ;
each with a subtermiual
black or black and rufous
spot. Wing ca. 29 in fe-
male dussumieri J 5 ad., p. 540.

/'. Feathers on the sides of the
breast with the ends barred
transversely with black and

white nana cJ $ ad., p. 541.

i". Centre of breast and belly with
round subterminal spots on most
of the feathers ; sides of breast
with terminal black and white

transverse bars (as in T. nana). Jiottentotta S ? ad., p. 542.
e' . Middle tail-feathers not elongated
and pointed, nor edged with white
or buff; feathers of upper surface
without any scaly appearance.
Sexes different.
Tt" , A well-defined rufous nuchal
collar.
g'". Scapulars not edged with
golden buff.
^*. Back uniform grej'ish brown,
with tine faint wavy trans-
verse bars of darker brown.

Wing ca. 3-5 taiiki $ ad., p. 544.

/i'. Back brownish grey, irregu-
larly blotched and vermi-
culated with black and
sometimes with traces of
rufous; nuchal collar bright
rufous, narrower. Wing

ca. 3-9 hlanfordi $ ad., p. 542.

i*. Back dark brownish grey,
ii-regularly blotched and

1. TTTEITIX. 529

vermiculated -with black
and rufous ; nuchal collar
dark rufous, wider. Wing

ca. 3-2 albiventrh J ad., p. 54.5.

h'". Scapulars edged with golden
buff*.
A;'. Throat and breast pale
rufous ; belly whitish buff.

Bill slender ^naculosn $ ad., p. 546.

I", No rufous collar, and no rufous
in feathers of upper surface, or
with traces only of this colour.
i'". Scapulars not edged with
golden buff.
/'. Back uniform greyish brown,
with fine wavy transverse
bars of darker colour .... tanki S ad., p, 544.
wi*. Back brownish grey, irre-
gularly blotched and ver-
miculated with black .... blanfordi tS fid., p. 542.
w'. Back dark brownish grey,
irregularly blotched and
vermicidated with black

and rufous albiventris cJ ad., p. 545.

k'". Scapulars edged with golden
biiff.
o'. Chest rufous ; upper smiace
grejisli black.

a\ Throat buff saturata $ ad., p. 547.

6°. Throat white saturata cS ad., p. 547.

p*. Chest buff; upper .surface

greyish brown maculosa cJ ad., p. 546.

g'. Chest rufous; upper surface

greyish brown rufescens? (J ad., p. 547.

m". No defined rufous nuchal collar,
but most of the feathers of the
upper surface (especially those
of the nuchal region) with a
patch at the extremity rufous or
rufous intermixed with black.
r. Scapulars not edged ^^ti, \ l>l^ffordi, tanki, iind a/birm-
SolL buff r \ ^']^ ,^J ^--•' PP- '^^'

in'". Scapulars edged with golden I saturata and maculosa, S ?

buff ( imm., pp. 546, 547.

C. Neck and breast uniform bright rufous;
upper tail-coverts very long, entirely
covering the true tail.

f. Chin, throat, and cheeks black and

white (almost black in very old

birds) ocellata $ ad., p. 548.

g. Chin and throat white spotted with

black ocellata S ad., p. 548.

* Tlie female of T. rufcseciis, Wallace, which is at present unknown, must
evidently be closely allied to T. maculosa, judging from ihe type {'i (S ad.).
VOL. XXII. 2 K

530 TUKNICID^.

II. Tarsus equal to or shorter thau the
middle toe and claw ; bill slender or
very stout.

D. Breast and belly uniform dove-grey ;

shoulders and sides of chest very
bright rufous ; chin and throat deep
black edged with white. Bill slender, nigricullis $ ad., p. 549.

E. Chest black, many of the feathers
having terminal bars of white ; upper
sm'face umber, with here and there
irregular marks of black, rufous, and

white. Bill fairly strong melanogastev $ ad., p. 550.

F. Chest whitish, with a wide V-shaped

subterminal black mark across each
feather ; upper surface as in 5 ad.
Bill not so strong melanogaster S ad., p. 550.

G. Chest buff, irregularly spotted and

marked with grey ; no rufous nuchal
collar, but otherwise the upper sur-
face similar to that of the 5 ad.

Bill slender varia S ad., p. 551.

II. Chest grey ; each feather with a pale
buff" or whitish shaft-streak, becom-
ing more or less spatulate towards
the margin. Feathers surrounding
the eye black spotted with white.
h'. Bill moderately stout ; a fairly
defined bright rufous nuchal col-
lar ; bade black, each feather ir-
regularly and narrowly barred

with rufous varia $ ad., p. 551.

I . Bill very stout ; upper surface uni-
form dull light red, one or two of
the feathers of the middle of the

back mixed with black castanonota ^ J ad., p. 552.

I, Chest rufous. Feathers round the eye
black spotted with white. Upper
surface stone-grey, most of the fea-
thers of the back with narrow trans-
verse bars of rufous and black .... pyrrhothorax S $ ad., p. 553.
K. Chest dull light red, darker at the
sides than in the middle. Feathers
surrounding the eye dull light red,
like the rest of the upper surface.
Bill very stout velox S 2 ad., p. 553.

1. Turnix taigoor.

Hemipodius taigoor, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 155 [Deccan] ; Bengal

Sport. Mag., Oct. 1836, p. 171, pi. i. %. 8 ($ ad.); Sykes, Trans.

Zool. Soc. ii. p. 23, pi. iv. (1841).
Ortygis nigricoUis, Jard. (nee Gm.) Nat. Lib., Om. iv. p. 191,

pi. xxviii. (1834).
Hemipodius plumbipes, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. nos. 126,

127 ; id. Bengal Sport. Mag. May 1837, p. 346.
Hemipodius atrogularis, Eyton, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 107 [Malacca].
Hemipodius taigur ? v. plumbipes, Sodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85

(1844) [Nepal].

1. TUKirix, 531

Tuniix ocellatus, Blyth {nee Scop.), Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 25
(1849) ; Swiithoe, Ibis, 18G3, p. 398 [Formosa] ; Jerd. B. India,
ii. p. 597 (1864).

Tumix ocellatus, var. taigoor, Layard, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2) xiv.
p. 107 (1854).

Turnix taiproor, Jerd. B. India, ii. p. 595 (1864) ; Beavan, Ibis, 18G8,
p. ;J8i; LMauubhoom Dist.] ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 271, no. 9751
(1870) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 470 [part.] ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 428
(1874) [Cliota Nagpur]; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 7 (187G), v. p. 231

(1877) [N. Uuzerat; Cutch] ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 226 (1878)
[Ganges to Godaveri]; Davidson 8f Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 87

(1878) Deccan ; Hume ^ Marshall, Game B. ii. p. 169, pi. (1879) ;
Butt. Cut. B. Sind, p. 55 (1879) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, iii. p. 761 (1880)
[part., N. Ceylon] ; Fidal, Str. F. be. p. 77 (1880) [S. Konkan] ;
Butl. Cat. B. S. Bombay, p. 70 (1880) ; Davidson, Str. F. x.
p. 317 (1882) [W. Khandeish] ; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 412 (1883)
[Mysore] ; Swinhoe ^ Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 132 [Central India] ;
Macgregor, Str. F. x. p. 441 (1887) [Deccan and S. Mahratta
Country] ; Taylor, Str. F. x. p. 465 (1887) [Manzeerabad, Mysore] ;
Macpherso?i, Str. F. x. p. 519 (1887) [Chauda, C. P.]; Grant,
Ibis, 1889, ])p. 449, 450, 455 ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests >^- Fggs, iii.
p. 367 (1890).

Tiu-nix pugnax, Fitzinger, Atl. Nat. Vog. tig. 240 (1864) ; Gray,
Iland-l. B. ii. p. 271, no. 9749 (1870) ; Stoliczka, J. As. Soc. Beng,
xxxix. p. 333 (1870); Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 178(1875) [Upper
Pegu] ; id. Nests S, Eggs, iii. p. 553 (1875) ; Hume 4" Inglis, Str. F.
V. p. 45 (1877) [N.E. Cachar] ; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 222 (1877)
[Deesa] ; Fairbank, Str. F. v. p. 409 (1877) [base of Palani Hills].

Turnix rostrata, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1865, p. 543 [Formosa], 1866,
pp. 131, 403, 1867, p. 232.

Turnix ocellata, Beavan, Ibis, 18G8, p. 387 [Sikhim] ; Stanford,
Ibis, 1870, p. 470 [Pagan, IrawadiJ ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 179
[Loo-choo Is.].

Areoturnix rostrata, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 401 [S. Formosa];
David i) Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p. 399 (1877).

^^jeoturnix blakistoni, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 401 [Canton];
David ^- Ousfalet, Ois. Chine, p. 399 (1877).

Tumix plunibipes, Blyth S/- Walden, Cat. Mamm. Sf B. Burma,
p. 152 (1875) ; Oates, Str. F. v. p. 104 (1877) [Pegu] ; Hume ^
Davison, Str. F. xi. pp. 450, 521 (1878) [Tenasserim] ; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 69 (1879) ; Scully, Str. F. viii. p. 350 (1879)
[Nepal Valley] ; Hume 4* Marsluill, Game B. ii j). 177, pi. (1879) ;
Mdllcr, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 433 [Salanga I.] ; Kelham, Ibis, 1882,
p. 5 [Western Malavana] ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 2.36 (1882) [Pegu];
id B. Burnuih, ii. p. 337 (1883) ; Hutne, Str. F. xi. p. 310 (1888)
[Manipiu-].

Tumix blak^istoni, Stejneger, P. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 635 ; id.
Zeit. ges. Orn. iv. p. 170 (1888) [Loo-choo Is.].

Adult female. General colour above rufous or greyish brown or any
intermediate colour ; a more or less distinct white stripe down the
middle of the head. Feathers on the forehead, lores, sides of the
face, throat, and neck white, each with a subterminal black spot.
Scapulars, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail barred and
vermiculatcd with black ; all the scapulars and some of the other
feathers with the lateral part of the margin edged with whitish buff,

2ii2

532

TUENICID^.

Primaries, primary-coverts, and secoudaries blackish brown, narrowly
margined on the outer web with buff or white, the outer web of the
outer secoudaries being also toothed with the same colour ; rest of
the wing-coverts rufous or brown on the inner web and buff on the
outer, and barred with black. Middle of the throat and chest deep
black ; sides of the chest and the breast buff barred with black ;
belly and rest of the underparts rusty buff, paler in the centre. Iris
pale straw-white : bill, legs, and feet lavender-grey, slightly dusky
towards the tip of the culmen. Total length 6-7 inches, wing 3-6,
tail 1-2, tarsus 0-95.

Immature females differ from the adult only in lacking the black
throat.

Adult male. Differs from the female only in having the chin and
the centre of the throat white and the middle of the chest barred like
the sides, as well as by its smaller size. Iris pale whitish straw ;
biU plumbeous ; legs and feet bluish flesh-eolour. Total length
5*6 inches, wing 3*1, tail 1*2, tarsus 0-85.

Quite young males differ from the adult iu having rounded black
spots on the chest and breast instead of bars ; the wing-coverts have
more buff, and the outer webs of the primaries and secondaries are
more widely and irregularly edged with buff — nearly all the latter
being sometimes also toothed with the same colour.

A nestling is covered with down, and resembles a young Partridge
or Quail.

Note. — Like all birds of this genus there is a general tendency to
uniformity of coloration in the plumage of the upper surface of very
old specimens, the bars, spots, and markings gradually disappearing.

Hah. India and IN". Ceylon, ranging eastward of the Bay of
Bengal through Burma aud Tenasserim to the Malay Peninsula,
Siam, China, Formosa, and Loo-choo Islands.

a,b. S 9- ad. St.
c-g. S ? ad. sk.

h, i. (S 2 ad. sk.
k, I. 5 ad. et

imm. sk.
m. 2 ad. sk.
n-r. S 2 ad. sk.

s, t. (S ad. et $

imm. sk.
u. 2 nr. ad. sk.

V, 10. 2 ^^- sk.

X. 2 ad. sk.

y-a'. S 2 ad. sk.
b'. c? ad. sk.
c'-e'. S ad. et 2

imm. sk.
/'. (S ad. sk.

India.

Coiiubatore, Oct. {A. G. R.

Theobald).
Mysore, July and Aug.
Mysore, Aug. {R. G. W.

R.).
Madi'as.
Madras.

Hume CoU.

W. Davison, Esq. [P.]
Tweeddale Coll.

Dr. Jerdon [P.].
Hume and Gould

Colls.
Hume Coll.

Belgaum, Feb., Nov. {U. A.

Butler).
Dopuli, S. Konkan, Jan. Hume CoU.

{G. Vidal).
Ahmednugger, May, Oct. Hume aud Tweed-

(H. J. Bruce and S. B. dale Colls.

Fail-bank).
Tapti Valley, W. Khan- Hume Coll.

deish.
Khandeish. Tweeddale Coll.

Godra, Panchmehals, Sept. Hume Coll.
Deccan (Si/kes). India Museum [P.].

(Type of Hemipodius taigoor, Sykes.)
Deesa, Aug. {E. A. Butler). Hume CoU.

1. TURNIX.

533

g . 2 imm. sk.
h'. $ ad. sk.
i-l\ S ad. et $

imm. sk.
wj'. 5 imm. sk.

w'. $ imm. sk.
o'-v' . (S 2 ad. sk.
w'. 2 nr. ad. sk.
•^■'»y'- c? 2ad.sk.

s'-i". S 2 ad. sk.
c". 2 imm- sk.

rf". 2 ad. sk.

e' '. 2 imm. sk.

/"-»«.". c? 2 ad.

et imm. sk.

w". (S ad. sk.

o"-?;". c? 2 ad.

et imm. sk.
lo'', x". 2 ad. sk.
y". cS ad. sk.

z"-d\ d 2 ad.

sk.
e'. 2 imm. sk.
f^-k\ d 2 ad.

sk.
l\ d ad. sk.

m', n'. c? ad. sk.

o\p\ cJad.et 2

imm. sk.
y", »-^ (f ad. sk.
s\ c? ad. sk.
f-w\ c? 2 ad.

sk.
x^-aK S 2ad.et

imm. sk.
6'-e'. cJ 2 imm.

sk.
/-»■'. cJ 2 ad. sk.

k*-o\ S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
p*. (5 ad. sk.
q'. (S ad.sk.

r\ s' . 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
t^-w\ c? 2ad.et

imm. sk.
x'*-d\ (S 2ad.sk.

Kutch, Oct.

Jhansie.

N.W. Provinces.

Cawnpur, Dec. ( W. E.

Brooks).
Jubbulpur.
Raiptir, Jan., Aug.
Bengal {Ilardwicke).
Maunbhooui, Jan. {R. C.

Beavan),
Calcutta, July, Aug.
E. Burdwan, Feb. {It. C.

Beamui).
Muddapiu-, Aug. {IV. E.

Brooks).
Oudb.
Nepal Valley.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Capt. S. Pinwill [P.].

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.
Hume Coll.
India Maseum [P.],
Hume and Tweeddale

CoUs.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].

(Types oi Heinipodius plumbipes, Hodgs.)
Nepal Valley, Sept. (/. Hume Coll.

Scully).
Sikbim, March to Jime (Z. Hume Coll.

Mandelli).
Darjeeling. Hume Coll.

Mongphoo, May {J. Gam- Hume Coll.

7nie).
Native Sikhim, June to Hume Coll.

Aug. (Z. Mandelli).
Assam {W. Griffith). India Museum [P.j.

Dibi-ugbur,Mav,July,Aug., Hume Coll.

Oct. {J. R. Cripps).
Shillong, Aug. (/. Cock- Hume Coll.

1)11 rn).
Shillong. June, July {A. Tweeddale Coll.

Jf. Chenncll).
Cachar, March {J, Inylis). Hume Coll.

JManipur, April {A. 0. H.).
Tippernh, ^larch.
Tbayetniyo, May {E. W.

Gates).
Thavetmvo, Sept. {R. G.

If'. R.).
Kareiinee, March {R. G.

ir. R.).
Tonghoo, May (R. G.

W. R.).
Pegu, March, July, Aug.

Kaukarvit, Aug. {J. D.).
Pahbyouk, March ( W.Da-

viso7i).
Tavoy, April (/. Darling).

Bankasoon, March, .\pril,

May ( W. Davison).
Kos3oom,May, June {J.D.).

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Oates and Seebohm

Colls.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Gould and

Colls.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume

534

TTTRNICID^.

e°-5'°- c5' 2 ad. sk.
h\^ c? ad. sk.
I'-o'. c? 2 ad. sk.
P',q°- 6 $ ad.sk.

r%s'. S $ ad.sk.
t^-.rK c? 2 ad. sk.
i/^-v''. c? 2 ad. et

imm. juv. sk.
7V^\ 2 imm. sk.

x\ 2 ad. sk.

y^-n''. S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
o'-y''. c? 2 ad.sk.
z'. 2 ad. sk.

a^. c? ad. sk.
¥-e\ c? 2 ad. sk.
/^■^^ d 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
g^. 2 ad. sk.
r^. (S ad. sk.

s^. c? ad. sk.

f-w". S 2 ad.,
imm., et juv. sk.

x^-z^. c? ad. et 2
imm. sk.

a^ Pull. sk.
b\ 2 ad. sk.

Taroar, Feb. (J. J>.).
Tongkah, Jan. (J.D.).
Salang,reb.,Mar.(/.i).).
Prov. Wellesley, Dec.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
A. McKinlay, Esq.

[P.].
Gates Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Eyton Coll. (Type

Tweeddale CoU.

Purchased.
Hume CoU.
Hume CoU.

Gould CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.

Seebohm CoU.

Penang.

Penang {Dr. Cantor).

Klang, Jan. to July (IF.

Davison).
Kuroo (Native State), Nov.

{W. Davison).
Malacca.

of Hemipodius atrogularis, Eyton.)
Malacca, Jan , July, Aug. Hume Coll.

Sept.
Malacca.
Mt. Opbir, Malacca, Aug.

(E. G. W. R).
Singapore.
Singapore.
Singapore T., Feb., July,

Oct., Nov. ( W. Damson).
Siam {Schonibiirgk).
Nahconcbaisee, Siam, June

(i. Laglaize).
Canton (7". Blakiston).

(Type of Areotm-niv blakistoni, Swinh.)
Formosa, Feb., March, Tweeddale and See-
April (R. Stcinhoe). bohm Colls.
Takow, Jan., May, Dec. Tweeddale and See-

(jR. Sivinhoe). bohm Colls.

(Type of Turnix rostrata, Swinh.).
Taiwan (R. SivinJioe). Seebohm Coll.

Loo-choo Is., Aug. (S. Seebohm Coll.

Prtjer).

Subspecies a. Turnix pugnax.

? La CaiUe de Java, Brisson, Orn. i. p. 251 (1760) ; Buff. Hist. Nat.

Ois. ii. p. 479 (1771).
? Noisy Quail. Lath. Gen. St/n. ii. pt. ii. p. 787(1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.

viii. p. 309 (1823).
? Tetrao suscitator, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 763 (1788).
F Perdix suscitator, Ldh. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 654 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. XXV. p. 263 (1817).
? Coturnix suscitator, Bonnat. Tahl. Encycl. MM. i. p. 222 (1791).
Hemipodius pugnax, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 612, 754 (1815)

[Java] ; Schitiz, Nat. Ahbild. Fog. p. 268 (1883) ; id. Nat. Vogel.

p. 165, pi. 80 (1853).
Ortygis luzoniensis, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 185 (1822) [Java].
Tetrao luzoniensis, Raffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 324 (1822) [Sumatra].
Fighting Quail, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 341 (1823).
Turaix pugnax, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 309 [Ceylon] : Nicholson, Ibis,

1881, p. 155 [Java] ; Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 449, 450, 458.
Turnix taigoor, Holdsio. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 470 [part.] ; Legge, Ibis,

1874, p. 26, 1875, p. 400 [S. Ceylon] ; id. B. Ceylon, iii. p. 761

(1880) [part.].

1. TURNIX. 535

Turnix (Hemipodius) pugnax, Snelleman, in Vitli's Midden-Smnatra,

iv. p. 45 (1887).
Areoturnix pugnax, Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xlix. p. 70

(1889) [Sumatra].

Areoturnix phinibipof, Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. 1. p. 513

(1890) [Billitou].

Adult female. Only differs from tho adult female of T. tavjoor
in always having a fairly marked rnfous nuchal collar, which is
distinctly differentiated from the colour of the back, and indicates
an approach towards T. fasciaia, tho Philippine species. Iris light
straw-colour. Total length 0-0 inches, wing 3'5, tail 1-2, tarsus 1.

Adult male. Eesemhles the male of T. taigoor.

Hah. Billiton, Java, Sumatra, and S.W. of Ceylon.

a. c? ad. sk. Colombo, Cevlon, .June Hume Coll.

(Hart).

b. (J ad. sk. Ceylon. Hume Coll.
c-g- 6 ? ad. sk. Ceylon, March, Nov. (.S". Tweeddale Coll.

Chapman).

h-m. S $ ad. sk. Java. Tweeddale Coll.

n, 0. $ ad. sk. Java. Salvin-Godman Coll.

P)9- S 2 <id. sk. Sumatra. Wallace Coll.

r. 2 nr. ad. sk. Sumatra, Sept. (C. Boch). Tweeddale Coll.

2. Turnix fasciata.

Hemipodius fasciatus, Tctntn. Pit/, et Gall. iii. pp. 634, 757 (1815)
[Philippine Is.].

Turnix fiisciata. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 270, no. 9740 (1870) ;
Tweeddale, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 701 [Luzon]; Ramsay, Orn. Works
Tweedd., App. p. 659 (1881); Grant, Ibi.% 1889, pp. 449, 450,459.

Turnix nigrescens, Tiveeddale,P. Z.S. 1877, p. 765 [Zebu]; Ramsay,
Oru. Works Tweedd., App. p. C59 (1881) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888,
p. 203 [Palawan] ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1800, p. 58 [Palawan].

Tui-nix haynaldi, Blasius, Or)iis, iv. p. 317 (1888) [Palawan].

Adult female. Differs from the female adult of T. taigoor in
having the feathers of the top of the head black with dark grey
margins ; no white stripe down the centre of the head ; a wide
well-defined nifous nuchal collar; the back, rump, upper tail-coverts,
and scapulars nearly black vermiculated with grey, and here and
there rufous towards the margins ; the abdomen pale buff, the flanks
and under tail-coverts more rufous. Iris white ; bill yellow at the
base, greenish a.s the tip ; legs yellow. Total length G inches,
wing 3-4, tail M, tarsus 1.

Imjnatu re females. Kesemble those of T. taie/oor,hnt have a well-
developed rufous nuchal collar, and the belly pale whitish buff. Iris
white ; bill greenish chrome clouded with blackish green ; legs
greenish chrome.

Adult male. Has the upper surface like that of the female, but
the rufous nuchal collar is entirely absent ; the lest of the plumage
resembles that of the male of T. taigoor, but the belly is somewhat
paler. Total length 5-2 inches, wing 3, tail 1-1, tarsus 0-9.

536

TTJENICID^.

In immature males, like immature females, the rufous nuchal
collar is well developed at first, but as age increases it gradually
disappears, together with the rufous bars in the plumage of the
upper parts. Iris white ; bill blackish, base yellow ; legs light
greenish yellow.

A quite young hird resembles T. taigoor of the same age, but the
plumage of the upper parts is darker.

Hab. Philippine Islands, Palawan.

Manilla, Luzon, Philippine Tweeddale Coll.

Is., Aug. {Maitland

Heriot).
Lagima de Bai, Nov. {A.

S. Everett).
Monte Alban, Feb., March

(A. S. Everett).
Zebu, April {A.H.Everett).

(Types of Turnix mc/rescens, Tweedd.)
SanAntonio,Negros,March Steere Expedition.

(E. L. Moseley).
Dumaguete, Negi'os, Feb.

{E. L. Moseley).
Palawan, July.

a-

-f. c?ad.,imm.,

et juT. sk.

ff-

2 nr. ad. sk.

h

-0. S ? imm. sk,

p,q. c? $ ad. sk.

r.

2 ad. sk.

s.

$ ad. sk.

t.

S ad. sk.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Steere J^xpedition.

J. Whitehead, Esq.

[P.].

3. Turnix rufilatus.

Tui'nix fasciatus, Gould {nee Temm^, Birds of Asia, xii. pi. 11 (1861)

[Celebes].
TiirnLx rufilatus, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 480 [Celebes] ; Grant, Ibis,

1889, pp. 449, 460.
Turnix ruiilata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 270, no. 9737 (1870).

Adult female. General tone above warm brown, greyish on the
mantle, and inclining to rufous on the rump, each feather vermicu-
lated with black, and some in the middle of the back and scapulars
with a subterminal black blotch. Feathers of the top of the head
black margined with rusty brown ; lores black ; superciliary stripe
and sides of the head white and black. Chin, throat, chest, and
breast white barred with black : middle of belly whitish bufE ; sides
of belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts rusty buff. Wings and
wing-coverts as in T. taigoor, but the outer primary only is edged
with whitish buff. Bill and feet pale greenish yellow. Total length
6'6 inches, wing 8"6, tail I'3, tarsus 1*1.

A nearly adult femcde differs from the above in having the lower
part of the back more rufous and the black markings coarser, the
feathers in the middle of the back and the scapulars ornamented
with large subterminal blotches, the sides margined with white,
and the bill not so large and strong.

Adult male. Resembles the nearly adult female, but there is rather
more rust-colour intermixed with the scapulars, and the chin and
middle of tho throat are white. Bill and feet greenish yeUow.
Total length 5*6 inches, wing 3-4, tail 1-1, tarsus 0-95,

Hob. Celebes.

1. TUBNIX. 537

a-c. <S 2 atl. et Macassar, Celebes {A. Wallace aud Gould Colls.

nr. ad. sk. R. Wallace). (Types of the species.)

d,e. cJ 2 nr. ad. Celebes. Purchased.

4. Turnix powelli.

Ttu-nix ^ovf(i\Yi,GuiUcmavd, P. Z. S. 188.j, p. ">10, pi. xxix. [Sumbawa] ;
Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 449, 461.

Somewhat resembles T. ntfilatits, but distinguished by the entire
absence of rufous on the abdomen and thighs. The cervix is darker,
the barring on the breast more distinct and extending much lower,
and the black stripe on the throat of the male more restricted.
{(xtiille7nard,)

Hah. Gunong Api Island, Sumbawa.

5. Turnix sylvatica.

Gibraltar Quail, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. pt. ii. p. 790 (1783) ; id. Gen. Hist.

viii. p. ;};j6 (1823).
Andalusian Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 791, pi. (1783) ; id. Gen.

Hist. Tiii. p. 337, ])1. cxxxii. (1823).
Tetrao sylvaticus, Dc.^fontuines, Mem. Ac. R. Sc. Paris, 1787, p. 500,

pi. xiii.
Tetrao andalusicus, Gmel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 766 (1788).
Tetrao gibraltaricus. Gtnel. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 766 (1788).
Perdix andalusica, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 65G (1790).
Perdix gibraltarica, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 606 (1790).
Turnix andalusica, Bonii. Tabl. Encycl. M6th. i. p. 7 (1791) ; Vkill.

A. Bid. (VlHtt. Nat. xxxv. p. 45 (1819) ; Olphc-Galliard, Faun.

Orn. Hin-ojw Occ. fasc. xxxix. p. 53 (1886).
Turuix gibraltarica, Ronn. Tabl. Encycl. Meth. i.p. 7 (1791) ; Vieill.

N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 45 (1819).
Turnix africanus, Bonn. Tabl. Rnci/cl. M6th. i. p. 6 (1791) ; Heioitson,

Ibis, 1859, p. 79 [Kobah forest, near Algiers] ; Tristram, Ibis, 1860,

p. 72 [Atlas Mountains aud Algerian Sahara]; Fritsch, Nat. Vik/.

Furo/a's, p. 287 (1870) pi. xxxii. lig. 11 (1871).
Ortygis gibraltaricus, Illiqer, Prodromus, p. 242 (1811) ; Keys. 8,- Bias.

n'irbelth. Fnropa's, y. 203 (1840).
Heniipodius tachvdromus, Te7nm. Piq. et Gall. iii. pp. 626, 756

(1815); id. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 494 (1820); irerner, Atl. Ois.

d'Fur. Order 10, pi. 21 (1828) ; Gould, B. Europe, iv. p. 264,

pi. (1837) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. pt. 4, p. 340 (1840) ; Schinz,

Europ. Faun. i. p. 291 (1840) ; Malh. Faun. Sicil. p. 155 (1843) ;

March, Rev. Zool. 1874, pi. xi.
Heiuipodius lunatus, Teynin. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 629, 756 (1815) ;

id. Man. iTOrn. ii. p. 495 (1820); Werner, Atl. Ois. d'Eur.

Order 10, pi. 22 (1828); Schinz, Europ. Faun. i. p. 291 (1840).
Ortygis andalusica, Keys. S,- Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. p. 202 (1840).
Turnix audalussica, Benoit, Orn. Sicil. p. 122 (1840).
Turnix andalusicus, Degl. Orn. Europ. ii. p. 66 (1849).
Turnix gibraltarius, Brehm, J'iiyelfaiiy, p. 277 (1855).
Turnix albigularis, Malh. Fuune Orn. de CAIy. p. 26 (1855).
Turnix sylvaticus, Bonnp. Cat. Parzwl. p. 13 (1856) ; Degl. Sf Gerbe,

Orn. Europ. ii. p. 84 (1867).

538

TTTENICID^.

Tumix gibraltariensis, v. Homeyer, J. f. O. 1862, p. 420.

Turnix sylvatica, Brake, Ibis, 1867, p. 428 [Tangier and E. Morocco] ;

Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 450 [Portugal] ; Doderl. Avifaun. Mod. ^ Sicil.

p. 168 (1869-71) ; Gray, Haml-l. B. ii. p. 270," no. 9729 (1870) ;

Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 224 [S. Spain] ; Gurney, IJjis, 1871, p. 296 ;

Heu^l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 909 (1873) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, pp. 21,

24 [Sicily]; Irby,Orh.Gibraltar,-p. 139 (1875); Dresser, B. Europe,

Tii. p. 249, pi. 494 (1876) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 207; Saund.

ed. YarreU's Brit. B. iii. p. 131 (1882-84) ; Chajmian, Ibis, 1884,

p. 93 [S. Spain] ; Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 251 [near Tangier] ; Salvad.

