r"^"!^

CATALOGUE

BIRDS

BEITISH MUSEUM.

VOLUME xxni^

LONDON:
PKINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1894.

CATALOGUE

OF THE

FULICARIiE

(RAUABJE AND HELIOIINITHID^)

AND

ALECTORIDES

(ARAMID^, EURYPYGIDiE, MESITID^, RHIXOCHETD)^,
GRUID^, PSOPHIIDyE, and OTIDID^)

IN THE

COLLECTION

OF THE

BHITISII MUSEUM.

BY

II. I30WDLER SHARPE.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLD BY

LONGMANS & Co., 311 PATERNOSTER ROW ;

B. QUARITCU, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co., 37 SOUO SQUARE, W.;

K:EGAN PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CUARING CROSS ROAD;

AND AT THE

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). CROMWELL ROAD, S. W.

1894.

i-BINTED BY TATLOB AND FEANCIS,
EED LION COUKT, FLEET STEEET.

PKEFACE.

The numbers of the species of the nine families treated of in the
twenty-third volume, and of the specimens at present in the Col-
lection, are as follows : —

Species. Types. Specimens.

Eallidffi 187 39 2471

Heliornithida) . . 4 1 45

Aramidse 2 . . 28

EurypygidiB .... 2 . . 26

Mesitidae 1 . - 1

llhinochetidoD . . 1 . . 3

GruidjB 19 1 143

Psophiidaj 6 1 13

Otididtc 30 7 217

252 49 2947

In the first category 29 forma are included which are considered
by the author to be of onlj' subspecific rank, while 33 species
and subspecies are still unrepresented in the Collection of the
Museum. Beside the 49 types of recognized species, the Collection
contains 27 other typical specimens which are now relegated to
the synonyms.

As in the preceding volumes, the series of specimens of the
American and Indian species are derived chiefly from the Hume,
Tweeddale, and Godman-Salvin Collections ; but they have been

largely supplemented by a generous donation from Mr. Seebohni. For
other additions to this volume the Trustees are indebted to the Right
Hon. Lord Lilford, Colonel Irby, Mr. H. 0. Forbes, Mr. P. L. Sclater,
and Mr. F. W. Styan.

ALBERT GtJNTHER,

Keeper of the Dejiarfment of Zoolor))/.
Britisli Museum (N. H.),
February 28, 1804.

INTRODUCTION.

To the present volume very few introductory remarks are necessary,
as the families described in the following pages have perfectly
well-defined limits, and there is little difference of opinion as to
their position in an arrangement of the Class Aves.

The Hon. Walter Rothschild has lent me his entire collection
of Rallida', an act of courtesy which I must especially acknowledge,
inasmuch as without his series of Weka Rails from New Zealand,
formerly in the BuUer collection, I should have had serious diffi-
culty in working out the species of Ocijdromus. Per the loan of
specimens and types of species in the Museums under their charge,
I have to thank Dr. Joyeux-Lafine of Caen, Prof. Paul Godet
of Neuchatel, Prof. Wilhelm Blasius of Brunswick, and Dr. Jen-
tink of Leyden ; while I have to acknowledge a like assistance
from Mr. Howard Saunders, the Rev. H. H. Slater, and Canon
Tristram.

The affixes to the specimens are the same as in the previous
volumes of the 'Catalogue.' "[P.]" means "Presented by";
" [C] " equals " Collected by " ; " [E.] " signifies " Received in
Exchange." Where none of these signs are used, the specimens
have been acquired by purchase.

R. BOWDLER SHARPE.

British Museum (N. H.),

Ttl\i February, 189-1.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Order F U L I C A II I .E.
Fam. I. R A L L I D iE.

Page

1. Rallus, L 6

a. peruvianus, Tacz. . . 6

1. elegans, Avxlub 8

a. beldingi, Rich/to 10

b. tenuirostris, Later. . . 10

2. longirostris, i?o*/. 10, ;120

a. crassirostris, Laivr. . . 11

b. crepitans, Gm 12

c. caribffius, Cory 13

d. cubanus, Chapm 329

e. saturatus, Richjio 13

f. obsoletus, liidffiv 15

8. virginianus, L 10

4. iEqiiatorialis, Sharpe . . 18

5. semipluinbeus, <SW. .. 19

6. antarctifus, Kin(/ .... 19

7. aquaticus, L 20

8. indicus, Blyth 24, 329

9. caerulescens, Gm 25

10. madagascariensia, Verr. 26

dispar, Milne-Edw. . . 227

beaumonti, Milne-Edw. 227

major, ^fil>te-Ed^v. . . 228
porzanoides, MUiic-Edw. 228

christyi, Milne-Ediv. . . 228

cxiiuhis, Mil/if-Edw. . . 228
intermedius, Mil>ie-Edto. 228

dasypus, Milne-Edw. . . 228

avonarius, Mihte-Edw. . 228

2. Limnopardalus, Cab 27

1. maculatus {Bodd.) 28

2. rythhyiK-hus ( Vieill.) . 29

a. sanguinoleutus (Siv.)

30,329

b. vigilantis, Sharpe. ... 31

3. nigricans {Vieill.) .... 31

VOL. XXIII.

Page

3. Ilypotfenidia, Reichenb. . . 32

1. striata (i.) 33,329

a. obscurior, Hmne .... 37

2. brach^-|)U3 (Siv.) ... .37, 329
a. paciiica ( Gni.) 37

2 a. muelleri {Rotksch.) . . 330

3. philippinensis (L.) .... 39
a. maequariensis

{Hutton) 43

4. torquata (L.) 43

5. celebensis (Q. Sf- G.). 45, 330
5 a. jentinki, Sharpe .... 330
G. saturata, Salvad 45

7. siilcirostris ( Wall.) . . 40

8. iusignis {Scl.) 40

4. Cabalas, JIutto7i 46

1. dieffenbachii (Gray) 47,330
1 a. modestus (Hutton) . . 331

2. sylvestris (Scl.) 48

5. Eulabeornis, Gould 49

1. castaneiventris, Gould. 49

2. pcBcilopterus (Hartl.) . 50

3. -woodfordi (Ogilvie-

Grant) 50

6. Tricholimnas, Sharpe .... 51

1. lafresnayauus (Verr. et

Des Murs) 51

7. Gymnocrex, Salvad 52

1. rosenbergi (Srhl.) . . 52, 331

2. plumbeiveutris (Gray) . 52
7 a. AramidopMs, Sharpe . . 331

1. plateui ( JV. Bias.) . . 331

8. Arauiides, Pucheran .... 53

1. mangle (Spi.v) 54

2. wolti, Berl. ^- Tacz. . . 55

3. axillaris, Lawr 50

4. gutturalis, Shatpe .... 57

5. cayanea (Gm.) .... 57, 332

a. cbiricote ( Vieill.) 58, 332

b. albiveutris, Lawr. . . 59

b

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

e. plumbeicollis, Zeledon.

53, 332

6. ypacaha ( Vieill.) .... 60

7. saracura (Spix) 61

8. callopterus, Scl. Sf Salv. 62
9. Me^acrex, n Alb.^Salmd. 63

1. inepta, D'Alb. ^ Salvad. 63

10. Habroptila, Gray 63

1. wallacei, Gray 63

11. Ocydromus, Wagl 64, 333

1. austvalis {Sparrm.) . . 64

2. earli, Gray 66 ,333

3. bracliypterus {Lafr.) . Q7
insignia, W. O. Forbes. 333

12. Aphanapteryx, Fruuen-

feld 68

1. broeckii {Schl.) 68

13. Diaphorapteryx, H. O.

Forbes 68

1. hawkiusii (Forbes) . .68, 333

14. Erythromachus, Milne-

Edw 69, 333

1. legLiati, Milne-Edw. 69, 333

15. Ilimantornis, Schl 69

1. haematopus, Hartl. . . 69

16. Dryolimnas, Sharpe .... 70

1. cuvieri (Puck.) 70

a. aldabranus ( Giinth.) 71, 333

17. Canirallus, £p 72

1. oculeus (Hartl.) 72

2. kioloides (Pucher.) . . 73

18. Rallina, Reichenb 74

1. fasciata (Eaji.) 75

2. superciliaris (Eyton) . . 76

3. euryzonoides (Lafr.) . . 78
a. sepiaria (Sfejn.) .... 78

4. minahaaa ( Wall.) 78

5. tricolor, Gray 79

19. Castauoliuinas, Sharpe . . 80

1. canning! (Plyth) .... 80

19 a. Stictolimnas, Biittik. . . 333

1. sliarpii, Biittik 334

20. Crecopsis, Sharpe 81

1. egregia (Peters) 81

21. Crex, Bechst 82

1. crex(i.) 82,334

22. ffinolimnas, Sharpe .... 86

1. isabellina (Temm.) 86,334

23. Amauroliniuas, Sharpe . , 87

1. concolor (Gosse) .... 87

24. Anurolimnas, Sharpe .... 88

1. castaneiceps (Scl. ^

Salv.) 88

2. hauxwelli (Scl. ^ Salv.) 88

25. Zapornia, Leach 89

1. parva (Scop.) 89

Page
20. Porzana, Vlelll 92

1. porzana (L.) 93

2. Carolina (L.) 97

3. fluminea, Gould 101

4. {dVicoWis (Vieill.) 102

5. intermedia (iZe/7M.) 103, 335

6. affinis (Grai/) .... 106, 335

7. pusilla(P«//.) 106

8. palustris, Gould 109

9. spiloptera (Burm.) . . 109

10. fiaviventris (Bodd.) . . 110

11. tabuensis (Gm.) . . Ill, 3-35
a. tahitieusis (Gm.) .... Ill

12. galapagoensis, Sharpe . 113

13. bicolor, TVald 113

27. Pennula, Dole 114

1. ecaudata (King). . 114, 335

2. sandwichensis (Gm.) . 336

28. Aphaiiolimuas, Sharpe . . 115

1. monasa (Kittl.) . . 115, 336

29. Corethrura, Reichenb 1 15

a. circoleps (Less.) .... 115

1. pulchra (J. E. Gray)

116, .336

2. iusularis, Sharpe 118

3. liueata (Swains.) .... 118

4. watersi (Bartl.) 119

5. elegans (Smith) 120

a. reichenovi, Sharpe . , 121

6. rufa (Vieill.) 121

7. lugens, Boehm 123

8. bonapartii, Hartl 123

30. Rallicula, Schl 123

1. rubra, Schl 123,336

2. leucospila (Salvad.) . . 124

3. forbesi, Sharpe 124

31. Thyrorhina, Scl. ^ Salv. . 125

1. scLomburgki (Cab.) . . 125

32. Ortygops, Heine 126

1. uovEeboracensis (Gm.). 126

2. exquisita (Swinh.) .... 128

3. notata (Gould) 128

4. ayresi (Gurney) 129

33. Poliolimuas, Sharpe 130

1. cinereus (Vieill.).. 130, 337

34. Porzanula, Frohawk .... 133

1. palmeri, Frohaiuk 133, 337

35. Creciscus, Cab 134, 337

1. jamalcensis (Gm.) .... 135

2. salinazi (Philippi) .... 130

3. spilonotus (Gould) . . 137
a. cotvvcn\c\x\u.s, (Ridgw.) 137

4. exilis (Temm.) 138

a. vagans (Ridgw.) .... 139

5. melanophajus (Vieill.)

139, 337

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

6. senops (Scl. Sr Salv.) . .

140

7. albigularis (Laivr.) . .

140

7a. ciiiereicups {Laivr.) \A

,3:57

50.

a. Icucogiister [liidyiv.)

140

/3. alt'ara (Jiidf/w.) ....

141

8. leucopyiTlius ( Vieill.) .

142

9. levraudi (Scl. ^- Sale).

142

lU. ruber (Scl. ^- Sale.) . .

143

11. cayaneusis (liodd.) . .

143

12. facialis ( Tschudi) ....

145

m.

Limiiobrenus, Sundev. . .

145

1. fuscus (i.) 14G

, 338

2. phaeopvgus (Stejn.) . .

148

3. pavkulli {Ljunyh.) 149

, 338

4. margiiiiilis (Ilitrtl.) 92

,335

C7.

Limnocorax, Peters ....

150

1. niger (Gm.)

150

38.

Amauroruis, Reichenb. . .

152

1. olivacea (Met/en) . 153

338

2. molucfana ( Wall.) 153

338

3. akool {Si/kes)

155

51.

4. phoenicura (Forst.) . .

156

a. insiilaris (Hume) . .

162

39.

Rouge ti us, Bp

162

52.

1. rougeti (Gudrin) ....

.162

40.

Neocrex, Scl. S,- Salv

163

1. ervthrops (Scl.) . . 163

338

53.

41.

Tribonyx, Da Bus

164

1. mortieri, Du Bus ....

164

42.

Microtribonyx, Sharpe . .

165

1. veutralis (Gould) ....

165

43.

Pai-eudiastes, Hartl. Sf

Fbisch

166

1. paoitic'us, Ilurtl. ^•

Fin.'ich

166

44.

Porphvrioruis, Allen ....

166

1. nesiotis (Scl.)

16(S

2. comeri, Allen

167

45

Gallinula, Briss

167
167

a. lepida, Briigg

1. tenebrosa, Gould ....

168

2. frontata, Wall.

168

3. chloropus (Z.) ..169,338

4. galeata (Licht. )

177

a. t^ndwicheusis, Streets 180

5. aiitriilata, Sunder

181

streiniipes, iJe Vis . .

167

54.

peralata, De Vis

167

4(5.

Porphvrinps, Pitcher

182

55.

1. luelauops ( Vieill.) 182

338

47.

Gallicrex, Bp

183

56.

1. ciiieroa (Gm.)

183

48.

Psammocrex, Oust

186

1. petiti, Oust 186,

339

57.

49.

Porphyrioln, Bh/th

187

1. alleiii (Thumps.) ....

187

Page

2. martinica (L.) . . 189, 339

3. parva (Bodd.) . . 191, 339
. Porpiiyrio, Briss 192

a. palliatus, Briiijrj. . . 192

^. CEerulescens (Selys) . 193

1. cseruleus ( Vandelli) . . 194

2. porphyrio (L.) 195

3. poliuci'])halus (Lath.). . 197

4. berauieleui, Biittik. . . 200

5. calvus, Vieill 200

6. eilwardsi, Elliot 201

7. ellioti, Salvad. 202

8. bellus, Gould 202

9. cliathamensis, Sharpe . 202

10. .smaragdiuus, Temm.. . 203

11. samoeusis, Peale .... 204

12. melauouotus, Tenim. . . 205
a. pelewensis, Ilartl. ^•

Finsch 206

13. pulverulentus, Temm. . 207
Notornis, Owen 207

1. iiiautelli, Owen 208

2. alba ( jmte) 208

Aptoruis, Owen 207

1. otidiformis, Oiuen .... 207

2. defossor, Owen 207

Fulica, L 209

a. noviE-zealandins,

C'oleiiso 209

1. atra, L 210

2. cristata, Gm 215

3. australis, Gould 217

4. cornuta, Bp 217

5. ardesiaca, Tschudi . ... 217

6. armillata, Vieill 218

7. gigantea, Eydoux ^
Soul. 219

8. leucopyga, Grai/ .... 220

9. americana, Gm 221

10. carib.ea, liidf/io 224

11. leucoptera, Vieill 224

12. alai, Penle 225

no-wtoni, Milne-Fdto. . . 209

minor, Shufeldt 209

desjardiui. Van Beneden 209

prior, De Vis 209

Leguatia, Schl 225

1. gigantea, Schl 225

(iypsornis, Milne-Edw. . . '2'2Q

1. cuvieri, Milne-Edw. . . 226

Telniatoruis, Marsh .... 226

1. priscus, Marsh 226

2. atliuis, Marsh 226

Orthocnemus, Milne-Edw. 226

1. gallicus, Milne-Edw.. . 226

2. cuiaor, Milne-Edw. . . 22G

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

3. maior, Milne-Edio. . . 226

4. minor, BLUne-Ediu. . . 226

58. Elaphrocnemus. Milne-

Edw 227

1. phasianus, Mibie-Edw. 227

2. gracilis, Milne-Edw. . . 227

3. crex, Milne-Edw 227

59, Tapinopus, Mibte-Edw. . . 227

1. eUioti, Milne-Ediu. . . 227

Fam. II. Heliornithtd^.

1. Podica, Less. 229

1. senegalensia {V.) .... 230

2. petersi, Hartl 231

2. Heliopais, Sharpe 232

1. personata. Gray 232

3. Heliornis, Bonn 233

1. fulica {Bodd.) 233

Order ALECTORIDES.

Fam. I. An A MI D^.

1. Aramus, V. 237

1. scolopaceus {Gvt.) .... 237

2. pictua {Bartr.) 238

Fam. II. E u R Y p Y G I D ^.

1. Eurvpyga, j;; 240

1. helias {Pall.) 240

2. major, If ar^^. 242

Fam. III. M B s I T I D ^.

1. Mesites, St.-Hil 244

1. variegata, St.-Hil 244

Fam. IV. Rhinochetid^.

I. Rhinochetus, Verr. Sf Des

Murs 246

I. jubatus, Verr. ^ Des
Murs 246

Fam. V. G R u I D JE.

1. Grus, Pall 249

1. grus(Z.) 250

2. lilfordi, Sharpe 252

3. mexicaua (P. L. S.

Miill.) 254

4. canadensis (Z.) 256

5. monachus (T.) 257

6. nigricollis, Przew 258

7. japonensis {Mull.) . . 258
primigenia, Milne-Edio. 275

Page

melitensis, Lydekker . . 276

pentelici, Gaudry .... 276

excelsa, Milne-Edw. . . 276
problematica, Milne -

Edw 276

hordwelliensis, Lydek-
ker 276

princeps, Port is 276

turfa, Portis 276

proavus, Marsh 276

haydeni. Marsh 276

2. Limnogeranus, Sharpe . . 259

1. americanus {L.) 259

3. Sarcogerauus, Sharpe .... 260

1. leucogeranus {Pall.) . . 261

4. Antigone, Peichenb 262

1. collaris {Bvdd.) 262

2. antigone (i.) 264

3. australasiana, Gould . . 265

5. Pseudogeranus, Sharpe . . 266

1. leucauchen, Temm. . . 266

6. Bugeranus, Gloy 267

1. carunculatus (G^wi.) .. 267

7. Tetrapteryx, Thunb 268

1. paradisea {Licht.) .... 268

8. Anthropoides, V. 269

1. virgo (i.) 26!)

9. Balearica, Briss 272

1. pavonina (i.) 272

2. clirysopelargus {Licht.) 274

3. gibbericeps, Reichen.. . 275
Geranopsis, Lydekker. . . . 217

1. }\s&imgs\gd, Lydekker . . 277

2. elatus, Milne-Edw. . . Til
Aletornis, Marsh , 277

1. nobQis, Marsh 277

2. pemix, Marsh 277

3. venustus, Marsh .... 277

4. gracilis. Marsh 277

5. bellus, Marsh 277

Fam. VI. PsoPHiiD^.

1. Psophia, L 278

a. cantatrix, Blasitis . . 278

1. crepitans, L 279

2. napensis, Sol. >^ Salv. . 280

3. leucoptera. Spiv 280

4. ocbroptera, Pelz 281

6. viridis, Spix 281

Fam. VII. 0 T I D I D ^.

1. Otis, L 283

1. tarda, i 284

2. dybowskii, Tacz 286

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

2. Tetrax, Leuch 287

1. tetrnx (Z.) 287

3. Lophotis, Reichenb 290

1. ruficrista (Smith) 291

2. gindiana, Oust 292

4. Coiii])sotis, Heine 293

l.afia (Forst.) 29;i

2. leiicoj)tera (lieichciih.) . 294
6. Heterotetrax, Sharpe .... 29ti

1. vigors! (Smith) 29G

2. rueppelli ( Wahlb.) . . 297

3. humilis (Blyth) 298

6. Neotis, Sharpe 298

1. ludwigi (Riipp.) 299

2. burchelli (Heugl.) 300

3. caffra {Licht.) 301

4. denhami (Childr.) . . . . 302
6. heuglini (HnrU. ) 303

7. Lissotis, JReichmb. 304

a. maculipennis, Cab. . 304
1. nuba {Cretzsch?>i.) .... 305

2. nielauoiraster ( A'fliyj) . 306

3. hartlaubi (Heugl.) .307

8. Trachelotis, Reichenb. . . 308

a. rhaad (Lath.) 310

1. cserule.ecens (V.) 308

2. canicollis (Reirhen.) . . 309

3. senegalensis ( r.) .. . 310

4. barrovii (J. JE. Gray) . 311

9. Sypheotis, Less 312

1. aurita, Lath 313

10. Iloubai'upsis, Sharpe .... 315

1 . bengaiensis ( Gjn.) .... 315

11. Iluubaia, Bp. 318

1. macqueenii, J. E. Gray 318

2. imdidata (Jacq.) 320

12. Eupodotis, Less 322

l.avabs (L.) 322

2. kiiri (L'urch.) 324

3. edwaidsi, J. JE. Gray . 325

4. australis, /. £. Gray . 328

\ou XXlll.

CATALOGUE

BIRDS.

Order X. FULICARItE.

In accordance wtih the scheme of classification adopted for the
Game-Birds and Water- Birds in the ' Catalogue of Birds,' the
Order Fidicarup, as limited bj- Dr. Sclater in his well-known
arrangement of the Class " Aves," is hereby recognized. Mr. See-
bohni, in his ' Classification of Birds,' places the FitUcarice as a
Suborder of his lai'go Order " Grallo-Grallte ; " but he also includes
the Bustards {Otididcn), Hoatzins {OpisOiocomidcc), Seriamas (Cari-
ainidcr). Pin-feet {Heliornithidn), Bails (Jiallidc), and Trumpeters
{Psophiidce). In my own arrangement of 1891, I placed the Rcdli-
formes at some little distance from the groups which are usually
considered to be their nearest allies ; and, in fact, I still look upon
the Kails as a very peculiar and isolated group of birds, so that it
does not matter whether they be called FtdicarUe or licdlifomus, so
long as they are not mixed up too closely with the Cranes and their
allies. Ost€ological characters are given by Mr. Lydekker in his
' Catalogue of Fossil Birds ' (pp. 143, 144).

Two families are placed under this order : the EaUidce, p. 1, and
the Heliornithido!, p. 229.

Family I. RALLIDiE.

Palate schizoguathous.
Nasals holorliiual.
Dorsal vertebra; heterocoelous.

Posterior process of the ilium sufficiently perforated to show a
broad sacrum.

Sternum with one notch on each side of the posterior margin.

Oil-gland tufted.

Aftershaft to the contour-feathers present.

VOL. XXIII. B

Bill of various shapes — long in the true Rails, shorter and stouter
in the Crakes, and very deep in the Gallinules, with the nasal open-
ing pierced in the horny sheath.

Ambiens muscle present. Femoro-caudal muscle, accessory
femoro-caudal, semitendinosus, accessory semitendinosus, and post-
acetabular portion of the tensor fasciae present.

Toes very slender and long, sometimes webbed and scalloped ;
hind toe always raised above the level of the others.

Eggs generally numerous, cream-coloured with dark spots.

Young, when hatched, covered with down, and able to run or
swim in a few hours.

{Cf. Seebohm, Classif, B. p. 40 ; Sharpe, Classif. B. p. 70.)

Key to the Genera.

A. Culmen longer than the middle toe and claw,
or at least equal iu length to the latter.

a. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe and claw,

or at least not exceeding it.
a'. Nasal groove very long, deep, and well
marked ; the nasal apert^u-e situated
nearer to the feathers at the base of tlie
bill than to the anterior end of the nasal
groove ; tarsus always shorter than the

middle toe and claw 1. Rallus, p. 6.

b'. Nasal groove deep and well marked ; the
nasal apertm-e situated about the middle
of the groove, as near to its anterior
extremity as it is to the feathered portion
of the bill at gape.
a". Genj'S either straight or up-cm'ved
towards the end of the mandible.
a'". Bill long ; culmen equal to or
exceeding the tarsus iu length ; a
slight indication of a tiny frontal [p. 27.

shield 2. Limnopardalus,

b'". Culmen not so long as the tarsus . . 3. Hypot^nidia,
b". Genys distinctly deciu-ved at tip, fol- [p. ,32.

lowing the line of the upper mandible. 4. Cabaxxis, p. 46.

b. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and claw ;

a distinct longitudinal groove near the
base of the lower mandible,
c'. No sign of any frontal shield.
c". Tail longer than the tarsus.
c'". No bare patch behind the eye.

«*. Wing-coverts not so abnormally [p. 49.

elongated as to hide the quills . . 5. Eulabeohnis,
b^. Plumage soft and hair-like ; the
wing-coverts greatly elongated,
almost hiding the qmlls, to which [p. 51.

they are equal in length (5. Tbicholimnas,

d". With a bare patch behind the eye . 7. Gymnocrex,
d". Tail somewhat shortened, not so long [p. 52.

as the tarsus 8. Aeamides, p. 53.

d' . A very distinct frontal shield ; tail-
feathers deeompoHed and hidden by
the coverts; winfjfs feebly developed
and incapable of fli^^ht 9. Megackex, p. 63.

e' . A small but ovideut frontal shield ; tail

long ; wings fairly developed ; plumage [p. 03.

black 10. IIadroptila,

n. Culinen shorter than the middle toe and
claw.
c. With no evident frontal shield.
/'. Wing-coverts elongated, so as to reach

almost to tlie tip of the quills 11.

(/'•. Wing-coverts not reaching nearly to the
end of the quills,
e". Tarsus greatly exceeding the middle
toe and claw in length — in fact, by
more than the length of the hind toe . 15.
f". Tarsus seldom exceeding the length of
the middle toe and claw, generally
about equal to it, sometimes longer,
but never exceeding it by as much as
the length of the hind toe.
e'" . Tail distinct, and not hidden by the
upper and under tail-coverts.
c^. Under wing-coverts and axillaries
distinctly spotted or barred with
white.
rt°. Culmen longer than inner toe
and claw.
a°. Nostrils longitudinal, very
narrow, the nasal aperture

scarcely perceptible t IG.

b^. Nostrils very large, oval and

pervious 17.

V'. Culmen less than inner toe and
claw.

[p. 64.

OCYDKOMUS *,

[p. 69.
II1MANTOBNI8,

[p. 70.
Dryolimnas,

[p. 72.
Caniralltjs,

Secondaries not reaching to
the end of the primaries ....

Secondaries reaching quite to
the end of the primaries.

'7. Wing-coverts vei-y long and
soft, hiding the primary-
coverts; tail-feathers also
soft, and with the webs
dissociated ; quills banded
like axillaries 19.

". Wing-coverts ordinarj-, as
also the tail-feathers; quills
uniform below ; back mot-
tled 20.

18. IIai.i.ina, p. 74.

[p. 80.
Castanolisinas,

CR£C0P.SIS, p. 81.

* Somewhere here must be placed the extinct genera 12. Apluinapteryx,
p. 08, 13. Diaphorapfcri/x, p. 68, and 14. t.ri/thromachiis. p. tiO.

t This genus is perhaps not properly included in the Crake?, as it has much
the appearance of a true Rail, and may have to be put near Hypofetnidia, as the
bill of the AUlabra form is more Ralline than Crecine.

B 2

d*. Under wing-coverts and axillaries
uniform.
«'. Bill shorter, the culmen not so
long as tlie inner toe.
e^. Plumage striped above ; tail

pointed, the rectrices narrow. 21. Obex, p. 82.
/'. Plumage uniform above ; tail
broad, the rectrices widened
and decomposed at the [p- 86.

ends 22. CEnolimnas,

d^. Bill longer, the culmen equal to [p- 87.

the inner toe 23. Amaueolimnas,

f". Tail obsolete, composed of soft and
decomposed feathers, which are
scarcely distinguishable from the

upper and under tail-coverts, by [p- 83.

which they are completely hidden. . 24. Anxjrolimnas,
O". Middle toe and claw exceeding the
tarsus in length.
g'". Secondaries conspicuously shorter
than the primaries, falling short
of them by quite as much as the
inner toe and claw ; sexes different

in colour 25. Zapornia, p. 89.

h'" . Secondaries shorter than the pri-
maries, falling short of the latter
by as much or more than the hind
toe and claw, but not as much as

the inner toe and claw 26. Porzana, p. 92.

»'". Secondaries practically equal to the

primaries in length, or falling short

of them by less than the hind toe

and claw.

«*. Tail-feathers soft, decomposed at

the ends, and entirely hidden by , ^^ Pennula p 114

.. ^% ''^'':^^^ ■■■k--A 'a "A 28'. Aphanolimnas,

f^. Tail-feathers soit, decomposed at ' Tt) 115

the ends, but evident. '-""

«'. Nostrils pervious 29. Coretheura,

f'\ Nostrils closed by a bony septum, [p. 115.

not pervious 30. Rallicula,

g^. Tall-feathers ordinary, the ends not [p. 123.

decomposed.
g^. Nostrils not pervious, but having [p. 125.

a bony septum 31. Thyrohhina,

h'. Nostrils pervious.

/. With white secondary quills . 32. Ortygops, p. 126.
h^. With no white secondary
quills.
c'. Toes long, the inner toe
(without claw) longer than
the culmen.
a^. Secondaries and prima-
ries practically equal in
length; no sign of a
frontal shield or swollen
base of culmen.

KALLID^. 5

aP. Plumage variegated.
a}". Wiugs and leet very
stronirly developed ;
the wings as long
as the tarsus and [p- 130.

toes combined 33. Toliolima-as,

V. Wing feebly deve-
loped, not so long

as the tarsus and [p. 133.

toes combined .... 34. Poezanula,
c'". Wing fully deve-
loped, nearly one
third longer than
the tarsus and toes [p. 134.

combined 35. Creciscus,

6". Plumage uniform black. 37. Limnocobax,
6'*. Secondaries shorter than [p. 150.

primaries ; no frontal

shield 36. LrMNOB^NUs,

c*. Secondaries shorter than [p. 145.

primaries ; the culmen
slightly swollen at the
base, but not forming a [p. 152.

frontal shield 38. AsiAUHOENis,

cP. Toes shorter; inner toe
(without claw) not ex-
ceeding the full length of
the culmen.
d^. Bill long and slender,
nasal gi'oove deep and

Prolonged anteriorly, the
istance between the an-
terior edge of the nasal
aperture and the an-
terior end of the groove
itself as great as the
distance between the

posteriorend of the nasal [p. 162.

aperture and the gape. . 39. RouGEXitrs,
e*. Bill stout and deep, nasal
groove indistinct and

broad 40. Neoceex, p. 163.

d. With frontal shield.

h'. Toes shoi-t, not exceeding the tarsus in
length.
h". Nostrils oval, large and pervious, occu-
pying the fore part of the nasal groove ;
frontal shield not distinctly formed,
but an evident dilatation of the culmen
at the base.
k'". Size large : length 18 inches. Wings
feeble ; primaries and secondaries

equal in length 41. TniBONrx, p.l64.

/'". Size smaller: nut exceeding 12
inches. Primaries exceeding second-
aries by as much as length of inner [p. 165.

toe 42. MiCBOTBIBOXYX,

6 EAXLID^.

i" . Nostrils linear, not pemoua, situated

along the lower edge of tlie nasal [p. 166.

gi'oove ; a large frontal shield 43. Paeeudiastes,

i'. Toes long, the middle toe and claw ex-
ceeding the tarsus in length.
k" . Toes not lobed laterally; secondaries
decidedly shorter than primaries,
m'". Nostrils oval, in a distinct nasal
depression.
h*. Toes with a naiTOw lateral meni-
hrane * ; no lobes.
i^. Frontal shield rounded or trim-
cate posteriorly.
i^. Wings feehly developed, not

three times the length of [p. 166.

tarsus 44. Poephyeiornis,

A;'\ Wings long, nearly four times [p. 167.

the length of tarsus 45. Gallinula,

A°. Frontal shield pointed posteriorly. 46. Poephyriops,
i^. Toes with no lateral membrane. [p. 182.

I'. Sexes different : a large posterior

caruncle on the frontal shield . 47. Galliceex t,
wt'. Sexes similar: blue and green [p. 183.

in the plumage ; no posterior
caruncle on frontal shield .... 49. Poephtbiola,
n" . Nostrils roimded ; no nasal depres- [p. 187.

sion ; blue in plumage.
k^. Wing-coverts ordinary, the second-
aries much shorter than the [p. 192.

primaries 50. Poephyeio,

V. Wing - coverts much elongated,
nearly hiding the quills ; the
secondaries nearly as long as the [p. 207.

primai-ies 51. Notoenis |,

I". Toes lobed laterally; primaries equal

to secondaries . . ." 53. Folic a §, p. 209.

1. RALLUS|[. ^

Type.

Eallus, Linn. Sysf. Nat. i. p. 261 (1760; U. aquaticus.

Biensis, Pucker. JRev. Zool. 1845, p. 278 R. madagascariensis.

Liranopardalis {nee Cab.), Heine 8f Reichen.

Numencl. Mm. Hein. p. 320 (1890) Pt. elegans.

Range. Almost cosmopolitan, but not extending very high north.

* Nearly obsolete in Forphyrioriiis.

t Here must probably be inserted 48. Psammocrex, p. 186.

I Probably here must be placed the extinct genus 52. Aptornis, p. 207.

§ Here must be inserted the extinct genus 54. Leguatia, p. 225.

II Eallus peruviaxcs.
Ballus peruvianus, Tacs. Orn. Perou, ill. p. 313 (1886).
Upper surface rufous-olive, spotted with black ; under surface of body with
the sides of the head and of the neck leaden grey ; the centre of the throat
slightly paler; flauks black, banded with white ; centre of the belly washed
with buff; lateral under tail-coverts entirely wliite, the middle ones black,
banded with wliite ; wings above uniform with the back, the under wing-coverts

1. RALLT7S. 7

Key to the Species.

A. Breast uniform, without any lon<ptudinal

streaks on the fore neck ; sides of breast
not streaked with black.

a. Upper parts brown, streaked with black.
a', liieast with cinnamon or vinous colour,

or sandy bull!

rt". Much larger : wing; 5 inches and more.

a'". Wing-coverts chestnut or fen-u-

ginous.

a^. Lower flanks broadly barred with

black and white, the bars being

about equal in width elegam, p. 8.

b\ Lower flanks with very narrow

bars, the whitish bars much

nan-ower than the brown ones.

a'. Narrow bars on lower flanks

pui-e white heldiugi, p. 10.

A'. Lower flanks pale brown, vdih.

rusty whitish cross bars .... tenuirostris, p. 10.
b'". Wing-coverts brown or olive-
brown, sometimes with a rufes- [pp. 10-16.

cent tinge loyigirostrisanA its aUies,

b". Much smaller : wing less than 4'5 I rin/inicmiis, p. IG.

inches I cequatorialis, p. 18.

v. JJreast uniform grey, with no vinous,
c". Wing-coverts chestnut.

c'". olive-brown above, with black
centres to the feathers ; under
tail-coverts white, with black

spots at the ends semiplumbeits, p. 19.

d'". Upper surface sandy brown, with
black centres to the feathers;
under tail-coverts pure white. . . . antarcticus, p. 19.
d" . Wing-coverts brown.

e'". Lores dusky ; no blackish streak
through the eye ; sides of face

uniform aquations, p. 20.

/'". Lores blackish as well as the
streak through the eye along the
ear-Coverts; sides of neck pro-
fusely streaked with black like
the back iiidictis, p. 24.

b. Upper pai'ts uniform brown ; breast dark

grey caridesceTis, p. 25.

B. Breast dark vinous, with black streaks on

the fore neck, sides of neck, and sides of

breast madagascariensis, p. 2G.

dusky, varied with white; tail-feathers' blackish in the middle, laterally with
broad rufous-olive margins. Bill ToG inches, wing 448, tail 208, tarsus 144,
middle toe 1"6.

The typical specimen was described by the late Prof. Taczanowski from a
single specimen, without indication of sex or locality, from the collection of
Dr. Raiiuondi, of Lima. It is said to be very similar to Rallu^ aijua/iciit of
Europe, and to ditTor from it only in its smaller size, much more rufous colora-
tion, and in the absence of the white mark on the throat.

1. Rallus elegans.

Rallus crepitans [nee Gm.), Wils. Amer. Oni. vii. p. 112, pi. Ixii.
fig. 2* (1814); Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 16, pi. Ixii.
fig. 2 (1832) ; Reichenb. Saiidb., FulicaricB, Taf. cxv. figs. 1150-51

Rallus elegans, Aiidub. B. Amer. pi. cciii. (c. 1826) ; id. Orn. Biogr.
iii. p. 27 (1835) ; Bp. Cotnp. list B. Eur. l^- N. Amer. p. 53 (1838);
Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 160, pi. 309 (1842) ; Giraud, B. Long
Isl. p. 209 (1844) ; Gray, List Grall<e Brit. Mus. p. 116 (1844) ;
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 693 (1846) ; Bj}. C. M. xliii. p. 598 (1856) ;
Gmidl J. f. O. 1856, p. 427 (Cuba : breeding) ; Bnird, B. N.
Amer. p. 746 (1858) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 40 (Texas) ; Later.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 295 (1866) ; Coues, Proc. Essex Inst. v.
p. 296 (1868 : Connecticut) ; id. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xii. p. 124
(1868: S. Carolina); 8cl. i^f Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 444 ; Turnb.
B. E. Pennsylv. p. 33 (1869) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 357
(1871) ; Coues, Key N.Amer. B. p. 273 (1872) ; Snow, B. Karisas,
p. 10 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 535 (1874); Gundl. Orn.
Cuba, p. 298 (1876) ; Mayn. B. E. N. Amer. p. 428 (1879) ;
Bidffiv. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 201 (1880) ; id. Bull. Kutt. Club,
V. p. 139 (1880) ; Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1882) ;
Stearns, N. Engl. B.-Life, ii. p. 282 (1883) ; Baird, Breioer, <§•
Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer.l p. 353 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer.
B. 2nd ed, p. 672 (1884) ; Talbot, Auk, i. p. 97 (1884: Dakota) ;
Agersb. Auk,n. p. 287 (1885 : S.E. Dakota) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. X.
Amer. B. p. 140 (1886) ; Ridgw. Mati. N. Am. B. p. 138 (1887) ;
Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 299 (1887 : W. Texas) ; Richmond, Auk, v.
p. 20 (1888 : Distr. Columbia) ; Cory, t. c. p. 53 ; Butcher, t. c.
p. 176 (Long I>l;ind) ; Chapm. t. c. p. 269 (Florida); Cory, B.
West Ind. p.' 253 (1889: Cuba); Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xiii. p. 494 (1890: Manitoba); Miller, Auk, ix. p. 39 (1892:
Mass.) ; Scott, t. c. p. 212 (Florida).
Aranius elegans, Gi-ay, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 59, no. 10417 (1871).

Adult malt. General colour above olive-brown, with longitudinal
black centres to the feathers ; scapulars like the back ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts rather more unifoiin and less olive-
brown, the black centres to the feathers not being so distinct ; wing-
coverts rufous, inner ones washed with olivaceous ; bastard wing-
feathers sepia-brown, rufescent on the outer web ; primary-coverts
uniform sepia ; quills sepia-brown, edged with lighter brown ; the
innermost secondaries ruddy olive, with black centres like the back;
tail-feathers olive-brown, with longitudinal black centres ; crown of
head and hind neck uniform blackish brown, with very slight
remains of lighter brown edges to the latter; lores dull ashy, as
also the sides of the face ; a supraloral streak of ciunamon-bufF, con-
tinued into an indistinct eyebrow of dusky cinnamon ; a whitish
spot below the eye ; ear-coverts dull ashy, tinged with cinnamon,

* Dr. Coues and other American ornithologists quote the figure, but not the
description of Wilson, as referring to the King Rail. Of the two, the figure is
the least satisfactory ; whereas there can surely be no doubt as to the descrip-
tion— " Wing-coverts are chestnut."

1. K.U,I.U9. 9

more distinct on tlie cheeks ; chin and upper throat white ; lower
throat, foro neck, and breast vinous cinnamon ; sides of the breast
olive, with blackish centres to the feathers ; abdomen whitish ; sides
of body and flanks liffht brown, barred with white, each white bar
bordered with dusky blackish, and very much narrower than tho
brown bars ; this^hs white, barred with brown, uniform brown poste-
riorly : vent-feathers and central under tail-coverts barred with white,
the bars not always traversing both webs in the latter, and reduced
to large subterminal spots of black on the outer under tail-coverts,
which are otherwise pure white ; under wing-coverts dusky blackish,
crossed with narrow lines of white : " lower mandible and edges of
upper one brownish yellow ; ridge of upper one and tips of both
deep brown ; feet yellowish brown, tinged with olive ; iris bright
red" {J. J. Audubon). Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 2-4,
wing 6"5, tail 2-6, tarsus 2-2, middle toe and claw 2-G.

Nestling/. Covered with black down ; the feathers of the under
surface pale sandy buff on their first appearance, including the
throat. The full-grown young birds are like the adults on the upper
surface, but differ entirely in colour on the under surface ; the
throat is white, the lower throat, fore neck, and chest tinged with
cinnamon ; the breast is isabelline white, the sides of the neck and
the sides of the body ashy, and most of the feathers of the breast
and )iock with a blackish or dull ashy tip ; the flanks barred with
dull iishy blackish. In one full-grown young specimen the under
tail-coverts are regularly barred with black and white ; whereas in
tho other, shot live days earlier, the under tail-coverts are white,
witli black subterminal spots.

In adult birds considerable variation is seen in the colour of the
flanks, wherein some examples have these ])arts barred with brown
and white, whereas others have the bars quite black. In every case
the white bars are conspicuously narroMer than the dark ones, and
this is especially the case with young birds after their first moult,
when the white bars are often extremely narrow and in some cases
almost obsolete. The lateral under tail-coverts are occasionally
pure white, l)ut this is not often the case.

J/ah. Confined to Xorth America, from Canada to the Middle and
Eastern United States to Texas and Florida. Cuba.

a, b. Ad. St. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq.

c. (S ad. sk. Kankakee, Illinois, May {R. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Ridgtcay : Ileiis/i. Coll.).
d,e. 2 ad. sk. Chicago, Mar. 27 (C E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aihen: Hcmh. Coll.).
/. Pull. sk. Bone Island, Virginia, July 14 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Ji. liiilywai/).
g. Pull. sk. Cobb's Island, Virginia, .Tuly 4 Salvin-Godman Coll.

( W. Brewster).
h, i, k. c? ad. ; De Soto Co., Florida, June, Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Pull. sk. Nov., Jan. ( JC. R. Dean).

«j, 72. Juv. sk. Tarpon Springs, Florida, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll.

( jr. K D. Scott).

10 EALLIDiE.

0. 2 ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, Mar. 28 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(F. B. Annstronff).
p. Ad. sk. San Cristobal, Cuba (G. F. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gau7}ier).

Subsp. a. Eallus beldingi.

Eallus beldingi, Eidffw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 345 (1882) ;
Belding, t. c. p. 545 ; Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer.
i. p. 35(3 (1884) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 140 (1886) ;
Midffw. Man. p. 138 (1887).

Adult. Flanks hair-brown, distinctly barred with pure white, the
white bars bordered on each side by a blackish bar ; ground-colour
of upper parts olive ; lores dark brown, bordered above by a stripe
of pale cinnamon. Length about 15-16 inches, wing 5-7-6'4
(average 6-03), culmen 2-25-2-50 (2-37), least depth of bill 0-29-
0-35 (0-31), depth at base 0-5, tarsus 1-88-2-1 (1-93), middle toe
1-75-1-90 (1-81). {Cf. Eidgw. Man. p. 138.)

Sab. Eastern coast of Lower California (La Paz, Espiritu Santo
Island, &c.).

Subsp. /3. Eallus tenuirostris.

Eallus longirostris (nee Bodd.), Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 179 (City of

Mexico).
Rallus elegans, var. tenuirostris, Laxvr. MSS. ; Ridgio. Amer. Nat.

viii. p. 14 (1874) ; id. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 139 (1880), note.
Rallus elegans tenuirostris, Ridyw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 139

(1880) ; Baird, Breiver, Sf Ridr/w. Water-B. N. Atner. i. p. 354

(1884); Ferrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.ix. p. 177 (1886:

Tlaxcala).
Eallus tenuirostris, Ridgxo. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 138 (1887).

Adult. Similar to R. elegans, but distinguished by the brown
colour of the lower flanks, which are numerously crossed by narrow
whity-brown bars. Total length 16 inches, ciilmeu 2-2, wing 5-9,
tail 2-35, tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 2'3.

Rah. Valley of Mexico.

a, h. Ad.; c. Imm. sk. Near the City of Mexico. Salvin-Godman Coll.
d. Juv. sk. Mexico. Old Coll.

2. Rallus longirostris.

Eale a long bee de Cayenne. Daubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 849.
Le Rale a long bee. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 163 (1781).
Long-billed Rail, Lath. Gen. Sijn. iii. pt. i. p. 237 (1785).
Rallus longirostris, Bodd. Tahl. PI. F77I. p. 52 (1783) ; Gm. Syst.

Nat. i. p. 718 (1788) ; Rcichenb. Handb., Fulicarice, Taf. cvi.

figs. 1150-1151 (pt., 1851); Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 598 (1856); Schl.

Mus. Bays-Bas, Ralli, p. 11 (1865, pt.) ; Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S.

1868, p. 444 (pt.) ; Maijn. B. East. N. Amer. p. 427 (1879) ; Ridgio.

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 139 (1880) ; Baird, Breicer, Sf Ridgw.

Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 358 (1884) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 176.

1. RALLUS. 11

liullus crepitans (nee (Jm.), Cub. in Schomb. Reis. Ouian. iii. p. 7(50

(1848).
Aramus Ionf:firostris, Grmj, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 59, no. 10418 (1871).
llallus cvpereti, Taez. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 747 ; id. Orn. Ferou, iii.

p. ;51.5"( 188(5).
Liuano])ardalis longirostris, Heine ^- Reichen. Nomencl. Mns. Heiti.

p. 320 (18U0).

Advlt, General colour above ashy olive, the feathers longitu-
dinally centred with blackish brown ; scapulars like the back ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more uniform ashy olive,
the blackish centres to the feathers not so strongly marked; wing-
coverts more olive-brown, uniform, except for blackish shaft-lines ;
the outer median and greater coverts with a ruddy tinge externally ;
bastard-wing externally edged with rufous ; primary-coverts and
quills dark sepia-brown, edged with olive-brown ; the innermost
secondaries broadly edged with ashj' olive like the back ; tail-
feathers ashy brown, broadly centred with blackish ; crown of head
slightly browner than the back, with darker longitudinal centres,
but not so distinctly indicated as on the back ; below the eye a
wliitish spot ; lores and sides of face ashy, with a slight shade of
reddish on the ear-coverts ; above the lores a streak of vinous ;
cheeks isabelline like the lower throat, chest, and upper breast ;
chin and upper throat white ; lower breast and centre of abdomen
white, tinged with isabelline ; sides of body and flanks barred with
ashy brown and white, the brown bars being the widest ; thighs
uniform ashy, isabelline on the inner face ; under tail-coverts white,
the basal ones freckled with spots and bars of dusky ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries dusky brown, barred across with white :
" bill horny brown, the lower mandible reddish brown for nearly
the basal half, as well as the edge of the upper mandible ; tarsus
pale orange-yellow in front, brownish grey behind ; the rest of the
feet brown, the toes clearer brown, inclining to fleshy ; iris sienna-
brown, greyish round the pupil" {J. Stolzmann). Total length
10-5 inches, culmen I'So, wing 5, tail l'7o, tarsus 1-6, middle toe
and claw 2.

Hah. Guiana, probably through the Oronoco region, to Western
Peru,

a. Ad. sk. r.erbico, Guiana. J. J. Quelch, Esq. [R].

6. (S ad. sk. Santa Lucia, Tumboz, W. Peru Salvin-Godmau Coll.
(^Stolzmann).

Subsp. a. Rallus crassirostris.

llallus longirostris (nee Gm.), Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 381 (18o(5:

Bahia) ; Pvlz. Orn. Bras. p. 458 (1871) ; Furbes,Ibt8, 1881, p. '66S

(Pernambuco).
Rallus crassirostris, Lawr. Ann. Luc. N. Y. x. pp. 19, 20 (1869 :

Bahia).
Kallus longirostris, pt., Baird Brewer, ^- Ridyic. Wuter-B. N.

Amer. i. p. 358 (1884).

12 HALLID.^.

Adult. .Similar to li. longirostrix, but with a somewhat stouter
bill, and the legs yellowish (in skin). Total length 12 inches,
culmen 2, wing 5-4, tail 2-1, tarsus 1-55, middle toe and claw 2.

Hah. Brazil.

«, b. Ad. sk. Bahia, Brazil {Dr. Lushnath). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Subsp. /3. Rallus crepitans.

The Clapper Rail, Pinn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 490 (1785) ; Lath. Gen.

Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 229 (1785).
Ealliis crepitans, Chn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 713 (1788) ; Audub. B. Amer.

pi. cciv. (c. 1826) ; Nutt. Man. ii. p. 201 (1834) ; Atidfth. Orn.

Bioqr. iii. p. 33 (1835) ; Bj). Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer.

p. 53 (1838) ; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 1G5, pi. 310 (1842) ;

Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 206 (1844) ; Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus.

p. 116 (1844) ;'zW. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846); Bp. C. R. xliii.

p. 598 (1856) ; Cabot, Proc. Bast. Soc. N. H. iii. p. 326 (1851) ;

Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 747 (1858); Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii.

p. 295 (18c6) ; Coves, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Hist. xii. p. 124 (1868 :

8. Carolina) ; id. Amer. Nat. iii. pp. 600-607 (1870) ; Allen, Bull.

Mtis. C. Z. iii. p. 182 (1872 : Utah) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer.B.

Suppl. ii. in Auk, Vn. p. 64 (1890) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 212 (1892 :

Florida, wintf-r).
Rallua lono-irostris (wee Bodd.), Coves, Key N. Amer. B. p. 273

(1872); id. B. N.-West, p. 536, note (1874); Baird, Bretver, ^

Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 358 (1884).
Rallus longirostiis, var. crepitans, Ridgw. Bull. Nidt. Orn. Club, v.

p. 140 (1880).
Rallus longirostris crepitans, Ridgtr. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 201

(1880) ; Cojies, C/ieck-l. N. Amer. B. p. 108 (1882) ; Stearns, N.

Engl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 279 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B.

2nd edit. p. 672 (1884) ; Butcher, Auk, i. p. 175 (1884 : Long

Island) ; Laicr. Auk, ii. p. 274 (1885 : Long Island) ; A. O. U.

Check-l. N. Attier. B. p. 141 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B.

p. 136 (1887) ; Shick, Auk, vii. p. 327 (1890 : New Jersey).

Adult. Similar to B. longirostris, but ashy grey above, with
brown centres to the feathers; the fore neck and chest ashy brown,
with pale isabelline vinous on the chest and breast ; the white bars
on the lower flanks very narrow ; the under tail-coverts for the
most part pure white, the central ones with broad bands of black
and narrow bands of white. Further distinguished from R. longi-
rostris by its much longer bill and less frequent bars on the under
wing-coverts and axillaries : " lower mandible and edges of upper
mandible yellowish brown ; ridge of upper one and tips of both
deep brown ; feet pale livid grey, tinged with orange about the
tibio-tarsal joint ; claws dusky ; iris pale yellow " (J. J. Audubon).
Total length 14 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 6, tail 2*3, tarsus 2-05,
middle toe and claw 2-3.

Hab. Eastern North America.

a, b. Ad. st. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq.

[P.].
c. Ad. sk. North America. Old Coll.

1. RALLTT3. l',i

d. $ juv. sk. Cobb's Island, Virginia, July 23 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{P. L. Jouy : Hensh. Coll.).
e,f. Pull. sk. Cobb's Island, July (//. W. Hen- Salvin-Godman Coll.

shaw).
(J. Pull.sk. Bone Island, Viri^iiiia, July (/i. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Riihiwaij : Hensh. Coll.).
h. Ad. sk. Georgia (8m. no. 2;371G). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, Dec. 5 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(F. B. Armstrong).

Subsp. y. Eallus caribseus.

Rail us longirostris {iicc Bodd.), D'Orh. in Rnmo7ide In Sagras Hist.

Nat. Cuba, Aves, p. 2()0 (l8;3t)) ; Goxse, B. Jamaica, p. 364 (1847) ;

A. Sf E. Neict. Ibis, l8o9, p. l>UO (S. Croix) ; C'a.s.f. Froc. Phi/ad.

Acad. 1860, p. 378 (S. Thomas) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 491 (18GG) ;

A. ^ E. Neiot. Handb. Jamaica, p. 114 (1884) ; Cory, B. Bahamas,

p. 176 (1890).
Rallus crepitans (nee Gm.), Gundl. J. f. O. 1856, p. 427 (Cuba) ;

Bryant, Proc. Bast. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 122 (1859 : Bahamas) ;

Brewer, t. c. p. 308 (1860 : Cuba) ; Sal. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 81 (Ja-
maica) ; All>recht,J.f. 0. 1862, p. 206; Gundl. Oni. Cuba, p. 298

(1876); Laicr. Proc. U.S. Nut. Mus. i. p. 450 (Guadeloupe;

Martinique), p. 461 (1878 : Guadeloupe) ; id. t. c. p. 487 (Barbuda ;

Antigua).
Rallus elegans (wee Aud.), March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. G9

(Jamaica).
Rallus longirostris, var. caribaeus, Ridgio. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v.

p. 140 (1880); Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridyw. Water-B. N. Amer. i.

p. 359 (1884).
Rallus longirostris caribaeus, Cory, List B. Went Ind. i. p. 29 ( 1885) ;

id. Auk, v. p. 53 (1888) ; Sennett, t. c. p. 19 ; Chapm. t. c. p. 394 ;

Cory, B. W. Ind. p. 254 (1889) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. II (1892 :

Jamaica).
Rallus coryi, Maynard, Amer. Evch. «§• Mart (! !), Boston, Jan. & Feb.

1887 (teste Cory) ; Cory, B. W. Ind. p. 254 (1889) ; Northrop,

Auk, viii. p. 77 (1891 : Andros Island, Bahamas) ; Cory, t. c.

pp. 291, 295 (Nassau Isl. ; Berry Isl. ; New Providence; Caicos

Islands) ; Maynard, Contr. Sci. i. p. 39 (1890).

Adult. Similar to 7^. crepitans, but everywhere much paler, the
centres to the feathers of the upper surface being light brown, the
edges light ashy. Total length 15 inches, culmen 2"05, wing 6,
tail 2'5, tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 2*2.

Hah. West Indies— Baliamas, Jamaica, S. Croix, S. Thomas,
Guadeloupe, Martinique, Barbuda, Antigua.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

J. Gould, Esq.

Philip Gosse, Esq. [0.].

Subsp. I. Rallus saturates. (Plate I.)

Rallus crepitans (nee Gm.), G. C. Tai/lor, Ibi.<, 18t!2, p. 129 (Florida) ;

Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. ii. p. 357 (1871).
Ilallus longirostris, var. saturatus, Henshaiv, MSS. ; Ridgw. Bull. Nutt.

Orn. Club, v. p. 140 (1880).

a.

Ad. sk.

Jamaica.

b.

Ad. St.

Jamaica.

c.

Sternum.

Jamaica.

14 RALLIDj;;.

Rallus longirostris saturatus, Ridqto. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. n. 201

(1880) ; Cones, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1882); id. Key N.

Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 672 (1884) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B.

p. 141 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 137 (1887).
Rallus longirostris, y. saturatus, Baird, Breiver, i§- Ridyw. Water-B.

N.Amer. i. p. 359 (1884).
Rallus longirostris scottii, Sennett, Auk, v. p. 306 (1888) ; Chapm.

t. c. p. 394.
Rallus crepitans satiu-atus, A. O. U. Check-l. 2nd Suppl., Auk, vii.

p. 65 (1890).
Rallus scottii, A. O. U. Check-l. 2nd Suppl, Auh, vii. p. 65 (1890) ;

Breioster ^- Chapm. Auk, viii. pp. 133-135 (1891 : Suwanee River) ;

Scott, Auk, ix. p. 212 (1892 : Florida).

Adult male. Similar to R. crepitans, but everj'wliere much darker.
Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 2-4:5, wing 6, tail 2-45, tarsus 2"1,
middle toe and claw 2-2.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 13'5
inches, culmen 2-3, wing 5-6, tail 2*2, tarsus 1'8, middle toe and
claw 1-95.

Nestling. Covered with black down on the upper surfoce, the
feathers as they appear being black with grej' margins ; a spot
below the ej'e, a broad malar stripe, and the chin pure wliite, as
well as the abdomen ; on the fore neck and chest is a very distinct
tinge of pale vinous ; the thighs isabelline white, with dusky tips to
the feathers ; sides of the body dusky blackish, with a few whitish
bars.

The above description is taken from nestlings procured by Mr.
W. E. D. Scott in May and June.

The characters of the full-grown young birds are not very forcibly
indicated as regards the colour of the upi^er surface. Six specimens
obtained by Mr. Scott in August do not differ from the old bird in
any appreciable way, the head in every case being uniform blackish
brown, while the centres to the feathers of the upper parts var}-
between brown and black, the black-centred feathers being apparently
the new ones donned at the first autumn moult. The under surface
of the bod}' is, for the most part, olive-brown, the flanks showing a
few narrow bars of whitish, these bars having a dusky margin. The
throat is white, shading gradually off into pale vinous buff on the
lower throat and towards the cheeks, the latter being pale vinous,
like the fore neck and chest, the feathers of which are obscured by
dusky-olive tips ; thighs ashy, with dusky cross bars of isabelline ;
under tail-coverts white, none of the feathers pure white, but most
of them showing large twin spots of black ; sides of face and sides
of crown dark grey. Other specimens have the whole of the breast
whitish, like the abdomen, with dusky tips and edges to the feathers.
Some individuals, on the otber hand, have the greater part of the
under surface pale isabelline vinous or light cinnamon ; the tmder
tail-coverts black, barred across with white.

The specimens killed by Mr. Scott after the moult are not
numerous enough for me to determine precisely the exact character
of the young bird in its first full winter plumage. In a large series

1. RALLUS. l.j

obtained by the above-named gentleman between November and
March there is rcall}- very little variation in colour ; but in the
amount of white barring and in the breadth of white bars on the
flanks there is very considerable difference. The broader bars on
the flanks are accompanied by whiter under tail-coverts, and I take
it that these are the older birds. It appears to me to be quite clear
that the i)attern of the under tail-coverts gradually changes, and
that tlie bars break up into streaks and ultimately into suliter-
minid. spots, or they may disappear entirely. It is also apparently
a sign of winter plumage that the under surface should be obscured
by greyish or dusky edges to the feathers. These would seem to
wear off, leaving the cinnamon colour of the throat and breast
apparent. No regular season appears to exist for the full develop-
ment of the cinnamon breast, for both in December and January
bright-breasted specimens occur, while most of the dingily-coloured
birds were procured in ^March.

^fr. Kidgway's characters for the separation of the Clapper Eails
do not satisfy me any more than do those of Mr. Sennett. Neither
of these authors appears to admit that the amount of grey on the
imder surface which conceals the cinnamon colour of the breast is
due to age, nor the breadth of the striping of the upper surface is
in proportion due to the wearing-away of the margins of the feathers,
leaving only the mesial streak or black central part of the feather.

llah. From Louisiana to Florida.

a,b. S 2 ad. sk. Lake Eorgue, Louisiana, Feb., Salvin-Godman Coll.

April (//. W. Hemhaiv). (Tvpes of species.)

c-ff. (S ad. ; h. J Tarpon Springs. Florida, Jan. Salviia-Godmau CoU.

ad.sk. (W. E.B.Scott].

i-r. S ad. ; .«, t, Tarpon Springs, Feb. ( If. K Salvin-Godman Coll.

«. $ ad. sk. n. S.).

V, w. c? ad. sk. Tarjion Springs, March ( Jf. Salvin-Godman Coll.

K D. S.).
.T, y, z. <5 ad. ; a, Tarpon Springs, May ( W. E. Salvin-Godman Coll.
b'. 2 ad. ; c', D. S.).
d'. Pull. sk.
e'. c? pull. sk. Tarpon Springs, June ( W. E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

IJ. S.).
f'-m'. cJ ad. et Tarpon Springs, Aug. ( IT. 1^. Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. ; n', o',p'. I). S.).
5 inim. sk.
q'. d" ad. sk. Tarpon Springs, Oct. ( W. E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

D. S.).
r'. (S ad. sk. Tarpon Springs, Nov. ( W. E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

I). S.).
s '!/'. 6 ad. ; =', Tarpon Springs, Dec. ( W. E. Salvin-Godman Coll.
a". 2 ad. sk. D. S.).

Subsp. e. Ralhis obsoletus.

16 RALLIED.

Rallus obsoletus, Ridgw. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 139 (1880) ; id.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. in. pp. 11, 201 (1880) ; Belding, P)-oc. U.S.

Nat. Mus. V. p. 529 (1883: W. California); Baird, Breivei; ^

Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 3-57 (1884) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N.

Amer. B. p. 140 (1886) ; Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 90 (1887 : Ventura

Co.) ; Ridffw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 137 (1889).
Rallus longirostris obsoletus, Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 109

(1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. p. 072 (1884).

Adult. Similar to R. crepitans, but slightly more ashy olive above
and rather more rufous on the chest. Total length 14-5 inches,
culmen 2*45, wing 6-5, tail 2-9, tarsus 2-1, middle toe and claw 2-5.

Hah. California north to Oregon and Washington Territory,

a. cf ad. sk. California ( W. D. Bryant : Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hensh. Coll.).

b. Ad. sk. San Francisco, California, Salvin-Godman Coll.

March 28 (^. W. Whipple).

c. cf ad. ; d, e. San Francisco, Sept., Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.
2 imm. sk. {H. W. Henshaic).

f. Ad. sk. San Francisco Bay, Dec. {E. Sahnn-Godman Coll.

W. Nelson : Hensh. Coll.).

g. c? ad. sk. Redwood, California, April Salvin-Godman Coll.

16 {K. W. Henshaw).

3. Rallus virginianus.

? The Soree, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. pi. 70 (1731, fig. pess.).

The American Water-Rail, Edwards, Gleanings, ii. p. 144, pi. 279
(1760).

Le Rasle de Virginie, Briss. Orn. v. p. 175 (1760).

Le Rasle de Pennsylvanie, Briss. Orn. vi. Suppl. p. 138 (1760).

Rallus virginianus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 263 (1766) ; Om. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 716 (1788) ; Wils. Amer. Orn. vii. pi. Ixii. fig. 1 (1824) ; And.
B. Amer. pi. ccv. (c. 1826) ; Jard. ed. Wils. Amer. Orn. iii. p. 12,
pi. Ixii. fig. 1 (1832) ; And. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 31 (1835), v. p. 573
(1839) ; 2>>. Cump. List B. Eur. ^ N. Ami-r. p. 53 (1838) ; Aud.
B. N. Amer. v. p. 174, pi. 311 (1842) ; Giraud, B. Longlsl. p. 208
(1844); Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 116 (1844) ; id. Gen. B.
iii. p. 593 (1846) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 748 (1858) ; Scl. Sf Salv.
Ibis, 1860, p. 277 (Guatemala) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralh, p. 10
(18U5) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 40 (Texas) ; Coues, t. c. p. 265
(Arizona) ; id. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 98 ; Scl. ^ Salv, P. Z. S.
1868, p. 445 ; Coues, Proc. Essex Inst. v. p. 297 (1868) ; Allen,
Mem. Post. Soc. N. H. i. p. 501 (1868 : Iowa) ; id. Bull. Mus. C.
Z. ii. p. 307 (1871 : Florida), iii. p. 172 (1872: Kansas); Aiken,
Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xv. p. 210 (1872 : Colorado) ; Coues, Key
N. Amer. B. p. 273 (1872) ; Scl. Sj' Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.
p. 1.39 (1873) ; Snow, B. Kansas, p. 11 (1873) ; Coues, B. N- West,
p 536 (1874) ; Laiur. Mem. Bost. Soc. N H. ii. p. 311 (1874 ;
Siazatlan) ; Hemh. Rep. Zool. IQOth Merid. p. 468 (1876 : Utah :
Colorado) ; Gtmdl. Orn. Cuba, p. 298 (1876) ; Belding, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. i. p. 443 (1878 : California) ; Mayyiard, B. East. N.
Amer. p. 428 (1879) ; Ridgiv. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 201
(1880) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1882) ; Stearns, New
Engl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 283 (1883) ; Baird, Brewer, ^' Ridgw. Water-
B. N. Amer.'i. p. 363 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

1. RAI.LUS. 17

p._67.3 (1884); Butcher, Auk, i. p. 178 (18^4: Lonjr Island);
1 ountf, t. c. p. P,m (oOO miles from Ireland) ; Ijre7v, Auk, ii. p. 18
(18So: Colorado); Beckh. t. c. p. 114 (Colorado); Loomis, t. c.
\>.m-2 (8. Carolina) ; Ai/ersh. t. c. p. 287 (Dakota) ; Tnnicr, Proc.
U.S. A<,1. Mus. vni. j). 248 (188.5: Labrador) ; A. O. U. C/teckJ.
A. Amcr. R p. 141 (I,-<8(;) ; G(m, Auk, iii. p. l].j (]88(J : Kansas) ;
Anthomj, t. c. p. 164 (Oregon) ; Scott, t. c. p. 385 (Arizona) ; Geipct,
J'.S^- S. XXIV. p. 105 (1886) ; Beck/,. Auk, iv. p. 124 (1887 : Colo-
ur c-* ;/''"^'^"'- '^^"'^- -'^— -'""''•■ /^'- p. 138 (1887); Tojcns. Proc.
U.S.Aat. Mus. X. pp. 197, 2:i4 (1887: N. California); Beck/i.t.c.
J), b^/ (Bexar CIo., Texas) ; Scoff, Auk, vi. p, 155 (18S9: Florida);
ton/, B. W. Ind. p. 254 (188'.); Cuba); Thomps. Proc. U.S. Xat.
3/«,s. xni. p. 404 (1890: Manitoba); Brewster, Auk, viii. p. 137
{Ib'.n : 8iuvauee River) ; F. If. Allot, t. c. p. 1(54 (Xova Scotia) :
Scott Auk IX p. 212 (1802 : Florida) ; B. II. Lawrence, t. c. p. 300
(1892: AVasbinjrton Terr.).
^'ii-Lnnian Kail, Penn. Arct. ZooL ii. p. 400 (1785); Lath. Gen. Sun.

111. pt. 1, p. 228(1785). ^ ^

Rallus aquatieus, var. /3, Lrdh. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 755 (1790)
Rallus liniicola, Vmll. X. Diet. d'HUt. Nat. xxviii. p. 558 (1810)
Aramus virf,nniauus, Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 50, no. 10410 (1871).

Adult male in hreedincj-phimar/e. General colour above brown, all
the foathcrs broadly centred with black, producin- a strongly streaked
appearance ; lower back, rumj), and upper tail-coverts somewhat
more uniform brown ; scapulars like the back, but of a more reddish
tinge ; wing-covcrts uniform dull brick-red ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills uniform dusky brown ; the inner secondaries
exactly like the scapulars : tail-feathers brown, witli lighter brown
edges : crown of head uniform blackish brown, with slight remains
of lighter brown margins to the feathers ; eyebrow, sides of face
and ear-coverts ashy grey, a little more blackish on the lores, which
arc surmounted by a streak of pale vinous ; eyelid and chin wliite •
throat and under surface of body pale vinous,' becoming lighter and
niore i,sal)e]Iine on the abdomen and thighs, deepenin-^on the sides
ot the body : the sides of the neck and sides of the^ breast brown
streaked with black like the back ; the Hanks and sides of vent
black, barred with white : the sides of the lower back uniform
brown ; under tail-coverts black, l)arred with white and tipped with
sandy margins like some of the lower flank-feathers ; lateral under
tail-coverts white, with longitudinal black centres; under win-
coverts and axillaries dusky brown, the former tipi)ed and the
atter barred as well as tipped with white: " bill dark brown, the
lower mandible and edges of upper one yellowisli brown ; feet
yellowish brown tinged witli olive, claws more dusky : iris bri-bt
red (J J. Audubon). Total length 8-3 inches, culmen 1-.5, win-
4-Io, tail 1-0, tarsus 1-35, middle toe and claw l-(5. "^

Adult femah in breedin;f-plumur,e. Similar to che male in colour
lotal length S inches, culmen 1-5, wing 3-0, tail 1-35, tarsus 1-1>.5,
middle toe and claw l*o5.

Adult imvinter p7uma;/e. Similar to tlio summer plumasc: but
the brown colour of the upper surface is rather iishter, by reason of
the broader brown edges to the feathers.
VOL. xxiir.

18

Yonnf/ in first plumage. For the most part black interspersed
■with the feathers of the adult pliiraage, but with a great deal of
white on the throat and breast, and generally distinguishable by the
shorter bill.

JSestling. Entirely black all over.

Hah. North America generally, wintering in Central America, as
far as Guatemala.

(I, b. Ad. St.

c\ (I. (S ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

g. 5 ad. sk.

h. Pull. sk.

i. 5 ad. sk.

A-, I. (S 2 ad. sk.

7/1. (S ad. sk.

«, 0, J)- S ad. ;
q. 2 ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.

t, u. Ad. et iuv.

sk. ^

V. 2 ad. sk.

North America.

Waldron Island, British Co-
lumbia, June 2o.

Waukegan, Illinois ( W. M.
Reid : Sm. no. 18814).

Rockford, Illinois (Black-
man : Sm. no. 259S0).

Cambridge, Mass., May 19
{H. W. Henshaw).

Concord, Mass. ( W. Brew-
ster: Hensh. Coll.).

New Haven, Connecticut,
June 7 (A. J, Dayun:
Hensh. Coll.).

Lake Borgue,Louisiania, Mar.,
April iH. W. Henshaw).

Brownsville, Texas, April 4
{F. B. Armstrnn(j\.

San Luis Obispo, California,
Oct. {H. W. Henshaw).

Near the City of Mexico.

Tizimin, Northern Yucatan,
June 2o (G. F. Gaumer).

Duenas, Guatemala, Sept.,
Oct. (O. Sail-in).

Ciudad Vieja, Guatemala,
Sept. (O. Salrin).

J. J. Audubon, Esq.

[P.-J.
Dr. Lyall [P.].

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-

Salvin-

Salvin-

Salvin-
Salvm-

Salvin-

Salviu-

■Godman Coll.

-Godman CoU.

•Godman Coll.

•Godman Coll.
Godman Coll.

Godman Coll.

■Godman Coll.

4. Rallus aequatorialis. (Plate II. fig. 1.)

Eallus virginianus (nee L.), Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 52.3, note (Lima) ;
Berl. ^- Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 313 (W. Ecuador), 1885, p. 112
(Riobamba) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 314 (1886).

Adult. Similar to B. virginianvs, but having the lateral under
tail-coverts pure white, without black centres or black on the inner
web. General colour also paler and the thighs externally paler
grey : " upper mandiVjle brown ; lower one reddish brown ; feet
dirty flesh-colour ; iris reddish brown " (J. Stolzmawi). Total
length 7"5 inches, culmen 1-55, wing 4, tail 1*65, tarsus \-'2b,
middle toe and claw 1"5.

Hah. Colombia to Peru.

a. Juv. sk.

b, c. Ad. et juv. sk.

Bogota.
Ecuador.

Dr. J. E. Gray.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

1. RALLUS. 19

(L Ail.sk. Snn Lucas, Ecuador (f. /iZ/c/./^y). Rah in-rioflman Coll.

f. .\d. sk. Intaj, J'^ciirtdor (C. lluihlctj). Sidviii-'iiKliiiaii L'cdl.

/. .\d. sk. Lima, Peru ( W. Xcttion). yalvin-Uodtiiau Coll.

5. Eallus semiplumbeus. (Plate IIL)

Ralla8 spniiplumbcus, Scl. P. Z. .S'. IS-'jO, p. .'31 ; ^chl. Mm. Pays-
lias, Kalli, p. 1 1 (18fir)) : Scl. ^- Salt: P. Z. .V. 180'^, p. 44.5 ; iid.
Nuinencl. A v. Neutr. p. loi) (1873) ; Pelz. Il,i.^, 187^j, p._ 332 (be-
tween Kio Xegro and Orinoco) ; Taczan. Orn. Peron, iii. p. 314
(1884).

A ramus semiplumbeus, Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 59, no. 10421
(ISC,!)).

Limnopardalis semiplumbeus, Heine S,- Peiclieti. Xoincncl. Mus. Hem.
p. 321 (1890).

Adult. Similar to 7^. viiyinian us on the upper surface, and having
the same chestnut Avings, but differing in the colour of the under
surface, which is slaty grey like the sides of the face ; lower flanks
and feathers of the vent black, with sandy tips ; the long under
tail-coverts white, with subterminal spots of black, some of the
feathers black along the inner web; sides of the upper breast uni-
form olive-brown. Total length 0-5 inches, culmeu l-o5, wing 4-;},
tail 1-75, tarsus 1-5, middle toe and claw 1'8.

I/ab. Colombia.

a, I), c. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Bogota. P. L. Sclater, Lsq. [P.].

(Type of species.)

C. Eallus antarcticus.

IJnlliis antarcticus, Kim/, Zuol. Journ. iv. p. 95 (1828) ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1867, p. 333 (Chili) ; id. 6,- Sale. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 44.5 ; iid. Nomencl.

Av. Xeotr. p. 139 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 437 (t^andy Point) ;

iid. Hep. Voy. ' Challcnyer,' ii. JJirds, p. 108 (1880) ; Barroivs,

Auk,\. p. 27U (1884); Withinytvu, litis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de

Zamora); Scl. i^- Huds. Aiyent. Orn. ii. p. 148 (1889); Oust.

Miss. Sci. Cuj) Horn, Ois. p. 13-3 (1891 : Punta Arenas) .
Uallus rufopeunis. Gray, Lint GralloB in Brit. il/M«. p. IIG (1844 :

descr. nullil).
Ortygonietra antarctica, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846).
Uallus uliginosus, lulippi, Arch. Xaf. 1858, p. 83 (Santiago).
.\ramus antarcticus. Gray, Haiid-l. B. iii. p. 59, no. 10420 (1871).

Adult. Similar to Ii. vinjinianus on the upper surface, but much
paler, especially on the scai)uhu-s and inner secondaries, which have
broad sandy-brown margins; the sides of the face and under sur-
face of body grey; the flanks blackish barred with white; the
feathers of the vent black with sandy margins ; the long under
tail-coverts entirely white ; under wing-coverts white with dusky
bases ; axillaries blackish, distinctly barred with white ; sides of
breast brown, streaked with black like the sides of the neck : "upper

c2

20 EALLID^.

mandible dark red, lower one bright red; feet and toes dark purple ;
iris reddish brown " (F. Wit7iiv<jto7i). Total length 7"5 inches,
culmen 1-2, wing 3-6, tail 1-7, tarsus 1-1, middle toe and claw 1-35.
Ihd). Argentina to Central Chili and Patagonia.

a. 2 ad. sk. Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Sclater Coll.

Aires, June 19 {F. With-
ington).

b. Ad. sk. Chili. C. Bridges [C.].

(Type of a. rufopennis.)

c. Ad. sk. ChiW (Dr. Leybold). 'Salvin-Godman Coll.
rf, e, /. Ad. et Central Chili. Berkeley James Coll.

imm. sk.

f/. Ad.sk. Prov. of Santiago (P/^i7i};i7M')- Salvin-Godraan Coll.

h. 5 imm. sk. Sandy Point, Straits of Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-

Mao-ellan. lenger.'

7. Eallus aquaticus.

The Water Rail, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 73, pi. 77 (1738) : Lath.
Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 1, p. 227 (1785) ; Yarrell, Brit. B. iii. p. 24
(1813).

Le Rasle d'eau, Bris^. Orn. v. p. 151, pi. 12. fig. 2 (1760) : Daubeiit.
PL Fill. ix. pi. 749.

Eallus aquaticus, Linn. Si/st. Kat. i. p. 262 (1766) ; Gm. Si/st. Nat.
i. p. 712 (1788); PaU. Zoogr. Rosso- Asiut. ii. p. 153 (1811);
Vieill. N. Did. id'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 552 (1819) ; Temm. Man.
d'Orn. ii. p. 683 (1820) ; Bonx, Orn. Proy.pl. 329 (1825) ; Werner,
Atlas, Gralles, pi. 33 (1827); Brehm, VUg. Devtsnhl. p. 691
(1831) ; Menetr. Cat. raiss. C'aiic. p. 52 (1832) ; Gould, B. Fur.
iv. pi. 339 (1837) ; Naum. Vac/. Deut.schl. ix. Taf. 235 (1838) ;
Crespon, Orn. Gnrd, p. 445 (1840) ; Kegs. u. Bias. Wirb. Fur.
p. Ixviii (1840) : Nordm. in D6mid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 274
(1840); Sehjs-Longch. Fuune Beige, p. 118 (1842): ScH. liec.
Crit. p. civ (1844) ; Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mtis. p. 115 (1844) :
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 693 (1846) ; Heivits. Fggs Brit. B. ii. p. 322,
pl. xc. fig. 2 (1846) ; Thomps. B. Lei. ii. p. 322 (1850) ; Beichcnb.
Handh., Fulicarice, Taf. cxv. figs. 1143-1145 (1851): Macgill.
Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 521 (1852) ; Kjarb. Orn. Dan. pl. xxxviii.
fig. 2, Suppl. pl. xviii. fig. 2 (1852); Schl. Voq. Nederl. pl. 257
(1854); He>n/l. Si/st. Uehers. p. 64 (1856); Jauh. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 486 (1859) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 60
(E. Atlas) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 129 (1860) ; Tristr. Ibis,
1860, p. 80 (Laghouat) : Potci/s, t. c. p. 349 (Epirus) ; Schl Dier.
Nederl. Vog. pl. 26. fig. 9 (1861) : Sunder. Sv. Fogl. pl. 45. ficr. 1
(1863) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pl. 86 (1863) ; B^right, Ibis, 1864,
p. 149 (iWta) ; Sperling, t. c. p. 288 (Mediterranean) ; Newton in
Barin(/-Gould's Iceland, p. 410 (1863) ; Grai/, List Brit. B. p. 177
(1863) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 62 (1863) ; 3fore, t. c. p. 440 ; Schl.
Mns. Pavs-Bas, Ealli, p. 10 (1865) : Deql. et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii.
p. 251 (l"867) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 282 (Iceland) ; Loche, F.rpl.
Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 336 (1867) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 327 (Pales-
tine) ; Bort/gr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 106 (1869) : Doderl. Avif.
Sicii. p. 198(1869); Fritsch, Viig. Fur. tab. 35. fig. S (1870):
Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 229* (1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871,

1. ral:,cs. 21

p. l'l'o (S. Spain); Fritseh, J. f. O. 1871, p. 380 ('B..hf'n]ia) ;
It. dray, B. W. Scotl. p. :'>:M (1871); Ilartim/, Ilundh. Brit. B.
p. ru ("187l') ; tSltelleij, U. Eji/pt:, p. -ll-', (1872); Heiu/lin, Orn.
X.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 124(j (187;5: Xile Delta; Adowa) ; ISvoertz.
Tiirkest. Jevotn. p. 6'J (1873); Brooke, lOis, 1873, p. 336 (Sardinia);
fSaxhi/, B. !Shetl. p. 222 (1874); Irhj, B. Gibr. p. 144 (1^75);
Cordeutu; If/is, 1875, p. 18()(llelif,'i)land) ; Danf. ^- Ilarvie-Brovni
t. c. p. 418 (Transylvania); Fallon, Ois. Belij. p. 181 (187o);
T)rem-r, Ilm, 1870, p. 412; Blanf. Eaxt. I'ermi, ii. p. 288 (1876) ;
Jl'/iartun, I/tia, 18/0, p. 27 (Corsica); Scul/i/, fifr. F. iv. p. 1!)3(1876:
Yarkand) ; I'dcz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. iCO (1877 : I'oland) ;
Dresser, B. Eur. \ii. p. 2.57, pi. 4'J-'3 (1878) ; Bogd. B. Cauc. p. 145
(1879); Iluvie ^- Mar.ih. Game B. Ind. ii. p. 2(!1 (1879); Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 113(1879); Collin, Skand. Fuqie, Taf. xxxviii.
fig. 2, Suppl. pi. xviii. fig. 2 (1879); Bidd. Ibi^, 1881, p. 98
(Gilgit) ; iScully, t. c. p. .591 ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 226 (Astrachan) ;
Marsc/i. .S- Felz. Orn. Findob. p. 117 (1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit.
B. p. 146 (1883) ; ISeeb. Ilm, 1883, p. 27 (Caiicasii.«) ; Irby, t. c.
p. 185 (Santander) ; Booth, liouyh Notes, vol. ii. (1883) ; Saunders,
ed. Tarrell, Br. B. iii. p. 1-59 (1883) ; Seeb. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 5.52,
pi. 23 (lb84); Tristr. Faun. ^- Ftor. Palest, p. 125 (1884); Chapw.
Ibis, 1^!84, p. 92 (Andalucia) ; Eayle Clark, t. c. p. 147 (Sdavonia);
Saunders, t.c. p. 388 (Pyrenees); Bor^d. Consp. A v. Imp. Boss.
p. 49 (1884) ; Badde, Ort'i. Cauc. p. 384 (1884); Whitehead, Ibis,
188.5, p. 44 (Coraca) ; Biichner, J.f. O. 188-5, p. 207 (St. Peters-
burg); Zarudn. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1885, p. 66; Gi(/l. Icon. Ai-if.
Itat. pi. cccix. (188'-;); id. Arif. Ital. p. 348 (1886); Olphe-Gall.
Coiitr. Faun. Orn. Eur. occid. fasc. .xvi. p. 6 (1887); Salvad.
Blench. Ucc. Ital. p. 233 (1887); Backh. Ibis, 1887, p. 7.{
(11 Pyrenees); Tait, t. c. p. 381 (Portugal); Ilartert, J.f. O.
1887, p. 26.5 (Niederrliein) ; Scully, J. A. S. Beny. hi. p. 87 (1887) ;
Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. pt. 3, p. 89 (1889) ; Giyl.
Avif. It'i!- l«t liesoc. p. 538 (1889); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 336
(Cyprus) ; Beichen. Syst. Verz. Joy. iJeu/schl. p. 44 (1880) ;
.Madurdsz, Atist. Umjar. r'^Y/p//". p. 112 ( l<";91); Beifer, Vii</. Mtis.
Sarajevo, p. 116 (1891) ; Bird, Zool. 1890, pp. 458-460 (Norfolk) ;
Frivaldsky, Av. Iluny. p. 151 (1891); Sharpe, Bep. -Ind Yark.
Miss. Aves, p. 146 (1891); Giitke, For/elw. Ilelyoland, p. 529
(1891) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. part x'k. (1891) ; Ilartert, Ibis,
1892, p. 513 (E. Prussia).

Le Kale d'eau, Buff. Hist. Xat. Ois. viii. p. 154, pi. 13 (1781).

Scolopax obscura, S. G. Gniel. Meise Bu^sl. iii. p. 90, pi. 17 (1784).

llallus sericeus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mas. p. 3;^
(1816).

Rallus germauicus, Brehm, Voy. Deutschl. p. 690 (1831).

Pallus minor, Brehm, J'oyelf. p. 328 (1855).

Kallus fuscilateralis, Brehm, Voyelf. p. 328 (1855).

Ilallus indicus, pt., Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 726 ( 1864).

-Vranius aquaticus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 59, no. 10408 (1871).

Adult male in summer plumarje. General colour above olive-brown,
broadly streaked with black, the feathers being all longitudinally
centred with black, tlie rumj) more uniform olive-brown ; the upper
tail-coverts centred with black like the back ; wing-coverts and
inner secondaries like the back ; the outer coverts, bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and wings bb-ckisb brown, quite uniform, or slightly

22 EALLID^J.

M'asbed with olive cxlernall}' ; the first primarj- pale brown along
the outer Aveb ; tail-feathers blackish, externally olive-brown ;
crown of head and hind neck like the back, more minutely streaked
Avith black ; a broad eyebrow, sides of face, and under surface of
bodj' dark slaty grey, with a slight dusky shade on the lores and
region of the eye ; throat and fore neck rather lighter grey than
the breast ; sides of upper breast olive-brown centred with black like
the back ; flanks and sides of vent black, transverselj' barred with
white; lower abdomen and vent isabelline bufii' ; under tail-coverts
black, barred with white and tipped with isabelline buff, the lateral
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black,
barred and edged with white ; quills ashy blackish below. Total
length 11 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 4 9, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-5.

Adult female. Similar to the male but rather smaller : " bill
above nostril very dark brown, below nostril and lower mandible
orange-red ; feet light fleshy brown ; iris orange-red " ( W. li.
Ogilvie Grant, MSS.) Total length 9'5 inches, culmen 1*5, wing 4'2,
tail 1-9, tarsus 1'4.

Adult in winter 2ihnnar/e. Similar to the summer plumage, but
decidedly browner ; the underparts freckled with light brown
edges to the feathers, each margin preceded by a dusky subter-
miual line ; the lower flanks and thighs strongly washed witli
fulvous brown ; the outer upper wing-coverts with zigzag white
bars ; throat whitish.

Young similar to the winter plumage of the adults, but with a
whiter throat, and the whole of the centre of the breast and abdomen
whitish, slightly washed with brown and with obscure dusky bars ;
outer wing-coverts with narrow white bars.

Nestling black.

Hub. Europe generally, except the extreme northern parts, east-
wards to Central Asia, wintering in N.W. India and Northern
Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Taken at Sea, Lat. 4G° 48' N., Salvin-Godman Cull.

Long. IPSO' W., Oct. 24

( W. Osburn).

h, e. c? 2 ad. sk. Great Britain. Hume Coll.

d. Inim. ; e, f. Great Britain. Gould Coll.

Pull. sk.

(/, h. Ad. sk. Castle Caulfield, Co. Tyrone, J. Y. W. Burges,

Ireland, Jan., Oct. Esq. [P.].

?', k, I. Pull. St. Orkney Islands. Mr. J. Baker.

VI. S ad. ; n. Imm. Island of Tiree, Dec. 14. Col. Irby [P.].

sk.

0, Ad. sk. St. Andrews, Nov. {R. G. Tweeddale Coll.

W. R.).

p. Ad.sk. Whiteliill, Midlothian, August Tweeddale Coll.

(R. G. W. R.).

q. Ad. sk. Spurn Head, Lincolnshire, Theodore Fislier,

August. Esq. [P.].

;•, s. Ad. St. Cambridgeshire. Mr. J. Baker [C.].

f,u,i\ Ad.sk. Wicken Een, Cambridgeshire. Salvin-Godman CoU.

w. (S ad. sk. Didlington, Norfolk, Jan. Gould Coll.

1. U.VI.IXS.

•2'.i

.V. All. ,sk.

»/. 2 nci. sk.
2. cj ad. sk.
o'. Ad. St.
b', c'. cJ ad. sk.

<?'. Ad.sk.
e'. 2 ad. sk.
/'. Ad. St.
ff'. (S "■d. sk.

A'. Ad. St.
«'. 2 ad. .sk.
k'. Ad. St.

I', »t'. d" 2 ^fi- sk-

w'. Ad. St.

o', p. cf 2 fi'^- s^^-

g'. c? ad. sk.
/•'. (5 ad. sk.

s'. Ad. sk.
t'. d ad sk.
u'. Juv. sk.

t)'. Ad. sk.
to'. (S ad. sk.

.r'. (S ad. sk.

y'. 2 ^^- sk.

s'. cJ ad. sk.

a", h", c". Ad. sk.

d". iS ad. sk.

e'\ Ad. sk.
y". Imni. sk.

g". 2 'I'i- sk.

/(", j". cT 2 ^^- sk.

A-", /". Ad. sk.
»n". cf iium. sk.

«". cf ad. sk.
o". Ad. sk.
/)". Ad.sk.
</". Ad. sk.
r". S a I. sk.

»". Ad. sk.
^". Skeleton.
m''. Skeleton.

Wangford, RiifToIk, Dec. 28

{F. Mai/heic).
Northamptonsliire, Dec. 29.
Oxford, Doc. 17.
Cookhani, lierk-^.
Cookhani, March, Dec. ( JJ'.

lirif/f/s).
Fariiliam, Surrey, Xov. 0.
Diiiiireni\*s, Kent, Nov. 14.
NearShoreliam,Sussex(P/-af<).
Ilarting, Sussex, Nov. 23.

Avington, Hants.
])evonshire.
Torquay, Devonshire.

Monmouthshire, Dec. 4.
Monmouthshire, Dec. 4.
St. Bride's, South Wales,

April, Nov.
Ileligolimd, Nov. (Z. Gdtke).
Coria, Spain.

Morocco.

Florence, Daly.

Fogaras, Ilungarv, O^t. 20

(E. Czi/nk).
Albania (//. Barclay).
Buvukdere, Turkev, Jan. 21

■( r. liohsoti).
Guiksu, Turkev, Nov. 17 (7".

Phandos, llliodes. Dec. 20
(C. G. Danford).

Fayoom, Ftrypt (G. E. S.).

Daniietta ( Filip/>oni).

Foot of Mount Carmel, Pales-
tine.

Midian.

Marshes of Babylonia (Com-
mander Jones).

Shiraz (Sir O. St. John).

Yarkand, July 18, 20 (J.
Scul/i/).

Yarkand, March(.7: Biddulpk).

Lundi, Northern Afghanistan,
Oct. 2.

BiUa xMuru'hab, .Tan. 10.

Siii.lh {Dr. II. Gould).

Kuhi (Major Hay).

Dhoon.

Delua Dhooa, Jan. 20 (G.
Kiny).

Nepal."

iMigland.

Fuirland.

Seebohm Coll.

Colonel Irby [P.].
Sharpe Coll.
Mr. W. Briggs [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Mr. A. Copper ''P.]. ,^

Colonel Irbv [PV. r #
Ilarting Coll. ' /

Rev. Prebendary fttf'

Gordon rp.]. " '^
Sharpe Coll.
xMonlagu Coll.'" 0
C. Couinghanlj'*Eiq.

Rev. A. ISf^lt^P. \.
Rev. A. Morgan ; p. j.
Hon. W, Edwardes

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Howard Saunders,

Esq. [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hungarian Nat.

Museum [P. .
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Shellev Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Canon Tristram ""C.].

Sir R. Burton [P.].
India Museum.

India Museum.
Ilume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Dr. Aitchison [C.].

Dr. Aitchison [C.].
India Museum.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
Zoological Society.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.

/

24 EALLID^

v". Skeleton. England. Pureha-^efl.

w". Skull. England. - Yarrell Coll.

.1-". Skull. England.

y", z", a\ Skulls. S. Germany. Dr. GUnther [P.].

'h^. Sternum. England. T. Ingall, Esq. [P.].

8. Rallus indicus.

Rallus indicus, BIyth, J. A. S. Beng. xviii. p. 820 (1849) ; id. Cat.
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 286 (1849: Calcutta) ; id. J. A. S. Benif.
xxviii. p. 218(1850) ; Jerd. B Ind. iii. p. 726 (1864, pt.) ; Blyih,
Ibis, 1867, p. 172, 1870, p. 176, 1873, p. 80 ; Tacz. J. f. O. 1873,
p. 106 (Dauuria) ; Leyge, Ibis, 1874, p. 31 (Colombo) ; Swinh. t. c.
p. 163 (Hakodadi) ; Hmne, Str. F. iii. p. 416 (1875) ; Bhjth, B.
Burm. p. 162 (1875) ; Tacz. Bull. Son. Zool. France, i. p. 259
(1876) ; Prjev. in Roivlei/s Orn. Misc. iii. p. 93 (1878: Tsaidam,
Lake Hanlva, Hoangho Valley) ; David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 489 (1877) ; Blakist. Sj- Pn/f.r, Ibis, 1878, p. 225 ; Hume ^•
Marsh. Game B. Ind. iii. p. 257, pi. 44 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. vii.
p. 489 (1878: Calcutta), 1879, p. 113; Le(j(je, B. Cci/lon, p. 778
(1879); ScHlly,Ihis,lQd,\, p. 591 ; Blukist. Chnjs. 1882, p. 523,
1883, p. 28 ; id. Amended List B. Japan, p. 13 (1884) ; Joiiy,
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 317 (1883); Oates, B. Brit. Burin.
ii. p. 342 (1883 : Arakan) ; Swinh. if Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 135
(Mhow district); Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 402
(1886) ; Olphf'-GcdUard, Contr. Fami. Orn. Fur. occid. fasc. xvi.
p. 6, note (1887) ; Beid, Str. F. x. p. 453 (1887: Lucknow) ; id.
Cat. B. Lucknow Mus. p. 256 (1890 : Calcutta) ; Seeb. B. Japan.
Fmp. p. 359 (1890) ; Sti/a^i, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 500 (Yangtze) ;
W. L. Sclater, Ibis, 1892, p. 87 (type).

Rallus aquaticus [nee L.), Temm. i^ Schl. Favn. Japan., Aves, p. 122
(1850); Swi7ih. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 322 (Tientsin); Badde, Beis.
Sibir., Voff. p. 311 (1863: Ussuri) ; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 20B
(Hakodadi); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii. p. 267 (1872:
Yokohama) ; Martens, Preuss. Fxjyed. Ost-Asien, Zool. Th. i.
p. 371 (1876 : Yokoliania).

Rallus aquaticus, /3. japonicus, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 598 (1856).

Rallus aquaticus, c. indicus, Bp. t. c. p. 598 (1856).

Rallus aquaticus, pt., Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 10 (1865).

Rallus aquaticus, var., i)yb. Sr Parr'. J.f. O. 1868, p. 338 (Dauria).

Rallus japonicus, Jerd. B. Ind. ii. p. 727, note (1863) ; Dresser, B.
^z«r.Vii. p. 261 (1878).

Rallus aquaticus indicus, Seeb. B. Japan. Emp>. p. 359 (1890).

Adult male. Similar to B. aquaticus but darker nnd more ochreous
brown, and distinguished by its wbitish eyelid and a distinct streak
of ochreous brown spotted with blackish running through the eye
and extending along the ear-coverts. Total length 9'8 inches,
culmen 1"G, wing 5, tail 2-1, tarsus 1*45.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller, and having white
bands on the outer wing-coverts. Total length 9 inches, culmen
1'45, wing 4-8, tail 1-85, tarsus 1-25.

Mr. Hume gives the following notes, made by himself, on the
colouring of the soft parts in a series : — " The irides of the adult
are red, in younger birds they are pale yellowish brown, brownish

]. RALLCS.

orange, brownish red ; the legs and feet dull dingy pink (cold
weather), sometimes only pinkish dusky, or brownish fleshy, and
generally duskier and purjjlor on joints and at back ot" legs;
sometimes they are only pale dove-brown, and sometimes yellowish
fleshy with a brownish tinge. In the bill the basal two-tbirds of
the lower mandible, a corresponding stripe on the upper mandible
along the commissure and t'lie gape, are vermilion in adults, reddish
yellow or orange-red in younger birds ; the rest of the lower
mandible brownish : the rest of the upper mandiljle deep brown,
at times paling to the tip."

llith. Eastern Siberia and Japan to China, wintering in Southern
China, probalily the Burmese countries, and certainly in Oudh and
the Calcutta district, south to Ceylon.

a. Ad. sk. .Japan.

I). 2ad. ;c. Juv. Ilakodadi, Mav, Sept. (//.

sk. M'hitehj).

d, e,/. Ad. sk. Nagasaki.

(/-p. Ad. et juv. Yokohama (II. Pri/er).

sk.

(J. J ad. sk. Xinp-po, China, Nov. 20 ( IV.

It. DavUhon).

r. Ad.sk. V-Auion [Copt. Tuckett).

.s'. Ad. sk. Tipperah.

t-ij. Ad. et juv. Calcutta, Nov. to .Jan.

sk.

z-d'.S ad. ; e'-i'. Calcutta, Dec., Jan.

$ ad. sk.

k'. Ad. sk. Calcutta {E. Bhjth).

(Jld Collectiou.
Tweeddale Coll.

F. Einger, Esq. [P.].
Ssebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.

0. Rallus caerulescens.

lilue-neckod IJail, Lath. Gin. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 234 (178o).

liallus caerulescens, Gin. i>i/st. Xaf. i. p. 716 (17iSx) : Lath. Iiid.
Ont. ii. p. 758 (1790) ; Vieill. ^\ Diet. d'Hkt. Xat. xxviii. p. o-U
(181U) ; Grmj, Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (184(i) ; liiiclwnh. Handd., Fuli-
carier, Kovit. Taf. xliii. ligs. 2473-74 (1851) : Bj). C. Ii. xliii. p. 598
(185(J); Grii/, Zool. A)ihrk/i. lyp. 11, .')4 {ISod: Knvsna; Karroo);
A';V/,-, I/ji.s, 1S(;4, p. ;i;!5 (Upper Shire); Scfd. lUtts. Pai/s-Bas,
lialli, p. 9 (I8(ir)); L(ii/<ird, B. S. .-!/)•. p. 337 (18U7) : Gunmj,
Ilm, 18G8, p. 471; Firntch S; Haiti, 'j'o;/. Ostafi: p. 777 (1870):
(htrney in Aiidcrss. B. Dam. Id. p. 316 (1872); At/res, Ibis, 1873,
p. 283, 1874, p. 107 (I'ransvaal) ; Buckley, Uis. 1876, p. 133
(Piftermaritzburg) ; Ayrcs, Idis, 1877, p. 351; Reiclun. Mitth.
Afrik.GcsilUch. i. p. i. (l6f<0: Malange) ; Bocaye, Ont. Aiiyola,
p. 478 (18sl : Duquc de Braganza : Cacouda) ; Ilolub ^V ' ]'on
I'elz. Bi-itr. Oni. Hiklafi: p. 295 (1882: I'autaniati nka Kiver) ;
Biihrn, J.f. O. 1882, p. 186 (Kakoma) ; Hharpe, ed. Layaid, B. IS.
Afr. p. 610 (1884) ; Biihin, J.f. O. 1885, p. 52 (Gonda).

Rallus caffer, Forst. Icon. iiud. tig. 129; 'id. Bescr. Anim. p. 50
(K^4).

Kallus aquaticus [nee L.), Gumey, Ibis, l&jO, p. 249 (Natal), 1868,
p. 261.

26 RALlJDiE.

Aramus cserulescens, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. .59, no. 10409 (1871).
Rallus cferuleus {lapsu), Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 213 (Mooi River;
Lydenbiu'g).

Adult. General colour above dark chocolate-brown ; wing-coverts
like the back ; the bastard-wing, primarj^-coverts, and quills
blackish ; secondaries externally chocolate-brown ; tail-feathers
black ; crown of head blackish, darker than the back ; eyebrows,
lores, sides of face, and under surface of body dark slaty grey ; the
throat hoary white in the centre ; the sides of the breast, flanks,
and sides of rump black barred with white ; central under tail-
coverts also black, barred with white, the lateral ones pure white ;
axillaries and under wing-coverts black, barred with white like the
sides of the body : " bill blood-red, dusky on culmen ; tarsi and feet
dull brownish red, tinged with dusky ; iris blood-red " (T. ^(/jys).
Total length 9"o inches, culmen 1"S, wing 4'35, tail 1"6, tarsus 1"G.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour: "bill scarlet, dusky
on the culmen : tarsi dull brick-red tinged with dusky ; iris reddish
hazel" {T. Ai/res).

Young. Differs from the adult by being everyw here browner : the
throat and centre of breast and abdomen white ; fore neck and chest
uniform brown with an ashy shade ; Hanks and sides of body brown
barred with fulvous brown : " bill dusky, nearly black, the com-
missure, tip, and nostrils dull red ; tarsi and feet dull red-brown,
dusky on the heel ; iris dusky tawny " {T. Ayres).

Hah. South Africa, northward to Angola on the west and the
Zambesi on the east, extending as high as Lake Tanganyika.

a.

Ad. St.

Cape.

Purchased.

h.

S ad. sk.

Natal [T. Ayres).

Tweeddale Coll.

c.

Ad. sk.

Natal.

J. H. Gurnev, Esq.
[P.].

d,

e. Ad. sk.

Durban (Gordye).

Shelley Coll.

/•

S ad. sk.

Transvaal (T. Ayres).

Sharpe Coll.

ff-

6 juv. ; /(, i.

Potchefstroom, Sept., Nov. ( T. Gurney Coll.

2 ad. sk.

Ayres).

k.

Ad. sk.

Potchefstroom, Nov.

F. A. Barratt, Esq.

[C.].
I. Ad. sk. "X aal River, Nov. F. A. Barratt, Esq.

[C.].

10. Rallus madagascariensis.

? Rallus madagascariensis, Desj. P. Z. S. 18.31, p. 4.5 (descr. nulla).

Rallus madagascariensis [certe), T'err. S. Afr. Q. Journ. ii. p. 80
(1833) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. .593 (1846) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,
Ralli, p. 10 (1865); Grandld. Bev. et May. de Zool. 1868, p. 4;
Mihw-Edivards iif Grandid. Hist. Kat. Madag., Ois. p. .568,
pi. 2.30 B. fig. 1, pi. 231 (1879-82) ; Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 114.

Rallus poliocephalus, Gray, List Grallee Brit. Mus. p. 116 (1844).

Biensis tvpus, Pucher. Bev. Zool. 1845, p. 278 ; Hes 3Iurs, Iconogr.
Orn. pi. 24 (1846).

Biensis madasascariensis, Beichenh. Handb., FulicariT, Taf. ccevi.
fig. 2476 (1851) ; Bp. C. R. xUii. p. 599 (1856) ; Hartl. Faun.

2. LIJIXOrAKDALUS. 27

Mada>/. p. 79 (1861); lioch S,- E. Nnct. Hm, 1863, p. 173: A.

Keict.'P. Z. S. 186;",, p. 837 ; Sharps, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 400 ; Haiti.

Viiff. Maday. p. 340 (1877) : E. Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 772
Eulabearuis mad igii5cariensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 57, no. 10374

(1871).
Eulabeornis bernieri, Gray, t. c. p. oG, no. 10373 (1871).

Adult. General colour above olive-brovrn, the feathers hroarlly
centred with blaik ; scapulars like the back ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts rather more dusky olive than the back, and
streaked with black like the latter : winqr-coverts olive like the
back, with dusky blackish centres to the feathers ; greater coverts,
bastard-wing, primarv-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally
olive, the inner secondaries centred with black like the scapulars ;
tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive; crown of head and hind
neck like the back, but slightly washed with vinaceous, the forehead
and sides of face, as well as the eyebrow, dark slaty grey : ear-coverts,
sides of neck, and under surface of body dull vinaceous, more or less
distinctly streaked with black centres to the feathers, becoming
larger and more pronounced on the sides of the breast : the throat
a little more ashy grey ; abdomen, vent, and lower flanks dusky olive-
brown, narrowly barred with white ; thighs dusky olive-brown ;
later il under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillaries
olive-brown, with slight indications of white fringes ; quills below
bronzy brown, lighter along the inner edge : " bill rosy, the upper
mandible black along the ridge ; feet greyish brown : iris bright
scarlet" {A. Gram/idler). Total length 12 inches, culmen 2-5,
wing 4*4, tail 1-9, tarsus lo.

Hah. Madagascar.

a. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Shelley CoU.

b. Ad. bk. Madagascar. Sharpe Cell.

c. rf. Ad. ; e. Juv. sk. Madagascar. Seebohni Cdl.
/. Ad. sk. East of Antananarivo, >rad- Tweeddale Coll.

agascar, July ( If. Dea>is
Voiran).
g. Ad.; h, i. Ankafana ( If '. D^'aws Ct>frrt?i). Tweeddale Coll.

Pull. sk.
A:,/. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Old Coll.

(Ti-pes of i2. poliocephalus. Gray.)

2. LIMNOPARDALUS.

lype.

Lininopardalus, Cah. J.f. O. 18.56, p. 4:?8 L. ruaL-ulatus.

Purdirallus, Bp. C. R. .\liii. p. 599 (1856) L. maculatus.

Ortygooax, Heine in Heine tSj- Reichen. Nomencl.

Mas. Hein. p. 321 (1890) L. rytirhynchus.

Range. Confined to South America : Cuba.

Key to the Species.

a. Breast spotted and flanks barred with white;
back and wings streaked with white ; a
bright red spot at bas.' of lower mandible . tnaculatus, p. 28.

28 RALLID^.

b. No white spots or bars on the under surface

and no white streaks on the upper surface.

a'. With a brijjht red spot at the base of the

lower mandible (sometimes obsolete in

young birds).

a' . Scapulars and lower back mottled with

blackish bases to the feathers rytirhynchus, p. 29.

b". Upper surface uniform olive-brown . . sati(/umolentus, p. 30.
b'. Red spot at base of lower mandible in-
conspicuous or absent altogether.
c". Larger : deep chocolate-brown above ;
throat grey like the rest of the under
surface ; tail blackish, washed with

bi-own ; vif/ilantis, p. 31.

d" . iSuialler : throat white ; tail black. . . . nir/ricans, p. 31.

1. Limnopardalus maciilatus.

Le Rale tachete de Cayenne, Dauhent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 775 ; Buff.

Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 164 (1781).
Kallus maculatus, Bodd. Tabl. PL EnL p. 48 (1783) ; SchUff. Mus.

Puys-Bas, Italh, p. 13 (1865; ; ScL ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 18tj8, p. 444 :

Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 315, note (1871 : Cayenne) & p. 458; Sd. <^

Salv. NomencL Av. Keofrop. p. 1.39 (1873) ; Pelz. Ibis, 1873,

p. 122 ; Dzinif. Ibis, 1878, p. 65 (Buenos Avres) ; Barroics, Auk,

i. p. 276 (1884 : Uruguay) ; Bed. J. f. O. 1887, p. 1.33 (Paraguay) ;

Withinffto7t, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de Zamora) : Cory, B. W.

hid. p. 253 (1889) ; 8cL S^- Hudson, Argent. Or». ii. p. 148, pi. xix.

(1889) ; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 209 (Argentina).
Variegated Rail, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 1, p. 327 (1785).
Railus variegatus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 718 (^1788) ; D^ Orb. in Rccmon

de la Sagra, Hist. Not. Cuba, Ois. p. 180 ^1838) ; Bunn. Th. Bras.

iii. p. 382 (1856) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308

(1861: Cuba).
Ypacaha jaspeado todo, Azara, Apimf. iii. p. 217 (1806).
Railus nivosus, Sivaiiis. An. in Menay. p. 361 (1837).
Aramides maculatus. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 694 (1846) ; Hartl. Ind.

Azara, p. 23 (1847).
Porzana vaiiegata, Reichenb. Hu7idb., Fidicarice, Taf. cxviii. iig. 1175

(1851).
Limnopardalus variegatus. Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 428; Giindl. Orn.

Cuba, p. 361 (1866) ; id. J. f. O. 1875, p. 357 ; id. Orn. Cuba,

p. 299 (1876).
Pardirallus variegatus, Bj}. C. H. xHii. p. 599 (1856).
Aramus maculatus, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 59, no. 10416 (1871).

Adult. General colour above brown, mottled with black centres
and white edges to the feathers ; scapulars like the back ; lower back
and rump more uniform brown, mottled with blackish centres to the
feathers, -^ hich have only a few white spots ; upper tail-coverts and
tail-feathers blackish, edged with brown, with a few white spots on
the former ; wing-coverts more uniform brown, with a few broken
spots of white on the edge, these spots with subtermiual bars of
black ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown ; inner

2. i.mxorARDAi.is. 29

secondaries mottled with black centres and wliitc edges like the
back ; crown of head nearly uniform blackish brown, with only a
few white spots : hind neck and mantle black, with lonj^itudinal
twin spots of white on the margins, producing a streaked appear-
ance ; lores dusky blackish ; sides of face and ear-coverts black,
Avith tiny white spots; cheeks and throat white, the former streaked
with black ; lower throat, fore neck, and chest black, with longi-
tudinal white spots on the margins of the feathers ; sides of body
and Hanks barred with black and white, more broadly on the latter ;
thighs white externally, black behind ; abdomen and under tail-
coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, spotted
and barred with white : quills uniform dusky brown : " feet red ;
iris red" (F. Within(jton). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-8,
wing 5-2, tail 1-9, tarsus 1"5, middle toe and claw 2-15.

Hah. South America, from Paraguay northwards to Guiana,
Colombia, Trinidad, Tobago, and Cuba.

Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Sclater Coll.

Aires, Nov. 27 (F. Jf't't/i-

1)1 ff ton).

Brazil. Salvin-Gndman Coll.

Pernambuco ( Jl'. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godmau Coll.

It. Amazon. Purchased.

Surinam ( Wedderhurn). Salvin-Godman Coll

Tobago (Kirk). . Jardine Coll.

Trinidad. Old Coll.

Bogota. Old CoU;

2, Limnopardalus rytirhynchus.

Ypacahii pardo, Azara, Apimt. iii. p. 220 (1806).

liallus rvtirhvnchus, I'lcill. N. l)ict. d'Hist. Xat. .\xviii. p. 540

(1819)"; ILirtl. Itid. Azara, p. 23 (1847) ; Svl. 4- Salv. P. Z. .S".

1868, p. 14o (Conchitas), p. 446 ; iirl. Somencl. Ar. Xeotr. p. 139

(1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. oo9 (.Junin) ; Hudson, P. Z. S.

1876, p. 104 (Buenos Avres) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1S78, p. 60 (B. Ayre.*) ;

White, P. Z. .S. 1883, p" 42 (CordoVa) ; Barrows, Auk, i. p. 276

(1884: Uruguay): \Vithin;/ton, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de

Zamora); Scl. \ Hudson, Anjent. Orn. ii. p. 149 (188->).
Ivallus setosus, Kinr/, Zool. Joiirn. iv. p. 94 (1828).
Kallus sauguinolentus, pt., Gray, List Grall<e Brit. Mus. p. 11")

(1844). _
liallus cfesius (nee Spi.i), Tschudi, Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 52, 301

( 1845-46) ; Sehl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 8 (1865) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1880, p. 213 (Cutervo).
Rallina cicsia, Iteichrnb. Ilandb., Fulic. Taf. exxii. tig. 1201 (1851).
Aramides rhytirbynchus, Burm. Meis. La-Plata St. ii. p. 504 (1861 :

I'aranii).
Aramides zelebori, Pelz. lieis. Xovara, Viiy, p. 1.33 (ISe.^).
liallus zelebori, Pelz. Oni. Bras. pp. 315, 458 (1871 : Bio de

Janeiro).
Aramus rythirhynchus. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 59, no 10422 (1871).
liallus nigricans {jivc J'.), Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 193.

a.

S ad. .sk.

b.

Ad.

sk.

c,

d. Ad. sk.

e.

Ad.

St.

f.

Ad.

sk.

V-

Ad.

sk.

h.

Ad.

sk.

i.

Ad.

St.

30

Adult. General colour above olive-browu, mottled with black
bases to the scapulars and the feathers of the lower back and rump,
the inner secondaries also black, broadly margined with olive-
brown ; head more ashy brown than the back ; sides of face and
under surface of body slaty g'rey, more dusky on the lower flanks ;
under tail-coverts blackish, with sandy -brown margins : " bill dark
green — bright blue and scarlet at the base ; legs vermilion ; iris
bright red" (W. H. Hudson). Total length lO-o inches, culmen 2,
wing 4-95, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-15, middle toe and claw 1"9.

Huh. From Southern Brazil and Argentina to Mendoza and
Central Peru.

«, h. Ad. et juv. Brazil.
sk.

c. Ad. sk. Montevideo.

d. cJ ad. sk. Eelgrano, Buenos Ayres, Oct.

e. Ad. ik. Alvear, Buenos Ayres.

/'. 5 ^tl. sk. Conchitas, Buenos Ayres,

Oct. ( W. H. Hudson).

(J. (S ad. sk. Lomas de Zamora, Xov. 8

(F. Withington).

h. (S ad. sk. Cosquin, Cordova, Aug. 2

{E. W. White).

i. 2 ad. sk. Pampas Argentinas (Lcyhohl).

k. Juv. sk. Mendoza {LeyLohl).

I. 2 ad. &k. Junin, Peru (Jelski).

M. Claussen [P.].

Sir W. Burnett and

Adm. Fitzroy [P.].

II. Durriford, Etq.

[C.].
11. Durnford, Esq.

[C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sclater CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Warsaw Museum

[P.].

Subsp. a. Limnopardalus sanguinolentus.

Eallus sanguinolentus, Sicahis. An. in Menag. p. 3.35 (1837) ;

Daricin, Voy. '■Beagle^ Birds, p. 133 (1841: Valyaraiso) ;

Bridqes, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 108 ; Grmj, List Grallce Bnt. Mm.

p. 115 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846) ; I'arrell, P. Z. S.

1847, p. 54 (egg) ; Pp. C. P. -xliii. p. 598 (1856).
Eallus ca;sius (nee iSpi.i), Tsclmdi, Faun. Peruan. p. 300 (1844-46) ;

Cass. U.S. F.apl. E.vped. Gi/liss, p. 195 (1865 : Chili) ; Sc/d. Miis.

Pays-Bas, Ealli, p. 8 (1865) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 316 (1886 :

Lima).
Eallus bicolor, Gay, Faun. Chilen. i. p. 434, pi. 10 (1847).
Eallus ricordi. Pp. C. P. xliii. p. 598 (1856).
Eallus rythirhyr.chus (wfc V.), Scl. S^- Salv. P. Z. S. ]8()7, p. Q£0

(Arequipa) ; Ouit. Miss. &'ci. Cap Horn, Zool. vi. Ois p. 13i,pl. ii.

(1891).

Adult maJe. General colour- above uniform olive-brown, rather
darker and more chocolate on the ower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills chocolate-brown ; inner secondaries more olive
like the back; tail-leathers dark chocolate-biown, with lighter

2. LIMXOI'ARDALUS.

31

brown margins ; head dark slaty grey, becoming browner on the
nape and hind neck, the forehead with blackish shaft-lines to the
feathers ; sides of face and sides of neck, and entire under surface
of body clear slaty grey ; lores somewhat dusky ; thighs and lower
abdomen ashy grey, the flanks browner ; the imdcr tail-coverts
blackish, with brown tips to the shorter ones ; under wing-coverts
dusky brown, like the quill-lining. Total length 12'5 inches,
culmen 1"4, wing 5-35, tail 2-7, tarsus 1"8, middle toe and claw 2"2.
Huh. Prom Central Chili to I'eru.

a-f. Ad. sk. Central Chili.

y. (S ad. sk. Santiago, Chili {Leybold).

h. Ad. sk. Valparaiso.

i-n. cJ 2 ad. et Tarapaca, Jan. to Aug. {A.

imm. sk. Laiw).

o. 2 ad. sk. Arequipa, Peru, June (//.

ir/iite/i/).
p. <S iuim. sk. Arerpiipa, March 18 (II.

mite'!/).

Berkeley James Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
kSir W. Burnett and
Adm. Fitzroy [P.].
Berkeley Jiimes Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Subsp. jj. Limnopardalus vigilantis. (Plate TV.)

Ilallus rytirhvnchus (nee T'.), aiict. recent. ^pt.

Rallus antarcticus (lapsull nee King), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 18S1, p. 14
(Tom Bay).

Adult male. Similar to L. rj/iirhijnc7nis, but much larger and
distinguished by its larger bill and the want of the red spot at the
base of the lower mandible : " bill dark green ; legs and feet red ;
iris red" (Dr. Coppimjer). Total length \'yo inches, culmen 2*5o,
wing 5-3, tail 3, tarsus 1-85, middle toe and claw 2*2.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour ; under tail-coverts
blackish : " bill with greenish lustre ; legs red ; iris dark red "
(Dr. Coppiiv/er). Total length 15-5 inches, culmen 2-5o, wing 5-i),
tail 3"2, tarsus 1'9, middle toe and claw 2-'2o,

Hah. Straits of Magellan.

S ad. sk. Hermit Island.

cj' ad. sk. Port llfinv, Straits of

-Miigellan, " Jan. 29 (Dr.

C'oppi)i(/cr).
cJ ad. sk. Mayno Harbour, March (I)r.

Cojtpiiujer).
2 ad. sk. Tom Bay, April (Dr. Coppin-

(jer). '

Antarctic Exped.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Voy.H.M.S.' Alert.'
Voy. n.M.S. '.Uert.'

3. Limnopardalus nigricans.

Ypacahii obscuro, Azara. Apimt. iii. p. iM'.i (1806).

Kalhis nigricans, Vicill. X.Dict. d'llist. Xat. xxviii. p. oGO (1S19) ;

Neiiwied, L'eitr. Xatur;/. IJras. iii. p. 782 (18.'';3 : Kio de Janeiro) ;

Grni/, Gen. B. iii. p."o93 {Is4(;); Scld. Mus. I\v,f-lias, Kalli,

p. 8 (18(1.3); Set. V.V Halo. P. Z. S. 18ti8, p. 44t; : P'elz. Ont. liras.

p. 315 (1871); Sd. iy Halv. Nomend. Av. Xeotr. p. 139 (1873);

32 RALLIDJ!.

Tacz. p. Z. S. 1879, p. 244 (Pascomayo) ; Sd. Sf SaJv. t. c. p. 54-5
(Autioquia); W. A. Furbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 358 (Pernambuco) ;
Tacz. P. Z.S. 1882, p. 42 (Huambo) ; id. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 317
(1886) ; Scl. •$• Hudson, Arffcnt. Orn. ii. p. 150 (1889).

Rallus immaculatus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 79 (1823).

Gallinula caesia, Spi.v, Av. Bras. ii. p. 73, Taf. xcv. (1824).

Rallus c;iesius. Swains. An. in Meiiar/. p. 335 (1837); Gray, Lid
Grallm Brit. Mus. p. 115 (1844).

Aramides Cfesius, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846).

Aramides immaculatus, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846).

Aramides ni<^ncaiis, Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 23 (1847j; Burm. Pfis.
La-Plata St. ii. p. 504 (1861).

Aramus nigricans, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 60, no. 10423 (1871).

Adult male. Similar to L. rytirhynchns, but wanting the bright
red spot at the base of the lower mandible, and further distinguished
by its white throat and perfectly black under tail-coverts and tail :
" bill bright green, yellowish or greenish yellow at the base ; feet
bright coral-red ; iris brilliant carmine " {Neuwied). Total length
12 inches, culmen 2-2-5, wing 5'3, tail 1-75, ruiddle toe aud
claw 2*45.

Hah. South America, from Brazil to Peru and U.S. Colombia.

a, b. Ad. sk. South America. Gould Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Clausseu [P.j.

d. Ad. sk. Pirazil. Salviu-Godman Coll.

e. (S ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Graude do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Joyner).

f. Ad.sk. Santa Fe, Minas Geraes, Brazil Salvin-Godman Coll.

{H. Payers),

y, h. Ad. sk. Bahia (Z);-. Wucherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. Ad. sk. Brazil. Lieut. Maw [P.].

Ii. Juv. sk. Paca^mayo, 'R. Peru (Jehhi). Salvin-Godman Coll.

I, m. (S ad. sk. Medellin, U.S. Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll.

{T.K. Salmon).

3. HYPOT^NIDIA. ^^ ^^

Ilypotfenidia, Reiclienh. Syst. Av. p. xxiii (1852). . II. pliilippiuensis.

Lewinia, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 599 (1856) II. brachypus.

Uonacias, Heine in Heine <$• Reichen, Nomencl.

Mus. Hein. p. 321 (1890) II. brachypus.

Hanye. From Southeru China to the Burmese countries, Eastern
yiortion of the Indian Peninsula aud Ceylon, the whole of the
Indo-Malayan region, and the Moluccas to Australia, N"ew Zealand,
and the islands of the Pacific Ocean.

a. Throat white.

a'. Breast uniform ; no white eyebrow.

a". Mantle and upper back spotted with
white and mottlwl with black.
a'". Lores ashy ; under tail-coverts barred

with black striata, p. 33.

h'". Lores blackish : under tail-coverts

black with narrow white bars .... obsciirior, p. 37.

3. nvroTJiXiDiA. 33

h" . Mantle bro\\Ti, broadly streaked with

black, but not bavin<r white spots . . hiachypus, p. •!".
b'. IJreast barred witli white and more

narrowly with black : a while eyebrow; ,,.,.. . .,,,
quills externally eliequeri-d with riitous . ■•' ■" ■ • "^ ,.,
o. 1 hroat black, or black narrowly barred with " ■■ ' *

white.
c . A ferruginous band across the chest .... torquafa, p. 43.
d'. Xo chestnut band across the chest, which
is barred acro.ss with black and white.
c". A broad band of white along the sides
of the face.
c". Throat black, barred with white . . celehensis, p. 4;").
• d"'. Throat black.

c'. Only ti)e throat black : larger. . . . satitrafa. p. 4-'5.
<?'. Thro-it and fore neck black :

smaller sulciroftris, p. 40.

d". No white band on the sides nf the face,
the ciieeks being rufous brown like
the sides of the iiead : thighs and
under tail-coyerts uniform black .... i/isii/ni.s, p. 40.

1. Hypotsenidia striata.

Le Tia-le raye des Philippines, Briss. Oru. \. p. 107, pi. .\iy. fig. 2

(17G0).
liallus striatus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 262 (1766): Gm. S. N. i. p. 714
(17.>!'d) ; Sirickl. P. Z. S. 1846, p. 105; Bli/f/i, Cat. B. \fm. A-^.
Soc. p. 285 (1849); Adams, P. Z. S. J858, p. 50S (Punjab):
Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 427 (Formosa) ; Jcrd. B. Jnd. iii. p. 726
(1804); ISivmh. ll,i.<<. 18(55. p. 355, 1866, p. 294; Blyth, Ibis,
18(57, p. 172 ; Ifddm: P. Z. S. 1872, p. 476: Godw.-Aust. J. A.S.
lU'iu]. xliii. p. 175 (1874: Shillonir).
Le Tikliu rave, Buff. Hid. Xaf. yiii^p. 101 (1781).
I'hilippine liail, yar. r, Lath. Gen. Sijn. iii. pt. 1, p. 232 (1785).
liallus gularis, Ilorxf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 196 (1821); Raffle.^,
t. c. p. 328 (l,s22) ; Eifton,P. Z. S. 1.-39. p. 107 (Malacca) : Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 150 (Tayoy) ;
Bernst. J. f. O. 1861, p. 190 (Jaya) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 223
(]i<injarmas.~ing).
Rallus albiyenter, Swains. An. in Menay. p. 337 (1837).
Ilypotnenidia striata, Si hi. Mas. Pays-Ba.% Ilalli, p. 24 (1805 : China ;
Cochin China ; Luzon ; Jaya) : Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 415 ; Wa/d.
Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 95 (1872: Celebes); id. Ihi.^, 1872, p. 3S3
(Marup); Ilnme, Xe.<fs S,- E<^</s Lid. B. p.(j05 (1873) ; Salvad. Ucc.
Born. p. 336 (1874): Bl,/fk ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 161 (1875);
Wald. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 232 (1875: Luzon); Hume, Sir. F. ii.
p. 483 (1874: Tenasserim), iii. p. 185 (1875: Pegu); Armstr.
Str. F. iy. p. 349 (1876 : Syriam) : Dates, Str. F. y. p. 165 (1877) :
Wardlau- lianisai/, liis, 1877, p. 471 (Tonghoo) ; Tireedd. P. Z. S
1877, p. 768 (Cebu), p. 834 (liutuan); iJarid ^- Oiis>t. Ois. Chine,
p. 488 (1877) ; Ticecdd. P. Z. S. 187s, p. 345 (S. Leyte); Hume S,-
Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 4(38 (1878: Tenasserim); Hume, Str. F.
vii. p. 489 (1878: Calcutta); Anderson. Zonl. Yun-nan E.rped.,
Birds, p. 692 (1878 : Momien) ; Leyye, B. CVylon, p. 775 (1879) ;
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 352 (Labuan) ; firaut. Bull. Comnt.
Agriv. Cochin Chine, (Z) i. p. 160 (.1879) : Hume, Str. F. \\\i.

TOL. XXIII. D

34 KALLID^.

p. 70 (1879: Malav reiiinsula), p. 113; id. ^- Marsh. Game B.

Ind. ii. p. 245, pi. '4:3. iig. U (1879j ; Vidal,Str. F. ix. p. 87

(1880: S. Konkau) ; Biiif/htm, t. c. p. 187 (Kaukaryit) ; Hume,

t. c. p. 259 (Cachar) ; Bui/er, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Fres. p. 80 (1880) ;

Wardlaw Eamsay, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 15 (Suuiatraj ; Xelham, Ibis,

1882, p. 189 (Siiifrapore) ; Nichols. Ibis, 1883, ^. 257 (Sumatra);

Gates, Handh. B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 339 (1883) ; Davison, Str. F. x.

p. 415 (1883 : Wviiaad) ; Terri/, t. c. p. 480 (1887 : Palaui Hills) ;

Guillem. P. Z. S'. 1885, p. 273 (Sulu Isl.) ; Hume, Str. F. xi.

p. 329 (1888 : Manipur ; Sylhet ; N.E. Cachar) ; Sharpe, Ibis,

1890, pp. 145, 285 (Labuan) ; Oates, ed. Hume^s Nests ^" F'/ffS

Ind. B. iii. p. 399 (1890) ; Barnes, J. Boinb. 8oc. vi. pi. to p. 129,

fig. 913 (1890).
Kallus iadicus, Reichenb. [nee B/i/tii) Handb., Fulic. Novit. lix. tigs.

2575-76 (1851, e.v. Verr. MH-S.).
Lewinia albiventer, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856).
Eulabeornis celebensis {nee Q. 4" Cf.), Pelz. Bets. ' Novara,^ Vmj.

p. 134 (1805; av. juv.).
Eulabeornis striatus. Gray, Hund-l. B. iii. p. 57, no. 10378 (1871);

id. Fasc. B. China, p. 6 (1871).
Eulabeornis albiventer, Grai/, t. c. p. 67, no. 10389 (1871).
Gallinula gularis, Gray, Fasc. B. China, pi. ix. (1871).
Hvpotffiuidia jnuyi, Stej?i. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 362 (1886) ;

'Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 500 (Shanghai ; breeds).

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, the feathers
centred -with black and barred with wavy, non-continuous bars of
black ; wiug-coverts like the back and similarly barred, as also the
inner secondaries; bastard-wing and primary-coverts and quills
blackish, with pure white spots and bars ; tail-feathers blackish,
washed with olive-brown and narrowly barred with white ; crown
of head, hind neck, and sides of neck chestnut, becoming brighter
on the latter, the centre of the crown somewhat blackish ; lores,
sides of face and ear-coverts, lower throat, fore neck, and breast
slaty grey ; chin and upper throat white ; sides of body and flanks,
abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts, as well as the under wing-
coverts and axillaries, black, barred with white, the bands much
broader on the sides of the body : " basal half of bill rose-pink, the
anterior half horn-colour ; legs and toes deep olive-brown : claws
pale brown; iris red" {E. W. Oates). Total length 9-7 inches,
culmen 1-5, wing 4-75, tail l-So, tarsus 1-45.

Adult fcmcde. Similar to the male, but paler in colour and
decidedly more olive, the head not so bright chestnut ; the white
bars on the lower parts much tinged with fulvous. Total length
9-4 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 4-35, tail 1-6, tarsus 1'4.

In winter the plumage is entirely overshaded with olive-brown,
and there is a distinct fulvescent tinge on the abdomen and under
tail-coverts, almost hiding the black bars on the latter.

Younq. Differs from the adults in having the bill black, and
the upper surface much darker and without any white spots and
bars ou the back ; the head blackish, and the back darker olive-
brown, with broad black centres to the feathers ; no rufous on the
head or sides of crown and sides of neck.

3. HtPOT.EXIDIA. 35

Iliave carefully examiiicd our series of this species to sec if there
was any things to confirm Dr. Stejneger's description of Jiallxs joui/i,
and with that view I selected three specimens which illustrated the
characters given by him for //. striata, Jl. fjularis, a.u(\ H. Jou;/i.
A specimen from Cebu answers to his //. striata, another from
Malacca to his //. gularis, and another from Formosa to his
//. joiii/i. I then selected a large series with the lower breast not
barred, all of which ought to be, according to Dr. Stejneger, either
Jf. striata or Jf. rjularis ; but when I came to examine the
secondary character of the white spots on the primary-coverts, I
was at ouce met with an amount of variation which shows that no
reliance can be placed on this character.

I a])pcnd a list of the localities of tlie specimens examined : —

a. With white bars and white spots on the primary-coverts well
developed. — Pegu {Gates), Fenang (Cantor), Malacca (Davi-
son), Singapore (Davison).

h. Specimens with few spots. — Pegu (Oaies), Penang (Cantor),
Klaug (Dafison), Malacca (Mainrjaij), Xealys (Davison),
Johore (Davison).

c. Specimens with no spots. — Klang (Davison), Malacca
(Maingay), Johore (Davison), Singapore (Davison).

There is equal variation in the amount of barring on the breast,
even in specimens from the same locality, and I confess that I
cannot separate If. jouyi, or //. gnlaris, on this account. The
Malaccan birds are certainly whiter on the 5,bdomcu and lower
breast than birds from many other localities, but it is equally
certain that there are many specimens from Malacca which are
inseparable from //. gularis. Of course it is possible that these
may be migratory specimens, which winter in Malacca ; but there
seems to be every gradation between these and the white-breast( d
form, so that at present I am una1)le to find a constant character
to separate the three races as Dr. Stejneger proposes ; and I think
that the differences in plumage can be accounted for on the score of
age alone.

JIab. Ceylon and Southern India to Eastern Bengal, thence
through the Burmese countries to China and down the Malayan
Peninsula to the Indo-ilalayan Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Cevlon. T. Thwaites, Esq.

[C.].

b. Ad. sk. Cevlon. Hume Coll.

c. S iul. sk. Ceylon, Marcli 12 (Xevill). Tweeddale Coll.
il. (5 ad. sk. Cotta, Western Province, Ilume Coll.

Ceylon (Hart),
e. Ad. sk. Madras. Sir Walter Elliot

[P.].
_/; ;/. cJ ad. sk. "West Coast of Madras. Hume Cll.

h. cT ad.sk. Madras. Hume Coll.

i. $ ad. sk. Ivotagherry, March lo (Miss Hume Coll.

Cockhurn).
k, I. d 2 aJ- sk. Pelgaum. Julv, Sept. (E. A. Hume Coll.
liutkr).

d2

36

VI. 2 ad. sk.

ti. Ad. sk.

o-f. c? ad. et
imm. ; u-;/. 2
ad. et irani. sk.

z. (5 ad. sk.

«', b'. c? $ ad. sk.

c'-e'. Ad. sk.

/'. Ad. sk.

ff'. (5 ad. sk.

h'. c? ad. sk.

»'j />:'• c? $ ad. sk.

I'. 2 ad. sk.

?«'. 5 imm. sk.

n'-n'. Ad. et iuv.

sk. ^

v'-x-'. c? ; ]/'-a"-
2 ad. et juv.
_sk.
6". Juv. sic.
c", <Z". Ad. sk.

e". Ad. ; /", (/".

Juv. sk.
/("-/". Ad. sk.
m". 2 imm. sk.
n",o". cJ 2ad.sk.
7/'. Ad. sk.
g"~s". cJ ad. ; f".

2 ad.; m". 2

pull. sk.
v". Ad. sk.

?r". Ad. sk.

sr", y" . (5 ad. sk.

c". c? ad. sk.
a'^-c'. cJ ad. et

juv.; d\e\ 2

ad. sk.
/^^^ J 2 ad.sk.
h^, 'P. Ad. et juv.

sk.
7.-^ P. Ad. sk.

»«^. Ad. sk.
?i^. c? ad. sk.
o\ Ad. sk.
^^, q^. Ad. sk.

»•'. Ad. sk.
s^. Ad. sk.
^^ Ad. sk.
«% t". 2 ad. sk.

Wynaad, Aug. 24 [J.Darlini/).

iJarjeelinp'.

Calcutta. Dec. to Feb.

Calcutta, Feb. (J. Biddulph).

Cacbar, May, June (J. Jtifflis).

Sylbot.

Rangoon, May 3.

Eangoon, July 7 (7?. G. W.M.).

Syriam, Feb. 16 (/. Artnstrong).

Lower Pegu, Sept.

Tavoy, May 13 ( W. Davison).

Attai-an Kiver, Feb. 16 ( W.

Davison).
Penang (D?: Cantor).

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gates Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.

Ivlang, Salangore, June, Oct., Hume Coll.
Jau. ( W. Davisoit).

Malacca {Dr. Cantor).
Malacca, March, July

Daviso?i).
Malacca {li. G. IV. It).

("',

Malacca (Dr. Mainf/aif).
Nealys, Oct. 14 ( W. Dacison).
Johore, March ( W. Davison).
Singapore.

Singapore Island, Jan., Aug.,
Oct. (IF. Davison).

Manila, Luzon {Maitland

Heriot ).
South Luzon {Ilvqh Ctmiinq).
Cebu, March, April (A. 'H.

Everett).
Marindiique, May 5.
Amparo, S. Levte, Julv (A.H.

Everett).

Butuan, May (A. H. Everett).
Labuan.

Labuan, Sept., Dec.

Sarawak.

Marup {A. H. Everett).
Banjarmassing {J. Mvthnj).
Java {Horsfield).

Sumatra {Cai-l Bock).
Meuado, Celebes.
Menado.

Formosa, Aug., Dec. {R. Sivin-
hoe).

India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll. ■

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

E. L. Moseley [0.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Sir Hugh Low [CI.

A. H. Everett, Esq.

[C.1.
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
India Museum.
(Tvpes of R. (/ularis.)
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

3. IIYPOT-ESIDIA. 37

Subsp. a. Hypotaenidia obscurior.

Ualliis striatus (ncc L.), Bull, Sir. F. i. p. 8(5 (187:^).

lIvi)ota;nidiiv stiiat;i (nee L.}, IValdea, Ibis, 1874, p. 146; Ilumf,

'Utr. F. ii. p. :Wo (1874).
Ilvpoticnidia obscuriora, Hume, Sfr. F. ii. p. 3U2 (1874), iv. p. '2Ui

'(1870) ; id. .Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879); id. ^- Marsh. Game Ii. hid.

ii. p. 2/j;3, pi. 43. ti<r. 1 ; Outcx, ed. Hume's Xests 4" Fggs Ind. B. iii.

p. 400 (1890).
llypotienidia I'errea, U'aldeu, Ihis, 1874, p. 147.
llvpoUenidia abuormi.-i, Hume, Str.F. iii. p. 389 (1875), & iv. p. 291

■(I87(3j ; id. !Sti: F. viii. p. 113 (1870).

Adult male. Similar to //. striata, but everywhere darker ; the
back and wings blacker and the riifous of the head deeper and more
of a vinous chestnut ; the grey of the throat and breast much darker
and the flanks and sides of body blackish, more narrowly barred
with white ; bill larger than in JJ. striata : " bill horny, light red at
gape ; feet dark greenish horny ; iris brown " ( W. Davison). Total
length 11-5 inches, eulmen 1-7, wings b'o, tail 2-1, tarsus I'O.

Adult female. Similar to the male iu colour. Total length 11
inches, eulmen 1"G5, wing 5-2, tail 2"5, tarsus 1-3.

Hub. Andaman Islands.

ti. Juv.sk. Uorbyn's Cove, S. Andaman?, Hume Coll. (Type of

Sept. 25 (.4. de Roepstorff). H. ahnwmis.)

b. 5 ad. sk. South Auilamans, April 2-5 (i?. Tweeddale Coll.

0. W.li.). {Ty^pes oUL/errca.)

f><^- 6 2 ad- sk. South Audanians, June, Sept. Ilume Coll.

(i?. J. U'imherley).
i: cJ ad. sk. South Andainans, Sept. 25 {F. Hume Coll.

A. de Foepstorff).
f,(j. c?ad.;/<. 2 Port lilair, July (R. J. U'im- Tweeddale Coll.

lid. sk. berby).

i,k. ad.sk. Pi.rt Blair, Aug. (R.J. U'im- Hume Coll.

berb-i/).
I. Ad.sk. Mount Harriet, Nov. 20 ( //'. Hume Coll.

iJaci.idH).
mo. cf ad. sk. Abirilceii, April, May (IV. Hume Coll.

lJ(ivi!<(j)i).

•2. Hypotaenidia brachypus *.

llidliis pectoralis (nee Gould), Less. Traite, p. 53G (1831, ex Cuvier
MSS. in Mus. Paris: descr. nulla); Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 593
(184(;) ; Pucker. Rev. et May. de Zool. l8ol, p. 27G.

Kallus brachypus, >)>icains. An. in Menar/. p. 330 (1837) ; Gray, List

* .Ulied to this species is the apparently extinct
Hyi'ot.esidia pacific*.
Pacific Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 2.">5 (ITSS).
Kallus pacificus, Gm. Syst. ^at. i. p. 717 (1788); Forster, Icon. ined.
pi. 128 ; if/. Ufscr. Anim. p. 177 (1844) ; WiyUsw. Abhandl. k. Mus. Dresd.
no. «, p. 00(1891).

•■ Black, with white spots or bars ; abtloiuen. throat, and eyebrow wbi'.e ; bind
neck ferruijinous ; breast grey ; bill bluod-retl ; iris red "' (Forster).
Hub. Tahiti.

38 EALLIB^,

Grallfs Brit. Mm. p. 115 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (184G) :
Beichetib. Handh., Ftilic. tab. cecv. figs. 2467-68 (1852); Gould,
Hajidh. B. Austr. ii. p. 336 (1865j ; Hiiyel, Ibis, 1875, p. 392
(Auckland Isl.) ; Bidler, Tr. N. Zeal. hist. xi. p. 362 (1878) ; id.
B. N. Zeal. 2i)d ed. ii. p. 100 (18S8) ; North, Cat. Nests Sf Eqys
Austr. B. p. 329 (1889).

Rallus lewini, Sirains. An. in Menaq. p. 336 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B.
iii. p. 593 (]846); Go>dd, B. Aukr. vi. pi. 77 (1848) ; Beicltenb.
Toy. Neuholl. p. 242 (1850).

Lewinia brachypus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856).

Lewinia pectoi-alis ()iec Gould), Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (185(i).

Eulabeoruis brachypus. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 57, no. 10388 (1871).

Hypotsenidia (Lewinia) biaclivpus, Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B.
p. 21 (1888).

Adult. General colour above warm olive-brown, thickly streaked
with black centres to the feathers ; the scapulars, lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts like the back, a few feathers having white
tips or bars ; lesser wing-coverts uniform olive-brown ; median and
greater coverts olive-brown, barred and tipped with white, with a
subterminal shade of black, some of tho long greater coverts almost
entirely black with narrow white bars ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts and quills nearly iniiform brown, externally olive-brown ;
the inner secondaries blackish, edged with olive-brown and barred
with white on the outer web ; tail-feathers like the back, black
with olive-brown edges ; crown of head, nape, and hind neck dull
vinous chestnut, streaked with black centres to the feathers ; lores
dusky ; a broad eyebrow of uniform vinous chestnut, extending to
the sides of the hind neck, and widening out towards the latter:
sides of face, ear-coverts, and lower sides of neck olive-brown ;
cheeks a little more ashy ; throat white ; fore neck and breast olive-
brown, inclining to ashy grey on the latter ; lower breast and
abdomen isabclline ; the sides of body and flanks black, barred with
white, or isabclline on the sides of the vent ; under tail-coverts
isabelline buff, with concealed black ba>es ; under wing-coverts
nearly uniform dusky blackish, washed with olive ; axillaries olive-
brown, with a few whitish bars ; quills below dusky brown, with
an olive shade : " bill broAvuish red : feet flesh-colour, becoming
darker about the toes ; iris hazel " (J. Gould). Total length 7'o
nches, culmen ] -2, wing 3"S5, tail 1'7, tarsus 1.

Younr/. Similar to the adults but much duller on the upper
surface, the vinous colour of the head and neck being absent ; throat
whitish ; remainder of under surface dark ashy, the centre of the
breast whitish ; the sides of the body with a few black feathers
barred with white.

Hah. Western and Southern Australia, north to the Wide Bay
district ; Tasmania ; Auckland Islands.

a. Ad. St. South Port Island, Tasmania. J. Gould, Esq. [C.l.

b. Ad. sk. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [C.].

c. d. Ad. ; e-y. Australia. Tweeddale Coll.
1mm. sk.

h. Ad. sk. Western Australia. Gould Coll.

i, k. Ad. sk. S. Queensland [J. T. Cockerel!). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. nYroT.ExiDiA. 3'.)