El. Ucc. Ital. p. 202 (1887) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 381 [S. Portugal] ;

Koenig, J.f. O. 1888, p. 255 [Tunis] ; Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 450,

462.

Adult female. General colour above dull light red, the feathers of
the top of the head, hack, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and scapulars
barred and margined internally with black, externally with white or
grey, giving the back a scaly appearance, which is often increased by
the pattern of black and dull light red following the shape of the
feathers instead of crossing them transversely ; a white band down
the middle of the head ; lores, superciliary stripes, and sides of the
head and neck white tipped with black. Primaries, primary-coverts,
and secondaries brownish black, the outer web of all edged and in
the outer secondaries also vermieulated with buff and spotted with
white ; rest of the wing-coverts dull light red, obliquely barred on
the outer or both webs with black and white. Chia and middle of
throat white ; sides of the chest and breast whitish buff, each
feather with a heart-shaped subterminal black spot ; centre of the
chest bright rust-colour, paler on the flanks and under tail-coverts ;
rest of underparts whitish buff. Centre pair of tail-feathers
elongate and pointed. Total length 7 inches, wing 3*7, tail 1-8,
tarsus 0"9.

Adult male. Differs from the female only in being somewhat paler
on the underparts and in the scale-like marking on the feathers of
the upper parts extending right over the nape to the back of the
head. In the female the nape is nearly uniform dull light red.
Total length 6 inches, wing 3-1, tail 1'5, tarsus 0-85.

An immature female has the general paler colour of the male, but
differs in having the wing-coverts pale rufous buff irregularly barred
with black and spotted on the edge of the outer web with white.

Hah. S. Europe and N. Africa.

a, b. 2 ad. sk.

c, d. (^2 ad. sk.
e-g. c? 5 ad. sk.

et imm. at.
h, i. 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
h. ? ad. St.

Malaga, Spain, June {H.

Saunders).
Gibraltar, Feb.
Algeria.

Biskra, Algeria {Loclie).

Tweeddale Coll.

Lt.-Col. Irby[P.].
Gould Coll.

SheUey CoD.

Vernon Harcourt,
Esq. [P.],

1. TUENIX. 539

Subsp. a. Turnix lepurana.

Ortv^s lopurana, Smith, Rep. of Exp., App. p. 55 (1836) [Kurrichanel ;

Cab. J.f. O. 1878, p. I'l:', [Teita].
Hemipodius lepurana, >Smitli, I///i4i: Zool. S. Afr. pi. xvi. (1838).

Av. Afr. Occld. iv. p. 18 (1870); Finsch Sf- Hartl. Vof/. Ost-
Afr. p. 593 (1870) ; Shellnj Sc Buckle,/, Ihk, 1872, p. 290 [Gold
Coast] ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 73 [Accra] ; Gurnei/s ed. Andersson's
B. Damaraland, p. 249 (1872); Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 387
[Matabele Land] ; Bocage, J. f. 0. 187G, p. 300 [Ambaca, Loanda] ;
Fischer 8f Beich. J.f. O. 1878, pp. 249, 293 [Zanzibar], & 1879,
pp. 284, 339 [Malindi, Mambrui, and Tana] ; Bocage, Orn. Anr/ola,
p. 413 (1881) ; Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. vii. p. 119 (1881) [West
of Albert Nyanza]; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 598 [Lamu] ; Bull.,
Feild., c^'- Beid, Zool. (3), vi. p. 339 (1882) [Newcastle, Natal];
Bohm, J.f. O. 1882, p. 196 [Kakoma] ; Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 361
[I3amang^%-ato] ; Sharpens ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 608 (188i) ;
Fischer, Zeit. yes. Orn. i. p. 382 (1884) [Pangani] ; id. J. f O.
1885, p. 117 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1885, p. 346, 1886, p. 292 [Transvaal] ;
Matschie, J.f O. 1887, p. 145 [Marun<?u]; Schalow, J. f. O. 1887,
p. 226; Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 450, 462; Emin, J.f 0. 1891,
p. 58 [Ugotyo], pp. 537, 539 [Victoria Nyanza] ; Reichenoiu, J.f 0.
1891, p, 142 [Uuyamuesi and Uuyanyembe], 1892, p. 11 ; Skarpe,
Ibis, 1892, p. 550 [Kikumbuliu and Siik Country]; Barnes, Ibis,
1893, p. 168 [Aden] ; Shelle,/, Ibis, 1894, p. 25 [Zomba].
Orty.xelus lepuranus, Heuyl. J.f O. 1862, p. 415 [E. Kordofan].

This is really only a small race of T. sylvatica, the plumage of
both being absolutely identical in birds of the same sex and age.

Adult female. Total length 5-7 inches, wing 3"2, tail 1-7,
tarsus 0-!). Iris very pale yellow ; bill bluish horn-colour, with
the tip black ; tarsi and feet pale.

Adult male. Total length 5 inches, wing 2-9, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-8.

Hah. Africa south of about 13° N. lat. ; recently obtained at
Aden.

a. (S ad. sk. Gold Coast, March. Shelley Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. Plains of Accra, Fantee, Shelley Coll.

Feb. (Ussher).
c-k. c? 2 ad. sk. Accra, Feb., April, May. Shelley Coll.

l,m. c? $ ad. sk. C. C. Castle, March. Shelley Coll.

n-8. d 2 "d. sk. Landana. M. L. Petit [C.].

t. (J ad. .«k. S. Africa. Shellev Coll.

u,v. $ ad. .«k. Kurrichane. Sii-A.Smith. (Type

of the subspecies.)
w. c? ad. sk. Kroonstad, April. J. fl. Gurney, Esq.

[P.].
.V. cJad.sk. Potchefstroom, Sept. {T. J. II. Gumey, Esq.

Ayres). [P.l.

y, z. 2 nd. sk. Zoniba, Oct., Nov. {A. Consiil H. II. John-

JVhyte). ston [P.].

a', b'. d 2 ad. sk. Lamu {Sir J. Kirk). Shelley Coll.

c'. 2 ad. sk. Aden, Jan. H. E. Barnes, Esq.

[P.].

540 TUENICID^.

6. Turnix dussumieri.

Hemipodius dussumieri, Temm. PL Col. v. pi. 454. fig. 2 (1828).

Hemipodius variabilis, Hodgs. MS. (?), Bengal Sport. Mag. 1837,
p. 345.

Hemipodius sykesi, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. ii. {see H. lepurana,
pi. 16, footnote) (1838).

Turnix dussumieri. Suinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 341 [Amoy to Hongkong]
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 161 ; Gotild, Birds of Asia, vii. pi. 10 (1869);
Grag, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 270, no. 9736 (1870) ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S.
1871, p. 401 [Takow, Formosa] ; Sutne, Str. F. i. p. 227 (1873)
[Sind] ; Adam, Str. F. ii. p. 338 (1874) [Sambhur Lake] ; Ball,
Str. F. ii. p. 428 (1874) ; Fairbank, Str. F. iv. i^p. 202, 266 (1876)
[Deccau] ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 9 (1876) [N. Guzerat] ; David f
Oustalet, Ois. Chine, p.'.397 (1877) ; Bavidson ^ Wende7i, Str.F. vii.
p. 87 (1878) [Deccan] ; Hume, Str.F. vii. p. 186 (1878) [E. Narra
and Hyderabad]; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 226 (1878) [Central
Provinces] ; Cripps, Str. F. vii. p. 298 (1878) [Faridpur] ; Btitl.
Cat. B. Sind, p. 56 (1879) ; Hume Sf Marshall, Game B. ii. p. 193,
pi. (1879) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 77 (1880) [S. Konkan] ; Butl.
Cat. B. S. Bombay, p. 70 (1880) ; Peid, Str. F. x. p. 64 (1881)
[Lucknow] ; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 237 (1882) [Pegu] ; Davidson,
Str.F.x.T^.ZlQ (1882) [W. Khandeish] ; Oates, B. Burmah, ii.
p. 336 (1883) ; Sioinhoe Sf Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 132 [Central
India]; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 312 (1888) [Khasia HHls and
Manipur] ; Gratit, Ibis, 1889, pp. 450, 462 ; Oates's ed. Hume's
Nests Sf Eqgs, iii. p. 371 (1890) ; Hartl. Abh. nut. Ver. Brem. xii.
p. 324 (1892) [Hainan].

Turnix joudera, Swinhoe, Ibis, 1861, p. 50.

Turnix 'sykesii, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 600 (1864) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868,
p. 387 [N. of Mt. Parisnath and Maunblioom].

Adult female. This is the smallest species belonging to the genus.
It closely resembles T. lepurana in general plumage, but may be at
once distinguished by the wide golden-bufF or straw-coloured
margins of the scapulars. Total length 5 inches, wing 2-9, tail 1-5,
tarsus 0'75.

Adult male. Eesembles the female, but is generally paler and
smaller. Total length 4-5 inches, wing 2-7, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-65.

In quite young birds the whole of the upper plumage is reddish
brown, becoming brighter rufous on the nuchal region, and indistinctly
barred with blackish brown and spotted with white, especially on
the wing-covorts and chest. The latter is paler buff than that of
the adult and spotted all over with black.

Hah. India, Pegu, Hainan, and Pormosa.

Deccan ( W. H. Sykes and Gould Coll.

Lieut. Burgess).

Deccan (W. H. Sykes). India Museum [P.].

Belgaum, May (E. A. Hume Coll.

Butler) .

Jhansie, Aug. Hume Coll.

Sambhur, July (P. M. Hume Coll.

Adam).

Punjab, Jan. to April. Hume Coll.

Delhi, April. Hume Coll.

a.

S. d ? ad.

sk.

c.
d.

(S ad. sk.
51 ad.sk.

e.
/•

cJ ad. sk.
cj ad. sk.

ff-

■k. S ? ad.
m. 5 ad. sk

sk.

1. TtTRNIX.

541

n-u. (S $ ad. sk.

V, w. Imm. sk.
X. 2 ad. sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.

s-b'. c? 2 ad. sk.

c', d'. (S 2 ad. sk.
e'-g'. (S 2 ^■il' sk.

A'-^'. c? 2 ad. sk.

I'. 2 ad. sk.

m', n'. cj 2 ad. sk.
o', p'. c? 2 ad. sk.

q'-s'. 2 ad. sk.
/'. 2 ad. sk.
u', v. (S 2 ad. sk.
^o', x'. 2 ad. sk.
y', z'. 2 ad. sk.

iSullanpur, Gurgaon Dist.,
May ( W. N. Chill).

Simla, Oct. {A. 0. H.).

Syi-oe, nr. Simla, Oct.

Fiitteligurh Dist. [A. An-
derson).

Etawah, Jan., July ( W. E.
Brooks).

Cawnpur, April.

Lucknow, May, Aug., Oct.
(G. Reid).

Nepal.

East Burdwan, Pel). [It. C.
Beavan).

Central Provinces, Jan., Dec.

Seoni Dist., Central Pro-
vinces.

Raipur Dist.

Sumbulpm- Dist., Dec.

Madras.

Pegu, July.

Takow, Formosa, Dec. {R.
Sivinhoe).

Ilumo Cull.

Ilume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Tweeddale Coll,

Hume Coll.
Ilume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gould CoU.
E.W.Oates,Esq.rC.].
Tweeddale and bee-
bohm Colls.

7. Turnix nana.

Hemipodius nanus, Sundevall, CEfo. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl. 1850,
^ p. 110.

Tumix liottentota, Shelley (nee Temm.), Ibis, 1875, p. 85 [A'atal],
Tumix hottentotta, Sharpes ed. Latjard's B. S. Afr. p. 007 Fpai-t.!

(1884).
Tumix nana. Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 450, 463.

Adult female. General colour above black, barred and mottled
with rufous, most of the feathers of the top of the head and back
incompletely edged with white ; rump and upper tail-coverts nearly
uniform black ; scapulars edged with golden buff ; rest of the head,
sides of the throat, chost, and upper breast bright buff, the ends of
the feathers along the sides of tho neck and breast regularly barred
with black and white. Primaries, primarj'-coverts, and secondaries
brownish black, the outer primaries margined on the outer web
with buff; rest of the wing-covcrts irregularly mixed with light
red, buff, and white, with a more or less regular subterminal black
bar and white extremity. Chin and centre of throat whitish ;
lower breast and belly white ; flanks and under tail-coverts buff.
Tail with tlie middle pair of feathers elongate and pointed and, like
the scapulars and upper tail-coverts, edged with golden buff. Total
length 5'8 inches, wing 3'2, tail l"o, tarsus GO.

Adult nutle. llesembles the female, but the forehead is like the
top of the head, the superciliary stripes and sides of the head and
throat arc much paler than tho chest, and the black and white
barring on the sides of the chest and breast extends further on to
the chest : that is to say, two or three rows of feathers instead of

542

TtTRNICID^.

one have the tips black and white. Iris grey ; upper mandible
brown; lower one and the ^egs flesh-colour. Total length 5 inches,
wing 2-9, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-9,

In a quite young specimen the whole of the underparts are white,
except on the breast, where here and there the buff of the adult is
just beginning to appear. The whole of the chest and breast is
barred with black.

Hah. Africa south of about 10° S. lat. to the Great Karroo.

a, b. 2 ad. sk.
c-f. S $ ad. et

imm. sk.
g. S ad. sk.
h. $ ad. St.

King William's Town.
Pinetown, Natal, March ((?.

E. S. and T. L. Ayres).
Accra, Jan.
S. Africa.

8. Turnix hottentotta.

Lieut. Anstey [P.].
Shelley Coll.

Shelley CoU.
Purchased.

Hemipodius hottentottus, Temm. Pt(/. et Gall. iii. pp. 636, 757

(1815).
Hottentot Quail, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 345 (1823).
Turnix hottentotus, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 276 (1867).
Turnix hottentota, Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 375 [Swelleudam ; nests

and eggs] ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 270, no. 9730 (1870).
Turnix hottentotta, Sharpens ed. LayarWs B. 8. Afr. p. 607 [part.]

(1884) ; Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 451, 464.

Adult female. Resembles the female of T. nana in plumage, but
most of the feathers of the middle of the breast and abdomen are
ornamented with a rounded subterminal black spot. Total length
6-6 inches, wing 3-4, tail 1*7, tarsus 0-95.

Adult male is probably similar to the above, but the Museum
does not possess a specimen in which the sex has been ascertained.

Young birds resemble the young of T. nana, but the beUy as well
as the breast is barred and spotted with black.

Hab. Extreme south of the African continent south of the Great
Karroo.

a. 2 ad. sk.

b, c. 2 ^d.
imm. sk.

d, e. 2 ^d.

imm.. st.
/. 2jiiv.sk.

et

et

S. Africa.
S. Africa.

S. Africa.

J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].
Gould Coll.

Piu^chased.

Georgetown (LI. L. Layard). Shelley Coll.

9. Turnix blanfordi.

Tm'iiix maculatus, Vieill. [nee Hemipodius maculosus, Tem7n.), N.

Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 47 (1819) ; David ^ Oustalet, Ois.

Chine, p. 398 (1877).
Turnix blaufordi, Blyth, J. As. Sac. Beng. xxxii. p. 80 (1863)

[Thayetmyo]; id. ^ Walden Cat. Mamm. ^ B. Burma, p. 151

(1875); Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 451, 452,466; Sty an, Ibis, 1891,

pp. 329, 500 [Lower Yangtse basin] ; Sclat. Ibis, 1892, p. 87 ;

de la Louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 494 [Foochow].
Turnix maculosa. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 270, no. 9734 (1870) ; Hume,

Str. F. iii. p. 179 (1875) [Kolidoo] ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1876, p. 508 ;

1. TtJRNIX. 543

Sume Sf Marshall, Game B. ii. p. 183, pi. (1879); Bingham, Str.

F. ix. p. 196 (1880) [Meplay 11.]; Oates, Str. F. x. p. 230 (1882)

[Pegu] ; id. B. Bunnah, ii. p. 338 (1883) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 312

(1888) [Assam and Manipur].
Heniipodius msiaxtXaXna, Sicinhoe, Ibis, 1875, p. 127 [Chefoo].
Hemipodiiis viciarius, Swiiihoe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 402 [S ad.] (1871)

[Cautonto Pekin]; Tacz. J. f. O. 1870, p. 201; id. Bull. Soc.

Zool. Fr. i. p. 245 (1876) [Ussuri, Chanka].
Ilemipodius chrysostomus, Sxoinhoe, Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) xii. p. 375

[2 ad.] (1873) [Chefoo].
Tiiinix niaculosus, Hume ^- Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 452 (1878)

[Tenns.<urim] ; Sclaf. Voij. Chall. p. 115 (1880).
Heniipodius cathareus, Swinhoe, MS. [ $ imm.].
Heniipodius variabilis, Prjev. Voy. dans Ussuri, no. 139.

Adult female. General colour above grej'ish broAVTi, with a -well-
defined rufous nuchal collar ; lores and forehead, superciliary stripes
and sides of the head bufi", tipped with black ; top of the head black,
edged with buff; in some specimens a line of buff feathers down
the middle of the head. Back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and
scapulars irregularly barred and vermiculatcd with black, mixed
here and there with traces of rufous ; some still retaining traces of
the whitish-buff lateral margins characteristic of immature birds.
Primaries, primary-coverts, and secondaries blackish brown, nar-
rowly margined on the outer web with bufi"; rest of the wing-
coverts buff, some of the outer secondary and most of the lesser
and median coverts have a small subterminal black occUus. Chin
and middle of the throat whitish bufi' ; sides of the throat, chest, and
breast rufous buff, bccomiug paler on the flanks and white on the
belly ; most of the feathers of the sides of the chest and breast are
ornamented by a small subterminal round black spot. Iris straw-
yellow or white. Lower mandible, gape, and base of upper man-
dible chrome-yellow ; rest of upper mandible reddish brown. Legs,
feet, and claws chrome-yellow. Total length 6'5 inches, wing 3*8,
tail 1-5, tarsus 1"05.

Adult male. Differs from the female in having no rufous nuchal
collar. Iris white ; bill and feet yellow. Total length 5*8 inches,
wing 3'5, tail 1"3, tarsus 0*95.

Immature males and females resemble each other and differ from
the adults in having all the feathers of the upper surface with a
patch of rufous at the extremity, and narrowly margined laterally
on one or both webs with buff ; the round black spots on the wing-
coverts and sides of the chest and breast are also more numerous.

llah. India, east of the Bay of Bengal to the S. of Tonasserim,
Siam, and China as far north as ilantchuria.

a. 2 imm. sk. Chittagong, Dec. (//. Fas- Hume Coll.

son).

b. 2 imm. sk. Tipperah. Hume Coll.
c,d. cJ $ imm. sk. Kai-ennee, March [R. G. Tweeddale Coll.

W. R.).
e,f. S 2 ad. sk. Tonghoo, April and Dec. Tweeddale Coll.
{R. G. W. R.).

544

TTTENICrD^.

g-v. S $ ad. et

imm. sk.
w. § imm. sk.

X, 2 imm. sk.
y. S imm. sk.

z, (S imm. sk.
a'. S imm. sk.
b', c'. c? 2 imm.

sk.
d'. (S imm. sk.
e'. S imm. sk.
/'. 5 imm. sk.
g'. 5 imm. sk.
(S nr. ad. sk.
(S 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
m'. (S ad. sk.

-/'.

Pegu, Jau. to April {E. W.
Oates).

Khykehto, Jan. ( W. Davi-
son).

Kolidoo, Jan. ( W. Davison).

Thomigyeen, April (C. T.
Bingham.).

Amherst, Jan. ( W. Davison).

Mergui, Jan. {W. Davison).

Bankasoon, April ( W.
Davison).

Pakclian, Jan. ( W. Davison).

Siam (Schojnhtirgk).

Fokien, Sept. (H. 8winhoe).

Hongkong.

Shanghai, Oct. (i2. Sivinhoe).

Chefoo, May, June {R.
Sivinhoe).

S. of Mantchuria.

10. Turnix tanki.

Oates & Hume Colls.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
' Challenger ' Exped.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Dr. James [P.].

Turnix tanki {Buchanan Hamilton), Blyth, J. As. Soc. Betiq. 1843,
p. 180 ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 161 ; Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 451, 452,
466 ; Oates, Hume's Nests ^ Eggs, iii. p. 370 (1890).

Hemipodius joudera, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. no. 121 ; id. in
Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) [Nepal].

Hemipodius dussumieri ? v. variabilis, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc.
p. 85 (1844) ; id. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. nos. 122, 123.

Turnix joudera. Gray, Cat. Mamm. 8f B. Nepal, p. 129 (1846) ; id.
Gen. B. iii. p. 131 [ $ ad.] (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. ii. p. 270,
no. 9735 (1870) ; Ball, Str. F. iv. p. 236 (1876) [Orissa] ; Butler,
Str. F. iv. p. 8 (1876) [N. Guzerat, Kattiawar, Cutch, Sind,
Jodhpm-] ; Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 225 (1876) ; Butler, Str. F. v.
p. 231 (1877) [Deesa] ; BaU, Str. F. vii. p. 226 (1878) [Ganges
to Godaveri] ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, p. 56 (1879) ; Hume ^ Marsh.
Game B. ii. p. 187, pi. (1879) ; Bull. Cat. B. S. Bombay, p. 70
(1880) ; Reid, Str. F. x. p. 64 (1881) [Lucknow]; Davidson, Str.
F. X. p. 318 (1882) [W. Khandeish]; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 412
(1883) [Wynaad] ; Sivinhoe ^- Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 132 [Central
India] ; Macgregor, Str. F. x. p. 441 (1887) [Belgaum] ; Terry,
Str. F. X. p. 479 (1887) [Palani Hills].

Turnix dussumieri, Jerd. {nee Temm.) B. India, ii. p. 599 (1863) ;
Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 387 [Lower Bengal and Julpigoorie].

Adult female. Resembles T. hlanfordi in general appearance, but
may be at once distinguished by its smaller size and by having the
whole of the back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapulars uniform
greyish brown with fine wavy transverse bars of darker brown;
the feathers of the top of the head black, each with a subterminal
buff bar, and the rufous nuchal collar wider. Iris white ; bill, legs,
and feet yellow. Total length 5-5 inches, wing 3-4, tail 1-1, tarsus
0-85.

Adult male. Resembles the adult female, but has no rufous nuchal
collar, and the transverse markings on the upper parts are coarser.
Iris white ; upper part of upper and tip of lower mandible dark

1. rtJENIX.

545

brown, remainder orange-yellow ; legs and feet pale orange-yellow
Total length 5-3 inches, wing 3, tail 1, tarsus 0-85.

Immature birds of both sexes resemble each other, and can only
be distinguished from those of T. hlanfordi by their smaller size.

Hub. Peninsula of India and east of the Bay of Bengal as far as
Tipperah.

a. $ ad. sk.

b. $ ad. sk.

c. d. 2 ad. et imm.
sk.

e-i. c? 2 ad. et nr.

ad. sk.
k, I. 2 imm. sk.
m, n. <S ad. et 2

inmi. sk.
o,p. (J 2 ^^- sk-
q. (S imm. sk.
r. (S ad. sk.
s. 2 ur. ad. sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.
u. (S imm. sk.
V, w. cS ad. et 2

imm. sk.
.r. cJ imm. sk.

d' imm. sk.

2 ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.

>/■

Tipperah.

Bhotan Dears, April.

Nat. Sikkim, Mar., June

(L. Mandelli).
Nepal.

Allahabad, Dec.
Kumaon, May.

Punjab, Feb. & March.

N.W. India.

Deesa, July {E. A . Butler).

Kamptee.

Poonah.

C. India.

Raipur.

Madras.

W ynaadjIMay ( W.Davison) .

India.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Capt. S. Pinwill [P.].

Hume Coll.

Dr. R. B. Hinde [P.].

Colonel Sturt [P.].

Gould CoU.

Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould CoU.

11. Turnix albiventris.

Turnix albiventris, Hume, Str. F. i. p. 310 (1873) [Andamans] ;

Hume Sf Marsh. Game B. ii. p. 199, pi. (1879) ; Grant, Ibis, 1889,

pp. 451, 452, 467.
Turnix ioudera, Ilodgs. ?, albiventris, Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 281 (1874)

[Nicobai-s], iv. pp. 279, 293 (1876).

Adidt female. Differs from both T. blanfordi and T. tanhi in
retaining the rufous in the feathers of the back and in having the
nuchal collar much wider and of a deeper rufous. It resembles
the former in having the upper parts blotched and vermiculated
with black, and the latter in its size and the markings of the top of
the head. Total length 5-5 inches, wing 3-2, tail 1-2, tarsus O'U.

Adult male. Scarcely diflcrs in plumage from the male of T. blan-
fordi, the only apparent character being that some of the dorsal
feathers are intermixed with rufous. Total length 53 inches,
wing 3, tail 1"1, tarsus 0-85.

Immature birds of both sexes resemble one another, and cannot
be distinguished from the immature of T. tanJci.

Quite younr/ specimens have the plumage like that of the
immature, but paler, and the sides of the neck and chest and
the lesser and median wing-coverts are tipped with white.

Hab. Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
TOL. xxii. 2 N

546

TCEKECrD^.

a. 5 imm. sk.

b. 2 ad. sk.

c-ff. (S 2 ad., iinm.,

et juv. sk.
h-n. (^ $ ad., imm.,

et pull. sk.

o. cJ nr. ad. sk.
p. 2 ad. sk.

Nicobar Islands.

Nangcowiy I., Nicobars, Dec.

(-R. J. Wimberley).
Camorta L, Isicobars, Jan.,

Dec. (-R. /. Wimberley).
Camorta I., Nicobars, Feb. to

May & Dec. ( W. Davison ^

A. de Roepstorff).
Port Mouat, Andamans, Jan.

[W. Davison).
Port Blair, Andamans.

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

(Type of tbe species.)

Hume Coll.

12. Turnix maculosa.

Hemipodius maculosus, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 631, 757 (1815).

Turnix maculosus, Stephens, in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xi. p. 394 (1819).

Turnix maculatus, Vieill. Encycl. Meth. i. p. 3.30 (1823) ; id. Galerie
des Ois. ii. p. 51, pi. 217 [ $ ad. good] (1825).

Hemipodius melanotus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 8 [Tasmania !] ; id.
Syn. B. Auslr. text & pi. (1837-38) ; id. B. of Austr. v. pi. 84
(1848) ; Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. iv. p. 92 (1879) [Port
Moresby, New Guinea].

Turnix melanotus, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 182 (1865) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. ii. p. 270, no. 9745 (1870) ; Ramsay, P. Linn. Soc.
N.S. W. i. p. 185 (1876) [N. S. Wales, and Queensland], ii. p. 196
(1877) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 18 (1888) [N. and N.E. Aus-
tralia, Interior, and S. New Guinea].

Turnix beccarii, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. vii. p. 675 (1875)
[S.E, Celebes]; id. Ibis, 1890, p. 130; Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 344.

Turnix melauota, Forbes, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 127 [Albany I. and Booby
I., Cape York] ; id. Voy. ' Challenger,' B. p. 91 (1881).

Turnix melanonota, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 9
(1882) [pai-t.] : id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 258 (1882) [part.] ; id. Agg.
Orn. Pap. pt. iii. p. 195 (1891).

Turnix maculosa, Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 451, 452, 468.

Adult female. Resembles T. hlanfordi, from which it can at once
be distinguished by its smaller size and by having the scapulars
edged with golden buff or straw-colour. The feathers of the top of
the head are black margined with brownish grey, a dull buff line
runs down the middle of the head, and there is more rufous re-
maining in the plumage of the upper parts below the nuchal collar.
Total length 5*8 inches, wing 3-2, tail 1"3, tarsus 0*85.

Adult mcde. Resembles the female, but there is no trace of a rufous
nuchal collar. Total length 5'1 inches, wing 2-8, tail 1*2, tarsus 0*8.

Immature birds of both sexes resemble the immature of T. blan-
fordi, but are at once distinguished by the wider golden-buff
margins of the scapulars.

Hah. N. and E, Australia and the Interior ; also S. coast of
N. Guinea ; S.E. Celebes.

a. (S ad. sk. Lizard Island, May.

b. (S imm. sk. Albany Island, Cape York.
c-g. (S 2 ad. et Somerset, Cape York {J. F,

imm. sk. Cocker ell ^ J. Thorpe).

J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.].
' Challenger ' Exp.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

1. TTTRinx. 547

h, i. S $ a<l- sk- Somerset, Cape York {J. F. Tweeddale and Gould

CockereU Sf J. Thorpe) . Colls.

k. 5 imm. sk. Booby Island. ' Challen;Ter ' Exp.

I, m. (S $ imm. New South Wales. Gould Coll.

13. Turnix saturata.

Turnix melanotus, Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 302 [Mioko I., Duke of
York Group]; Fiiisch, Vog. Siidsee, p. 20 (ISSl).

Turnix sp., Finsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 539 [New Britain],

Turnix melauouota, Salvad. Ann. 3Ius. Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 9 (1882)
[piu-t.] ; id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 258 (1882) [part.].

Turnix satui'ata, Forbes, Ibis, 1882, p. 428, pi. xii. ; Salvad. Ann.
Mils. Civ. Genov. xviii. p. 430 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 564
(1882); G/-rt««, 76w, 1889, pp. 452, 469 ; Salvad. Agg. Orn. Pap,
pt. iii. p. 195 (1891).

Adult female. Differs from T. maculosa in having no rufous
nuchal collar, the whole of the upper parts being blackish grey
with traces hero and there towards the ends of the feathers of
vermiculatious of pale rufous and buff ; the scapulars widely edged
with golden buff; and the sides of the face, superciliaries, throat, and
chest bright rufous. Total length 5-5 inches, wing 3"3, tail 1*2,
tarsus 0-8.

Adult male. Differs from the female only in having the chin and
middle of the throat white. Total length 5 inches, wing 2-9, tail 1,
tarsus 0"8.

A nesiliwj has the plumage blackish, edged on the upper parts
with rufous ; tho chest, wings, and upper back irregularly spotted
with white.

Hah. New Britain and Duke of York Group.

a. (S ad. sk. New Britain, Aug. (J. Klein- Tweeddale Coll.