3. Hypotaenidia philippinensis.

Le Rasle r.ivu ties I'liilippiues, L'rig.i. Uni. v. p. lOo, tab. xiv. fl-^ 1
(17(iO).

Ralliis philippensis, Lw/i. Si/d. Nrif. i. p. 2li3 (1700); Gni. Si/sf.
Nat. i. p. 714 (17SS) ; Lath. Iml. Oni. ii. p. 7oO (17U0) ; Vi'ei/L
N. Diet, (fllkf. Xaf. xw-'ni. p. oOO (Itfl'J); Less. Traite, p. o-Jii
(1831); (;raji,Lkt Gral/ce Brit. Mus. i). 117 (1844); id. (ici. li.
iii. p. 593 (lS4(i) : Peak; U.S. E.rpl. E.vppd. p. 22 (1848); Haiti. J.
f. O. IS'A, ]). 10!); Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Id. Pac-ijic Ocean, p. 'A
(1859) ; Hartl. I/h\ 18()4, p. 232 (Fiji) ; id. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 831
(IV'lew Isl.); Bx/icr. B.X.Zeal. p.' 170, pi. 20. fig. 2 ('1873);
Finsch,Joi(ni. Mus. G<id,-ffr. Ileft viii. p. '.'u ( 1875: Pelew Tslauds) ;
S/iarpe, Vorj. Eret>m i)- Terror, App. p. 2!) ( 1878) ; Briupjein.
Abhandl. naf. J'er. Bremen, v. p. 92 (1870); Tristr. /fe, 1870,
p. 2(i5 (New Hebrides); JRamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. 11. \.
p. 375 (187'0 : New P.i'itain); Finsch, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 785 (Ninat'ou,
Frieiully I.«l.) ; Xie/ioh. I/m, 1881, p. 150 (Direction 1.^1.), I882,p. t 9
(Java) ; Bu/ler, B. X. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 95, pi. 33. ti<r. 2 (1888).

Le Kale rave des J'hilippines, Daubent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 774.

Le Tildin, uu Hiile des Philippines, Buff". Hist. Xat. Ois. viii. p. 100
(1781).

Philippine Pail, Lat/i. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 230 (1785), & var. A,
p. 231, ])1. Ixxxvi.

? Kale 'I'iklin, (inny Sf Gnim. Voy. Uranie, p. 35 (1824 : Guam).

Kallus assimilis, Grai/, in Diefenb. Trar. N. Z. ii. App. p. 197
(1843); id. Voii. Erebus ^- Terror, Birds, p. 14 (1844); id. List
Gralla Brit. Mas. p. 117 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (ls4i;);
id. Ibis, 1802, ]>. 239 (Cook's Strait.*, N. Z.) ; I'insc/i, J. f. ().
18G7, pp. 334. 336.

Kallus pacificus, var., Forster, Icon. ined. pi. 127 ; Lichf. Descr. Anini.
p. 178 (1844); Gray, Cat. B. Trap. Isl. Pacif. Ocean, p. 51
(1859). •

Porzana ])hilippensis, Reichenb. Ilandb., Fuiic. tab. cxviii. fi'i-s. 1173 -
74 (1851).

Kallus peetoralis (nee Ciivier), Goidd. B. Aiistr. vi. pi. 7G (1848);
lieicheiib. Viiy. Xeiifio//. p. 154 (1851); id. Jlandb., FaUc. Xocit.
tab. xlii. iig-s. 24('5-0<i (1851); Macy. Voy. 'liattb-snake," ii. p. ."..")S
(1S52: Torres Straits); Cfl.«. U.S. Expl. Erped., Birds, p. 30:;
(1858) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 198; id. Cat. B. Xew Guinea, p. 02
( 1859) ; id. Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 52 (1859) ; Krefl, Ibis,
1802, p. 191 (liranipton Shoals) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1802, p. 325 ; I\h.
Beis. Xovara, Viiy. p. 134 ( lS05) ; Finsch, Xeu-Guinea, p. 180 (18()5) ;
id. J. f. O. 181)7, p. 33(i; id. S,- Hartl. Faun. Ccntralp. p. 157.
Taf. iii. tig. 3 (18t)7; egg) ; iid. P. Z. S. 18(58, pp. 4, 8, 117, 118
(Pelew Isl.); Midler, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280; Finsch ^- Hartl.
P. Z. S. 1809, p. 548 (Tonga); iid. J. f. O. 1870, pp. 122. l.'.O,
354 (New Zealand) ; Graeje, t. c. pp. 402. 414 ; Hartl. Sf Finsch,
P. Z. S. 1871. p. 25 (Savai), 1672. pp. 89. 1071 (Pelew Isl.);
Fimeh, J. f. O. 1 872, pp. 3;5 ( Savai ; I'polu ). 53. 181 , 1874. pp. 1 72.
200; Layard. P. Z. S. 1875. p. 4;«) (Fiji); Whitmee, Ibis, 1875,
p. 440 (Samoa); Lai/ard, Ibis, 1870, p. .•i93 (Fiji Islands) ; id.
P. Z. S lS7(i, p. 49t; (Samoa); Cab. S- Beichen. J. f. O. 1870.
p. .•'.2ti (Fiji); Haiti. Vo(i. Madaii. p. .S.-'.O (1877: Mauritius); id.
Ibis, 1877, ].. 33() (Mauritius) ; 1)'. A. F„rbes. I'. Z. S. \s7S, p. 127
(Raine Isl.) ; Fiuseh, J. f. O. 1878, p. 181 : Xehrk. J. f. O. 1>!79.
p. 408 (eggs); .SW. P. Z. S. I8.8t). p. 6-j (New Jiritaiii); E. L. .S
L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1880, p. 232 (Loyalty Isl.) ; L. C. Layard, t.c.

40 RALLIED.

p. 305 (Xew Britain) : IF. A. Forbes, Tot/. ' Challenffer,' ii. p. Q2
(1880) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1882, pp. 140, 144 (S. Christoval) : Fin^^ch,
t. c. p. 399 (Wangauui) ; E. L. c^ L. C. Layard, t. c. p. 536 (New
(Caledonia), p. 544 (New Hebrides) ; Finsch, Tor/, tier Siifkee,
p. 21 (1884 : New Britain ; breeds) ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1891, p. 127

(Fiji).
Uallus forsteri, Hartl. Arch. f. Nat. 1852, p. 136 ; id. J.f. 0. 1854,

p. 169; id. i<f Finsch, Om. Centralpolyn, p. 162 (1867) ; iid. P. Z. S.

1869, p. 544 ; iid. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 25 (Savai).
Ilvpotasnidia pectoralis, Reichenb. Av. Si/st. Nat. p. xxiii (1852) ;

'Leffffe, B. Ceylon, p. 776 (1880).
Hypotsenidia philippensis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856) ; Schl. Mus.

Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 23 (1865) ; Gould, Handb. B.Austr. ii. p. 334

(1865) ; Ramsay, Ibis, 1866, p. 335 (Port Denison) ; Marie, Actes

iSoc. Linn. Bordeaux, .xxvii. p. 328 (1870) ; Wald. Tram. Z. S. viii.

p. 95 (1872) ; Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 41 ; T^veedd. Trans. Z. S. ix.

p. 231 (1875) ; Sulvnd. Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 077 (1875), viii.

p. 385 (1876: Bourou) ; Ticeedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 702 (Monte

Alban); Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 199 (1877) ; id.

P. Z. S. 1877, p. 344 (N.E. Queensland) ; Layard, This, 1878, p. 263

(Huon Isl.) ; Rosenh. Malay. Arch. p. 278 (1878-79) : Meyer,

Ibis, 1879, p. 142 (Celebes) ; Scl. Ibis, 1880, p. 312 ; Leyge, B.

Ceylon, p. 776 (1880) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genor. xviii. p. 319

(1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 261 (1882) ; Blasius, J. f. O.

1883, p. 139 (Celebes); id. Zeitschr. yes. Orn. iii. p. 162 (1886) ;

Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 (1888).
Hypotoenidia etorques, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856, e.r Temm. MSS. :

Celebes).
Rallus etorqnes, Temm. Mus. Luyd., teste Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Balli,

p. 23 (1865).
HypotEenidia as.?innlis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856).
liallus bypotsenidia, Verr. ct Des Murs; Rev. et May. de Zoul. 1860,

p. 437 (New Caledonia).
Rallus rufopes, Ellman, Zuol. 1861, p. 7470.
Rallina philippensis, Wall. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 36 (Bouru), p. 487

(Timor).
Rallus striatus, pt., Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (1865).
Rallus (Eulabeornis) pbilippensis. Martens, J.f. O. 1866, p. 28.
Rallus bypoleucus, Hartl. 8f Finsch, Faim. Centralpoli/n. p. 163

(1867); iid. J. f. O. 1870, p. 122; iid P. Z. S. 1869, p. 545

(Tonga), 1871, p. 25.
Eulabeornis pbilippensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 57, no. 10377

(1871). ....
Eulabeornis assimilis, Gray, t. c. p. 57, no. 10380 (1871).
Eulabeornis bypoleucus, Gray, t. c. p. 57, no. 10386 (1871).
Eulabeornis etorques, Grar/, t. c. p. 67, no. 10379 (1871).
Rallus pictus, Potts, Ibis, 1870, p. 36 (Westland, N. Z.) ; id. Trans.

N. Z. Inst. iv. p. 202 (1871) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 37; id. Travis. N. Z.

Inst. V. p. 199, pi. xviii. (1872).
Ilvpotaenidia australis, Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 43 ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn.

"Soc. N. S. TV. ii. p. 209 (1877), iii. p. 40 (1878).
Rallus pbilippiuensis, Gulliv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 488.
? HypotEenidia striata, Rosenh. {nee L.) Malay. Arch. p. 373 (1878-

79, Koor, Goram).

Adult male. General colour above ochraceous brown, all the
leathers blacii, with ochraceous edgings, and spangled with white

3. nvroT-iiNiDjA. 41

spots on the feathers of the mantle and back; lower back and rump
ochraeeous brown, with black centres to the feathers, but no white
spots ; winp-coverts like tlie bade, but more uniform, and with
scarcely any spots on the lessor and median series, the greater
series, liowever, having large white spots and intermediate bars of
black; bastard-wing feathers black, checiuered with white spots and
bars ; primary-coverts rufous, olive-brown at tij) and banded with
black; quills rufous, banded with black, and black at the tips, the
first two primaries checinered on the outer web and barred on the
inner wcl) with white ; secondaries blackish, externally and at the
tips ochraeeous brown, with numerous ovate spots or bars, the
innermost secondaries ochraeeous brown, with broad black centres
resembling the back ; tail-feathers ochraeeous brown centred with
black ; crown of head olive-brown, with black longitudinal spots to
the feathers; the hinder neck ferruginous, mottled with blackish
centres to the feathers, which are edged with olive-brown, obscuring
the rufous ; lores and a broad band through the eye dusky brown,
becoming rufous on the ear-coverts and extending to the sides of
the neck, where it is a little brighter rufous ; over the lores a white
band extending above the eye, and continued in a broad band of
light ashy grey above the ear-coverts and extending to the sides
of the nape ; cheeks light ashy grey, extending over the fore neck,
which is washed with brown ; fore part of the cheeks and throat
white ; remainder of under surface white, with black bars, very
distinct, but narrow on the sides of the fore neck, broader and more
regular ou the sides of the body, \\here the feathers have olive-
brown tips ; the fiank-feathcrs distinctly barred with blaek and
white, the black bands being the broader; feathers at tlie sides of
the vent tawny buif, black at the base, and barred with white ; the
long under tail-coverts black, with white bars, tawny buff at the
ends, the lower coverts tawny buff, with black bases ; thighs tawny
buff, dusky brown behind ; under wing-coverts black, broadlj- edged
with white ; axillaries black, barred across with white : " bill
warm-brown ; feet and claws light greyish brown ; iris Indian-red"
{A. If. Everett). Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 5"7,
tail 2'65, tarsus l"5o, middle toe and claw 1*^*5.

I am unable to separate //. anstralis, Pclz., from Australia, or
//. assimilis. Gray, from Xew Zealand, from true //. philiji^iineusis.
At the same time I must admit that there is a considerable amount
of variation in the plumage, wliich it is difficult to account for.

The nestlings, according to Sir Walter Ihiller, are covered with
black down. The next stage is illustrated by a sjiccimen in
^Ir. Rothschild's collection, which shows the brown plumage to be
much less sjjotted with white, and this is also borne out by full-
grown young birds : so that we may safely argue that profuse white
spotting is a sign of age, and that its extreme development is a sure
sign of a vcrj' old bird. The under surface of the nestling is fulves-
cent, with dusky blackish bars on the sides of the body, and a distinct
shade of orange-buff on the lower throat and fore neck. The full-
grown young bird is rather lighter below, the centre of the breast and

42

abdomen being white, with scarcely any dusky cross bars, which
are, however, more distinct on the sides of the body. There is a
distinct indication of an orange-bufF band on the fore neck. As
ever}- young bird in the collection carries this orange-buff band on
the throat, it is evident that it is to some extent a sign of imma-
turity. The nest stage is shown by a Philippine specimen, which
has nearly completed its moult, and here we find that the lower
throat, above the orange band, is barred with black and white.
This is apparently the next definite stage of the plumage, and then
gradually, as the bird gets older, it loses the orange band altogether.
The large majority of Australian birds possess a broad prsepectoral
band, and I have never seen a single specimen which had absolutelj'
lost all trace of the orange, as is the case with the majority of the
Philippine and Fijian specimens. It is probable that in the last two
localities the loss of the proepectoral band is as much a feature of the
species as its development is characteristic of the Australian form.
Yet there is no reason for separating the species into races, because
there is absolutely no character by which these differences can be
defined. Some birds are darker, especially on the flanks, some are
lighter, some have spots and some bars on the hind neck; but I
believe that these differences could be easily accountedfor hy age, and
perha]is a little variation in plumage takes place according to season.
Hah. Indo-Malayan Islands from the Philippines to Celebes, and
throughout the Moluccas to Australia, Xew Zealand, and the Pacific
Islands.

a-d. J ad. et juv.

sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
(/, h. S ad. ; i, j.

Juv. sk.
k. (5 juv. sk.
I. J ad. sk.
m, n. tS ad. ; o. $

juv. sk.
;). Ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.

r, s. Ad. sk.
t, u. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. St.
tv. Ad. sk.
.?', y, z. Ad. sk
«', b' . Ad. sk.
c. $ ad. sk.

d\ Ad. sk.
e'. Ad. sk.

/'. Ad. sk.
,'/', li. Ad. sk.

Monte Albau, Luzon, Feb.,

March (.4. H. Erereft).
Celebes.
Celebes.
Macassar.

Bouru.

East Timor.

Raiue Island, Torres Straits.

Channel Rock, Torres
Straits, June (Z)/-. Co})-
pinyer).

Australia.

Australia.

AustraUa.

Australia.

Queensland.

Queen.sland (J. T. CocJcerell).

South Qiieen.tland.

Morton Island, Oct. 19 {J.

McGillivray).
Port Albany (C. Co.ven).
Port Essingtou.

South Australia.
South Australia.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Goidd Coll.
WaUace Coll.

Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
Yoy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

A. Cunningham, Esq.

[P.].

Sir D. Cooper [P.].

Gould Coll.

Lady Carrington [P.].

Mrs. Simpson [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Yoy. H.M.S. ' Rattle-
snake.'

Tweeddale Coll.

J. li. Jukes, Esq.
[P.].

Sir G. Grey [P.].

C. D. E. Fortuum,
Esq. [P.].

3. nYi'OT.r.xiDiA.

43

i'. J ad. sk.

//. Ad. sk.

I'. Ad. sk.

vi. Ad. .'^k.
w'. Ad. .sk,
(/. Ad. .-k.

;/. .\d. sk.

q'. v. Ad. sk.

s',t'. $ ad.sk.

n'-u''. $ ad. sk.

.1'. Skeleton.
//. Skull.

Islnnd in Foveaux Straits,

New Zealand.
New Zealand.

New Zealand.

New Zealand.
Kahnliiulai, New Britain.
Samoa.

Samoa.

Samoa.

Ovalaii, Fiji, Jidy (F. M.

Ttayner).
Ovalan, ()ct.-l)ec. {E. L.

Lm/ard).
Australia.
Cape York'.

Capt. Stokes [r.].

Colonial Museum

[P-l.
Miss R. Stone [P.].
(Type of R. assiniilis.)
S'ir G. Grey fl'.].
Rev. G. Brown [C.].
Rev. J. B. Stair

[P.l
Rev. J. S. "Wliitmee

[C.].
J. Gould, Rsq.
Voy.II.M.S.'IIerald.'

Tweeddale Coll.

Purchased.
Voy. II.xAI.S. ' Rattle-
snake.'

Subsp. a. Hypotaenidia macquariensie.

Rallu? niacquarien.sis, Huftnn, If>i,% 1870, p. 454 (Macquarie Island) :
Sri. P. X. S. 1881, p. 9(J8; JJuller, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. Do,
note (1888).

Adult. Similar to IT. jihilippinensis, but almost unspotted on the
back ; underneath dingy grey, with the pectoral band maroon in
the centre in.stead of being entirely orange. Total length Id inches,
culmen 1-4, wing 5-15, tail 2, tarsus l-ao, middle toe and claw
1-S.

Hah. Macquarie Island.

(i,h. 6 2 «J- sli

^lacquarie I.4and.

P. L. Selater, Esq. [P.].

4. Hypotaenidia torqiiata.

Le Ra.sle a collier des riiilij)])ines, Brm. Orn. v. p. 170, pi. lo. fig. 1

(1760).
Rallus torquatus, Linn. Si/.^f. Xat. i. p. 262 (1766) ; Gm. Si/st. Naf.

i. p. 714 (1788) ; J'leill.'y. Diet, (rilid. Nat. xxviii. p. 5o2 (181!)) :

Mfi/en, N. Ada Acad. C. L.-C. Cur. x.wi. Su2)pl. i. p. 108, pi. H)

(18':{4).
Le Tiklin a collier, Buf. Hi.«f. Naf. Ois:. viii. p. 162 (1781).
Randed Rail, Laf/i. Gen. .Si/n. iii. pt. 1, p. 2;?:^ C1785).
Rallus lineatus, /^csv. Traile, p. /i.'Jd (^ex Car. J/.S'-S'. in Mu.<. PariK) :

Pitcher. Her. et Mai/, de Zool. \S')\, ]>. 276.
Eulabeoruis turquatus, Gra;i, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846); id. Hand-l.

B. iii. p. 57, no. 10375 (1871).
IIvpot-Tnidia torquata, />/). C. R. xliii. p. 500 (18.i6) ; Sehl. Mh<.

'j'ai/s-Has. Ralli. p. 22 (18li5) ; Pelz. Ihi.^, 187:5. ]). 4:5 : U'aldr,,.

Tr. Z. S. ix. p. .-Jl (1875) : Tireedd. P. /. -S. 1S77, ]>. 702 (Luzon),

p. 768 (Cebu), p. 831 (Butuan) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 114 (Uinagal),

p. 288 (Negros), p. 345 (S. Leyte).

44 RALLID^.

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, a little more dingy
on tbc lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, with slight indi-
cations of blackish cross bars on the rump ; wing-coverts like the
back, a little more ruddy brown on the greater series ; bastard-wing
blackish, externally olive-brown, spotted on the outer web and
barred on the inner web with white ; primary-coverts and quills
reddish brown, the coverts and primaries chequered with dusky
markings on the outer web, the inner web dusky brown, with
reddish mottled bars; the innermost secondaries olive-brown, like
the back ; tail-feathers olive-brown, with a ruddy brown tinge ;
crown of head like the back, the forehead rather more grey ; lores
and feathers round the eye black, extended into a broad black band,
which reaches the sides of the nape ; sides of face and throat also
black, with a broad longitudinal band of white crossing the sides of
the face and ear-coverts ; chin greyish ; remainder of under surface
of body from the lower throat downwards profusely barred with
black and white, the black bars being the broader and the white
ones the narrower; vent and under tail-coverts somewhat tinged
with reddish brown ; across the chest a broad band of rich maroon-
chestnut ; under wing-coverts and axillaries barred with black and
white, exactly like the breast; quills reddish brown below, barred
with white on the inner webs of the primaries, each white bar
bordered with a black line : " biU black ; feet and legs brown ; iris
light blood-red" (A. II. Everett). Total length 11 inches, culmen
1-5, wing 6, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-9, middle toe and claw l-'J.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour: "iris bright Indian-
red or crimson" (A. H. Everett). Total length 11 inches, culmen
1-4, wing 5-8, tail 2-35, tarsus 1-9, middle toe and claw 1-9.

Young. Duller brown than the adult, and distinguished by its
white throat and olive-brown chest-band, the sides of the vent and
under tail-coverts reddish brown, bordered with black.

Hah. Philippine Islands.

n. Ad. sk. Philippines. Hugh Cuming [C.].

b, c. Ad. sk. Phihppines. Gould Coll.

a. Ad. St. Luzon. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

<-,/. $. ad. et imm. Luzon, Jan. {A. B. Mei/er). Tweeddale Coll.

sk.

f/-/. (5 ad. ; A-, /. 2 Monte Alban, Feb., March Tweeddale Coll.
■ ad. sk. (A. H. Everett).

m,n. r? ad. et iuv. Maiinduque, Mav. E. L. Moselev, Esq.

sk. " [C.].

o,p. (S 9. ad. .sk. Cebu, March, April {A. II. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett),

q P ad. sk. Valencia, Negros, Aug. Tweeddde Coll.

(^. H. E.).

r, s. S 2 ad. sk. Aniparo, S. Leyte, July Tweeddale Coll.

(.4. H. EX

t. 2 ad. sk. Dinagat, Julv (A. H. E.). Tweeddale CoU.

u. 2 ad. sk. Butuan, May (A. H. E.). Tweeddale Coll.

3. HYPOT.EXIDIA. 45

5. HypotsBnidia celeb snsis.

Kallus celebensis, Quoy Sf Gaim. Toi/. de f Astro!., Zuol. i. p. SoO,
j)l. 24. tifr.o (18,50) ;■ Gniy, Lid GntlUe Brit. Mm. p. 116 (1844j ;
Jirii(/(/em. Al)handl. nut. J'er. Bremen, v. p. 92 (187(3).

Eulnbeornis celebensis, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1840) ; id. Iland-l.
B. iii. p. 57, no. 10370 (1871).

llypottBindia celebensis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1850) ; .SV7(7. Mus.
Bat/s-Bax, llalli, p. 22 (1805); M'aldeu, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. '.»5
(1872: Meuiido, Goroiitalo, Limbotto) ; Feb. Ibis, 1873, p. 4''.:
Blasiiis, J. f. 0. 1883, p. 139; id. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. iii. p. ItJO
(1886).

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown, the featliors
being dusky brown iu the centre, with olive-brown margins : wing-
coverts like the back, with a slight reddish tinge on the greater
series ; bastard-wing, priiuarv-coverts and quills dusky brown,
externally olive with a slight tinge of re Idish ; tail-feathers olive-
brown with dusky centres ; crown of head and nape dusky brown,
darker than the back ; lores and feathers round the eye black,
continued in a broad black baud to the sides of the nape ; this
black band skirted by an equally broad white one, which extends
from the gape to the sides of the neck, traversing the ear-coverts ;
checks black, with a few indications of tiny white cross lines on the
malar region ; entire under surface of body black, crossed with
numerous lines of white, a little less distinct on the throat ; thighs
grey posteriorly ; under wing-coverts and axillaries exactly like
the breast and barred in the same way. Total length llj-o inches,
culmen l-oo, wing 0, tail 2-15, tarsus 1-S5, middle toe and claw 2.

Hub. Celebes.

a. Ad. St. Celebes. Levden Museum.

h. Ad. St. Celebes. Edward Wilson, Esq. 'P.].

c, d. Ad. sk. Meuado, Celebes. "Wallace Coll.

e,f. Ad. sk. Menado, Celebes. Gould Coll.

(J, h. Ad. sk. Menado, Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.

i. iSkeletou. Celebes. Dr. A. 13. Mever [C.].

(5. Hypotaeuidia saturata.

? llvpoticnidia celebeusis {nee Q. ^- G.), Sahad. Ann. Mm. Geiiov.

vii. p. 970 (1875).
IIypot;euidia saturata. Sahad. MSS., Scl. 7/>;s, 1880, p. 310, note :

Sali-iid. Ann. Mtis. Genov. xviii. p. 319 (^1882) ; id. Orn. ra.niusia

etc. iii. p. 200 (1882).

Adult. Similar to H. celebetisis and fully as large, but dis-
tinguished by the absence of white cros.s lines on the throat, which
is entirely black. Total length 13 inclies, culuicn 1-8.5, wing 5-9,
tail 2-3, tarsus 2-15, middle toe and claw 2-25. {Mos. 11'. Ruth-
schild.)

Ilab. X.W. Xcw Guinea and Salawati.

46

7. Hypotaenidia sulcirostris.

Hallus sulcirostris, Wallace, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 346 (Sula Islands).
Eulabeornis sulcirostris, Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 57, no. 10381 (1871).
IIvpotiTenidia sulcirostris, Salvad. Ann. Mua. Genuv. vii. p. 81 (1875) ;
'Scl. Ibis, 1880, p. 311, pi. vi. (fig. inacc).

Adult (type of species). Similar to H. celebtnsis, and with the
same facial markings as that species, bnt more uniform on the
upper surface, and easily distinguished by its uniform black throat
and fore neck. Total length IU'6 inches, culmen 1-55, wing 5'7,
tail 2, tarsus 1-95, middle toe and claw 2.

Bab. Sula Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Sula Islands. Wal'ace Coll.

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Sula Islands. Wallace Coll.

8. Hypotaenidia insignis.

Eallus insignis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1880, p. G6, pi. viii. : Fmsc/i, Ihh, 1881,

p. 540.
Ilypotfenidia insignis, Scl. Ibis, 1880, p. 312 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus.

Genov. xviii. p. 319 (1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 261

(1882).

Adult femah (type of species). General colour above duskj' olive-
brown, slightly more reddish on the rump and upper tail-coverts ;
wing-coverts like the back, the outer greater coverts tinged with
rufous like the inner secondaries; bastard-wing and primary-coverts
blackish, externally reddish brown like the secondaries : primaries
black, with white spots on the outer webs and white bars on the
inner ones ; tail-feathers blackish ; crown of head and hind neck as
well as the entire sides of face and sides of neck reddish brown
with a tinge of olive ; malar line black, with narrow white cross
bars, like the under surface of the body ; the lower abdomen, vent,
and under tail- coverts black ; the lower flanks also very faintly
barred with white; thighs blackish brown. Total length 12 inches,
culmen 1-65, wing 5-4, tail 2, tarsus 2-3, middle toe and claw 2-3.

Hab. New Britain.

a. 5 fi"-!- sk. Kahabadai, Xew Britain, Feb. Rev. G. Brown fC.].

(Type of species.)

4. CABALUS.

Type.
Cabalus, Hutton, Trans. A. Zeal. Inst. vi. p. 108

(1873) C. dieffenbachii.

Banrje. Confined to the Chatham Islands, and Lord Howe Island.

4. cahaixs. 47

Kcij to the Sjiecies.
<t. Plumage viirlegatel ; throat gi-fy, scjinated

from the tawny breast by a tliiclilv banded

patch of bhick ; breast also banded with

black ; lower breast and abdomen black

barred with white dicfft'iibnchii ad., p. 47.

h. I'liuiKiire uniform ; reddish above, greyer

below, with Some reddish browu on the

chi 8t, but no cross bars on the ilaidis ;

quills rufous with narrow blackish bars. . sylvestris, p. 48.
V. I'lumage uniform dusky browu above ;

underneath greyish, the flanks with

fulvescent bars; quills dusky with ful-
vous bars dlffffuhucliii juv., p. 48.

1. Cabalus dieffenbacWi. (Plate Yl.)

Pallus dieH'enbachii, (Jraif, in DicfTeiih. Trav. X. Zeal. ii. App. p. 107

(lS4;i); id. List (imlhc Brit. J/«.s. p. 117 ils44) : Finsch, J. f. O.

1870, p. :'.").-), 187i',p. 1S2, 1874,]).:.'0l): Hutt<m, Ihis, ls7i>, p. 247;

Bullcr, B. X. Zeal. ]>. 179, pi. -20. tig. 2 (1873) ; id. Ibi.s, 1.^74, p. 1 17 ;

Finsch, J.f. O. 1878, y. 182.
Ocydromus dipffenbachii. Gray, Voi/. 'Erebus ' (Jj- ' Terror' Birds, p. 14,

pi. lo (]84()) ; id. Gen. B. iii."p. 596 (1840) ; id. Hund-l. B. iii.

p. o6, no. ]U;'.(i8 (1871).
IIvpota?nidia diefienbachii, Bp. C. It. xliii. p. '"99 (18-'3tj) ; Gnii/,

'Ibis, 1802, p. 238.
Rallua modestus (= juv.). Hidton, Ibis, 1872, p. 247, 1873, pp. 349-

3o2; id. Tr. X. Zeal. Inst. v. p. 223 (1873).
Cabalus modestus, Hiitton, Tr. X. Zeal. Inst. v. p. 217 (1873) ; Trovers,

t. c. p. 217 (Mangare) ; Uiitton, ibid. vi. y. 108 (1874) : Buller, B.

X. Zeal. 2Ld ed. ii. p. 123 (18,'?8); Forbes, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,

no. iv. p. XX (Dec. 1892) ; Saload. op. cit. v. p. xxiii (.Ian. 1893).
Cabalus diefienbachii, Sharpe, Voi/. 'Frebus' ^•' Terror,' Birds, p. 29,

pi. XV. (1875) ; Buller, B. X. Zeal. 2nd. ed. ii. p. 121 (l888j.

Adah (t)'pe of species). General colour above brown, bunded on
the mantle and scapulars, and spotted on the upper back, with
ochreous buft", these butt" markings being margined "witli black,
which takes the form of broad bars on the mantle ; lower back and
rump uniform brown ; u])pcr tuil-coverts brown, barred across with
light rufous and black; lesser wing-coveits like the back ; inedian
and greater coverts, as well as the primary-coverts and quills, light
chestnut, barred with ])hick, the itinermost secondaries s])otted and
barred with ochre and black, like the back ; tail-feathers brown,
mottled with chestnut near the base ; crown of head and najie
uniform brown, followed bj- an indistinct patch of chestnut on the
hind neck ; lores dull rufous, surmounted by a broad line of bluish
grey, extending from the base of the nostrils to the sides of the
na))e : rest of the sides of the face bluish grey, extending on to tho
lower throat ; this grey area of the face separated from tho grey eye-
brow by a i)road band of dark chestnut, which extends from the
lores through the eye along the upper j)art of the car-coverts; ch n
and upper throat white; lower throat black, barred across with
white ; fore neck and chest ochreous buff, banded rather narrowly

48 EALLIDJi:.

with black, this pattern of coloration extending up the sides of the
neck to the ehcstnut on the ear-coverts ; lower breast and abdomen
black, banded with white, the light bars on the tlanks and vent-
feathers being tinged with ochreons ; under tail-coverts broadly
banded with black and ochre ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
blackish, barred with white ; under surface of quills chestnut with
broad black bars. Tota.1 length 11-5 inches, culuien 1-35, wing 4-8,
tail 2-7, tarsus 1-45, middle toe and claw IS.

Younr/ male. General colour above dark chocolate-brown, with a
shade of more fulvous brown on the mantle and upper back, the
head rather more dusky ; wing-coverts like the back, long and
fluffy, and having slight indications of whitish bars ; primary-coverts
and outer primaries dusky brown, barred or notched with sandy
buff, the rest of the quills chocolate-brown, dusky on their inner
webs ; sides of face dai'k brown like the head, with a faint ashy
shade, the cheeks and throat more distinctly ashy grey ; lower
throat and fore neck brown, becoming more dusky on the breast and
sides of body, and inclining to dark ashy on the lower abdomen and
flanks ; fore neck faintly barred with sandy butt", these bars more
distinct on the sides of the breast and sides of the body ; under
wing-coverts and quill-lining dusky blackish, with a few fulvous
spots on the former, the primaries being notched and barred as on
the upper surface. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1-5, tarsus 1-1.

Hub. Chatham Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Chatham Islands. New Zealand Company [P.],

(Tj pe of species.)

b. S ji-^v. sk. Mangare, Chatham Inlands, II. 0. Forbes, Esq.

June 1 ( IF. Hawkins).

2. Cabalus sylvestris.

Ocvdromus svlvestris, Scl. P. Z. S. 18(39, p. 472, pi. xxxv. ; Bennett,
P. Z. S. 1869, p. 471; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 5(3, no. 10.3(37 (1871) ;
Buller, Trans. N. Z. x. p. 216 (1877) ; Mei/er, Ahhild. ro(j.-Skel.
pts.iv., V. p. 32, Taf. xli. (1883) ; Etheridcje, Lord Howe Id. p 17
(1889) ; Korth, Pec. Austr. Mus. i. p. 37, pi. i. fig. 3 (1890, nesting).

Cabalus sylvestris, S/iarpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxx (Jan.
1893).

Adult (type of species). General colour above uniform reddish
olive-brown ; primary-coverts and quills rufous, barred with dusky
brown, the adjacent greater coverts partaking the same colour as
the quills ; tail-feathers brown, more or less rufous near the base,
with dusky bars ; head a little more dusky than the back ; lores,
eyebrow, sides of face, and throat ashy grey : remainder of under
surface light ashy brown, with a few scattered fulvous spots ; under
tail-coverts rufous barred with black ; under wing-coverts rufous,
with dusky black bars ; qnills brighter rufous with narrow du.sky,
bars. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-95, wing 5-3, tail 2-3,
tarsus 1-8, middle toe and claw 2.

Hab. Lord Howe Island.
a. Ad. sk. Loid Howe Island. Gould Coll.

(Tyi^e of species.)

O. KCHnEORNI.-i. 49

5. EULABEORNIS.
Euliibjornis, Guidd, P. Z. S. 181 1, p. r,r, E, ca^taneiventris.

Itanr/f. Northern Australia a lid the Aru Islands: Solomon Islands;
Fiji Islands.

Kei/ to the Species.

a. liider wing-coverts imiform vinous like the

breast, without spots ; quills uniform below, ca-staneiventris. p. 49.

b. Under wing-coverts black, barred with white.

a. Quills barred witli chestnut and black. . . . paci/npterus, p. 50.
d'. Quills black, with few white spots or bars . iCDndfwdi, p. 50.

1. Eulabeornis castaneiventris.

Eulabeornis castaneiventris, Gmld, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 5G (N. Australia) ;
id. B. Austr. vi. pi. 78 (1844) ; Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 596 (184G) •
Reichenb. Handh., Fidiaii: Taf. cxxiii. h-s. li'l 1-14 (1852) ; Bp.
C. It. xliii. p. (iOU (185tJ) ; Gray, P. Z. S. lf^58, pp. 198, 198 (Aru
Lilands) ; id. Cat. B. New Guiiua, pp. 52, 63 (1859) ; id. P. Z. S.
1861, p. 438 (Louisiade Isl.) : Bosetid. Xat. rijdschi: Nederl. Ltd.
XXV. p. 255 (1863) : id. J.f. 0. 1864, p. i'8:.> (New Guinea) : Pln-^ch,
Neu-Gidnea, p. 181 (1865) ; Guuld, Ihuidb. B. Amtr. ii. p. 338
(1865); Boseiib. Reis 7iaar Zuidou.itcn'il. p. 53 (1867) ; Grai/,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 56, no. 10309 (1871 ) ; liamsaij, Proc. Litiu. Soc.
N.S. W. i^p. 193 (1876), ii. p. 199 (1877) ; Bosenh. Malay. Arch.
p. 373 (1878-79: Aru); Meyer, J'er/i. z.-b. Geiellsch. irVew, xxiii.
p. 773 (1873) ; Salcad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. .320 (1882) ; id.
Oni. Pajmasia etc. iii. p. 2i>7 (1882) : Meyer, Zeitschr. y^-s. Orn. i.
p. 294, pi. 17. «tr. 3 (1884: egrg) ; Bamsay, Tab. List Ait.itr. B.
p. 21 (1888) ; Salcad. Ayy. Orn. P.ipiiasia, iii. p. 196 (1891).

Rallina castaneiventris, Sc/d. A'. T. B. iii. p. .349 (1866).

Adidt female. General colour above dark ochracoous brown, with
somewhat of a rufous tinge on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts; wing-coverts like the back: i)rimarj--coverts and quills
reddish brown, somewhat olivaceous externally ; tail-feathers dull
reddish brown, more chestnut below ; crown of head and entire
sides of face clear slaty grey; chin whitish, shading into pale vinous
on the throat, which passes into vinous chestnut on the lower throat,
fore neck, and rest of under surface ; the abdomen and vent some-
what i)aler vinous ; thighs greyish externally ; under tail-coverts, as
■well as the under wiug-coverts and axillaries, deep chestnut: "bill
yellow at tho base, horn-coloured at the tip ; legs and feet brown "'
(./. Gould). Total length 17 inches, culmen 2-2, wing S-5, tail 4-7,
tarsus 2-7o, middle toe and claw 27.

llah. North Australia and the Aru Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Aru I.slauds. ^\■allace Coll.

6-1. Ad. sk. [Aru Islands] (/. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll.

50 EALLID^.

2. Eulabeornis poecilopterus.

Rallina pceciloptera, Hnrtl. Ibis. 1860, p. 171 (Viti Levu) ; FinscJi Sc
Hartl. Faun. Centralpoh/n. p. lo6, tab. 12. tig;. 1, tab. iii. fijr. 4 (eg'^')
(1807); Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 438; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 155
(Rewa), p. ■^39:3 (Viti Levu); Eeichen. J. f. O. 1891. p. 127;
Wiglesiv. Abhandl. h. Zool. Miis. Dresden, no. vi. p. 00 (1891).

Eulabeornis poecilopteru?, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 57, no. 10387
(1871).

Adult male. General colour above brown ; tbe scapulars like the
back ; lower back, rump, and uj)per tail-coverts also brown ; wing-
coverts like the back, but a little more rufescent ; greater coverts
chestnut, barred with rufous and blaclc ; bastard-wing feathers
blackish, externally washed with rufous brown and with distinct
bars of light chestnut ; primary-coverts uniform rufous brown ;
(]uills chestnut, with broad blackish ends and broadly barred with
blackish on the inner web and chequei'ed with black and rufous bars
on the outer web ; the inner secondaries like the back ; tail-feathers
reddish brown, blackish in the centre : head ruddy brown from the
centre of the crown to the hind neck; forehead dull slaty grey, as
also the lores ; sides of face and ear-coverts, the sides of the hinder
crown, and the entire cheeks and sides of neck slaty grey ; chin and
throat white, the latter washed with slaty grey ; the rest of the
under surface, from the fore neck downwards, darker slaty grey :
sides of body and flanks blackish, as also the under tail-coverts ;
thighs dark slate-colour ; the shafts of the breast-feathers whitish ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries black, barred with white ; under
surface of quills rufous, barred with black : " bill orange and
yellow; feet yellow: iris light brown" (E, L. Latjard). Total
length 13 inches, culmen I'S, wing QS, tail 3'1, tarsus '2-bo, middle
toe and claw 2'4,

Adult femcde. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
14 inches, culmen 1'8, wing 6-4, tail 2-6, tarsus 2-25, middle toe
and claw 2- 15.

I/ab. Fiji Islands : Ovalau and Viti Levu.

a. Ad. St. Fiji Islands. Purcba-ed.

b, c. cJ 5 ad. sk. Korotumbi, Viti Levu, Nov. 2 Tweeddale Coll.

(E. L. Luyard).
d. § ad. sk. Ovalau, Jan. 10 (E. L. Luijavd). Tweeddale Co]l.

3. Eulabeornis woodfordi. (Plate VII.)

Eallina woodfordi, Oc/ilvie Grant, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. ((>) iv.
p. 320 (1889) ; Sa/iad. Af,g. Oni. Papuasiu, iii. p. 196 yimi).

Immature (type of species). General colour above dark chocolate-
brown, the groundwork of the feathers being black ; wings browner
than the back ; bastard-wing black, with white spots or bars on the
inner web ; quills black, externally chocolate-brown, with white
spots on the inner web of the latter, decreasing in number on the
secondaries ; tail-feathers black, externally chocolate-brown ; head

G. TRlCnOLIMXAS. 51

sooty brown, with a distinct shade of dark slaty grey on the eye-
brow ; lores and feathers below the eye and ear-coverts black ;
cheeks also black, with a slaty-grey shade along the malar line ;
chin whitish, the throat becoming ashy black ; remainder of under
.surface of body black, with a slight ashy sliade on the breast ; the
sides of the body washed with chocolate-brown ; under wing-covcrts
black, barred or sjjotted with white ; axillaries black : " bill l)lack ;
feet grey : iris red" (f. M. Woodford). Total length 14"5 inches,
culmen iMj, wing G-8, tail 2-8, tarsus 2-35, middle toe and claw 2-2.
ll(d}. Solomon Islands.

«. Inira. sk. Aola, Guadalcanal'. C. il. Woodford, Esq. [C.].

(Type of species.)

6. TEICHOLIMNAS.

Type.

Tricholimnas, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Oni. Club, no. v.

(Jan. 1893, p. xxviii) T. lafresnayanus.

llange. Confined to Xew Caledonia.

1. Tricholimnas lafresnayanus.

tialliralliis lafresnayanuj:, Verr. et Des Murs, JRev. et May. de

Zool. 1800, p. 437; Joumi, Mem. Soc. Cherb. ix. p. 246 (ltt(j3);

Finsch, J. f. 0. 1873, p. 40.3 ; Marie, Acten -!>'. L. Bold, xx vii. p. 328

(1870) ; id. Ibi.'i, 1877, p. 3(J3.
Kulabeornis lafre.^nayauus, Gratj, Hand-t. B. iii. p. o(^, no. 10370

(1871): id. Cruise of ' Cura(^ua,' pi. xxi. (1873); E. L. if L. C.

Latjard, Ibi.", 188:?, p. 53.J (New Caledonia); Wiylesic. Ablumdl.

k. Zool. Mils. Dresden, no. vi. p. CO (1801 ).
Ocydronuis lafresnayanus, O'iele/, Thes. Oiii. ii. p, 2-30 (1875);

Buller, Tr. X. Z. 'imt. x. p. 210 (1877).

Adult male. General colour above brown, with a slight shade of
olive on the scapulars ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and
tail dusk)- blackish, washed with dull rufous brown ; wing-coverts
like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish,
externally rufous brown, which colour is much more distinct on tl<o
secondaries ; crown of head for the most part dusky ashy, especially
on the forehead and sides of the crown ; nape decidedly browner,
and gradually verging into dark chocolate on the hind neck ; lores
duskj-, with a narrow supraloral streak of isabelline; car-coverts
brown ; cheeks and throat light asliy grey ; sides of neck brown ;
rest of under surface of body dark slaty grey, washed with brown on
the fore neck, chest, and sides of body ; tianks dark chocolate-
brown ; thighs slaty grey : under tail-coverts chocolate-brown ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries black, barred across with white ;
tjuills below blackish ; secondaries rufesceut on the lower surface.
Tot;U length 17 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 8, tail 4-2, tarsus 2'4,
middle toe and claw 2"5.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller, the bill
being conspicuously so. Total length 14".j inches, culmen 1*9,
wing ~-o, tail 4, tarsus 2-35, middle toe and claw 2"35.

52 •RkLLIBM.

Young. Differs from the adult in being almost entirely black,
with a shade of chocolate-brown on the back and sides of neck, the
under surface being somewhat more slaty black ; head and throat
more slaty grey, with a patch of orange-brown on the fore neck :
" bill and legs dark brown ; iris crimson " {E. L. Layiird).

Hah. New Caledonia.

a. cT ad. ; h. J ad. sk. New Caledonia. M. Verreaiix.

c. 5juv.sk. Boulai, New Calpdonia, Dec. Tweeddale Coll.

16 {E. L. Ltnjard).

7. GYMNOCREX.

Type.

Gymnocrex, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Geuov. vii. p. 078

(1875) G. vosenbergi.

Schizoptila, Briiffgem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen,

V. p. 94 (1876) G. rosenbergi.

Bdiige. Celebes, Molucca Islands (Morotai, Halmahera), Mysol.
Aru Islands, Southern New Guinea, Solomon Islands. ? New
Ireland.

1. Gymnocrex rosenbergi.

IJallina rosenbergii. Schl. N. T. D. iii. p. 212 (1806 : Kema, Celebes) :

id. Mus. Pays-Bas, Kalli, Index, p. 78.
Eulabeornis rosenbergii, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 57, no. 1038J

(1871;.
Rallina (?) rosenbergii, Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 96 (1872).
Gymnocrex rosenbergii, Salvad. Atm. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 678 (1876 :

Menado).
Schizoptila rosenbergii, Br'uqqem. Abhandl. nal. Ter. Bremen, v. p. 94

(1876).

Adult. Lores, region round the eye, and a large space behind the
latter bare ; sides of head and neck, as well as the lower parts,
greyish black : tail, with the rump and upper tail-coverts, deeper
black ; wings, back, mantle, and upper part of neck dark reddish
brown and purplish, inclining to brownish buff on the larger quills ;
upper part of head blackish ; lower wing-coverts blackish, with a
large whitish patch at the end of each feather : " bill and bare skin
round the eye pale greenish yellow ; feet greenish grey ; iris brownish
red" {Von Rosenberg). Total length 6-9 inches, tail 3-1, bill from
gape 2-1, tarsus 2*8. (Schlegd.)

Hub. Celebes.

2. Gymnocrex plumbeiventris.

Rallus plumbeiventris Gray, P. Z. S. 1861, pp. 432, 438: Fiiisc/,,

Neu-Guinea, p. 180 (1865),
Eallina plumbeiventris, Sehl. Miis. Pai/s-Bas, Tfalli. pp. 17, 78

(1865) ; id. Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. 'iii. p. 849 (186(S) ; Gray,

Hund-l. B. iii. p. 58, no. 10402 (1871) ; Shari^e, Journ. Linn. Sac.

xiii. p. 505 (1877).
Rallus hueveni, Rosenb. MSS. ; Schl. Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierh-. iii.

8. AKAMIDES. 53

p. olO (180(5); lioseiih. Nat. Tijdachi: Nederl. Inch xxix. ]). N4

(1807) ; id. Jiein naar Zuidoostereil. p. o-'i (1807).
llallus intactus, .StV. 1'. Z. 6'. l«U!t, p. J JO, pi. x.. : Trigtr. Ibis, 1882,

p. 144 ; liumsay, I'roc. Linn. 6oc. *^'. >S'. IF. vii. p. ii'-i (1882).
liallina iutacta, (-iriii/, Ilund-l. B. iii. p. 'j'6, no. 10-J04 (l''^71).
(iymnocrex pluiiibeiVL'iitris, licdvud. Ann. Mas. Geiwv. vii. p. 7'J3
"(l87o); UAlhnt. 6)- iSalvad. op.cit. xiv. p. 129 (1879); fSulvad.

op. fit. xvii. p. o20 (1882) ; id. Oin. I'apuasia, iii. p. 208 (18e2) ;

Meyer, Zeitsc/ir. (jes. Orn. i. p. 295 (1684) ; Sharpe in Gould! s

B. Is'eiu Guinea, v. pi. 71 (l8t<6) ; ''Salrud. A(/(j. Orn. I'ajjua.si(i, iii.

p. 190 (1891).

Adult (type of species). General colour above oehraceous olive-
brown, tlie lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail black ;
wing-coverts ocbraceous brown like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills rufous, shaded with olive-brown at the tips ;
secondaries olive-brown, slightly rufescent in the middle, the
innermost secondaries like the back ; entire head and neck as far as
the mantle on the upper surface, and as far as the chest on the lower
surface, vinous chestnut, paler on the throat ; breast and remainder
of under surface leadui grey, blacker on the lower Hanks and under
tail-coverts; under wing-coveits and axillaries black, with large
ovate spots of white : '• bill black, greenish at the base ; feet coral-
red; iris led" {JJ'Allertis). Total length 13 inches, culmen 2'1,
wing 7''2, tail 2-8, tarsus 2"1, middle toe and claw 2.

^^evcral specimens have the throat whitish, with chestnut tips to
the feathers, whereas in a few individuals the tliroat is perfectly
uniform. The abdomen is blackish in many specimens. Young
birds appear to have tlie abdomen mixed with rufous.

JJali. Molucca Islands (Halmahera, Morotai), JS'ew Guinea, ]Jyso],
Aril Is-laiids, 8olomon Islands. ? Xew Ireland.

a. Ad.sk. Morotai or Morty Island. Wallace Cull. (r\pe

of species.)

()-e. Ad. ; /. Juv. [Aru Islands] {J. T. Cock- Salvin-Godman Coll.

,sk. erell).

I/. Ad. .-k. Port Moresby, S.E. New C. llui.steiu [C.].

Guinea.

h. .\d. sk. Solomon Islands (Z. Bra- P.L.SclatLT,Esq.[l'.].

zier). (TyP'? ''f -''• intavius.)

b. ARAMIDES*

lype.

.\raraides, Pitcher. Her. ZajoI. 1845, p. 277 A. cayanea.

Ortvgarchus, Cab. in Schonib. Jiiis. Brit. Guian. iii.

p". 759 (1848) V. cayanea

Range. Confined to the Xeotropical region.

* Aram IDES pluhbeicollis.

Araniides pliinibeicollis, Zcledon, Aiudcs Mas. 2'ac. Costa Bica, i. p. 131
(1887), h. p. 3 (1888).

Hub. Costa Kica.

This species is unkno^^n to inc.

54 EALLID^.

Key to the Species.

a Quill-lininp: rufous.

a. Breast chestnut, or vinous, or ruddy brown.

a" . No gi'ey on the throat or fore neck.

a". Crowu of head and hind neck grey.

a'. Smaller ; tar.sus 2 inches : under

surface light rufous ; tliighs pale

ashy; under wing - coverts black,

with some white and rufous cross

bars ; abdomen ashy mangle, p. o4.

5'. I^arger ; tar.sus 2'8 inches : under
surface ruddy brown, washed with
olive ; fore neck dusky vinous ;
thighs reddish brown or slaty
black ; under wing-coverts chest-
nut, with a few black bars ; abdo-
men black wolfi, p. 55.

V" . Crown of head and hind neck rufous :
mantle clear bluish grey ; throat and
breast chestnut; under wing-coverts

blackish, with white liars axillaris, p. i3(i.

h" . With grey on the throat and fore neck.
c'" . Chin and upper throat white; lower
throat only blue - grey ; fore neck

chestnut like the breast f/nfliiralis, p. 57.

d'" . Throat white ; fore neck grey.

c'. Smaller: breast orange - rufous or

chestnut; abdomen and vent dusky [pp. 57 59.

blackish cayanea and allies,

d^. Larger : breast pale vinous ; lower

abdomen and veut pearly grey .... ypavuhu, p. (iO.
//. Under smi': ice entirely .slaty grey ; throat

white ; no rufous on breast snracura, p. 61.

h. Quill-lining not rufous ; under wing-coverts

black, broadly tipped with white cullopterus, p. 62.

1. Ar amides mangle.

Gallinula mangle, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 74, Taf. 97 (1825).
"Rallus mangle, pt., Gray, List Gralke Brit. Mus. p. 115 (1844).
Aramides chiricote, pt.. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846).
Aramides mangle, Burm. Th. Bras iii. p. 385, note (1856) ; Sri. Sf

Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 449 (Bahia) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 60,

no. 10421"; (1871) : Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 816 (1871 : Sapitiba): Scl.

Sf Salv. Nomejicl. Ar. Neotr. p. 139 (1873).
Aramides ruficollis, B}). C. B. xliii. p. 598 (1856, pt.) ; Sc/il. 3lm.

Puys-Bas, Ralli, p. 15 (1865).

Adult. General colour above olive ; scapulars like the back ;
lower back and rump chocolate-brown, becoming black on the
upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts olive like the back ; bastard-wiug
feathers rufous, with dusky brown tips ; priinary-coverts olive-
brown, edged with rufous ; quills rufous, with dusky brown tips ;

8. AHAMIDRS. 55

inner secondaries olive-brown like tiie back; tail-feathers black;
crown of head ashy grey, becoming clearer and more slaty blue on
the hind neck and upper mantle; lores and feathers over the eye
ashy : sides of face and ear-coverts light ashy grey ; cheeks and
throat white ; sides of neck ashy grey ; remainder of under surface
from the fore neck downwards rufous ; abdomen isabelline ; lower
flanks brown, washed with grey; thighs pale ashy; under tail-
coverts black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries blackish, with
narrow white or rufous cross bars; edge of wing rufous. Total
length 12-5 inches, culmen 1'7, wing 6-2, tail 2-2, tarsus 2-05,
middle toe and claw 2-05.
llab. Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. Bahia {Dr. Litxchnath). Ralvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Bahia (Dr. Wuchvrer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. St. [Bra;iil.] Old Coll.

2. Aramides wolfi.

Aramides wolfi, Berl. Sf Tacz. R Z. S. 1883, p. 576 (Chimljd,
W. Ecuador).

Adult. General colour above olive-brown ; scapulars like the
back ; lower back and rump reddish brown ; upper tail-covcrts
black ; wing-coverts like tlio back ; bastard-wiug and ])rimary-
coverts dull chestnut, inclining to dusky olive at the ends; quills
chestnut, dusky brown at the ends ; inner secondaries reddish brown,
externally olive; tail-feathers black; crown of head light grey,
becoming tinged witli vinous on the nape; hind neck %-inous brown,
inclining to chestnut towards the mantle ; lores, sides of face, and
ear-coverts ashy grey ; throat ashy white ; sides of neck and fore
neck vinous brown ; breast oclireous olive, washed with rcddisii
brown ; abdomen blackish ; lower tlanks black, mixed with brown ;
thighs vinous brown ; under tail-coverts black ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries chestnut, with black bars, indistinct on the former,
but more distinct upon the latter ; quills below chestnut, with
dusky tips. Total length 1 l-o inches, culmen 2-2, wing 7*0, tail 2-7,
tarsus 2-8, middle too and claw 2-().

Of the two specimens in the Salvin-Godman Collection, there is
a curious difference to note in the colour of the tliighs ; in the bird
described they are vinous brown, but in the other blackish.
J lab. Ecuador.

a, b. Ad. sk. Balzar Mountains, Ecuador Salvin-Godm.in Coll.

{IlliHffworth).

56

3. Aramides axillaris.

Ortvgarcluis mangle {nee Spix), Cab. in Schomh. Beis. Brit. Guiana,
ii'i. p. 760 (1848)*.

Aramides axillaris, Later. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 107 (Bar-
raiiquilla, New Granada) ; Sel. ^ Salt-. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 449
(Belize); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 60, no. 10427 (1871) ; Sel. %■
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873) ; Laxvr. Mem. Bust. Soc.
N. H. ii. p. 311 (1874: Mazatlan) ; Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 327
(N. Yucatan) ; Boiieard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 462 ; Salcin, Ibis, 1886,
p. 176.

? Ortygarclnis ruticollis {nee Sjjix), Licht. Nomencl. p. 96 (1854:
Guiana, Venezuela).

Ortygarclius axillaris, Heine Sf Beichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 320
(1890: Guiana ; Puerto Cabello).

Adult female. General colour above greenish olive; scapulars
like the back ; lower back and ramp brownish black ; upper tail-
coverts black ; wing-coverts olive like the back ; bastard-wing
rufous, inclining to olive at the ends ; primary-coverts olive, slightly
washed with rufous at the base ; quills light chestnut or bay for
the basal part, olive for the terminal part ; secondaries olive
like the back; tail-feathers black ; crown of head, hind neck, and
sides of the face rather paler chestnut ; throat white tinged with
rufous ; the mantle and lower hind neck blui"sh grey, forming a
distinct triangular patch ; sides of neck and under surface of body
bright chestnut; lower abdomen ashy grey; lower flanks black
like the under tail-coverts ; thighs dark slate-colour ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries blackish, barred with white nr rufous ; quill-
lining pale chestnut: "bill green, j-ellowish at base; feet vinous
red ; eyelids and iris red " (Leotaud). Total length 12-5 inches,
culmen 1-6, wing 6-9, tail 2-2, tarsus 2-15, middle toe and claw

Sexes alike {Lfotcmd).

Young. Upper part of the head and nape dull brown ; on the
upper back an indication of the blue-grey patch of the adult, but
only feebly developed ; remainder of mantle and back olive-brown ;
rump blackish ; throat and cheeks dirty white ; remainder of undcr-
jiarts dull dark grey, slightly washed with rufous : " iris very pule
red " {Leoicmd).

Hah. Colombia to Venezuela, Trinidad, and British Guiana.
Re-occurring in Central America, from Honduras to Yucatan and
Mazatlan.

a. c? ad. sk. Venezuela {Spenee). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Ad. St. Venezuela. Old Coll.

* Dr. Reichenow has very kindly compared Schombiirgk's specimen in the
Berlin Museum tor me, and there is no doubt that it is A. axil'uris, thus con-
firmine; the surmise of Messrs. Sclater and Salvin.

8. AKAMIDKS. 57

4. Aramides gutturalis *. (I'latc V.)

? Black-bellied (iiillinulr, 7ai//i. (!<-ii. .S//«. iii. pt. 1, p. 2r>.T (178") :

Cayenne).
y Fiilica riiticollis, (Ini. Si/st. jS\if. i. p. TCO (1788, f.v Lath.).
y (lallinula ruKcoUis, Ldt/i. Ind. Oni. ii. p. 707 (1790).
IJallua nificep.s, pt., ('la;/, Lid (Iralke Brit. Mus. p. llo (1844;

spec. d).
Aramides ruficolli.^, (irci/, Cicn. B. iii. p. 594 (184*;) ; .SV/. Sf f^alc.

P. Z. S. 1868, p. 448 ; lirai/, lland-l. B. iii. p. GO, no. 104l'9 (1871) ;

'SW. i^" Salv. Nvnieiicl. Ac. Xeutr. p, 1:j9 (1873).

AduJt. General colour above dark olive-brown ; scapulars and
lesser winjij-coverls like the back ; lower back more chocolate-brown,
becoming black on the rump and upper tail-coverts; median and
greater wing-coverts reddish brown ; bastard-wing dusky brown,
externally rufous brown ; primarj--coverts and quills chestnut,
dusky brown at the ends, the secondaries dusky brown, externally
reddish brown, the innermost ones like the back ; tail-feathers black;
crown of head dark chestnut-brown ; forehead and ear-coverts
tinged with gre}' ; lores and sides of face paler and more vinous
red; cheeks more decidedly grey ; chin and upper throat greyish
white, shading off on the lower throat into a patch of blue-grey;
remainder of under surface from the lower throat downwards rich
chestnut; lower abdomen blackish mixed with rufous; lower Hanks
and under tail-coverts black ; thighs ashy brown ; under wing-
coverts and axillarics rufou.?, broadly barred with black ; quills
below rufous. Total length i;J-5 inches, culmen 1"9, wing 0"8, tail
2-4, tarsus 2-7, middle toe and claw 2-;Jo.

IJah. South America ; but exact locality not known.

a. Ad. ?k. [Lima.] Purchased. (Type of species.)

o. Aramides cayanea t.

Poule d'eau de Ca\enno, Jhuihoit. I'l. Eiil. i.\. jil. '?,^y2.

Fulica cajanea, y. L. S. Miilli-r, Si/xt. Sat. ku pi. y. Ill* (1776):

Cass. Froc. I'hi/nd. Acrid. If^lU, p. I'M!.
La Urande Poule d'eau de ('aveiine. A'/'//'. ///.-.•/. Xid. (Jis. viii. p iM'

(1781).
Fulica major, Bodd. Tail. PI. Enl. p. 21 (178:^).
Cayenne Calliuule, Lath. Gen. 61/71. iii. pt. 1, p. 2o2 (178-5).

* Tliis is the species referred to as Aramides riifcoflis, Gni. (founded on tlie
"Black-bellied Gallinule" of Latham), by Messrs. Selaier and 8alvin. The
dimensions, liowever, do not agree, and llie species ditlVis from Lalliain's de-
scription ill many important jiurlic-iilais. No mention is made by Latham of
the grey on tlie lower tliront, wliile lie furlluT describes the sides as "barred
with rufous and black," and the thighs as " lilack."

t Miiller wrote this word cojanca, and, as Cassiu has shown, tliis is tlie
'ildest name for the species. Kvon if Aluller's work should some i\ny be
rtpudiati'd by ornitiiuloyists on aeeount of his carelessness and his apparent
(•oh.<ur-blindness, then the jiropcr name of the species would be Aramides major
(Boddaert), I'ouuded ou Daubentou's ulate.

58 p>allid.t:.

Fulica cayennensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 700 (1788; ex Lath.).
Gallinula cayennensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 767 (1790).
Rallus ruticeps, pt., Gray, List Gvallce Brit. Mus. p. 115 (1844).
Aramides cayennensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. o94 (1846) ; Geof. St.-

Hilaire, Bull. Soc. Acdim. (2) vii. p. 139 (1870); Pelh. Ibis,

1873, p. 122 (Cayenne) ; Scl. if Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 447 (pt.) ;

iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873, pt.) ; iid. F. Z. S. 1879,

p. 54o (Antioqiiia) ; Berl. Ibis, 1884, p. 440 (Angostura) : Salv.

Ibis, 188(3, p. 176 ; Meyer, Abbild. Voyel-Sk. pi. Ixxiv. (1885).
Ortysrarchus cayennensis. Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 759

(1848) ; Hei7w ^ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 320 (1890 :

Santa Marta; Puerto Cabello).
Aramides maximiis, Sehl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Raili, p. 14 (1865).
Aramides cayanea, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 60, no. 10425 (1871).

Adult male. General colour above olive, greenish on the back
and scapulars and browner on the lower back ; rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail black ; lesser wing-coverts olive-greenish like the
back ; remainder of wing chestnut, with dusky tips to the primary-
coverfcs and quills ; the greater coverts and inner secondaries
externally washed with olive, the innermost secondaries dark
greenish olive with black shaft-streaks ; crown of head dusky slate-
colour, lighter on the hind neck, the grey extending on to the
upper mantle ; sides of face ashy grey, becoming lighter and purer
grey on the cheeks, sides of the neck, and on the fore neck ; throat
white ; remainder of under surface from the fore neck downwards
orange-chestnut ; the abdomen, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts
black ; thighs slat)' grey ; under wing-coveits and asillaries rufous,
barred across with black. Total length lO^o inches, culmen 2'1,
wing 7"2, tail 26, tarsus 2"75, middle toe and claw 2'5.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but with the abdo-
men a little more rufous (? a sign of immaturity). Total length
13*5 inches, culmen 2, wing 6'7, tail 2-2, tarsus 2-7, middle toe
and claw 2-2.

Ilah. Colombia and British Guiana to Northern Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. South America.

b. r^ ad. sk. Eemedios, Antioquia, U. S. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Colombia (7". K. Salmon).

c. Ad. sk. Maroni River, Surinam Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Xappler).
d.e. c? $ ad. sli. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Jan. (H. Whifely).
f. 5 ad. sk,* Rio de Boraxudo, Brazil, Salvin-Godman Coll

Dec. 24 (J. Natterer).
(J. Skeleton. Purchased.

Subsp. a. Aramides chiricote.

Chiricote, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 214 (1802).

Rallus chiricote, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxvili. p. 551 (1819).

* I am not quite satisfied that this speciraeu belongs here. It is ashy grey
above, and the rufous colour oi' the under surface is also very pale.

8. ARAMIDES. 59

Rallus maximum, I'irlll. N. Diet. d'J/i.s/. Xaf. xxviii. p. r);", (1810K

Oalliniila riificoUi-', vur. {nee Gm.), !iw(tim. Zml. lllustr. iii. pi. ]7;5
(lsi'i'-2:J).

(iallinula niticops, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 74, tab. xovi. (18:^o).

Gallinula caveimonsi.s (nee Gm.), Nemcied, lieitr. Oni. Brax. iv.
p. 708 (]8:52).

Araniide.s cliiiicutc, Ilarfl. Ind. Aznrn, p. 23 (1847).

Araniides cayeniu'iisis (7iec Gm.), Bnnn. Th. Bras. iii. p. 384 (1856;
Laifoa Santa, Novo Fribourgo, llio de Janeiro) : Sd. P. Z. S.
]85(i, p. 14;! (Panama) ; Salv. P. Z. 8. 1867. p. 10] ; Scl. ^'- Salt:
P. Z. S. 1874, p. ;508 (Lower Ucavali) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,' p. 508
(Ainable Maria, C. Peru) ; Forbes', Ibis, 1881, p. 358 (Pernambuco);
7aez. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 318 (188t5) ; Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 31
( IMlcomayo) ; Hiker ^- Chapm. Auk, viii. )>. 10.". (1891: Sau-
tai-eni).

Araniides, sp., Scl. S)- Sab). P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200.

Aramides cayanea, ■pt.,Grmj,Hand-l. B. iii. p. 60, no. 1042.') (1871).

Adult male. Similar to A. catfanea, but differing in the brown
or rufous brown on tlie hinder part of the crown and nape, which
separates the grey forehead from the grey of the hind neck ; there
is also a little brown shade on the ear- coverts : " iris bright carmine,
as also the eyelid ; bill yellow from the base to the end of the
nasal groove, the tip bright green; feet light sealing-wax red"
(XeuwieiJ). Total length i;3 o inches, culmen 2-Uo, wing 7-3, tail
2-7, tarsus 2-8, middle toe and claw 2-45.

JIuh. Brazil, through Amazonia to Central Peru and northward
to New Granada and Panama.

a-r. Ad. st. Soutli .Vniorica. Purchased,

rf. Ad. .'^k. Soutli Anieri-a.« IJiocour Coll.

v.f. Ad. Ai. Pahia, Prazil (l>r. Wveherer). Salviu-Godiiian Coll.

>/. Ad. .<k. Para, Lower Amazon. K. Graham, Esq.

[P.1.

/i. 2 ad. sk. Upp^sr Amazons. June I80O Salviu-Goiman Coll.

[A.R. Walluee).

i. 2 ad. sk. Chapada, Matto Grosso, Pra- Salvin-Godman Coll.

zil, Nov. 22 (D. ir. Smith).

k. 2 a-l- sk. Yquitos, Peru, Oct. 11 (//. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Wliitchj).

I. .Vd. .-^k. Interior of New Granada. Salvia-Godman Coll.

m. Ad.sk. Panama. Capt. Kellett ,■(:

Li.'ut. Wood 'P.J.

>'. 2 ad. sk. Lion Hill Station, Panama Salvin-Godman^Coll.

(J. McLfaiimni).

o. Ad. sk. Veragua (E. Arci). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Subsj). /J. Aramides albiventris.

Ar.uiiides cayeniieusis {nee Gm.), Scl. P. Z. S. 18.'J7,p. 206 (S. Andres
Tuxtla); Moore, P. Z. S. iS-'iO, p. 64 (Omoa) ; Scl. t.c. p 30.$
(Uaxaca); id. ^- Sal v. Ibis, 1859, p. 230; iid. P. Z. S. 1867,
1). 280 (?) ; Bidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 5'J4 (1887 : Segovia
Iviver, Houduras).

* Ideulided by Vieillot as liis BuI/ks viaximius.

60

Aramides altiventri?, Luicr. Proc. Fhilad. Acad. 1867, p. 234 ; id.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 143 (1868 : Costa llicaj ; Scl. ^ Salv.
P. Z. S. "1868, p. 447 ; *c/. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. ^38 (Honduras) ;
Girnj, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 60, no. 10430 (1871) ; Scl. ^ Sulv. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873) ; Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 327 (W. Yucatan) ;
Hoticard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 4C2 (Yucatan); Ferrari-Perez, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mm. ix. p. 177 (1887 : Vera Cruz) ; Salv. Ibis, 1«89,
p. 378 (Cozumel), IbOO, p. 89.

Adult male. Similar to A. chiricote, but with a more distinct
patch of reddish brown on the hinder part of the head, and further
distinguished by the paler colour of the long tawny feathers of the
lower breast, which have whitish ends ; the general colour of the
plumage of the upper surface a little more greenish grey. Total
length 13-5 inches, culmen 2-G, wing 7"7, tail 2-3, tarsus 3-4, middle
toe and claw 3.

Adult fimcde. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 14-5
inches, culmen 2-Q5, wing 7, tail 2-1, tarsus 3, middle toe and
claw 2-7.

Hah. Central America from Mexico to Costa Piica. It is uncer-
tain whether the Aramides from Mosquitia belongs to the present
species or A. chiricote {cf. Scl. & Salv. 1*. Z. S. 1868, p. 448),

sk. Tampico, Mexico, June ( If'.

D. Richardson).
J Plava Vicente, Vera Cruz,
Dec. {M. Tnijillo).
Vega del Casadero, Vera Cruz,

Dee. {M. Tnijillo).
Laguna Verde, Vera Cruz,

Sept. (M. TruJiUo).
Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Feb.

( W. B. Ilichardson).
Retalhuleu, July 15 (W. B.

Ilichardson).
Mouth of River Samala,

Guatemala (O. Salcin).
Choctum, Vera Paz (O. S.).
Cozumel Island (6-'. 1\ Gau-

mer).
Belize, British Honduras {F.

Blancaneau.v).
Costa Rica (/. Carmiol).
q. Skeleton. Guatemala.

",

b. (S 2 ad,

c,

d. Ad.; e.

ad. sk.

.f.

(5" ad. sk.

.</■

J ad. sk.

h.

(5 ad. sk.

i.

J ad. sk.

Ic.

Ad. sk.

I,

?«. Ad. sk.

n.

2 ad. sk.

0.

Ad. sk.

p.

2 ad. sk.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

S.dvin-Godman Coll.

Salviu-(}odnian Coll.

Salvin-Godman Cull.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Cull.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Col.'.

6. Aramides ypacaha.

Ypacaha, Azara, Apimt.m. p. 210 (180-')).

Rallus ypacaha, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Xat. xxviii. p. 5(i8 (1819):

Goidd in Lanvin's V<nj. '■ Beaqle,^ Birds, p. 133 (1841: Buenos

Aires) ; Gray, List Grallce Bri't. Mm. p. 115 (1844).
Crex melampyga, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 79 (1823).
Gallinula gigas, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 75, tab. 99 (1823 : Minas

Geraes).
Aramides gigas, Pucheran, Bev. Zool. 1845, p. 14 ; Gray, Gen. B.

iii. p. 594 (1846) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 383 (1856 : Minas

8. ARAMIDE3. 61

Oeraes, Rio de Janeiro); id. Reis. Li Plnta-St. ii. p. 004 (18G1 :
ratiaina) ; Schl. Mm. Fai/s-Bax, Ralli, p. 14 (18(35).

Aiaiiiides vpacaha, Grai/, Gi-n. IJ. in. p. H'-H (1846); Ilarfl. In/.
Azara, p. L>:5 (1847) ; 'Scl. if Sih: P. Z. S. 1808, ,,. 144 (Concliitas) ;
till. t. r. ]). 448 (Monogr.) : Gnu/, Hnnd-I. B. iii. p. GO, no. 104^14
(1871) ; Velz. Orn. Bras. p. .'31(') (note), ]). 4-")8 (1871 ) ; Scl. ^- Sair.
Nomoicl. Av. Neotr. p. 189 (187:3) ; Hudson, P. Z. 8. 187G, p. IO-t
(Buenos Aires); Durnf. P)U, 1877, p. 104 (Baradero); White,
P. Z. S. 1883, !>. 4:5:3 (La Plata) ; Burrows, Auk, i. p. -IIQ ('1884 :
Concepcion) ; Bcrl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 34 (I'ilconiavo) ; Scl. if Hud-
snn. Arr/ent. Orn. ii. p. loO (1889) ; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 148 (Lower
I'ilfoinHTo).

OrtygarcluLs nielanipygus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 96 (18o4).

Adult. General colour above olive, browner on the lower back :
rump, U])j)er tail-coverts, and tail black ; wing-coverts like the back :
bastard-wing and jjrimary-coverts olive with a slight reddish tinge;
quills light cliestnut, externally olive, the inner secondaries like
the back ; fore part of crown, eyebrow, and sides of face ash)- grey ;
hinder crown reddish brown, becoming vinous chestnut on the nape
and hind neck, l)rightcr on the sides of tlie neck ; chin and upper
throat whitish ; lower throat, fore neck, and chest light bluish grey ;
breast pale vinous ; abdomen and vent white ; thighs ashy gre\' ;
sides of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts black ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries chestnut, the former barred with black ; quills
below ])ale chestnut. Total length 16-.5 inches, culmen 2'S, wing
8'7, tail 3'3, tarsus iJ'45, middle toe and claw 3'4.

Hah. Southern Brazil and Argentina.

a. Ad. .sk. Brazil. Massena Coll.

b. 2 ad.sk. Concliitas, Buenos -Vires, Oct. (IT'. Salvin-Godiiian Coll.

H. Hudson).

7. Aramides saracura.

Chiricote a])lomado, Azaru, Apunt. iii. p. 21ij (180-5).

Kallus nigricans {nee V.), Bp. Journ. Pldlad. Acad. iv. p. 333

(lSi'5): Burin. J. f. O. 1853, p. 17tJ (egg).
(tallinula siirnciira, Spi.r, Ar. Bras. ii. p. 75, Taf. 98 (1825).
Kallus melanurus, Bp. Journ. Philad. Acad. v. p. 139 (1825).
Gallinula plnnibea, Xeuu-ied, Beitr. Orn. Bras. iv. p. 795 (1832);

Tichudi, Faun. Peruan , Are<, p]). 52, 302 (1845-46).
Aramides phinibeus, Gra>i. Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846); Hartl. hid.

Azara, p. 23 (1847); Burnt. Th. 7?/(/«. iii. p. 383 (1856); Schl.

Mus. Pai/.f-Bas, Ralli, ]>. 15 (1865).
Aramides saracura, &■/. ^- Salr. P. Z. 6. 1868, p. 449; Heinh. Vid.

Medd. Kjiihenh. 1870, p. 44 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 60. no. 10428

(1«71); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 316, 458: Scl. ^- Sale. Xotnencl. A v.

Xeotr. p. 139 (1>73) : Tacz. Orn. Pero'i, iii. I..319 (1886).
Ortvgarch'is .suruiura, Heine ^- Beic/ien. yoinencl. J/m-*. Hein. p. 320

(1890).

Adult. General colour above greenish olive ; scapulars like the
back ; lower back brown, becoming blacker on the rump ; upper
tail-coverts and tail black ; wing-coverts like the back : bastard-

62 EALLID^.

wing and primary-coverts dusky brown, with a slight tinge of
rufous, olive externally ; quills light chestnut or bay for the basal
part, olive towards the ends ; secondaries entirely olive-brown ;
hinder crown brown, becoming more rufescent on the nape and
hind neck, the latter becoming rnddy olive-brown on the mantle,
the sides of face a little paler ; hinder ear-coverts washed with
ruddy brown ; throat white ; sides of neck and entire under surface
of body slaty blue ; sides of body and flanks blackish ; thighs slaty
grey ; nnder tail-covcrts black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
chestnut, barred with black ; quills below light rufous, dusky at the
ends: "bill light green, bluish green at the base ; feet clear dark
red, with a tinge of brownish grey ; iris carmine, as also the eyelid "
(jSeuwied). Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 7'2, tail 2-4,
tarsus 2-9, middle toe and claw 2-0.

Hab. Brazil, extending into Peru (Tschudi).

a. Ad. sk. South America. Riocour Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. St. Brazil. Purchased.

f/,e. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

/. Ad. sk. Santa Fe, Minas C4eraes, Brazil Salviu-Godman Coll.

(H. lioyers).
(J. 5 ad. sk. Pelotas, Bio Grande do Std Salviu-Goduian CuU.

[Joyiur).
h. cJ ad. sk. Ypanema, Brazil, April [J. Salvin-Godman Coll.

]S!atterer).

8. Aramides callopterus.
Aramides callopterus, Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 439, pi. xxviii.

Adult (type of species). General colour above greenish olive ;
scapulars like the back ; lower back and rump chocolate-brown ;
lesser wing-coverts like the back ; median and greater coverts
beautiful chestnut, with olive bases ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills dusky brown, slightly olivaceous on the outer webs ; the
inner secondaries olive like the back, browner towards the ends ;
upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers black ; crown of head dusky
olive-brown, becoming rather clearer olive on the hind neck ; fore-
head dusky slate-colour ; lores, region of the eye, and cheeks ashy ;
ear-coverts pale vinous ; throat white, with a shade of pale pearly
grey ; sides of neck deep maroon chestnut ; fore neck and under
surface of body slaty blue, more dusky blackish on the vent and
under tail-coverts ; lower tianks dusky hrown ; under wing-coverts
black, broadly tipped with white ; axillaries black, barred across
with white. Total length 12-5 inches, culmen 1'85, wing 0-5,
tail 2, tarsus 2-55, middle toe and claw 2"25.

Ilab. Ecuador.

a. Ad.sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. i?2<c/c- Salvin-Godman Coll.

Icy). (Type of species.)

b, c,d. Ad. sk. SarayacLi (C. Buckley). S.dviu-Godman Coll.

y. MEGACREX. 10, HABKOPriLA, 63

!». MEGACREX.

Ijpe.
Mep-acrex, D' Albert. >.V Salcad. Ann. Mas. Civic. Gcnoc.
xiv. p. 129 (1879) M. inepta.

liange. Southern New Guinea.

1. Megacrex inepta.

Megacrcx iin'])ta, If Alliert. ^- Satrad. Ann. Mns. Civic. Genov. xiv.
p. 1.30 (1879); D' Albert. P. Z. S. 1879, p. :218; Beiclien. He
Schalow, J. f. O. 1879, p. 310 ; Gould, B. New Guinea, v. pi. 69
(1880) ; n Albert. Nuova Guinea, p. 588 (1880) ; Salcad. Ann.
Mils. Civic. Geiior. xviii. p. 321 (1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia, iii.
p. 272 (1882).

Adult male. Crown and hind neck dusky brown, the forehead
ashy ; sides of head ashy grey, the lores darker ; throat whitish ;
sides of neck pale vinous in the centre, below brownish olive ; back
olive-greyish ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, which is very short
and concealed, brown ; lower part of fore neck, iipper breast, and
sides of breast rnfescent ; centre of breast and abdomen white,
sliglitly tinged with rufous : sides olive ; lower abdomen and thighs
greyish vinous ; sides of abdomen and under tail-coverts brown ;
wing-coverts greyish olive, uniform with the back ; quills brownish
olive : bill yellowish green ; feet black ; iris dark blood-red. {Sal-
vadon.)

Adidt female. Similar to the male, but a little smaller.

Total length about 17-21%5 inches, culmen with frontal shield
2-S4-:5-0r), wing 7-7-(i, tail l-O. tarsus 3-G-3-9. (Salvadori.)

Hah. Ply River, 8.E. Xew Guinea.

10. HABROPTILA.
Ilabroptila, Grai/, P. Z. S. 18G0, p. .365.

Iian<ie. Island of Halmalu'ra, in the ^loluccas.

1. Habroptila wallacei.

Ilabroptila walhuvi, Gnni, P. Z. S. lS(i(), p. 3(m, ])1. 172; Finxch,

Neu-Giiin. p. ISO 1 18(5.")) ; Schli;/. Diirent. p. 2i;2, ciuu WiX. ]>. 262 ;

id. yed. Tijd^ch. iJierk. iii. ]». :.'.J0 (1866) ; Grai/, Hawi-l. B. m.

p. ()7, no. 10.J12 (1871); Salvad. Ann. Mu-i. Civic. Genov. vii.

p. 793 (187o). xviii. p. 320, no. 10 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia etc.

iii. p. 271 (1SS2).
Itallina (Ilabroptila) wallacei, Schleq. Mns. Pat/s-Ba.'^, llalli, p. 78

(1865).

Adult (type of species). General colour above dull slate-colour,
with a slight tinge of olive-green ; lower bat k. rump, and uj)p«.T
tail-coverts chocolate-brown, the latter inclining to blackish ; wing-
coverts brown, externally slatv, the greater series more chocolate-

04 KA1.HD.E.

brown, with duskj' centres : primar3--coverts and primaries blackish,
the inner secondaries like the back ; head and neck all round dusky
slate-colour, a little brighter on the under surface of the bodj', which
is somewhat barred with brown centres to the feathers ; thighs and
under tail-coverts blackish ; axillaries and under wing-coverts like
the breast. Total length 15 inches, culmen 2-So, wing 7, tail 2o,
tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 2-85.

Hah. Island of Halmahera or Gilolo, in the Moluccas.

rt, i. Ad. sk, Halmahera. Wallace GoU. (Types of species.)

11. OCYDROMUS.

Type.

Ocydromus, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphih. p. 9S, note

("1830) 0. australis.

Gallivallus, Lafr. Rev. Zoul. 1841, p. 243 0. brachypterus.

Range. Confined to New Zealand. Supposed to have formerly
inhabited the Chatham Islands as well.

Keij to the Species.

a. Tail always distiuctly barred with black and

sandy buff, or rufous, the region of the
shaft only black ; colour of upper parts
mostly tawny ; throat and a chest-patch
grey, separated by a broad patch of tawny
or cinnamon ; flanks always barred across
with black , australis, p. 04.

b. Tail black, with no cross bars, but occasional

rufescent margins ; flanks not barred.

a' . General colour above dark rufous brown,
broadly streaked with black ; under sur-
face of body slaty grey, the throat sepa-
rated from the chest by a band of reddish
brown across the fore neck earli, p. 60.

b' . General colour above black like the under
surface, with margins of rufous brown
to the feathers ; throat dull ashy; centre
of breast, abdomen, and thighs also ashy
brown brachyjyterus, p. 67.

1. Ocydromus australis.

Rallus troglodytes, Forster, Icon. ined. tab. 126 (descr. nulla).

Troglodyte Hail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 229 (1785).

Rallus australis, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, i. pi. 14 (1786) ; Gm. Si/st.

A'af. i. p. 717 (1788, e.r Sparrm.); Vi^ill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.

xxviii. p. 560, pt. (1819) ; Sundev. Krit. om S2)arrm. p. 5 (1858).
Rallus troglodytes, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 713 (1788) ; Forster, Descr.

Anim. p: 110 (1844).
Ocvdromus troglodytes, Wagl. Nat. Syst. Amphih. p. 93, note (1830) ;

Finsch, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. v. p. 209 (1872) ; Mutton, op. cit. vi.

p. 119 (1873 : Te Auau Lake) : Finsch, op cit. vii. p. 231 (1874) ;

11. OCYDROMUS. 65

Sharpp, Viii/. ^Erebus " S,- 'Terror,' Apj). Birds, p. 28 (187o) ; Buller,

Tr. N. Zifal. Imt. viii. p. 202 (187o).
Ojvilri>iiius austnilis, Strickl. Ann. ^- Mar/. Naf. Hist. vii. p. .30

(1841); Oral/, Gen. B. iii. p. o'J6 (184t)) ; id. Vol/. ' Erebus' f

'Terror,' p. 1.% pi. 14 (184*>); lleichenb. ILtndh., Fidicar. Taf. cxxiii.

fig. 1210 (18ol) ; Gnvi, Ibis, 18(J2, p. 2.}7 ; Schl. Mm. Paifs-Bas,

Kalli, p. 7;J (180-5); iVulf, Zool. •Sketclu-s, 2ud series, 1865, pi.;

Buller, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. i. p. 50 (1808) ; Trave.rs, t. c. p. 178

(fornierlv in Chatham Island); Potts, op. cit. ii. p. 70 (1869), iii.

p. lUO (1870); Finsck, J.f. O. 1870, p. 352; Gra,/, lland-l. B.

iii. p. 56, no. I03();i (1871) ; Fin.%ch, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. v. p. 20'.»

(1872) ; Buller, B. X. Zeal. p. 17!), pi. xix. %. 2 (187.3) ; Hutfoii,

Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. vi. p. Ill (1873) ; Finsch, J.f. O. 1874, p. 178;

Sharpe, Voy. 'Erebus' ^ 'Terror,' App. Birds, p. 28 (1875);

Buller, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. viii. p. 187 (1875: egg) ; id. op. cit. x.

p. 215 (1877) ; Iteischeh, Tr. X Zeal. Inst. xvii. p. 190 (1884);

Smith, op. cit. xviii. p. 131 (1885) ; Buller, B. New Zeal. 2iid edit.

ii. p. 1 10, pi. 35. fig. 1 (1888) ; S/iarpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v.

p. XXX (Jan. 1893).
Ocydronius brachvptenis (nee Zafr.), ScM. Mus. Paijs-Bas, Ealli,

p. 73 (1805) ; Builer, B. N. Zeal 2ud edit. ii. p. 119, pi. 35. tig. 2

(1888).
Oeydromus hectori, Hutton, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. vi. p. 110 (1873);

Finsch, op. cit. vii. p. 231 (1874) ; S/iarpe, Vuij. 'Erebus ' l^- 'Terror,'

App. Birds, p. 128 (1875).
Ocvdromus earli {nee Grai/), Finsch, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. vii. p. 231

(1874).

Adult male. General colour above tawny buff, thickl}- striped
with broad black centres to the feathers ; the lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts nearly uniform tawny butf, with a few duskv
bars ; scapulars and wing-coverts barred with black and tawny butf.
the latter colour often arranged in notches, and with somewhat of
a rufous shade ; (|uills, as well as the upper tail-coverts and tail-
feathers, chestnut with black bars, narrower on the latter; head
rather more rufescent than the back and more narrowly streaked
with black ; lores and feathers round the eye black, with a supra-
loral streak of buff, continued into a streak of grey above the ear-
coverts, and forming an eyebrow ; eyelid wliitish ; ear-coverts
tawny rufous, streaked with black ; cheeks and throat ashy grey ;
sides of neck, fore neck, and chest light tawny, spotted with black,
streaked with black centres to the feathers; breast duller tawny
buff, washed with ashy on the u])per parts and crossed with dusky
bars ; the lower breast and abdomen dusky brown, indistinctly
barred with pale fulvous ; sides of the body sandy buff or light
tawny, more rufescent on the lower Hanks, all broadly barred with
black, rather more narrowly on the tlauks ; vent light tawny, the
under tail- coverts rufous, with black bars; under wing-coverts
decj) tawny or rufous, with black bars ; quills chestnut below, with
black cross bands : " bill pale reddish brown at base, brown at the
tip ; tarsi and toes pale lake-red, claws brown ; iris bright reddish
brown" (IT. L. Bulhr). Total length 19 inches, culmen 1-7. wiug
G"S, tail 0*1, tarsus 1"75.

Adult fenidh. Similar to the male, but a little smaller.

VOL. XXlll. F

66 EALLIDj;.

Nestling. Covered with down of a dark mouse-brown colour.
The plumage which ensues is mainly that of the adult bird, but its
texture is rather softer, and the bars on the sides of the body are
less pronounced.

I have been much indebted to the Hon. Walter Kothschild for
the loan of the series of skins of Oci/dromus in his collection. Most
of them were formerly in the collection of Sir Walter Buller, but
few of the skins in the Buller collection have indications of exact
localities, and the bulk of those of 0. australis are merely labelled
" South Island," which of course does not convey much information
as to the exact localities where they were obtained. This is the
more to be regretted, as it has prevented my being able to express
an opinion as to the value of the different races of 0. australis.
Two forms can be distinguished, one of which is sandy buff in
general appearance, while the other inclines to cinnamon. Un
looking over a large series, there seems to be a complete intergrada-
tion between those two forms, which may therefore be only climatic
varieties, and the differences in plumage may depend on locality.
Sir AV alter Buller, in fact, mentions that the alpine birds are paler
than those from the lower country ; but there seem to me to be other
forms which, if carefully studied, would probably be found to have
a distinctive character and geographical distribution, so that the
question of the South Island Weka Rails can by no means be con-
sidered settled.

Hah. South Island, New Zealand.

a. Ad. st. New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq. [P.].

b, c. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(I. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Edward Hargitt, Esq. [P.].

e-A-. Ad. et jiiv. New Zealand. Colonial Museum, Wellmg-

sk. ton.

/, m, n. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P.].

v,p. c? 2ad.sk. Port Cooper (i^,S<m«ire). Capt. Stokes [P.].

q. Skeleton. New Zealand. Purchased.

2. Ocydromus earli.

Ocydromus earli, Gray, Ibi-t, 1862. p. 328 ; Buller, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst.

1. p. 56 (1868) ; Fiiisch. J. f. O. 1870, p. 353 ; Gray. Hand -I. B. iii.

p. 56, no. 10365 (1871) ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p.' 170 ; Buller, B.

N. Zeal. p. 165, pi. xix. fig 1 ^873) ; Hidton, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst.

vi. p. 112 (1873) ; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1874, p. 199; id. Tr. N. Zeal.

Inst. vii. p. 231 (1874) ; Hharpe, Vo'/. ' Erebus ' 8; ' Terror.'' App.

Birds, p. 28 (1875); Buller, Tr. N. Zeal. hist. x. p. 215 (1877) ;

Hamilton, op. cif. x\'m. p. 1.2 (1885: Hawkes Bav); Bailer, B.

N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 115 (18S8j ; Skarpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,

no. V. p. xxix (Jan. 1893).
Ocvdromus australis (nee Sparrm.), Finsch, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. vii.

p. 231 (1874).
Ocydromus greyi, Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 105, pi. 34. tig. 1

(1888).

Adult male. General colour above reddish brown, streaked with
black ; wing-coverts like the back, but the outer ones a little more
uniform and not as distinctly centred with black ; the quills

11. OCYPROMCf!. ')7

blackish externally, ami barred with black and rufous on the inner
webs, the inner secondaries rufous like the back and similarly
centred ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform reddissli
brown, the latter with black centres ; tail-feathers black, obscurely
raarj;ined with rufous brown, bub apj^earing to all intents and
purposes black ; crown of head like the back, the feathers streaked
with black centi-es ; lores dusky blackish, as well as the feathers
below the eye and at the angle of the mouth ; a supraloral streak
of greyish white continued in a broad grey eyebrow ; sides of face,
ear-coverts, throat, and under surface of body ashy grey ; along the
upper parts of the ear-coverts a hand of reddish brown, continued
on to the sides of the neck, which are also reddish brown like the
fore neck, this forming a broad collar, which is slightly mottled
with indistinct dusky centres to the feathers ; chiu whitish ; the
abdomen slightly more dusky grey than the breast, the whole of the
grey of the underparts having an obscure dusky shading ; sides of
body, ilanks, and under tail-coverts dull reddish brown, the latter
with some dusky cross bars ; under wing-coverts rufous brown ;
quills below black and chestnut: "bill reddish brown, darker on
the ridge, changing into horny gre}' at the tip; tarsi and toes pale
brown, claws darker : iris light reddish brown "' ( 11'. L. Buller).
Total length 17"5 inches, culmen 2, wing 8, tail 4*4, tarsus 2"4.

Adah female. Similar to the male, but smaller.

VoKiiij (type of species). Similar to the adult, but the grey of the
under surface less defined, as also the lower collar on the fore neck,
tiie whole of the under surface being pervaded by a shade of brown.

Hub. New Zealand (both N. and S. Islands).

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand.

b. Juv. sk. New Zealand.

(Type of species.)

c. d, e. Ad. et Xew Zealand. Colonial Museum, Wel-
juv. sk. lington.

/. d iid. sk. Milford Sound, March 1850. Capt. Stokes [P.].

Sir G. Grev [P.].
Percy Earl, Esq. [P.].

3. Ocydromus brachypterxis.

Gallirallus brachypteius. Lafr. AVr. dc Zoul. 1841, p. 213; id. May.

de Zool. 1842, pi. i'4 (type examined).
Ocvdromus brachvjiterus, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 596 (1846); id. His,

i8(y, p. 2-'38 ; id. Hand-t. B. iii. p. 56, no. 10364 (1871) ; Shatpe,

Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. no. v. p. xxvii (Jan. 1893).
Gallirallus fuscus, Du Bus, Exq. Orn. livr. 3, pi. ij. (1847).
Ocydromus nigricans, Bullcr, Tr. X. Zeal. Inst. i. p. 56 (1868), iii.

p. 55 (1870) ; Grati, Iland-l. B. iii. p. o(S, uo. 10366 (1871).
Ocydromus fuscus, Finsch, J.f. O. 1870, p. 354; id. Tr. X. Zeal.

In.'<t. V. p. 209 (1872); /./. J. f. O. 1872, p. 180; Ilutton, Tr. X.

Zeal. Inst. vi. p. Ill (1873) ; Bulh-r. B. X. Z^al. p. 174 ( L--73) ;

Finscli, J.f. O. 1874, p. 199; Buller, Tr. X. Zeal. Li.st. vii. p. 206

( 1874) ; Fin-n/i, t. c. p. 231 ; Sliarjw, J'oi/. '■Erebus ' ^- ' Terror, A/>j\

Birds, p. 28 (1875); BulUr, Tr. X. Zeal. Inst. x. p. 216 (1877);

Meyer, Abbild. Voq.-Skel. pts. iv., v. p. 31, Taf. xl. ( lf-83) ; Reischek,

Tr. X. Zeal. Inst.'wn. p. 190 (1884) ; Bulkr, B. Xew Zeal. 2nd ed.

ii. p. 112, pi. ZL lig. 2 (1888).

f2

G8 EALLlD.i:.

Ocvdromus finsolii, Huttoii, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. vi. p. Ill (1873);
Finsch, J. f. O. 1874, p. 199 ; id. Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. vii. p. 232
(1874); Shnrpe, Tmj. • Erelus' S,- 'Terror: App. Birds, p. 28
(1875); Hutt(m, Tr. N. Zeal. List. ix. p. 331 (1876).

Adult male. General colour above black, very slightly varied
with rufescent edging's to the feathers ; the quills slightly chequered
ou their margins with rufous, the i^rimaries distinctly barred with
the latter colour; tail-feathers black; lores blackish, surmounted
bj' a very indistinct line of ashy ; throat dark ashy ; remainder of
under surface black, with reddish margins to the feathers ; lower
breast, abdomen, and thighs uniform dusky ashy brown ; under
tail-coverts black, barred with rufous ; under wing-coverts black,
with narrow rufous bars ; the quills broadly barred with chestnut
and black below : " bill dark brown, tinged with red towards the
base ; legs bright reddish brown, darker on the hind ])art of the
tarsi and on the under surface of toes ; iris bright reddish brown "
(W. L. BaUer). Total length 17'5 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 7,
tail 4-8, tarsus 2-2, middle toe and claw 2'6.

Hab. South Island, New Zealand.

a. Ad. St. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.].

b-e. Ad.etjuv.sk. New Zealand. Colonial Museum, Welliugton.

12. APHANAPTERYX.

Type.
Aphanapteryx, Frauenfeld, Neu Ahbikl. Dronte, 1868, p. G . . A. broeckli.

Range. Formerly living in Mauritius.

1. Aphanapteryx broeckii.

Pezophaps broeckii, Schl. Mus. Pai/s-Bas, Struthiones, p. 4 (1873).
Aplianaptervx imperialis, Frauenf. Neu Ahhild. Dronte, 1868, p. 6,

tab. 2; id. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xviii. p. 761 (1869).
Aphanapteryx broeckii, Milne-Fdtvards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) x. pp. 325-

346, pis. i5-18 (1868) ; id. liech. Faune Orn. Ffeinte des Isles

Mastar. p. 61, pi. 12. figs. 1-4 (1866-73) ; id. Ois. Foss. ii. p. 614,

pis. 109, 110 (1869-71).

Hah. Mauritius ; now extinct.

13. DIAPHORAPTERYX.

Type.
Diaphorapteryx, H. 0. Forbes, Bidl. Brit. Orn. Club,

no. iv. p. xxi (Dec. 1892) D. hawkiusii.

Mange. Formerly living in the Chatham Islands.

1. Diaphorapteryx hawkinsii.

Aphanapteryx hawkinsii, Forbes, Nature, xlvi. 1892, p. 252.
DiaplKiraptcrvx hawkinsii, Forbes, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv.
p. xxi (1892).

Hah. Chatham Islands ; now extinct.

Various bones. Chatham Islands. W. Hawkins [C.].

14. ERrrUKoMACIllS. 1.;. III.MVNIOKXIS. GO

14. ERYTHROMACHUS.

■Type.
Ervthromachus, Milne-Edicarda, Ann. Svi. Xat. (o) xix.

art. 3, p. tJ (1S74) E. leguati.

liuiKje. Formerly living in the islaiul of Itodriguez.

1. Erythromachus leguati.

Krythromaclms leguati, Mibw-F.dwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. (o) xi\-.

art. ;j, p. G, pis. xi., xii. (1874j.
Aphaiiapteryx leguati, Gimther ^- E. Xewt. I'/iil. Trans, vol. 1(J8.

pp. -i'-ii-'&J, pi. xiiii. (I87yj.

J/af). Rodriguez ; now extinct.

\'arious bones. Rodriguez (//. //. .Slater). Transit of Venus

Exped.

15. HIMANTORNIS.

Type.
Iliniantoruis, Schl. Mas. I'ays-Bas, lialli, p. 2<S
(l*^«-j) 11. hamatopus.

llatHje. West Africa, from Liberia to the Gaboon.
1. Himantornis haematopus.

Ilimantornis h.-ematopus, Ilartl. J.f. 0. iii. p. 3-57 (18.5o, e.v Temm.

MSS. in Mas. Lwjd.)\ id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. i'4l' (18-57: Gold

Coast) ; Cass. Froc. F/ii/ad. Acad. 18-5!), p. 174 (C'annna River) ;

Hartl.J.f. O. 1801, p. 271; Hchl. Mas. I'ays-Bas, Italli, p. i'8

(18(>j); Gray, Haiid-I. B. iii. p. 04, no. I047o (1871); Bdttik.

Notes Lcijd. Muf. vii. p. 245 (18!<.): Liberia), viii. p. 206 (ISSi!)

X. p. 103 (1888), xi. pp. 12s, 1;J7 (1889).
IIa;matoruis himantopus, ^dd. llandl. BierJ;. ii. p 448 pi vii

fig. 88 (18o7). ^ ^ ■

Adult. General colour above brown, mottled with black and
rufous, the feathers having a rufous-brown margin with a lar^o
subterminal black mark, tlie edges of the feathers whitish near
their ends, imparting a kind of streaked appearance; lesser and
m<!dian wing-coverts like the back ; ba>tard-wing, primarv-coverts,
greater coverts, and quills dusky brown, edged with rufous exter-
lially, paler on the outer primaries; tail-feathers dusky brown,
externally rufous ; crown of head dusky olive-brown, the hind
neck like the back ; a faintly indicated eyebrow of isabelline ;
•sides of face isabelline, mottled -with dusky tips to the feathers^
with a broa'l band of whitish above the ear-coverts; throat white,
Avith dusky tips to the feathers ; remainder of under surface of body
olive-brown, with paler olive margins, having a subterminal shade
of somewhat darker brown : thighs pale olivaceous ; lower Hanks
more decidedly brown ; the under tail-coverts reddish brown ; under

70 EALLID^.

wing-coverts and axillaries Llackish, the former broadly tipped with
white; quilk dusky below: "tip of bill horn-blue, with a tinge
of rose-colour ; ridge of bill black, the base of the lower mandible
and a spot on each side of the base of the upper mandible grass-
green ; naked skin between bill and eyes bluish black ; feet coral-
red ; iris brick-red" (J. B'uttikofer). Total length 15 inches,
culmen 1-4, wing 8-4, tail 3-6, tarsus 3"2, middle toe 22.

Nestling. Covered with tawny-buff down, paler on the under
surface ; head and nape black ; a broad patch of black running
down to the tail from the mantle, broader on the latter ; a black
patch on the ear-coverts.

Hah. "West Africa, from Liberia to the Gaboon.

a. Ad. sk. West Africa. Zool. Society.

h, e. 2 ad. sk. Kaizarako, IJenkera {Gov. Ussher). Shellev Coll.

d. Pull.

16. LRYOLIMNAS.

Tyjie.

Calamodromiis, pt., He'ichen. in Heine ^ Heichen. No-

mencl. Mus. Hein. p. 322 (1890;.
Dryolimuas, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. C. no. v. p. xxviii

(Jan. 1893) D. cuvieri.

Range. Madagascar, Mauritius, Aldabra Island.

1 . Dryolimnas cuvieri.

Rallus gularis {nee Horsf.), Lesson, Traite, p. 536 (1831 : e.r Citvier,

MSS. in Mus. Paris) ; Guer.-Menev. Iconoqr. R. Anim. Cuv. Ois.

pi. 58. fig. 1 (1844) ; Pitcher. Rev. et Maq'. de Znol. 18-51, p. 275 ;

Schl Mus. Puys-Bas, Ralli, p. 13 (18&5) ; id. P. Z. S. \m%

p. 425; id. ^ Poll. Fmm. Madag.n.-^. 134 (1868); Hartl. Vof/.

Madag. p. 337 (1877) ; Milne-Eihu. S^- Grand. Hist. Nat. Madaq.,

Ois. n. p. 569, pi. 230 b. iig. 2, pi. 232 (1879) ; Sibree, Ibis, 1892,

pp. 104, 114.
Le Eale de Madagascar, Sgnnzin, Mem. Soc. Mus. Strasb. 1810,

p. 46.
Rallus cuvieri, Piteher. Rev. et Map. de Zool. 1845, p. 279.
Eulabeornis gulai'is, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846); id. Hand-l.

B. iii. p. 56, no. 10372 (1871) ; E. Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 68.
Rou^-etius bernieri, Bp. C. R. xHii. p 599 (1865) ; Hartl. Farm.

Mndag. p. 79 (1861) ; E. Neict. Ibis. 1863, p. 458; Sol. P. Z. S.

1863, p. 165 ; A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 837.
Rougetius gularis, i)/j. C. R. xliii. p. 599(1856).
Oanirallus kioloides (nee Pucher.), Rock ^- E. Neict. Ibis, 1803

p. 173. _
Rallus bermeri, Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1868, p. 4; Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 400.
Calamodromus bernieri, Heine &■ Reichen. Nomencl. 3Ius. Hein.

p. 322 (1890).

Adult. General colour above greenish olive, with black mesial
streaks to the feathers of the back and scapulars ; lower back, rump,

IG. DRTOLIMXAS. 71

and upper tail-covcrts uniform G;repnish olivo ; %ving-coverts liko
the back, but not streaked with black ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills sooty brown, extcrnallj- olive-green, the inner
secondaries entirely of this colour and centred with black like the
back ; tail-feathers blackish, externally olive : crown of head and
hind neck, sides of neck, and under surface of bodj' deep vinous
chestnut, a little washed with dull olive on the top of the head ;
cheeks and throat white ; sides of 1)ody and flanks dark olive-
brown ; abdomen and tliighs dusky, barred with fulvous or ashy
buff; under tail-coverts blacker, with fulvescent bars; under wing-
coverts and axillarics black, broadly barred with white ; quills
dusky, with an olive gloss : " bill dark pinkish olive, with black
tip ; feet dark olive ; iris reddish '' (-S'. lioch). Total length 9*5
inches, culmen I'o, wing (5*7, tail 1'9, tarsus I'So.

The amount of whitish barring on the abdomen varies greatly
with individuals, and in some instances it is entirely absent. The
specimens with uniform lower parts are apparently younger birds,
as they are also less distinctly streaked on the back.

Huh. Madagascar and Mauritius.

a. Ad. St. Madagascar. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sir E. Belcher [P.].

c. d. Ad. .sk. Madajjascar. Mr. Gerravd [C.].
e. Ad. sk. ^Madagascar {Rev. J. Wills). Gurney Coll.

/, g, h. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Shelley Coll.

J. Ad. .sk. Madagascar {r<illen). Tweeddale Coll.

k,l. (S $ ad. sk. Ankafana Forest, Feb., March Tweeddale CoU,

( W. D. Oncan).
m. $ ad. sk. Ankafana, March 14. Rev. W. Deans

Cowan [C],
n. Ad. sk. Betsileo. Rev, G. Shaw [C],

o. Skeleton. Madagascar. Rev, W, Deans

Cowan [C],

Subsp, n. Dryolimnas aldabranus,

Rallus aldabranus, Gimtlier, Ann. df May. Xat. Hist. (5) iii, pp. 104-
108 (1879),

A'lnh (type of species). Similar to D. cuvieri, but much paler
olive-brown, especially on the abdomen and sides of body, and with
a somewhat .shorter tarsus; the back very slightly streaked. Total
length 1U-.3 inches, culmen 1-S, wing 4-lio, tail 1-9.5, tarsus l*o.5,

,\ younger bird has the abdomen banded with white, and the
back uniform without duskv streaks.

Hah. Island of .Udabra,'

a, b. Ad. et juv. sk. Aldabra Island. Capt. Wharton [P.].

(Types of species.)

17. CANIRALLUS.

Type.
Canirallus, Bp. C. H. xliii. p. 600 (18-56, descr. nulla), C. oculeus.

wide
Canirallus, Hartl. Voff. Madug. p. 350 (1877) C. kioloides.

liange. West Africa ; Madagascar.

Ki'ij to the Species.

(I. Larger : throat bluish grey like the forehead and
sides of face ; large white spots on the outer
aspect of the quills ; wing-coverts olive like the
back oculeus, p. 72.

h. Smaller : throat white ; forehead and sides of face
bluish grey ; small buff spots on the outer aspect
of the quills ; wing-coverts deep chestnut like
the back kioloides, p. 73.

1. Canirallus oculeus *.

Galliniila oculea, Hartl J.f. 0. 1855, p. 3-57 {ex Temm. MSS.) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 67, no. 10.506 (1871).

Canirallus oculeus, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 600 (1856) ; Hartl. Faun.
Madag. p. 80 (1862).

Eallus oculeus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 241 (l''^57) ; Cass. Proc.
Bhilad. Acad. 1859, p. 174 (Canima Eiver) : Sharpe, Ibis, 1869,
p. 19-5 (Fantee); uA P. Z. -S". 1871, p. 614 (Cameroons) ; Ussher,
Ibis, 1874, p. 74 (Fantee) ; Oust. N. Arch. Mas. (2) ii. Bull. p. 142
(1879: Gaboon) ; Beichen. J.f. O. 1890, p. 106 (Cameroons).

Hypotsenidia oculea, Hartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 274.

Rallina oculea, Sckl. Miis. Pays-Bas, Iviilli, p. 20 (186.5) ; BiittiJc.
Notes Lcyden Mus. x. p. 102 (1888 : Liberia), xi. pp. 128, 137
(1889).

Adult. General coloiir above olive-brown, with a slight russet
tinge on the rump; wing-coverts like the back, the median and
greater series blackish, externally olive, and conspicuously marked
with large white spots or bands, these white markings having a black
margin ; bastard-wing, primarj'-coverts, and quills blackish, ex-
ternally shaded with olive, with the same large ovate spots and bars
of white ; the innermost secondaries like the back, with a few
reddish bars or spots ; upper tail-coverts and tail chestnut ; crown
of head dark brown, this shade extending down the hind neck ;
forehead and anterior part of crown, as well as the lores, anterior
cheeks, and throat, light ashy grej' ; sides of hinder crown, ear-
coverts, hinder cheeks, sides of neck, lower throat, and entire breast
rich vinous chestnut ; remainder of under surface of body dingy
olive-brown, with a slight reddish tinge, the abdomen nearly

* This species has been included in the Avifauna of Papua.sia, but witliout
reason (c/. Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 284). The following is the synonymy : —

Ralliis ocLdeus, Gray, P. Z. S. 18.58, p. 197 (Louisiades).
Rallina oculea, Grdi/, P.Z.8. 1861, p. 438 (Mysol, Aru).
liallus oculea, Finsch, Keii-Guinea, p. 181.

These synonyms probably refer to Gymnoceres pbimheivcntris.

17. CANlKALLrS. 73

uniform, but the tlanks, thijihs, arul under tail-coverts reddish white,
the cross bars bordered with blackish : under tail-coverts like the
lower tlanks, but more tinged with chestnut ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries black, with laruo ovate spots and bars of pure white ;
(juills blackish below, with broad white bars: "bill green; feet
brown, soles yellow ; iris reddish brown " (J. Butti/rofer). Total
length 13 inches, culmen l'U5, wing 7, tail 2-6, tarsus 2, middle toe
and claw 0-85.

Young. Similar to the adult, but rather more ruddy olive-brown ;
the wings barred indistinctly with reddish buff and spotted with
white, but the spots by no means so large as in the adults and
always slightly tinged with fulvous ; crown of head dark brown,
with no grey on the sides of the face or forehead : sides of neck
and under surface of body dull brown, with a reddish tinge, the
lower flanks and thighs barred with dingy ochreous bars ; under
tail-coverts clear ochreous buff, with blackish bands ; a slight tinge
of vinous on the sides of the neck and breast.

A bird from Gaboon is similar to the true R. ocidexs, but is more
greenish olive above, and has a greater amount of grey on the face,
the ear-coverts and greater part of cheeks being grey. Total length
13 inches, culmen 1*6, wing 6-9, tail 2-6, tarsus 2, middle toe and
claw 2-05.

On comparing the scries in the ^luseum, I find that the above
specimen is approached by some of these from the Gold Coast, and
it may be that the Gaboon bird belongs to a rather more brightly-
coloured race.

Hab. West Africa, from Liberia to the Gold Coast.

«. Ad. sk. Gold Coast. Gould Coll.

/>,c. Ad. sk. (4 old Coast. Shelley t"< ill.

<i. Ad.; c.f.t/. Ju\.sk. Dfukem {Gov. T'sx/ier). Shelk'V foil.

/*. Ad.sk.' Uiver Vulta (6-'or. Us.'</ier). Shelley Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Caraeroons (A. Crosslei/). Shelley Coll.

k. (S ad. sk. Gahiion. M. Verreaux.

/. Ad. .St. Gaboon. M. Verreaux.

2. Canir alius kioloides.

Galliniila kioloides, I'licher. liev. et Maij. de Zool. 184.5, p. 279.
Corethrura griseilVons (descr. nulla), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595

(L<4(J).
Ortygometra griseofrons, Gray, t. c. pi. Kil (1846).
Eulabeornis griseifrons, Iteichcnb. Ilundb., Fulic. Taf. cccvi. tii.'. 2475

(18.51).
Cnniralliis kioloides. Bp. C. i2. xliii. p. 600 (18-56); Harfl. Fuhii.

Mddu,/. p. 80 (1861 ) ; A. Xcjct. P. Z. S. 1865, p. Smi
IJallina kioloides, .SV7//. P. Z. iS. 18i;6, p. 425; id. if Pull. Faune

Muddy. , Ois. p. 185, pi. xxxvi. (1878).
Porzaiia kioloides, Grandid. Jicr. et May. de Zonl. 1868. p. 4.
(Jallinula griseofrons, Gray, Haiid-l B. iii. ]>. 67, no. 10507 (1871).
Kallus griseifrons, Sharpe. P. Z. S. Is72, p. 8()8.
Caniralius griseifions, Iltirfl. J'<iy. Mndiiy. p. .'i.50 (1877) ; Milne-

Fdw. S,- Grand. IIi.<t. Xat. Maday., Ois. ii. p. 571, pis. 2.30 A. tig. 3,

23.3,233 a, 233 b (1879) ; Hibree, Ibis, 1892, pp. 105, 114.

Advlt. General eolour above bright olive-brown, the scapulars
like the back ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail bright
chestnut ; lesser wing-coverts bright chestnut, the inner ones some-
what olivaceous ; median and greater coverts olive-brown, with a
slight wash of chestnut ; bastard-wing, primarj-- coverts, and quills
black, the bastard-wing feathers with white bars on the inner web,
the quills chequered with rufous spots on the outer web and barred
with white on the inner web ; the inner secondaries ruddy olive
with a rufous tinge ; crown of head like the back ; forehead and
lores and feathers rouTid ej'e ashj' grey ; sides of face and ear-coverts
bright chestnut like the under surface ; upper margin of ear-coverts
olive-brown ; throat white, with a faint dusky margin ; sides of
neck also chestnut like the under surface ; lower abdomen, flanks,
and thighs dusky olive, barred with blackish ; under tail-coverts
with rather more rufescent bars : under wing-coverts and axillaries
black, broadly barred with white ; quills below black, crossed by
four rows of white or fulvous spots, forming bands : " bill bluish,
blackish at the base ; feet reddish brown ; iris brown " {A. Gran-
dvlier). Total length 10"5 inches, culmen I'l, wing 5"2, tail 2*1,
tarsus Vb.

Bah. Madagascar.
a. Ad. sk. N.E. Madagascar {A. Cross- Shelley Coll.

%)•
h. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Sir A. Smith [C.].

c. Ad. St. Madagascar. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

(Type of C. griseofrons.)
djC-if- 6 5id. et Forest of Xorth Senhendra, A. Majastre [C.).
juv. sk. Madagascar.

IS. RALLINA.

Type.

Tiallina, Heichenh. Hand!)., Fulicar. p. xxi (1846) R. fasciata.

Euryzona, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. o!)9 (1856, descr. nulla) , . E,. fasciata.

Hanr/e. India and Ceylon, through the Burmese countries and
the Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago to K.E. Australia.

Keif to the Species.
a. Wing-coverts broadly bai-red with white or
huffy white ; quills regularly banded with

white below fasciata, p. 75.

h. Wing-coverts uniform, or with a few zigzag
irregular white bars.
a . Throat white ; brown coloiu' of back ascending
to the nape, leaving the bead, sides of face,
and lower throat and fore neck orange-
chestnut ; white bars on abdomen as distinct

as the dusky ones superciliaris, p. 7Q.

h' . Throat rufous or isabelline.

a" . Hind neck chestnut as well as the crown ;

mantle dark olive-brown like the back ;

white bars distinct on abdomen.

a". White spots on under wing-coverts

larger ; white bars on breast rather

broad eio-yzonoidvs, p. 78.

IS. EALLIXA. 75

V" . Wliitc .spots on under winjr-coverts and

white bars on breast narrower minahasa, p. 78.

b". Hind neck and mantle rich che.stnut like
tlie head, throat, and chest; hack slaty;
fulvous bars on abdomen obsolete tricolor, p. 79.

1 . Eallina fasciata.

Eallus fasciatu.s liaffl. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 328 (1822).

GalliniUa eurvzona, Temm. PI. Col. \. p. 417 (1826).

Kallusriificeps,('Mn>r, J/z<«. Paris; Less. Traite d'0r7i.-p. 557 (1831).

Crex fasciata, BIyth, J. A. <S'. Beng. .\i. p. 71*7 (1842).

Oiirethrura fasciata, Grmj, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846).

Porzana fasciata, Blijfh, 'Cnt. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 285 (1849: Malacca,
Penang-) ; Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 4>!3 (1874 : Tenasserim).

Rallina eurvzona, lieic/icnb. ILuidh., Fulicaria, tab. cxx. fig. 1186
(1851)

n_vpol»nidia euryzona, Beichenh. t. c. p. 23 (1852).

Eurvzona fasciata, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 599 (lS5f)).

Kaliina fasciata, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Puilli, p. 19 (1865); id. X.
T. D. iii. p. 349 (1866); Hartl. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 831 (Pelew
Islands) ; Hartl. l^- Finsch, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 7 ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 58, no. 10390 (1871); Salrad. Ucc. Born. p. 337 (1874);
Wuld. in BhitJis B. Burnt, p. 162 (1875) ; id. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 231
(1875) ; Finsrh, Journ. Godefr. Mus. Ileft viii. p. 37 (1875 : Pelew
Islands) ; Jlunie S,- Harisan, Str. F. vi. p. 467 (1878: Tenasserim) ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 70 (Malay Peninsula), p. 113 ; id. >^ Marsh.
Game Birds Ind. ii. p. 235, cum tab. (1879) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1879,
p. 271 (Lawa.s); id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 352 (Labuan) ; Briigg.
Abhandl. Bremen, v. p. 464 (1876 : Moera Teweh) ; Salvad. Om.
Papuasia.m. p. 264 (1882) ; Gates, Handh. B. Br. Biirm. ii. p. 341
(1883) ; Everett, J. As. Son. Straits Branch, 1889, p. 201 ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1890, p. 145 (Kina J?alu): Wiglesw. Abhandl. k. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, no. 6, p. tiO (1891); Scdvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) xii.
p. 141 (18t)2: Enp-ano).

Gallinago fasciata, Sharpe, Ibis, 1883, p. 203 {lapsu).

Adult male. General colour above ruddy brown, the scapulars
like the back; the rump a little more olive-brown; upper tail-
coverts and tail-feathers reddish brown ; lesser and median coverts
ruddy brown, with buffy white bars, each of which is margined with
black ; greater coverts black, rather broadly barred with white, as
well as the bastard-wing and primary-coverts ; quills blackish
brown, chequered with wliite spots on the outer web. and barred
with white on the inner one; the secondaries broadly barred and
iil)]ied with white, these white markings obsolete on the innermost
rufou.s-brown secondaries ; crown of head and neck, sides of face,
ear-covert.s, cheeks, throat, and chest chestnut, a little lighter on the
throat ; breast and sides of body white, broadly banded with black,
the abdomen white ; thighs white externally, ashy l)rown internally ;
under tail- coverts barred with black and white or rufous white;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, barred with black like the
inner lining of the quills : '■ bill dark horny ; orbital skin and gape
vermilion : feet and exjiosed portion of tibia bright coral-red : iris
dull cinnabar-red " (IP. Davison). Total length 8*o inches, culmen
0 95, wing 0-2, tail 1"9, tarsus 1-j.

76 EALLTD^.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but a little browner
and with less broad black bars on the under surface, the abdomen
being therefore whiter : " bill plumbeous ; feet coral-red ; iris
reddish brown " ( IF. Davison). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0-9,
wing 4"9, tail 1"9, tarsus 1"5.

YoiuHf. Differs from the adult in being browner, the bands on
the wing being buify white ; sides of face, fore neck, and chest ashy
brown, with a rufous tinge, the throat whitish, as also the breast
and abdomen, which have a few bars of dusky blackish on the sides
of the body.

Hah. From the Burmese countries south through the Indo-
Alalayan region to Celebes and the Moluccas.

a,

h. $ ad. sk.

Moulmein, August ( W.
Davison).

Hume Coll.

c,

(/. d" ad. sk.

Amliei-st, July 3 (TT".

Diivison).

Hume Coll.

e-

i. Ad. sk.

Penang [Dr. Cantor).

India Museum.

^•,

I. Ad. sk.

-Malac-ca.

Capt. Charlton [P.\

m

Ad. sk.

Malacca.

W. Harvey, Esq.
Tweeddale Coll.

n.

Ad. sk.

Malacca {Dr. Mainr/ai/).

0-

y. Ad. sk.

Malacca, Jan., Feb., July,
Aug. (W. Davison).

Ilume Coll.

w

2 ad. sk.

Pulo Seban, Jsov. 11 (IF.
Davisoti).

Hume Coll.

.V.

Ad. sk.

Singapore (Tf'. Davison).

Hume Coll.

y.

z. Ad. sk.

Sumatra.

Wallace Coll.

a'

. Ad. sk.

Billitou.

Tweeddale Coll.

b'

d' ad. sk.

Taguso, Palawan, July '2.

J. Whitehead, Esq.

[C.].

e

Ad. et juv. sL

Labuan (Sir Hufjh Low).

Sliarpe Coll.

d'

Ad. sk.

Labuau.

T. B. .Moodv, Esq.

[P.]. ■

e'.

Ad. sk.

Labuan, Nov. 10.

A. H. Everett, Esq.

rc.\

.f\

. c? ad. sk.

Sarawak, Sept. 20 (^. //. E.).

Hume Coll.

<J

Ad. sk.

Halmahera.

Tweeddale Coll.

h'

I mm. sk.

Pelew Islands {Cohen).

Tweeddale Coll.

2. Rallina superciliaris.

The Eail, Brown, Illustr. Zool. pi. .37.

Eallus nigrolineatus, Gray, List Grallm Brit. Mas. p. 117 (1844,

dcscr. nulla).
Zapoiuia nigrolineata, Hod(js. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844, nom.

nudum).
Rallus superciliaris, Eyton, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. xvi. p. 2-30 (1845) ;

Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 451 (1878), viii. p. 40 (1879).
Ortyo-ometra superciliaris, Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mas., Grallae,

pi. lit; (no. 7(J5) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Sepal, p. 14-3 (1816).
Corethrura superciliaris, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846).
Porzana ceylonica (nee Gin.), Bli/th, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 285

(1849) ; Layard, Ann. .y .Vay. X. H. xiv. p. 2li7 (1854) ; J<-rd. B.

Ind. iii. p. 725 (18(;4) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 440 (187-3: Sind). iii.

p. 188 (1875), iv. p. 405 (1876 : Travaacore), vii. p. 465 (1878).

IS. RALLIXA. 77

J'orz;ina supevciliari-:, Bli/th, Cat. li. Mat. As. S)c. p. 339 (184!)).
Cort'tlii'ura zeylauica, Keliart, Prodr. Cut. p. 135 (1802).
I'Airyzona eiii-vzouoides, Bp. {tvc Lufr.) C. R. xliii. p. 599(1856).
Porzana z>>ylaiuca (lu-c Gin.), Blijth, IhU, 18l)7, pp. 171, .309.
I'oiv.aua aiiiauroptera, Jerd. B. lad. iii. p. 725 (1864, ex Bl'/th,

MSS.) ; Bbith, Ibis, 1867, p. 310; Hume, Sti: F. i. p. 440(1873),

iii. p. 188 (1879).
llalliim eiirvzonides, Gray [nee Lafr.), Hnnd-l iii. p. 58 (1871);

Tweedd. >. Z. .S". 1877, p. 707 ; Ifiime, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879) :

Leijue, B. Cei/l(in, p. 772 (1879) ; Hume i,- Marsh. Game B. hid. ii.

p. 2.'>7, cum tab. (1879) ; Dates, Handh. B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 340

(1SS3J.
Ealliiia cevlouica, -ffftW.s(r. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 476; Wald. in Blyth,

B. Burm. p. 102 (1875).
Rallus telmatopliila, Hiane, Sfr. F. vii. ]). 142 (187S) ; id. t. c. p. 451.
Kallina superriliai-is. Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 70 (1879); Sahad. Oni.

Papuasia, iii. p. 275 (1882).
Eui'vzona eurizonoidiis amauroptera, Stejn. Proc. Bust. Soc. X. H.

xxiii. p. 462 (1888).

Adidt male. General colour above dark olive-brown ; the "wings
and tail like the back, excepting- for a few white bars on the coverts,
tliese bars having a conterminous black line above and below ; quills
dark brown, externally olive-brown ; crown of head and hind neck,
throat and chest bright chestnut ; the chin and upper throat white;
remainder of under surface of body white, barred with dusky black,
the bands on the sides of the body being broader; al)donien white,
with narrow dusky bars ; under wing-coverts and axillaries barred
with black and white like the under tail-coverts ; sides of upper
breast marked with olive-brown : '• base of upper mandible and the
greater portion of tbe lower one green ; remainder of bill dark
brown ; legs black ; claws dark horn-colour ; iris blood-red ;
eyelids grey" {E. W. Gates). Total length 8-7 inches, culmcn 1"2,
wing 5"1, tail 2*3, tarsus 1'5.

Adult f email'. Similar to the male, but slightly more ruddy brown
and without any white bars on the wing-coverts ; the forehead, eye-
brow, sides of face, lower throat, and chest bright chestnut, but the
chin and upper throat white : the hinder crown and neck ruddy
browu like the back.

Yoioi'j. Differs from the adult in wanting the rufous on the head
and throat, the latter being white with only a faint rufous tinge ;
the general colour above Avarm olive-brown ; the head like the back,
with a little rufous tinge on the forehead and eyebrow ; chest olive-
brown, with a rufous tinge in the centre.

Hah. India and Ceylon, to the Burmese countries and the Malayan
Peninsula.

a-f. cJ 2 ad.; Ceylon {H. Xevill). Tweeddale Coll.

(/. J II v. sk.

/', '. d 2 ad. sk. Cevlon. Hume Coll.

/.;. Ad. sk. Ceylou. E. L. Layard, Esq. [C.].

l> '"• 0* 2 iiJ- sk. Ciiioinbo, Cevlon, Oct., Nov. Hume Coll.

{Hart).

ti. Ad. sk. Myuall, S. Travancore. Ilume Coll.

o. (S ad. sk. Cawupore, June (3. Hume Coll.

2J. Juv. sk. Xejal. Hodfrson Coll.

(Type of Zapornia nigrolineufa, Hodgs.)
5'. Ad. sk. Native Sikkim, Sept. (i. Hume Coll.

MnndeUi).
r. Ad. sk. Thavetmvo. Tweeddale Coll.

s. Ad. sk. Tliayetniyo, May. Gates Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Malacca {Dr. Cantor). India Museum.

u. Imm. sk. Malacca, August. Hume Coll. (Type

of R. telmatophila.)
V, 10, X. Imm.sk. Malacca (Dr. JIainf/ai/). Tweeddale Coll.

y. Imm. sk. Singapore. Gould Coll.

3. Eallina euryzonoides *. (Plate VIII. fig. 1.)

Gallinula eurizonoides, Zafr. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 368.

Orty}i:ometra eurizona, pt., Gray, List Grail. Brit, Mus. p. 117

(1844 : spec, ex Manila).
Eallina fasciata (m-c Rnffl.), Wakl. Trans. Z. S. ix. p. 231 (1875).
Kallina eurvzonoides {iiec Lafr.), Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 767

(Cebu), 1878, p. 288 (Valencia, Negros), p. 345 (S. Leyte) ;

Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 274 (Sulu Isl.).
Eurvzona eurizonoides, iStejn. Proc. Post. Soc. X. H. xxiii. p. 463

(1888).

Adult male. General colour above dark chocolate-brown ; wings
perfectly uniform, with a little rufous on the coverts ; bastard-wiug
and primary-coverts blackish; quills also blackish brovrn, externally
chocolate-brown like the back ; tail-feathers like the back ; head
and hind neck, throat and chest deep vinous chestnut, the throat
whitish ; sides of breast olive-browu ; sides of body and flanks,
under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries black, barred
broadly with white, the bars on the under tail-coverts tinged with
rufous ; thighs olive-brown : " bill blackish, the base tinged light
green, tip greyish ; legs dull greenish leaden, feet dark lead grey,
nails grey ; iris brilliant red " {A. H. Everett). Total length S'o
inches, culmen I'i, wing 5"3, tail 2"7, tarsus l"5o.

Hub. Philippine Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Manila. Hugh Cuming [C.].

6. Ad. sk. Manila {H. Cuming). Gould Coll.

e, c?. d 2 ad. sk. Cebu, April {A. H. Ecerett). Tweeddale Coll.

e. (S ad. sk. Valencia, Negros, Aug. [A. Tweeddale Coll.

H. E.).

f, q. S ad. ; h. Amparo, Leyte, July, Aug. Tweeddale Coll.
2 ad. sk. {A. IL E.).

2, A-, /. S ad. ; m. South Leyte, Sept. (A. H. Tweeddale Coll.
2 ad. sk. E.).

4. Eallina minahasa. (Plate VIII. fig. 2.)

Rallus minahasa, Wall. P. Z. S. 1862, pp. 335, 346 (Sula Isl. ;

Minahasa); Finsch, Neu-Gninea, p. 181 (1865); Sc/il. Xederl.

Tijdschr. Dierk. iii. p. 349 (1866) ; Blasius, J.f. 0. 1883, p. 140.
RaUina tricolor, pt., Schl. Mus. Pays-Pas, lialli, p. 18 (1865).

* 2 a. Kallina sepiaria.
Dr. Stpjneger lias described Euryzona sepiaria (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 395,
1887), from the Liu tiu Islands, as being closely allied to B. eurizonoides.

18. RALLIXA. 79

Rallina minaliasa, Grm/, Uaml-L B. iii. p. 58, no. 10401 (lb71) ;
Blasius, J.f. O. 1883, p. 140.

Adult male (type of species). Similar to li. euryzonoides, but with
narrower white spots and Lars on the under wing-coverts and
breast. Differs from B. tricolor in being browner above and not so
ashy ; the lower breast, abdomen, and sides of body black, with
regular narrow cross bars of white ; long under tail-coverts black,
with olive-brown ends. Total length 10-5 inches, culmeu I'Ou,
wing 5-3, tail 2'-l, tarsus 1'5, middle toe and claw l'7o.

Hab. Celebes and Sula Islands.

a. cJ ad. sk, Tondauo, X. Celebes. Wallace Coll.

(Type of species.)

b. Ad. sk. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Sula Islands. Wallace CoU.

5. Eallina tricolor.

RalHna tricolor, Gray, 1'. Z. S.. l^-ls^ p. 18>; (Aru Inlands) ; id. Cut.
B. 2\ew Gidm-a, pp. 52, 62 ; id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 150 (Dorey) ; id.
P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438 ; Bosenb. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 2^3 ; Schl. Mus.
Pays-Bus, Kalli, p. ] 8 (18C5) ; id. N. T. D. iii. p. 349 (1860) ; Gould,
P. Z. S. L'^Oti, p. 218 (Cape York) ; Boseiib. Beis naar Zuidoos-
tereil. p. 53 (1867) ; Gould, B. Aiistr. Suppl. pi. 78 (lb69) ; Graif,
Jlund-l. B. iji. p. 58, no. 10400 (1871) ; fid. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 113
(Uiike of York Isl.) ; BuiiiMiy, t.c. p. 345 (Rockingham Bay;
nesting); Bosenb. Malay. Arc/iip. p. 37ii (Aru), p. 390 (187b);
Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Hoc. N. S. W. iii. p. 297 (1878: Laloki
Rivijr) ; UAlbert. if Salvad. Ann. Mu.<. Ge„oc. xiv. p. 129 (1879 :
Fly River) ; U' Albert. Xuorn Gain. p. S.'^S (b"^80) ; -Salcad. Ann.
Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 320 (lf<b2) ; id. Orn. I'apuusia etc. iii. p. 205
(1882) ; Meyer, Abbild. Voyel-.^ik. pts. 4 i: 5, p. 33, Taf. 42 (1883) ;
id. Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p. 294 (1884 : g^^^) ; Sehrk. J.f. O. 1885,
p. 35 (Waigiou) ; Bamsay, Tab. List Amfr. B. p. 21 (1888);
Salvad. Ayy. Orn. Fa/masia, iii. p. 190 (1891).

Rallus tricolor, Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 197 ; Finsch, Xeu-Guinea,
p. 181 (1865) ; Bosenb. Malay. Arch. p. oG3 (1878-79).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark slaty
brown, with a slight tinge of olive, especially on the wiugs, the
(juills with whitish bars on the inner webs, sometimes faintly
traceable on the outer webs of the primaries ; innermost secondaries
uniform like the back ; tail-feathers blackish browu, with a slight
tinge of ruddy brown, which also pervades the lower back and
rump ; crown of head, hind neck, and upper mantle, as well as the
sides of the face and cheeks, sides of neck, fere neck, and breast, rich
vinous chestnut, the sides of the face rather lighter chcstimt ; throat
isabelline whitish, becoming gradually chestnut on the lower throat ;
remainder of under surface dark slaty grey, with a few bars of
sandy buff, more distinct on the lower flanks and under tail-coverts;
thighs uniform light ashy grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
black, with very broad and distinct bauds of white ; quills blaeki^h
below, with white bars on the inner web: "bill greenish; fiet
blackish lead-colour; iris red" (W Albert is). Total length 11 '5
inches, culmeu I"155, wing 5-7, tail '2 b., tarsus \"to, middle toe 1-9.

80 EALLIDJE.

As a rule the bars on the abdomen arc distinctly fulvesccnt or
ochraceous, but a specimen from Port Moresby has the bars whitish
and also many of the upper tail-coverts blade. The Dorey specimen
and also the one from Duke of York Island are so similar to those
from Australia, that I cannot believe that the bird from S.E. New
Guinea will prove to be distinct. It is, however, desirable that
specimens from this part of Papuasia should be examined.

Hah. X.E. Australia and Cape York peninsula ; Duke of York
Island ; New Guinea ; Mysol ; Waigiou ; Aru Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Eockinghani Bay {E. P. Gould Coll.

Ramsay),
h, c. Ad. sk. Port Deoison (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d, e,/. Ad. sk. Cape York (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll.
g, h. Ad. et iinm. Cape A'ork. Gould Coll.

sk.
i. 5 ad. sk. Duke of Y'ork Island (G. Tweeddale Coll.

Broivn).
k. Ad. sk. Port Moresby, S.E. New A. Goldie [C.].

Guinea.
;. S ad. sk. Dorey. Wallace Coll.

19. CASTANOLIMNAS. ^

Type.
Castanolimnas, SJiarpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v.

p. xxviii (Jan. 1893) C canniugi.

Eancje. The same as that of the single species.

1. Castanolimnas canning!.

Eurvzona canning!, iVyf/t, Ibis, 18G3, p. 119 (Andamans) : Bcav. Ibis,
1867, p. 333; Ball! J. A. S. Bemj. xli. p. 288 (1872 : Hopetown) ;
id. Sir. F. i. p. 86 (1873) ; Hume, Sir. F. ii. pp. 302, 500 (1874).

PtaUina cnnnhigi,Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 58, no. 10398 (1871) ; Hume,
Sir. F. viii. p. 113 ( 1879) ; id. •Sf Marsh. Game Birds Ind. ii. p. 241
(1879) ; Oates, ed. Humes Nests 8f Egrjs Ind. B. iii. p. 398 (1890).

Adult male. General colour above maroon-chestnut ; the wing-
coverts and inner secondaries like the back ; bastard-wing feathers
externally chestnut, blackish on the inner web with reddish-buff bars ;
primary-coverts reddish brown; quills blackish, externally rufous
with blackish bars, the outer web chequered with rufous spots, the
inner webs barred rather broadly with rufous-white bars, the
secondaries externally unspotted but barred on the inner web with
rufous bars ; tail chestnut ; entire head and neck as well as the
throat, fore neck, and chest maroon-chestnut like the back ; breast,
abdomen, sides of body, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts barred
with black and white, the bars much narrower on the latter portions
of the body; under wing-coverts and axillaries broadly barred with
black and white : " bill delicate pale green ; legs and feet olive-
green ; iris red " (i?. J. Wimherlei/). Total length ll-o inches,
culmen 1-25, wing 0-1, tail 3-25, tarsus 2.

Ad^tlt female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 12
inches, culmen 1-15, wing 6, tail o, tarsus 2.

Hab. Confined to the Andaman Inlands.

-0. CREC0P8IS. 3 J

a, fj. S 2 ad. sk. South Andnmans, March, April Hume Coll

Q (ii. J. Wimh-rle,/).

c. V ad. sk. South Andaiuans, April (A'. /. Tweeddale Coll.

nimberhy).

9 ad t '' '""• ^ U-- ?^r\ ^^"'"^ (^- -^ H"°ie CoU.
+ '■•"• sii. ly tmherlei/) .

20. CEECOPSIS.

^TfT'ihST^"' ^"'^' ^"'^' ^''^ ^''"*' "°- ^'- p- -^^"^ ^''''''

'^ C. egregia.

-Ba»(/e. Confined to Africa.

1. Crecopsis egregia.

Crex egregia, Peters, MB. k. Aknd. Berlin, 1854, p. 134 (Mozam-
^^''^liJ^'^'-P'', ^d. LaycmVs B. S. Afr\. 012(1884) XrT*
Ib,s, 188.5, p. 346, 1886, p. 292 (Potchetltroom). ^ ^ ' ^ '

Urtygometra sp., Licht. Xomencl. Av. p. 90 (1854)

WTf^'o. 1S3 ^''' ?r^^' '^•^*^' ^'^"■'- P- ^"^ (^^^^ = ^^''''- °^"^) ;

Ortygometra ango'lensis, 2f«r«. Ibis, 1862, p. 340; vlfon? t c
fFanti''"?"' ''• ^- ^- '"'"' P- '^'' ^■'- ^-;i870:p. 487

Ortygometra egregiii, Finsch .$■ Ilartl. Tog. Ostafr. p. 778 (1870) ;
(rra,j,Hund-l. B m p 62, no. 104-50 (1871); Ileuffl. Orn. N.0.1
Afrn. pt. 2 p 1241 (Gondokoro), App. p. cxevi (1871) ; Skarve
ifBoumcr, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, iii.'^p. 79 (1878- Boma)-
Sharpe, ,« Oates' MatebeleLd. App. p. 324^1881 ."G^buleweyo \
lineage, Orn Angola, p. 479 (1881); Boehm, J. f. O. 1882, p. 188

n!^T''4n ^^V *''«^r'"^-/- ^- 1^^'^' P-34b(KakomaI)ec.);
Ilartl Abhandi. nat J er. Bremen, vii. p. 119 (1881 : Lado
lelz. Urh. z.-LGese^lsch. Wien, xxxi. p. 155 (1881: Mahagi •
Bocage, Jorn. Lisb. (2) ii. p. 84 (1891). ^'^duagij ,

Adult General colour above oUve-brown, mottled with black
centres to the feathers ; scapulars like the back ; lower back, rump
and upper tail-covcrts blackish, with sandy-brown margins; win£
coverts olive-brown like the back, but with less conspicuous black
centres ; greater series black, with brown margins ; bastard-wing
pnmary-coverts, and quills uniform blackish, the innermost second-
aries resembling the greater coverts ; tail-feathers blackish, edged

l'Inlr''V"Ty°; •'["'"" "^ ^''^^ ^^"^ *^« ^^^=1^ t»t darker, Avith
longitudinal blackish centres to the feathers; hind neck more
uniform than the back ; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face bluish
grej with a supraloral streak of white; cheeks and throat pure
white ; sides of neck bluish grey, Uke the lower throat, fore neck,
and chest; breast and abdomen white, barred with black, more
broad y on the sides ot the body and flanks, the sides of the vent
inged with vmous buff; thighs broAvn externally, white internally •
nuder tail-coverls white, broadly barred with black : under win-
coverts nearly uniform blackish, with white bars ; axillaries blackish,
barred with white ; quills below uniform dusky brown : - bill-
upper part of upper mandible dark elate-colour, lower part near the

VOL. XXIII.

a. Ad. sk.

Gambia.

b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

Gambia {Sir A. Moloney).
Fantee {Dr. R. B. Hinde).
Accra (/. Smith).
Elobe District, Gaboon.

/. Ad. sk.

Angola.

ff. J imm. sk.

Pinetown, Natal, March 19

h. 5 ad. sk.

{T.L.Ayres).
Potchefstroom, July 6 {T.

i. Ad. sk.

Ay res).
Gubuleweyo, Dec. 26 {F.

82 HALLID^.

tip lighter slate-colour, lower part of base of upper mandible and
whole of base of lower mandible magenta, of a lilac tinge ; tip of lower
mandible whitish ; feet dusky flesh-colour : orbital skin vermilion ;
iris crimson-lake " {F. Oates). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1,
wing 4-8, tail 1-6, tarsus 1-55.

Young. More brown than the adults, and not so olive ; the lower
back and rump blackish ; the eyebrow brown ; the sides of the face
ashy grey washed with brown ; lower throat, fore neck, and breast
brown instead of bluish grey ; the bars on the under surface broader
and not so distinct as in the adults.

Hah. Nearly the whole of Tropical Africa.

Purchased.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
SheUey Coll.
H. Ansell, Esq. [P.].
Monteiro Coll.
(Type of O. angolensis.)
Shelley Coll.

Gumey Coll.

W. E. & C. G. Oates,
Esqrs. [P.].

k. Ad. sk. Red Sea, 30 miles off the Shelley Coll.

African Coast, about midway
between Suez and Aden,
Nov. 22 {General Maister).

21. CREX.

Type.
Crex, Bechstein, Orn. Taschenb. p. 336 (1802) C. crex.

Bange. The same as that of the single species of the genus.

1. Crex crex.

The Land-Rail, or Daker-Heu, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 30, pi. 32

(1738).
Le Rasle de Genet, ou Roi de CaDles, Briss. Orn. v. p. 159, pi. 13.

fig. 2 (1760).
Rallus crex, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 261 (1766) ; Gm. Si/st. Nat. i.

p. 711 (1788) ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 163 (1811 : Russia

and Siberia to the R. Lena) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii.

p. 553 (1819) ; Rou.v, Orn. Prov. pi. 328 (1825) : Wright, Ibis,

1864, p. 49 (Malta).
Le Rale de Terre, ou de Genet, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 146

(1781).
Le Rale de Genet, Daubent. PI. Fnl. ix. pi. 750.
Crake Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 250 (1785).
GaUinula crex, Lath. Ltd. Orn. ii. p. 766 (1790) ; Forster, Syn. Cat.

Brit. B. p. 27 (1817) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 687 (1820) ;

Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 34 (1827) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 341

21. cRBx. 83

(1837) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 447 (1840) : Fallon, Ois. Beta.
p. 182 (1875).
Crex pratensis, Bechst. Gemeinn. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 461 (1805) ;
id. Orn. Taschenb. p. 337 (1H12) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. ix. Taf. 236
(1838) ; Keys. ^- Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. Ixviii (1840) ; Nordm. in Dhnid.
Vol/. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 274 (1849 : Crimea) ; Selys-Lonych. Faune
Beige, p. 117 (1842); Schl. Bev. Crit. p. civ (1844); Heivits. Eqgt
Brit. B. ii. p. 317, pi. Ixxxix.fig. 1 (1852); Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 311
(1850) : Ejterb. Orn. Dan. pi. 38. ficr. 1 (1853) ; 3Iacgill. Br. B. iv.
p. 527 (1852) ; Reichenb. Handb. Fulic. Taf. cxvi. figs. 1152-1157
(1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. pi. 256 (1854) ; Heugl. Sgst. Uebers. p. 64
(1856) ; Baird, Cass. Sf Laior. B. N. Amer. p. 751 (1858) ; Powys,
Ibis, 1860, p. 349 (Corfu); Schl. Dier. Nederl. Vog. pi. 20. li<rs 6,
7, 8 (1861) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iv. pi. 87 (1863) ; Gumey^Ibis,
1863, p. 331 (Natal) ; Schl Mus. Bays-Bus, Ralli, p. 25 (1865) ;
Godman, Ibis, 1866, pp. 102, 107 (Azores) ; Blake-Knox, Zool.
s. 8. p. 679 (1867) ; Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 253 (1867) ;
Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 172 (OuJh) ; Baird, t. c. p. 282 (Greenland) ;
Loche, Evpl. Sci. Algvr., Ois. p. 343 (1867) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868,
p. 327 (Palestine); Smith, i. c. p. 455 (Portugal); Borggr.
Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 106 (1869) ; Bettoni, Ucc. nidif. Lomb.
tav. 92 (1870) ; Godman, Azores, p. 36 (1870) ; Ehces d,- Buckley,
Ibis, 1870, p. 333 (Turkey); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 224 (S.
Spain) ; Salvad. Faun. ItaL, Ucc. p. 229 (1871 ) ; B. Gray, B. W.
Scotl. p. 331 (1871) ; Alst. S,- Ilarvie Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 67
(Archangel) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevofn. p. 69 (1873) ; Coues, Key
N. Amer. B. p. 274 (1872); Saxby, B. Shell, p. 20 (1874);
Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 388 (Drakeusburg Mts.) ; Dumf. t. c.
p. 397 (N. Frisian Isl.) ; Gumey, Ibis, 1875, p. 141 (Algeria) ;
Cordeaia; t. c. p. 186 (Heligoland) ; Danf. ^- Harrie Brown, t. c.
]). 418 (Trausvh ania) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 413 ; Blanf. East.
Persia, ii. p. 288 (Teheran) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 54 (Marka Kul) ;
Ayres, t. c. p. 351 (Transvaal) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p 291
pi. 499 (1878); Collin, Skandin. Fugle, Taf. xxxviii. tig. 1
(1879); Finsch, Verh.z.-b. Gesellsch. xxix. -p. 255 (1879); Ayres,
Ibis, 1879, p. 351 (Transvaal) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1880, p. 193 (Kras-
noyarsk) ; Bidd. t. c. p. 98 ((iilgit) ; Scully, t. c. p. 591 ; Sharj)e, in
0(1 tes Matabele Land, App. p. 324 (Tati); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882,
p. 226 (Astrachan) ; Shelley, t. c. p. 36(5 (Palatswie Pan) ; Seebohm,
t. c. p. 382 (Archangel); B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 149 (1883);
Booth, Bough Notes, ii. (c. 1882) ; Mar.sch. ^- Pelz. Orn. Vindob.
p. 117 (1882); Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 27 (Caucasus); Saunders,
ed. Van: Brit. B. iii. p. 157 (1883) ; Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 98
(Spain); Eagk Clarke, t. c. p. 148 (Slavonia) ; Saunders, t. c,
p. 388 (Pyrenees); Seebohm, Brit. B. ii. p. 53;j, ])1. 2 (1884);
Park, F. ^- S. xxii. p. 44 (1884 : New York, Nov.) ; Jon-s, t. c.
p. 303 (Newfoundland; Bermuda) ; Tr>,s/r. Faun. 4- Flor. Palest
p. 125 (1884) ; Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 376 (18.84) ; Coues, Key N.
Amer. B. p. 110 (1^84) ; Young, Auk, i. p. 399 (1884: Atlantic) ;
Baird, Brewer, Sr Bidgu: Water-Ii. N. Amer. i. p. 381 (1884);
Di.ron, Ibis, 1885, p. 361 (St. Kilda) ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1885,
p. 117 (Zanzibar) ; Biichner, t. c. p. 207 (St. Petersburg); Sharpe,
Ibi.t, 1886, p. 167 (Muscat); id. t.c.Tp. 490 (Fao) ; Gigl. Avif.
Ital.T^. 352 (1886); Olphe-Galliard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Oca.
fa^ic. xvi. p. 35 (1887); Beichen. J.f. O. 18^7, p. 48 (Kagehi) ;
Miiller, t. c. p. 178 (Hesse) ; Hartert, t. c. p. '2Qb (Niederrhein) •
Salvad. Blench. Ucc. Ital. p. 224 (1887) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. S82

G 2

84 EALLID^.

(Portugal) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 336 (Cyprus) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital.

1st Resoc. p. 546 (1889) ; Koeing, J. f. O. 1890, p. 313 (Madeira) ;

Reiser, Vik/. Mus. Sarajevo, p. 116 (1891); Madaine, Scot. Nat.

i. p. 94 (1891) ; Gatke, Vogehv. Helgoland, p. 530 (1891) ; Seebohm,

Ibis, 1892, p. 25 (Heligoland).
Ortygometra crex, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. ^ B. Brit. Mus. p. 34

(1816) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 218, pi. 26 (1824) ;

Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 117 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii.

p. 593 (1846) ; Riipp. Syst. TJebers. p. 128 (1845) ; Sundev. Si-ensk.

Foql. pi. 45. fig. 2 (1856) ; Jaub. (^- Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn.

p. 490 (1859) : Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 11 (Greenland) ; Gray, List

Brit. B. p. 178 (1863) ; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 439 ; Layard, B. S.

Afr. p. 338 (1867) ; id. Ibis, 1869, p. 377 ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil.

p. 199 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. Bur. Taf. 32. figs. 2, 6 (1870) ;

id. J.f. 0. 1871, p. 351 (Bohemia); Seugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii.

p. 1242 (1871); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. Q-2, no. 10450 (1871);

Shelley, B.Egypt, -^.27 4. {\Q1 -I); Irhy, B. Gibr. p. 142 (1875);

Ay res. Ibis, 1877, p. 351 (Lydenburg) ; HaHl. Abhandl. not. Ver.

Bremm, vii. p. 119 (1881: Lado); Madardsz, Ausst. Ungar.

Vogelf. p. 112 (1891).
Crex herbarum, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 694 (1831).
Crex alticeps, Brehm, t. c. p. 694 (1831).
The Coru-Crake, Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 6 (1843).
Crex crex, Shmpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 611 (1884) : A. O.

U. Check-l. N. Am. B. p. 143 (1886) ; Butcher, Auk, iii. p. 435

(1888 : Long Is.) ; Ridqw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 140 (1887) ;

Dutclier, Auk, v. p. 177* (1888 : Long Is.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1891,

p. Ill (Fao) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 513 (E. Prussia) ; Shelley, Ibis,

1893, p. 29 (Zomba).

Adult male in summer plumage. General colour above brown,
mottled with black centres to the feathers, which have more or less
of an ashy shade on their margins ; scapulars like the back, with
broad black centres ; wing-coverts uniform bright chestnut ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills chestnut-brown, the first primary
externally isabelline buff, the inner secondaries like the back, with
black centres, and indistinguishable from the scapulars ; tail-
feathers light reddish brown, centred with black ; crown of
head fulvous brown, mottled with black centres to the feathers,
the two colours arranged in streaks ; hind neck and sides of
neck fulvous brown, with smaller blackish-brown spots ; lores
and feathers below the eye, as well as a band along the upper ear-
coverts to the sides of the neck sandy buff ; above the eye a band
of ashy grey, widening towards the sides of the nape ; ear-coverts,
cheeks, lower throat, fore neck, and chest ashy grey ; the chin and
upper throat isabelline ; breast and abdomen isabelline as well as
the under tail-coverts ; sides of upper breast brown, with a few
white bars ; flanks sandy rufous or rufous brown, the feathers tipped
and barred with isabelline or whitish ; sides of vent barred with
darker brown ; thighs sandy rufous ; shorter under tail-coverts
barred with rufous and brown ; under wing-coverts and axiUaries
bright chestnut; quills below brown, rufescent along the inner
edge : " bill, feet, and claws pale brown ; iris hazel " {H. Seebohm).
Total length 10 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 5-6, tail 1-9, tarsus 1-45.

21. CREX.

85

Adult female. Similar to the male, and having tho same grey on
the eyebrow, face, and breast. Total lougth 9 inches, culmen 0*9,
■wing 5*3, tail 2, tarsus 1*5, middle toe and cLiw 1-5.

Adults in ivinter plumar/e. As in summer, but instead of the grey
on tho eyebrow, sides of face, and l)reast, these parts are all ochreons
brown, and the sides of the body are decidedly more rutcscent, with
distinct and broad bars of black on tJie sides of the body and under
tail-coYcrts ; the wing-coverts also have distinct whitish bars,
particularly ou the greater series, where these bars have blackish or
dusky margins.

The grey shading on the eyebrow and breast is assumed by a
change of feathers and not by a moult.

Young after Jlrxt moult. Similar to the winter plumage of the
adults and lacking the grey on the face and breast, and having tho
sides of the body nearly uniform tawny, with a few dusky bars and
whitish tips to the feathers.

Nestlinrj. Covered with black down.

Hah. The greater part of Europe and as far east as the Yenesei
in Siberia, Central Asia, and Muscat in Arabia, wintering in Africa.
Occasional in N. America and Greenland.

a, b. Ad. sk.

England.

Hume Coll.

c. Pull. sk.

England.

Gould Coll.

d. Ad. sk.

Orkney Islands.

Gould Coll.

e. Ad. sk.

Whitehill, Midlothian,
Jime 8 (i?. G. W. R.).

Tweeddale Coll.

/. Ad. St.

Northamptonshire, June.

Colonel L-by [P.].

g, h. Ad. ; i, k, I.

Cambridgeshire.

Purchased.

Pull. St.

m. Ad. St.

Kingsbury,Middlesex,May.

Ilarting CoU.

n. Ad. sk.

Park Hatch, Surrey, Sept.
{F.B.G.).

Salviu-Godman Coll.

0, p. Ad. St.

Cookham, Berks.

Mr. W. Briggs.

q. Ad. sk.

New Forest, Hampshire,

C. B. Wharton, Esq.

Jime 7.

. [P.]-

r. Ad. sk.

Avingtou, Hants, Sept.

Shaiiie Coll.

«. Ad. sk.

Aviugton, Sept. 10.

Shelley CoU.

t. Ad. sk.

Carmarthenshire.

Montagu Coll.

«, V, 10. Ad. St.

Ireland, April.

F. Thackray, Esq.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

z: Ad. sk.

Bodo, Norway, June 20

(F.D.G.).
Morocco.

y. Ad. sk.

Tweeddale Coll.

z. $ ad. sk.

Damietta, Egypt (Filip-
poni).

Shelley Coll.

a', c? ad. sk.

Mount Ilermon, Palestine.

Canon Tristram [C.].

b'. d ad. sk.

Burgasslveuy,Tiu:kev, Sept.
( T. Jiob/on).

Sharpe Coll.

c. cJ ad. sk.

Asia Minor, May 8 (T.
Bobson).

Tweeddale Coll.

d. Ad. sk.

Persia.

Old Collection.

e',f, g'. Ad. sk.

Fho, Persian Gulf.

W.D. Ciumniug, Esq.

h. Ad. sk.

Muscat.

[P.].
Colonel Mills [P.].

86

»■', Ad. sk.

k'. Ad. sk.

I'. Ad. sk.
m'. (S ad. sk.

n'. c? ad.sk.
o'. cJ ad. sk.

p. $ ad. sk.
q'. j ad. sk.

r'. Ad. sk.

s. Ad. sk.

t'. Skeleton.
u. Skeleton.
v' , %o' . Skulls.
x' . Sternum.

Kashgar, Sept. 15.
S.E. Africa.

Natal.

Pinetown, Natal, March 19
(T.L.Ayres).

Zulu-land, June (Gordge).

Potchefstroom, Transvaal,
March 10 (T. Ayres).

Macamac, Dec. 3.

Tati, Matabele-land, Mar.
{F. Oates).

Zomha, Nyassaland, Jan.
11 (^. Whyte).

100 miles at sea S. of Ma-
dagascar.

England.

England.

S. Germany.

22. (ENOLIMNAS.

Rev. Dr. Lansdell

[0.].
John Rocke, Esq.

[P.].
T. ArcQs [C.].
Shelley CoU.

Shelley Coll.
Gurney CoU.

F. A. BaiTatt [C.].
W. E. & C. G. Oates,

Esqrs. [P.].
H. H. Johnston, Esq.

[P.].
Capt. Beckett [P.].

Dr. Giinther [P.].

Purchased.

Dr. Giinther [C.].

Purchased.

Type.

(Enolimnas, Sharps, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. \.

p. xxviii (Feb. 1893) CE. isahellina.

Baiige. Confined to Celebes.

1. (Enolimnas isabellina.

Euryzona isabellina {ex Tetnm. MSS.), Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 699 (1856 ;

descr. nulla).
Rallina isabellina, ScM. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 16 (1865, ex Temtn.

MSS.: Gorontalo, Ayer-Pannas, Modelido) ; Gray,Ifand-l.B. iii.

p. 58, no. 10397 (1871) ; Briiggem. Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v.

p. 95 (1876) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 142 (Menado) ; Blasim,J.f. 0.

1883, p. 140.
Rallus isabellinus, Walden, Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 96 (1872).
Amaurornis isabeUina, Blasius, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. iii. p. 158 (1886).
Erythra isabellina, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 679 (1875:

Menado).
Onolimnas isabellina, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxviii

(1893).

Adult. General colour above olive-brown with an ashy tinge ;
wing-coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts like the back;
quills and tail-feathers reddish brown, externally olive-brown ;
crown of head like the back ; lores and feathers below the eye dusky
with a faint reddish tinge ; cheeks and throat vinous isabelline ;
ear-coverts and sides of neck darker vinous rufous ; rest of under
surface of body from the fore neck downwards vinous chestnut,
including the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; quills below
bronzy brown. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 6'2,
tail 2-45, tarsus 2'4, middle toe and claw 2-6.

Hah. Celebes.

a. Ad. sk.

Celebes.

Tweeddale Coll.

23. AMAUB0LIMNA8, 87

23. AMAUROLIMNAS.

Type.
Amaurolimnas, Shurpe, Bull. Brit. Oni. Club, no. v.

p. xxviii (Feb. 1893) A. concolor.

Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.

1. AmaoTolimiias concolor.

Rallus castaneus, Cuv. MSS. in Mtts. Paris ; Less. Traiti, p. 537

(1831 ; descr. nulla) ; Pucker. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1851, p. 279.
Rallus concolor, Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 309, pi. 103 (1847) ; Albrecht,

J.f. O. 1862, p. 206; March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 69.
Rallina concolor, Reichenb. Handh. Fulicariae, Taf. ccc.xxii. fig. 2577

(18.51).
Rufirallus castaneus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856).
Rutirallus boecki, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856).
Corethrura cavennensis {nee Gm.), Moore, P Z. S. 1859, p. 64; Scl.

Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 2;J0.
Corethrui-a guatemalensis. Later. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 106.
Rallina castanea, Schl. Mtts. Pays-Bos, Ralli, p. 17 (1865).
Porzana concolor, Scl. S^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 452; Pelz. Orn. Bras.

p. 316 (1871 : R. Guapore) ; Scl. 4" Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 140 (1873) ; Scl. Ibis, 1873, p. 373 (Nicaragua) ; A.^-E. Neiot.

Handb. Jamaica, p. 114 (1881) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 176 (Merum^

Mta.) ; Cory, B. W. Ltd. p. 255 (1889) ; Scott, Auk, ix. p. 11

(1892); Cory, Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 91 (1892).
Aramides concolor, Gray, Hand-l. B. ii. p. 61, no. 10435 (1871).
Aramidt'3 boecki, &ra^. Uaitd-l. B. ii. p. 61, no. 10438 (1871).
Erythrulimnas boecki, Heine 4" Reichen. Nomencl. Mtts. Hein. p. 320

(1890).
Amaurolimnas concolor, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Clui, no. v.

p. xxviii (1893).

Adult (type of species). General colour above rufous brown, clearer
and more clicstnut-brown on the scapulars and wing-coverts ;
bastard-wing and quills dark sepia-brown, edged with Ughter
brown ; primary-coverts deep sepia ; inner secondaries chestnut-
brown like the back ; tail-feathers chestnut-brown ; crown of head
and nape dusky brown, slightly rufescent on the forehead : lores
and sides of face dull rufous, browner on the ear-coverts ; sides of
neck and under surface of body dull vinous chestnut, paler vinous
on the chin and centre of breast and abdomen ; sides of body,
flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts vinous chestnut ; under wing-
coverts and axiUarics uniform dusky brown with a slight rufous
tinge; quills below duskj^ brown: "bill yellowish green, blackish
above ; feet dull purplish crimson or pink ; iris vermilion " (P. H.
Gosse). Total length 9*5 inches, culmen 1-1, wing 5, tail 2-1,
tarsus I'o, middle toe and claw 1'5.

Young. Similar to the adult, but more dusky and vrith less
chestnut on the upper surface ; below dingy vinous brown, with
white shaft-streaks to the feathers of the throat and chest ; centre
of breast and thighs ashy isabelline.

Ilab. Jamaica. Central America from Guat«mala south to
Guiana and Brazil.

OO RALLID^.

a, b. Ad. sk. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. (Types

of species.)

c. Ad. sk. Guatemala (J. McLeannan), Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Chontales, Nicaragua (T. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Belt).

e. c? ad. sk. Merume Mts., British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

July 12 (^. WMtehj).
/, ,9. Ad. ; h. Bahia, Brazil (J);-. TF?<eAe?-er). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Juv. sk.
i. Sternum. Jamaica. Gosse Coll.

24. ANUROLIMNAS.

Type.

Anurolimnas, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v.

p. xxviii (Feb. 1893) A. castaneiceps.

Range. Amazonia and Ecuador.

Keij to the Species.

a. Larger : head like the back ; forehead and sides

of face chestnut like the throat and breast ;

abdomen and flanks uniform castanetcqis, p. 88.

b. Smaller : head chestnut like the throat and

chest ; lower breast and abdomen rufescent,

with black bars hauxxvelli, p. 88.

1. Anurolimnas castaneiceps.

Porzana castaneiceps, M. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 453 (Rio Napo);

iid. E.vot. Orn. pi. Ixxviii. (1869) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140

(1873) ; Salmn, Ibis, 1874, p. 320.
Micropygia verreauxi, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 559.(1856, descr. nulla).
Aramides castaneiceps. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10436 (1871).
Ortygometra verreauxi, Grai/, t. c. p. 63, no. 10467 (1871).

Adult. Above olive, the hinder crown like the back ; wing-
eoverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
dusky brown, externally olive like the back ; forehead and fore
part of crown, eyebrow, sides of face, throat, and breast bright
chestnut, a little paler on the chin ; lower breast, abdomen, and
sides of body olive-brown. Total length 7 inches, culmen 1,
wing 4-5, tail 1-15, tarsus 2-05, middle toe and claw 1-7.

Hah. Ecuador.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C Salvin-Godman Coll.

BucJdey).
d. Ad. sk. Rio Napo. J. Gould, Esq. (Type

of species.)

2. Anurolimnas hauxwelli.

Micropygia sclateri, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856 ; descr. nulla).
Corethrura sp., Set. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200.
Porzana fasciata (wee Rcijl.), Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 981.
Porzana hauxwelli, Scl. ^ Salv. Exot. Orn. p. 105, pi. liii. (1868) ;
iid. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 453, 1873, p. 308 (Sarayacu, Pebas, Chami-

25. ZAPORNIA. 89

euros) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Salvin, Ibis, 1874,

p. 3l'0; Tacz. Orn. Ferou, iii. p. 324(1886).
Aramides hauxwelli, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. Gl, no. 10440 (1871).
Ortygometra sclateri, Gray, t. c. p. 63, no. 10466 (1871).

Adult nutle. General colour above rufous olive-brown, the wing-
coverts like the back ; quills dark brown, externaUy like the back;
head and neck all round, throat and breast chestnut ; lower breast,
abdomen, sides of body, and under tail-coverts reddish buff, barred
across with dusky blackish ; under wiug-coverts rufescent, the lower
series dusky with reddish margins ; (juills uniform dusky brown
below. Total length 0-5 inches, culmeu 0"7o, wing 3*65, tail 1'05,
tarsus 1*55, middle toe and claw 1'55.

Ilah. Upper Amazonia.

a. Ad. sk. Chamicuros, Upper Ama- J. Ilauxwell, Esq.

zous. [C.].

b. cS ad. sk. Pubas, Upper Amazons, Salvin-Godman Coll.

June 27 {J. Hauxwell). (Type of species.)

c,d. cJ $ ad. sk. Yquitos, Oct. H. Whitely [C.].

e, (S ad. sk. Sarayacu. E. Bartlett [C.].

25. ZAPORNIA.

Type.
Zapornia, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamni. ^- B. Brit. Mus. p. 34

(181G) Z. parva.

Phidaridion, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 137 (1829)* Z. parva.

rbalaridium, Heine ^- Meiclien. Nomencl. Mus. Hein.

p. 311.) (1890 ; nom. emend.) Z. parva.

Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.

1. Zapornia parva.

Rallus parvus. Scop. Ami. I. p. 108 (17G9) ; Giyl. Ibis, 1865, p. 62

(Pisa),
lialhis mixtus, Lapeyr. Mamm. et Ois. Ilaute-Garonne, p. 38 (1799).
Galliiuila luiuuta, Mont. Orn. Diet. (" Galliuide, Little "), cum fig.

(lsl:i).
Galliuula foljambei, Mont. Orn. Diet. (" Gallinule, Olivaceous' ).
Zapornia ininuta (nee Pall.), Leach, Si/st. Cat. Mamm. ike. Brit. Mus.

p. .-U (181(;) ; For.^t. Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 27 (1817) ; Bp. C. R.

xliii. p. 509 (185G) ; Loche. E.vpl. Sci. Ah/ir., 0/s.ii.p. 341 (1867).
Rallus pevrousii, J'ieill. N. Diet, d' Hid. Nat. xxviii. p. 562 (1819) ;

lioiu; Orn. Provm^. pi. 331 (1825) ; Friisck, J.f. O. 1871, p. 381

(Bohemia).
Gallinula pusilla (nee Pall.), Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 340(1883);

Tcmm. Man. d'Oni. ii. p. 690 (1820) ; Werner, Atlas, Gralles,

Pl- ' ^ ' ' ^ ■" "

G,

On

lenim. Jinn, a urn. n. p. 0}»u (^ir'iiu; ; n erner, .irw.f, wnuies,
pi. 36 (1827) ; Brehm, Voq. Deutschl. p. 69!) (1831) ; Cre.->pon, Om.
Gnrd, p. 450 (1840); Schley. Pec. Crit. p. ciii (1844) ; Kja-rb.
Orn. Dan. Taf. xxxviii. tig. 3, Suppl. pi. xviii. tigs. 3, 4 (1852) ;

* P- Pl/ff^'P't is olso included by Kaup, who does not seem to have appre-
ciated the different structure of the wiug in the two species.

90

Breh7n, Vogelf. p. 330 (1855) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 76. fig. 5
(1856) ; Seve'rtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 69 (1873) ; Fallo7i, Ois. Belg.
p. 188 (1875) ; Collin, Sknnd. Fugle, tab. xxxviii. tig. 3, Suppl.
tab. ix. figs. 3, 4 (1879) ; Schalow, J. f. O. 1882, p. 297 (Branden-
bm-g); Koenig, J.f. O. 1888, p. 275 (Tunis).
Crex pusilla {nee Pall.), Boie, Ibis, 1822, p. 561 ; Licht. Verz. Doiibl.
p. 80 (1823) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. ix. p. 238 (1838) ; Nordm. in
Deinid. Voi/. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 275 (1840: Crimea); Selys-Lonqch.
Faun. Beige, p. 117 (1842); Macgilliv. Brit. B. iv. p. 541 (1852) ;
Potcys, Ibis, 1860, p. 349 (Corfu) ; R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 334
(1871) ; Harting, Handb. Br. B. p. 58 (1872) ; Cordeaux, Ibis,

1875, p. 186 (Heligoland) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 336 (Cyprus) ;
Gdtke, Vogehv. Helgoland, p. 531 (1891).

Ortygometra olivacea, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. pt. l,p. 226 (1824).
Zapornia pusilla {nee Pall.), Sfejjh. t. c. p. 231, cnm fig. (1824);

Gould, B. Fur. iv. pi. 345 (1837); Reichenb. Syst. Nat. Fulic.

tab. cxix. figs. 1176-78 (1852).
Phalaridion pusilla (nee Pall.), Kaup, Nat. Syst. p. 173 (1829).
Ortygometra pusilla, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 63 (1838);

facz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 160 (1877 : Poland).
Porzana minuta, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Fur. p. 65 (1842) ; Gould, B.

Gt. Br. iv. pi. 90 (1864) ; Schl. 3Ius. Pays-Bas, PiaUi, p. 31 (1865 :

Lower Volga, May; Sarepta) ; Degl.8( Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 257

(1867) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 32. figs. 4, 5 (1870) ; Hume, Str. F.

i. p. 251 (1873 : Sind) ; My, B. Gibr. p. 142 (1875); Dresser, Ibis,

1876, p. 413 ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 265 (1884).

The Little Crake, or Olivaceous Gallinule, Yarrell, Hist. Br. B. iii.

p. 15 (1843).
Ortygometra minuta {nee Pall.), Keys. ^- Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. Ixviii

(1840, pt.) ; Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 119 (1844) ; id. Gen.

B. iii. p. 593(1846); Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 129 (1860);

Gray, List Brit. B. p. 179 (1863) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl.

p. 106 (1869); Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 172 (S. Spain); Salvad.

Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 231 (1871) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 63, no.

10462(1871); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 336 (Sardinia) ; Marsch. Sf

Peh. Orn. I'wt/oi. p. 118 (1882) ; Radde, Orn. Catic.^. 377 (1884).
Gallinula minuta (nee Pall.), Brehni, Vogelf. p. 330 (1855).
Porzana pusilla (nee Pall.), Jaub. ^ Barth.-Lapotmn. Rich. Orn.

p. 488 (1859) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 224 (Seville : breeding).
Ridlus pusillus (nee Pall.), Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 150 (Malta).
Porzana parva, Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 200 (1869) ; Dresser, B. Eur.

vii. p. 283, pi. 498 (1878); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879);

Butler, Cat. B. Sind ^-e. p. 67 (1879) ; Hume ^ Marshall, Game

B. Ind. ii. p. 209, cum tab. (1879); Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 98

(Gilgit) ; Scully, t. c. p. 590 ; C. Stcinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 123 (Kan-
dahar) ; B. 0. U.List Brit. B. p. 148 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. Farr.

Br. B. iii. p. 148 (1883) ; Eagle Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 147 (Slavonia);

Bogd. Cotisp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 53 (1884) ; Salvad. Flench. Ucc.

Ital. p. 235 (1887); Pleske, Mem. Acad. Petersb. (7) xxxvii.

p. 48 (1888 : Tschinas ; Iskander Kul) ; Chiilkm. Ibis, 1888, p. 110

(Cyprus) ; Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1889, p. 4 (Canaries) ; St. John, t. c.

p. 178 (Quetta).
Crex minuta, Elwes ^ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 332 (Turkey) ; Danf. Sf

Harvie Broivn, Ibis, 1875, p. 418 (Transylvania) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882,

p. 226 (Astrachan).
Phalaridium pusillum (nee Pall), Meves, J.f. O. 1875, p. 433 (Kara-

bolska: nesting).

<

25. ZAPOENIA. 91

Rallus minutus, Dixon, Ibis, 1882, p. 578 (Biskra) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1883,

p. 27 (Caucasus).
Crex parva, Heeb. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. 4o7, pi. 23 (1884) ; id. Ibi«,

1892, p. 2« (Heligoland, April).
Ortygometra parva, Git/l. Avif. Ital. p. VA (1886) ; id. op. cit. 1st

llesoc. p. 544 (1889) ; Ilartcrt, Ibis, 1892, p. 593 (E. Prussia).
Ortvgometra pusiUa {tiec P(dl.), lieic/ie?i. Si/st. Verz. Vog. Deiitschl.

p". 44(1889).
Ortvgometra pygmaea, Madardsz, Amdell. TJng. Vogelf. p. 113

(1891).

Adult male in hreeding-jylumarje. General colour above ochreous
brown, varied with black centres to the feathers and a few white
spots ; the scapulars and innermost secondaries ochreous brown
with black centres, the latter pale ochreous along their inner web,
forming a longitudinal band on each side of the back ; the rest of
the wing-coverts nearly uniform bro%vn ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills sepia-brown ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts darker and with more black than the rest of the back, the
feathers being black edged with brown ; tail-feathers also black
edged with brown ; hinder crown uniform reddish brown like the
hind neck ; forehead, a broad eyebrow, sides of face, and entire
under surface of body light slaty grey ; sides of breast ochreous
brown like the sides of the neck ; flanks almost entirely uniform,
excepting for a few white bars, and dusky on the lower thighs and
vent ; under tail-coverts white, washed with ochreous and crossed
with blackish bars ; under wing-coverts and axillaries uniform
brown like the quill-lining : " bill green, tinged with red at the
base ; legs and feet green ; iris deep carmine " {H. Seebohm).
Total length 7 inches, culnien 0'7, wing 4, tail 2, tarsus 1*15,
middle toe and claw 1-6.

Adidt female. Similar to the male on the upper surface, but a little
brighter and more olive ; brown colour of the head extending in a
narrow line to the base of the bill ; lores hoary grey ; sides of face
and a broad eyebrow grey ; a faint tinge of brown on the car-
coverts ; cheeks and throat white ; remainder of under surface,
from the fore neck downwards, pale vinaceous isabeUine ; thighs
clear ashy, as also the lower flanks, which have dusky bars and
white edges to the feathers ; vent and under tail-coverts barred
with black and white, the latter tinged with ochreous buff.
Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 4'05, tail 22, tarsus 1-2,
middle toe and claw 1G5.

Youm/. Similar in general to the adult female, but having the
scapulars mottled externally with white bars ; under surface of
body entirely white, as also the sides of the face and eyebrow ; the
breast more or less varied with the remains of dusky edgings to the
feathers; the thighs distinctly banded with brown and white ; the
greater coverts, primarj-coverts, and quills with more or less distinct
white spots at the tips.

Hab. Central and Southern Europe ; accidental in the Faeroes,
Great Britain, and also Southern Sweden ; East to Central Asia,
wintering in X.W. India and X.E. Africa.

92

a. Juv. sk.

b. S ad. sk.

c. d. Ad. sk.

e. 5 imm. sk.
/. c? juv. sk.

g. Ad. sk.
h. Juv. sk.

i, k. 2 ad. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.

m. J ad. sk.

w-g'. S ad. ; r-w.

2 ad. et imm.

sk.
?t'. Ad. sk.

Ashburton, DevonsliLre. Montagu Coll.

Europe. Gould Coll.

France. Riocour Coll.

{? Type of RaUus peyrousii.)

Galicia, May.

Bosphorus, Aug. {T. Rob-
son).

Erzeroum.

Marshes of Babylonia
(^Commander Jones).

Candahar, Feb.

Candahar, Marcb 10 {Sir
O. St. John).

Bolan River, Bolan Pass
(Griffith).

Larkbana, Sind, Jan. (A.
O. H.).

Uganda, Equatorial Africa
(Piaggia).

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Gould Coll.
India Museum.

Col. Swinboe [P.].
Hume Coll.

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Sbarpe Coll.

26. PORZANA*.

Type.

Porzana, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 61 P. porzana.

Mustelirallus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856) . P. albicoUis.

Galeolimnas, Heine in Heijie 8f Reichen. Noniencl. Sein.

p. 320 (1890) , P. Carolina.

Range. Nearly cosmopolitan.

Key to the Species.

. Axillaries barred vritb white ; back streaked

•with black and spotted or lined with white.

a'. Vent white or tawny butF, the grey not

extending beyond the upper breast.

a". Centre of throat ashy; the inner web of

the innermost secondaries light fulvous

brown porzana, p. 9.3.

b". Centre of throat black, as also the fore
part of the cheeks and lores ; inner web
of secondaries like the rest of the quills

and fringed with white Carolina, p. 97.

b'. Vent black ; the grey of the breast extend-
ing to the abdomen fiuminea, p. 101.

* I have not been able to identify the following species : —
Porzana marginalis.

Porzana marginalis, Bp. C. B. xhii. p. 599 (1856, descr. nulla) ; Hartl. Orn.

W.-Afr. p. 241 (1857 : Gaboon) ; Toes. J. f. 0. 1870, p. 64 (Biskra,

Algeria) ; Hciig!. t. c. p. 385 ; Taez. t. c. p. 371 ; Oust. Kouv. Arch.

Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 143 (1879 : Gaboon).
Ortygometra marginalis, Gurncy in Anderss. B. Bam.-Ld. p. 318 (1872 :

Oudonga).
Crex marginalis, Sharpe, ed. LayardJs B. S. Afr. p. 613 (1884).

Rah. Algeria and West Africa from Gaboon to Damara Land.

2G. PORZANA. 93

b. Axillaries uniform, not barred with white
(occasionally a few white spot.-i).
c . \\'ith the back mottleil, not uniform.

c". Witli no white frecklings or bars on the
upper surface, which is olive-brown
mottled with black centres to the
feathers ; under surface of body ashy-
grey ; throat white alhivolhs, p. 102.

d". With white frecklings or bars on the

up])er surface.

«'". AVing-coverts spotted with white or

unifonn.

a*. Ear-coverts blue-grey, or ashy, with

no brown streak along their upper

portion intermedia, p. 103.

b^. Similar to P. intermedia, but with

lighter colour and a longer bill .... affinis, p. 106.
c*. Ear-coverts grey, with more or less
of a brown streak along their upper
margin,
a*. Larger : olive-brown above, ashy

grey below ; sides of body barred, puailla, p. 106.
6'. Smaller : more tawny above :
pearly grey below ; lower throat
and abdomen white ; flanks

barred palustris, p. 109.

b'" . Wing-coverts with white bars.

d^. No white streaks on the back, which
is olive-brown with blackish centres
to the feathers ; throat and breast

uniform slaty grey spiloptera, p. 109.

e'. Back broadly streaked with white;
under surface of body white, tinged

with tawny buifon the chest Jlauiveiitris, p. 110.

d'. With the back uniform.

e". Of smaller size : under tail-coverts barred
withwiiite; back rufous-chocolate; bill
entirely black.
c'". Larger ; wing 3-6 inches : wing-
coverts conspicuously edged with

white tabuensis, p. 111.

d'". Smaller; wing 2-7 indies: white

edgings to the wing-coverts obsolete. . galajiaycnsis, p. 113.
f". Larger : under tail-coverts uniform black ;
back reddish brown ; bill for the most
part yellow bicolor, p. 113.

1 . Porzana porzana.

Le petit Rasle d'eau, ou La Marouette, JBriss. Om. v. p. 155,

pi. .\iii. tig. 1 (1760).
liallus porzana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 262 (1766) ; Gtn. St/st. Nat. i.

p. 712 (1788); Pall. Zoogr. hox^o-Asiat . ii. p. 1;J4 (1811: S.

IJussia, Crimea, Siberia) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii.

p. 557 (1819); 7iV»/.(, Om. Prov. pi. 3o0 (1825); Jfriy/it, iifV,

1864, p. 150 (Maha) ; Hetb. Ibis, 1883, p. 27 (Caucasus).

94

Rallus fulicula, Scop. Ann. I. p. 108 (1769).

La Marouette, Dmibent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 751 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.
viii. p. L57 (1781).

Spotted Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 264 (1785).

Gallinula porzana, Lath. Ind. Oni. ii. p. 772 (1790); Forst. Syn.
Cat. Br. B. p. 27 (1817) ; Temm. 3Ian. d'Om. ii. p. 688 (1820) ;
Werner, Atlas, Gralles, pi. 35 (1827) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 449
(1840) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. ciii (1844) ; Kjcerb. Orn. Dan.
pi. xxxviii. fig. 4 (1852) ; Sunder. Sv. Fogl. pi. 45. fig. 3 (1856) ;
Filippi, Viagg. Pars. p. 352 (1865) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn.
p. 69 (1873) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 183 (1875) ; Collin, Skand.
Fugle, pi. xxxviii. fig. 4 (1879) ; Koeyiig, J. f. 0. 1890, p. 313
(Madeira) ; Reiser, Vog. Mus. Sarajevo, p. 117 (1891).

Ortygometra mariietta, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mainm. ^ B. Brit. Mus.
p. 34 (1816) ; Riipp. Syst. Uehers. p. 128 (1845).

Crex porzana, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 80 ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. ix.
Taf. 237 (1838) ; Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 535 (1852) ; Nordm. in
Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 274 (1840) ; Selys-Longch. Faun.
Beige, p. 117 (1842); Sewits. Egqs Br. B. ii. p. 318, pi. Ixxxix.
figs. 2, 3 (1846) ; Thomps. B. Ire'l. ii. p. 318 (1849) ; Potvys, Ibis,
1860, p. 349 (Epirus) ; Schl. Dier. Nederl, Vog. pi. 26. fig. 3
(1861); Ehoes ^ Buckley:, Ibis, 1870, p. 3:32 (Turkey) ; R. Gray,
B. W. Scotl. p. 333 (1871); Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 58
(1872); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 186 (Heligoland); Danf. 8^
Harvie Broion, t. c. p. 418 (Transylvania) ; Seebohn, Hist. Br. B.
ii. p. 540, pi. 23 (1884); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 264
(1884) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1888, p. 336 (Cyprus) ; Gdtke, Vogelw.
Helgoland, p. 531 (1891) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1892, p. 25 (Heligoland).

Ortygometra porzana, Stejjh. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 223
(1824) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. Ixvii (1840) ; Gray, List
GrallcB Brit. Mtis. p. 118 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846) ;
Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 64 (1856) ; Linderyn. Vog. Griechenl. p. 128
(1860) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 12 (Greenland) ; Gray, List Br. B.
p. 179 (1863) : Giglioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 62 (PLsa) ; Moore, t. c. p. 439 ;
Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 282 ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 106
(1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 230 (1871) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 62, no. 10451 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii.
pt. i. p. 1241 (1873 : Egypt to Blue and White Nile) ; Alston 8f
Harvie Broion, Ibis, 1873, p. 67 (Archangel) ; Brooke, t. c. p. 336
(Sardinia) ; Tl^artoii, Ibis, 1875, p. 27 (Corsica) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, ii. p. 160 (1877 : Poland) ; Cub. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 246
(Kitui in Ukamba) ; Marsch. i^ Pelz. Orn. Vindob. p. 118 (1882) ;
Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 376 (1884) ; Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 117
(Zanzibar) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 349 (1886); id. op. cit. 1st Resoc.
p. 540 (1889) ; Madardsz, Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf. p. 112 (1891) ;
Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 513 (E. Prussia).

Gallinula maculata, Brehm, Vog. Deidschl. p. 698 (1831).
Gallinula puuctata, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 699 (1831).
Zapornia porzana, Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 343 (1837).
Porzana maruetta, Bjy. Cat. Metod. Ucc. Eur. p. 64 (1842) ; Blyth,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 284 (1849 : Calcutta) ; Reichenb. Handb.
Fulic. Taf. cxvii. figs. 1159, 1160 (1851) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599
(1856) ; Jaub. et Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 487 (1859) ; Irby,
Ibis, 1861, p. 346 (Oudh) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iv. pi. 88 (1864) ;
Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 722 (1864) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli,
p. 29 (1865) ; Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 428 (Morocco); Degl. ^ Gerbe,
Orn. Eur. ii. p. 266 (1867) ; Loche, E.vpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii.

20. PORZANA. 95

p. 338 (18r.7) ; Dodei-l. Avif. Sicil. p. 200 (1869) ; Bettoni, Ucc.
nidif. Lomh. tav. 84 (1870); Frifsch, Voff. Bur. tab. 32. fig. 1 ;
id. J.f. O. 1871, p. 381 (Bohemia); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 224
(S. Spain); Guriuy, t. c. p. 299 (La^fhouat); Shelley, B. Egypt,
p. 274 (1872) ; Hume Sf Renders. Lahore to Yark. p. 293 (1873) ;
Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 251 (1873: Roree) ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 143
(1875) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 413 ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 288
(1876: Shiraz); Sculhi, Str. F. iv. p. 193 (1876: E. Turkestan);
Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Ahniednufirgar) ; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 215
(1877 : Deosa) ; id. t. c. p. 233 (Guzerat) ; Dreiser, B. Eur. vii.
p. 267, pi. 496 (1878); Davids. ^- Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 90
(1878 : Deccaii) ; Butler, t. c. p. 187 (Sind) ; Hume, t. c. p. 487
(Calcutta) ; Builer, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 66 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 11.3 (1879); id. S^ Marsh. Game Birds Ind. ii. p. 213,
pi. 3/ (1879) ; Ridyw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mtis. iii. pp. 20, 222
(1880); Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 80 (1880: Belgaum) ;
G.Iteid,Str.F.x.\^.7^{im\: Lucknow) ; Bidduljih, Ibis, 1881,
p. 98 (Gilgit) ; Scully, t. c. p. 590 ; Davidsoti, Str. F. x. p. 322
(1889: W. Khandoish); Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 109
(1882); Shelleij, Ibis, 1882, p. 306 (Selenia Pan); Saunders, ed.
Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 143 (1884); B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 147
(1883); Ziemer, J.f. O. 1884, p. 184; Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 92
(Andalucia) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 388 (Pyrenees) ; Baird, Breiver,
4- Iiid(/w. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 368 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. >Sr
Flor. Pale.st.Y>. 125 (1884); Bor/d. Consp. Av. Imp. Boss. Tp. 52
(1884) ; Bilchner, J. f. 0. 1885", p. 207 (S. Petersburg) ; Booth,
Rouyh Notes, vol. ii. (1887) ; Olphe-Gall. Cotifr. Faun. Orn.
Eur. Occid. fasc. xvi. p. 17 (1887) ; Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 92
(Andalucia) ; fMiiteh. Ibis, 1885, p. 44 (Corsica) ; Savile Reid, Ibis,
1887, p. 252 (Marocco); Tait, t. c. p. 382 (Portugal); Sculli/,
J. A. S. Beng. Ivi. p. 58 (1887) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. Petersb. (7)
xxxvi. p. 48 (1888: Tschinas); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1890, p. 430
(Canaries); 7>;-e«»w, /i('s, 1891, p. 369 (Erzeroum) ; Sharpe, Set.
Res. 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 147 (1891).

Spotted Crake, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 11 (1843).

Gallinula leucothorax, Brehn, I'oyelf. p. 329 (1856).

Gallinula gracilis, Brehm, Voyelf. p. 329 (1856).

Porzana porzana, Sharpe, ed. Lai/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 613 (1884) ; id.
Ibis, 1886, p. 489 (Fao) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 141
(1886) ; Ridyw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 139 (1887) ; Ckamberl. Auk,
vi. p. 217 (1889: Fredericksbaab).

Porzana fulicula, Salvad. Eletich. Ucc. Ital. p. 234 (1887).

Adult male in ivinter plumnrie. General colour above olive-
brown, mottled with white and black markings, the white being
distributed in the form of lateral spots on the dorsal feathers, and
on the scapulars and wing-coverts in the form of arrowhead spots
or bars, which arc margined with l)lack ; all the feathers of the
upper surface with more or less concealed black centres ; wing-
coverts rather ligliter brown than the back, the white spots some-
what less plentifully distributed, excepting on tlie greater series and
innermost .secondaries, where the white bars with their accompany-
ing black lines are very distinct and somewhat zigzag in character
on the latter ; bastard-wing, primary -coverts, and quills sepia-
brown, externally whitish brown, with a white edging to the first

90 RALLID^.

primary and outer feathers of the bastard-wing ; the innermost
secondaries paler and more sandy brown along their inner webs ;
lower back black, with a few small white markings ; rump and
upper tail-coverts olive-brown centred with black, the lateral
feathers rather conspicuously barred and edged with white ; tail-
feathers dark brown, externally lighter brown ; crown of head olive-
brown, the feathers spotted with black like the back ; forehead and
eyebrow slaty grey, the latter profusely dotted with white ; a
narrow line at the base of the forehead and a loral spot black,
extending below the eye and on to the fore part of the cheeks ;
above the lores a faintly indicated spot of white ; cheeks and
throat slaty grey, dotted with white : ear-coverts uniform brown,
extending on to the sides of the neck ; neck, fore neck, breast, and
sides of the body everywhere spotted with white, which takes the
form of cross bars on the sides of the body, each white bar skirted
by a narrow blachish bar above and below ; the chest and upper
breast shaded with ashy ; lower breast and abdomen white, shading
off into sandy buff on the vent and under tail-coverts ; lesser under
wing-coverts and edge of wing conspicuously white ; remainder of
under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown barred with white,
resembling the flanks ; quills dusky below : " bill j-ellow, orange-red
at base, dusky on the culmen and at the tip ; legs and feet green ;
iris brown " {E. A. Butler). Total length 9 inches, culmen 0"85,
wing 4'85, tail 1'7, tarsus 1-3, middle toe and claw 1-7.

The female differs from the male in having the sides of the face
more mottled, the breast and throat apparently never so uniform
grey as in the male.

Adult in summer plumage. Very similar to the winter plumage,
but not so distinctly varied with white above ; the white dots also
absent for the most part on the eyebrow, sides of neck, throat,
and breast, which are almost uniformly grey, the latter slightly
washed with brown.

Young. Easily distinguished from the adults by its white throat
and more profusely spotted appearance. The streaks on the back are
also very distinct as a rule. The adult plumage appears to me to
be gained without a moult, the grey colour being gradually as-
sumed as the spring advances ; but I have not had a sufficient
series to determine accurately the various phases through which
the species passes. The young bird has the brown of the head
continued to the base of the forehead.

Hah. Europe generally up to about 6.5° W. lat. ; as far east as
Tarkand ; wintering in the Indian Peninsula and in Africa.
Accidental in Greenland.

u. Jr. sk. England. Hume Coll.

b. Ad. ; c, d, e. England. Gould Coll.

Pull. sk.

f. Ad. sk. Cambridgeshire. Purchased.

'9, h, i. Pull. St. Cambridgeshire. Purchased.

k. S jr. St. Near Cambridge, Oct. Ilarting Coll.

/, m, n. Ad. sk. Waterbeach, Nov. Salvin-Godniau Coll.

2G. rORZANA.

r,

0. Jr. St.

;). S jr. sk.
(/. Jr. sk.

r, .s. c? 2 ^'^- St.
<, 71. Imm. st.

I', ?<?. [d 21 ad.

sk.
.i-,y. Ad. ct pull.

sk.
z. Ad. sk.

a'. Ad. sk.

6'. 2 ad. sk.

c. cS fid. sk.
d', e'. cJ jr. sk.
f . (f . cT ad. sk.
h'! Ad.; e", li .

Iiuiii. sk.
/'. Jr. sk.

m'. Ad. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
0 . 2 fid. sk.
;/. 2 fid. sk.
q . <S ad. sk.
•/•', s'. (S ad. sk.

<'. Ad. sk.

u'. c? ad. sk.

v', w'. 2 Jid. sk.

x'. d ad. sk.
y'-f". Ad. et

juv. sk.
q"'. Ad. .<k.
^". J ad. .sk.
»". Sternum,
i". Sternum.
/", wj". Sterna.

Norfolk.

Norfolk, Sept. 3.
Yarmouth.

Devonsliir(\
Newport, Mon.

Valkenswaard. Ilolliind {J.

Baker).
Valkenswaard, Holland {J.

Baker).
Arcachon, S. France, Dec.

(E. V. Seehohm).
Coi-sica, March '27.

Ilimgary, April 7.

Asia Minor, May 8(7'. liobson).
SmjTna, Dec. {C. G. Danford).
Egypt. Feb. 24 (G. E. S.).
Fao, Persian Gulf.

Karatag Lake, Sept. 24 {Dr. G.

Hen<1erso7i).
Kotegurh.
Sindh (Ih: Gmdd).
Roree, Sindh, Nov. (A. 0. 11.).
Panch Mehals, Sept.
Delhi, May {W. N. Chill).
Gurgaon district, April, May

( W. N. Chill).
Kajputana.

Bundelkund, Jan. 16 {G. F. L.

Marshall).
North Guzerat {H. E. M.

Jamex).
Lucknow, Nov. 2.3 {G. Reid).
Calcutta, Dec.-Feb.

North Deccan {Biiri/ess).
Helgaum, Nov. 7(i?. A. Butler).
]'',iigland.
Eu'dand.

Theodore Fisher,

Esq. [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
J. H. Gurnev, E.sq.

[P.].
Montagu Coll.
Rev. Chancellor

ISIorgan [P-].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

J. Whitehead, Esq.

[I'-]-
Hungarian National

Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Shelley Coll.
W. D. Gumming,

Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Cnll.
Hume Cull.

Colonel Biddulph

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.

Hume Coll.

J. Ingall, Esq. [P.].

J. Ray, Esq.

Purchased.

2. Porzana caroliua.

The Little American Water-hen, Edwards, Xat. Hist. B. iii. pi. 144

(1750).
La Poule Soultane de la Bave de Hudson, Briss. Orii. v. p. 541

(1760).
Ral

TOL. XXIII

98

in Eamon de la Sagra, Hist. Nat. Cuba, 0!s. p. 262 (1840) ;
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. x. p. 257 (1866 ; Porto Rico) ;
Sunder. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. Stockk. 18tJ9, p. 587 (S.
Bartholomew), p. 641 (Porto Rico).

Soree, Pmn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 491 (1785).

Soree Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 1, p. 262 (1785).

Eallus stolidus, VifilL N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 567 (1819).

Ortvgometra Carolina, ^j5. Comj). List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 5-3
(1838) ; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo. v. p. 145, pi. cccvi. (1842); Gray,
List Grallee Brit. Mus. p. 118 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 59-3
(1846) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. .371 (1847) ; Woodh. in Sitf/r. Rep.
Zuni and Colorado, p. 101 (1854) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 12; Leot.
Ois. Trinid. p. 493 (1866); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 40 (San
Antonio) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, pp. 283, 285.

Carolina Crake Gallinule, Giraiid, B. Long Isl. p. 201 (1844).

Poi'zaua Carolina, Cass, in Baird, Cass. ^ Laivr. B. N. Amer. p. 749
(1858) ; Set. 8f Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 230 (Lake of Duefias) ; A. Sr
E. Newton, t. c. p. 260 (S. Croix) ; Bbikist. Ibis, 1863, p. 134
(Red River) ; March, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1864, p. 6l) (Jamaica) ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 179 (Citv of Mexico) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bus,
Ralli, p. 28 (1865) ; Ei/re, Zool. 1865, p. 9540; A. Newt. P. Z. S.
1865, p. 196; Scl. 4" Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 252 (Lake of Valen-
cia) ; Sale. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 219 (Chiriqui) ; Allen, Bull. Mm.
C. Z. iii. p. 183 (1872) ; Cones, Keg N. Amer. B. p. 273 (1872) ;
Scl. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873); Coiie.s, B. N-
West, p. 538 (1874) ; Latvr. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 312
(1874 : Mazatlan) ; Hensh. Rep. Zool. Exped. lOO^A Mer. p. 4(38
(1875); Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 299 (1876); Tacz. P.Z.S. 1877,
p. 748 (W. Ecuador) ; Gundl. J.f. O. 1878. p. 162 (Porto Rico) ;
Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv." p. 647 (1878) ; Merrill, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 165 (S. Texas: breeding); Belding, t. c.
p. 433 (Stockton) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 545 (Medellin) ;
Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 430 (1879) : Cory, B. Balumuis,
p. 167 (1880; winter); Ridgic. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 292
(1880); A. ^ E. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 114 (1881);
Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 109 (1882) ; Belding, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. V. p. 547 (1882), vi. p. 351 (1883: La Paz) ; B. O. U.
List Br. B. p. 147 (1883); Stearns, New E/iyl. Bird-Life, ii.
p. 286 (1883); Keels, Canad. Sportsm. iii. p. 283 (1883; nest-
ing) ; Berl. ^f Tacz. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 313 (W. Ecuador) ; Baird,
Brewer, 8)- Ridgiv. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 370 (1884); Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 673 (1884) ; Talbot, Auk, i. p. 99
(1884 : Dakota) ; Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 248
(1885: Labrador); J)/'ew, ^?<^, ii. p. 18 (1885 : Colorado); Mer-
riam, t. c. p. 62; Loomis, t. c. p. 190 (S. Carolina) ; Ayersb. t. c.
p. 287 (S.E. Dakota) ; Brewster, Auk, iii. p. 179 (1886': N. Caro-
lina) ; Scott, t.c. p. 386 (Arizona) ; Tacz. Orn. Peron, iii. p. 320
(1886: Tumbez) ; Wells, List B. Grenada, p. 9 (1886) ; Ferrari-
Perez, Proc. U.S. Nut. Mus. ix. p. 177 (1886 ; Puebla) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 142 (1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B.
p. 139 (1^^87) ; W. E. Bryant, Forest and Stream, xxvi. p. 425
(1887: California): Towtis. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. -p^^.jes, 197,
234 (1887 : N. California) : Ridgw. t. c. p. 578 (Swan Island) ;
Beckh. t. c. pp. 637, 650 (Texas; ; Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 90 (18b7 :
Ventura Co.); Richm. Auk, v. p. 20 (1888: W. Colombia;
breeding) ; Chajmi. t. c. pp. 38, 39, 269 (Florida) ; Merrill, t. c.
p. 144 (Ft. Klamath; breeding); Kumlien, t. c. p. 328 (1888);

2(>. ronzANA. 99

Shufeldl, Journ. Camp. Morji/i. lHH8, art. xvii. p]i. 1-10; C'un/,
2i. W. Intl. p.i'o6 (1,SM9) ; Scott, Auk, vi. p. \')b (18S!J: Florida) ;
Sftlnn, Ibis, IHSU, p. .■i78 (("ozumel); Mmnis, Auk, vii. p. 51
(1890: Arizona); Thumps. Froc. U.S. Nat. Miis. xiii. p. 4!}4
(1891: Manitoba); Srotf, Auk, ix. p. 11 (1892; Jamaica); i</.
t. c. p. 21l' (I'lorida, winter) ; Attw. Auk, ix. p. 2'-i2 (San Anto-
nio) ; Cherrie, t. c. p. iJ39 (San Jose, Costa Rica).

Aramides Carolina, G)-ai/, Hancl-l. B. iii. p. 60, no. 10431 (1871).

Crex Carolina, Hartim/, 'llandb. Brit. B. p. 152 (1872) ; Seeb. Hist.
Brit. B. ii. p. 541 (1884).

Galeolimnas Carolina, Heine ^- Reichen. Notnencl. Mus. Ilein. p. 320
(1890J.

Adult male. General colour above olivaceou.s brown, varied with
black centres and white margins to the feathers ; the lower back
and rump darker, the black centres to the feathers being more
pronounced ; wing-coverts for the most part uniform olivaceous
brown, with white spots and freckles on the greater series ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and (|uills dusky brown, externally olivaceous
brown, the bastard-wing feathers and outer primary edged with
white ; the innermost secondaries centred with black and edged
with white like the back ; tail-feathers olivaceous brown, with
blackish centres ; crown of head and neck more rufous brown than
the back and more uniform ; forehead and centre of crown black,
as well as the lores, fore part of cheeks, and centre of throat and
fore neck ; a narrow eyebrow, sides of face, sides of neck, and
chest ashy grey ; breast white, the lower flanks barred with black ;
the sides of the body brown, barred with white, each white bar
with a narrow border-lino of black ; thighs brown, under tail-
coverts white, the vent tinged with fulvous ; under wing-coverts
brown, edged with white, the edge of the wing white ; axillaries
brown, distinctly barred with white : "bill j^ellow at base, dusky
towards the end; feet yellowish green; claws light brown; iris
bright cliestnut "•i(X J. Audubon). Total length S inches, culmen
0*9, wing 4'3, tail 1*9, tarsus 1"4.5, middle toe and claw 1*75.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
S inches, culmen 0-75, wing 4"25, tail 2-85, tarsus 1"1, middle toe
and claw l-fio.

Younr/. Upper surface resembling that of the adult, but the
under surface for tlie most jjart white : tlie lower throat and fore
neck sandy buff; the under tail-coverts light tawny butf ; sides of
the breast brown, and the flanks black, both barred across with
white ; lores and sides of face ashy brown ; a supraloral streak,
eyebrow, and cheeks sandy buff.

Tlie adult plumage is gained in the first winter, but the grey
feathers of the neck still retain brownish margins.

JJab. Temperate Xorth Ameri&i generally, wintering in Central
America, the West India Islands, and Northern South America.

«. Juv. sk. Avigait, Greenland, Sept. 30 Hargitt Coll.

(//. C. Mii/hr).
b. Imm. sk. Hudson's Bay. Sir G. Back [P.].

100 RALLID^.

c. Ad. sk. 49th Parallel, May (G. M. N. A. Bound. Comra.

Daivsoti).

d. 2 ad. sk. Canada { Col. Shelley). Shelley Co:i.

e. Imm. sk. New Brunswick, Sept. 24. Capt. Savile Raid

[P.].

f. (S juv. sk. Lyons Falls, New York, Oct. 7 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A. I. Dnyan : Hmsh. Coll.).
(/. Ad. sk. Rockford, Illinois (i?tec^»i«w). Salvin-Godraan Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Riverdale, Illinois, May 3 {E. Salvin-Godman Coll.

W. Nelson : Hensh. Coll.).
i. Ad. sk. Fremont, Illinois ( W. J. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Shmv) .
k. Ad. St. Cleveland, Ohio. Prof. Kirtland [P.].

I, in, n. c? ad. et Pawtuxent R., Indiana, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.
juv.; o,p. (S {Hensh. Coll.).

juv. sk.

g. Pull. sk. Davis Station, Indiana. Howard Saimders,

Es^. [P.].
r, s. c? 5 ad. sk. Lake Borgue, Louisiana, March Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Hensh. Coll.).
t. 2 juv. sk. Provo R., Utah, July {Hensh. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Coll.\.
u. (5 ad. sk. Riverside, California, Feb. 17. Wilson Crewdson,

Esq. [P.].
V. (f ad. sk. San Luis, Obispo, California, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oct. 28 {Hensh. Coll.).
w-a'. c? ad. et Corpus Christi, Texas, Sept., Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. ; b' , c'. Oct. {F. B. Armstrong).
2 imm. sk.
«^', e ,f . cS ad. sk. Brownsville, Texas, March, Salvin-Godman Coll.

April {F. B. A.),
g, h' . c? ad. ; i' . Tai-pon Springs, Florida, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

imm. sk. Dec, April ( W. E. D. Scott),

k', I'. S ad. ; m' , Bermuda, April, Oct. Capt. Savile Reid

n'. 2 imm. sk. [C.].

o'. 2 ad. sk. Chapulco, Puebla, Mexico, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aug. 20 {Fe)-rari-Perez).
])'. Ad. sk. Progreso, Northern Yucatan, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Feb. (E. C. J. Bevis).
I/', r'. Ad. etimm. Cozumel Island {G. F. Gau- Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. nwr) .

s'. Ad. sk. Belize, British Honduras {F. Salvin-Godraan Coll.

Blancaneaux).
t' , u'. Ad. .sk. Guatemala. Salvin-Godman Coll.

v', 2v, x'. Ad. et Diiefias, Guatemala, Oct., Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

imm. sk. (0. S.).

t/'. Ad. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. (O. (S.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

z'. c? ad. sk. Chiriqui, Panama (2?. .^?-ce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

«", h". Ad. et Lion Hill, Panama {J. Mc- Salvin-Godman Coll.

imm. sk. Leannan).

c". 2 imm. sk. Medellin, Antioquia, U.S. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Colombia {T. K. Salmon),
d". Ad. sk. Quito, Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e". Ad. sk. San Lucas, Ecuador ( Villa- Salvin-Godman Coll.

gomez).
f. Ad sk. Saravacu, Ecuador {C. Buck- Salvin-Godman Coll.

26. rOKZANA. 101

(j'. Ad. sk. Trinidad. Old Collection.

h'\i",k". Ad. et Union Island, Wt-st Indies, yalviu-Goduian Coll.

iinni. sk. Oct., Ajail (Z>. W. /Smith).

I" p". Ad. et St. \ineent, Oct., Jan. {D. H'. Salviu-Godman Coll.

imm. sk. Siiiit/i).

(/'. (S ad. sk. .Mitcalle Parish, Jamaica, Dec. Salvin-Codman Coll.

( Jr. Onburn).

/•". Sternum. Jamaica. Gosse Coll.

3. Porzana fluminea.

Rallus novaj hollaudiic, Cuo. M88. in Mus. Paris; Less. Traite,
p. b'-M (1831 ; descr. nulliij ; Fucker, liev. et May. de Zoul. Ibol,
p. 278.

I'orzana fluminea, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 139 ; id. B. Audr. vi.
pi. 7y (1848); id. Handb. B. Amtr. ii. p. 339 (18rw); lininsat/,
Proc. Linn. Hoc. N. 6". JF. i. p. 193 (1876;, ii. p. 199 (1877) ; lU.
P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 345 (Queensland) ; Aorth, Proc. Linn. Sue
N. S. W. (2) ii. p. 1779 (1888: Cumberland district); Jiamsai/,
Tab. List Austr. B. p. 23 (1888).

Ortygometra fluminea. Gray, List GrallcB Brit. Mus. p. 118 (1844) ;
id. Gen. B. in. p. 593 (1846).

Torzaua novie-liollaudi:e, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1850).

Ortygometra n(jv;e-lnillandi;e, Gray, JLind-l. B. 'in. p. (j2, no. 10452
(1871) ; Heine v^- lieiclten. Noinencl. Mus. Ilein. p. 319 (1890).

Adult. General colour above olivaceous brown, dotted all over
with white spots and tiny streaks, the feathers centred with black ;
wing-coverts like the back, but more uniform, less plentifully
sjjottcd with white ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills
olivaceous brown, with white margins to the bastard-wing featiiers
and the first primary; the innermost secondaries centred with
blackish and spotted with -wiiite like the back ; tail-featlurs
olivaceous brown, with dusky centres ; crown of head exactly like
the back, the forehead dark slaty grey, blackish at the base and on
the lores and base of cheeks ; sides of face slaty grey, the ear-
coverts shaded with brown and dotted with white, like the sides
of the neck ; throat and entire breast dark slaty grey ; the abdomen
white ; sides of body black, barred with white ; under tail-coverts
white, with a mesial patch of black on the vent ; under wiug-
coverts blackish, with whitish edges, the edge of the wing white ;
axillaries dusky brown, with wliite bars ; quills uniform dusky
brown below : " bill olive-green, orange-red at the base ; feet dark
olive-green " (J. Gouhl). Total length 7 inches, culmen O'S, wing
4*1, tail 2*2, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and claw 1-5.

Hah. Australia.

a. Ad. St. South Australia (J. Gould). Sir G. Grey [P.].

h. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Gould Coll.

f. Ad. sk. New South Wales. Hume Coll.

</, e. Ad. sk. Queensland (J. T, Cockerell). Salvin-Godman CoU

102 EALLID.^.

4. Porzana albicoUis.

Ypacalia aplomado v pardo, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 226 (ISIH).

Rallus albicollis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 5G1 (1819).

Eallus olivaeeus, lleill. t. c. p. 5(31 (1819).

Crex mustelina, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 79 (1823) ; Cab. in Schomb.
Reis. Guian. iii. p. 760 (1848).

Crex gularis, Jard. Sf Selby, III. Orn. i. pi. 39 (c. 1836).

Ortygomefra nlivacea, Gray, List GralJce Brit. 3Iu.s. p. 118 (1844).

Ortygometra albicollis, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. ij93 (1846) ; Hartl. Ind.
Azara, p. 24 (1847); Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 387 (1856: San
Paulo to Montevideo).

Corethnira mustelina, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 96 (1854).

Mustelirallus albicollis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856).

Crex olivaeeus, E. C. Tnyhr, Ibis, 18(i4, p. 96 (Trinidad).

Porzana albicollis, ScJil. Mns. Pays-Bos, Ilalli, p. 34 (1865: Suri-
nam) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S 1868, p. 451 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 316
(Ypanema, Irisanga), p. 459 (1871) ; Sc/. i^ Salr. Nomenct. Av.
Neotr. p. 139 (1873) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 176 (Roraima).

Coretbrura olivacea, Lc'A. Ois. Trinid. p. 499 (1866).

Aramides albicollis, Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 60, no. 10432 (1871).

Galeolimnas albicollis, Heine S; Reich. Nom. Mus. Hein. p. 320 (1890).

Adult. General colour above olivaceons brown, with broad black
centres to all the feathers ; the head like the back and similarly
centred with black ; wing-coverts like the back, the bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills uniform dusky brown, slightly edged
with olivaceous brown : tail-feathers blackish, with olivaceous
brown margins ; lores, a narrow eyebrow, and sides of face ])ale
ashy grey, the sides of the neck browner; throat whitish, shading
off into ashy grey on the fore neck ; the nnder surface of the body
a?hy grey, with whitish edges to the feathers of the lower abdomen
and vent ; sides of the body washed with brown ; lower flanks
and under tail-coverts black, edged and barred with white ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown, with whitish edges to the
feathers; quills uniform dusky brown below: "bill green; feet,
toes, and claws purplish brown ; iris reddish hazel " (7/. Whitely).
Total length 9-5 inches, culmen 1*15, wing 4'5, tail 1-9, tarsus 1-5,
middle toe and claw 1'8.

Ifah. From Paraguay and Southern Brazil to Guiana, Venezuela,
and Trinidad.

a. Ad. sk. South America. Purchased.

/), c. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.l.

r. cJ ad. sk. San Paulo. Brazil (,7w/?;^r). Salvin-fTodmanCoU.

f. Ad. sk. Santa Fe, Miuas Geraes (H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Roffer.^).

a, h, i. Ad. sk. Babia {Dr. Wurherer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

7,-, /. Ad. sk. Pernanibuco {W. A. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll.

in. Ad. st. B. Amazon. J. Gould, Esq.

7). Ad. sk. Maroni River, Surinam Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Kapple7').

o. Ad. sk. Georgetown, Demerara. Salvin-Godman Coll.

p (5 ad. sk. Rnraima, British Guiai:a, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dec. 29 (//. Whitely).

26. pouzAXA. ]0:{

5. Porzana intermedia.

Rallusinterniecliiis, Ilermcmn, Ob.t. Zool. i. p. 198 (1804, Strasboui-fr).
Kiillus bailloni, I'ieill. N. iJict. cVHist. Nat. xxviii. p. .548 (IhI'.*:
I'icanlv) ; /I'wa, Om. P/-o«. pi. 322 (1825) ; Wrifjkt, Ibis, 18G4,
p. ].")0 (Malta).
Galliuula bailloni, Temm. Man. (POrn. ii. p. 692 (1820); Werner,
Atlas, Gnilleg, pi. 87 (1827) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 452 (1840) ;
Schl. Rev. Crit. p. ciii (1844); id. For/. Nederl. p. 25o (1854);
Trisfr. Ibis, 18G0, p. 80 (N. Africa) ; Fallon, Ois. BeUj. p. 184
(1875).
Gallimila stellaris, Temm. Man. d'Orti. ii. p. 692 (1820).
Crex bailloni, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. olil ; LicJit. Vi-rz. Doxibl. p. 80
(182:'.); Jard. !^- S'clbi/, III. Orn. i. pi. xv. (c. 1837); Selys-Lonych.
Faune Ihltje, p. 117 (1843) ; Hen-its. Eqi/sBr. B. ii. p. 321, pi. xc.
ti{r. 1 (1846) ; Thnmp.'i. B. Irel. ii. p. 321 (1850) ; Macgill. Hi.s/.
Brit. B. iv. p. 530 (1852) ; Salv. Ihis, 1859, p. 361 (E. Atl^s) ;
Sehl. Bier. Nederl. Toy. pi. 26. Hjrs. 4, 5 (18i>l) ; Ii. Grai/, B. \V.
Scot I. p. 334 (1871); Hartinff, Ilandb. Brit. B. p. 58 (1872);
Cordeaiu; Ibis, 1875, p. 186 (Heligoland) ; Seeb. Hist. Br. Ii. ii.
p. 543, pi. 23 (1884); Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 336 (Cyprus) ; Seeb.
Ibis, 1892, p. 26 (Heligoland, May).
Ortygonietra bailloni, Sfep/i. Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 228, pi. 27(1824) ;
Seali/, Zool. 1859, p. 6329 ; Grui/, List Br. B. p. 180 (1863);
Gifilioli, Ibis, 1865, p. 62 (Pisa); More, f. c. p. 440: Saunders;
Ibis, 1869, p. 172 (S. Spain) ; Salmd. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 231
(1871) ; liadde, Oni. Cane. p. 378 (1884) ; Giyl. Avif. Ital. p. 350
(1886) ; id. op. cit. 1st Kesoc. p. 542 (1889; ; 'llaitert, Ibis, 1892,
p. 513 (K. Prussia).
Gallinula jiygma^a, Brehm, Lehrh. Natur(j. Eur. Toy. ii. p. 641 (1824,
e.r Nai/m.); id. Vogelf. p. 330 (1856); Seveiiz. Turkest. Jecotn.
p. 69 (1873).
Phalaridion pygmoea, Kaup, Natiirl. Si/.<it. p. 170 (1829).
Crex foljanibei {nee M.nit.). Fi/tan, Cat. Brit. B. p. 46 (1836).
Zapornia pyginjfa, Gould. B. Fur. iv. pi. 344 (1837).
Crex pygniifa, Nanin. Voy. Deutschl. ix. p. 567, Taf. 2.39 (18-38) ;
Nordni. in Deniid. Voy. Buss. Mrrid. iii. p. 275 (1S40: Crimea);
Riipp, Syst. I'ebers. p." 12S (1845) ; Danf. ^S' Harvie Brown, Ibis,
1875, p. 418 (Transylvania) ; Giiflce, ^of/cite. Helgoland, p. 532
(1891). '^

Ortyerometra ])ygniti>a, Keys. n. Bias. 11'irb. Fur. p. Ixviii (1840) ;
Gray, List (i'ralUe Brit. Mus. p. 119 (18S4) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593
(1846) : ILuyl. Syst. I'ebers. p. &2 (1856) ; Linderm. J'ix/. Grie-
chenl. p. 129 (1860) ; Gurney, Ihis, 1865, p. 273 (Xatal) ; ^Borgqr.
Vogelf. Norddeutsehl. p. \W^ (lf<69) ; Graii, Hand-l. B. iii. ].. I 3,
no. 104()1 (1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B.'Dam.-Ld. p. 317 (1872:
Omanbonde ; Lake Ngnnii) ; Ayres, Ihis, 1S73, p. 283 (Transvaa!) ;
Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1235 (1873); BrooAe, Ibis,
1873. p. 33(i (Sardinia); Ayre.s, Ibis, 1874, p. 107 (Transvaal);
Fischer ^- Beirhen. J. f. (). IsTU, p. 338 {.Muniuni, Oct.) : Marsch.
.V Bel:. Orn. Vindoh. p. 119 (^1882) ; Fischer, J.f. O. lf*85, p. 117
(Wajv>konio-land).
Porzana ]iygni;ia, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Fur. p. 64 (1842); Jauh. S-
Barth.-Lopomm. Rich. Orn. p. 489 (1859) ; Ilartl. Faun. Madag.
p. 81 (1861); E. Neuton, iii'.--, 1863, p. 458 ( .-Vntananarivo ) :
Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 89 (1,-64); Schl. .Mus. Pai/s-Bas, l.'ali:,
p. 80 (18G5 : Picardy ; Metz) ; On-reud, Zool. 1866, p'. 389 ; Drake,

104 EALLID^i;.

Ihh, 1867, p. 429; Fritsch, Vog. Eur.i&h.Z2.^^. 3 (1870); I'd.
J. f. O. 1871, p. 381 (Bohemia); Shar2^e, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 319 ;
Gurnet/, Ibis, 1871, p. 299 (I.aghouat) ; Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 27o
(1872); Irby, B. Gihr. -p. 143 (1875); Ay >■ es. Ibii, \B77, y>. 3bl
(Transvaal); Iffirtl. Voy. 3faday. p. 342 (1877); Milne-Ediv. ^
Grand. H. N. Maday., Ois. ii. p. 578 (1879) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887,
p. 382 (Portugal) ; Reichen. Syst. Verz. Voy. Eeutscld. p. 44
(1889) ; Schalow, J.f. G. 1890, p. 39 (Brandenburg) ; Sibree, Ibis,
1892, p. 114 (Madagascar).

Baillon's Crake, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 20 (1843).

Zapornia pygnifea, Reichenb. Hundb. FulicariiB, Taf. cxix. figs. 1179-
82 (1851) ; Bjy. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856) ; Loche, Evpl. Sci. Alyir.,
Ois. ii. p. 340 (1867) ; Bartl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 772.

Porzana bailloni, Deql.Sj- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 258 (1807) ; Dode)-l.
Avif. Sicil. p. 201 "(1869) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871 , p. 224 (S. Spain) ;
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 413; id. B. Lur. vii. p. 275, pi. 497 (1878) ;
More, Zool. 1882, pp. 114, 115; Bidler, Feilden, ^ Reid, Zool. 1882,
p. 426 (Newcastle, Natal); Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 154
(1883) ; B.O.U. List Brit. B. p. 148 (1883) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's
B. S. Afr. p. G14 (1884) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1885, p. 346 (Transvaal) ;
Sharpe, Ilns, 1888, p. 489 (Fao) ; Sahnd. Eleiich. Uec. Ital. p. 235
(1887); Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 48 (1888).

Ortygometra minuta {nee PcdL), Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 338 (1867) ;
Madardsz, Ausst. Unyar. J'or/c//'. p. 113 (1891).

Ortvgometra pusilla {nee Pall.)', Goebel,J.f. 0. 1879, p. 272 (Uman) ;
Miiller, J.f. 0. 1887, p. 178 (Ilesse).

Porzana pusilla {nee Pall.), Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 54 (1884,
pt.).

Phalaridium sp. iiidet., Olplie-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid.
fasc. xvi. p. 30 (li;87).

Gallinula pusilla (tiec Pall.), Koeniy, J.f. O. 1888, p. 275 (Tunis).

Gallinula minuta {nee Pall.), Reiser, Viiy. Mus. Sarajevo, p. 117

Phalaridium bailloni. Heme ^- Reiclien. I\ontencl. Mus. Hem. p. 319

(1890).

Adult male. General colour above dark ocbreous brown, with
black centres to ncarh' all the feathers, which are marked with
white spots freckled with black ; lower back black, freckled with
white, but only slightly washed with ocbreous brown ; upper tail-
coverts ocbreous brown with black centres ; lesser and median
wing-coverts uniform ocbreous brown like the back, the greater
series with blackish centres and white frecklings ; the innermost
secondaries like the back, with broad black centres, the inner webs
paler ochraceous brown, thereby forming a broad longitudinal band
on each side of the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and qtiills
sejjia-brown, the edges of the bastard-wing feathers and the first
primary white; tail-feathers blackish, edged with dark ocbreous
brown ; centre of crown and hind neck dark ocbreous or reddish
brown, only feebly streaked with black centres to the feathers ;
forehead and a broad eyebrow as well as the entire sides of face,
throat, and breast clear slaty grey ; abdomen, flanks, and thighs
blackish mottled with white bars; under tail-coverts deep black
barred with white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dusky

26. PORZAXA.

10a

brown with a few white spots and bars ; (juills dusky below : " bill
green, darker at the tip ; legs, feet, and claws olive ; iris crimson "
(//. iSeehohm). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-75, wing 3-5, tail
IT'y, tarsus I'Oo, middle toe and claw 1'5.

The adult male in winter plumage appears to have a whiter
throat than in summer, and in all probability the entire throat
gradually becomes slaty f.'roy as the breeding-season approaches :
" bill grass-green, the culmen dusky ; tarsi and toes greenish ; iris
reddisli orange " {T. Ai/res).

YoatKj. Is like the adult on the upper surface and is similarly
marked with black and white, but the general tone of the plumage
is rather more rufous ; the head like the back ; sides of the face
inifous brown, as also the eyebrow ; lores whitish ; throat, breast,
and abdomen dull white ; the fore neck and chest rufescent, barred
across with dusk)- ; lower Hanks, vent, and under tail-coverts black,
barred with white : "iris light ashy brown" {T. Ai/res).

The young birds probably do not attain their full grey plum.'ige
for at least a year, as a specimen procured near Potchefstroom on
the 24th of April is still in immature plumage like the young bird
above described, and differs only in the whiter under surface, the
fore neck and chest alone retaining some remains of rufous shading
and dusky bars. The eyebrow is whitish and more distinct. If
this bird was going to moult into the grey plumage before its
returm to Europe, the change must be very rapidly performed.

Hah. Central Europe ; east to Persia, and south to Africa and
Madagascar.

(/, h, c. Ad. et
jmll. ; d. Juv.
sk.

e. Pull. St.

/. Ad. St.

//. Ad. sk.

h, I. Ad. et juv.
sk.

k. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

m. cj ad. sk.
11. 9 juv. sk.
o. 5 ad. ; p. q.

(S 9 juv. sk.
r, s. Ad. sk.
t. A.d. ; u, V, w.

I mm. sk.
.r, y. (J ad. sk.

z. a'. Ad. et iuv.

sk. ""

//. Ad. sk.
c', d'. Ad. sk.

luuvipe.

Europe,
(h'fat iJrifftin.
(irt'ut liritaiii.
Holland (J. Baker).

Nice {E. C. T,n/l,»-).
Pao, Persian (iuU'.

])amiftta, Egypt (Filipponi).
Transvaal [T. A(/rrg).
Potcbel'stroom, Jan. to April

( T. Ayres) .
Cape Colony.
Capo Colony.

Newcastle, Xatal, Oct. (E. A.

Buth-r if S. Bi-id).
Madagascar (F. I'Uint).

Mad!iga.«car.

Ankafana Forest, Betsileo
( ]\'. Deans Cowan).

Gould Coll.

Old Collection.

(i.iuld Coll.
Hume Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Shelley C.dl.

W. D. Cummiug,

Esq. [P.l.
Shelley Coll.
Sliarpe Coll.
Curuey Coll.

Salviu-Godnian Cidl.
Sir A. Smith [C.].

Shelley Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Shellev Coll.
Tweeddide Coll.

106 EALLID^.

6. Forzana afflnis.

Ortygometra aifinis, Gray, Voit.' Erebus' Sf ' Terror^ Birds, p, 14 (184(i :
North Island, N.Z.); id. 'Gen. B. p. 593 (1846); id. Ibis, l8iV2,
p. 239; Hutton, Ibis, 1870, p. 394, 1872, p. 247 (Chatham Isl.):
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 02, no. 10457 (l^i71) ; Travers, Tr. N.
Z. Inst. V. p. 218 (1872, Chatham Isl.) ; Bidler, B. N. Zeal. p. 182,
pi. 22. %. 1 (1873); Sharpe, Voy. 'Erebus' 'Terror; App.
p. 29 (1875); Finsch, J. f. O. 1878, p. 182; Buller, B. N. Zeal.
2nd ed. ii. p. 103 (1888).

Porzana affinis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856).

Rallus punctatus, Ellmayi, Zool. 1801, p. 7470.

Ortvijometra pygmaea, Finsch {nee Brehm), Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 102
(1876).

Adult. Similar to P. intermedia, but rather paler in general
coloration and with a longer hill: "bill, tarsi, and toes pale brown,
tinged with olive; iris dull red"' {Sir W. Buller). Total length
7 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3-3, tail 1"8, tarsus 1, middle toe and
claw 1-45. {Mus. Rothschild.)

Hah. New Zealand.

a. Ad. sk. North Island, New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq. [C].

(Type of specie&.j

7. Porzana pusilla.

Rallus pusillus, Pall. Reis. Russ. Reichs. iii. App. p. 700 (1770) ;

Gm. iSyst. Nat. i. p. 719 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Or?i. p. 761 (1790) ;

rieill. N. Diet. d'Hisf. Nat. xxviii. p. 563 (1819).
Dwarf Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 323 (1801).
Rallus minutus. Pall. Zoof/r. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 155 (1811).
Za])ornia pusilla vel baUloni (7iec V.), Hodys. Icon. ined. in Brit.

iMiis., (Irallce, pi. 113. fig. 1 (no. 568) ; id. in Grays Zool. Misc.

p. 86 (1844).
Ortygometra pygnifea {ncc Brehm), Gray, Cat. 3Ianuu. etc. Nepal

pres. IIodys.\\ 142 (1840) ; Hmne, Sir. F. ii. p. 301 (1874: An-

damans) ; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 94 (1878: Ordos).
Porzana pygmsea {nee Brehm), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 284

(1849: Calcutta); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 723 (1864); Schl.

Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 30 (1865, pt.) ; Sivinh. P. Z. *V.

1871, p. 414; Hume if Henders. Lah. to Yark. p. 223 (1873);

Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 106 ; Sivinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 134 (Chefoo) ;

Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 193 (1876 : E. Turkestan) ; Ball, t. c. p. 234

(Sumbulpur) ; Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Ahmeduuggur) ; Blanf. Str. F.

V. p. 247 (1877: Munchur Lake) ; Tncz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France,

i. p. 259 (1876) ; David S^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 487 (1877) ;

Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. pp. 230, 412 (1875); Sliarpe, Ibis, 1877,

p. 24 (Bintulu) ; Blakist. 8f Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 225 ; Bidd. Ibis,

1881, p. 98 (Gilgit) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 264 (1884) ;

Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 501 (Lower Yangtze).
Ortygometra niinuta (7iec Fall.), Radde, Reis. Sibir., VUg. p. 311

(1863: Tarei-nor ; Karinsk).
Porzana bailloni [nee V.), Stvinh. Ibis, 1807, p. 839 (Amoy, Foo-

chow) ; Hume ^ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 467 (1878 : Tavoy) ;

Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 229 (1878: Godaveri) ; Hume, t. c. p. 489

(Calcutta) ; Leyye, B. Ceylon, p. 766 (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind

etc. p. 67 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879) ; Scully, t. c.

p. 358 (Nepal) ; Hume. <^- Marsh. Game Birds Ind. ii. p. 203,

pi. 35 (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 80 (1880) ; J'idal,

2G. PORZANA. 107

.SVr. F. ix. p. 87 (1880 : Eatnafriri) ; Hnmo, t. c. p. SW (Cachar) ;
licid, Sf.r. F. X. p. 7;? (1881 : Liickiiow) ; <%«%, Ibis, 1881, p. .j!)0
((Jilfjit) ; C. Siomh. Ibis, 1882, p. 12:3 (Kandahar) ; Oates, Ilimdh.
B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. ."534 (188.3) ; I)(tris<iH, Sir. F. x. p. 4irj
(1888: Wynaad); 8eeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 2«9 (Kiiikiang) ; Swinh.
Sf Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. I:').") (Mhow) ; Wurdlaw Bamsay, Ibis,
1866, p. 161 (Manilla); McGregor, Str. F. x. p. 441 (1887:
Mahratta country) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. .328 (1888) ; St. John, litis,
1889, p. 178 (S. Afghanistan) ; Ecerett, Journ. Straits Br. Asiat.
Soc. 1889, p. 202.

OrtvoouK'tra bailloni {nee T'.), Dybowski, J. f. O. 1868, p. 3.38
(bauria, breeding) ; Deditius, J. f. O. 1886, p. 538 (Iloangho
River) ; S/iarpp, Tr. Linn. Sue. (2)' Zool. v. pt. 3, p. 90 (1889).

Crex bailloni (riec V.), Brooks, J. A. S. Beny. xli. p. 86 (1872:
Cashmere).

Zapornia pygmfBa (nee Brehm), Hume, Nests S) Eyys hid. B. p. 603
(1873) ; 'Butler, Str. F. v. p. 215 (1S77 : Deesaj.

liallus bailloni [nee V.), Blukist. Amend. List B. Japan, pp. 1.3, 42
(1884); Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. .35 (Yokohama).

Porzana pusilla, Bo(/d. Consp. Ai\ Imp. Boss. p. 64 (1884, pt.) ;
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 458 (Corea) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests Sc
Eqqs, iii. p. 395 (1890) ; Grant, Ann. * Mag. N. H. (6) v. p. 80
(1890) ; Sharpe, Sci. Bes. Sec. Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 147 (1891).

Crex pusilla, Seeb. B. Japan. Fmp. p. 3.56 (1890).

I'orzaiia intermedia {nee Hermann), Stejneyer, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mns.
ix. p. 396 (1886).

Adult male. Similar to P. intermedia, but rather paler grej-, and
distinguished by having a distinct band of reddish brown along the
ear-coverts to the sides of the neck : " bill green, dusky on the
culmen and at llie tips ; legs and feet green, with a yellowish tinge,
sometimes l)rownish olive, sometimes pale green or pale olive-green ;
claws pale brown : iris normally red, sometimes briar-red, crimson,
or carmine"' (A. 0. Hume). Total length 7 inches, culmen 0*75,
wing ;5'."j, tail 1-65, tarsus 11, middle too and claw 1 "O.

.Idult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 7
inches, culmen U*G5, M'ing 'A-7, tail 1"7, tarsus I'l.

Yoini;/. llesembles that of P. intermedia : " iris orange-red or
reddish brown " (A. 0. Hume).

Two specimens from Calcutta in the Hume Collection, procured
in January, are changing into the full plumage of the adult, and
apparently by a change in the actual colour of the feather from
white to grey, as I cannot discover any moulting feathers.

This Eastern race of P. intermedia appears at first sight to be ver^-
distinct and to be easily recognized by the brown stripe along the ear-
coverts ; but this is not absolutely characteristic of 1'. pusilla, for
in a specimen of P. intermedia from Nice the brown mark on the
car-coverts is very distinctly indicated, while on the other hand
specimens of P. pusilla from De(>.sa show scarcely any brown on
the ear-coverts at all ; and it is probably on the border line of
the range of the two sijccies that a transition takes place between
them.

Hah. Eastern Siberia and Japan, wintering in China and the
Philippine Islands. aTid in the Indian Peninsula, Afghanistan, and
Baluchistan.

108

a. Juv. sk.

b. Juv. sk.

c^d. cJ 2 ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.
^- 2 juv. sk.

y. d" juv. sk.
h, i. (5 ad. et

imm. \ k,l. 5

juv. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
W-/J. $ ad. et

imm. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
;•. 5 ad. sk.

s~v. S juv. sk.
10. 2 ad. sk.
X. 2 ad. ; y. J

juv. sk.
z. (f juv. sk.
a', b'. Ad. ; c'. $

juv. sk.
(/'. Ad. :e',/,^'.

Juv. sk.
]i . cS ad. sk.
i'. Ad. sk.
k'. Ad. sk.
/', »i'. cJ 2 ad. sk.
n. Juv. sk.

(/. 2 juv. sk.
p'. Juv. sk.
(/. 2 juv. sk.

r'. Juv. sk.
«'• 2 juv. sk.

<'-!t"'. c^ ad. ; .r'-

d': 2 ad. sk.
(-". Ad. sk.
/". 2 imui. sk.

(/". Ad. sk.
h". Ad. sk.
i", k". Imm. sk.
^'. c? imm. sk.
wi'', w". c? ad. ;
o". 2 ad. sk.
;/'. cJ imm. sk.

(j". 2 imm. sk.

r". cJ ad. sk.

Mekran Coast {JE. A. Butler').
Shahidula, Yarkaud, Sept. 19

(Dr. G. Henderson).
Kandahar, Feb.
Afghanistan (Griffith).
Xushki, N. Afghanistan,

Sept. 26.
Quetta, Oct. 8 (Sir O. St. John).
Deesa, Sept. 11-13 (E. A.

Butler).

Delhi, Jan.

Gurgaon District, Sept., April

( iV. N. Chill).
Sirsa District.
Cashmere, May 21 ( W. E.

Brooks).
Simla, Aug. (F. Thompson).
Simla.
Allahabad, Oct. (J. Cockburn).

Etawah.

Jheeujuck Jheel, Etawah, Sept.

Oudh.

Lucknow, Xov. 29 (G. Reid).

Nepal.

Nepal (B. H. Hvdf/son).

Nepal Valley, Nov. (J. Seulltj).

Nurserabad.

Raipur.

Saugor (Hooper).

Ahmednuggur, Nov. 27 (S. B.

Fairhcmk).
Madras (Jerdo7i).
Trevandrum, Travaucore,

Nov. 18.
Calcutta, Dec.-Feb.

Dacca

N. Khasia HiUs, Feb. (A. W.
Chennell).

Tippera.

Burma (Haughton).

Tcnghoo.

Pegu, Nov. 19 (E. W. O.).

Tavoy, Tenasserim, April, May
( W. Davison).

South Audamans, Dec. 29 (R. G.
W. R.).

Port Mouat, April 15 (W. Da-
vison).

Bintulu, Sarawak.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Col. Swinhoe [P.].
India Museum.
Dr. Aitchison [C.].

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Pinwill Coll.

Hume CoU.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
H. F. Bellamy,

Esq. rp.[.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.

F. W. Bourdillon,

Esq. [C.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gates Coll.
Hume CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

A. H.Everett, Esq.

[C.].

2(). PORZAXA. 109

s",t". Imm. sk. '^l^ri\\a.,L\\7.()n{Maitla)>d Hcriot). Tweodilale Coll.

u". Ad. sk. Fokien, China. Gould Coll.

I'". Ad. sk. C-Anton {Titckett). Tweeddale Coll.

10", x". (S $ ad. Shanghai, April. F. W. Styan, Esq.

sk. [P.].

f/". Juv. sk. Shanghai. Shanghai Museum.

2". Ad. sk. Shanghai. Mrs. Ince [P.].

«\ Ad. sk. Shanghai, May. Consul Swinhoe

[C.].

8. Porzana palustris.

Porzana palustris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 1.39; id. B. Ausfr. vi.
pi. 80 (1848) ; £p. C. R. xliil. p. oU9 (1856) ; Gould, Handb. B.
Ausfr. ii. p. 340 (I860) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i.
p. 193 (1876), ii. p. l>00 (1877); Ramsa,/, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 34o
(Queensland) ; Nortfi, Proc. Linn. Soc X. S. If^. vii. p. 53, pi. 3.
fig. 14 (18S2 : ecrg) ; id. op. cit. (2) i. p. 1172 (1886), iii. p. 1779
(1888: Cumberland distr.) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Ausfr. B. p. 24
(1888) ; Xorfh, Nesfs >!§■ ^yr/.s Ausfr. B. p. 332 (1890).

Ortvgometra palustris, Gratj,'Lisf Grallce Brif. Mas. p. 119 ri844) :
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 62, no.' 10453
(1871) ; Reichen. ^- Heine, Nomencl. Mits. Hein. p. 319 (1890).

Adidt male. Similar to P. i«f('?v»«?(rt, but everywhere paler; the
throat and breast pale ashy grey : centre of abdomen white : " bill
and feet olive-brown " (J. Gould). Total length 6 inches,
culmen O'Go, wing 3-2, tail 1*6, tarsus 0"95, middle toe and
claw 1'4.

Young. Differs from the adult exactly in the same way as the
young of P. infermedia.

Hah. Australia.

a, b. Ad. St. South Australia (J. Gould). Sir G. Grev [P.].

c. Ad. sk. South Australia {J. Gould). Sir G. Grev [P.].

d, ,'. Ad. sk. Xew South Wales. Gould Coll.
/. .luv. sk. Dobrovde, N. S. W. Gould Coll.

(I, h. Ad. sk. Qijeeusland (J. T. Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(■. Ad.sk. Wauganui Kiver, New Zea- Percy Earl, Esq. [P.^

land.

9. Porzana spiloptera.

Porzana spiloptera, c.r Burnt. J/.S'S'., 2)i/r//f. Ibis, 1877, p. 194, pi. 3

(Buenos Ayres).
Porzana salinazi (nee Philippi), Scl. ^- Hudson, Ari/ent. Orn. ii.

p. 155(1889).

Adult male (tj^pe of species). General colour above dark olive-
brown, the feathers with broad black centres ; wing-coverts with a
good deal of black, which is crossed by bars of white, giving
an appearance of being barred with black and white ; the
outer coverts and bastard-wing brown, with a few white spots
on the edge of the latter ; primary-coverts uniform blackish
brown ; quills brown, the first primary notched with whitish sjKjts

110 KALLID^.

on the outer web ; the inner secondaries olive-brown, with broad
black centres, resembling the dorsal plumage ; upper tail-coverts
like the back, but with a few white spots ; tail-feathers black, edged
with olive-brown ; crown of head rather darker than the back, the
forehead and lores being especially blackish, as well as the feathers
round the eye and ear-coverts, these last having a shade of leaden
grey ; cheeks, sides of neck, and under surface of body leaden grey ;
the lower abdomen whitish ; vent-feathers fulvous ; flanks black,
conspicuously barred with white : under tail-coverts black, barred or
spotted and tipped with white ; under wing-covcrts white, mottled
with blackish bases to the feathers ; lower primary-coverts uniform
ashy like the quill-lining; axillaries blackish, with whitish bars:
" bill very dark horn, nearly black ; legs and feet of a browner colour
and rather lighter ; iris crimson, inclining to scarlet " {H. Durnford).
Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3, tail 1-4, tarsus 0-9,
middle toe and claw 1-1.
Hab. Buenos Aires.

a. cJ ad. sk. Belgrano, Buenos Aires, IT. Durnford, Esq. [C.].

Aug. 24. (Type of species.)

10. Porzana flaviventris.

Petit Eale de Cayenne, Dmibe7it. PL Enl. ix. pi. 847 ; Buff. Hist.

Nat. Ois. viii. p. IW (1781).
Little Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii.pt. 1, p. 239 (1785).
Kallus fiaviventer, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 62 (1783).
Kallus niinutus, &'?;i. Syst. Nat. i. p. 719 (1788); Benny, P. Z. S. 1847,

p. 41 ; Lemheye, Av. Cuba, p. 109 (1850J ; Breicer, Proc. Bost.

^bc. A^.il. vii. p. 308(1800).
Ypacaha ceja blanca, Azara, Ajnmt. iii. p. 231 (1806).
liallus superciliaris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xx^iii. p. 505

(1819).
Ortygometra flaviventris, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 593 (1846) ; Ilarll.

ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847).
Ortvgometra minuta. Gusse, B. Jamaica, p. 372, pi. civ. (1847) ;

Biirm Th. Bras. iii. p. 358 (1850).
Crex minuta, Beichenb. Handb. Fulicarise, pi. ccc.xxii. tig. 2574 (1851) ;

6W. P. Z. 6'. 1861, p. 81.
Corethrura miuuta, Licht. Nomencl. Ar. p. 90 (1854).
Laterirallus gossii, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1850).
Erytbra minuta, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 600 (1850).
Crybastus gossii, Cab.J.f. 0. 1850, p. 428; Giindl. J. f. 0. 1875,

p. 358; id. Orn. Cuba, p. 191 (1870).
Porzana minuta, March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1804, p. 69.
Porzana flaviveuter, <S(7(/. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 31 (1865) ; A. S^-

E. Neiot. Handb. B. Jamaica, 1881, p. 114.
Porzana flaviventris, Scl. c^- Salr. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 455 ; Pelz. Orn.

Bras. p. 459 (1871 : S.E. Brazil) ; Scl. S( Sah. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 140 (1873) ; Coi-y, B. W. Ind. p. 255 (1889); Scott, Aide, ix.

p. 11 (1892: Jamaica).
Aramides fla\iventer, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10443(1871).

Adult. General colour above brown, the feathers centred with

26. ronzAXA. Ill

black, aiul many of Ihcm having: mesial streaks of white ; scapulars
for the most part tawny colour, foriniug a broad longitudinal band
down each side of the back ; the lower back and rump marked like
the upper back, V)ut not so distinctly as the latter ; wing-covcrts
light tawny brown, the median and greater scries mottled with
black and spotted and barred with white ; primary-coverts dark
sepia-brown, the liastard-wing and quills more ashy brown edged
■with lighter brown ; the first primary exteruallj- white, the inner
secondaries like the back ; tail-feathers blackish, externally light
brown ; crown of head uniform blackish brown ; sides of the crown
lighter brown like the sides of the neck ; lores blackish, with a very
distinct supraloral streak of white ; the sides of tlie face and ear-
coverts tawuy buff, the latter somewhat washed with ashy ; under
surface of body whitish, the fore neck and chest washed with pale
tawny buff ; the sides of the breast and flanks as well as the under
tail-coverts regularly barred with blaek and white ; the under wing-
coverts white, with a few duskj* bars principally near the edge of the
wing; axillaries white, barred with dusky blackish : "bill olive;
legs and feet yellowish " ( W. E. D. Scott). Total length 5 inches,
culmen OG, wing 2 7, tail 1 -35, tarsus t)-S, middle toe and claw l\3o.
Huh. Cuba ; Jamaica ; South America from Guiana to Southern
Brazil.

a. cS ad. sk. Jamaica. Gosse Coll. (Type of

L. f/dssit.)
h. Ad.sk. Oyapnc River, Cayenne (/<>/*A("j. Salvin-(;odman Coll.

c. S fid- sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.

1 1 . Porzana tabuensis *.

Tnbuan Rail, Lath, fli-n. Sijn. iii. pt. 1, p. 'l'-\'i (1785).

Rallus tabuensis, (!m. iii/sf. Xaf. i. p. 717 (1788) ; Lafh. Ind. Orn.

ii. p. 758 (18'J0) ; ricill. X. Diet, d Hist. Nat. x.wiii. p. 559

(1819).
Crex piumbea, Graif in Griffith ed. Cuvier, iii. p. 410 (1829).
Gallinida immaculate, Swains. An. inMcnag.^. 337 (1837).

* I'ORZAXA TAIIITIKXSIS

Olahcitc E:\il, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. i.'JC) (1783).

Rallus tiiliitiensjs, Gm. iiyst. Sat. i. p. 717 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.

p. 7Mt(17!H)).
RjiUiis iiiinulus (pt.), Forstt. Dcsrr. An. p. 178 (1844: ex Otabeite tantuin).
CuretliruPii tiiliitiensis. (irui/, (ien. B. iii. p. ."iVt.") (IM.')).
I'urzana taliilieiisis, //((r)"/. Wiegm. Arch. 18o2, p. 13(5; id.J.f. O. 1854,

p. Id!!.
Znponiia taliitiensis, Ronap. C. B. xliii. p. ."JQO (18.56).
Ortvgoinetra taliitiensis. Oral/. B. Trap. Is. p. ,52 (18.59) ; Fin.'>ch i{- Haril.

Orn. Cmtralpol. p. 170 (1870) ; Wi(//cgw. Ar. Poli/n. p. (il (18iU).
Arauius tahitieusis, (iraj/, Hand l. B. iii. p. 59, no. 10412 (1^71).

This species is siip])oso(l to dilTer from 0. tabuensis of Ginelin " bv its white
first i)riiiiary ami tlie wliite margins of the others" (<;/'. VVigleswortb. I.e.). It
is very doubttul Hhither there is any real difference between this bird and
1'. ((ibiie»;<ii).

112 EALLID^.

Ortygometra plumliea, Gray, List Grallm, p. 120 (1844).

Kallus minutus (iwc Gm.), Forster, Icon. ined. fig. 130 ; id. Descr.

Anim. p. 178 (1844: Tongatabu).
Corethrma tabueusis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846).
Oi'tygometra tabuensis, Gray, Voy. 'Erebus ' «^' Terror,^ Birds, j). 14

(1846) ; id. Cat. B. Troj). Isl. p. 53 (1859) ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 239 ;

Hartl. (^ Finsch, Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 167 (1867) ; iid. J. f. O.

1870, p. 122 ; Graeffe, t. c. pp. 402, 415 ; Hutfon, Ibis, 1870,

p. 394; Gray, Hatid-l. B. iii. p. 63, no. 10463 (1871); Finsch,

J. f. O. 1872, pp. 38, 63 (Upolu), p. 183 (Wanganui) ; Hidtun,

Ibis, 1872, p. 247 (Chatham IsL) ; Travers, Trans. N. Z. Inst. v.

p. 218 (1872) ; Bidler, B. N. Zeal. p. 181, pi. 21. fig. 2 (1873) ;

Fi7isch, J. f. 0. 1874, p. 201 ; Lnyard, P. Z. ^. 1875, p. 4.39, 1876,

p. 497 ; Whituiee, Ibis, 1875, p. 447 (Samoa) ; Sharjie, Voy. ' Frehus'

^ ' Terror; App. p. 29 (1875) ; Latjard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 (Ovalau,

Viti Levu) ; Ramsay, Pi-oo. Linn. Sue. i. p. 76 (1876) ; Finsch,

P. Z. S. 1877, p. 775 ; id. J. f. 0. 1878, p. 183 ; F. L. ^ L. C.

Lai/ard, Ibis, 1878, p. 264 (New Caledonia) : Oiist. Bull. Soc.

Philom. 1879, p. 220; Finsch, J. f. O. 1880, pp.' 297, 307 ; id. Ibis,

1881, pp. 106, 109 ; id. J.f. O. 1882, p. 307 (Kushai) ; F. L. Sr L.

C. Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 537, 544 (New Caledonia) ; Fuller, B.

Ne2v Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 101, pi. 23. fig. 1 (1888) ; lieichen. J.f. O.

1891, p. 127 ; Wiglesio. Abhandl. Zool. Mus. Dresd. no. 0, p. 60

(1891).
Zaporuia spilonota (nee Gould), Pectle. U.S. F.rpl. F.rped., Aves,

p. 224 (1848: Fiji) ; Hartl. Arch. /.Nat. 1852, p. 136.
Porzana immaculata, Gould, B.Austr. vi. pi. 82 (1848) ; 3Iarie, Acfes

Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxvii. p. 328 (1870) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,

Ralli, p. 36 (1865).
Porzana spilonota, \ar., Hartl. in Wiegm. Arch. 1852, p. 136.
Porzana vitiensis, Hartl. J.f. O. 1854, p. 169.
Porzana tabuensis, Hartl. J.f. O. 1854, p. 169 (Society Isl.) ; Gould,

Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 341 (1865) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli,

p. 36 (1865) ; Bamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 194 (1876) ;

id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 345 (Queensland) ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

ii. p. 200 (1877) ; Wardlatc Bamsay, Ibis, 1886, p. 161 (Manila) ;

Bamsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 25 (1888).
Zapovnia tabuensis, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 599 (1856).
Zapornia umbrina, Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. viii. p. 254 (1856) ; id.

U.S. Expl. Fxped., Birds, p. .305, pi. 35. fig. 2 (1858).
Zapornia umbrata, Hartl. Arch. f. Nat. 1858, p. 29.
P.allus minor, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7470.
Phalaridium tabuense, Heine i§- Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p 319

(1890).

Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, a little more
dusky on the lower back and rump ; ui)pcr tail-coverts blackish like
the tail ; wing-coverts chocolate-brown like the back ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, the first primary whitish
along the outer edge ; the innermost secondaries chocolate-brown
like the back ; crown of head and neck blackish brown ; sides of
face and entire under surface slaty grey, the throat paler ; under
tail-coverts black, with white bars ; under wiug-coverts ashy
brown, with whitish edgings : " bill black ; feet dull brick-red ;
iris and eyelash bright red " {J. Gould). Total length 6-3 inches.

26. roRZANA. 113

ciilmoQ U-5, wing 3, tail 1-7, tarsus 1*05, middle too and claw
1-27.

Adult female. Similar to tho male in colour. Total length 6"7
inches, oulmcn 0-75, wing b-15, tail 1-6, tarsus 0-95, middle toe and
claw 1'3.

Young. Differs from the adult in having the throat white and the
centre of chest and abdomen for the most part white.

Hah. Oceania. Tonga group ; Samoa and Fiji Islands ; New
Hebrides ; l^cw Caledonia ; Australia and Tasmania ; Hew Zealand ;
Chatham Islands ; Philippine Islands.

fl.Ad.sk. ? Old Coll. (TypeofCmr

2)lumbea.)

b. cJ ad. sk. Ovalau, Fiji Islands, Aug. Voy. H.M.S. ' Herald.'

{F. M. Jtai/ner).

c, d. 2 ad. sk. Ngau Islaud/Oct. {F. M. Voy. H.M.S. ' Herald.'

Rayner).

e.c? juv.sk. Viti Levu, Jan. 22 (JE;. i. Tweeddale Coll.

Layard).

f. Ad. sk. Savage Island. Eev. J. S. Whitmee [0.].

g,h. c? 5 ad. sk. Aneiteum, New Hebrides, Voy. II.M.S. ' iiattle-

Dec. 8 (J. Macyillivray) . snake.'

i. Ad. sk. Australia. Salviu-Godman Coll.

k. Ad. sk. Australia. Gould Coll.

I, m. Ad. sk. West Australia. Purchased.

n. 2 ad. sk. West Australia, April. Hume CoU.

0. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

^. Ad. sk. New Zealand. W. Mantell, Esq. [C.].

q. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Percy Earl, Esq. [P.].

r. Ad. sk. Stewart's Island, N.Z. Capt. Stokes [P.].

8. Imm. sk. Chatham Islands. H. O. Forbes, Esq. [C.].

t. Juv. sk. Manila, Luzon {Maitland Tweeddale CoU.

Ileriot).

12. Porzana galapagoensis.
Porzana spilonota (pt.), Salvin, Trans. Z. S. ix. p. oOO (187t)).

AiliiU hialc. Similar to 0. tabuensis, but distinguished by the
absence of the white edge to the first primary and also by the
shorter wings and tail. Total length o-o inches, culmen I-G, wing
2't», tail 1, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 1-2.

IJab. Galapagos Archipelago ; exact island not indicated.

a. Ad. sk. (ialapagos Islands. Voy. H.M.S. ' Beagle.'

b. Ad. sk. Galapagos Islands. Capt. Bui-nett &

Admiral Fitzroy [P.].

13. Porzana bicolor.

Porzana bicolor, Wakhn, Ann. ^- May. Nat. Hist. (4) ix. p. 47
(1872); Godwin-Austen, J. A. S. Bcng. xliii. p. 174 (1874:
Shilloug); Huniv, Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879) ; id. ^- Marsh. Game
B. Ind. ii. p. 22.3, pi. 38. tig. 1 (187!)) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 329
(1888: Mauipur).

Porzana elwesi, Hume, Str, F. iii. p. 283 note (1875).

Adult. General colour above rufous brown, the wing -coverts and

VOL. iiUI. I

a. Ad. sk.

Himalayas.

b. Ad. sk.

Nepal (i?. H. Hodgson).

c, d, e. Ad. ;

Native Sikhim, March, May,

f. Juv. sk.

Dec. (Z. Mandelli).

g. $ ad. sk.

Choongtam, Sikhim, Sept. 29

(H. J. Ehces).

h. Ad. sk.

Lebong, Sikhim.

i. Ad. sk.

Darjeeling, Nov.

114 KALLID^.

inner secondaries like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills dark brown, externally rufescent brown ; tail-feathers
black ; head, neck, and underparts dark slaty grey, a little more
dusky on the head ; cheeks and throat a little paler grey ; sides of
vent and under tail-coverts dusky brown ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries dusky, slightly washed with rufous brown. Total length
8 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-4, tail 1-9, tarsus 1"35.

Hah. Eastern Himalayas from Nepal to the Hills of Assam and
Manipur.

Purchased.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll. (Type

of P. eiwesi.)
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
(Type of species.)

27. PENNULA. ^

Type.

Penmua, Dole, Haivaiian Annual, 1879, p. 14 P. ecaudata.

Bange. Sandwich Islands.

1. Pennula ecaudata.

Rallus ecaudatus, J. King in Cook's Voyage Pacific Ocean, iii. p. 119

(1784).
Dusky Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 237 (1785).
? Sandwich Rail, Lath. t. c. p. 236.
Rallus obscurus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 718 (1788).
? Rallus sandwichensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 325 (1788) ; Hartl.

Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. Heft 3, p. 397 (1892).
Moho, Peale, P. Z. S. 1862, p_. 145.
Pennula millsi, Dole, Hawaiian Annual, 1879, p. 14; A, Neivton,

P. Z. S. 1889, p. 5.
Pennula ecaudata, Hartl. Ahhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. Heft 3,

p. 396 (1892) ; Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv. p. xx (Dec.

1892) ; Hartl. op. cit. no. v. p. xxiv (Jan. 1893).
Pennula sandwichensis, Sfiarpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv. p. xx

(Dec. 1892)*.

Adult. General colour above dark vinous chocolate-brown, a
little more dingy on the head, lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts, the latter being all somewhat mottled with blackish bases
to the feathers ; wing-coverts like the back ; qiiiUs blackish, with
chocolate-brown edges ; tail-feathers concealed, blackish with
chocolate-brown edges ; lores fulvescent ; ear-coverts dark ashy ;
cheeks, throat, and breast deep vinous, shading off into dusky
chocolate-brown on the abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts ;

* Dr. Hartlaub {op. cit. no. v. p. xxiv) dissents from ruy opinion that
P. sandwichensis is the same as P. ecaudata.

28. APHANOIIMNAS. — 29. COKETHETTRA. 115

chin whitish ; under win^-coverts and quill-lining dark chocolate-
brown. Total length 5-5 inches, cidmen 0"7, wing 2'0, tail 0*55,
tarsus 1*1, middle toe and claw I'o. (Mus. W. Rothschild.)
Hah. Uijlanda of Hawaii, Sandwich Islands.

28. APHANOLIMNAS.

Type.

Kittlitzia, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii.

Heft '•'>, p. 391 (18'J:i ; nee Ilartcrt, Kat. Voyels.

Scnckenh. Mas. p. 75) A. monasa.

Aphanoliniiias, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv.

p. XX (1892) A. monasa.

Rauf/e. Island of Kushai or Ualan.

1. Aphanolimnas monasa.

Rallus monasa, Kittl. Denkiviird. litis, russ. Ainerika, ii. p. -^O

(1858).
Kittlitzia monasa, Hartl. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 391

(1892).
Aphanolimnas monasa, Sharpe, Bidl. Brit. Oi~n. Club, no. iv. p. xx

(1892).

Adult. Black with a bluish-grey reflexion ; quiUs and tail some-
what browner ; inner wing-coverts brownish with white spotting,
outer edge of first primary duU brownish ; chin and middle of the
throat somewhat paler ; bill blackish. (Hartlaub.)

Hab. Kushai.

29. CORETHRURA*. ^p^

Alechthelia, Simins. (nee Less.) Class. B. ii. p. 358

(1837) C. lineata.

Coretbrura, Reichenh. ISijst. Av. tab. xxi. figs. 1-4
(IS-l^j ? doscr. nulla).

Saurothrura, Heine ^- Rcichen. Nomencl. Mm, Hein.

p. 319 (1890 ; nom. emend.) C. rufa.

Range. Africa and Madagascar.

Key to the Species,
a. Tail uniform chestnut.

a'. ^\'iiig-coverts black, spotted with white like

the baclv and breast pulchra S , V- ll*^-

b'. Wing-coverts streaked with white or buffy
white like the bnck and breast.

* I have not yet been able to identify the following species, which was also
a puzzle to Lord Twceddale {cf. Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 232) :—

Porzaim circoleps, Less, traite, p. 538 (1831, ex Eale ecaud^, Cuv. MSS.

in Miif. I'ariji).
Oorctlirura circoleps, Bonap. C. Ii. xUii. p. 599 (1856).
Rnllus ecaudatus, Cuv., teste Bp.

Ortygonietra cercolops, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 64. no. 10474 (1871).
Rallus caudatus, Cuv., teste Gray.
Hah. rhilippine Islands?

1 2

116 EAILLD^.

a". Larger : throat, fore neck, and chest

rufous like the crown insulans S , p. 118.

h". Smaller : throat whitish, washed with
rufous ; the lower throat, fore neck, and
chest black, streaked with white like

the rest of the under surface lineata S , p. 118,

c'. Wing-coverts handed with sandy buff like

the back and breast pulchra 5 , p. 116.

d! . Wing-coverts dark chocolate-brown, with
indistinct black centres to the feathers,
like the back ; breast ashy brown watersi c? » p- 119,

b. TaU chestnut, barred with black.

c'. Head and neck chestnut like the throat and

chest; back black, banded with ocheous. . pulchra 2, p. 116.
f. Head and neck streaked with black and

ochre, like the back insularis J , p. 118.

c. Tail black, with rufous bands.

g'. Head and neck bright chestnut, like the

lower throat and chest elegans J > P- 1-0.

Ji . Head brown, with fulvous streaks or bars. . reichenovi ^ , p. 121.

c". Larger : crown of head barred with

black; back and wing-coverts spotted

with ochi'e ; chest brown, mottled with

ochre and black bars ; abdomen white,

barred with black elegans $ , p. 120.

d" . Smaller: crown of head streaked with
black ; back and wing-coverts barred
with black ; under surface of body white,
with spots of black, only the flanks being

barred with black lineata $ , p, 118.

I . Head uniform brown ; throat and chest

whitish luateni J , p. 119,

d. Tail black, or with minute spots of white.

k' . Head and neck chestnut like the throat
and chest,
e". Larger : tarsus 1 inch ; head and neck I rufa c5 1 p. 121.

deep vinous chestnut , j lugens (S , p. 123.

f. Smaller : tarsus 0'8 inch ; head and neck

lighter chestnut bonapartii c?, p. 123.

v. Head and neck blackish, dotted with ochre ;

throat white rufa 5 > P- 121-

1. Corethrura pulchra. (Plate IX.)

Rufous-headed Rail, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. ix. p. 379 (1824: Sierra

Leone).
Crex pulchra, J. E. Gtray, in Griffith's ed. Cuvier, An. Kingd.,Aves,

pp. 410, 642, cum fig. ; id. Zool. 3Iiso. p. 13 (1831) ; Schl. Mus.

Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. '2'd (1865 : Gold Coast).
Galliuula pulchra, Swains. B. W. Afr. p. 243 (1837).
Alectm-a pulchra, Swains. B. W. Afr. p. 243.
Rallus ciunamomeus. Less. Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 99 (Casamance).
Ortygometra pulchra, G. R. Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 120

(1844): id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 6.3, no. 10468 (1871).
Ortygometra ciunainomea, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 120

(1844 : R. Gambia) ; id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 63, u. 10471 (1871).
Corethrura pidchra, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846) ; Hartl. Orn,

29. CORETHKTTltA. 117

West-Afr. p. 241 (1857: Ashantee, Ajjuapim, Gaboon, Cape

Lopez); Biittih. Notes Lei/d. Mus. x. p. 102 ("1888: Liberia), xi.

pp. 128, 137 (188r>); Sharpe, in Jameson^ s ' Hear Co/wn/i,' p. 411

(1800 : Aruwliimi Hiver).
Corethrura cinnamoinea. Hartl. Orn. West-Afr. p. 242 (1857) ;

Sharpe, Joiirn. Linn. Soc, Znol. xvii. p. 441 (1884 : Niam-niam) ;

Shelley, P. A. 8. 1888, p. 40 (Tinjrasi).
Corethrura dimidiata, pt., Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 508 (1856).

Adult male. General colour above black, with ovate spots of
white; the winfr-coverts like the back; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills blackish brown, with very few spots of white,
the primaries with a single spot near the end of the outer web, the
secondaries more spotted, and the innermost ones showing twin-
spots like the feathers of the back; lower back and rump rather
browner, and spotted with white ; upper taU-coverts and tail deep
chestnut ; head all round, neck and mantle, throat and breast
bright chestnut ; rest of under surface of body black, spotted with
white, less distinctly on the thighs and flanks ; under wing-coverts
dusky blackish, with white edges to the feathers, and a few white
spots; quills dusky blackish below: "bUl greyish green; feet
reddish brown ; iris red " {J. Biiltil-ofer). Total length o*o inches,
culmen 0-(35, wing 3-15, tail 1"6, tarsus 1-1, middle toe and claw
1-15.

Adult female. General colour above black, transversely barred
with narrow lines of ochreous buff; all the wing-coverts and inner-
most secondaries black barred with ochre like the back ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, with a few
ochreous spots on the outer web ; upper tail-coverts and tail dark
chestnut, barred across with black ; head and neck all round, mantle
and sides of neck, throat and breast, rich chestnut ; remainder of
under surface dusky blackish, barred across with dull ochre ; the
sides of the body black, with ochreous bars ; under wing-coverts
dusky blackish, with obsolete ochreous margins ; quills below
uniform dusky blackish. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0"6, wing
3'1, tail 1"7">, tarsus 1*2, middle toe and claw 1-15.

Toum/. Diifers from tlie adult female in being browner and in
having the head and neck reddish brown, ^vith a few dusky bars ;
throat whitish ; the breast dull reddish brown, with dusky bars ;
sides of the body barred with rufous and black as strongly as in the
adult fomnle.

Hah. West Africa, from Senegarabia to Gaboon and the Upper
Congo, east to the Monbuttu Country.

a. [cfjad.sk. West Africa. Old Coll. (Type of

species.)

b-e. [ ? 1 ftd. sk. AVest Africa. Purchased.

f. Juv. SK. Sonegaiubia. Governor Rendall [P.].

fl- [ 2 ] ad. sk. Fantee. Shaqic Coll.

'h, I. [c? ] ad. ; k. Fantee (//. T. Us.<her). SheUev CoU.

[$lad. sk.

/, m. [cJ ] ad. ak. Wasa, March, July (Blissett). Shelley Coll.

118 EALLID^.

w, [ 5 ] ad. sk. N'doruma, Niam-niam F. Bohndorff [C.].

Coiintiy, Nov.
o. 2 ad. sk. Tingasi, Equatorial Africa, Emin Pasha [P.].

July.

2. Corethrura insularis.

Corethnu-a insularis, S/mrpe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 400, 1871, pp. 31,
315, pi. 32; Sartl. Vog. Madmj. p. .343(1877); Milne-Edwards
c^ Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois. p. 575, pi. ccxxx. a. fig. 5,
pi. ccxxxvi.

Ortygometra insularis, Gray, Sand-l. B. iii. p. 63, no. 10472 (1871).

Adult male. Head, throat, and breast rich chestnut ; sides of
neck black, margined with white on each side of the feathers,
producing a streaked appearance ; centre of the back and scapulars
black, streaked like the sides of the neck, but with yellowish
margins to the feathers instead of white ; wing-coverts black; all
the feathers margined with whitish ; quills brownish black, irre-
gularly varied with yellowish on the outer primaries ; secondaries
deep black, irregularly streaked and spotted with rufous white ; tail
deep chestnut ; abdomen black, longitudinally streaked with white,
the lower abdomen and vent brownish ; under tail-coverts chestnut,
like the tail ; bill black ; feet yellowish brown. Total length G-2
inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-8, tail 1-9, tarsus 0*75, middle toe 1-15.

Adult female . Above black, streaked with pale rufous: scapulars
and wing-coverts as well as lower back banded and irregularly
mottled with rufous ; quills uniform brown, the secondaries vcrmi-
culated with rufous ; tail dark chestnut, with blackish bands ; lores
pale ochraceous ; cheeks ochraceous, spotted with black ; entire
throat ochraceous, without any spots ; breast reddish ochre, spotted
with black dots ; rest of under surface black, crossed with bars of
pale ochraceous. Total length 6-5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-85.

Eah. Madagascar.

a,h. c? $ ad. sk. Nossi Vola, Madagascar {A. Shelley Coll. (Types
Crossley). of species.)

c,d. c? 2 ad.sk. Ampasmahave,Sept. (C'ros.s/ey). Shelley CoU.

e,f. c? 2 ad. sk. Ankafana Forest, March ( W. Shelley Coll.
Deans Coican).

ff. S ad. sk. Madagascar, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

/(. 2 f'd- ^^- Madagascar. Seebohm Coll.

«', ^. 6 2 ^^- ^^- Madagascar. Mr. Crossley [C.].

3. Corethrura lineata.

Alecthelia lineata. Swains. An. in 3Ienag. p. 339 (1837) ; id. Classif.

B. ii. p. 3.58 (1837).
Gallinula jardinii, Smith, Illustr. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. xxi. (1839).
Alechthelia jardinii, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr. text to pi. xxi. (1839).
Corethrura ruficollis, pt.. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846).
Corethrura jardinii, Reichenb. Handh., Fulicarice, tab. cxxv. fig. 1224

(1851) ; Bp. a R. xliii. p. 599 (18-56).
Crex jardinii, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Kalli, p. 27 (1856).

29. COBETHBXTEA. 119

Corethnira ruficollis (nee Gray), Layard, B, S. Afr. p. 339 (1867) ;

Layanl, Ibis, 18(39, p. 377 ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 616

(1881).
Ortygometra jardinii, Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 63, no. 10470 (1871).

Adult male. Genenil colour above black, numerously streaked
witli whitish, some of the streaks tinged with fulvous, especially on
the rump ; wing-coverts like the back and similarly streaked ; the
greater series, however, uniform sepia-brown like the bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills ; the bastard-wing edged with
white externally, and the outer primary also, the second primary
with faintly indicated fulvous spots on the outer web ; upper tail-
coverts and tail chestnut ; crown of head and neck, as well as the
sides of face and cheeks, bright chestnut ; throat white, with a
slight rufous tinge ; remainder of under surface, from the lower
throat downwards, black, streaked with white, rather more broadly
than the upper surface ; under tail-coverts chestnut ; under wing-
coverts uniform dusky brown, excepting for a few obsolete whitish
margins. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-85, tail 1*45,
tarsus 0-7, middle toe and claw 0'9.

Adult female. General colour above black, numerously barred with
sandy buff; the head and neck streaked with sandy buff, more
broadly on the latter ; wing-coverts like the back, and barred
across with sandy buff ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
primaries nearly uniform sepia-brown, with very few buff spots on
the outer webs, the bastard-wing feathers and the first primar)'
white along the outer web ; inner secondaries barred and mottled
like the back ; tail-feathers chestnut, barred with black ; lores
whitish ; sides of face and sides of neck sandy brown, minutely
spotted with black ; throat and under surface of body white, with
black streaks on the lower throat, fore neck, and chest ; sides of
body numerously banded across with black and shaded with brown ;
under tail-coverts banded black and rufous. Total length 5-5
inches, culmen 0-55, wing 2-8, tail 1'7, tarsus 0-6, middle toe and
claw 0-85.

Hah. S. Africa, from the Knysna to Natal.

a. S ad. sk. Kingwilliamstowu. Major Trevelyan [P.].

6. $ad. sk. PinetowUjNatal, June 14 (T. Z. SheUey CoU.

Ayre$).

c. $ ad. sk. Natal. Dr. Gueinzius [C.].

4. Corethrura watersi.

Zapornia watersi, Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 772, pi. Ixiii.
Ortygometra watersi, Milne-Edwards ^- Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag.,
Ois. ii. p. 577, pi. cexxx. b. fig. 4, pi. cexxxiv.

Adult male. General colour above dark chocolate-brown ^vith an
olive shade, and with black centres to the feathers, not very dis-
tinctly indicated ; wing-coverts like the back and with the same
black centres ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quiUs uniform

120 KALLID^.

dark brown ; the inner secondaries black, with chocolate-brown
edges ; upper tail-coverts chestnut, tipped -with black ; tail chestnut ;
crown of head and hind neck, sides of face, lower throat and breast
vinous chestnut ; throat isabeUine, washed with vinous chestnut,
shading off into the latter ; lower breast, abdomen, thighs, sides of
body, and flanks ashy brown, a little darker on the latter ; under
tail-coverts chestnut with black tips ; under wing-coverts uniform
brown. Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2'9, tail 1-7,
tarsus 0-!)5, middle toe and claw 1"2.

Adult femaU. Different from the male. General colour above
chocolate-brown, with a few white dots, the mantle and upper back
ratlier darker brown than the crown and lower back ; wing-coverts
uniform chocolate-brown, with a few white dots on the greater
series ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills uniform sepia-
brown, with a few white spots and bars on the secondaries, more
distinct on the inner secondaries, which are blackish in the centre
with olive-brown margins ; upper tail-coverts black, crossed with
whitish bars, and with chestnut bars near the base ; the tail-feathers
black, with narrow whitish and broad chestnut bars ; crown of head
uniform dark brown ; eyebrow and sides of face isabelline brown,
speckled with darker brown ; the loral region dark brown ; cheeks,
throat, and centre of breast isabelline ; sides of neck and entire sides
of body dark brown, paler and more ashy brown on the abdomen ;
under tail-coverts black, narrowly barred with white and broadly
with chestnut ; under wing-coverts uniform brown. Total length
5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 2-7, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-9.

Hah, Madagascar.

a. S ad. sk. Madagascar. Seebohm Coll.

b,c. (S 2 ad. sk. Betsileo, Madagascar, Dec. Rev. W. Deans Cowan

[C.].

5. Corethrura elegans.

Gallinula elegans, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. xxii. (1839).
Corethrura pulchia„pt., Grm/, Gen. B. iii. p. 595(1840); Lrnjard, B.

8. Afr. p. ?.39 (18G7: Knysna) ; Grni/, Hatid-l. B. iii. p. 63,

no. 104G8 (1871, pt.) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 615

(1884).
Coretlirura elegaus, Reichenh. Handb., Fulicarue, tab. cxxv. fig. 1221

(1851); Finsch. J. f. O. 1867, p. 249 (Durban) ; i?/j. C. R. xliii.

p. 599 (1856).

Adult male. General colour above black, numerously and thickly
mottled with ovate spots and bars of ochre ; the wing-coverts like
the back, the greater series distinctly barred rather than spotted ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky blackish, freckled
with minute spots of pale ochre along the outer edge ; upper tail-
coverts and tail cinnamon-rufous, banded with black ; head and
neck all round bright cinnamon-rufous as well as the throat and
breast ; remainder of under surface black, numerously spotted and
barred with white, the bars on the lower flanks being pale ochre -,

20. CORKTHRTJRA. 121

sides of upper Jjreast spotted witli ochre like the back ; under tail-
coverts reddish huff, l)arred with hlack ; under ■wing^-coverts hlackish,
and axillaries hlackisli, narrowly barred with whitish ; quills dusky
below. Total length (> inches, culmcn 0-6, wing 3-4, tail 1"6,
tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 1*2.

Adult ft'niah. General colour above warm brown, numerously
spotted with ochre, each of the ochre spots bordered with black
above and below ; wing-coverts like the back, and with similar
ochreous spots ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform brown,
with very tiny ochreous spots on the outer web ; quills dark brown,
minutely spotted with ochre on the outer web, the inner secondaries
exactly like the back ; the upper tail-coverts and tail reddish brown
barred across with black ; liead brown, mimitely dotted with ochre
and narrowly barred across with black; lores, eyebrow, and sides
of face light sandy buff, numerously dotted with brown ; ear-coverts
with a dark brown line along the upper margin ; throat white, with
a few dusky bars ; lower throat, fore neck, and chest, as well as the
sides of the body, brown, with lighter buff cross markings and black
bars ; abdomen white, with blackish cross bars ; under tail-coverts
reddish brown, with black bars and spots of lighter buff ; under
wing-coverts dark sepia-brown, with a few whitish edges to the
feathers : " bill reddish brown, the lower mandible with a yellowish-
whito lino along the under edge of each ramus ; legs and toes
reddish brown " (<S'u' A. Smith). Total length 5-7 inches, culmen
O'G, wing L5-G, tail 1-5, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw 1-2.

Hah. South Africa, from the Knysna district to Natal.

a. 2 ad. st. Cape Colony. M. J. Verreaux [C.l.

b. S ad. sk. Tvin'jwilliamslown. ' Major Trevelyan [P.].

c. d. S ad. ; e. 2 Natal. Sharpe Coll.
ad. .sk.

■/. !/■ d 2 '•^d. sk. Natal. Shellev Coll.

k. d ad. sk. Durban, Natal, Aug. 20 Sharpe Coll.

(T. L. Ai/res).

i, k. S ad. ; /. $ ad. sk. Durban, Feb. (Oordge). Shelley Coll.

Subsp. a. Corethmra reichenovi.

Corethvura elegans {)wc Smith), licicheu. J. f. O. ISOi', p. 178
(Cameroons).

Adult male. Similar to C. eler/ans, but everywhere much darker
in colour, the rufous of the head and breast being deep chestnut
instead of orange-rufous, this chestnut colour extending over the
wiiolo throat to the base of the bill.

Hal. Cameroons, W. Africa.

6. Corethrura rufa.

Rallus rufus, Vieill. N. Diet. (Tllist. Nat. .xxviii. p. 564 (1819).
Porzana dimidiata, Temm. (ubi ?), Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 537

(I8;u).

Crex ruticollis, J. E. Gray (wee F.), Zool. Misc. p. 13 (1831).

122 EALITBa:.

GalHnula dimidiata, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 20 (1839 :

Cape Town).
Ortygometra nificolHs, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 120 (1844),
Ortygometra dimidiata, Gray, List Grallm Brit. Mus. p. 120 (1844 :

spec. exam.).
Corethrura dimidiata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846) ; Eeichenb,

Handb., Fulicarite, Taf. cxxv. figs. 1223, 1224 (1851) ; Layard, B.

S. Afr. p. 339 (18G7 : Cape Colony) ; Bocar/e, Orn. Angola, p. 482

(1881 : Caconda) ; Sharj)e, ed. Layard' s B. k Afr. p. 615 (1884).
Corethrura ruficollis, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 599 (1856) ; Gurnet/, Ibis,

1859, p. 249 (Natal), 1868, p. 261 (Natal ; Transvaal).
Crex dimidiata, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 27 (1865).
Alecthelia dimidiata, Gurney in Andeiss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 320

(1872).

Adult male. General colour above black, longitudinally streaked
with white, which takes the form of small spots upon the second-
aries, lower hack and rump, and even on tbe upper tail-coverts and
tail ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish brown, spotted
with white, the former edged with white like the first primary ;
quills uniform blackish ; head and neck all round with the throat
and chest rich vinous cbestuut ; the breast white, streaked and
barred with black ; sides of the body and flanks black, streaked with
white, like the upper surface, the black markings becoming less pro-
nounced on the lower flanks and under tail-coverts, which have only
a few spots of white : imdcr wing-coverts black, with a few small
spots of white : " bill reddish brown ; lower mandible faintly edged
above and below with yellowish brown " {Sir A. Smith) ; " legs
and toes yellowish brown " ( C. J. Andersson'). Total length 5-7
inches, culmen 0'6, wing 3, tail 1'6, tarsus 0"9, middle toe and
claw 1-3.

Adidt female. Blackish, mottled with ochre like the female of
other species of the genus, but easily distinguished from all others
by its black tail: "bill, feet, and iris dusky brown " (J", ^yjvs).
Total length 5-7 inches, culmen 0-55, wing 3, tail 1-7, tarsus 0-9,
middle toe and claw 1-2.

Young birds are almost entirely black, very mimitely spotted with
white ; the tail entirely black. Underneath, the throat and centre
of breast dusky white ; remainder of under surface sooty black.

Hah. South Africa, from the Cape Colony to Natal and the
Transvaal, Damara-land, and Benguela.

a. 5 ad. St. South Afiica. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Old Coll. (Type of

C. ruficollis.)

c,d. c? 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

e. c? ad. sk. Port Natal, Sept. 25. Tweeddale Coll.

/. c? juv. sk. Potchefstroom, March 20 Gurney CoU.

(T.Ayres).

(/. 5 ad. sk, Potchefstroom, July 10 Sharpe Coll.

{T.Ayres).

30. KALLICULA. 128

7. Corethmra lugens.
Crexlujjens, Boehm, J.f. O. 1884, pp. 176, 244 (Ugalla), 1885, p. 61 ;

Mahchic, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 139.
Corethrura lugens, 3Iaf.se/iic, J. f. 0. 1887, p. 145 (Urua ; Likuhve).

Adult male. Very like the male of C. riifa (Vieill.), but differs
in the white cliiii, lighter brownish-red colour of the breast, the
unitbriu wiug-coverts, and the unspotted tail, the feathers having
only a whitish edging (Matschie, 1. c).

ilah. Interior of Africa, near Lake Tanganyika.

8. Corethrura bonapartii.

Coretlu'ura bouapartii, 7>>. C. li. xliii. p. 599 (1856; ? ex Haril MSS.);

Hart/. Ont. \Ve><t-Afv. p. 242 (1857: Gaboon); Oust. N. Arch.

Mus. (2) ii. ryull. p. "142 (1879).
Ortygometra bonapartii. Gray, Ilancl-l. B. iii. p. 64, no. 10473

(1871).

AduU male. Similar to C. Ihieata, but easily distinguished by
having the tail black, spotted with white, and having the rufous
colour of the throat extending to the fore neck and breast. Total
length 4-S inches, ciilmen 0-5, wing 2-8, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-75, middle
too and claw 1-05.

Hah. West Africa.

n. Ad.sk. (iaboon. W. Vovreaux [C.].

30. RALLICULA. _,

Tj-pe.

llallicula, Schl. N. T. D. iv. p. 55 (1871) W. rubra.

Corethruropsis, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Gaiov. vii. p. 975

(1875) K. Icucospila.

Range. Confined to New Guinea.

Keij to the Species.

a. Bade and wings chestnut, with black shafts or
Wackish centres to the feathers; no white or

fulvous spots rubra, p. 123.

h. Back aud wings black.
a'. Back with wliito marginal streaks to the

feathers leucospila ^ , p. 124.

//. I^ack with white spots leiicosjnla $ , p. 124.

c' . Back uniform, witliout any white or fulvous

spots forhesi J , p. 124.

f/". Buck with ochraceous spots forhesi $, p. 124.

1 . Ralliciila rubra.

IJnllicula rubra, ^chl. N. T. I), iv. p. 55 (1871) ; Bosenb. Bei.'<t. naar
Ueehitikb. p. 144 (1875) ; Salvad. Ann. Mui. Genoa, xii. p. 346

124 KALLIB^.

(1878) ; liosenh. Malay. Arch. p. 596 (1878) ; Salrad. Ann. Mus.
Genov. xviii. p. 320 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pajmasia, iii. p. 270 (1882);
ChiiUem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 664, pi. xxxix.
Rallina rubra, Hosenb. Malay. Arch. p. 563 (1878-79).

Adult male. General colour above nniform chestnut ; wing-coverts
and inner secondaries chestnut like the back, but with the black
shafts more distinctly indicated : bastard-wing black, with white
bars ; primary-coverts and quills blackish, barred with white on the
inner web ; tail-feathers uniform chestnut ; crown of head, sides of
face, and under surface of body uniform chestnut, rather brighter
than the upper surface. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1-1,
wing 3-8, tail 3-55, tarsus 1-55, middle toe and claw 1'5. {Mus.
Eothschild.)

Hal. Arfak Mountains, N.W. New Guinea.

2. Ealliciila leucospila.

Corethriira (?) leucospila, Salrad. Ann. Mus. Genov. vii. p. 975

(1875).
Eallicula leucospila, Salvad. Ann. Mm. Genov. xii. p. 346 (1878),

xviii. p. 320 (1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 270 (1882).

Adidt male. Head, fore part of neck, and chest chestnut-red ;
the crown and the hind neck blackish ; the back, the scapulars, and
the upper wing-coverts black, marked with longitudinal white
streaks on each web of the feathers ; rump, upper tail-coverts,
abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs reddish brown, barred
across with black ; quiUs dusky black, marked with whitish trans-
verse bands on the inner web ; under wing-coverts black, banded
across with white : tail chestnut with a few black bars, especially
towards the tip and on the outer tail-feathers. Total length
8-8 inches, culmen 0-95, wing 4, tail 2-65, tarsus 1-5. (Salvadori.)

Adidt female. Similar to the male, but differing in having rounded
•white spots on the wing-coverts and scapulars, those on the wings
being reddish white ; the black transverse bars on the tail more
numerous than in the male. (Salvadori.)

Hah. Arfak Mountains, N.W. New Guinea.

3. Eallicula forhesi.

Eallicula rubra {nee Sold.), Sharpc, Xafiire, xxxiv. p. 340 (1886).
Eallicula forbesi, Sharpe, in GouUTs B. New Guin. v. pi. 70 (1887) ;
Salvad. Agg. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 197 (1891).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above black, inclu-
ding the wings, the quiUs having whitish bars on the inner webs ;
upper tail-coverts and tail deep chestnut barred with black, less
reo-ularly on the rectrices ; head all round, neck, and mantle, as well
as^the under surface of the body, deep rich chestnut ; the hinder
crown somewhat blackish ; lower abdomen, thighs, and lower flanks

i

31. THTRORHINA. 125

dusky blackish with rufous bars ; under tail-covorts chestnut with
black bars ; under wing-coverts black, barred with white like the
quill-lining. Total length 8'7 inches, culmen 1*1, wing 4*3, tail 2-4,
tarsus 1'5.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having ochraceous-buff
spots on the back and wings. Total length 8 inches, culmen 1"05,
wing 4'G, tail 2-3, tarsus 1'45.

Ifab. South-eastern New Guinea.

a, b. Ad. sk. Owen Stanley Range. H. O. Forbes, Esq. [0.].

(Types of species.)
c. Ad. sk Astrolabe Range. A. Goldie, Esq. [C.].

31. THYRORHINA.

Type.
Thyrorhina, Scl. v^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 4-38 T. schombui-gki.

Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.

1. Thyrorhina schomburgki.

Grex sclioiuburo^ki, Cab. in Schomb. JicU. (Jiiiaii. iii. p. 760 (1848) ;

*W. ^- Salv. P. Z. 6". 186s, p. 16y (^Uaripe).
Corethrura scbombur^rki, Lichf. Nomend. Av. Mn8. Berol. p. 96

(1854).
Micropygia schomburgki, Bjy. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1846).
Thyrorhiua scliombur^^ki, Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 458 ; Pefc.

Orn. Bras. p. ?>Vi (Paranahiba River), p. 459 (Baliia) ; Gi'ay,

Uand-l. B. iii. p. 63, no. 10465 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomend. Av.

Neotr. p. 140 (1873).

Adult male. General colour above brown, the upper surface
thickly streaked with ovate spots of white, each spot bordered with
a line of black ; the white spots not so distinct and smaller on the
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts tawny
rufous or light bay, with a tew large white black-edged spots at the
eud of each feather ; bastard-wing also rufous, with a tiny terminal
white spot ; primary-coverts and quills sepia-brown, the primaries
e.x.ternally isabelliue ; the inner secondaries brown like the back,
with a central line of black which encloses a small terminal white
spot ; tail-feathers brown, with an external tinge of tawny buff and
a small white spot at the end of the feather, preceded by a larger
subterminal spot of black ; crown of head bright chestnut ; the
occiput, nape, hind neck, and sides of neck like the back, but the
spota very much smaller ; sides of face and under surface of body
bright orange-buff, the lores a little paler, the chin and centre of
breast and abdomen white ; the sides of the upper breast decorated
with white oval spots in the same manner as the back ; under
wing-coverts and axUlaries tawny butt', the greater series whitish,
the lower primary-coverts ashy like the quill-lining. Total length

126

5 inches, culmen 0-5, wing 2-05, tail 1-1, tarsus Owo, middle toe
and claw 0-8.

Hah. British Guiana and Venezuela to Brazil.

a, &. c? 2 ad. sk.

c. 5 ad. sk.