Schmidt)
b-d. S $ ad. et New Britain, June, July. J. Kleinachmidt [C.].

pull. sk.
e. $ ad. sk. Blanche Bay, New Britain. C. L. Layai-d, Esq.

[P.].

14. Turnix rufescens.

, p. 497
s, 1889,

Forbes, Ibis, 1882, p. 430 ; Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 451, 452, 468

The only representative of this species is the type specimen. It
is not sexed, but appears to bo a nearly adult male. It resembles
T. maculosa in the lighter colour of the hack and T. saturata in the
colour of the under surface. It is impossible, without more specimens
and adult females, to say whether it really represents a distinct species
or not. Total length 5-2 inches, wing 2-9, tail 1"1, tarsus 0"8.

Uab. Island of Semao, Timor.

a. ? cJ nr. ad. sk. I. of Semao, Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].

(.Type of the species.)
2»2

548 XUKNICID^.

15. Turnix ocellata.

Caille de I'Isle de Lufon, Sonnerat, N. Guinee, p. 54, pi. 23 (1776).
Oriolus ocellatus, Scopoli, Del. Flor. Faun. Insuhr. pt. ii. p. 88 (1786).
^^Tetrao luzonieusis, Gm. S. N. i. pt. ii. p. 767 (1788).
Perdix luzoniensis, Lath. hid. Oni. ii. p. 656 (1790).
Hemipodius thoracicus, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. pp. 622, 755 (1815).
Tui'iiix rufus, Vieillot, 2nd ed. Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 48

(1823).
Ortvgis ocellata, Meyer, Nov. Act. Acad. C. L.-C. Nat. Curios. x\'i.

Suppl. Primum, p. 101, pi. 17 (1834) [Peru !].
Turnix ocellatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 511 (1847).
Hemipodius ocellatus, y. Martens, J.f. O. 1866, p. 26.
Turnix ocellata, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 271, no. 9750 (1870) ;

? Walden, Ibis, 1872, p. 107 ; id. Tr. Z. S. ix. pp. 224, 251 (1875) ;

Tweedd. P. Z. >S. 1877, p. 700 ; Ramsay, Orn. Works Tweedd.,

App. p. 659 (1881) ; Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 452, 469.

Adult female. General colour above ashy brown ; top of the head
black, each feather margined with rufous brown ; a white band down
the middle of the head and over each of the eyes ; sides of the head
and throat black, irregularly spotted with white, almost uniform
black in very old specimens ; a faii'ly weU-developed rufous nuchal
collar ; rest of the upper parts with irregular, narrow, wavy bars
and vermiculatious of black ; some of the feathers of the upper back
and scapulars with subterminal black blotches edged or mixed with
rufous. Primaries, secondaries, and primary-coverts blackish brown,
edged on the outer web with pale buff ; secondary-coverts brownish
buff; rest of the wing-coverts the same, but v/ith a subterminal
black spot on the outer web of most of the feathers, edged externally
with whitish buff'. ]N^eck, chest, and breast uniform rufous chestnut ;
rest of the uuderparts dirty buff, paler on the belly. Iris pale
yellow or white ; bill and legs light greenish yellow ; nails grey.
Total length 6'9 inches, wing 4*2, tail 1*8, tarsus 1-2.

The nearly adult female differs from the above in having the
black subterminal blotches on the feathers of the upper back and
scapulars margined laterally with pale buff, the greater part of the
chin and throat white, and the whole of the markings on the upper
parts more distinct.

Adult male. Differs from the nearly adult female in having the
chin and middle of the throat white (spotted with black in younger
examples) ; many of the feathers of the chest with a subterminal
black dot, which is absent in tlie most adult ; no rufous nuchal
collar ; and the oceUi on the wing-coverts larger and more numerous.
Iris yellowish white ; bill greenish ; legs greenish yellow ; nails
grey. Total length 6-4 inches, wing 3"8, tail 1'6, tarsus 1"1.
Hah. jLuzon, Philippine Islands.

a, b. 5 ad. et ur. PhiUppine Islands. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.].

ad. sk.
c-/. cJ 5 ad. et m". Monte Alban, Luzon, Feb., Tweeddale Coll.

ad. sk. March {A. H. Ererett).

g. (S m: ad. sk. Manilla, Aug. (Maitland- Tweeddale Coll.

Heriut).

1. TURNIX. 549

h. cJ ad. sk. Laguna de Bai, Nov. {A. Tweeddale Coll.

H. Everett).
i. $ ad. sk, S. Luzon. Gould Coll.

16. Tumix nigricollis.

La Oaille de Madagascar (Cotumix madagascariensis), Brisson, Om.

i. p. 252, pi. xxiv. fig. 2 (1760) ; UAubent. PL Enl. ii. no. 171

(1783).
Black-neclced Quail, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. ii. p. 791 (1783) ; id. Gen.

Hist. viii. p. 339 (1823).
Tetrao nigi-icoUis, Gm. S. K. i. pt. ii. p. 767 (1788).
Perdix nigiicollis, Lath. Lnd. Om. ii. p. 656 (1790) ; Temm. Tabl.

Meth. p. G4 (1838).
Hemipodius nigi-icollis, Temm. Pig. et Gall. iii. p. 619 (1815).
Ortygis nigiicollis, Cuv. Rigne Anim. i. p. 458 (1817).
Turnix nigricollis, Vieillot, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxv. p. 45 (1819) ;

Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 511 (1847) ; Hartlanb, Ann. Mag. N. H.

ii. p. 391 (1848) ; id. J. f. 0. 1860, p. 164 ; Roch Sf Neivton,

Ibis, 1863, p. 168; Pollen, Ned. Tijd. Dierk. i. p. 317 (1863);

Ncivton, P. Z. S. 1805, p. 830; Schlegel, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425;

Grandidier, Rev. Mag. Zool. 180", p. 419 ; Schlcg. in Pollen et Van

Dam, Rech. Faun. Madaq. ii. p. 120 (1808) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. ii.

p. 270, no. 9733 (1870) ; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 67 ; Hartl.

Viig. Madag. p. 284 (1877) ; Pollen, Faun. Madag. i. p. 206, fig.

(1877) ; Milne-Edtcards S)- Grandidier, Madagascar, Ois. p. 494,

pl.ccii. (1885); Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 452, 471; Sibree,Ibis, 1891,

p. 505 ; Grant, Ibis, 1892, p. 346 ; Lilfurd, Ibis, 1892, p. 466.

Adult female. Feathers of the lores and forehead black barred
with white, those on the sides of the face and neck white tipped
M'ith black ; a white stripe from the base of the lower mandible
runs down either side of the throat, which, together with the
chin and middle of chest, is deep black; top of the head brown,
dotted with white ; nape dark grey ; upper back and scapular.';
black, barred with rufous and margined on either side with whitish
or buff ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brownish grej-,
mixed here and there with rufous, and with wavy black bars and
vermiculations, some of the feathers with one or a pair of buff spots
near the extremity of the margin. Primaries, primary-coverts, and
secondaries blackish brown, the quills margined on the outer web
■with buff; tertiaries and rest of the wing-coverts rufous, vermi-
culated with black, and ornamented with irregularly-shaped black
and white spots situated mostly on the outer web. Chest, breast,
and underparts dove-grey, paler on the belly ; sides of chest and
shoulders rust-red. Iris bright yellow ; bill bluish ; legs flesh-colour.
Total length 5-8 inches, wing ',V'S, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-8.

Adult male. Differs from the above in having the feathers of the
forehead black widely edged with buff; the nape like the upper
back : the chin and middle of throat white ; the sides of the chest
washed with pale rufous ; the middle of the chest, breast and flanks
buff, all barred with black ; belly paler. Total length 5-5 inches,
wing 2-9, tail 1-35, tarsus 0-8.

Quite young birds and nestlings have the outer webs of the

550 TTTENICrD^.

whole of the secondaries rufous, veimiculated "with black ana
ornamented along the margin with three or four white spots edged
with black ; otherwise the plumage is much the same as in the
immature male.
Hah. Madagascar.

a, b. 5 ad. sk. Madagascar. Gould and Shelley Colls.

c. 9 ad. St. Madagascar. Capt. Sir E. Belcher,

E.N. [P.].

d, e. 5 ad. et S Antankarana, N.W. Mada- Gould Coll.
j UT. sk. gascar {Pollen Sf Van Dam) .

f. 5 ad. sk. Mahambo, E. Madagascar. Purchased.

g-l. (S $ ad. et Ankafina, Betsileo, March Tweeddale Coll.

juv. sk. ( W. D. Cowan),

m. 2 ad. sk. Analatsoy ( W. D. Co2oan). Shelley Coll.

n, 0. S 2 ad. Died in confinement. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,

sk. Esq. [P.].

17. Turnix melanogaster.

Hemipodius melanogaster, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 7 [N. S. Wales
and Tasmania !] ; id. Syn. B. Austr. text & pi. fig. 2 (1837-8) ; id.
Birds of Austr. v. pi. 81 (1848).

Turnix melanogaster, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 178 (1865) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 270, no. 9742 (1870) ; Ramsay, P. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 184 (1876), ii. p. 196 (1877) ; id. Tab. List Austr.
Birds, p. 18 (1888) [Wide Bay district to N. S. Wales] ; Grant,
Ibis, 1889, pp. 452, 472 ; North, N. S,- E. B. Austr. p. 285 (1889).

Adult female. General colour above umber-brown. Forehead,
sides of the face, chin and throat black ; top of the head a mixture
of dark chestnut and black ; superciliary stripes and nape black,
spotted with white ; most of the feathers of the upper back and the
scapulars and some of the rump-feathers and upper tail-coverts with
a broad chestnut patch at the extremity barred with black, and
edged laterally with white in the two former and whitish buff in the
latter. Primaries, inner secondaries, and primary-coverts blackish
brown, margined with buff on the outer web ; outer secondaries and
secondary-coverts paler, finely mottled with buff and black on the
outer web ; rest of the wing-coverts chestnut, edged with brown,
and each with two or three irregularly-shaped white ocelli edged
with black. Chest and breast black, most of the feathers widely
tipped with white, and some of those on the sides of the breast with
a patch of bright chestnut near the extremity. Belly and rest
of underparts dark grey, marbled with buff and black. Tail umber-
brown, with wavy transverse bars of black and lateral buff spots.
Total length 7*5 inches, wing 4-4, tail 1-7, tarsus 1.

Adult male. Differs from the female in having the top of the
head umber-brown like the back, the lores and sides of the head
white tipped with black, the chin and rest of the throat pure
white, the chest and breast whitish buff, irregularly barred and
marked with black, and the rest of the underparts whiter. Total
length 6-3 inches, wing 4-1, tail 1*6, tarsus 0-95,

Hah. E. Australia.

1. TUENTX. 551

a, b. S ad. sk. Australia. Twoeddale Coll.

c-e. (S $ ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll.

ftff; 69- ad. sk. Queensland ? Gould Coll.

h, i. (S 2 ad. St. Moreton Bay. Purchased.

IS. Turnix varia.

Perdix varius, Lath. Lid. Orn, Sup2)l. p. Ixiii (1801).

New Holland Partridoe, Lath. Gen. Si/ti. Suppl. ii. p. 283 (1802).

Varied Quail, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 344 (1823).

Heniipodius varius, Gould, Si/n. Li. Aiistr. text & pi. fig. 1 (1837-8) ;

id. L'iivh ofAustr. V. pi. 82 (1848).
Ilemipodius scintillans, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. G2 [Hoiitman's
^ Abrolhos, AV. Australia] ; id. B. ofAustr. v. pi. 83 (1848).
Turnix varius, Gould, Llandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 179 (1865) : Ramsay,

P. Z. S. 1876, p. 119; id. P. Linn. Sac. N. S. W. i. pp.' 185, 218

(1870), ii. p. 196 (1877) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 18 (1888)

[Rockingham Bay to S. Australia and Tasmania] ; North, N. Sf E.

B. Austr. p. 285 (1889).
Turnix seintiUans, Gould, LLandh. B. Austr. ii. p. 181 (1865) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 270, no. 9744 (1870) ; Bamsay, P. Linn. Sac.

N. S. TV. I. p. 184 (1876), ii. p. 196 (1877) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B.

p. 18 (1888) [N.W. and N. Australia].
Turnix varia, Ramsai/, Lbis, 1866, p. 334; Chay, LLnnd-l. B. ii.

p. 270, no. 9743 (1870) ; Marie, Lbis, 1877, p. 362 [New Caledonia];

Layard, Lbis, 1878, p. 262, 1882, p. 630; Grant, Lbis, 1889,

pp. 452, 453, 473.

Adult female. General colour above black, barred -with rufous,
shading into chestnut on the nuchal region. Centre of the top of
the head dark grey ; sides black, edged with grey or rufous ; lores,
superciliary stripes, sides of the face, and throat white tipped with
black ; chin and centre of throat white. Nape grey, with a black and
white spot at the extremity of the feathers ; nuchal region bright
chestnut edged with grey, and dotted here and there with black and
white marks. Back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts grey at
the base and margined with black, barred with chestnut and rufous
at the extremity, and with a submarginal white streak on either
side. Primaries, secondaries, and primary-coverts blackish grey, the
former margined with \\ bite on the outer web : secondary-coverts
bufl-grey, dotted indistinctly with black; rest of the wing-coverts
grey at the base and rufous at the extremity, each with two or
three irregular white ocelli edged with black. Chest grey, each
feather with a pale buff or whitish shaft-streak widening out
towards the extremity ; breast buff mixed with grey, some of the
foather-s on the sides chestnut, with whitish black-edged spots at
the extremity. Belly and rest of underparts pale buff. Tail like
the upper taU-covorts. Total length 7"(j inches, vnng 4-2, tail 1-9,
tarsus 0'9.

Adult nude. Eesembles the female, but there is no well-defined
rufous nuchal collar, and on the chest the pale buff element
predominates over the grey. Total length 0-4 inches, wing 3-7,
tail I'T, tarsus 0'8,

Hob. Australia ; ? New Caledonia.

552 TTTENTCID^.

a-d. 2 ad. et Somerset, Cape York (J. F. Tweeddale and Salvin

imm. sk. Cockerell §• J. Thorpe). Colls.

e. c? ad. sk. New South Wales. Goiild Coll.

/. 2 ad. sk. Belmore, N. S. W. Lord Leigh [P.].

g. S ad. sk. Yarrundi, Himter River, Nov. Gould Coll.

h-j. 6 2 ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

h. 2 ad. 8k. S. Australia. Gould Coll.

I. 2 ad. sk. Melbourne. Tweeddale Coll.

m. Pull. St. Murray Piiver, Jan. Gould Coll.

n. 2 ad. sk. Perth, W. Australia, April. Eyton Coll.

0, p. S ad. sk. Australia. Tweeddale Coll. and

Sir D. Cooper [P.].

q. Imm. st. Australia. Gould Coll.

r. 2 ad. sk. [Australia.] Tweeddale Coll.

s. Pull. st. Hohart Town, Tasmania, Dec.

t. (S ad, sk. New Caledonia *. Tweeddale CoU.

19. Turnix castanonota.

Hemipodius castanotus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 145 [N.W. Australia];

id. Birds of Austr. v. pi. 85 (1848).
Turnix castanotus, Gould, Handh. B. Austr. ii. p. 183 (1865) ;

Ramsay, Tah. List Austr. B. p. 18 (1888) [N. Australia].
Turnix castanota. Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 270, no. 9746 (1870).
Turnix castanonota, Grant, His, 1889, pp. 453, 474.

Adult female. General colour vinaceous red ; a dark grey band
down the middle of the head ; sides of the head like the upper parts
of the body. Lores, superciliary stripes, and sides of the face white
tipped with black ; nape spotted with white ; most of the feathers
of the upper back and scapulars edged laterally with black and
white bands and some of them blotched with blackish towards the
extremity ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail vinaceous
red. Primaries, secondaries, and primary-coverts brownish, the
outer primaries margined with whitish ; rest of the wing-coverts
light red, ornamented with one or more rounded black and white
ocelli. Chin and throat white, with pure white shafts ; middle of
chest and breast greyish buff, some of the feathers with whitish
shaft-stripes ; sides light red, with irregularly-shaped white black-
edged ocelli ; rest of the underparts whitish buff. Bill very strong.
Total length 6 inches, wing 3'6, tail 1"5, tar.sus 0*9.

Adult male. Resembles the female, but is somewhat smaller.

Hah. N. Australia.

a. 2 Jii'- ad. sk. Port Essington, N. Australia. J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.].

b. 2 ad. sk. Port Essington, N. Australia, Capt. Chambers, R.N.

. W:'Bai

c, c? ad. sk, Adelaide River, Oct, P. Vf. Bassett Smith,

Esq, [P,].

* T. varia is said to have been introduced from Australia, but this specimen
probably represents a distinct, though closely allied species. It differs in
having most of the feathers of the rump, as well as those of the upper surface,
almost entirely black, margined with whitish or buff. It is also a smaller bird
than the male of T. varia, its wing being 3'3 inches instead of 3*6-3"7. In the
index to the ' Ibis ' for 1889 this specimen is named Turnix 9wvce caledonite.

1. TUENIX. 553

20. Turnix pyrrhothorax.

Hemipodius pyrrhotliorax, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. loO : id. Birds

of Austr. V. pi. 86 (1848).
Tm-nix pyirbotliorax, Gould, Handb. B. Austr, ii. p. 186 (1865) ;

Gray, Iland-l. B. ii. p. 270, no. 9747 (1870) ; Bamsay, P. Z. S.

1876, p. 119; id. Tub. List Austr. B. p. 19 (1888) [E. and S.

Australia and the Interior] ; Grant, His, 1889, pp. 453, 474 ;

Norlh, N. 4- E. B. Austr. p. 287 (1889).

Advlt female. General colour above stone-grey, mixed here and
there with rufous and buff. Feathers of the top of the head black,
with rufous margins : a whitish-buff stripe down the centre of the
head ; nape and nuchal region rufous grey, each feather faintly
barred with darker and edged laterally with whitish buff. Back,
scapulars, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail irregularly barred and
vermiculatcd with rufous buff and black and margined laterally with
whitish or buff. Primaries and secondaries and their coverts as in
T. varia ; rest of the wing-coverts marbled with black, buff, and
duU red, and somewhat widely margined with pale buff. Superciliary
stripes, lores, sides of the face, and neck white tipped with black.
Chin, thi-oat, chest, sides of breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts
rusty buff; the middle of the chin and throat and the remainder of
the underparts whitish ; some of the feathers on the sides of the
chest and breast are irregularly barred with black and white at their
extremity. Bill very strong. Total length 6 inches, wing 3-3, tail
1*4, tarsus 0"8.

Adult male. Resembles the female, but is smaller, and the rust-
eoloured chest is not so blight. Total length o-'2 inches, wing
2-9, tail 1-3, tarsus 0-75.

J fab. N.E., E., and S. Australia ; also the Interior.

a. 2 ad- •'^t. Australia. Purchased.

6. cJ ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll.

c. c? ftd. sk. ■ Australia. Sir D. Cooper.

d, e. cS 2 ad. Somerset, Cape York (J. rWrere// Salvin-Godman and
sk. v.^- J. Thorpe). Tweeddale CoUs.

/-/. (S 2 ad. Queensland (J. Cockerell if J. Salviu-Godiuan and

sk. Thorpe). Gould Colb.

wi. 5 ad. sk. Boorloo Spring, S. of Lake Eyre, Tweeddale CoU.
Jan.

21. Turnix velox.

Hemipodius velox, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 150 [Interior of X. S.

Wales] ; id. B. of Austr. v. pi. 87 (1848).
Turnix \elox, Gunld, Ilandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 184 (18C5) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. ii. p. 270, no. 9748 (1870) ; Bamsai/, P. Z. S. 1876,

p. 119 ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 18 (1888) [Australia gencrallv] ;

Grant, Ibis, 1889, pp. 453, 475 ; North, N. ^ E. B. Austr. p. 286

(1889).

Adult female. Has the general colour above reddish chestnut,
shadirg into light red on the nape and the top of the head ; other-
wise the nrarkings on the upper surface are almost the same as in

554 TTTRNICID^.

T. pyrrlwiliorax except that in the most mature specimens the top
of the head and nape are uniform light red, the former without (or
■with only a few) black feathers and the latter without the white
lateral margins. The sides of the head and chest are dull rufous,
and the chin, throat, breast, and rest of underparts white. Bill very-
strong. Total length 5-5 inches, wing 3-3, tail 1'2, tarsus 0'7.

Adult male. Eesembles the female. Total length 5'5 inches,
wing 2-9, taU 1-2, tarsus 0-6.

Immature specimens have the outer webs of the primaries mottled
with rufous, those of the secondaries edged and toothed with white,
and the markings on the upper parts less regular than in the adult.

Hah. Australia.

a. 2 ad. sk. S. Queensland. Tweeddale Coll.

6-c. d" ad. et $ N. S. AVales. Salvin-Godman Coll.

imm. sk.

d. 5 ad. sk. Yarrundi, Hunter E. {J. Eyton Coll.

GoiJd).

e,f. 2 ad. st. Yarrundi, Hunter K. Gould Coll.

g, h. 5 ad. et S. Australia. Sir G. Grey, [P.].

juv. sk.

i, k. S ad. et 5 Mt. Gambier, S. Austraha. Gould Coll.

imm. sk.

/. Imm. St. Mokai, Australia. Gould Coll.

2. PEDIONOMUS.

Type.

Pedionomus, Gorki, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 114 P. torquatus.

Turnicigralla, Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 276 P. torquatus.

Hallux present.

Range. Australia : N. S. Wales, Victoria, S. Australia, and the
Interior.

1. Pedionomus torquatus.

Pedionomus torquatus, Govld, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 114 [Interior of S.

Australia] ; id.B.Austr. v. pi. 80 (1848J; id.Handb. B. Austr.u.

p. 187 (1865) ; Dujgles, B. Austr. ii. pt. sv. pi. 195 (1867) ; Zeffffe,

P. Z. S. 1869, p. 236 ; Gray, Ha7id-l B. ii. p. 271, no. 9753 (1870) ;

Ramsay, Tab. Lid Austr. B. p. 19 (1888) ; North, N. 4- E. B.

Austr. p. 288 (1889) : Gadow, Rec. Austr. Mus. 1. p. 205 (1891).
Pedionomus microurus, Goidd, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 20 [Interior of S.

Australia].
Turnix gouldiana (Des Murs), Bonap. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881

(1856).

Adult female. General colour above brown, finely barred with black ;
a black and white collar surrounds the neck, each feather black with
a white patch at the extremity of either web ; nape and upper part of
the chest rust-colour. Most of the feathers of the top of the head,
back, and scapulars are margined with whitish buif and have the

J. PEDIONOMtrS.

555

vanes free, giving the upper plumage a very Ehea-like aspect.
Primaries, secondaries, and primary-coverts lilackish brown, the
outer primaries margined and vermiculated on the outer weh Avith
butF, the inner primaries and the secondaries with whitish-buff ends
and bases sliading into the dark middle part, and the primary-
coverts tipped Avith buff ; rest of the wing-covcrts buff, with wavy
bars of black. Chin and centre of throat white ; sides of face and
throat whitish, spotted with black ; lower chest and rest of under-
parts whitish bnif ; most of the feathers on the breast and sides of
the belly with one or two subterminal black bars. Total length 6-3
inches, wing 4, tail 1-6, tarsus 1.

Adult male. Differs from the female in having no rust-colour on
the nape : the collar round the neck is bi(ff and brownish, not nearly
so clearly differentiated from the rest of the plumage, and the upper
chest is washed with bright buff. Total length 5-8 inches, wing
3-4, tail 1-2, tarsus 0-9.

Hab. Same as that of the genus.

a-d. ^ 2 *<!• 8k.
e. (J ad. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.
(/-»«. J $ ad. sk.

et St.
w. 5 imm. sk.
o,p. $ ad. sk.
q. c? ad. sk.

)•. cJ ad. sk.

Australia (J. T. Cockerell).

Austi'alia.

Queensland.

S. Australia.

S. Australia.

Adelaide.

Victoria.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sir D. Cooper [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Sir G. Grey [P.].

Lord Leigh [P.].
Adelaide iluseum.
E. B. Tichener, Esq.

[P.].
Gould CoU.

ADDENDA.

Page 12. Pteroclurus exustus.
3rd line from bottom of synon3-my, for Pteroles read Pterocles.

^^^. Page 14. Pteroclurus senegallus.

Pteroclurus senegallus, Sfiarpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. C no. xi. p. v (1893)

[S.W. of Suakin].

.e'. Ad. sk. 40 miles S.W. of Suakin, Capt. E. H. Penton [P.].

j^^^ . Page 25. Pterocles gutturalis.

Pterocles gutturalis, Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 24 [neai- Lake Mweni].

To specimens a, b, for Purchased read : —

Sir A. Smith [C.].
(Types of the species.)
Also add : —
I', w. Imm. sk. Chisela R. Plains, Lake Consul H. H. Johnston

Mweru, Aug., Oct. [P.].

^^^. Page 29. Pterocles lichtensteini.

Pterocles lichtensteini, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. C. no. xi. p. v (1893)
[S.W. of Suakin].

b', c'. S $ ad. sk. 40 miles S.W. of Suakin. Capt. E. H. Penton [P.]

^^^. Page 35. Lagopus scoticus.

^^,f- <S 2 ad. sk. Loch Carron, Eoss-shire, April. C. J. Murray, Esq.

[P.].
q^. 2 ad.sk. Cromarty Point, Aug. G.St.Quintin, Esq.

P-m^. c? 2ad.sk. Dunphail, Morayshire, March, Lord Tlimlow [P.J.

April, Sept.
»^, o'. c? 2 ad. sk. Glenfeniess, Morayshire, Aug. Earl of Leven &

Melville [P.].
p^, q^. S 2 ad. sk. Ben Avon, Banffshire, June. F. D.Godman, Esq.

[P.].
r^-fif*. S 2 ad. et Cronilix, Dunblane, March, Capt. Hon. A.

juv. sk. A pril, July, Oct., Not. Drummond [P.].

b*. rj ad. sk. Slogarie, Kirkcudbright, Feb. Robert Service,Esq.

[P.].

ADDENDA. ggy

Add : — Page 40. Lagopus lagopus.

Lagopus lagopus, Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 09, pi. ii. figs. ,5-10 (1892).

Add :— Page 44. Suhsp. a. Lagopus alleni.

Lagopus lagopus alleni, Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 7.5 (1892).

Add:— Page 44. Lagopus mutus.

c=y . 6 2 ad. et Ben Avon, Banffshire, June. F. D. Godman, Esq .

Add :— Page 48. Lagopus rupestris.

(1890) ; Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 75, pi. ii. ficrg. 11-15 (189"^)
Lagopus riipestns reinhardti, p. 78, ) "^'

Lagopus rupestris nelsoni, p. 80, / „ ,.
Lagopus rupestris atlshensisj'p. 81 f ^^^^^^^^ ^- ^m. B. (1892).
Lagopus welchi, p. 82, ' J

^'- o i^"",- '^' ^^""-f^^^'h ^- ^°ierica, Dec. McCormick Bequest.
. . V ad.sJi. Feilden Peninsula* GrinneU Col. Feilden TPI

Land, Ma3% '- '-'■

Add: — Page 52. Lagopus leucurus.

^TiZm ^'^^'^'"■^.S' Belding, Occas. Pap. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii. p. 18
(1890) ; Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 83, pi. ii. figs. 16 & 17 (1892).

Add : — Page 69. Canachites canadensis.

Dendragapus canadensis, Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 51, pi. i. fio-s. 20-23

Add:— Page 71. Canachites franklini.

^ nte^'P'^n f>-')°kli"ii' I^''t<i"'9, Occas. Pap. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii. p. 17
(1890) ; Bendire, N. Amer. B. p. 56 (1892).

Add :— Page 74. Dendragapus obscurus.

Dendragapus obscuius, Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 41 (1892).

Add :— Page 75. Subsp. o. Dendragapus fuliginosus.
Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus, ^i-WiW, Occas Pan Cal Arwl

* '' The most northern bird procured by man " [MS. note of H. W. Feilden,

1876]

558

^^(j . Page 76. Dendragapus richardsoni.

Dendragapus obscurus ricliardsoni, Belding, Occas. Pap. Cal. Acad.
Sci. ii. p. 16 (1890) ; Bendlre, N. Am. B. p. 50 (1892).

j^^g^ . Page 77. Tympanuchus cupido.

Tympanuchus cupido, Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 93, pi. iii. fig. 2 (1892).

^^^. Page 78. Tympanuchus americanus.

Tympanuchus americanus, Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 88, pi. ii. figs. 18-
20 (1892).

^^jj . Page 80. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus.

Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 96, pi. iii. fig. 1
(1892).

^(j^ . Page 81. Centrocercus urophasianus.

Centrocercus urophasianus, Belding, Occas. Pap. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii.
p. 19 (1890); Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 106, pi. iii. figs. 11-13
(1892).

^^j|. Page 82. Pediocaetes phasianellus.

Pediocsetes phasianellus, Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 97, pi, iii. figs. 3-5
(1892).

^^^ . Page 83. Subsp. a. Pediocsetes columbianus.

Pediocsetes phasianellus columbianus, Belding, Occas, Pap. Cal.

Acad. Sci. ii. p. 18 (1890) ; Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 98, pi. iii.

figs. 6-8 (1892).
Pediocsetes phasianellus campestris, Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 101,

pi. iii. figs. 9 & 10 (1892).

^^(j . Page 85. Bonasa umbellus.

Bonasa umbellus, Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 59, pi. ii. fig. 1 (1892).
Bonasa umbellus togata, Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 64, pi. ii. fig. 2

(1892).
Bonasa umbellus umbelloides, Beldinq, Occas. Pap. Cal. Acad. Sci.

ii. p. 17 (1890) ; Bendire, N. A7n. B. p. 67, pi. ii. fig. 3 (1892).
Bonasa umbellus sabini, Belding, Occas. Pap. Cal. Acad. Sci. ii. p. 17

(1890) ; Bendire, N. Am. B. p. 68, pi. ii. fig. 4 (1892).

Add:- Pa^e 100. LERWA. ^ype.

Teti-aeoperdix, Meine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 294 (1887) . . L. lerwa.