(I Ad. sk.
e. cJ ad. sk.

/. Ad.^t.

Roraima, British Guiana,
Dec. [H. Whitely).

MerumeMouutains, B.Gui-
ana, Jidy 27 {H. W.).

Venezuela (Spence).

Caripe, Venezuela {A.
Goering).

S. America.

Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

32. ORTYGOPS.

Cotumicops, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. -599 (1856) ....

Ortygops (nom. emend.), Heine, in Heine 8f

Reichenoiv, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 320 (1890).

Type. _
0. noveboracensis.

Eange. North America generally
N. China to E. Siberia and Japan.

S.E. Brazil; S.E. Africa

Key to the Species.

, Tail blackish or with white spots or bars.
a'. Feathers of upper surface margined with
white, but not spotted with the latter.
a". Larger : orange-rufous on the throat and

sides of breast ; no dusky bars on throat, noveboracensis, p. 126.
b" . Smaller: throat and sides of breast rufes-

cent brown, barred with duslty brown . . cxqidsita, p. 128.
b'. Feathers of upper surface spotted with white, tiotata, y>. 128.
, Tail chestnut, banded with black ; hind neck

rufescent, contrasting with the back ayresi, p. 129.

1. Ortygops noveboracensis.

Yellow-breasted Gallinide, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 491 (1785) ;

Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 262 (1786).
Fulica noveboracensis, Gin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 701 (1788).
GaUinula noveboracensis, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 771 (1790).
Perdix hudsonica, Lath. t. c. p. 655 (1790).
Rallus ruticoUis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 556 (1819) ;

id. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 168, pi. 266 (1825).
Ortygometra noveboracensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. p. 222 (1824) ;

Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. S,- N. Amer. p. 53 (1838) ; Audub. B.

Atner. v. p. 152, pi. 307 (1842) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 204

(1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846).
Rallus noveboracensis, Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 212 (1827) ; id. Amer.

Orn. iv. p. 126, pi. 27. fig. 2 (1832) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 329;

Swains. ^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 402(1831); Nutt.

Orn. Man. ii. p. 215 (1834) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 251 (1838).
Cotiu*nicops noveboracensis, Bp. Ann. Sci. Nat. i. p. 46 (1854) ; id.

32. ORTYGOPS. 127

C. It. xliii. p. 599 (1856) ; Sharpe, ed. LayarcVs B. 6". Afr. p. 617

(1884).
Porzaiia noveboracensis, Baird, Cass, S^ Lawr. B. N, Atner, p. 750

(1858) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 40 (San Autonio, Texas) ; Letter.

Ann. Li/c. N. Y. viii. p. 295 (1866: New Jersey); C'oues, Proc.

Bost. Soc. N. H. xii. p. 124 (18(J8: S. Carolina) ; 8cl. i^- Salv.

P. Z. S. 1868, p. 457 ; TunA B. East Pennsylv. p. 33 (1869) ;

Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 357 (1871) ; id. Amer. Nat.

1870, p. 639 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 274 (1872); Coues, B.

N.-West, p. 539 (1874) ; Mayn. B. East. N. Amer. p. iil (1879);

Bidyw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 202 (1880) ; Baird, Brewer, ^-

Eidyw. Water-B. N.Amer.i. p. 375 (1884) ; Clark, Auk, i. p. 397

(1884: D. Columbia) ; Scott, Auk, ii. p. 110 (1885 ; Ottawa) ; Lawr.

t. c. p. 274 (Long Isl.) ; Goss, t. c. p. 385, iii. p. 113 (1886 : Kansas,

breeding) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 142 (1886) ; Ridgw.

Man. N. Amer. B. p. 140 (1887) ; Bryant, F. S) S. xxvi. p. 426

(1887) ; Towns. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 163, 197, 234 (1887 :

N. California) ; Beckh. t. c. p. 637 (J3exar Co., Texas), p. 651

(San Autonio) ; Saunders, Auk, iw'^.^il {\SS7 : Ontario); Smith

Sf Palmer, Auk, v. p. 147 (1888) ; Butcher, t. c. p. 177 (Long Isl.) ;

Merrill, t. c. p. 319 (Connecticut) ; Austin, F. Sf S. xxx. p. 205

(1888 : Conn., March) ; Cory, B. West Ind. p. 257 (1889) ;

Thoiups. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 495 (1891 : Manitoba) ;

Loomis, Auk, viii. p. 55 (1891) ; Cory, Cat. West Ind. B. pp. 91,

137 (1892).
Araniides noveboracensis. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10448

(1871).
Ortygops noveboracensis, Heine ^- lieichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein.

p. 320 (1890).

Adult. General colour above light tawny, the feathers variegated
with broad black centres and bars and fi-ingcs of white, these white
edgings almost obsolete on the liind neck ; wing-coverts browner
than the back, but barred and fringed \vith white in the same
manner ; bastard-wing pale sepia-brown, slightly freckled with white
dots at the end ; primary-coverts darker brown than the quills,
which are also unitbrm brown ; the first primary edged with white,
the inner primaries white on the inner webs ; the outer secondaries
entirely white, the innermost ones exactly like the back ; tail-
feathers blackish, edged with tawny buff and crossed with narrow
white lines ; crown of head darker brown than the back, with a few
tiny white dots, but scarcely any trace of tawny margins; lores and
feathers below tlio eye dusky blackish, extending on to the ear-
coverts ; sides of crown and sides of face ta^vlly buff, with a few
white dots, which are also on tiie eyebrow, which is very distinct ;
throat white, as also the lower breiist and abdomen ; the lower
throat, fore neck, and chest dull lawny buif, varied with a few
white fringes to the feathers, preceded by a blackish subterminal
spot or bar ; Hanks also tawny l)uft', but much more distinctly
barred with black and white ; thighs brown externally, butf inter-
nally ; under tail-coverts vinous, with small white spots and
blackish subterminal bars ; under wing-coverts and axillaries pure
white ; quills ashy below : " bill greenish black, with the base dull
yellowish orange ; feet and claws light fleeh-colour ; iris hazel "

128 RALLID^.

{J. J. Audubon). Total length 5-5 inches, culmen 0-6, wing 3-5,
tail 1"4, tarsus U'9, middle toe and claw 1-25.

Huh. North America generally, visiting Cuba and the Bermudas
accidentally.

a. Ad. st. North America. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. North America. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Illinois {E. W. Nelson : Hen- Salvin-Godman CoU.

shaw Coll.).

d. S ad. sk. Mihbrd, Conn., Oct. 14 {G. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Grinnell: Henshaw Coll.).

e. S juv. sk. Seabrook, New Hampshh-e, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oct. 15 {H. W. He7iskaw).

2. Ortygops exquisita.

Crex erythrothorax, I)i/b. ^- Pan. J. f. O. 1868, p. 338 {nee Temm.

8f SchL).
Ortygi>metra, u. sp., Frjev. Putesch. Ussw. no. 143 (1870, teste

iStejneger).-
Porzana erythrothorax {nee T. Sf S.), Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 107

(Dauuria).
Porzana exquisita, Swinh. Ann. 8^ Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 376

(1873 : Chefoo) ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 336 (Hakodadi) ; Blakist. ^

Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 225 (Yezo) ; Blakist. Amend. List B. Japan,

p. 13 (1884) ; Boyd. Consj). Av. Imp. Ross. p. 57 (1884) ; Styan,

Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, oUl (Lower Yangtze).
Porzana uudulata, I'acz. J.f. O. 1874, p. 333 (Ussuri) ; id. Bull.

8oc. Zool. France, i. p. 259 (1876) ; Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.

ix. p. 401 (1886).
Porzana (Coturnicops) exquisita, Sivinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 135, pi. iii.
Coturnicops exquisita, Gurney, Ibis, 1877, p. 353 ; Sharps, ed. Bayard's

B. S. Afr. p. 617 (1884).
Crex undulata, Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 368 (1890).

Adult female (type of Porzana exquisita). Similar to 0. nove-
boracensis, but smaller and darker ; with the same white edgings to
the feathers of the upper surface and the wings ; throat whitish ;
the lower throat, fore neck, sides of breast, and flanks reddish
brown, barred with dusky blackish, the feathers edged with white ;
breast and abdomen white : " bill deep brown, greenish yellow on
lower mandible, base, and rictus ; legs and feet light flesh-brown,
dark on joints and claws ; iris brown" {R. Swiiihoe). Total length
5'3 inches, culmen 0"55, wing 3, tail l'U5, tarsus 0'8, middle toe
and claw 0-95.

Hab. Eastern Siberia and Japan to North-eastern China.

a. $ ad. sk. Chefoo, May {B. Swiiihoe). Seebohm Coll.

(Type of species.)

3. Ortygops notata.

Zapornia notata, Gould, Voy. ' Beayle,' Birds, p. 132, tab. 48 (1841).

Ortygometra notata. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846).

Porzana notata, Scl. i^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 456 ; iid. Nomencl. Av.

32. oRiYGOPs. 129

Keotr. p. 140 (1873); Scl. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 2", (Uruguay) ; id.
i^- HuiUon, Argent. Orii. ii. p. 155 (1889).
Arauiides notata, Gra;/, lland-l. B. iii. p. Gl, uo. 10445 (1871).

Adult (type of species). General colour above chocolate-brown,
mottled with black centres to the feathers, which are spotted with
■white ; wing-coverts liive the back, but the white spots sometimes
in the form of bars, which is also the case on the inner secondaries,
lower back, and rump ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts brown,
with scarcely any white spots ; quills blackish brown, the middle
secondaries for tlie most part white on the inner webs, this white
patch varying in size ; tail blackish brown ; the upper tail-coverts
with tiny white spots ; crown of head and hind neck rather darker
than the back, and profusely dotted with little spots of white ; lores
dusky brown, surmounted by a whitish streak ; sides of face and
cheeks blackish, varied with white spots ; chin and upper throat
whitish, the latter slightly mottled with dusky brown ; remainder
of throat, fore neck, and chest whitish, profusely mottled with
dusky blackish centres to the feathers ; centre of breast and
abdomen whitish, with dusk}" cross bars ; sides of body and flanks
blackish, with narrow white bars and tips ; under tail-coverts
blackish, with pale vinous tips ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
white, mottled with brown bases near the edge of the wing. Total
length b■'.^ inches, culmeu U-45, wing 3-1, tail 2'25, tarsus O't-,
middle toe and claw U*!J.

JIal). From Uruguay south to Patagonia.

a. Ad. sk. Rio Plata (C. Darwin). Voy. II.M.S. ' Beagle.'

(Type of species. )

b. Innii. sk. At sea off Cape Santa Maria, Salvni-(Todmau Coll.

Uruguay. [P. Z. S. 1870, p. 255.]

4. Ortygops ayresi.

? Coretlirura ruficnUis ( nee 7'. ), I.minrd, Ibis, 1869, p. o77.
Coturnieops ayve A, Gurnet/, I/'i-', 1877, p. 352, pi. 7 (Transvaal);
Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. 6'. Afr. p. (510 (1884).

Adult f ••male (type of species). General colour above dark brown,
mottled with black centres to the feathers, and streaked with white
on the margins, also occasionally spotted with white ; scapulars
like the back ; wing-coverts blackish, with brown margins, the
coverts not so profusely sjjotted with white as the back ; bastard-
wing blackish brown with white margins ; primarv-coverts and
quills uniform dusky brown, the first primarj- white along the
outer web, the middle secondaries pure white, the inner secondaries
like the back ; lower back and rump like the back, but less pro-
fusely spotted with white : upper tail-coverts and tail bright rufous
barred with black ; crown of head black, slightly varied with rufous
tips to the feathers, and having a faintly indicated rufescent eye-
brow ; najje, hind neck, and sides of neck deep vinous, mottled with
black centres to the feathers ; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and

VOL. XXIII. K

130 EALLIDJ5.

cheeks dusky hlackish ; under surface of body dull -white, tinged
with reddish on the fore neck and sides of chest, which are also
mottled with small dusky spots; sides of the breast and tianks
blackish, spotted and streaked on the former with white, and ob-
scurely barred on the latter with white ; under tail-coverts chestnut,
barred with black like the tail ; under wiug-covcrts and axillaries
white, slightly mottled with dusky bases : " bill pale dusky, darkest
ou the ridge ; tarsi and feet pale dusky ; iris ashy hazel " {T. Ayres).
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen O'o, wing 3-1, tail 1-5, tarsus 0-8.

Two specimens were obtained by Mr. Ayres, and the one described
was presented to the Museum by Mr. Gurney. The other specimen
I have not seen, but it is apparently a more adult bird than the
one the Museum possesses, as it has a rufescent chest.

Hah. South-eastern Africa.

a. 5 ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Sharpe Coll. (One of

Oct. 4. the types of species.)

b. Imm. sk. KingwiUiamstown, Aug. Major Trevelyan [P.].

{E. 0. Anstey).

33. POLIOLIMNAS.

Type.

Polioliranas, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxviii

(Jan. 1893) P. cinereus.

Range. The same as that of the single species.
1. Poliolimnas cinereus.

Sandwich Rail, var. (ex ins. Tanna), Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. p. 235.

Eallus sandwicheusis, var., Gm. S. N. ii. p. 717 (1788).

Porphyrio cinereus, Vieill. (nee Rallus cinereus, Vieill.) Nouv. Diet.

xxviii. p. 29 (1819) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 598 (1845) ; Pucker.

Rev. et May. de Zool. 185], p. 563.
Eallus quadristrigatus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 196 (1821).
Gallinula leucosoma, Sio. Anim. in Menay. p. 348 (1837).
Rallus tannensis, Forst. Descr. An. p. 275 (1844).
Crex quadristriata, Licht. in Forst. Descr. An. p. 275 (1844).
Ortygometra ocularis (nom. nudum), Gray, List Gralla Brit. Mus.

p. 119 (1844: Phihppines).
Zapornia sandwichensis, Reichenh. (nee Gm.) Handb., Fulic. Taf. cxix.

tigs. 1184-85 (1846).
Ortygometra leucosoma. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 594 (1846).
Corethrura quadristrigata, Gray, torn. cit. p. 595 (1846).
Gallinula superciliosa, Temm. (nee Siv.), teste Gray, I.e.
Corethrura mystacina, Temm. teste Gray, I.e. (1846).
Corethrura sandwichensis. Gray, I. c. (1846).
Corethrura tannensis, Gray, ibid. n. 25 (1846).
Porzana leucophrys, Gould, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 33; id. B. Austr. vi.

pi. 81 (1848) ; Reichenh. Viiy. Neuholl. p. 342, n. 477 (1851) ; id.

Handb., Fulic. Novit. t. xlii. tigs. 2469-70 (1851) ; Macyill. Nan:

Voy. 'Rattlesnake; ii. p. 358 (1852) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 198 ;

id. Cat. B. Netv Guin. p. 63 (1859) ; Marie, Act. Soe. Li?iH. Bord.

xxxvii. p. 327 (1870).
Porzana quadristrigata, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 284 (1849);

Wall. P.Z.S. 1863, p. 487 ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.

33. rOLIOLIMNAS. 131

p. 194 (1870) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 34o ; id. Proc. Linn. Soc.

N. S. W. iv. pp. 92, 102, no. 200 (1879) ; Heeb. Ibis, 1801, p. 191

(Sulpliur Isl. ; Volcano Isl.).
(iiillinula mystacina, Temin. in Mus. Paris; teste Pucker. Pev. et

Mwj. TmoL 1851, p. 504.
Erytlira Lnicophrys, Up. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 000 (1850).
Erythra ciuerea. Pp. t. c. p. GOO (1856).
Erytlira cinerea, var. nitidia, Up. I. c.
Erythra ciuerea, var. minima, Pp. I. c.
Ortygometra, sp., Orai/, Vat. B. Trap. Isl. p. 52 (1859).
I'orzana (Zapornia) leucophrys, Verr. et Des Murs, Rev. et Mag. de

Zuol. 1800, p. 4o7.
Ortygometra superciliarisji-VwscA (necEi/f.), Keu-Gi(i?2. p. 181 (1805) ;

liosenb. Malai/. Archip. p. 503 (1878-79).
Porzaua cinerea, Sc/def/. Mus. P.-B. Galli, p. 32 (1805) ; Bruggem.

Abltandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 92 (1870) ; Rantsay, Pr. Linn.

!Soc. N. 8. Jr. ii. p. 200, no. 045 (1877) ; Hume, Str. Feath. vii.

pp. 440, 451 (1878), viii. ])p. 40, 70 (Singapore), 113 (1879);

liosenb. Malag. Archip. pp. 278, 324, 503 (1S78-79) ; Eelham, Ibis,

1882, p. 188 (Singapore).
Erythra quadristrigata, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p, 343 (1865) ;

North, Nests ^- Eggs Austr. B. pi. xvi. fig. 7 (1890).
Ortygometra leucophrys, i'V/Mc/i, i\'eM-6-'Mwea, p. 181 (1866) ; Rosenb.

Malay. Archip. p. 503 (1878-79).
Ortygometra quadristrigata, Fi/isch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (1865) ;

Hartl. et Finsch, Orn. Centralpolyn. p. 164 (1867) ; iid. P. Z. S.

1868, pp. 8, 118, 1872, p. 107; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 63,

no. 10404 (1871); Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, pp. 33, 53 (Upolu) ;

Whitmee,_ Ibis, 1875, p. 440; Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 4-39, 1876,

pp. 497, 505 (Samoa) ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 393 (Ovalau, Viti Levu) ;

Nehrkorn, J. f. Orn. 1879, p. 408 ; F. L. >.y L. C. Layard, Ibis,

1880, p. 232 (Loyalty Isl.), 1882, p. 637 (New Caledonia;

breeding).
Ortygometra cinerea, TVald. Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. p. 94 (1872) ;

Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 339 (1874) ; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii.

p. 677 (1875) ; Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Ileft viii. p. 38

(1875 : Pelew Islands) ; Tweedd. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. pp. 230, 251

(1875) ; Brii(/g. Ahh. naturw. Ver.Brem. v. p. 92 (1876) ; Tweedd.

P. Z. S. 1877, p. 767, 1878, pp. 114, 344, 953; E. L. S; L. C.

Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 263 (Loyalty Isl.) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879,

p. 142 (Celebes); I) Alb. et Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv.

p. 129 (1879) ; Salvad. ibid. p. 667 (1879) ; I)'Alb. Nuova Gain.

p. 588 (1880); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 577; Salvad. Ann.

Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. .321, no. 12 (1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc.

iii. pp. 273-74 (1882); JF. Blasitts, J.f. O. 1883, p. 139, 1884,

p. 218 (Lake Teweh and S.E. Borneo; breeding); Kutter, t. c.

p. 225 (eggs); id. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 353; Blasius, Zeitschr. iii.

p. 158 (1886: Celebes) ; Bilttik. Notes Lcgd. Mu.<. ix. p. 80 (1887 :

Sumatra); Steere, List B. if Mamni. Philipp.Y- 25(1890: Gui-

maras, I'auay, Sicjuijor, Leyte, .Marinduque) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1890,

pp. 145, 28.5" (N.W. IJorueo) ; Meyer, t. c. p. 424 (New Britain);

Salvad. Agg. Orn. Pap. iii. p. r.i7 (1891); Wiglesic. Abhandl.

Zool. Mus'.'Dre.-<den, no. 0, p. 61 (1891).
(iallinula superciliaris, Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 278 (1878-79).
I'oliolimnas cinerea, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. p. 28 (1893).

Adult male in breediny-jplumae/e. General colour above olive-

x2

132

brown, with darker brown centres to the feathers of the back ;
lower back, rnmp, and upper tail-coverts darker brown, with olive-
brown edges ; wing-coverts uniform olive-brown, with lighter brown
margins, the greater coverts more sandy brown on their edges ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, externally
washed with lighter brown, the bastard-wing feathers externally
whity brown, the first primary white along the outer web ; inner
secondaries dark brown, edged with sandy brown ; tail-feathers
brown, blackish in the centres ; crown of head dark ashy grey,
blackish on the forehead, the nape and hind neck more olive-brown
with dusky-brown centres to the feathers, the whole overshaded
with grey, which overspreads the mantle also ; lores and a spot at
the base of the checks black, with a white supraloral streak ; ear-
coverts, cheeks, and sides of neck dark ashy grey, traversed by a
band of white from the anterior portion of the checks, passing
below the eye to above the ear-coverts ; throat and abdomen pure
white ; the lower throat, fore neck, breast, and sides of body ashy
grey, becoming browner on the flanks ; thighs white ; under tail-
coverts and sides of vent clear sandy buff; under wing-coverts and
axillaries ashy, with faint hoary tips to the feathers ; quills ashy
below : " upper mandible reddish brown, the cutting-edges of both
mandibles tile-red ; legs and feet oil-green, blotched with light ash-
colour " {J. Gould). Total length T'O inches, culmen OO, wing 3-9,
tail rSo, tarsus 1-5, middle toe and claw 2-1.

Adult female. Does not differ from the male in colour. Total
length 6-8 inches, culmen 0-85, wing 3*75, tail 1-6, tarsus 1-4,
middle toe and claw ISo.

Adult specimens from the Philippines appear to have more grey
on the fore neck and breast than individuals from other localities ; in
these the under surface is often entirely white, with only a little
grey across the lower throat.

Young. Browner than the adults, and having the head brown,
without any ashy grey on the crown or hind neck ; the white facial
stripe and the supraloral stripe only faintly indicated, and tinged
with brown ; sides of face, fore neck, and sides of body brown ; the
throat, breast, and abdomen pure wliite ; lower flanks and under
tail-coverts tawny buff.

Bah. Malayan Peninsiila to the Philipjunes, and throughout the
Malayan Islands to Australia and the majority of the Pacific
Islands.

a-d. Ad. et imm. Penang (Dr. Cantor). India Museum.

sk.
e,f. g. Ad. et imm. Malacca {Dr. Maingay). Tweeddale Coll.

sk.
/(. <S ad. sk. Singapore, Dec. 11 {A. Ber- Hume Coll.

nard).
i. S ad. sk. Singapore Island, Sept. 19 Hume Coll.

( W. Daviso7i).
k. Ad. St. Java. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

/. Ad. ; m. Imm. Java {Horsfield). India Museum.

sk. (Types of P. quudridrigata.)

34. rOKZAXLLA.

133

». Ad. sk.
o, p. Ad. sk.

>/. Ad. ^k.
r. Ad. sk.
". 2 ad. sk.

t. Ad. sk.

w, V. (S 2 ad. sk.

«•, .r. cT 2 ad. sk.

y. 2 ad. sk.

:. d ad. sk.

«'. Ad. sk.
//. d ad. sk.
c-'. d ad. sk.
(!', e. Ad. sk.

f'-h'. Ad. et inin

sk.
i". J imm. sk.

.Java.

I'hilippine Islands.

Manila (Maitland Iferiof:).
-Manila, June 14 (Il.Ctimiiuj).
lioac, Marindiique, May 7.

Oebu.

Cebu, March {A. H. Everett).

Auiparo, S. Leyte, July (A.

H. Everett).
Dinairat Island, Juno {A. II.

Ei'erctt).
Zaniboan;ja, Mindanao, April

{A. U. Everett).
Celebes.
E. Timor.

Port Essington, Nov.
Port Moresby, S.E. Xew

Guinea.
Samoa.

Island of X'gaii, Fiji
{F. M. Rai/ner).

Oct.

Tweeddale Coll.
II. Cumin- Esq. [C],
(Types of O. ocularis.)
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
E. L. Moselev, Esq.

[C.].
Prof. Steere [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Dr. Sibbald [P.].
A. Goldie [C.].

Rev. J. S. Whitmee

[C.].
Voy.H.M:.S.1Ierald.'

34. PORZANULA.

Type.

Porzanula, Frohawh, Ann. 4" Ma'/. Nat. Hist. (6) ix.

p. 247 (1892) ■ P. palmeri.

liaiif/e. Laysan Island, X. Pacific.

1. Forzanula palmeri.

Porzanula palmeri, Frohawk, Ann. 4" Mag. Xat. Hist. (0) ix. p. 247
(1892) ; iSharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. iv. p. xx (1892).

Pennula palmeri, Ilartl. Abhandl. nut. Vei. Bremen, xii. Heft. 3,
p. 399 (1892).

Adult. General colour above sandy brown, with black ceutres to
the feathers of the back, these being narrower on the mantle ;
scapulars slightly more reddish, with a few streaks of white on the
outer webs, the centre of the back being similarly marked ; wing-,
coverts like the back, but not streaked with black except on the
greater series, which have dusky blackish centres like the second-
aries ; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, with lighter edges ;
tail-feathers blackish, with light edges ; crown of head sandy
brown, like the back ; forehead, eyebrows, and under surface ashy
grey ; sides of neck, sides of breast, sides of flanks, sides of vent,
and under tail-coverts sandy brown, the flanks with a few irregular
spots of white preceded by a subtcrminal mark of black ; under
wing-coverts sandy bufl', the greater series and the lower primary-
coverts with white tips ; quills light brown below. Total length

134 KALLID^.

5 inches, eulmcn 0-8, wing 2-2, tail 0-8, tarsus 0-9, middle toe and
claw i-2.

Hah. Laysan Island, North Pacific.

a. Ad. sk. Lavsan Island. Hon. W.Rothschild [P.].

h. Ad. (in spirits). Laysan Island. Hon. W. Rothschild [P.].

35. CRECISCUS. ^

Cieciscus, Cab. J.f. 0. 1856, p. 428 C. jamaicensis.

Rufirallus, Bj). C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856) C. cayennensis.

Lateriiallus, Bj). C. B. xliii. p. 599 (1856) . . C. melanophseus.

Donacophilus, Beichen. in Heine Sf Beichen. No-

mencl. Mm. Hein. p. 320 (1890 ; nom. emend, jtro

Laterirallus).
Erythrolimnas, Heine S( Beichen. Nomencl. Mus.

Hein. p. 320 (1890; nom. emend, pro Rufirallus).

Bange. The greater part of the New "NYorld.

Key to the Species.

a. Axillaries barred with white, or at least spotted
with white*; flanks or under tail-coverts
always barred or spotted.
a'. Breast slaty grey ; hind neck rufescent or
rufous chocolate, contrasting with the head.
a". Wings and back profusely spotted or barred
with white ; iiauks also conspicuously
barred.
a'". Smaller: nape grey like the crown;
back and wings not profusely barred or

spotted with white jamaicensis, p. 135.

b'". Larger : nape brown hke the hind neck
and mantle ; back and wings profusely

barred and spotted wilh white salinazi, p. 136.

b''. Wings and back with only a few scattered
spots of white, these being even absent in
some specimens; flanks with scarcply any , y^^^^^^^ 137

white bars .. \cotur7iiadus,v.\2,7 .

t. Breast whiti.'ih, rufous or grey on the sides. "^

c". Hind neck bright chestnut, contrasting with

the bluish-grey crown; sides of breast ^^^.^-g „ ^33

light bluish grey . . . . mgans,'^. 139.

d . Hind neck brown hke the crown and ' ■^ ' ^
back ; sides of face, sides of neck, and
sides of breast rufous,
c'". Throat and breast white.

a*. Forehead and eyebrow rufous cenops, p. 140.

¥. Forehead and eyebrow brown like the [p. 139.

back melanoph(Pus,

d'". Fore neck and breast chestnut albir/ularis, p. 140.

C spilonottts, when adult, has uniform axillaries and flanks.

35. CREciscus. 135

h. Axillaries uuifonn, not barred or spotted with

white.

c . I'liinliH barred with white ; under surface of

body white; sides of face, sides of neck, and

sides of breast orange-rufous; tianks barred

witli bhick leucopi/irhi/'<.\).}A'2.

(T. Flanks uniform.

e'' . Throat and breast wliite ; ear-coverts and
sides of body chestnut ; head like the

back leiraudi, p. 142.

/". Throat and breast orange-rufous or chest-
nut, with no white ; sides of face grey.
e'". Crown of head grey ; mantle dark chest-
nut, becoming chocolate-brown on the
hiwer back; inner secondaries and tail

black ruber, p. 143.

/'". Crown of head chestnut ; rest of upper

surface olive, including secondaries and , • i lo

. .] ' ° ] Cfa/a)ifnsis,]y. l-i-j.

I facialis, p. 14-3.

1. Creciscus jamaicensis.

The Lenst Water-hen, Edwards, (il<;ani»</s, vi. p. 142, pi. 27S. tig. 2
(1760).

Le Kiile de la Jamaique, Briss. Orn. vi. Suppl. p. 140 (17G0).

Le Iirde Bidi-1'.idi, /)'////'. lUM. Nat. Ois. viii. p. KiG {1781).

Jamaica Hail, Laf/i. (hn. Siju. iii. pt. 1, p. 2-j'J (178o).

llallus janiaicensis. Gin. Si/st. Xaf. i. p. 718 (1788) ; T'ieill. A\ Diet,
d'lli'st. Nat. xxviii. p. 550 (1829) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 349; id.
Orn. Biiti/r. iv. p. 3J9 (1858).

Ortvgonietra jamaicensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. pt. 1, p. 221 (1824);
Bp. Comp. Li.-<f B. FAir. ^- N. Amer. ]). 53 (18:i8) ; Audub. B. Amer.
8vo, V. ]). 157, pi. 308 (1842) ; Graij, List Grnlhe in Brit. Mus. p. 1 10
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 5!):'> (iS4()) ; 6V.sy, /). Jamaica, p. 375
(1847) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (185G) ; Salcin, Ibis, 18(JG, p. 198
(Duefias).

Crex pvgnuta, B/ackic. in Brewster's Journ. vi. p. 77 (1832, nee
Bechst.).

Corethrura jamaicensis, Licht. Nomencl. Ar. Mus. Bcro'. p. 90
(1854).

Creciscus jamaicen^i.i, Cab. J.f. 0. 1850, p. 428 (Cuba) ; Gundl. Orn.
Cuba, p. 3G2 (1870).

Porzana jamaicensis, Baird, Cass. ^- Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 745 (1858) ;
-SV/. I'.Z.S. 18G1, p. 81 (Jamaica); March, Proc. Philad. Acad.
18G4, p. 09 (Jamaica) ; Schl. Mus. Pay, t- lias, Italli, p. G7 (1865) ;
Cones, Proc. Bost. ^"Suc. N. II. xii. p. 1 24 "( 1 808 : S. Carolina) ; Scl. lV
Sale. P.Z.S. 1808, p. 455 (pt.) ; Turuh. B. East Pennsi/lc. p. 33
(1809 ; breeding) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 274 (1872) ;" Snow, B.
Kansas, p. 11 ( 1873); Scl. Sf Hah: Nomencl Ar. Neotr. p. 140 (1873,
pt.); Coue.i. B. N.-Jf'est, p. 539 (1874); Bidqw. Am. Nat. viii.
p. 540 (1875); id. Ann. Li/c. N. V. x. p. 387 (1874: Illinois);
lieldin;/, Proc. U.S. Nat. iV«,<. i. p. 443 (1878: Stockton, Cal.) ,
Mai/nard, B. Ea.'tt. N. Amer. p. 432 ( 1879) ; Bid>/w. Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. iii. p. 202 (1880) ; ^. «.S- E. Newt. Hand'b. Jamaica, p. 114
(1881) ; Baird, Brewer, ^- liidtjw. U'ater-B. N. Amer. i. p. 377
(1834) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 074 (1884) ; Grinnell,

136 KALLID.5;.

F. ^ S. xxiii. p. 24 (1884 : Long Isl.) ; Clarke, Auk, i. p. 393 (1884 :
Conuecticut ; breeding) ; McCorvnck, t. c. p. 397 (U. Columbia) ;

A. O. U. Check-l. B. p. 142 (1886) ; Brewster, Auk, iii. p. 139
(1886 : Texas) ; Goss, t. c. p. 408 (Kansas) ; Ridqiv. Man. N. Amer.

B. p. 140 (1887) ; Cori/, B. West Ind. p. 256 (1889) ; Scott, Auk,
vii. p. 400 (1890 : Key West, Florida) ; Loomis, Auk, viii. p. -55
(1891); Scott, Auk, i'x. p. 11 (1892: Jamaica); id. t.c. p. 213
(^ Florida; rare -visitant).

Ai'amides jamaicensis, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10444 (1871).

Adult. General colour above brown, barred across and spotted
Avith Avbite, these white bars margined with corresponding bars of
black ; scapulars like the back ; lower back and rump rather more
blackish, barred with white like the back ; upper tail-coverts
blackish brown, with white bars ; tail black ; wing-coverts like the
back and barred or spotted with white ; bastard-wing dusk}' brown,
with white spots ; primarj'-coverts uniform black ; quills dusky
brown, with white spots on the outer web of the first primary and
white bars on both webs of the secondaries, rather irregular and
zigzag in shape ; the inner secondaries like the back, and similarly
barred with white ; crown of head slaty black, the hinder neck dull
rufous brown, overspreading the upper mantle ; lores blackish ;
sides of face and under surface of body slaty grey ; abdomen, sides
of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts black, with whitish bars, the
latter with broad rufescent margins ; thighs ashy externally, whitish
internally : under wing-coverts whitish, with dusky bases ; axil-
laries blackish, barred with white : " bill black ; feet bright
yellowish green; iris red" {J. J. Audubon). Total length 4'S
inches, culmen O-G, wing 2'65, tail 1-2, tarsus 0*8, middle toe and
claw 1,

Young birds have the abdomen Mhite as well as the throat, are
less profusely barred witli wliite, have the hiud neck ruddy brown
instead of inclining to chestnut, and have the crown of the head for
the most part brown.

Hub. Temperate North America to the AVest Indies and Central
America.

a. Ad. sk. California {He7ishaic Cull.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/). Jus-, sk. Puefias, Guatemala {O. Salviri). Salviu-Godman Coll.

c. Sternum. Jamaiea. Gusse Coll.

2. Creciscus salinazi.

Ortygometra cLilensis, B}). C R. xliii. p. •'J99 (18.56 ; descr. nulla).
Eallus salinazi, Fhilippi, Arch.f. Aat. 18-57, p. 262.
Gallinula salinazi, P/iilippi, Cat. p. 38 (1869, teste Coues).
Porzana iamaicensis (ncc Gm.), Set. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 333 (Chili),

]i. 3J3 (Lima) ; id. c^- Scdv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 455 (pt.) ; iid. Nomencl.

Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873, pt); Tacz. Orn. Peron, iii. p. 321 (1886).

Adult. Similar to C. jamaicensis, but larger and paler in colour ;
\ he back and wing-coverts, and sides of body much more profusely
banded with white ; the hinder head and nape rufescent brown like

35. cKECiscrs. 137

the hind neck and mantle. Total length 5-3 inches, culmcn 0-G5,
■wing '6-'A-\, tail 1-155, tarMis 1, middle toe and claw 1"2.

Tlie white spots on the quills vary in number with individuals,
and, as in the case of the allied 0.' sjjilonotus, seem to disappear
with age.

J/ab. Western South America from Chili to Peru,
rt. Ad. sk. Uma,Voru{D. Forbes). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/>. Ad.sk. lAma (JV. Xution). .Salvin-Godiium Coll.

c. Jiiv.sk. Vh\\\ (Lfi/bold). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(I, e. Ad. ;/. Juv. riovinco of Santiago, Chili Salvin-Godman Coll.

."k. (I'/ii/ippi ^- Lancl/jcck).

(J. Ad.sk. Province of Santiago (£•. C. Berkelev James Coll.

liciil).

3. Creciscus spilonotus *.

Zapornia spilonota, Ooidd in Dancins Voi/. ' Becajle,' Birds, p. loi',

pi. 49 (1841) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (185G).
Oitvgometra spilonota, dray, List GralUe Brit. Mus. p. 119 (1844);

id. Gen. B. iii. p. ^94 (184(3).
Porzaua .-spilonota, -SW. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 450, 1871, p. 323;

iid. Xumencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873) ; Sulvin, Trans. Z. S. x.

p. r,()0 (lS7(i); Bid>/u: I'roc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. pp. 120, 123

(IS-iU: Indefatigable & James Isls.).
Aramidfi spilonota, Grai/, lland-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10446 (1871).

Adult male. Uniform chocolate-brown, including the wings ;
lower back, rump, and tail blacker ; quills dusky brown, externally
chocolate like the back ; head all round and under surface of the
body dark slaty grey, the lores and sides of face blackish ; sides of
body and tlanks chocolate-brown ; under tail-coverts blackish with
white bars : " bill black, the lower mandible blackish brown ; feet
olive-brown; iris red "' (.1. i/«6i7). Total length 4-5 inches, cul-
men 0-7, wing 2-75, tail 0*9, tarsus 0-8, middle toe and claw 1*1.

The male described is from Indefatigable Island, and three other
specimens from the same island in the Salvin-Godman Collection
have tiny white spots on the wing-coverts and inner secondaries,
and have the lower abdomen almost pure white. This peculiar

* CRECISCrS COTCR.VICCLUS.

Porzana jamaicensis, var. coturnieuliis, Ridgw. Amer. Nat. viii. p. Ill

(1874, fx Raird MSS.) ; Cuues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 110 (1882V
Porzana jamaicensis, /j. coturniculus, Cones, B. X.-H'esf, p. 540 (1874);

Btiird, Brewer, 4" Rid(jw. Water-B. N. Amer. p. 378 (1884).
Porzana jamaicensis coturniculus, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Xaf. A^k.s. iii.

pp. 202. 2J2(18.sl); Hidgw. A. 0. U. Clieck-l. p. 143 (188G); op. cit.

xiii. pp. 309-311 (1889).
Porzjina coturniculus, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Xaf. Mus. siii. p. 311 (1889).

Ilab. Supposed to bo the Faralon Islands, off California.

Mr. Ridgway (/. c.) Las given a full account of this species, which is repre-
sented bv the tingle tyiie specimen in the U.S. National Museum, lie suggests
that it "is closely allied to C. fpilonoius and is probably identical with tbat
species.

138 RALLID^.

character is not easily explained as a sign of age or sex, but it is
probable that the white spots disappear with age, as they vary in
number in all the specimens in the Museum. The type specimen
seems not to have been transferred with the rest of the Zoological
Society's Collection.

Bah. James and Indefatigable Islands in the Galapagos Archi-
pelago.

a-c. S ad.; d. $ Indefatigable Island, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

ad. sk. {Dr. A. Hubel).

e. Juv. sk. [Galapagos.] Purchased.

4. Creciscus exilis.

Ralliis cinereus (nee Porphvrio cinereus, Vieill.,=V. cinerea, stipru,

p. 130), Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. IS/af. xxviii. p. 556 (1819).
Rallus exilis, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 523 (1831).
Gallinula ruficollis, Sicains. An. in. Menay. p. 349 (1837).
Ortygometra cinerea, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 693 (1846) ; l,eot. Ots.

trinid. p. 495 (1866).
Laterirallus exilis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 699 (1856).
Porzana exihs, Schl. Mux. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 35 (1865 : Guiana) ;

8cl. i^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 567 (Ucayali).
Porzana cinerea, Scl. Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 456 : Peh. Oni. Brax.

p. 317 (1871) ; Sd. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 14U ; iid. P. Z. S.

1873, p. 308 ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 322 (1886).
Aramides cinerea, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10447 (1871).

Adult male. General colour above chocolate-brown, including the
scapulars and wing-coverts ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills dusky brown, edged with ashy brown, the inner secondaries
chocolate-brown like the back ; rump and upper tail-coverts black,
narrowly barred with white ; tail-feathers blackish, edged with
chocolate-brown ; crown of head slaty grey ; nape and hind neck
maroon-chestnut : a narrow supraloral streak of whitish ; sides of
face ash}' grey ; throat, fore neck, and centre of chest white,
slightly overshaded with grey on the fore neck ; the sides of the
neck and of the upper breast bluish grey ; rest of under surface of
body barred with black and white, broadly on the sides of the breast
and more narrowly on the flanks and under tail-coverts, the latter
tinged with rufous ; under wing-coverts wliite, mottled with dusky
bases to the feathers ; axillaries bai'red with black and white ;
quills ashy brown below : " bill black, with a greenish tinge for the
basal two-thirds of the lower mandible ; feet very clear brown ;
iris red" {Leotcmd). Total length 5*8 inches, culmen 0*7, wing 2-9,
tail 1'35, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw l-;35.

Hah. Amazonia to Guiana and Trinidad.

a. Ad. sk. America. Old Coll.

b. Ad. St. TriDidad. Old Coll.

c. d. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Salvin-Godman Coll.
e,f. Ad.sk. Maroni Kiver, Surinam (Za/j/j/er). Salvin-Godman Coll.
y. S ad. sk. Nauta, Peruvian Amazons, Jan. E. Bartlett [C.].

h. 5 ad. sk. Nauta, Aug. {J. Hau.vivell). Salvin-Godman Coll.

35. CRECISCUS. 139

Subsp. a. Creciscus vagans.

Porzana exilis vagans, liidpc. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. ;i95
(1887; Segovia It., llonduia.s).

Similar to C. exilis, but rather larger, with decidedly larger ])ill
aud feet. Total length y-3U inches, wing 2-85, tail l-2o, bill from
gape 0"80, tarsus 1-o.j, middle too and claw 1"38 (Iiid[/u)cn').

Hah. Segovia River, Honduras.

Mr. l{idgway compares the measurements of this new race with
those given for C. e.vilis by Messrs. Sclater and Salvin, and tiuds
them larger. The dimensions, however, do not greatly exceed
those given by myself, and I greatly doubt if the Honduras bird is
different.

5. Creciscus melanophaeus.

Ypacaha pardo obscuro, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. :?.30 (180G).

liallus mt'lauophaius, Vieill. N. Did. d'liist. \at. xxviii. p. oi-)

ilM'.)).
Crex lateralis, Licht. Verz. Boiihl. p. 79 (1823).
Gallinula albifrons*. Swains. An. in Menaij. p. 3-38 (1837).
Gallinula lateralis, Neuicied, Beitr. Natunj. Ura.s. iv. p. 805 (1833).
Coretlirura melanopliiea, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 59o (1840) ; llartl.

ImL Azara, p. 24 (1847).
Coretlirura albitVons, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. o9.j (184G).
Corelln-ura lateralis, Licht. Nuntencl Av. p. 96 (18o4).
Ortygiinietra lateralis, Biirm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 387 (1856 : C. Brazil to

Paraguay).
Laterirallus albifrons, Bj). C. li. xliii. p. 599 (1856).
I'orzana melano])h;ea, Sc/il. Miis. I'ai/s-Bas, Kalli, p. 35 (1865) ; Sel.

S,- Sah\ Kvof. Orn. p. 107, pi. 54 (18()8) ; iid I'. Z. S. 1868, p. 453 ;

Fi'lz. Orn. Bras. p. .317 (llio .lanciroj, p. 459 (1871); Sd. ^- Salt:

Nonunc/. Ar. Xeotr. p. 140 (1873).
Araniides melanopliaia, Gray, Uand-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10439 (1871).

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown ; the scapulars
and wing-coverts like the back ; the inner secondaries more sooty
brown, like the lower back and rump ; bastard-wing, i)rimary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally olive brown ; tipper
tail-coverts and tail sooty brown ; head like the back, but a little
more dusky, the lores and feathers round the eye somewhat more
ashy ; ear-coverts, sides of neck, and sides of chest bright ferru-
ginous ; throat and under surface of body white, tinged with reddish
on the fore neck and chest ; sides of bodj- and Hanks blackish, barred
with white, a little broader on the latter; under tail-coverts uniform
ferruginous ; under wing-coverts white with a few dusky bars :
" bill blackish brown, bright green on the sides ; feet clear olive-
brown ; iris bright reddish" {Xeuuied). Total length 5-3 inches,
culmcu O-o, wing 3-1, tail 1-5, tarsus 1-2, middle toe and claw 1-4.

* I cannot help thinking that this specific title must be due to a printer's
error. The species has not a while forehead, nor is such a character mentioned
by Swainson.

140 EALLIDJ5.

Adult female. Similar to the male iu colour. Total length GS

inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3-1, tail 1-5, tarsus 1-15, middle tee and
claw 1-15.

Hah. Brazil.

a. Ad. sk. South America. Old Coll.

h. Ad. sk. South America. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Brazil. M. Claussen [P.].

d, e. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. $ ad. sk. Para, July 22 (E. L. Layard). Tweeddale Coll.

y. Ad. sk. Pernambuco (if. ^. Jb/ies). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Ivio Grande. Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. Ad. sk. IMo Grande do Sul. Tweeddale Coll.

/.•. Ad. sk. Santa Fe, Minas Geraes {Rogers). Salvin-Godman Coll.

6. Creciscus senops.
Porzana asnops, Scl. S) Salv. P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 161 (Sarayacn).

Adult (type of species). Similar to C. melanophceus, but differing
iu the vinous-red forehead, which is like the ear-coverts. Total
length 6 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3-:25, tail 1-45, tarsus 1-3, middle
toe and claw 1-55.

Vouncj. Differs from the adult in being less brightly coloured
and in having the sides of the body brown with a few whitish
bars ; forehead dusky, with less rufous.

Hab. Ecuador.

a, h. Ad. et juv. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Buckley). (Types of species.)

7. Creciscus albigularis *.

Corethrura albigularis, Luivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 302 (1801 :
Panama).

* I have found it impossible, with the limited number of specimens at my
disposal, to form a definite opinion as to the races into which Mr. Ridgway has
divided these small Red-breasted Crakes. In his paper (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
vi. p. 409, note) he has recognized three forms as follows: —

A. Creciscus ALBionLARis.

" Head without any grey, the pileum russet-brown, sides of head rufous.
Chin and throat distinctly white, wing-coverts with lighter bars."

Hab. Panama.

I may here remark that of three specimens from Panama, collected by
McLeannan at Lion Hill Station, two have white bars on the wing-coverts
while the third has the wing-coverts uniform, like those from Colombia.

B. Creciscus leucogaster.

" Porzana leucogaster, Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 408 (1883).

" Head mostly grey, wing-coverts without lighter bars; chin and throat dis-
tinctly white, the jugulum pale cinnamon, fading into white on the lower
breast ; white bars on sides and flanks very narrow."

Hab. N.E. Nicaragua.

3-5. CRECISCUS. 141

Toi-zfina albigiilaiis, Scl. ^- Sal v. P. Z. S. 18G4, p. 372 (Panama) :
lid. P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 280 (Mosquitia) ; iid. E.vot. Orn. p. 109,
pi. .'jo (18()S) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 4o4 ; iid. Nomcnd. Av. Neotr.
p. 140 (187o) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. .V. Y.'w. p. 142 (1808 : Nicova) ;
Hd. Sf Sale. P. Z. S. 1879. p. r,4G (Antioquia) , Eid(/w. Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mtis. vi. p. 409(1883 : Panama).

Aramides albigularis, Grai/, Iland-l.B. iii. p. Gl, no. 10442 (1871).

Adult male. General colour above reddish chocolafce-bron-n with
a slight olive tint ; scapulars and wing-coverts like the back ;
bastard--\ving, ])riniary-covcrts, and quills dusky brown, cxternalh
lighter brown ; inner secondaries like the back ; upper tail-coverts
and tail dark chocolate-brown ; crown of head dusky olive-brown
with a reddisli tint, more especially on the forehead and eyebrow ;
lores ashy ; sides of face and sides of neck chestnut, this colour
extending over the hind neck and mantle ; throat white, with a
chestnut tinge on the lower part, the fore neck and chest entirely
chestnut, paler in the centre of the latter ; remainder of under
surface of body white, regularly barred with black ; thighs brown
externally, white internally ; under wing-coverts white, the axil-
laries white, barred with black; quills ashy below. Total length
5-S inches, culmen 0-65, wing 2'9, tail P25, tarsus 1, middle toe
and claw l-4r).

ITah. From Colombia to Costa Rica and Xicaragua.

C. Creciscus cinereiceps.

Porzana cinereiceps, Lawr. Ann. Li/c. N. Y. xi. p. 90 (1875) ; Ridqw. Prof.
U.S. Nat. Mits.i. p. 252 (1878: Costa Rica); id. op. cif. vi. p. 409,
note (1883: Costa Rica).

Head mostly grey; wing-coverts without lighter bars ; chin and tliroat pale
cinnamon, the former inclining to whitish ; juguhim and whole breast rich
cliestnut rufous, with the white bars on sides and flanks very broad.

Hub. Eastern Costa Rica (Talanianca).

He has likewise named a fourth species, of which I transcribe the descrip-
tion : —

Creciscus alfara.
Porzana alfara, Tiidffw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mits. x. 1887, p. Ill (Costa Rica").

'•Similar to P. alhigularis, but has the black bars on the flanks nuieli
bi'oader.

" Adult femnli'. Pileum deep bistre-brown, becoming lighter and more of nn
umber tint along the hind neck; rest of ujiper parts deo)) bistre anteriorly,
deepening gradually into blackish brown posteriorly ; tiie tail almost black.
Sides of bead, neck, and breast cinnamon rufous, most intense laterally, much
paler along the nnddle line, the chin and throat being almost white : lores dull
light greyish brown, bordered above by a very indistinct rusty streak on each
side of the forehead ; ear-coverts greyish brown ; entire sides, fljoiks, thighs,
under tail-eoTerts, anal region, and belly distinctly and regid;irly barred witb
black and white, the bars of the latter colour everywhere much narrower than
the former; bill dusky olive-greenish, lea;s and feet olive-blackish. Length
(skin) 5'.")0 inches, wing 3, culmen 0'70, tarsus P20, middle toe 1'25.''
{li. Ridgivai/.)

Hub. Costa Bica.

142 RAXLID^.

ti. Juv. sk. La Barranca, Niooya, Costa Salvin-Godnian Coll.

Rica, March (E.Arce).

h. Ad. sk. Veragua {E. Arce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c, d. c^; e. 2 Lion Hill Station, Panama Salvin-Godman Coll.

ad. sk. (McLennnan).

f-i. c? ad. et Remedies, Antioquia, Co- Salvin-Godman Coll.

juv. sk. lombia {T. K. Salmon).

8. Creciscus leucopyrrhxis.

Ypacalia |3ardo acanelado y bianco, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 228 (1802).
Rallus leucopyrrlius, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Kaf. xxviii. p. 550

(1819).
Coretbrura leucopyrrha, Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847) ; Gray,

Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846) ; Burm. Heis. La Plata, ii. p. 505

(1861 : Tucnman).
Coretbrura bypoelucos, Liclit. Nomencl. Av. p. 96 (1854).
Laterirallus hypoleucus, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856).
Porzana leucopyrrha, Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 454 ; iid. Nomencl.

Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873) ; Scl. Sf Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 154

(1889); Berl. 8f Ihering, Zeitsch. r/es. Orn. ii. p. 109 (1885).
Aramides leucopyrrha, Gray, B.and-1. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10441 (1871).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown with a rufeseent
tinge ; wings like the back ; quills darker brown ; lower back,
rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail more dusky brown than the back ;
fore part of crown, sides of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts bright
rufous like the sides of the neck and sides of the breast ; throat
and under surface of body white, the flanks distinctly barred with
black ; under tail-coverts black, the lateral ones white ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white : quills ashy brown below. Total
length 6'7 inches, culmen 0"75, wing t5'2, tail 1'9, tarsus 1-25,
middle toe and claw 1-45.

Hah. Southern Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay.

a. Ad. sk. South America. Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. Imm. sk. [Chili.] Old Coll.

9. Creciscus levraudi.

Porzana levraudi, Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 452, pi. xxxv.

(Caracas) ; iid. Nuinencl. Av. Neotr. p. 1-39 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S.

1873, p. 512 (Venezuela).
Aramides levraudi, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 61, no. 10437 (1871).

Adult. General colour above dark olive-brown ; wing-coverts and
scapulars like the back ; primary-coverts and quills paler brown ;
inner secondaries dark brown, like the lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts, as well as the tail-feathers ; crown of head and hind
neck like the back ; lores ashj-, surmounted by a narrow line of
vinous white ; sides of face and ear-coverts as well as the sides
of the neck, sides of breast, flanks, and under tail-coverts vinous
chestnut ; throat and centre of breast and abdomen white, with a
tinge of reddish on the fore neck ; under wiug-coverts and axil-

35. CRTCciscus. 143

laries pale vinous red, the median series whitish. Total length (r(!
inches, culmen 0"75, wing 3'3, tail 1-4, tarsus l"2o, middle toe and
claw 1"5.

Ilab. Venezuela.

«. Ad. sk. Venezuela {Speiice). Salvin-Godman Coll.

10. Creciscus ruber.

Coretbrura rubra, Scl. ^ Sah. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 300 ; ml. Ilk, 1860,

p. 'in (Cobau).
Porzana rubra, Scl. 4' Snlv. E.v. Orn, p. 31, pi. xvi. (1867) : iid.

P. Z. S. 1868, p. 4/52; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 139 (lf<7;Jj ;

Stdcin, Ibis, 1890, p. 89 (Yucatan).
Aramidesrubra, Gray,Hand-l. B. iii. p. 00, uo. 10434 (1871).

Adult. General colour above chocolate-brown, slightly washed
with rufous ; wing-coverts like the back, but with a little more
rufous tint; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills ashy brown,
the inner secondaries brown like the back ; tail-feathers dark
brown ; crown of head slaty grey, as also the entire sides of the
face ; hind neck and mantle deep chestnut, as also the sides of the
body and the under tail-coverts ; a faint supraloral line of isabel-
line ; throat and under surface of body bright chestnut, darker on
the sides and inclining to vinous on tlie abdomen ; thighs extern-
ally grey, internally vinous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
pale chestnut, the greater series ashy, edged with rufous ; quills
ashy below. Total length 5 inches, culmen 0'85, wing 3-2, tail
l'3o, tarsus 1"25, middle toe and claw l"5o.

Hah. Central America.

n, 6. cJ; c. 9 Cozumel Island, Feb. {G. Salvin-Godman Coll.

ad. sk. F. Gaunter).

d. Ad. sk. British Honduras {Blait- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ca7icau.i).

e, f. Ad. sk. Guatunuila. Purcliased.

//. Ad.sk. Cobau, Vera Paz, Nov. (O. Salvin-Godman Coll.

'S'.). (Type of species.)

//, i'. (J : A-, /. Ad. Choctum, Vera Paz, .Jan. Salvin-Godinau Coll.

(O. .S-. >S-i-'. T). G.).

til. Ad. sk. Lake of Duefias, Dec. (O. Salviu-Godman Coll.

S.).

n. Ad. sk. Vera Paz (O. S.). Tweeddale Coll.

11. Creciscus cayanensis *.

Eale de Cayenne, Dauhoit. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 308.
IJiilo a ventre roux de Cavenne, Dauhent. t. o. pi. 7o3.
L,- Kiolo, liiif. Higf. Xtii ()i.i. viii. p. llU ( ITt-l).
liallns viridis, P. L. S. Midi. Si/.ff. Sat. Siij>pl. p. li'O (1770) ; Cass.
Prvc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 247.

• The oldest name for this species is undoubtodly viridis of P. L. S. Miiller,
but I do not adopt it, as there is nothing ^rcr« about the plumage of the bird.

144 EALLTDJE.

Kallus cavanensis, Bodd. Tubl. PI. Enl. p. 22 (1783) : Temm. Tahl.

Meth. Pi. Col. p. 98 (1839).
Cayenne Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 238 (1785).
Rallus cavennensis, Gm. Sy.st. Nat. i. p. 718 (1788).
Rallus kiolo, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 5o6 (1819).
Crex cavennensis, Licht. Vcrz. DoitU. p. 79 (1823).
Crex aiirita, J. E. Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 13 (1831).
Gallinula pileata, Neiiwied, Beitr. Naturq. Bras. iv. p. 802 (1833) ;

TschudiS,- Cab. Faun. Peruan. pp. 52, 302 (1845-46).
Giillinula ecaudata [nee King), Swains. An in Menay. p. 348

(1837).
Eallus poliotis, Temm. Tahl. Meth. p. 88 (1839).
Ortygometra aurita, Gray, List GraiUe iti Brit. Mas. p. 119 (1844).
Covethiiira cavennensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595(1846); Moore,

P. Z. S. 185i», p. 64 (Omoa) ; Scl. (.§• Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 230.
Corethrura aurita. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846).
Corethrura ecaudata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846).
Ortygometra cayennensis, Burnt. Th. Bras. iii. p. 386 (1856).
RuHrallus cavanensis, Bp. C. P. xliii. p. 599 (1856).
Porzana cayennensis, Scl. ^- S(dv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 592 (Para) ; iid.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 139 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 308

(Xeberos) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 545 (Antioquia) ; Salvin, Ibis,

1886, p. 176 (Merunie Mts. : Roraima) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii.

p. 323 (1886 : Monterico) ; Piker 4'' Chapm. Auk, viii. p. 163

(1891: Santarem).
Porzana cavanensis, Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 451 ; Peh. Orn.

Bras. p. 316 (1871 : Matiigrosso, Barra do Eio Negro. Para).
Aramides viridis, Grai), Hand-l. B. iii. p. 60, no. 10433 (1871).
Porzana viridis, Tacz.' P. Z. S. 1874, p. 599 (Amable xMaria, Peru) :

Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 271 (1889).

Adult male. General colour above uniform olive-brown ; wing-
coverts like the back, but slightly edged with rufous on the median
and greater series ; bastard-wing and quills chocolate-brown ; the
inner secondaries olive like the back ; tail-feathers blackish, edged
with olive ; crown of head bright chestnut as far as the occiput,
the latter being olive-brown like the hind neck and sides of neck ;
a narrow eyebrow, lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts ashy grey ;
cheeks and under surface of body bright chestnut, the throat whiter ;
sides of upper breast olive ; tianks chestnut washed with olive ;
thighs ashy ; under tail-coverts chestnut ; under wing-coverts pale
chestnut, the lower series ashy brown vpith rufous tips : " culmen
dark dusky ashy grey, the base of the lower mandible bluish lead-
colour ; feet dark rosy red ; iris cinnabar red " {Neuwiecl). Total
length 5-8 inches, culmen 0'8, wing 3-6, tail 1-55, tarsus 1-4, middle
toe and claw 1*55.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male. Total length
6 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 3'8, tail 1-35, tarsus 1-4, middle toe and
claw 1"45.

Hah. Brazil and Amazonia to Guiana and Colombia.

a, b. Ad. sk. South America. Old Coll. (Types of

C. aurita, J. E. Gray.)
c, d. Ad. sk. Brazil. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Para {A. R. Wallace). Salvin-Godmau Coll

3G. LisrxoBJiN'iTS. 1-J5

/■, (7. c^ ad. sk. Merutm? Mountains, British Gui- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ana, July 21 {H. Whitely).

h. 2 ad. sk. Roraima, Feb. 1 {H. W.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h /'■• 6 $ 'id- sk. Remedios, Antioquia, Colombia Salvin-Godman Coll.

{T. K. Salmon).

I. 2 ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. <S ad. sk. Xeberos, Eastern Peru, June 19 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{E. Bartlett).

12. Creciscus facialis.

Crex facialis, Tschudi, Faun. Per. pp. 52, .301 ; Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S.

1868, p. 443.
OrtyiTometra focialis, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. .504 (184G).
Laterirallus facialis. Up. C. li. xliii. p. -599 (185G).
Porzana facialis, Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. .324 (188(3) (Central Peru).

I am indebted to the kindness of Prof. Paul Godet for the loan
of the type of this species, which is still preserved in the iluseum
at Nouchatel. It Ls a young bird in very poor condition, and its
•lencral coloration is brown without any olive shade ; the head is
brown, but there is a slight appearance of chestnut ; the under
surface also appears to have been light brown, rufescent on the
under tail-coverts ; throat white, with some bright rufous feathers
appearing : sides of face and ear-coverts slaty grey. Total length
5 inches, culmcn O'G.5, wing ;3'5, tail 1-1, tarsus l'4-5, middle
toe and claw 1-2. It is very possibly only an immature bird of
C. cai/anensis, but it is impossible to decide from such an imperfect
specimen.

ffab. Peru.

36. LIMNOB^NUS. ^

lype.
Limnobaenus, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 130 (1872) .... L. fuscus.

Ran(ie. India and China to Japan, the Burmese countries, and
the Malayan Peninsula and Indo-Malayan islands.

Key to the Species.

a. No white streaks on the back or wings.

«'. Flanks olive-brown with narrow whitish

bars, these sometimes absent ; axillaiies , , , ,„

uniform Uke under wing-coverts \tuscm, p. 14h.

b'. Flanks and under tail-coverts broadly barred IP'^^mm^^ P- 1-1«-

with black and white ; a.xillaries also barred

with black and white paykuUi, p. 140.

/'. White edges to the feathers of the back and

wiug-coverts, which appear streaked :

flanks and under tail-coverta tawny bufl',

without bars suahelensis, p. l.JO.

VOL. sxin.

1-16 EALLID^.

1 . Limnobaemis fuscus.

Le Easle brun des Philippines, Briss. Orn. v. p. 173, pi. xv. lig. 2
(1760).

Ealliis fuscus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. I p. 262 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
J). 713 (1788).

Rale brun des Philippines, Dauhent. PI. JEnl. ix. pi. 773.

Le Tiklin brun, £uff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vi. p. 161 (1781).

Brown Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 233 (1785).

Rallus rubiginosus, Tetmn. PI. Col. v. pi. 357 (1825).

Zapornia flammiceps, Hodgs. Icon. i72ed. in Brit. Mus. GrallfP,
pi. 112. figs. 1, 2 (nos. 374, 375) ; id. in Gray''s Zool. Misc. p. 86
(1844).

Ortygometra fusca, Gray, List Grallte Brit. Mus. p. 118 (1844).

Ortygometra flammiceps, Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodqs.
p". 142 (1846).

Corethrura fusca. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846).

Corethrura rubiginosa, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846).

Gallinula erythrnthorax, Temm. ^ Schl. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 121,
pi. Ixxviii." (18.50).

Euryzona rubiginosa, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 599 (1856).

Corethrura erythrothorax, Cass, in Perry's Exped. Japan, ii. p. 229
(1856).

Purzana ervtbrothorax, Sivinh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 57, 411 (Canton,
Amoy) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 331 (Japan) ; SwiiJi. P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 603; id. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 414; id. Ibis, 1674, j>. 163 (Hako-
dadi), 1875, p. 134 (Chefoo) ; David Sr Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 486
a877) ; Blakist. ^ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 225 ; Blakist. Amended
List, p. 13 (1884) ; Stejn. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 398 (1880) ;
Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 501 (Lower Yangtze, summer).

Porzana fusca, S'tvinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 426 (Formosa) ; Jerd. B. Ind.
iii. p. 724 (1864) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 171 ; Godiu.-Aust. J. A. S.
Bene/, xliii. pt. 2, p. 175 (1874 : Shillong) ; Hume, Str. F. iii.
p. 188 (1875) ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 161 (1875) ; Wald. Trans. Z. 8.
ix. p. 230 (1875) ; Tiveedd. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 344 (N. Leyte, Sept.),
p. 953 (Zamboanga, April) ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 489 (1878 :
Calcutta); Legye, B. Cei/lon, y>. 769 (1879); Htime Sr Marshall,
Game B. Ind. i'i. p. 217 cum tab. (1879) ; Davids. Str. F. x.p.322
(1882 : Khandeish) ; Oafes, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 346
(1883) ; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 415 (1885 : Wynaad) ; Stejn. Proc.
U. S. Nat. Mus. xix. p. 399 (1886) ; Beid. Str. F. x. p. 453 (1887 :
Lucknow) ; Taylor, t. c. p. 466 (Manzeerabad) ; Hume, Str. F. xi.
p. 329 (not in Manipur) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests i^ Eygs, iii.
p. 396 (1890).

Rallina fidiginosa. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 58, no. 10395 (1871).

Rallina fusca, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 20 (1865) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 68, no. 10391 (1871) ; Hume, Nests Sf Egys Ind. B.
p. 604 (1873) ; Salvad. JJcc. Born. p. 338 (1874) ; Anderson, Bep.
F.rped. Yunnan, Zool. p. 691 (1878) ; Hume Sj- Davison, Str. F.
vi. p. 467 (1878: not in Tenasserim) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 113
(1879) ; Everett, Journ. Straits Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 202.

Limnobsenus rubiginosus, Stmdev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 130 (1872).

Crex fusca, Seebohm, Birds Japan. Emp. p. 357 (1890).

Crex fusca erythrothorax, Seebohm, Ibis, 1892, p. 490 (Tsu-shima).

Adult male. General colour above dark olive, the scapulars like
the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rather darker

30. LiM.Non.t:Nus. 147

and more Ijlackish : Aving-coverts like the Lack ; bastanl-wiiij;,
primary-coverts, and (luills blackish, externally olive, the inner-
most secondaries like the back ; tail-feathers black ; crown of head
deep vinous chestnut, becomiiij^ olive towards the hinder crown and
nape, which is olive like the hind neck ; sides of crown, sides of
face, and under surface of body deep vinous chestnut, a little lighter
on the chin ; sides of body and flanks as well as the lower abdomen
dark olive ; the feathers on the abdomen, lower flanks, and sides of
vent fringed M'illi white ; thighs uniform olive ; under tail-coverts
black, fringed with white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark
olive, fringed with whitish ; (juills below dusky : " bill greenish
brown ; legs and toes red ; hinder part of leg fuscous ; iris crimson ;
eyelids plumbeous, the edges red " (A'. IF. Oates). Total length
7'8 inches, culmen 0-Ji, wing 4, tail 1'8, tarsus 1'4.

AihiU female. Scarcely different in colour from the male, but a
little paler, especially as regards the nnous colour of the throat and
breast. Total length 8 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4'05, tail 1"01,
tarsus 1*3.

This species varies considerably in size, but it would seem impos-
sible to recognize more than one form. A series of specimens from
Ceylon and Southern India have the wing from 3"5 to 3'8 inches.
Others from Central and Northern India are somewhat larger, with
the wing measuring a trifle over 4 inches. The males from Calcutta
have the wing from 4'0 to 4-35 inches, and the females have the
wing from 3'85 to 4-2 inches. In the Malayan Peninsula, Java,
and the Philippine Islands the dimensions are again small, the wing
measuring from 3"5 to 3'8o inches. The largest specimens are
from China and Japan, the wing never being less than 4 inches,
measuring, in fact, from 4'2 to 4"G inches. The amount of white
on the throat, which is considered by some writers to be a character
for distinguishing the Japanese and Chinese bird, is very vari-
able, and seems to be a sign of immaturity, as there are red-throated
and white-throated birds from nearly every locality enumcratedbclow.

YouH(j. Entirely different from the adults. General colour above
uniform dark olive, with a slight tinge of vinous on the forehead
and above t he eye ; sides of face dusky brown ; throat white ; fore
neck and remainder of under surface whitish, barred with dusky
olive ; the sides of body, flanks, and thighs xiniform dark olive ;
under tail-coverts black, broadly barred and tipped with white ;
under wing-covcrts dark olive edged Avith white.

Hah. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, IJurmese countries to Malayan
Peninsxda, Java, and the Philippines, Japan, and China.

a-i. Ad. sk.

Ceylon (//. Nevill).

Tweeddale Coll.

A-, /. Ad. sk.

C'eylon.

Hume Coll.

m. Juv. sk.

Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon.

Mr. !•:. Boate [C.].

n. Ad. sk.

Travancore.

Y. K. liourdilloii,
Es-i. \C.].

(», p. cT nd. ; q.

Kavnli, Wynaad, May ( W. Davi-

Hume Coll.

$ ad. sk.

.<!on).

r. iS ad. sk.

Woolur Lake, Cashmere,

Sept.

Hume Coll.
l2

s. Ad. sk.

Cashmere.

Tweeddale Coll.

t. Ad. sk.

Cashmere.

Hume Coll.

u. Ad. sk.

Northern India.

Gould Coll.

V Ad. sk.

Etawah.

Hume Coll.

lu. Ad. sk.

Oudh.

PinwiU Coll.

x-a'. Ad. ; 6', c',

Nepal.

Hodgson Coll.

d'. Juv. sk.

(Tvpes of Z.jlammicejjs, Hodgs.)

e'. Juv. sk.

Nopal {B. H. Hodgson)'

India Museum.

/. Ad. sk.

Darjihug-.

Hume Coll.

q'. Ad. sk.

Buxa Doars, Jan. (Z. Mcmdelli).

Hume Coll.

'h'. Ad. sk.

Bhotan Doars, Feb. {L. Mandelli).

Hume CoU.

i'. S fid. sk.

Sadhya, Assam.

Tweeddale Coll.

k' . S ad. sk.

Dibrughur, July 1 [J. R. Crijyps).

Hume Coll.

/'-/>'. S ad. ; 9'-

Calcutta, Jan., Feb. {A. 0. H.).

Hume Coll.

«/'. $ ad. et

imm. .sk.

z',a". Ad. .sk.

Pegu, May.

Hume Coll.

6"; c". S ad. ;

Boulay, Pegu, April, Sept., Oct.

Gates Coll.

^ <^". $ ad. sk.

e". Ak. sk.

Kangoon.

Hume Coll.

/". c? ad. sk.

Momien, Yunnan, June 1.

Dr. J. Anderson

[C.].
J. C. D. Packman,

y". Ad. sk.

Tenasserim.

Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.

//". Ad. sk.

Hang, Jan. .30 {W. Davison).

i" . Juv. sk.

Galang, Singapore, Dec. 1 (G. H.
Kelham).

Tweeddale Coll.

A". Ad. sk.

Java.

Tweeddale Coll.

/". Ad. sk."

Manila, Luzon.

Gould Coll.

m". Ad. sk.

Manila {Muiiland Heriot).

Tweeddale Coll.

n". (S ad. sk.

S. Leyte, Sept. (A. H. Everett).

Tweeddale Coll.

0". cJ ad. sk.

Zamboanga, April {A. H. E.).

Tweeddale Coll.

p". Ad. St.

Japan.

Purchased.

y' '. $ ad. sk.

Japan.

Leyden Museum.

»•". Ad. sk.

Japan.

Tweeddale Coll.

s"-u". (S ad. sk.

Hakodadi, May, Jime (Capt.
Blakiston).

Tweeddale Coll.

v". iS ad. sk.

Hakodadi, May 20 [Eensmi).

Seebohm Coll.

w", x". cJ et

Yokohama {H. Pryer).

Seebohm Coll.

juv. sk.

y. 5 ad. .*.

Nagasaki, Nov. 20.

F.Einger,Esq.[P.].

z". Ad. sk.

Canton, China.

Tweeddale Coll.

fl^-<i^ Ad. sk.

Canton {R. Swinhoe ^- S. Bligli).

Seebohm Coll.

e\ Ad. sk.

Amoy, Nov. {R. S.).

Seebohm Coll.

/I Ad. sk.

Formosa, Aug. {R. S.).

Seebohm Coll.

ff^. Skeleton

Java.

Purchased.

(without skull)

2. Limnobaenus phseopygxis.

Porzana phseopyga, <S?fy«. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mtis. x. p. 394(1887:

Yayevama

Isl.).

I

Similar to P. fuscus, but darker throughout, the lower back
and rump being of an olivaceous " clove-brown," and the abdo-
men, under wing-coverts, and tail-coverts blackish, transversely

30. LIMN0B.15NtTS. 14!J

barred with -wliitish : outer web of first primary with a number of
wlliti^^h spots, the inner feather of aluhi similarly marked. Wing
ID"") millim., tail-leathers 51, exposed culmen 'J'6, tarsus 39, middle
toe and claw 4(;. (Stijuer/er.)
Jfab. Liu Kiu Archipelago.

3. Limnol)3enus paykulli.

Ralliis paykulli, Ljumjh. Sver. Vet.-Akud. Handl. 1813, p. 258.
Crex ervthrothorax {nee T. 4" S.), liadde, Beis. Sibir. ii. p. 309

(18U3); Bogd. Con-sp. Av. Imp. JRoss. p. 51 (1884).
Porzana rutigenis, Wall. P. Z. 8. 18l)5, p. 481 (Sarawak).
Galliiiula ervthrothorax, Prjev. Putesch. Vssuri, p. 54 (1870).
Torzana niaudaiina, Stcinh. Ann. 4" Mat/. N. H. (4) v. p. 173 (1870 :

Canton).
Eallina niandarina, Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 415 ; id. Ibis, 1875,

p. 13G (Cheibo) ; David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 488, pi. 123

(1877).
Rallina rufigenis, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 38, no. 10396 (1871);

Salrnid. Ucc. Born. p. 338 (1874) ; Briiggem. Ahhandl. nat. Ver.

Bremen, v. p. 53G (1876: Moera Teweh); Everett, Joum. Straits

Branch As. Soc. 1889, p. 201.
Rallina ervthrothorax (?iec T. ^' S.), Tacz. J.f. 0. 1876, p. 202; id.

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i, p. 260 (1876).
Rallina paykulli, Ilume, Str. F. viii. p. 406 (1879).
Porzana paykulli, Siejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. iMus. ix. p. 400 (1886).

Adult nutle. Similar to L. fuscus, and having red legs like the
latter species ; upper surface ashy brown, as also the wings and
tail ; head ashy brown, with a rufous tinge on the forehead ; lores,
sides of face, throat, and breast pale vinous chestnut ; chin whitish ;
sides of breast ashy brown ; flanks and thighs white, barred with
dusky blackish ; under tail-covcrts black, barred and tipped with
white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white, with dusky blackish
bars: "bill bluish grey, blackish on the culmen and about the tip,
])ea-green about the base ; inside of mouth flesh-colour ; iris crimson ;
eyelid red ; legs aud toes salmon-colour, brownish on the under
surface of the tarsi, on the toes, and on their soles "' (R. Swiultoe).
Total length S'5 inches, culmen 1"1, wing 4-7, tail 2-15, tarsus I'o.

Yountj (typo of liaUina rvfijenk). Similar to the adult, but
duller above, paler rufous below, the abdomen white with a vinous
tinge; throat white; wiug-coverta much more numerously banded
with white.

Hub. Eastern Siberia to China, south to the Malayan Peninsula,
Java, and liornec.

n, b. d 2 ad. sk. Chefoo, China, May, June (H. Tweeddale Coll.

Su-iyihoe).
c, d, e. (S ad. ; /. Chefoo, May, June, Oct. (R. Seebohm Coll.

Juv. sk. Swinhoe),

g. d ad. sk. Shanghai, May 1875 ( W. Pryer). Shanghai Museum.

A. Ad. .sk. Malacca, March 9. Hume Coll.

». cJ imm. sk. Sarawak, liorneo. AVallace Coll.

(Type of P. rufigenif.)

150 EALLIDJi.

4. Limnoljseiius suahelensis.

Crex sualielensis, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 93 ; Reichen. ^- Schakno
J.f. 0. 1883, p. 402 ; Tristr. Cat. Tristr. Coll. p. 28 (1889).

? Adult (tj'pe of species). General colour above blackish, -with a
reddish-brown tinge, the feathers washed with this colour at the
ends, the wing-coverts more entirelj' reddish brown ; all the feathers
of the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts with whitish margins to
both webs of the feathers, imparting a curious]}' streaked appear-
ance to the upper surface ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
more uniform dark brown ; bastard-wing ashj' brown, the outer
feather margined with white, the first primary edged with white ;
primary-coverts darker brown ; quills sepia-brown, the innermost
secondaries like the back and similarly streaked with white ; upi^er
tail-coverts and tail-feathers dark brown, edged with tawny buff ;
crown of head and hind neck uniform rufous brown ; the sides of
the neck with a few liny white spots ; lores, eyebrow, and sides of
face light tawny rufous, as also the sides of the neck, fore neck, and
chest ; throat white, as also the breast and abdomen ; sides of body
dark brown with white margins, the sides of the breast tawny ;
thighs light ashy : under tail-coverts and lower flanks tawnj'
rufous ; under wing-coverts ashy with whitish margins. Total
length 9 inches, culmen 0"7o, wing 4, tail 2, tarsus 1*4, middle toe
and claw 2-1 {Mvs. II. B. Tristram).

Hch. Eastern Africa (llibe).

37. LIMNOCORAX.

Type.
Limnocorax, Peters, Bcr. preuss. Akacl. Wissench. Bei'lin,

1854, p. 187 L. niger.

Jlange. Confined to Africa.

1. Limnocorax niger.

Black Eail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ], p. 236 (178-5).

Eallus niger, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 717 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Did. cCHist.

Nat. xxviii. p. 559 (1819) : Less. Traite, p. 537 (1831).
Galliniila carinata, Su-ai7is. Classif. B. i. p. 158, fig. 86, c. d. (1837).
Gallinula flavirostra. Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 244, tab. 28 (1837) ;

id. An. in Menag. p. 338 (1837).
Ortvgometra nigra. Gray, List Gratia Brit. Mt/s. p. 118 (1844) ;

Finsch ^- Hartl. Voc/. Ostafr. p. 779 (1870); Gray, Hand-l. B.

iii. p. 62, no. 10458 (1871) \ Beiehen. J.f. O. 1877, p. 12 (Loango

Coast) ; Fisc/ier l^'- Beichen. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 248 (Osi-Tana district) ;

Hartl. Abhandl. rnit. Ver. Bremen, vii. p. 119 (1881: Lado) ;

Peh. Verh. z.-b. Wien, xxxi. p. 155 (1881 : Mahagi) ; Bohm, J. f.

0. 1882, p. 186 (Kakoma, May); Schalow, J.f. O. 1883, p. 340;

Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Oim. i. p. 386 (1884: Nguniman, Naiwascha

Lake); Bidtik. Notes Leyd. Mus. vii. p. 245 (1885: Liberia);

Meyer, Abhild. Vogel-Sk.^t. xi. (1884); Fischer, J. f. O. 1885,

p. 117 (Zanzibar: Barawa); Bohm, t. c. p. 38 (Gonda); Beichen.

J. f. 0. 1887, p. 48 (Kagehi) ; Matschie, t. c. p. 145 (Marimgii)

I

37. LIMNOCORAX. 151

139 (Luakba, Likulwe) ; lieicheyi. J.f. O. 1889, p. 207 (Zanzi-
bar, July, Nov.; Quilimane, Jan.) ; Biittik. Notes Leyd. Mm. si.
p. I.'i7 ("1889: Liberia, breeding-).

Rallus aithiops, Fors/rr, Bescr. Anim. p. 400 (1844).

Coretlirura nigra, '^Acht. Nomencl. Av. p. 90 (1854).

Limnocorax capensis, | „ , ,,„ ,, , r> i- ^o-^ loo

1 • 1 • ^ Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, 18o4, p. 188.

Limnocorax senegaleusis, ( ' > » r

Lininocorax mosambiciis, Peters, I. c. ; Kirk, Ibis, 1804, p. 33o (Zam-
besi) ; Cab. in Von der Decken, Peis. iii. p. 51 (1869) ; Cab. J.f. 0.

1878, p. i'46 (Kitiii).
Liinnocorax flavirostris, Hartl. J. f. O. 1858, p. 361 ; Gurnei/, Ibis,

\m-l, p. 35 (Natal) ; Sd. P. Z. 8. 1804, p. 144 ; Monteiro, P. Z. S.

1800, p. 95 (Anjrola) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1869, p. 195 (Fantee) ; Ilartert,

J. f. O. 1886, p. 008 (Loko, June) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 546

(Turquel).
Ortvp'ometra ervtiiropus, Heiiql. Sijst. Uebers. p. 04 (1856) ; id. J.

f. O. 1803, p. 28; Anfin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. Ill (1804).
Ortvgometra ila-sirostra. Cuss. Proc. Philnd. Acad. 1859, p. 175

(Gamma R.) ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1861, p. 272 (Casamance) ; Grai/,

Iland-l. B. iii. p. 02, no. 'l0459 (1871).
Lininocorax ervtiiropus, IIcik/I. J. f. O. 1863, p. 170.
Porzana ni.!n-a,".SV>^/. Mas. Pmjs-Bcts, Ralli, p. 34 (I860).
(Jallinula nigra, Lni/ard.B. S. Afr. p. -342 (1867).
Gallinula aterrima, lletu/l. J.f. O. 1867, p. 303.
Limnocorax niger, Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 470 (Mooi River) ; Ai/res,

i/^w, 1874, p. 105 ; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 213 (Potchefstroom; ;

Ayres, Ibi.^, 1878, p. 301 (Potchefstroom) ; Oust. K. Arch. Mus.

(2) ii. Bidl. p. 114 (1879: Ogowe River, Dec); Socage, Om.

Angola, p. 481 (1881); JV. A. Forl>es, Ibis, 1883, pp. 512-537

(Niger); Sharjv, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 618 (1884); If.

Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 62 (Umzeila's Countrv) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1888,

p. 304 (Jipi) ; id. Ibis, 1893, p. 29 (Mpimbi).

Adult male. General colour above and below black, the hind
neck, mantle, scapulars, and wing-covcrts shaded with ashy grcj', a
tint of which colour also overspreads the under surface: the back
and wings with a shade of deep chocolate-brown : " bill dull dark
green; tarsi and feet dull red; iris crimson {T. Ayres). Total
length 7 inches, culmen 1, wing 3-9, tail 1"3, tarsus l-o, middle toe
and daw 1-8.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour : " bill light greenish
yellow ; tarsi and feet deep rose-red ; iris bright crimson ; eyelids
rosy red " ( T. Ay7-es).

Xestlinrj. Entirely covered with black down : " bill flesh-colour,
with a black cross-band before the nostrils, becoming broader on
the lower mandible ; feet brown ; iris brown " (J. Biiliikofer).

Younrj. Chocolate-brown instead of black like the adult, with a
little ashy grey, showing the adult plumage : lores and feathers
above and below the eye whitish ; under surface of body ashy grey,
whiter on the cheeks and throat.

The depth of grey shading on the adult bird varies gieatly. The
most intensely black individuals are those from Gaboon, and there
is scarcely any grey or brown shades on their plumage.

Hah. Nearly the whole of Africa.

152

a. Ad. sk.
6, c. Ad. et imm.
sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/. Imm.sk.

g. Ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
li. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.

m. Ad. sk.
n. $ ad. sk.

0. Ad. sk.
/?. Ad. sk.

y. Pull. St.
/•. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t, u. 5 ad. et

imm. sk.
V. 5 ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
.T. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z-a' . Ad. sk.

6'. Ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
<^', e. (S 2 ad. sk.

Senegal.
Seneo'ambia.

Riocour Coll.
Governor Eendall

[0.].
Purchased.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Senegambia.
Senegambia.
Elmina, Gold Coast, April 10

{H. F. Blissett).
Ancobra River.

Commander Cameron [P.].
Magna Pdver {H. T. Ussher). Shelley Coll.
Gaboon.

Gaboon [Duchailhi).
Muschra Ileq., Equatorial

Africa, March.
Benguela.
Rio Coroca, Mossamedes, Jan.

{Anchieta).

Sir R. Burton and

Shelley Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
F. Bohndorff [C.].

Monteiro Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Cape Colony (Butler).
Cape Colony.

Cape Colony.
Natal (T. Ay res).
Potchefstroom, Transvaal.
Potchefstroom, Sept., Jan. (T.

Ay res).
Umzeila's Country ( W. Ayres).
Makalaka Country.
Zambesi (Dr. 3IeUer).
Zambesi.
Mpimbi, Upper Shir6 River,

Feb. 27 (A. Whyte).
Dar-es-salaam {Sir J. Kirh).
Pangani River (Sir J. Kirk).
Jipi.

Shelley Coll.

F. Thackeray, Esq.

[P.].
Sir A. Smith [C.].
Gurney Coll.
F. A. Barratt, Esq.
Gurney Coll.

Gurney Coll.
Dr. Bradshaw [C.].
Tweeddale CoU.
Sir J. Kirk [P.].
H. H. Johnston, Esq..

C.B. [P.].
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.].

38. AMAURORNIS.

Type.
Amaurornis, Reichenh. Natiirl. Syst. Voy. p. xxi (1852) A. olivacea.

Erythra, Reichenh. t. c. p. xxi A. phoenicura.

Pisynrilimnas, Heine, in Heine ^ Reichen. Nomencl.

Mus. Hein. p. 317 (1890) A. phoenicura.

Range. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon to China, and throughout
the Indo-Chinese countries to Malacca and the Philippines, thence
through the Moluccas to N.E. Australia and New Britain.

Key to the Species.

a. No white on forehead or face ; fore-neck and breast
grey.
a'. Throat grey like the breast (whitish in young
birds only) ; vent and under tail-coverts per-
ceptibly vinous or chestnut.
a". Larger : darker and more olive above ; dark
slaty grey below ; reddish colour on iinder
tail-coverts not pronounced olivacea, p. 153.

38. AMAUROKXJS. 153

b". Smaller : browner aVjove, especially on lower
back and rump ; light ashy grey below ;
reddish colour on vent and under tail-coverts

strongly pronounced moluccana, p. 153.

//'. Throat white; no vinous colour on the vent and

under tail-coverts akool, p. 155.

b. Throat and breast white : lower flanks and vent

chestnut; forehead white (adults), or like the ^phcemcura,v.m\.
crown (young) \inmlaris, ^. 16i'.

1. Amauroruis olivacea.

Gallinnla olivacea, Meyen, Nova Acta C. L.-C. Acad. Nat. Cur. xvi.
Stippt. i. p. 10t>, pi. XX. (1834: Manila); Graij, List Grallce Brit.
M'l.s. p. 1:23 (18-44: Manila); id. Gen. B. iii". p. 59S) (1845); id.
Iland-l. B. iii. p. 66, no. 10505 (1871).

Amauroruis olivacea, Eeichenb. Natiirl. Si/sf. Vog. p. xxi (1852);
Bp. C. li. xliii. p. 000 (1856) ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 231,
p). xxxiii. fig. 2 (1875) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 702 (Monte
Albaii), p. 768 (Cebu) ; id. F. Z. S. 1878, p. 345 (S. Leyte,
July); Steere, List B. ^- Mamm. E.iped. Fhilipp. Tp. 26 (1890;
Luzon, Siquijor) ; Blasius, J.f. O. 1890, p. 145 (Mindanao).

Adidt male. Dark slaty grey, the thighs entirely slaty grey,
without the pale vinous isabelline inner face seen in the other
species, and with tlie under tail-coverts dark rufous or rufous brown:
'• bill light green ; feet yellowish brown ; iris bright blood-red "
(A. II. Everett). Total length 11"S inches, culmen 1*4, wing 0-5,
tail 2'45, tarsus 2*3o, middle toe and claw 2'5.

Adult female. Similar in colour to the male : " bill grass-green ;
feet dull brownish yellow ; iris bright blood-red or crimson " (A. H.
Everett). Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1"45, wing 6, tail 1-9,
tarsus 2-3.J, middle toe and claw 2'0.

Hah. Philijipiue Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Philippine Islands. Tweeddale Coll.

b. Ad. sk. .Manila, June 14 (H. Cuming). Gould Coll.
c,d. cJ $ ad. sk. Monti; Alban, Luzon, Feb. Tweeddale Coll.

(A. II. Everett).
e,f. 6 2 ach sk. Cebu, March. Tweeddale Coll.

'/. (S ad. sk. Boac, Marinduf^ue, ^Lay. E. L. Moseley,

E.sq. [d.
h, I. d 2 fid. sk. Amparo, S. Leyte, July (.1. II. Tweeddale Coll.

Everett).
k. cJad.sk. Catbalogan, Samar, April 14. E. L. Moselev,

Esq. [C.]. '
I. 2 "'1. sk. Ayala, Mindanao, Oct. 24. E. L. Moseley,

Esq. [C.].

2. Amauromis moluccana.

Gallinnla olivacea, Scit. (>iec Meyeu), Mus. Pai/s-Iias, Ralli, p. 43
(1865: Ternate.llalmahera) ; Grai/, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 66, no. 10i"0.5
(1871); Bosenb. Heist, nam- Geeloinkb. p. 9 (1875); id. Malaif
Arch. p. 407 (1879).

154 EALLID^.

Porzana moluccana, Wall. P. Z. S. 1865, p.'480 (Aruboina, Ternate).

Gallinula ruticrissa, Gould, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) iv. p. 110

(1869 : Cape River, Queensland) ; id. Svpjjl. B. Austr. pi. 79

(1869) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 67, no. 10-510 (1871) ; Ramsay,

Proc. Linn. !Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 193 (1877: N. Australia), p. 395

(Port Moresby) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 344 (Brisbane) ; Sharpe,

Joiirn. Linn.' Soc. xiii. p. 505 (1877: Pt. Moresby); Ramsaij,

Proc. Linn. Sac. N. S. W. ii. p. 199 (1878) ; id. op. cit. iii. p. 298

(1879 : S.E. New Guinea), iv. p. 102 (1880 : Pt. Moresby) ; North,

op. cit. (2) ii. p. 446 (1887 : epg) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B.

p. 21 (1880) ; North, Nests ^ Eggs Austr. B. p. 326 (1890).

Rallina moluccana, Gray, Rand-l. B. iii. p. 58, no. 10394 (1871).

Erythra moluccana, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. Tii. p. 795 (1875), x.

p. 164 (1877).
Gallinula frankii, ScM. Notes Leyd. Mus. i. p. 163 (1879) ; Salvad.

Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, xiv. p. 945 (1879).
Amaurornis moluccana, Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, xiv.
p. 944 (1879) ; Sci. P. Z. S. 1879, pp. 447, 451 (Duke of York Isl.),
1880, p. 65 ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 321 (1882) ; id.
Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 276 (1882); Blasius u. Nehrk. Verh. z.-h.
Ges. Wien, xxxii. p. 431 (1882 : Amboina) ; Ramsay, Proc. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. viii. p. 665 (1882 : St. Anna, Solomon Arch.) ;
Meyer, Sitz. Abhandl. Ges. Isis, Dresden, 1884, Abth. i. p. 55 (Siao,
Gt. Sanghir) ; Pleske, Bull. Akad. St. Petersb. xxix. p. 536 (1884 :
Ternate) ; Blasius, Ornis, iv. p. 638 (1888 : Siao) ; North, Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ii. p. 446 (1887 : New Britain ; egg) ;
Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 197 (1891).
Amaurornis olivacea {nee Meijen), Finsch, Tog. der Sildsee, p. 21
(1881 : New Britain).
Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown, including
the head ; the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rather more
ruddy brown ; wing-coverts like the back, but somewhat ashy
round the bend of the wing ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills dusky brown, externally olive-brown, the innermost second-
aries exactly like the back ; tail-feathers dark brown, marked
with olive-brown ; a faintly indicated supra-loral spot of duU
whitish ; lores and base of cheeks black ; sides of the face, cheeks,
throat, and under surface of body slaty grey, the sides of the body
marked with olive-brown ; the flanks clearer brown ; lower
abdomen and vent vinous isabelline, as also the thighs ; under
tail-coverts and sides of vent deeper and more sandy buff ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries ashy olive-brown; quills dusky brown
below : " bill greenish, yellowish towards the forehead ; feet
greenish; iris chestnut" (0. Beccari). Total length 10-8 inches,
culmen 1-4, wing 5-75, tail 2-2, tarsus 2'2, middle toe and
claw 2-35.

Young birds seem to be rather duller in colour and to have the
throat whitish.

Hab. Molucca Islands and Xew Guinea to New Britain, Duke
of York Island, and N.E. Australia.

a. Ad. sk. Batchian. Tweeddale Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Halmahera. W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Ternate. "Wallace Coll.

i

38. AMACRORSIS. 1.55

d. (S ad. sk. Mysol, July 27 (Hoerlf). Twoeddale Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Eockiiigliam Bay, Queensland. Gould Coll.

f. 1mm. sk. Thirsty Sound, Ivoc-kinf,'ham Salvia-Godman Coll.

Bay (J. 7'. Coch-n-ll).
(I. 2 i'lii". sk. Dulve of York Island, Aug. Rev. G. Brown [C.l.

//. $ ad. sk. Kabuliadai, New Britain. llev. G. Brown ^C.

f. tS ad. sk. Ka])abadai, New Britain, Feb. Tweeddale CoU.^

( G. Brown).
k,l. (i ^ ad. New Britain, June (Z>;-. A7«jn- Sliarpe Coll.
sk. Schmidt).

3. Amaurornis akool.

Ilallus nifrer, Frnnhl. {nee Lath.) P. Z. S. 1881, p. 124.

I'orzana akool, >SykeH, P. Z. S. 1832, p. I(i4 (Deccan) ; B/i/th, Cat. li.
Mus. As. fSoc. p. 284 (1849: Chaibasa, Calcutta); Jerd. B. Ind.
iii. p. 722 (1864) ; Bli/th,Ibis, 18t)7,p. 171 ; Hume, Xests ^- Etjgx,
Ind. B. p. (302 ( 1873)'; Adam, Str. F. i. p. 398 (1873: Sambhur);
Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 21 (1870: Mt. Aboo), v. p. 224 (1877:
Milana) ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 229 (1878 : Ganges to Godaveri) ;
Hume, t. c. p. 489 (Calcutta) ; id. op. cit. viii. p. 113 (1879) ; Butler,
Cat. B. Sind, etc. p. 07 (1879: Deesa, breeding in August) ; id.
Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 110 (1880 : not seen) ] Davidson, Str. F.
X. p. 322 (1882: \V. Kbandeish) ; Stcinh. ^- Barnes, Ibis, 1885,
p. 135 (xMhow); McGregor, Str. F. x. p. 441 (1887: Belgaum,
breeding) ; Tai/lor, t. c. p. 46(3 (Manzeerabad, breeding) ; Hume,
Str. F. xi. p. •■!28 (1888: N. Kliasia Hills): Gates, cd. Hume's
Nests Si- E(/<js Ind. B. iii. p. 396 (1890) ; Barnes, Journ. Bomb. Soc.
N. H. vi. 'pi. to p. \-2d (1891 : G^«r),

Gallinula inodesta. Swains. An. in Mejiag. p. 348 (1837).

IJallus griseopectus, Gray, List GralUc Brit. Mus. p. 117 (1844:
nom. nudum).

Ortygometra griseopectus, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Gralla,
A])]), pi. is;} (no. 929) ; Grai/, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nejjal 2»es. Hvdgs.
p. 7o (1863).

Corethrura akool, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 595 (1846).

Corethrura modesta. Gray, t. c. p. 595 (1846).

IIypot:cnidia akool, Bp. C. R. xliv. p. 599 (1856).

Ortygometra akool. Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. G2, no. 10454 (1871).

Gallinula (Amaui'ornis) cocciueipes, Slater, Ibis, 1891, p. 44
(Swatow).

Gallinula coccineipea, Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 235, 501 (Shanghai) :
De La Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 493, pi. xii. (Swatow, Tajang Hills).

Adult male. General colour above uniform olive-brown, the head
and neck like the back : Aviiig-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally chocolate-brown:
the inner secondaries olive like the back ; lores, eyebrows, sides of
face, and under surface of body dark slaty grey : fore part of cheeks
and throat white ; lower abdomen and vent slightly more vinaceous ;
sides of bod)' and under tail-coverts dark olive-brown, as also the
under wing-coverts : " bill greenish ; legs and feet fleshy brown or
livid purple; iris brown" {T. C. Jerdon). Totallength lO'o inches,
culmen 1*25, wing 5, tail 2-3, tarsus 1-85.

The type of Amaurornis coccineipt's has been kindly lent to mc by

156

the Eev. H. H. Slater. I find that this bird is not to be specifically
separated from A. aJcool, being alike in plumage, but just a trifle
larger in size. Total length 10-5 inches, culmen 1-25, wing 5-15,
tail 2"3, tarsus 1-95, middle toe and claw 2'1,

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour: " bill green ; the
culmen dark brown ; the tip of the lower mandible lavender ; feet
dull lake-red ; iris crimson " (A. E. Butler, MSS.). Total length
10 inches, culmen 1'3, wing 4*7, tail 2*1. tarsus 1-9.

Hub. Indian Peninsula generally, ranging eastward to Assam
and the Khasia Hills.

a. Ad. sk.

b, c. (J 2 ^^- sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.

ff, h. c? ad. ; i-m.
2 ad. et juv. sk.
n. Ad. sk.
o-q. Ad. sk.

r. Ad. sk.
s. Ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
u. 2 ad. sk.

V. c? ad. sk.
to. Ad. sk.
.V. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
z, a'. Ad. sk.
b'. Ad. sk.

c'. Ad. sk.

d', e'. Ad. sk.

/', ff'- c? $ ad. ; h',

i'. Pull. sk.
k'. 2 ad. sk.
I' , m' . Ad. st.
n'. Ad. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.
p'. Ad. sk.

India. J. E. Reeves, Esq.

(Type of i?. griseopectus.)
Aug., Sept. {E. A. Hume (Joll.

Deesa

Butle)

North-west India (Griffith).
Kurki, N . W. Provinces.
Mount Aboo, May 2 {E. A.

Butler).
Sambhur, Jan., April, July,

Dec. {R. M. Adam).
Jhansie, Aug. 7.
Delhi, Jan., March (C. T.

Bhxjham).
Cashmere, May 5.
Dehra Dhoon.
Dehra Dhoon.
Sewalik Hills, March (JDr.

IScott).
Kumaoii, Jan. 28 {G. Kiny).
Kumaon {Strachey).
Etawah.

Nepal lyB. H. Ilodgsoii).
Darjiling Terai.
Bhotan Doars, Jan. (i. 3Ian-

delli).
Assam {A. W. Chennell) *.
Behar.
Saugor, Jan., Aug.

India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Hume Coll.

Depalpur, Jan. 9. Col. Swinhoe [P.].

Gwalior. C. Maries, Esq. [P.].

Deccan (Burgess). Gould Coll.

Deccan (Colotiel Sgkes). India jMuseum.'

Western Ghats (Coussmaker). Gould Coll.

4. Amaurornis phceuicura.

Poule Sultane de la Chine, Daubent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 896.
La Poule Sultane brune, Buff. H. N. Ois. viii. p. 204 (1781).
KaUus phoenicurus, Forster, Zool. Bid. p. 19, pi. 9 (1781 : Ceylon) ;
Gm. Sgst. Nat. p. 715 (1788).

* ? Khasia Hills : cf. Hume, Str. P. xi. p. 328.

J

38. AMAUK0RNI3. l',~

Fulica cliinensis, Boe?d. Tahl. PI. Enl. p. 54 (1783).
Itud-tailed Gallinule, Lnth. Gen. fiijn. iii. pt. 1, p. 2o9 (1785).
Gallinula ervthrura, Bcchd. Karzc Uehers. Viig. p. 471 (1811)

lieichenl). Hundh. Fulimrice, tab. xc. fi.<,'.s. 1116, 1117 (1850).
Porphyrioplicenicura, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat.xxv'iu. p. 29 (1819).
Gallinula javanica, Ilorsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 19G (1821 : Java) •

Si/h-s, 1>. Z. S. 1832, p. 164 (Deccan).
Rail us suinatranus, Hciffl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 328 (1821).
Gallinula leupoinelaena, <S'. il/wW. Verh. nnt. Gesch. Land- en Volkenk.

p. 158 ( 1839-44 : Timor) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 599 (1845) ; Srhl.

Mus. Pai/a-Bas, Ralli, p. 42 (1865 : Timor, Bouru) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. iii. p."67, no. 10509 (1871).
Za])ornia tlicrmophila, Ilodys. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus., Grallce,

pi. 215 (no. 759) ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844).
Gallinula plioenicura, Graij, Gen. B. iii. p. 599 (1845) ; id. Cat. Mamm.

^- B. pres. Hodys. p. 143 (1846); id. List Gralke etc. Brit. Mus.

p. 123 (1848); Motlei/ &; Dillw. Omtr. Kaf. Hist. Labium, p. 60

(1855); Swinh. Ibis,' 1863, p. 427 (Formosa); Jerd. B. Ind. iii.

p. 720 (1864) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,VcA\\\, p. 41 (1865); Gudwin-

64

Austen, J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 254 (1870: Mvmensing) ; Blanf.
op. cit. xl. p. 276 (1871 : Wardha Valley) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 3(i4
(Ilaiuan) ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 414 (8. "China, Formcsa) ; Holdsio.
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 476 (Ceylon) : Gray, IIa?id-l. B. iii. p. 67, no. 10508
(1871) ; Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 67 (1872) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873,
p. 418 (KatUiawar) ; Hume, Nests Sf Eygs Ind. B. p. 599 (1873) ;
Aiiken, Str. F. i. p. 424 (1873 : Bombay, broedin») ; Hume
Str. F. iii. p. 187 (1875 : Upper Pegu) ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 21
(1876: Mount Aboo) ; Fairh. t. c. p. 263 (Mababaleshwur) ;
Hume Si- Davis. Str. F. vi.p.466 (1878 : Tenasserim) ; Ball, Sir. F.
vii. p. 229 (1878: Ganges to Godavery) ; Torderm. Nat. Tijdschr.
Nedcrl. Ind. xiii. p. 112 (1882: Java); Murray, Vertebr. Faun.
Sind, p. 263 (1884) ; Snellein. in Veth, Midden-Sumatra, p. 50
(1885) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 416 (1889) :
Styan,Ilm, 1891, pp. 329, 501 (Yangtze Basin); Hartert, Oniis,
vii. p. 123 (1891 : I'reanjer, W. Java).

Porzana pluenicura, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 284 (1849) ;
Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 67 (Amov), 1861, p. 57 (Canton) ; Irby, t. c.
p. 246 (Oudh); Sclat. P. Z. S. 18(53, p. 223 (Banjarmassing) ;
Schomb. Ibis, 1864, p. 261 (Siam) ; Bh/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 171;
Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 251 (Sind) ; Blyth S,- Wuld. B. Bunn. p 161
^ (1875).

Erytbra plirenicura, Beichenb. Handb. Fulicarice, p. xxi (1852) ; Bp.
'C. 7^. xliii. p. 600 (1850) ; Sal cud. Ucc. Born. p. 340 (1874) ; Sharpe,
P.Z.S. ]875,p.lll(Labuan); U'alden, Trans. Z. 6'.yiii.p.94(1872),
ix. p. 229 (1875) ; Morgan, Ilm, 1875, p. 323 (Mysore) ; Hume, Str.
F. V. p. 46 (1877: Cacbar) ; Oates, t.c. p. 165 (Pegu); Butler,
t. c. p. 224 (Milana) ; Tu-eedd. Ibis, 1877, p. 327 (Lampong) ; id.
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 833 (Butuau) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 953 (Zam-
boanga) ; David Si Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 486 (1877) : Anders. Rep.
E.vped. Yunnan, Aves, p. 691 (1878 : Bhamo) ; Cripps, Str. F. vii.
p. 306 (1878 : Faridpiir) ; Legge, B, Ceylon, p. 786 (1879) ; Sharjye,
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 352 (Labuan) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. pp. 70 (Malacca),
113j Doig, t. c. p. 371 (E. Narra) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc. j). 67
(1879) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. xiv. p. 253 (1879 :
Sumatra) ; Met/cr. Ibis, 1879, p. 142 (Celebes) ; Sharjie. t. c. p. 271
(Borneo) ; Buflvr,Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 80 (1880) : Vidal. Str.F.
ix. p. 87 (1880 : S. Koutau) ; Bingham, t. c. p. 197 (Thoungj-een) ;

158 EALLIDJ5.

Reid, Str. F. x. p. 73 (1881) ; Wardlaw Ranismj, Tweedd. Mem.
p. 659 (1881); Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 800 (Saudakan) ; Muller,
J.f. O. 1882, p. 438 (Salancra) ; Nichols. Ibis, 1882, p. 65 (S.E.
Sumatra) ; Kelham, t. c. p. 188 (Perak) ; Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 322
(1882: Khandeish); Parker, Ibis, 1883, pp. 194, 195 (Ceylon);
Davison, Str. F. x. p. 415 (1883 : Mysore) ; Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885,
pp. 273 (Sula Isl.), 560 (Menado, Kema) ; BUttik. Notes Leyden
Mils. ix. p. 80 (1886: W. Sumatra) ; McGregor, Str. F. x. p. 441
(1887) ; Taylor, t. c. p. 466 (Manzeerabad) ; Hume, Str. F. xi.
p. 328 (1888 : Manipur) ; Everett, Juttrn. Str. Br. As. Soc. 1889,
p. 202 (Borneo) ; S/iarpe, Ibis, 1890, pp. 145, 285 (Labuan) ; Steere,
List B. ^ Mamm. Steere Ejcped. Philijyp. p. 25 (1390: Siquijor,
Marinduque) ; Gates, ed. Hume^s Nests i^ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 391
(1890) ; Reid, Cat. B. Lucknoio Mus. p. 254 (1890: Oudli).

Tribonyx erythrura, Lieht. Nomencl. Av. p. 97 (1854).

Erythra leucomelajna, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 600 (1856) ; Guillem.
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 511 (Sumbawa) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. viii.
p. 385 (1876 : Bouru).

Erytbra major, Bp. tit supra.

Erythra chinensis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 600 (1856).

Erytbra javanica, Bj). t. c.

Erythra chinensis (sic), Bp. t. c.

Eallina phoeniciira, Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 487 (Timor).

Porzana, sp., Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 223.

IJalkis (Erythra) pboenicurus, Martens, J.f. O. 1866, p. 29 (Zam-
boanga).

Amaurornis phcenicura, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 132 (1872) ;
Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 278 (1882) ; Blasius, Zeitschr. ii. p. 311
(1885), iii. p. 158 (1886) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic. Genov. (2) iv.
p. 562 (1887 : Nias) ; id. t. c. p. 612 (Bhamo) ; Blasius, Ibis, 1888,
p. 374; id. Ornis, iv. p. 319 (Palawan) ; Salvad. Hf Gigl. Mem. R.
Accad. Sci. Torino, (2) xxxix. p. 142 (1888) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1890,
p. 60.

Gallinula phcenicura, var. leucomelaena, Briiggem. Abhandl. nat.
Ver. Bremen, v. p. 91 (1876).

Erythrura phcenicura, Gates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 348 (1883).

Amaurornis leucomelaena, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. xviii. p. 321
(1882); id. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 278 (1882: Bom'u).

Ervthra leucomelsena-, Blasius {nee S. Midi.), J.f. O. 1884, p. 215
(S.E. Borneo).

Pisyuolimuas phcenicura, Heine, in Heine ^~ Reichen. Nomencl. Mus.
Hein. p. 317 (1890).

Adult male. General colour above dark slaty grey, with a slight
olive tinge ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull brown ;
wing-coverts dark ashy grey ; quills dusky brown, externally ashy ;
iirst primary white along the outer edge : tail dark brown ; head
and neck dark ashy ; forehead, eyebrow, sides of face, sides of neck,
and under surface of bod)' pure white, separated from the grey of
the upper surface by a black shade which commences behind the
ear-coverts and extends to the sides of the body ; the feathers on
the sides of the breast particoloured, being black internally and
white externally ; sides of lower back, flanks, and under tail-coverts
deep chestnut ; the lower abdomen and thighs washed with light
rufous ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark slate-colour; edge

38. AMAIRORXIS.

159

of wing white, forming a little patch on the lower primary-coverts :
" bill pea-green, with a bright orange-red spot at the base of the
iijjper mandible ; feet pale olivaceous yellow ; iris dark maroon-
brown " {E. A. Butler). Total length \'2-o inches, culmen 1*0,
wing 6"5, tail 2-8, tarsus 2-12, middle toe and claw 2-8.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but slightly smaller.
Total length 11"5 inches, culmen i'4, wing G'3, tail 2'4, tarsus 2'1,
middle toe and claw 2'5.

I entirely agree with Colonel Lcgge as to the characters of the
young of this Water-Hen. The plumage is not only more olive-
brown and the chestnut of the underparts paler in tint, but the
brown of the crown is continued to the base of the bill, and in very
young birds the sides of the face are also dusky brown, leaving the
lores white ; the white underparts are considerably obscured by
dusky brown tips to the feathers, which have occasionally a barred
aspect. I also agree with Colonel Legge that the bird from Timor
{Amanrornis leucomeltnia) is inse])arable from the ordinary A.
phoenicura. I have also seen a specimen in the Rothschild collection
from Sumbawa (Guillemard), which is also quite similar to the
ordinary type.

Hah. Nearly the whole of the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, the
Burmese countries, and entire Indo-ilalayan region to Celebes,
Southern China below the Yangtze River, and Formosa.

a-/. Ad.8k.[w.6-7-

65].
ff, h. cJ 5 ad. sk.

[w. 6-y-r.-2].

t. Ad. sk. [w. G-1].
k, I. S 2 ad. sk.

[w. 6-7-6-2].
m, n. Ad. sk. [w.

6-0-Gl].
o. (fad. sk.[w.G'7].

p. Ad. sk. [w. 6-5].
q. 2 jiiv. sk.

r. cJad.sk.rw.rvol.
s. Ad. sk. [w. 6-1].
t-w. cj 2 ad. sk.

[w. (;-a-G-7].

X. ^ ad. sk. [w. 67].

!/. Jad. sk.rw.G'l

2. Ad. sk. ^v. ()-3
«'. Ad. sk. [w. O'O

6'. Ad.sk. [w. 01 J.

c'. Ad. sk.

d-f. S 2 nd. sk.

>. 6-2-6-81.
g'.~ 2 iTam, sk. [w.

6-7].

Cevlon (S. Chapman ^- H.

Nevill).
Cotta, W.r. Cevlon, March

15 (nart).
Madras {Jerdoyi).
West Coast of Madi-as.

Malabar.

Belgaum, July 2 (E. A. But-
ler).

Decoan (Si/kes).

Bhadrachalan, N. of Goda-
verv River, March ID.

Seoni", C.P.

Saugoi-, July.

Raipur, Jan.

Dhidia. Khandeisb, June l."5

(J. J)nvid,':on).
Rovee. Sind (Dr. Gould).
Sind, Oct. 6 {A. 0. Jl.).
Mount Aboo, June 23 (E. A.

Butler).
Sanibliur (U. M. Adam).
Sanibliur {11. M. Adam).
Rareillv, May, June (A. 0.

JL).-
Allahabad (J. Cockbui-n).

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.

"W. T. Rlanford, Esq.

[P.].
Ilunie Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India ^luseum.
Hum.' (',.11.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

160

li, {'. Ad. sk. [w.

6-15-6-4].
k'-m. 2 ad. et

imrn. sk.
n', o'. Ad. sk. [w.

5-7-6-5].
p, q'. Ad. sk. [w.

6-7].
?•'. Ad. sk. [w. 6-4].
s', t'. Ad. sk. [w.

5-9-6-8].
u'-w'. Ad. sk. [w.

6-6].
a', c? ad. sk. [w.

6-1].
?/'. Ad. sk. [w. 6'0].
z'-b". Ad. sk. [w.

5-8-G-6].
c". Ad. sk. [w. 6-2].
d". 2 ad. sk. [w.

6-8].
e" . Juv. sk.

/".Ad.sk.[w.5-9].
(/". 2 ^^- sk. [w.

6-2].
h"-k". c? ad. [w.

6-4-6-8]; /". 2

ad. sk. [w. 6-3].
m"-o". S 2 fid. sk.

[w. 5-9-6-2].
]}"-s". S ad. [-w.

6-0-G-6] ; t"~w".

2ad.[w.5-8-6-2];

x",y'\S 2juv.sk.
s". Ad.sk. [w. 7-0].

a^. (S ad. sk. [w.

6-15].
¥. S ad. sk. [w.

6-7].
c^. S ad. sk. [w.

6-6].
d^'-f. 6 ad. sk.

[w. 6-0-6-4].
9\ h\ S 2 ad. sk.

[w. 6'3o-6-5].
i\2ad.sk. [w.6-4].

F. Ad. sk. [w. 6-0].
f. 2 ad.sk. [w. 5-8].

wi'-o'. 2 ad. [w.
G-15-6-5] ■,p-^ .S
ad. sk. [w. t)'55].

y', r^ Ad. [w. 5-5-
6-9]; s\ Juv.sk.

RALLID^.

Etawah, Feb., May.

Hume Coll.

Futtelagiirh district, Aug.,

Seebohm Coll.

Nov. {A. Anderson).

Oudh.

PinwiU Coll.

Oudh, Jan., Feb.

Hume Coll.

Be liar.

Hodgson Coll.

Nepal.

Hodgson Coll.

Bhotan Doars, Jan. to April

Hume Coll.

(i. Mandelli).

Barrackpur, Jan.

Col. Biddulph [C],

Calcutta, Feb. 10.

Hume Coll.

Dacca, March.

Hume Coll.

Assam {McClelland).

India Museum.

Sadhya, April {J. Cockhurn).

Hume CoU.

Dibrughur, Aug. 8 (/. R.

Hume Coll.

Cripps).

Cachar (J. Inqlis).

Hume Coll.

N. Khasia Hills, Feb. {A.

Tweeddale Coll.

W. Chennell).

Manipur, Feb., March {A.

Hume Coll.

0. H.).

Lower Pegu, Jan. to March.

Gates Coll.

Tonghoo, Nov. to June {R.

Tweeddale Coll.

G. TV. R.).

Great Coco Island, March

Hume Coll.

( W. DaiHson).

Pahpoon, Tenasserim, Jan. 6

Hume CoU.

( W. Dnvismi).

Kanee, Houngthraw Eiyer,

Hume Coll.

March ( W. Damson).

Wim]iong, Tbatone, Dec. 20

Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).

Tavoy, March, April [W.

Hume Coll.

Davison).

Amherst, June, July (IF.

Hume Coll.

Davison).

Houngthraw, Feb. 27 ( W.

Tweeddale CoU.

Limbovff).

Kyaeen, May 2 (J. Darling).

Hume Coll.

Bankasoon, May {W. Davi-

Hume Coll.

son).

Salang, Feb., March (J.

Hume Coll.

Darling)

Penang {Dr. Cantor).

India Museum.

38. AMAUROEXIS.

101

f\ Ad.sk. [w.6'8].

u\ v\ c? 2 ad. sk.
[w. 6-95-G-8].

to^. 2 ^^- 8^- L^-

6-4].
.r\ Ad.sk.[w.6-1].
>/\ Ad. sk. [w. G-9].
:'. Ad. sk. [w. G-OJ.
«'. Ad. ; 6'. Juv.

sk. [w. G-3].
(■', d'. S act. [w.

ad. sk. [w. 6-2].
/'. Ad.sk. [w. 6-9].

ff\ Ad. sk. [w. 6-3].

//'. Ad. sk.
i^. Juv. sk.
/.■'.d'ad.sk.[w.G-l].
/'. Ad. sk.
wf'.Ad.sk. [w.o-7].
iiK Juv. sk.

o\ p'. Ad. sk. fw.

5-4].
f/'. Ad. sk. fw.

5-3o].
y'. Ad.; .s'. Juv. sk.

fw. .5-G1.
^'.■5 ad. si [w. 5-8].
u\ (■'. Ad. sk. [w.

5-9-6-6].
ad.

ik. [t

5-8].
,1 ', y'. Ad. sk. [w.

5-7].
= '.$ad.sk.[w..5-7].
<i^-e'\ S 2 ad. sk.

fw. 5-8-G-2].
/'■: Ad. sk.
(7*. $ ad. sk. [w.

5-5].
/*', »■'. cJ 2 ad. sk.

[w. 5-3o-5-6o].
A', /', m\ Ad. sk.

[w. 0-8-G].
m\ Ad.sk. fw. 5-8

sk.[w.5-8].
sk.[w.5-9].

o'.cJnd.
5

sk.[vr..5-75].
u'. Ad. sk.Tw. 6"7].

p'\ Ad. sk.

!/% r% «'. 2 ad. sk.

[w. 6-6-31
«■'. Ad. sk. [w. 6-21.

0-75].

Ad
«\ Ad.sk. fvr

Province Wellesley (Dr.

Cantor).
Klang, Feb., JIarcli [W.

Davison).
Jaram, Salaiifrore, Dec. 26

( ir. Davison).
Malacca.

Malacca {Dr. 3fainf/ai/).
Malacca, July ( TV. Davison).
Malacca.

Siedjoediong, Sumatra, Aug.,
Oct. (C.Bock).

Lampoug, S.E. Sumatra (E.

C. Bu.vton).
Acliei'u, Sumatra, Feb. 2

( W. Davison).
Java (Iforsjield).
Java.

Java (Diard).
Sarawak.

Labuan {J. Motley).
Labuan.

Labuan.

Lumbidan, X.W. Borneo,

Sept.
Banjarmassing {J. Motlei/).

E. Timor.
Celebes.

Celebes.

Menado, N. Celebes.

Menado, X. Celebes.
Makassar.

!Maka.«sar {A. li. Wallace).
Zamboanga, Mindanao, March

(A. 11. Everett).
Butuan, May (A. H.Everett).

Cochin China.

Bangkok, Siam.
Nahconchaisee, Siam, July

(L. C. Lai/ard).
Siam {Sir li. Srliom/nirfflc).
Kiukiang, China, May.

Fokien, China.

Cautou.

llaukow, summer(i?.'SinwAoe).

VOL. XXIII.

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Pinwill Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
W. Harvey,Esq. [P.].

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
Tweeddale Coll.
Salnn-Godmau Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Governor Ussher

rc "^

Sir Hugh Low [C.].

A. H. Everett, Esq

[C.].
Wallace Coll.

Wallace Cnll.
BiiHin von lliigel

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

M. I'ieiTe [P.].

Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

F. W. St van, E.-q.

[P.l ■
Goidd Coll.
Twee.ldale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

31

162 EALLID^.

w"^, .2'. Ad. sk. Hankow, summer {S. S.). Seebohm Coll.

?/'. Ad. sk. [w. 6-6]. Formosa, Marcli {R. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

z\ Ad.sk. [W.6-65J. Formosa (E. S.). Hume Coll.

a"-«?^ Ad. sk. Formosa, Dec, March (7?. *S'.). Seebohm Coll.

Subsp. a. Amaurornis insularis.

Gallinula pbnjniciira (nee Forst.), Hume, Str. F. ii. p. 300 (1874) ;
Walden, Ibis, 1874, p. 417.

Adult male. Similar to E. plicenicura, but everj'whcre much
darker, being dingy olive above, and having the sides of the breast
blackish with only a slight wash of dull olive, and scarcely any
appearance of slaty grey ; the white on the forehead and eyebrow
much more extended than in true A. plueniaira. Total length 12
inches, culmen from base of feathers 1-9, wing 7, tail 2-6, tarsus
2-4, middle toe 2-7.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. "Bill pale green,
the frontal shield and base of culmen deep red ; feet deep yellow ;
iris dull pale red " ( W. Davison). Total length 12 inches, culmen
from base of feathers 1-75, wing 6-4, tail 2*7, tarsus 2-35, middle
toe and claw 2-75.

In, another female specimen from Camorta the bill is marked
"lemon-yellow" and the feet " chrome-j-ellow."

Hah. Andaman Islands and Nicobars.

a. 5 ad. fw. 6'5]; South Andamans, March, April Tweeddale Coll.

h. Ad. sk. [w. 6'3], (R. G. W. R.).

c,d. S ad. [w. 6-6- Port Blair, July, Aug. [R. J. Hume Coll.

6"8] ; e. $ ad. sk. Wimberley).
, [w. 6-1].

/. S ad. [w. 7] ; g, Aberdeen, April (7f'. Davison'). Hume Coll.

h. 2 ad. sk. [w.

5-9-62].

i. 2 ad. sk. [w. 6-2]. South Andamans, April 30 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison),

k. 2 ad. sk. [w. 6-3]. Eatchull, Nicobars, March 17 Hume Coll.

{A. O. H).

I, m. 2 ad. sk. [w. Camorta, Feb. {A. 0. H.). Hume Coll.

6-3-6-6].

n. 2 ad. sk. [w. 6-3]. Trinkut Is., Jan. 31. Tweeddale Coll.

39. ROUGETIUS.

Tj'pe.

Eougetius, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856) E. rougeti.

Calamodromus, part., Reichen. in Heine i^ Reichen,
No7nencl. Mus. Hein. p. 322 (1890).

Range. Confined to North-eastern Africa.

1. Rougetius rougeti.

Eallus rougeti, Guerin, Rev. Zool. 1843, p. 322; Des Murs, in
Lefebvre^s Toy. Abyss, p. 167, pi. xiii. (1845) ; Guerin <^- Lafr. in
Ferr. <.$• Galin. Toy. Abyss, iii. p. 253 (1847) ; Blanf. Geol. ^ Zool.

40. NEOCRKX. 1G3

/?. iii. p. o(i/no. 10371 (1871).
Uous-etius abvssinicus, Bp. C. li. xliii. p. 590 (ISoO).
Ivallina abvssinica, Sc/il. Ahm. Pay^-Bas, I'alli, p. IG (LSOr)").
Pailabeornis rougeti, JleufjI. Orn. X.O.-Afr. iii. ]). 1248 {1871).
Calamodromus rougeti, JL-ine S,- Ili-ic/u-n. Nomend. Mut. Ilii'n.

p. 322 (1800).

yldnlt. General colour above dark (>live-bro\vn, more dusky on
the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; wings rather darker
than the back, with a .slight bronzy lustre on the quills; tail-
featlicrs blackish ; crown of head like the back, the hind neck a
little lighter olive ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts dark brown,
with a slight rufous tinge on the lores ; cheeks, sides of ueck, and
under surface of body deep vinous chestnut, paler and more isabel-
line on the throat ; sides of body, flanks, and thighs dusky olive-
brown, with a slight rufous tinge ; under tail-coverts white ; under
wing-coverts uad quill-lining bronzy brown : " bill dusky red; feet
dusky reddish ; iris bright chestnut-red "' (von HeutjUn). Total
length 11 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 5-2, tail 2-9.

IIaJ>. Abyssinia and Shoa.

a. Ad. sk. Abyssinia. Shellev Coll.

b. 2 ad. sk. Lake Ashangi, Abvssinia, W. T.'Blanford, E*q.

May 0. [C.l.

c. $ ad. sk. Lake Ashaugi, May 4 Tweeddale Coll.

{W. r.B.).

(I. Ad. St. Abyssinia. Purchased.

40. NEOCREX.

Type.
Xeocrex, Sol. ^- Sale. P. Z. S. 1808, p. 459 X. ervthrops

Range. The same as that of the single species,

1. Neocrex erythrops.

Porzana erythrops, Scl. P. Z. S. 18G7, ]>. 343. tab. 21 ; Scl Sc Salr
P. Z. S. 1808, p. 4o9; ScL P. Z. S. 18(i9, p. 148 (Lima); Pelz.
Orn. BniH. p. 31 7 (8. \'icfnte. Matogrosso) ; Scl. Sc Salt: Xumencl
Av. p. 140 (1S73): Ilmhon. P. Z. S. 187(!, p. lOo' (Buenos Aires :
bn-edmg); Tnc:. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 330 (Lima); id. Orn. Peroii,
ill. p. 32o (1880).

Porzaua .schomburgki (fiec Cab.), Sc/tl. Mas. Paus-Bas, Ilalli. p. .•J7
(1805). ' ^

Aramides erytlirops, Graij, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 02, no. 10449 (1871).

Adult female. General colour above olive-brown, a little darker
on the lower back, rump, and ujiper tail-covcrts ; wing-coverts like
the back ; bastard-wing, i)rimary-covcrts, and (juills more ashy
brown; the secondaries like the 'back: tail brown; forehead and
sides of crown, sides of face, and under surface of body clear slaty
grey ; contro of crown and nape olive-browu like the back ; lores

31 2

164 EALLIT)^.

and feathers below the eye dusky slate-colour, with a faint supra-
loral streak of isabelUne ; chin white ; lower abdomen dusky brown,
with narrow white bars ; lower flanks and under tail-coverts
blackish, barred with white, more broadly on the latter ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries dusky brown, naiTowly barred with
white. Total length 7 inches, culmen 0-9, wing 4, tail 1-35, tarsus
1*15, middle toe and claw 1*3.

Hah. South America from Brazil and the Argentine Republic to
Peru, and north to Venezuela.

a. Ad. sk. Lima, Peru {W. Nation). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Type of species.)
6. $ ad. sk. lAms. [W. Nation). Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Venezuela (Spence). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. S ad. sk. Valencia, Venezuela, July Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A. Goerinri).

41. TRIBONYX*. ^ ^^

Tribonvx, Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Bru.xelles, vii,

p. 212 (1840) T. mortieri.

Brachyptrallus, Lafr. Rev. Zoul. iii. p. 232 (1840) T. mortieii.

Sanr/e. The same as that of the .single species.

1. Tribonyx mortieri.

Tribonyx mortieri, Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, vii. p. 214,

pi. ii (1840) ; id. Esq. Orn. livr. i. pi. v. (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B.

iii. p. 599 (1845) ; Goidd, B. Austr. vi. pi. 71 (1848) ; Reichenh.

Vog. Neuholl. p. 240 (1850) ; id. Handh., Fulicarice, tab. cceiv.

figs. 2458-2459 (1852) ; Gould, Handh. B. Austr. ii. p. .324 (1865) ;

Gray, Hnnd-l. B. iii. p. 66, no. 10493 (1871) ; Ramsay, Proc.Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 199 (1878) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21

(1888) ; North, Nests ^- Egys Austr. B. p. 324, pi. xix. fig. 4 (1890).
Brachyptrallus ralloldes, Lafr. Rev. Zool. iii. p. 232 (1840).
Tribonvx goukli, Scl. Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) xx. p. 122 (1867) ; id.

P. Z. S. 1867, p. 816, cum fig.

Adult. General colour above ruddy brown, with a strong wash of
olive, the head and neck like the back ; scapulars and lower back
and rump inottled with a few ochraceous spots on the ends of the
feathers ; wing-coverts greenish grey washed with olive, the median
series with longitudinal white spots towards the end of the feathers ;
lesser coverts ruddy brown like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills dusky brown, externally ruddy brown, the inner
secondaries Hke the back ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers
brown, the latter black at the ends ; sides of face and sides of neck
dark olive-brown ; under surface of body greenish grey, with a wash
of olive ; sides of body and flanks browner ; thighs grey ; on the
sides of the body a large patch of white ; under tail-coverts black,
the outer ones varied with white; under wing-coverts olive-brown,
with white tips : " bill greenish yellow ; legs and feet leaden yellow ;

* The following is an extinct species from Queensland : —

Tribonyx effluxus, Be Vis, I'roc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) vi. p. 439 (1892).

i

42. JIICROTRIBOXYX. 165

iris orauge-rcd '' (J. Gould). Total length 14 inches, culmen 1-5.5,
wing 7"8, tail 3'4, tarsus '6'2o, middle toe and claw 3-1.
JJab. Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania.

a, b. Ad. st. Australia. Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. Australia. General Ilardwicke [P.].

(/. Ad. sk. Tasmania. Hume Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Ouse liiver, Tasmania. Hume Coll.

42. MICROTRIBONYX.

ivpe.
Microtribonyx, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v.

p. xxLx (Jan. l«y;i) M. veutralis.

lianrje. Confined to Australia.

1. Microtribonyx ventralis.

Gallinula ventralis, Gould, P. Z. S. 18315, p. 85.

Tribouyx ventralis, Gould, in Grey's Trav. Austr. App. ii. p. 420 ; id.
B. Austr. vi. pi. 72 (1845); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 5;»il (184."j) ;
lit'ichenb. Viiy. Neuhuil. p. 151 (1849); id. Handb., tuUcarice,
tab. ecciv. ti^. ilOO (1852) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 325
(lbG5j ; Set. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 816 (Tasmania) ; Gray, Iland-l. B.
iii. p. 05, no. 10492 (1871); Ramsay, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 314
((Queensland) ; id. Proc. Linn. Sac. X. S. W. ii. p. 21 (1878); id.
•>l>.cit. ii. p. 172 (1888: Derby); id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21
(18S8) ; Nvrth, Kests and Eygs Austr. B. p. 324, pi. xvii. tig-. 4
(1^90).

Microtribonyx ventralis, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxix
(1893).

Adult male. General colour above olive-brown, with a somewhat
greenish tinge ; wings browner than the back, the tirst primary
edged with white ; tail blackish brown ; crown of head a little
browner than the back ; lores, region of the eye, sides of face, and
throat dusky slate-colour ; remainder of the under surface from the
fore neck downwards dark slaty blue ; abdomen and thighs Ijluckish ;
under tail-coverts black ; sides of body brown, as also the under
wing-coverts and axillarics ; sides of upper breast washed with
olive-green ; long feathers of lower breast with large ovate spots at
the ends : "upper mandible beautiful pea-green, becoming rather
paler at the tip ; base of lower mandible light reddish orange, the
tip like that of the other ; legs and feet deep brick-red ; iris tine
orange" (J. Gould). Total length lU-5 inches, culmen 1-25,
wing 8-7, tail 3-4, tarsus 2-4, middle toe and claw 2-5.

Bab. Western and Southern Australia, re-occurring in the Port
Denison district and the Gulf of Carjientaria.

fl. Ad. sk. At sea, between Tasmania and Antarctic Expedition.

Auckland Islands.

*. Ad. sk. South Australia. C. D. E. Fortnum,

Esq. [P.].

c. 2ad. sk. South Australia (/. (VohW). Sir G. Grev^'^P."'.

d. Ad. sk. Port Lincoln. J. Gould, Esq. [C.].

e. Ad. sk. liiver DailinjT. Gould Coll.

166 EALLID^.

/. Ad.sk. Qxiee-nslfiVid {J. T. Cockerell). Sahin-Godman Coll.

ff, h. Ad. sk. South Q.ueensland. Tweeddale Coll.

i,k. 6 2 ad. sk. N.W. Australia (T. H. Bowyer Capt. Bowyer Bower
Bower). [P.].

/. Skeleton. Australia. Purchased.

43. PAREUDIASTES.

Type.
Pareudiastes, Havtl Sf Fm-se/i, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 25 P. pacificus.

lianye. Confined to the Samoan Islands.

1. Pareudiastes pacificus.

Pareudiastes pacificus, llartl. S^- Finsch, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 2;"),
pi. 2 (Savai : Rarotonga) ; Finsch, J.f. O. 1872, pp. 33, 54 (Savai) ;
Whitmee, P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 184, 185 (habits).

Adult. General colour above dark olive, with a somewhat
greenish tinge ; wing-coverts like the back ; quills black, externally
somewhat greenish ; lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail black ;
head rather browner than the back ; a line over the eye, lores, sides
of face, and throat blackish, with a slight ashy tinge ; lower throat,
aides of neck, fore neck, and breast bluish slate-colour ; remainder
of under surface dark olive-greenish ; under tail-coverts, under wing-
coverts, and quill-lining black. Total length 9 inches, culmen with
frontal shield 1-5, wing 4-6, tail 2-35, tarsus 1-45, middle toe and
claw 1'6.

Hah. Samoa Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Samoa. Old Coll.

6. Ad. sk. Samoa. Rev. S. Whitmee [C.].

44. PORPHYRIORNIS.

Type.
Porphyriornis, AUm, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Htst. iv. art. vi.

p. 57 (1892) P. comeri.

Range. Confined to Tristan d'Acuuha and Gough Island.

1. Porphyriornis nesiotis.

Gallinula nesiotis, Sci. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 261,pl. xxx. ; Gray,Iiand-l.

B. iii. p. 66, no. 10501 (1871) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 577 j id. Rep.

Voy. ' Challenger,' n. Birds, p. 113 (1880).
Porphyriornis nesiotis, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. iv. art. vi.

p. 58 (1892).

Adult (type of species). General colour above dark olive-brown ;
wing-coverts and inner secondaries like the back : quills and tail-
feathers blackish, the first primary edged with white ; head and
neck all round and entire under surface black, with a few narrow
ovate streaks on the sides of the body ; under tail- coverts white,
the central ones black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries black like
the breast, with a little white along the edge of the wing : " bill
crimson, yellow at the tip ; feet yellowish "' {F. L. Sclater). " A red

45. GALLIN-UL.V. 107

{Tarter above the heel " (./. Wolf ex spec. viv.). Total lenfrth
10 inches, culmon with frontal shield Ido, wing 5*3, tail 2'2,
tarsus 3-2, middle toe and claw '2-7.
Hah. Island of Tristan d'Acuuha.

a. Ad. sk. Tristan d'Acunha. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.].

(T^'pe of species.)

b. Ad. s>k. Tiistan d'Acunha. Zoolofrical Society.

C-. Bones of trunk. P. L. Sclater, Esq. [P.].

2. Porphyriornis comeri.

Porpiivriornis comeri, Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. iv. art. vi.
p. 57 (1892: Gougli Isl.).

Adult. Similar to P. nes'wtis, but having scarcely any white on the
outer edge of the first primary, and narrower and smaller streaks of
white on the flanks. " Tip of bill bright yellow, scarlet between
the eyes; legs and feet yellow, with reddish spots" {G. Comer).
Total length 11 inches, culmen and frontal shield 1*6, wing 5-6,
tail 2'2, tarsus 1-95, middle toe and claw 2'G.

Hah. Gough Island.

a. Ad. sk. [Gougli Island.] Shelley Coll.

45. GALLINDLA*. „

Type.
Fulica, pt., auct. antiq.

Gallinula, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 3 (1700) G. chloropus.

Plydrogallina, Lacep. Mem. de rinst. iii. p. 518 (1800-

1801) G. chloropus.

Staguicola, Brehm, Viig. Deut^pJil. p. 702 (18.31) G. chloropus.

Range. Over the greater portion of the Old and New Worlds.

Keij to the Species.

a. No broad white streaks on the sides of the body.
a'. Under surface of body lifriit grey; light

colour of toes above yellow tenebrosa, p. 168.

b'. Dark slaty grey below ; light colour of toes

above red, like the tarsi frontata, p. 168.

* I have not been able to determine the following species : —

G.\L[,INULA LEPIDA.

Gallinula lepida, Br'wjg. Abhandl. naf. Ver. Bremen, r. p. 91 (1877 :
patr. igu.).

The following are extinct Gr-allinulos : —

Gallisl'la .stresuipes.
Gallinula strenuipes, Dc VU, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. W. iii. pp. 1283-1280,
pis. .^4, ;].').
From Queensland.

Gallinula peralata.
Gallinula peralata, De Vig, op. cit. (2) vi. p. 440, ))1. sxiv. figs. 3 a, 3 4
(I8!t2).
From Queensland.

1 68 EALLID^.

b. Sides of body broadly streaked -with white.

c' . Ease of lower mandible red; toes darker
than tarsi.
a" . Frontal shield rounded at top chloropus, p. 169.

b''. Frontal shield truncated \-' ^ •'/' • ' -,q(^

I sanawichensis, p. IbU.

(V. Base of under mandible yellow ; toes j'ellow,

like the tarsi : size small iinyidata, p. 181.

1. Gallinula tenebrosa.

Gallinula tenebrosa, Gould, P. Z. S. 184G, p. 20 (S. Australia) ; ul.
B. Austr. vi. pi. 73 (1846) ; Gmihl, Handb. B. Austi: ii. p. 328
(Upper Hunter ; N. S. Wales ; Murray River) ; Gray, Hand-l.B.
iii. p. 66, no. 10946 (1871) ; Ramsay, Froc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
i. p. 193 (1887 : breeding) ; id. t. c. p. 218 (Sydney) ; id. Proc.
Linn. Soc. N. S. IF. ii. p. 199 (1878 : distr. in Australia), iv. p. 162
(1880), vii. p. 56 (18»3) ; id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21 (1888) ;
North, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. IF. (2) i. p. 11U8 (1886) ; id. Nests ir
Bygs Austr. B. p. 325 (1890).

Adult. General colour above dusky olive-brown, with an ashy
shade on the scapulars and mantle ; wing-coverts like the back ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky brown, with a light
ashy shade externally ; the inner secondaries like the back ; tail-
feathers black ; head and neck all round as well as the under
surface of body dark slaty grey, a little more dingy on the head and
throat ; under tail-coverts white, slightly tinged with bufi', the long
centre ones black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark slaty
grey like the breast : " base of bill blood-red, the tip greenish
yeUow ; frontal plate orange ; above the knee a garter of yellow
and scarlet ; joints of the feet and legs green ; under surface of the
legs and feet olive ; frontal plates of tarsi yellow, those nearest the
knee stained with scarlet ; iris olive " (J. Gould). Total length
14-5 inches, c.ulmen with frontal shield 1'8, wing 8, tail 2-8,
tarsus 2'3, middle toe and claw 3*6.

Young. Browner than the adult, and light ashy grey below ; the
throat dull whitish, the abdomen also whitish.

Occasionally some slight evidences of white shaft-lines are to be
seen in individuals iu this species ; and in one example from Southern
Australia they are well marked.

Hob. Eastern and Southern Australia ; Southern Kew Guinea.

«. Ad. sk. Australia. Zoological Society.

h. Ad. sk. South Australia. Gould Coll.

c, d, e. Ad. sk. ; Queensland. Salvin-Godman CoU.
/, y. Juv. sk.

2. Gallinula frontata.

Gallinula tenebrosa, pt., Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 600 (1856).

Gallinula ha^matopus, Temm. MSS. in Mus. Luyd. ; Bp. C. R. xliii.
p. 600 (1856, descr. nulla); Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 44
(1865 : Celebes ; Amboina) ; id. Dierentuin, p. 263 (1872) ; Gray,

45. GALLINCLA. 169

Hand-l. B. iii. p. GC, no. 10497 (1871); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civic.
Geiwv. vii. p. 080 (187o).

Ciallinula frontata, Wall. P. Z. S. 1803, pp. 35 rBouru), 4S7 (Flores) ;
Fi/isc'i, Sen-Guinea, p. 181 (ISCio) ; Wald. Trans. Z. S. viii. p. 93
(1872) ; Salvad. Ann. Mns. Genov. vii. p. 680 (l«7o), ix. p. 48
(1876 : Hall Bay) ; Br'wjtjem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, v. p. 90
(1876: Celebes); Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 142 (Lakes of Lino,
Tondano, and Limbotto) ; Scdrad. Ann. Mi/s. Genov. xviii. p. 321
0882); id. Orn. Papuasia, .)-c. iii. p. 279 (1882); Blasim,J. f. O.
1884, p. 219 (S.E. Borneo; breeding); Kutter, t. c. p. 225;
Biasing, Zeitsckr. qes. Orn. iii. p. 156 (1886) ; Everett, Journ.
Straits Branch As.' Soc. 1889, p. 202.

Gallinula tenebrosa (nee Gould), Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
i. p. 398 (1877: Port Moresby), iii. p. 298 (1878: Laloke River),
iv. p. 102 (1879).

Adult male. Similar to G. tenehrosa, but darker grey above and
below, and distinguished by the red colour of the toes resembling
that of the tarsi : " bill and frontal shield red, excepting the terminal
third which is yellow ; feet red, the joints greenish ; bare part of
tibia olive-green behind, the hinder part of the tarsi dusky lead-
colour" (Wallace): "iris black" (IfAlhertis). Total length 14
inches, culmen and frontal shield I'To, wing 7, tail 2-5, tarsus 2'15,
middle toe and claw ;i"4.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour of plumage. Total
length 13-5 inches, culmen with frontal shield 2'Ul, wing 7,
tail 2-4, tarsus 1-4, middle toe and claw 3-3.

Hob. Australia, Xew Guinea, and the Moluccas, as far as
Celebes ; S.E. Borneo.

rt. Ad. sk. Celebes. Wallace Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Menado. Tweeddale Coll.

V. (S ad. sk. Makassar. A\'allace Coll.

d. $ ad. sk. Bouru. Wallace Coll.

(Type of species.)

e. Ad.sk. Ceram. \\ allace Coll.

/: Ad. sk. [Moluccas.] Tweeddale Coll.

y. Ad. sk. Port Moresby. A. Goldie [C.].

8. Gallinula chloropus.

The Water-Hen or Moor-Hen, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 60, pi. 72

(1738).
Till' More-IIen, Albin, op. cit. iii. p. 86, pi. 91 (1740).
La Poule d'eau, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 3, pi. 1. figs. 1, 2 (1760) ; Daubent.

PL Enl. ix. pi. 877; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 171, pi. 15

(1781).
La petite Poule dVau, Bri.'ss. t. c. p. 6 (1760).
La grande Poule d'eau, Briss. t. c. p. 9 (1760).
P'ulica chloropus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 258 (1706) ; Scop. Ann. I.

p. 1(X5 (1769); Gm. Sy.'>f. Nat. i. p. 698 (1788); Pall. Zooyr.

Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 157 (1811).
Fulica fuscn, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 257 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.

p. 697 (1788).
La Poulette d'eau, Bitff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 177 (1781).
La Glout, Buf. Hist. Naf. Ois. viii. p. 181 (1781).

170

Common Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 258 (1785).

Brown Gallinule, Lath. t.c. p. 200 (1785).

Piping Gallinule, Lath. t. c. p. 267 (1785).

Fulica listulans, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 702 (1788).

Gallinula cbloropus, iMth. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 773 (1790) ; Vieill. N.
Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 404 (1817) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii.
p. 393 (1820) ; Souj; Orn. Proveng. pis. 234,235 (1825) ; Werner,
Atlas, Gralles, pi. 38 (1827) ; Menetr. Cat. rais. Cauc. p. 52 (1832) ;
Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 342 (1837) ; Naum. Toc). Deutsclil. ix. p. 587,
Taf. 240 (1838) ; Cre.spo?i, Orn. Gard, p. 453 (1840) ; Keys. ^•
Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 205 (1840) ; Nordm. in Dernid. Voy. Buss.
Merid. iii. p. 276 (1840) ; Selys-Longch. Faune Belffe, p. 118 (1842) ;
Sckl. Rev. Crit. p. ciii (1844) ; Muhle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 92
(1844) ; Gray, List Grallce ^c. Brit. Mus. pt. iii. p. 122 (1844) ;
Jlodgs. Leon. ined. in Brit. Mus. Grallce, pi. 118 (nos. 633, 634) ; id.
in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 599 (1845) ;
Bii2)p. Syst. Uebers. p. 128 (1845) ; Heivits. Eyys Br. B. ii. p. 325,
pi. xci. tig. 1 (1846) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. Sfc. Nepal, pres. Hodys.
p. 143 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 286 (1849) ; Thomps.
B. Lrel. ii. p. 327 (1849) ; Kjcerb. Orn. Dan. Suppl. tab. xxxviii.
fig. 5 (1852) ; Macy. Br. B. iv. p. 547 (1852) ; Schl. Voy. Nederl.
pis. 252, 253 (1854) : Hew/l. Si/st. Uebers. p. 64 (1856) ; Cass, in
Perry's Exped. ii. p. 245' (18o6) : Kartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 244
(1857) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 11, 54 (1859: Karroo) ; Jaub. ^•
Barth.-Lapomm. Bich. Orn. p. 491 (1859) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1859,
p. 361 (E. Atlas) ; Gurney, t. c. p. 249 (Natal) ; Leith Adains,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 188 (Cashmere) ; Schrenck, Reis. Amw-L. p. 527
(1859) ; Lvnderm. Voy. Griechenl. p. 180 (1860) ; Pouys, Ibis,

1860, p. 349 (Epirus) ; Sundev. Svensk. Foyl. pi. xlv. fig. 4 (c. 1860) ;
Schl.Dier. Nederl. Voy. pi. 26. figs. 2, 2 a (1861); Sicinh. Lbis,

1861, p. 56 (Hongkong) ; Lrby, t.c. p. 246; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861,
p. 272 (Bissao) ; id. Faun. Madaq. p. 81 (1861) ; Swinh. Ibis,

1862, p. 307 (Amoy) ; Gould, B. Gt'.Br. iv. pi. 851 (1862) ; Sicinh.
Ibis, 1863, p. 427 (Formosa) ; Gray, List Br. B. p. 180 (1863) ;
E. Newt. Ibis, 1863, pp. 358, 359; Jvrd. B. Ind. iii. p. 718 (1864) ;
Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 45 (1865) ; Filippi, Viayg. Pers.
p. 352 (1865) ; Giyl. Ibis, 1865, p. 62 (Pisa : winter) ; Swinh. t. c.
p. 355 (Formosa) ; More, t. c. p. 440; Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 425;
Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 341 (1867) ; Det/l. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 262 (1867) ; Drake, Lbis, 1867, p. 425 (Tangier) ; Loehe, Expl.
Set. Alyer., Ois. ii. p. 347 (1867); A. ^ E. Neivt. Ibis, 1867,
pp. 358, 359 ; Chcqmi. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 421 (1868) ; Schl.
Sf Poll. Faune Madag., Ois. -p. 136 (1868); Dybowski ^ Parvex,
J.f. 0. 1868, p. 338 ; Borqqr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 107 (1869) ;
Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 201 '(1869) ;' Droste, Vogelw. Bork. p. 137
(1869) ; Elwes ^- Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 332 (Macedonia) ; Godmari,
Azores, iip. 36, 41 (1870) ; Fritsch, Voy. Eur. tab. 35. figs. 1, 2
(1870) ; Bettoni, Ucc. nidif. Lomb. pi. 96 (1870) ; Godw.-Aust.
J. A. S. Beng. xxxix. p. 274 (1870: Khnsia Hills); Blanf.
Zool. Abijss. p. 434 (1870: Lake Ashangi) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii.
p. 300 (1870: Senafe) ; id. ^ Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 787 (1870);
Hevyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. i. p. 1224 (1871) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 66, no. 10495 (1871) ; Sahad. Fami. Ital., Ucc. p. 232 (1871) ;
Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 414 (China : resident) ; R. Gray, B. TV.
Scotl. p. 335 (1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 225 ; Moldsw. P. Z. S.
1872, p. 475 ; Gurney, in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 323 (1872) ;
Hurting, Handb. Br. B. p. 58 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 275

45. GALLIXrLA. . 171

^l^'? ' ^nff/.'J'''''^'' ^'"•/'''' I'- f'O •■ ^"""^ -^- ^^ndcrs. Lahore to
/./. .S/;-. 7-1. p 2o0 (187;J : Smdh) ; Adam, t. c. p. .-.ds (Sambhur
f m''ni-'''> 1«C;^',P- 3-^6 (Sardinia); ,SV>r.;Y.. 7Wc..,^. /«v,^„.'
p ,.» (]8,o); Ball Str. F. ii. ,,. ;J:.J (1874; Chota Nagnur) ;
:,";-?', ^•-^; I'- i^^l (^\ooler Lake: breeding); Saxhy, B?Shetl.
t-;' (.!.^'-l); £//'•«. ^K 1874, p. 107 (Mooi River); Hum^',
t-,' ■•;'■/"'■ ''■■,1. Vof'T^''""'' "^'"'-•' l'^'''^' P- 186 (Heligoland);

f; ^Tt^- ^^'' ^If'""^ ' " "'^'- ^'- ^- *• i-^- P- -'-'« (1^' -"^ : Luzon)
X'^/j/ .y Harvie-Brown Ibis, l87o, p. 418 (Transylvania) ; Fcdhm,
O^s. 7.'.^/. p. 184 (187.5) ; Wharton, Ibis, 1870, "p. H (Corsica) •
fjatt,t.c. p. 213 (s.E. Africa); Swinhoe/tl p. .'WO (Ilako:
dadi); 7)/-^5,«-, t.c. p. 413 (Turkestan: breeding); Blanf. East

Jift-p V. \ Barasun and Kultuk) : Bidler, Str. F. iv. p. 20
(18/ G: l)eesa ;W/y,<.c. p. li)2( Turkestan: breeding); Godic-
Austcn J A. b. Bern,, xlv. pt. 2, p. 84 (1876 : Dafla Hill..) ; Ilartl
r,'tnni-'^- ?; r^^0^77); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Franc, ii.
p. 100 (IN / : Poland) ; David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 485 (1877) ;
Hume, Sir. F. v p. 46 (1877 : Cachar) ; Gates, t. c. pp. 165, 233
fs-s""' ^,^P-T--^(^T''^^ breeding); Blalcist. i-Pr„er, Ibis,
^«'-a^P■ ■; '; ("^'"^If °) ; ^'-J^v. in Rowley's Dm. Misc. "iii. p. 94

tT 781 7l8-0, ^^ ' ci' Pr. -^ (l^aridpur); Lesjye, B. Ceylon,
p. -81 (18.9); 7f«„,£, Str. F vni. p. 113 (1879); Butler, Cat. B.

?•«/ A"^s '/TT' ^-^r-,""- I'- •^^•^' Pl- •^<«(]^7y); Butler,
Cat B.6. Bomb. Pres. p. 80 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F ix. p. 87 (1880 :
S. Konk^n) ; 7?«;7,.., t.e p. 459 (1881 : S. Afghanistan) ; Parker,

881^ ni f ■•f'-'^^'- i- fi !'• '^ (^^«1 = Lucknow); Bidd Ibis,
il'J\^^. («'lfiit); Scully, t.c. p. .590; Bocaye, Orn. Annola

'^f.-.-^-^-P-^-fll*^-)' i>«m(,«, ^.c. p. 415 (breeding in iXil-
ghiris, A\ynaad Mysore); B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 151 (1883)-
Booth, Bouyh ^otes, m. (1883); Saunders, ed. Varr Br B iii
p. 164 (1883); Seebohmlbis, 188:3, p. 27 (Cau.asus) ; Parker, t.c.

^lll AkS \^'''lf- ^- ^''''^- ^''"'"'- "• P- -^-t^ (1883); Chapm.
Ibw, 1844 p. 9- ; Ciarke, t.c. p. 148 (.Slavonia : breeding); Seeb.

^/■/■J' 7*^'' ''''''"'''''^' ^'"''^"-'^ ^■<'- V- '^^^ ^Pyrenees): C.
//. J 17«;-.y,„/ / c p. 245 (Chamba); Sharpc, ed.' La,,ard's B.
S Afr. p. 62.J (lb^4) ; Gurney, Tr. Nor/. ^- Norw. Soc. iii. p. 581
(hauT vanety); Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p o^jo (^834.
breeaing);^oyf/. Corisp. Ar. In,,,. Boss. p. 07 {1884)- Tristr
Faun. .S- for Palest, p 12.) (1^4): Bllst. In^jl.- LiTb.
^«/,«« ,. 13 (1.S84) ;Seeb. Hist. Br. B. ii. p. .557 (1884) ; lieid,
it \ !"' I: -f (^Wco); Whitehead, t.c. p. '44 (Corsica
breeding); ,S<««>^..y Barnes, t. c. p. 135 (Mhow: breeding);
%t'''/-{^ ^- ^P'^ P- ^^" (Z«"=<ibar, Eagamovo) ; Biichner, t.c.
p. 20b (S. Petersburg) ; Parker, Ibis, 188(i, p. 1S7 (Cevlon : breed-
\"fJ,.' .T'/''- PP- -l^S^ (Fao), 498 ^Busbire) ; Ila'rtert, J. f. O.
Ti ao'; P'l/f 'i^']''"" ^^''""'^^ = -SyyW.iV. U.S Xat. Mu.<. ix. p. 406
^i V r. , "'^"^'V "'■ "/'■"'• ^- P- 41-5 (1887: Liu-kiu); Giyl.

^f^RnLl- '^^-'- 1''''- ;^l^ <^^^'^>= '^"'''"^- ^''^"'f'- f''-^- -^'«'-

p. 236 (1880) ; Reichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 48 (Victoria Nyanza) ;

172

Backh. Ibis, 1887, p. 74; Seeb. t. c. p. 180 (Liu-kiu) ; Tait, t. c.

p. 383 (Portugal: breeding) ; McGregor, Sir. F. x. p. 441 (1887 :

S. Maliratta country) ; Reid, Ibis, 1888, p. 76 (Gran Canaria) ;

Guillem. t. c. p. 110 (Cyprus); Hume, Sir. F. xi. p. 328 (1888:

Manipur) ; iSalvad. Ann. Mus. Getwv. (2) iv. p. 313 (1888: Slioa) ;

Koenig, J. f. 0. 1888, p. 275 (Tunis) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St.

Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 48 (Tschinas) ; Reichen. Syst. Terz. Vog.

Deutschl. p. 43 (1889) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. \st Resoc. p. 548 (1889) ;

St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 178 (Candaliar) ; Lilford, t. c. p. 337

(Cyprus) ; Oates, ed. Hume's I^ests Hf Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 389

(iP'JO); Koeni(i,J.f. 0. 1890, pp. 313,454 (Madeira); Seeb. B.

Japan.: Fm]}. "p- 3C0 (1890); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1890, p. 429

(Teuerifi'e) ; Brusijia, Orn. Croat, p. 84 (1890) ; Steere, List

Mamm. ^' B. Pliilipp. p. 25 (1890 : Luzon) ; Frivaldsky, Av.

Ilunfi. p. 154 (1891) ; Reiser, Vogelsamml. landesm. Sarajero,

p. ll's (1891); Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 501 (Yangtze basin:

breeding) ; Sharpe, Rep. 2nd Yark. Miss., Aves, p. I46 (1891 :

Cashmere) ; Gdtke, Voqeliv. Helgoland, p. 533 (1S91) ; Socage,

Jorn. Lisb. (2) ii. p. 84 (1891).
Gallinula fusca, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 771 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 407 (1817) ; Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 705

(18.31).
Gallinula fistulans, Yieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. xii. p. 405 (1817) ;

Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 705 (1831).
Gallinula orientalis, Horsf. Tr. Z. S. xiii. p. 195 (1820) ; Raffl. t. c.

p. 329 ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 342 (1874) ; Blasius, J.f. 0. 1884,

p. 218 (S.E. ]?orneo : breeding) ; Everett, Joivrn. Straits Br. R.

Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 202 ; Yorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind.

xlix. p. 416 (1889: Sumatra).
Crex cbloropus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 79 (1823).
? Gallinula ardesiaca, Yieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 173, pi. 208 (1825).
Rallus cbloropus, Savi, Orn. To.se. ii. p. 382 (1829).
Stagnicola cbloropus, Brehm, Yof/. Deutschl. p. 706 (1831) ; Radde,

Orn. Cauc. p. 378 (1884) ; id. Oralis, iii. p. 496 (1887).
Stagnicola septentrionalis, Brehm, Yog. Deutschl. p. 704 (1831).
Staguicola minor, Brehm, t. c. p. 706 (1831).
Gallinula flavipes, Brehm, t. c. p. 705 (1831).
Gallinula akool (72ec Sykes), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 206 (1840).
The Moor-Hen, Yarr. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 28 (1843).
Gallinula parvifrons, Bhjth, J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 180 (1843).
Gallinula burnesi, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xxiii. p. 737 (1854) ; Jerd.

B. Ind. p. 719 (1864) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 171 ; Hume, Nests ^

Eggs Ind. B. p. 599 (1873) ; id. Str. F. viii. p. 113 (1879).
Staguicola parTifrons, meridioualis, brachyptera, Brehm, Yogelf.

p. 331 (1855).
Gallinula minor, Hartl. J. f. 0. 1800, p. 341 (Senegal) ; Olj)h.-

Galliard, Faune Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. xvi. p. 50 (1887).
Gallinula pvrrborhoa, A. Neivt. P. Z. S. 1801, p. 18 (Mauritius),

1863, p. 458 ; E. Neivt. Ibis, 1861, p. 275 ; Roch S,- E. Newt. Ibis,

1863, p. 174; E. Neivt. t. c. p. 458; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 174;

Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 66, no. 10499 (1871) ; Hartl. Yog. Madag.

p. 348 (1877).
Gallinula cbloropus, var. pyrrhorhoa. Grand. Rev. et Mag. de Zool.

1867, p. 6 ; Milne-Edwards Sf Grandid. Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois.

pp. 241, 241 a, pi. 240 (1882).

Adult male. General colour above dark olive-brown, with re-

45. GALLINULA. 173

flections of ruddy brown ; scapulnrs like the back ; wing-coverts
slightly more ashy and washed with olivo-l)rown, especially towards
the ends ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown,
externally washed with ashy brown, the outer bastard wing-feathers
and first primary externally edged with white ; the innermost
secondaries more ruddy brown and washed with olive like the
back ; tail-feathers blackish, with a slight wash of olive-brown :
crown of head and sides of face blackish, fading off into dark slaty
grey on the sides of the neck and hind neck ; throat also blackish,
fading gradually off into dark slaty grej', the same as the rest of
the under surface ; the lower flanks washed with brown, the sides
of the body broadly streaked with white, which occupies the greater
])art of the outer feathers ; abdomen more or less varied with white
edges to the feathers ; under tail-coverts white, with the feathers
of the vent and the long median tail-coverts black ; under wirjg-
covcrts and axillaries ashy grey, tipped with white, the bend of the
wing edged with white : " frontal shield and two thirds of the bill
deep lake-red, the tip of the latter greenish yellow for about one
third ; legs olive-green, the broad scaling on the fore part of the
tarsus, and the scales on the upper part of the toes, lemon-yellow ;
joint of heel dusky olive-green, with a shade of lemon-yellow
immediately below the garter, which is dark lake-red ; iris red-
dish " {li. B. S., MSS.). Total length 12-5 inches, culmen with
frontal shield 1-55, wing 7"3, tail 2'9, tarsus 1*S5, middle toe and
claw 2-95.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but having the
white streaks on the flanks not quite so broad. Total length
ll'o inches, culmen with frontal .shield 1'35, wing G"4, tail 2-8,
tarsus I'T, middle toe and claw 2-0.

Young. Browner than the adult, the head a little more dusky
brown than the back ; sides of face dark brown ; throat white,
with dusky bases to the feathers ; rest of under surface brown, the
fealliers edged with white ; abdomen entirely white ; the flank-
stripes buft'y white and very luirrow : bill black, dull red along
edge of tomium and on lower mandible ; logs fleshy brown, darker
on the tarsal joint and toes ; claws light horn-brown.

The young bird gains the adult plumage in the following spring,
l)y tlie shedding of the brown or whitish margins of the feathers of
tlie under surface, so that the grey plumage of the adult gradually
supervenes.

Specimens vary much in size, and those from the far east
(G. orii'iitalis) are decidedly smaller than those from Europe. This
small race is also prevalent in China, but being approached iu
dimensions by many specimens from other parts of the Old World
I cannot find adequate justification for the separation of G. orien-
falis even as a distinct race. The chief character for the separa-
tion of G. piirrhorhoa of ifadagascar is said to be the fulvescent
tint of the under tail-coverts ; but as this feature sometimes occurs
in both young and old birds of the English ifoorhen, I have been
unable to consider G. piirrhorhoa to be specifically distinct.

174

Hab. The greater part of Europe, Africa, and Asia.

a, h. (S 2 fid. St.

Great Britain.

Purchased.

c. Imm. sk.

Great Britain (If. B. Tris-
tram).
Whitehill, N.B. {R. G. W.

Tweeddale Coll.

d, e. Ad. et imm.

Tweeddale Coll.

sk.

E.).

/, g. S ad. sk.

Chester, March 18.

Miss Trelawny [P.].

h. cJ imm. sk.

Swithland Hall, Leicester-

W.R.Ogilvie-Grant,

shire, Jan.

Esq. [P.].

i. Ad. sk.

Leicestershire.

Theodore ^^ alker,
Esq. [P.].

h,l. c? 2 ad. St.

Leicestershire.

Theodore Walker,

Esq. f P.].

m, 11. Pull. St.

Cambridgeshire.

Mr. J. Baker.

0. c? ad. sk.

Sonier Leyton, Norfolk, Jan.

Gould Coll.

l)-s. Pull. sk.

Suffolk.

Dr. A. Giinther [P.].

/. cJ imm. sk.

Sandford, Oxfordshire, Feb. 4.

Sharpe Coll.

M. Pull. St.

Surbiton, Surrey.

Dr. A. Giinther [P.].

?;. Ad. hairy var.

St.

10. Pull. sk.

Sandhurst, Wokingham.

F. Bond, Esq. [P.],

Near Maidenhead, Berks,

Gould Coll.

May.

X, y. S ad. et

Cookham, Berks, Sept.,

Hume Coll.

imm. sk.

Dec. ( W. Briggs).

z. Ad. St.

Cookham.

Mr. W, Briggs [P.].

«', 6'. cJ 2 ad. ;

Avington, Hants, Nov.,

Shelley Coll.

e'. Ad. sk.

Feb.

d! . Imm. st.

Torquay, Devonshire.

C. Coningham, Esq.

[P].
Hon. W, Edwardes

«■',/■'. S ad. ; ^',

St. Bride's, South Wales,

'/t'. 2 ad. et

Dec.

[P.].

imm. sk.

i'. Nestliug sk.

Valkensward, Holland.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

A-.'. Ad. sk.

Athens.

Consul Merlin [P.].

/'. Imm. sk.

Anatolia, Asia Minor, Feb.
(C. G. DanforcT).

Seebohm Coll.

m'. S imm. sk.

Adalia, Dec. 20 (C. G. D.).

Seebohm Coll.

n. Ad. sk.

Erzeroum, Sept. (Dickson ^
Boss).

Gould Coll.

0. S ad. sk.

Lake Ashanghi (8000 ft.),

W. T. Blanford, Esq.

Abyssinia, May 4.

[C.].

2)'. S ad. sk.

Senate, May ( W. Jesse).

Tweeddale Coll.

q' . 2 imm. sk.

River Coroca, Benguela, Jan.
{Anchieta).

Shehey CoU.

/•'. Ad. sk.

Benguela.

Monteiro Coll.

s'. 2 ad. ; t'. 2

Potchefstroom, June, July

Gurney CoU.

imm. sk.

{T. Ay res).

m'. J ad. sk.

Potchefstroom, July.

F. A. Barratt, Esq.

[P.].
Gurney Coll.

v'. Imm. sk.

Natal.

w . Ad. St.

Cape Colony.

Purchased.

a''. Ad. sk.

South Africa,

Purchased.

y', z'. Ad. sk.

Madagascar ( Van Dam).

Shelley Coll.

a". Imm. sk.

Madagascar ( W. Deans

Cotvan).

Tweeddale Coll.

6". Ad. sk.

Mauritius.

Gould Coll.

45. GALLINTILA.

175

\

c", d". c? 2 imm.
sk.

e"-h". Ad. et

imm. sk.
i". Imm. sk.

k", I", c? $ ad. sk.

m". Pull. sk.
n". Jiiv. sk.
o". Ad. sk.
/>'', y". 2 ad. sk.
r", s". c? ad. ; t".

2 ad.; m". $

juv. sk.
j;". Ad. sk.
w". (5 ad. sk.

:v". 2 ad. sk.
y". $ ad. sk.

sk.
/y'. S imm. sk.
c^ cJ juv. sk.

(P-ff^. (S ad. et

imm. sk.
h^. 5 juv. sk.

P, k\ Ad. sk.

[w. G-2].
Z^. Juv.sk.
»n^. Imm. sk.
n\ Ad.sk.
o». Ad.sk.
p'-s\ d "d. ; t\

2 ad. sk.
m'. 2 juv. sk.
»', jo^, .r'. Ad. ; y',

s''. Imm. sk.
n'-d'. Ad. sk.

[w. 6-1].
e\f\g*. Ad. sk.

[^^■. 6-2-G-7].
/i'. Ad.sk. [w.G-8],

i\k\ Ad.; /^2

imm. sk.
«i'. Ad.; «'. 2

imm. sk.
(,',/>'. Ad.sk.
q\rK Ad.; s-'.

Imm. sk.
/'.I/'. Ad. et

juv. .<k.
i'V Ad. sk.

Marshes of Akr-Kuf, Moso-
])otamia ( Commcmder
Junes).

Fao, Persian Gulf.

Busliire, Persian Gulf, April.

Tschiuas, Central Asia, April

(Runsow).
Yarkand, July 10 {J. Scully).
Ladak i^Strachey).
Thibet.
Cashmere.
Gilgit, May, June, Aug.

Cabul iOnffith).
Kandahar, April (iS';V O. St.

John).
Roree, Sindh {Dr. Gould).
Sukhur, Feb. {Dr. Gould).
Sukhur, Jan. (A. O. H.).

Larkhana, Jan. 7 (.4. O. II.).
Eriupura, Mount Aboo, Oct.

12 {Dr. Eddowes).
Sambhur, Dec, Jan., March

{R. M. Adam).
Delhi, 8ept. 2b {C. T. Biny-

hiim).
North-west India.

Simla, Aug. 27 {A. 0. H.).
Masuri.
Dehra Dhoon.
Kumaon {Strachey).
Etawah, Feb., Aug.

Cavmpur, Sept. 3.
Nepal.

Nepid {B.II Hodyson).

Sikhim Terai, Dee. {L. Man-

dcl/i).
Buxa Doars, Jan. (L. Man-

delli).
Bhotan Doars, Dec, Feb.

(Z. MandcUi).
Dhutan Terai, Jan. (Z. Man-

delli).
Assam {McClelland).
Ass<im {Griffith).

Cachar {J. Inglis).

Dacca.

India Museum.

W. D. Gumming,

Esq. [P.].
A. J. V. Palmer, Esq.

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.

Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Earl Gitibrd [P.].
Hume Coll.
Colonel Biddulph
[C.].

India ^Museum.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

PinwUl Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.

India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
India Museum.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

176

w*, x^. Ad. sk.
2/*, 2*. $ ad. et

juv. sk.
a^, b\ Ad. et imm.

sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
(^'. 2 ad. sk.
e^-g\ d 2 ad. sk.
h\ Ad. sk.
2'. Imm. sk.
k\ Ad. sk.
Z', m\ 2 ad. sk.

w'^, o^,jj^. 2 imm.

sk.
y'. 2 ad. sk.
r'. Ad. sk.

s'\ S juv. sk.

t^. i5 imm. sk.

!«\ S ad. ?k.

i'\ cJ ad. sk.

vfi,a:^. S ad. sk.

[w. 6-2-6-5].
?/'. Ad. sk.
z^-d^. Ad. et juv.

sk.
e",/^. Juv. sk.
(7". S ad. sk.
A", i''. 6 2 ad. sk.

^''. c? imm. sk.

Z'', »H^ cJ 2 ad. sk.

n'', 0". 2 ad. et

imm. sk.
if. (S ad. sk.

q^, r^ Ad. sk.
s**. Juv. sk.
f', u". S ad. sk.
v\ Ad. ; «'^ .f". c?

2 imm. sk.
?/'■'. Ad. sk.
k'\ Ad. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.
b'. Ad. sk.
c", <Z', e". Ad sk.

/^ Ad. sk.
(/. 2 ad. sk.

Tipperah, Jan. (V. Irwin).
Calcutta, Dec. {A. 0. H.).

Sumbalpur, Uec.

Beliar.

Depalpur, Jan. 9.
Eaipur, Jan.

Seoni.

Malabar Coast.
Ceylon {H. Nevill).
Thavetmyo, Pegu, Nov. {E.

iV. Oates).
Tonshoo, Jan. (i?. G. W.

R.).
Momien, Yunnan, June.
Teuasserini.

Pahpoon, Dec. 23 ( W. Davi-
son).

Tliambau, Tliatone, Jan. 18
( W. Davison).

Amherst, Dec. 20 (.7. Arm-
stronq).

Tavoy, April 10 ( W. Davi-
son).

Assoon, Feb. ( W. Limborg).

Sumatra {Sir S. Raffles).
Java {Sorsjield).

Java.

Java (Diard).

Luzon, Feb. 7 {A. B.

Meyer).
Monte Alban, Luzon, Feb.

{A. H. Everett).
Amparo, S. Leyte, Julv, Aug

(A. H. Everett).
Cebu, March, April [A. II.

Everett).
Zambtianga, May (^-1. H.

Everett).
Celebes.

Menado, Celebes.
Makassar (^4. R. Wallace).
Formosa, April, Oct. {R.

Swinhoe).
China (Reeves).
Canton.

Canton {S. Bliqh).
Chefoo, May 3l [R. Swinhoe).
Hankow (R. Swinhoe).

Hankow [R. Swinhoe).
River Chuauche, May (Al
Prejevalski) .

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
Colonel Swinhoe[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Mrs. Pink [P.I.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Dr. .T. Anderson [C.].
J. C. D. Packman,

Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Gould Coll.
India Museum.
(Tyjies of G. orient alis.)
Tweeddale Coll.
Ralvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Wallace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm and Tweed-
dale Colls.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

45. GALTJNtTLA. 177

^^-r. Ad. sk. Liukiu Islands, Jan., A ufj. Seebohm Coll.

{H. Pnjer).

wi''-^''. Ad. et juv. Yokohanui, March (7/. Seebohm Coll.

sk. rnjcr) .

q'. Skeleton mtd. England. Purchased.

r'^. Skeleton mtd. Enfjland. Purchased.

s'-v^. Skulls. S. Germany. Dr. Giinther [C.].

^o'. Bonos of trunk. Nepal. Hoilgson Coll.

x'. Slerniiui. England. J. Kay, Esq. [P.].

4. Gallinula galeata.

Yahaua, Aznra, Aputif. iii. p. 2o8 (ls02).

Crex galeata, Licht. J'l-rz. Duiihl. p. 80 (1823).

Gallinula galeata, J>p. Amer. Oni. iv. p. 128, pi. xxx-vii. fig. 1 (1832) ;
Nviiwied, Bcifr. Naturq. Bras. iv. p. 807 (1833); Nuttall, Man.
ii. p. 221 (18.34); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 599 (1845); Hartl. hid.
Azara, p. 24 (1847); Guy, Faun. Ckil., 'loot. i. p. 437 (1847);
Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 381 (1847) ; Cah. in Schomb. lieis. Guian.
iii. p. 760 (1848) ; Reichenb. Handb., Fulicarife, Taf. 90. fi?s. 1010,
1011(1852) ; Burin. Tk. Bras. in. p.389 (18-J(',: brepdinu)r Gundl.
J.f. 0. 1856, p. 428 (Cuba) ; Sd. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 237 (S. Mexico);
Neiob. P. It. B. Rep. vi. p. 96 (1857 : San Francisco) ; Baird, B.
N. Amer. p. 752 (1858) ; A. ^ E. Newt. Ibis, 1859, p. 260 (S.
Croix) ; Heerm. P. R. R. Rep. x. pt. \l p. 61 (1859 : California) ;
Bryant, Pr. Bosf. Sue. N. If. vii. p. 122 (1859 : Bahamas); Brewer,
t. c. p. 207 (Cuba) ; Jones, Nat. Bermuda, p. 46 (1859) ; Taylor,
Ibis, 1860, p. 314 (Honduras) ; Cassin, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1860,
p. 378 (St. Thomas) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 81 (Jamaica) ; Bunn.
Reis. La Plata, ii. p. 505 (1861 ; Rio Parana) ; Allen, Proc. Essex
Inst. iv. p. 87(1864); March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 69
(Jamaica) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 503 (1866) ; Bryant, Proc. Bost.
Soc. X. p. 257 (1860 : Porto Kico) ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. A'. Y. viii.
p. 185 (1806: Nicaragua), p. 295 (Nevr York) ; Mcllwraith, Proc.
Essex Inst. iv. p. 93 (1866) ; Sah: Ibis, 1866, p. 198 (Guatemala);
Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. II. xi. p. 97(1866; Porto Kico);
Scl. P. Z. S. 18(;7, p. 339 (Chili) ; id. .y Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 176
(Peru) ; iid. f. c. p. 462; Turnb. B. Penn.fylv. p. 34 (lStJ9); Sundev.
(Efi\ Vet.-Akad. lorh. Storkh. 1869, p. GO (Porto Kico);
Allen, Amer. Nat. iii. p. 639(1870: Mass.); Salvia, Ibis, 1870,
p. 115; Reinh. Vid. Medd. For. Kjiibenh. 1870, p. 40 ((^ampos of
Brazil); Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 66, no. 10.500 (1871) ; Allen,
Bull. Mu.^. C. Z. ii. p. 357 (1871) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. j.]). 318, 459
(Y])anema, A])ril, Sej)t. ; Cai^ara. March, Ajiril) (1871); Scl. ^•
Sale. Nomencl. Ar. Neotr. ]>. 140 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West,
p. 540(1874); Lain: Mem. Bost. Soc. N. II ii . p. 312 (1S74 :
S.W. Mexico); Rid(/iv. Ann. Li/c. N. Y. x. p. 387 (1874: Illinois) ;
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 559 (Peru) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, ]>. 300
(1876) ; Lain: Bull. U.S. Nat. Mas. p. 50 (1876 : Tehuantejiec) ;
Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Suru. iv. j). 61 (1878); Merrill, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mas. i. p. 165 (1878: S. Texas); Laicr. t. c. jij). 276,
487 (({renada) ; Beldiny, t. c. p. 443 (Stocktou) ; L'Herm. Cut.
Ois. Guadel., teste Laicr. t.c. p. 4.50 ((iuadeloupe and Martinique);
Larcr. t. c. p. 461 ; Mai/n. B. East. N. Am. p. 432 (1879) ; Scl. .V
Sah. P. Z. S. 1879, p.'546 (Antioquia); Scl. t. c. p. 765 (Mont-
sorrat) ; Allen, Ball. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 109(1880: Santa
Lucia) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 177 (1880) ; A. ^- E. Newt. Ilandb.
vol,, xxiii. N

178 EAILII)^.

Jamaica, p. 115 (1881) : Ridgtc. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 47
(1881); id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 202 (1881); Coues,
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 110 (1882) : mdte, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 627 ;
Sahin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 428 (Callao) ; Stearns, N. Engl. Bird-
Life, ii. p. 291 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. Birds, 2Dd ed.
p.' 675 (1884) ; Nutting, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 409 (1884 :
jSTicarapua) ; Coiy, B. S. Domingo, p. 161 (1884) ; Barrows, Auk,
i. p. 277 (1884: Lower ITriio:uav); Baird, Breicer, Sf Ridgw.
Waier-B. N. Amer. i. p. 388 (1884) ; Dreiv, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885 :
Colorado) ; Loomis, t. c. p. 193 (S. Carolina) ; Scott, Auk, iii. p. 386
(1886 : Tucson, Arizona) : Brewster, t. c. p. 102 (Asheville, N.
Carolina) ; Goss, t. c. pp. 113, 115 (Kansas; breeding) ; Cory, t. c.
p. 502 (Grand Cayman); Tacz. Om. Perou, iii. p. 327 (1886) ; A.O.
U. Check-l. p. 144 (1886) ; Cory, Ibis, 1886, p. 474 (Marie Galante);
Scl. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 402 (Tarapaca); Satv. Ibis, 1886, p. 177 (Brit.
Guiana); Morris, Auk, iv. p. 72 (1887: Springfield, Mass.);
Cha^nberl. t. c. p. 253 (Nova Scotia) ; Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
ix. p. 629 (1887 : Grenada) ; Chajjm. Auk, v. p. 270 (1888 : Flo-
rida) ; Everm. t. c. p. 348 (Indiana) ; Warren, B. Pennsijlv. p. 30
(1888); Scott, Auk, vi. p. 1.55(1889: Florida); Robinson, t. c.
p. 194 (Ehode Island); Richards, t. c. p. 273 (Vermont); Cory,
List B. West Indies, p. 257 (1889) ; Scl. &,■ Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii.
p. 156 (1889); Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 378 (Cozumel) ; Feilden,
t. c. p. 499 (Barbados) ; Scott, Auk, vii. p. 308 (1890 : Florida) ;
Brewster, Auk, viii. p. 1 (1891 : Mass.); Con/, t. c. p. 46 (Anguilla),
p. 294 (New Providence) ; Milkr, t. c. p. 118 (Mass.) ; Cory, B. W.
Lid. p. 91 (1892).

Gallinula chloropus (nee L.), Bp. Syn. B. N. A7ner. p. 356 (1828) ;
Audub. B. Amer. pi. 224 ; id. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 330 (1835) ; id. B.
Amer. 8vo, v. p. 132, pi. 304 (1842) ; DOrb. in Ramon de la
Sagra's H. N. Cuba, Ois. p. 268 (1839) ; Girand, B. Long Isl.
p. 197 (1844) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ealli, p. 45 (1865, pt).

Florida Gallinule, Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 223 (1834).

GalHnula galatea, Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 40.

Gallinula cliloropus,Tar. f^slea.t(i,Coues, Key N. Amer. 5. p. 275 (1872).

Gallinula garmani, Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 357 (1876 : Lake
Titicaca) ; id. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. ii. p. 107 (1889 : Lake
Titicaca); Baird, Brew., ^ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 388
(1884).

Adult male. Similar to G. Moropus, and ■with a very distinct
white edging to the first primary, but having the frontal shield
truncated at the top : " bill and frontal shield bright scarlet in life,
end of the former greenish yellow or bright yellow ; legs and feet
yellowish green, the joints ashy blue ; upper part of naked tibiae
scarlet ; iris brown " {Baird, Brewer, and Bidgivay). Total length
14 inches, culmen with frontal shield 1*S5, wing 7'3, tail 2'8,
tarsus 2-15, middle toe and claw 3'3.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
14 inches, culmen with frontal shield l'S5, wing 7"3, tail 3, tarsus
2-2, middle toe and claw 3"3.

As with the Common Moorhen of the Old World, considerable

difFerence is exhibited in the length of the wing, as will he seen by

the measurements given below in the list of specimens. The birds

. from the West-Indian Islands arc blacker than those from other

45. GALLlXrlA.

179

localities, and have the head and neck all round black. The Chilian
specimens are very dark and very large (wing 8*3-8"5). They are
the same as G. f/armani, Allen, from Lake Titicaca, and constitute
a fairly distinguishable race ; but the characters given by Mr. Allen
are l)y no means confined to Southern individuals, and there is
nothing to distinguish the latter except their large size. I think
that if the Chilian and Bolivian bird is recognized as a race, the
West- Indian bird will have to be admitted as a subspecies also.

The average length of the wing in North-American examples is
from GvS-7-.j inches, and the West-Indian specimens 6-4-7'y, while
the Chilian skins range from 8'3-8"5 inches.

Hab. The greater part of the New World.

2 ad. sk. [w. Arusworth, Illinois, Julv

■2\ (R W. Nelson : Hemh.

Cull.).
Lake Co., Indiana, April,

"SUy {C.E.Aiken: Hensh.

Coil.).
Quantico, Virginia, Oct. 24

(//. W. Henshaiv).
Hernando Co., Florida,

Jan. 24 (Green Smith:

Hensh. Coll.).
Hernando Co., Nov. ( W.

R. Dean).
De Soto Co., Florida, Dec,

April [W. R.Dean).

6-6].
b, c. S 2 ad. sk.

[w. 7-a].

d. Jut. sk.

cJ imm. sk. [w.
7-9T

/, (J. Imm. sk.

h-m. c? ad. ; n-r.

$ ad. sk. [w.
6-7-7-0].
s, t, u. (^ ad. ; v-ij.

2 ad. sk.

=, a. Juv. sk.

b'-i'. (J ad. ; k', t .
$ ad. sk. [w.
6a-7-2].

m'. S ad. sk. [w.

7-2].
n . Ad. sk.
o. Ad. sk. [w.G-8].

p'-v. Ad. et imm.

sk. [w.GG-7-1].
to',.c'. Ad.sk. [w.

6-9-7U].
y'. S ad. sk. [w.

6-8].
s', a". Ad. sk. [w.

6-8-7 -3].
b". Ad. sk. [w.

6-9].
c" , d". $ ad. sk.

«", f- 6 $ ad.
sk.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tarpon Springs, Florida,
Oct., March ( W. E. D.
Scott).

Bermuda, Sept., Nov.

Brownsville, Texas, March,
May, June, Sept. (F. B.
Aniisfronff).

^Vransiis Bay, Jan. 2 (/•'.
JJ. Armstrong).

Near tlie City of Mexico.

I'eto, Yucatan, April [G.
F. Gaumer).

Cozumel Islaad, Feb. [G.
F. Gaumer).

Lake of Diienas, Guate-
mala, So]>t. (O. Salvin).

Costa Kica (/. Carmiol).

Jamaica.
Haiti.

Anguilla Island, Dec, April
(C.S. Winch: Cory Coll.).

Anguilla Island {\V. li.
Elliot).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Caiit. Saville Keid
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

Baron Maltzam [C.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

West-India Commit-
tee, Kovid Society.
n2

180

g",h,". 5 ad. sk.

i". Ad. sk. [w.

6-8].
Ti". Ad. sk. [w.

6-4].
l"-o". Ad.sk. [w.

6-9-7-0].
p". S ad. sk. [w.

q",r". Ad. sk. [w.

6-7-6-8].
s". 2 ad. sk. [w.

6-6].
t". (S ad. sk. Fw.

7-2].
u", v' . Ad. ; w".

Juv. sk.
ar". cJ ad. sk. [w.

90].
y". Ad. sk. [w.

7-3].
z". 2 ad. sk. [w.

8-0].
«', b^. S' ad. ; c^,

(P,e^. 2 ad.sk.

[w. 8-3-8-5].
f\ 2 ad. sk.

ff^. Sternum.

S. Croix, Jan. {C.S. Winch :

Coi-y Coll.).
Montserrat {Sturge).

Guadeloupe, Sept. [F. A.

Oher).
Grenada, April, May, Aug.

[D. W. Smith).
Mustique Island, June 3

(D. W. Smith.)
Trinidad.

Antioquia, U.S. Colombia

(T. K. SalmoJi).
Qaifara, Brazil, April {J.

Natterer).
Brazil.

Peru, June.

Callao, Peru {A. H. MarJc-

ham).
Lairuna de Tambo, S. Peru,

Nov. 4 (H. White!,/).
Sacaj^a, Chili, Jan., March,

April.

Lujau Bridge, Campana
Railway, Buenos Ayres,
Oct. 29.

Jamaica.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sahin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
M. Claussen.
"Warsaw Museum.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Berkeley James Coll.

H. Durnford, Esq.

[C.].

Gosse Coll.

Subsp. a. Gallinula sandwichensis.

Gallinula chloropus {tiec L.),Blo.vham, Voy. ^Blonde' p. 250 (1826) ;

Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. i. p. 220 (1848) ; Hartl. Arch f. Naturff.

xviii. p. 137 (1852) ; Dole, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xii. p. 302 (1869).
Gallinula sp.. Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 50 (1859).
Gallinula sandviceusis, Streets, Ibis, 1877, p. 25 (Oahu) ; id. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 7, p. 19 (1887); Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 78

(Mauai : Oahu) ; Pidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 331 (1882) ;

Wilso7i Sr Evans, Av. Haw. pt. 4 (1893).
Gallinula galeata sandwichensis, Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 78

(1887), xii. p. 380 (1889).

Adult. Similar to G. galeata, but with a larger frontal plate,
shorter wing, more robust tarsus, " and distinguished by the absence
of white on the abdomen and under surface of the wing, as well as
its reduction on the margin of the same:" "frontal plate and bill
bright crimson, the latter tipped with yellow : tibia naked for about
an inch, and with a bright crimson ring; a decided crimson blush
on the front of the tarsus, deepening on the sides ; feet pea -green "
{T. H. Streets).

Hah. Sandwich Islands.

a. Skull.

Hilo.

45. GALLINULA. 181

•J. Gallinula angiilata.

Gallinula an^iilata, Siindev. (I'^fv. K. }'et.-Akud. Fork. Stockh. 1850,
p. 110; tichl. Must. Pai/.i-Bcts, Kalli, p. 4i» (ISOo) ; Layard, B.
S. Afr. p. 342 (1867 : Swellemlaui) ; (iurney in Anderss. li. Dam.-
Ld. p. '621 (1872 : Undonfra, breeding) ; Sharpe, in Oaten' Matabele-
Land, App. Birds, p. 331 (1881: Dry River; Tibakai's Vley) ;
Shelley, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 001 (Dar-es-Salaam) ; id. Ibis, 1882, p. 366
( Matabele-LaudJ ; Sharpe, ed. Layard' s B. >S. Afr. p. 624 (1884);
Heine ^- Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Ifein. p. 318 (1890 : S. Thomas) ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1892, p. 240 (Teita).

(lalliiiula ])umila, Sclater, Ibis, 18o9, p. 249, pi. vii. (Natal) ; Gray,
Hand-/. B. iii. p. 60, no. 10498 (1«71).

Galliuida minor (aucf. e.v Briss.), JIartl. J. f. O. 1860, p. 341 (Sene-
gal), 1861, p. 272 ; Bohin, J.f. O. 1882, p. 188 (Kakoma).

Adult male. General colour above brown, washed with greeni.sli
olive; wng-coverts rather more ashy grey ; bastard-wing feathers
b^o^v^l, edged \vith white ; primary-coverts and quills brown, exter-
nally ashy, the tirst primary white along the outer web ; tail-
feathers blackish ; head and neck all round and under surface of
body dark slaty grey, blackish on the* crown, sides of face, and
throat ; the flanks broadly streaked with white ; vent and median
under tail-coverts black ; remainder of the under tail-coverts white ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries slaty grey like the breast ; a line
of Avhitc along the bend of the wing : "frontal shield bright red;
bill bright yellow ; feet and toes grass-green, in some drab or flesh-
coloured tinged with light green " (C. J. Andersson). Total length
9 inches, culmen and frontal shield 1'2, wing 5'7, tail 2'3, tarsus
1"55, middle toe and claw 2-'6.

Adult females, according to Mr. Andersson, differ from the males
in being lighter grej- and having a nearly white chin and throat :
" frontal shield not so bright as in the male and tinged with orange
atbase"(C'. J. ^1.).

Yoanij. Browner than the adult, the upper parts being chocolate-
browu with a tinge of olive ; head dusky brown ; lores and eyebrow
ashy grey, as also the ear-coverts ; cheeks and throat white ; fore
neck and chest light brown, as also the sides of the breast ; remainder
of under surface hoary grey, darker ashy on the flanks; veut black;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-eovertvS and axillaries ashy
grey, edged with white; flanks broadly streaked with white, as in
the adult: "frontal shield orange-red" (C. J. A.).

JIab. The greater part of Africa.

a,h. c^ad. ; c,d, Accra, March, Mav, .Tulv Shellev Coll.

e. $ ad. sk. (J. Smith).

f. 2 nil- sk. Ambriz, Angola. Monteiro Coll.

t/,h. (S 2 ad. sk. Damara-Land. Tweeddale Coll.

«. cS ad. sk. Diy Kiver, Transvaal, Feb. W. E. & C. G. Gates,

27 (F. dates). Esqrs. [P..

k: 2 ad. sk. Tibakai's Valley(/: Oates). W. E. & C .(}. Gates,

Esqrs. rp.J.

/. Imm. sk. Makolaka Country. Dr. Bradsliaw [C.j.

m, n. (J 2 a^l- *'<• Dar-es-Salaaui(^'SV/\/.A7/-i). Shelley Coll.

182 EALLID^.

46. PORPHYRIOPS. ^

Type.

Poi-phyriops, Pitcher. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 278 P. melanops.

Hydrocicca, Cab. Arch.f. Nat. 1847, p. 351 P. melanops.

Uanye. South America, from the Argentine Republic to Chili and
thence north to Peru and Colombia.

1. Porphyriops melanops.

Cara negra, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 223 (1802).

llallus melanops, Vieill. N. Diet, xxviii. p. 5.53 (1819).

Fulica crassirostris, J. E. Gray, in Griffith\'> Anini. Kingd., Birds, iii.

p. 542, cum tab. (1829).
Gallinula crassirostris, Gould, in Darwiris Voy. 'Beagle,^ Birds, p. 133

(La Plata; Valparaiso) ; Bridges, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118; Gray,

Cat. GrallceBrit. Mus. p. 123 (1844); id. Gen.B. iii. p. 599 (1845);

Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, lialli, p. 49 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.

p. 66, no. 10502(1871).
Crex femoralis, Tschudi, Arch.f. Nat. 1843, p. 388.
Ortygometra carolinensis (?), Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 24 (1847).
Hydrocicca melanops, Cah. Arch.f. Nat. 1847, p. 351 ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1867, p. 333 (Chili) ; Heine % Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. .
p. 317 (1890).

Amaurornis femoralis, Bonap. C. R. xliii. p. 600 (1856).
Ortygometra melanops, Btirm. Reise La-Plata St. ii. p. 505 (1861 :

Eio Uruguay).
Porphyriops melanops, Scl. Sj- Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 461 : Pelz. Orn.

Bras. p. 315, note (1871 : Montevideo ; Panama) ; Scl. ^ Salv.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 a873) ; Durrf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163

(Buenos Ayres), 1877, p. 195 ; Sahin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 428 ;

Taczan. Orti. Perou, iii. p. 326 (1886) ; Scl. Sf Hudson, Argent.

Orn. ii. p. 156 (1889).
Porphyriops crassirostris. Pucker. Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 278 ; Scl. Sf-

Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 461 ; Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. viii.

p. .382(1865).
Porphyriops leucopterus, Salvad. ut supra ; Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S.

1868, p. 175.

Gallinula melanops, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 66, no. 10503 (1871).
Gallinula leucoptera, Gray, t. c. p. 66, no. 10.504 (1871).

Adult male. General colour above warm olive-brown, the sca-
pulars with a slight chestnut tinge ; wing-coverts more chestnut
than the back and slightly washed with golden olive ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, the former narrowly fringed
with white, the first primary white along the outer edge ; the inner
secondaries brown, washed with golden olive and edged externally
with white : tail-feathers dark brown ; head and hind neck brown
like the back, but the latter a little tinged with grey ; sides of face
dark ashy ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body slat}' grey,
washed with sandy colour on the fore neck and breast ; abdomen
whiter ; under tail-coverts pure white ; sides of vent barred with
white ; flanks ocellated with numerous ovate spots of white ; under
wing-coverts white, spotted or barred with dusky brown ; axillaries
regularly barred with brown and white : " legs and feet pale oli-

47. GALLICREX. 183

vaceous " (//. Durnford). Total length 9 inches, culmen 1*15,
wing 5-3, tail 2-3, tarsus I'fiS, middle toe and claw 2"4.
I/ah. The same as that of the genus.

a, b, c. Ad. sk. Bogota, U.S. Colombia. Salvin-Godmau Coll.

d. Imm. .sk. Brazil. M. Clauasen [P.].

'') /• cJ $ imm. Pelotas, lUo Grande do Salvin-Godmau Coll.

sk. Sul, ]?razil {Joyner).

(I. Ad. sk. Espartillar, near Buenos H. Durnford, Esq.

Apes, Sei)t. 10. [C.].

h. cJ ad. sk. Santiago, Chili {LeijholJ). Salvin-Godman Coll.

i. 2 ad. sk. Coquimbo Lagoon, Cliili, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nov. (A. 11. Markham).

k. Juv. sk. Central Chili {E. C. Reed). Salvin-Godman Coll.

l-t. Ad. et imm. Central Chili. Berkeley James Coll.

47. GALLICREX.

Type.

Gallicrex, Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. A». Hoc. p. 2S3 (1849) G. ciuerea.

Hypnodes, Ixcichenh. St/sf. JVut. p. xxi (18o2) G. cinerea.

Gallinulopha, L'p. Aim. Sci. Nat. (4) i. p. 150 (18.54) G. cinerea.

Range. Indian Peninsula and Ceylon, through the Burmese
countries to China and Japan : south to the Philippines, Java,
Sumatra and Borneo.

1. Gallicrex cinerea.

Crested Gallinule, Lath. (rcn. Si/n. iii. pt. i. p. 2i!7(178o).

Fulica cinerea, Gm. Si/sf. i^'at. i. p. 702 (1788).

Gallinula cristata, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 773 (1790, ?!cc Fulica cristata,

oj). cif. p. 779); Griiy, Cat. Gralhe etc. Brit. Miis. p. 123 (1844:

Manila; Java); id. Gi'ti. B. iii. p. .'599 (1845); Schl. Mus. Pays-
Bus, llalli, p. 39 (1865); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 67, no. lOoll

(1871) ; id. Fasc. B. China, p. 7 (1871); Vorderm. Xat. Tijdschr.

Nederl. Ind. xlii. p. 110 (1882).
Gallinula plumbea, FiriU. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 404 (1817).
Gallinula cinerea, Fieill. t. c. p. 404 (1817); Marten.% J.f. O. 1800,

p. 2!t (Manila).
Gallinula higubris, Ilorsf. Tran-f. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 195 (1820) ;

Gray, Fasc B. China, pi. x. (1871).
Gallinula gularis, Jlorrf. t. c. p. 195.
Galhnula na-via. Less. Traite, p. 534 (1831); Pucker. Rev. et May.

de '/.onl. 1851, p. 509.
Gallinula porphyrioides, Less. t. c. p. 534 ; Pucker, t. c. p. 509.
Kallus rufe.scens, Jerd. Madr. Journ, xii. p. 205 (1840 : Cochin).
Gallicrex cristata, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. pp. 283, 1660 (1849:

Calcutta); Hirinh. //'>/,<, 1861, p. 50 (Canton; Foochow), p. 411

(Amoy) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 223 (Banjarmassin) ; Jerd. B. hid.

iii. p. 710 (1804); Swinh. Il>ix, 18(>t), p. 297 (Fonnosa) ; Blyth,

Iln's, 1807, p. 171 ; Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 4:!8 (Tippera) ; Swinh.

P. Z. S. 1S71, p. 414 (S. Cliina to Szechu.-n) ; Iloldstc. P. Z. S.

1872, p. 475 (Colombo) ; Godw.-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xii. p. 142

(1872 : Khasia Hill.*) ; Adam, Str. F. i. p. 3!)8 (1873 : Sambhur) ;

Sdmd. Ucc. Born. Y>- 340 (1874); B/i/th S,- Wald. B. Biinn.

p. 101 (1875) ; Hume, Sir. F. v. pp. 247, 829 (Sind) : id. Str. F.

vii. p. 187 (1878); Skarpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 271 (Lawas River) ;

184 EALLID^.

Butler, Cat. B. Smd etc. p. 66 (1879) ; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 186

(Perak) ; Parker, B)is, 1{;83, p. 194 ; Blakist. Amended List B.

Japan, pp. 24, 42 (1884) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 178 (Nagasaki), p. 268

(Kiiikiang) ; Oates, ed. I£u7ne's iVes^s 4' -Effff^ -^"f^- ^- iii- P- 287

(1890).
Crex lugubris, Reichenb. Handb., Fulic. Novit. pi. lix. figs. 2572-73

(1851), teste Salvad.
Hypnodes cristatus, Beichenb. St/st. Xat. p. xxi (1852).
Gallicrex ciuerea, Wald. Ibis, 1873, p. 317 (Andamans) ; Hume,

Nests ^ Eggs Ind. B. p. 596 (1873) ; id. Str. F. ii. p. 300 (1874) ;

Cripps, t. c. p, 531 ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 187 (1875) ; Swinh. Ibis,

1875, p. 134 (Chefoo) ; Walden, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 229 (1875) ;

Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 471 (Tonghoo : breeding) ;

David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 484 (1877) ; Hume ^ Davison, Str.

F. vi. p. 466 (1878 : Tenasserim) ; Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 229 (1878) ;

Cripps, t. c. p. 305 (Faridpur) ; Hume, t. c. p. 489 (Calcutta) ;

Legne, B. Ceylon, p. 791 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. riii. pp. 70, 113

(1879) ; Doir/, t. c. p. 371 (E. Narra : breeding) ; Htime, Str. F. ix.

p. 121 (1880: ivlang); Barnes, Str. F. x. p. 167 (1881); Oates,

Handb. B. Brit. Burnt, ii. p. 349 (1883) ; 3Iurray, Vertebr. Faun.

Sind, p. 26 (1884: Aaral; Sehwan) ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Ibis,

1886, p. 160 (Manila) ; Stejn. Proc. U.S. Nat. Miis. ix. p. 405

(188(3) ; Everett, Journ. ,Straits Br. Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 203 ; Seeb.

B. Jajxin. Fmp. p. 360 (1890 : Nagasaki) ; Steere, List B. &i Mamm.

E.vped. Pliilipp. p. 25 (1890 : Marindiique).
Hypnodes cinereiis, Heine •$' Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 31 7

(1890).

Adult male. General colour above black, -with a few remains of
ashy-grey margins to the feathers, or with brown edgings to the
scapulars, lower back, and rump ; upper wing-coverts blackish,
broadly edged with ashy grey ; the feathers round the bend of the
wing white ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish
brown, slightly shaded with grey externally, the first primary
externally white ; the inner secondaries edged with light brown ;
tail-feathers blackish, edged with brown ; head and neck all round
and under surface of body deep black, including the under tail-
coverts ; a few whitish feathers on the lower abdomen ; the under
tail-coverts buffy white, with black bars ; under wing-coverts
black, barred and edged with white ; axillaries black like the sides
of the breast : " frontal shield and base of upper mandible deep red ;
remainder of bill yellow, a spot on each side of the lower mandible
red ; frontal ])rocess or horn pinkish ; legs plumbeous green ; claws
horn-colour ; i:is reddish brown ; eyelids plumbeous " (E.W. Oates).
Total length 16-5 inches, culmen with frontal shield 2-7, wing 8-6,
tail 2-9, tarsus 3-1.

According to Mr. Oates, the male in winter has the fleshy process
on the head reduced in size or nearly obsolete.

Adult female. General colour above dark brown with a slight
ashy shade, the feathers with sandy-buff margins, so that the
upper surface appears streaked ; the lower back and rump rather
more uniform ; wing-coverts ashy grey, the greater series browner,
with fulvous margins like the inner secondaries, which have
dusky frecklings also on the outer web ; bastard-wing ashy brown,

47. OALLICRE.V.

185

the outer feathers edged with ■wliite ; primary-coverts and quills
brown, externally shaded with ashy, the first primary white
along the outer web ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with lighter
brown ; crown of head uniform dark brown, forming a cap; hind
neck like the back ; lores, eyebrow, sides of face, and sides of neck
dark sandy buff ; throat white, as also the centre of the abdomen ;
remainder of under surface from the lower throat downwards pale
isabelliiie buff, crossed with narrow wavy bars of dusky brown ;
lower flanks rather more uniform ashy brown ; uuder tail-coverts
more tawny, with dusky brown cross bars ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries uniform ashy brown, the edge of the wiug white : quills
uniform ashy brown below. Total length 12 inches, culmen 1-5,
wing as, tail 2-(). tarsus 2-7, middle toe and claw 3-0.

Youmj. liesembles the old female, but is much more tawny
everywhere, especially on the sides of the face, neck, and underparts,
the latter being much more narrowly and indistinctly barred with
dusky brown than in the adult birds.

Jlal). The same as that of the genus.

a. cS imm. ; h, c.

[2] ad.sk.
d. cS ad. sk.

e,f. S 2 "<1- sk.
y, h. Ad. sk.
i. S ad. sk.
k, I. S ad. sk.
m. $ ad. sk.

n, o. cJ nd. ; p, q.

$ ad. sk.
;•. cJ ad. sk.

Cevlon.

14

u. 6
$ ad.

iT.

s, f. <S ad.

jr. ; V, 71-

et jr. sk.
.r, .(/. J ad,

ad. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
b'. cj ad.

$ ad. sk.
e',/". S itum. ; r/.

/*'. 2 imm. sk.
*'» ^'- 6 2 ad. sk,
F. $ juv. sk.

m', «'. (S ad. ; o'.

d jr. ; p'-s'.

2 ad. sk.
/'. cJ ad. .sk.
«'. (S imm. sk.

Cotta, AV. Ceylon, Sept

(Hart).
Ceylon (R. Neville).
Anjango, Travancore.
Faizabad, Oudh, July 6.
Dacca.
Faridpur, June 2 (J. li.

C'npps).
Tippera (V. Incin).

Dibrughiu-, June 19 [J. 7?.

Cripps).
Pegu, May to August.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Dates Coll.

z. 2 Tongboo, July [R. G. W. It.). Tweeddale Coll.

Imm.

, Ad. i

sk.
k.

X.E. of Rangoon, June 10.

South Andanians, Dec. to
March (1{. G. W. Ji.).

South Andamans, April, Mav
(Ji.J. Wimberley).

Tort Blair.

Aberdeen, May 1 {!]'. Davi-
son).

Tavoy, Tenasserim, April, May
( Jr. Davison).

Thatone (W. Davison).
Attaran River, March 16 ( W.

Davison).
Cochin China.
Province Wellesley (Dr.

Cantor).

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

>r. E. Pierre [P.].
India Museum.

186

sk.
z', a", b" . 5 ad.

8k.
c", d". S ad. et

imm. sk.
e". fj' ad. sk.

/". 2 ad. sk.

g". Imm. sk.
A". Ad. sk.

«'', Z;". cj ad. et

juv. sk.
I", d ad. sk.
m"-o". (5 ad. et

imm. sk.
p"-t". d ad. et

imm. sk.
u". d ad. sk.
v". 5 ad. sk.

2t'", x". 5 juv. sk.

y". S _ad. sk.
«''. (f imm. sk.
a^. d ad. sk.
b^, c*. (S ad. sk.
d^. S ad. sk.
e^ 2 ad. sk.

Penang (Dr. Cantor).

Klang, Salangore, Dec, Jan.

( W. Davison).
Malacca (Dr. Mamgay).

India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.

Java {Horsfiekl).

Java [Horsjield).

Java.

Batang Lupar, Borneo.

Canton, China.

India Museum.
(Type of G. lugubris.)
India Museum.
(Type of Gallinula gularis.)
Tweeddale Coll.
A. H. Everett, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Canton, May {R. Sicinhoe).
Shanghai (/. It. .Reeves).

Tweeddale CoU.
Gould Coll.

Shanghai, May, June (H. Seebohm Coll.

S2vi?2Jioe).

Shanghai, June. Shanghai Museum.

Hankow, summer [R. Sivin- Tweeddale Coll.

hoe).

Hankow, summer {M. Swin- Seebohm Coll.

hoe).

Kiukiang, May. Tweeddale Coll.

Chefoo, May {R. Sioinhoe). Seebohm Coll.

Ningpo, May {R. Sivinhoe). Seebohm Coll.

Fokien. Goidd Coll.

Amoy, May {R Sioinhoe). Seebohm Coll.

Nagasaki, Japan. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].

48. PSAMMOCREX *. ^ ^

Psammocrex, Oustalet, Le Naturaliste, ii. p. 509 (1884) . . P. petiti.

Range. Lower Congo.

1. Psammocrex petiti.

Psammocrex petiti, Oustalet, Le Nat. ii. p. 509 (1884).

Female. Forehead and eyebrows ashy grey ; chin white ; throat
and sides of neck yellowish ; the feathers of the hack tinged with
reddish black and ashy grey, the breast with fulvous and ashy : bill
bluish ; feet rosy flesh-colour ; iris reddish. Total length 17 inches,
bill 3"4o, wing 8'85, tail 4-1, tarsus 3-15, middle toe without claw
1-85. (Oustalet.)

Hah. Landana, Lower Congo.

* I followed Dr. Oustalet in placing this genu8 near to Gallicrex, as I had
never seen the bird. Mr. Keulemans, however, has recently made a sketch of
the type for me, and it is evident that Psammocrex petiti is Himantornis hama-
topus {supra, p. G9), an identification in which Dr. Oustalet, I believe, concurs.

49. rORI'IIYRIOLA. 187

49. PORPHYRIOLA. ,__^

Type.

Porphyrula, Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc. p. 283 (1849 ;

de-sn: nulla) P. alleni.

loDoniis, Ih-iehenh. Kat. Si/.sf. p. xxi (1852) P. martiiiica.

Glaufesteti, Jii-ichinh. Nat. >Si/st. p. xxi (lSo2) P. parva.

Hydroruia, Hart/. Orn. Wckafr. p. 'IV-i (18.">7) P. alleni.

I'oi-plivriola, nomeyi emend, pro Porphyrula, Blyth,

Siiudvv. Av. Mdh. Tent. p. 131 (1872) P. alleni.

lonociuca, Sa/uad. Blench, ticc. Itul. p. 230 (1887) .... P. alleni.

Range. Southern Europe (accidental), the whole of Africa,
Eastern North America, south throughout Central and the greater
part of South America.

Key to the Species.

a. Below purplish bhie ; abdomen and thighs black.
«'. Wing-coverts externally green, like the quills ;

lower back and rump black alleni, p. 187.

h'. Wing-coverts externally blue ; primaries exter-
nally green ; lower back and rump green .... martinica, p. 189.

b. Below white ; wings externally greyish blue parva, p. 191.

1. Porphyriola alleni.

Poqdiyrio alleni, rhomps. Ann. 4" May. N. II. x. p. 204 (1842) ;
Gray, Lid (iralhe Brit. Mns^. p. 121 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 598,
pi. clxii. (1845) ; Allen ^- Thoinps. Exj). Niyer, i. p. 332, ii. p. 507
(1848) ; Beiehenb. Handb., Fulicaria;, tab. cix. fig. 1 104 (1852) ; Bolle,
J.f. 0. 1857, p. 341, 1858, p. 457 ; Cass. Proc. Bhilad. Acad. 1859,
p. 175 (Camma P.); Mont. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 112 (Bembe) ; Ilartl.
J.f. O. 1801, p. 272; E. Xeu-t. Ibis, 1803, p. 458 (Madagascar);
Doderl. Avif. /Sicil. p. 204 (1809) ; Finsch ^- Ilartl. Voy. Ost-Afr.
p. 785 (1870); Selys-Lonych. Ibis, 1S70, pp. 452-454 (Sicily) ; Gray,
Iland-l. B. iii. p. 05, no. 10487 (lb71); Giirnei/, in Anderss. B,
Dam.-Ld. p. 32^ (1872) ; Shelley, B. Eqt/jit, p. 27(i (1872) ; Heuyl.
Orn. N. O.-Afr. ii. pt. i. p. 1228 (1873) ; Beichen. J.f. O. 1874, p. 370
(Cameroons) ; Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 189 (1877:
S. Spain) ; Hartl. Voy. Madai/. p. 340 (1877) ; Gi//l. Icon. Avif. Ital.
fasc. ii. (1879) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 307, pi. 502 (1880) ; Bocaye,
Orn. Amjola, p. 485 (1881); Sharpe, in Gates' Matabele-Ld. p. 324
(1881); Milne-Edwards ^- Grandid. Hist. Nat. Maday., Ois. i.
p. 593, pi. 245 (1882) ; Bbhm, J. f. 0. 1882, p. 188 (Zanzibar) ;
Sharj)e, ed. Lai/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 021 (1884); Bbhm, J.f. O.
1885, p. 38 ('Ugalla River); Fischer, t. c. p. 117 (Zanzibar;
Barawa) ; Ai/res, Ibis, 1885, p. :UG (Transvaal); Hart erf, J. f. O.
1880, p. 008 (Loko); Beichen. J.f. O. 1887, p. 108 (Cameroons) ;
Shelley, Ibis, 1888, p. 304 (.lipi) ; Milne-Edwards ^- Oust. A. Arch.
Mus. (2) X. p. 279 (1889: Mayotte ; Podriguez ; Madagascar);
Biittik. Notesi Leyden Mus. xi. p. 77 (1889 : Ilunipata) ; E. Newt.
Tr. Norw. S,- Norf. N. H. Soc. iv. p. 552 (18Si): Podriguez) ;
Beichen. J.f .0. 1889, p. 207 (Zanzibar) ; id. J. f. O. 1890, p. 108
(Delta of Cameroons).

Por])livrio chloronotus, Bli/th, J. A. S. Seng, xviii. pt. 2, p. 820
(1849).

Porphyrula chloronotus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 283 (1849).

188 RALLIED.

Galliuula mutabilis, Simdev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. 1850, p. 132.
Poi-pliviio madagascariensis {nee auct.), Meichenb. Ilandb., Fuli-

cavm, tab. cviii. figs. 1094, 1095 (1852).
Gallinula poi'plivrio {nee Lath.), Temm. MSS. in Mns. Liiyd. ;

Hartl. J.f. O.^lSoS, pp. 357, 361.
Cgesaromis alleui, i?/j. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856).
Hydrornia porphvrio, Bp. t. c. p. 599 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 243 (1857) { Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 488 (Faiitee).
Porpliyrio Yariegatus, Guirao, Cat. Met. Aves Prov. Mureia in Meal

Acad. Sci. Madrid, iv. p. 554, pi. ii. (1856, teste Howard Saunders) ;

Bayos \j Prosper, Ann. Sci. Esp. xv. p. 109 (1886).
Porphyrio (Csesarornis) alleni), Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 243 (1857 :

Elmina).
Gallinula alleni, ScM. Mus. Pays-Pas, Ralli, p. 38 (1865).
Porphyriola chloronotus, Sutidev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 131 (1872).
Porphyrula chloronotus, Hume, Sir. F. vii. p. 456 (1878).
Hydrornia alleni, Salvad. Orn. Ital., Ucc. p. 233 (1871) ; Oustal. N.

Arch. Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 116 (1879 : Doume) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1881,

p. 211 ; id. Avif. Ital. p. 353 (1886) ; id. ibid. 1st Resoc. p. 550

(1889).
lonocicca alleui, Salvad. Flench. Ucc. Ital. p. 236 (1887).

Adult. General colour above dull olive-green, more dusky on the
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ; marginal coverts of the wing
blue, the median and greater series green like the back ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts blue ; quills dusky, externally bluish
green ; the inner secondaries olive-broAvn ; tail bronzy olive ; head
all round blackish with a purjjlish gloss ; the hind neck and sides of
neck rather brighter blue ; entire under surface of body greyish
purple, blacker on the vent and thighs; under tail-coverts white;
axillaries black : under wing-coverts blackish, those near the edge
of the A\dng brighter blue : " bill dark red ; frontal shield dusky ;
tarsi and feet crimson : iris reddish brown " ( T. Ayres). Total
length 11 inches, culmen with frontal shield l'8o,Anng 6'1, tail 2"0,
tarsus 2-1, middle toe and claw 2"8.

YouHCj. Different from the adult. General colour above ochreous
brown, with blackish centres to the feathers ; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts blackish, the feathers margined with dark
oehreous ; wing-coverts dark olive-greenish, with ochreous margins,
the marginal coverts more blue ; quills dusky, externally olive-green ;
the first primary whity brown along the outer web ; the inner
secondaries dark brown, with ochreous margins ; crown of head
reddish brown ; sides of face and under surface of body deep
ochreous buff, increasing in depth of tint on the flanks and under
tail-coverts ; the throat and centre of breast and abdomen paler ;
under wing-coverts dusky brown, edged with white ; axillaries
blackish, tipped with ochreous ; quills sepia-brown below.

Hab. Africa generally, with Madagascar and Eodriguez ; accidental
in Southern Europe and the Canary Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Senegambia. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Fantee [Gov. Ussher). Shelley Coll.

c. d. Ad. sk. Egga, River Niger. Capt. Mochler Ferryman [P.].
e. Ad. sk. Bembe, Angola. Monteiro Cull.

40. PORPHYRIOLA. 189

f. cf ad. sk. Rustenbern; district, Eastern Guraey Coll.

Transvasil, Dec. ( T. Lucas).
(J. Juv. sk. Transvaal (1\ Oates). W. E. & C. G. Gates,

Esqrs. [P.].
h. Ad. sk. Jipi, Lamu. F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].
I. Ad. sk. Musshra Req, Equatorial F. Boliadorff [C.].

Africa, March.
A". Skeleton. Africa. Zoological Society.

2. Porphyriola martinica.

Le Petite Poule-Sultane, Brhs. Orn. v. p. 526, pi. 42. fig. 2 (1760) ;

Buf. Ilht. Xaf. Ois. viii. p. 206 (1781).
Fiilica martinica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 2-59 (1766).
Martinico G illinule, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. i. p. 255, pi. 88 (1785).
Fulica niartinicensis, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 700 (178S) ; VHerm. Cat.

Ois. Giiadel., teste Lawr. Froc. U.S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 450 (1878 :

Guadeloupe ; Martinique).
Galliniila martinica, Lath. Incl Orn. ii. p. 769 (1790) ; Temm. PL

Col. text to ])1. 4So ; Jurd. ed. Wilsoji's Amer.Orn. iii. p. 188 (1832) ;

Baird, Ii. N. Amir. p. 753 (1858) ; Jones, Nat. in Bermuda, p. 46

(1859); Bn/ant. Froc. Bust. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 122 (1859: Bahamas) ;

Scl. F. Z. S. 1864, p. 179 (City of Mexico) ; 3Iarch, Froc. Philad.

Acad. 1864, p. 69 (Jamaica) ; Schl. Mus. Fai/s-Bas, Ralli, p. 38

(1865) ; Dresser, Ibis. lsi;6, p. 41 (Texas) ; Bryant, Froc. Bost. Sac.

N. H. X. p. 257 (1866 : Porto Rico) ; Sundev. CE/o. K. Vet.-Akad.

Forh. Stockh. 1S69, p. 601 (S. Bartholomew) ; Allen, Bull. Mus.

C. Z. Cambr. ii. p. 358 (1871).
Yahana celeste verde, Azara, Apiint. iii. p. 243 (1802).
Yahana garganta celeste, Azara, t. c. p. 253 (1802).
Porpliyrio cyauicoUis, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxviii. p. 28 (1819).
Gallinuhx porphvrio, Wils. Amer. Orn. ix. p. 67, pi. Ixxiii. fig. 2

(1814).
Crex martinica, Licht. T'erz. Dotdd. p. 79 (1823).
Porphyrio tavoua, Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 170, pi. 267 (1834).
Por])hyrio martinicus, And. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 12'^, pi. 303 (1842) ;

d'Orb. in Ramon de la Sayra's IL N. Cuba, p. 265 (1839) ; Gray,

List Gralkeetc. Brit. Mus. p. 121 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 598

(1845) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 377 (1847) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara,

p. 24 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. lieis. Guian. iii. d. 761 (1848);

Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 392 (1856); Scl. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 230

(Peten) ; Moore, F. Z. S. 1859, p. 64 ; Brewer, Froc. Bost. Soc. N.

R. vii. p. 307 (1860: Cuba) ; Scl. F. Z.S. 1861, p. 81 (Jamaica);

id. Sf Sail'. F. Z. S. 1864, p. .•J72 (Panama); E. C. Taylor. Ibis,

ISIU, p. 96 (Trinidad), p. 171 (Porto Rico); Leot. Ois. Trinid.

p. 501 (186(')) ; Scl. ^- Salv. F. Z. S. 1867, p. 592 (R. Amazon) ;

Sah: 76i>, 1868, p. 115 (Costa Rica) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 186S,

S459; Beinh. Vid. Medd. Nat. Foren. Kjohenh. 1870, p. 41 ( Miuas
eraes); Finsch, F. Z. S. 1870. p. .589 (Trinidad); Wi/att, I/jis,
1871, p. 3S3 (Lake Paturia) : Felz. Orn. Bras. pp. 317. 4o9 (1871) ;
Gray, lland-l. B. iii. p. 65, no. 104'^9 (1871 ) ; Cones, Key N. Amer.
B. p. 275 (1S72) ; Scl. F. Z. S. 1872, p. 6.53 (Santa Lucia) ; id. if
Salv. Nomencl. Ar. Neotr. p. 140 (1873) ; Later. Mem. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. ii. p. 312 (1874 : Rio de Collhuana) ; id. Froc. U.S. Nat.
Mus.i. p. 197 (1878: St. Vincent), p. 487 (Dominica); Scl. ^
Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 540 (Medellin) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 178

190 EALUB^.

(1880) ; .4&W, Bull. Kutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 169 (1880) \ A. 8f E.

Newton, Handh. Jamaica, p. 115 (1881) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177

(Guiana) ; id. Ibis, 1889, p. 378 (Cozumel, Ruatan) ; Bed. J.f. O.

1889, p. 321 (Upper Amazons) ; Gurney, Zool. (3) xiv. p. 74 (1890 :

Hampshire).
Gallinula martinicensis, Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 812

(1833 : R. Itahype).
lonornis martinicus, Beichenb. Syst. Av. p. xxi (1852) ; Merrill, Prnc.

U.S. Nat. Mm. i. p. 165 (1878 : S. Texas) ; Eidgio. op. cit. iii.

pp. 11, 202, 231 (1880) ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21 p. 47

(1881); Coues, Chech-l. N. Amer. B. p. 112 (1882); Stearns,

Netu England B.-Life, ii. p. 292 (1883) ; Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridgw.

Water-B. N Amer. i. p. 384 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B.

2ncl ed. p. 076 (1884) ; Cory, B. Haiti, p. 162 (1884) ; A. O. U.

Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 143 (1886) ; Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.

ix. p. 629 (1886 : Grenada) ; Beckli. op. cit. x. pp. 367, 651 (1887 :

Texas) ; Wayne, Auk, v. p. 109 (1888 : South Carolina) ; Chapm.

t.c. p. 270 (Florida); Scott, Auk, tI. p. 155 (1889: Florida);

Cory, B. West Ind. p. 258 (ISm) \ ShufehU, Ibis, 1890, p. 129.
Porphyrula martinica, i?p. C. E. xliii. p. 599 (1856); Gundl. Orn.

Cuba, p. 300 (1876).

Adult. General colour above olive-brown, stronglj- washed with
green, especially on the scapulars and upper back ; wing-coverts
blue, washed with green, the marginal series brighter blue ; bastard-
wing and primary-coverts blue ; quills dusky, externally dull green ;
the inner secondaries olive-brown ; tail-feathers dark olive-brown ;
crown of head blackish, with a purplish wash, which extends over
the sides of the face ; hind neck bright blue, with a wash of bright
green ; entire under surface of body dull purplish blue, the under
wing-coverts and axillaries lighter blue ; greater lower coverts with
hoary-white margins ; under tail-coverts pure white : " bill red,
green at the point ; toes yellow ; frontal shield sky-blue " {Neu-
tvied). Total length 10 inches, culmen with frontal shield 1-7,
wing 6-5, tail 2-3, tarsus 2-3, middle toe with claw 3.

Yo^mq. Entirely olive-brown above, with scarcely any wash of
green ; the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail brown ; wing-coverts
pale greenish blue, washed with olive and tipped mth a margin of
ochreous ; crown of head brown : sides of face and under surface of
body light fulvous brown, deepening on the tlanks ; throat, abdomen,
and under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries
light bluish, edged with white : " toes not so pure yellow as in the
adult, more greenish yellow ; bill orange-coloured at the base, greenish
colour for the remainder " {Neuwied).

Hah. Brazil and Amazonia, Guiana and Colombia, throughout
Central America and the West India islands, north to Florida, Texas,
and occurring occasionally as far as the Kew England States. Once
in England.

a b (5 9 ad. sk. South Carolina, June 10 Salvin-Godman Coll.

' ' {Heyish. Coll.).

c. cJ ad. sk. Ocklawaha River, Florida, Salvin-Godiiian Coll.

April (C. H. Merriam:

Bensh. Coll.).

49. poRrnvEioLA.

191

d-m. c? ad- ; n-z.

2 ad. ; a'-e .

Juv. sk.
f'-k'. S ad. ; t-

y. $ ad. sk.
!?'. '■'• 6 2 ad. sk.

s'. 2 ad. sk.
<'-w'. Ad. sk.

x' . Ad. sk.
y'. Ad. sk.

s'. Ad. sk.

o", 6". $ ad. sk.

c". Imm. sk.
rf". (^ ad. sk.
^"if"-S 2 ad.sk.

<j". Ad. ; A", j".

Tull. sk.
k". cS ad. sk.

/". Imni. sk.
vi". 2 ad sk.

«". Ad. sk.
o". Ad. sk.

Ad. sk.
Ad. St.

r". Imm. sk.
s". c? ad. sk.
t",u". Ad. sk.

?;". Ad. sk.
tv". Ad. sk.
.r". Imm. sk.
y" . Imm. st.
z" . Skeleton.
«^. Sternum.

De Soto Co., Florida, April
to Nov. ( W. R. Bean).

Brownsville, Texas, April,
May ( W. B. Armstrvng).

Tampico, Mexico, .June ( /F.
B. liic/iardso7i).

Oaxaca (Fenochio).

Cozumel Island {G. F.
Gaumei-).

Kuatan Island (6-'. J'. Gaiimer).

Orang-e Walk, British Hon-
duras, Dec. [G. F. Gaumer).

Guatemala.

Lake of I'eteu, Guatemala,
April (O. >S'.).

Vera Paz, Guatemala.

Costa Kica (J. Carndol).

Lion Hill, Panama {J. Mc-
Leannnn)

Santa Lucia {Semper).

Porto Rico (G. Latimer).

S. Vincent {D. W. Smith).
Autioquia, U.S. Colombia,
( T. K. Salmon).

Anduas, Ecuador ( C. Buckley).

Ca^-eune.

Deraerara {Hemh. Coll.).
British Guiana.

Surinam (Kappler).
Amazons (.1. 7i. Wallace).
Pernambuco, Brazil ( ]\'. A.

For hex).
Bahia, Brazil (Dr. Wucherer).
Araguav (./. Natterer).
At sea, 5° N. lat., -Hi^ \\. long.
South America.
N. America.
Jamaica.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

U.S. National Mu-
seum [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman ClU.

Salvin-
H. C.

[P.],
Salvin-
Sir R,

[P.],
Salvin-
Salvin-
Salvin-

■Godman Coll.
Rothery, Esq.

■Godman Coll.
, Schomburgk

•Godman Coll.
Godman Coll.
•Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
No History.
J. Gould, Esq.
Salvin-Godman Coil.
Gosse Coll.

3. Porphyriola parva.

La Favorite, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. i'07 (1781).

La Favorite de Cayeime, D'.iuhent. PI. Fnl. ix. j)l. 897.

Favourite Galliniile, Lath. Gen. Sijii. iii. i)t. i. p. :.'.jG (1783).

Fulica ])arva, Iloud. Tabl. VI. Enl. p. 54 (1783).

Fulica Havirostris, Gm. Si/st. Xat. i. p. 699 (1788).

Porphvrio flavirostris, Vieill. N. Diet. (FJlKif. Nat. xxviii. p. 29

(1819) ; Grai/, Li.^t Gralla-. Brit. Mus. p. li>i' ( 1844).
Pori)hvrio simplex, Gould, in Daricin's Voi/. ' Bear/le,' Birdg, p. 13.3

Porphyrio parva, Grai/, Gen. B. iii. p. 5:^9 (^184o) ; Scl. i.y Salr.

192 EALLID^.

P. Z. S. 1887, p. 592 (Amazon E.), 1868, p. 460 ; Pek. Orn. Bras.

pp. 318, 459 (1871) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. m. p. 65, n. 10490 (1871) ;

Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Nentr. p. 140 (1873); Graham Kerr,

Ibis, 1892, p. 149 (Pilcomayo).
Glaucestes flavirostris, Reichenb. Si/st. Nat. p. xxi (1852).
Poi-phyrula martinica, pt., ^^j. C. R. xliii. p. 599 (1856).
Gallinula parva, Schl. Mus. Fays-Bas, Ealli, p. 39 (1865 : Surinam ;

Cayenne),
lonornis parva, Baird, Brewer, 8f Ridgiv. Water-B. N. Anier. i.

p. 384 (1884).

Adult female. General colour above bright reddish brown, washed
with olive ; lower back and rump uniform dark bro^v^l ; upper tail-
coverts and tail also dark brown, but with whitish edges to the tips
of the feathers ; wing-coverts light greenish blue ; quills dusky,
externally greyish blue, the inner series of coverts and the inner
secondaries being coloured exactly like the back ; centre of crown
and hind neck reddish brown like the back ; lores, eyebrows, sides
of face, and entire sides of neck blue-grey, spreading on to the
sides of the upper breast ; cheeks, throat, and under surface of body
white, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries ; quills
greyish brown below : " iris reddish brown ; bill and shield light
green ; legs and toes yellow-ochre ; claws orange-brown " (If.
Whitehj, AISS.). Total length 9-5 inches, culmcn with frontal
shield 1-2, wing 5, tail 2"7, tarsus 1"S, middle toe and claw 2"6.

Hah. Guiana and Amazonia to the interior of Brazil.

a. Ad. St. River Amazon. J. Gould, Esq.

b. Juv.sk. Hixev Amazon {A. R.Wallace). Salvin-Godman Coll.
c 9ad.sk. A;mai, British Guiana, June 10 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(if. Whitely).

50. PORPHYRIO*.

Type.

Porphyrio, Briss. Orn. v. p. 522 (1760) P. porphyrio.

Caesarornis, Reichenb. Natiirl. i>yst. p. xxi (1852). P. poliocephalus.

[Cf. Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sci. Torino, xiv. pp. 1165-1170;
Blliot, Str. F. vii. pp. 6-25 (1878).]

Range. The whole of Africa and Madagascar, the Mediterranean
countries, eastwards to India, and through the Burmese countries
to Southern China; thence through the Malayan Archipelago to
Australia and New Zealand and the South Sea Islands.

* I have not been able to determine the following species : —

1. Porphyrio palliatus.

Porphyrio indicus, var. palliatus, Briiggem. Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen,

V. p. 89 (187C)).
Porjihyrio calvus, var. palliatus, Blasius, Zeitschr. iii. pp. 154, 179 (1886).

Hab. Unknown.

•")!•. I'liHI'llYKhi. 193

KiiJ til ill,' SjH'cirH.

II. liincr secoiidai'it'S ilccii ]iiir])le, lilu^ llio rest

of the l)ack niid wiiiirs; tail-featliers

bliickis)], slijilitly washed with purple .... cf/'nilfus, p. I'.M.

b. luuer secondarie.s green or bluish green ;

tail-featliurs jjreeu, or black washed with

green.

It'. Mantle and upper back olive-gi-een like the

inner secondaries ; rest of wing puii)lish

bhu' lilve the under surface por/>/ii/n'o, p. lit-").

b'. ^Mantle and upper back purplish blue ;
wing.s brighter and more greenish blue,
but contrasting with the brea-^t, which
is purplish blue like the back.

a". Sides of body purplish blue j^oUocephalus, p. U>7.

b". Sides of body lighter blue bemmeUni, p. 200.

r. Inner .secondaries black or brown, sometimes
olive-brown, like the rest of the back.
e . Wing-coverts black or brown like the
back, with blue round the bend of the
wing,
c". Thighs indigo or de'^p blue, contrasting
with the purple under surface ; frontal
shield very much swollen, and in-
clined to be ridged on the sides.
a'". Without any distinct gloss of olive-
greenish on tlie back and scapulars,
which are often tinged or washed
with blue ; outer greater coverts
for the most part blue, or washed
with bhie.
«'. Head and sides of face slightly

glos.sed with puqjle calvus, p. 200.

A'. Head and sides of face and tliroat

mostly hoary grey edioardsi, p. 201.

//". Witli a distinct wa^h of olive-green
on the back and .scapulars, the outer
greater coverts witli scarcely any
blue on them cllioti, p. 202.

The following bird was also probably a Porphijrto : —

PORPHYUIO C.F.UUI.ESCENS.

Oiseau bleu, D. B. (Anon.) 16(5',); (/. StricM. 4- yfelvi/k. Dodo, etc.. p. .'>".».
.Vptorornis cffirulesoens, Si/i/s-Lo)i(fchamps, Hev. Zool. 1848, p. 294.
Cvanornis erythrorhynclnis, lip. Coiisp. ii. p. li (1854).
Porpliyrio (Xotornis y) eierulescens, Sc-h/. Ibh, 186(5, pp. 146-168 ; (</. Ann.
6V(. .V((/. (5) vi. pp. 25-4!) (1866).

Formerly living in Reunion.

The foUowin',' is an extinct species from Queensland: —

PoitlMlVIJIO MACKISTOSni.

Porphyrio maokiutoslii, Dc J'is, Proc. Linn. .Soc. X.S. U'liUs (2) vi. p. 440.
1)1. xxiv. lig. 2rt (1^92).
ol,. X.MM. u

194

d". Thighs purplish or purplish browu, like

the flanks.

c'". With a throat-patch of brighter blue,

which extends on to the fore neck

and chest.

C*. Back generally black. , , „ nnr,

5 T * ' .J o o - • 1 bellus, p. 202.

a\ Larger: tarsus •3-b-.3w inches.. { , .,' '^ ■ ono
° I cnat/iamensis, p. 202.

b'. Smaller : tarsus 3 inches smaragdinus, p. 203.

d*. Back generally brown sainuensis, p. 204.

d'". "With no distinct patch of blue on

the throat, the whole of the under , , , on-

j. 1 -J. me/ationotiis, p. 20o,

surlace being uniiorm - , • ' Vinf

T\7- „ 4-11 J. J.- ■^^ \ peieicensis, p. 20b.

. VVmg-coyerts blue-grey, contrasting vnih '■' ' ^

the brown back jmlvendentKs, p. 207.

1. Porphyrio cseruleus.

The Purple Bird, A/bin, Kat. Hhf. B. iii. p. 79, pi. 84 (1747).

The Pui-pleWater-Hen, Edicards, Kat. Hi.'<t. B. ii. p. 87, pi. 87( 1747).

La Poule Sultane, ou Le PorphTOon, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. yiii.
p. 194(1781).

Purple Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 254 (1785).

Fulica Cferulea, J'andelli, Flor. et Faun. Lusit. Spec, in Mem. Acad.
Seal Lisb. i. p. 37 (1797).

pLilica porphyrio (e.vcl. syn.), Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 699 (1788).

Porphyrio liyacinthus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 698 (1820) ; Weimei;
Atlas, Gralle.% pi. 6 (1827); Gould, B. Eur. \\. pi. 340 (1837)_;
Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cii (1844) ; Costa, Faun. Begno Napoli, pt. i.
p. 69, pt. ii. p. 35, tay. xiii. (1857) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 357
(Eastern .Itlas) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 80 (Tuggurt), p. 159 (Lake
Halloula) ; Homeyer, J.f. O. 1862, p. 430 (Balearic Isles) ; Bree,
B. Fur. iv. pL to p. 77 (1863) ; Brake, Ibis, 1867, p. 428 (Marocco) ;
Wright, Ibis, 1869, pp. 253, 254 (Malta) : Saunders. Ibis, 1871,
p. 225 (S. Spain) ; B. Gray, B. W. Scot I. -p. 337 (1871) ; Irby, B.
Gibr.ji. 146 (1875: Tangier, S. Spain); Koenig, J. f. 0. 1888,
p. 275 (Tunis).

Poi-phyrio hyaciuthus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. pt. i. p. 256 (1824).

Porphyrio chloiynothus, Roux, Orn. Prov. pi. 333 {1825, nee Vieill.).

Porphyrio antiquorum, Bonap. Faun. Ital., TJcc. tay. 44 (1832-41);
id. Comp. List B. Eur ^- N. Amer. p. 54 (1838) ; Salrad. Faun.
Ital, Ucc. p. 234 (1871) ; Romita, Agg. Orn. Pugliesi, p. 13 (1890 :
Lake Lesina).

Porphyrio yetevum {nee S. G. Gmelin), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 598
(1845) ; ReicJiejib. Handb., Fulicarice, tab. cyiii. fiss. 1092-93
(1852) ; Jauh. et Barth.-Laponwi. Rich. Orn. p. 492 (1859: Basse
Camargue) ; Loche, Eipl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 345 (1867) ; Smith,
Ibis, 1868, p. 455 (Portuoal) ; Fritsch, Vot/. Eur. tab. xliii. fig. 7
(1870) ; Saunders, Ibis. 1871, p. 225 (S. Spain); Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 64, n. 10476 (1871) : Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 336 (Sardinia) ;
Dresser, B. Eur. yii. p. 299, pi. 500 (1876) ; Elliot, Str. F. yii.
p. 14 (1878). _

Poq^hyrio cajsius {e.r Barrere), Schl. Mtts. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 52
(1865) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 265 (1867) ; Doderlein,
Avif. Sicil. p. 202 (1869): Hancock, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumh.
and Durham, yi. p. 126 (1874).

Porphyrio cseruleus, Scl. Ibis, 1870, p. 186 (Bagdad, Hedjaz) : id.

oil. I'OKi'nvHK). lOo

Hhs, 1881, v- 3 "8: fiiyl. t. c. y. 110; id. Itouogr. Aiif. Hal.
fasc. zi. (1881); B. O. U. List Jirif. B. p. 149(1883); Tristr.
Faun. Sc Flor. Pnlest. p. 12') (1884 : Marshes of the Iluleh) ; Reid,
Ibis, imo, p. 252 (Mhtocco); Gitfl. Arif. Ifril. p. .•{oo (1886);
Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 2.'.7' (188(5); Gi<jl. Avif. Jttil. 1st
Kesoc. p. ool (188U) ; More, Zool. (3) xiv. p. 24 (1890: Irelaml) ;
Brusimi, Orn. Croat, p. 84 (1890).

Adult. General colour above dull puqilish blue including the
winces, -which are slightly brighter purple on the marginal coverts ;
quills black, externally purplish blue; the innermost secondaries
almost entirely of the latter colour ; tail-feathers black, externally
washed with purple ; crown of head like the back ; region of the
eye and lores blackish ; the feathers behind the eye, ear-coverts,
sides of face, cheeks, throat, fore neck, and chest glistening blue ;
the entire breast, abdomen, aud sides of body as well as tbe thighs
sooty blackish slightly glossed with purple; under tail-coverts
white : under ^^-ing-cove^ts like the breast, the greater scries and
lower primary-coverts black like the quill-liuing : " frontal plate
and bill bright sealing-wax red : legs flesh-red ; iris lake-red "
(//. E. Dresser). Total length 10 inches, culmen and frontal shield
2-8, wing 10, tail 3-5, tarsus 3-S5, middle toe and claw 4-9.

Hah. Countries bordering the Mediterranean east to Mesopotamia.
Spain and Portugal to the South of France, eastwards to Sicily;
accidental in Italy and probably other countries to the eastward.

a. Ad. sk. Algeria. Purchased.

b. o ad- sk. Catania, Sicily, Marcli 30 Shelley Cull.

(E. C. Taylor),
r, d, e. Skeletons. Euro])e. Purcliased

/. Skeleton (skull i:urope. Purchased.

wanting).
</. Stfrnuin. Algeria. Purclias.-d.

'1. Poi*phyrio porphyrio.

La Poule Sultane, Briss.. Orn. v. p. 22, pi. 40. fig. 1 (1760).

Pulica porplivrici, Linn. Si/st. Xat. i. p. -J-'tH (1766); Ft>r.<ter. Df.<cr.

An. ]). 4;t (1844).
I>a Taleve d.- MaibiLra-car. Daitlienf. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 810.
Crey-iieadt-d Galliuule, Lath. Gin. isifn. Suppl. i. p. 370 (1787).
Gallinula porphyrio. Lath. Lid. Orn.'W. p. 76» (1790).
Gallituila luadaga^cariensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ixviii (1801).
Porjilivrio ciilorvnothos, Vifill. N. Diet. d'JIid. i\a/. xxviii. p -'4

(IM'9). • ^

Porphyrio siunragnotus, Temm. Man. ii. p. 700 (1820); Gr.ri/. Lid

GralUe Brit. Mux. p. 121 (1844); Gurnet/, 76jx, 18.'>9, j). 249

(Natal); Jlartl. J.f. O. 1861. p. 272 ( Keta, .Slave Coa.-t); Dodcrl.

Arif. ^icil. p. 204 (1869) ; Fin.sch ^- Hartl. Viig. Ost-Afr. p. 783

(1870) ; Salcad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 234 (1871) ; Gray, 'llanJ-l. H.

iii. p. 64, n. 104S0 (1871); Gitrneij in Anderss. U. Daniara-Ld.

p. 325 (1872: Daiuara, (U. NauMqua-Ld., Lake liegions) ;

I>;w.w, i;. JiW. vii. p. 303, pi. 501 (187(;): Rartl. Vog. Madag.

p. 345 (1877) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, y,. 4 f<4 (18^1: Rio Coroca,

Mossamedes) ; Miln-.-Edtcards \ Grandid. Hist. Xaf. Madag.,

o2

lOG . EALLID.-R.

Oh. p. 537, pis. 242-244 (iS32) ; B. O. U. Lid Brit. B. p. 150

(1883).
Porphyrio erytbropus, /S'i!e/jA. Gen. Zool. xii. pt. i. p. 255, pi. -'il (1824) ;

Lai'iard, B. S. Afr. p. a41 (18(i7).
Porphyrio antiquorum {/tec Bp.), Gray, List Grallee Brit. Mus.

p. 120 (1844).
Porpliyrio madagascariensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 598 (1845) ;

Hai-tl. Faune Madag. p. 81 L (1861); 8cL Lbis, 1861, p. 116

(Mauritius) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 165 (Ilivondro); Boch Si- E.

Neiot. Ibis, 186.3, p. 173 (Tamatave) ; Schl. Mm. Pays-Bas, Ralli,

p. 54 (1865 : Senei^al).
Porphyrio hyacinthinus {nee Tenun.), Biipp. Sy.'tt. Uebers. p. 128

(1845) : Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 277 (1872 : Fayoom).
Porphyrio chloronotus, Brehm, J. f. O. 1853, Extra-Heft, p. 103 ;

Loc/ie, Erpl. 8ci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 340 (1867) ; Sehjs-Longch. Ibis,

1870, p. 454 (Sicily)'; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 65, no. 10488 (1871) ;

Met/er, Abbild. Voqel-Skele'tt. pi. xxxix. (1883) ; Gurnen. Zool. 1886,

p. 71 ; Oust. Bihl. Haut Etudes, xxxi. Art. x.p. 11 (1886: Somali).
Porph3'rio segyptiacus, Heiigl. Syst. Uebers. ji. 65 (1856).
Porphyrio ap.^ Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 335 (Quihmane).
Porphyrio smaragdonotus, Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 469 (Xatal) ;

Brehm, J. f. O. 1871, pp. 34-39; Ilevgl. Orn. N.Ost-Afr. ii.

pt. i. p. 1230 (1873 : Lower Egypt ; Lake Menzaleh) ; Ayres,

Ibis, 1880, p. 271 (Transvaal) ; Sharpe, ed. LnyarWs B. S. Afr.

p. 619 (1884) ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1885, p. 117 (Ragamoyo) ; Salmd.

Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 238 (1887); Gigl. Avif Ital. p. 356 (1886) ;

Schaloiv, J. f. O. 1887, p. 226 (Mpa'ra) ; Reichen. J. f. 0. 1889,

p. 268 (Quilimane) ; Giql. Avif. Ital. 1st Resoc. p. 551 (1889);

More, Zool. (3) xiv. p. 24 (1890 : Ireland).
Porphyrio smaragdonotus. Gurnet/, Zool. 1879, p. 458 ; Giyl. Ibis,

1881, p. 211 (Sicilv) ; Brtisina] Orn. Croat, p. 84 (1890) ; Sibree.

Ibis, 1892, pp. 105,'ll4.

Aclidt male. General colour above green with a slight wash of
blue on the mantle ; the scapulars and feathers of the lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts somewhat olivaceous, with green
edgings to the feather.s ; the Anng-eoverts purplish bhie, brighter
blue along the lesser series ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills black, externally greenish blue : inuer secondaries green like
the back and inner greater coverts ; tail-feathers brown, externally
olive-green ; crown of head, sides of neck, hind neck, and under
surface of body purplish blue ; sides of face, ear-coverts, throat,
and fore neck bright greenish blue ; lower abdomen blackish ;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts purplish blue as well
as the axillaries ; lower gnpater coverts and lower primary-coverts
black, like the quUl-lining : ;" bill and frontal shield bright lake-red ;
feet rosy; soles brick-red; iris brick-red" (Heiii/lin). Total
length 16 inches, culmen with frontal shield 2-75, wing 9-0, tail 3-4,
tarsus 3-35, middle toe and claw 4-5.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 16
inches, culmen with frontal shield 2'55, wing 9"7, tail 3'4, tarsus 3*4,
middle toe and claw 4*6.

Young. Differs from the adult in being everywhere duller in
colour ; the back dull olive-green, with scarcely any blue on the

.")(!. PDlllMlVlUi). 107

v(in<;s, tlie breast niul sides of the bodj- asliy with .-vn olive tinge;
liead, neck, and tlii^'lis dull ashy purple.

Ilnh. Tlie j2;reater jiart of Africa and Madagascar, ranging north
to Egypt, and occasionally occurring in the countries of the Mediter-
ranean.

ft. It. \A. >k. Egypt. Sir J. Bowring [P.].

c. J ail. ; (/, c. Eavooni, Egv]>t, Mai'cli Shelley Coll.

$ ad. sk. \(}. E. SX'

f. S ad. .<]v. Daniirtta (Filipponi). Shelley Coll.

(/. $ ad. .sk. Zulu- Land, .June (frordf/f). Shelley ('(jll.

h, i. cJ ad. ; k, I. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Guruey Coll.

2 et juv. sk. May, July, Aug., Oct. ( /'.
Ai/ri-s).

m, n. 2 ad. sk. Natal ( T. Ay res). Tweeddale Coll.

o. Ad. St. Cape of fiood Hope. J. Gould, Esq.

/). S ad. sk. Madagascar (_ Waters). Shelley Coll.

q. Ad. sk. Madagascar. J. Plant [C.].

r. Ad. sk. Taniatave, Madagascar. J. G. Haggard, Esq.

[P.].

'^. Porpliyrio poliocephalus.

Porphyrio veterum, .S". G. Gm. Jit-i.<:. IihusI. iii. p. 79, note, tab. 12
(1774: Persia and Casiiian Sea*.

Gallinula poliocephala, Lat/t. Ind. Or)i. SupjyL p. l.wiii (1802).

(irey-headed Gallinule, Lath. Gen. Hyn. ISuppl. ii. p. 37o (1802j.

Eulica porphyrio, Pall Zoor/r. lirL^xo-Asiat. ii. p. lot! (1811).

I'orphvrio polioeephaUis, Vieil/. X. Diet. d'Hht. Nat. .xxviii. p. 89
(lei'.l); L'/i/t/i. Cat. B. Mhs. a.". Soc. p. 28:? (1849: Calcutta);
Lai/ard, A?i>i.^- Mag. Nat. Hint. xiv. p. 268(1854); Irhy, Ihi.-i,
ISiil, p. 246 (Oudh); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 713 (1864); Blyth,
Ibis, 1867, p. 71 ; Beavan, Ibis, 18(>8, p. 39o ( liarrackpore) ; God-
icin-Aust. J. A. S. Beng. xxxi.x. p. 274 (1870: Ivhasia Hills);
Blanf. op. cif. xl. p. 276 (1871 : Wardha Valley) : Hukhir. P. Z. S.
1872', p. 47o (Colombo); Ha^ies Ll«i,d, I/ii.s, 1873, p. 418 (Kathia-
war); Ball, Str. I', ii. p. 432 (18i'4: Chota Nagpui-) ; Blyth ^
Wald. B. Burm. p. 161 (187o: Aracan) ; Butler, Str. F. iv." p. 20
(1876: N. Guzerat); Hiatte, t. c. -p. 20, note (Sind, etc.); Oateg,
*Y/-. F. V. p. 16.5 (1877 : Pegu) ; Hume ^- Davison, Str. F. vi.
p. 4()4 (1878: Tenasserim) ; Elliot, Str. F. vii. p. 22 (1878);
Cri/)ps, t.e. p. ."{Go (Earid]iur: breeding); Hume. Str. F\ viii.
p. 113 (1879); Le(/r/e, B. Ceylon, p. 795 (1879); Butler, Cat. B.
Sind <<r. p. 66 (1879); id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 79 (1880:
S. Konkan); Bingham, Str. F\ ix. p. 197(1880: Tlioungyeen);
Hume, t.c. p. 2o9 (Cachar): Barnes, Str. F. ix. p. 459(1881:
Chanian) ; Parker, t. c. p. 483 (Cevlou: breeding) ; Beid, Str. F.
x.p. 72 (1881 : Lucknow) ; Simsoii, Ibis, 18f^2, p^ 94 (E. Bengal) ;
Swinh. t. c. p. 122 (Candahar) ; Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 322 (1882:
Khamleisb); Gates, Handh. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 351 (1883);
Parker, Ihis, 1883, p. 194; Seeh. Ibis, 1884, p. 429 (Lenkoran) ;
Murrai), Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 260 (1884) ; C. Sicinh. S,- Barnes,
Ibix, I'xSn, p. 135 (Mhow: breeding); Parker, Ibis, 1886, p. 187;
McGregor, Str. F.s.. p. Ai\ (18.><7: Mahratta Country) : Hume, Str.
F.x\. p. 32(i ( 1 888 : Manipur) ; St. John, Ibis, 1 88! •. p. 1 77 (Quetta) ;
Gates, ed. Hume's Nests ^- Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 384 (_1890).

11)8 ■ KALLJVJE.

I'oiphyiio smaragnotus (nee Tenim.), SijJ^es, P. Z. S. 1882, p. lOo

(l)eccan).
Porphyrio hyacintliinus (nee Teimn.), Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Euss.

Merid. iii. p. 275 (1840) ; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Miis., Grallce,

pi. 117 (no: .562) ; id. in Grciifs Zool. Misc. p. m (1844).
Poiphyrio indicus {nee Horsf.), Gray, List Grallce etc. Brit. Mus.

p. 120 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 598 (1845); id. List Mamm. etc.

Nepcd pres. Hodys. p. 143 (1846).
Porpliyrio neglectus, Schl. Mus. I'ays-Bas, Ralli, p. 53 (1865) ; Graj/,

Haiid-l. B. iii. p. 64, no. 10477 (1871) ; Hume, Nests 8r Eggs Ind.

B. p. 694 (1873); id. Sir. F. i. pp. 125, 136, 249 (1873: Sind) ;

id. op. cit. ii. p. 483 (1874 : Yeaboo) ; id. op. cit. iii. p. 185 (1875 :

Pegu) ; Bkmf. East. Pers. ii. p. 289 (1876 : Bagdad).
Porphyrio veterum, liadde, Orn. Cave. pp. 40, 380, pi. xxi. figs. 3, 4,

pi. xxiv. (1884) ; 8cl. Has, 1885, p. Ill, 1886, p. 521.
Porphyrio cferuleus (wee VandelU), Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 227 (Astra-

chan), 1883, p. 27 (Caucasus).

Adult male. General colour above purplish blue, the wings
brighter and more greenish blue ; intiermost secondaries slightly
washed with green ; tail-feathers blackish, externally washed with
blue ; hinder crown and nape purplish blue like the hind neck, but
a little more dusky ; region of the eye ashy ; sides of face, throat,
fore neck, and chest vivid greenish blue ; entire breast, sides of
body, and flanks bright purjilish blue ; thighs dull greenish blue ;
under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries dark
greenish blue, the greater series and the lower primary-coverts
blacldsh like the quill-lining : " anterior half of bill dull red, the
basal half and the whole culmen nearly to the tip blood-red ;
round the nostrils white ; central portion of the frontal shield deep
red, the edges brighter red ; eyelids plumbeous ; legs and toes
red, the joints more or less brown ; claws dark horn-colour " {E. W.
Oaies); "iris red '' ( TF. V. Legge). Total length 18 inches, bill
and frontal shield 2-6, wing 9"9, tail 3'6, tarsus 3"4, middle toe and
claw 4*65.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length
17 inches, culmen and frontal shield 2-5, wing 9*2, tail 3*7, tarsus
3*4, middle toe and claw 4-5.

In the majority of specimens of this species the sides of the face,
throat, hinder crown, and nape are ashy grey, with a little blue on
the face. This ashy-grey colour on the head and neck I believe to
be caused by the abrasion and wearing of the feathers.

Young. Covered with greyish down, the feathers as they appear
resembling those of the adult ; abdomen Avhitish.

After the first moult young birds resemble the adult, but are not
so brilliant in colour, and have the lower breast and abdomen ashy
grey.

Many specimens killed in the breeding season have greyish or
isabelline margins to the feathers, which may be peculiar to the
full plumage or may be a mark of the young birds of the previous
year.

f)(l. I'OKIMIVUII).

11)9

Ilah. From the Caiicasus to .Mesopotamia, At'j;liaiu.stan, aud
tliroiij2;li<>ut the Indian Peninsula and Ceylon and tlie Jiurmose
eountiies to Tenasscrini.

a. Ad. St.
I), o' ad. sk.
<: ? ad. .sk.

d. 9. ad. sk.

e. (S ad. sk.

f. (J. Ad. .><k.
'h. S ivd. .sk.

/. Ad. sk.

k. $ ad.;/. Ad.sk.

m-p. c? 2 ad. sk.

'/. S *id. sk.

/•. Ad. .^k.

s, t, u. Ad. sk.

I'. Ad. ; w, .v.

Juv. .sk.
V. Ad. St.
c. «'. d 2 'id. sk.

b'. Ad. sk.

<•'. Ad. sk.

d', e'jf. cS nd. et

imm. ; </',/(', i'.

2 ad. sk.
/.•'. Ad. sk.
r Ad. sk.
vi'. Ad. sk.
m'. Ad. sk.
o'. cJ ad. sk.
p'. c? ad. sk.
y'. cJ ad. sk.

»•'. $ ad..-k.

s'. Ad. .sk.
r. Ad. sk.
m'. Ad. sk.
v'. Ad. sk.

w, a:'. Ad. sk.
u'. d ad. ,sk.
z'. Ad. sk.
a"-d". Ad. sk.

p". c? ad. sk.
/". $ ad. sk.

Biigdad, Mesopotamia.

Mesopotamia ( ('ontinandcr

Jones).
Mar.-ihes of liabyloiiia {t'oin-

viander Jotiea).
Caiidaiiar, Afghanistan,

Mareh 13.
Peshawur {Griffith).
Kurnaul, Punjab, Feb.
(Jurgaou Distr., Aug'. 1 ( /F.

\: Chill).
Ivajpootana.
Etawah, Aug. 19.
.Iliansie, Aug., Sept,
AUaliabad, Aug.
Oudh, March.
Uudli.
Nepal.

Nepal.

Nepal Terai, March (Bid-

dulph).
Kamroop, Assam, Feb. (-1.

jr. Chennell).
Cachar {J. Inr/lis).
Logtak Lake, Manipur, March

{J. O. II.).

Dacca.

Calcutta, Dec. (J. Biddulpk).

Calcutta, Feb. {A. 0. H.).

Raipur.

Saugor.

Bhundara, Mai-cli 10.

Depalpur, Jan. 11.

DImlia, Kliandeish, May 3 {J.

David.iott).
Deccan {Sykes).
Madras.

Cochin {F. Day).
Trevandrum, 'I'ravaucore,

June 21 {F. Bourdillon).
Cejdon.

Cevlou, .Tan. 17 (-S. Chajmian).
Ceylon [H. Xcvill).
Tonghoo, Burma, Mav (li. G.

W. R.).
Pegu, Jan. 9.
Thoimgyeen Vallev, Dec. 30

(C. T. Biiiffham).

Sir Kenneth l.oftns

[P.].
India Museum.

India Museum.

Colonel Swinlioe

[P.].
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Pinwill Coll.
Hodgson Coll.

Hodgson Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume C(dl.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Colonel Swinhoe

[P.].
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
India iNIuseum.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Colonel I^iogge JjP.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Gates Coll.
Hume Coll.

200 RALI.lDj:.

(/' . $ ad. sk. Assoon, March 6 ( W. Lim- Tweeddale Coll.

horg).

h",i". 5 ad.sk. KsiBoon (W. Davison). Hume Coll.

h". Ad.sk. Yeabou, March 2 {W. Davi- Hume Coll.

son ) .

t', m", n". India. Zoological Society.

Skeletons.-

4. Porphyrio bemmeleni.

Porphyrio bemmeleni, Bitttik. Notes Leyd. Mits. xi. p. 191 (1880 :
Lake Toba, Sumatra).

Adult (type of species). Similar to P. poliocephaJus, but differs in
havino; a grey wash over the head, face, and throat, and in having
the sides of the body blue instead of purplish blue. {Mas. Lugd.)

Hah. Sumatra.

5. Porphyrio calvus.

Porphvrio calvus, Vieill. N. Diet. (THist. Nat. .\xviii. p. 28 (1819) ;
EUiot, Str. F. vii. p. 16 (1878).

Porphj'rio indicus, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 194 (1820) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 698 (1845) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bns, Ealli, p. 55
(1865) ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Faun. C'entralpolyn. p. 170 (1867); Gray,
Hand-l. B.n\. p. 64, uo. 10481 (1871); Waldm, 7V. Z. S. vii.
p. 92 (1872, pt.) ; Salvad. Ucc. Bor?i. p. 342 ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879,
p. 141 (Celebes) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlii. p. 118
(1883); Blastus,J. f. 0. 1884, p. 219 (S.E.Borneo; breeding);
Guillem. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 560 (Limbotto) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr.
Nederl. Ind. xlvi. p. 222(1887), xlix. p. 416(1889: Sumatra);
Everett, Journ. Straits Branch Asiat. Soc. 1889, p. 203.

Adult male. General colour above dusky blackish, but glossed
with purplish blue on the mantle and to a less extent on the lower
back and rump ; scapulars and wings olive-greenish ; the lesser
wing-coverts cobalt-blue ; median and greater coverts olive-green
with bluish bases ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dusky
blackish, externally dull cobalt -blue; inner secondaries olive-green ;
tail-feathers blackish, washed with olive ; cro'mi of head blackish,
as also the feathers above the eye ; nape and hind neck, as also the
sides of the neck, rich purplish blue ; lores, eyebrow, and sides of
face dusky blackish, with a few spots of blue on the cheeks ; throat
dusky, spotted with greenish blue ; lower throat, fore neck, and chest
bright greenish cobalt, contrasting with the rest of the under
surface, which is rich purplish blue ; abdomen blackish ; sides of
lower flanks and thighs greenish blue ; vent black ; under tail-coverts
white ; under wing-coverts greenish blue ; axillaries black, edged
with greenish blue ; quills below black, like the lower greater coverts
and lower primary-coverts : " feet deep flesh-colour ; claws light
horn-colour ; iris carmine " (A. J. Vordennan). Total length 15-o
inches, culmeu with frontal shield 2-45, wing 9-4, tail o'o, tarsus
'&'2o, mid toe and claw 3'8.

Other Javan specimens, probably ft males, do not show such a

.")". roitPiiYitio. 20l

distinct wasli of blue or green upon the back, being in fact more
dingily coloured. None of the ilaoassar birds show so much green
lustre on the back as those froiu Java, but they have the same
greenish-blue thighs and are apparently specifi(;ally identical. The
Javan bird when in full plumage seems to have two swollen lateral
ridges to the hinder part of the frontal shield.

The Macassar skins have rather smaller bills, and have not the
lateral ridges of the frontal shield so developed as in Javan
examples, but L believe that the birds from Southern Celebes will
be found not to be distinct from the Javan bird. It is probable also
that the species extends to Xorthern Celebes, as some of the speci-
mens from tiorontalo in the Leyden Museum appear to be the same
as Javan birds, wlnle those from Aycr Tannas and Tondano are
P. siiKd-ajdinus.

llah. Java, Sumatra, S.E. IJorueo, and Southern Celebes.

a d. Ad.sk. ia.\-A (Ilursfield). India Museum.

(Types of P. indicus.)
e,f. Imm. sk. Java. Tweeddale Coll.

</.' S !id. sk. Java {Dinrd). Salvin-Uodman Coll.

//, ('. d 2 ad. sk. Macassir, Celebes. Wallace Coll.

k, I. Ad. sk. :Macassar ( Wallace). Tweeddale Coll.

(i. Porphyrio edwardsi.

Torphyrio indicus, Ei/ton (>iec Uor.<f.), P. Z. S. 1839. p. 107 (Malacca).
TorpliVrio edwardsij Elliot, Aim.' X. H. (5) i. p. 9S (1878: Cochin

Chiiia; Siam); id. titr. F. vii. p. -23, pi. 2 (1878); Tiraut, Bull.

Comm. Ayric. Cochin Chine, (3) i. p. 160 (1879).
Porpliyrio smaragdiuotis {nee T.), Scl. Ibis, 18t54, p. 246, note

(Siani).
rorpliyrio calvus (nee J'.), Kelhum, Ibis, 1882, p. 186 (Pemk) ;

Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 70 (1879: Malacca).

Adult male. Similar to P. calvus, but generally hoary grey on
the sides of the face and throat as well as the hind neck, therein
resembling 7'. />o//oc<7(7K(/».f : "bill datk red. shaded with brown;
iris deep red "' ( W. Davison). Total length IS inches, culmcn and
frontal shield 2-S, wing lO-l, tail ;3-4, tarsus ;5-45, middle toe and
claw 4-;J5.

This species is to my mind very doubtfully distinct from P. calvus
of Java, for I believe that the hoary grey appearance of the face
and neck is merely caused by the abrasion of the feathers, as is
apparently the case with P. poUocephahnt. J)ark-faced specimens
occur in the Malayan Peninsula which I can hardly distinguish from
P. calvus.

Hal). From Cochin China and Siam, south to the Malayan
Peninsula.

a e. Ad. sk. Cochiu Cliina. M- E. Pierre ^P.].

J-k. Ad. sk. Vpiuuv^ {Dr. Cantor). India Museum.

'l-o. Ad. sk. Kliing. Salangorc, Jan. 20 ( W. Hume Coll.

Davifon).

202 EALLID.T^.

7. Porphyrio ellioti.

Porpliyrio indicus (wee Horaf.), Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 556.
Porphyrio eWioti, Salvad. Atti Ji. Accad. Torino, xiv. p. 1168 (1879),

xviii. p. 322 (1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 283 (1882).
Porphyrio calvus (ncc V.), Scl. Hep. Voy. ' Challenyer,' ii. p. 33 (1881).
Porphyrio neobritannicus, Meyer, Abhandl. Mus. Dresden, no. 4,

p. 15 (1891).

Adult male (type of species). Only distiBguished from P. calvvs
hy its diugy-coloured thighs, which are of a dull indigo, and by the
flattened frontal shield, which shows no signs of the posterior
swollen ridges. Total length 15-5 inches, culmeu with frontal
shield 2*8, wing 8"9, tail 3, tarsus 3-2, middle toe and claw 4.

This race is scarcely to be separated from P. ixihnts from Java.
It seems to be a somewhat larger bird, and to have the wing-
coverts less mixed with blue ; nor is there any blue wash on the back.
1 do not attach much importance to the greenish gloss of the upper
surface, which Count Salvadori considers to be one of the specitic
characters ; in mj' opinion this is only due to the fresh condition
of the plumage. It is, of course, difficult to judge of the validity
of any species of Porphyrio without a large series for comparison.

Hab. Admiralty Islands and l^ew Britain.

a. c? ad. sk. Admiralty Islands. Voy. fl.M.S. ' Challenger.'

(Type of species.)

b, c. Ad. sk. Yiti Levu, Fiji Islands Voy. II.M.S. 'Herald.'

{P. M. Rmjner).

8. Porphyrio bellus.

Porphyrio bellus, Gould, P. Z. 8. 1840, p. 176 ; id. B. Amtr. vi. pi. 70
(1841); Peic/ie7ib. Voy. Neuholl. p. 213 (18o0) ; id. Eandb., Pvli-
cari(p',iVi\s. ( ix. fig. 1103 (1852) ; Gould, Hundb. B. Amtr. ii. p. 322
(18t;5) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. r,Q (1865) ; Biggies, Orn.
Austr. pi. 110 (c. 1870) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 64, no. 10479
(1871); liamsay, Proc. Limi. Sor. N. 8. JV. ii. p. 199 (1878);
JElliof, Str. F. vii. p. 15 (1878) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 21
(1888) ; id. Proc. Limi. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ii. p. 177 (1888: Derby).

Adult. Back black ; a distinct shade of verdigris-blue on the
tliroat and fore neck ; thighs purplish like the flanks : " bill red ;
knees, lower part of tarsi, and inside of feet dark greenish grey ;
remainder of feet and legs dark green " (/. Gould). Total length
17'5 inches, culmen with frontal shield 3, wing lO'B, tail 3"6,
tarsus 3-6, middle toe and claw 4'6.

Hab. Western Australia.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Tweeddale Coll.

b. Ad. sk. W. Australia (J. T. Cocherell). Salvin-Godman Coll.

9. Porphyrio chathamensis.

Porphyrio melanotus (wee T.), Travel's, Trans. N. Z. Inst. i. p. 125

(1868).
Porphyrio chathaiueusis, Shiirpe, Ibis, 1^93, p. 531.

T)'!. I'OKI'HYIUO. 2l»;l

Adult. Similar to P. /hHks, but M-ith the throat entirely black
like the sides of face and cro'wn ; fore neck and chest ^\ith a shade
of deep bine, contrasting -with the purple of the underparts ; the
lesser wiiig-coverts also brighter blue than the breast : thighs
entirely black, like the lower abdomen. Total length 17 inches,
cnlnien and frontal shield 2*6, wing 10*3, tail 4-3, tarsus 3-7,
middle toe and claw 'S'ti.

Hah. Chatham Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Chatham Islands. Colonial ^luseum, Wellington [P.].

(^Type of species.)

10. Porphyrio smaragdinus.

I'orphyrio smaragdiiiiis, Tcnim. I'l. Col. v. pi. 421 (1826: Band a ;

.lava): lific/it^nh. Haiidh., Fidiciirice, tab. cix. tig. 1102 (1852j ;

Ftnuch, Aeu-fi'in'iicii, \>. 181 (18Uo).
Porphvrio pulverulentus {iiec T.), Grcnj^ List GruUce Brit. Mtcs. p. 121

(isil, pt.).
ror])hvrio vitiensis, Tealc, U.S. Expl. E.vp., Birds, p. 221, pi. 62. fig. 2

(1848); Harfl. Arc/i.f. Natiirg. 1852, p. 118: Cass.U.S. Kvpl. Kip.,

Birds, p. .'iOD (]8.")8): Grai/', B. Trop. M. Pocifc Orean, \). 53

(18."i9); Finnh lV Hurt I. Faun. Vcntraljwhjn. p. 172, Taf. :di. tig. 3

(1807): Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 65, no. 10484 (1871): Fittsch,

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 26 ; F. L. Lat/ard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 (Fiji) ; id.

Ibis, 1880, p. 232 (Loyalty Isl.j, p. 292 (Vate Isl.) ; H. L. V L. C.

Lai/ard, I/ii.'f, 1882, p. 5.36 (New Caledonia), p. 544 (New

ll.'brides) : Bidi/ir. Prvc. U.S. Xat. Mus. iv. p. 331 (1882).
l\ir])hyrio melanopterus, Hp. C. 2i. xliii. p. 590 (1856, e.f Temni.

MS'S.) ; Gray, Hnnd-l. B. iii. p. 65, no. 10483 ( 1871 ) : Stilvad. Ann.

.Mus. Genov. viii. p. 384 (1876 : Bomni), ix. p. 48 (1876 : Bioto) ;

Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Jl'. i. p. 395 (1877 : Port Moresby) ;

S/iarpc, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zoo/, xiii. pp. 320, 505 (Port Moresby) ;

Banisay, Proc. LJnii. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 297 (1879 : Labike River) ;

Sharpc, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 688 (1879) ; Salrad. Atti li.

Accad. Torino, xiv. p. 1166 (1879); id. Ann. Mu.<. Genov. xviii.

p. 322 (1882) ; //. (). Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, ]>. 426 (Timor Laut) ;

id. Nat. Wand. Malai/. Arch. p. 394 (1885 : Hourou) ; Grant,

P. Z. S. 1887, ]). 3;!3 (Faur.)).
Poq)hyrio nielanotus (nee T.), Junjic/i, Neu-Guinea, p. 181 (1865);

h' Albert. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 30 (Hall Bay).
Porphyrio melanonotiis, 1)' Albert, (nee Temrn.) Ayni. Mus. Genov.

vii. p. 799 (1875); Salvad. Atti Li. Accad. Torino, xi\. pp. 1I6(),

1169 (1879).
Porjihyrio aneiteumensis, Trisfr. Ibis, 1876, p. 265 (Aneiteum).
Poq)hyrio sanioensis (nee Peale), Fin.fch, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 726

(Toiigatabu) ; id. t. c. p. 775 (Eua, Fiiendlv Islands); id. J'oy.

JL.M.S. ' Challenyer; ii. p. 39 (1881); Ifiylesw. Abhundl. k. Zool.

Mus. Dresden, no. 6, p. 62 (1892, pt.).
Por])hvvio indicus (nee Ilor.^f.), Lenz, J. f. 0. 1877, p. 379 (Cernni);

Bo-H-nb. .Malay. Arch. 1879, p. 324 (Ceram), p. 373 (Aru Islands).
Por])hyrio bellus [nee Gould), E. L. Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 263 (New

Cak-donia).
Porphvrio samoonsis aneiteumensis, Jl'iylestc. Abhandl. k. Zool. Mas.

Dresden, no. 6, p. 62 (1892).

Adult. Similar to P. calvuf, but with greyish-purple thighs like

204 RALLID.I,.

the breast, and with a much more uniform blue chest, which, though
differing from the colour of the breast, is not cobalt-blue as in
P. calvus, but is of a more greyish hue ; it is. in fact, a small race
of the Australian P. belhis. Total length 15 inches, culmen with
frontal shield 2-7, wing 9-3, tail 3-5, tarsus 3, middle toe and claw 3'8.

I cannot see any material differences between specimens from the
localities recorded below, and they seem to belong to one species ;
but though the bird from Levuka cannot be separated from those
from ^^ew Guinea, those from Ovalau and some other Fijian
examples in the collection are somew^hat browner on the back and
show some approach to P. samoen.sis.

Hah. Noi'thern Celebes. Throughout the Moluccas to New
Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Xew Britain, New Hebrides, New
Caledonia, the Fiji and Friendly Islands.

.ff,

b. Ad. sk.

Menado, Celebes.

Tweeddale Coll.

r.

Ad. sk.

Tondano, N. Celebes.

Wallace Coll.

d.

$ ad. sk.

East Timor.

Wallace Coll.

e.

Ad. ,sk.

S.E. New Guinea (IF. G.
Lawes).

Tweeddale Coll.

f.

Ad. sk.

Port Moresby.

Kendal Broadbent

9-

J ad. sk.

Levuka, Fiji Islands, Aug.

[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.

J>,

t. Ad. sk.

28 (E. L'. Lmjard).
Yiti Levu, Nov.

Dr. Macdonald [P.].

/.-.

Ad. sk.

Fiji Islands.

E. L. Layard, Esq.

_[C.].
Sir A. P. Gordon

[P.].
Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-

/.

Ad. sk.

Fiji Islands.

m

. 2 ad. sk.

Tongatabu.

n.

9 ad. sk.

Vavao, Friendly Islands.

lenger.'
Brenchley Coll.

(1.

$ ad. sk.

Ovalau, Fiji Islands, Jan. 2

Tweeddale Coll.

2 ad.sk.
2 ad. sk.

(E. L. Layard).
New Britain, Dee. [Klein-

schmidt).
Kabai, New Britain.

Sharpe Coll.

Rev. G. Brown [C.].

11. Porphyrio samoensis.

Porphvrio samoensis, Peak, U.S. E.vpl. E.ip., Birds, p. 220, pi. 62.
fig. i (1848) ; Hartl.Arch. Nat. 1852, p. 118 ; Gray, Cat. B. Trop.
Isl. Pacific Ocean, p. 53 (1859) ; id. ILand-l. B. iii. p. 65, no. 10482
(1871) ; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, pp. 33, 55 (Savai, Upolu) ; Wiglesw.
Abhandl. k. Zool. Mas. Dresden, no. 6, p. 62 (1892 ).

Porphyrio indicus (wee Horsf.), Cass. U.S. E:vpl. E.rp., Birds, p. 308
(1858) ; Finsch k Hartl. Fann. Centralpolyn. p. 170, Taf. sii. fig. 2
(1867, pt.) ; Whitmee, Ibis, 1875, p. 446 (Samoa).

Adult. Similar to P. smaragdinvs, but -with the back brown ;
Avings also brown: "bill and shield crimson; feet yellow, dashed
with crimson " (Pcale). Total length 13"5 inches, culmen and frontal
shield 2'3, wing 8, tail 2-8, tarsus 2-9, middle toe and claw 3-7.

I have already drawn attention to the way in which this brown-

1

a, b. A'l. sk.

Samoa.

c. Ad. sk.

Samoa.

d. Ad. sk.

Samoa.

e. Ad. sk.

Samoa.

/. Ad. sk.

[Samoa.]

.")(). I'OHIMIVHlu. 205

l)iiokcd J'orplijii-io is ap])roaclied by some of the browiicr-backed
individuals of /'. xtiutragduius from the I'iji Islands.
Ildh. Sainoaii Islands.

Rev. J. T^. Stair [P.].

(ioiild (.'oil.

Rev. .1. S. Whitmee [C.].

Purcha^^ed.

Sir E. Belcher [P.].

12. Porphyrio melanonotus.

Porplivrio nielaiiotus, Ti'inm. Man. (TOrn. ii. p. 701 (1820); Gran,
List (iralhe Brit. Mu.<. p. li'l (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 598
(184.J); Gould, n. Aiidr. vi. pi. (>i) (1848); Reichenb. loV/. Seu-
hnll. p. 1>41 (18-jO) ; id. Handb., Fidirarice, tab. cix. fig. 1100 '( 18.">2) ;
I'clz. Sitz. k. Ahad. Wien, xli. p. ;]l!) (1860: Norfolk Isl.) ; Grat/,
Ibis, 1802, p. 240; Gould, Handb. B. Au.str. ii. j). .321 (18Go) ;
Schl. i)/«.s-. Pr/ys- /?«.«, Kalli, p. o7 (I860) ; Graif, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. (U, no. 10478 (1871); Buller, B. X. Zeal. p. 18-) (1873);
Batnsaji, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 343 ; Casfeln. Sf Rams. Proc. Linn. Soc.
K. S. If. i. p. .■)8 "i (1877 : Gulf of Carpentaria) ; Ramsaii, np. cit.
ii. p._r.»!) a878) ; Fmsi^h, Ibis, 1882, p. 400 ; Crowfoot, Ibis, 1882,
p. 270 (Norfolk Island) ; Ram-'iuy, Proc. Linii. 80c. N. S. (r. vii.
p. 88 (1883: Lord Howe Isl.); Finsch, Vog. der Siidsee, p. 44
(1884); Ramsa;/, Tab. List Au.itr. B. p. 21 (1888); Etheridffe,
Lord Home M. "p. 17 (1889) ; North, Proc. Linn. 80c. N. S. IF. (2)
iii. p. 1779 (1SS9 : Cumberland Ui.strict) ; Co.v ^- Hamilt. op. cit.
(4) p. 421 (ls90 : Mudgee District) ; Xortk, Xesfs 4- Et/gs Aiistr.
B. p. 323 (IMlO).

Porphvrio melanonotus, Newt. Zool. Rec. 1868, p. 104; S/iarpe, Voif.
Ereb. ^- Terror, A pp. j). 29 (187")) ; Me,/er, Abbild. Vo</el-Sk. pi. 38
(1SS3); Sliar/ie, J'oi/. H.M..S. 'Alert,' Bird.i. p. 26 (1884: Boobv
Island) : Hullrr, />'. Ne,r Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 79, pi. 31 (1888).

Porpiiyrio stanlevi, Rowley, Orn. Misc. i. p. .'{(i. pi. ix. (1875).

Porphyrio cyanocephalus, Elliot, Str. F. vii. ji. 13 (1878, e.v Vieill.)*.

Adult. General colour above black, with a slight gloss of olive-
brown, including the wing-coverts and scapulars; the lesser coverts
jmrplish blue, the outer median coverts also slightly Mashed with
blue ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, slightly
washed externally with blue ; the first primary externally greyish
blue ; tail black ; crown of head, sides of face, and chin dusky
black ; whole of hind neck, sides of neck, and under surface of body
uniform purplish blue ; lower abdomen and thighs black, with
a scarcely perceptible wash of purple ; under tail-coverts white ;
under wing-coverts like the breast ; axillaries black, washed with
purplisli blue ; the lower greater coverts and lower primary-coverts
black, like the lining of the quills : '• frontal i)late, bill, legs, and

* Vieillot wrote cyanophalus (N. Diet, xxviii. p. 28, 1819), which Mr. Elliot
alters (doubtles-s correctly) into ci/anocephalus. The back is said to be " brun-
noiratn'," which sonn-cly applies to /'. metaiionofns.

206

feet red ; iris bright oranoe-red" (./. Gould). Total length IG inches,
culmen and frontal shield 3, wing lO'o, tail 3-9, tarsus 3'7, middle
toe and claw -iS.

The specimen shot by Mr. Wallace near Dorey seems to belong to
a small race, as the mng is only 9'8 inches and the middle toe and
claw 3'7. Dr. Coppinger's specimen from Boob\' Island also has the
wing 9'3 and the middle toe and claw 3'5 inches. Of a pair of
birds procured in N.W. Australia by the late Mr. Bowj'er Bower,
the female has the wing 10-2 inches and the middle toe and claw
4-4, while the male (which is younger, and a somewhat browner
bird) has the wing 10'6 inches.

Hah. Australia and Tasmania, Norfolk Island, Lord Howe's
Island, Xew Zealand, New Guinea (Dorey).

n.

Ad. St.

b.

Ad. St.

c.

Ad. sk.

d,

e,f. Ad. sk.

9-

Ad. sk.

h.

5 ad. sk.

h

k. 6 ? ad. sk.

I.

Ad. sk.

m

. Ad. St.

n.

Ad. sk.

0,

p. Ad. sk.

?-

-t. Ad. sk.

u.

Ad. sk.

V.

Ad. sk.

w

. $ ad. sk.

x;

y. S 2 ad. sk.

z.

Skeleton.

a'

. Skeleton.

b'

. Skeleton.

Tasmania.

South Australia.

Ashfield, New South Wales,

May.
Queensland (/. T. Cockerell).
Moreton Bay.
Booby Isl., Torres Straits,

Aug. (Dr. Coppinger).
North-west Australia (J. H.

Bowyer Bower).
Dorey, New Guinea.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
Bay of Islands.
Dunediu, July.
Otago, Nov.
Australia.
Australia.
Australia.

llonald Gunn, Esq.

[P.].
Sir G. Grey [P.].
Hume Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.

Voy. II.M.S. ' Alert.'

Capt. Bow^'er Bower

[P.]. '
W^allace CoU.
Capt. Stokes [P.].
Capt. Stokes [P. I.
Sir G. Grey [P.].
New Zealand Co.
Percy Earl, Esq. [P.].
Old Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Purchased.

Subsp. o. Porphyrio pelewensis.

Porphyrio melanotus (nee T.), Hartl. ^- Fimch, P. Z. S. 18:;8, pp. 8,

117.
Poi-phvrio melanotus, var. pelewensis, Hartl. ^ Fiasch, F. Z. S.
■ 1872, p. 107.

Poi-phyrio pelewensis, Hartl ^- Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 107 ; Fimch,
Journ. Mus. Godeffr. Heft viii. p. 39 (1875).

Adult. Similar to P. melanonotus, but with the quills externally
washed with greenish blue : " bill red ; legs and iris yellow "
(Kubary). Total length 15 inches, culmen with frontal shield
2-75, wing 8-9, tail 3-4, tarsus 3-3, middle toe and claw 4-1.

Hab. Pelew Islands.

Ad. .sk.

Pelew Islands.

Mr. Cohen [C.].

I

51. NOTOKNIS. 207

13. Porphyrio pulverulentus.

Porpliyrio piilveruleiitu-*, Tcmni. I'l. dot. v. \>\. -iO') (I62i))\ firaii.
List GralUe Brit. Mas. p. IJl (1844, pt.) ; Reicheab. Ilawlh.,
/"M/im/vf-s, tab. cviii. figs. 1008-yil (1852) ; Schl. Mas. Pm/s-D<is,
Ralli, p. 64 (18(i5); Mar/en.% J. f. O. 18ii6, p. 2i) ; IVald. Tr.
Z. S. \x. p. 228 (1875) ; Steere, Lint B. S,- Mainm. P/iilipp. j). 25
(1890: Luzou).

l'()r])livrio jjoliocephalus {nee Lath.), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 598 (1845) ;
id. hand-/. B. iii. p. 65, uo. 10408 (1871).

Adult. General colour above dark reddish Ijrown w^ished witli
olive, and slightly washed with blue on the margins of the feathers
of the mantle ; wings light greyish blue, contrasting with the back ;
the lesser coverts clearer greyish blue ; quills blackish, externally
greyish blue ; the inner secondaries brown like the back ; tail-
t'eathers dark olive-brown ; head and neck all round, as well as the
entire under surface of body, bluish grey, a little more dusky on the
abdomen and thighs; under wing-coverts like the breast ; the greater
series and lower primary-coverts dusky blackish like the quill-
lining. Total length 15 inches, culmen and frontal shield 3-75,
wing 9'2, tail about 3'5, tarsus 3'-i, middle toe and claw 42.

Yoiuuj. Differs from the adult in being slightly duller in colour,
in having the quills externally washed with olive, and the breast
and abdomen obscured by hoary whitish edgings to the feathers.

IM). Philippine Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Manila, Luzon. Hugh Cuming, Esq. [C.].

b. Juv. sk. Manila. Gould Coll.

51. NOTORNIS *.

Tvpe.
Notomis, Ojoen, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 2 N. mantelli.

Range. Contined to New Zealand and Norfolk Island.

* Somewhere in tbe neighbourhood of Xotornii sbould, I think, come the
extinct Aptoriiis, although the latter has generally been placed in the vicinity of
OcydroiHUs.

52. APTORNIS. „

Type.

Aptornis, Otucn, Trans. Z. S. iii. p. 347 (1848) A. defossor.

1. ApTOUNIS OTIDIFORMIS.

Dinoniis otidiforniis, Owen, t. c. p. 247 (1844).

Apiornis oliilifVinnis, Owen, t. c. p. 347 (1848); id. Trans. Z. S. vii.

pp. :!«(>-;!(;;(, pi. 42. figs. 1-3, pi. 43. figs. 1-4; Lijdekker, Cat. Foss. B.

p. 147(181)1).

Hah. North Inland, New Zealand.

2. .\rTOItXIS DEKOSSOU.

Apturnis defossor, Otvtn, Tran,<. Z. S. vii. pp. .■{,"i3 3i')l>, pis. 40, 41. 43. 44
(1871); id. Trans. Z. S. viii. pp. li;i-12(;, pis. 14-lti; lluasl, P. A. H.
1872, p. 24 ; Li/drHrr, Cat. Fosii. B. p. 1.".2 (ISyi).

Huh. South Island, New Zealand.

208

1 . Notornis mantelli *.

Notornis mantelli, Owen, Trans. Z. S. iii, p. 377, pi. Ivi. figs. 7-11
(1848) ; Gould, Siippl. B. Austr. pi. 76 (ISol); Gray, Ibis, 1862,
p. 2;i9; id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 65, no. 10491 (1871) ; Owen, Trans. Z. S.
vii. pp. .369-371, pi. xlii. fig-s. 5, 6. pi. xliii. fi<r. 9 (1871) • Bidler, B.
N. Zeal. -pi to p. 189 (1873); Pelz. Ibis, 1879, p. 376; Oivm,
P. Z. S. 1882, p. 97 ; Buller, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xiv. p. 238 (1882) ;
ParJcer, f. c. p. 245 ; A . Newt. P. Z. S. 1 882, p. i)7; A. B. Meyer, Ibis,
]882, p. 607 ; Parker, Trans. N. Z. Inst, xviii. Art. x. p. 78 (1885) :
Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. pi. 32 (1888) ; Parker, Tr. N. Z. hist.
xxi. pp. 226-2.39 (1889) ; Lydekker, Cat. Fossil B. p. 157 (1891).

Adult. General colour above olive-green, with a certain amount
of greyish-blue shading ; wings more decided!}" blue than the back ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, externally purplish
blue ; upper tail-coverts like the back ; tail-feathers green, blackish
on the inner webs ; head and neck all round, throat and under
surface of body dark jjurplish blue, rather brighter where it skirts the
green of the back ; thighs somewhat blacker ; under tail-coverts
white : " frontal plate and bill bright red, yellowish towards the
tip of both mandibles ; tarsi and toes lighter red ; claws horn-
brown ; iris red" {W. L. Buller). Total length about 20 inches,
eulmei) 2>-2, wiiig 9, tail 4-2. tarsus 3-7, middle toe and claw 3-7.

The second specimen, which has been usually supposed to be a
female, seems to me to be a young bird. It is decidedly smaller
than the adult, and is somewhat duller in colour.

Hal). iS^ew Zealand.

a. Ad. St. liesohitiou Island. Mantell Coll.

b. Ad. St. Secretary Island. Mantell Coll.

2. Notornis alba.

^^'hite CalHnule, Callavi, Toy. Botany B. p. — (1783, teste Gray) ;

PhiUips,, Toy. Botany Bay, p. 273, cum tig. (1789) ; Lath. Gen. Sipi.

Suppl. ii. p. 327 (1790) ; Bennett, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 471.
Fulica alba, WMfe, Journ. Voy. N. S. W. p. 238, cum tab. (1790) ;

Sahin, P. Z. >S. 1877, p. 95.
riallinula alha. Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 768 (1790).
Poi-phyrio albus, Tenun. Ma7i. d'Orn. ii. p. 701 (1820); Gray, Ibis,

186^, p. 240.
Porpliyrio melanotus, var. alba. Gray, Toy. Ereb. Sf Terror, Birds,

p. 19 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 598 (1845).
Notornis r alba, Pelz. Sitz. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, xli. p. 328 (1860) ;

Neivt. Ibis, 1866, p. 159, note ; Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 44.
Notornis alba, Salvin, Ibis, 1873, p. 295, pi. x. ; Etheridye, Lord

Hoive Isl. pp. 1 1-13 (1889).

Adult. Entirely white, with red bill and legs.

Hah. Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island. Now extinct.