ADDENDA. 569

Add : — I*^oO 1(*6. Tetraogallus himalayensis.
Specimen a. (Typo of the species.)

Add : ^ajge 111. Caccabis saxatilis.

Perdii saxatilis, Gigl. Av. Ital. pi. 252 (1881) ; Altum, J. f. 0. 1891.
p. 93.

Add : P^o® 11^- Subsp. a. Caccabis chukar.

Specimen g' . (Type of the subspecies.)

Add : ^^g^ IIS- Caccabis rufa.

t. (S ad. sk. Wells, Norfolk, Nov. {Br. Earl of Leicester [?.]•

R. B. Sharpe).

Add: P^S<^ 1-^- Ammoperdix heyi.

Ammoperdix heyi, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orii. C. no. xi. p. v (ISQS)
[40 miles S.W. of Suakin].

<1> r. 6 2 ad. sk. S.W. of Suakin. Capt. R. H. Penton [P.].

Add : P^ge 164. Francolinus sharpii.

Specimens b and r. (Types of the species.)

Page 169. Add :—
36 a. Francolinus johnstoni.
Francolinus johnstoni, Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 24.

Adult male. Very similar to the male of F. Jdldebrandti, but
differs in having the general shade of the upper parts darker and
less rufous, and the feathers of the underparLs with uninterrupted
black shaft-stripes, instead of heart-shaped subterminnal black
marks. Legs apparently bright orange.

Adult female. Similar to that of F. hildebrandti, but decidedly
duller and darker.

Hah. Nyassa-land.

a. cJ ad. sk. Zomba, Oct. (A. Whyte). J Consxd H. 11. Johnston

b. $ ad. sk. Milanje Hills, Sept. (A. \ [P.].

Whyte). \ (Types of the species.)

^^^ . Page 172. Francolinus erckeli.

Francolinus erkelii, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. C. no. xi. p. iv (1893)
[40 miles S.W. of Suakin].

660 ADBENDA.

^j^ . Page 176. Pternistes humboldti.

Pternistes humboldti, Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 24 [Upper Shire River].
e. (S ad. sk. Zomba, Jan. {A. IVliyte). Consid H. H. Johnston [P.].

^^^ . Page 179. Pternistes swainsoni.

Specimen e. Sir A. Smith [C.]. (Type of the species.)

Page 181. Pternistes leucoscepus/

Line 4 of synonymy, for Pternistes read Pternistis.

I have recently been informed by Count Salvadori that specimens
from Shoa and Somali-land are apparently intermediate between
this species and P. infuscatus, and seem to agree best with the
latter ; so probably references to these localities should be referred
to the synonymy of P. infuscatus.

^^^. Page 185. Perdix perdix.

Partiidge, Selby, Brit. Orn. i. pt. ii. pi. 61 (1833).
Starna perdix, Crigl, Av. Ital. pi. 255 (1882).

w\ xK 2 imm. sk. St. Brides, S. Wales, Oct. Hon. W. Edwardes

[P.].

Males and females from this district are unusually small, the
former weighing barely 13 oz. and the latter from 12 to 12| oz.

w'. 9 imm. sk. Coruiia, N.W. Spain. Dr. V. L. Seoane

[P.].

This specimen no doubt belongs to the form which has been
termed Perdix Jiispaniensis by Eeichenow.

Page 196. Margaroperdix madagascariensis.

Line 9 of synonymy, for Tetrao madai/ascariensis read Tetrao
madacfarensis.

^^^ . Page 204. Microperdix blewitti.

Specimens v, iv. (Types of the species.)

^^^ . Page 215. Arboricola rubrirostris.

Peloperdix rubrirostris, Vorderm. Nat. Tijcl. Ned. Ind. xlix. p. 69

(1889) [Sumatra].

. ^j . Page 219. Arboricola sumatrana.

Peloperdix personata, Vorderm. Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. xlix. p. 67
(1889) [Sumatra].

Add •— ^^^^ ^^^' Haematortyx sanguiniceps.
b. S ad. sk. Kina Balu, N. Borneo. A. H. Everett, Esq. [P.].

Differs from the female in having the chin and throat washed

ADDENDA. 561

with crimsou, the fore part of the neck and chest deep crimson, and
the tarsi considerably longer and armed with three pairs of spurs.
Total length 10-5 inches, wing 6-6, tail 2-8, tarsus 2-3.

^j^ , Page 225. RoUulus roiilroal.

Rolhilus rouloul, Vordenn. ^^at. Tijd, Ned. Lid. 1. p. 510 |(1890)
[Billiton].

^^^ . Page 231. Coturnix coturnix.

Common Quail, Selby, Brit. Orn. i. pt. ii. pi. 62 (1833).

h\ i*. S 2 ad. sk. Madeira, Jan. C. J. Cossart, Esq.

[P.].

A;'. 2 ad.sk. Inverness, Scotland, Oct. "W. R. Oorilvae Grant,

Esq. [P.].

l\ $ ad. sk. Elgin, Scotland, Sept. Sir W. Gordon Gum-

ming [P.].

m*-i/^. S 2 S'd-, Cambridgeshire. J. Baker [P.].

imm., et pull. st.

2*-d'. S $ ad. sk. Hungary, May, Aug., Sept. Hungarian National

Mus. [E.].

c^ 2 ad. sk. Aden. H.E.Bames,Esq.[P.].

f, g\ S ad. St. India (Blyth). India Museum [P.].

A% i'. d 2 ad. sk. Shanghai^ Oct. F. W. Styan, Esq.

[P.].

j^^^ . Page 253. Subsp. a. Excalfactoria lineata.

Excalfactoria chinensis, Vordenn. Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. 1. p. 514
(1690) [BiUiton].

^^^ . Page 283. Acomus erythrophthalmus.

Specimen h. (Type of Pliasianus purpureus, Gray.)

Page 288. Lophura ignita.

Specimens h-e. For (Types of species) read (Types of Euplo-
camus nobilis, Scl.)

^^^ . Page 334. Phasianus versicolor.

n. 2 ad. sk. Hereford, Sept. O. E. Cresswell, Esq. [P.].

Page 348. Gallus lafayetti.

3rd line from the bottom, for Gallus Jufcujettii, Des Murs &c.
(1849), read Gallus hfaydii, Des Murs, &c. (1845).

Add : 1*^6 363. ArgTisianus argus.

Argiisianus argus, Vorderm. Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind. xlix. p. 69 (1889)
[Sumatra].

VOL. Xill. 2 0

562

^^^ . Page 368. Pavo cristatus.

I'. (S ad. st. India. A. E. Durham, Esq. [P.].

m'. $ ad. sk. [albino]. England. Earl of Gainsborough [P.].

^^^ . Page 379. Numida ptilorhyncha.

Numlda ptilorhyncha, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. C. no. xi. p. v (1893)
[40 miles S.W. of Suakin].

^^^ . Page 427. Cyrtonyx sallsei.

Cyrtonyx sallaei, Salvin S/- Godman, Ibis, 1889, p. 242 [Guerrero].

ALPHABETICAL LNDEX.

aburri (Aburria), 520.
aburri (Penelope), 520.
Aburria, 473, 519, 520.
acatoptricus (Tetrao), 58.
Acetinornis, 35.
Acomus, 96, 283.
Acryllium, 99, 385.
adansoni (Choetopus),

160.
adansoni (Excalfactoria),

250.
adansonii (Coturnix),

255.
adansonii (Excalfac-
toria), 255.
adspersa (Ortalida), 509.
adspersa (Penelope), 510.
adspersa (Scleroptera),

159.
adspersus (Chootopus),

159.
adspersus (Prancolinus),

130, 159.
segyptiaca (Numida), 383.
teneus (Galliis), 343.
Aepipodius, 4(>9.
Aepypodius, 445, 469.
aeruginosa (Arboricola),

228.
aeruginosus (Perdix), 228.
afer (Cboetopus), 152.
al'er (Francolinus), 152.
afer (Pternistes), 174,

177.
afer (Tetrao), 177.
alRnis (Megapodius),

451, 459.
affinis, var. jobiensis

(Megapodius), 451.
affinis (Ortyx), 414.
Bfra (Perdix), 152.
afra (Pternistes), 152.
afra (Scleroptila), 152.
African Partridge, 152.
africanus (Francolinus),

129,153.

africanus (Turnix), 537.
Agelastes, 98, 374.
Agelastus, 374.
Agrylliuin, 385.
abantensis (Francolinus),

131,171.
alba alleni (Lagopus),

44.
alba (Coturnix), 233.
alberti (Crax), 474, 475,

480, 483.
alberti (Orax) x domesti-

cus (Gallus), 348.
albigularis (Bonasa), 91.
albigularis (Francolinus),

149.
albigularis (Turnix), 537.
albini (Crax), 478.
albipennis (Penelope),

491, .^)02.
albiscapus (Francolinus),

161.
albiventer (Penelope),

514.
albiventer (Penelopsis),

514.
albiventris (Ortalida),

508, 510.
albiventris (Ortalis), 505,

508.
albiventris (Penelops),

508.
albiventris (Turnix), 529,

545.
albocellatum (Polyplec-

tron), 355.
albocellatum (Polyplec-

truin), 355.
albocristatiis (Euplo-

camus), 299.
albocristatus (Euplo-

conius), 299.
albocristatus (Gallopba-

sis), 299, 300.
albocristatus (Gemueus),

297, 298.

albocristatus (Phasia-

nus), 293.
albogularis (Obcetopus),

149.
albogularis (Franco-
linus), 128, 149.
albotorquatus (Pbasia-

nus), 332.
albus (Lagopus), 40, 41,

45, 49.
albus (Lagopus) X L.

mutus, 43.
albus (Tetrao), 40, 46.
alchata (Pterosles), 7, 9.
alcUata (Pteroclurus),

6, 7, 10.
alobata (Tetrao), 7.
aldrovaudi (Crax), 482.
aldrovandi (Pavo), 372.
Alecbthelia, 446.
Aiecthelia, 44t).
alecthelia (Megapodius),

458.
Alector, 343.
alector (Crax), 474, 475,

476, 478.
Alectoris, 110, 121.
Alectoropodes, 33.
Alectropliasis, 296.
Alectryon, 2S3.
Alectura, 467.
alleni (Lagopus), 44, 557.
alpina (Cbourtka), 109.
alpina hyperborea (La-
gopus), 51.
alpina (Lagopus), 45.
aljfina (Tetrao), 51.
alpiuus (Lagopus), 45,

49.
alpinus minor (Lagopus),

45.
alpiuus (Tetrao), 45.
alpiuus, var. meridion-

alls (Lagopus), 46.
alpinus, var. seaudinavica

(Lagopus), 46.

2o:i

564

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

altaica (Caccabis), 114.
altaica (Megaloperdis),

110.
altaica (Oreotetrax), 110.
altaica (Perdix), 110,

114.
altaicus (Perdix), 110.
altaieus (Tetraogallus),

104, 110.
altera (Lagopus), 35.
altiimi (Francolinus),

168, 170.
amboineiisis (Megapo-

dius), 4.55.
Amelous, 446.
American Partridge,

415.
americana (Oupidonia),

78.
americana (Meleagris),

387, 389.
americanus (Lagopus),

49.
americanus (Tympanu-

chus), 77, 78, 558.
americanus (Tjmpanu-

cbus) X columbianus

(Pedioca;tes), 80.
amberstia (Pbasianus),

342.
amberstice (Cbi-ysolo-

pbus), 339, 342.
amherstice (Cbrysolo-

pbus)xC. pictus, 341.
amberstiaj (Pbasianus),

342.
amberstiae (Tbaumalea),

342.
amberstiaj (Tbaumalea)

xT. picta,341.
amberstii (Epomia), .342.
Ammoperdix, 95, 12.3.
Andalusian Quail, 537.
andalusica (Ortygia),

537.
andalusica (Turnix),

537.
andalusicus (Perdix),

537.
andalusicus (Tetrao),

537.
andalusicus (Turnix),

537.
andalussica (Turnix),

537.
andersoni (Euplocamus),

304, 306.
andersoni (Gennaus),

297, 298, 306, 308.
andersoni (Megapodius),
446.

andersoni (Nyctbe-

merus), 307.
aracuan (Ortalida), 508.
aracuan (Penelope), 506,

608.
aragonica (Perdix), 20.
araucuan (Ortalida), 506,

508.
araucuan (Ortalis), 504,

606.
araucuan (Penelope),

506.
Arboricola, 94, 205.
Arboripbila, 205.
Arborocola, 205.
Arboropbila, 205.
ardens (Arboricola), 206,

210.
arenaria (CEnas), 18.
arenaria (Tetrao), 3.
arenaria, var. magna

(Pterocles), 19.
arenarius (Caccabis),

114, 116.
arenarius (Pteroeles),

7, 16, 18.
arenarius (Pteroclis),

19.
arenarius (Tetrao), 18.
Areoturnix, 526.
arfaki (Talegallus), 471.
arfakianus (Aepipodius),

471.
arfakianus (Aepypodius),

470,471.
argentatus (Nyctbe-

merus), 308.
argoonda (Cotumix),

201.
argoonda (Perdicula),

201.
argoondab (Perdicula),

197,198,200,201.
Argus, 362.
argus (Argusianus), 363,

561.
Argus ou Le Lueu, 363.
argus (Pbasianus), 363.
Argus Pbeasant, 363.
Argusa, 362.
Argusanus, 362.
Argusianus, 98, 362.
argyrotis (Penelope),

491, 501, 502.
argyrotis (Pipile), 501.
asbantensis (Fx-anco-

linus), 169, 171.
asi£B (Francolinus), 133.
Asiatic Partridge, 198.
asiatica (Coturnix),

198.

asiatica (Perdicula),

197, 198, 201.
asiatica (Perdix), 198.
asiatica (Pternistes),

181.
assamensis (Paro), 369.
assimilis (Megapodius),

455.
atelospilum (Polyplec-

tron), 355.
atkbensis (Lagopus), 49,

556.
atriceps (Ortyx), 415,

424.
atrigularis (Arboricola),

210.
atrogularis (Arboricola),

206, 209.
atrogularis (Arboro-
pbila), 209.
atrogularis (Hemipo-

dius), 530.
atrogularis (Perdix),

209.
atrorufa (Perdix), 119.
Attagen, 35, 127.
aureus (Meleagris), 391.
aureus sinensis (Pbasi-
anus), 339.
auritum (Crossoptilon),

293, 294, 295.
auritum mantcburicum

(Crossoptilon), 294.
auritus (Pbasianus), 295.
Austral Partridge, 244.
australis (Caccabis),

119.
australis (Catbeturus),

4(i8.
australis (Coturnix),

247, 253.
australis (Excalfactoria),

253.
australis (Perdix), 247.
australis (Sj-noecus), 247,

254.
australis (Synoicus),

244, 246, 247.
australis (Tetrao), 446.
azaraB (Crax), 476.

Babtah Grous, 12.
baldami (Coturnix), 234.
balliviani (Odonto-

pborus), 431, 441.
bambusffi (Arboricola),

258.
Bambusicola, 96, 257.
bankiva (Gallus), 345.
Bantam X Cbrysolopbus

pictus, 341.

ALPHABETICAL INDKX.

565

Bantam Fowl X Grouse,

39.
Bar-tailed Pheasant,

337.
barbara (Caccabis), 121.
barbara (Perdix), 121.
barbarica (Perdix), 120.
Barbary Partridge, 120.
Barbary Eed-legged

Partridge, 120.
barbata (Perdis), 192.
barbatus (Dendrortyx),

392, 393.
Bare-necked Partridge,

174.
Barta Telle, 111.
Bartavelle ou Perdix

Grecque, 113.
beccarii (Turnix), 540.
bengalensis cornutus

(Phasianus), 271.
bensoai (Oallipepla),

404.
bernsteini (Megapodius),

447, 450.
betulina (Bonasa), 91.
betulina (Bonasa) x
tetrix (Tetrao), 58.
betulina (Bonasia), 91.
betulinus (Tetrao), 90.
betulinus (Tetrastes),

91.
bicalcarata (Galloper-

dix), 260, 2fil, 264.
bicalcarata (Perdix),

160.
biailcaratum (Diplec-

tron) 3.J8.
bicalcaratura (Poly-
plectron), 353, 355,
357, 3.i8.
bicalcaratuin (Poly-
plectrum), 3.")8.
bicalcaratus (Choetopus),

161.
bioilcaratus (Diplec-

tron), 3.55.
bicalcaratus (Franco-

linus), 130, 160.
bicalcaratus (GaUo-

perdix), 265.
bicalcaratus (Pavo), 354,

358.
bicalcaratus (Perdix),

2(i4.
bicalcaratus (Tetrao),

KiO.
bioincta (CEnas), 31.
biciiu'tu3 (Gi^uas), 32.
bicinctus (Pterocles), 18,
20, 30.

biddulphi (Pucrasia),

311, 313.
bipunctatus (Argus), 366.
bipunctatus (Argus-

ianus), 363.
Birch Grous, 90.
Black and Spotted

Ileathcock, 69.
Black and Wliite Chinese

Pheasant, 307.
Black Game, 53.
Black Game X Grouse,

57.
Black Game-cock (Mus-

covian), 60.
Black Grouse, .55.
Black -necked Quail,

549.
Black-shouldered Pea-
cock, 370.
blakistoni (Areoturnis),

.531.
blakistoni (Turnix), 531.
blanfordi (Turnix), 528,

529, 542.
blewitti (Microperdix),

■202, 204, 560.
blumenhachii (Crax),

478, 481.
blythi (Ceriornis), 276.
blythi (Tragopan), 271,

276.
boehrui (Fraucolinus),

179.
boehrai (Pternistes),

174, 179.
bohmi (Pternistes), 179.
boliviana (Penelope),

491, 499.
Bonasa, 35, 85.
bonasa (Tetrastes), 91.
Bonasia, 85.
bonasia (Bonasa), 91.
bonasia (Tetrao), 90, 91.
bonasia (Tetrastes), 90,

91.
bonasia (Tetrastes) X
tetrix (Lyrurus), 58,
93.
bonasia tetrix (Tetrao),

58.
bonasides (Tetrao), 58.
bonhanii (AmmoperdLx),

123, 124.
bonhami (Caccabis),

123, 124.
bonhami (Perdix), 123.
borealis (Ortyx), 415.
boreaUs (Perdix), 41.5.
borneensis (Caloperdis).
222. 224.

bottsB (Perdix), 122.
brachydactylus (Lago-

pus), 41.
brachydactylus (Tetrao),

41.
brasiliensis (Gallopavo),

498.
brasiliensis (Mitu), 486.
brasiliensis (Penelope),

498.
brazieri (Megapodius),

459.
brenchleyi (Megapodius),

452.
brevipes (Francolinus),

133.
brewsteri (Cupidoaia),

78.
bridgesi (Penelope), 497.
bronzina (Otalida), .507.
Brown African Part-
ridge, 261.
Brown and Spotted

Heathcock, 69.
bruijni (Aepypodius),

470.
bruijnii (Talegallus),

470.
bruijnii (Tallegallus),

470.
brunneipectus (Arbori-

cola), 216.
brimneipectus (Arboro-

phila), 216.
brunneiventris (Mega-
podius), 447, 452.
brunneopectus (Arbori-

cola>, 207, 216.
brunneopectus (Arboro-

phila), 216.
brunnescens (Lophor-

trx). 401.
Brush Turkey, 468.
brvdgesii (Penelope),

497.
bucklevi (Francolinus),

145."
Buff-breasted Partridge,

256. ^

bulweri (Lobiophasis),

292.
burnabvi (Megapodius),
461."

caboti (Ceriornis), 277.
caboti (Tragopan), 271,

277.
Caccabis, 94, 110.
cachinnans (Tetrao), 40.
ca:rulescens (Crosso-

ptilon), 295.

566

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Oaille, 231.

Caille blanche, 232.
Caille brune de Mada-
gascar, 196.
Caille de Cayenne, 409.
Caille de Java, 534.
Caille de la Louiziane,

415.
Caille de la Nouvelle

Guinee, 457.
Caille de I'isle de Lu9on,

548.
Caille de Madagascar,

548.
Caille des Philippines,

253.
Caille du Mexique, 423.
Caille hup6e du Mexique,

407.
caiueana (Coturnix), 251 .
Calid Quail, 256.
Calil'ornian Quail, 400.
californianus (Lophor-

tyx), 401.
californica (Callipepla),

401.
californica (Coturnix),

400.
ealiforniea (Lophortyx),

400.
californica (Orytx), 400.
californica (Perdix), 400.
californica yallicola

(Callipepla), 401.
californicus brunnescens

(Lophortyx), 401.
californicus (Lophortyx),

400, 403.
californicus (Lophortyx)

X L. gambeli, 403.
californicus (Ortyx),

400.
californicus (Tetrao),

400.
Callipepla, 99, 394.
Caloperdix, 95, 222.
Calophasis, 318.
Cambaian Partridge,

228,,
cambaiensis (Coturnix),

198,
cambaiensis (Cryptonyx),

228.
cambaiensis (Perdicula),

198.
cambaiensis (Perdix),

228.
cambayensis (Coturnix),

198.
cambayensis (Perdicula),
, 198.

cambayensis (Perdix),

198.
carapestris (Pediocisetes),

84, 557.
campestris (Pedioecetes),

84.
camtschaticus (Tetrao),

67.
Canace, 68.
canace (Tetrao), 69.
Canachites, 34, 68.
canadensis (Canace), 69.
canaden.sis (Canachites),

68, 69, 557.
canadensis (Dendraga-

pus), 69, 557.
canadensis (Dendrago-

pus), 69.
canadensis franklini

(Tetrao), 71, 72.
canadensis (Tetrao), 69,

71,72.
canadensis, var franklini

(Canace), 71.
Candida (Perdix), 118.
canicollis (Ortalida), 508.
canicollis (Ortalis), 504,

508. _
canicollis (Penelope),

508.
canus (Tetrao), 91.
Cape Partridge, 165.
capensis (Choetopus),

166.
capensis (Clamator),

166.
capensis (Coturnix), 229,

237, 238.
capensis (Francolinus),

131, 16.5, 174.
capensis (Perdix), 165.
capensis (Pternistes), 166.
capensis (Tetrao), 165.
Capereaillie, 62.
Capercaillie X Pheasant,

65.
capistrata (Ortyx), 434.
capistratus (Odonto-

phorus), 434.
capueira (Odontophorus),

431, 434.
capueira (Perdix), 434.
caracco (Ortalida), 509.
caracco (Ortalis), 605,

509.
caraguata (Penelope),

508.
carunculata (Aburria),

520.
carunculata (Crax), 474,
475,' 481.

carunculata (Penelope),

520.
caspia (Megaloperdix),

108.
caspia (Oreotetrax), 108.
caspia (Perdix), 108.
caspia (Tetraogallus),

108.
Caspian Partridge, 108.
caspius (Pterocles),7.
caspius (Tetrao), 108.
caspius (Tetraogallus),

104, 106, 108, 109.
eastanea (Pucrasia), 311,

314.
castaneicaudatus (Lobio-

phasis), 292.
castaneicollis (Francoli-
nus), 129, 153.
castaneiventer (Calli-
pepla), £95, 396.
castaneus (Ortyx), 415,

424.
castaneus (Phasianus);

287.
eastanonota (Turnix),

530, 552.
castanota (Turnix), 552.
castanotus (Hemipodius),

552.
castanotus (Tiu-nix),

552.
caia (CEnas), 9.
cathareus (Hemipodius),

543.
Catheturus, 445, 467.
Catreus, 98, 316.
caucasica (Megalloper-

dix), 109.
caucasica (Megaloper-
dix), 109.
caucasica (Oreotetrax),

109.
caucasica (Perdix), 109.
caucasica (Tetrao), 109.
caucasicus (Tetraogallus),

104, 106, 108, 109.
caudacutus (Tetrao), 7.
Cayenne, Faison huppe

de, 524.
Cenohramus, 386.
cendree (Perdrix), 187.
Centrocercus, 34, 80.
Ceratornis, 271.
Ceriornis, 271.
cervinus (Coturnix), 247.
cervinus (Synoecus), 247.
cervinus (Synoicus),

247.
ceylanensis(Francolinus),

365.

ALPTIABETIOAL TNDKX.

r,o:

Ceylon Partridge, 264.
ceylononsis (Perdix),

2G4.
Cbncura, 110.
Chaetopus, 127.
Chalcophasis, 277.
cbalcunira (Polyplec-

tron), 361.
chalcuruni (Poly plec-
trum), 301.
Chalcurus, 97, 361.
chalcurus (Chalcurus),

361.
challayei (TetraogaJlus),

lOS.
Chaniajpetes, 473, 520,

.521.
chambanus (Lopbopho-

rus), 280.
charltoni (Arboricola),

207, 221.
charltoni (Arboriphila),

221.
charltoni (Arboropbila),

221.
charltoni (Francolinus),

221.
charltoni (Peloperdix),

221.
charltoui (Tropicoper-

dix), 221.
ebarltonii (Perdix), 221.
chata (Pteroc'les), 7.
chata (Tetrao), 7.
Cheshire Partridge,

191.
Chestnut-bellied Par-
tridge, 253.
chinen3is(Coturnix), 234,

250, 251, 2.53.
chinensis (Excalfactoria),
250. 251, 253, 254,
.561.
chinensis (FrancoUnus),

127, 136.
(•hinen8is'(Perdix), 2.50.
chinensis (Synoicus),

253.
chinensis (Tetrao), 136,

250, 253.
Chinese Quail, 250.
Chinquis, 354.
chinquis (Pavo), 354.
cliinquis (Polyplectron),

3.53, 354, 358.
Chittygong Pheasant,

301.
cblorojnis (Arboricola).

207, 219.
cbloropus (Arborophila),
220.

chloropus (Peloperdix),

220.
chloropus (Phoenicoper-

dix), 219.
chloropus (Tropicoper-

dix), 219.
Chourtka, 103.
Chrysolophus, 98, 339.
cbrysomelas (Phasianus\

319, 326, 327.
cbrysomelas (Phasianus)
X P. mongolicus,
328.
chrysostomus (Hemipo-

dius), 543.
chucar (Perdix), 113.
chuebar (Perdix), 114.
ehucor (Perdix), 114.
cbukiir (Oaccabis), 111,

11.3, 559.
chukar (Cbacura), 114.
clmkar, var. pubescens

(Oac-cabis), 114.
cbukart (Perdix), 114.
cbukor (Caccabis), 114.
chukor (Cbacura), 114.
cbukor (Pyrtt's), 114.
cinctus (Odontopborus),

444.
cinctus (Rhyncbortyx),

44.3, 444.
cineracea (Perdix), 187.
cinerea (Cothurnix),

187.
cinerea (Perdix), 186,

191, 192.
cinerea (Starna), 187.
cinerea, var. damascena

(Starna), 192.
cinerea, var. daurica

(Perdix), 192.
cinerea, var. moutana

(Perdix), 191.
cinerea, var. peregriana

(Starna), 192.
cinerea, var. rupestris
davurica (Starna),
192.
cinerciceps (Ortalida),

515.
cinerciceps (Ortalis), 505,

515, 516.
cinereogiUaris (Perdix),

124.
cinereus (Lagopus), 45.
circinatus (Crax). 476.
clamata (Francolinus),

165.
Gamator, 127.
claraator (Francolinus),
166.

clamator (Perdix), 165.
clamosus (Francolinus),

166.
clamosus (Perdix),

166.
clappertoni (Choetopus),

162.
clappertoni (Francoli-
nus), 130, 161, 164.
clappertoni (Perdix), 162,

104.
clappertoni (Pternistes),

182.
Cock of the Plains, 81.
colchicus (Phasianus),

310,320,324,328.
oolcbicus (Phasianus) x
domcsticus (Gallus),
324.
colchicus (Phasianus) x
mutbura (Gennieus),
302, 324.
colchicus (Phasianus) X
pictus (Chrysolophus),
324.
colchicus (Phasianus) X

P. reevesi, 324.
colchicus (Phasianus) X

P. torquatus, 323.
colchicus (Phasianus) X

tetrix (Lyrurus), 58.
colchicus (Phasianus) X

tetrix (Tetrao), 58.
colchicus (Phasianus) X
urogallus (Tetrao),
65.
colchicus (Phasianus) X
wallichii (Catreus).
318.
colchicus septentrionalis

(Phasianus), 321.
colchicus, var. mongolica

(Phasianus), 332.
Colenicui, 415.
Ooliu Coyolcos, 423.
Colin ho-oui, 415.
Colin Sonnini, 409.
Colin Zonecolin, 408.
Coloured Pheasant,

300.
columbianus (Centrocer-

cus), 84.
columbianus (Odonto-
pborus), 431, 442.
columbianus (Pedite-

cretes), 84.
columbianus (Pedio-

civtes), 82, 84, 558.
columbianus (Pedioc»tes)
X americanus (Tym-
panuchus), 80.

568

columbianus (Pedioe-

cetes), 84.
columbianus (Phasianus),

83.
columbianus (Strophi-

ortyx), 442.
columbianus (Tetrao),

84.
Common Partridge,

186.
Common Pheasant, 321.
Common Quail, 232,

561.
communis (Cotumix),

232, 238, 239.
communis orientalis

(Coturnix), 235.
commimis (Ortyx), 235.
Compsortyx, 249.
confinis (Oreortyx),

398.
consobrinus (Odonto-

pborus), 440.
Coq de Bruyere, 62.
Coq de Bruyere a queue

fourchue, 55.
Coq et Poule sauvage des

Indes, 350.
coqui (Francolinus), 128,

143.
coqui (Perdix), 143.
cornuta (Numida), 375,

377, 378.
cornuta (Satyra), 272.
cornutus (Phasianus),

271, 272.
cornutus (Satyrus), 272.
Coromandel Quail, 241.
coromandelica (Cotur-
nix), 229. 230. 241.
coromandelica (Perdix),

241.
coromandel icus (Cotur-
nix), 241.
coromandelicus (Tetrao),

241.
coronata marungensis

(Numida), 377.
coronata (Numida), 376,

376, 377, 378.
coronata (Perdix), 225.
coronatus (Cryptonix),

225.
coronatus (Cryptonyx),

225.
coronatus (Pterocles), 17,

23.
coronatus (Eollulus),

226.
cothumix (Oriolus),
457.