* Dr. Meyer has pointed out that the type of N. mantelli was founded on
osseous remains froju the North Island, and he considers that the specimens
procured in the Sotdh Island will be found to be different from the true N.
mantelli. He has therefore proposed for it the name of Notornis hochstetteri.
Cf. Meyer, Abbild. Vogel-Skel. pis. 34-37 (1883); id. Zeitschr. ges.Orn. ii. p. 4.5,
pi. i. (i885). Mr. H. O. Forbes has also given the name of Notornis parkeri to
an extinct species frum the North Island.

53. FTTLICA. 209

53. FULICA*. T,

Type.

Fulica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 257 (176G) F. atra.

Pbalaria, Iteichenb. iSi/st. Av. p. xxi F. gigantea.

Lysca, liviclienb. ISyst. Av. p. xxi F. aidesiaca.

Luplia, lleichenb. ISyst. Av. p. xxi F. cristata.

Lopliophalaris, Heine, in Heine ^- Reichen. Nomencl.

Mus. Hein. p. 317 (1890) F. cristata.

Range. Nearly the whole of the Old and New Worlds.

Key to the Species.

a. Under tail-coverts entirely black.

a' . Outer secondaries witll white tips atra, p. 210.

6'. Outer secondaries without any white tips.
a". Upper portion of frontal shield corrugated,

so as to form a mantled crest cristata, p. 215.

b". Frontal shield perfectly smooth, without

any crest australis, p. 217.

b. Under tail-coverts white ; the vent and central

coverts black ; the lateral ones white, with
the inner half of the feather black.
d. Secondaries whole-coloui'ed, with no white
tips to the outer ones,
c". Bize smaller ; length not exceeding U'2
inches ; toes dark olive or greenish in the
diied skin.
a'". iShield ornamented with carvmcles. . . , cornuta, p. 217.

_ * I have not been able to identh'y the following species : —

WL Fulica nov£ zbalakdi.£.

^^L Fulica nova; zealaiidiie, Culenso, Tasni. Joura. Nat. Sci. 18-45, p. 283 ;

^H Buller, Trans. N. Z. List. x. p. 191 (1878) ; id. B. New Zeal. 2ad ed,

^H ii. p. 140, note (1888).

^^1 Hah. Now Zealand.

^^H Tlie following are extinct species : —

^^H 1. FOLICA NBWTONI.

I^^F Fulica newtoni, Milne-Edwards, Aim. Sci. Nat. (5) Zool. viii. pp. 104—220,
■ pb. 10-13; id. Ois. Fuss. Fr. pis. 107, 108 (1808); E. Newt. J(- Gadow,

i'r. Z. S. xiii. p. 202, pi. xxxv. dgs. 1-il (1803).
Pala;olimnas newtoni, Forbes, Ibis, 1803, p. 544.
An extinct species from Mauritius. Mr. H. 0. Forbes has discovered another
Ooot in tlie Chatham Islands, which if not the same as F. iiewtoiu is very
nearly allied to it.

2. Fulica minor.
Fulica mmor, Shufeldt, Auk, viii. p. 307 (1801) ; id. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
PhUad. .vl. p. 412, pi. xvii. lig. SI (1802j.

From the ' Equus' beds of Oregon.

3. Fulica desjaudi.si.
Fuhca desjardiai. Van Benedeu, Ball. Acad. Bc/y. xxxii. p. 218, pi, — . f. 8,

4. Fulica piuou.
Fulica prior. Be Vis, Proc. Linn. Sec. N. S. W. iii. pp 12S3-128l3, pis. 34, 35.
Hcd). Queensland.

VOL. XXTTI. P

210

b"'. Shield plain or swollen, but without

caruncles.

a*. First primary white along the outer

web.

a^. Frontal shield rounded and defined

by a well-marked anterior line ;

the rest of the bill yellow ardesiaca, p. 217.

¥. Frontal shield pointed on the upper
part, and continued into a red
hue on the culmen ; top of frontal
shield also sometimes yellow ; the
culmen and base of lower man-
dible always red armUlata, p. 218.

¥. First primary plain, without any

white edge to the outer web leucopyga, p. 220.

d". Size much larger; length 10 inches; toes

dark red like the tarsus gigantea, p. 219.

d' . Outer secondaries with broad white tips.
e". BUI dusky or dull yellow in skin, with a

distinct dark or red subterminal mai'k , . ooi

upon the lower mandible < ., ' ^g.

f". Bill entirely yellow, with no dark sub- ; P- -^ •

terminal mark on the lower mandible,
c'". Culmen and frontal shield 1'65 inches

in length leucoptera, p. 224,

d'". Culmen and frontal shield 2*15 inches, o/aj, p. 225.

The Coot. 1- ^^li^^ ^*^^-

La Foulque ou Morelle, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 23, pi. ii. fig. 1 (1760) ;
Daiibent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 197 (fig. pess.).

La Grande Foulque ou la Macroule, Briss. Orn, vi. p. 28, pi. ii. fig. 2
(1760); Buf. H. N. Ois. vii. p. 220 (1781).

Fulica atra, Linn. Sj/st. Nat. i. p. 257 (1766) ; Gm. Si/st. Nat. i.
p. 702 (1788) ; Vteill. N. Diet. cTHist. Nat. xii. p. 48 (1817) ;
Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 706 (1820) ; Sorsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xii.
p. 197 (1820); Roux, Orn. Proveng. pi. 336 (1825); Wm-ner,
Atlas, Pimiatipedes, pis. 1, 2 (c. 1827) ; Bj-ehm, Voq. Deutschl.
p. 709 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. rais. Cauc. p. 52 (1832) ; Gould,
B. Eur. iv. pi. 338 (1837) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. ix. Taf. 241
(1838) ; Crcspon, Orn. Gard, p. 458 (1840) ; Keys. ^ Bias. Wirb.
Eur. p. 205 (1840) ; Muhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 92 (1840) ; Nor dm.
in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 276 (1840) ; Selys-Longch.
Faune Beige, p. 118 (1842); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cii (1844);
Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 124 (1844) ; Hodgs. Icon,
ined. in Brit. Mus. Grallae, pi. 19 (no. 621) ; id. in Gray's Zool.
Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Riipp. Syst. Uehers. p. 128 (1845) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 600 (1845) ; id. Cat. Mamni. etc. Nepal p)res. Hodgs,
p. 143 (1846) ; Hewits. Eggs Br. B. ii. p. 327, pi. 91. fig. 2 (1846) ;
Blyth, Cat. B. Mies. As. Soc. p. 286 (1849) ; Thomps. B. Irel. ii.
p. 332 (1849) ; Macgill. Brit. B. iv. p. 560 (1852) ; Kjcerb. Orn.
Damn. pi. 38. fig. 5, Suppl. pi. 18. fig. 5 (1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl
pi. 251 (1854) ; Sundev. Svensk. Fogl. pi. 45. fig. 5 (1856-72) ;
Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 65 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 245
(1857) ; Leith Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 518, 1859, p. 180 ; Jauh,
et Barth.-Lapmnm. Rich. Orn. p. 493 (1859) ; Salmn, Ibis, 1859,
p. 361 ; Schrenck, Reis. Amur-L., Vog. p. 406 (1859) ; Tristr. Ibis,
1860, p. 81 (Tuggm't) ; Potoys, t. c. p. 348 (Epirus) ; Linderm.

63. nrucA. 211

Vog. Grieckenl. p. \m (18G0) ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 246 (Oudh) ;
Swinh. t. c. p. 344 (Takow and Peking) ; 8chl. Bier. Nederl. Vog.
pi. I'G. fig. 1 (1861) ; Kvrdvi, (Efv. K. Vei.-Akad. Fork. tStockh.
xix. p. .-582 (1862 : Wardii) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iv. pi. 84 (1862) ; A.
Aeivto7i, in Baring-Gould's Iceland, App. p. 411 (l86-j) ; Grag,
List Brit. B. p. 181 (1863) ; liadde, Iteis. Sibir., Vog. p. 312
(1803) ; Jerd. B. Lid. iii. p. 715 (1864) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864,
p. 150 (Malta) ; Sperling, t. c. p. 268 ; Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 342
(1865) ; Sold. 3Ius. Fuys-Bas, Kalli, p. 60 (1863); Gigl. Ibis, 1865,
p. 62 (Pisa); More,'t. c. p. 440; Godman, Fjis, 1866, p. 102
(Azores) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 71 (Assouan) ; Swinhoe, t. c.
p. 396 (Amoy) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 268 (1867) ; Loche,
Exp. <S"c. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 331 (1867) ; Sotnmcrf. Zool. xxv. pp. 699,
700 (1867 : Varangerfiord) ; Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 428 (Morocco) ;
Tristr. t. c. p. 327 (Palestine) ; Beavan, t. c. p. 396 (Manbbum) ;
Smith, t. c. p. 455 (Portugal) ; Dgb. ^y Parve.v, J. f O. 1868,
p. 338 (Dauuria) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 107 (1869) ;
Loderl. Av. Sicil. p. 204 (1869) ; Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 138
(1869) ; Godman, Azores, p. 36 (1870) ; Fritsch, Vor/. Eur. tab.
35. fig. 6 (1870) ; Ehves Sf Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 332 ; Salvad.
Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 236 (1871); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 415;
Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 67, no. 10513 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 1, p. 1219 (1871) ; R. Grag, B. West. Scutl. p. 338
(1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 225 (Spain) ; Hurting, Uandb.
Brit. B. p. 58 (1872) ; Brooks, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 8 (1872:
Casbmere) ; Stoliczka, t. c. p. 254 (Kutcb) ; Feilden, Zool. 1872,
p. 3252 (Faeroes) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1872, p. 230 (Turkey) ; Shelley,
B. Egypt, p. 278 (1872) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p.'69 (1873) ;
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 336 (Sardinia) ; Hayes Lloyd, t. c. p. 418
(Katbiawar) ; Hume ^- Henders. Lahore to York. p. 293 (1873) ;
Hume, Kesfs ■$■ Eggs Ind. B. p. 595 (1873) ; id. Str. F. i. p. 249
(1873 : Sind) ; Adam, t. c. p. 497 (Sambbur) ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 432
(1874: Ubota Nagpur) ; Sa.vb>/,B. Shell, p. 225 (1874) ; Irby, B.
Gibr. p. 145 (1875) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1875, p. 18 (Sicilv) ; Cordeaiu;
t. c. p. 186 (Heligoland); Danf. ^- Harrie-Brown, t. c. p. 418
(Transylvania) ; Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 187 (1875) ; Le Mess. Str.
F. iii. p. 381 (1875 : Sind) ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 162 (1875: Arra-
can) ; Butler, Str. F. iv. pp. 20, 35 (1876: Guzerat, etc.) ; Scully,
t. c. p. 191 (Yarkand); Fairbank, t. c. p. 263 (Ahmednuggur) ;
Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 289 (1876 : Balucbistan) ; Wharton, Ibi.s,
1876, p. 28 (Corsica) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 260
(1876) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 413 ; Bulla; Str. F. v. p. 233 (1877 :
Mount Aboo) ; Wardlaw liamsay, Ibis, 1877, p. 472 (Tongboo) ;
Collelt, Kyt Mag. Naturv. xxiii. p. 174 (1877) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, ii. p. 160 (1877) ; David et Ou^t. Ois. Chine, p. 489
(1877) ; Craemers, Pr. iV. H. Glasgow, 1877, p. 305 (Ural) ; Collin,
ed. KJferb. Orn. Dan. p. 556 (1877) ; Prjev. in Bowleg's Orn. Misc.
iii. p. 94 (1878 : Hoang-bo Valley) ; Hume ^- Davison, Str. F. vi.
p. 465 (1878: Tenassei'im) ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 67 (1878:
Jodbpur) ; Davidson ^- Wenden, t.c. p. 90 (Deccan) ; Ball,t. c.
p. 229; Hume, t. c. p. 489 (^Calcutta); id. Str. F. viii. p. 113
(1879) ; Scull I/, t. c. p. 358 (Nepal) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind etc. p. m
(1879) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 327, pi. 504. tig. 2 (.1879) ; Finsch,
Verhandl. z.-b. Ver. Wicn, xxix. p. 255 (1879) ; J'idal, Str. F.
ix. p. 86 (1880: S. Konkan) ; Butler, Cat. U. S. Bomb. Pres. p. 79
(1880); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 72(1881: Luckuovv); Bidd. Ibis,
1881, p. 97 (Qilgit) ; Scully, t. c. p. 590 : Blakist. Sf Pryer, B.
Japan, p. 124 (1882) ; C. Sicinh. Ibis, 1832, p. 122 (.Candabar,

p 2

212

Quetta) ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 226 (Astrahan) ; id. t. e. p. 383

(Archangel) ; Slater, t. c. p. 436 (Woochung) ; Mela, Vertebr.

Fenn. 1882, pp. 191, 252 ; Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 322 (1882 :

Khandeish) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 151 (1883) ; Booth, Rough

Notes, ii. (1884) ; Oates, Handb. B. Brit. Burm. n. p. 352 (1883) ;

Seebohm, Ibis, 1883, p. 27 (Caucasus) ; Saunders, ed. YarrelTs Bi'it.

B. iii. p. 171 (1883) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 59 (1884 :

distr. in Russia and Siberia) ; Blakist. Amend. List B. Japan, p. 13

(1884) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 564 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. 8f

Flor. Palest, p. 126 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. pp. 40, 279 (1884) ;

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 677 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, ^

Ridgway, Water-Birds N. Amer. i. p. 398 (1884) ; Murray,

Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 261 (i884) ; Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 148

(Sclavonia) ; Seebohm, t. c. p. 178 (Japan), p. 269 (Kiukiang) ;

Saunders, t. c. p. 388 (Eastern Pyrenees) ; Marshall, t. c. p. 424

(Chamba) ; Czato, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. p. 493 (1885 : Hungary) ;

Biichner, J. f. O. 1885, p. 208 (S. Petersburg) ; Giglioli, Avif.

Ital. p. 358 (1886) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 144 (1886) ;

Deditius, J.f. O. 1886, p. 538 (Kokonoor) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat.

Mus. ix. p. 408 (1886 : Japan, etc.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 167

(Muscat) ; id. t. c. p. 489 (Fao) ; Pleske, Uebers. Sdug. u. Vog.

Kola Halbinsel, p. 317 (1886) ; Salvad. Flench. Ucc. Ital. p. 238

(1886); Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 180 (LiuMu); id. t. c. p. 288

(ptervlography) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 415 (1887:

Liukiu) ; Olphe-Galliard, Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. xvi. p. 61

(1887) ; Tate, Ibis, 1887, p. 383 (Portugal) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St.

Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 48 (1887 : Tscliinas) ; Scully, J. A. S. Beng.

Ivi. p. 88 (18S7 : Afghanistan) ; Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 327 (1888 :

Manipur) ; Reid, Ibis, 1888, p. 76 (Gran Canaria) ; Konig, J.f. O.

1888, p. 275 (Tunis), 1889, p. 194 (Munster) ; Meyer, Abbild.

Vogel-Skel. pi. cxxx. (1889) ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. 1st Kesoc. p. 552

(1889) ; Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (2) v. pt. 3, p. 90 (1889); St.

John, Ibis, 1889, p. 177 (Candahar) ; Lilford, t. c. p. 337 (Cyprus) ;

Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 43 (1889) ; Seebohm, B. Japan

Emp. p. 360 (1890) ; Oates, ed. Hmne's Nests i( Eggs. Ind. B. iii,

p. 386 (1890) ; Brusina, Orn. Croat, p. 84 (1890) ; Meade-Waldo,

Ibis, 1890, pp. 429, 431 (Teneriffe, Hierro) ; Frivaldsky, Aves Hung,

p. 155 (1891) ; Reiser, Vogels. Landesm. Sarajevo, p. 118 (1891) ;

Sharpe, Rep. Second Yarkand Miss., Aves, p. 146 (1891 : S. of

Sanju Pass) ; Hagerup, B. Greenl. p. 53 (1891 : chance visitor) ;

Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 186 (Switzerland) ; Styan, t. c. pp. 329, 501

(China); Gdtke, Vogeliv. Helgol. p. 534 (1891) ; Hartl. Abhandl.

nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 332 (1892 : Hainan) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892,

p. 513 (E. Prussia).

Fulica aterrima, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 258 (1766) ; Brehm, Vog,
Deutschl. p. 710 (1831).

Fulica fuliginosa, Scop. Ann, I. p. 104 (1769).

Fulica albiventris, Sco2). t. c. p. 105 (1769).

La Foulque, Buff. H. N. Ois. viii. p. 211 (1781).

Common Coot, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 276 (1785).

Greater Coot, Lath. t. c. p. 277 (1785) ; Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 36
(1843).

Fulica leuconyx, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, pi. 12 (1786).

Fulica sethiops, Sjxtrrm. t. c. pi. 13 (1786).

Fulica atrata, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 158 (1811).

Fulica puUata, Pallas, t. c. p. 159 (1811).

Fulica lugubris, S. Miill. Verh. Nat. Ges. Land- en Volkenk. p. 464

63. FULiCA. 213

(1839-44) ; Schl. Mm. Pai/s-Bm, Ralli, p. G2 (1865) ; Blasius,

J.f. O. 1883, p. 140 (Celebes) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl.

Ind. xlix. p. 416 (1889: Sumatra).
Fulica platyuros, Brehm, Vogel Deutschl. p. 711 (1831) ; id. Vogelf.

p. ;J3:i (1855).
Fulica atia iaponica, Temm. ^- Schl. Faun. Japan., Aves, p. 120,

pi. Ixxvii. (1850).

Adult male. General colour above cindery grey with a slight olive
shade on the back ; wing-coverts also cindery grey, the oiiter
feathers of the bastard-wing edged with white ; qiiills ashy brown,
with dusky tips, the first primary inclining to whity brown on the
outer web : the outer secondaries whitish at the ends ; the inner-
most secondaries washed with cindery grey like the back ; tail
black ; head, hind neck, and throat black ; remainder of under
surface of body light slaty grey, with slight remains of ashy mar-
gins to the feathers of the chest and centre of the breast ; under
wing-coverts slaty grey, with a line of white feathers round the
bend of the wings; under tail-coverts black: "bill very pale
lavender, with a pinkish tinge ; frontal shield ivory-white ; tarsi
and feet pearly grey, with a greenish tinge on the sides of the
tarsus; garter orange-yellow; iris dark hro-wn" (B. B. S., MS.).
Total length 14-5 inches, culmen from base of shield 1'35, wing
8'C, tail 2'2, tarsus 1'3, middle toe and claw 3-85.

Adult female. Similar in plumage to the male, but slightly
smaller. Total length ]4*5 inches, culmen 1*4, wing 8"1, tail 2"5,
tarsus 2-1, middle toe and claw 3-4.

You)i[/. ^hich. browner than the adult, the feathers of the head
dusky blackish edged with white ; lores, eyebrows, and sides of face
white ; under surface of body ashy whitish, browner on the flanks.

Hab. The gi-eater part of Europe and Asia, not occurring further
south than Egypt and Northern Africa, but ranging as far south
as the Philippines in Asia.

Fidica Juguhris from Java, Sumatra, and Celebes seems to be only
a smaller form (like GalJimda minor) of the ordinary F. atra. The
type in the Leyden Museum has the wing 7 inches.

a-d. Pull. .«k. Great Britain. Gould Cell.

e. 2 imni. sk. Walberswick, Dec. Seebo'ira Coll.

/, q, h. PuU. St. Cambridgeshire. Purchased.

i. $ ad. sk. Hitchin, Herts, Dec. (B. V. Seebohm Coll.

Seehohin).

k. $ ad. sk. Hampstead, Middlesex, Tweeddale Coll.

Jan. 14.

/. S ad. sk. Kingsburv, Middlesex, Nov. Tweeddale ColL

(/. E. Hart in ff).

m. cJ ad. sk. Staplehurst, Kent, Dec. 28. W. Berrv, Esq. [P.].

n. Ad. St. Cookliam, Berks. JFr. W. feiggs.

. c? ad. ; p, q, r. Avinffton, Hants, Nov., Feb., Sir Edwai-d Shelley

$ nd. sk. IMav. [P-l-

«, <• d ? ad. St. Avington. Sir Edward Shelley

[P.].

«. Ad. sk. Devonshire. Montagu Coll.

V. $ var. sk. Holland. F. Bond, Esq. [P.].

214

w,x. Ad. et juv, 5
y. Ad. sk.

s, a'. Ad. sk.

b'. Jr. sk.

e'. Ad. sk.

d' , e'. Ad. sk.

/'. Nestling sk.
g'. Imm. sk.
h'. Ad. sk.

i', k\ 2 ad. sk.

V, m'. c? $ juv. sk.
w'. Ad. sk.
0, i^ . Ad. sk.

s', t', v! . Ad. sk.
?)'. Imm. sk.
w'. $ ad. sk.

.t-'. Ad. albino sk,

?/', ='. $ ad. sk

a", 6". 2 ^'i- 6*

imm. sk.
c", d". c? ad. ; 5

imm. .sk.
e",/'. Ad. sk.
g",h" . Ad. etimm.

sk.
i", k", I". Ad. et

imm. sk.
m". 5 ad. sk.

n". c? ad. sk.

o"-r". Ad. et imm.

sk.
s". Ad. sk.
f '. Imm. sk.
u". Ad. st.
v". Ad. sk.
w". Imm. sii.
.r". Ad. sk.
y", z". c?5 ad.;

a', c? jr. sk.
b\ 5 ad. sk.

c'. 2 imm. sk.

d\ 2 ad. sk.

c\ ? ad. sk.

Timis.
Egypt.

River Tigi'is ( Commander

Jones).
Muscat.
Fao, Persian Gulf.

Yarkand (Col. Chapman).

Yarkand, June 16 (/. Scull i/).

Afghanistan {Griffith).

Killa Maur, Northern Af-
ghanistan, March 19 (Dr.
Aitchison).

Kandahar, Feb.

Kandahar, Feb. (C. Swinhoe).

Thibet.

Ladak (Stracheij).

Gilgit, April 11.

Kumaon (Strachey).

Ghana, Sindh (Dr. Gotdd).

Larkhana, Sindh, Jan. b (A.

O. H.).
Kattiawar, Sept.(^. Fullan).
Sambhur, Dec. (-R. M.

Adam).
Delhi, Nov., Feb. (C. T.

Bingham).
Gurgaon Distr., Jan. (A.

O. H.).
Sirsa, March (A. O. H.).
North-western India.

L. Fraser, Esq. [C.].
G. TurnbuU, Esq.

[P.].
India Museum.

Colonel Mills [P.].
W. D. Gumming,

Esq. [P.].
Shai-pe Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Afghan Delimitation

Commission.

Colonel Swinhoe

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Earl Gifford [P.].
India Museum.
ColonelBiddulph[C.J.
India Museum.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Pinwill Coll.

Etawah, Nov. (A. 0. H.). Hume Coll.

Futtehgur, Nov. 16 (A. Hume Coll.

Anderson).

Bhatgaon, Nepal Valley, Hume Coll.

Nov. 11 (J. Scully).

Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

Nepal (B. H. Hodgson).

Sikhim, Oct. (i. Mandelli).

Behar.

Behar.

Saugor (Hooper).

Raipur.

Sumbalpur, Jan.

India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hodgson CoU.
Hodgson Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Nandm-bar, Khandeish, Dec. Hume CoU.

1.5 (J. Davidson).
Tonghoo, Burma, Dec. 21 Tweeddale CoU.

(B. G. W. B.).
Payagalay, Pegu, Jan. (E. Gates Coll.

W. 0.).
Thatone, Tenasserim, Dec. 16 Hume CoU.

( W. Davison).

53. PTTLICA.

215

/*. Imm. sk.

g^. cf ad. sk.
h\ cf ad. sk.
r', k^. Iium. s
P. Ad. sk.
vi". Ad. sk.

«'. Skeleton.
o^. Skeleton.
p^. Skeleton.
q^. Skeleton,
r'. Sternum,
s', t^. Sterna.

Hankow, China, summer

(-R. Swinhoe).
Amoy, Jan.
Ning^o, Dec. 17.
Japan.

Yokohama, Japan, Nov. 15.
Manila, Philippines {Mait-

land Herioi).
Great Britain.
England.
England.
S. Germany.
England.
Europe.

2. Fnlica cristata.

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Soebolim Coll.
F. Einger, Esq.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

P.].

Old Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Dr. Giinther.
Yarrell Coll.
Purchased.

Foulque de Madagascar, Daubent. PL Enl. ix. pi. 797.

Le Grande Foulque a crete. Buff. H. N. Ois. viii. p. 222 (1781).

Crested Coot, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 278, pi. xc. (1785).

Fulica cristata, Gm. Syst. Kat. i. p. 704 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. ii.
p. 779 (1790) ; Vieiil. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xii. p. 47 (1817) ; id.
Gal. Ois. ii. pi. 269 (1825) ; Schl. Eev. Crit. p. cii (1844) ; Bes
Mxrs in Lefedrre, Voy. Abyss.-p. 1G6 (1845) ; liilpp. Si/st. Uebers.
p. 128 (1845) ; Reichenb. Haxdh., Fulic. p. 21, tab. clxxxvii. fig. 1090
(1854); Bolle, J. f. 0. 1855, p. 314; £p. Kaian. 185(3, pi. 2;
Ileurjl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 65 (1856) ; Jaub. e^- Barth.-Lapomm. Rich.
Orn. p. 494 (1859) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 361 ; Tri.itr. Ibis, 1860,
pp. 81, 157, 158; Sartl. J. f. O. 18G0, pp. 7, 173 ; Brehm, t. c.
p. 396; Hartl. Faun. Madaq. p. 81 (1861); Homeycr, J.f. O.
1862, p. 430 (Balearic Isles); Gumey, Ibi.^, 1S62, p." 153 (Natal) ;
K Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 459 (Madagascar-) ; Wriyht, Ibis, 18G4,
p. 150 (Malta) ; Salvad. J. f. O. 1865, p. 282 ; Giyl. Ibis, 1805,
p. 62 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., Ralli, p. 59 (1865) : Bree, B. Eur. iv.
pi. to p. 83 (1866) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 34:3 (1867) ; Degl. <^
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 270 (1867) ; Gumey, Ibis, 1868, pp. 256,
261 (Natal), p. 470 (Transvaal) : Smith, t. c. p. 455 (Portugal) ;
Chapm. Trap. S. Af>: ii. p. 421 (1868) ; Schl. 4' Poll. Famie
Maday., Ois. p. 160 (1868) ; Dodcrl. Avif. Sicil. p. 206 (1869);
Drake, Ibis, 1869, p. 153 (Morocco) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 183 (S.
Spain) ; Blanf. Geol. 4- Zool. Abyss, p. 65 (1870: Lake Ashangi) ;
Tacz. J.f. O."l870, p. 54 (Prov.'Constantine) ; Fritsch, Voy. Eur.
Taf. 35. fig. 7 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 68, no. 10521
(1871); Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. i. p. 1222 (1871); Salvad.
Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 237 (1871); Sa?<nders, //.?>. 1871, p. 225;
Gumey in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 327 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt,
p. 278 (1872) ; Brooke, Ihis, 1873, p. 336 (Sardinia) ; Ayres, Ilns,
1874, p. 105 (Transvaal) ; Buckley, t. c. p. 389 ; Irbi/, B. Gibr.
p. 145 (1875) ; Barratt, Ihis, 1876,' p. 213 (Mooi River; Pretoria) ;
Hnrtl. Viig. Maday. p. 352 (1877) ; Brehm, J.f. O. 1879, p. 442
(Spain) ; Irby, Ibis, 1874, p. 345 (Gibraltar) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii.
p. 323, pi. 504. fig. 1 (1879) ; Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p. 486 (1881) ;
• Sharpe in Oates Matabele Land, App. p. 324 (1 881 ) ; Milne-Edwards
^ Grandid. N. II. Maday., Ois. p. 586 (1882) ; Ilolub S' Feb. Beitr.
Orn. Siidafr. p. 295 (1882) ; Butler, Feilden, * Reid, Zod. 1882,
p. 426 (Newcastle) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 621 (1884);
Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. i. p.386 (1884: Naiwascha Lake);
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. pp. 226, 274 (Shoa) ; Fischer,

216 EALLID^.

J. f. O. 1885, p. 117 ; Gic/l. Avif. Ital. p. 359 (1886') ; Salvad.

Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 239 (1886) ; Reichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 48

(Kaf^elii) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) iv. p. 313 (1888) ;

Kdniff,J. f. O. 1888, p. 276; Giffl. Avif. Ital. 1st Eesoc. p. 554

(1889) ; Sottza, Jorn. Lisb. (2) ii. p. 118 (1889 : Katumbella).
Fulica mitrata, Licht. Verz. Vog. Kaffernl.-p. 19 (1842) ; id. Nomencl.

Av. p. 97 (1854) ; Brehm, Vorjelf. p. 323 (1855).
Lupha cristata, Eeichenh. Syst. Nat. p. 22 (1852) ; Loche, Expl. Sci,

Ak/er., Ois. ii. p. 349 (1867) ; Ridgic. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv.

p. 3.31 (1882).
Fulica atra, pt. (nee L.), Cara, Orn. Sard. p. 163 (1842).
Lophoplialaris cristata, Heine in Heine ^' Reichen. Nomencl. p. 317

(1890).

Advlt. Similar to F. atra, and having black under tail-coverts like
that species, but differing in the entire absence of the white tips to
the inner secondaries, and bj' the knob-like excrescences which are
found at the top of the frontal shield : " bill whitish, tinged with
bhiish above, and the base clear red ; the frontal caruncles dark
red ; feet greenish brown ; iris blackish " (LocJie). Total length
16 inches, culmen from base of shield 1-4, wing 8*6, tail 2"3,
tarsus 2-7, middle toe and claw 4'2.

According to Salvadori the females are a little smaller than the
males, and Loche says that the frontal caruncles are a little less
developed.

Young. Ashy brown above, feathers of the head and neck having
hoary white edges ; lores, cheek, and entire throat white ; inclining
to hoary grey on the chest and fore neck ; rest of the under surface
ashy, with hoary edges to the feathers : " bill dusky ashy, whitish
at tip ; tarsi and feet ash-colour ; iris light ashy brown " (T. Ayres).

Hah. Africa generally, extending into Northern Africa and
South-western Europe.

a. Ad. sk. Mogador. Howard Saunders,

Esq. [P.].

b. 2 ad. sk. Lake Ashanghi, Abvssinia W. T. Blanford,

(8000 feet), May 1. "^ Esq. [C.].

c. S ad. ; d, e. 2 Angollallah, Shoa, May to India Museum.
ad. sk. July {Sir W. Harris).

f. S ad. sk. Ondonga, Ovampo Land, Shelley Coll.

Dec. 11 (C. J. Andersson).

g. Ad. sk. Natal. Tweeddale Coll.
h, i. S $ ad. sk. Durban, Natal {Gordge). Shelley CoU.

k. tS juv. sk. Rhinoster River, May 2 (7'. Gurney Coll.

Ayres).
I. Ad. sk. Transvaal {T. Gates). W. E. & C. G. Gates,

Esqrs. [P.].
m. Ad. sk. Potchefstroom. F. A. Barratt, Esq.

[P.].
n. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. Dr. Krauss [C,].

o. Ad. sk. Cape Colony, Dec. 7. Gould Coll.

p, q. Ad. st. Cape Colony. J. Gould, Esq.

r. Ad. sk. South Africa. Gould Coll.

s. Imm. sk. Madagascar ( W. Deans Tweeddale Coll

Cowan).

53. FULICA. 217

3. Fnlica australis.

Fulica australis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 2 OV. Australia) ; id.

B. Austr. vi. pi. 74 (1840); id. Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 329
(18(i5); Gray, Hund-l. B. m. p. G7, no. 10514 (1871): Legye,
Proc. Roy. Soc. Tami. 1874J p. 36: Barmen/, Proc. Linn. Soc. X.
S. W. i. p. 103 (1877 : N. S. Wales; breeding) ; Casfeln. ^- Rams,
t. c. p. 386 (Norman River) ; Rama. op. ctt. ii. p. 199 (1878) ; id.
op. cit. (2) ii. p. 172 (1887: N.W. Australia); id. Tab. Li^t
Austr. B. p. 21 (1888) ; Nort/i, Nests (§• Bt/t/s Austr. B. p. 326
(1890: Melbourne; breeding).

Fulica tasmanica, Grant, Tasm. Jonrn. Nat. Sci. ii. p. 310 (1845).
Fulica atra, pt., Schl. Mas. Pays-Bas, Ealli, p. GO (1865) ; Seeb. Hist.
Br. B. ii. p. 564 (1884).

Adult. Similar to F. atra, and havin,2; black under tail-coverts,
as well as a line of white feathers round the bend of the wing, but
having scarcely anj- indication of white tips to the outer secondaries :
" bill light bluish grey ; legs and feet frcnch grey ; iris bright red"
(./. Gould). Total length 14 inches, culmen from base of shield 1*2,
wing 7-2, tail 1-8, tarsus 2-1, middle toe and claw 3-4.

Hub. The whole of Australia and Tasmania.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir George Grey [P.].

b. Juv. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Australia. Mr. Wills [P.].

d. e. Ad. sk. Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll.
/, 5 ad. sk. VictoriaEiver,N.W.Australia, J. Pt. Elsey, Esq. [P.].

IMarch.
ff. Ad. sk. North-west Australia ( T. H. Capt. Bowyer Bower

Botvyer Bower). [P.],

4. Fulica corniita.

Fulica cornuta, Bp. C. E. xxxviii. p. 925 (1853) ; Hartl. J. f. O.
1853, Extrah. p. 82; Scl. cS- Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 463 (Potosi,
Bolivia) : Grai/ Hand-l. B. iii. p. 68, nn. 10522 (1871) ; Scl. $■ Salv.
Nonwncl. Av.'Neotr. p. 140 (1873) ; iid.P. Z. S. 1879, p. 641.

Lycornis cornuta, Bp. Ann. Sci. Nat. (4) Zool. i. p. 46 (1854) ; id.

C. R. xliii. p. 600 (1856).

Adxdt. Ashy black, the head and neck duller ; vent black, mixed
with white : frontal shield ornamented with a large caruncle. Total
length 19 inches, tarsus 3-1. (Sclater ^- Sahin, I. c.)

Hab. Potosi, Bolivia.

5. Fulica ardesiaca.

Fulica ardesiaca, Tsrhudi, Arch. f. Naturg. 1831 , p. 389 ; Gray, Gen.
B. iii. p. 600 (1845) ; Tschndi, Faun. Peruan., Ares, p. 303
(1845-46); Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 82 (Eiobamba); id. He Salv.
P. Z. S. 1868. pp. 178, 464 ; iid. E.rot. Orn. p. 113, pi. Ivii. (1868) ;
iid. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 156 (Lake of Tungasukn) ; Gra>i, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 68, no. 10524 (1871); Scl. ^- Salr. Noniend. Ar. Neotr.
p. 140 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 559: Scl. &■ Salv. P. Z. S.
1879, p. 041 (Bolivian .Ajides) : Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 328
(1886 : Junin ; Chorillos ; Lake Titicaca) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 402

218 KALLIB^.

(Hiiasco) ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 107 (Lake
Titicaca) ; Heine Sf Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 317 (1890 :
Valdivia).

Fulica cliilensis, Des Murs in Gay^s Faun. Chil. viii. p. 474, Atlas,
tab. xi. ; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1853, Extrah. p. 81 ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,
Ealli, p. 63 (1865, pt.) ; Scl. S^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 176 (Lake
of Tanibo).

Lysca ardesiaca, Beichenb. Syst. Nat. p. xxi (1862).

Adult male. General colour above and below slaty grey, with a
slight wash of olive on the upper parts ; quills and tail blackish ;
first primary distinctly edged with white ; head and neck all round
velvety black ; vent and under tail-coverts black, the lateral under
tail-coverts white or white with black centres. Total length 16
inches, culmen and frontal shield 2'3, wing 9*1, tail 2-4, tarsus 2-9,
middle toe and claw 4.

As with the allied species, the notes respecting the soft parts of this
species differ considerably. I give them as recorded by the original
observers ; nor have I been able to determine whether these differ-
ences are due to age or sex.

" BiU reddish yellow, the tip horny ; tarsi black ; claws blackish
brown ; iris yellowish brown ; shield pale yellow " (Tschudi).

" Iris red ; frontal shield delicate orange, blending into lemon at
the sides and base ; bill flesh-colour, the tip bluish ; legs and feet
delicate slate-colour " (Fraser).

" Bill lavender-colour ; iris bright red ; shield white ; legs and
toes lavender " ( JVhiteh/).

"Bill white, marked with orange at the base; shield chocolate;
legs and toes light green " ( WJiiteh/).

Young. Whiter below ; the bill dark greyish horn-colour, lighter
at the tip and on the terminal half of the edges ; iris dark brown,
slightly reddish ; feet greyish horn-colour, darker on the joints,
greenish below the leg-feathers ; claws dark horny grey (T(ic-
zanoivsM).

Hah. Andes of South America from Ecuador to Peru, Bolivia, and

«,
c.

b. Ad, sk.
2 ad. sk.

d.

Ad. sk.

e.
f,

c? ad. St.
ff. d ad. sk.

Cotta, Ecuador (C. Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Laguna de Tambo, Peru Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nov. (H. Whitely).

Laguna de Tangasuka, Peru, Salvin-Godman Coll.

July 2 {H. Whitely).

Laguna de Tangasuka, Jixly 2. H. Whitely [C.].

Sacoya, Tarapaca, Jan., Berkeley James Coll.

March. [P.].

h. Ad. st. South America. No histoiy.

6. Fulica armillata.

Focha de ligas roxas, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 474, no. 448 (1802).

Fulica armillata, Vieill. N. Diet. xii. p. 47 (1817) ; Gray, Oen B. iii.
p, 600 (1845) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 28 (1847) ; id. J.f. O. 1853,
Extrah. p. 82; Burm. Th. Bras, iii, p. 390 (1855); id. Bets.

53. FTTMCA. 219

La-Plata St. ii. p. 505 (1861 : Mendoza ; E. Parana) ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1867, pp. 334, 339 ; id. <S- Salt: P. Z. S. 18G8, pp. 145, 465 ; iid.
Exot. Orn. p. 115, pi. Iviii. (18G8) ; Pelz. Orn. Jiras.f. 318 (1871 :
Irisanga); Grai/, Ilaml-l. B, iii. p. G8, no. 10517 (1871); Scl. S,-
Salv. Xomenci. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873) ; Durnf. Ill's, 1877,
p. 105 (N. of Ruonos Ayres) ; id. Ibis, 1878, pp. 66,401 (C. Pata-
gonia) ; Barroics, Ank, i. p. 277 (1884 : Lower Uruguay) ;
Withinqton, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de Zamora) ; Scl. 4" Hudson,
Arqeni. Orn. ii. p. 157 (1889) ; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 427 (Buenos
Ayres) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Oiseau.v, p. 136 (1891) ; Hol-
land, Ibis, 1892, p. 209 (Estancia, Espartilla : breeding).

Fulica chloropoides, liinf/, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 95 (1828); Gray, Gen.
B. iii. p. 600 (1845).

Fulica frontata, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 124 (1844).

Ly.sca armillata, Reiclienb. Syst. Nat., Fulic. p. xxi (1852).

Fulica cLilensis (nee DesMtirs), Landb. Arch.f. Natzirg. xxviii. 1862,
p. 215 ; Schl. Mus. Pai/s-Bas, Ralli, p. 63 (1865, pt.).

Fulica leucopyga {nee Licht), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 14 (Tal-
cahuano).

Adult. Similar to F. ardesiaca, but with the frontal shield more
pointed on the crest, and having a more distinct mark of red along
tbe base of the culmen. Total length IS inches, culmen with frontal
shield 2-25, wing 8-5, tail 2-15, tarsus 2'6, middle toe and claw 4.

The descriptions of the colour of the soft parts vary greatly ; and
I give some of the principal notes herewith. It must be noticed
that Landbcck is the only observer who has noted the red on the
tarsus as figured by Sclatcr and Salvin in the ' Exotic Ornithology.'

" 15 ill yellow, with a dark red patch on the culmen ; legs olive-
green ; claws brown ; iris yellow" {Coppiinjer).

" Bill and shield primrose-yellow, the latter large and oval in
shape ; base of upper mandible and a small portion of shield bright
blood-red ; legs olivaceous, with a pale red garter above the knee "
{Durnford).

Hah. Southern Brazil and Pampas of Mendoza to Bolivia, south
from Paraguay and the Argentine Ilcpublic throughout Chili and
Patagonia.

a. Ad. sk.

South America.

Old CoU.

b. Ad. sk.

Lake Titicaca, Peru.

Old Coll.

e. Ad. st.

Chili.

T. Bridges [CI.

d. 2 ad. St.

Cliili.

E. C. Reed, Esq. [d.

e. Ad. St.

Valparaiso.

Sir W. Burnett and Ad-
miral Fitzroy. (Tj-pe
of F. frontata.)

/. Ad. sk.

Chili (Dr. Weitshaupt).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

g, h. Ad. sk.

Tarapaca, Dec.

Berkelev James Coll.

i. S ad. sk.

Talcahuano, Chili, Sept. 18,

Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

(Dr. Coppinger).

7. Fulica gigantea.

Fulica gigantea, Eyd. Sf Soulei/et, Voi/. ' Bonite,' p. 102, tab. 8 (1841 :
Peru) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii! p. 60() (1845) ; Tseh. ^ Cab. Faun.
Peruan.,Avcs, p. 302 (1844-46: Lake of Ascacochn); Har/l. J. f.O.
1853, Extrah. p. 80 ; Sd. if Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 46:3 ; iid. Exot.

220 EALLID^.

Orn. p. 120 (1868) ; Grm/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 68, no. 10523 (1871) ;

Sd. (■ Scilv. Nome7icl. Av. Keotr. p. 140 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.

1874, p. .559 ; id. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 329 (1886 : Lake Junin) ; Scl

P. Z. S. 1886, p. 402 (Cueva Nigra, Tarapaca).
Phalaria gigas, Peichenb. Si/st. Nat. p. xxi (1852),
Fulica maxima, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 323 (1855).

Adult female. General colour above dark slaty grey ; wing-coverts
like the back ; quills and tail black, first primary with a white
edging, which is often absent ; head and neck all round velvety black,
shading off on the neck into slaty grey like the rest of the under
surface : under tail-coverts black, the lateral ones parti-coloured,
white along the outer webs. Total length 20 inches, culmen and
frontal shield 2-6, wing 10-2, tail 2-4, tarsus 3-7, middle toe and
claw 5-5.

The soft parts as given by Tschudi are as follows : — " Frontal
shield and the upper part of the culmen, as far as the anterior border
of the nostrils, clear yellow ; end of bill horn-colour ; shield purplish
red ; feet dark red ; claws blackish grey " (Tsclmdi). Jelski's notes
are as follows : — " Bill red on the upper part of the mandible as far
as the anterior edge of the nostrils ; the frontal shield, which is
much swollen, yellow ; the end of both mandibles gradually passing
from yellow to a whitish horn ; claws horn-brown ; iris hazel-brown."
Finally, Mr. Berkeley James writes: — " Feet dark brickdust-red ;
bill reddish brown, with the ridge and point white and a spot on
each side yellow ; iris reddish brown."

The amount of white on the under tail-coverts varies greatly,
some of the lateral ones being white with black centres, while in
one of Mr. James's examples from Tarapaca they are almost entirely
black.

Hal. Peru and Bolivia to the province of Tarapaca in Chili.

a. Ad. sk. Peru {H. TMiitely). Salvin-Godman Coll.

h. 2 ad. sk. Junin, Peiii. Dr. Taczanowski [P.].

c. S ad. ; d. Ad. sk. Sacaya, Tarapaca, March. Berkeley James Coll.

8. Fxilica leucopyga.

Fulica leucopyga {nee Wagler), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 600 (1845) ;
Licht. Nomencl. Av. Berol. p. 97 (1854) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii.
p. 390 (1856, note : Montevideo) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ealli,
p. 64 (1865 : Santiago) ; Scl. &i Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 467 ; iid.
Exot. Orn. p. 117, pi. lix. (1868) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 68,
no. 10516 (1871) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 459 (1871) ; Scl. S,- Salv.
Nomencl. Av. p. 140 (1873) ; Diirnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 42 (Chupat),
1878, p, 66 (Buenos Avres), p. 402 (Central Patagonia) ; Scl. ^
Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 157 (1889).

Fulica leucopygia, Hartl. J. f. O. 1853, Extrah. p. 84 {ex Licht.
MSS. in Mus. Berol.) -. Withinyton, Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de
Zamora) ; Oust. Miss. Sci. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 135 (1891).

Fulica chloropoides {nee Kiny), Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 167 (Falkland
Islands).

Fulica rufift'ons, Philippi ^ Landb. Arch.f. Nat. xxviii. p. 223 (1862).

53. FTOicA. 221

Adult. Similar to F. armiUata, but distinguished by the absoace
of a -white edging to the first primary. Total length 1-i inches,
culmen with frontal shield 2-2, wing 6'5, tail 2-4, tarsus 2*2, middle
too and claw 3"4.

Hah. Southern Brazil and Argentina to Chili, Patagonia, and the
Falkland Islands.

a. 2 ad. St. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Expedition.

b. 2 Jid- sk. Central Chili (E. C. Reed). Sahin-Godraan Coll.

c. d. Ad. sk. Central Chili. Berkele\' James Coll.
e. Ad. St. Valparaiso. Sir W. Burnett and

Admiral Fitzroy[P.].
/. Ad. sk. Jacal, Argentine Republic. Salvin-Godman Coll.

ff. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres ( W. II. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hudson),
h, i. Juv. ; k. Pull. Chupat, Patagonia, March. H. Durnford, Esq.
sk. [C.].

9. Pulica americana.

Cinereous Coot, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 279 (1785) ; NuttaU,
Man. Oni. ii. p. 229 (1834).

Fulica americana, Gni. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 704 (1788) ; Wilson, Amer.

Orn. ix. p. 1, pi. Ixxiii. tig. 1 (1814) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d^Hist. Nat.

xii. p. 50 (1817) ; Sabine in Frankl. Journ., App. p. 690 (1823) ;

Swains. ^- Rieh. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 404 (1831) ; Jard. ed.

Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 18;} (1832) ; Auduh. B. Amer. pi. 239;

id. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 291 (1835), v. p. 508 (183U) ; id. B. Amer.

Svo, V. p. 138, pi. 305 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 600 (1845) ; Gosse,

B. Jamaica, p. 384 (1847) ; Hartl. J. f. O. 1853, Extrah. p. 87,

1855, p. 99 ; Gundl. J. f. 0. 1856, p. 430 (Cuba) ; Set. P. Z. S.

1867, p. 206 (Jalapa) ; Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 751 (18-58) ; Bryant,

Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 122 (1859: Bahamas) ; Jones,

Nat. Bermudas, p. 46 (1859) ; A. S,- E. Newt. Ibis, 1859, p. 260

(S. Croix) ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 64 (Chilomo) ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1859, p. 369 ; Scl. >^- Salt: Ibis, 1859, p. 230 (Duenas), 1860, p. 45;

Reink. Ibis, 1861, p. 12 (Greenland) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 81

(Jamaica) ; Blakist. Ibis, l862, p. 9 (Saskatchewan), 1863, p. 135 ;

March, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1864, p. 69 (Jamaica) ; Scl. P. Z. S.

1864, p. 179 (City of .Mexico) ; Schl. Mas. Pays-Bas, Balli, p. 63

(1865) ; Mcllwr'aith, Proc. Essex Inst. v. p. 93 (1866: Canada) ;

Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 40 (S. Texas) ; Leaf. Ois. Trinid. p. 504

(1866) ; Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 100 (1866 : Sombrero) ;

Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 283 ; Scl. Sf Salt: P. Z. S. 1868, p. 46S ;

Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. is., p. 143 (1868 : Costa Rica) ; Sundev.

(Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fiirh. Stockh. 1869, p. 387 (S. Bartholomew) ;

id. i.e. p. 601 (Porto Rico); Dall ^- Bann. Trans. Chicago Acad.

i. p. 293 (1869 : Fort Yukon) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 219 (Tera-

gua) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 67, no. 10515 (1871) ; Hurting,

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 117 (Disco) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 275 (1882) ;

Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 183 (1873); Scl. ^- Sale. Nomencl.

Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Coues, B. N.-Wesf, p. 541 (1874);

Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. II. ii. p. 312 (1874: Colima; Mazatlan);

Ilenshaw, Rep. Zoul. Expl. \QOth Merid. p. 469 (1875) ; Gundl.

Orn. Cid>a, p. 301 (1876) ; Lawr. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 50

(1876 : S. W. Mexico) ; Ridgw. Rep. Surv. 140M Parallel, p. 614

222 EiLLID^.

(1877) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 62 (1878 : Texas,
iDreeding) ; Cottes, t. c. p. 647 (49tli parallel) ; Merrill, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. i. p. 165 (1878) ; Beldinrj, t. c. p. 444 (Stockton) ;
Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 434 (1879) ; Cory, B. Bahamas,
p, 178 (1880) ; Lister, Ibis, 1880, pp. 39, 44 (S. Vincent) ;
A. S)- E. Neivton, Kandb. Jamaica, p. 115 (1881) ; Ridgio. Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 47 (1881) ; id. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
iii. p. 202 (1881) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 110 (1882) ;
Samuels, North. ^- East. Birds, p. 476 (1883) ; Belding, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. V. p. 545 (1883 : Lower California) ; Coues, Key N,
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 676 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridgto. Hist.
N. Amer. B. i. p. 393 (1884) ; Drno, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885 : Colo-
rado) ; Goss, t. c. p. 112 (Kansas) ; Agersb. t. c. p. 287 (Dakota) ;
Turner, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 248 (1885 : Fort Cliimo) ;

A. O. U. Check-l. p. 144 (1886) ; Eidgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
ix. p. 177 (1886 : Puebla) ; Everm. Auk, iii. p. 91 (1886) ; Scott,
t. c. p. 386 (Arizona) ; Anthony, t. c. p. 164 ; Lloyd, Auk, iv. p. 185
(1887); Nelson, N. H. Coll. Alaska, p. 97 (1887: Fort Yukon) ;

Wells, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 269 (1887: Grenada) ; Toivns.
op. cit. X. pp. 197, 234 (1887 : N. California) ; Beckham, t. c. p. 637
(Bexar Co., Texas) ; Merrill, Auk, v. p. 144 (1888 : Oregon) ;
Cha])7n. t. c. p. 270 (Florida) ; Everm. t. c. p. 348 (Indiana) ;
Warreti, B. Penmrjlv. p. 31, pi. 8 (1888); Salvin, Ibis, 1889,
p. 378 (Cozumel) ; Feilden, t. c. pp. 480, 499 (Barbados) ; Cory,

B. West Indies, p. 258 (1889) ; Scott, Auk, vi. p. 156 (1889 :
Florida) ; Pindar, t. c. p. 312 (Kentucky) ; Thompson, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 496 (1890 : Manitoba) ; Mearns, Auk, vii. p. 52
(1890 : Arizona) ; Miller, Auk, viii. p. 119 (1891 : Massachusetts) ;
Ridgio. t. c. pp. 335, 338 (Babamas) ; Merriam, N. Amer. Faun.
( U. S. Dep. Agric.) no. 3, p. 88 (1890 : S. Francisco Mts.) ; id.
op. cit. no. 5, pp. 19, 91 (1891 : Idaho) ; Hagerup, B. Greenl. ed.
(Jhamberl. p. 54 (1891); Scott, Auk, ix. pp. 12, 212 (1892:
Jamaica) ; Attwater, t. c. p. 2.32 (S. Texas : breeding).

Fulica wilsoni, Step>h. in Shaivs Gen. Zool. xii. pt. i. p. 236 (1824) ;

Brehm, Vogelf. p. 323 (1855).
Fulica atra {iiec L.), D'Orb. in Ramon de la Sagra^s H. N. Cuba,

p. 211 (1840).

Adult. General colour above brown, slightly washed with olive ;
scapulars aud wing-coverts slaty grey; bastard-wing, primary-
coverts, and quills light ashy brown, darker brown at the ends ; the
outer secondaries with broad white tips ; first primary white along
the outer web, as also the outer feathers of the bastard-wing ; tail-
feathers blackish ; head and neck black all round, the mantle and
sides of neck slaty grey ; rest of under surface from the fore neck
light ashy, the sides of the body slaty grey ; the abdomen paler ; vent
black ; under tail-coverts white, the long centre feathers black ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries slaty grey, with narrow whitish edgings ;
the edge of the wing white : " bill milk-white, more bluish white
terminally, each mandible with a spot of dark brown near the end,
bordered anteriorly with a more or less distinct bar of reddish
chestnut ; frontal shield dark chestnut or liver-brown, the culmen
just in front of this tinged with greenish yellow ; legs bright yel-
lowish green, the tibia tinged behind and above with orange-red ;
toes light bluish grey, tinged with yellowish green on the scatellse
of basal phalanges ; iris bright crimson " (Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridg-

53. FtJLICA.

223

waij). lotal length 14 inches, culmen with frontal shield 1-6
wmg 7-1, tail 2-1, tarsus 2, raiddio toe and claw 3-1. '

Hab. North America and Central America.

a. Ad. sk.

b, c, d. Ad. et inam.
sk.

e. S ad. sk.

/. Imni. sk.
(J. Juv. sk.

h, i, k. Pull. sk.

/, VI, n. Ad. et iuv.

sk.
o. Ad. sk.

p. S ad. sk.

q. (S ad. sk.

r, s. cJ ad. sk.

<-y. c? ad.; s, a'.

$ ad. sk.
b\ Ad. sk.
c'. cJ nd. sk.

f/', e'. cT ad.;/. $

ad. sk.
y-w'. cf $ ad. sk.

»'. c? ad. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.

Pull.

p',q'.Ad.;r'.

sk.
«'. Ad. sk.

t'. Ad. sk.
m'. Ad. sk.
v'. (5 ad. sk.

w', x', y' . Ad. sk.
3'. Ad. sk.

o". Ad. ak.
i". Sternum.

49th ParaUel, AprU 28 {G. N. A. Boundary Com-

Dawson). mission.

British Columhia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

Carson, Nevada, Dec. 14 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Hensh. Coll.).
Chicago, 111. {Hensh. Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
Ontonagon, Michigan, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll

2o (A. J. Daijan : Hensh.

Coll.).

St. Clair Flats, JNL'chigan Salvin-Godman Coll.

{He7ish. Coll.).
New Haven, Connecticut, Salvin-Godman CoU.

Sept., Oct. {A. J. Dm/an).
Lake Borgue, Louisiana" Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Hensk. Coll.).
Fort Bridger, Utah, Jan. 10 Salvin-Godman Coll.

(C. Bre.der).
Ocklawaha, Florida, April 17 Salvm-Godman CoU.
(W. J. Elstim: Hmsh.
Coll.).
De Soto Co., Florida, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.

( W. R. Dean).
Corpus Christi, Oct., Dec, Sahin-Godman Coll.

May {F. B. Armstrong).
Mexico. Old CoU.

Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Jan. 1 1 Salvin-Godman CoU.

{A. Forrer).
Presidio, Jan., Feb. {A. For- Salvin-Godman Coll.

rer).
Tamesi, near Tampico, March Salvin-Godman CoU

( W. B. liichardson).
Puebla,Nov.4(i''e;T«;v-P«r;). Salvin-Godman Coll
Jomatta, Vera Cruz, June Salviu-Godman CoU.

(J/. Trujillo).
Lake of Duenas, Guatemala, Sidvin-Godman Coll.

^ov., Dec, .July (O. S.).
Lake of I'eten, Guatemala, Sahin-Godman CoU

AprU {0. S.).
Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. ( O. S.). Tweeddale CoU.
Calobre, Veragua (F. Arce). Salvin-Godman CoU.
Laguua del CastUlo, Vera- Salvin-Godman CoU.

gua {F. Arc6).
Cozumel Island, June (G. F. Salvin-Godman CoU.

Gaumer).
Jamaica ? Kev. W. Heunah [P.].

(One of the tynes of Fiilica frontata,
Grav, List Gialia?, p. \-2-i.)
Grenada, April 4 {D. W. Salvin-Godman CoU.

Smith).
Jamaica. Gosse CoU.

224 RALtlD^.

10. Fulica caribaea.

Fulica caribaea, Ridgway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 358 (1884) ;
Cm-y, B. West Ind. p. 259 (1889) ; id. Auk, viii. p. 46 (1891).

Adult. Similar to F. americana, but differing in the shape of the
frontal shield. Total length 13' 5 inches, culmen with frontal
shield 2, wing 6*9, tail 1*9, tarsus 2-1, middle toe and claw 3-1.

Hab. Islands of Anguilla, Guadeloupe, and S. John, in the Lesser
Antilles. Probably also in Grenada Island.

Mr. Eidgway states that F. caribcea differs further from F. ameri-
cana in the slenderer bill and in the form and colour of the frontal
shield, the latter being " oval or elliptical, much wrinkled, •70-*90
of an inch long and -SS-SO wide in the breeding season ; its colour
pale brownish (whitish in life ?) instead of chestnut or liver-broAvn
as in F. americana." Mr. Eidgway has very kindly sent me a
specimen of the species from Guadeloupe, and I must confess that
the form of the shield is different from any of those which we
possess from North America,

11. Fulica leucoptera.

Focha, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 472 (1802).

Fulica leucoptera, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. xii. p. 48 (1817) ; Gray, Gen.

B. iii. p. 600 (1845) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 28 (1847) ; Burm.

Th. Bras. iii. p. 391, note (1856) ; id. Reis. La-Plata St. ii. p. 505

(1861 : Parana) ; Sel. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1806, p. 468 ; iid. Ex. Orn.

p. 119, pi. 60 (1868) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 68, no. 10520

(1871) ; Sel. iy Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873); Durnf.

Ibis, 1877, p. 95, 1878, p. 67 (Buenos Ayres) ; Sel. Sf Salv. P. Z. S.

1879, p. 641 (Chiqiiitos) ; White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 42 (Cordova) ;

Barroivs, Auk, i. p. 277 (1884: Lower Uruguay) ; Sel. P. Z. S.

1886, p. 403 (Huasco) ; Withington, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Lomas de

Zamora) ; Sel. ^ Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 158 (1889); Ridgw.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 137 (1889 : Sandy Point) ; Holland,

Ibis, 1890, p. 427 (Bueuos Ayres, breeding) ; Oiist. Miss. Set.

Cap Horn, vi. Ois. p. 134 (1891 : Beagle Canal) ; Holland, Ibis,

1892, p. 210 (Estancia, Espartilla; breeding).
Fulica gallinuloides, Ki)ig, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 96 (1828) ; Sel. P. Z. S.

1878, p. 291 ; Gibson, Proc. Pfiys. Soc. Edinb. 1876-78, p. 184.
Fulica leucopyga, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 516.
Fulica Strickland!, Hartl. J.f. O. 1853, Extrah. p. 86 ; Sel. P. Z. S.

1867, p. 339.
Fulica chloropoides {nee King), Landb. Arch. f. Naturg. xxviii. p. 218

(1862).

Adult female. Similar to /''. americana, but darker ; slaty grey
above and below, and having both mandibles entirely yellow:
"frontal shield chrome-yellow; bill chrome-yellow, with the tips
of the mandibles greenish ; feet very pale sea-green, with the webs,
joints, and claws black; iris fiery red" {Dr. Hahn). Total length
11 inches, culmen with frontal shield 1-65, wing 7'3, tail 2-2,
tarsus 2, middle toe and claw 3-1.

54. LEGUATIA. 225

llab. Southern Brazil to Bolivia and Teru, south to Chili and
Patagonia.

a. Ad. sk. Lake Titicaca, Peru. Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. $ ad. sk. Sacaya, Tarapaca, Jan. 2-4. Berkeley James Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Qiulmes, Buenos Ayres, Aug. 20 Salvin-Grodman Coll.

( W. H. midson).

d. $ ad. sk. La Plata, Buenos Ayres, Nov. 4 Salvin-Godman Coll.

{E. W. White).
e,/,^. Ad. sk. V&Wyoma, {Capt. Kiny). Old Coll. (Types of

Fulicagallinuloides.)

12. Fulica alai.

Fulica atra {nee L.), Bloxham, Voy. ' Blonde,' p. 251 (1826).

Fulica alai, Peak, (I.S. Expl. Exped., Birds, p. 224 (1848) ; JSartl.
Arch.f. Naturg. xviii. p. 137 (1852); id. J.f. O. 1854, p. 176;
Cass. U.S. Expl. E.vped., Birds, p. 306, Atlas, pi. xxxvi. (1858) ;
Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Isl. Pacijic Ocean, p. o4 (1859) ; Cass. Proc.
Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 322 (Hilo) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 08,
no. 10519 (1871) ; Peh. Verh. z.-h. Ges. JVien, xxiii. p. 159 (1873) ;
Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mas. no. 7, p. 21 (1877 : Oahu) ; Scl.
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 351 ; Finsc/i, Ibis, 1880, p. 78 ; Sel. Voy. ' Chal-
lenger,' ii. p. 99 (1881) ; Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 331
(1882) ; Stejn. op. cit. x. p. 80 (1887), xi. p. 95 (1888: Kauai).

Adult male. Similar to F. leucoptera, but having a much larger
and stouter bill and much broader white tips to the outer second-
aries : " bill Hesh-colour with a yellowish tinge ; feet pale slate-
colour ; iris red " (./. Murray) : " i'eot uniform pale greyish, without
any greenish band on the joint of the knee" (0. Finsch). Total
length ll'o inches, culmen with frontal shield 2- 15, wing 7,
tail 1'65, tarsus 2-2, middle toe and claw 3'2.

Hab. Sandmch Islands.

a. 2 ad. sk. llilo, Owhyhee. Voy. H.M.S. ' Challenger.

54. LEGUATIA.

Type.
Leguatia, Schlegel, Versl. Med. Akad. Wetensch. Amst.
{Natuurk.) vii. p. 142 (1838) L. gigantea.

Ea)U/e. Formerly living in Mauritius.

1. Leguatia gigantea.

The Giant Bird, Leguat, Voy. {Engl. Ed.) p. 171 (1708).
Galliuula (Leguntia) gigantea, Schl. Ibis, 1866, pp. 146-168, cum

tig. ; id. Ann. Sci. Nat. (v.) vi. pp. 25- 49, pi. i. ligs. 1, 2.
Leguatia gigantea, Shufeldt, Cent. Mag. 1886, p. 361.

Uab. Mauritius : now extinct.

226 EALLID^.

The following fossil genera of Ballidce have been placed at the
end of the series, as their exact position in the family has not yet
been determined : —

55. GYPSORNIS. ,^

Grypsonus, Milne-Edwards, Oiseaux Fossiles de la France,
ii. p. 140 (1869-71) G. cuvieri.

1, Gjrpsornis cuvieri.

Gypsornis cuvieri, Milne-Edivards, t. c. ; Lydekker, Cat. Foss. B.
p. 159 (1891).

From the Upper Eocene of Montmartre, France.

56. TELMATORNIS.

Type.

Telmatornis, Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. 1870, pp. 210, 211 . . T. priscus.

1 Telmatornis priscus.

Telmatornis priscus. Marsh, t. c.
From the Cretaceous Greensand of New Jersey.

2. Telmatornis affinis.

Telmatornis afiinis. Marsh, t. c.
From the Cretaceous Greensand of New Jersey.

57. ORTHOCNEMUS.

Type.

Orthocnemus, Milne-Edioards, C. R. 2nd Congrbs Intern.

Budapest, ii. p. 74 (1892) 0. gallicus.

1. Orthocnemus gallicus.

Orthocnemus gaUicus, Milne-Edwards, t. c. p. 74 (1892).
From the Upper Eocene of S. France.

2. Orthocnemus cursor.

Orthocnemus cursor, Milne-Edwards, t. c. p. 76 (1892).
From the Upper Eocene of S. France.

3. Orthocnemus major.

Orthocnemus major, Milne-Edwards, t. c. p. 76 (1892).
From the Upper Eocene of S. France.

4. Orthocnemus minor.

Orthocnemus minor, Milne-Edicards, t. c. p. 77 (1892).
From the Upper Eocene of S. France.

RAlLrDJE. 227

58. ELAPHROCNEMUS.

Type.
Elaphrocnemus, Milne-Edwards, C. R. 2nd Congrh

Orn. Intern. Budapest, ii. p. 77 (1892) E. phasianus.

1. Elaphrocnemas phasianus.

Elaphrocnemus phasianus, Milne-Edwards, t. c. p. 77 (1892).
From the Upper Eocene of S. France.

2. Elaphrocnemus gracilis.

Elaphrocnemus gi-acilis, Milne-Edwards, t. c. p. 78 (1892).
From the Upper Eocene of S. France.

3. Elaphrocnemus crex.

Elaphrocnemus crex, Milne- Edioards, t. c. p. 78 (1892).
From the Upper Eocene of S. Franco.

59. TAPINOPUS. ,^

lype.

Tapinopus, Milne-Edwards, C. R. 2nd Congres Orn.

Intern. Budapest, il. p. 79 (1892) T. elliotti.

1. Tapinopus ellioti.

Tapinopus ellioti, Milne-Edwards, t. c. p. 79 (1892).
From the Upper Eocene of S. France.

The folloNving species of extinct Rails have been placed under the
genus Eallus ; but inasmuch as thcj' are founded mostly on single
bones, the exact genera to which they belong may be modified on a
discovery of further remains, and I have therefore contented myself
with merely recording them (c/. Lydekker, Cat. Foss. B. p. 1-14) : —

1. Rallus dispar.

Rallus dispar, Milne-Edwards, Oiseatix Fossiles d« la France, i. p. 155
(18(37-08) ; Lydekker, Cat. Foss. B. p. 144 (1891).

From the 3Iiddle Miocene of Sansan (Gera), France.

2. Rallus beaumonti.

Rallus beaumonti, Milne-Edwards, op. cit, ii. p. 152 (1369-71) ;
Lydekker, t. c. p. 145.

From the Middle Miocene of Sansan.

228 KALLID^.

3. Rallus major.

Rallus major, Milne-Edwards, t. c. p. 157; Lydekker, t. c. p. 145.
From the Middle Miocene of Sansau.

4. Rallus, sp.

RaUus, sp., Lydekker, t, c. p. 145.

From the Lower Miocene (Upper Oligocenc) of Weissenau, near
Mayence, Germany.

5. Rallus porzanoides.

Rallus porzanoides, Milne-Edwards, t. c. p. 150 ; Lydekker, t. c. p. 145.
From the Lower Miocene (Upper Oligocene) of AUier, France,

6. Rallus christyi.

Rallus christyi, Milne-Edwards, t. c. p. 146 ; Lydekker, t. c. p. 145.
From the Lower Miocene of AUier, France.

7. Rallus eximius.

Rallus eximius, Milne-Edwards, t. c. p. 149 ; Lydekker, t. c. p. 146.

From the Lower Miocene of AUier.

8. Rallus intermedius.

Rallus intermedius, Milne-Edivards, t. c. p. 144 ; Lydekker, t. c.
p. 146.

From the Upper Eocene (Lower Oligocene) of Montmartre, France.

9. Rallus dasypus.

Rallus dasypus, Milne-Edwards, C. R. 2nd Congres Intern. Bvdapest,
ii. p. 73 (1892).

From the Upper Eocene of St. Antoniu, France.

10. Rallus arenarius.

RaUus arenarius, Milne-Edwards, t. c. p. 73 (1892).
From the Upper Eocene of Caylux, France.

HELIORNITHID^. 229

Family II. HELIORNITHIDiE.

Palate schizognathous.

Nasals holorhinal.

Eectrices 18.

C»ca moderately long.

Oil-gland tufted.

No aftershaft to contour-feathers.

Sternum elongated, with a single notch ; keel of the sternum
low.

Clavicles with an anterior and posterior interclavicular process,
the latter firmly attached to the keel of the sternum.

Basipterygoid processes absent.

Occi])ital foramina and supraorbital furrows absent ; no greatly
developed temporal fossas.

Biceps slip ending freely on patagial membrane ; expansor secund-
ariarium well developed.

Ambiens, femoro-caudal, accessory femoro-caudal, and semiteudi-
nosus muscles present ; accessory semitendiuosus absent ; relations
of biceps cruris peculiar {cf. Beddard, /. c).

Plumage close-set and general appearance that of a diving Rail ;
toes with scalloped lateral webs.

Nest and eggs unknown. Young of Heliornis, according to Neu-
wied, two, hatched naked.

N.B. — Most of the above characters are derived from Mr. F. E.
Beddard's paper on the anatomy of Podica senegalensts (P. Z. S. 1890,
pp. 425-443, pi. xxxix.).

Key to tlie Genera.

a. Tail elongated, stiffened and ribbed, the

tVatliers pointed and narrow 1. Podica, p. 229.

h. Tail sluirt and romidcd, the feathers not
stiffened but rather soft and broad.
a'. Toes united only at base with a web, and

not banded with yellow 2. Heliopais, p. 232.

h'. Toes united by a web for nearly two thu-ds
of their length, banded with black and
yellow 3. Heliobnis, p. 233.

1. PODICA. ^

Podica, Less. Traiti (FOrn. p. 506 (1831) P. senegalensis.

Rhigelura, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1229 P. senegalensis.

Podoa, Bp. {nee IlUy.) t'onsp. ii. p. 182 (1856) P. senegalensis.

lianije. Confined to Africa.

230 HELIOENITHIL^.

1. Podica senegalensis.

Heliomis senegalensis, Vieill. iV. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 277
(1817) ; id. Gal. Ois. ii. pi. 280 (1825) ; Schl 3Ius. Pays-Bos, Uri-
natores, p. 49 (1867 : Senegal ; Gold Coast).

Podica senegalensis, Less. Traite, p. 596 (18.31) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.
p. 634, pi.' 173 (1844) ; id. List Gralla Brit. Mus. p. 124 (1844) ;
Reichenb. Handb., Fidic. tab. cxiv. ligs. 1141-42 (1850) ; Hartl.
Orn. Westafr. p. 249 (1857 : Ashantee ; Cape Palmas), p. 275
(Muni R.) ; Cass. Proc. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 175 (Camma R.) ;
Kartl. J. f. O. 1861, p. 273 ; Shmye, Ibis, 1870, p. 488 (Fantee) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 69, no, 10526 (1871) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1871, p. 614 (Cameroons) ; Beichen. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 375 (Gold
Coast) ; Sharpe Sf Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 314 (1876 :
R. Louemba, Congo) ; Beichen. J. f. 0. 1877, p. 12 (Loango
Coast) ; Bocage, Orn. Anyola, p. 487 (1881) ; Oustalet, N. Arch.
Mus. (2) ii. Bull. p. 145 (1879 : Gaboon) ; Biittik. Notes Leyden
3fus. viii. p. 267 (1886 : Liberia), x. p. 103 (1888), xi. pp. 128,
137 (1889); Beichen. J.f. O. 1890, p. 108 (Cameroons).

Rbigelura senegalensis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1229.

Podoa senegalensis, Bp. Consj). ii. p. 182 (1855).

Podoa josepbina, i)^j. Consp. ii. p. 182 (1855).

Podoa pucberani, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 994 (1856).

Podica sp., Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. Abth. i. p. 1249 (1871).

Podica josepbina, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 69, no. 10527 (1871).

Adult. General colour above dark brown, with a greenish-black
gloss on the feathers of the mantle, back, and scapulars, these parts
being spangled with rounded ochreous spots, each spot surrounded
by greenish black ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform
brown ; wing-coverts brown like the back, but the spots rather
whiter ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills uniform dark
brown ; iipper tail-coverts brown like the back, but spotted with
white ; tail-feathers black with a greyish gloss, the shafts brown,
the tips of the feathers narrowly edged with fulvous ; crown of head
and hind neck blackish with a greenish gloss ; lores ashy ; feathers
round the eye and sides of face, sides of neck, and entire throat
ashy grey, more or less mottled with streaks of triangular spots of
white ; from behind the eye a distinct line of white traversing the
whole of the sides of the neck, a second broader band of white from
below the eye along the lower sides of the neck, this band not so
distinct as it is mottled with spots of ashy grey; remainder of
under surface of body white with a slight fulvous tinge, the fore
neck slightly mottled with black, the sides of the body more dis-
tinctly mottled with bars of black and yellowish white, these bars
less distinct on the flanks and under tail-coverts ; imder wing-
coverts and axillaries dusky blackish, with regular bars of black and
white : " bill coral-red, the culmen black ; feet coral-red ; iris pale
brown " (J. Biittikofer). Total length 21 inches, culmen 2,
wing 7*8, tail 6-8, tarsus 1-45, middle toe and claw 2-3.

Female. Smaller than the male ; the mantle with a few rounded
buff spots, which are posteriorly margined with black ; throat white
(^Hartlaub).

1. PODICA. 231

Toxmg. Entirely bro'W'n above, without any spots ; throat and
under surface of Ijody white, with a tawny tinge on the fore neck,
sides of body, and under tail-covcrts, with merely a few fulvescent
spots on the sides of the body and flanks.

For the changes of plumage in this species, and its probable
identity with P. petersi, Mr. Biittikofer's remarks (Notes Leyden
Mus. 1888, p. 104) must bo consulted.

Hab. West Africa from Senegambia to the Congo.

a, b. Ad. et juv. st. Senegal. Baron Laugier.

c, d. Ad. etjuv. sk. River Gambia {Sir A. Shelley Coll.

Moloney).

e. Ad. sk. Ancobra River, Axim. Dr. Ogilvie Ross [P.].

2. Podica petersi.

Podica petersi, Hartl. Abhandl. not Ver. Hamburg, ii. p. 62 (1852) ;
id. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 250, note (1857) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 206
(Natal); Finsch k Hartl. Vcig. Ostafr. p. "790 (1870); Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 69, no. 10528 (1871) ; Gurney, in Anderss. B.
Damara-Ld. p. .345, note (1872) ; Sharjje ^ Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, iii. p. 80 (1878 : Rio Chiloango) ; Fischer, J. f. O. 1879,
p. 297 (Muniuni) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 488 (1881); Sharps,
ed. LayarcFs B. S. Afr. p. 625, pi. xii. (1881 : E. London ; Buffalo
R.) ; Shellei), Ibis, 1882, p. 367 (Rustenberg) ; Fischer, J. f. 0.
1885, p. 117 (Muniuni).

Podica niosambicana, Peters, Ber. Verh. k. Preuss. Akad. Berlin,
1853, p. 78.3 ; Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 77 (Kareiga R.).

Heliomis impipi, Licht. liomencl. Av. p. 104 (1854).

Podoa mosambicana, Bp. Consp. ii. p. 182 (1857).

Adult male. Similar to P. sencfjalensis, but larger and with less
distinct ochreous spotting on the back and scarcely any on the
upper tail-covcrts ; the whole of the sides of the face, sides of neck,
and throat grey, with scarcely any trace of a white band down the
sides of the neck : " upper mandible black, with red margins ; under
mandible red, with black margins ; legs and feet bright red ; iris
light reddish brown " {T. Ayres). Total length 23 inches, culmen
2"4, wing 9-8, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-2, middle toe and claw 3-4.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller, with a distinct
line of white down the .sides of the neck ; throat and under surface
of body white ; lower throat and fore neck freckled with blackish
bands: " iris whitish brown " {T. Ayres). Total length 23 inches,
culmen 2, wing 9'5, tail 7, tarsus 2*3, middle toe and claw 3-1.
* Mr. Biittikofcr, from his experiences in Liberia, has suggested
that there is only one species of Podica in Africa, and that P. petersi
is inseparable from P. senegalensis. With the material at my com-
mand I have found it verj' difficult to determine this question ; but
the adult specimens from S. Africa are conspicuously larger than
those from the Western part of the continent, and have less spotting
on the back, with scarcely any upon the upper tail-coverts ; they
also have the sides of the face and throat almost uniform grey, the
white bands on the sides of the neck apparently disappearing

232 HELIORNIIHID^.

altogether. This may be the case also with the West-African
species, hut I have not as yet seen a West-African specimen in
which the white hands on the sides of the neck were entirely
obsolete, I therefore separate P. peiersi for the present, until I
have had the opportunity of examining a larger series of P. sene-
galensis.

Hab. S.E. Africa from British Caffraria north to the Zanzibar
district in Eastern Africa, and to the Lower Congo in West Africa.

a. Juv. st. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [0.].

b-e. Imm. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

/. 2 ^d. sk. Kingwilliamstown, May 7. Major Trevelyan [C.].

ff. (S ad. St. Natal {T. Ayres). J. H. Gumey, Esq.

h. Imm. sk. Eustenberg, Transvaal {J. S. Shelley CoU.

Jameson),
i. 2 ad. st. Mozambique, Purchased.

k. Ad. sk. East Africa. Old CoU,

2. HELIOPAIS.

Type.

Podica, pt., auct. recent.

Heliopais, Shai'pe, Bull. Brit.Orn. C/M6,no. vii.p. xxxvii

(March 1893) H. personata.

Bange. The same as that of the single species of the genus.

1. Heliopais personata.

Podica personata, Gray, P.Z. S. 1848, p. 90, Aves, pi. 4; Reichenb.
Handb., Fulic, Novit. tab. cxiv. figs. 2948-49 (1850) ; i?/j. Consp.
ii. p. 182 (1857) ; Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xxviii. p. 411 (1859 :
Moulmein) ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 91 (Tavoy Pdver) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iil
p. 721 ; Gray, Hand-I. B. iii. p. 69, no. 10529 (1871) ; Hume,
Sir. F. ii. p. 483 (1874), iii. p. 185 (1875) ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 162
(1875) ; Hume Sf Davismi, Str. F. vi. p. 465 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 70 (1879: Malacca); Gates, Str. F. x. p. 241 (1882:
Eugmah Swamp) ; id. Handb. B, Brit. Biirm. ii. p. 353 (1883 :
Karen-nee).

Podoa personata, Blyth, Ibis, 1859, p. 466.

Heliomis personata, Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Urinatores, p. 49 (1867 :
Sumatra).

Heliopais personata, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. vii. p. xxxvii
(1893).

Adult male. General colour above brown with an olive-greenish
gloss ; wing-coverts like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills dark brown ; lower back and rump brown, the upper
tail-coverts slightly lighter brown ; tail-feathers dark brown with
narrow whitish tips ; fore part of crown black, extending in a streak
on each side of the occiput ; hinder crown and hind neck leaden
grey ; feathers round the eye and ear-coverts, sides of face, and
entire throat black, ending in a point on the lower throat, separated
on the sides of the neck by a narrow line of white ; sides of neck

3. HEIIOENIS. 233

and lower throat olive-brown with a greenisli tinge ; fore neck and
entire sides of body brown, rather paler on the former; entire breast
white ; the outer flank-feathers and under tail-coverts barred with
light brown and white ; under wiug-coverts, axillaries, and quills
below sooty brown : " bill orange-yellow, paler at the tip ; tarsi
and toes light green, the webs turning to yellow towards the edges ;
claws horn-colour ; iris hazel-brown ; edges of eyelids yellow "
{E. W. Oates). Total length 20 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 9-6,
tail 4*7, tarsus 2, middle toe and claw '61.

Adult female. Similar to the male on the upper surface, but
distinguished by its white throat and fore part of cheeks, the white
being surrounded by the black on each side of the face descending
down the throat and meeting in a point : " biU dull yellow, shaded
about the middle with brown ; iris ochreous yellow ; eyelids pea-
green " ( W. Davison). Total length 20 inches, culmen 2, wing 9,
tail 4-8, tarsus 1-8, middle toe and claw 2-7.

Touncf. Resembles the adult female, but is much duller in colour,
with less green above, the head browner than in the adult hen ;
throat white, surrounded by the same black band as in the adult
female, but not so broad and complete.

Uah. From Karennee to Cambodia, south through Tenasserim to
Malacca and Sumatra.

a. c? ad. sk. Karen-nee {Lloyd). Oates Coll.

b. (S ad. sk. Engmah Swamp, Prome dis- Oates Coll.

trict, July 7 {E. W. O.).

c. c? ad. sk. Mergui, Tenasserim, Jan. 30 Hume Coll.

( W. Davison).

d. 2 ad. sk. Amherst, ^larch 3. Hume Coll.

e. $ juv. sk. Kintob, Houngthraw R. {J. Hume Coll.

Darling).

f. 2 ad. sk. Bankasoon, Feb. 28 ( W. D.). Hume Coll.
ff. Ad. sk. Klan^r, Selangore, Jan. 14 Hume Coll.

( ir. D.).

h. Imm. sk. :Malacca, Sept. ( W. D.). Hume Coll.

i. c? ad. sk. Malacca. Earl of Ellenborough [P. J.

(Tvpe of species.)
k. 2 nd. sk. Cambodia. M. Mouhot [C.].

3. HELIORNIS.

Tvpo.

Heliomis. Bonn. Tab. Mith. i. Introd. p. G4 (1790) H. Yulica.

Podoa, Illiger, Prodr. p. 207 (1811) H. fidica.

Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.

1. Heliomis falica.

Le Grebifoulque de Cayenne, Daubcnt. Fl. Enl. ix. pi. 89.^.
Le Grebe-foulque, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. y. i'4S (1780.
The Surinam Tern, Jiroirn, III. Zool. p. 98, pi. xxxix. (1770).
Surinam Darter, /,/////. f^ru. Si/n. iii. ].t. '2. p. Ci'ti (1785).
Colynibus fuiica, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 54 (1783).

234 HELIOKNITHrD^.

Plotus surinamensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 581 (1788).

Heliomis fulicarius, Bonn. Enc. Mith. i. p. 65 (1790) ; JReichmb.

Handb., Fulic. tab. cxIt. fiffs. 1139-40 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 181

(1854).
Dedales, Azara, Ajmnt. iii. p. 468 (1802).
Podoa surinamensis, llliqer, Prodr. p. 267 (1811) ; Nemvied, Beitr.

Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 823 (1832) : Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 28 (1847) ;

Cab. in Schomb. Rets. Guiati. iii. p. 765 (1848) ; Licht. Nomencl.

p. 104 (1854) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 391 (1855).
Heliomis surinamensis, Jard. ed. Wilson''s Amer. Orn. iii. p. 204

(1832) ; Graij, List Gralla>. Brit. Mus. p. 124 (1844).
Heliomis fulica. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 634 (1844); Scl. 8r Salv. Ibis,

1859, p. 234 (Santana Mixtan) ; Lam: Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii.

p. 302 (1861 : Panama) ; Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 373

(Panama) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200 (Upper Ucajali) ; Leot. Ois.

Trinid. p. 531 (1866) ; Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 764, 979

(Pebas) ; ScJd. Mus. Pays-Bas, Urinatores, p 48 (1867 : Cayenne) ;

Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 18G8, p. 469 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 318 (1871 :

E. Ai'a^ay, P. Rande, Matogrosso, E. Curicuriare, Forte do Rio

Branco) ; Scl. 8r Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 309 (Chyavetas) ; iid.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 140 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 546

(Antioquia) ; Ridr/w. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 237 (1880) ;

Zeledon, Proc. U.S. Nat. 'Mus. viii. p. 114 (1886: Costa Rica) ;

Salvin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177 (Merum^ Mts.) ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus.

N H. ii. p. 107 (1889 : Lower Beni, Bolivia).
Heliomis fulicaria, Reichenb. Handb. Spec. Orn. p. xxi (1852).

Adult female. General colour above uniform olive-brown, becom-
ing clearer brown on the lower back and gradually inclining to
ruddy brown on the rump and upper tail-coverts ; wing-coverts
like the back ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills uniform
brown, washed with olive externally, the inner secondaries like the
back ; tail-feathers dark brown, edged with white at their ends ;
crown of head glossy blue-black, extending a little way on tho hind
neck ; lower hind neck olive like the back ; lores white, with a
small supraloral mark of brown, followed by a white superciliary
streak of white ; feathers round the eye white ; a black spot at the
gape ; ear-coverts and hinder cheeks light chestnut or bay ; above
the ear-coverts a band of blue-black running from behind the eye
and joining the greenish black of the nape ; behind the ear-coverts
a band of white, traversing the sides of the neck and separating the
black of the hind head and neck from another band of black which
commences behind the rufous ear-coverts and skirts the white band
to the sides of the neck, where it slightly widens and unites on the
lower throat, so as to enclose the white of the throat and malar
region ; breast and abdomen white ; the fore neck and chest sandy
buff and separated from the black on the lower throat by a small
white patch ; sides of body olive-brown, more distinctly seen on the
flanks ; under tail-coverts brown, the long coverts tipped with white
like the tail-feathers ; under wing-coverts and asillaries brown,
with white tips to many of the median series ; quills uniform brown
below: " bill bright red with a slight black mark on the culmen
and behind the nostrils, under mandible ■whitish with a whitish-

3. nEtlORNTS.

235

yellow streak near the base ; toes clear yellow, the middle one with
three black cross-bands, the inner one with two, and the outer one
with four ; iris greyish brown " (Nemvied). Total length 12 inches,
culmcn 1 -20, wing 5-9, tail 3-o, tarsus 0-8.

Yoiinri. Much more reddish brown than the adults, especially on
the rump and upper tail-coverts ; the head also brown, with black
feathers only on the nape ; the markings on the sides of the head
and neck as in the adult, but the sides of the face white, not chest-
nut, and the black lateral bands on the neck only indicated by
dusky feathers ; under surface of body pure white, with a little
fulvous tinge on the fore neck, but the black band on the throat
entirely absent ; the sides of the body more reddish brown than in
the adults : bill horn-brown, not red, the lower mandible yellowish;
tip of bill white.

Hah. Southern Brazil to Amazonia, Guiana, Venezuela, and
Colombia, as far north as British Honduras in Central America.

a. Ad. sk. Central America.

b. Imm. ak. Belize, British Honduras (F.

Blancaneaux).

c. d. (5 imm. ; Rio Makal, Western District,

$ ad. sk. British Ilondui-as, Feb. 8 {F.

Blancaneaux).

e. $ ad. sk. Santana Mixtan, Guatemala,

March 15 (O. Sahin).

f. Imm. sk. Chiapam, Guatemala (0. Salvin).
(/. 2 ^d. sk. Costa Rica (Endres).

h. Ad. sk. Lion Hill, Panama.

i. $ ad. sk. Medellin, Antioquia (T. K. Sal-
mon),
k. Ad. st. Cayenne.

/, w. Imm. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (C. BucJcley).

"» o- c? $ imm. Pebas, Eastern Peru, July, Aug.

sk. (/. HaiLvwell).

p. Imm. sk. Pebas, Eastern Peru (J. H.).

q. 2 ad. sk. Matogrosso, Brazil, Sept. 1.3 {J.

Natterer).

r. Ad. St. South America.

«, t. Ad. et South America.

imm. sk.

«. Skeleton. Soutli America.

Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. C. Rothery, Esq.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.
Old Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

236

Order XI. ALECTORIDES.

Following Sclater's arrangement of the families of "Wading Birds,
I have adopted his Order AUctorides. Mr. Lydekker, however, in
his ' Catalogue of Fossil Birds ' (p. 160), reduces this order to the
rank of a Suborder. He further says : — " The Schizognathous birds
included in this suborder differ so markedly in their osteology
that it is almost impossible to give characters to all the members.
The angle of the mandible is, however, always truncated, and the
humerus never has an ectepicondylar process." All the birds of
this order have the hind toe raised above the level of the other
toes {Mesites excepted, where the hallux seems to be on the same
level as the other digits).

Family I. ARAMIDiE.

Palate schizognathous.

Nasals schizorhinal.

Eectrices 12.

Caeca 2 and 2| inches long, somewhat dilated towards their
blind end.

OU-gland tufted.

Sternum as in the Cranes, with no posterior notches.

Femoro-caudal muscle absent. Accessory femoro-caudal thin
and small. Semitendinosus and accessory semitendinosus fairly
developed.

Bill longer than the head, curved and Eail-like. Nostrils per-
forated, linear, situated in a deep nasal groove which extends for
two-thirds of the length of the bill. A very distinct lateral groove
running for two-thirds of the length of the mandible.

Secondaries equal in length to the primaries, the first of which is
peculiar, being sickle-shaped, narrowed and incised for the basal
two-thirds and spatulate at the tip.

Four bare tracts on the body extending some way up the neck.

Nest placed amongst rushes in a marsh.

Eggs ten or twelve, large as a Turkey's, slightly elliptical,
sparsely marked with blotches of pale brown and purple on a
diill white ground, the whole egg having a powdered or downy
appearance. (Hudson, in Scl. & Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 160.)

[Most of the above characters have been derived from the late
Professor Garrod's memoir on the Anatomy of Aramus scolopueeus
(P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 275-277). Cf. also Seebohm, Classif. B. p. 39 ;
Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 127 ; Sharpe, Classif. B. p. 74,]

1. ARAMPS. 237

1. ARAMUS. ^

Type.

Aramus, Vieill. Analyse, p. 58 (181G) A. scolopaceus.

Notherodius, Wayler, Isis, 1829, p. 657 A. giganteus.

Banrje. Southern Florida and throughout Central America to
Ecuador, Venezuela, and Guiana, and throughout the greater portion
of Brazil.

1. Aramus scolopaceus.

Le Courlan de Cayenne, Daubent. PI. Enl, viii. pi. S^.

Le Courliri ou Courlan, Buff'. Kkt. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 442 (1780).

Scolopaceou3 IJeron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 102 (1785).

Ardea scolopacea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 647 (1788, ex Lath.).

Carau, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 202 (1802).

Aramus scolopaceus, Vieill. N. Diet. Wllist. Nat. viii. p. 301 (1817) ;
Gray, List Grallm Brit. Mus. p. 93 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. App.
p. 27 (1849, pt.) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. ccclxxvii. ; id. B. Amer. 8vo,
p. 312 ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 23 (1847) ; Reichenb. Handb., Fulic.
tab. cxxvii. fig. 434 (1852) ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 103 (1854, pt.) ; Burm.
Th. Bras. iii. p. 380 (1856) ; id. Eeis. La-Plata St. ii. p. 504
(1861 : Parana) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 7 (1865 : Cayenne) ;
Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 160 (Argentina) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 59, no. 10406 (1871) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 314, 458 (1871 :
Rio Parana, Rio Araguay, C.iicara, Rio Brauco) ; Scl. S/- Salv.
Nojnencl. Av. Neotr. p. 141 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 308
(Ucayali River) ; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 102 (Buenos Ayres) ;
Garrod, t. c. p. 276 (Anatomy) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 196 (Buenos
Ayres : breeding) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 160 ; Forbes, P. Z. S.
1881, p. 644 (anatomy) ; Barroios, Auk, i. p. 277 (1^4 : Con-
cepcion) ; Berlepsch, Ibis, 1834, p. 440 (R. Orinoco) ; Tacz. Orn.
Perou, iii. p. 387 (1886) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1886 (British Guiana) ; Scl.
^ Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 159 (1889) ; Graham Kerr, Ibis,
1891, p. 270 (Rio Pilcomayo) ; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 149 ; Holland,
Ibis, 1892, p. 210 (Argentine Republic : breeding).

Aramus carau, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. viii. p. 300 (1817) ; id.
Enc. M6t.h. iii. p. 1134 (1823).

RaUus gigas, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 78 (1823 : San Paulo ; Monte-
video).

Rallus ardeoldes, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 72, tab. xci. (1824).

Notherodius guarauna, Neuweid, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. pt. 2, p. 777
(1833).

Notherodius scolopaceus, Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guian. iii. p. 759
(1848).

Aramus guaraiuia, LM. Ois. Trinid. p. 489 (1866).

Adult. General colour above and below dark chocolate-brown,
with a certain amount of olive-greenish or coppery reflection,
especially on the quills and tail-feathers ; the feathers of the back
and wing-coverts with narrow margins of pale brown, these margins
less distinct on the under surface of the body, which is also choco-
late-brown ; head and neck streaked with white, the streaks being
obsolete on the crown and ear-coverts but more strongly developed
on the cheeks and hinder neck, those on the latter part being very
broad and forming lanceolate centres to the feathers ; chin white ;

238 ARAirro^.

throat browu, with indistinct streaks of whity brown ; on the breast
and lower abdomen a few obsoleiie streaks of white : " bill blackish
on the sides, greyish green in the middle, and rather pale yellowish
at the base, and dark green on the culmen ; feet dark blackish
grey; iris greyish brown " (Neuwied). Total length about 22 inches,
culmen -i'l, wing 11*7, tail 5*5, tarsus 4"7, middle toe and claw 3-8.
Hab. South-eastern Erazil and Paraguay, east to the Pilcomayo
and north to Guiana and Venezuela.

a. Ad. sk.

British Guiana.

Sir R. Schomburgk [0.].

b. Ad. sk.

Brazil.

Dr. J. E. Gray [P.].

c. 5 ad. sk.

Caicara, Brazil, Nov. 16 (/.
Natterer).

Salvin-Godman CoU.

d. Ad. st.

[ChUi.]

Old Coll.

2. Aramus pictus.

Tantalus pictus, Bartram, Trav. Florida, p. 291 (1792).

Aramus scolopaceus, Vieill. {nee Gm.) Gal. Ois. ii. p. 134, pi. 252
(1825); Biy.Amer. Orn. iv, p. Ill, pi. 26. fig. 2 (1833); Nutt.
Man. ii. p. 68 (1834) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 543 (1838, mc
pi. ccclxxvii.) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, v. p. 181 (1842, nee pi. 312) ;
Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 355 (1847) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. App. p. 27
(1849); Bp. Consp. ii. p. 103 (1854, pt.) ; Salle, P. Z. S. 1857,
p. 236 (S. Domingo) ; Moore, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 64 (Omoa) ; Scl.
P. Z. S. 1860, p. 290 (Babahoyo) ; Maynard, B. East. N. Amer.
p. 425 (1879) ; Tacz. ^ Berlepsch, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 119 (Babahoyo).

Rallus giganteus, Bp. Journ. Acad. Philad. v. p. 31 (1825).

Notherodius guarauna (nee Nemoied), Wagler, Isis, 1829, p. 657
(Cuba).

Aramus guarauna, D^Orbign. in Ramon de la Sagra's JET. N. Cuba,
Ois. p. 256 (1839) ; Brewer, Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 308
(1860: Cuba).

Notherodius scolopaceus (nee Gm.), Gundl. J. f. O. 1856, p. 426,
1862, p. 89 ; id. Bepert. Fisieo-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 360 (1866).

Notherodius holostictus, Cab. J. f. O. 1856, p. 426.

Aramus gigauteus, Baird, Cass. ^- Laivr. B. N. Amer. p. 657 (1858 :
Florida) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 81 (Jamaica) ; G. C. Taylor, Ibis,
1862, p. 129 ; Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. x. p. 257 (1866 : Porto
Rico), xi. p. 97 (1867 : San Domingo) ; Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet,'
Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 601 (Porto Rico) ; Gray, Hand-l. B,
iii. p. 59, no. 10407 (1871) ; Scl. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr,
p. 141 (1873) ; Gundl. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 353; id. Anal. Soc. Fsp.
Hist. vii. p. 387 (1878) ; A. <^ F. Newt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 115
(1881); Nutting, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 389 (1884:
Nicaragua), p. 396 (Omatepe Island) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. p. 140
(1886) ; Cory, Auk, v. p. 50 (1888) ; Scott, Auk, vi. p. 152 (1889 :
Florida) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 278 (Cozuniel Isl.) ; Cory, B. TV,
Ind. p. 251 (1889) ; id. Cat. West Ind. B. p. 90 (1892) ; Scott, Auk,
ix. p. 11 (1892: Jamaica) ; id. t. c. p. 212 (Florida).

Ai-amus holostictus, Scl. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 227 (BeUze, Omoa) ;
Salvin, Ibis, 1870, p. 116 (Costa Rica).

Aramus scolopaceus, var. giganteus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 271
(1872).

Aramus pictus, Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1875, p. 354 ; Ridgw. Proc,
U.S. Nat, Mus,m. pp. 202, 231 (1880) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B,

1. AEAMTTS,

239

p. 108 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. ixA ed. p. 6G8 (1884) ; Cory,
B. Haiti ^ San Domingo, p. 157 (1885).
Araraus scolopaceus giganteua, Cory, Bull. Nutt. Om. Club, vi. p. 155
(1881 : Haiti).

Adult male. Similar to A. scolopaceus, but a little larger, and
having the back and the wing-coverts broadly centred with white
as well as the neck ; the under surface of the body is also numer-
ously streaked with broad white centres to the feathers : " bill
brown, yellow at base of lower mandible ; legs brown ; iris brown "
(C. J, Maynanl), Total length 27 inches, culmen 5"4, wing 12,
tail 5'5, tarsus 5, middle toe and claw 4'2.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 25 inches,
culmen 4'3, wing 12-3, tail 0"2, tarsus -i'o, middle toe and claw 3*5.

Hah. Southern Florida, through the Greater Antilles, Western
Mexico to Panama, and probably to Ecuador.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

a, b. (S ad. sk.

e. $ ad. sk.

d. S ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.
/,«/. 5 ad. sk.

A, i, k. (S ad. ; I.

2 ad. sk.
nir-p. (J ad. ; q, r,

8. $ ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.

M. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.

w. S ad. sk.
X. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. st.

Ocklawaha liiver, Florida,

April 21 (C. H. Merriam:

Hensh. Coll.).
Wakira River, Florida,

Aug. 28 (Hensh. Coll.).
Hernaudo Co., Florida, Feb. 26

{G.Johnson: Hensh. Coll.).
Everglades, Florida, March.
De Soto Couuty, Florida,

March (fT.ii. Dean).
De Soto Countv, May {W.

R. D.).
De Soto County, Nov. {W.

R. D.).
Off Baraeue Island, Straits of

Florida {F. Nicholson).
TIacotalpam, Mexico.
Cozumel Island (6r. F.

Gaumcr).
Costa Rica {J. Carmiol).
Jamaica.
Haiti.

Salvin-Qodmau CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmaa Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godmaa Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Old Coll.
Old Coll.

240 - EUKYPYGID^.

Family II. EURYPYGID^.

Palate schizognathous,

Nasals schizorhinal.

No occipital foramina, basipterygoid processes, or supraorbital
impressions present.

Eectrices 12, primaries 10.

Caeca moderately long, shorter than in the Gruidse.

Oil-gland nude.

Sternum with a notch on each side of the posterior margin.

Powder-down patches present.

None of the bare tracts of the body extending beyond the base of
the neck.

Femoro-caudal muscle, accessory femoro-caudal, semitendiuosus
and accessory semitendinosus muscles, all present.

Bill like that of a Eail, a little longer than the head, with
the nostrils horizontal and pervious, but with a slight opercular
membrane above, situated in a groove which reaches nearly to the
terminal fourth of the bill ; the lower mandible laterally grooved.

Tibia bare for more than half its length.

Inner secondaries reaching nearly to the tips of the primaries.

Egg like that of Scolopax rusticula.

Nestling Plover-like and covered with down.

Young fed by the parents for some weeks after they are
hatched.

[Cf. Seebohm, Classif. B. p. 39; Btejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist.
Birds, p. 116 ; Sharpe, Classif. B. p. 74.]

1. EURYPYGA. „

Type.

Eurypyga, Illiger, Prodr. p. 257 (1811) E. helias.

Helias, Rajinesqiie, Analyse, p. 71 (1815) E. heUas.

Range. Central America from Guatemala southwards to Ecuador,
Colombia, Venezuela, Amazonia, Central Brazil, and Bolivia.

1. Eurypyga helias.

Sun-bittern.

Ardea helias, Pall. Neue Nord. Beytr. ii. p. 48, tab. iii. (1781).

Le Caural de Cayenne, Dauhent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 782.

Le Caurale ou petit Paon des Roses, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii.
p. 169, pi. xiv. (1781).

Scolopax Solaris, Bodd. Tahl. PL Enl. p. 48 (1783).

Caurale Snipe, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 156 (1785).

Eurypyga helias, Illiyer, Prodr. p. 257 (1811) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.
p. 554 (1847) ; Reichenb. Handb., Fulic. tab. cxxiv. figs. 1219-
1220 (1852) ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 144 (1857) ; B. C. Taylor, Ibis,
1864, p. 95 (Oronoco River) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 73

i. BTTRTPTGA. 241

(1865 : Cayenne) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 199 (Upper
Ucayali), 18G7, p. 079 (Pebas); Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 300, 465
(1871 : Goyabeira, Engenlio do Pari, ViUa Maria, Caifara, En-
genho do Gania, Matogrosso, Rio Negi'O, ViUa dos Manaos,
Cajutuba); Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 308 (Rio Javarri,
Ca'shiboya); iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 141 (1873); Berlepsch,
Ibis, 1884, p. 440 (Venezuela); Blasius, J. f. 0. 1885, p. 417
(Bolivia) ; Sahin, Ibis, 188(;, p. 177 (Bartica Grove, Camacusa) ;
Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 388 (188G) ; W. L. Sclater, Ihis, 1887,
p. 317 (British Guiana) ; Berlepsck, J. f. 0. 1889, p. 320 (Yuri-
maguas) ; Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 107 (1889:
Bolivia).

Helias phala)noides, Vieill. N. Diet, d'llist. Nat. v. p. 423 (1816) ;
id. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1152 (1823).

Eurypyga Solaris, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 26, no. 10096 (1871).

Adult male. General colour above brown, regularly banded with
black, the light part of the back and scapulars being somewhat
ashy with blackish bars or vermiculatious : the upper back and
mantle rather more ruddy brown ; rump and upper tail-coverts
broadly barred with ashy black, and more narrowly with white ;
the tail also similarly coloured and banded throughout, and crossed
with two twin bands, the upper one chestnut and the lower one
black ; lesser and median wing-coverts dark ashy freckled with
black, and having large ovate spots near the ends, taking the
form of a subterminal band on the median series ; bastard-wing
bluish grey, black at the base of the feathers, and banded with
black and white, the tips being narrow and white ; primary-
coverts golden bronze, ashy towards the ends, the outer ones blue-
grey, with white bands near the tip and chestnut bands near the
base ; the greater coverts golden bronze crossed with dark bars,
and with greyish-white tips, aU the light parts being freckled
with blackish ; quills golden bronze freckled vnlh dusky bars and
mottlings, the tips grey with a subterminal black band ; second
primary witli a chestnut base to the outer web, the first four
primaries with a white spot on the outer web where the two ashy-
grey bars cross the feathers, all but the first primary with a broad
chestnut band ; the inner primaries and inner secondaries with a
broad chestnut base followed by a broad black band, the innermost
secondaries like the back ; crown of head and nape black ; lores
and sides of face also black as well as a second streak along the
cheeks to the sides of the neck ; from behind the eye a white line of
feathers nearly encircling the crown ; above the lores a streak of
sandy buff"; from the angle of the mouth a broad white streak to
the sides of the neck ; throat and malar region white ; neck rufoxia
with minute black cross lines, tlie neck in front being tawny rufous
skirted on each side by a black line, and slightly mottled with
minute black spots ; fore neck and chest tawny rufous, blotched
with black centres to the feathers, and mottled with bars and cross
lines of black ; centre of breast and abdomen white ; sides of body,
flanks, and under tail-coverts ochrcous buff, barred with blackish,
less distinctly on the latter ; under wing-coverts and axillariea

VOL. XXlll. B

242 BtJKYPTGID^.

deep ochre, with the remains of a few dusky bars on the outer
edge of the wing and the lower greater coverts ; the lower primary-
coverts ashy, tipped with white: "upper mandible black, lower
mandible yellow-ochre ; feet and claws yellow-ochre ; iris red "
{H. Whitely). Total length 18 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 8-7, tail
5*7, tarsus 2•^b, middle toe and claw 1*75.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 17'5 inches,
culmen 2*-2, wing 8-7, tail 5-7, tarsus 2-1, middle toe and claw 1-75.

Hah. Central Brazil and Bolivia, throughout Amazonia to Guiana
and Venezuela.

a, b. Ad. sk. British Guiana. Sir E. Schomburgk

[C.].

c. Ad. sk. Demerara. Purchased.

d, e. S ^ ad. sk. Bartica Grove, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Oct., Dec. (H. Whitely).

f. (S ad. sk. Camacusa, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.

June 24 (H. Whitely).

g. Ad. sk. Cayenne. Riocour Coll.

(Type of Helias phalcenoides, V.)
h. 5 ad. sk. Engenho do Gama, Brazil, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aug. 31 ( J". Natterer).
i, k- cS 2 ^^- ^^' Pebas, E. Peru, Oct., April Salvin-Godman Coll.

(J. Hauxioell).
I. Skeleton. South America. Eyton Coll.

2. Eurypyga major.

Eurypyga major, Hartl. Syst. Verz. Mus. Bremen, p. 108 (1844) ;
Gray, Gen.' £. iii. p. 554 (1847) ; Bj). Consp. ii. p. 144 (1854);
Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 371 (Panama) : Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,
Ralli, p. 74 (1865: Colombia); Scl. Ibis,' 18m, p. 205 (Guate-
mala) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 161 (Santa Fe, Veragua) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 26, no. 10097 (1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S.
1879, p. 546 (Antioquia) ; Zeledon, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii.
p. 113 (1885 : Costa Rica).

Euryp3'ga helias (nee Pall.), Sel. 8^ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 227; Scl.
P. Z. S. 1800, p. 73 (Pallatanga) ; Latm: Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii.
p. 301 (1861 : Panama) ; Berl. ^ Tacz. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 119
(Pallatanga).

Adult male. Similar to E. helias, but larger, and with a more
uniform back, the banding being black on an ashy or olive-brown
ground, without the light brown bars which are so conspicuous in
E. helias ; the throat and chest deeper coloured and more uniform
rufous, numerously barred with black, biit without the black
blotches which are conspicuous in the allied species. The super-
ciliary streak is not so distinct in this species as in E. helias.
Total length 20 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 9, tail 6, tarsus 2,
middle toe and claw 1*9.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length 17 inches,
culmen 2-5, wing 9, tail 5-9, tarsus 2-25, middle toe and claw 1*9.

Hah. Central America from Guatemala to Panama, and ex-
tending to Colombia and Ecuador.

1. EUKYPYGA.

243

a. Ad. sk. Guatemala.

b. Ad. sk. Mountains S.E. of Coban,

Guatemala, Feb. (0. Salvin).

c. Ad. sk. Vera Paz, Guatemala (O. SaU

vin).

d. (S ad. sk. Valza, Costa Eica, Feb, 24

{J. Carmiol).

e,f. 5 ad., Cordillera de Tole, Veragua

juv. sk. {E. Arc6).

ff. S ad. sk. Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua

{E. Arci).

h, i. cJ $ ad, sk. Santa Ft5, Veragua {E. Arce).

k, c? ad, sk. Southern slope of Chiiiqui

(E. Arce).

I. 6 ad. sk. Nichi, U.S. Colombia (T. K.

Salmon).

m. Ad. st. Colombia.

n. Ad. sk. Bogota {G, Crowtker).

0. Ad, sk, Yauayacu, Ecuador (C Buck-

ley).

p. Ad. sk, Rio Blanco, Ecuador (C.

Bttckley).

Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

J, Gould, Esq.
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

244

Family III. MESITIDiE.

Palate schizognathous.

Nasals schizorhinal.

Eectrices 16, primaries 10.

On-gland nude ?

Sternum with a deep notch on each side of the posterior margin.

Five pairs of powder-down patches present — two dorsal, two
ventral, and one lateral.

BUI shorter than the head, with the " nostrils long, linear, con-
cave upturned slits, extending for more than half the length of the
beak, and covered above by a well-marked membranous valvular
operculum, being in this respect very unlike the ordinary form of
nostril in the Rallidfe" (W. A. Forbes, P.Z.S. 1882, p. 268).

Tarsus much longer than middle toe and claw. Hind toe not
raised above the level of the other toes.

Inner secondaries slightly exceeding the primaries in length ; the
wing rounded.

Nest on the ground (Grandiclier).

Egg and nestling not yet described.

[Of. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, Hist. Nat. Madag., Ois.
pp. 603-611 ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1882, pp. 267-271.]

1. MESITES. ^y^^

Mesites, Geofr. St.-Hilaire, Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 50 M- variegata.

Mesitornis, Bp. (ubi? teste Gray).

Mescenas, Meichenb. Handb., Columb. p. 0 (1850) M. variegata.

Range. Confined to Madagascar.

1. Mesites variegata.

Mesites variegata, Geofr. St.-Hilaii-e, C. R. vi. p. 443 (1838); id.
Ann. Set. Nat. ix. p. 189 (1838) ; id. Rev. Zool. 1838, p. 50; id.
Mag. de Zool. 1839, p. 10, pis. v., vi. ; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pi. xi.
(1845); Graij, Gen. B. iii. p. 492, pi. 124. fig. 3 (1847); Kartl.
Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. (2) ii. p. 391 (1848) ; Reichenb. Syst. Nat.
tab. XXV. fig. 1 (1850) : Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 876 (1856) ; Des Murs,
in C/ienu'sEnc.d'Hist. Nat., Ois. vi. p. 81, figs. 79,80 (1800);
Hartl. J. /. 0. 1860, p. 162; id. Faun. Madagasc. p. 67 (1861) ;
Pollen, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. i. p. 317 (1863) ; Grandid. Rev. et
Maq. Zool. 1867, p. 360; Gray, Rand-l. J5. i. p. 267, no. 3915
(1869) ; Sundev. Forsok till Fog. Nat. Upsala, 1872, p. 157 ;
Hartl. Voq. Madag. p. 125 (1877) ; E. Bartldt, P. Z. S. 1877,
p. 292, 1879, p. 772; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 644; Milne-
Edioards Sf Grandid. R. N. Madag., Ois. ii. p. 601, pis. 246-251
(1885).
Mesites unicolor, Des Murs, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 176; id. Iconogr.
Orn. pi. xii. (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 492 (1847) ; Hartl. Ann.

1 . MESTTES. 245

Sf Mag. N. H. (2) ii. p. 391 (1848) ; Bp. C. R. xUi. p. 876 (1850) ;

Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 68 (1861); id. J. f. O. 1860, p. 162;

Pollvn, Nederl. Tijdachr. Dierk. i. p. 317 (1863) ; Hartl. Vbq.

Madag. p. 127 (1877).
Mesceuas varie8:ata, Reichenb. Handb., Columbaria, p. 6, tab. clxxvii.

fig. 1538 (1850).
Mescenas unicolor, Reiclmib. t. c. p. 7, tab. clxxvii. fig. 1538 b.
Mesites variegata (unicolor), Schl. 8f Pollen, Faun. Madag., Ois. ii.

p. 158 (1868).

Adult female. General colour above clear chestnut, the head a
trifle more dusky ; the wing-coverts like the back, as also the inner
secondaries ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark sepia-
brown, the secondaries externally chestnut like the back ; lores
fulvescent; cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of neck bright rulbus,
with a dusky streak above the ear-coverts extending down the
sides of the neck, and bordered above in the latter quarter with a
white streak ; throat and breast rufous, the former more or less
whitish, the breast paler than the throat and sliglitly mottled with
dark ashy margins to some of the feathers, these becoming more
frequent on tho abdomen, which is also very pale rufous ; sides of
body dull reddish brown, the feathers with ashy bases ; under tail-
coverts dusky blackish, with rufous edgings to the feathers ; under
wing-coverts and quill-lining slaty grey. Total length 10-5 inches,
culmen 0-85, wing 4-7, tail 37, tarsus 1-55, middle toe and claw
1-05.

The male, according to MM. Milne-Edwards and Grandidier, is
maroon-rufous shaded with black, darker on the head ; the cheeks
are crossed by two reddish bands ; below white sprinkled with black
spots, the flanks rufous, barred with brown ; feet lead-colour ; iris
brown.

Hah Eastern slope of the mountain-chain of Madagascar.

fl. $ ad. sk. Forest of Ancaya, Madagascar. Purchased,

246 EHINOCHETID^.

Family IV. RHINOCHETIDiE.

Palate schizognathous.

Nostrils schizorhinal.

Rectrices 12 ; primaries 10.

Oil-gland nude.

No occipital foramina, basipterygoid processes, or supra-orbital
impressions.

Sternum with no posterior notch.

Ambiens muscle present.

Femoro-caudal muscle present, but extremely thin ; semitendi-
nosus and accessory semitendinosus present. Accessory femoro-
caudal absent. An after-shaft to the contour feathers.

A powder-down patch on each side of the rump.

Four bare body-tracts extending some way up the neck.

Bill about as long as the head ; the nostrils situated basally in a
rather broad depression, and entirely hidden by a bony sheath ; no
lateral groove in the mandible.

Inner secondaries exceeding the primaries in length.

Nest, egg, and young unknown.

[Of. Murie, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 465, pis. 56, 57 (1871): Seebohm,
Classif. B. p. 39 ; Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. Birds, p. 118 ; Sharpe,
Classif. B. p. 74.]

1. RHINOCHETUS.

Type.
Rhinochetus, J. Verreaux ^ Des Murs, Rev. et Mag. de
Zool. 1860, p. 439 R. jubatus.

Eange. Confined to New Caledonia.

1. RMnochetus jubatus.

Rhinochetus * jubatus, Verr. et Des Murs, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860,
p. 440, tab. 21 ; iid. op. cit. 1862, p. 142 ; Scl. Ibis, 1861, p. 137,
note ; Bennett, t. c. p. 136 ; id. Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. (3) xiii. p. 342
(1864) ; id. ibid. xiv. pp. 141, 227 ; id. R Z. S. 1862, p. 84, 1863,
pp. 385, 439 ; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 218, pi. 30 ; Jouan, Mim.
Soc. Cherb. ix. pp. 97, 235 (1863) ; Wolf, Zool. Sketches, 2nd ser.
pi. xlv. (1867); W. K. Rarker, R. Z. S. 1868, p. 2 ; Bartlett, t. c.
p. 115, pi. xii. ; Marie, Actes S. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1869) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 26, no. 10098 (1871); Murte, Trans. Zool.
Soc. vii. p. 465, pis. 56, 57 (1871 ) ; Giebel, Zeitschr. ges. Naturw. viii.
p. 99 (1873) ; Egtoti, Osteol. Av. ii. pt. 1, p. 18, pi. 3 ; Scl. Ibis,
1876, p. 389 ; Rouget, Bull Soc. Acclim. (3) ii. pp. 162-171 (1875) ;

* Tbe generic name has been written Rhynochetos and Bhinocketos.

1. RHINOCUKTUS. 247

Tristr. Ibis, 1879, p. 184; Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp 495, 534-
Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 4, G44, 838, 1882, pp. 268, 270 ; Wialesw.
Abhandl. k. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. vi. p. 5'J (1892),

Adult male. General colour above light ashy gre)', shaded with
brown ; wing-coverts like the back, the outer ones freckled with
dusky brown ; bastard-wing feathers light ashy grey, freckled with
dusky, and tipped with white ; primaries ashy grey, with dusky
mottlings and freckles and obscure bands of dark ashy, the bands
near the base of the quills black ; the outer primaries with regular
black bands, mixed with chestnut near the base of the quills, which
are banded with white near their ends and also tipped with white ;
tail dark ashy grey ; head, sides of face, and neck ashy grey, with a
large crest of drooping plumes ; under surface of body pale ochra-
ceous isabelline, ashy grey on the fore neck and chest ; under wing-
coverts ashy grey barred with white, and resembling the quifi-
lining: "bill, legs, and feet reddish-orange colour" {G. Bennett).
Total length 22 inches, culmeu 2-4, wing about 10, tail 8-2, tarsus
4-1, middle toe and claw 2-3.

Yoxmrj. Differs from the adult in being more rufous, the back,
wing-coverts, and inner secondaries being chestnut barred with
black ; sides of the body, flanks, and under tail-coverts banded with
dusky brown.

Ilah. New Caledonia.

a. Ad. St. New Caledonia. Purchased.

b. Inim. St. New Caledonia. J. Goidd, Esq.
e. Skeleton. New Caledonia. Purchased.

248

Family V. GRUIDiE.

Palate schizognathous.

Nostrils schizorhinal.

Kectrices 12.

Caeca between five and six inches long.

Oil-gland tufted.

Sternum with no notches on the posterior margin, but perforated
anteriorly to receive the convolutions of the trachea.

Occipital foramina present ; basipterygoid processes absent ; supra-
orbital impressions peculiar — " the nasal glands occupying the
truncated edge of the cranium above the orbits, hardly appearing on
its upper surface " {Forhes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 643).

No powder-down patches.

Ambiens muscle present. Pemoro-caudal and accessory femoro-
caudal muscles present (absent in Balearica). Semitendinosus and
accessory semitendinosus muscles present in all.

Bill equal to or rather longer than the head, the nasal depression
extending rather more than half the length of the maxilla, the nostril
shut in by a large posterior membrane ; lower mandible slightly
grooved.

Inner secondaries rather longer than primaries, and generally
composed of drooping plumes with dissociated webs.

Nest built on ground or in shallow water.

Eggs double-spotted, light olive-brown or grey with reddish-brown
spots.

Nestling covered with down and able to run in a few hours.

\_Cf. Seebohm, Classif. B. p. 39 ; Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. Birds,
p. 123 ; Sharpe, Classif, B, p. 74.]

Key to the Genera.

A. Without straw-like bristles on the nape;
nostrils linear,
a. Grown of head hare, with more or less granu-
lation on the hinder crown, hut the ear-
coverts feathered like the hinder cheeks and
sides of neck; inner secondaries slightly
falcate and pointed, not much produced,
generally with drooping plumes, consist-
ing of decomposed feathers.
a'. The cheeks feathered hkethe ear-coverts. 1. Grus, p. 249.
b'. Fore part of cheeks bare, like the top of
the head.
a". Entire crown hare to the nape; fore-
head, lores, and whole of cheeks bare,

covered with black bristles ; region [p. 259.

below and behind the eye feathered . . 2. Limnogebanus,
b". Fore part of crown bare, feathers of the
neck ascending to the hinder crown;

lores and region of the eye bare; hinder [p. 260.

cheeks feathered 3. Sarcogebanijs,

1. GKUs. 249

b. Ear - covorts represented by a patch of

feathers ; the rest of the sides of the face

bare ; inner secondaries pointed and visibly

produced bej'ond the primaries ; crown of

nead bare, with coarse granulations on the [p. 262.

hind neck 4. Antigone,

f. Ear-coverts feathered, like the cheeks ; fore-
head, region above and below the eye, and

sides of face bare; hind neck feathered,

the feathers reaching over the crown in a [p. 266.

triangle to the level of the eye 5. Pseudogeranus,

d. Ear-coverts feathered, like the crown and

sides of face ; fore part of cheeks and base
of bill with warty caruncles ; two feathered
lappets on each side of the centre of the
throat ; inner secondaries enormously pro-
duced and consisting of lanceolate feathers,
and extending far beyond the primaries ;

feathers of the lower throat elongated as [p. 267.

in Herons 6. Bugeeanus,

e. Ear-coverts feathered and consisting of dense

plumes, like those of the nape ; the head
entirely covered with close-set feathers;
inner secondaries immensely lengthened ;
feathers of the lower throat as in the pre- [p. 268.

ceding genus 7. Tetrapteryx,

/. Ear-coverts feathered and ornamented with
a long tuft of silky plumes ; cro\s'n of head
entirely feathered ; plumes of the lower
throat elongated and lanceolate ; inner

secondaries lanceolate and moderately [p. 269.

developed \ 8. Anthhopoides,

B. With a large tuft of straM'-like bristles on the
nape ; nostrils oblique, oval, situated in the
anterior portion of the bill ; throat and sides

of face bare ; neck with elongated lanceolate [p. 272.

feathers 9. Bai.eabica,

1. GRUS. ^

Tj-pe.

Grus, Pallas, Miscell. Zool. fasc. iv. pp. 1-9 (1767) G. grus.

Megalornis, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 85 G. grus.

Banr/e. The greater part of Europe and Northern Asia, extending
to N.E. Africa and Lower Egypt, N.W. India, and the Yangtze basin
in China. The whole of North America to Mexico and Cuba.

Key to tlie Species.

a. Tail grey like the back, or grey with a black
band at the end.
a'. Throat slaty grey, like the cheeks ; a broad
band of white from behind the eye down
the sides of the neck; greater wing-coverts
with black tips, or with black on the inner
webs.

250

a". General colour dark ashy grey, including

the inner secondaries grus, p. 250.

b". General colour pearly grey, the inner

secondaries inclining to white lilfordi, p. 252.

b' . Throat light ashy grey, like the cheeks ; no
white on the sides of the neck; greater
wing-coverts ashy, with rust-coloured
edgings, hut no black on the inner wehs ;

hinder crown and nape dark sandy colour . mexicana juv., p. 254.
c'. Throat white ; crown bare, red, and covered
with papillffi ; hinder crown, nape, and
neck light grey.

c". Larger : tarsus from 9"9 to 10'2 mexicana, p. 254.

d''. Smaller : tarsus from 6-7 to 8'5 canadensis, p. 256.

d' . Throat white like the head and the gi-eater
part of the sides of the neck, as well as the
hinder neck ; fore part of crown black .... monachus, p. 257.

Tail blackish ; throat and neck blackish nigricollis, p. 258.

Tail pure white, like the back and underparts ;
secondaries black ; throat, sides of face, and
neck dark slaty grey ; ear-coverts and hind
neck white japonensis, p. 258.

1. Grus grus.

The Crane, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 60, pi. 65 (1738).

La Grue, Briss. Orn. v. p. 374, pi. xxxiii. (1760) ; Dauhent. PI. Enl.
viii. pi. 769 ; Bujf. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 287, pi. 14 (1780).

Ardea grus, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 234 (1766); Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 620 (1788).

Common Crane, Lath. Gen. Syn. ill. pt. i. p. 40 (1785) ; Yarr. Brit.
B. ii. p. 437 (184.3).

Grus commimis, Bechst. Naturg. JieutscTi. iii. p. 60 (1793) ; id. Orn.
Taschenb. ii. p. 271 (1803) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 337, pi. 505
(1873) ; Irby, Orn. Gibr. p. 179 (1875) ; Daiif. S)- Harvie Broken,
Ibis, 1875, p. 424 (Transylvania) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 286
(1876); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 644 (anatomy); Gigl. Ibis,
1881, p. 212 (breeding near Venice) ; Tegetm. ed, Blyih, Monoqr.
Cranes, p. 59 (1881) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 152 (188.3) ;
Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 178 (1883) ; id. Ibis, 1884,
p. 388 (E. Pyrenees) ; Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor. Palest, p. 126 (1884) ;
Bogd. Consjy. Av. Imp. Boss. p. 106 (1884) ; Beid, Ibis, 1885,
p. 252 (Morocco) ; Gif/l. Avif. Ital. p. 360 (1886) ; Sahad. Elench.
Ucc. Ital. p. 2.39 (1887); Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 383 (Portugal);
Begalia, Proc. Verb. Soc. Toscana Sci. Nat. 1888, p. 86 ; Reichen.
Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 44 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B.
p. 507 (1889) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital., 1st Eesoc. p. 555 (1889), 2ud Eesoc.
p. 652 (1890), 3rd Eesoc. p. 512 (1891).

Grus cinerea, Meyer Sf Wolf, TascJienb. ii. p. 350 (1810) ; Vieill. N.
Diet, d'llist. Nat. xiii! p. 5-56 (1817); Te7tim. Man. d'Orn.
p. 557 (1820) ; Boux, Orn. Provenq. pi. 326 (1825) ; Werner,
Atlas, Coureurs, pi. 17 (1828) ; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 570
(1831) ; Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 270 (1837) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl.
ix. p. 345, pi. 231 (1838) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer.
p. 46 (1838); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 374 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias.
Wirb. Eur. p. Ixix (1840); Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, p. 134

1. 0ETJ8. 251

a842) ; ScM. Rev. Crit. p. c (1844) ; MtiJih, Orn. Griechenl. p. 93
(1844) ; Gray, List Gralla- Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1844) ; id. Gen. B.
iii. p. 552 (1845) ; Heivits. Eqgs Br. B.\\. pl.lxiii. (1846) ; Thomps.
B. Irel. ii. p. 131 (1850) ; Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. iy. p. 20 (1852) ;
Kjarb. Orn. Dan. pi. xxxiii a. fif^. 2 (1852) ; Beichenh. Handb.,
Fulic. tab. cxxviii. «gs. 1230-1233 (1852) ; Sckl. T or/. Xederl. Ind.
pis. 258, 259 (1854) ; Bp. Comp. ii. p. 97 (1854) ; Jaub. etBarth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 351 (1859); Tristr. Ibis, 1859, p. 36
(Palestine); E. C. Taylor, t. c. p. 50; Wolley, t. c. p. 191 (Lap-
land : breedinp:) ; Salvin, t. c. p. 355 (Tuni.s : winter) ; Linderm.
Vog. Griechenl. p. 131 (1860) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 76 (Algeria) ;
Powi/s, t. c. p. 348 (Corfu) ; Schl I)ier. Nederl. Voq. pi. xxvi. figs.
10, '10« (18G1); Su7idev. SvensT:. Fogl. pi. 47. fig. 3; Meres,
J. f. O. 1802, p. 132; Gray, List Br. B. p. 144 (1863); Adams,
Ibis, 1864, p. 30 (Lower Eg^-pt) ; Wrif/ht, t. c. p. 142 (Malta:
migi-ant) ; Neu-ton, Ooth. Wolley. pi. E (1864) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-
Bas, Ralli, p. 1 (1865); Gir/l. Ibis, 1865, p. 59 (Pisa: spring);
lSa.Tby, Zool. 1865, pp. 9767-72; Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 429
(Tangier); Dcqland i^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 274 (1867); More,
Ibis, 1867, p. 4;33; Loche, Eipl. Sci. Alyir., Ois. ii. p. 118 (1867) ;
Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 324 (Palestine); Smith, t. c. p. 453
(Portugal) ; Qui.^torp, J.f. O. 1868, p. 259 (Pomerania) ; Borgyr.
Voqelf. Norddeutschl. p. 108 (1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 206
(1869) ; Droste, Vogehc. Borhum, p. 251 (1869) ; Saunders, Ibis,
1869, p. 174 ; Fritsch, Viir/. Eur. tab. 44. fig. 4 (1870) ; Stevens,
Tr. Norf. Soc. 1870, p. 60; Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 17 (Sinai);
Elices ^ Buckley, t. c. p. 233 (Turkey, Macedonia: breeding);
Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. pp.'238, 320 (1871) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1871,
p. 297 (Algeria) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 389 (S. Spain : breeding) ; R.
Grari, B. West Scotl. p. 270 (1871)'; Hartinq, Sandb. Brit. B.
p. 54 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 263 (1872); Brooke, Ibi.<,
1873, p. 340 (Sardinia : migrant) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. iy. pi. 19
(1873) ; Ileuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 250 (1873: vrintering
in Steppes of the Atbara in Abyssinia, on the Sobat, and in
Kordofan); Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 156 (1875); Scl. Sf E. C.
Taylor, Ibis, 1876, p. 60 (Danube) : Seeb. ^- Harvie-Broiim, t. c.
p. 311 (Lower Petchora); Radakof, Handatl. Russ. Hist. Tog.
pi. (187(3); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 154J1877 : Poland,
March ----- -^ >

P.

id.

pi. .36 (1884) ;■ Radde,^ Orn. Cauc. p. 391 (1884) ; Lilford, Ibi^,
1889, p. 337 (Cj-prus: April); Lydekker, Ibis, 1891, p. .393
(formerly in Ireland); Gatke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 466 (1891);
Madardsz, Erlaut. Austr. Ungar. 1%. p. 110 (1891) ; Reiser,
Vogels. Landesm. Sarajevo, p. 108 (1891): Frivaldsky, Av. Hung.
p. 126 (1891) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1892, p. 21 (Heligoland).

Grus yulgaris, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiaf. ii. p. 106 (1811, pt.) ; Nordm.
in Dcmid. Voy. Russ. mcrid. iii. p. 266 (1840 : Black Sea ; migrant).

Grus canorus, Forster, Syn. Cat. Brit. B. p. 58 (1817).

Gru.s cineracea, Brrhm, T'lig. Drufsrhl. p. .571 (1831).

Megalornis giiis, Gray, List Gen. B. 1841, p. 85.

Gru3 nostras, Olpke-Galliard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Dec. fasc. xv.
p. 33 (1891).

Grus griis, Bnisijia. Motr. (Orn. Croatia), p. 84 (1890); id. Orn.
Jahrb. ii. p. 25 (1891) ; Hartert, Kat. Voqels. Mu<. Senckenb. p. 209
(1891) ; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 153 (E. Prussia: breeds).

252 GEUID^.

Adult male in winter plumage. General colour above dark ashy
grey, with obsolete isabelfine tips to the feathers ; wing-coverts like
the back, the greater series clearer grey and somewhat blackish to-
wards the ends ; bastard- wing black, followed by a row of grey
coverts, preceding the primary-coverts, which are black like the
primaries, and somewhat shaded with grey near the base ; second-
aries for the most part dark grey, more or less blackish on the outer
webs and tips, the inner web lighter grey ; innermost secondaries com-
posed of lanceolate plumes which are slaty grey with black tips ;
upper tail-coverts grey ; tail-feathers also grey, blackish towards the
ends ; crown of head and lores bare, only covered by blackish hair-
like bristles ; nape with a triangular patch of dark slate-coloui" ;
hind neck white, also the sides of the neck, as well as the sides of
the head and the ear-coverts as far as the eye ; feathers below the
eye, sides of face, and throat dark slate-colour; remainder of under
surface from the lower throat downwards ashy grey, including the
under wing-coverts and the hypopteral plumes : " bill greyish
green, a little red near the base ; eyelid reddish brown " {J. F.
Faiimann) ; "iris reddish; legs blackish grey" {H. E. Dresser).
Total length about 36 inches, culmen 4-7, wing 22, tail 8, tarsus
9-5, middle toe and claw 4-2.

The young birds when about a foot high are stiU covered with
down, through which the grey plumage of the adult makes its
appearance ; the head is pale ochreous buff. {Mus. Lurjcl.)

The full-grown young bird is very similar to the adult, but has
the feathers edged with fulvous ; the crown and nape are rust-
coloured. {Mus. Lurjd.)

Nestling covered with yellowish -buff down, very dense in
texture.

Hah. The greater part of Europe, wintering in Northern and
North-eastern Africa. How far to the eastward this species ranges
I am unable to say, as I have seen no eastern specimens.

a, b. Ad. St. Em-ope. Purchased,

c. c? imm. sk. Unst, Shetland, July 18 {H. L. Gumey CoU.

Saxby ^ T. JEdmonston).

d. Ad. sk. Norway. Salvin-Godman

Coll.

e. $ ad. sk. South Spain. Lord Lilford [P.].

2. Grus lilfordi.

Grus vulgaris, pt., Pall. Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat. p. 106 (1811).

Grus cinerea {nee Meyer <§• Wolf), Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 194
(1840) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 274 (1849) ; Schrenck,
Meis. Amurl. p. 408 (1859) ; Irhj, Ibis, 1861, p. 243 (Oudh, winter) ;
Siuinh. t. c. p. 405 (Swatow, winter) ; Madde, Reis. Sibir., Vog.
p. 317 (1863 : Tarei-Nor, Kamardaban Mts., Kultuk, Bureja Mts.) ;
Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Nejyal 2}res. Hodgs. p. 71 (1863) ; Jerd. B.
I»d. ii. p. 664 (1864) ; I)yb. ^- Parvex, J. f. O. 1868, p. 337
(Dauria) : SxmiJi. Ibis, 1868, p. 353 ; id. Ibis, 1870, pp. 79, 362
(Hainan, March) ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 402 (Pekin; S. China in
winter) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1873, p. 81 ; Lloyd, t. c. p. 417 (Kathiawar) ;

1. aKus. 253

Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 08 (1873 : breeding) ; Hume, Str. F. i.
p. 2-"3o (187.J : Sind, Punjab) ; Adam, t. c. p. 395 (Sambhur) ; Tacz.
J.f. 0. 1873, p. 100 (Kultuk), 1874, p. 336 ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 430
(1874 : Damuda, Mahaiiadi) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 246
(1876); Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 14 (1876: Guzerat) ; id. Sir. F. v.
p. 232 (1877) ; Fairb. t. c. p. 263 (Ahmednuggur) ; Prjev. in
Rotoley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 436 (1877 : Kansu) ; David l^- Omt. Ois.
Chine, p. 434 (1877 : winters in China) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 50
(River Ob; Alakul)); Blakist. ^- Prijer, Ibis, 1878, p. 224; Ball,
Str. F. vii. p. 227 (Manbhum) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien,
xxix. p. 247 (1879) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 28 (Japan), p. 49 (Toora,
River Ob) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Murray, Vertebr.
Faun. Sind, p. 237 (1884) ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 502 (Lower
Yangtze ; winter) ; Be la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 495 (Swatow,
winter) .

Grus longii'ostris, Blyth (nee Temm. 4" Schl.), B. Burm. p. 157
(1875).

Grus communis {nee Bechst.), Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 324; Davids. Sf
Wenden, Sir. F. vii. p. 88 (1878 : Deccan) ; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. 112 (1879); Scully, t. c. p. 352 (Nepal Terai; Hetoura Doon);
Butler, Cut. B. Sind etc. p. 60 (1879) : id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres.
p. 75 (1880) ; Hume ^- Marsh. Game B. hid. iii. p. 21, pi. 3 (1880) ;
Butler, Str. F. ix. p. 427 (1881 : Deccan) ; Eeid, Str. F. x. p. m
(1881: Lucknow) ; Davidson, t. c. p. 320 (1882: Khandeish) ;
Simson, Ibis, 1882, p. 93 (Dacca) ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. «0 ; P-jev.
t. c. p. 243 (\V. Tibet) ; Blahist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 24
(1884 : Hondo) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 49
(1888: Tschinas).

Grus cinerea, /3. cineracea {nee Brehm), Severtz. J. f. 0. 1875, p. 182.

Grus communis, var. orientalis {nee Frankl.), Tegetm. ed. JSlyth,
Monogr. Cranes, p. 59 (1881).

Grus grus orientalis {nee Frankl.), S/ejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xxix.
p. 317 (1885 : Kamtschatka and Bering Isl.) ; id. Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus. X. p. 134 (1887: Bering Isl.)

Adult male. Similar to G. cinerea, but everjTv^here much paler,
the ornamental secondaries being light ashy grey instead of dark
slate-colour as iu G. cinerea : " only a narrow band of red skin
crossing the vertex " {E. Blyth). Total length about 36 inches,
culmen -t-", wing 22, tail 8, tarsus 9-5, middle toe and claw 4-2.

Full-(jroivn youncj. Light ashy grey, but the upper surface much
obacui'ed by isabelline tips to the leathers ; the inner secondaries not
drooping as in the adult, but slightly falcate ; the head and neck
rusty coloured ; the tlu'oat paler rust-colour and the neck below paler
with a slight ashy tinge ; the crown of the head sparsely feathered,
but not so bare as in the adult bird. The isabelline margins to the
feathers are very conspicuous in the young birds ; they are also seen
in birds killed in the winter, but whether they are indicative of
winter plumage in the adults, or are remains of the preceding imma-
ture plumage, I am not able to say.

Youiuj lull f -(frown. Similar in colour of plumage to the adult,
but with rufous tips to the feathers, the head rufescent as well as
the sides of the face, the throat and neck covered with a downy
plumage of a reddish colour,

Uab. Eastern Siberia, wintering in the Yangtze baain, probably

254 GETJTD^.

extending westwards to Turkestan and the River Ob, and wintering
in North-western India.

a. Juv. sk. Pettor, River Ob, Sept. 6 {Dr. 0. Geogr. Society,

Fi?isch). Bremen.

b. c? ad.sk. River Jheluin, near Jelalpur, Nov. 21 Hume Coll.

(A. O.K.).

c. S ad. sk. Bhuttoa, Hissar, Punjab, Dec. 13. Hume Coll.

{A. 0. R.).

d. Ad. sk. Hissar, Oct. Hume Coll.
e-h. Ad., i. Juv. Sirsa distr., Punjab, Nov. {A. 0. H.). Hume Coll.

sk.

k-o. Ad. sk. Etawah, Dec. Hume Coll.

p^: Ad. et imm. Nepal. Hodgson Coll.

sk.

s. Imm. sk. Nepal {B. H, Sodgsori). India Museum,

t. Ad. sk. Bhotan (Pemberton) . India Museum.

u. Imm. sk. Swatow, China (i2. Swinhoe). Seebohm Coll,

3. Grus mexicana *.

La Grue de Mexique, Briss. Orn. v. p. 380 (1760).

Ai'dea (Grus) mexicana, P. L. S. Mull. Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 110

(1776).
Grus pratensis, Bartr. Trav. Florida, pp. 144, 218 (1791) ; Coues,

Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 108 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

p. 667 (1884).
Grus poliophaea, Wagler, Syst. Av., Grus, sp. 7 (1827) ; Lembeye,

Av. Cuba, p. 80 (1850) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii.

p. 308 (1860 : Cuba).
Grus americana, juv., Audub. B. Amer. pi. 261 ; id. Orn. Biogr, iii.

p. 441 (1835) ; id. B. Amer.Qvo, v. p. 188, pi. 314 (1842).
Grus americana, pt., Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1844) 5

id. Gen. B. iii. p. 552 (1845).
Grus ciuerea longirostris, Temm. 8f Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 117, pi. 72

(1850) ; Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. viii. p. xliii (AprU,

1893).
Grus lougirostiis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 98 (1854).
Grus canadensis, Gundl. {nee L.), J. f. O. 1856, p. 339 ; Baird,

Cassin, Sf Later. B. N. Amer. p. 655 (1858) ; Brewer, Proc. Bost.

Soc. vii. p. 308 (1860) ; G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1862, p. 129 (Florida) ;

Gundl. J. f. O. 1862, p. 81 ; id. Repert. Fis. Nat. Cuba, i. p. 347

(1866) ; id. J. f. O. 1875, p. 293 ; Ridgto. Rep. Surv. IQQth Par.

p. 611 (1877 : Carson Valley) ; Mayti. B. Fast. N. Am. p, 422

(1879) ; Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 202 (1880).
Grus mexicana, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 356 (1885) ;

Everm. Auli,m.. p. 91 (1886: Ventm'a Co.); Anthony, t. c. p. 164

(Washington Co., Oregon) ; A. O. U. Check4. N. Am. B. p. 139

(1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 135 (1887) ; Beckh. Pr.

U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 637 (1887 : Texas) ; Cooper, Auk, iv. p. 88

(1887 : Ventm-a Co., Cal.) ; Lloyd, t. e. p. 185 (Western Texas) ;

Merrill, Auk, v. p. 144 (1888 : Fort Klamath) ; Everm. t. c. p. 348

(Indiana) ; Scott, Auk, vi. p. 152 (1889 : Florida) ; Pindar, t. c.

* It seems to me to be somewhat doubtful whether Brisson's bird was the
one usually called Grus mexicana ; but as the latter name has been generally
adopted by modern authors, it is better to retain it.

1. GRus. 255

p. 312 (Kentucky) ; Conj, B. West Ind. p. 251 (1889 : accidental
in Cuba) ; Mearm, Auk, vii. p. 51 (1890: Arizona); Thomps. Pr.
U.S. Xat. Mas. xiii. p. 491 (1890: Manitoba); Hart Merriam,
N. Am. Faun. no. 3, p. 88 (1890 : Mormon Lake), v. p. 90 (1891 :
Idaho); Drewst. Sf Chapm. Auk, viii. p. 137 (Suwanee River);
Wayne, t. c. p. 308 (S. Carolina) ; Laior. Auk, ix. p. 42 (1892 :
Gray's Harbour, Washington) ; Scott, t. c. p. 312 (Florida) ;
Attwater, t. c. p. 232 (San Antonio) ; Cory, Cat. West Ltd. B.
p. 90 (1892).

Grus schlegolii, Blyth, Field, vol. xlii. p. 419 (1873) ; Tegetm. ed.
Blyth, Man. Cranes, p. 78 (1881).

Grus canadensis, ^. me.xicana, Baird, Brewer, S; Ridgiv. Water- B.
N. Am. i. p. 407 (1884).

Grus cinerea, Seebohm (nee Mei/er ^- Wolf), B. Jap. Emp. p. 348
(1890).

Adult male. General colour above slaty grey ; the wing-coverts
rather lighter than the back, and washed with rusty brown on the
margins of the feathers, the coverts with dusky or blackish shafts ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rather lighter grey than
the back ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts ashy grey, the latter
somewhat darker towards their ends ; primaries blackish with
yellowish-white shafts, and somewhat dusted with grey on their
outer aspect ; secondaries also light ashy, the inner ones slightly
falcate and pointed, with a few decomposed feathers ; tail-feathers
slaty grey ; crown of head bare, the hinder crown, nape, and hind
neck slaty blue, somewhat lighter on the ear-coverts and on the
lower throat and fore neck ; feathers below the eye, cheeks, and
throat white ; remainder of the under surface ashy grey, including
the under wing-coverts and hypopteral plumes, many of the feathers
of the under surface rather browner and with pale pearly grey
margins : " bill blackish, paler at tip ; entire pilcum, including the
lores, covered with a bare granulated skin (reddish in life) inter-
spersed with fine blackish hair ; the posterior margin of this bare
skin divided medially on the occiput by an angular projection of
the feathers on the upper part of the nape ; feet blackish ; iris
crimson " (Baird, Brewer, tj- liidjiuay). Total length about 40
inches, culmen 6-2, wing 21*5, tail 7'2, tarsus 9*5, middle toe and
claw 4.

Young. Similar to the adult, but the whole of the plumage
obscured by rust-colour, the head covered with down ; forehead,
sides of face, and throat covered with greyish-white down.

Huh. " United States, chiedy from the Mississippi Valley, west to
the Pacific coast, south into Mexico, and eastwards along the Gulf
coast of Florida and Georgia " {Rldfjiuay).

a. Ad. sk. North America. Old Coll.

b. Juv. sk. North America. J. J. Audubon, Esq.

[C.].

c. Ad. sk. Orcas Island, Vancouver, June. Dr. Lyall P.].

d-i. S $ ad. Tarpon Springs, Florida, April to Salviu-Golnian Coll.

et iuv. sk. Oct. ( \V. E. D. Scott).

k-l. Pull. ak. De Soto Couutv, Florida, Mav Salvia-Godman Coll.
( W. R. Dean).

256 GEtTID^.

4. Grus canadensis.

The Brown and Ash-coloured Crane, Edw. Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 133,

pi. 133 (1750 : Hudson's Bay).
La Gruede la Baye de Hudson, Briss. Orn.y. p. 385 (1760).
Ai-dea canadensis, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 234 (1766) ; Gm. Sj/st. Nat,

i. p. 620 (1788).
La Grue brune, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 310 (1780).
Brown Crane, Za^/i. Ge7i. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 43(1785); Nutt. Man.

ii. p. 38 (1834).
Grus fusca, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. -558 (1817, pt.).
Grus canadensis, Temm. Man. d^Orn. p. c (1820) ; Sabine in Frankl.
Journ. p. 685 (1823) ; Richards, in Parn/s 2nd Voy. p. 353 (1824) ;
Sivains. ^ Richards. Faun. Sor.-^??i. p. 373 (1831) ; Bonaj). Consp,
Av. ii. p. 98 (1854) ; Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 167 (Pondo Bay ; lat.
72° W. Coast of Baffin's Bay) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 128 (Sas-
ketchewan ; breeding) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1865, p. 315 (Texas) ; Schl.
Mus. Parjs-Bas, EaUi, p. 2 (1865, pt.) ; Coues, Ibis, 1866, p. 263
(Arizona) ; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 424 (Vancouver Tsl.) ; Dall <§•
Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i.p. 289 (1869 : S. Michaels) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 24, no. 10083 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 271
(1872) ; Tacz. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 112 (N. of Yakutsk) ; Laivr. Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 311 (1874 : Mazatlan, Sept. to March) ;
Coues, B. N.- West, p. 532 (1874) ; Hensh. Rep. Zool. E.vpl. \QOth
Merid. p. 467 (1875) ; Coties, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 646
(1878 : Pembina, breeds) ; Merrill, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mtts. i. p. 165
(1878 : S. Texas) ; Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 437 (Michaelaski, breeding) ;
Teaetm. ed. Blyth, Man. Cranes, p. 72 (1881) ; Coues, Check-l.'N.
Am. B. p. 108 (1882) ; Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 166 (1882 :
Diomede Isl. ; Choris Peninsula), p. 173 (Escholtz Bay) ; Baird,
Breicer, ^- Ridyw. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 407 (1884) ; Coues, Key
N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 667 (1884); Dreic, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1886:
Colorado) ; Murdoch, t. c. p. 63 (Point Barrow, June ) ; Beckh. t. c.
p. 144 (Colorado) ; Turner, t. c. p. 157 (Nearer Isl., Alaska);
Murdoch, t. c. p. 201 (Point Barrow) ; Agersh. t. c. p. 287 (S.E.
Dakota, breeding) ; Murdoch, Rep. Polar Exped. Point Barrow,
p 116 (1885) ; A. O. U. Check-l. p. 189 (1886) ; Turner, Contr.
Nat. Alaska, p. 145 (1886) : Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 135 (1887);
Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 94 (1887 ; breeding) : Tovnis.
Auk, iv. p. 12 (1887 : Alaska) : Dretv, t. c. p. 264 (Colorado) ;
Merrill, Auk, v. p. 144 (1888 : Ft. Klamath) ; Warren, B. Penns.
App. p. 234 (1888) ; Goss, Auk, vi. p. 126 (1888 : Kansas, migrant) ;
Chajwt. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 131 (1890: British
Columbia) ; Brejust. Auk, vii. p. 89 (1890 : Pthode Isl., Oct.) ;
Mcfarl. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 425 (1891).
Grus americana, Gray (nee L.), List Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1844,

pt.) ; id. Gen. B.iii. p. 652 (1845).
Grus fraterculus, Cassin in Baird, Cassin, Sf Lawr. B. N. Am. p. 596
(1858, =juv.) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 24, no. 10004 (1871) ; Tacz.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 246 (1876 : Cape Tschukoss) ; Allen,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v. p. 123 (1880) ; Teyetm. ed. Bhjth, Mon,
Cranes, p. 78 (1881) ; Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 202 (1881) ;
Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 461 (Tiziman, Yucatan, March) ; Bogd,
Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 107 (1884).
Adult. Similar to G. mexicana, but smaller, and with a decidedly
shorter tarsus. Total length about 35 inches, culmen 4*2, wing
about 18, tail 7*5, tarsus 7*9, middle toe and claw 3-3.

1. GRU3. 2.j7

Accordiii": to ilr. Ri(l<i;way the tarsus is 6*7-8'44 inches iu length,
as ajiainst U"'J-1(>"U5 inches in G. mexicana.

Hah. Xorthern North America, from Hudson's Bay to Alaska,
migrating south through the western United States, east to the
Kocky Mountains to Mexico (^lUdjway).

a. Ad. sk. Hudson's Bay. Sir G. Back [P.].

b-f. S $ ad. sk. St. Michaels, Alaska, May, Salvin-Godmau Coll.

June (£. W. JSelson: Hensh.

Coll.).
g. Imni. sk. San Antonio, Texas (//. E. Salvin-Godman Coll,

Dresser),
h. S fid. ; {. cJ Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov., Salvin-Godman Coll.
imm. sk. Dec. (-F. B. Arnistro7i(j) .

5. Grus monachus.

Grus monachus, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. 5oo (1835) ; Gray, List Gralke
Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 5.52 (184")) ; Temm. S/-
Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 119, pi. 75 (1850); Bj}. Comp. ii. p. !.)8 (1854) ;
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 309 (X. China and Japan) ; Padde, Peis.
Sibir., Vof/. ii. p. 318 (1863 : Desert of Gobi ; Burega Mts., Amoor) ;
Schl. Mas. Pat/s-Bas. Ralli, p. 4 (1865) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 413
(Pekin); JDi/h. S,- Parve.r, J. f. O. 1868, p. 337 (Onon River;
Darasuu) ; Siciith. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 402 (Shanghai, winter) ; Grai/,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 24, no. 10081 (1871) ; Tncz. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 100
(Kultuk) ; id. J. f. O. 1874, p. 336 ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i.
p. 246 (1876) ; David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 484 (1877) ; Blakist.
f Pryer, Ibis, \67%, p. 220 (Tokio); Przew. in Run-ley's Orn. Misc.
iii. p. 47(1878: Kalgan ; Lake Baikal; S.E. Mongolia; Lake
Ilanka); Tv</etm. ed. Bli/fh's Mono'/r. Crams, p. 71 (1881);
Blukisf. Si P'ryer, B.Japnn, p. 121 (18^2); .Sec6. J6(>, 1884, p. 178 ;
Btalcisf. Amended Lid B. Japan, p. 24 (1884 : not in Yezo), p. 42
(Nagasaki) ; Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Rjss. p. 108 (1884 : Dauria ;
Ussuri) ; S'eb. Ibis, 1884, p. 178 (Nagasaki); id. B. Japan. Emp.
p. 353 (1890) ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329,502 (Yangtze Basin).

Antigone monachus, Bp. C. P. xxxviii. p. 061 (1854).

A'Jult male. General colour above and below slaty grey, with
brownish margins to the feathers of the upper surface, and with
greyish margins to the feathers of the under surface ; primary-
coverts and primaries brown ; secondaries like the back, the inner-
most secondaries with drooping plumes of decomposed feathers ;
fore part of crown, forehead, and lores covered with black hair-like
bristles ; hinder crown and hinder neck, sides of upi)er neck, throat,
and entire sides of face pure white : " bill greenish, tinged with red
towards the base ; feet dull reddish ; iris yellow " ( F. BJyth >.
Total length about 36 inches, culmen 4-1, wing about 19'o, tail 6-7,
tarsus S'l, middle toe and claw 36.

Hah. Breeding in Eastern Siberia, and probably also in Southeru
Japan, wintering in China.

a. Ad. St. Japan. Leyden Museum JJ}.].

b, c. Ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan. l-'. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
VOL. SXEU. s

258

6. Grus nigricoUis.

Grus nigricollis, Przew. in Howley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 436, pi. ix. (1877) ;
Teyetmeier, Monogr. Cranes, p. 70, pi. i. (1881).

" Adult male. Head and upper part of neck smoky black ; crown
naked, with a rough red skiu covered with very few small hairy
feathers, which cover rather thickly the forehead and lores ; there
is a small white spot behind the eyes. The lower portion of the
neck, the upper and under tail-coverts, and the whole body are of a
pale ashy colour, lighter than in G. cinerea. The inner webs of the
large wing-coverts are brownish grey ; the larger shoulder-feathers
are blackish and brownish grey. Wings are dull black ; the tcrti-
aries and their coverts (all of which are black) are elongated, pointed
at the end, branched at the points, and turned up and raised above
the tail in a patch. Culmen greenish horn-colour, lighter on the
tip; the feathered portion of the lower mandible extends 0"-3
further than the side-feathering on the upper mandible ; legs black ;
iris golden yellow. Total length 48 inches, culmen 4-8, wing 25-3,
tail 9-3, tarsus 10-2."

I have copied Przewalski's description, as the specimen presented
by Mr. Seebohm is moulting and in somewhat imperfect plumage.

Hah. Xokonoor.

a. $ ad, sk. Kokonoor (Przewalnki). Seebohm Coll.

7. Grus japonensis.

La Grue du Japon, JBriss. Orn. v. p. 381 (1760).

Ardea (Grus) japonensis, Miiller, Syat. Nat. Svppl. p. 110 (1776).

Japan Crane, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p 42 (1785).

Grus japonensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 621 (1788) ; Seebohm, B. Japan.
Emp. p. 361 (IBiJO) ; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 247 (Corea, winter
migrant).

Grus viridirostris, Tieill. Enc. Meth. iii. p. 1141 (1823) ; Sivinh.
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 309 (N. China) ; Gray, Hancl-l. B. iii. p. 25,
no. 10089 (1871) ; Sxvinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 403, 1873, p. 512
(Shanghai) ; Tacz. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 100 (Dauria), 1875, p. 2.55
(Ussuri Delta) ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 246 (1876) ;
David Sr Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 435 (1877); Teget^n. ed. Blyth's
Monogr. Cranes, p. 53 (1881); Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 178 (Japan,
winter) ; Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, pp. 12, 41 (Japan
generally) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 611 (Corea) ; id. P. Z. S. 1888,
p. 468; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 602 (Lower Yangtze in
winter).

Grus collaris {nee Bodd.), Temm. PI. Col. genus Grvs, sp. 4 (1828).

Antigone montignesia, Bp. C, R. xxxvii. p. 661 (1854) ; id. Consp.
ii. p. 100 (1854).

Grus montignesia, Scl.in Wolf's Zool. Sketches, 1st ser. pi. 46 (1861) ;
Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 369, pl.xxxv. (nesting) ; Prze%o. Putesch.
Ussuri, p. 54 (1869) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 109 (1884).

Grus leucogeranus, pt., I}yb. ^ Parve.v, J. f. 0. 1868, p. 337 (Dara-
sun, teste Tacz.),

Grus leucaucheu {/lec T.), Blakist. ^- Pryer, B. Japan, p. 121 (1882).

2. LIMNOGERANUS. 259

-Adult female. General colour above and below pure wbite, in-
cluding the wing-coverts, jirimary quills, and tail ; secondaries
black, the innermost ones pointed and somewhat drooping, some of
the feathers decomposed ; head bare, the forehead and anterior
crown as well as the lores covered with blackish hairs ; cheeks, throat,
and hind neck dark slaty grey enclosing a broad white band, which
extends frcmi the occiput down the hind neck, and extends laterally
over the ear-coverts to the region over and below the eye : " bill
and feet dull green ; iris very dark, appearing black in the living
bird" (E. Bli/th). Total length about 50 inches, culmen 6"3, wing
24, tail 10-5, tarsus 10-2, middle toe and claw 5-2.

Hub. Eastern Siberia to Corea and Japan, wintering in the
Yangtze basin.

a. Ad. sk. Japan. Lord Lilford [P.].

b. d ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].

c. 2 ad. sk. Corea, Jan. 20. C. Campbell, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad. sk. North China. Zoological Society.

2. LIMNOGERANUS. „

Type.

Limnogeranus, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. vii.

p. xxxvii (March 28, 1893) L. americanus.

Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.

1. Limnogeranus americanus.

The Hooping Crane, C'afcsbi/, Xaf. II. Carol, i. p. 7o, pi. 7o (1731) ;

Edicards, Nat. HUt. B. p.'l32, pi. 132 (1751) ; Fenn. ArcticZool. ii.

p. 442 (1785) : Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. ], p. 42 (1785).
La Gnie d'Ameiique, Briss. Orn. v. p. 382 (1760); Daubent. PL

Enl. viii. pi. 889.
Ardea americana, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 234 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat.

I. p. 621 (1788) ; Wils. Amer. Orn. viii. p. 20, pi. 64. fig. 3 (1814).
La Gnie blanche, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. vii. p. 308 (1780).
Grus clamaior, Bartr. Trav. Florida, p. 202 (1791).
Griis americana, Vieill. N. Diet. d'HiM. Nat. xiii. p. 557 (1817);

Temm. Man. p. c (1820) ; Audub. B. Anicr. pi. ccxxvi. ; Sicainx.

(.y Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amcr., Birds, p. 372 (1831); Nutt. Man.

ii. p. 134 (1834) ; Audub. Orn. Bioyr. iii. p. 202 (1835); id. B.

Amer. 8vo, p. 188, pi. 313 (1842); Gray, List Grail. Brit. Mus.

p. 74 (1844, pt.); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 552 ("l84.i) ; lieic/ienb. Ilandh.,

Fulic^iah. 214. tig. 429, tab. 217. fig. 2s6 (1852); Bp. Consp. ii.

p. 99 (1854) ; Cass, in Baird, Cass. ^- Laicr. B. N. Amer. p. fi54

(1858); Blakist. Ibis, 18ti3, p. 128 (Fort Simpson); Sehl. Mus.

JPays-Ba.", Kalli, p. 4 (1865) ; Dresser, Ibi)<, ISWi, p. 30 (S. Texas) ;

Mus. C. Z. Cambr. iii. p. 182 (1872: Kan.<as) ; Snoto, B. Kansa-o,
p. 9 (1873) ; Iiid<iH\ Ann. Li/c. N. Y. x. p. 387 (1874) ; Coues, B. N.-
West, p. 530 (1874) ; Merrill, IVoc. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 165 (1S78 :

s 2

260

S. Texas) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Sun: iv. p. 61 (1878 : Texas) ;
Cones, t. c. p. 646 (Moose River) ; Mayn. B. E. N. Amer. p. 424
(1879); Bidf/w. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 202 (1880); Tef/etw.
ed. Blyth's Mon. Cranes, p. 54 (1881) ; Coites, Check-l. N. Amer.
B. p. 108 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 666 (1884) ;
Baird, Brewer, Sf Bidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. i. p. 404 (1884) ;
Breic, Auk, ii. p. 18 (1885 : Colorado) ; Agersb. t. c. p. 287
(S.E. Dakota, miprant) ; Anthony, Auk, iii. p. 164 (1886 : Oregon,
autumn migrant) ; A. O. U. Check-l. p. 139 (1886) ; Lloyd, Auk,
iv. p. 185 (1887 : W. Texas, migrant) ; Ridgiv. Man. p. 135 (1887) ;
Beckh. Proc. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. x. pp. 637, 650 (1887 : Texas) ;
Thomps. Proc. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. xiii. p. 491 (1890: Manitoba,
breeding) ; Macf. Pi-oc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 42^ (1891J.

Grus struthio, Wagler, Syst. Av., Grus, sp. 6 (1827).

Grus hojdmis, Dudley, Proc. Philad. Acad. vii. p. 64 (1854) ; Hartl.
J. f. O. 1855, pp. 366, 427 ; Stimpson. Mem. Chicago Acad. i. p. 129,
pi. 19 (1868).

Limnogeranus americanus, Shm-pe, Bull. B. 0. C. i. p. xxxvii (1893).

Adult. General colour above and below pure white, including the
■wings and tail ; the feathers of the bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and primaries black, some of the greater coverts slightly dusted with
blackish ; head bare, as also the lores and cheeks ; the anterior
portion of the forehead, as well as the lores and cheeks, rather
closely covered with blackish bristles ; on the nape a triangular
patch of slaty-black feathers : " bill wax-yellow ; feet bluish black ;
iris gamboge-yellow " (J. Richardson). Total length about 48
inches, culmen 5-4, wing about 23-5, tail 8'5, tarsus 10-8, middle
toe and claw 4"4.

'■'■Immature. Bare portions of the head indicated by feathers of a
harsher texture and darker colour than elsewhere, occupying the
areas which are naked in the fully adult. Plumage much stained
with pale cinnamon, as in the first plumage" (^Baircl, Brewer, Sf
Eidgway).

Hah. Interior of North America — north to the Saskatchewan,
south to Florida and Central Mexico (Eidgway).

a. Ad. sk. Fort Simpson, June 10.

b. Ad.sk. 4'JthF-drallel (G. Dawson).

c. (5 ad. sk. Brownsville,Texas,April 2

{F. B. Armstrong).

B. R. Ross, Esq. [P.].
N.-A. Bound. Comiu.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

^

3. SARCOGERANUS.

Type.

Leucoperanus, Bp. C. B. xl. p. 720 (1855; nom.

nudum) *.
Sarcogeranus, 6V(rt?7)e, Bull. Brit. Orn.Club,no. vii.

p. xxxvii (March 28, 1893) S. leucogeranus.

Eavge. The same as that of the single species of the genus.

* This name is used by Bonaparte to mark a section of his genus Antigone.
Ab he did not give any characters or recognize the name as implying a distinct
genus, which would have involved the adoption of the awkward combination
of Liiiioogeranus leucogeranus, I have proposed a new name altogether for
the genua.

3. SARCOGERAN'US. 261

1. Sarcogeranus leucogeranus.

Grus leucogoranus, Pall. Jicis. liu-^s. Rvich^, ii. Anhansr, p. 711
tab. F. (177-"}); id. Zonyr. Rosm-Asiat. ii. p. 103 (1811: Lena
River: IJauria) ; Wayl. Si/st. Av., Grus, sp. 5 (1827) ; Temm. I'l.
Col. V. pi. 407 (1829) : Gonld, Ii. Eur. iv. pi. 271 (1837); Ketfs. i^-
Bias. Wirh. Eur. pp. lix, 20(5 (1840) ; Nordin. in Deinid. Voy. Russ.
Merid. iii. p. 2G(j (1840: Ekatorinoslaw ; Voljra ; Caspian); Gray,
List GralUe Brit. Mus. p. 74 (^1844) ; id. Gen.B. iii. p. o52 (1845) ;
Temm. i^ Schl. Faun. Japan, p. 118, pi. 73 (18o0) ; Schrenck, Reis.
Amur-L, Viiy. p. 407 (18o9) ; Irby, Ihis, 1861, p. 343 (Oudh) ; Stcinh.
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 308 (N. China) ; Radde, Rei'i. Sibir., Viiq. p. •".12
(1863 : N. Mouf,'olia) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 663 (1864) ; S'chl. Mus.
Pai/s-Bas, Ralli, p. 5 (186.>) ; Der/l. ^ Gerhe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 277
(1867) ; Bh/th, Ibis, 1867, p. 106 (Oudh) ; Hume, Ibis, 1868,
p. 28 (N.W. India) ; Brooks, Ibis, 1869, p. 237 (Etawah) ; Elwes
Si- Buckley, Ihis, 1870, p. 383 (Macedonia) ; Fritsck, J'oy. Eur.
Taf. 41. fig. 1 (1870 1 ; Swink. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 403 (Leautung
Prov., breeding); A. Anderson, t. c. p. 677 (Futte^urh, Jan.);
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 25, no. 10088 (1871); Elwes, P. Z. S.
1873, p. 469; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 68 (1873: ? breeding) ;
Hume, Str. F. i. p. 235 (1873 : Sind) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 324;
Tac:. Bull. Soc. Ziml. France, i. p. 247 (1876) ; David S,- Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 4-36 (1877) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 359, pi. 507 (1878) ;
Blakist. Sf- Pri/er, Ibis, 1878, p. 224 (Japan) ; Butler, Str. F. vii.
p. 187 (E. Narra); id. Cat. B. Sind ^-c. p. 60 (1879) : Seeb. Ihi^,
1879, p. 149 (Yeuesei); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Dan/.
Ibis, 1880, p. 94 (Asia Minor) ; Hmne^- Marsh. Game B. Ind. iii.
p. 11, pi. 2 (1880); Reid, Str. F. x. p. 67 (1881: Lucknow);
Teyetm. ed. Blyth's Monoyr. Cranes, p. 38 (1881); Seeb. Ibis,
1882, p. 226 (Astrachau in spring) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 352 ;
Blakist. Amended List B. Japan, p. 12 (1884 : not in Yezo), p. 42
(Nagasjiki) ; Boyd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross. p. 108 (18S4) ; Railde,
Orn. Cauc. p. 391 (1884) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 177 (Japan, winter) ;
Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 349 (1890) ; Styan, Ilm, 1891, pp. 329,
502 (Lower Yangtze, winter) ; Eayle Clarke, Ibis, 1891, p. 635;
id. Annals Scot. X. H. i. p. 71 (1892).

Ardea gigantea, <S'. G. Gmelin, R/'is. Russl. ii. p. 189 (1774).

Grus gigantea, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 558 (1817).

Antigone leucogeranus, Reiclienb. Ilandb., Fulie. Xorit. Taf. civ. fiir«.
2859, 2860(1852); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 99 (1854); id. C. Ii.
x.\xviii. p. 661 (1854).

Leucogeranus giganteus, Bp. Cat. Coll. Parzad. p. 9 (1857).

Grus polii. Yule, Book of Ser .Marco Poh, i. p. 262 (1871).

Sarcogeranus leucogeranus, Sharpe, Bull. B.O.C. i. p. xxxvii (1893).

Adult. General colour above and below, including the wings and
tail, white ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries white,
the latter with yellowish-white shafts; the secondary quills black,
including the long falcated inner secondaries, some of which are
more or less ashy grey, or white on the outer web ; crown of head
bare, black like the lores ; sides of head, ear-coverts, and entire
hind neck from the nape downwards white ; sides of face and checks,
as well as the sides of the neck and throat, slaty grey, joining on
the hind neck ; under wing-coverts white, with a few blotches of
ashy grey, forming an irregular bar across the wiug : " bill umber-

262

brown, very smooth and polished ; feet dull reddish pink, varying
to dull red, somewhat brighter on the toes ; iris bright, very pale
yellow, in some birds almost silvery, in others a pinkish tinge " (A.
0. Hume). Total length about 54 inches, culmen 6-15, wing about
25, tail 10-15, tarsus 11-45, middle toe and claw 5.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but a little smaller. Total
length 50 inches, culmen 7-4, wing 23, tail 7-9, tarsus 10-4.

Young. Similar to the adult, but the greater part of the feathers
•pale rust-colour, instead of white.

Hah. From South-eastern Europe and Asia Minor to Western
Siberia and eastward to Japan, wintering in N.W. India and
China.

a. Ad. st.
h. Imm. sk.

c. Ad. sk.
d,e,f. Ad. sk.
9,h. d? ad.;

i. 5 juv. sk.
k. (5 ad. ; I, m.

Ad. sk.

Russia.

Barnaul, W. Siberia,

3\mQ22{Dr.O.Fmsch).
Siberia.
Etawah.
Toman Jheel, Etawah,

Feb.
Futtegurh, Oudh, Dec,

Feb. [A. Anderson).

J. Gould, Esq.
Geogr. Soc. Bremen

[P.].
Lord Lilford [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Type.
A. collaris.

4. ANTIGONE.

Antigone, Meichejih. Handb. Spec. Orn. p. xxiii (1852)

Tianqe. Caspian Sea, Indian Peninsula, Burmese countries to
Cochin China, and south to Penang. Eastern Australia.

Key to the Species.

a. Neck bare for half its length ; inner second-

aries grev with no white bases.

a'. A broad white band of feathers on the
upper portion of the neck, separating the
bare neck from the grey of the back ;
inner secondaries white collaris, p. 262.

b'. No white band on the neck, the feathers
of which are entirely grey ; inner second-
aries grey, the bases also grey antif/one, p. 264.

b. Neck feathered right up to the nape ; inner

secondaries grey with white bases ctustralasiana, p. 265.

1. Antigone collaris.

La Grue a collier, JDnubent. PI. Enl. viii. pi. 865 ; Biiff. Hist. Nat.

Ois. vii. p. 307 (1780).
Grus collaris, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 52 (1783).
Indian Crane, var. n, Lath. Gen. Sijn. iii. pt. i. p. 39 (1785).
Ardea antigune, var. fi, Gm. Syst Nat. i. p. 622 (1788).
Grus torquata, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 560 (1817) ; id.

Gal. Ois. ii. p. 256 (1825) ; Wagl. Syst. Av., Grus, sp. 11 (1827).
Grus orientalis, Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 123.

4. ANTIOOXE. 203

Gi-us antigone (ner L.), Kodgs. Icon, itied. in Brit. Mm. Ann
pL 1/0 (na y(16); Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. lo7 (Deccan};
i\ordm.tn Bemid. Voy. Euss. Merid. p. 20-5 (1840: Astraclian) :
Jerd. Madr.Journ. xi. p. 194 (1840); Reichmh. Handh., Fulic
tab. cxxix. fi-s. 12:3o-1240 (1852) ; 7,-^/, Ihis, 1801, p. 342 (Oudli) ■
Jn-d. B. hid. iii. p. 002 (1804) ; HM.'Mhs. Pa>is-Bas, Ealli p 3
(Ibtio) , Huxley, P. Z. S. 1807, i)p. 430, 4.-,7 ; Bmoan, Ibi.^, lS(W,
PVo-1 CUmbala: Ikrrackpur); Gruij, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 24, no. 10090

nQ-'o -•' '//"■'T-' ^- ^- *■ ^'^"•^' PP- ^"^' 6-10; Hayes Llo,,d, m\
18/3, p. 4lO(KatlHawar); Hume, Nests &■ Enos Ind. B. p .584
(873) ; id. Str. F. i. p. 234 (1873 : Sind) ; Adam, t. c. p. 39.5 (Sam-
bliur: nestiu-) ; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 430 (Sirjiija Vallev) ; Butler,
Sfr.F IV. p. 14 (1870 : Mt. Abu) ; Garrod, P. Z S. 1870, p. 277 •
Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 227 (1878 : Ganges to Godaveri) ; Hume, Str.
F. viu. p. 112 (1879, pt.) ; Scully, t. c. pp. 3-52, 308 (Nepal Terai) ;
Butler, Cat. B. Smd ^-r. p. 60 (1879) ; Hume ^- Marshall, Game B
'(^'";,?,- V P^- ^ C^'"^^^); Teyetm. ed. Blx,tKs Monogr. Cranes,
p. 47 (1881, pt.) ; R^id, Str. F. x. p. 67 (1881 : Lucknow) ;
Davidson, t. c. p. 319 (1882: Khandeish) ; Simson, Ibis 188-^
p 93 (Dacca) : Forbes. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 352 ; Murray, Vertebr
Faun. Sind, p. 235 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 391 (1884: W.
of Caspian; Derbent; Volga; Don); Stcinh. ^ Barnes, Ibis, l88o
p. 133 (Mhow) ; Oates, ed. Humes Nests <^ Fygs Ind. B. iii. p. 372'

Gru3 torquata, Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 75 (1844) • id Gen
B. m. p. 552 (1845) ; Reichenb. Handb., Fulic. tab. cxxvii. fio-. 403
(1852). °

Antigone antigone, pt., Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 100 (1854).

Antigone torqiuita, Reichenh. Haridb. Spec. Orn. p. xxiii (185-^) • Bp
C R. xx.xviii. p. 061 (1854) ; Gray, Cat. Mamni. ^-c. Nepafpres.
Hodgs. p. 71 (1863).

Adult male. General colour above light pearly grey, including the
wing-covorts, the greater coverts lighter pearly grey, resembling the
secondaries ; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish
brown ; secondaries ashy on the outer web, somewhat whiter on
the inner, the innermost secondaries elongated and somewhat
lanceolate, pure white, contrasting with the back ; tail light pearly
grey ; head and ui)per neck bare, the ear-coverts and chin concealed
by a patch of asliy-grey feathers, the nape granulated as also the
bare ])art of the hind neck, the throat and sides of the neck with
numerous black and bristly hairs ; neck all round below the granu-
lated portion pure white "for some distance, the lower neck and
under surface of body ashy grey, becoming pearly grey on tho
under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries, the lower
greater coverts inclining to pearly white: "bill pale greenish
horny, with dark tip ; skin on crown pale ashy green : papillose
skin of head and neck orange-red, shaded darker here and there,
and furnished with a scanty black wattle ; at the l)ottom of the neck,
bordering tho plumage, is a collar-like space of bright orange skin ;
iris orange; legs reddish or flesh-colour "( r/c/iv// ). Total length
about 40 inches, culmen 6-9, wing about 23, tail 9-5, tarsus 11,
middle toe and claw o.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length about 40 inches,

264 GRurD^.

culmen 6-5, wing about 23, tail 9-2, tarsus 11, middle toe and
claw 5-8.

Hah. Astrachan and shores of the Caspian Sea. Indian Peninsula,
east to the neighbourhood of Calcutta and south to Xhandeish.

a. Ad. st.

India.

Capt. Boys [C.].

b. 2 ad. sk.

Sambhur, Jan. 7 (-R.

M. Adam).

Hume Coll.

c. cj ad. sk.

Sultanpur, Gurgaon
24: {W.N. Chill).

Distr.,

April

Hume Coll.

d. Ad. sk.

Delhi.

Hume Coll.

e,f. 2 ad. sk.

Etawah.

Hume Coll.

<7, h. Ad. sk.

Oudh, Jan., Feb.

Hume Coll.

i Ad. sk.

Nepal.

Hodgson Coll.

k. (S ad. sk.

Seoni, Central Provinces.

Hume Coll.

2. Antigone antigone.

The Greater Indian Crane, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 4-5, pi. 45

(174.3).
La Grue des Indes Orientales, Briss. Orn. x. p. 378 (1760).
Ardea antigone, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 235 (176G) ; G'?h. Syst. Nat. i.

p. 622 (1788).
Indian Crane, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. .38 (1785).
Grus antigone, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 660 (1817);

Waql. Si/st. Av., Ctrus, sp. 10 (1827) ; Gray, List Gralla; Brit. Mus.

p. 74 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 552 (]'845) ; Blyth, B. Burm.

p. 157 (1875) ; Gates, iStr. F. v. p. 164 (1877 : Lower Pegu,

nesting) ; Wardlaiv Ramsay, Ibis, ] 877, p. 468 (Tonghoo: breeding) ;

Hmne i^- Davis. Str. F. vi. p. 468 (1878 : Sittang and Salween

Rivers); Anderson, Hep. Exped. Yunnan, Zool. p. 684 (1878:

Tsitkau); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879, pt.) ; Gates, Str. F.

X. p. 238 (1882) ; id. Handb. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 352 (1883) ; id.

Hume's Nests Sf Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 372 (1890, pt.).
Antigone antigone, -B/j. Cunsp. Ac. ii. p. 100 (1854, pt.).

Adult male. Similar to A. collaris, but having pearly grej* inner
secondaries instead of white, and having the whole ofthe neck below
the bare or granulated portion grey, and not white as in A. col-
laris : " bill and coronal skin greenish glaucous ; skin of the face
and neck pale brick-red ; legs fleshy pink, brownish in front ; iris
reddish orange " (B. G. Wardlaiv Ilamsay). Total length about
40 inches, culmen 7 "2, wing about 25, tail 9, tarsus 12, middle toe
and claw 5-4.

Adult female. Similar to the male. Total length about 40 inches,
culmen 6-9, wing about 24, tail S'4, tarsus 12-5, middle toe and
claw 4-5.

Yoimg. Similar to the adult, but having the grey plumage
somewhat more washed with rusty brown, the whole of the head
and upper part of the neck covered with rust-coloured feathers.

Mr. Gates follows Blyth in supposing that the white neck in the
species of Antigone is characteristic of the breeding-season. I do
not agree with this theory, especially as I find that all the dark-
coloured specimens belong to the Burmese couutries, and the light
ones to India.

4. ANTIGONE. 265

Hah. Purmese countries to Cochin China and south to Pcnang.

a, c? ad. sk. Tegu, IMavch (E. W. ().). Gates Coll.

b, c, d. $ ad. et Tonjihoo, Aug^., Sept. {R. G. Tweeddale Coll.
pull. sk. W. R.).

e. 2 ad. sk. Thatone. Hume Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Amherst. Huiue Coll.

(/. Ad.; /(.juv. Veuang {Cantor). India Museum.

sk.

i. Ad. sk. Cochin China. M. E. Pierre [P.].

3. Antigone australasiana.

Grus australasiana, Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 48 (1848) ; Gray, Gen.
B. iii. App. p. 25 (1849) ; Reichenb. Vng. Neuholl. p. 243
(1850) ; id. Handb., Fulic. tab. cccxli. tig. 2691 (1852) ; Bj). Comp.
Av. ii. p. 98 (1854) ; Sc/d. Mm. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 3 (18Go) ;
Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii.-p. 290 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-l B. iii.
p. 25, no 10091 (1871) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 340 (Herbert
district) ; Casteln. ^- Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 385
(1877) ; Ramsay, op. cit. ii. p. 198 (1878) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881,
p. 644 ; Teqetm. ed. BlytJis Monogr. Cranes, p. 51 (1881) ; Ramsay,
Tab. List "Austr. B. p. 20 (1888) ; North, Nests ^ Eggs Austr. B.
p. 314 (1S89) ; Co.v ^- Hamilton, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. 8. W. (2) iv.
p. 421 (1890 : Mudgee District).

Adult. General colour above grey, with very conspicuously paler
prey margins to the feathers ; -wing-coverts like the back and
similarly margined ; bastard--wing blackish ; primary-coverts black,
with an asliy shade ; al)ove the primary-coverts a supplementarj-
covert, grey like the back, with the same light edging ; primaries
black ; secondaries dark ashy like the back, including the elongated
inner secondaries, which have ashy whitish tips ; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts uniform pearly grey ; tail-feathers slaty grey,
blackish towards the tips ; entire crown bare, the hinder crown
with coarse ])ai)il]» ; hind neck from the nape downwards, sides of
neck, and entire under surface of body uniform pearly grey ; on the
car-coverts a patch of dark ashy feathers ; chin and upper throat
liare ; under Aving-coverts, axillaries, and hypopteral plumes like
the breast. " Crown of head and bill olive-green, the latter becoming
lighter towards the tip ; iris fine orange-yellow ; raised fleshy
jjapillffi surrounding the ears and back of the head fine coral-red,
passing into an orange tint above and below the eye, and becoming
less brilliant on the sides of the face, which, together with the gular
])(>uch, is covered with fine black hairs, so closely set on the latter as
almost to conceal the red colouring of the skin ; ui)per part of the
pouch and the bare skin beneath the lower mandible olive-green ;
in old males the gular pouch very pendulous and forms a con-
spicuous appendage ; legs and feet purplish black " (J. Gould).
Total length about 42 inches, culmeu G, wing 20-5, tail 7-o,
tarsus 10-2, middle toe and claw 3-0.

Hah. Eastern Australia.

a, b. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.

c, d. Ad. sk. Queentlaud. Salviu-Godman Coll.

266 • GRTJID^.

5. PSEUDOGERANUS. „

Type.
Pseudofreramis, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. vii. .

p. xxxvii (March' 28, 1893) 'P. leucaucben.

Mange. The same as that of the single species of the genus.
1. Pseudogeranus leucauchen.

CTrus aDtigone (nee L.), Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 102 (1811);.

Dyboivski ^ Parvex, J. f. O. 1868, p. 3.37 (Darasuu) ; Seed. Ibis,

1879, p. 28.
? Grus vipio. Pall. i. c. p. Ill (1811,=jxiv. le.ste Bor/d.) *.
Gnis leucauchen, Temm.' PI. Col. v. pi. 449 (18.38); Gray, List

Grullce Brit. Mus. p. 74 (1844 : Japan) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 552

(1845) ; Tenmi. ^- Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 119 (1850) ; Radde, Pels.

Sibir., Vog. p. 314, Taf. 14. fig. 2 (1863; e^g^); Swinh. P. Z. S.
' 1871, p. 402; Tacz.J.f. O.' 1873, p. 100 (Kiiltuk: breeding),

1874, p. 336 ; Ehces, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 469 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zuol.

France,!, p. 246 (1876: Dauria, Amur, Ussuri); David Sf Oust.

Ois. Chine, p. 435 (1877) ; Blakist. Sf Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 224

(Japan : migrant) ; Tegetm. ed. BlytKs Monogr. Cranes, p. 35

(1881); Blakist. Amended List, p. 12 (1884: Japan generally),

p. 42 (Nagasaki) ; Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. P-)ss. p. 10'7 (1884) ;
■ Seel. Ibis, 1884, p. 177 ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 611, 1888, p. 468

(Corea) ; Seeb. B. Japati. Emp. p. 352 (1890).
Scops vipio. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 553 (1845).
Grus vipio, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 98 (1854) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas,

Ealli, p. 3 (1805) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 2.4, no. 10080 (1871) ;

.Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 329, 502 (Lower Yangtze).
Antigone leucauchen, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 661 (1854).
Grus, sp. incogn., Blakist. i§- I^yer, Ibis, 1878, p. 22o. ' .

Pseudogeranus leucauchen, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. C. i. p. xxxvii (1893).

Adult. General colour above slaty grej', -with obscure margins
of lighter ashy grey; -wing-coverts lighter than .the back, the
median and greater coverts especially so, the latter being whiie at
the ends ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts blackish, with a slight
ashy shade, the small coverts preceding the primary-coverts pearly
grey ; primaries black with white shafts, the secondaries black
with white bases, the' inner elongated secondaries being white and
falcate ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rather darker
slate-colour, as also the base of the tail : tail-feathers dark slaty
grey, with a broad terminal band of black ; fore part of crown,
sides of face, and Jores bare, with bristly black hairs ; ear-coverts
with a patch of dull ashy feathers ; hinder crown white, like the
hind neck, sides of upper neck, and throat ; remainder of sides
of neck and under surface of body from the lower throat downwards
dark slaty grey ; under tail-coverts white ; under wing-coverts and
hynopteral plumes paler ashy grey : " bill dull green ; legs dull
pink; iris bright orange-yellow; bare "face crimson and papillose"

* Pallas has derivfid his description from Gmelin's manuscript, and it is
quite uncertain from what species it was taken, so that I think it is best to tall
back upon the more certain one oi leucauche/i. .

6. BroERwrs. 267

(E. BJi/th). Total length 40 inches, ciilmen 6-5, wing about 23,
tail about S"5, tarsus 11, middle toe and claw 4-5.

yestlimj. Coloured witli tawny-coloured down; darker and more
reddish brown on the middle of the back, the head and neck rather
paler and more rusty, the under surface of the body whiter, the
sides of the body and fore neck tawny {Mas. Lmjd.).

llah. Eastern Siberia from Lake Baikal to the Corea and Japan,
south to the Yangtze basin in winter.

c\b. (^2 ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan, Feb. 19. F. Pvinger, E^q. [P.].

c. 2 ad. sk. ' Japan. Lord Lilford [P.].

6. BUGERANTJS. ^

Type.
Bugeranus, Gloger, Handb. Naturij. p. 440 (1842) .". B. caruuculatus.
Laomedontia, Heickenb. Handb. Spec. Orn. p. xxiii

( ] 85:^) B. caruuculatus.

linnr/e. Confined to South Africa. . . •

1. Bugeranus carunculatus.

Wattled Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. Bi, pi. Ixxvii. (178o).
Ardea carunculata, Gm. Sii-it. Nat. i. p. 643 (1788) ; Vieill. Gal.

Ois. ii. Suppl. pi. 20 (1825).
Grus carunculata, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xu'i. p. 5.59 C1817) ;

id. Enc. Meth. p. 1140, pi. 53. fig. 3 (1823) ; Waiiler, Syst. Av.,

Grus, sp. 4 (1827); Less. Traiti d'Orn. p. 58G (lVi31) : Guerin,

Ictmocjr. Begne An. pi. 31; fig. 3 ; Gray, Lid Grallce Brit. Miis.

p. 74 (1844) ; id. 4- Mitchell, Gen. B. iii. p. 552, pi. 149 (1845) ;

JRiipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 120 (1845) ; Heiujl. Si/st. Uehers. p. 57.
• (1850) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1804, p. 355 (Interior "of Natal) ; Schl.

Mus. Pa>/s-Bas, I^alli, p. 5 (1805): La,/ard. B. S. Afr. p. 302

(1807) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1808, p. 467 (Vaal River, breed! nL') : Gra,/,

Hand-l. B. iii. p. 24, no. 10087 {\S1\) ;' Finsch Sf Hart/. Vog.
►• Ostafr. p. 670 (1870: ^lozanibiqiie) : Heuf/l. Orn. X.O.-Afr.

ii. pt. 1, p.»12.")3 (1873) ; Mont. Anr/ola, ii. p. 203 (1875V: Forbes,

P. Z. S. 1877, p. 307 ; Ter/etyn. ed. Blyth's Mon.Cranes, p. 33 (1881) ;
• Holtib ^- Peh. Beifr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 247 (1882: Fish River);

ShelU'i/, Ibis, 1882, p. 303 (Ma-hona Land) : Forbes, P. Z. 5.1882,

p. 352 ; Sha)-j)e, ed. Lai/ard\i B. S. Afj: p. 626 (1884) ; Hartert,

Kat. Vogels. Senck. Mus. p. 209 (1891).
Ardea palearis, Forster, Icon, ined, no. 115 ; id. Descr. Aniin. p. 47

(1844). '
Bugeranus carunculatus, Gloger, Handl>. Xaturg. p. 440 (1842) ;

^Gurney in Ander.ss. B. iJamara Ld. p. 278 (1872). ,
Laomedontia ca»iiuculata, Beichenb. Handb. Spec. Orn. p. xxiii

(1850) ; id. Handb., Fidic. tab. cxxvii. tig. 431 (18.-)2) : B/>. Con.y>.

Av. ii. p. 100 ( 1854) ; Bocar/e, Orn. Angola, p. 4.36 (1881: Ihuube) ;

Butler, Feilden, 4" Beid, Zool. 1882, p. 342 (Newcastle District) ;

Snnza, Jorn. Li.tb. xi. p. 80 (1886 : ZaAlx\<i).
"Wattled Crane, Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 417 (180)8).

Adult. General colour above dsjrk ashy grey ; lower back, rump,
upper tail-coverts, and tail black ; mantle .blackish brown, this

268 GRUID^.

colour overspreading the upper back ; wing-coverts like the hack,
the greater series a little lighter and more pearly grey ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and quills black, dusted with ashy grey ;
secondaries for the most part ashy grey, blackish at the ends, the
innermost ones enormously produced ; crown of head slaty grey ;
entire neck from the nape to the mantle, sides of face, throat, and
chest white, the feathers of the latter very much elongated ; on
either side of the throat a white-feathered lappet ; the lores, the
base of the bill, as far as the nostrils, and fore part of cheeks very
coarsely granulated ; breast and remainder of under surface, in-
cluding the under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillaries,
grey : " bill light reddish brown ; bare warty skin at base of bill
dull red ; thighs, tarsi, and feet black ; iris orange-yellow " ( T.
Ai/res). Total length about 54 inches, culmen 65, wing about 30,
tail 11, tarsus 12'3, middle toe and claw 6-8.

Hab. South Africa, from the Eastern Cape Colony north to the
Zambesi and west to Damara-land and Benguela. Kiippell's state-
ment that the species is found in Shoa needs confirmation.

a. Ad. st. South Africa. Dr. Krauss [C.].

b, c. Ad. sk. South Africa, Purchased.
d. Ad. sk. Natal. Purchased.

7. TETRAPTERYX. „

Type.
Tetrapteryx, Thimb. K. Yet. Ah. Forh. Sfockh. 1818,

p. 242 '. T. paradiseus.

Geranus, Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 661, note (1854) T. paradiseus.

Range. Confined to South Africa.

1. Tetrapteryx paradisea.

Ardea paradisea, Licht. Cat. Her. Eariss. Hamb, p. 28 (179.3) ; id.

Verz. Doubl. p. 78 (1823 : Kaffi-aria).
Tetrapteryx capensis, Thnnb. K. Vete?isk, Akad. Forh. 1818, p. 242,

t. 8.
Authropoides stanleyanus, Vig. Zool. Journ. ii. p. 234, pi. 8 (1826) ;

Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 303 (1867) ; Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App.

p. 417 (1868) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 300 (Transvaal: breeding) ;

Layard, t. c. p. 376 ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 269 (Mooi and Vaal

Rivers) ; BarraU, Ibis, 1876, p. 209 (Lydenburg ; Bloemfoutein ;

Potchefstroom).
Grus stanleyana, Wagl. Syst. Av., Grus, sp. 3 (1827).
Grus paradisea, Wagl. t. c. sp. 8; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. p. 54 (1859:

Mossel Bav) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, RalU, p. 6 (I860) ; Finsch ^

Hartl. VSq. Ostafr. p. 671 (1870); Teqetm. ed. Blyth's Man.

Cranes, p.' 23 (1881); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 363 (Mashona) ;

Butler, Feilden, ^- Reid, Zool. 1882, p. .342 (Newcastle distr.).
Grus capensis, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 587 (1831).
Anthropoides paradisea, Less. t. c. p. 587 : Martin, P. Z. S. 18.j6,

p. 30 ; Gray, Lid. Grail. Brit. Mus. p. 75 (1844) : id. Hand-l. B.

iii. p. 2.5,no. 10093 (1871) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. 8. Afr. p. 628

(1884).
Scops paradisea, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 563 (1845).

8. ANTHROPOIDES. 269

Tetrapteryx paradispa, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 101 (18o4") ; Gumep in
AndiTsson's B. Dam. Land, i). 278 (1">72); Buck/et/, //yw, 1^74,
p. 389 (Transvaal) ; Iloluh ^- Felz. Beitr. Orn. iSudafr. p. 248
(1882); Jories, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 353.

Geranus paradisea, Bp. C. R. xxxriii. p. 661, note fl854).

Grus caUra, Fritsrh, Drei Jahre in Sudafr. p. 108 (1808).

Adult male. General colour above and below light slaty grey, the
feathers of the upper surface ■wiMi pale ashy margins ; wing-coverts
also slaty grey ; bastard-wing, primar}--coverts, and quills brown,
shaded with ashy ; secondaries for the most part ashy, the innermost
ones enormously prolonged ; head entirel}' feathered, lores and
crown of head white, with a frill of dense feathers on the nape,
which are dark ashy grey, the chin, cheeks, and ear-coverts paler
and more pearly grey ; remainder of under surface slaty grey, the
feathers of the fore neck and chest conspicuously elongated and
lanceolate : " bill yellow ochre with a tinge of red ; legs black ;
iris dark brown " {Butler, Feihlen, and Reid) : " bill, tarsi, and feet
\A&ck" {T. Ayres). Total length about 40 inches, culmen 3'6,
wing about 23, tail 9-5, tarsus 9-S, middle toe and claw 4-3.

Adult female. Smaller than the male {E. L. Layard).

Hab. South Africa from the Cape Colony east to Mashona-land,
and west to Great Namaqua-land and Damara-land.

a. Juv. St. South Africa. Purchased.

b, c. Ad. et South Africa. Purchased,
imm. St.

d. 2 ad. St. South Africa. Lord Lilford [P.].

e. Ad. (head). Ingagane River, Natal, July 9. Capt. Savile IJeid [C.].

f. Ad. sk. Trausvaal. ' A. Foreman, Esq. [P.].
ff. cJ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Feb. F. A. Barratt, Esq.[P.J.
h. Skeleton. South Africa. Purchased.

8. ANTHROPOIDES.

Type.

Authropoides, Vieill. Anali/se, p. 5!) (1816) A' virgo.

Philorchemon, Gloyer, llandb. Naturg. p. 438 (1842) A. virgo.

Scops, Graij, Gen. B. iii. p. 553 (1845 ; ex Mohritig) A. virgo.

Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.

1. Anthropoides virgo.

The Numidian Crane. Albin, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 78, pi. 83 (1740).
The Deinoisflle of Numidia, Edicards, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 134,

pi. 134 (1751).
La Grue de Nuniidie, Briss. Orn. V. p. 388 (1760).
Ardea virgo, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 234 (1760); Gm. Syst. Nat. i.

p. 019 (1788) ; Shaw &■ Nudder, Nat. Misc. xxiv. pi. 1041 (1813) ;

Vieill. Gal. Ois. Sappl. ])1. 18 (1825).
La Demoiselle de Numidie, Daubcnt. PI. Enl. viii. pi. 241 ; Buffon,

Hist. Nat. Ois. ^^i. p. 313, tab. 15 (1780).
Demoiselle Heron, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. i. p. 35 (1785).
Grus virgo, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 108 (1811); Wagler,

Sgst. Av., Grus, sp. 2 (1827); Natun. lUg. Deutschl. ix. p. 386,

pi. 232 (1838) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 307 (1840) ; Werner,

270

Atlas, Grail, pi. 25 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. Ixix
(1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. 3Ierid. iii. p. 267
(1840) ; MuMe, Orn. Griechenl. p. 93 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit.
p. ci (1844) ; Brehm, Vogelf. p. 291 (1855) ; id. J. f. O.
1857, p. 87 ; Sundev. Sv. Foql. pi. 77. fig. 4 (1859) ; Linderm.
Voy. Griechenl. p. 131 (1860); Blasius, Ibis, 1862, p. 71
(Heligoland) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Voy. p. 320 (1863 ; Tarei-nor) ;
Schl. Mus. Pays-£a.<!, Ralli, p. 6 (1865) ; Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 429
(Morocco); Swinh. t. c. p. 413 (Pekin) ; Borygr. Vogelf. Nord-
deutschl. p. 108 (1869) ; Saund. Ibis, 1869, p. 174 ; Cullen, Field,
Sept. 11, 1869; Elwes ^Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 333 (Dobrudscha) ;
Finsck Si- Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 673 (1870) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 403 (Seuen-hwa-fuo, migrant) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 271
(1871: KirkwaU); Kartimj, Handb. Br. B. p. 146 (1872);
Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 264 (1872); Severtz. Turkest. Jemtn. p. 68
(1873) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 1254 (1873) ; Irhy, B.
Gibr. p. 18i (1875); Blarif. East. Persia, ii. p. 286 (1876);
Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 324 : Fi7isch, Ibis, 1877, p. 52 (River Ob,
Alakiil); id. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Ver. Wien, xxLx. p. 248 (1879:
Tentek River, Agin-Su) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 353, pi. 506
(1879); Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 588 (Gilgit) ; Teyetm. ed. Blyth's
Mon. Cranes, p. 26 (1881); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 226 (Astra-
khan) ; id. 1883, p. 31 (Caucasus) ; Severtz. t. c. p. 80 (not in
Pamir) ; B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 152 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. Yarr.
Brit. B. p. 192 (1883) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 275, pi. 36 (1884) ;
Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 293 (1884) ; Prze^v. Ibis, 1884, p. 243 (N.
Thibet) ; Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 252 (Morocco) ; Pleske, Mem. Akad.
Imp. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 49 (1888: Tschinas ; Iskander Kul
River) ; Saunders, Man. Br. B. p. 508 (1889) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889,
p. 337 (Cyprus) ; id. Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. 12 (1890) ; Dresser, Ibis,
1891, p. 369 (Erzeroum) ; Giitke, Voyehv. Helgol. p. 466 (1891) ;
Seeb. Ibis, 1892, p. 21 (Heligoland).
Anthropoides \irgo, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. ii. p. 163 (1816) ;
Less. Traite, p. 587 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. raiss. Cauc. p. 49 (1832) ;
Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 272 (1837) ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 194
(1840) ; Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. Grallse, pi. 58 (no. 588) ;
id. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86 (1844) ; Gray, List. Grallce in Brit.
Mus. p. 75 (1844) ; id. Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs. p. 133
(1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 274 (1849 : Barrackpur) ;
Bp. Consjy. p. 101 (1854); Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 37 (1856);
Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 355 (Zana) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 76
(Algeria) ; Irby, Ibis, 1861, p. 243 (Oudh) ; Hartm. J.f. 0. 1863,
p. 462 ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 142 (Malta) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 666
(1864) ; Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 100 (1864) ; Wilkmoes-Suhm,
Zool. Gart. 1865, p 151 (Sweden) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 279 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger.'n. p. 120 (1867); Beavan,
Ibis, 1868, p. 391 (Julpiguri) ; Dijb. S,- Parv. J. f. O. 1868, p. 367
(Dauria) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 208 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur.
tab. 44. fig. 1 (1870)'; Salmd. Faun. Ital., Ucc. pp. 238, 320
(1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 389 (S. Spain); Gray, Hand- 1.
B. iii. p. 25, no. 10092 (1871) ; mmie. Sir. F. i. p. 235 (1873 :
Sind) ; Adam, t. c. p. 395 (Sambhur) ; Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 100
(Kultuk), 1874, p. 336; Ball, Str. F. ii. p. 420 (1874: not in
Chota Nagpur) ; Butler, Str. E. iv. p. 15 (1876: Guzerat) ; Fairb.
t. c. p. 263 (Deccan) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, i. p. 246 (1876) ;
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 277 ; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 232 (1877 :
Deesa, Oct. to March); Davidson ^ Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 88
(1878 : Deccan) ; Hmtw, Str. F. viii. p. 112 (1879) ; Scully, t. c.

8. ANTHKOPOIDES. 271

pp. 302,306 (Nepal Vallev) ; Butler, Cat. B. fiind ctc.^. fiO (1879) ;

id. Cat. B. 8. Bomb. I'n's. p. 75 (1880) ; Scliinidt, P. Z. S. ls-<0,

p. 315 ; Beid, Sir. F. x. p. 08 (1881 : Lucknow) ; Bidd. IbU,

1881. p. 95 (Gilfrit); Giyl. i. c. p. 184; Davidson, Str. F. x.

p. 320 (1882 : Khandeish) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 353 ; Murraj/,

Vertebr. Faun. Si7td, p. 234 (1884); Bor/d. Consp. A v. Imp. Russ.

p. 109 (1884) ; Gir/l. Avif. Pal. p. 3()'0 (1880) ; Sahad. Flench.

Ucc. Pal. p. 240 (1887) ; Tai/lur, Str. F. x. p. 530 (1887 : Orissa) ;

Giffl.Avif. Pal. IstKesoc. i. p. 557 (1889), ii. p. 044 (1890);

Brusina, Motr. (Orn. Croat.) p. 58 (1890 j ; Fridvalsky, Av. Huntj.

p. 127 (1891).
Scops virgo, Gray, Lht Gen. 1841, p. 83; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 553

(1845) ; Reichenb. llandb., Fulic. tab. cxxix. %. 1237 (1852).
Philoivhemou vii-fio, GUxjcr, Uandb. Katury. p. 438 (1842).
Grus ornata, Brclnn, Voyelf. p. 291 (1855).
Grus (Anthropoides) virgo, I)aoid Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 436 (1877).

Adult male. General colour above delicate slaty grey including
the wing-coverts; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish,
washed with grey ; secondaries for the most part slate-colour,
blackish towards the ends, the innermost ones immensely elongated :
upper tail-coverts and tail slaty grey, somewhat blackish towards
the ends : crown of head light pearly grey ; lores and sides of the
crown black like the rest of the sides of the face ; nape, sides of
neck, throat, and fore neck black, the feathers of the latter part
being elongated, the grey of the back stretching upward on to the
neck, but not reaching as far as the nape, the black of the neck
intervening between the hind neck and crown ; feathers under the
eye white, as well as a distinct streak above the ear-coverts
developing into a beautiful lateral white tuft of elongated white
silky plumes ; breast and remainder of under surface of body pearly
grey : " bill dusky, olivaceous at the base, reddish at tip ; feet black ;
iris crimson " ( Von J/eiujUn). Total length about '33 inches, culmen
2"S. wing 19'8, tail 63, tarsus 7'5, middle toe and claw 3'5.

Youni/. Similar to the adult, but without the lengthened plumes
of the inner secondaries ; head and sides of face grey like the back,
including the sliglitly elongated plumes of the ear-coverts : chin and
throat also grey, the feathers of the upper neck all round blackish,
the pointed feathers of the lower fore neck not elongated as in the
adult.

Hah. Southern Europe, extending through Central Asia to
Northern China, wintering in Northern and North-eastern Africa,
and in N.W. India.

«. Juv. St. Europe. Purchased.

b, c. cJ $ ad. sk. Near Seville, Spain, April Tweeddale Coll.
(Howard Saunders).

d. (S ad. sk. Cyprus, April 9 {Jl. GuUle- Lord Lilford [P.],

mard).

e. ^ ad. sk. Ordos, Central Asia (Prze- Seebohm Coll.

trahki/).

f. 9 ad. sk. Gil;_Mt, Sept. {J. Biddulph). Tweeddale Coll.

<j. Ad. St. India. General Ilardwicke

[P.].

272

h. (S ad. sk.
i-n. cJ ad. ;

ad. sk.
p, q. 6 ad.

imm. sk.
r. c? 2 ad. sk.

s. Ad. sk.
t, u. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
w-z. Ad. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.

b'. Ad. sk.
c'. Skeleton.
d' . Sternum.

Marwar, Oct. 10 {G. King).
0. 2 Sauibhur, Dec. (i2. Tl-Z.^lc^a/H)-

et Delhi Distr., Dec. 27 {A. 0.

H.).
Gurjraon Distr., Feb. 21 ( W.

N. Chill).
Bareilly, Jan.
Etawali.
Oudh, Dec.
Nepal.
Native Sikhim, April (Z.

MandeUi).
Khandeish.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hodgson Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.

Eyton Coll.

9. BALEARICA.

Type.

Balearica, Briss. Orn. v. p. 511 (1760) B. pavonina.

Gerauarchus, Glogei; Handb. Naturg. p. 4.38 (1812). ... B. pavoniua.

Range. Africa, ranging into Southern Europe occasionaUj, and
perhaps to the Persian Gulf.

Key to the Species,

a. Bare sides of face parti-coloured, the upper

part of the bare patch white, the lower

pinkish, neck-feathers blackish pavonina, p. 272.

b. Bare sides of face white with a line of ver-

milion ou upper margin ; neck light

a . Upper margins of bare face rounded and

not produced to the region of the

occiput chrysopelargus, p. 274.

b'. Upper margin of bare face produced in

a small triangle to the sides of the

occiput gihhericeps, p. 275.

1. Balearica pavonina.

The Crowned African Crane, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iv. p. 192, pi.

192 (1751: pt.).
L'Oiseau royal, Bi-iss. Orn. v. p. 511, pi. xli. (1760).
Ardea pavoniua, Limi. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 233 (1766) ; G?h. Syst. Nat. i.

p. 619 (1788) ; Vieill. Gal. Ois. Suppl. pi. 17 (1825).
Crowned Heron, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 34 (1785).
Anthropoides pavonina, Vieill. op. cit. ii. p. 165 (1816) ; id. Gal. Ois.

ii. pi. 257 (juv.) ; Bennett, P. Z. S. 18.33, p. 118 (W. Africa).
Grus balearica, Vieill. N. Diet. cFHist. Nat. xiii. p. 557 (1817).
Balearica pavonina. Children in Denham Sf Ckippert. Trav. ii. App.

p. 200 (1826: Lake Tchad) ; Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 588 (1831);

Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 553 (1845) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 120

(1845) ; Bp. Consp. ii. p. 102 (1854) ; Heugl. Si/st. Uebers. p. 57

(1856) ; Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 218 (1857) j Tristr. Ibis, 1860

9. BALEARICA. 273

p. 76 en. Guerdh-i:i-Tlmrf, April) ; Wright, Ihis, 18G4, p. 142
(not in 31alta); Antin. Cat. d('.<scr. Uvc. p. 100 (18(J4) ; Loche,
H.rjil. 6V(". Al(j6r.,0is. ii. p. 140 (1867); Doderl. Avif. Skil.
p. 208(1809: accidental in Sicily); Saund. Iljis, 1871, p. 3!»0;
Gray, Uand-l. B. iii. p. I'o, no. l60S)4 (1871) ; llewil. Orn. X.O.-
Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. li^oS (187:5) ; Vg^hrr, Ibis, 1874, p. 73 (1!. Volta) ;
Schmidt, r. Z. S. 1880, p. ^IC); Gi,//. Iljk, 1881, p. 180; Tef/ftin.
ed. ninth's Moil. Cranes, p. 10(1881); Hartert, J. f. 0. L8-<C,,
p. 608 (Benue Kiver) ; Salvad. Blench. Ucc. Ital. p. 241 (1887) ;
Meyer, Abbild. Voyel-Skel. Lief. xi. Taf. cvi. (1886).

Grus pavonina, Waqler, Syst. Av. Grus, sp. 1 (1827, pt. ) ; Schl. Mug.
Fays-Bas, i;alli,"p. 7 (1807, pt.) ; Hu.vleii, P. Z. 8. 1807, p. 421):
Finsch if Hart I. Vog. Ostafr. p. 607 (1870, pt.) ; R. Gray, Ibis,
1872, p. 201 (Ayr).

Autbropoides pavonina, Bennett, P. Z. S. 18.33, p. 118 (W. Africa).

Geranarchus pavonina, Gloger, Handb. Naturg. p. 438 (1842).

Adult. General colour above, including the lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts, black, the feathers pointed and having a
slight green tinge ; scapulars like the back ; wing-coverts white,
the inner greater coverts straw-coloured and composed of disinte-
grated plumes ; bastard-wing and jjrimary-coverts also white ;
])rimarics black, secondaries maroon-chestnut, the feathers of the
innermost secondaries somewhat decomposed ; tail-feathers black,
with a greenish gloss ; crown of head covered with a patch of
velvet}' bkick plumes ; occiput with a tuft of straw-like bristles
tipi)ed with black ; lores and sides of face bare, with a line of
sooty-black feathers from the sides of the hinder crown behind the
ear-coverts ; cheeks also bare ; chin and upper throat sparsely
covered with black down ; lower throat with wattles ; nape and
neck all round silvery-grey, the feathers elongated and lanceolate,
especially on the lower hind neck, throat, and fore neck ; remainder
of under surface of body dark slaty grey, with pearly-grey centres
to the feathers, which arc lanceolate in shape; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white ; quills below black, the secondaries maroon
below : " bare sides of face particoloured, the lower part pinkish,
the upper part white slightly shaded with pink ; throat rather rosy ;
bill blackish, horn-coloured at tip : feet bluish black ; iris whitish "
(von Ilenijlin). Total length 37 inches, culmen 2-7, wing about
23, tail 9, tarsus 8.

Young. Blackish above, all tlie feathers broadly margined with
rufous ; head and neck sandy rufous ; crown of bead chestnut, mottled
with black bases to the downy feathers ; lores only bare ; rest of
sides of face and ear-coverts covered with isabelline down ; the quills
as in the adult, but with black ends to the maroon secondaries, all
the white wing-coverts broadly edged with rufons and with black
eubterminal markings ; the feathers of the under surface blackish,
with broad sandy-buff margins.

llah. West Africa from Senegal to the Lakes of the Sudan and
the rivers of the West Coast, extending to the lakes of Abys.-iniu
and the Upper Nile district. In the Leiden Museum is a specimeu
from Senaar, which is very small: wing 9-9 inches, tarsus 0-9.

VOL. XXllI. T

274 GEUID^.

«, b. Juv. St, West Africa. Old Coll.

c. Ad. sk. Accra, July {J. Smith), Shelley Coll.

(/. Sternum. Eyton Coll.

2. Balearica chrysopelargus.

The Crowned African Crane, pt., Edivards, Nat. Hist. B. iv. p. 192,

pi. 192 (1751).
L'Oiseau Royale male, Dauhent. PI. Enl. viii. pi. 26-5.
Ardea chrysopelargus, Licht. Cat. 7-ei: Nat. Humh. p. 29 (1793).
Anthropoi'des regulorum, Beimett, P. Z. S. 18.33, p. 118.
Grus regulorum, Licht. Eat. Toqel Koffernl. p. 19 (1842) ; Finsch Sr

Hartl. Voff. Ostafr. p. 669 (1870).
Balearica regulorum. Gray, List Grallce Brit. 3Tm.' p. 75 (1844) ;
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 553 (1845) ; J. E. Gray, Knoicsl. Menaff.
pi. 13 (1851); Reichenb. Handb., Fulic. tab. ccxvi. figs. 2855-56
(1852); Bji. Co72Sp. ii. p. 102 (18.54); Eirk, Ibis, 1864, p. .331
(Zambesi) : Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 304 (1867) ; Gurney,Ibis, 1868,
p. 255 (Natal); Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 376 (egg: Mabura's
country) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 264 (Vaal liiver) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 25, no. 10095 (1871) ; Gurney in Anderss. B. I)am. Ld.
p. 279 (1872) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1873, p. 286 (Mooi River, breeding),
1874, p. 106 (Potcbefstroom) ; Buckley, t. c. p. 389 (Transvaal) ;
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 277; Barratt, Ibis, 1876, p. 209 (Lyden-
burg) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 348 (Transvaal) : Socage, Orn. Anyola,
p. 435 (1881: Humbe) ; Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880,' p. 315; Holvb
Sr Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 256 (1882 : C. Transvaal ; Orange
Free State); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 363 (Mashona-land).
Grus pavonina, pt., Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 7 (1865).
Ardea pavouia, Chapm. Trav. S. Afr. ii. App. p. 417 (1868).
Balearica chrysopelargus, Tegetm. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 93 ; id. ed.
Blyih's Mon. Cranes, p. 15 (1881) ; Butler, Feilden, Sf Beid, Zool.
1882, p. 342 (Newcastle) ; Beid, Ibis, 1883, p. 225 (Natal, uestins) ;
SharjJe, ed. Layarcts B. S. Afr. p. 629 (1884).

Adult. Similar to B. pavonina, but distinguished by its dark
slaty-grey colour, the neck all round being slaty grey like the rest
of the under surface, and not pearly grey : " bill black ; tarsi and
feetblack ; iris light ash-colour " {T. Ayres) : bare sides of face white,
with a triangular band of vermilion above the bare white face ;
throat-wattlo also vermilion {Mvs. Lugd.). Total length 34 inches,
culmen 2-6, wing 2-25, tail 9, tarsus 8, middle toe and claw 4-4.

Young. Blackish above, all the feathers broadly margined with
nifous ; head and neck sandy rufous ; crown of head chestnut,
mottled with black bases to the downy feathers ; lores only bare ;
rest of sides of face and ear-coverts covered with isabelline down ;
quills as in the adult, but with black ends to the maroon second-
aries ; all the white wing-coverts broadly edged with rufous, with
black subtcrminal markings ; feathers of the under surface blackish,
with broad sandy-buff margins : " bill black, the base of the lower
mandible pale ; bare skin between the bill and the eye black, the
adjacent space, which is occupied by the wattles in the adult,
thickly clothed with short yellowish-white down ; legs and feet
ashy black : iris light ash-colour " {T. Ayres).

9. BALEAEICA. 275

Hah. South Africa below the Zanzibar and the Quanza rivers
A specinieii of this species is in the Leiden Museum from " Bender
Jtoueh.r *, Persian Gulf." I cannot find this locality in the Atlas,
anditthcspecimcu really came from the Persian Gulf, I think it
must have lived there in confinement.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Shelley Coll.

o. All. SK. boiita-east Africa. Old QoU

e. Juv. (head). In^agane River, Xatal, June 8. Capt. Savile Reid

d,e.6 2 ad. sk. Transvaal. F. ^ a."'" Barratt, Esq.

[PI ' ^

/. Juv. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Shar^e Coll.

April 17 (7'. ^ym-j.
(/. Ad. sk. Zambesi. Sir J. Kirk [P.].

3. Balearica gibbericeps.

Balearicaregulorum (wpc Eenm-ff), Buhm,J.f. 0. lS8o, p o-->rGond-i^ •
/fo' 5^^:-P- "^ i^^'^^^-' Kilinumjaro ; Zanzibar) rkSi,'

»/./. a 1^N, p 14.>(rongo; Lufuka ; Lofunso Valley; Bo-a ■

l^ikulwe; Lpamba Lake). ^ '

Grus pavonina (nee L.), Bohn, J.f. O. 1882, p. 185 (Ivakoma).

(Z^^ ^T"^ ^""i' ?'""'if)' Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Om. i. p. 386

(l«b4: Maurui, teigirari, ^aivascha).
Balearica pavonina [nee L.), Iteichtnow, J. f. O. 1887, p. 48 (Kibaia •

Vicoriajsyanza; E.ofKagehi; Rovuma River) ;' Lu«,^5./0

leyi, p. 5b (Ugogo). ' •'

Balearica chrysopelargus (nee Licht.), Shelleij, Ibis, 1888, p. '>93

(Kihmanjaro). ' ' ^

Balearica gibbericeps, Seicheit. J. f. O. 1892, p. l'>5
Balearica gibberifrons {/apsu), liekhen. t. c. Index" p. 402.

Aclulf. Very similar to B. chrysopelarcfus and having the neck-
feathers ashy grey as in that species, but distinguished by the
shape of the bare patch on the sides of the face, which, instead of
bemg rounded on its upper margin, is produced into a triangular
point, extending to the sides of the occiput and nearly unltin"
behind the velvety crown. Total length about 87 inches", culmen
-•4 wing 4-0, taU JJ-7, tarsus 7-3, middle toe and claw 4-1 ( Mas
r. J. Jackson.) ^

JIab. Eastern Africa.

The foUowing fossil species of Cranes have also been described : —

1. GRUS {aniea, p. 249).
1. Grus priinigenia.

Grus priiuig(>nia,
Lydekka; Cat.

From the Pliocene of Prance and Italy,

Grus priiuig(>nia, Milne-Edwards, Oi... Foss. France, ii. p. 33 (18G9) •
Lydekker, Cat. Foss. B.-p.mi (1891). v ^; ,

Can this be inteniled for Busliire?

X2

276 GRTJID-E.

2. Grus melitensis.

Grus meliten5i3, Lydehher, t. c. p. 162.
Prom the Pleistocene of Malta.

3. Grus pentelici.

Grus pentelici, Gaudnj, C. R. liv. p. 504 (1361) ; Lydehher, t. c.
p. 164.

Prom the Lo'W'er Pliocene of Greece.

4. Grus excelsa.

Grus excelsa, Milne-Edioardu, Ois. Foss. Frfince, ii. p. 24 (1869) ;
Lydehher, t. c. p. 164 (1891).

Protn the Upper Oligocene of Allier, France.

5. Grus prohlematica.

Grus problematica, 3IUne-Edwards, t. c. p. oO ; Lydehher, t. c. p. 164.
Prom the Upper Oligocene of Allier, Prance.

6. Grus hordwelliensis.

Grus hordwelliensis, Lydehher, t. c. p. 165.
Prom the Lower Oligocene of Hordwell, Hampshire.

7. Grus princeps.

Pcilaeogrus princeps, Portis, Mem. JR. Ac. Torino (2) xxxvi. p. 362

(1885).
Grus princeps, Lydehher, t. c. p. 165 (1891).

Prom the Lower Oligocene of Italy.

8. Grus turf a.

Grus turfa, Portis, Mem. P. Ac. Tor. (2) xxxvi. p. 372, pi. 2. figs. 1-13

(1885).

Prom Peschiera, Italy.

9. Grus proavus.

Grus proavus, 3farsh, Am. J. Sci. (3) iv. p. 261 (1872) ; Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 823 (1884).

Prom the Post-pliocene of New Jersey.

10. Grus haydeni.

Grus haydeni, Marsh, Am. J. Sci. xlix. p. 214 j Coues, Key N.
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 823 (1884).

Prom the Pliocene of Nebraska.

GEUID^. 277

2. GERANOPSIS.

Type.

Geranopsis, Lydekker, Cat. Funs. B. p. lUti (1891) .... G. buitingsite.

1. Geranopsis hastingsiae.

(ieniudpsis hastiiiysiai, Lydekker, t. c. p. 166.
From the Upper Eoceue of Hurdwb-11, Hampshire.

2. Geranopsis elatus.

Geranopsis elatus, Milne-Edwards, C. li. ii. Intern. Orn. Coiiyr,
p. 12 (1892).

From the Oligoceuo of Southern France.

3. ALETORNIS.

Type.
Aletoniis, Marsh, Am. Joiirn. Hci. {^) iv. p. 2oG (1872) . . A. iiobilis.

1 . Aletornis nobilis.

Aletoniis nobilis, Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci. iv. 1872, p. 2ijG ; Coues,
Key ^f. Amer. B. p. 823 (1872).

From the Eocene of "Wyoming.

2. Aletornis pernix.

Aletoinis penii.x, Marsh, Am. Journ. >Sci. iv. 1872, p. 256 ; Coues,
Key N. Ainer.B. p. 824 (1872;,

From the Eoceue of Wyoming.
:3. Aletornis venustus.

Ali'toi'uis venustus, Mur.^h, Am. Journ. Sci. iv. 1872, p. 257 ; Coues,
Key iV. Amer. B. p. 824 (1872).

From the Eocene of Wyoming.

4. Aletornis gracilis.

Aletornis gracilis, Marsh, Atn. Journ. Sci. iv. 1872, p. 258; Cones,
Key N. Amer. B. p. 824 (1872).

From the Eocene of "Wyoming.

5. Atelornis bellus.

Aletornis bellus, Marsh, Am. Journ. Sci, iv. 1872, p. 258 ; Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. p. 824 (1872).

From the Eocene of Wyoming.

278 psoPHiiD^.

Family VI. PSOPHIIDiE.

Palate schizognathous.

Nostrils holorhinal.

Eectrices 10.

Cajca 2 to 2^ inches long (Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 277).

No aftershaft to the contour-feathers.

Sternum with no notch on posterior margin.

No occipital foramina.

Trachea enormously long in the males, extending outside the
abdomen nearly to the anus {cf. Hancock, loc. infra cit.).

Ambiens muscle present.

Femoro-caudal absent. Accessory femoro-caudal present, as
also the semitendinosus and the accessory semitendinosus.

Long lateral bare tracts on sides of neck.

Plumage soft, the under tail-coverts especially long and lax.

Bill shorter than the head, the nasal groove occupying about
half of the maxilla ; the nostrils ovate and pervious, with a posterior
membrane.

Wings with the inner secondaries as long as the primaries.

Nest on the ground.

Eggs two, light ash-colour {cf. Hancock, I. c).

Nestling covered with chestnut down, streaked with pearly grey.

{Cf Seebohm, Classif. B. p. 40 ; Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. Birds,
p. 123 ; Sharpe, Classif. B. p. 74.)

1. PSOPHIA* ^

Tj'pe.

Psophia, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 263 (1766) P. crepitans.

Range. Confined to South America.

Key to the Species.

a. Black of the neck and mantle separated from the
black of the lower back and rump by the tawny
or ochraceous colour of the upper back.
a'. Wing-coverts black without bronzy gloss, ex-
cept a little on the greater wing-coverts ;
scale-like feathers of lower throat glossy
violet or purple, followed by steel-green with
coppery reflections on the fore neck crepitans, p. 279.

* Cf. GeofFroy, Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. i. pp. 50-51 (1797) ; Blainv. Nouv.
Bull Sci. Soc. Philom. 1826, p. 12(i ; Tr.aill, Mem. Werner. Soc. N. H. v. pt. 2,
pp. 523-532 (1826) ; Hancock, in Cliarlesw. Mag. new ser. ii. p. 490 (1838).

PSOPIIIA CANTATRIX.

Psophia cantatrix, Blasius, J.f. 0. 1884, p. 203 {ex Boeck, MSS.).

Hah. Bolivia.

Professor Blasius, in his account of this species, of which no specimen appears
to have come to Eurojie, does not state to which species he considers P. cMitutrix
to be allied.

1. PsopniA. 079

b'. Wiiifr-co verts blac-k with a bronzy or pur-
pli;*!! 'r\oss ; scale-like fi^atlun's uf the fore

/, ni T"") V,'^ *''"'-^' '^^l' P^'^Pl''^'' 7iape>ms, r. 280.

0. liUick ot the neck and mantle contiiuioiis with
_ tlio black of the lower back and rump.
c'. Inner win^-coverts and inner secondaries

white leucoptera, p. 280.

a . Inner wing-coverts and mner secondaries

. M i'f'''"'''^':™-^ ocAm;<e;-«, p. 231

c. lUmtle and upper back dark chocolate-brown
with greenish reflections; lower back and rump
black; inner secondaries glossed with bright
^^'^"^^ "... viridis, p. 281.

1. Psophia crepitans.
Le Faisan des Antilles, Bnss. Orn. i. p. 269 (1760)
Psophia crepitans, Linn. S. N. i. p. 26.3 (1766) ; Gm. S. N 1 p 700
^I'^^y^ .?>■'{• ^- ^i^-t- (I'lli'^t- A«'. i. p. 188 (1816): id. oli
desOis. in. pi. 1G2 (1834); Gra,/, Lint GralUe Brit. Mm. p. 7.3
Vr^-^^K.}'^- Grn.B. iii. p. 5.50 (1846); Cab. in Schomb.Rei.^.
Guian 111. p. ,o\ (1848) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 102 (18.54) ; Biirm
Ih. Bras. 111. p. 399, pt. (18,56); Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1867 p 59-) •
.^i'./-^?''^^-i^;/"-T,P- ^'•^' uo. 10072 (1871); Peh. Orn Bras.
pp. 298, 4oo (1871 : Barra do Rio Negro ; Maribatanas ; Cocuv •
.t orte do Kio Branco ; Serra Carauman) ; Scl. .f Salv. Nomencl \v
Aeotrop. p. 141 (1873) ; Blasim, J. f. O. 1884, p. 204 ; Tacz Orn
Perou, 111. p. .385 (1886 : Yquitos) ;' S'a/vin, Ibis, 1886, p. 177
L Agamie de Cayenne, Daubcnt. PI. Enl. v. pi. 169.
L'Agami, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 487, pi. x.xiii (1778)
Gold-breasted Trumpeter, Lath. Gen. St/n. ii. pt. 2, p. 793,' pi. ixviii.

Adnlt male. General colour above as far as the middle of the back
black, the feathers of the mantle somewhat glistening ; the upper
back and scapulars dark ochre, washed with chestnut on the border
of the black mantle ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
slaty black: wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and
quills blackish brown, the former with black margins ; secondaries
bluish grey, dark brown towards the base of the inner web, and
washed with ochre near the shafts, the innermost secondaries lii^ht
grey, somewhat drooping and disintegrated; tail-feathers black-
crown of head and neck velvety black, including also the throat •
the feathers of the lower throat purple with shining purple tips'
with scarcely any tinge of steel-green, but the feathers of the foro
neck distinctly steel-blue and green with very little purplish reflec-
tions, but the lower feathers varied with reddish copper; remainder
of under surface from the fore neck downwards, including the
under wing-coverts and under tail-coverts, black. Total length
about 21 inches, culmcn 1-45, wing 10-7. tail 5, tarsus 5, middle
too and claw 2\S.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour. Total length 21
inches, culmeu 1-5, wing 10-5, tail 4-4, tarsus 4-S, middle toe and
claw 3-6.

AestUng. Covered with dense down of a light chestnut-colour,

280

PSOPHITD^.

witli a triple band of pearly grey down the body and a donble line
of the same on the head ; a central line of sooty brown on the hind
neck, extending round and forming a large patch on the fore neck ;
sides of face vinous ; throat isabelline grey ; abdomen whitish.

The specimen from the Eio Negro has rather more chocolate-
brown wings, and on the median wing-coverts there is a slight
purjilisb tinge.

Hah. British Guiana, extending to the Eio Negro in Amazonia,
and, according to Taczanowski, to Yqnitos.

British Guiana.
British Guiana.
CamacuNa, British Giuana,

July n {H. Whitehj).
River Atapurow, British

Guiana, Jan. 27 i^H,
Whitely).
River Takutu, British

Guiana, Feb. 11 {H.

WhMij.)
Rio Negro, Brazil, Oct. 30

{J. Natter er).

a. Ad. St.

b. Ad. sk.

c. <S ad. sk.

d. 5 ad. sk.

Pull. sk.

f. 2 ad. sk.

Sir R. Schomburgk [p.].
Sir R. Schomburgk [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. PsopMa napensis.

Psophia obscurus {nee Felz.), Gray, Htitid-l. B. iii. p. 2.3, no. 10076

(1871).
Psophia napensis, Scl. ^- Salv. iSomeiicl. Av. JSeotrop. pp. 141, 162

(1873) ; Blasms, J. f. 0. 1884, p. 204.

Adult male. Similar to P. crepitatis, but with the light colour of
the middle back entirely rufous ochre, and not so pale as in P. cre^ti-
tans, the pale inner secondaries more ashy grey and not so bluish.
The colour of the metallic feathers on the throat is a dull purple, the
steel-green and coppery reflections are almost entirely absent. Total
length about 19 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 11, tail 4-3, tarsus 4-35,
middle toe and claw 2-5,

Hab. Ecuador.

Purchased.
Sahiii-CTodman Coll.
Salvia-Godman CoU.

a. Ad. st. Rio Napo, Ecuador.

b. (S ad. sk. Rio Napo, Ecuador.

c. d. Ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador ( C. Buckley).

3. PsopMa leucoptera.

Psophia leucoptera, Spi.v, Av. Bras. ii. p. 67, pi. 84 (182-5) ; Gray, Gen.
B. iii. p. 550, pi. 148 (lt'46) ; Sehl. Hundl. Dicrk. tab. 7 (1857) ;
Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 592 ; Belz. Orn. Bras. pp. 299, 455
(1871 : Rio Madeira ; Rio Sulomoes) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 23,
no. 10074 (1871); Sd. ^- Sah: Nimmcl. Av. Aeotrop. p. 141
(1873) ; ud. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 308 (Chamicnros) ; Blasms, J.f. O.
1884, p. 206.

Adult female. General colour above blackish chocolate ; wing-
coverts like the back, the greater series broadly tipped with steel-
blue or purple, the inner ones white like the inner secondaries ;
remainder of quills black ; tail black ; head and neck all round
covered with close-set velvety-black plumes; remainder of under

1. PSOPHIA. 281

surface of body black, with metallic plumes of dull puqjle on the
lower throat and fore neck. Total leiifcth about l^U inches, culmen
1-6, wing 10-G, tail 4-3, tarsus 5-2, middle toe and claw 2-8.
Hab. Upper Amazonia and Peru.

rt. 2 ad. sk. Co.^nipata, Peru, Oct. C (//, Salvin-Godman Coll.

n7nte/i/).

4. Psophia ochroptera.

Psophia ochroptera, Pelz. Sitz. k. Aknd. Wien, xxiv. p. 371 (18.57;
e.v Ndtt. MSS.) (Barcellos); Scl. i,- Salv. P. Z. S. 18(37, p. 692
(Ilio Negro) ; Grmf,II(md-l. B. iii. p. 2:3, no. 10073 (l.->71) : Fdz.
Orn. Bras. pp. 2it8, 455 (1871); Scl. ^- Salu. Nomencl. Av.
Neotrop. p. 141 (1873) ; Blasius, J.f. O. 1884, p. 204.

Adult. Similar to P. Inicoptera, but with bronzy-greenish re-
flections on the greater coverts, dull purplish feathers on the lower
throat and fore neck, having a slight coppery-bronze reflection on
the latter, and easily distinguished by the pale ochre-colour of the
inner greater coverts and inner secondaries. Total length about
1!) inches, culmen 1-5, wing IQ-o, tail 4-3, tarsus 5-7, middle toe
and claw 2-8.

Hah. Eight bank of Rio Negro.

a. Ad. St. Rio Negro. Wallace Coll.

b. Ad. sk. Kio Negro (J. Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

5. Psophia viridis.

Psophia viridis, Spi.r, Av. Bras. ii. p. 66, pi. l.xxxiii. (1825: Villa
Nuova, R. Amazon) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 550 (1846) ; Pelz. Orn.
Bras. pp. 299, 455 (1871) ; Gray, Ilaml-l. B. iii. p. 23, no. K)075
(1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. JS'omencl. Av. A'eotrop. p. 141 (1873) ; Blasius,
J.f. O. LS84, p. 204.
Psophia obscura. Pe/z. Si'tz. k. Akad. Wien, xxiv. p. 373 (1857 ; e.v
Katt. 3ISS.) ; Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 592 (Right bank of
Amazon near Para) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 23, no. 10076 (1871) ;
Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 299, 455 (1871 : Para) ; Scl. S,- Sa/v. Nomencl.
Av. Neotrop. p. 141 (1873) ; Blasius, J.f. O. 1884, p. 205.
Adult. General colour above blackish chocolate glossed with
oily-green ; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail black ;
wiug-covcrts dark chocolate, with brighter green ends terminating
in purple tips on the greater series; bastard-wing, primary-coverts,
and quills blackish, the inner primaries and secondaries dark choco-
late-brown, externally bright green ; head and neck all round
black, with bright purplish reflections, the scale-like feathers on the
fore neck tijiped with dusky purple ; remainder of under surface from
the chest downwards black ; under wing-coverts and quill-lining
blackish brown. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 11,
tail 4-2, tarsus 5-25, middle toe and claw 2-o. (Mas. Liujd.)

Hah. Amazonia from Para extending up the right bank of the
Kio Madeira to Rio ^Mamore. I have seen one of the typical
specimens of Psophia ohsmra in the Leiden Museum, and could
not find any characters distinguishing it from P. viridis.

282

Family VII. OTIDID.^.

Palate schizognathous.

Nasals holorhinal.

Eectrices 16 to 20.

8teruum with two notches on each side of the posterior margin.

C«3ca present.

Oil-gland absent.

An aftershaft to the contour-feathers.

A giilar pouch (in some species).

Ambiens muscle present. Femoro-caudal absent. Accessory
f emoro-caudal, semitendinosus, and accessory semitendinosus present.

No lateral bare tract on side of neck.

Bill rather flattened and obtuse, the nostrils ovate and pervious ;
the frontal feathers descending to the hinder margin of the nostrils.

Wings with the secondaries almost as long as the primaries.

Tarsi longer than middle toe and claw, covered with reticulate
scales, the toes scaled across, the nails flattened, with a horny
lateral edge ; no hallux.

Nest a slight depression under a tuft of grass, with or without
lining.

Eggs double-spotted, olive, with obsolete brown shading.

Nestlings covered with light down mottled with black, and able
to run soon after birth.

Key to the Gemrx.

Feathers of the lower throat and fore neck
not conspicuously elongated so as to
form an overhanging shield over the
crop.
a' . Cheeks with long whisker-like feathers,
not spatulate at the ends, the shafts
of these plumes provided with segre-
gated barbs ; tarsus short, the wing
being about four times the length of
the tarsus ; bill short and high ; cul-
raen less than middle toe and claw . . ]. Oxis^ p. 233.
b' . Cheeks without whisker-like feathers ; a
crest of elongated plumes on the nape
or hind neck.
a" . A full tuft of elongated plumes on
the nape and hind neck ; tarsus veiy
short, the wing four times its

length 2. Tetrax, p. 287.

h" . Crest confined to the nape.

a". Nuchal crest composed of long
coloured plumes ; tarsus long ;

1. OTIS, 2S3

■wing about three and a half times

as lunj,^ as the tarsus 3. LoPHOTis, p. 290.

b'". Nuchal crest composed of shorter,
mostly black plumes.
a'. Tarsus lonjf ; the -wing about 3i
times length of tarsus ; outer

aspect of wings white 4. Cumpsotis, p. 293.

b\ Tarsus short; the wing more

than four times length of [p. 296.

tarsus 5. IIeteiiotethax,

c'. Cheeks witliout whisker-like feathers;

no conspicuous nuchal tuft t)f elongated

plumes ; the occiput and nape without

visible crest.

c". Bill long, the culmen longer than

the middle toe and claw 6. Neotis, p. 298.

d''. Bill long, but the culmen equal to

the middle toe and claw 7. Lissotis, p. 304.

e". Bill short, the culmen shorter than

middle toe and claw 8. Tbachelotis, p. 308.

d' . Cheeks with elongated plumes, spatu-
lated at the ends and recurved ; quills

attenuated at the ends 9. Sypheotis, p. 312.

b. Feathers of lower throat and fore neck

Conspicuously elongated, so as to form

an overhanging shield to the crop.

e'. Crown of head crested, as well as the

nape and hind back ; feathers of throat

elongated as well as those of the fore

neck ; tarsus very long, nearly half the

length of the wing (more than two

thirds the length of the latter) 10. IIorB.\uoPSis, p. 315.

/'. Crown of head with a long median
erectile crest of narrow feathers ; on
the sides of the neck a large rutl' of soft
feathery plumes; tarsus short; wing
more than four times the length of the

tarsus 11. HoL'BARA, p. 318.

g'. Crown of head strongly crested, but
not the hind neck ; feathers of the
throat elongated as well as those of
the fore neck; tarsus rather long;
wing more than three times the length
of the tarsus 12. Eupodotis, p. 322.

1. OTIS.

Tvpe.
Otis, Linn. Si/sf. Xut. i. p. 2G4 (1700) 0. tarda.

Ranrje. Southern and Central Europe, extending across Central
Asia to Eastern Siberia, 2sortlieru China, and North- western
India.

284

1. Otis tarda*.

The Bustard, Alhin, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. 36, pis. 38, 39 (1740).

The Bustard Cock, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 73, pi. 73 (1747).

The Hen Bustard, Edivards, t. c. p. 74, pi. 74 (1747).

L'Outarde, Briss. Orn. v. p. 18 (1760) ; Bauhent. PL Enl. ii. pi. 245;
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 1, pi. 1 (1781).

Great Bustard, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 796 (1783) ; Yarrell,
Brit. B. ii. p. 362 (1843).

Otis tarda, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 264 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 722 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xxiv. p. 285 (1818) ;
Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 505 (1820) ; Roux, Orn. Fruvenq. pi. 264
(1825) ; Full. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 96 (1826, pt.) ; Werner,
Atlas, Coureurs, pis. 1, 2 (1827) ; Menetr. Cat. rais. Caue. p. 48
(1832) ; Nau7n. VUg. Leutschl. vii. Taf. 167, 168 (1834) ; Riiiip.
Mm. Senek. ii. p. 245 (1837) ; Goidd, B. Eur. iv. pi. 267 (1837) ;
Crespon, Or?!. Gard, p. 342 (1840) ; Keys. Sf Bias. Wirb. Eur.
p. Ixvii (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. 3Ierid. iii. p. 225
(1840) ; Selys-Lonych. Fauna Belye, p. 119 (1842) ; Miihle, Beitr.
Orn. Griechenl. p. 89 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. kxix (1844) ;
Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mns. p. 55 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 532
(1845) ; He^vits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 245, pi. 66. iig. 1 (1846) ;
Thomps. B. h-el. ii. p. 77 (1850) ; Ejcerb. Orn. Dan. pi. 29. tig. 1
(1851) ; Mueyill. Brit. B. iv. p. 30 (1852) ; Schl. Fog. Nederl. pis. 203,
204 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 416 (1856); Sundev. Sv.
Fogl. Taf. Ivi. tigs. 1, 2 (1856) ; Jaub. c^ Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn.

(1861); A. Neivt. Ibis, 1862, pp. 107-127 (gular pouch) ; Gray,
List Brit. B. p. 133 (1863) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 17 (1864) ;
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 140 (JNIalta) ; Sperling, t. c. p. 286 (Gulf of
Arta) ; Cullen, Ibis, 1865, p. 143 ; More, t. c. p. 429 ; Flower,
F. Z. S. 1865, p. 747 ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 2 (1865) ;
Marchand, Rev. Zool. 1866, p. 265; Bolton, Zool. 1866, p. 9442;
Teqetm. Zool. 1866, p. 144 ; Flower, t. c. p. 189 ; Lilford, Ibis, 1866,
p. 381 (Spain) ; Degl. S; Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 95 (1867) ; Hartm.
Zool. Gart. 1867, p. 57; Loche,Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 247 (1867) ;
Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 321 (Palestine) ; Smith, t. c. p. 451 (Portugal) ;
Saunders, Ibis, 1869, p. 185 (S. Spain, breeding) ; Borgqr. Vogelf.
Norddeutschl. p. 105 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 170 (1869J;
Drake, Ibis, 1869, p. 151 (Morocco) ; Krahbe, Ann. i^ Mag. Nat. Hist.
(4) iv. p. 47, pi. 3 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. tab. 36. tig. 5 (1870) ;
Stevenson, B. Norf. ii. pp. 1-42 (1870) ; Elives ^ Buckley, Ibis,
1870, p. 329 (Turkey'; Dobrudscha) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 384
(Spain); Hume, t. c. p. 410 (Murdan) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc.
p. 195 (1871) ; R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 247 (1871) ; Gray,Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 7, no. 9913 (1871) ; G. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1872, p. 232
(Crimea) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 41 (1872) ; Dresser, B.
Eur. vii. p. 369, pi. 508 (1872) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 68

* The following is an extinct species of Bustard : —

Otis affinis.
Otis affinis, Li/dekker, Cat. Foss. B. p. 168 (1891).
From the Middle Miocene of Bavaria.

1. OTIS. 285

(1873; bre^dinp^ ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 471, 673 : 7r/y//, B.
Gi'ir. p. 147 (IH".")); IJiinf. ^- Harvie-Bnnoi, Ibi.'i, lb7o, p. 418
(Transylvania) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. '-'rjij ; Fa/Ion, Oi-s. JJc/i/.
p. 143 (187o) ; Blanf. Fm4. Persia, ii. p. 287 (187GJ ; Fimcli, Ihix,
1877, p. 41) (Tank) ; Dmif. t. c. p, 273 (Asia Minor) ; Tncz. Bull.
Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 154 (1877: Poland); Danf. Ibis, 1878,
p. 34 ; Iliime ^- Marsh. Game-B. Ind. i. p. 1, ]il. i. (1878) ; Hutne,
Str. F. viii. p. Ill (1879) ; Boyd. B. Cauc. p. 148 (1879) ; Fmscli,
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxis. p. 241 (1879: Omsk, May; Saissan,
Nov.) ; llurtiiu), Zool. 1880, p. 2-"i2 ; Eayle Clarke, Vet'tehr. Faun.
FvrJcs/i. p. Cw (1881); Jl'. A. Forbes, Ibi'i, 1881, p. 22 ; Seeh. lids,
1882, p. 220 (Aslrachan), 1883, p. 27 (Caucasus); B. O. U. List
Brit. B. p. ir,3 (1883); Lilford, Ibis, 1883, p. 233 (Seville);
Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 193 (1883) ; Vhapm. Ibis, 1884,
p. 1G9; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 581, pi 22 (1884); Saunders,
Ibis, 1884, p. 388 (Pvrenees) ; Tristr. Faun. (§■ F/or. Palest, p. 127
(1884) ; Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 60 (1884) ; Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 252
(Morocco); Schiavuzzi, Zeitschr. t/es. Orn. iii. p. 183 (1886:
Istria) ; GiqlioU, Avif. Ital. p. 3i;2 (1886) ; Salmd. Blench. Ucc.
Ital. p. 202 (1887) ; Tait, Ibis, 18S7, p. 383 (Portugal) ; Lilford,
Joum. North. Soc. iv. p. 267 (1887); Pleske, Mem. Acad. Imp.
St. Pe'tersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 50 (1888); Guillem. Ibis, 1888, p. 98;
Jacobi S( Wanyelin, Monatschr. Schutze Vor/eltv. 1889, pp. 409-432,
pi. 1 ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 509 (1889) ; Iteichen. Syst. Verz.
Viig. Deutschl. p. 45 (1889) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 337 (Cyprus) ;
Gif/l. Avif. Ital. 1st liesoc. p. 557 (1889); id. 2nd Resoc.'p. 657
(1890); Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Son. (2) v. pt. 3, p. 87 (1889: Bala
Miirghab); Brusina, Motr. (Orn. Croatica), -p. Si (1890) ; Tegetm.
Field, Ixxv. p. 891 (1890); A. C. Smith, Wilts May. xxv. p. 359
(1891); Tuck, Trans. Norf. ^- None. Soc. v. p. 200 (1891);
Harting, Zool. xlix. p. 103 (1891); Reiser, Vog. Landesmus.
Sarajevo, -p. 105(1891); Madardsz, Erlctut. Ausst. Ungar. Vogelf.
p. \6l (1891) ; Brusina, Orn. Jahrb. ii. p 25 (1891 ) ; Ilartert, Ibis,
1892, p. 514 (E. Prussia) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. xxi. (1892).

Otis major, Brehm, T'by. Deutschl. p. 351 (18^31).

Otis tarda, /3. major, Severtz. J.f. O. 1875, p. 182.

Adult male. General colour above Kandy rufous, broadly banded
across with black, the bands very strongly marked on the upper
back and scapulars, less so on the lower back and rump ; upper
tail-coverts and tail-feathers light bay or vinous-chestnut, barred
across with black, some of the bars broken up ; the tail-feathers
more or less distinctly tipped with white, the outer feathers white
at the base, the three outermost almost entirely white, with a broad
subterminal band of black ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, with
black bars, less closely arranged than on the back ; remainder of
wing-coverts, bastard-wing, and primary-coverts white, ])owdered
"with grey towards the end of the feathers ; (]uills brown with white
bases, the primaries whity-brown with white shafts, the outer web
and the tips blackish ; the secondaries blackish, white at the b;ise,
the white increasing in extent towards the inner secondaries, which
have a gradually decreasing extent of black tip till the last feathers
are quite white, the iniiemiost .secondaries being sandy rufous barred
with black like the back ; crown of head light grey, becoming
tinged with rufous ou the hind neck, which has numerous narrow

286 OTIDID^.

black transverse bars ; sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, and entire
throat light grey, with elongated bristle-like feathers on each side
of the chin ; lower throat orange-chestnnt, forming a band across
the fore neck, which is washed with light grey, the sides of the
neck with numerous small bars of black ; sides of upper breast
sandy rufous barred with black ; remainder of under surface of body
pure white : " bill leaden grey, horn-black at the tip ; feet earthy
brown ; nails horny black ; iris dark brown ; eyelid with white
feathers " {J. F. Naumann). Total length about 42 inches, culmen
2-1, wing 23-5, tail 10, tarsus 6.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but smaller, lacking the whis-
kers of the sides of the face, and having the grey of the throat
continuous, the sides of the neck rufous, with a few black bands, the
rufous colour descending on to the sides of the fore neck. Total
length about 30 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 19'o, tail 8-5, tarsus 5-3.

Young. Generally similar to the old female, but much paler and
more freckled on the upper surface, and having nearly all the
wing-coverts barred with dusky brown, the white secondaries also
freckled and barred with black, or showing a large black subterminal
bar ; crown of head like the back, blackish and blotched with sandy-
buff markings ; hind neck greyish ; a tolerably broad eyebrow as well
as the sides of the face and throat greyish white ; the lower throat
and fore neck light sandy buff, obscurely freckled with dusky cross
jnarkings ; sides of the fore neck more sandy rufous, and the
blackish cross bars more distinct.

IJab. Southern Europe and Northern Africa, extending to Central
Asia and N.W. India.

a. Ad. St. Europe. Mr. Brandt.

b, c. Pull. St. Europe. Purchased.
d, e. Pull. St. Europe. Gould Coll.

/. Ad. sk. Wiltshire. Montagu CoU.

ff. ? ad. sk. Spain. Old Coll.

h. $ ad. ; t, k. Andalucia. W. J. Buck, Esq. [P.].
Pull. St.

Z, m, w. c? ad. sk. Andalucia. W. J. Buck, Esq. [P.].

o,/). Juv.etpuU. Ilungavy, June, Aug. Hungarian Nation;xl Mu-
sk, seum [P.].

q. (S imm. sk. Bala Murghab River, Dr. Aitchison [C.].

Afghanistan.

r. 2 j^i'^- sk. Hiisht-nagar, Murdan, Hume Cull.

Dec. 1^3 {J. A. Johnson).

2. Otis dybowskii.

Otis tarda (ncc L.), Fall. Zoogr. Bosso-Aslat. ii. p. 96 (1826, pt.) ;

Schrenck, lieis. Amurl. ii. p. 405 (1860) ; Radcle, JReis. Sibir. ii.

p 308 (1868) ; JDyb. Sf Parve.v, J. f. O. 1868, p. 337 (Dauria) ;

Tacz. J.f. O. 1873, p. 99 ; SwinJi. Ibis, 1874, p. 424 (Chefoo, May),

1875, p. 129 ; Blakist. ^ Pnjer, Ibis, 1878, p. 226 (Hiogo, Dec.) ;

Slater Ibis, 1882, p. 435 (Hankow Plains) ; Blakist. Amended

List B. Jajxin, pp. 13, 43 (1884 : Nagasaki).
Otis dybowskii, 2\icz. J. f. 0. 1874, p. 331 (Dauria) ; id. Bull. Soc.

2. TETRAX. 287

Zool. France, i. p. 245 (187f)) ; Boqcl. Consp. Av. Imp. lioss. p. 61
(\8ii4) ; ^eeb.Ibis, 1884, p. 178 (Nagasaki), p. 2(37 (Central China) ;
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 4')6 (Corea) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp.
p. 35.5 (1890) ; Styan, Ibis, 1890, pp. 329, 502 (Lower Yangtze) ;
Menzbier, Orn. Turkest. pi. Ixiv. (1891) ; Campbell, Ibis, 1892,
p. 247 (Corea).

Adult male. Similar to 0. tarda, but with the head and hind
neck more clearer ashy grey, as also the sides of the neck ; lower
throat and fore neck light bluish grey, the latter with a few rufous
feathers barred with black.

The species is chiefly distinguished by having the inner marginal
coverts like the back, the median row being light grey or white like
the rest of the wing-coverts. Total length about 34 inches, culmeu
2-2, wing 24, tail 9, tarsus 5-7.

Adult female. Scarcely to be distinguished from the female of
0. tarda, but darker grey on the head and neck ; the median wing-
coverts, however, appear to have full}' as much sandy colour as in
0. tarda. Total length about 1^0 inches, culmen 2, wing 18, tail 6-5,
tarsus 4'9.

Ilab. Eastern Siberia from Dauria to Mantchuria, Corea, and
Japan, south to the Yangtze basin.

a. c? imm. sk. South Manchuria. E. M. James, Esq. [P.].

b. 2 iul. sk. Soul, Corea, Jan. 1:1, C. W. Campbell. Esq. fp.].

c. 2 iit-l- '^k. Shanghai, March 10. Shanghai Museum [P.J.

2. TETRAX.

Trpe.
Tetrax, Leach, Si/st. Cat. Manim, etc. Brit. Mus. p. 28

(IblO) T. tetrax.

Ilawje. The same as that of the single species of the genus.
1. Tetrax tetrax.

The French Field Duck, Albin, Xut. Hist. B. iii. p. 38, pi. 41

(1740).
The Little Bustard, Edwards, Gleanim/s, i. p. 89, pi. 251 (1758, 2) ;

Lath. Gen. Si//i. ii. pt. 2, p. 799 (1783J ; Yarred, Brd. B. ii. p. 371

(1843).
La petite Outarde appell(5e vulgairement Canne-petiere, Briss. Orn. v.

p. 24, pi. 2. figs. 1, 2 (1760) ; Eaubenf. PL Enl. ii. pis. 10, 25.
Otis tetrax, Linn. Si/st. JS'at. i. p. 264 (1766); Gm. Si/st. Xat. i.

p. 723 (1788); BrcLst. Orn. Ta.scJicn/>. p. 246 (1802); Titdl. X.

JJict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. p. 291 (1818) ; Tetnm. Man. d'Orn. ii.

p. 507 (1820); Boux, Orn. Proven(^. pi. 265 (1825); Pall. 'Aomjr.

liosso-Asiat. ii. p. 100 (1826) ; Werner, Atlas, Coureiirs, pi. 3

(1827) ; Bn-hm, To;/. Ih'utscld. p. 533 (1831) ; Mfnetr. Cat. raiss.

Cauc. p. 48 (18:12); yamn. Vm/. Eeutsc/d. v'li. Ta{. 169 (1>34);

Itiipp. Mits. Senckrnb. ii. p. 2:32 ('l8:57) ; Guuld, B. Ear. iv. pi. -JUd

(1837) ; Crespon, Orn. Card, p. 344 (1840)'; Ketis. .V Bias. Wirb. Eur.

p. Ixvii (1840) ; Nordm. in Dhuid. Voy. Buss, mi-rid. iii. p. 225

(1840); Seli/s-Lom/ch. Faune Beh/e, p. 119 (1842); .Sc/i/. Rev.

Crit. p. Ixxix (1844) ; Mnlde, Beit): Orn. Griechenl. p. 89 (1844) ;

Gray, List Grallee Brit. Mas. p. 65 (_1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 532

288

(1845) ; Hetoits. Eggs Br. B. ii. p. 24fi, pi. 66. fig. 2 (1846) ;
Thomps. B. Irel. ii. p. 77 (1850) ; Kjcerh. Orn. Dan. pi. xxix.
fig. 3 (1851) ; Macgill. Brit.B.ix. p. 35 (1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl.
pis. 205, 206 (1854) ; mugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 54 (1856) ; Jaub. ^
Barth.-Lapmnm. Rich. Orn. p. 439 (1859) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1859,
p. ."jCi (Palestine) ; Salvin, t. c. pp. 191, 353 (E. Atlas, breeding);
Linderm. Vtig. Griechenl. p. 127 (1860) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 75
(W. Saliara) ; Poivys, t. c. p. 239 (Corfu) ; Schl. Dier. Nederl. Vog.
pi. 20. figs. 6, 7 (1861) ; Gray, list Brit. B. p. 134 (1863) ; Gould,
B. Gt. Brit. iv. pi. 18 (1864) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 140 (Malta) ;
Schl. Mus. Paus-Bas, Cursores, p. 2 (1865) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1865, p. 59
(Pi.-^a) ; More'^t. c. p. 430; lilford, Ibis, 1866, p. 174 (S. Spain),
p. 377 (Araujuez) ; Degl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eitr. ii. p. 100 (1867) ;
Brake, Ibis, 1867, p. 429 (Morocco) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 322
(Palestine) ; Beavan, t. c. p. 388 (Peshawur) ; Smith, t. c. p. 452
(Portugal) ; Simd. Svensk. Fogl., Bihang, pi. Ixxv. tigs. 1, 2 (1869) ;
Borgqr. Vogelf. Norddeut^chl. p. 105 (1869); Doderl. Avif. Sicil.
p. 170 (1869); Ehves ^ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 329 (Macedonia;
Pobrudscha) ; Fritsch, Vcig. Eur. tab. 36. figs. 1, 2 (1870); Salvad.
Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 195 (1871) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1871, p. 296 (Al-
geria) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 385 (S. Spain) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 7,
no. 9914 (1871) ; B. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 249 (1871) ; Harting,
Handb. Brit. B. p. 42 (1872) ; G. C. Tai/lor, Ibis, 1872, p. 232
(Pera) ; Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 382, pi. 509 (1872) ; Shelley, B.
Egypt, p. 226 (1872); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 68 (1873,
breeding) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. l,p. 937 (1873) ; Brooke,
Ibis, 1873, p. 337 (Sardinia) ; Thienem. Zool. Gart. 1875, p. 363
(Thuringia, breeding) ; Jdckel, t. c. p. 453 ; Fallon, Ois. Belg.
p. 144 (1875) ; Danf. ^- Harvie-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 418 (Tran-
sylvania) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 326 ; Thienem. J.f. 0. 1876, p. 36 ;
Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 287 (1876 : Telieran) ; Scully, Str. F.
iv. p. 184 (1876 : E. Turkestan) ; Tacz. Bull. Sac. Zool. France, ii.
p. 154 (1877 : Poland) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 40 (Omsk : Semipa-
latiusk) ; Htime >S" Marsh. Game-B. Ind. i. p. 4, pi. 2 (1878); Bogd.
B. Cauc. p. 148 (1879) ; Fiyisch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 242
(1879: Saissan); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Ill (1879); Phillipps-
Wolley, Sport Crimea ^ Cauc. p. 295 (1881) ; Bidd. Ibis, 1881,
p. 94 (Gilgit) ; Scidly, t. c. p. 586 (Gilgit : not breeding) ; G. F.
MatheiD, Zool. 1881, p. 59 ; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 119 (Kandahar) ;
Seeb. t. c. p. 220 (Astrachau), 1883, p. 28 (Caucasus) ; Severtz.
Ibis, 1883, p. 72 (Pamir); B.O. U. list Br. B. p. 154 (1883);
Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 216 (1883); Chapm. Ibis,
1883, p. 95 ; Saunders, t. c. p. 338 (Pyrenees, breeding) ; Dono-
van, Zool. 1884, p. 69 (Co. Cork) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. ii. p. 587,
pi. 22 (1884); Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor. Palest, p. 127 (1884);
Madde, Orn. Cauc. p. 64 (1884) : Bogd. Consp. Av. Imp. Ross.
p. 64 (1884) ; Schaloiv, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. ii. p. 9 (1885 : Branden-
burg, breeding); Zaroudn. Ois. Transcasp.^. 67 (1885); Meyer,
Abhild. Vogel-Skel. Lief. xi. Taf. cv. (1886 : skeleton) ; Gigl. Avif.
Ital. p. 363 (1880 : breeding) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 384 (Portugal);
Salvad. Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 203 (1887) ; Scully, J. A. S. Beng. Ivi.
p. 87 (1887) ; Guillem. Ibis, 1888, p. 97 (Cvpms) ; Pleske, Mem.
Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 50 (1888 : Tschinas, March; Sa-
markand, Oct.); Kanig, J.f. O. 1888, p. 267 (Tunis, April); St.
John, Ibis, 1889, p. 175 (Kandahar) ; Lilford, t. c. p. 337 (Cyprus) ;
Jouan, Mem. Soc. Cherb. xxvi. p. 191 (1889 : Cherbourg) ; Reichen.
Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 45 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B.

2. TETRAX. 289

p. 511 (1«80) ; Giyl. Ai-if. Itnl., 1st R.>soc. p. 5o9 (1880), 2nd Resoc.
p. (5.')7 (1H90), .'Jrcl Itesoc. p. 514 (1891); Southwell, Zool. 18!tO,
p. 4(52; lirusina, Motr. (Orn. Cruatica), p. 84 (1890); Collett,
Fork. Sellsk. Christiania, 1890, no. 4, p. 10 (S'orway) ; Reiser, Vor/.
Landesm. Sarajevo, p. 105 (1891) ; Sharpe, Set. Hes. 2nd Yarkand
Miss., Aves, p. 145 (1891); Madardsz, Erlaiit. Ausst. Ungar,
Vogelf. p. 101 (1891); GdlUe, Vogelw. Helgnl. p. 464 (1891);
Hartert,Ibis,\m-2, p. 513 (E. Prussia); Li'lford, Col. Fig. Br.
B. pi. xxiv. (1893).

Tetrax campestris, Leach, Syat. Cat. Mamm. etc. Brit. Mus. p. 28
(1816) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger.,
Ois. ii. p. 251 (1867) ; Irlnj. B. Gibr. p. 150 (1875).

Otis tetrao, Margill. Brit. B. ii. p. 40 (1846; lapsu).

Tetrax tetrax, Licht. Xomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 88 (1854).

Otis minor, Brchni, Nauin. 1855, p. 288.

Otis campestiis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 277 (1855).

Adult male in hrceding-plnmarfe. General colour above sandy buff,
coarsel)' vermiculated with black, and also showing some black
blotches in the centre of the feathers ; rump a little grej-er than the
back, the feathers being freckled with whitish instead of sand? buff;
upper tail-coverts white, or white mottled with a few blackish
markings ; wing-coverts like the back, but somewhat more sparsely
vermiculated with black ; lesser and median coverts white at the
ends, and more or less freckled with black ; the external coverts,
bastard-wing, and greater coverts pure white, the inner ones slightly
freckled or spotted with blackish ; primary-coverts blackish, nar-
rowly tipped with white ; (juills white, mostly blackish towards the
ends, the tips of these feathers being again white, so that the black
mark becomes subterminal ; the outer primaries blackish with white
bases, the white gradually increasingtowards the secondaries, which
are almost entirely white with an occasional spot of black ; inner-
most secondaries like the back ; tail-feathers coarsely freckled with
black on a white ground and crossed with four distinct bars of
blackish, which are very pronounced on the basal half of the tail,
which is white without any blackish frecklings, the outer feathers
broadly tipped with creamy white ; crown of head, nape, and hind
neck brown, mottled with streaks and edgings of sandy buff, with a
few blue-grey feathers intermixed ; lores and sides of crown pale
sandy buff, streaked with dark brown ; feathers above and round the
eye uniform creamy buff: sides of face, car-coverts, checks, and
throat light bluish grey, which is bordered by a broad band of black
extending from the sides of the hind neck diagonally across the
latter and uniting in a ])road band which runs do^vn the centre of
the lower throat ; around the hind neck and occupying the sides of
the latter is a broad extent of black which unites on the upper fore
neck ; this is bordered above by a broad band of white which encircles
the hind neck, separates the black on the sides of the neck, and
descending on the latter to the lower throat, unites there in a
l)oint ; across the lower fore neck a broad black band which is
separated from the lower throat by a band of white which traverses
the fore neck also : remainder of under surface pure white ; sides of
the upper breast sandy-coloured aud mottled with black like the

VOL. XXIIl. u

290

upper parts ; under wing -coverts, axillaries, and quill-lining pure
white : " bill horn-grey, black at the tip, dull yellowish at base of
mandible ; feet dull ochre-yellow ; iris yellowish " (J". F. Naumann).
Total length 17 inches, culmen l-o, wing 9-4, tail 3-7, tarsus 2-4.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being somewhat lighter
rufous and more coarsely mottled with black on the upper surface ;
the head and neck not particoloured but resembling the back ; the
hind neck and mantle, as well as parts of the scapulars and back,
spangled by ovate drops of sandy buff, most of these drops having a
twin spot of black in the centre ; sides of face sandy rufous streaked
with black ; throat white ; lower throat, fore neck, and upper breast
sandy buff, the former streaked with black, and the fore neck and
chest with circular bars or spots of black; remainder of under
surface pure white as also the under wing-coverts ; the lower
primary-coverts with cross-bars of black ; the wings as in the male,
but the exterior coverts and greater series of coverts barred with
black. Total length 17 inches, culmen l'l,wing 9-7, tail 4, tarsus 2-4.

Young. Generally distinguishable from the adult by the greater
amount of barring on the chest, by the more profuse barring on the
white upper tail-coverts, and the sandy frecklings of the primary-
coverts : " iris brownish yellow " {J. F. Naumann).

Hab. Southern Europe and Northern Africa, throughout Central
Asia to North-western India.

a. Juv. St.

b. 2 juv. sk.

c. S ad. st.

d. $ ad. st.

e. S ad. st.
/. $ ad. St.
(J. $ ad. sk.

h. S ad. sk.
i, k- 6 2 ad. sk.
I. $ juv. sk.
m,n. c? 5 ad. sk.
0. Ad. sk.
p. <S ad. sk.

g. cJ ad. sk.

r. 2 imm. sk.
s. 2 ju'^- sk.
t-w. J juv. ; .r,
y,=. 5juv.sk.
a'. Skeleton.

Europe.

Plymouth, Devonshire.

Walmwell, Dorsetshire.

Hampshire.

Germany.

Italy.

Malaga, Spain, Oct. 26 (H.

Saunders).
Tangiers.
Algeria (Loc/ie).
Ain Djendeli, Algeria (O.S.).
Lower Volga, May.
Pertiia.
Omsk, Siberia, May 25.

Saissan, May 20 (Dr. 0.

Finsch).
Afghanistan (Griffith).
Candahar, Nov.
Murdan, Dec. to April (/. M.

Johnson),
Europe.

W. Prideaux, Esq.
Piev. E. Pickard

Cambridge [P.J.
E. ]\lcMorland, Esq.

[P.].
Purchased.
Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll.

M. Favier [C.].
Shelley Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Hume Coll.
Old Collection.
St. George Littledale,

Esq. [P.].
Geogr. Soc. Bremen,

India Museum.

Colonel Swinhoe [P.].
Hume Coll.

Zoological Society.

Type.

3. LOPHOTIS.

Lophotis, Reichenb. Av. Syst. tab. xxxi. fig. 9 (1849) . . L. rutici'i*ta.
Mange. Confined to Eastern and Southern Africa.

3. LOPHOTIS. 291

Keij to the Species.

a. With a vinous-chestnut crest on the nape nificrista, p. 291.

b. With an isabelline or vinous-buff crest on the nape . (jimliuna, p. 292.

1, Lophotis ruficrista.

Otis ruficrista, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Birds, pi. 4 (18 3 ) Gray,
List Orulhe Brit. Mus. p. oG (1844) ; Strickl. 4" Scl. Conir. Orn.
1852, p. 158 (Daniara) ; Mont. 1\ Z. S. I860, p. 89 (Benguela) ;
Schl. Mm. Ptiijs-Bas, Cursores, p. o (1805) ; Bocaye, Orn. Angola,
p. 418, note (1881) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. pp. Go9, 854
(1)?84 : Orange River) ; Biittik, Aotes Leyden Mus. x. p. 242
(1888 : Cunene Kiver).

Eupodotis ruficrista, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 633 (1845) ; Layard,
B. S. Afr. p. 28(3 (1867 : not in Cape Colony or S. of Orange
Kiver) ; Gurncy, Ibis, 1868, p. 269 ; Chapman, Trac. in S. Afr.
ii. App. p. 414 (Lake Ngami) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 8, no. 9932
(1871); Ayres, Ibis, 1871, p. 263 (Marico) ; Gurney in Anderss.
B. Dam. Ld. p. 259 (1872 : Gt. Namaqualand and S. Damara-
land) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 386 ^Transvaal, Julv) ; Ayres, Ibis,
1880, p. 110 (Transvaal); Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. "361 (Crocodile
River, Matje Umschlope, Matahele-land, breeding); Ayres, Ibis,
1886, p. 293 (Transvaal).

Lophotis ruficrista, Reichenb. Handb., Gall. tab. cclvi. fig. 2175
(1848) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856).

Adult male. General colour above black in the centre of the
feathers, which are margined with sandy rufous and mottled witii
black, the feathers centred with lanceolate markings of pale sandy
buff ; lower back and rump sandy buff, cros.sed with blackish vermi-
culations and tinged with ashy on the rump ; the upper tail-coverts
and centre tail-feathers decidedly more ashy than the back and more
coarsely vermiculated with blackish, and distinctly crossed by bars
or arrowhead markings of black, the bars on the tail-feathers being
four in number ; the outer tail-feathers black, freckled with sandy
buft' and vermiculated towards the base, the outermost feathers
almost entirely black ; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back,
with the same lanceolate markings of sandy buff, the outer median
coverts white with black bases and black shaft-lines, the greater
coverts black, inner ones white, all the inner coverts and inner
secondaries coloured and mottled like the back ; bastard-wing
black ; primary-coverts also black, with the greater part of the
outer web sandy butf, this sandy-bulf portion sometimes mottled
and barred with black ; quills black, chequered for two-thirds of
their length with fulvescent markings, generaUy quadrate but
sometimes taking the form of bars ; crown of head dark slaty blue ;
lores, eyelid, and a broad eyebrow sandy bufl', streaked with blackish
edgings to the feathers, this superciliary band meeting ou the nape ;
ear-coverts light brown ; below the eye a band of slaty blue ; on the
nape a tuft of vinous-red feathers, forming a crest : hind neck ashy
brown tinged with grey ; cheeks and throat isabelline, with a broad
band of black in the centre of the latter ; lower throat and sides of
neck ashv grey, spotted with pule sandy buflf in the centre of the

V 2

292 OTIDID^.

feathers : the fore neck and chest slaty blue ; remainder of under
surface of body black ; sides of chest for the most part mottled with
sandy-buff spots like the back, followed by a conspicuous patch of
white, these white feathers shaded with bluish grey : " bill with the
basal part ashy j-ellowish, the ends of the mandibles pale ashy,
culmen dusky ; tarsi and feet nearly white ; iris dull tawny brown "
{T. Ayres). Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 10-6,
tail 4-6, tarsus 3-2.

Adult female. Similar to the male as regards the colouring of the
upper parts and the black abdomen, but differing in the colour of
the head and chest ; wings and tail also similar to those of the male.
The differences in the colour of the head are as follows : — The crown
is dark brown, with large spots of sandy rufous ; the occipital region
ashy, freckled with lines of black ; lores and a broad eyebrow
isabelline buff, the feathers edged with black ; below the eye a baud
of sandy rufous, the feathers margined with black : ear-coverts
sandy buff ; cheeks and throat white, but with no mesial band of
black on the latter; neck, fore neck, and chest brown, mottled with
sandy-buff spots and markings and varied with a few cross lines of
black ; across the chest a broad band of white ; axillaries black ;
under wing-coverts white barred with black or black tipped with
white : " bill yellowish on the basal portion ; lower mandible pale
ashy at tip, upper mandible dark brown ; tarsi and feet yellowish
white ; iris light tawny hazel " ( T. Ayres). Total length 16 inches,
culmen 1-35, wing 10-2, tail 4-6, tarsus 3.

The rufous crest of the male is exactly of the same tint as the
vinous-coloured bases of the feathers, which form so peculiar a
characteristic in this and all other Bustards. This colour fades in
time, and I find that the crest of the present species is affected by
exposure to the light. Thus the type of E. ruficrista, having been
exposed in the Gallery of the Museum for forty years, has lost all
trace of a rufous crest, this having become bleached white.

Hah. South Africa.

a. S imm. sk. South Africa. Old Coll.

b. 5 ad. St. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

c. (S ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C."!.

(Tvpe of species.)
(7. cJad. sk. Transvaal, .Tulv 6 (r. .B. 5mc^- Shelley Coll.

/e;/).

e. (S ad. sk. Limpopo River, Transvaal, Gurney Coll.

July 20 (T. Ayres).

f, g. 6 2 ad. Rustenberg, East Transvaal, Guniev Coll.
sk. 3a\y2^ {T. Ayres).

h. ^ ad. sk. Beiiguela. Monteiro Coll.

2. Lophotis gindiana.

Eupodotis gindiana, Oust. Bull. Soc. rhilom. 1881, p. 163 (Somali-
land).

Otis (Lophoris) fulvicrista, Cab. Orn. Cetitrcdbl. 1882, p. 14; Reichen.
^- Schalow, J.f. 0. 1882, p. 113.

4. coMPsoTis. 293

Lophotis fulvicrista, Cah. J.f. 0. ]8&2, p. V2fi (Perbera).

Lophotis gindiami, lieicken. Auul. Jahresb. \fi&2, p. '2'2'-i ; Salvad. Ann.

Mils. Genov. (2) vi. p. 453 (16Sri : Ciherba, fSuoa).
Kiijwdotis maculipenDis {nee Cab.), Hhelley, P. Z. S. 1889, p. 371

(Useri River).
Oti3 maculipeunis, Sharpe {nee Cah.), Ihis, 1892, p. 543 (Turqiiel,

Jan.).

Adult male. Similar to L. riificrista, but rather more ashy above
and not showing such distiiict spear-shaped markings of sandy
rufous ; tlio under surface of the boily is similar to that of L. ruji-
erista, but the wing-coverts are not entirely black, and the major
series are vinous isabelline margined with black ; the quills are
barred with yellowish, the inner primaries almost entirely of the
latter colour on their inner web, and the secondaries regularly
barred across with the same ; the crown is light slaty blue, and the
crest vinous isabuUine ; the eyebrow, sides of face, and throat are
uniform isabelline of a slight vinous tint, the lores and feathers
below the eye having a slight shade of grey, and the throat has a
median band of black : " bill dusky on upper mandible, pale brown
on the lower ; feet white ; iris white " (/''. J. Jackson). Total
length 16 inches, culmen 1"3, wing 11'3, tail 5'3, tarsus 3"5.

Jjab. Eastern Africa from Somali-land to iShoa and Turquel,
south to Kilimanjaro and the Pangani lliver.

a. d ad. sk. Useri River, East Africa, Jidv 7. 11. C. V. Hunter, Esq,

[P.J. ^

6. Ad.sk. Somali-land. C.Chevalier, Esq. [P.].

4. COMPSOTIS.

Tvpe.

Afrotis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856) C.atra.

Coinpsotis, Heine in Heine Sf Rtivhen. Noiiiencl. Mtts.

Hein. p. 235 (1890 : nom. emend.) C. afra.

liange. Confined to Southern portions of the African continent.

Kei/ to the Species.

a. Throat black, like the rest of underparts. {Male!>.)

a'. Quill-lining black afra, p. 203.

//. Quill-lining white letwoptera, p. 204.

b. Fon^ neck brown or white, with black bars;

abdiinien and sidos of body black. {Feniahs.)

c'. QuiU-lining black afra, p. 203.

d'. Quill-liuiug white teucoptera, p. 2}~4.

1. Compsotis afra.

White-eared Bustard, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 802, pi. Ixix.

(1782).
Otis afra, Forster, Icon, ined in Brit. Mas. no. 1U4 ; Gm. Si/st. Xat. i.

p. 724 (1788) ; VieiU. X. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. p. 294 (1818) ;

294 OTIDID^.

Cuvier, Jii'f/ne Anim. i. p. 499 (1829) ; Grai/, List Graila Bnt.

Mus. p. 57 (1844); Forder, Descr. Anim. p. 51 (1844); Hulub

8f Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 231 (1882 : Cape Colony) ; Shaiye,

ed. Lm/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 642 (1884).
Eiipodotis afra, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.

p. 286 (1867 : Cape Colony) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 8, no. 9930

(1871); Gimiey in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 260 (1872: S. of

Orange River only) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 85 (Ceres, Cape

Colony).
Lissotis afra, Reichenh. Handh., Gallin. tab. ccliv. figs. 2165-67

(1848).
Afrotis afra, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856).
Compsotis afra, Heine <§• Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein, p. 325

(1890).

Adult male. Similar to C. leucoptera, but darker and not so
regularly banded with black and sandy buff, the black predominating
and the sandy bars being circular or horsoshoe-shape, the black on
the wing-coverts more extended and forming distinct broad bands
on the outer median coverts, so th it the white is less extended than
in C. leucoptera ; the principal difference, however, is the under
wing-coverts and quill-lining being black : " bill horny ash at the
tip, yellowish at the base ; tarsi and feet yellow; iris dusky tawny
brown" (T. Aifres). Total length about 19 inches, culmen 1"4,
wing 10, tail 5"6, tarsus 3'8.5.

Adult female. Differs from the male in not having the neck and
breast black, but is easily distinguished from the female of C. leu-
coptera by the black quill-lining. Total length about 19 inches,
culmen 1*4, wing 10-3, tail 4'0, tarsus 3"5,

Hah. South Africa.

a,b. S 2 ^^- st- South Africa. General Hardwicke [P.].

c, d. (S 2 ^d. St. Routli Africa. J. Gould, Esq.

e. (S imni. st. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

f. c? ad. sk. South Africa. Capt. Alexander [P.].
f/. S ad. sk. South Africa.. Mrs. Sterling [P.].

fi, i. d 2 ad. sk. South-east Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].

2. Compsotis leucoptera.

Otis afroides (!), Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Birds, pi. 19 (1839) : Gra7/,
List GrallcB Brit. Mus. p. 57 (1844) ; Holub £,- Pelz. Beitr. Orn.
Sudafr. p. 229 (1882) ; Shmpe, ed. Layard' s B. S. Afr. p. 642
(1884).

Eupodotls afroides. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845) ; Layard, B. S.
Afr. Y>. 287 (1867: N. of Orange Kiver, rarely south); Gurnei/,
Ibis, 1868, p. 48 (Natal) ; Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 375 (egg) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 8, no. 9931 (1871) ; Gurney in Ander.ss. B.
Dam. Ld. p. 260 (1872 : Gt. Namaqua & Damara-ld., breeding) ;
Bucklet/, Ibis, 1874, p. 385 (Transvaal) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 347
(Transvaal); id. Ibis, 1880, p. 265 (Transvaal; breeding).

Lissotis leucoptera, Reichenb. Handb., Gall. tab. ccliv. figs. 2168-70
(1848).

Afrotis afroides, B^h C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856).

4. C0MP30TI8. 295

Otis Ipucoptera, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 964, note

(187;{).
Etipndotis afra (nen L.), Barratt, Ibis, 187(5, p. 192 (LydenTjurg) ;

Shi-llcy, Ibis, 1882, p. 362 (]5orarain<rani Pan).
Otis atra, Bryden, Kloof ^- Karroo, pi. to p. 308, %. 15 (1889).

A'lult male. General colour above dark sandy buff, regularly
barred across with black and irroratcd or vermiculatcd; scapulars
like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rather
more dusky and shaded with ashy, the black bars not so pronounced
and the sandy-buff ones paler, being replaced on the upper tail-
coverts by white bars somewhat irregular in shape ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back, the external ones with fewer markings and
becoming ])ure white like the rest of the coverts, the greater series
white with a few concealed black markings or bars ; bastard-wing
feathers black with white tips ; primary-coverts and quiUs black ;
primaries white for the greater part of their webs, the secondaries
with white at the base of the outer web increasing in extent
towards the inner secondaries, which are white mottled with
white and black, the innermost secondaries barred with sandy
colour and black like the back ; tail-feathers ashy grey tipped with
white, mottled with black irrorations, mostly on the outer web,
and crossed by two black bands, the second subtcrminal, these
black bands less pronounced on the centre feathers, which are like
the upper tail-coverts ; crown of head ashy, some of the feathers
crossed with narrow blackish bars, with a circle of white feathers
round the nape ; occiput, nape, and hind neck black ; forehead, lores,
and a narrow eyebrow black, as well as the sides of the hinder crown ;
sides of face and cheeks black like the entire under surface of body ;
ear-coverts white, forming a patch ; on each side of the chest a large
white patch extending backwards across the lower hind neck and
forming a collar, which separates the black of the hind neck from
the back ; under wing-coverts and quill-lining white ; axillaries
black : " bill liglit greyish brown, with the basal half pale rose-
pink, which changes after death to pale chromc-ycUow ; tarsi and
feet dark gamboge-yellow ; iris light tawny brown, darkest towards
the centre " {T. Ai/res). Total length about 19 inches, culmcn 1-4,
wing 11*2, tail 4-7, tarsus 3-2.

AdxU female. Differs from the male in the absence of black on
the neck, throat, and breast, the black being confined to the ab-
domen, under tail-coverts, and axillaries. Total length about 16
inches, culmen 1-2, wing 10-5, tail 4, tarsus 3*75.

The >/oi(i)>/ iiKih's have the arrowhead markings of sandy rufous
all over the upper surface ; the head blackish, spotted with sandy
rufous and narrowly barred on the occiput, and with a concealed
black patch on the nape ; ear-coverts sandy buff, as also the fore
])arts of the cheeks and throat, the latter mottled with black bases ;
iiinder cheeks white, extending to the sides of the nape : lower throat,
fore neck, and sides of the neck sandy buff, narrowly barred with
white, the chest a little more broadly barred.

JIab. South-eastern Africa.

296 OTIDID^.

a, b. 2 ad. st. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

c, d. cS ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Types of species.)

e. c? ad. sk. South Africa. Mrs. Sterling [P.].

/. cJ ad. sk. Transvaal. Shelley Coll.

g, h. (S ad. et Potchefstroom, Transvaal, Jan., Gurney Coll.
juv. sk. May {T. Ayres).

5. HETEEOTETRAX. ^^^^

Heterotis*, Sharpe (nee Eh:), Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, ix.

p. 1 (June 1898) H. vigorsii.

Range. Confined to Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. Asillaries white.

a'. Sides of face freckled like the head ; throat

black, but no black spots on the cheeks and

ear-coverts; sides of neck not streaked with

black ; black not extending to the fore neck . . vigorsi, p. 296.
b'. Sides of face not freckled, uniform, a black spot

at the gape ; cheeks and chin white, with a

black patch behind the ear, and a streak of

black from behind the cheeks down the hind

neck rueppelli, p. 297.

b. Axillaries black humilk, p. 298.

1. Heterotetrax vigorsi-

Otis vigorsii, Smith, P. Z. S. 18.30, p. 11 ; Grag, List Grallce Brit.

Mus. p. 56 (1844); Schl Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 5 (1866) ;

Bryden, Kloof ^- Karroo, pi. to p. 308, fig. 6, & p. 320 (1889).
Otis scolopacea, Temm. PI. Col. v. pi. .576 (1835); Hewjl. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 964, note (1873); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's

B. S. Afr. p. 637 (1884).
Eupodotis vigorsi. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845).
Trachelotis vigorsii, Beichenb. Handb., Gall. tab. cclv. figs. 2171-72

(1848).
Trachelotis scolopacea, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856) ; Heine Sf-

Beichen. Noine7icl. AIus. Hein. p. 325 (1890).
Eupodotis scolopacea, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 284 (1867) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. iii. p. 8, no. 99-34 (1871) ; Holub ^- Pelz. Beitr. Orn.

Sudafr. p. 232 (1882 : Central Cape Colony to the Zambesi).
Heterotis vigorsi, Shai-pe, Bull. B. O. C. i. p. 1 (1893).

Adult. General colour above dull ashy with an admixture of
sandy buff, the feathers finely irrorated with blackish ; scapulars
and inner secondaries with large blotches or bands of blackish ;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more uniform, with very
tiny irrorations of black, the upper tail-coverts with a few in-
distinct blackish bars ; lesser wing-coverts rather lighter than the
back, very finely irrorated with blackish vermiculations, the greater
series rather more sandy-coloured, the markings coarser, and the
feathers tipped with black ; bastard-wing ashy like the wing-

* Preoccupied in Fishes.

5. HETEROTETRAX. 297

coverts ; primary-eovprts and quills blackish at the enrls and tawny
at the l)ases, the primaries being of the latter colour for the greater
part of their length, the outer secondaries tawny at the bases and
crossed with black bars, the inner ones having the tawny bases
mottled with black ; innermost secondaries like the back ; tail-
feathers ash}', tinged with sandy buff like the upper tail-coverts,
and somewhat freckled with blackish, crossed by a narrow bar of
black some little distance from the end of the tail ; crown of head,
occijjut, and nape ashy, freckled with tiny blackish vermiculations,
as also the sides of the face and ear-coverts ; on the nape a con-
cealed spot of black feathers ; chin greyish white, this colour
skirting the throat ; centre of throat black, forming a triangular
patch which extends in a narrow line down the lower throat ; sides
of neck, fore neck, and under surface of body, including the flanks,
ashy brown, very finelj- vermiculated with blackish lines ; centre of
breast and abdomen uniform creamy white ; under tail-coverts like
the flanks and vermiculated in the same manner ; under wing-
coverts for the most part creamy buff like the quill-lining, the
small coverts round the edge of the wing ashy with blackish vermi-
culations ; the axillaries resembling the flanks. Total length about
'20 inches, culmen 1'5, wing 12'5, tail O'G, tarsus 3"1.
Hab. South Africa.

a, b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].

(Types of species.)
c, d. Ad. sk. South Africa. Mi-s. Sterling [P.].

2. Heterotetrax rueppeUi.

Otis rueppelli, Wahlh. J.f. O. 1857, p. 1 ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Tog.

Ostnfr. p. 610, note (1870); Ileuffl. Om. h\0.-Afr. ii. pt. 1,

p. 904, note (1873) ; Bovage, Om. Am/ola, p. 419, note (1881) ;

S/iarjH-, ed. Lagnrd's B. S. Afr. p. 643 ("l8!^4).
Otis picturata, Haiti. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 88, pi. vi. (Benguela) ; Mont.

t. c. p. 90; Fimch ^- Hurtl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 619, note (1870).
Eupodotis rueppelli, Grag, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 8, no. 9935 (1871);

Gunieg in Anderss. B. Dam. Ld. p. 259 (1872: Gt. Namaqua and

S. Dauiara).
Eupodotis picturata, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 8, no. 9925 (1871).

Adult (type of 0. picturat(i). Similar to II. vir/orsi, but very
much paler and with a good deal of blue-grey on the head ; sides of
neck also blue-grey, divided by a broad line of black, which extends
on to the lore neck and joins the black patch on the centre of the
throat ; sides of the face for the most part white ; a large patch of
white on the cheeks extending backwards and joining below the
black patch, the latter being united to a narrow eyebrow ; ear-
coverts with a black patch ; under surface of body from the fore
neck downwards white, including the under wing-coverts and quill-
lining. Total length about 20 inches, culmen 1"G, wing I'Jo,
tail 53, tarsus 3'3.

Hub. South-western Africa.

298 OTiDiDj;.

a. Ad. sk. Benguela. Monteiro Coll.

(Type of 0. inctiirata.)

b. (S ad. st. Great Namaqua-land. C. J. Andersson [C.].

3. Heterotetrax humilis *.

Svpheotides humilis, Blijth, J. A. S. Benn. xxiv. p. 30o (18-56) ; Scl.

Ibis, 1860, p. 248.
Eupodotis humilis. Fin-sch ^- Hartl. Vor/. Ostafi: p. 618 (1870);

Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 8, no. 9928 (IStl).
Otis humilis, Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 9.59 (1873).

Adult male. General colour above pale sandy colour, minutely
vermiculated with blackish lines, and blotched with black spots and
bars on the mantle and back ; wing-coverts like the back, but more
coarsely and irregularly vermiculated with black, with wide spaces
of pinkish isabelline, on which very few black lines appear ; inner
secondaries like the coverts ; outer median and greater coverts
Kghter and more ashy and creamy white on the outer web, the
greater series with a black band at the tip ; bastard-wing and
primary-coverts creamy white, with the terminal half black ; quills
blackish, ashy on the inner web ; the outer primaries brown and the
secondaries white at the base of both webs ; tail-feathers pinkish-
sandy colour, crossed with wavy lines of black, and having two
or three narrow bars of black ; head and neck bluish grey, sandy-
coloured on the crown, which is finely vermiculated with black;
sides of crown and sides of face bluish grey ; feathers round the
eye and cheek-stripe white ; chin white ; throat black, concealed
by white tips ; neck ashy but somewhat shaded with sandy, and
minutely vermiculated with blackish lines ; breast and remainder
of under surface of the body, as well as the under wing-coverrs,
white; axillaries black. Total length 16 inches, culmen 1-2, wing
10-1, tail 4-6, tarsus 2-35.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being much more coarsely
marked above, without the fine vermiculations of the male ; the
back and wing-coverts mottled with heart-shaped patches of pinkish
isabelline, in which are coarse black bars and heart-shaped blotches
of black : head and neck like the back and streaked with isabelline ;
throat white ; breast and under wing-coverts creamy white ; axil-
laries black, tipped with white. Total length 14-5 inches, culmen
1-25, wing 9-7, tail 4, tarsus 2-4.

Hah. Somali-land.

6. NEOTIS.

Ivpe.
Neotis, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, ix. p. 1 (June

1893) N. ludwigi.

Range. Confined to Africa.

* I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Eowland Ward for the opportunity
of describing these specimens.

4

G. NEOiis. 299

Keij to the Species.

a. With no rufous patch on the chest helow the throat-

J);ltch.

a'. With sandy-buft' bands mottled with black on

the tail-feathers ; back and lesser winjr-coverts

with numerous spear-shaped markings of sandy

buff.

a". Throat and fore neck brown, like the sides of

the lace and the top of the head ludwir/i, p. 290.