ALPHABETICAL INDKX,

cothumix (Perdix), 234.
Coturnix, 95, 229.
coturnix (3. baldami (Or-

tygion), 235.
coturnix (Coturnix), 229,

230, 231, 238, 561.
cotiornix (Ortygion), 234,

238, 239.
coturnix (Ortyx), 234.
cotui-nix (Perdix), 232,

234, 237.
coturnix (Tetrao), 232.
coournix (Turnix), 234.
Coyolcos, 423.
coyolcos (Colinus), 423.
covolcos (Ortyx), 415,

423, 424.
coyolcos (Perdix), 423.
covolcos (Tetrao), 423.
Cracidw, 33, 473.
cranebii (FrancoUnus),

178, 179.
cranebii (Perdix), 178.
cranchi (Pteruistes), 174,

178.
crassirostris (Tetrao),

62.
crawfurdi (Diardigallus),

290.
crawfurdi (Euplocamus),

290, .307.
crawfurdii (GaUophasis),

308.
crawfurdii (Phasianus),

307, 308.
Crax, 473, 474.
Crax fuscus mexicanus,

524.
Creagrius, 343.
Crested Curassow, 475.
Crested Peacock, 369.
Crested Pheasant, 524.
Crested Pintado, 381.
Crested Quail, 407.
Crested Turkey, 387.
cristata (Columba), 22.5.
cristata (Coturnix), 408.
cristata (Guttera), 381.
cristata (Liponyx), 225.
cristata (Meleagris), 495,

498.
cristata (Numida), 381,

382, 383.
cristata (Orthocorys),

524.
cristata (Ortyx), 408.
cristata (Penelope), 491,

494, 496, 498.
cristata (Perdix), 407.
cristata (Salpiza), 494,
498.

cristata (Sasa), 524.
cristata (Tetrao), 395.
cristatus (Cryptonyx),

225.
cristatus (Eupsychortyx),

407, 409.
cristatus (Opisthocomus),

524,
cristatus (Ortyx), 408,

410.
cristatus (Pavo), 368, 372,

562.
cristatus (Phasianus),

225, 524.
cristatus (RoUulus),

225.
cristatus (Tetrao), 407.
Crossolaryngus, 474.
Crossoptilon, 97, 293.
Crowned Partridge, 225.
crucigera (Coturnix),

243.
crudigularis (Arboricola),

206, 211.
crudigularis (Perdix),

211.
cruenta (Perdix), 268.
cruentatua (Ithaginis),

268.
cruentatus (Perdix), 268.
cruentatua (Phasianus),

268.
cruentus (Ithagenes), 267,

268.
cruentus (Ithaginis),

268.
cruentus (Phasianus),

268.
Cryptonyx, 225.
cubanensis (Colinus),

421.
cubanensis (Ortyx), 414,

421.
cubensis (Ortyx), 421.
cujubi (Penelope), 619.
Cumana Curassow, 617.
cumanensis (Crax), 517.
cumanensis (Penelope),

617.
cumanensis (Pipile), 617.
cumingi (Megapodius),

447, 449.
cunamensis (Crax), 517.
cupidini-columbiana (Cu-

pidonia), 80.
cup-do (Bonasa), 77,

78.
cupido brewsteri (Cupi-

donia), 78.
cupido (Cupidonia), 77,
78.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

569

cupido (Tetrao), 77, 78.
cupido (Tvinpanuchus),

77, 78, 558.
cupido, var. pallidicinctus

(Cupidonia), 80.
Cupidonia, 77.
Curasow Cock and Hen,

479.
Curasso Bird, 478.
Ciirria Partridge, 263.
Curved-billed Partridge,

183.
curviro-stris (Phasianus),

280.
curvirostris (Rbizothera),

183.
curvirostris (Tetrao),

183.
ouvieri (Euplocamus),

303, 300.
ouvieri (Euplocomus),

302, 303.

cuvieri (Gallophasis),

303.
cuvieri (Gennseus), 297,

298, 303.
cuvieri jobiensis (Talle-

gallus), 467.
cuvieri (Lophophorus),

303, 306.

cuvieri (Lophyrus), 303.
cuvieri (Megapodius),

466.
cuvieri (Talegalla), 465,

466.
cuvieri (Talegallus), 404,

465, 466.
cuvieri (TallegaUus), 465,

466.
cuvieri (Tallogalla), 4{)5,

466.
cuvierii (Houppifer),

303.
cyclo.spilum (Polyplec-

tron), 355.
Cyrtonyx, 99, 425.

dactylisonans (Cotumix),

234, 237.
dactvlisonans (Cothur-

nis), 2:38.
dactylisonans, var. indi-

cus (Cotumix), 234.
Dactvlortyx, 99, 429.
Dal Ripa, 41.
damascena (Perdix), 192.
dauiafcoua (Starna), 192.
daniascenus (I'erdis),

192.
daiuascenus (Tetrao),

192.

Damascus Partridge,

192.
darwini (Pucrasia), 311,

31.-), 316.
daubentoni (Crax), 474,

475, 482.
dauriea (Perdix), 185,

193.
dauriea (Starna), 193.
dauurica (Tetrao), 192.
davidiana (Pucrasia),

315.
davisoni (Gennaeus), 297,

298, 304.
davurica (Perdix), 192.
deeollatus (Megapodius),

451.
deeollatus (Phasianus),

320, 331.
deeorafus (Pterocles), 16,

17,21.
dele^orguei (Coturnix),

229, 230, 243.
Dendragapus, 34, 73.
Dendrortyx, 99, 392.
dentata (JPerdis), 432.
dentatus (Odontophorus),

431.
dcntatus (Perdix), 4.34.
Dentophorus, 430.
derbianus (Lyurus), 55.
derbianus (Oreophasis),

489.
desgodinsi (Tetraopha-

sis), 103.
diardi (Euplocomus),

290.
diardi (Gallus), 290.
diardi (Lophura), 286,

290.
diardi (Lophura) xlinea-
tus (Gennseus), 291,
306.
diardi (Phasianus), 334.
diardii (Houppifer),

283.
Diardigallus, 286.
dicksonii (Lagopotetrii),

57.
Didymacis, 127.
diemenensis (Coturni.x),

247.
diemenensis (Synoecus),

247.
diemenensis (Synoicus),

247.
dillwini (Megapodius),

449.
dillwyni (Megapodius),

449.
Diplectron, 353.

Diplectropus, 353.
Dipleclrum, 353.
discors (Crax), 476.
domesticus (Gallus) X al-

berti (Crax), 348.
domesticus (Gallus) X col-
ehicus (Phasianus),
324.
domesticus (Gallus) X Pe-
nelope, 4iKj.
domesticus (Gallus) X sco-

ticus (Lagopus), 39.
dorrandU (Phasianus),

327.
Double-banded Grous,

30.
douglasi (Lophortyx),

400, 404.
douglasaii (Callipepla),

404.
douglassi (Ortyx), 404.
drouynii (Crossuptilon),

293.
duperrei (Megapodius),

455.
duperreyi (ilegapodius),
447, 451, 452, 453, 4.54,
459.
dussumieri (Cryptonys),

228.
dussumieri (Hemipo-

dius), 540.
dussumieri (Turnix), 528,

540, .544.
dussumieri v. variabilis

(Uemipodius), 544.
duvauceli (Pucrasia),

314.
Dwarf Partridge, 247.

edouardi (Guttera), 381,

3S2.
edouardi (Numida),

381.
edwardi (Numida),

382.
edwardsii (Crax), 478.
elegans bensoni (Calli-
pepla), 404.
elegans (Callipepla),

404.
elegans (Lophortvi),

404.
elegans (Ortyx), 404.
elegans (Phasianus),

320, 329.
elgonensis (Francolinus),

129, lol.
eUioti (Calophasis), 335.
eUioti (Gallophasis),

335.

570

ALPHABETICVl INDEX.

ellioti (Meleagris), 387,

388.
ellioti (Numida), 384.
ellioti (Phasianus), 320,

335.
ellioti (Pterocles), 12.
emiiii (Coturnix'), 2.55.
empbanes (Polyplectron),

360, 361.
Emphania, 353.
emphanum (Polyplec-
tron), 361.
enicospilum (Polyplec-
^ tron), 355.
Eperonnier, 354, 357.
Epomia, 339.
erckeli (Francolinus),

131, 172, 5.59.
eremita (Megapodius),

447, 4.52.
eremita (Tetrao), 62.
erieseus (Tetrao), 55.
erkeli (Choetopus), 172.
erkelii (Francolinus),

172, 558.
erjthrognatha (Crax),

475.
erytbrophrj's (Arbori-

cola), 207, 218.
erytbrophrvs (Bambusi-

cola), 218.
erytbrophtbalmos (Eu-

plocomus), 2S3.
erytbrophtbalmos (Grallo-

phasis), 283.
erythroplitbalmus (Aco-

mus), 28.3, 561.
erythropbthalmus

( Acomus) X imitbura

(Gennajus), 284, 302.
erytbropbtbalmus (Alec-

tropbasis), 233.
ervthropbthalnuis (Eu-

plocamns), 283, 284.
erytbropbtbalmus (Pba-

sianus), 283.
erytbrops (Odontopbo-

rus), 431, 435.
erytbroptera (Ortalida),

516.
erytbroptera (Ortalis),

505, 516.
erytbrorbyncba (Co-
turnix), 20.3.
ervtbrorbvncba (Micro-

perdix); 202, 203.
erytbrorbyncba (Perdi-

cula), 203, 204.
erytbrorbyncba (Perdix),

203.

erythrorhynchus (Micro -

perdix), 203.
erythrorbyncbus (Ourax),

486.
erythrorbyncbus (Ptilo-

pacbus), 256.
erythrorbyncbus (TJrax),

486.
erytbrotbalmus (Euplo-

comus), 284.
Eulipoa, 44.5, 462.
Eulophus, 310.
Euplooomus, 286.
Eupsycbortyx, 99, 407.
europsea (Bonasia), 91.
europeeus (Coturnix).

234.
Excalfactoria, 95, 249.
excalfactoria (Coturnix),

250.
exustus (Pterocles), 12.
exustus (Pteroclurus), 7,

12, 556.
Eyed Partridge, 223.

Faisan, 320.

Faisan de la Guiane,

505.
Faisan dore, 340.
Faisan buppede Cayenne,

524.
Faisan noire et blanc de

la Chine, 307.
Faisan verdatre de

Cayenne, 495.
Falcipennis, 34, 72.
falcipenuis (Canace), 72.
falcipennis (Falcipennis),

72.
falcipennis (Tetrao), 72.
fasciata (Callipepla),

406.
fasciata (Tringa), 27.
fasciata (Turnix), 527,

535.
fasciatus (Gallopbasis),

304.
fasciatus (Hemipodius),

535.
fasciatus (Ortyx), 406.
fasciatus (Phasianus),

304.
fasciatus (Pbilortyx),

406.
fasciatus (Pterocles), 18,

27.
fasciatus (Tetrao), 19.
fasciatus (Turnix), 536.
fasciolata (Crax), 474,

475, 476, 480.

fasciolatus (Diardigallus),

290.
fera (Meleagris). 389.
ferruginea (Perdix),

343.
ferrugineus (Cryptonyx),

228.
ferrugineus (Gallus),

345.
ferrugineus (Lagopus),

59.
ferrugineus (Tetrao),

343.
ferruginous (Cryptonyx),

228.
Fighting Quail, 5.34.
finschi (Francolinus)

129, 1.53.
Fire-backed Pheasant,

288, 289.
fiscberi (Francolinus),

131,169,559.
fiscberi (Sirraptes), 4.
Fjall Eipa, 46.
flavipes (Coturnix), 250.
flavirostris (Perdix),

126.
floridana (Orty-x), 418.
floridanus (Colinus),

418.
floridanus (Ortyx), 414,

418.
formosanus (Phasianus),

320, 333.
fornasini (Coturnix),

243.
forsteni (Megapodius),

447, 451,
Franeolin, 132.
Francolin de I'lsle de

France, 136.
Francolin Partridge,

132.
Fi-ancolinus, 94, 127.
francolinus (Attagen),

133.
francolinus (Francoli-
nus), 127, 132, 133.
francolinus (Perdix),

132.
francolinus (Tetrao),

132.
franklinii (Canace), 71.
franklini (Canachites),

68, 71. 557.
franklinii (Deudragapus),

71, 557.
franklinii (Tetrao), 71.

72.
frantzii (Ortalida), 515,

AXPHABETICAL imOEX.

571

freycinet (Megapodius),

4r.7.

frevcineti (Megapodius),

447. 457.
front icornis (Penelope),

480.
fulif;inosiis (Dentlraga-

piis). 7-3. 7."), ,5.")(i.
furcatiis (Gallus). ,352.
fusca (Perdix). 256.
fiisca (Tetrao'*, 71.
fuseirostris (Talegallus),

4(U, 4i\C,.
fuscirostris (Megapodius),

4(;(>.
fuscus (Petrogallus),

256.
fusrus (Ptilopachvs), 256.
fytchii (Bambusicola),

257.

galeata (Crax). 488.
galeata (Lophocerus),

488.
galeata (Numida), .376.
galeata (PjukIX 488.
galeata (Pauxis), 488.
galeata, var. rubra

(Pauxis), 488.
Gallopavo, 386.
gallopavo ellioti (Melea-

gris), 389.
gallopavo (Meleagris),

387, 388, 389, 390.
gallopavo Diexieana (Me-

leafrris>, 387, 388.
gallopavo Osceola (Melea-
gris), 390.
gallopavo. var. americana

(Meleagris), 390.
gallopavo, var. gallopavo

(Meleagris). 390.
gallopavo, var. inter-
media (Meleagris),

388.
gallopavo. Tar. raexieanus

(Meleagris), 387, 388.
gallopavo, var. occiden-

talis (:^releaKri3), 390.
Gallopavus, 38«.'
Galloperdix, 96, 260.
Gallopbasis, 310.
Gallus, 9S, 343.
gallus (Gallus). 344.
gallus (Phasianus), 343,

350.
gambeli (Callipepla),

403.
gambeli (Lopbort\-x),

400, 403.

gambeli (Lophortyx) X

L. californicus, 403.
Gaiiix, .^04.
gardneri (Lophophorus),

268.
gardneri (Perdix), 268.
gardneri (Phasianus),

2G8.
gariepeusis (Choetopus),

155.
gariepensis (Prancolinus),

129, 155, 156, 157.
gariepensis (Scleroptera),

156.
garrula (Ortalida), 515.
garrula (Ortalisi, 505,

.51.5,516.
garrula (Penelope), 515.
garrulus (Phasianus),

515.
gedgii (Francolinus), 130,

163.
geelvinkianus (Megapo-
dius). 447, 459.
Gelinote, 90.
Gelinote blancbe, 40.
Gelinote de Canada, 69.
Gelinote de Canada,

Grosse, 85.
Gelinote d'Ecosse, 35.
Gelinote de la Baye de

Hudson, 69.
Gelinote des Pyrenees,

9.
Gelinote du Canada, 71.
Gelinote du Senegal, 14.
Gelinote hupee d'Ame-

rique, 78.
Gelinote hupee de Pen-

silvanie. 8.5.
Gelinotte blanche, 44.
Gelinotte des Indes, 27.
Gennaeus, 97, 296.
geoffrovi (Ilhagenes),

267,268.269.
geoffroyi (Ithaginis), 269,

270.
germaini (Polyplectron),

3.53. 357.
Gibraltar Quail, 537.
gibraltarica (Perdix),

.537.
gibraltarica (Tumix),

537.
gibraltaricus (Ortygis),

537.
gibraltaricus (Tetrao),

537.
gibraltariensis (Turnix),

538.

gibraltarius (Tumix),

537.
gigantea (Argusa), 364.
giganteus (Argus), 363,

365.
giganteus (Argusianus),

.363.
gilbertii (Megapodius),

449.
Gingi Partridge, 213.
gingica (Arboricola), 206,

213.
gingica (Perdix), 213.
gingicus (Tetrao), 213.
globicera (Crax), 474,

478, 479, 482.
globosa (Crax), 482.
Globose Curassow, 478.
globulosa (Crax), 474,

475, 481, 482.
Gorge-nue, 174.
Gorget Partridge, 213.
goudotii (Chamsepetes),

521.
goudotii COrtalida), 521.
goukli (Eupsychortyx),

40S.
gouldiana (Turnix), 554.
gouklii (Megapodius), •

455.
grfeca (Caccabis), 112,

114.
grseca (Chacura), 114.
grajca (Perdix), 112, 114.
grseca siuaitica (Cha-
cura), 114.
Grammatoptilus, 296.
Grand Coq de Bruyere,

62.
Grande Caille de la

Chine. 343.
Grande Caille de Mada-
gascar, 196.
granti (Francolinus),

128, 148, 149.
granti (Numida), 384.
Graphephasianus, 318.
grayi (Argus), 365.
gravi (Argusianus). 363.
grayi (Crax). 474, 480.
grayi (Penelope), 517.
gray.<ioni (Colinus), 422.
gravsoni (Ortyx), 414,

422.
Greek Partridge, 111.
Green Partridge, 225.
greeyi (Penelope), 494.
Grev-tbroated Quail,

UHi.
grisea (Coturnix), 196.

572

aiphAlBetical index.

grisea (Perdix), 196.
griseiventris (Tetrao), 93.
griseiventris (Tetrastes),

90, 93.
griseogularis (Ammoper-

dis), 124.
griseogularis (Perdix),

123.
griseostriatus (Francoli-

nus), 130, IGO.
griseus (Coturnix), 196.
griseus (Tetrao), 196.
groeea (Perdix), 114.
groeca similis (Ohacura),

114.
grcenlandicus (Lagopus),

49.
Grous, Spotted, 69.
Grouse, 36.
Grouse X Bautam Fowl,

39.
Grouse X Black Game,

57.
Guan or Quan, 498.
Guernsey Partridge, 118.
Guiana Partridge, 432.
guianensis (Odontopho-

rus), 431,432, 433.
guianensis (Perdix), 432.
guianensis (Phasianus),

505.
guianensis (Tetrao), 432.
Guinea Pintado, 376.
gularis (Francolinus),

130, 158.
gularis (Ortygornis),

158.
gularis (Perdix), 158.
guttata (Ortalida), 508,

510.
guttata (Ortalis), 505,

508, 510.
guttata (Ortyx), 439.
guttata (Penelope), 510.
guttata (Tetrao), 425.
guttatus (Odontophorus),

431,439.
guttatus (Pterocles), 15.
Guttera, 99, 380.
gutturalis (Choetopus),

151.
gutturalis (Pi-ancolinus),

129, 151.
gutturalis (Perdix), 151.
gutturalis (Pterocles),

17, 23, 556.
gutturalis (Scleroptera),
151.

Hackled Partridge, 343.
Haematortys, 95, 221.

hamiltonii (Phasianus),

298.
hardwickii (Francolinus),

263.
hardwickii (Perdix), 263.
hardwickii (Polyplec-

tron), 358.
harmani (Orossoptilon),

293, 296.
hartlaubi (Faloipennis),

72.
hartlaubi (Francolinus),

130, 163.
hastingsi (Tragopan),

274.
hayi (Ammoperdix), 126.
hayi (Ptilopachus), 126.
haynaldi (Turnix), .535.
Hazel Grous, 90.
Hazel Hen, 90.
Heathcock, Black and

Spotted, 09.
Heathcock, Brown and

Spotted, 69.
helena; (Polyplectron),

355.
Helsingian Grous, 91.
hemileucurus (Lagopus),

Hemipodius, 526.

Hen Peacock Phe&sant
from China, 357.

henrici (Francolinus),
133.

henrici (Tetraogallus),
104, 106.

Hepburuia, 260.

hepburnii (Perdix), 1.38.

hepburnii, var. pallida
(Perdix), 138.

heteroclita (Syrrhaptes),
4.

Heteroolite Grous, 2.

Heteroclitus, 2.

heteroclitus (Syrrhaptes),
4.

heyi (Ammoperdix), 123,
125, 126, 559.

heyi (Perdix), 125.

heyi (Ptilopachus), 126.

heyii (Caccabis), 125,
126.

Hierophasis, 296.

hildebrandti (Francoli-
nus), 131, 168,559.

hildebraudti (Sclero-
ptera), 168.

himalayanus (Tetrao-
gallus), 106.

himalayensis (Megalo-
perdix), 106,

himalayensis (Oreo-

tetrax), 106.
himalayensis (Tetrao-
gallus), 104, 106, 559.
hispaniensis (Perdix),

187, 560.
histrionica (Coturnix),

243.
hoatzin (Opisthocomus),

524.
Hoazin, 524.
hoazin (Phasianus), 524.
hoazin (Opisthocomus),

524.
Hocco, 478.

Hocco de Curassow, 478.
Hocco de la Guiane,

475.
Hocco du Mexique, 488.
Hocco du P6rou, 478.
Hocco, Faisan de la

Guiane, 482.
hodgsoniffi (Perdix), 185

194.
hodgsoniiB (Sacfa), 193,

194.
hodgaonii (Perdix), 194.
hopijinsoni (Bambusi-

cola), 257.
Horned Indian Pheasant,

271.
Horned Pheasant, 272.
Horned Turkey, 272.
horsfieldi (Euplocamus),

302.
horsfieldi (Euplocomus),

302.
horsfieldi (Gennaus),

297, 298, 302.
horsfieldi (Gennseus) X
versicolor (Phasianus),
.303.
Hottentot Quail, 542.
hotteulota (Turnix), 541,

542.
hottentotta (Turnix),

528, .541, 542.
hottentottus (Hemi-
podius), 542.
hottentotus (Turnix),

542.
Houppifer, 283.
Houppiferus, 283.
hueskeri (Megapodius),

452.
humboldti (Francolinus),

176.
humboldti (Pternistes),

174, 176, 560.
humise (Callophasis),
335.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

5V3

luiiiii8e(Plia8ianii9), '320,

335.
liutloni (Mi'gapodius)

4(il.
Hybrid Grous, 64.
hybridus (Tetrao), 64.
hybrid.is (Tetrao) X "ro-

gallus (Tetrao), (>.">.
Iijbriclus iirogalloidcs

(Tetrao), 04.
hyemalis (Oaccabis), 114.
llylopcrdix, 205.
liyperborea (Lagopus),

'51.
liyperboreus (Lagopus),

35, 51.
hyperytlira (Arboricola),

•207, 217.
livperythra (Bambusi-

"eola), 217, 218.
hyperythrus (Odonto-

phorus), 431, 436.
hypoleucus (Eiipsyuh-

ortyx), 407, 413.
hypoleucus (Ortyx), 413.
liypospodiua (^Odonto-

phorus), 436.

icteropus (Francolinus),

172.
icterorbyiichus (Franco-
linus), 130, 163.
ignita (Lophura), 28t),

288, 561.
ignitus (Euplocamu.s),

287, 289.
ignitus (Euplocomus),

287, 289.
ignitus (Qallophasis),

280.
ignitus (Gallus), 287.
ignitus (llouppifer), 288.
ignitus (Phasianus), 286,

288.
iiupejanuB (Monaulus),

280.
impejanus (Phasianus),

2bb.
Inipeyan Pheasant, 2S0.
luipeyanus, 277.
impeyanus (Lophopbo-

rus), 278, 280.
inipevanus (Monaulus),

280.
impeyanus (Phasianus),

280.
impeyanus, yar. rel'ul-

gens (Lophopborus),

279.
incommoda (Orax), 477-
Indian Grous, 27.

indica (Perdix), 27.
indicus (.'Enas), 27.
iiulious (Gallus), 475.
indicus (Phasianus), 350.
indicus (Pterocles), 32.
indicus (Tetrao), 27.
inl'uscatus (Francolinus),

182.
infiiscatus (Pternistes),

174, 182, 558.
inocellatus (Chalcurus),

362.
inocellatus (Polyplec-

trum), 362.
inornatus (Acomus), 283,

285.
insignis (Phasianus), 326,

327.
iusularis (Lagopus), 49.
intermedia (/\j'boricola),

206, 211.
intermedia ( Arborophila),

211.
intermedius (Arboricola) ,

211.
intermedius (Francoli-
nus), 135.
intermedius (Polyplec-

tron), 355.
intermedius (Tetrao), 64.
Iris Peacock, 354, 358.
iris (Pavo), 354.
islandicus (Lagopus), 49.
islaudicus (Tetrao), 48, 49.
islandorum (Lagopus),

49.
islandorum (Tetrao), 48.
israelitarum (Tetrao),

231.
Itaginis, 267.
Ithagenes, 96, 267.
Ithaginis, 267.

jacksoni (Francolinus),

131, 171.
jacquinii (Penelope),

517.
jacuaca (Penelope), 498,

499.
jacuacu (Penelope), 499.
jacucaca (Penelope), 491,

497,501.
jacucaca (Salpiza), 494,

495,501.
jacupeba (Penelope), 491,

494, 497.
jacupema (Penelope),

495.
jacupemba (Penelope),

492.
jacutinga (Pipile), 519.

Japan Peacock. 371.
japouonsis (Pavo), 371.
japonica (Coturnix), 229,

230, 239.
Javan Partridge, 214.
Javan Peacock, 372.
javanica (Arboricola),

207, 214.
javanica (Arborophila),

214.
javanica (Peloperdix),

214.
javanica (Perdix), 214.
javanicus (Gallus), 352.
javanicus (Pavo), 371.
javanicus (Tetrao), 214.
jobiensis (Megapodius),
• 451.
jobiensis (Talegallus),

464, 467.
jobiensis (Tallegallus),

4(17.
jobsii (Bonasa), 87.
johnstoni (Francolinus),

559.
joretiana (Pucrasia), 310.
joudera (Hemipodius),

544.
joudera (Turnix), 540,

544, 545.
jugularis (Francolinus),

129, 15(;.
Jungle Bush-Quail, 198.
juniperorum (Tetrao), 55.

Kakelik Partridge, 113.
kakelik (Perdix), 113.
kakelik (Tetrao), 113,
kamtschaticus (Tetrao),

60, 67.
katraca (Ortalida), 505.
katraca (Phasianus),

505.
kcnnieolti (Pediocoetes),

83.
Keron, 35.
kirki (Francolinus), 128,

149.
klcssoTskii (Phasianus),

326.
koniarowii (Phasianus),

325.

labatei (Perdix), 112.
lafavetii (Gallus), 348,

560.
lafayettii (Gallus), 344,

348, 561.
Lagopede, 45.
Lagopede de la Baie

d'lludson, 40.

bH

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

lagopides (Tetrao), 57.
lagopides (Tetrix), 57.
lagopoides (Lagopote-

trix), 57.
Lagopua, 34, 35.
lagopus albus (Tetrao),

41.
lagopus alleni (Lagopus),

44, 557.
lagopus islandicus (Te-
trao), 49.
lagopua (Lagopus), 35,

40, 41, 557.
lagopus (Lagopus) X L.

mutus, 43.
lagopus (Tetrao), 36, 40,

44, 48, 51.
laperousii (Megapodius),

447, 460.
lapponicus (Lagopus),

41.
lapponicus (Tetrao), 40.
lathami (Alectura), 468.
lathami (Catheturus),

468.
lathami (Ceriornis), 272.
lathami (Francolinus),

127, 128, 139.
lathami (Peliperdix), 140.
lathami (Perdicideus),

140.
lathami (Phasianus), 302.
lathami (Satyra), 272.
lathami (Talegalla), 468.
lathami (Tallegalla), 468.
lathamii (Tallegallus),

468.
Lauwan Partridge, 198.
layardi (Megapodius),

447, 459.
lechoho (Perdix), 167.
Leiopa, 463.
Leipoa, 463.
Leona Partridge, 139.
lepida (Excalfaotoria),

250.
lepurana (Hemipodius),

539.
lepurana (Ortygis), 539.
lepurana (Turnix), 539.
lepuranus (Ortyxelos),

539.
Lerva, 100.
Lerwa, 94, 100, 558.
lerwa (Lerwa), 100,

657.
lerwa (Perdix), 100.
Lesser Mexican Quail,

423.
leucofrenatus (Eupsych-
ortyx), 411.

leucogaster (Ortalida),

514.
leueogastra (Chamfepe-

tes), 514.
leueogastra (OrtaHda),

511,614.
leueogastra (Ortalis),

505, 514.
leueogastra (Penelope),

514.
leucogenys (Ooturnix),

234.
leucolsemus (Odontopho-

rus), 431, 438.
leucolophos (Penelope),

537.
leucolophos (Pipile),

517.
leucolophus (Pipile),

519.
leucomelanos (Alectro-

phasis), 303.
leucomehmos (Euplo-

comus), 298, 300.
leucomelanos (Gallo-

phasis), 300.
leucomelanos (Phasi-
anus), 300.
leucomelanus (Euplo-

camus), 300.
leucomelanus (Gallo-

phasis), 300.
leucomelanus (Gennseus),

297, 298, 300.
leucomelas(Euplocomu8) ,

299, 300.
leucoparffius (Francoli-
nus), 176.
leucoparseus (Pternistes),

176.
leucophrys (Dendrortyx),

392, 391.
leucophrys (Ortyx), 394.
leucopogon (Eupsych-

ortyx), 407, 408, 409,

413.
leucopogon (Ortyx),

408.
leucoptera (Penelope),

518.
leucoscepus (FrancoU-

nus), 181.
leucoscepus (Pternistes),

174, 181, 560.
leucostictos (Ortyx),

439.
leucothrix (Penelope),

500.
leucotis (Eupsychortyx),

409.
leucotis (Ortyx), 408.

leucurum (OrossoptUon),

293, 294.
leucurus (Lagopus), 35,

52, 557.
leucurus (Tetrao), 62.
levaillanti (Francolinus),

129, 164.
levaillantii (Perdix), 154.
levaillanti (Pternistes),

164.
levaillanti (Scleroptera),

154.
levaillantoides (Perdix),

154.
leylandi (Colinus), 411.
leylandi (Eupsychor-
tyx), 407, 411.
leylandi (Ortyx), 411.
L'Hoazin, 524.
I'huysii (Lophophorus'),

278,281.
Libyan Grous, 14.
lichtensteinii (Penelope),

601.
lichtensteini (Pterocles),

18, 29, 656.
lindesayii (Meleagris),

468.
lineata (Excalfactoria),

561.
Lineated Pheasant, 304.
lineatum (Polyplectron),

358.
lineatus (Euplocamus),

304, 306.
lineatus (Euplocomus),

303, 304.
hneatus (GaUophasis),

304.
lineatus (Gennaeus), 297,

298, 304.
lineatus (Nycthemerus),

304.
lineatus (Oriolus), 253.
lineatus (Phasianus), 304.
lineolata (Perdix), 429.
lineolatus (Odonto-

phorus), 429.
lineolatus (Ortyx), 429.
lineolatus (Strophiortyx),

429
Lipoa,' 445, 463.
Liponyx, 225.
Little Pin-tailed Grous, 9.
Lobiophasis, 97, 291.
Lochmophasis, 310.
lodoisiee (Perdortyx),

235.
lodoisice (Synoicus), 234.
Loug-billed Partridge,
183.

I

ALPHAjJETICAl INDEX.

676

Loug-tiiilpd Grous, 83.
Loii^'-tailod Grous from

Jludson's liay, 82.
loiif^icaudus (Talegallus),

404, 4(17.
loiigirostris (Francoli-

nus), 183.
longirostris (Ortygornis),

183.
longirostris (Perdix), 183.
longirostris (Rliizothera),

183.
Lophalector, 28G.
Lophocerus, 487.
Lophofera, 277.
Lophophasianus, 31(5.
Lopliopborus, 96, 277.
Lophora, 28('>.
Lophortyx, 90, 399.
Lophotetrax, 310.
Loplun-a, 97, 286.
Louisiana Quail, 41 .">.
lowi (Megapodius), 449.
luoani (Francolinus),

178.
lueani (Pternistes), 178.
ludoviciana (Lagopus),

71.
lunulata (Galloperdix),

2(U), 261, 263.
lunulata (Perdix), 263,
lunulatus (Galloperdix),

263.
lunulatus (Hemipodius),

537.
lunulatus (Ithaginis),

263.
luuulosa (Galloperdix),

263.
lunulosus (Galloperdix),

263.
luzoniensis (Ortvgis),

534.
luzoniensis (Perdix), 548.
luzoniensis (Tetrao), 534,

548.
Lyrurus, 34, 53.
Lyurus, 53.

Macartneya, 286.

macartneyi (Euplo-
conuis), 288.

macartnovi (Gallus),
287, 2S8.

macartneyi (Macart-
neya), 289. '

macartnyi (Gallus), 286,
288.

maccalli (Ortalida),
512.

maccalli (Ortalis), 513.

maegilivrayi (Megapo-
dius), 455.

macgillivraii (Megapo-
dius), 4,53.

inacgillivrayi (Megapo-
dius), 447, 452, 453.

Maoroeephalon, 471.

macrolopba (Phasianus),
312, 314.

macrolopha (Pucrasia),
311, 313,314.

macrolopha (8atyra),311.

macrolophus (Ceriornis),
272.

macrolophus (Eulophus),
311.

macrourus (Dendror-
tyx), 392.

maculata (Penelope),
510.

maculatus (Francolinus),
136.

maculatus (Hemipodius),
543.

maculatus CPerdix), 136.

maculatus (Teti-ao). (i4.

maculatus (Turnix), 542,
546.

maculipennis (Numida),
376.

maculosa (Turnix), 529,
542, 546, 547.

maculosus (Hemipodius),
546.

maculosus (Turnix), 543,
546.

madagarensis (Tetrao),
560.

Madagascar Quail, 196.

madagascariensis (Cotur-
nix), 549.

madagascariensis (Fran-
colinus), 136.

madagascariensis (Itha-
ginis), 261.

madagascariensis (Mar-
garoperdix), 196, 560.

madagascariensis (Per-
dix), 136, 196.

madagascariensis (Te-
trao), 136, 196, 560.

magna (Caccabis), 111,
120.

magna (Pterocles), 19.

major (Coturnix), 233.

major (Tetrao), 62.

major (Urogallus), 60.

Malacca Partridge, 224.

malaccensis (Phasianus),
358.

Malacortyx, 265.

Malacoturnix, 265.
Malay Peacock, 363.
Maleo, 472.
maleo (Macrocephalon),

472.
maleo (Megacephaloma),

472.
maleo (Megacephalon),

472.
mandollii (Arboricola),

206, 214.
mandellii (Arborophila),

214.
Manilla Quail, 253.
manillensis (Coturnix),

253.
manillensis (Perdix), 253.
manillensis (Tetrao), 2.53.
manipurensis (Micro-

perdix), 202, 204.
manipurensis(Perdicula),

204.
mantchuricum (Orosso-

ptilon), 293, 294.
Marail, 495.
marail (Penelope), 491,

495.
marail (Salpiza), 495.
Marail Turkey, 495.
Marbled Quail, 200.
marchei (Numida), 376.
Margaroperdis, 95, 195. 1
marginatus (Phasianus),

321.
marilanda (Perdix), 415.
marilaudica (Coturnix),

415.
marilandicus (Tetrao),

415.
marilandus (^Tetrao), 415.
marmorata (Tetrao), 392.
marmoratus (Odonto-

pliorus), 431, 433.
marmoratus (Ortyx), 433.
marungensis (Numida),

375, 377.
Maryland Partridge, 415.
marylandus (Ortyx), 416.
massena (Cyrtonyx), 425.
massena (Ortyx), 425.
massena; (Ortyx), 425.
media (Coturnix), 234.
medius (Tetrao), 64, 65.
Megiicephala, 471.
ilegacephalon, 445, 471.
Megaiopordix, 103.
megapodia (Perdix), 207.
Megapodiidit, 33, 445.
Megapodius, 445, 446.
Megapodius la F6rouse,

460.

516

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Megapocliiis la Peyrouse,

460.
melanion( Monaulus), 303.
melanocephala (Caccabis),

111, 122.
melanocephala (Cerior-

nis), 274.
melanocephala (Perdix),

122.
melanocephala (Satyra),

274.
melanocephalus (Cacca-
bis), 122.
melanocephalus (Oha-

cura), 122.
melanocephalus (Pliasi-

anus), 272, 273.
melanocephalus (Trago-

pan), 271, 272, 273.
melanogaster (Hemipo-

dius), 550.
melanogaster (Turnix),

530, 550.
melanonota (Turnix), 546,

547.
melanonotus (Euploca-

mus), 301.
melanonotus (Euploco-

mus), 301.
melanonotus (Gallopha-

sis), 301.
melanonotus (Odonto-

phorus), 431, 43S.
Melanoperdix, 95, 227.
melanota (Turnix), 546.
melanotis (Odontopho-

rus), 431, 435.
melanotus (Euplocamus),

301.
melanotus (Euplocomus),

301.
melanotus (Gallophasis),

301.
melanotus (Hemipodius),

546.
melanotus (Odontopho-

rus), 435.
melanotus (Turnix), 545,

546.
meleagrides (Agelastes),

374.
meleagrides (Agelastus),

374.
Meleagris, 99, 386.
meleagris (Numida), 375 ,

376, 380.
meleagris (Odontopho-

rus), 425.
mexicana (Coturmx),415.
mexicana (Meleagris),

387, 388.

mexicana (Perdix), 415.
mexioanus, Crax fuscus,

524.
mexicanus (Tetrao), 415.
meyeri(Pucrasia),311,315,
Microperdix, 95, 202.
microurus (Pedionomus),

554.
mikani (Crax), 482, 483.
minima (Coturnix), 251.
minima (Excalfactoria),

251.
minor (Coturnix), 234.
minor, fuscus, &c. (Uro-

gallus), 77.
minor (Perdix), 192.
minor (Tetrao), 415.
minor (Urogallua), 53.
mitrata (Numida), 375,

377, 378.
mitrata (Querelea), 379.
mitrata, var. tiara ta

(Numida), 379.
Mitred Pintado, 379.
Mitu, 476, 485.
mitu (Orax), 475, 485.
mitu (Mitua), 485.
mitu (Ourax), 485.
mitu (Pauxi), 485.
mitu (Uras), 486.
Mitua, 473, 485.
Mituporanga, 474.
mlokosiewiczi (Lyrurus),

53, 58.
mlokosiewiczi(Tetrao),58.
modestus(Ceriornis), 277.
modestus (Francolinus),

169.
modestus (Scleroptera),

169.
Monaulus, 277-
mongolicus (Phasianus),

319, 328.
mongolicus (Phasianus)

X P. chi'ysomelas, 328.
mongolicus semitorqua-

tus (Phasianus), 329.
monogrammica (Perdix),

158.
montagnii (Ortalida),492.
montagiiii (Penelope),

490, 492.
montagnii (Stegnolisma) ,

492.
montana (Penelope), .501.
montana (Perdix), 190.
montana (Tetrao), 190.
montanus (Lagopus), 45.
montanus (Tetrao), 45,
montezumse (Cyrtonyx),

425, 426.

montezumie (Ortyx), 425.

motmot (Ortalida), 505.

motmot (Ortalis), 504,
505.

motmot (Penelope), 505.

motmot (Phasianus), 605.

Mountain Partridge, 191.

Muscovian Black Game-
cock, 60.

muta (Coturnix), 239.

muta (Lagopus), 46.

muta vulgaris (Lagopus),
46.

mutans (Lagopus), 45.

muthura (Gallophasis),
301.

muthura (Gennseus), 297,
298, .301.

muthura (Gennseus) X
colchicus (Phasianus),
302, 324.

muthura (GenniBus) X
erythrophthalmus
(Acomus), 284, 302.

muthura (Phasianus),301.

muticus (Pavo), 368.

muticus (Pavo) X P.
cristatus, 371.

mutus atkhensis (Lago-
pus), 49.

mutus (Lagopus), 35, 44,
45, 46, 48, 557.

mutus (Lagopus) X L.
albus, 43.

mutus (Lagopus) X L.
lagopus, 43.

mutus (Lagopus) X L.
scoticus, 39.J

mutus reinhardti (Lago-
pus), 49.

mutus rupestris (Lago-
pus), 49.

mutus (Tetrao), 45, 48.

Namaqua Grous, 10.
namaqua (QJnas), 10.
namaqua (Pterocles), 10.
namaqua (Pteroclurus),

7, 10.
namaqua (^Tetrao), 10.
nana (Coturnix), 253.
nana (Turnix), 528, 541.
nanus (Hemipodius),541.
Napaul ou Faisan cornu,

271.
napoleouis (Emphania),

361.
napoleonis (Polyplec-

tron), 354, 360, 361.
natalensis (Choetopus),

167.

J

ALPlIVBEXrCAL IXDKX.

natalensis (Praiiooliiiu.s),

131,1015.
natterori (Penelope), 517.
nattereri (Pipilo), 517.
iielirkornic (I'olyplec-

tron), 354, 300.
nolsoni (Lagujjus), 49,

557.
Neiuatura, 2.
Nemesian (Irons, 55.
neniesianus (Tetrao), 55.
neo\eiiu8 (Oitvx), 408.
iicoxniuis (I'ordix), 408.
Nopaul Pheasant, 300.
uepaulciisis ( Pliasianus),

272.
iiej).iulensi;i (Satvra),

L'72.
New England Partridge,

415.
New Guinea Quail, 457.
New Holland Partridge,

New Holland Quail,

1'47.
New Holland Vulture,

408.
nicobariensis (Megapo-

dius), 44(1, 447.
iiigelli (Lopliophorus),

108.
nigelli (Perdix), 108.
nigellii fi. minor (Megalo-

perdix"), lUO.
nigellii (Lophopiioriis),

10(>.
nigellii (Megaloperdix),

lOi;.
nigellii (Tetraogallus),

iotj.

niger (Cryjitonvx), 228.
niger ( Penelope), 503.
niger (Pliasidus), 373.
niger (RoUuhis), 228.
nigra (Cotiirnix), 233.
nigra (llelanoperdix),

228.
nigra (Penelope), ,")03.
nigra (Penelopina), .503.
nigreseens (Turnix), 5.35.
nigricapilla (Penelope),

4i)7.
nigricoUis (Hemipodius),

54!).
nigrioollis (Ortygis), SJiO,

540.
nigrieoliis (Perdix),

nigrieolli3 (Tetrao), 549.
nigrieolli3 (Turnix), 530,

549.
VOL. XXII.

nigrifrons (Hemipodius),

22(i.
nigrifrons (Penelope),

518.
nigrifrons (Pipile), 518.
uigrigularis (Ortyx),

412.
nigripennis (Pavo), 370.
nigrogularis (Oolinus),

412.
nigrogularis (Eupsychor-

tyx),407, 412. "
nigrogularis (Ortyx),

412,423.
nigrogularis segoyiensis

(Colinus), 412.
nipalensis (Pucrasia),

311,314.
nivicola (Lerva), 100.
nivicola (Lerwa), 100.
nivicola (Tetrao perdix),

100.
nivosus (Francolinns),

203.
nobdis (Euplocamus),

289, .501.
Noisy Quail, 534.
nortiit;c (Ithaginis), 201.
nortiiiie (Polj-pleetron),

261.
Nothocrax, 473, 484.
nov:e-caIedoniae (Turnix),

552.
noTiB-gninene (Coturnix),

4.58.
novaj-guineae (Eicalfac-

toria), 458.
nov;E-guine;B (Perdix),

457.
noviB-guinea (Tetrao),

457.
novae-hollandiiB (Cathe-

turus), 468.
noTOJ-zeaiandia; (Cotur-
nix), 230, 245.
nudicollis (Francoliuus),

175, 170.
nudicollis (Perdix), 105,

174, 177.
nudicollis (Pternistes),

173. 174, 176, 177.
nudicollis (Tetrao I, 174.
Nuraida, 98, 374.
Nuinidia, 374.
Nycthemerus, 29(«.
nycthemerus (Euploca-

uius), 308.
nyctliemerus (Euploco-

mus), 308.
nyctbemerus (Gennasus),

297, 298, 307, 308.

nycthemerus (Pliasianm),
307.

oatesi (Gennaeus), 297,

298, 300.
obscura (Canace), 74.
obscura fuliginosa (Ca-
nace), 75.
obscura (Penelope), 491,

497.
obscura riohardjoni (Ca-
nace), 70.
obscura (Tbaumalea),

341.
obscurus (Canace), 74.
obscurus (Chrysolophus),

339,341.
obscurus (Dendragapus),

73. 74, 557.
obscurus fuliginosus

(Dendragapus), 75,

.557.
obscurus fuliginosus

(Tetrao), 75.
obscurus (Li)phophoru3),

102.
obscurus richardsoni

(Canace), 70.
obscurus richardsoni

(Dendragapus), 76,

558.
obscurus richardsoni (Te-
trao), 70.
obscurus (Tetrao), 74, 75,

70.
obscurus (Tetraogallus),

102.
obscurus (Tetraophasis),

102.
occidentalis (Lagopus),

49.
occidentalis (Meleagris),

390.
oeellata (Caloperdis"),

223.
ocellata (Lipoa). 46-3.
ocellata (Meleagris), 387,

391.
ocellata (Ortygis), 548.
ocellata (Turnix), 529,

531,. 53.). ;54S.
oceliatus (Cryptonyx),

223.
ocellatus (Cyrtonyx), 42.'j,

428.
ocellatus (Hemipodius),

548.
ocellatus (Oriolus), .548.
ocellatus (Ortyx), 420.
ocellatus (Rheinardius),

367.

2p

578

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

ocellatus (RheinarcUius),

3(57.
ocellatus (Rheinartiiis),

mi.

ocellatus (Rolluhis), 223.
ocellatus (Tetrao), 224.
ocellatus (Turnixi, 531,

548.
ochrogaster (Franculi-

nus), 148.
ochrogaster (Penelope),

491, 500.
oculea (Caloperdix), 222,

224.
oculea (Galloperdix),

223.
oculea (Perdix), 222.
oculeus (Calloperdixl,

223.
oculeus (Caloperdix), 223.
oculeu.s (Fraiioolinus),

223 224.
ooureu's"'(Konulus), 223.
Odontophoru.s, 100, 430.
olivacea (Arboricola),

207.
olivacea (Arboropbila),

207.
olivacea (Perdix), 207,

241.
Olive Partridge, 207.
Opetioptila, 620.
Ophrjsia, 96, 265.
Opistbocomi, 523.
Opisthocomidse, .523.
Opistboconms, 523.
Oreias, 35.
Oreoperdix, 205.
Oreophasis, 473, 489.
Oreortyx, 99, 397.
Oreotetrax, 103
Oriental Quail, 218.
orientalis (Arboricola),

207, 218.
orientalis (Coturnix),

235.
orientalis (Nuuiida), 375.
orientalis (Perdix), 141,

218.
orientalis (Tetrao), 18.
Ortaldia, r04.
Ortalida. 504
Ortalie, 473, 504.
Ortbocorys, 523.
ortoni (Penelope), 491,

496.
Ortygion, 229.
Ortygis, 526.
Ortygodes, 626.
Ortvgornis, 127.
Ortyx, 99, 414.

osceola (Meleagris), 387,

390.
Ourax, 487.
oxianus (Pbnsianus), 327.

pacliyrbynchus (Odonto-

phorus), 433.
Painted Pheasant. 310.
Painted Pheasant from

China, 339.
palawa (Meleagris), .389.
pallasii (Syrrbaptes), 3.
pallescens (Oaccabis),

114.
pallida (Perdix), 118,

138, 187.
pallidicincta cupido (Cu-

pidonia), 80.
pallidicinctus (Tympa-

nuchus), 77, 80, .558.
pallidus (Caccabis), 114.
palustris (Starna), 187.
panamensis (Orax), 474,

479.
Paon, 369.

Paon de la Chine. 357.
Paon du Japon, 371.
Paon du Tibet, 354.
paradoxa (Nematura), 3.
paradoxa (Tetrao), 2.
paradoxus (Sirrhaptes), 3.
paradoxus (Syrrbaptes),

2, 10.
paradoxus (Tetrao), 2.
parraka (Phasianus), .505.
parrakoua (Ortalida), 605.
parrakoua (Penelope),

505.
parrakua (Penelope), 505.
parraqua (Ortalis), 505.
parraqua (Pbasianu.s),

505.
Partridge, 560.
Partridge (Francolin),

132.
parvicristatus (Eupsych-

ortyx), 407, 410.
parvicristatus (Ortyx),

410.
parvirostris (Ortyx), 410.
parvirostris (Tetrao), 60,

66.
Pauxi, 487.
pauxi (Crax), 488.
Pauxi ou le Pierre, 488.
pauxi (Ourax), 488.
pauxi (Pauxis), 488.
pauxi (Urax), 488.
Pauxis, 473, 487.
Pavianus, 368.
Pavo, 98, 368.

pavoninus (Argus), 363.
pavonius (Argus), 363.
Peacock Pheasant from

China, 351.
Pearled Partridge, 136,

152.
pectoralis (Colinus), 421.
pectoralis (Coturnix),

230, 244.
pectoralis (Ortyx), 414,

421.
Pediocsetes, 34, 82.
Pedionomus, .526, 554.
Peintade, 376.
Peintade d'Egypte, 383.
peli (Francolinus), 140.
Peloperdix, 205.
Pencilled Pheasant, 307.
I'enelope, 473, 490.
Penelope X Gallus do-

mesticus, 490.
Penelopina, 473, 502.
Penelops, 504.
]iennanti (Satyra), 272.
Pennsylvania Pheasant,

85."
pentah (Coturnix), 198.
Perching Partridge, 205.
Perdicideus, 127.
Perdicula, 95, 197.
Perdix, 94 185.
perdix (Perdix) 185, 187,

560.
Perdix rouge de Mada-
gascar, 261.
perdix (.Starna), 187, 660.
perdix (Tetrao), 185.
perdix, var. dauurica

(Tetrao), 192.
Perd ortyx, 229.
Perdrix, 185.
Perdrix d'Afrique, 177.
Perdrix d'Amerique. 415.
Perdrix de Gingi, 213.
Perdrix de la Chine,

136.
Perdrix de la Nouvelle

Angleterre, 415.
Perdrix de Montagne,

190.
Pei'drix de Roche ou de

la Ganibra, 120.
Perdrix de Poudichery,

141.
Perdrix du Senegal, 160.
Perdrix grise, 186.
Perdrix grise-blanche,

186.
Perdrix perlee, 136.
Perdrix rouge-blanche,

118.

AI.I'll.VliKIRAI, INDEX.

579

Perdrix roiijje d'Atricjuo,

177.
Perdrix rougo d'Kurope,

pcregriiuia (Slai-iia),

peregrinus (Tetrao), .'').">.
perlaia (Coturnix), U)(i.
perlata (Perdix), 13ti,

152.
perlutus (Franeolimis),

13().
perlatus (Tetrao), iy<>.
porousii (Megapodiiis),

4tJ0.
perrotiaim (Ortjx), 400.
persiciis (Lagopus). .'ilJ.
jK'r.sicus (Phasianus),

ypj, 3l'4.
ptirsicus talisclien.sis

(l^hasianus), 324.
personata (Arboricola),

-'Id
persoiiata (Arboropliila),

219.
perscjiiata (PelopiM-dix),

5(50.
persoiiata (Perdix), 2L'*,

2 lit.
persouata (Tropiooper-

dix), 218.
pcrsonatua (Alectroplia-

sis), 285.
personatus (Callipepla),

4U().
poi-8<iiiatufi(Eiiplocoiuus),

2S5.
personatus (Pbasianus),

285.
personatus (Pliilortyx),

4()(;.
personatus (Pterocles),

17.2(1.
peispieilluta (Perdix),

4:i5.
Petii, Paoii lie Malacca,

IVtite Caille de I'isle de

Lu^on, 2oy.
I'etite J'erdrix grise, 192.
petili (Franeolimis), Kit).
Petrogallus, 2.55.
pelrosa (.\lectoris), 12i.
pel rosa (Caccubis), 111,

120,121.
petrosa (Caccabis) X sax-

atilis (Caccabis), 112,

122.
potrosa (Perdix), 120.
petrosa (Perdix) X saxa-

tilis (,Perdii\ 112.

jietrosus (Tetrao), 120.
Pliajnicoperdix, 205.
phasiaiiellus eanipestris

( Pfdiocictes), 84, 558.
]iliasi,iiu'llu8 eanipestris

(lVdia?L'eteB), 84.
pha.sianelli.s (t'enlrocer-

cus), 83.
pbasianellus coluinbianus

(PediocoDtes), 84, 5.58.
pbasianellus (Pedias-

cffites), 83.
pbasianellus (Pedio-

cietes), 82, 83, 84. 558.
pbasianellus (Pedio-

Cictes) X ciipido(Cupi-

donia), 80.
pbasianellus (Pedia<-

eetes), 83, 84.
pbasianellus (Tetrao), 82,

83.
Pbasianid;e, 33, 94.
Pbasiaiius. 97, 318.
I'basidus, 98, 373.
pbaji-ei (Francoliiius),

13(i.
pbayrei (Pei'dix), l.'iG.
Pbeasaiit, 320.
Pheasant X C'aperoaillie,

(15.
Pheasant of Pennsylva-
nia, 85.
pbilippensis (Coturnix),

2.5U, 253.
Philortyx, 99, 405.
])icta (Oallipepla), ■'>'.I7.
picta (iipomia), .340,
picta plumil'era (Ore-

ortyx), 398.
picta (t)reortyx), 397.
picta (Orortyx), 398.
picta (Ortvx), 397.
picta (Perdix), 138.
pictJi (Thaiiinalea), .340.
picta (Thauiualea) X T.

amberstiic. 341.
pictus (Cbrvsolophu.^i,

339. 340. "
pictu.s (Chrysolopbus) X

C. amiierstia', 341.
pictus (Clirysoloplius) X

colebicus (Pbasiair.is),

324.
pictus (Chrysolopbus) x

Gallus doiuesticus \ar.

Bantjun, 341.
pictus (Chrysolopbus I x

reevesi (Pbasianus),

339.
pictua confinis (Oreor-

tvx), 398.

pictus (l-'rancolinus), 127,

13i;, 138.
pictus (Francoliuus) X

francolinus (tVancoli-

luis), 1.35.
))ictus (Francolinus) X

viilgarie (Francolinus),

1,35.
pictus obscurus (Pbasia-
nus), 341.
pictus (Oreortyx), 397.
pictus (Pbasianus), 339.
pictus pluinil'eru.s (Oreor-

tyx), 398.
pictus (Pterocles), 28.
Pierre de Cayenne, 488.
pileata I Penelope), 491,

497, .500.
pileala (Penelope) X P.

jacucaca. 5(K).
])ileata (Pipile), 500.
pileata (Salpiza), .500.
pileala (Scleroptera),

147.
pileatiis (Cbcrtopus), 146.
pileatus (Francolinus),

14(5, 148.
])iiiiina (Crax). 475, 477.
pinnata (Cupidonia), 78.
Pinnated Grous, 77.
piiinatus (Tympanuchus),

78.
piutadeanus (Francoli-
nus), 136.
piutadeanus (Tetrao),

13(1.
piuladcus (Francjlinus),

13(>.
Pintado Partridge, 13(5,

138.
Pintailed Grous, 7.
Pin-tailed Grous (Little),

9.
Pipile, 473, 57li.
pipile (Penelope). 517,

518.
Plectroperdix, 2(50.
Plectropborus, 2(57.
Plectropus. 2(57.
pliiuibiceps (Ortaiida),

512.
pluinbicep3(Ortalis),513,

514.
plunibipes (Areoturnix),

535.
plunibipes (Hemipodius),

530.
plunibipes (Turnix),

.531.
pluinit'era (Guttera), 381.

384.

580

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

pluniifera (Lophortyx),

3ti7.
plumifera (Numida), 381.
pluniifera (Ortyx), 397.
plumifera (Perdix), 397.
pluvialis (Coturnix), 241.
poiiocephala (Ortalida),

611, 512, 515.
puliocephala (Ortalis),

505, 511, 513,514.
poiiocephala (Penelope),

511.
Polyplectron, 97, 353.
Poly plectrum, 353.
pondiceriana (Ortygor-

nis), 141.
pondic eriana (Perdix),

141.
pondicerianus (Franco-

linus), 128, 141.
pondicerianus (Ortygor-

nis), 141.
pondicerianus (Tetrao),

141.
Pondicliery Partridge,

141.
ponticeriana (Ortygor-

iiis), 141,
ponticeriana (Perdix),

141.
ponticerianus (Francoli-

nus), 141.
ponticerianus (Ortygor-

nis), 141.
porpbyrio (Tetrao), 225.
powelU (Turnix), 527,

537.
praelatus (Diardigallus),

290, 308.
praelatus (Euplocamus),

290.
principalis (Phasianus),

319, 325.
pritchardi (Mcgapodius),

447,461.
pseudalector (Crax), 478.
pseudourogall us (Tetrao).

64.
psiloliemus (Francolinus),

150.
Ptarmigan, 45.
Ptarmigan Grous, 45.
Pternistes, 94, 173, 658.
Pternistis, 173, 558.
Pterocles, 2, 16, 665.
Pteroclid;^, 2.
Pteroclurus, 2, G.
Pterygoeius, 6.
pt.ilolffmus.( Francolinus),

150.
Plilopaohue, 255.

Ptilopaeliys, 96, 255.
ptilorhyncha (Numida),

375, 379, 380, 562.
ptylorhynchus (Numida),

379. "
pubescens (Caccabis),

115.
pucherana (Guttera),

384.
pucherani (Guttera), 381,

383.
pucherani (Numida),

382, 383.
Pucrasia, 98, 310.
pucrasia (Euplocomus),

311, 315.
pucrasia (Gallophasis),

314.
pucrasia (Phasianus),

311.
pucrasia (Tragopan), 311,

314.
pucrasse (Phasianus),

311.
pugnax (Areoturnix),

535.
pugnax (Cbacura), 113.
pugnax (Hemipodius),

534, 535.
pugnax (Turnix), 527,

531.634.
punctulata (Arboricola),

178.
punctulata (Perdix), 178.
purpurascens (Penelope),

491, 495, 496, 498.
purpurascens (Salpiza),

496.
purpureus (Alectropha-

6is), 283.
purpureus (Euplocamus),

284.
purpureus (Gallophasis),

283.
purpureus (Phasianus),

2!<3, 561.
pusillus (Megapodius),

449.
Pyctes, 110.
pyrenaiia (Bonasa), 9.
pyrenaicus (Pterocles), 9.
pyrenaicus (Pteroclurus),

6,9.
pyronota (Alectrophasis),

285.
pyronotus (Acomus), 283.

■ 284. 285.
pvronotus (Euplocamus"),

■ 285.

pvronotus (Euplocomus),
' 286.

pyronotus (Gallophasis),
285.

pvrrbogaster (Arbori-
■ cola), 221.

pyrrhopygius (Aepypo-
'dius), 470, 471.

pyrrhopygius (Talegal-
lus), 471.

pyrrbopyeius (Tallegal-
lus), 471.

pyrrhothorax (Hemi-
podius), 553.

pyrrhothorax (Turnix),
630, 563.

quadricinctus (Pterocles),

18, 28, 32.
Quail, 559.

Quail (Common), 232.
Quan or Giian, 498.
Querelea, 374.
quoyii (Megapodius), 458.

raalteni (Synoecus), 246,

249.
raaltenii (Coturnix), 249.
raaltennii (Perdix), 249.
Eackelhahn, 64.
raddei (Megaloperdix),

108.
Ked-billed Partridge,

113.
Eed Curassow, 478, 480.
Eed Grou.se, 35.
Eed-legg'd Partridge,

118.
Eed-legged Partridge

from Barbary, 120.
Eed -necked Partridge,

'77.
Eed Partridge, 112.
Eed Peruvian Hen, 478.
Eed Pheasant Cock from

China, 339.
reevesi (Phasianus), 320,

337.
reevesi (Phasianus) X P.

colchieus, 324.
reevesi (Phasianus) X pic-

tus (Chrvsolophus),

339.
reevesii (Syrmaticus), 338.
refulgens (Impeyanus),

278.
refulgens (Lopbophorus),

278. 279.
Eehusak, 40,
rehusak (Tetrao). 40.
reinhardi (Tetrao), 48.
reinhardti (Lagopus),

49.

ALPHAIiKTICAL I.NBKX.

581

reinhurdtii (Lagopus),

49, 557.
remwardtii(Megapodius),

454.
rendallii (Numida), 37G.
reynaudii (Fhasianus),

304.
Kheinardius, 306.
rheiiiardti (Argus), 367.
KUeinardtius, \>8, 3C)6.
Rbeiuaitiiis, 3Gt5.
Rlieiiiliardius, 36(>.
Khizuthera, 95, 183.
Kbyiicboriyx, 100, 443.
ricbardsoni (Dendraga-

pusj, 73, 70, 558.
ricnardsonii (Dendraga-

pus), 7(>.
ricdardsunii (Tetrao),

7li.
ridgwayi (Colinus), 442.
ridgwayi (Lagopus), 4U.
ridgwaji (Urtyx), 414,

4-22.
Eing Pbeaeant, 331.
robusta (I'erdix), 187.
robusta (Starna), 187.
Rock liusli-Quail, 2U1.
Rock Grouse, 48.
RoUulus, 95, 225.
rostrala (Areoturnix),

531.
rostrata (Turnix), 531.
rouloul (RoUulus), 559.
rouli'oid (Crvptouyx),

220.
Eoulroul de Malacca,

225.
roulroul (Pbasianus),

225.
roulroul (RoUulus), 225,

501.
roulroul (Rolulus), 220.
rovuina (Francolinus),

148, 149.
rubicola(Perdicula), 198.
rubicolor (I'erdicula),

19:i.
rubiguiosa (Coturnix),

198.
rubra barbarica (Perdix),

120.
rubra (Caecabis), 119.
rubra Candida (Perdix),

118.
rubra (Cothurnix), 119.
rubra (Cnix), 478, 480.
rubra iutercedens

(Perdii), 119.
rubra paUidu (Perdix).

116.

rubra (Pauxis), 488.
rubra (Perdix), 118.
rubra varia (Perdix), 1 18.
rubncollis (Francolinus),

177, 179, 181.
rubricoUis (Perdix), 177,

IM.
rubricollis (Pternistes),

177, 181, 182.
rubricollis (Tetrao), 177.
rubrit'rons (Megapodius),

440, 4.52.
rubripes (Megacephalou),

472.
rubripes (Megapodius),

449, 4.54, 459, 472.
rubrirostris (Arboricola),

207, 215, 500.
rubrirosiris (Crax"), 481.
rubrirostris (Peloperdix),

215, 500.
rueppelli (Francolinus),

104.
rufa (Caecabis), 111, 118,

559.
rufa (Caecabis) X saxa-

tilis (Caecabis), 112,

120.
rufa (Lopbura), 285, 286.
rufa (Perdix ', 111, 113,

118.
rufa (Tetrao), 113.
rufa, var. ausiralis (Cac-

c^ibis), 119.
rufescens (Penelope), 499.
rul'esceus ^Turnix), 529,

547.
Rutfed Grous, 80.
Rurt'ed Ueatb-Cock or

Grouse, 85.
rufieauda (Orlalida), 507.
ruticauda (Ortalis), 504,

507.
ruficeps (Ortulida), 506,

510.
ruOceps (Ortalis), 504,

500.
ruOceps (Penelope), 506.
ruficrissa (Ortalida),

512.
rufidorsalis (Perdix),

119.
rufigularis (Arboricola),

212.
rulilata (Turnix), 530.
ruiilatus (Turnix), 527,

530.
rufiiia (Perdix), 432.
ruliiit>s (.\rboricola), 212.
rutipcs (.Megacephalou).

472.

ruGpes (Megapodius),
449, 455.

rufiventris (Ortalida),
5l'l.

rufiventris (Penelope),
.521.

rufogularis (Arboricola),
200, 212.

rufogularis(Arboriphila),
212.

rufogularis (Perdix), 212.

rufopictus (Pternistes),
174, 180.

Rufous-breasted Part-
ridge, 250.

Rufous-tailed Pheasant,
283.

rufus (Cryptonvx), 228.

rufus (Odontophorus),
432.

rufus (Perdix), 119.

rufus (Phasianus), 287.

rufus (Tetrao), 118, 120.

rufus (Turnix), 548.

rulrul (RoUulus), 226.

rupestris atkhensis (Lago
pus), 49, 557.

rupestris (Attagen), 49.

rupestris (Bonasia), 91.

rupestris davurica (Per-
dix), 192.

rupestris hyperborea ( La-
gopus), 51.

rupestris in.sularis (La-
gopus), 49.

rupestris islandorum (La-
gopus), 49.

rupestris (Lagopus). 35,
45, 48, 49, 51, 5.50.

rupestris nelsoni (Lago-
pus), 49, .557.

rupestris occidentalis
(Lagopus), 49.

rupestris (Perdix), 112.

rupestris (Tetrao', 48, 06.

rupestris reinhardti (La-
gopus), 557.

rupestris reinbardtii (La-
gopus), 49.

rupicola (Caecabis), 126.

ruppeUi (Choetopus),
105.

riippelli (Francolinus),
102, 1(!3.

Rust-Bellied Partridge,

sabinii (Bonasa). SiS, 557.
sabinii (Bona.xia), 80.
sabinii (Tetrao), 86.

5S2

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

yacfa, 185.

suchalinensis (Tetrao), G6.
Sage Cock, 81.
saiiceti (Lagopus), 41.
saliceii scoticus (Tetrao),

36.
saliceti (Tetrao), o(>, 411,

41.
sallsei (Cyrtonyx), 4:25,

427, 5&2.
Salpiza, 4'JO.
Salpizuza, 490.
balvini (Mitua), 485,487.
Sand Grous, 18.
saiighirensis (Megapo-

dius), 447, 45U.
Sanguine Pheasant, 2(>8.
sanguiniceps (Ha;mator-

tyx), 222, 500.
Sa.sa, 623.
satscheuensis (Phasia-

niis), 333.
satscbeiinensis (Phasia-

nus), 320, 333.
saturata (Turni.\), 529,

547.
Satyra, 271.
salyia (Ceriornis), 272.
satyra (Meleagris), 271.
satjra (Penelope), 272.
satyra (Satyra), 272.
Satyra (Tragopan), 271.
satyrus (Phasianiis), 272.
satyrus (Tragopan), 272.
saxatilis (Caccabis), 111,

112, 113, 115,659.

saxatilis (Caccabis) X

pL-trosa (Caccabis),

112, 122.

saxatilis (Perdix) X pe-
trosa (Petrosa), 112.

saxatilis (Caccabis) X ruia
(Caccabis), 112, 120.

saxatilis clnikar (Perdix),
114.

saxatilis (Perdix), 111,

113, 559.

schlegeli (Franeolinus),

128, 143, 145.
scbleiermacberi (Poly-

plectron), 354, 359.
scboauus (Franeolinus),

148.
scboensis (Franeolinus"),

148.
scbuetti (Franeolinus),

131, 170.
scbuetti (Scleroj^tera),

170.
scintillans (Grapbopba-

sianus), 337.

scintillans (Heniipodius),

551.
scintillans (Pbasianus),

320, 337.
scintillans (Turnix), £51.
sciateri (Cbalcopbasis),

282.
sciateri (Crax), 476, 480.
sciateri (Francolinu.f),
177.

sciateri (Lopbopborus),
278, 282.

sciateri (Penelope), 490,
493.

sciateri (Pternistes), 177.

kScleroptera, 127.

Kcleroptila, 127.

scoticus (Latroj^us), 35,
36, 656.

scoticus (Lagopus) x do-
mesticus (Gallus), 39.

scoticus (Lagopus) Xmu-
tU3 (Lagopus), 39.

scoticus (Lagopus) X te-
trix (Lyrurus), 37.

scoticus (Oreias), 3S.

scoticus (Tetrao), 35.

scuiata (Perdix), 213.

segoviensis (Colinus),
412.

semitorquatus (Franeo-
linus), 143.

semitorquatus (Pbasia-
nus), 319, 329.

Senegal Grous, 14.

Senegal Partridge, 160.

senegalensis (Didymacis),
161.

senegalensis (Perdix),
160.

senegalensis (Pterocles),
12, 1.5.

senegallus (Pterocles),
14.

senegallus (Pteroclurus),
7, 14. 5.')6.

senegallus (Tetrao), 14.

senegalus ^^Pteroclurus),
16.

senegalus (Tetrao), 16.

senex (Megapodius), 460.

sepbana (^Perdix), 146.

sepbceiia (Franeolinus),
128, 146.

sejjtentrionalis (Pbasia-
nus), 321.

setarius (Pterocles), 9.

severtzo^i (Pterocles), 7.

severtzovi (Tetrastes),
90, 93.

sewerzowi (Pterocles), 7.

sewertzowi (Tetrastes),

93.
Sbarp-tailed Grous, S3.
sbarpii (Franeolinus),

130, l(i4, 165, .559.
sbawi (Pbasianus), 319,

326, 326, 327, 333.
sbellevi (Franeolinus),

129, 1.57.
Shoulder-knot Grous, 86.
sibirica (Perdix), 192.
silanica (Perdix), 186.
silvestris (Meleagris),

389.
siuulis (Cbacura), 114.
simplex (Pterocles), 10.
sinaica (Caccabis), 114.
sinaica (Perdix), 114.
sinaitica (Caccabis), 114.
sinaitica (Cbacura), 114.
sinaitica grieca (Cbacu-
ra), 114.
sinensis (Coturnix), 250,

253, 264.
sinensis (Excalfactoria) ,

261, 254.
sinensis (Franeolinus),

136.
sinensis (Itbagenes), 267,

268, 270.
sinensis (Itbaginis), 270.
sinensis (Perdix), 136.
sinensis (Pbasianus), 339.
sinensis (Syncecus), 251.
sinensis (Synoicus), 254.
sinensis (Tetrao), 263.
sladeni (Pbasianus), 329.
sloanii (Crax), 475.
soemmerringi (Pbasia-
nus), 320, 3.':;6.
scEinmerringii, var. scin-
tillans (Pbasianus),
337.
sonnerati (Gallus), 344,

350.
Sonnerat's Wild Cock,

350.
Sounini's Quail, 410.
sonnini (Eupsycbortyx),

407, 409.
sonnini (Perdix), 409.
sonninii (Eupsycbortyx),

410.
sonninii (Ortyx), 409.
sonorivox (Bambusicola),

267, 269.
sonorivox (Perdix), 269.
Bordida (Coturnix) 4(J9.
sordidus (Coturnix),

247.
sordidus (Synoicus), 247.

ALPHA IlKTICU, INItT-;X.

583

sp;i(lifpa (Cotuniix). 34.').
spadii'ea (Oalluperdix),

•2t;0, 1>(U.
spa(lirea(Ilopburnia),"2()l.
spadicea (Perdix), 201.
apudicous ( Francolinus),

spadiceus (Galloperdix),

L'lil.
sp.idioeiis (Hepburnia),

I'lll.
spadiceus (Ithagiiiis),2G 1 .
epadiceus (Perdix), '2(51.
spadiceus (Tetrao), 2(51.
»])ecio3iis (Odontopho-

niB), 431,4:57.
Spban-olaryiigus, 474.
spbenura (Arboropbila),

2.^)8.
epheniira (Banibusicola),

2:).S.
splienura (Galloperdix),

2.")S.
spbenura (Perdix), 258.
spbpiiurus (Francoliuua),

2.^.8.
Spiciler, 28r).
spicil'er (Pavo), 372.
SpicifV're, 371.
Spiiit'erus. ."USS.
spiciferus (Pavo), 371.
spilogast^r (Fraucoli-

nus), 12S. M9.
spilogaster (Ortyx), 404.
spiloliuiiius (Fraiicoli-

nus), 128, 150.
spodiostetbus (Odoiito-

pborus), 443.
si)odio3tetiiu3 (Rbyn-

ebortyx), 443.
Spotted and Ehick Ileatb-

cock, (i!).
Spotted and Brownlle^tli-

eock, (5y.
Spotted Orous, 69.
Spurious Grous, (54.
squamaUi (Calh'pepla),

305, 3'J(5.
squnniata castanoga.stris

(Callipepla), 3!H5.
squaiu'ita (Ortalida), 508.
siiuaiiiatn (Ortalis), 50.5,

M'.K
squainata (Ortyx\ 395.
squainata pallida (Calli-
pepla), 395.
squaniatus ( Francolinus),

131, 1()9.
squrniatus (Ortyx"), 395.
»quaininata (Callipepla),

395, 39(5.

staceii (Pbasiauus), 317.
stairi (.Megapodius). 4(51.
Btanleyi (Gallus), 34.^.
Starna, 185.
StegnoUcina, 400.
stellata (Odontopborus),

430.
stellata (Ortyx), 439.
stellatus (Odontopborus),

431,430.
stramineicoUis (Gallus),

343.
straucbi (Phasianus), 320,

330.
strenua (Callipejila), 395.
streptopborus ( Franco-
linus), 128, 145.
striata (Ooturnix), 10(5.
striata (Margaroperdix),

19(5.
striata (Perdix), 19f5.
striatus (Tetrao), 196.
.strictus (Coturnix), 196.
Stropliiortys, 430.
stropbium (Odonto-

pboris), 431.442.
stropbium (Ortvx), 442.
slropbiuMi (Strophi-

ortyx\ 442.
stidduiauni (Franeo-

linus), 143.
subalpina (Lagopus), 41.
subalijinu.s (Lagopus), 41.
sub:d|iinus (Tetrao). 40.
subtorquata (Selero-

l)tera), 143.
subtorquatus (Choeto-

pus), 143.
subtorquatus (Franco-
linus), 143.
subtridactylus (Tetrao),

20.
Suinatrau Pbeasant, 287.
suiuatrana (Arboricola),

207, 210, .560.
suinatrana (Arboro-
pbila), 219.
suinatrana (Caloperdix),

222 224.
sumatranus (Euplo-

cainus). 287.
sumatranus (Euplo-

coinus), 287.
suniichrasti (Cyrtonyx),

42(5.
superbus (Pha-siauus),

337.
superbus (Svrniaticus\

33>^.
superciliaris (.Mal.'ic-

ortyx), 266.

superciliaris (Ortalida),

.50(5,511.
superciliaris (Ortalis),

505,511.
superciliaris (Penelope),

490, 491, .501.
superciliaris (Salpiza),

492.
euporcilio.sa (Coturnix),

2(U5.
superciliosa (Opbrvsia),

2(;(5.
superciliosa (Penelope),

.".01.
.superciliosa (Plilo-

pacbus), 2(56.
superciliosus (Malaco-

turnix), 2(')(5.
superciliosus (Rolluhis),

266.
8U8citator(Coturnix). 534.
suscitator (Perdix), 534.
suscitator (Tetrao), 534.
swninsoni (Perdix), 179.
SHMinsoni (Pternistes),

174. 180. .5(5f).
swinboii (Euploeouius),

309.
swinboii (Gennajus), 207,

208, 309.
syke.si (Ileinipodius), .539.
sykesii (Turnix), .540.
Sylhet Pbeasjint. 302.
svlvatica (Turnix), .528,

■ .5.37, .538.

sylvaticus (Tetrao), 537.
sylvaticus (Turnix), .5.37.
sylvestris (Bonasa), 01.
sylvestris (Bonasia), 01.
svlvestris (Gallopavo),

■ 3.S9.

sylvestris (Perdix). 187.
SynaecuB, 24(5.
synaica (Perdix). i 14.
Syncpcus, 95, 246.
Synoicus, 246.
Syrinaticus, 318.
Syrrbaptes, 2.
szecbenyii (Tetrao-
phasis), 102. 103.

tacbydromus (Henii-
podiiis). .537.

tacliypetes(Pteroeles), 10.

taczanowskii (Tetrao), 62.

taigoor (Hemipodius),
530.

taigoor (Turnix), .527,
530. .531, 535.

taigur V. plumbipes (He-
mipodius), ,530.

584

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Talegalla, 464.
Talegallus, 445, 4fi4.
talischensis (Phasianus),

319, 324.
tanki (Turnix), 525, .529,

544.
tarimensis (Phasianus),

319, 327.
tarnovskii (Phasianus),

326.
tartaricus (Heteroclitus),

3.
tauricus ^Tetraogallus),

IU8.
temmincki (Ceriornis),

275, 276.
teminincki (G-aUus), 343.
temmineki (Tragopan),

271, 275.
teiniuinokii (Crax), 478.
temminckii (Ortyx), 408.
temminckii (Satyra), 275.
temminckii (Tragopan),

275.
fenimberensis (Mega-

podius), 446, 447, 448.
Tetraeoperdix, 558.
Tetrao, 34, 59.
Tetraogalhis, 94, 103.
TetraonirliB, 33, 34.
Tetraonoperdix, 100.
Tetraoperdix, 100.
Tetraophasis, 94, 102.
Tetrastes, 35, 89.
tetrioi-scoticus (Lagopus),

67.
tetrix (Lyrurus), 53, 55.
tetrix (Lyrurus) X bon-

asia (Tetrastes), 58, 93.
tetrix (Lyrurus) X col-

chicus (Phasianus), 58.
tetrix (Lyrurus) X lago-
pus (Lagopus \ 57.
tetrix (Lyrurus) x scoti-

cus (Lagopus), 57.
tetrix (Lyrurus) x urogal-

lus (Tetrao), 64.
tetrix scoticus (Tetrao),

57.
teirix (Tetrao), 58.
tetrix (Tetrao) X betu-

lina (Bonasa), 58.
tetrix (Tetrao) x colchi-

cus (Phasianus), 58.
teti-ix (Tetrao) X urogal-

lus (Tetrao), 65.
tetrix (Urogallus), 55.
tetrix urogallus (Tetrao),

55.
tetrix viridanus (Tetrao),

55.

texanus (Colinus), 419.
texanus( Ortyx), 414, 419.
textilis (Ooturnix), 241.
textilis (Perdix), 241 .
textilis V. pluvialis (Oo-
turnix), 241.
Thaumalea. 339.
Thibet Peacock, 355.
thibetanum (Polyplec-

tron), 355.
thoracica (Bambusicola),

257, 258.
thoracica (Perdix), 258.
thoracica (Starna), 258.
thoracicus (Francoliuus),

258._
thoracicus (Hemipodius),

535, 548.
thoracicus (Odontopiio-

rus), 429.
thoracicus (Ortyx), 427.
tiara (Numida), 379.
tiarata (Nuinida), 379.
tiarata (Querelea), 379.
tibetina (Oreotetrax),

104.
tibetanum (Crossoptilon),

293, 294.
tibetanum (Crossopti-

lum), 293.
tibetanum (Polypleo-

tron), 355.
tibetanus (Crossoptilon),

293.
tibetanus (Diplectron),

355.
tibetanus (Pavo), 354.
tibetanus (Phasianus),'

293.
tibetanus (Polvplectrou),

355.
tibetanus (Svrrhaptes),

2, 5.
tibetanus (TetraogaUus),

104.
tickelli (Arborophila),

212.
Tocro ou Perdrix de la

Guyane, 432.
togata (Bonasa). 87, 557.
togatus (Tetrao), 86.
tomentosa (Crax), 486.
toraentosa (Mitua), 485,

486.
tomentosa (Ourax), 486.
tomentooa (Pauxi), 486.
tomentosa ( L'rax), 486.
torquata (Perdix), 190,

207.
lorquatus (Pedionomus),

554.

torquatus (Phasianus) X

P. colchicus, 323.
torquatus (Phasianus) X

P. versicolor, 333.
torquatus (Phasianus),

320, 328, 331, 3.33.
torqueola (Arboricola),

206, 207.
torqueola (Arboriphila),

207.
torqueola (Hyloperdix),

208.
torqueola (Perdix), 207,
torqueolus (Arboricola),

208.
Tragopan, 96, 271.
tricinctus (Pterocles), 32.
Tridactylus, 526.
trinkutensis (Megapo-

dius), 447.
tristriatus (Franeolinus),

133.
Tropicoperdix, 205.
tschudii (Chamjepetes),

521.
tuberosa (Crax), 486.
tuberosa (Mitu), 486.
tuberosa (Mitua), 486.
tuberosa (Urax), 486.
tumulus (Megapodius),

4.55.
Turkey, 387, 389, 391.
Turkey Cock, 387.
Turnicigralla, 5.54.
Turnix, .526.
Tympauuchus, 34. 77.
tympanus (Tetrao), 86.

uluensis (Franeolinus),
129, 152.

unibella (Bonasa), 87.

umbella umbelloides (Bo-
nasa), 87.

umbelloides (Bonasa),
86, 557.

umbelloides (Tetrao), 86.

umbellus (Bonasa), 85,

86. .558.

umbellus (Bonasia), 86.
umbellus sabini (Bonasa),

87, 558.
umbellus (Tetrao), 86.
umbellus togata (Bonasa),

87. 558.
umbellus umbelloides

( Bonasa), 87, 5.58.
unicolor (Chamapetes),

522.
unicolor (Ortalida), 522.
uralensis (Tetrao), 60, 65.
Urax, 487.

AI.l'IIABETICAL INDEX,

58i

urogallides (Tetrao), 04.
uro(;allo-albus(L!igopii.s),

04.
urogalloides (Tetrao), 64,

6(5.
urogallo-tetrix (Tetrao),

G5.
Urogalliis, 51).
urogallus (Tetrao), GO.
urogallu.s uralonsis (Te-
trao), 0,").
urophasiauellus (Pedics-

cetes), 84.
urophasiauellus (Telrao),

83.
uropbasianus (Centro-

corcus), 81, 558.
uropbasianu.s (Tetrao),

81.
uruinutum (Crax), 484.
unimutum (Notboorax),

484.
urumutum (Urax), 484.
urvilii (.\loctbelia), 4r)S.
urvillii (Aleotbelia), 455,

458.
ussuriensis (Ooturnix),
23i>.

vaillantii (Pprdi.x), 154.
Tallicola(Callipepla),401.
varia (Cotupuix), '23'-i.
variaiPerdix), 118. 190.
varia (Turiiix), 530, 551.

55-2.
variabilis (Heinipodiu-),

540, 543, 544.
Varied Quail, 551.
variegatus (Pterocles),

17, 22.
variegatus (Tetrao), 22.
varius (Gallus), 343, 3.52.
varlu8(Heiiiipodius), 551.
varius (Perdix), 550.
variuB (Pliasianus), 352.
varius (Turnix), 551.
velox (Heiiiipodius),

553.
vclox (Turnix), 530,

553.
veiieratus (Pbasianus),

338.
ventralis (Perdix), 256.
veiitrali8 (Ptilopachus),

25C>.
veiitrulis (Ptilopachvs),
256.

voiuista (Callipepla),

403.
vcr.-iguensis (Odontopho-

rus), 431, 441.
verreau.xi (Nuinida). 382.
versicolor (Pbasianus),

320, 334. 5(U.
vetbi (Pei-dix), 215.
vetula macalli (Ortalis),

512.
vetula (Ortalida), 512.
vetula (Ortalis), 505, 512,

513, 514.
vetula (Penelope). 512.
vetula ])nllidiventris (Or-
talis), 512, 51;5.
vicianus (lleniipodius),

543.
vieilloti (Euplocomu-*),

287.
vieilloti (Gallophasis),

-;87.
Virginia Partridge, 415.
virginiana (Coturnis),

41.5.
virginiana floridaua (Or-

tyx), 418.
virginiana (Ortyx), 410.
virginiana (Pordix). 415.
virginiana te.\ana (Ortyx),

42U.
virginiauus (Colinus),

41(').
virginiauus cubanensis

(Coliuus), 421.
virginiauus floriclauus

(Colinus), 418.
virginianus (Ortyx), 401,

414, 419, 421.
virginianus (Tetrao), 415.
virginianus texanus (Cii-

linus), 419.
viridanus (Tetrao), 55.
viridirostris (Crax), 483.
viridis (Coturnix), 225.
viridis ( Perdix), 22.5.
viridis (Tetrau). 22.5.
vlangali (Pbasianus), 320,

330.
vociferans (Penelope),

512.
vulgaris (Coturnis), 234.
vulgaris japonica (Co-

turnix), 239.
vulL'aris (Francolin.is),

132.
vulgaris (Lagopus), 45.

vulgaris (Urogallus), 62.
vulturina (Nuiuida),

385.
vulturinum (Acryllium),

385.

wagleri (Ortalida), 507.
wagleri (Ortalis), 504,

507.
wallacei (Eulipoa), 462.
wallaeei (Megapodius),

451.402.
wallicbii (Catreus). 317.
wallicliii ( Lophophorus),

317.
walliobii (Pbasianus),

317.
Wattled Curassow, 481.
wolcbi (Lagopus), 49,

55().
White China Pheasant,

31)7.
White Grouse. 40.
White Partridge, 40.
Wild Ooek, :;.50.
Willow Grous. 41.
Willow Partridge, 40.
Wood Grouse, (i2.
Wood Partridge, 158.

xanthopleura (Perdix),

119.
santhospila (Puerasia),

311,315.
xanthospila, var. ruficollis

(Puerasia), 315.

Yaeon Turkey, 519.
Yacii apeti, 518.
Yacu-carnguata, 508.
Yaciibu. 497.
yarrellii (Crax), 481.
ye iiensis (Caceabis),

122.
yeuiensis (Francolinu*),

122.
vpsilopboru.s (Coturnix),

235.

zerafsbauicu-i (Pbasia-
nus), 319, 32(i.

zevlonensis (Galloperdix),
"265.

zevlonensis (Icbaginis),
205.

zeylonensis (Pordix\ 264.

Zonecoliu, 4(t7.

END OF THE TWEXTV-SECOND VOLUME,

rm.NTED uy t.wlor a.nd fiuscis, kko lio.n cojkt, kleet stkf.et.

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate

Francolinus streptophorus, p. 145 I.

albogularis, p. 149 II.

spilolaemus, p. 150 III.

uluensia, p. 151 IV.

clgonensis, p. 157 V.

sbelleyi, p. 157 TI.

adspcrsus, p. 159 VII.

Pteruistes leucoscepus, p. 181 VIII.

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8 DEC 1893

LIST OF THE CITRUK.VT

NATlflUL IIISTOKV IMIBLK ATIONS

OF Tin: TRUSTEKy OF THE

lUUTlJ^U MUiSEUM.

Thp following public-atioiis can be purclmsed throiigli the Ageuo}' of
^Jessl■x. L(».\(iM.\Ns & Co., :ii), J'aternoster Roiv; Mr. (^cakitch,
15, I'tiTuilillj/ ; Messrs. Kkijan Paii., Tkknch, Tki bnek &
Co., J*(tttninstet' House, Charing Cross Road ; uiid Messrs.
DuLAi' it Co., 37, SoJio Square ; or at the Natural Historv
Museum, Cromwell Road, London, S. IV.

Catfl,logue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mnmnials, Birds,
Reptiles, and Fi.shes of Nepal and Til)et. Presented by E. H.
Hodgson, Esq., to the Hritish Mnseum. 2nd edition. By
Joiin Edward Gray. Pp. xii., 90. [With an aeeount of the
CoUeetion h\ Mr. Hodg.son.J 18G3, 12mo. 2.?. id.
Report on the Zoological Collections nuule in the Indo-Pacifio
Ocean during the voyage of H.^I.S. " Alert," 1881-2. Pp.
x.w., GH4. .34 Plates.' 1884, 8 vo.

Summary of the Voyage - By Dr. R. W. Coppiiiger.

Mammalia - - „ O. Thomas.

Aves - - - „ R. B. Sharpe.

Reptilia, Hatraehia, Pisces - „ A. Giinthcr.

MoUusca - - - „ E. A. Smitii.

Echiuodermata - - „ F. J . Bell.

Crustacea - - - „ E. J. Miers.

Coleoptera - - - „ C. (J. Waterhouse.

Lepi<loptera - - - „ A. G. Butler.

Alcyonaria .ind Spongiid.i - „ S. O. Riilley.

M.V.M.MALS.

I/. lO*-.

Catalogue of the Bones of Mammalia in the Collection of tiie
Briti.sh Mu.'^eum. By Edward (Tcrrani. Pp. iv., 29t>. 1862.
8vo. 5.9.

Catalogue of .Monkeys, Lemurs and Fruit-eating Bats in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. (rrav, F.R.S.,
&.V. Pp. viii., 137. 21 Woodcuts. IS70, Hvo. 4.v.

Catjdogue of Carnivorous, I'aclndcrmatous, and Edentate Mam-
malia in the British Museum. By John Edward (rrav. F.R..S..
&.V. Pp. vii.. .398. 47 Woodcuts. 18()9, 8vo. (j.v. Hd.
\' r.')!'.!!. L'-J.".o,^;l'<.i;(. \Vt. •.>•"• 177. K. ."t S. V

2 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Hand-List of Seals, Movses, Sea-Lions, and Sea-Bears in the
British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. 43.
30 Plates of Skulls. 1874, 8vo. 12*. Gd.

Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum. By John
Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. 2nd edition. Pp. vii., 402. 101
Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8.v.

Supplement. By John Edward Gray,F.R.S., &c. Pp. vi.,

103. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. 6d.

List of the Specimens of Cetacea. in the Zoological Department of
the British Museum. By William Henry Flower, LL.D.,
F.R.S., &c. [With a Systematic and Alphabetical Index.]
Pp. iv., 36. 1885, 8vo. Is. Gd.

Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia {Pecora, Linnseus) in the
British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp.
viii., 102. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. Zs. Gd.

Hand-List of the Edentate, Thick-skinned, and Ruminant
Mammals in the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,
&(: Pp. vii., 176. 42 Plates of Skulls, &c. 1873, 8vo. 12s.

Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Oldfield Thomas. Pp. xiii., 401.
4 coloured and 24 plain Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 1/. 85.

BIRDS.

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum : —

Vol. III. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Colio-
morphcB, containing the families Corvidae, Paradiseidae,
Oriolidae, Dicruridae, and Prionopidae. By R. Bowdler
Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 343. Woodcuts and 14 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1877, Svo. 17s.

Vol. IV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morphcE : Part I., containing the families Campophagidae
and Muscicapidae. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi.,
494. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 1/.

Vol. V. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichh-
morphcB : Part II., containing the family Turdidae
(Warblers and Thrushes). By Henry Seebohm. Pp.
xvi., 426. Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1881, 8vo. 1/.

HRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 3

Catalo^e of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.

Vol. VI. CatiilogiK^ of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morphd' : Part III., containing the first j)ortion of the
family Tiiiieliidae (Babbling Thrushes). By R. Bowdlcr
Sharpe. Pi>. xiii., 420. Woodcuts and 18 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1881, Svo. 1/.

Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Pa.ssoriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morphcE : Part IV., containing tiie concluding portion of
the family Timcliid* (Babbling Thrushes). By R.
Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 698. Woodcuts and lo
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1883, Svo. 1/. 6s.

Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morplue : Part V., containing the families Paridaj and
LaniidaB (Titmice and Shrikes) ; and Certhiomorphtp
(Creepers and Nuthatches). By Hans Gadow, M.A.,
Ph.D. Pp. xiii., 386. Woodcuts and !» coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Aljihabetical Indexes.] 1883,
8vo. 17s.

Vol. IX. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Bkds,
in the Collection of the British Museum. CinnyrimorphcE,
containing the families Nectariniida; and Meliphagidie
(Sun Birds and Honey -eaters). By Hans Gadow, M.A.,
Ph.D. Pp. xii., 310. Wootlcuts and 7 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1884,
8vo. 14s.

Vol. X. Catalogue of the Pa.sseriformea, or Perching Birds,
in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringillifomies :
Part I., containing the families Dicieidae, HirundiniiLe,
Ampelida", MniotiltidiP, and Motacillidae. By R. Bowdler
Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 682. Woodcuts and 12 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical ludexes.] 1885,
Svo. 1/. 2s.

Vol. XI. Catalogue of the Piusserifornies, or Penhing Birds,
in the Collection of the British Museum. Frinyilliformvs :
Part II., containing the families Cccrebida*, Tauagi-ida",
and Ictcri<l<p. By Philip Lutlcy Sdater, M.A., F.R.S.
Pp. xvii., 431. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. l886,8vo.l/.

Vol. XII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Mu.seum. Fiiiigilli-
formcs : Part III., containing the family Fringillida-. By
R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xv., 871. Woodcuts and 16
coloured Plates. [With Systemalii- and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 18S8, Svo. 1/. 8s.

Vol. XIII. Catalog\u' of the Pa.'weri formes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Stitrni-

A 2

4 LlS'l' OF I'UBLICATION.S OF THE

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum— fOM^/wMCt/.

formes, containiug the families Artaniidae, .Sturiiidfe,
Ploceidse, and Alaudidae. Also the families Atrichiidse
and Menuridse. By B. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 701.
Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo., IZ. 8s.

Vol. XIV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Oligo-
myodcB, or the families Tyrannidae, Oxyrhamphidse,
PipridaB, Cotingidt-e, Phytotomidae, Philepittidje, Pittidae,
Xenicidse, and Eurylaemidfe. Bv Philip Lutley Sclater,
M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xix., 494. Woodcuts and 26 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1888, 8vo. 1/.4*.

Vol. XV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Tracheo-
phonce, or the families Dendrooolaptidae, Formicariidae,
Conopophagidae, and Pteroptochidae. By Philip Lutley
Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii., 371. AVoodcuts and 20
coloured Plates. [AVith Sy.stematic itud Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1890, >^wo. ll.

Vol. XVI. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. UpwptB and Trochili, by Osbert
Salvin. CoracicB, of the families CypselidiE, Caprimul-
gidse, Podargidai, and Steatornithidse, by Ernst Hartert.
Pp. xvi. 703. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1892,
8vo. 1/. 16s.

Vol. XVII. Catalogue ol the Picarias in the Collection of
the British Museum. Coracice (contin.) and Halcyones,
with the families Leptosomatidae, Coraciidae, Meropidae,
Alcedinidae, Momotidae, Totida;, and Coliidae, by
R. Bowdler Sharpe. Bucerotes and Trogo)ies, \>\
W. R. Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xi., 522. Woodculs and 17
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1892, Svo. l/.'lO*.

Vol. XVIII. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores, containing the family
Picidae. By Edward Hargitt. Pp. xv.,597. Woodcuts
and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] li^OO, Svo. I/. 6.s-.

Vol. XIX. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores and Coccyges : containing
the families Rhamphastidse, Galbulidae, and Bucconidae,
by P. L. Sclater ; and the families Indicatoridae,Capitoiiidae,
Cuculidae, and Musophagidae, by G. E. Shelley. Pp. xii.,
484: 13 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 1/. 5s.

Vol. XX. Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the
Collection of the Bi'itish Museum. By T. Salvadori.

BUITl.SH MUSKU.M (VATUUAL HISTOKY). 5

l^p. xvii., G5S : woodcuts and IH coloured Plates. [With

Syslematiiaud Alpbahetkal ludexes.] 1891, 8vo. II. 10*.

I land-List of (reiHia and Spc-cios oi liirds. distinguishing those

contained in I ho J3ritisli Museum. By U. R. (array, F.R.S.,

etc. Part 111. Struthiones, (Iralla;, and Anseres, with Indices

of Generic and Sfjecific Names. Pp. xi., 350. [Table of Grenera

and Subgenera: Part III.] 1871, 8vo. ,Sa.

Li.st of the Specimens of Birds in the Uollection of the British

Museum. By George Rol)ert Gray : —

Part III., Sections III. aud IV. Capitonidfe and Picidse.
[With Index.] Pp. 137. 1868, 12mo. l.v. 6d.

Part IV. Columbae. [With Index.] Pp. 73. 1856,

I2mo. J.v. JW.

Part V. Gallina-. Pp. iv., 120. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1867, 12mo. 1*. 6d.

Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacitic
Ocean in the Collection of the British Mu.'<eum. By George
liob.-rr Gray, F.L.S.. &c. Pp. 72. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1859, 8vo. l.s. dd.

REPTILES.

Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisba^nians in thf
Collection of the British Mu.seum. By Dr. J. E. Grav,
F.K.S., &c. Pp. viii., 80. [With an Alphabetiuil Index.!
1S44, 12mo., 1.S-.

Catalogiie of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British
Museum : —

Appendix. Bv John Edward Grav, F.R.S., &c. Pp 28

1872, 4to. 2's. ed.
Part II. Emydosauriaus, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphis-
bfenians. By John Edward Grav, F.R.S., &c. Pp. vi.,
41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to. 3,y. 6d.

Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British
Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., Sic. Pp. iv.,
124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1873, 8vo. 4*.

Catalogue of the Chelonian.s, Rbynchocephalians, and Crocodiles
in the British Museum (Naturaj History). Xow Edition. Bv
George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 73 Woodcuts and <! Plates. 1889,
8vo. 15.V.

Gigantic Land Tortoi.ses (living and extinct) in the Collection of
the Briti.sli Museum. By Albert C. L. G. Giinther. M.A., M.D.,
I'h.D., F.R.S. Pp. iv.^ 96. 55 Piate.s and two Charts of the
Aldabra group of Island.^;, north-west of Madagascar. [With a
Systematic Synopsis of the Extinct and Liviiiii Giuauiic Land
Tortoi.><es.] "lSi77, Ito. 1/. lO.v

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory). Second edition. By George Albert Boulenger : —

Vol. I. G-eckonidae, Eublepharidse, Uroplatidse, Pygo-
podidae, Agamida}. Pp. xii., 436. 32 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20s.

Vol. II. IguanidaB, Xenosauridae, Zonuridae, Anguidae,
Anniellidse, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiidae,
Teiidse, Amphisbaenidae. Pp. xiii., 497. 24 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885,
8vo. 20s. ■

Vol. III. Lacertidae, Gerrhosauridae, Scincidae, Anelytro-
pidae, Dibamidae, Chamaeleontidae. Pp. xii., 575. 40
Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical
Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. 11. 6s.

Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 281. [With
Geographical, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1858,
12mo. 4*.

BATRACHIANS.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 160. 12
Plates. [With Systematic, Geographical, and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1858, 8vo. 6s.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia, .s. Ecaudata, in the Collection
of the British Museum. Second Edition. By George Albert
Boulenger. Pp. xvi., 503. Woodcuts and 30 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8yo. 1/. 10s.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia, s. Caudata, and Batrachia
Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum. Second
edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. viii., 127. 9
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,
8vo. 9s.

FISHES.

Catalogue of the Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Dr. Albert Giinther, F.E.S., &c. :—

Vol. IV. Acanthopterygii pharyngognathi and Auacan-
thini. Pp. xxi., 534. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1862, 8vo. 8s. 6d.

Vol. V. Physostomi (Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochi-
tonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae) . Pp.
xxii., 455. Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1864, 8vo. 8s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 7

Catalogue of the Fisbes — contitmcd.

Vol. VII. Physostomi (IIet(^rophygii, Cyprinida% Gono-
rliyiK^hidfe, Hyodontid*, Osteoglcssida', ClupoidiH,
('hirocentridrt', Alepocephalida-, Notopteridse, Halo-
SHuridiP). Pp. XX., 512. Woodcuts. [With System-
atic and Alphahetical Indexes.] 186S, 8vo. 8.y.

Vol. VIII. fMiyf^ostomi ((rymiiotidjp, Symbranchid.ip,
Murainidie, I'egasitla-), Lophobranchii, Plectognathi,
Dipnoi, Gauoidei, Cliondiopterygii, Cyclostomata, Leji-
tocardii. Pp. xxv., 549. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 8s. Qd.
List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Choudropterygii. By J. E. Gray. Pp. x.,
160. 2 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes ]
1851, 12mo. .3.V.

Catalogue of Fish collected and dest;ribed l)y Laurence Theodore
Gronow, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii., 19(j. [With a
Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s. Gd.

Catalogue of Lopbobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. By J. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &c. Pp. iv., 80. 4 Plates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12rao. 2s.

MOLLUSCA.

Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the British
Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S.,
&c. Pp. xii., 230. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British
Museum, collected by Frederick Keigen. Described by Philii)
P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi., 552. 1S57, 12mo. 8s.

List of Mollusca and Shells in the Collection of the British
Museum, collected and described by MM. Eydoux and Souleyet
in the " Voyage autour du Monde, execute i)endant les annees
" 1836 et 1837, sur la Corvette ' La Bonite,' " and in the
" Histoire naturelle des Mollusipies Ptcropodes," Par M^I.
P. C. A. L. Rang et Souleyet. Pp. iv., 27. 1855, 12mo. 8</.

Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing Mollusta, in the Col-
lection of the British ^Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
Pp. iv., 192. Woodcuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. 6d.

CataJogut' of the Auriculida% Prost-rpinidie, and TruucatellidjB in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
Pp. iv., 150. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. Is. '9rf.

List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum. By
John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.

PartL VolutidsP. Pp.23. 1855, 12mo. 6rf.
PartIL Olividfp. Pp.41. 1865, 12mo. Is.

h LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the Collection of
the British Museum. By M. Deshayes : —

Part 1. Veneridae, Cyprinidae, Glaucouomidse, and Petri-

ooladse. Pp. iv., 210. 1853, 12mo. 3.?.
Part II. PetricoladiB (coacluded) ; Corbiculadae. Pp.
217-292. [With au Alphabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. Gd.

BRACHIOPODA.

Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the

Collection of the British Museum. [Issued as " Catalogue of

the Mollusca, Part IV."] Pp. iv., 128. 25 Woodcuts. [With

an Alphabetical Index.] 18.53, 12mo. 3*.

POLYZOA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part III. Cyclostomata. By George Busk, F.R.S.
Pp. viii., 39. 38 Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] 1875,
8vo. 5s.

CRUSTACEA.

Catalogue of Crustacea in the Collection of the British Museum.

Part I. Leucosiada;. By Thomas Bell, V.P.R.S., Pre.«. L.S.,

&c. Pp. iv., 24. 1855, 8vo. 6d
Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the

Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate, F.R.S.,

&c. Pp. iv., 399. 58 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.]

1862, 8vo. 1/. 5*.

INSECTS:
Coleopterous Insects.

Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum : —

Part V. Cucujidae, &c. By Frederick Smith. [Also issued

as " List of the Coleopterous Insects. Part I."]

Pp.25. 1851, 12nio. 6fZ.
Part VI. Passalidse. By Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 23.

1 Plate. [With Index.] 1852, 12mo. Sd.
Part VII. Longicornia, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 174.

4 Plates. 1853, 12nio. 2s.'Gd.
Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp. 237.

6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3*. 6d.
Part IX. Cassididae. By Charles H. Boheman, Professor of

Natural History, Stockholm. Pp.225. [With Index.]

1856, 12mo. '.]s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 9

Illustrations of 'JVpical Spociinens of Coleoptera in tlie Collection
of the JJiitish Muslmuh. Part I. Lvciiht*. liy C"iiarle!i Owen
Walcihouse. Fp. \., Hli. 18 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Ali)habetieal Indexes.] 187!(, Svo. 16v

Catalojjjue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the Collection
of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S.
Pp. xvi., 234 : 1 plate. [With a Topogniphical Catalogue and
an Alphabetical Index.] lSo7, Svo. 3.y.

Catidogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By T, Vernon Wollaston, 'M.A.,
r.L.S. Pp. .\iii., GIS. (With Topographinil anil Alphabetical
Indexes.] ISCil, Svo. 10.v. ijd.

Catalogue of llaltieidie in the Collection of the British Museum.
By the Bev. Handet Clark, M.A., F.L.S. Physapo<le3 and
CEdipode-s. Part I. Pp. xii., 301. Frontispiece aud 9 Plates,
] S6(), Svo. 7*.

Catalogue of Hispida' in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Joseph S. Baly, M.E.S., .^c. Part I. Pp. x., 172. 9
Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] ISoH, Svo. ^is.

Hi/inenopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Hymenoptcrous In.sects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo. : —

Parti. Andrenidie and Apida-. Pp.197. 6 Plates. 1853,

2i. 6(1.
Part II. Apid.T. Pp. 199-4G5. G Plates. [With an

Alphabetical Index.] 1854, G.9.
Part III. Mutillidae and Pompilida?. Pp. 20G. G Plates.

1855, 6*.
Part IV. Sphegidie, Lai-rida^, and Crabronidic. Pp. 207-
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 185G,
G.V.
Part V. Vespidir. Pp.117. G Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1857, Gs.
Part VI. Formicidjp. Pp. 21G. 14 Plates. [With an

Alphabetical Index.] 1858, Gj>-.
Part VII. l)orylida3 and Thynnida'. Pp.76. 3 Plates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1S59, '2s.
Descriptions of New Species of Hymenoptera in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Frederick Smith. Pp. xxi., 240.
[With Systematic and Alj)liabctical Indexes.] 187!>, Svo. 10a.
List of Ilymenojttera, with descriptions and figures of tlie Typical
Specimtms in the British Museum. Vol. I., Tenthredinidu' and
Siricida'. By W. F. Kirby. Pp. xxviii., 450. IG coloured
Plates. [With Svstematic and Alphabetical Indexo*.] 1S82,
8vo. 1/. 18.V.

Dipterous Insects.

List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. 12mo. :—
Part II. Pp. 231-484. 1849, 34-. G</.

U 756H. A 5

10 LIST OP I'QBLICATIOXS OF THE

Li.st of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects, &c. — continued.

Part IV. Pp. 689-1172. [With an index to the four

parts, and an Index of Donors.] 1849. 6s.
Part VI, Supplement II. Acroceridie and part of tlie

family Asilidie. Pp. ii., 331-506. 8 Cuts. 1854. .3.s.
Part VII. Supplement III. Asilidae. Pp. ii., 507-775.

1855. 3*. G(L

Lejjidojjterotfs Insects.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in
the Collection of the British Museum : —

Part III. By Arthur Gardiner Butlor. Pp. xviii., 82.

41-60 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]

1879, 4to. 21. 10s.
Part V. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xii., 71.

78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]

1881, 4to. 21. 10.9.
Part VI. By Arthur Grardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89.

101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]

1886, 4to. 21. 4s.
Part VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124.

121-138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]

1889, 4to. 2/.
Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri

District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iv., 144.

139-156 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]

1891, 4to. 2/.
Part IX. The INIacrolepidoptera Heterocera of Ceylon.

By George Francis Hampson. Pp. v., 182. 157-176

Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of

Species collected in, or recorded from, Ceylon.] 1893,

4to. 21. 2s.

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridse in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.L.S., etc. Pp. vi., 211. 5 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5*. 6f/.

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 303. 3 Plates. 1S69, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

Specimen of a Catalogue of Lyca-nidaMU the British Museum. By
VV. C. Ilewition. Pp. 15. "8 Coloured Plates. 1862, 4to. 1/. l.s.

List of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the Bri;ish
Museum. Part I. Papilionida>. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
Pp. 106. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.

List of the Specimens of Lepidoptei'ous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mo. : —

Part IV. Lepidoptera Heterocera. Pp. 776-976. 1855,
3*.

IJUniSll MUSEUM (N'ATUUAL IKSTORY}. 11

List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects, itc. — continued.

PaitVI. Lepitloptera Hptcrocera. P|). 12.58-1507.1855,

3*. (W.
Part VII. Pp. 1;)08 - IHOS.

[With an Alphalu-tical index to Parts I.-VII.] LS56,

•t.y. {id.
Part XIX. Pyialides. Pp. 799-1 OSti. [With an Alpha-

betit-al Iiide.v to Parts XVI.-XIX.] 1859, 3.y. (irf.
Part XXI. Geouietrites. Pp. 277-498. 1860, 3*.

PartXXII. 1 'p. 199-7.55. 1861, 3*. 6rf.

Part XXIII. Pp. 7.>ti-lU20. 18G1, 3.v. 6rf.

Part XX1\ . Pp. 1021-1280. 18G2, 3.v. G</.

Part XXV. Pp. 1281-1 177. 18G2, 3*.

Part XXVI. Pp. 1478-1 79G. [With an

Alphabetical Index to Parts XX.-XXVI.] 1862,

4.y. dd.
Part XXVIl. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286.

18U.3, 4*.
Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. P|). 287-.5(;i.

1863,4*.
P.-irt XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864, 4.v.
Part XXX. Pp. 836-1096. [With an Alpha-

l.otical Inde.v to Parts XXVII.-XXX.] 1864, 4a-.
Part XXXI. Snpplenieut. Pp. 1-321. 1864, o.v.
Part XXXII.

1865, OS.
Part XXXIII.

18(>5, (i*.
Part XXXI V.

18(!.5, 5.S-. (Sd.
I'art XXXV. Part 5. Pp. 1534-2040.

[With an Alphabetical Index to Parts XXXI.-XXXV.]

1866, Is.

Neuropterous Insects.

Catalogne of the Specimens of Xeuropterous Insects in the Collec-
tion of the British Mnseum. By Francis WalkiT. 12mo. : —
Part I. (Phrvganides— Perlides.) Pp. iv., 192. 1852,

2a-. 6J.
I*art II. SialidjB — Nemopterides. Pp. ii., 193-476.

1853, 3a. dd.
Part III. Termitidse — Ephemeridjp. Pp. ii., 477-585.
1853, 1a-. 6rf.
Catalogne of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. Bv Dr. H. H:i<rcM. Part I
Termitina. Pp. 34. 1858, 12mo. ("W.

Orthopt irons Insects.
Catalogue of ()rtiio|)t('rons Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. I'art 1. Phasmidae. Bv John Obadiah Wcstwood,
F.L.S., &c. Pp. 195. 18 I'latcs. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 18.59, 4to. 3/.

Part 2.

Pp. 322-706.

Part 3.

Pp. 707-1120.

Part 4.

Pp. 1121-1533.

12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Specimeus of Blattariae in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Francis Walker, P.L.S., &c. Pjx 239.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5*. 6d. '
Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria [Part I.]
and Sujjplement to the Blattariae in the Collection of the British
Museum. Grjllidse. Blattariae. Locustidae. By Francis
Walker, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 224. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1869, 8vo. 5*.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.L.S., Ac-
Part II. Locustidae (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With

an Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d.
Part III. Locustidae (continued). — Acrididse. Fp. 425-

604. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 4*.
Part IV. Acrididae (continued). Pp. 605-809. [Willi

an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 6*.
Part V. Tettigidae. — Supplement to the Catalogue of Blat-
tariae.— Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Saltatoria (with remarks on the Geogi'aphical Distribution
of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-850; 43; 116. [With
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1870, Bvo. Qs.

Hemipterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S. : —
PartL Pp.368. 11 Plates. 1851, 12mo. 7s.
Part I.I. Pp. 369-590. Plates 12-15. 1852, 12mo. As.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Ileteropterous Hemiptera in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S.,
&c. 8vo. : —

Part I. Scutata. Pp. 240. 1867. 5s. \
Part II. Scutata (continued). Pp. 241-417. 1867. 4*.
Part III. Pp. 418-599. [With an Alphabetical Index to
Parts I., II., III., and Summary of Geographical Distribu-
tion of the Species mentioned.] 1868. 4s. 6(7.
Part IV, Pp.211. [Alphabetical Index.] 1871. Qs.

PartV. Pp.202. 1872. 5s.

Part VI. Pp. 210. ■ 1873. 5s.

Part VII. Pp. 213. 1873. Qs.

PartVIII.Pp. 220. 1873. 6.?. 6rZ.

Homopterous Insects.
List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker. Supplement. Pp.
ii., 369. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12mo. 4s. (Sd.

VERMES.

Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms, con-
tained in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Baird.
Pp. iv., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of the Animals in
•which the Entozoa mentioned in the Catalogue are found ; and
an Index of Genera and Species.] 1853, 12mo. 2s,

URI'l'ISH MUSEUM (natural HISTORY). 13

ANTHOZOA.

Catalop;uc of Sea-pens or Pennatulariida) iu the Collection of the

British Musetim. By J. E. (iray, F.R.S., &v. I'p. iv., 10.

2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. Is. Gd.
Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals iu tli(! CoUccliou of ilio

British Museum. By .I.E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv., 51.

14 Woodcuts. 1S70, Svo. 3«,

BKITLSH ANIMALS.

Catalogue of Britisii Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. Pp.
xii., 248. List of Species. 1863, 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of British Hymeuoptera in the Collection of the British
Museum. Second edition. Part I. Andrenid;e and Apida^
By Frederick Smith, M.E.S. New Issue. Pp. xi. 236. 11
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
Svo. t5.v.

CataJogiie of Britisii Fossorial Hyuienoptera, Formicidae, and
Vespidaj iu the CoUecrion of the British Museum. By Frederick
Smith, V.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1858, 12mo. 6*.

A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By George .Johnston, M.D., Ediu.,
F.R.C.L.Ed., Ll.D. MarischalColi. Aberdeen, &c. Pp. 365.
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1865, Svo. 7.V.

Catalogue of the British Ecbinoderms in the British Museum
(Natural History). By F. .Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii. 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 coloured). [With Table of Con-
tents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index, Description
of the Plates, &c.] 1892, Svo. I2s. Gd.
List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection i>f the
British Museum ; with Synonynia and References to figures.
12mo. : —

Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. P. Stephens. 1850. 2nd
Edition. By H. T. Stainton and E. Shepherd. Pp. iv.
224. 1856,"l2mo. 1^. 9d.
Part VII. MoUusca, Aceiihala, and Bnichiopoda. By

Dr. .1. E. Gray. Pp. iv., 107. 1851, 12mo. 3.v. 6d.
Part XI. Anoplura or Parasitit; Insects. By H. Denny.

Pp. iv., 51. 1852,1*.
Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. ByFretlerick

Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853, 12mo. l*. -id.
Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam

White. Pp. iv., 16. 1853, 12mo. 6^.
Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. By Adam White.
Pp. iv., 42. 1853, 12mo. l.v.

14 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

PLANTS.

Li.stot" British Diatomaceae in the Collection of the British Museum.
By the Rev. W. Smith, E.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., ,55. 1859, 12mo. 1*.

FOSSILS.

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.G.S. :—

Part I. Containing tiie Orders Primates, Chiropt era, Insec-
tivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx., 268. 33
Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1885, Svo, 55.
Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Artio-
dactyla. Pp. xxii., 324. 39 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 18S.i, 8vo. 6s.
Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders Peris-
sodactyla, Toxodontia, Condylarthr.i, and Amblypoda.
Pp. xvi., 186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. is.
Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Probos-
cidea. Pp. xxiv., 235. 32 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.
Part V. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders Si-
renia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata, and
Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 345. 55 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1887, 8vo. 6*.
Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368. 75
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including .Synonyms.] 1891, Svo. 10.9.6c?.
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museua- (Natural Plistory). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,
F.G.S. :—

Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Protero-
sauria. Pp. xxviii., 309. 69 Woodcuts. [With Sys-
tematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1888, Svo. 7s. 6d.
Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and
Sauropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. S5 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Al{)habetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 18S9, Svo. 7s. 6d.
Part III. Containing the Order Ciielonia. Pp. xviii., 239.
53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.]
1889, Svo. 7.?. 6f/.

lllirriSll MUSKUM (XAITltAL IllSI'i »UV). lo

("utMlogiie of tlie Fossil Rej)tilia iiml Ampliilnii — ron/iuucd.

Part IV. Coutaining the Orders AnoiiKMloiitia, EeiUidaUi,
("audatii, and Labyi'inthodoutia ; and Siipjdeineiit. J'|).
xxiii., 295. (5G VVoodeiits. [With Sybtematic Index,
Alplmbetical Index ot" Genera and S[)e,cies, including
Synonyms, and AlplialxMical Index of (ienera and Species
to the entire work. | IHOO, Svo. 7.v. ("id.
Catalogue of the Fossil Fisiies in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, F.Ci.S., F.Z.S. : —

Fart I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii., 474.

13 Woodcuts and 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index,

and Systematic Index of Grenera and Species.] 1889,

Svo. 2 Is.

Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii),

Holocephali, Ichthyodornlites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi, and

Teleostomi (Crossopterygii and Choudrostean Actinop-

terygii). Pp. xliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and 16 Plates.

[With Alphabetical Index, and Systematic Index of

Genera and Species.] ISDl, Svo. 21.v.

Systematic List ot the Edwards Collection of Britisli Oligocene

and Eocene MuUusea in the British Museum (Natural History),

with references to the type-specimens from similar horizons

contained hi other collections belonging to the Geological

Department of the Museum, l^y Richard Bullen Newton,

F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 365. [With table of Families and Genera,

Bibliograi)hy, Coirelation-table, Appendix, and Alphabetical

Index.] 1891, Svo. 6*.

Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. : —

Part I. Contiiining part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con-
sisting of the families Orthoceratidae, Endoeeratida^
Actinoceratida', Gomphoceratidie, Ascoceratida;, Poterio-
ceratida;, Cyrtoceratida', and Supplement. Pp. xxxi.,
344. 51 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, ami
Alphabetical Index of Genera an<l Species, including
Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. lO.v. 6fl.

Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder Nauti-
loidea, consisting of the families Lituitidte, Trochocera-
tida% Nautilida>, and Supplement. Pp. xwiii., 407. SO
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.]
1891, 8vo. 15.V.

A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms and
the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. B}- Henry
Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii.. 155. [With an Alphabrtieal
Index.] 1S77, 8vo. 5.v.

Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of the
British Mu.seum (Natural History), with an account of the
morphology and systematic position of the group, and a revision
of the genera and species. By Holiert Etheridge, jun., of the
Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History),

16 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc, F.R.S., F.L.S. (of Eton
College). [With a preface by Dr. H. "Woodward, Table of
Contents, General Index, Explanation of the Plates, &c.] Pp.
XV., 322. 20 Plates. 1886, 4to. 25*.

Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department of
the British Museum (Natural Histoi'y). With descriptions of
new and little known species. By George Jennings Hinde,
Ph.D., F.G.S. Pp. viii., 248. 38 Plates. [With a Tabular
List of Species, arranged in Zoological aud Stratigraphical
sequence, and an Alphabetical Index.] 1883, 4to. 1/. 10s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S.,
&c. Pp. xxiv., 100. [With Geographical and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. 5s. '

Catalogue of the Palaeozoic Plants in the Department of Geology
and Palaeontology, British Museum (Natui-al History). By
Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. viii., 288. [With a list of works
([uoted, and an Index.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.

GUIDE-BOOKS.

( To be obtained only at the Museum.)

A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History),
CromweU Road, London, S.W. [By W. H. Flower.] With 2
Plans, 2 views of the building, and an illustrated cover. Pp. 74.
1891, 8vo. 3rf.

Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia (Mammalian, Osteological,
Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum
(Natural History). [By A.. Giinther.] 4th Edition. Pp.126.
57 Woodcuts and 2 Plans. Index. 1892, 8vo. Qd.

Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Department of
Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). [By A.
Giinther.] 2nd Edition. Pp. iv., 119. 101 Woodcuts and 1
Plan. Index. 1888, 8vo. 6J.

Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (MoUusca, Echinoder-
mata. Vermes), in the Department of Zoology of the British
Museum (Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 2nd Edition.
Pp. iv., 74. 51 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1888, 8vo. 4c?.
A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the Department of Geology
and Palaeontology in the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [New Edition. By Henry
Woodward.] —

Part I. Fossil Mammals and Birds. Pp. xii., 103. 119

Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6J.
Part II. Fossil Reptiles, Fishes, and Invertebrates. Pp.
xii., 109. 94 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. 6c?.

I

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), 17

Guide to the Collection of Fossil Fishes in the Department of
Geology and Paheontology, British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Uoad, South Kensington. [By Jlenry Woodward.]
2n(l Edition. Pp.51. 81 Woodcuts. Index. 1888, 8vo. 4rf.

A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural
History). [By L. Fletcher.] Pp. .32. Plan. 1893, 8vo. Id.

An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to the
Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, S.W. [By L. Fletcher.] Pp. 120. With
numerous Diagrams, a Plan of the Minei'al Gallery, and an
Index. 1893, 8vo. 6d.

The Student's Index to the Collection of Minerals, British Museum
(Natural History). New Edition. Pp. 29. With a plan of
the Mineral Gallery. 1893, 8vo. 2d.

An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the
Meteorites represented in the Collection. [By L. Fletcher.]
Pp. 91. [With a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an Index to
the Meteorites represented in the Collection.] 1893, 8vo. 3d.

Guide to Sowerby's Models of British Fungi in the Department of
Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By Worthiugton
G. Smith, F.L.S. Pp. 82. 93 Woodcuts. AVith Table of
Diagnostic Characters and Index. 1893, 8vo. 4d.

W. H. FLOWER,

Director.
British Museum

(Natural History),
Cromwell Road,
London, S.W.

April 1st, 1893.

London: Printed by E t r e ami Spottiswoode.

Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty.

Foi- Her Majesty's Stationery OflBce.

i