//'. Tliroat and fore neck black ; crown of head

a.shy black, as also the sides of the face .... hurchdli, p. 300.
b'. With white bauds on the tail ; with a white
eyebrow ; no sag^ittate marks on the back
or wing-coverts, the latter being like the
back.
c". Throat and chest blue-grey ; upper throat
white, lower throat freckled with black and

white cross markings ccffi'Ci P- 301.

d". Throat white ; lower throat and fore neck
dusky brown with a greyisli shade, and
freckled with black and dusky cross markings denhami, p. 302.

b. With a rufous patch across the fore neck; U])])er

surface with sagittate markings of sandy buff;
tail ashy mottled with blackish, and with a broad
subterminal bar of black lieuglini, p. 303.

1. Neotis ludwigi.

Otis colei, SmitJi, S. Afr. Q. Journ. Uct. 1831, p. G3, note (nomen

nudum).
Otis ludwigii, Riipp. Mm. Senckenh. ii. p. 223, tab. xiv. (1837) ; Schl.

Mhs. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 7 (180")): Heiif/I. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii.

pt. 1, p. 964, note (1873; ; Sharpe,cd. Lat/ard's B. S. Afr. pp. Ii3(>,

8o4 (1884 : Orange River) ; Hartert, Kat. Joy. Mus. Senckenb.

p. 208 (18U1).
Eupodotis ludwigii, Grai/, List GrallcB Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1844) ; id.

Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (184.5) ; Rcichenb. Hundb., Gidl. tab. cdvi.

figs. 2176-77 (1848) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416(1856) ; Lm/ard, B. S.

Afr. p. 284 (1807: migrant); id. Ibis, 1860, p. 7o ; Ai/res, Ibit,

18(j9, p. 299 (Potchefstrooni, breeding) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 7,

no. 9016 (1871) ; Butler, Feildcn, ^- Reid, Z<jol. 1882, p. 240

(Natal).
Neotis ludwigi, Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. C. i. p. 1 (1893).

Adult male. General colour above brown, profusely variegated with
black wavy lines and blotched with large arrow headraarks of unitbrm
sandy buff; scapulars and inner secondaries like the back, but the
blotches taking the form of bands ; lower back, rump, and upper
tail-coverts sandy buff", rather more finely vermiculatcd ; the upper
tail-coverts a little more coarsely lined with indications of narrow
bands ; lesser wing-coverts like the back, those on the bend of the
wing white with blackish spots ; median coverts for the most part
blackish, with broad sandy-coloured bands, which are freckled with
blackish; greater coverts almost entirely black, with more or less
vermiculations on the inner web ; primary-coverts also black, with

300 OTlDIDiE.

■white bands near the base and tipped with white, like the greater
coverts ; quills black, the inner primaries white at the base and
especially along the inner web ; the secondaries black, with more or
less white tips ; tail-feathers broadly banded with black, these bands
four in number, the light bands three in number, the lower one
almost entirely white, the two others sandy-coloured and almost
obscured by black frecklings, the feathers with whitish or ashy tips ;
crown of head and nape brown, with a white coronal patch before
the occiput ; upper part of the hind neck and the sides of the neck
white, the rest of the hind neck sandy rufous, this colour spreading
on to the upper mantle, which is finely freckled with blackish ; the
entire sides of face, throat, fore neck, and chest blackish brown,
mottled on the latter with bars of white and brown, and separated
from the rufous hind neck by a line of white, which extends down
the sides of the neck and joins the sides of the breast, which are
white like the rest of the under surface of the body, as are also the
under wing-coverts : " legs and bill yellow '" {E. L. Layard). Total
length about 36 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 21-5, tail 9, tarsus 5-9.

Adult female. Similar to the male in colour, but smaller, and
distinguished by the colour of the lower throat and chest, which is
brown, mottled all over with freckles and bars of white ; chin and
upper throat white ; eyebrow white, mottled with blackish markings ;
sides of face brown, also mottled with white ; wings as in the male,
but the primary-coverts for the most part white with blackish ends.
Total length about 30 inches, culmen 2-4, wing 18'2, tail "'o,
tarsus 4-8.

Eab. South Africa.

a,b. (5' 2 ad. sk. South Africa. Sir Andrew Smith [C.].

2, Neotis burchelli.

Eupodotis burcheDii, Heiigl. J. f. O. 18G7, p. 301 {ex Wiirttemb.

MS.).
Otis ludwigii {nee Hilpp.), Heiiffl. Sijst. Uebers, p. 53, note (1856).
Otis burchelli, Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afi: ii. pt. 1, p. 943, tab. xxxi.

(1873).

Adidt. " Of large size. The head, fore neck, and sides of neck
dusky blackish, the former more ashy ; an obsolete occipital spot
and a large nuchal patch whitish ; feathers of the hind neck pale
rufous, partly vermiculated with dusky brown, white at the base ;
the nape bright cinnamon-rufous ; breast and abdomen white ;
feathers of the throat and sides of the breast very long and loose,
directed forwards, white slightly tinged with rufous ; under tail-
coverts shaded with buff, some of them towards the tip banded and
vermiculated with blackish ; interscapulary region, scapulars, lesser
wing-coverts, inner secondaries, and upper tail-coverts isabelline buff,
transversely marked with blackish spear-shaped spots and finely
vermiculated ; quills smoky blackish, more or less Avhite towards the
base, the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries also having a
white spot on the middle of the outer web ; smaller primaries and

G. NEOTIS. 301

secondaries nearest to them marked at the tip witli a triangular
spot of white ; hirger -wing-coverts black, tipjjcd with white, the
inner secondaries vermiculated with buft' and having spear-shaped
spots of the same ; the tail-feathers smoky brown, venniculated
with buft', white at the base and edged with buff at the tip, with
two rather l)road bands of black, below margined with buff": bill
dusky honi-colour, with the margins and the basal half of the
mandible paler ; feet yellowish. Total length about 3'J inches, culmeu
2-'3'), wing 21, tail 10, tarsus 5-G." ( Voa llewjUa.)
Hah. .South Senaar, X.E. Africa.

3. Neotis caffra.

Otis caflfra, LicM. Cat. Iter. Nat. Ilnmhurfi, p. 36 (1773) ; id. Verz.

Dmihl. p. 69 (1823) ; J. E. Gray iti Gr'iffitlia ed. Ciiv. An. Einyd.,

Jiirds. iii. p. 305 (1820) ; Guntey, Ibis, ISOO, p. 216, 1864, p. 360

(Xatal), 1.S68, p. 467 ; Schl. Mu's. Pays-Bas, Cur.sores, p. 7 (1865);

Heiiyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 064, note (1873) ; Bocaye, Oni.

Anyola, p. 41G (1881: Pluilla, llumbe); Sharpe, ed. Layard's B

S. Afr. p. 304 (1884) ; Bohm. J.f. O. 1885, p. 67 (Qua Mpara) ;

Heichen. J. f. O. 1887, p. 47 (Kiniama, Feb.); Matschie, t. c.

p. 138 (Karema); Bri/den, Kloof ^- Karroo, pi. xiv. tig. 1 (1839);

£miu, J.f. O. 1891, p. 345 (Albert Nyanza).
Otis stanlevi, J. E. Grai/, Zool. Misc. p. 12 (1831).
Otis ruficoilis, Wayh-r, Isis, 1831, p. 520.

Eupodotis ruficoilis. Gray, List GralUe Brit. Mas. p. 58 (1844).
Eupodotis caffra. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845) ; Licht. Nomencl

p. 88 (1S54); /)'/». C. R. .\liii. p. 416 (1856) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.

p. 283 (1867) ; Gray, Hattd-l. B. iii. p. 7, no. 9918(1871) ; HClub

^- Felzeln, Beitr. Orn. Sitdafr. p. 233 (1882).

Adult male. General colour above greyish, finely varied with
sandy and black vermiculafions, these markings somewhat coarser
and more pronounced on the scapulars and inner secondaries, where
there arc also to be seen occasional blotches of black ; lower back
and nimp more obscurely vermicnlafed, the grey shade of the upper
back not so distinct ; the upper taU-coverts, on the other hand, more
distinctly vcrmiculatcd, like the two central tail-feathers, the latter
having three distinct bars of black and one broad one of white :
lesser wing-coverts like the back, but somewhat browner and less
distinctly vcrmiculatcd ; median coverts black, with a good deal
of white at the base and a small white tip ; greater coverts
white, with black bars near the tip, and occasionally some other
black markings on the outer web, the inner web freckled with
brown ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts black, with small white
tips ; quills black, white at the base of inner web, this increasing
greatly on the inner webs of the inner primaries, which are also
chequered with white on the outer web, the secondaries black with
white tips ; tail-feathers, all but the central ones, barred with black
and white, the base being uniform black, with other bars of
black across tlie feathers, the subtcrminal white bar somewhat
mottled with black spots, the ends of the feathers mottled with
ashy ; crown of head black, with a white mesial band, tlanked
on each side by a broad whitish eyebrow ; nape greyish white,

302 OTIDID^.

extending down the sides of the neck for a short distance ; hind
neck rufous, this colour extending on to the mantle, which is very
finely vermiculated with black ; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts
white ; cheeks white, coarsely freckled with black vermiculations ;
throat white, the lower part with black vermiculations, which extend
down to the chest ; fore neck and chest light blue-grey, bordered on
the sides by the rufous on the hind neck, which extends on to the
sides of the chest, where it is also varied by black markings, which
form an indistinct crescent ; remainder of the under surface of body
pure white, including the under wing- coverts : "upper mandible
dusky, under one yellowish ; tarsi and feet dingy yellowish white ;
iris light hazel" {T. Ayres). Total length about 30 inches, culmen
2"7, wing 18, tail 9, tarsus 5-8.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but with an ashy band down
the centre of the crown, which is finely vermiculated with blackish ;
the lower throat more coarsely vermiculated with blackish. Total
length about 30 inches, culmen 3, wing 21, tail 10, tarsus 5.

Hah. Southern Africa, on the west to Benguela,' and extending
to Central East Africa.

a. (S ad. sk. South Africa. Old Collection.

4. Neotis denhami.

Otis denhami, Children in Denham 8^ Clappert. Trav. ii. App. p. 199
(1826) ; Gray in Griff. Atmn. Kim/d. iii. p. 303, pi. to p. 455 (1829) ;
Less. Com.pl. Buff. i. p. 489 (1836) ; Heugl. J.f. 0. 1864, p. 272
(Djur); id. J. f.' O. 1867, p. 302 (Sennaar); id. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii.
pt. 1, p. 939 (1873).

Otis caffra, pt., liilpp. Mus. Se7icke7ib. ii. p. 220 (1837) ; Heugl. Syst.
Uebers. p. 53, note (1856).

Eupodotis denhami, Temm. PI. Col. v. livr. 97 (1835) ; Gray, List
Gr<dl(B Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1844) ; id. ^ Mitchell, Gen. B. iii,
p. 533, pi. cxli. (1845) ; lieicJietib. Handb., Gall. tab. cclviii.
figs. 2182-83 (1848) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 220 ; id. Ann. l$-
Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) ix. p. 348 (1852 : Kordofan) ; Bp. C. R. xhii.
p. 416 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 207 (1857) ; Gray, Hand-l.
B. iii. p. 7, no. 9917 (1871) ; &7. P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 603 (Accra);
Forbes, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 477.

Choriotis arabs {nee L.), Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 95 (1864: Kor-
dofan) ; cf. Salvad. Atti R. Accad. Torino, v. p. 746 (1870).

Adult male (type of species). General colour above dark sandy
brown, somewhat coarsely freckled with sandy buff and slightly
varied with patches where the daik brown bases of the feathers
show through ; scapulars, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
like the rest of the back, the longer upper tail-coverts with indi-
cations of white bars near the base, in this respect resembling the
tail-feathers ; lesser wing-coverts darker brown, with very little
indication of sandy frecklings ; median coverts black, with white
bases and fringed with white at the tips, some of the latter with a
large spot of Avhite on the inner web ; greater coverts black, with
an increased amount of white on both webs and having bars or spots
of white, and sometimes nearly the whole of the ends of the feathers

6. NE0T18. 303

white, the inner ones almost entirely white, with a black subterminal
hand before a narrow white tip; bastard-wing tipped with white;
])rimary-coverts blackish brown with white bars, the latter somewhat
broken up with brown frecklinps ; (piills blackish, the primaries white
at base of inner web, this gradually increasing on the inner ones till
it occupies nearly the whole of the inner web of the inner primaries
and secondaries, which have large white spots on the outer web
also, the innermost secondaries like the back ; centre tail-feathers
like the back, with white bauds near the base concealed by the
upper tail-coverts, the rest of the feathers black broadly banded
with white, the white bands three in number and a subterminal
one mottled with brown ; crow n of head black, with a slight indi-
cation of an ashy streak towards the occiput ; lores and a broad
eyebrow ashy white, as also the sides of the face, extending in a
narrow collar round the nape ; hind neck light orange-rufous ; throat
ashy white, followed by a patch of dark ashy brown, slightly paler
and inclining to bluish grey over the fore neck, on the sides of
which descends the orange-rufous colour of the hind neck ; remainder
of under surface from the fore neck downwards white ; under winw-
coverts and axillarics also white ; quill-lining ashy. Total length
about 38 inches, culnien 3'8, tail 13, tarsus 68.

Ilah. West Africa from Accra to the Central Soudan and east to
Kordofan, Senaar, and the Djur district.

a. (S ad. sk. Central Africa. Major Denham [P.].

('I'vpe of sjiecies.)

b. 2 ad. sk. Kordofan, July 10. Consul Petherick [C.].

5. Neotis heiiglini.

Otis heuglini, Ilartl. Ihis, lSo9, p. 344, pi. xi. (Zeila-IIerar); Fimck ^
Ilartl. ];,(/. Ostiifr. p. (^^(ISrO) ; lleiu/l. Oni. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1,
]) !t42 (1873), Ai)p. p. clxxvii (\. Somi'ili-hind).

Eupodotis heuglini, JItii(/lin in Pctcim. MUth. I8G0, Taf. 18, 1869,
p. 418 ; Gray, Hand-l B. iii. p. 8, no. 9927 (1871).

Adult. General colour above dark brown, varied with irregular
markings of sandy buff and large arrow head markings of the same
colour, very distinct all over the back and wing-coverts; lower
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts more uniform and closely freckled
with blackish, the latter luiving two, and sometimes three, black
bauds across the featliers ; wing-coverts like the back, with the
same sagittate markings: median scries black at the ends ; greater
coverts, bastard-wing, and i)rimary-coverts dark ashy grev, tipped
with white and with a subterminal shade of black; quills also
dark grey tipped with white, before wliich is a subterminal shade
of black ; the primaries with a considerable amount of white on the
inner web, decreasing in size towards the inner primaries, where it
takes the form of a band, the innermost secondaries mottled like
the back; tail-feathers ashy, mottled with sandy butf and blackish,
and with a black band near the end of the tail, whieh is tipped with
white ; crown of head black, with a streak of whitish feathers down
the centre ; occiput, nape, hind neck, and sides of neck light bluish

304 OTiDiDj?;.

grey; lores white, spotted with black; eyebrow white, as well as
the feathers below the eye, the latter followed by a broad black
streak mottled with white spots, this streak extending on to the
upper part of the ear-coverts, which are otherwise bluish grey ;
chin and upper throat white ; lower throat and fore neck bluish
grey, overshaded with brown and followed by a band of deep chest-
nut across the chest, this colour extending backwards and separating
in a minor degree the bind neck from the mantle ; breast and the
remaining parts, including the under wing-coverts and axillaries,
white : '' bill greenish black, paler at the tip ; feet dull yellow ;
iris dusky " {T. Heuglhi). Total length about 25 inches, culmen 2-8,
wing 16-9, tail 5-8, tarsus 5-2.
Hab. Somali-land.

a. Ad. sk. Somali-land. C. Chevalier, Esq. [P.J.

7. LISSOTIS*. „ ^

Type.

Lissotis, Eeichenb. Syst. Av. pi. xxxi. fig. 8 (1849) . . L. melauogaiter
Range. Over the greater part of Tropical Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. With a black line down the throat, but not
down the fore neck, which is bluish grey,
followed by a rufous patch on the chest ;

breast and abdomen white nuha, p. 305.

h. Chin and throat silvery grey, a narrow line of

black running down the fore neck on to the

chest, which is black like the rest of the

under surface.

a. Lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and

tail brown, vermiculated with black and

crossed by bands of blackish brown melanogaster, p. •'jOO.

h' . Lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and

tail black hartlaubi, p. 307.

* The following species is founded on a female specimen, and though recog-
nized by Dr. Eeichenow as a good species, I have not been able to place it in
the ' Key ': —

Lissotis maculipennis.
Otis (Lissotis) maculipennis. Cab. J.f. 0. 1868, p. 413 (E. Africa).
Lissotis maculipennis, Cab. in Von der Becken's Eeis. iii. p. 45, pi. xv.

(1869).
Evipodotis maculipennis, Grai/. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 88, no. 9926 (1871).
Otis maculipennis, Finsch §' Hartl. Fog. Ostafr. p. 616 (1870) ; Heugl.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 964, note (1873) ; Fischer ^- Reichen.

J. f. O. 1879, p. 338 (Gelidja) ; Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 388

(1884: Galla-land: Maurui to Aruscha); id. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 116

(Pare Mts ; Pangaui ; Kipini).

Hah. East Africa.

7. LISS0T18. 305

1. Lissotis nnba.

Otis nuba, Cretzschm. in Riipp. Atlas, Viig. p. 1, tab. 1 (1826) ; Hiipp.
MiiK. Senckenb. ii. p. 226 (1837) ; id. Neite Wirb., Vog. p. 16, note
( 18:!5) ; Less. Cojnpl. Buf. i. p. 405 (18:i6) ; Des Murs in Lefebtre's
Vol/. Abi/.ss. p. 144 (1845) ; Eiij>j). Sij.st. Uebers. p. 110 (1845) ;
Brehm, J. f. O. 1853, Extrah. p. 101 (Nubia & E. Sudan) ; id.
J. f. 0. 1855, pp. 65, 493 (Kordofan) ; He.ugl. in Fetenn. Mitth.
I85i), p. 31, 1869, p. 412 ; Hartm.J. f. O. 1863, p. 318 (Dj(5bel-el-
Djilif), 1865, p. 230; Uewjl. Orn.' N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. i. p. 045
(1873), App. p. clxxvii (S. ISubla; Kordofan"; Senaar) ; Hartei-t,
Kat. Vogelsamml. Senckenb. 3Ius. p. 208 (1891).

Eupodotis nuba, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845); Bp. C. Ii. xliii.
p. 416 (1856) ; Gray, Hnnd-l. B. iii. p. 7, no. 1195 (1873).

Iloubara nuba, Reichenb. 'Ilandb., Gall. tab. cclvi. fig. 2174 (1848) ;
Ileugl. Sgst. Uebers. p. 53 (1856 : Nubia & N. Kordofan) ; Antin.
Cat. descr. Ucc. pp. xxi, 96, note (1864) ; id. J. f. O. 1805
p. 73.

Adult. General colour above very light tawny with coarse but
sparsely distinct black freckliugs, generally in the form of cross-bars
with a few iiTcgular arrow-head marks on the scapulars and mantle ;
lower back and rump also tawny with indistinct dusky cross-lines
not so pronounced as on the back ; upper tail-coverts rather more
ashy than the back, with somewhat coarser frecklings and indica-
tions of narrow blackish bars like the tail ; wing-coverts like the
back, with very few cross-markings ; median and greater coverts
with white tips, the latter almost uniform lawny colour and with
scarcely any vermiculations ; bastard-wing and primar3--coverts
almost entirely white with a subtcrminal shade of black ; quills
blackish, all but the outermost primary with white tips, the greater
part of the bases white or tinged with tawny, the innermost
secondaries like the back ; tail-feathers ashy freckled with black
mottlings and crossed by a couple of narrow black bands, the bases
of the feathers being whitish ; crown of head also liglit tawny, with
minute cross-lines of blackish, and with a baud of black on each
side of the crown meeting on the nape ; lores and eyebrow white
like the rest of the sides of the face ; car-coverts slightly washed
with ashy blue like the hinder neck, lower throat, and fore neck ;
cheeks and chin white, as also the rest of the sides of the throat ;
in the centre of the throat a broad black streak ; fore neck and
chest deep tawny rufous, this colour extending backward on the
sides of the neck and reaching upwards so as to separate the grey
on the hind neck from the mantle ; breast, abdomen, under wing-
coverts, axillaries, and (juill-lining white with a few dusky cross-
markings on the upper breast : '■ bill hornj' yellow, more dusky
towards the tip; feet pale yellow; iris ochraceous " (2'. //t'w/Zi/i).
Total length about 25 inches, culmen 1"85, wing 13"3, tail 5*6,
tarsus 4-2.

Uab. N.E. Africa.

a. Ad. sk. 5th Cataract of the Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.],

VOL. IXIU. X

306 OTIDIB^o

2. Lissotis melanogaster.
Otis melanogaster, Eilpp. Mus. Senckenb. ii. p. 240 (1837) ; id. Neue

Wirb. Voff. p. 16, Taf. 7 (1835) ; Gray, List Grallce in Brit. Mus.

p. 55 (1844) ; Des Murs in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss, p. 143 (1845) ;

mipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 107, tab. 41 (1845) ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 331

(Mouth of Zambesi) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 114 (Karagweh) ; Schl.

Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 9 (1865) ; Heugl. in Petertn. Mitth,

1869, p. 415 ; Finsch ^- Sartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 614 (1870) ; Heugl.

Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. i. p. 951 (1873), App. p. clxxviii ; Reichen.

J.f. O. 1877, p. 11 (Loango Coast) ; Socage, Orn. Angola, p. 417

(1881: Huilla; Caconda; Angola ; Diique do Bragauza) ; Sharpe,

ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. pp. 642, 854 (1884) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus.

Genov. (2) i. p. 213 (1884: Daimbi; Adda GaUa) ; Boftm, J.f. O.

1885, p. 52 (Gonda) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 351 (Natal) ; Reichen.

J. f. 0. 1887, p. 48 (Kabondo) ; Matschie, J. f. O. 1887, p. 145

(Lifuku ; Likulwe ; Upamba Lake) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov.

(2) vi. p. 309 (1888 : Lake Cialalaka) ; Shelley, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 48

(Redjaf).
Eupodotis melanogaster. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845) ; Sartl.

Orn. W.-Afr. p. 207 (1857 : Senegal ; Casamance) ; Layard, B. S.

Afr. p. 286 (1867) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 570 (Ambriz) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 8, no. 9923 (1871) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1872,

p. 73 ; Shelley Sf Buckley, t. c. p. 290 (Accra) ; Ussher, Ibis, 1874,

p. 72 (Accra) ; Solub ir Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 233 (1882) ;

Shelley, Ibis, 1882, p. 362 (Umvuli Eiver).
liissotis melanogaster, Reichenb. Handb., Gall. tab. ccliii. figs. 2160-

63 (1848) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers.

p. 53 (1856).
Otis (Sypheotides) melanogaster, Blanf. Geol. ^ Zool. Abyss, p. 427

(1870: Adigrat; Antalo).

Adult male. General colour above dark brown, this colour pre-
dominatiug over the sandy-colou^red portions of the upper surface,
the feathers being vermiculated rather coarsely with blackish and
having large median ovate or sagittate streaks of black ; scapulars
like the back ; lower back and rump nearly uniform brown with
very few transverse frecklings of sandy buff ; wing-coverts lighter
and more tawny, with the same kind of black frecklings and with
very distinct arrowhead blotches of black, the marginal and median
coverts white, as also the bastard-wing feathers, which have slight
remains of black spots, the outer bastard-wing feather having black
bars and mottlings and tinged with buff ; greater coverts white vdth. a
slight fulvous tinge, and regularly barred with three bands of black,
the inner webs somewhat coarsely mottled with the same ; primary-
coverts black tipped \vith white and an additional bar of white as
well as the base, the latter tinged with tawny ; first primary black,
the remainder almost entirely white with black tips, the inner
primaries white with a subterminal band of black, the secondaries
black with two large spots of white on the outer web, the second
one almost cou<;ealed by black motthng, the innermost secondaries
like the back; upper tail-coverts and centre tail-feathers rather
more ashy brown, the remainder either tawny or blackish brown,
thickly freckled with blackish brown and crossed by five black
bands, the outer feather almost entirely black ; crown of head like
the hind neck, sandy buff minutely freckled with black and orna-

7. LissoTis. S07

mented with some tiny spots of lighter buff; lores and eyebrow
dark slaty grey continued in a black line which skirts the sides of
the head and unites on the nape and is separated from the crown
by a less distinct band of white somewhat tinged with ashy ;
feathers below the eye, cheeks, chin, and upper throat hoary grey
shading off into black on the lower throat and continued in a broad
line down the centre of the nock, this line bordered on each side
by a band of white which passes over the hinder cheek and joins
the ear-coverts, which are also white ; sides of neck and sides of
upper breast sandy buff vermiculated with black, and separated from
the upper parts by a lino of white, the feathers being particoloured,
white and black ; fore neck, chest, breast, and under surface of body
black, including the axillaries and under wing-coverts ; thighs
black with a white ring just before the bare portion of the tibia ;
long under tail-coverts sandy buff, towards the ends barred and
freckled with black ; quill-lining white : " bill pale yellowish,
with the culmen dark brown ; legs and feet yellowish brown ; iris
light brown, gradually darkening roimd the inner edge " {T. Ay res).
Total length about 22 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 13, tail 6"3,
tarsus 4'8.

Adult female. Similar to the male on the upper surface, but more
profusely spotted with sagittate spots of black, relieved by a creamy
white line which borders the black spots and brings them into strong
relief; head blackish spotted with sandy buff; eyebrow, sides of
face, and ear-coverts also sandy buff, with no black on the face or
sides of the crown ; chin and upper throat white ; lower throat,
fore neck, and chest sandy buff minutely freckled or barred with
blackish; the feathers of the breast sandy buff with longitudinal
lines and spear-shaped markings of black ; remainder of under
surface white tinged with sandy buff, sides of body vnth large
blotches of black ; under wing-coverts black barred with white ;
axillaries black ; quill-lining black barred with white, some of the
bars broken up into mottlings of sandy buff ; taU-feathers sandy
buff mottled and barred with blackish ; under tail-coverts also
sandy buff' barred with dark brown. Total length 28 inches,
culmen l-7o, wing 13, tail G-15, tarsus 5'4.

Hah. The greater part of Tropical Africa.

a,l>. (J 2 ad. St. Abyssinia. Purchased.

c. $ ad. sk. Abyssiuia. Dr. Kiippell [C.l.

d. 2 "d. sk. liedjiif, Equatorial Africa, Eniin Pasha [P.J.

June 2.

e. cJ imm. sk. KiUmaniaro. H. C. V. Hunter,

Esq. [P.].
/, (/. (S ad et imm. ; Accra, Gold Coast, Feb., Shelley Coll.

h, i, k. 2 ad. sk. May {J. Smith ; G. E. S.).
I. (S ad. sk. Ambriz, Au^'ola. Monteiro Coll.

m. $ ad. sk. Congella Flats, Durban, Shelley Coll.

Natal, Aug. {Gonhje).

3. Lissotis hartlaubi.
Lissotis afra {nee Gm.), Heut/l. Si/st. Uebers. p. 53 (1856).
Otis hartlaubi, -H*M«7/. /. f.'O. 1863, p. 1; Finsch Sf Hartl. Vog.

X 2

308 OTTDro^.

Ostafr. p. til6, note (1870); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afi: ii. pt. 1,
p. 954, tab. xxxii. (1873) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 351.

Adult male. Similar to L. melanogaster, but distinguished by
having the lesser back, rump, upper and under tail-coverts, as well as
the tail, black. Total length 27 inches, culmen 1-95, wing 13-5,
tail 6-7, tarsus 4*7.

Hah. N.E. Africa, ranging into South Africa.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. D. W. Mitchell, Esq. [P.].

8. TRACHELOTIS. ^^^

Tmchelotis, JReichenb. Syst. Av. pi. xxxi. fig. 7 (1849). T. caerulescens.
Range. Tropical Africa.

Key to the Species.

a. With slaty blue on the outer wing-coverts and

the primary-coverts.
a . Under surface of body slaty blue ; under

tail-coverts sandy buff, the longer ones

slaty blue ccenilescens, p. 308.

6'. Under surface of body white ; the long

under tail-coverts sandy buff, barred with

blackish and minutely freckled with sandy

buff canicoUis, p. 309.

b. Outer wing-coverts sandy nrfous : primary-

coverts tawny with blackish tips.

c. With a broad band of bluish grey on the hind

neck; back pale brown, finely vermiculated

with sandy bufi" senegalensis, p. 310.

c'. Hind neck bright rufous, not grey ; back

darker and more coarsely vermiculated . . barrovii, p. 311.

1. Trachelotis caerulescens.

Otis caerulescens, Vieill. Erw. Meth. i. p. 334 (1820) ; Temm. PI.
Col. V. pi. 532 (1832) ; Gray, List Grallce in Brit. Mus. p. 56
(1844) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 4 (1865) ; Gurney, Ibis,
1868, p. 48 (Natal) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 638 (1884) ;
W. Ayres, Ibis, 1887, p. 61 (Potchefstroom, Middleburg).

Otis veroxii, Smith, S. Afr. Q, Journ. no. v. p. 15 (1831 : nomen
nudum).

Otis ferox, Smith, teste Gi-ay, List Gralla Brit. Mus. p. 56 (1844).

Otis cana, Licht. MSS. teste Gi'ay and Bonaparte.

Eupodotis caerulescens. Gray, Gen. B. iii. n. 533 (1845) ; Licht,
Nomencl. p. 88 (1854) ; Layard, B. S. Afr!^. 285 (1867 : Rivers-
dale ; Hanover ; E. Cape Colony) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 8,
no. 9933 (1871) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 385 (Transvaal).

Trachelotis caerulescens, Reichenb. Handb., Gall. tab. cclv. fig. 2173
(1844) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856).

Adult male. General colour above sandy buff, minutely freckled
with blackish wavy lines or irrorations ; the lower back, rump, and

8. TBACHELOnS. 309

Tipper tail-coverts rather more tawny and more finely vermiculated ;
scapulars like the back, as also t he innermost secondaries, the latter
being a little more coarsely vermiculated ; wing-coverts tawny
rufous, the lesser series finely vermiculated with blackish lines, the
median scries uniform externally, the small coverts round the bend
of the wing blue-grey ; bastard-wing and primary-coverts slaty
blue, with dusky or blackish ends ; the outer major-coverts also
slaty blue, black at the ends, the inner major-coverts tawny rufous
like the median series ; quills black with slaty-blue bases, the latter
colour increasing in extent on the inner primaries and secondaries ;
tail tawny rufous at base, black at tip, the two centre feathers
sandy buff, freckled with Itlackish lines ; the outer feathers shaded
with slaty blue subterminally and having the inner web for the
most part slaty-blue ; on some of the feathers the tawny base of the
feather freckled with a few black vermiculations ; crown of head
slaty blue ; forehead black ; hind neck, sides of neck, and under
surface of body from the lower throat downwards slaty blue ;
lores and a broad eyebrow white ; below the eye a streak of white ;
behind the eye a black streak ; ear-coverts greyish white with five
black shaft-streaks ; from the fore part of the eye a largo black
patch, extending on to the ear-coverts and the fore part of the
cheeks ; hinder cheeks, chin, and sides of throat white ; in the
centre of the throat a large black patch, somewhat dilated laterally
and consisting of elongated plumes ; sides of upper breast sandy buff
with blackish vermiculations ; under tail-coverts tawny buff, with
minute blackish vermiculations ; under wing-coverts for the most
part slaty blue, but the greater series white with a bluish tinge ;
axillaries slaty blue ; quill-lining white : " bUl dusky, but pale at
the base ; tarsi and feet yellow ; iris dusky, with the outer ring
tawny " {T. Aijres). Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*3, wing 13,
tail 5-8, tarsus 3-85.

Some specimens in the British and Leyden Museums have the
ear-coverts orange-buff instead of white. They are probably the
adult females.

Hab. South Africa.

a, b. Ad. sk. South Africa. Sir A. Smith,

c, d. Ad. sk. South Africa. Earl of Derby [P.J.

e. S ad. sk. Transvaal, .\pril 6 [T. Ayres). Gumey Coll.

/. (S ad.sk. Transvaal, June 21 {T. E. Shelley Coll.

Buckley).

2. Trachelotis canicollis.

Otis rhaad (nee Lath.), Riipp. Syst. Uehers. p. 110 (1845 : Shoa).
Lissotis senegalensis {nee V.), Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 53 (1866:

Shoa).
Wato, Harris, Hiyhl. Ethiop. ii. p. 417 (1844).
Otis canicollis, Reicheit. Orn. Centralbl. 1881, p. 79 (Berbera) ; id.

J. f. O. 1881, p. 3.34 ; Schahno &,; Iteichen. J. f. O. 188l>, p. 113 ;

Salvud. Ann. Mus. Genor. (2) i. p. 214 (1884: Diiimbi, Shoa);

Fischer, ZeiUchr. yes. Orn. i. p. 388 (1884 : Z^garuku; Kibaradja) ;

id. J./. 0. 1885, p. 116 (,Massaj Barawa) ; S/tarj)e, Ibis, lb92,

310 oTiDro^.

p. 543 (Machako's) ; Emin,J.f. 0. 1891, p. 58 (Steppes of Ugogo) ;
Heichen. t. c. p. 142 (Nianguira).
Otis senegalensis (nee V.). Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 258
(1884).

Adult. Similar to T. ccerulescens, but having the under surface of
the body white ; the long under taU-coverts sandy buff, barred with
blackish and minutely freckled with sandy buff: " bill horny whitish,
the tips of both mandibles horn-brown, flesh-coloured at the base ;
iris pale yellow " (G. A. Fischer). Total length 22 inches,
culmen 1-65, wing 12-5, tail 5-2, tarsus 4'3.

Hab. From Shoa in N.E. Africa to Masai-land.

(i,b. c? 2 ad. sk. Efat, Shoa, April {Sir W. C. India Museiun.

Harris).

3. Trachelotis senegalensis *.

Otis senegalensis, Vieill. Enc. M&th. i. p. 333 (1819) ; Heugl. Orn.

N. O.-Afr. ii. pt. i. p. 959 (1873 : S. Senaar ; Fazogl ; S. Kordofan) ;

Antin. ^ Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 140 (1873).
Otis rhaad, Rilpp. Mus. Senckenb. ii. p. 230, Taf. 15 (1837) ; StricM.

P. Z. S. 1850, p. 220 (Kordofan).
Eupodotis senegalensis. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845, pt.) ; Hartl.

Orn. W.-Afr. p. 206 (1857 : Casamance) ; Graij,Hand-l.B. i. p 8,

no. 9924 (1871).
Lissotis senegalensis, Reichenb. Handb., Gall. tab. ccliii. fig. 2164

(1848).
Trachelotis rhaad, Bp. C. B. xliii. p. 416 (1856).
Chlamydotis senegalensis, LicM. Nomencl. p. 88 (1854).
Lissotis semitorquata, Hetigl. Syst. Uebers. p. 53 (1856 : Steppes of

Schiluk coimtry, and on the Bahr El Abiad).

Adult (type of species). General colour above sandy rufous,
obscured with coarse mottlings of brown on the back and scapulars,
and with finer dusky vermiculations on the hind neck and upper
mantle ; all the wing-coverts pale sandy rufous, the greater coverts
and bastard-wing feathers broadly tipped with black ; primary-
coverts and quills black, the former with sandy-rufous bases to the
feathers ; the primaries white or pale tawny on the inner webs, this
increasing largely towards the inner primaries, but not so developed
on the secondaries, which appear almost entirely black, the innermost

* Otis rhaad.
The Rhaad or Saf-saf, Shaw, Trav. # Obs. Barbara/, pi. ii. p. 252, fig. 2

(1738).
Le Rhaad, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii. p. 61 (1771).
Rhaad Bustard. Lath. Gen. Syoi. ii. pt, 2, p. 855 (1783).
Otis rhaad. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 660.

The old writer Shaw figures the " Houbara" very distinctly, and his " Rhaad "
has generally been referred to Otis senegalensis. This, however, is by no means
clear, and I think the species intended by Shaw is just as likely to have been
Ckoriotis arabs.

8. TEACFELOTIS. 311

secondaries tawny ■with black tips like fhe greater coyerts, or sandy
freckled with brown like the back ; lower back, rump, and upjter
tail-coverts sandy with fine duskj- vermiculations, the upper tail-
coverts and centre tail-feathers more coarsely mottled and crossed
with some more or less complete dusky bands ; tail sandy rufous at
base, with very minute vermiculations. with a broad band of black
at the end and another narrower band of black across the centre of
the feathers, the interspace being sandy buff with somewhat strong
dusky frecklings ; forehead and fore part of crown black, the hinder
crown and occiput blue-grey, surrounded by a .broad baud of black
which unites on the nape ; lores, a broad eyebrow, entire sides of
face, cheeks, ear-coverts, and upper sides of neck white ; hind neck
and sides of neck, lower throat, and centre of fore neck blue-grey ;
lower part of hind neck tawny rufous, this colour descending down
the sides of the neck on to the chest and sides of the upper breast ;
chin and upper throat white, followed by a patch of black on the
lower throat, extended laterally, and followed by a small white spot ;
remainder of under surface of body white, with a little sandy tinge
on the flanks and long under tail-coverts, and a shade of bluish
groy on the chest ; under wing-coverts and quill-lining white,
tinged with sandy buff : " bill huffish horn-colour, blackish towards
the tip ; feet and nails yellowish ; iris pale yellowish umber " ( Von
Ueufflin). Total length about 18 inches, culmen 1'4, wing 11,
tail 5, tarsus 3-9.

Hub. From Senegambia to N.E. Africa.

a. Ad. sk. Senegal (D'Einvilk). Riocour Coll. (Type of species.)

4. Trachelotis barrovii *.

Otis torquata, Ciivier, Rbgne Anim. i. p. 499 (1829: descr. nullii) ;

Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 4 (1865); Heugl. Orn. JV.O.-

Afr. ii. pt. 1, p. 958, note (1873).
Otis barrovii, J. E. Gray, in GriffitKa An. Kingd., Birds, iii. p. 302

(1829).
Otis senegalensis (nee V.), Gray, List Grails in Brit. Mus. p. 36

(1844) ; Iloliib ^- ron Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 232 (1882) ;

S/tarpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 639 (1884).
Eupodotis senegalensis (necV.), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845, pt.) ;

Lai/ard, B. S. Afr. p. 285 (1867) ; Gumeti, Ihis, 1868, p. 48

(Natal) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1869, p. 298, 1880, p. 265 (Transvaal).
Eupodotis crerulescens (wee VieilL), Butler, Feilden, Sf Reid, Zool.

1882, p. 340 (Natal).

Adult male. Similar to T. senegalensis but much darker above,
with large blotches of sandy buflF, the inner, lesser, and median

• Latham and Gray refer to the " Wild Peacock " of Barrow's Voyage,
but give a page on which no mention is made of the bird. I myself have
not yet been able to find the correct quotation. Gray's description of his Otis
barrovii, like nearly everj- one of those given in Gritlitirs edition of Cuvier, is
poor enough, bui I think there can be no doubt that he intended to designate
the souJiem form of T. senegalensis.

312 OTiDrD^.

wing-coverts vermiculated like the back, though not so strongly ;
some of the inner primaries marked with sandy colour at the base
of the inner web, whereas they are entirely black in T. scnega-
lensis ; the outer tail-coverts without the second median black band,
and further distinguished by having the sandy rufous of the hind
neck carried up to the black nape without any intervening shade
of grey ; the black patch on the throat also larger and extending
further up towards the chin : " bill yellowish, the culminal ridge
dusky ; tarsi and feet yellowish white, claws yellowish ; the iris
pale tawny, gradually assuming dusky umber round the pupil "
(T. Ayres). Total length 18 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 11-3,
tail 4-5, tarsus 3-5.

Adult female. Differs from the male in having the crown of the
head blackish, vermiculated with sandy-buff lines, the nape rather
more ashy but still vermiculated with black, and followed by a
black nuchal patch ; the hind neck tawny rufous spreading on to
the mantle ; lores, eyebrow, sides of face, and ear-coverts sandy
buff, speckled with black markings below the eye ; underparts the
same as those of the male, but with no grey on the chest or on the
neck, the black mark on the throat only feebly indicated ; on the
tail-feathers the second bar always distinct ; the upper tail-coverts
and ceutre tail-feathers also with black bars. Total length
17 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 11, tail 4-5, tarsus 3-45.

Young male. Similar to the female, but with bluish grey on the
head and neck, and having more frecklings on the lesser and median
wing-coverts, the back coarsely freckled and with arrow-head sandy-
coloured markings, the primary-coverts sandy rufous mottled with
black, but not black at the ends as in the adult female, the inner
primaries also mottled, but not such a distinct bar as in the old
bird.

Hab. South Africa.

a. (^ ad. sk. South Africa. General HardwickerP.l

b. (S ad. sk. Cape Colony. Sir Andrew Smith [C.J.

c. cJ juv. sk. S. E. Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].
d,e.S2 ad. Swaziland, June 16 {T. E. Shelley Coll.

sk. Buckley) .

f. S (head & Ingagane, Natal, July 20 Shelley Coll.

neck). (Savile Reid).

g,h. S ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Transvaal. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.].

i, k. tS ad, ; I. Potchefstroom, Oct., Dec. Gm-ney Coll.

Juv. sk. (T. Aj/res).

m,n.(S2 ad. sk. Zambesi. Mrs. Sterling [P.].

9. SYPHEOTIS.

Type.

Sypheotides, Lesson, R. Z. 1839, p. 47 S. aurita.

Comatotis, Reichenb. Sysf. Nat. Gallin. Taf. xxxi. fig. 6
(1850) , S. aurita.

Range. The same as that of the single species of the genus.

9. STPHBOTIS. 313

1. Sypheotis aurita.

White-cliiniiocl Bustard, Lath. Gen. Sijn. ii. pt. 2, p. 800 (1783).

rassarao'e ]5ii.«tard, Jjcdh. Gen. Syn. Siip2)l. p. 228 (1787).

Otis iudica, Gin, Syst. Aat. i. p. 725 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. ii.
p. 001 (1700) ; Miller, Vim. Phijs. tab. 33 (1796); VieiU. N. Did.
cl'IIist. ^\lt. xxiv. p. 29;J (1818).

Oti,s aurita, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 000 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hid.
Nat. xxiv. p. 290 (1818); Tcmm. PI. Col. v. pi. 533 (1832);
Gray, in Griffith's An. Kinyd. iii. p. 304 (1829) ; Less, in Belany.
Voy. pi. 10 (1834) ; Jard. ^- Selby, Lll. Orn. pis. 40 (d ), 92 ( $ ) ;
Hudys. Leon. ined. Miis. Brit., Giullae, pi. 42, nos. 10, 17 ; id. in
Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores,
p. 10 (1865).

Otis atriceps. Gray, in Griffith's An. Kinyd. iii. p. 304 (1829).

Otis marmorata, Gray Sf Ilardn: Lll. hid. Orn. i. pi. GO (1832).

Otis fulva, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 155.

Sypheotides aurita. Less. Pcv. Zool. 1839, p. 47 ; Gray, List Grallte
Brit. Mus. p. 57 (1844); Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 259
(1849) ; Irby, Ibis, 1801, p. 237 (Oudh) ; Jerd. B. Lnd. iii. p. 019
(18GJ); Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 57 (1806); Blyth, Ibis, 1867,
p. 163; Stoliczka, J. A. S. Beny. xli. p. 250 (1872: Cutch) ;
Hayes Lloi/d, Ibis, 1873, p. 415 (Kathiawar) ; Hume, Sir. F. i.
pp. 136, 228 (1873: Karachi) ; ^rfrt?«, t.c. p. 393 (Sambhur, July),
ii. p. 339 (1874: Sambbur) ; Ball, t.c. p. 428 (Chota A'agpur);
Lemess. Str. F. iii. p. 379 (1875 : Sind) ; Morgan, Ibis, 1875,
p. 323 (breediug) ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 10 (1876 : Deesa) ; Fairb.
t. c. pp. 262, 206 (Ueccan) ; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 231 (1877 :
Deesa, July to October) ; Ball, t. c. p. 419 (Godaveri district) ;
Davidson cV Wenden, Str. F. vii. p. 87 (1878 : Deecan, breeding) :
Murray, t. c. p. 109 (Sind) ; Ball, t. c. p. 226 (Godaveri); Hume 4-
Marshall, Game B. Ind. i. p. 34, pi. 6 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. viii.
p. Ill (1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, etc., p. 66 (1879) ; id. Cat. B.
S. Bomb. Pres. p. 71 (1880); Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 77 (1880:
S. K.mkan); Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 318 (1882: Kbandeish,
breeding) ; Hume, t. c. p. 412 (1883 : >ilghiris); Murray, Vertebr.
Faun. Sind, p. 220 (1884).

Eupodotis aurita, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 633 (1845) ; id. Cat. Mamm.
etc. Nepal pres. Hodyson, p. 130 (1846) ; id. Hand-l B. iii. p. 9,
no. 9936 (1871).

Comatotis aurita, Reichenb. Syst. Nat. pi. xxxl. fig. 0 (1850) ; Bp.
C. a. -xUii. p. 410 (1856).

Sypheotis aurita, Hume, Nests ^ Eggs Ind. B. p. 561 (1873) ;
Swinh. Sf Barnes, Ibis, 1875, p. 132 (Mhow ; breeding) ; Oates, ed.
Hume's Nests ^- Egy.% iii. p. 380 (1890).

Adult male. General colour above dark sandy buff or ashy,
coarsely but definitely vermiculated and mottled with black, and
with numerous large spear-shaped markings or bars of black ; the
dorsal feathers varied with narrow ashy or whitish margins ;
inner secondaries like the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts more dingy than the upper back and more finely vermicu-
lated ; the upper tail-coverts with well-defined cross-bars of black ;
tail tawny buff, with four distinct black bands, the light interspaces
mottled with black markings ; the centre tail-feathers like the

314 OTIDID^.

upper tail-coverts, more ashj', freckled with black, and crossed with
black bars ; aU the wing-coverts pure white, the inner median
coverts greyish, freckled with blackish lines ; all the outer coverts
black, the innermost of the median series white, freckled with
black ; greater coverts yellowish buff, white at the ends , and
freckled with black lines, occasionally forming cross-bars ; the
innermost greater coverts ashy freckled with black on the inner
web, white on the outer web like the adjacent median coverts;
primary-coverts and quills ochreous, tipped with white, the feathers
uniform towards the base, but freckled with black towards the
ends, and crossed by two, or at the most three, black bands ; inner
secondaries more like the back, but banded with black ; head and
neck all round, as well as the underparts of the body, jetr-black, in-
cluding the decorative plumes of the neck ; between the hind neck
and the mantle a broad band of white descending on to the sides of
the chest ; chin and upper throat white ; some of the longer under
tail-coverts white or sandy buff, mottled with black ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries black : " the bill pale yellow, somewhat
fleshy towards gape, the ridge, tip, and more or less of the upper
surface shaded with dusky horny brown ; the legs pale, somewhat
fleshy yellow, sometimes hoary, sometimes more dusky ; iris dull
yellow, sometimes very pale, sometimes brownish " (A. 0. Hume).
Total length 15 inches, culmen 1'5, wing 7*9, tail 3"5, tarsus 3"5.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being much more rufous
above, the spear-shaped markings wider than in the male and much
more of a sandy buff; tail also not so ashy as in the male, more
sandy coloured, but similarly barred and vermiculated with black ;
wings as in the male, except that the coverts which are white in
the latter are pale sandy buff in the female, with a few black bars
and scanty vermiculations ; no white collar across the mantle ; the
hind neck entirely sandy buff with very minute frecklings ; crown
of head tawny biiff in the centre with a broad black band on each
side ; the nape tawny, streaked with black ; lores, eyebrow, and
sides of face sandy buff, with a few black shaft-streaks and a black
streak under the eye ; throat white, the lower throat and remainder
of underparts sandy buff, isabelline on the breast and abdomen ; on
each side of the throat a long black line of feathers, the fore neck
broadly streaked with black ; the breast somewhat mottled with
black vermiculations, these extending on to the feathers of the sides
of the body ; under tail-coverts tawny buff, with irregular bars of
black ; axillaries black, very slightly mottled with sandy buff; the
lower major and primary-coverts also blackish, the former with
sandy-buff tips ; rest of the under wing-coverts isabellire. Total
length about 19 inches, culmen 1*75, wing 8-8, taU 4*2, tarsus 3-6.

Young male. At first resembles the female in colour, but gradu-
ally assumes the plumage of the male, apparently by a change in the
pattern of the feather as well as by a moult.

Hab. Peninsula of India. Mr. Hume writes : — " I do not, as at
present informed, consider that either Beluchistan, the Punjab, the
N.W. Provinces, north and east of the Jumna, Oudh, Chota Nagpoor,

10. H0UBAK0P8IS.

315

or any part of Bengal or the countries eastward, can be properly
included within its normal range.

a. (S ad. sk.

b. cS ad. sk.

c. (^ ad. sk.

d. 2 ad. sk.
e-s''. c? ad. et

imm. ; t"-a^.

$ ad. sk.
b\ S ad. sk.
e^. S imm. sk.
d^. S imm. sk.
e\ $ ad. sk.
f. 2 ad. sk.
g^-k^. S ad. et

imm. ; P, 2

ad. sk.
m^ 2 ad. sk.
w-', o^ S 2 ad.

sk.
p^. Ad. sk.
q\ 2 ad. sk.
r^. (S imm. sk.
a\ t\ S 2 ad. sk.
M^, «', w'^. S ad. ;

.t-^. 2 ad. sk.
1/', s', a', ad. sk.

6*. c? imm. ; c'.

2 ad. sk.
d', e\ S 2 ad.

sk.
/*. c? ad. hiem.

sk.

Sindh, " rains."
Kattiawar, July 1.

Deesa, July 15 (E. A. Butler).
Sirsa, Aug. 1.5.
Gurgaon Distr., June, July,
Aug. ( W. N. Chill).

Etawah, August 8.

Oudh.

•Tuggernatlipur, Oudh, .July 9.

Sultanpur, Oudh.

Lohallar, Jan. 11.

Nepal.

Nepal {B. H. Hodgson).
Sanger (Hooper).

JMhow.

Mhow.

Neemuch.

Khaudeish.

Sholapur, May to Sept. {J.

Davidson).
Deccan {Sykes).

Madras (i2. G. TV. R.).

Madras.

Belgaum, Jan. 18 (E. A.
Butler).

Hume Coll.

Col. Hayes Lloyd

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Pinwill Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hodgrson Coll.

India Museum.
India iMuseum.

Col. Yerbury [P.J.
Colonel Swinhoe [P.
Colonel Yerbury [P.
India JIuseum.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.
(Types of O./ulva.)
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

10. HOUBAROPSIS.

Type.

Houbaropsis, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. ix.
p. 1 (June 189.3) II. bengalensis.

liauf/e. Confined to the Indian PeninsTila.

1. Houbaropsis bengalensis.

The Indian Bustard, Edtcards, Gleanings, i. p. 87, pi. 250 (1758) ;

Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 804 (1783).
Le Grand Pluvier de Bengale, Briss. Orn. v. p. 82 (1760).
Le Churge ou I'Outiude moyenne des Indes, Buf. Hi.'it. Nat. Oi«.

ii. p. 5(5 (1771).
Otis bengalensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 724 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xxiv. p. 293 (1818); Less. Traits, p. 529 (1831);

Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 50 (1844) ; Schl. Mus. Pay»-Bas,

Cursores, p. 10 (1865).
Otis delicosa, Gray ^- Hardxo. III. Lid. Zool. i. pis. 61, 62 (1832).

316 OTlDIDiE.

Otis himalayanus, Gould, Cent. B. IKmal. pis. 73, 74, 75 (1832).
Otis bengalensis vel delicosa, Hodgs. Icon. ined. in Brit. Mus. pi. 41,

no. 115 ; id.in Grays Zool. Misc. p. 85 (1844).
Eupodotis bengalensis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845) ; id. Handrl.

B. iii. p. 8, no. 9929 (1871).
Sypheotides bensralensis, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 258 (1849) ;

Irbij, Ibis, 1861, p. 237 (Oudh); Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 616 (1864) ;

Blyth, His, 1867, p. 162; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 888; Simsm,

Ibis, 1882, p. 94.
Chlamydotis himalayana, Licht. Nomencl. p. 88 (1854).
Sypheotis bengalensis, i?;;. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856) ; Sume, Nests

|- Eqqs Ind. B. p. 559 (1873) ; id. ^ Marsh. Game B. Ind. i.

p. 23, "pi. 5 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. Ill (1879) ; Gates, ed.

Humes Nests ^ Eggs, iii. p. 378 (1890).

Adult male. General colour above black with sandy mottling, the
latter coarse in character and the black taking the form of arrow-
head centres to the feathers ; the upper scapulars black, forming a
patch on each side of the mantle ; remainder of scapulars like the
back ; lower back and rump dark brown, nearly uniform, with very
slight indications of sandy mottlings on a few of the feathers ; upper
tail-coverts al^ dark brown, but a little more coarsely freckled
with sandy buff and occasional cross-bands ; tail-feathers black
tipped with white, the outer feathers with indications of bluish-
grey bands, which become more distinct towards the centre of the
tail, where they are mottled with blackish frecklings, the centre
feathers sandy buff, mottled with black and crossed by three black
bars ; entire series of wing-coverts white, as well as the bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and the greater portion of the quills, the
major-coverts and quills white, with black shafts for the greater
part of their length, the outer primaries black, with white inner
webs, the white extending on the inner primaries, which have the
shafts and tips black, the inner secondaries white on the outer web,
black on the inner one, the inner greater coverts bluish grey
mottled with black, and having blackish bases, the innermost
secondaries like the back; head and neck all round glossy blue-
black, the head crested and the sides of the neck ornamented with
a very large frill, which also depends over the fore neck; remainder
of under surface of body from the fore neck downwards duU black,
the long under tail-coverts mottled with white ; under wing-coverts
for the most part black, the edge of the wing white, with a
conspicuous white base to the lower major-coverts, quiU-lining
white : " biU dusky, bluish above, bluish grey to yellowish below
and somewhat fleshy brown towards gape ; feet dirty straw-colour ;
iris yeUow " {A. 0. Hume). Total length about 22 inches, culmen
I'o, wing 13, tail 5"5, tarsus 5.

Adult female. General colour above black, coarsely freckled with
sandy rufous and varied with deep sandy-coloured spear-shaped
markings in the centre of the feathers; scapulars very coarsely
marked, but otherwise like the back ; lower back and rump nearly
uniform brown, freckled with sandy buff; upper tail-coverts and
centre tail-feathers sandy rufous, coarsely freckled with black and

10. hottbaropsis.

317

crossed by distinct black bars, the outer tail-feathers brown,
with black frecklings, and crossed by three broad bands of black ;
lesser wiug-covcrts like the back, but lighter, and the mesial
sandy markings rather paler ; median and greater coverts light
sandy rufous, paler at the ends and with very few cross-lines or
mottliiigs of black ; bastard-wing sandy buff but more thickly
mottled with black ; primary-coverts and quiUs black, the former
mottled with white at their ends, the primaries with white bands
on the inner webs more or less obscured by black mottlings, the
secondaries freckled and mottled with sandy buff towards their
ends, and having two or even three broad bands of black, the inner-
most secondaries like the back ; crown of the head sandy-coloured,
with two broad black bands on each side of the crown, enclosing a
mesial band of sandy buff, which like the nape is streaked with
black ; lores, as well as a broad eyebrow, sides of face, and ear-
coverts, sandy buff with a few black spots below the eye ; cheeks
sandy rufous; chin and throat white, extending down the lower
throat ; sides of neck sandy buff as also the fore neck, with a line
of black-tipped feathers on each side of the white throat ; fore neck
and hind neck sandy buff, slightly freckled with blackish and with
mesial streaks of pale sandy buff': breast and abdomen dull white,
with a tinge of sandy colour, especially on the sides of the upper
breast, which is freckled with black ; under tail-coverts pale sandy
buff, with a few blackish mottlings ; under wing-coverts blackish,
with white tips and sandy buff on the outer webs ; axiUaries black ;
quills below blackish crossed by white bars, the latter more or less
obscured by white mottlings. Total length about 25 inches,
culmen 1'65, wing 14, tail 6-.5, tarsus 5-6.

Tomuj males. At first resemble the female, and obtain the black
on the head, neck, and under surface, as well as the white on the
wings, by a moult.

Hah. Eastern Bengal, the valley of Assam, the Bhutan Diiars,
and those portions of Bengal, Oudh, and the north-western provinces
lying north of the Ganges {A. 0. Hume).

a. (S ad. sk.

h. S imm. st.

c. cJ imm. st.

d. 2 ad. sk.

e. cj ad. sk.

/, g, h. <S ad. sk.
«'. (^ imm. ; k. $
ad. sk.

1, 2 ad. sk.

m. 6 ad. st.
n-p. 6 ad.; q-s.

$ ad. sk. _
t-v. ($ ad. et imm.;

w-y. $ ad. sk.

2. (S inim. sk.

N.W. India.

N.W. India.
N.W. India.
N.^Y. India.
Seetapiir.
Oudh, Dec, .Ian.
Purueab, Oudh.

Kheree Distr.

Feb. 19.
Nepal Terai.
Nepal.

General Hardwicke [P.].

(Tvpe of O. delicosa.)
Dr. Eoyle [P.].
Purchased.
Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Rnwill Coll.

Oudb, Hume Coll.

Nepal (5. H. Hodgson).
Bhotan (Pemberton).

Capt. Harris [P.].
Hodgson Coll.

India Museum.

India Museum.

3l8 OTIDID^.

11. HOUBARA.

Type.

Houlbara, Bjh Saggio met. Ucc. Europ. p. 144 (1831) . . H. undulata.
Chlamjdotis, Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 47 H. undulata.

Range. Desert countries of the Mediterranean, ranging from the
Canary Islands east to Egypt and Palestine and throughout Central
Asia to N. W. India.

Key to the Species.

a. Fore neck and chest bluish grey ; crest white

with black tips to the feathers macqueenii, p. 318.

h. Fore neck and chest white hke the rest of the

under surface ; crest white undulata, p. 320.

1. Houbara macqueenii.

Otis houbara [nee Desf.), Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. pi. 19 (1802) ; Naum.
fog. Deidschl. vii. pi. 170 (1834) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russie
merid. iii. p. 229 (1840) ; Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 351 (1865) ;
Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 106 (1869) ; Seebolun, Ibis, 1882,
p. 221 (Astrakhan), 1883, p. 28 (Caucasus) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc,
p. 410 (1884).

Otis macqueenii, Gray ^ Kardio. Illiistr. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 47 (1834) ;
Hutton, J. A. S. Beug. xvi. p. 786 (1847 : Candahar) ; Blyth, Cat.
B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 258 (1849); Gould, B. Asia, vii. pi. 58
(1851) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. Auhang, p. 216 (1853) ; Schl. Vog.
Nederl. pi. 207 (1854) ; Dubois, J. f. O. 1856, t). 301, pi. iii.; Schl.
Bier. Nederl, Vogels, pi. 20. figs. 8, 8 a (1861) ; id. Mus. Pays-
Bas, Cursores, p. 3 (1865) ; Hume, Ibis, 1868, p. 241 (Punjab) ;
Hurting, Handb. Br. B. p. 131 (1872) ; Gould, B. Gt.Br., Introd.
p. ciii (1873) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 68 (1873 : breeding) ;
Fallon, Ois. Belg. p. 144 (1875) ; Dresser, B. Bur. vii. p. 395,
pi. 511 (1876); id. Ibis, 1876, p. 326; Bla?if. Bast. Persia, ii.
p. 287 (1876 : breeds) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 53 (Tarik) ; Tacz.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, ii. p. 154 (1877) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges,
Wien, xxix, p. 241 (1879 : Steppes N. of Saissan) ; Loeivis, Zool.
Gart. 1881, p. 1-56 (Livonia) ; Sivinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 119 (Afghan-
istan, Feb.) ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 72 (Lake Kara-Kul) ; Saunders,
ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 221 (1883) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. ii.
p. 591, pi. 21 (1884) ; Plcske, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi.
p. 50 (1888: Tschinas) ; Saunders, Mati. Brit. B. p. 153 (1889);
Reichen. Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 45 (1889) ; Floericke, J.f. O.
1891, pp. 169, 193 (Prussia).

Houbara macqueenii. Gray, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 57 (1844) ;
Bp. C. R. xiiii. p. 416 (1856) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 612 (1864) ;
Degl. S,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 105 (1867) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867,
p. 162; StoUczka, J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 250 (1872: Cutch) ;
Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 415 (Kathiawar) ; Hume, Sir. F. i.
p. 227 (1873 : Siud) ; Adam, t. c. p. 393 (Sambhur) ; Lemess.
Sir. F. iii. p. 379 (1875 : Siud) ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 9 (1876 :
Ahuiedabad-Deesa) ; Hume, t. c. p. 9, note ( Jodhpur to Sambhur) ;
Butler, Str. F. v. p. 231 (1877: Karachi, Aug.-Feb., Persian
Gulf, April ; breeding) ; Hume ^ Marshall, Game B, Ind. i. p. 17,
pi. 4 (1878) ; Hume, Str. F. vii. p. 67 (1878 : Jodhpur), viii. p. Ill
(1879) ; Butler, Cat. B. Sind ^c. p. 56 (1879) ; Doig, Str. F. ix.
p. 281 (1880 : E. Narra ; breeding) ; Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 208 (Rome,

11. HOTTBAUA. 3l9

Nov., Dec.) ; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 154 (1883); Bor/d. Consp. Av.
Imp. Boss. p. 65 (1884) ; Murray, Vertebr. Faun. Sind, p. 218
(1884) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 16G (Muscat) ; Gir/L Avif. Ital.
p. 365 (1886) ; Salvad. Elmch. Ucc. Ital. p. 284 (1887) ; .S'^ Jo/in,
Ibis, 188'J, p. 175 (Ijiilucliistan) ; Bureau, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,
xiv. p. 308 (1889); Gitjl. Av. Ital. 1st Eesoc. p. 561 (1889);
Brusina, Motr. Sfc. (Orn. Croatica), p. 86 (1890); Barnes, Journ.
Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. p. 1, pi. 4. fig. 837 (1891).

iMacqueen's Busi-avd, Yarrell, Brit. B. Suppl. p. 33 (1845).

Eupodotis macqueonii, Gra)/, Geti, B. iii. p. 533 (1845) ; id. Hand-l.
B. ili. p. 9, nf). 9938 (1871).

Eupodotis undulata {nee Jacq.), Gray, List Brit. B. p. 134 (1863).

Adult male. General colour sandy buff minutely freckled with
blackish vermiculatious, and varied with blotches of black where the
feathers are more coarsely vermiculated or spotted with the latter ;
scapulars like the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
a little more reddish than the back, the black vermicula.tions being
wider apart and crossed by narrow but definite bars of black;
lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, very minutely
freckled with blackish lines and vared by a few arrowhead mark-
ings of black, the median scries paler at the ends ; greater coverts
whitish externally, sandy buff at the base, and on the inner web,
the black frccklings minute and with a small black subterminal
mark which is not always present ; primary-coveris and primaries
black, the former white at the base, the latter for two-thirds of
their length, the inner primaries and secondaries black tipped with
white, and mottled with white or sandy buff on the inner web, the
long inner secondaries like the back ; centre tail-feathers resembling
the upper tail-coverts and crossed by three black bars, the base of
the tail deep sandy buff, the terminal half sandy buff freckled
witli blackish vermiculatious and crossed by two broad bands of
bluish grey, and having a white band at the tip ; crown of head
sandy brown minutely frecldcd with blackish, and ornamented in
the centre by a crest of a few elongated feathers which are white
with black tips ; occiput and nape greyish white, with dusky
frccklings : hind neck covered with down of a sandy-buff colour ;
on the sides of the crown a lateral crest of white, slightly freckled
on the feathers over the eye ; lores and feathers round the eye
white, with elongated black hair-like shafts to the feathers ; sides
of face and ear-coverts pale sandy buff with the same blackish
shafts ; cheeks white, tho fore part streaked with black hair-like
shafts ; chin and upper throat white ; sides of neck black, com-
mencing in a streak close behind the car-coverts and extending
into a ruff o£ stiffened feathers, the basal plumes black, the
succeeding ones white, with broad black tips, succeeded by a tuffc
of featiicry white jjluraes ; lower throat and fore neck bluish grey,
the former obscured by sandy buff, slightly freckled with black, the
plumes of the fore neck elongated bluish grey, Avith white tips ;
remainder of under surface of body whik% with some freckled
feathers on the sides of the upper breast : under tail-coverts white,
with a few black cross-bars, the long ones sandy buff on the outer

320 OTiiiiD^.

webs with more or less black freoklings, all the under tail-coverts
with a concealed tinge of pink at the base ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries, as well as the quill-lining, pure white : " biU bluish or
dusky above, paler, usually greenish or yellowish, on gape and lower
mandible ; feet pale yellow, never clean and bright, mostly with a
dmgy or greenish or plumbeous tinge, at times creamy ; iris
varying from pale to bright yellow " {A. 0. Hume). Total length
about 28 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 15-7, tail 9-5, tarsus 4-9.

Adult female. Differs from the male in being very much smaller,
and in having the crest and the ruff of the neck more feebly
developed, the freckling on the fore neck and lower throat appearing
to be rather coarser than in the male. Total length 23 inches,
culmen 1'65, wing 16, tail 7, tarsus 3'7.

Young birds. Can always be recognized from the adult female,
which they most resemble, by the sandy-coloured arrowhead mark-
ings which pervade the whole of the upper plumage. The frill
is always very small, the crest on the head is represented only by a
few elongated feathers, which are only recognized by somewhat
coarser black freckUngs. The grey on the fore neck is almost obscured
by sandy frecldings, and the white of the primaries is distinctly
inclined lo sandy buff ; in some specimens there is an indication of
a black band on the feathers of the fore neck.

Hab. Throughout the plains portions of the Punjab, Rajputana
north of the Arvalis, Northern Guzerat, Cutch, and the northern
parts, at any rate, of Kathiawar and Sindh (A, 0. Hume). Central
Asia, eastwards into Persia. It has occurred accidentally in many
parts of Europe.

a. Ad. St. India.

h. 2 imm. sk. Abdul Rahman, Afghanistan, Colonel Swinhoe

Feb. 12. [P.].

c. Imm. sk. N.W. India. GeneralMacqueen[P.],

(Tj'pe of species.)

d, e. S 2 ad. sk. Hissar, Punjab, Dec. {J. Tweeddale Coll.

Biddulph).
f.-y'. S ad. et Sirsa, Punjab, Cold season. Hume CoU.
jiiv. ; h'-m" . 2
ad. et juv. sk.
w", o". cf 2 'id- sk. Giu-gaon District, Feb. {A. Hume Coll.

O. H.).
p", q". 2 juv. sk. Gurgaon District, Feb., March Hume Coll.

( W. N. Chill),
r". Juv. sk. Jodhpur {A. O. if.). Hume Coll.

s". 2 imm.sk. Karachi, Feb. 18 (-E. A. Hume Coll.

Butler),
t". Ad. sk. Muscat. Colonel Miles [P.].

u". Juv. St. [Central Asia.] Purchased,

2. Houbara undulata.

Le Houbara ou Petite outarde hupp^e d'Afrique, Buff". Hist. Nat. ii.

p. 59 (1771).
Ruffed Bustard, Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 805 (1783).

n. nOTTBARA. 321

Psopbia undulata, Jacq. Beytr. p. 24, pi. 9 (1784) ; Gm. Syst. Nat

p. 721 (1788).
Otis houbaia, Desf. M6m. de CAcad. Roy. Sci. 1787, p. 496, pi. x. ;

Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 725 (1788); Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hid. Nat.

xxiv. p. 29.3 (1818) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 509 (1820) ; Webb

^- Berth. Orn. Canar. p. 30 (1841); Werner, Atlas, Coureurs,

pi. 4 (1827) ; Brehm, Vdy. D.-utschl. p. 5.34 (1831) ; Vieill. Gal.

Ois. ii. pi. 227 (1834) ; RUpp. Mm. Senck. ii. p. 242 (1837) ;

Gould, B. Eur. iv. pi. 268 (1837); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur.

p. Lxvii (1840); Bolle, J.f. O. 1855, p. 174 (S. Lanzarote), 1857,

p. 334 (Fuerteveutura) ; Lindenn. Vdy. Griechenl. p. 127 (1860) ;

Wriyht, Ibis, 18<J4, p. 140 (Malta) ; Sundeu. Sv. Foyl. pi. Ixxv.

%. 3 (1809) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 171 (1869) ; Saunders, Ibis,

1875, p. 385 (Andalucia) ; Garney, t. c. p. 296 (.Vlgeria) ; Shelley,

B. Eyypt, p. 225 (1872) ; Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 219 (Canaries) ;

Tristr. Faun. .^ Flor. Palest, p. 127 (1884) ; Koeniy, J.f. 0. 1888,

p. 267 (Tunis).
Undulated Trumpeter, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 225 (1787 :

Tripoli).
Clilaniydoti.s houbara. Less. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 47 ; Gray, List Gen,

B. p. 64 (1840) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 88 (1854).
Houbara undulata, Gray, List Gen. B. p. 84(1841); id. List Grallce

Brit. Mws. p. 57 (1844); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 110 (1845);

Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 53 (1856) ; Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856) ;

Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. .353 (E. Atlas) ; Tristr. Ibis, I860, p. 76

(Sabara) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alyer., Ois. ii. p. 254 (1867) ; Salvad.

Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 196 (1871) ; Irby, B. Gibr. p. 153 (1875) ; id.

Ibis, 1879, p. 345 (xMalaga) ; Giyl. Ibis, 1881, p. 184 (Malta) ; id.

Avif. Ital. p. 304 (1886) ; id. ibid. Ist Resoc. p. 561 (1889) ; Salvad.

Elench. Ucc. Ital. p. 283 (1887).
Otis bubiii-a, Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 90 (1844) ; Schl. Mm.

Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 3 (1865: Tripoli); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

ii. pt. 1, p. 961 (1873).
Otis bouabara, Schl. Rev. Crit. p. Ixxx (1844, pt.).
Eupodotis boubara. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 553 (1845) ; id. Hand-l. B.

iii. p. 9, no. 9937 (1871).
Otis ornata, Brehm, Voyelf. p. 278 (1855).
Houbara boubara, Deyl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 103 (1867);

Hartert, Eat. Vdy. Senckenb. Mus. p. 208 (1891).
Otis undulata. Dresser, B. Eur. vii. p. 391, pi. 510 (1876) ; Reid,

Ibis, 1888, p. 76 (Canaries) ; Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1889, pp. 9, 11

(Fuerteveutura).

Adult male. Similar to H. macqueenii, but much more broadly
and coarsely banded with black on the back ; the crown of the
head dark brown, with a median crest of white feathers ; the patch
of long feathers on the fore neck white, instead of bluish grey, and
the plumes composing it much longer and more dependent : " biU
greyish brown ; tarsi and feet greenish ; iris very pale greenish "
{Loche). Total length about 30 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 14-8, tail
8'1, tarsus 3-75.

Adult female. Smaller than the male, with the crost-feathers and
breast-shield less developed.

Hub. Countries bordering the Mediterranean, and the Canary
Islands, extending eastwards to Armenia {^Dresser).

VOL. XXIII. t

;^22 OTTbTDM.

a. Ad. St. Spain. Purchased.

b. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Fraser [C.].

c. Imm. sk. Tripoli, Oct. 27 (H. Warring- Gould Coll.

ton).

d. Juv. sk. Egypt, June. Purchased.

e. Imm. sk. Alexandria, Dec. 2. Tweeddale Coll.

12. EUPODOTIS. Typ^

Eupodotis, Zm. iJei). Zool. 1839, p. 47 E. arabs.

Choriotis, Bp. Ann. Set. Nat. Paris (4) i. p. 148 (1854) . . E. arabs.

Eange. Africa and Arabia ; Indian Peninsula ; Australia.

Key to the Species.

a. No black patch across the chest or on the sides of
the latter ; wing-coverts white at the ends, the
black subterminal bars nearly obsolete or absent

altogether ; bars on neck faintly indicated arabs, p. 322.

6. A black patch across the chest, or on the sides of
the latter.
a'. Greater wing-coverts white, freckled with black,
tipped with white, before which is a very broad

and distinct black bar kori, p. 324.

v. Greater wing-coverts ashy black, with a white kg^^^ardsi,^.'^"^^-
spot at the ends j australis, p.' 328.

1. Eupodotis arabs.

Ai-abian Bustard, Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. i. p. 12, pi. 12 (1743) ;

Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. pt. 2, p. 801 (1783).
Autruche volant du S(5uegal, Adanson, Voy. Seneg. 4to, p. 127

(1757).
L'Outarde d'Arabie, Briss. Orn. v. p. 30 (1760).
Otis arabs, Linn. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 264 (1766) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 723 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxiv. p. 295 (1818) ;
Cretzschm. in Eiipp. Atlas, Taf. 16 (1826) ; Riipp. Mus. Senckenh.
ii. p. 215 (1834) ; id. Syst. Uebers. p. 110 (Kordofan ; Nubia ; Abys-
sinia) ; Levaill. jun. Expl. Sd. Alger., Ois. pi. 10 (1850) ; Hartl.
Orn. W.-Afr. p. 208 (1857 : Senegal) ; Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 344
(Habab ; Samhar) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 8 (1865 :
Senegal) ; Drake, Ibis, 1867, p. 429 (Mogadorj ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S.
vii. p. 294 (1870: Asoos; Ain) ; Heugl. Orn. NO.-Afr. ii. pt. 1,
p. 946 (1873 : S. Arabia; Dahlak Isl. ; Suakin to Danakil Coast) ;
Koenig, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 265.
Le Lohong on I'Outarde hupp^e dArabie, Stiff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ii.

p. 52 (1771).
Otis abyssinica, J. E. Gray in Gi'iffitKs ed. Cuvier An, Kingd., Birds,

iii. p. 304 (1829).
Eupodotis arabs, Gray, List Grallre in Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1844) ; id.
Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845) ; Reichenb. Handb., Gall. tab. cclviii.
figs.' 2180-81 (1848) ; Brehm, J. f. O. 1853, Extrah. p. 101 ;
Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 50 (1856: Senaar to S. Nubia; White
Nile ; Sobat) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 8, no. 9922 (1871) ; Shelley,
B. Egypt, p. 227 (1872) ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 20 (Aden) ;
Barnea, Ibis, 1893, p. 168 (Aden).

12. ETTPODOTIS. 323

Choriotis orabs, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 41G (1856) ; Loche, Expl. Sci,
Algir,, Oil. ii. p. 256 (1867 : Algiers) ; Salvad. Ann. Mm. Genov.
(2) i. pp. 258, 273 (1884 : Shoa).

Otis (Eupodotis) arabs, Blanf. Geol. Sf Zool. Abyss, p. 427 (1870 :
Rairo, 3000 feet).

Adult male. General colour above sandy brown, minutely freckled
with blackish vermiculations ; upper tail-coverts like the back, but
a little more coarsely vermiculatcd and with an indistinct edging or
spot of white at the tip ; wing-coverts like the back, a little more
coarsely vermiculatcd and having triangular spots of white at the
ends, the median series broadly tipped with white, the greater series
also tipped with white and having the inner webs for the most
part white, the outer webs sandy brown vermiculated with blackish'
frecklings, which are more scattered on the inner web than the
outer, the latter having a subterminal shade of blackish brown or
bluish grey ; bastard-wing like the major coverts ; primary-coverts
brown with a bluish-grey shade, indistinctly freckled with sandy
buff and tipped Avith white ; quills blackish, with the greater part
of the inner web white on the inner primaries ; the secondaries
brown with a bluish-grey shade, tipped with white and crossed with
indistinct bars of white more or less broken up with dusky mottlings,
the white increasing in extent towards the inner secondaries, which
arc coloured lilce the back and freckled in the same mauner ; centre
tail-feathers sandy brown with coarse vermiculations of black, the
concealed basal half of the feathers banded with white, the remainder
of the under feathers for the most part white banded vnth. bluish
grey or brown near the base and having a broad subterminal band
of sandy brown, freckled with blackish lines and sometimes shaded
with greyish blue, the ends of the feathers white, before which is a
very distinct shade of black ; crown of head greyish white with
tine black frecklings, the sides of the crown bordered by a band of
black broadening out behind the level of the eye and meeting on
the nape, the posterior feathers of this band being elongated and
narrow, as also are the posterior greyish feathers of the crown ; lores
and a distinct eyebrow white, as also the feathers below the eye ;
sides of face, checks, throat, hind neck, and sides of neck, as well
as the fore neck, ashy white, distinctly banded with ashy blackish
everywhere except on the lower throat, where the cross markings
are finer ; car-coverts ashy white with obsolete dusky bars ; fore
part of cheeks and chin white ; remainder of under surface of body
from the fore neck downwards pure white ; under wing-covcrts
white, but distinctly varied with dusky cross bars ; axillarics pure
white ; quills below blackish, with an ashy-white quill-lining :
" bill horny buff, with the culmen duskj' ; feet ochrc-yellow : iris
yellowish urabcr-brown " (IlnKjUn). Total length about U6 inches,
culmon y-G, wing 23*2, tail 13, tarsus 7*9.

Adult female. Similar to the male, but very much smaller. Total
length about 29 inches, culmen 3-1, wing 19, tail S"4, tarsus 5'5.
Hab. Northern and North-eastern Africa to Arabia.

324 OTIDID^.

a. 5 ad. st. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.l

b. S ad- sk. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell [C.].

c 5 ad. sk. Annesley Bay, Dec. 29. W. T. Blanford, Esq.

[C.].

d. 2 ad. sk. Asoos, Bogos-land, July 2 Tweeddale Coll.

(^W. Jesse).

e. S ad. sk. Ain, Bogos-land, July 5 {W. Tweeddale Coll.

Jesse) .

f. Ad. sk. Suakim. Surgeon-Capt. R. H.

Penton [P.].
ff. Ad. sk. Haith-al-him, Aden, March 19 Hume Coll.

{Col. Yerbiiri/).
h. c? ad. ; i, k. $ Lahej, S. Ai-abia, Dec. Col. Yerbury [P.].

ad. sk.
/. Ad, sk. Mogador. Capt. Taylor [P.].

2. Eupodotis kori *.

Otis kori, Btirch. Trav. S. Afr. i. pp. .393, 402 (1822) ; Eiipp. Mus.

Senckenb. ii. p. 213, pi. xiii. (1834) : C/uiinn. Trav. >S. Afr. ii.

App. p. 413 (1868) ; Murie, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 471 ; Finsch ^'Rartl.

Vol/. Ostafr. p. 611 (1879) ; Bocaqe, Orn. Anr/ola, p. 415 (1881 :

Humbe) ;' Butler, Feilden, Sj-_ Reid, Zool. 1882, p. 339 (Natal) ;

Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 387 (Kiwangaiue) ; id. J. f. O.

1885, p. 116 (Little Aruscha ; Masai-land ; Galla-land) ; Sharpe,

ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 632 (1884) ; Beichen. J. f. 0. 1887,

p. 48 ( Kibaia) ; Bry'den, Kloof ^ Karroo, p. 319, pi. xiv. fig. 2

(1889).
Eupodotis kori. Gray, List GrallcB Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1844) ; Meichenb.

Sandb., Gall. tab. cclix. figs. 2186-87 (1848) ; Gurney in Anderss.

B. Bam.-Ld. p. 258 (1872) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1876, p. 1.33 (Matabele) ;

Holub ^ Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Siklafr. p. 234 (1882) ; Shelley,

Ibis, 1882, p. 361 (Mashona-land).
Eupodotis cristata (nee Scop.), Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845) ;

Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 283 (1867); Cab. in Von der Decken^s Reis.

iii. p. 45 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 7, no. 9919 (1871) ;

Ayres, Ibis, 1877, p. 346 (Transvaal).
Ohoriotis cristata {nee Scop.), Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856).
Otis cristata, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Genov. (2) i. p. 213 (1884 : Falls of

Kataba), vi. p. 309 (1888 : Ghermi, Shoa).

Adult male. General colour above dark sandy brown, with the
usual blackish vermiculations and with a slight greyish shade,
some of the feathers of the mantle and upper back rather more
blackish ; lower back, rump, aud upper tail-coverts like the
back, the latter rather more coarsely freckled ; lesser wing-
coverts like the back ; median coverts for the most part white,

* The following synonymy has been referred to the present species, but it
has also been considered to b.long to E. edwardsi. In reahty Sunnerat's
figure is so bad that it would do for either, species.

Le Paon Sauvage de I'isle de Lu9on, Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guiii. p. 86, pi, 49

(1776).
Charadrius cristata, Scop. Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. ii. p. 93 (1783).
Otis leuconiensis, VieUl. Enc. Meth. i. p. 332 (1820).

I

12. RUP0D0TI8. 325

coarsely mottled with black or grey frccklings, and having a broad
black subtcrminal bar before the white tip ; greater coverts also
like the median, but more thickly mottled with black or grey
vermiculations ; bastard-wing like the median or greater coverts,
but the subtcrminal bar not so strongly indicated ; primarj'-coverts
ashy brown, the inner ones mottled and broadly tipped with white ;
quills brown, the two outer ones scarcely freckled with white on
the outer web, but the inner ones becoming more white on the
inner web, barred with bluish grey and tipped \vith white, some of
the inner primaries chequered with sandy buff on the outer webs ;
secondaries bluish grey, everywhere mottled -with white, the
feathers tipped white, before which is a subtcrminal bar of blackish
brown, innermost secondaries like the back ; tail-feathers ashy
brown at the base, crossed by two broad bands of white, which are
separated from each other by bands of black, one broad and one
narrow, the latter followed by an indistinct white band which
merges into the sandy-brown ending of the tail, this portion having
a narrow band of black and a much broader subtcrminal band of
black, finishing with a white end to the feather, the whole of the
sandy-brown marginal portion of the feather being coarsely freckled
with black, the white bands having also a few indications of dusky
mottlings ; crown of head strongly crested, black, with a greyish
band of feathers down the centre ; the nape and sides of hinder
crown greyish white barred with black, exactly like the whole of
the neck ; sides of face, throat, a streak over the eye, a patch in
front of the eye, fore part of cheeks, and chin white ; on the fore
neck, partly concealed by the long barred feathers of the lower
throat, is a crescentic band of black, the sides of the upper breast
also marked with black ; remainder of under surface white, including
the axUlaries and under wing-coverts ; lower primary-coverts ashy
freckled with white, as also the lining of the quills : " bill light
horn-colour ; feet light yellowish ; iris lemon-yellow " (Antinori).
Total length about 52 inches, culmen 4-9, vriag 30*9, tail 13-8,
tarsus 8'55.

Adult female. Much smaller than the male. Total length about
■iO inches, culmen 32, wing 20'3, tail 10, tarsus Cy-l.

Hub. South Africa, on the west to Benguela, and north to
Eastern Africa and Shoa.

a. 2 ad. sk. South Africa. J. Rocke, Esq. [P.].

b. c? ad. sk. South Africa. Capt. Alexander fP.].

c. Head. Lydenburg District, Transvaal. Henrv Glynn, Esq.

[P.'l-

d. 2 ad. sk. Kilimanjaro. H. C. V. Hunter, Esq,

[P.].

e. Ad. sk. [Abyssinia.] Purchased.

3. Eupodotis edwardsi.

Otis edwardsii, Grai/ in llanlw. III. Intl. Zovl. i. pi. 50 (c. 1S30) ;
Sc/il. ^fu^. Paifi-Ba.^, Cursores, p. 8 (18l>6); Adam, Str.F.i.
p. 393 (1873: Sambhur), ii. p. 339 (1874).

326 OTIDIB^.

Otis nigriceps, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 35 ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1882,
p. 115 ; Gould, Cetit. B. Himal. pi. 72 (1832) ; Hodgs. Icon. ined.
in Brit. Mus. GrallaB, pi. 43. no. 778 ; id. in Gray's Zool. Misc.
p. 85 (1844).

Eupodotis edwardsi, Gi-ay, List Grallce Brit. Mus. p. 58 (1844) ;
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 258
(1849) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 88 (1854) ; j0-d. B. Ind. iii. p. 607
(18G4) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 162 ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 387
(C4walior) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 7, no. 9920 (1871) ; StoliczJca,
J. A. S. Beng. xli. p. 260 (1872 : Cutch) ; Hayes Lloyd, Ibis, 1873,
p. 415 (Kathiawar) ; Hume, Nests Sf Egqs Ind. B. p. 557 (1873) ;
id. Str. F. i. pp. 136, 227 (1873 : Sind) ; Butler, Str. F. iv. p. 9
(1876 : Dacca) ; Ball, t. c. p. 234 (Sumbulpur district) ; Fairb.
t. c. pp. 262, 266 (Ahmednuggiir) ; Hume Sf Marsh. Game B. Ind,
i. p. 7, pi. 3 (1878) ; Davidson <^ Wenden, Str. F. \i\. p. 87 (1878
Deccan); Ball, t. c. p. 226; Tweedie, t. c. p. 528 (Oudh) ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. Ill (1879) ; Wilson, t. c. p. 490 (Mozufiernuggur)
Butlei; Cat. B. Sind etc. p. 56 (1879) ; id. Cat. B. S. Bomb. Pres
p. 71 (1880) ; W. Elliot, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 486 (gular pouch)
Davidson, Str. F. x. p. 318 (1882: Khandeish) ; Murray, Vertebr
Faun. Sind, p. 217 (1884) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests i^ Eggs, iii
p. 375 (1890).

Eupodotis leuconiensis. Gray, Cat. Mamm. etc. Nepal pres. Hodgs,
p. 130 (1846).

Clioriotis edwardsi, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856).

Adult male. General colour above dull sandy buff, everywhere
finely vermiculated with blackish, some of the feathers with a
rufescenfc tinge, but without any black or sandy-buff blotches ;
scapulars like the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts
like the rest of the back, the latter with narrow white ends ; lesser
wing-coverts like the back, but with a slightly more rufescent tinge ;
median coverts black, tipped with white ; greater coverts black with
white tips, but the inner ones mottled with white towards the base
and shaded with bluish grey, sometimes occupying the greater part
of the feather ; bastard-wing brown, shaded with grey and tipped
with white ; primary-coverts slaty blue and tipped with white ; the
primaries slaty blue, the long primaries blackish, with notches and
bars of white on the inner ones, which are also tipped with white,
these bars being irregular in shape ; secondaries slaty blue, tipped
with white and irregularly mottled with white towards the base of
the outer web, the innermost secondaries like the back, but with a
certain grey shade ; taU-feathers like the back but somewhat more
coarsely vermiculated and shaded with grey ; about the middle of
the tail a band of dusky blackish and two other bands of whitish
obscured with dusky mottlings ; crown of head and nuchal crest
black ; over the eye a few white streaks, but no distinct eyebrow ;
neck all round, lores, sides of face, throat, and under surface of
body pure white ; sides of breast with a few vermiculated sandy
feathers and with a large black patch which forms a somewhat
broken collar on the fore neck and extends with a few blackish
feathers round the upper part of the mantle ; on the lower flanks
a large patch of black feathers ; under tail-coverts black with white
bands at the end, some of the feathers bluish grey freckled with

12. ExrpoDOTis. 327

brown on the margins and with a sub-terminal bar of black ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries white ; the lower primary-coverts ashy,
minutely freckled, the edge of the wing black with whitish tips
to the feathers : " bill greyish brown to greyish white, dark at tip
and near the forehead and often a little yellowish below ; legs and
feet generally yellowish creamy, a little dingy on the toes, some-
times vrith a light fleshy tinge or with a pale grey or plumbeous
tinge ; iris pale to bright yellow. Total length 45 to 50 inches,
wing 24-5 to 29, tarsus 7'5 to 8-37; weight 17 to 22 pounds"
(A. 0. II.).

Adult female. Very much smaller than the male, with broader
white tips and more white bars on the wing-coverts and quills,
and further distinguished by having a broad white eyebrow, and
by the blackish vermiculations on the throat and fore neck ; the
tail has a very distinct sub terminal band of black. " Total length
36 to 38 inches, wing 20 to 22, tarsus 5*5 to 6"8 ; weight 8 to 10
pounds " {A. 0. If.).

Nestling. Sandy-coloured above \nth the usual vermiculations,
but distinguished by numerous large triangular spots or bars of
sandy buff, preceded by a mark of black, which imparts a variegated
appearance to the whole of the upper surface ; the head is black,
the feathers tipped with bars of pale sandy colour ; there is a broad
eyebrow of creamy white, as in the old female ; the underparts are
buffy white, with indications of dusky cross bars on the throat and
chest ; the markings on the wing are much more coarse and broken
up into mottlings than in the adult bird, and the creamy-white tips
to the coverts largely predominate, giving a much whiter appearance
to the wing.

The greater number of the specimens in the Hume Collection
were killed in the cold season in the Punjab, and they are all
apparently fidly-moulted birds. The younger individuals may ap-
parently be distinguished by the coarse frecklings of the upper
surface and by a greater amount of black at the base of the dorsal
feathers. This sometimes causes a slightly variegated appearance,
but the sandy spots which distinguish the young birds seem to
entirely disappear at the first moult and are never seen again after-
wards.

The typical specimen of E. edivardsi of Gray, which must have
formed the original of the native drawing in Hard\vicke's ' Illus-
trations,' has not passed into the possession of the Museum. The
figure is taken from a female bii'd, and the name edivardsi is founded
on the illustration in the above-named work.

Hah. Plains of Indian Peninsula.

a. Juv.sk. India. India Museum.

b. $ ad. sk. Near Kotri, Kiver Indus Hume Coll.

{Col. Butler).
c-s. c? ad.etimm. ; Sirza District, cold season. Hume Coll,

a'-f. $ ad. et
imm. ; g'-h'.
Juv. et pull. sk.

328

I', m', (S ad. sk.
n'. 5 ad. sk.
o',p'. cJ 2 ad.sk.
q', r'. (S ad. ; s'.

$ ad. sk.
<', «'• c? 2 ad. ; «'.

Juv. sk.
?«', x'. c? ad. sk.

Hissar, Oct.

Jbansie, Aug. {A. 0. H.).
N,W. Provinces.
Gwalior, July.

Decean {Sykes).

Khandeish.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Piuwill CoU.
Hume Coll.

India Museum.

India Museum.

4. Eupodotis australis.

Otis australis, J. E. Gray in Griffith^ eel. Cuvim; An. Kingd., Birds,

iii. p. 305 (1829) ; Schl. Mus. Pays-Bas, Cursores, p. 9 (1865) ;

Murie, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 471, pi. xxxvi.
Otis australasiana, Gould, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 176 ; id. B. Anstr.

fol. vi. pi. 4 (1848); Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 236 (1850);

Raonsay, Ibis, 1867, p. 134 (gular pouch).
Eupodotis australis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 533 (1845) ; Reichenb.

Handb., Gall. tab. cclix. figs. 2188-90 (1848) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

iii. p. 8, no. 9921 (1871) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 19

Choriotis australis, Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 416 (1856) ; Gould, Handb. B.
Austr. ii. p. 208 (1865) ; French, Vict. Nat. 1891, p. 11 ; North,
Nests 8r Eggs Austr. B. p. 296 (1889).

Adult male. General colour like that of E. edwarclsi, but rather
darker and more shaded with slaty grey on the upper parts ; the
lower throat dull ashy white freckled with dusky vermiculations
in the shape of wavy cross lines on the rest of the throat and neck :
" bill straw-white, with olive and black culmen ; legs and feet
straw-yellow ; iris greenish white, eyelash pale olive-yellow " (J.
Gould). Total length about 48 inches, culmen 3, wing 26, tail
10-5, tarsus 7*2.

Hah. Australia.

a. c? ad. sk.

Australia.

Pm'chased,

ADDENDA.

I

DuRiNa the proprrcss of the present volume throuj^h the press
the following additions and corrections have become necessary : —

j^^^ . Page 10. Rallus longirostris.

RalUis longirostris, Sharpe, Notes Lei/den Mus. xv. p. 266 (1893).

Page 13. Add .—
Rallus cubanus.

Rallus longirostris cubanus, Chajmi. Bull. Amer. Mits. N. H. iv.

p. 288 (1892).

Described as being intermediate in colour between Rallus cari-
bceus and R. scottii.
Hah. Cuba.

^(Id . Page 24. Rallus indicus.

Kallus aquaticus indicus, Hartl. Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. p. 332
(1892 : Tientsin).

A.d(j ; Page 30. Limnopardalus sangTunolentus.

FoiDuj. Browner than the adult, with a shorter bill and whitish
ciieeks and throat ; under surface of bodj' ashy grey, overshaded
with bro\vn ; under tail-coverts isabelline brown, with black centres
to the feathers. (Mus. Lugd.)

Page 31. Limnopardalus nigricans.
Add " Surinam {Mtis. Lugd.) " to the habitat.

^d^ . Pago 33. Hypotaenidia striata.

llypoUenidia striata, Sharpe, Notes Leyden Mm. xv. p. 267 (1893).

Page 37. Hypotaenidia brachypus.
Add :—
lUllus pectoralis, Sc/U. Mus. Pays-Bas, Ralli, p. 12 (18G5).

330 ADBENDA.

Page 38. Add :—
2 a. Hypotsenidia muelleri.

Rallus muelleri, Rothsch. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. viii. p. xl (April
1893).

Adult. Upper surface of head, occiput, and neck brownish red,
faintly and irregularly striated with black ; back and rump bright
chestnut, with the centres of the feathers black ; wings brownish
black, faintly edged with rufous grey ; cheeks reddish grey ; centre
of the throat reddish white ; lower part of throat and breast rufous
grey ; flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts black, each feather
tipped with pale rufous, and with two white bands; tail rufous,
with indistinct grey bands. Wing 3*3 inches, culmen I'l, tarsus
1"1, central toe with claw 1*3, tail 1-3. (Mus. Stuttgardt.)

Hah. Auckland Island, south of New Zealand,

This Rail has been described by the Hon. Walter EothschUd
while the present volume was going through the press. It is an
island form of H. hrachypus, with the wing-coverts elongated and
the feathers of the lower back and rump much puffed out, as in
the flightless Weka Rails (Oajdromus and Eulaheornis). Its
tawny colour distinguishes it at once from H. hracJiypus. The
description is copied from that given by Mr. Rothschild.

^^^ . Page 45. Hypotaenidia celebensis.

Hypotajnidia celebensis, Sharpe, Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 268 (1893).

45. Add :—
5 a. Hypotsenidia jentinki.

Hypotsenidia jentinki, Sharpe, Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 268 (1893).

Adult female. Similar to H. celebemis, but much more rufescent
on the upper surface and especially more rufous on the wings and
tail ; the centre of the head blackish brown, much darker than in
H. celebensis ; lores, ear-coverts, and sides of crown jet-black ; under
surface of body also black, the white bars very narrow as compared
with E. celebensis. Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 6*1,
tail 2-3, tarsus 2-15, middle toe and claw 2-15. (Mus. Lugd.)

In dimensions this bird does not diifer very much from H. celeb-
ensis, but is generally of a stouter build. It is very nearly aUied
to H. saturata, Salvadori, from New Guinea, and has a black throat
like that species, but is easily distinguished by its rufous-tinted
upper surface.

Hah. Island of Sula Mangola.

^^^ . Page 47. Cabalus dieffenbacMi.

Cabalus dieffenbachii, Forbes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 532, 544.

ADDENDA. QQI

Page 48. Add:—
1 a. Cabalus modestus. (Plate VI.*)

Rallus modcstus Button, Ibis, 1872, p. 247, & 1873, pp. 349-352 •
Jd. Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. v. p. 223 (1873). ^^ o*^-oo^ ,

tabalus mod,^tus, Hutton, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. vi. p. 108 (1874) •
O n''r } ^- '^■"^- -"'^ '^ "• P- ^-^ (18*-^)' Forbes, BulLBit.

Ca^bah^ dieffenbachii, juv., S/>arj^e, Cat'. B. Brit. Mm. xxiii. p. 47,

Ocydromus pygmaeus, Forbes, Nature, xlvi. p. 252 (1892).

iJi-^"^^ ^'' T'", ?''^ ^ described as the young of Cabalus diefen-
haclm a male bird from Mangare. Quite recently Mr. H. 0 Forbes

fiLnr^? !t? ' 'P*'"''' ' ^""^ *^^ ^"■'^ ^^^^^ I iia^e described and

{antia, p. 48, PI. VI.) is really the adult of C. modestus In tbi<,

iX*r" "'* ^■*--"» they„u„g„rS:-.pL°ef5

The adult female is similar in colour to the male, but is less in

unde'rl?;:/ ""'' -^^-^111, and the sandy-coloured ba'soTth:
under surface are more numerous.

The sexes measure as follows :

Total length. Ciilmen. Wing. Tarsus

if. 7-8 1.4-1-5 3-4-3-0 M-Mo

^ ^ ^^ 7 1-2-1-3 3-0-3-1 1-0

The young bird is much more uniform in colour than the adults
and IS leaden grey below with no markings at all, exceptht^ a few
sandy-buff bars on the outer wing-coverts and pri^iary qullfs.

"' .fi'u- ■ sk. ^ *'"^' '^ ^'^''^"^ ^'^- (^«'''^'«*)- H. 0. Forbes, Esq.

Add:— Pago 52. Gymnocrex rosenbergi.

a. Ad. sk. Celebes ( Von Rosenber;,). Leyden Museum [P.].

Page 53. Add :—
7 a. ARAMIDOPSIS.

Aramidopsis, Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. x. „ liv '^^^"''

(June 1893) \ i . •

' A. plateni.

liaiif/e. Confined to Celebes.

1. Aramidopsis plateni.

Rallus plnteni, Blasius in Buss' ' IsL.,' 1886, p. 103; Heine &

lieichen. Aomencl. Mus. Ilcin. p. 321 (1890)
Aramidopsis plateni, Sharpe, Bull. B. O. C no. x. p. liv (1893).

* Named Calalus diejfeitbac/iii, juv., on Plate.

332 ADDENDA.

Adult (type of species). General aspect of tipper surface above parti-
coloured ; the mantle slaty grey ; the lower back, rump, upper tail-
coverts, and tail ruddy brown ; wing-coverts and inner secondaries
chestnut-brown, the outer coverts dusky with a wash of olive-brown ;
primary -coverts and quills uniform sepia-brown ; forehead and
crown ashy grey washed with olive ; the hinder crown, nape, and
hind neck deep orange-chestnut, spreading over the sides of the neck
to behind the ear-coverts ; the lores, sides of crown, and sides of face
ashy grey : chin and upper throat white ; remainder of under
surface leaden grey, with obsolete sandy margins to the feathers of
the throat and breast ; the abdomen with whitish bars, and the long
flank-feathers also black with white bars, as also the under tail-
coverts ; on each side of the vent a patch of olive-brown ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries black with white bars : "bill brownish,
the base of the mandible vellowish green ; feet black ; iris brown "'
{Platen). Total length 11-5 inches, culmen 2-2, wing 5-8, tail 1-5,
tarsus 2-4, middle toe and claw 2-2. {Mus. Brunsv.)

Hah. Celebes.

Add : P^ge 57. Aramides cayanea.

Youncf. Covered with dusky blackish down, through which appear
the feathers, which are exactly like those of the adult bird, the head
and throat covered with rufous down ; the hind neck dull brown.
(Mus. Lugd.)

Add : ^&ge 58. Aramides chiricote.

p. Ad. sk. Bahia. H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [P.].

Page 60. Add :—

Subsp. y. Aramides plumbeicollis.

Aramides plumbeicollis, Zeledoti. Anales Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i.
p. 131 (1887), ii. p. 3 (1888) ; Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii.
p. 53, note ; Eichm. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 528 (1893).

Since writing my description of the genus Aramides, the Museum
has received from Messrs. Salvin and Godman two examples of this
species, which had previously been unknown to me. I find that it
is a dark form of A. albiventris, with a ruddy mantle and deep
chestnut breast, without a perceptibly lighter abdomen. Total
length 14 inches, culmen 2-35, wing 7"2, tail 1-95, tarsus 3-05.

Rab. Atlantic side of Central America from Honduras to Nicar-
agua and Costa Rica.

a. c? ad. sk. River Escoiidido, Nicaragua, Salvin-Godman CoU.

Oct. 4, 1892 (C. W. Eiclimond).

b. 5 ad. sk. San Domingo, Chontales, Nicar- Salvia-Godmau Coll.

agua, Jan. 15 ( W. B. JRicliard-
son).

ADDENDA. 333

Page 64. OCYDROMUS.

Add as an extinct species : —

OcTDROinTS DfSIGinS.
OjydromiH in^ig.iis, Forbes, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. xxiv. p. 188 (1892:
Chatham Islands).

^£[,j . Page 66. Ocydromus earli.

Ooydroraus earli, Buller, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. xxiv. p. 66 (189:2:
Macquarie Isl.), p. 82 (Solauder Isl., Foveaux Straits).

j^^^ . Page 68. Diaphorapteryx hawkinsii.

Aphanapteryx hawkinsii, Forbes, Ibis, 1893, pp. 254, 545.

Mr. Forbes has come to the conclusion that his genus Diaphor-
apteryx cannot be separated from Aphanapteryx. The bones in
the collection (p. 'oS) are the typical specimens.

Add:— Page 69. ERYTHROMACHUS. ^ ^ -

Miserythius, A. Newt. Enel. Brit. iii. p. 733 (1875) .... E. leguati.

1. Erythromachus leguati.

Gelinotte, Leguat, Toy. (teste Newton).
Erythi'omachus leguati, A. Neiot. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 41.
Miserythrus leguati, A. Newt. Diet. B. i. p. 219 (1893).

^^(j . Page 71. Dryolimnas aldabranus.

Rougetius aldabranus, Ridgway, Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 598
(1893).

Mr. Ridgway says that the Aldabra birds described by him were
*' similar to ' li. gularis' of Assumption, but without trace of dusky
streaks on the dorsal region, and with the white bars on the belly
and flanks much less distinct (sometimes almost wanting).'* He
received eight specimens from Dr. Abbott. The breadth of the
dorsal stripes and the barring on the abdomen are characters which
vary so much in the Madagascar species, D. cuvieri, that I con-
sidered {^anteu, p. 71) D. aldabranus to be only a subspecies. One
of the specimens from Aldabra has the dorsal striping nearly as
pronounced as in D. cuvieri from Madagascar. Mr. Ridgway was
apparently unaware of Dr. Giinther's name for the Aldabra bird,
but he has luckily chosen exactly the same name for his supposed
new species.

PaseSl. Add:—

19 a. STICTOLIMNAS.

Tjpe.

Stictolimnas, Biittik. Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 274

(1893) S. sharpii.

Raiuje. South America ; exact locality unknown.

334 AtoDteiTDA.

This geinis is closely allied to Castanolimnas (p. 80) and Crecopsis
(p. 81). Curiously euough, although the bird is supposed to come
from some part of South America, the nearest approach to it in
form that I can find is the Andaman Castanolimnas camiingi, which
it resembles in its barred wings and somewhat decomposed tail-
feathers. Of course the style of plumage is quite different in the
two birds, and Castanolimnas has a much more rounded wing, the
fifth and sixth quills being equal and longest and the first and
second much shorter. In Stictolimnas the second and third quills
are equal and longest.

To Crecopsis the genus Stictolimnas bears a stUl greater resem-
blance, but it has a longer and more EaUine biU, a barred wing, and
barred flanks. The first primary in Stictolimnas falls far short of
the second, while in Crecopsis they are almost equal.

1. Stictolimnas sharpii.

Adult (tj^e of species). General colour above blackish, with
olive-brown margins to the feathers, the back and scapulars varied
with small white spots ; wing-coverts rather browner than the back,
the feathers with blackish bases and larger white spots and streaks,
the outer primary-coverts with ovate notches and spots ; quills
blackish, chequered externally with large ovate markings, which are
represented by white bars on the inner web ; the bars and spots
less distinct on the secondaries, and almost absent on the innermost
ones ; first primary edged with white along the outer web ; tail-
feathers dark brown, with longitudinal streaks or spots along the
outer web ; crown of head and hind neck almost uniform brown,
washed with ashy ; lores and ring round the eye isabelline ; above
the ear-coverts a streak of light ashy, forming a faint eyebrow ;
sides of face and throat uniform ashy grey, the fore neck and breast
ashy grey mottled with brown bases to the feathers ; sides of breast
and flanks blackish, with broad brown margins, and varied with
spots and bars of white ; thighs, vent, and under tail-coverts ashy
grey ; under wing-coverts blackish, barred and edged with white.
Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 5-4, taU 2-5, tarsus 1-6,
middle toe and claw 1'65. (J/ms. Lugd.)

Hah. ? South America.

^^^ . Page 82. Crex crex.

Crex crex, North, Rec. Austr. Mus. ii. p. 82 (1893 : N. S. Wales).

A J J . Page 86. (Enolimnas isabeUina.

Young. Exactly reproduces the colour of the adult, with the ex-
ception that the biU is brown instead of yellow, and the head is
brown instead of olive. (Mus. Lugd.)

b. Ad. sk. Menado, N. Celebes (Duivenbode), Leyden Museum.

ADDElfDA. OOP

Page 92, footnote. Porzana marginalis.

exa^mSo'f P t'' t^^^Leyden iluseum I was pleased to find two
T Sr /• '««'-^*"«^«. which was before unknown to me and
I had herefore been forced to place the species amongst thosTwhk.h
I could not arrange in position. I am now able to "state that he

^';Z '"«T""^^ 1 P'^'^^"^ '^ '^' bird described by cLon
Tn.tram as Cr... suaJ^loisis, which I have placed in the 4nus
L>mno!>cenus (anted, p. 150). The species is certainly not a true

(ilarti.; but It IS scarcely a true Limnohcenm, and wiU probably
^bration! "^""*'' ^""'"""^ ^" ^^^'^^^^ '' ^'^ pecXr'sJyle of
The revised synonymy is here given :

Limnobaenus marginalis.
p. o4 (Biskia, AWia); id. J. f 0. 1871 n Gl o^:,/ " a^ '

Crexsuaheknsis 7Vv^,..i>.^.6. 1882 p. 93 ■ Lc/^en. ^ Schalow,

J. T- O. lb8.J, p. 402 ; Tnstr. Cat. Coll. p. 28 (1889)
Crex marginahs, ^A^;-;,e, ed. Lai,ard's B. S. Afr.r,. G13 (1884)
Limnob«3nus suahelensis, Sharpe, Cat. B. bU. W ^^\ jgo

Add :— Page 103. Porzana intermedia.

Porzana intermedia, Sharpe, Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 269 (1893).
This species ranges as far east as Lake Baikal. {Mm. Lugd.)
Add :— Page 106. Porzana affinis.

Ortygometia affinis, Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. .531 (Chatham Isl.).
b, c. Ad. sk. ^g^jChristchurch, New H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [P.].

Add :— Page 111. Porzana tabuensis.

Ortygometra tabuensis, Forbes, Ibis, 1893 n '^'U (C'\..^\. x , x
Sharpe, Notes Leyd. Mm. xv.' p. 269 (1893)!^' ^ "^ ^^'^ '

Page 114. Pennula ecandata.

D,, 7 , » ""oo^sting tnat this species was the samp a.?

SSatiZ Thr' ^°^^<^'l-r^3- Dr. nLtlaub is rightTn iS
lacntincauons. Ihe species must stand as o ^^

336 ADDENDA.

Pennula sandwichensis.

Sandwich Rail, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 1, p. 237 (1785).

Rallus sandwichensis, Gm. Syst. Ifat. i. p. 32-5 (1788) ; Hartl.

Abhandl. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. Heft 3, p. 397 (1892) ; Sharpe,

Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, viii. p. xlii (April 1893).
Pennula ecaudata (pt.), Sharpe, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. xxiii. p. 114

(1894).

Adult (type of species). General colour above ruddy brown with
blackish centres to the feathers, producing a broadly striped ap-
pearance ; wing-coverts like the back and very much elongated ;
quills blackish with rusty-brown edges ; tail-feathers blackish,
completely hidden by the long feathers of the rump ; head more
uniform brown, with a ruddy tinge ; sides of face like the head ;
throat and under surface of body dark vinous red, a little paler on
the latter. Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-8, wing 2-8, tail 0-7,
tarsus 1"3, middle toe and claw 1-35. {Mus. Lugd.)

Hah. Sandwich Islands ; apparently extinct.

^^^ . Page 115. Aphanolimnas monasa.

Kittlitzia monasa, Finsch, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, p. 240 (1893).
AphanoUmuas monasa, Finsch, Orn. MS. Schutze, Voyeho. xviii.
p. 3, pi. iv. (1893).

^(j^. Page 116. Corethrura pulchra,

Corethrura pulchra, Sharpe, Notes Leyd. Mus. xv. p. 269 (1893).

In the Leyden Museum is a young bird in changing plumage. It
has the rufous head and chest of the adult, but the centre of the
fore neck and the rest of the under surface are light brown, with a
few freshly moulted white-spotted feathers interspersed.

Page 123. Eallicula rubra.

The typical specimen in the Leyden Museum is mounted and
shows that the tail is very bushy, though this is also the case with
Cortthrura to a less extent. la Rallicula, however, the bill is much
more massive and is about equal to the outer toe and claw, whereas
in Corethrura the bill is much shorter than the latter.

a. Ad. sk. Arfak Mountains, N.W. New H. Veitch, Esq.

Guinea (Byrne).

This specimen was recently received by the Museum from one of
Mr. Veitch's collectors and is probably the female of B. rubra. It
differs from all the specimens I have seen as yet, in having the
mantle longitudinally streaked with rufous, and the wing-coverts,

ADDENDA. 337

being edged with rufous, continue this streaked appearance on the
wing. The abdomen is dusky brown, with a few rufous cross Itars.
Total length 0-5 inches, culmen 1-05, wing 4-2, tail 2-9, tarsus 1'45,

^(l(j . Page 130. Poliolimnas cinereus.

k'. Ad. sk. Kajeli, TJourou, Dec. 5 II. 0. Forbes, Esq. [P.].

(H. 0. F.).

^^^ , Page 133. Porzanula palmeri.

roizauula palmeri, Rothsch. Acif. Laysan, pt. i. p. 9, pi. 5 (1893).

Page 135. Key to the species of Creciscus.

Add to section : —

b'. Breast whitish, rufous or grey on the sides.

e". Sides of face and ear-coverts bluish grey ; fore-
head also slaty grey cinereiceps,

^^j . Page 139. Creciscus melanophaeus.

Crex lateralis, J. E. Gray, in Griffith's ed, Cuvier, An. Kinyd. iii.

p. r,42, cum tab. (1829).
Ortvgonietra lateralis, G. R. Gray, List GralUc Brit. Mus. p. 199

(1844).

Specimens from Surinam are in the Ley den Museum,

Page 140. Add :—

7 a. Creciscus cinereiceps.

Porzana cinereiceps, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 90 (1875) ; Ridgw.

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mtis. i. p. 252 (1878: Costa Kica) ; id. op. cit. vi.

p. 409, note (18S:^) ; Richm. op. cit. xvi. p. 528 (1893).
Porzana leucogaster, Ridyuay, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 408

(1883).
Creciscus leucogaster, Shatpe, anteit, p. 140.
Creciscus cinereiceps, Sharpe, anteit, p. 141.

Achdt nude. Similar to C. nllnriularis, but easily distinguished by
its slaty-grey forehead and the bluish ashy ear-coverts and sides of
face : " bill apple-green at base ; feet olive ; iris carmine '' (C. W.R.).
Total length 5-3 inches, culmen 0-7, wing 3'15, tail 0'75, tarsus 1-15.

Ailidt fe)ii(de. liesemblcs the male in colour. Total length 4*0
inches, ciilmen 0'65, wing 2-9, tail 0*7, tarsus 1*1.

Yonnci. Sooty brown above, with reddish feathers here and
there, indications of the adult plumage ; throat and centre of breast
white, with sooty-brown bars on the latter ; sides of body, thighs,
and under tail-coverts uniform sooty brown.

//((/). Atlantic side of J^icaragua.
VOL. xxiii. z

338 ADDENDA.

a-f. (5 ad. et juv. ; Escondicio River, Nicarajrua, Salvin-Godman Coll.
g-l. 2 ad. et June-Sept. (C. W. Rkh-
juv. sk. mond).

Mr. Eichmond has given very careful notes on the above series
(L c), and his contention that P. leucogaster of Eidg-way is the
same as P. cinereiceps apjiears to be fully borne out.

Page 146. Limnobsenus fuscus.
Add " Borneo " to the list of habitats.

Page 149. Limnobaenus paykulli.
Add " Philippines " to the list of habitats.

Add • — 'i^a.^Q 153, Amaurornis olivacea.

Tribonyx olivacea, Licht. Nomencl. Mus. Berol. p. 97 (ISoiV

Page ] 53. Amaurornis moluccana.

Salvador! thinks that the type of Gallinula franJci of Schlogel is
a young bird of Amaurornis moluccana; but I am not quite con-
vinced that this is the case, as the bird is entirely chocolate-brown
above and dark brown below, dark ashy on the breast and
abdomen, and again chocolate-brown on the vent and under tail-
coverts, throat dark ashy grey. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-2,
wing 5-5, tail 2-1, tarsus 1-95, middle toe and claw 2-4.

The dark bill would apjiear to confirm Count Salvadori's idea
that the bird is young.

Page 163. Neocrex erythrops.

The birds described by Schlegel as Porzana scltomhunjld (Cat.
Ealli, p. 37) are really Neocrex erythrops, as suspected by Sclater
and Salvin (P. Z. S. 1868, p. 459).

^^^ . Page 169. Gallinula chloropus.

Gallinula chloropus pyi-rhorhoa, Sihree, Ibis, 1892, p. 114.

Afl^ : Page 182. Porphyriops melanops.

u. Ad. St. ? Patagonia. Sir W. Burnett and Admii-al

Fitzroy [P.].
V. Ad. sk, S. America. Eev. W. Ilenoah [P.].

(Type of G. crassirostris.)

ADDBWDA. 339

Pago 18G. Psammocrex petiti.

Add :— Page 189. Porphyriola martinica.

'TS "TJ^Hs^^'T^^f].'^- ''■ '- ''' ^'''' ■■ '^"^^'^^ '

Add :— Page lUl. Porphyriola parva.

Porphjrio parvus, Gra/iam Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 149 (R. Pilcomajo).

Add : — Page 250. Grus grus.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abnormis (Hypota;nidia),

37.
abyssinica (Eulabeornis),

163.
abyssinica (Otis), 322.
abyssinica (Rallina), l(i3.
abyssinicus (Rallus), 163.
abvssinicus (Rougetius),

163.
segyptiacus (Porphyrio),

i96.
sequatorialis (Rallus), 7,

18.
a'thiops (Rallus), 151.
alllnis (Ortygometra),

106, 334.
affinis (Porzana), 93, 106,

335.
aflinis(Telinatoruis), 226.
afra (Afrotis), 294.
afra (Compsotis), 293,

294.
afra (Eupodotis), 294,

295.
afra (Lissotis), 294, 307.
afra (Otis), 293, 295.
afroides (Afrotis), 294.
al'roides (Eupodotis), 294.
afroides (Otis), 294.
Afrotis, 293.
Againi, 279.

Agamie do Cayenne, 279.
akool (Aniawrornis), 15.5.
akool (Corethrura), 1.55.
akool (Gallinula), 172.
akool(IIypota'nidia), 155.
akool (Ortygometra), 155.
akool (Porzana), 155.
alai (Fulica), 225.
alba (Fulica), 208.
alba (Gallinula), 208.
alba (Xotornis), 208.
albici)llis(Araniides), 102.
albicoUis (Galeolimnai>),

102.

albicoUis (Mustelirallus),

102.
albicoUis (Ortygometra),

102.
albicoUis (Porzana), 92,

93, 102.
albicoUis (Rallus), 102.
albifrons (Corethrura),

139.
albifrons (Gallinula),

139.
albifrons (Laterirallus),

139.
albigularis (Aramide.s),

141.
albigularis (Corethrura),

140.
albigularis (Creciscus),

134, 140.
albigularis (Porzana),

141.
albiventer (Eulabeornis),

34.
albiventer (Lewinia), 34.
albiventer (Rallus), 33.
albiventris (Aramides),

59.
albus (Porphyrio), 208.
aldabranus (Dryolimnas),

71.
aldabranus (Rallus), 71.
aldabranus (Rougetius),

333.
Alechthelia, 115.
Aletoi-nis, 277.
alfara (Creciscus), 141.
alfara (Porzana), 141.
alleni (Ca>sarornis), 188.
alleni (Gallinula), 18>!.
alleni (Hydrornia), 188.
alleni (lonoeicca), 188.
alleni (Porpliyrio), 187.
alleni (Porpliyriola), 187.
alticeps (Crex), 84.
Auiauroliiunas, 4, 87.

amauroptera (Eurj'-

zona), 77.
amauroptera (Porzana),

77.
Amaurornis, 5, 152.
americana (Ardea), 2.59.
americana (Fulica), 221.
americana (Grus), 256,

259.
americanus (Ardea), 259.
aniericanus (Grus), 259.
americanus (Limnogera-

nus), 259.
aneiteumensis (Porphy-
rio), 203.
angolensis (Ortygometra),

81.
angulata (Gallinula), 181.
antarctica (Ortygometra),

19.
antarcticus (Aramus), 10.
antarcticus (Rallus), 7,

19, 31.
Anthropoides, 249, 269.
Antigone, 249, 262.
antigone (Antigone), 263,

264.
antigone (Ardea), 264.
antigone (Grus), 263, 264,

266.
antiquorum (Porphyrio),

194, 196.
Anurolimnas, 4, 88.
Aphanapteryx, 3, 68.
Aplianolimnas, 4, 115.
Aptornis, 207.
aquatieus (Aramus), 21.
aquations (Rallus), 6, 17,

20, 24. 25.

arabs (Choriotis), 302,

322, 323.
arabs (Eupodotis), 310,

322.
arabs (Otis). 322.
Aramides, 2, 53. •

342

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Aramidopsis, 331.
Aramiis, 237.
ardesiaca (Fulica), 217.
ardesiaca(Gallinula), 172.
ardesiaca (Lysca), 218.
arenarius (Eallus), 227.
armillata (Fulica), 218.
assimilis (Eulabeoruis),

40.
assimilis (Hypotsenidia),

40, 41.
assimilis (Eallus), 39.
aterrima (Gallinula), 151.
atra (Fulica), 210.
atriceps (Otis), 313.
aurita (Comatotis), 313.
aurita (Ooretlirura), 144.
aurita (Crex), 144.
aurita (Eupodotis), 313.
aurita (Ortygometra),

144.
aurita (Otis), 313.
aurita (Sypheotides), 313.
aurita (Sypheotis), 313.
australasiana (Antigone),

285.
australasiana (Grus),26.5.
australasiana (Otis), 328.
australis (Choriotis), 328.
australis(Eupodotis), 328.
australis (Fulica), 217.
australis (Hypotsenidia),

40, 41.
australis (Ocydromus),

G4, 166.
australis (Otis), 328.
australis (Eallus), 64.
Autruche volant du S6-

n^gal, 322.
axillaris (Aramides), 56.
axillaris (Ortygarchus),

56.
ayresi (Ooturnicops), 129.
ayresi (Ortygops), 129.

bailloni (Crex), 103, 107.
bailloni (Gallinula), 103.
bailloni (Ortygometra),

103, 107.
bailloni (Phalaridiuui),

104.
bailloni (Porzana), 104,

106.
bailloni (Eallus), 103,

107.
bailloni (Zapornia), 106.
Balearica, 249, 272.
balearica Grus), 272.
barrovii (Otis), 311.
barrovii (Trachelotis),

311.

beaumonti (Eallus), 227.
beldingi (Eallus), 7, 10.
bellus (Aletornis), 277.
bellus (Porpbyrio), 202,

203.
bemmeleni (Porphyi-io),

200.
bengalensis (Eupodotis),

315.
bengalensis (Houbaro-

psis), 315.
bengalensis (Otis), 316.
bengalensis (Svpheotides),

316.
bengalensis (Sypheotis),

316.
bernieri (Calamodromus),

70.
bernieri (Eulabeornis), 17.
bernieri (Eallus), 70.
bicolor (Porzana), 93,

113.
bicolor (Eallus), 30.
Biensis, 6.

boecki (Aramides), 87.
boecki (Ei-ythrolimnas),

87.
boecki (Eufirallus), 87.
bonapartii (Corethrura),

123.
bonapartii (Ortygome-
tra), 123.
brachyptera (Stagnicola),

172.
brachypterus (Galliral-

lus), 67.
brachypterus (Ocydro-
mus), 65, 67.
Brachyptrallus, 164.
brachypus (Donacias),

32.
brachypus (Eulabeornis),

38.
brachypus (Hypotas-

nidia), 33, 37, 38, 329.
brachypus (Lewiuia), 32,

38.
brachypus (Eallus), 37.
broeckii (Aphanapteryx),

68. _
broeckii (Pezophaps), 68.
Bugeranus, 249, 267.
burchelli (Eupodotis),

300.
burchelli (Neotis), 300.
burcbelli (Otis), 300.
burnesi (Gallinula), 172.
Bustard, 281.
Bustard, Arabian, 322.
Bustard, Great, 284.
Bustard, Indian, 315.

Bustard, Little, 287.
Bustard, Macqueen's, 319.
Bustard, Passarage, 313.
Bustard, Ehaad, 310.
Bustard, White-chirmed,

313.
Bustard, White-eared,

293.

Cabalus, 2, 46.
cffirulea (Fulica), 194.
cserulescens (Apterornis),

193.
cserulescens(Aramus), 26.
cserulescens (Eupodotis),

308,311.
cairulescens (Notornis),

193.
cserulescens (Otis), 308.
Cffirulescens (Porphyrio),

193.
cserulescens (Eallus), 7,

25.
caerulescens (Trachelotis),

308.
CiEruleus (Porphyrio),

194, 198.
cseruleus (Eallus), 26.
Cffisarornis, 192.
ceesia (Gallinula), 32,
Cffisia (Eallina), 29.
cassius (Aramides), 32.
ciEsius (Porphyrio), 194.
etesius (Eallus), 29, 30,

32.
caffer (EaUus), 25.
caffra (Eupodotis), 301.
caffra (Grus), 269.
caifra (Neotis), 301.
caffra (Otis), 301, 302.
cajanea (Fulica), 37.
Calamodromus, 162.
callopterus (Aramides),

62.
calvus (Porphyrio), 200,

202.
campestris (Otis), 289.
campestris (Tetrax), 289.
cana (Otis), 308.
canadensis (Ardea), 2.56.
canadensis (Grus), 254,

256.
canicoUis (Lissotis), 309.
canicollis (Otis), 309.
canicoUis (Trachelotis),

309.
Oanirallus, 3, 72.
Canne-petiere, 287.
canningi (Oastanolim-

nas), 80.
canningi (Euryzona), 80.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

343

canning! (Kallina), 80.
canoru3 (Grus), 251.
cantatrix (Psophia), 278.
capenais (Gnis), 2(>8.
capensis (Limnocorax),

1.')!.
caponsis (Tetrapteryx),

208.
Cura negra, 182.
caribiua (Fulica), 224.
caribicus (Rallus), 13.
Ciirinata (Gallinula), 150.
Carolina (Arainides), UD.
Carolina (Crcx), 1)1).
carolina(GaleoIinnias),00.
Carolina (Ortygometra),

98.
Carolina (Porzana), 1)2,

97, 98.
caroliuus (Rallus), 97.
carunciilata (Ardea), 2fi7.
carunculata (Grus), 2(i7.
carunculata (Laomedon-

tia), 2()7.
carunoulatus (Bugera-

nus), 2()7.
castanea (Ttallina), 87.
castaneiceps (Anurolini-

nas), 88.
castaneiceps (Araniides),

88.
castaneiceps (Porzana),

88.
castanoiventris (Eulabe-

ornis), 49.
cnstaneivontris (Rallina),

49.
castiinous (Rallus), 87.
castaneus (Bu(irallus),87.
Castanolimiias, 8U.
caudatus (Rallus), 115.
cayanea (Aramides), 57,

58, 59, 332.
cayanonsis (Crcciscus),

134, 13.->, 143.
cayanensi9( Porzana), 144,
cayanensis (Rallus), 144.
Kvvanensis (Rufirallus),

"144.
cavennensis (Ammides),

58, 59.
cnycnnon9is(Corctlirura),

87. 144.
caycnnensis (Crex), 144.
cayeiinensis (Fulica), .58.
cayeunonsis (Gallinula),

5S, 59.
caycnnensis (Ortygar

Vhus), ,">8.
cavennensis (Ortygoine-

'tnO, 144.

cayennensis (Porzana),

144.
cayennensis (Rallus), 144.
colebonsis (Eulabeornis),

34, 45.
celeben8i.s(ITypot,Tnidia),

33, 45, 4(1, 330.
celebensis (Rallus), 45.
corcoleps (Ortygonietra),

115.
ceylonica (Porzana), 70.
ceylonica (Rallina), 77.
cliathampMsis (Porpliy-

rio), 202.
chilensis (Fulica), 218,

219.
chilensis (Ortygometra),

13(5.
chincnsis (Erythra), 1.57,

158.
cbinensis (Fulica), 157.
Obiricote, 58.
Chiricote aploraado, 01.
cbiricote (Aramides), 58,

59, 332.
chiricote (Rallus), 58.
chloronotus (Porphyrio),

187, 190.
chloronotus (Porphyrio-

la). 188.
chloronotus (Porphy-

rula), 1S7, 188.
chloropoides (Fulica),

219, 220, 224.
cbloropus (Crcx), 172.
chloropus (Fulica), 1(>9.
cbloropus (Gallinula),

170, 178, 180, 338.
chloropus (Rallus), 172.
chloropus (Stagnicola),

172.
chlorynothus (Porphy-
rio), 194, 195.
Cboriotis, 322.
christyi fRallus), 228.
chrvsopelargiis (Ardea),

274.
chrysopclargus (Balear-

ica), 274, 275.
Cluirges, Le, 315.
cineracea (Grus), 251,

253.
cinerea (Aramides), 138.
cinerea (Erythra), 132.
cinerea (F'ulica), 183.
cinerea (Gallicrex), 183,

184.
cinerea (Gallinula), 183.
cinerea (Grus), 250, 252,

255.
cinerea (Ilypnodes), 184.

cinerea (Ortygometra),

132, 138.
cinerea(Poliolimnas),131.
cinerea (Porzana), 132,

138.
cinereiceps (Creci.scus),

141, 337.
cinereiceps (Porzana),

141, 337.
cinereus (Hypnodes), 184.
cinereus (Poliolimuas),

130, 337.
cinereus (Porphyrio), 130,

138.
cinereus (Rallus), 138.
cinnamomea (Corethru-

ra), 117.
cinnamomea (Ortygome-
tra), 116.
cinnamomeus (Rallus),

IIG.
circoleps (Coretkrura),

115.
circoleps (Porzana), 115.
claraator (Grus), 2.59.
coccineipes (Amauror-

nis), 1.55.
coccineipes (Gallinula),

155.
colei (Otis), 299.
coUaris (Antigone), 262.
collaris (Grus), 258,262.
comeri (Porphyriornis),

107.
comnumis (Grus), 250,

253.
Compsotis, 293.
concolor(Amaurolimnas),

87.
concolor (Aramides), 87.
concolor (Porzana), 87.
concolor (Rallina), 87.
concolor (Rdlus), 87.
Coot, 210, 212.
Coretbrura, 4, 115.
Corethruropsis, 123.
Corn-Crake, 84.
comuta (Fulica), 217.
coriuita (Lycornis), 217.
coryi (Rallus), 13.
Colurnicops, 120.
coturniculus (Creciseus),

134, 147.
coturniculus (Porzana),

137.
Courlan, 237.
Crake, Baillon's, 104.
Crake, Carolina, 98.
Crake, Gallinule, 82.
Oi-nke, Little, 90.
Crake, Spotted, 95.

344

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Crane, 250.

Crane, Brown, 256.

Crane, Bro^\'n and Ash-
coloured, 256.

Crane, Common, 250.

Crane, Crowned African,
272, 274.

Crane, Greater Indian,
264.

Crane, Hooping, 259.

Crane, Indian, 262, 264.

Crane, Japan. 258.

Crane, Numidian, 269.

Crane, Wattled, 267.

crassirostris {Fulica),182.

crassirostris (Gallinula),
182.

crassirostris (Porphy-
riops), 182.

crassirostris (Rallus), 11.

Creciscus, .5, 134.

Crecopsis, 3, 81.

crepitans (Psophia), 279.

crepitans (Rallus), 8, 11,
12, 13, 16.

Crex, 4, 82.

crex (Crex), 82, 84, 334."

crex (Elaphrocnemus),
228.

crex (Gallinula), 82.

crex (Ortygometra), 84.

crex (Rallus), 82.

cristata (Eupodotis), 324.

cristata (Fulica), 215.

cristata (Gallicrex), 183.

cristata (Gallinula), 183.

cristata (Lupha), 216.

cristata (Otis), 324.

cristatus(Hypnodes),183.

cubanus (Rallus), 329.

cursor (Orthocnemus),
228._

cuvieri (Dryolimnas), 70.

cuvieri (Gypsornis), 226.

cuvieri (Rallus), 70.

cyanicollis (Porphyrio),
189.

cyanocepbalus (Por-
phyrio), 205.

cypereti (Rallus), 11.

Daker-Hen, 82.
dasypus (Rallus), 227.
defossor (Aptornis), 207.
delicosa (Otis), 315, 316.
Demoiselle de Numidie,

269.
Demoiselle of Numidia,

The, 269.
denhami (Eupodotis),

302.

denhami (Neotis), 302.
denhami (Otis), 302.
desjardinsi (Fulica), 209.
Diaphorapteryx, 3, 68,

333.
diefFenbachii (Cabalus),

46, 47, 330.
diefFenbachii (Hypotffini-

dia), 47.
dieffenbachii (Ocydro-

mus), 47.
dieffenbachii (Rallus), 47.
dimidiata (Alecthelia),

122.
dimidiata (Corethrura),

117,122.
dimidiata (Crex), 122.
dimidiata (Gallinula),

122.
dimidiata (Ortvgometra),

122.
dimidiata (Porzaua), 121.
dispar (Rallus), 227.
Donacias, 32.
Donacophilus, 134.
DrToUmnas, 3, 70
Duck, French Field, 287.
dybowskii (Otis), 286.

earli (Ocydromus), 65,

66, 333.
ecaudata (Corethrura),

144.
ecaudata (Gallinula), 144.
ecaudata (Penuula), 114,

335.
ecaudatus (Rallus), 114,

115.
edwardsi (Choriotis),

326.
edwardsi (Eupodotis),

325, 326, 327.
edwardsi (Porphyrio),

201.
edwardsii (Otis), 326.
effluxus (Tribonj'x), 164.
egregia (Crecopsis), 81.
egregia (Crex), 81.
egregia (Ortygometra),

81.
Elaphrocnemus, 227.
elatus (Geranopsis), 277.
elegans (Arannis). 8.
elegans (Corethrura), 120,

121.
elegans (Gallinula), 120.
elegans (Rallus), 6, 7, 8,

10, 15.
ellioti (Porphyrio), 202.
elhoti (Tapinopus), 227.
elwesi (Porzana), 113.

Erythra, 152.
Erythrolimnas, 134.
Erythromachus, 3, 69,

333.
erythrops (Aramides),

163.
erythrops (Neocrex), 163,

338.
erythropa (Porzana), 163.
ervthropus(Limnocorax),

'151.
erythropus (Ortygo-
metra), 151.
erythropus (Porphyrio),

196.
erythrorhynehus (Apter-

ornis), 193.
erythrothorax (Core-
thrura), 146.
erythrothorax (Crex),

128, 149.
ervthrothorax (Galli-
nula), 146, 149.
erythrothorax (Porzana),

128, 146.
erythrothorax (Rallina),

"149.
erythrura (Gallinula),

'157.
erythrura (Tribonyx), 158.
etorques(Eulabeornis),40.
etorques (Hypotsenidia),

40.
Eulabeornis, 2, 49.
eurizona (Ortygometra),

78.
eurizonoides (Euryzona),

77, 78.
eurizonoides (GJallinula),

78.
Eurypyga, 240.
Euryzona, 74.
euryzona (Hypotasnidia),

75.
euryzona (Gallinula), 75.
euryzona (Rallina), 76.
euryzonoides (Euryzona),

77.
euryzonoides (Rallina),

74, 77, 78, 79.
excelsa (Grus), 276.
exilis (Creciscus), 134,

138, 139.
exilis (Laterirallus), 138.
exilis(Porzana), 138, 139.
exilis (Ralkis), 138.
eximius (Rallus), 228.
exquisita (Coturnicops),

128.
exquisita (Ortygops), 128.
exquisita (Porzana), 128.

ALPnABF/nCAL INDEX.

345

facialis (Creciscus), 135,

145.
facialis (Crex), 145.
facialis (Liiterirallus), 145.
facialis (Orlygometra),

145.
facialis (Porzana), 145.
Faisan dos Antilles, Le,

279.
fasciata (Oorethrura), 75.
fasciata (Crex), 75.
fasciatn (Euryzona), 7.").
fasciata (Gallimila), 75.
fasoiata(0rtjgoinetra),81.
fasciata (Porzana), 75, 88.
fasciata (Rallina), 74, 75,

78.
fasciatus (Rallus), 75.
Favorite, La, 191.
Favorite de Cayenne, La,

191.
femoralis (Amaurornis),

182.
femoralis (Crex), 182.
ferox (Otis), 308.
ferrea (Ilypotivnidia), 37.
finschi (Ocydromus). 68.
fistulans (Fulioa), 170.
fistulans (Gallinula), 172.
flanuniccps (Zaporuia),

14(5.
flavipes (Gallinula), 172.
flavirostra (Gallinula),

flaviro8tra(Ortygometra),

151.
flavirostris (Fulica), 191.
flavirostris (Glauccstes),

192.
flavirostris (Liinnocorax),

151.
flavirostris (Porpliyrio),

191.
flaviventer (Aramides),

110.
flaviventer ( Porzana), 110.
flaviventer (Rallus), 110.
flaviventris (Ortygo-

metra), 110.
flaviventris (Porzana),

93, 110.
fluniinea (Ortygonietra),

101.
fluniinea (Porzana), 92,

101.
foljambei (Crex), 103.
foljainbei (Gallinula), 89.
forbcsi (RjiUicula), 124.
forsteri (Rallus), 40.
franki (Gallinula). 154,

3:!5.

fraterculus (Qrua), 256.
frontata (Fulica), 219.
froiitata (Gallinula), 168,

169.
Fulica, 6, 209.
fulica (Ileliornis), 2.33.
fulicula (Porzana), 95.
fulicula (Rallus), 94.
fuliginosa (Fulica), 212.
fuliginosa (Rallina), 146.
fulva (Otis), 313.
fulvicrista (Lophotis),

293.
fulvicrista (Otis), 292.
fuBca (Coretbrura), 146.
fusca (Crex), 146.
fusca ( Fulica), 1G9.
fusca (Gallinula), 172.
fusca (Grus), 25().
fusca (Ortygomctra), 146.
fusca (Porzana), 146.
fusca (Rallina), 146.
fuscilateralis (Rallus), 21.
fuscus (Grallirallus), 67.
fuscus (Limnoba^nus),

146, 338.
fuscus (Ocydromus), 67.
fuscus (RaUus), 146.

galapagoensis (Porzana),

93, 113.
galatea (Gallinula\ 178.
galeata (Crex), 177.
galeata (Gallinula), 177.
Galeoliiunas, 92.
Galliorex, 6, 183.
gallicus (Orthocnemus),

227.
Gallinula, 6, 167.
Gallinule, Black-bellied,

57.
Gallinule, Brown, 170.
Gallinule, Carolina, 98.
Gallinule, Cayenne, 57.
Gallinule, Common, 170.
Gallinule, Favourite, 191.
Gallinule, Florida, 178.
Gallinide, Grey-headed,

19.5, 197.
Gallinule, Martinico, 189.
Gallinule, Olivaceous, 90.
Gallinule, Piping, 170.
Gallinule, Purple, 194.
GaIlinule,Red-tailed,157.
Gallinule, Sorec, 98.
Gallinule, Spotted, 94.
Gallinule, White, 208.
Gallinule, Yellow-

breasted, 126.
gallinuloides (Fulica),

224, 225.

Gallinulopha, 183.

Gallirallus, 64.

garmani (Gallinula), 178.

Geranarchus, 171.

Geranopsis, 277.

Geranus, 268.

germanicus (Rallus), 21.

gibbericeps (Baleariea),
275.

gibberifrons (Baleariea),
275.

gigantea (Ardea), 261.

gigantea (Fulica), 219.

gigantea (Grus), 261.

gigantea (Leguatia), 225.

gigauteus (Aram us), 238.

gigantous(Leucogeranus),
261.

gigas (Aramides), 60.

gigas (Gallinula), 60.

gigas (Phalaria), 220.

gindiaua (Eupodotis),
292.

gindianus (Lophotis),
292, 293.

Glaucestes, 187.

Glout, La, 169.

gossii (Crybastus), 110.

gossii (Laterirallus), 1 10.

gouldi (Tribonyx), 164.

gracilis (Aletornis), 277.

gracilis (Gallinula), 95.

greyi (Ocydromus), 66.

griseifrons (Canirallus),
73.

griseifrons (Coretbrura),
73.

griseifrons (Gallinula),73.

griseofrons (Ortygome-
tra). 73.

griseofrons (Rallus), 73.

griseopectus (Ortygo-
nietra), 155.

griseopectus (Rallus),
155.

Grue, 250.

Grue a collier, La, 262.

Grue blanche. La, 2.59.

Grue brune, La, 2.59.

Grued' Amerique, La, 259.

Grue de la Baye de Hud-
son, La, 2.56.

Grue de Jlexique, La, 254.

Grue du Japon, La, 258.

Grus, 248, 249. 275.

grus (Grus). 250, 251,. 339.

grus (MegiUornis), 251.

guarauna (Aramus), 2^37.

guatemalensis (Core-
tbrura), 87.

gularis (Crex), 102.

340

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

gularia (Eulabeornis), 70.
gularis (Gallinula), 34,

183.
gularis (Hypoteenidia),

35.
gularis (Eallus), 33, 70.
gularis (Eougetius), 70.
gutturalis (Aramides), 57.
Gymnocrex, 2, 52.
Gypsornis, 22G.

Habroptila, 3, 63.
hsematopus (Gallinula),

168.
bsematopus (Himantor-

nis), 69, 33(5.
hartlaubi (Lissotis), 307.
hartlaubi (Otis), 307.
hastingsise (Geranopsis),

277.
bauxwelli (Anurolimnas),

88.
bauxwelli (Aramides), 89.
hauxwelli (Porzana), 88.
bawkinsii (jiphauapte-

ryx), 68, 3;!2.
bawliinsii (Diaphorapte-

ryx), 68, 333.
hnydeni (Grus), 276.
bectori (Ocydromus), 65.
Helias, 240.
helias (Ardea), 240.
belias (Eurypyga), 240.
Heliopais, 229, 232.
Heliornis, 229, 230.
herbarum (Orex), 84.
Herou, Crowned, 272.
Heron, Demoiselle, 269.
Heron, Wattled, 267.
Heterotetrax, 296.
Heterotis, 296.
beugliui (Eupodotis),

303.
heuglini (Neotis), 303.
beuglini (Otis), 303.
bimalayana (Cblamyd-

otis), 316.
hiiualayanus (Otis), 316.
himantopus (Htemator-

nis), 69.
Himantornis, 3, 69.
bocbstetteri (Notornis),

208.
hoeveni (Eallus), 52.
holostiotus (Arainus),

238.
bordwelliensis (Grus),

276.
Houbara, 318.
houbara (Cblauiydotis),

321.

houbara (Eupodotis), 321 .

houbara (Houbara), 321.

houbara (Otis), 318, 321,

Houbaropsis, 315.

hoyanus (Grus), 260.

hudsonica (Perdix), 126.

hu mills (Eupodotis), 298.

humilis (Heterotis), 298.

bumilis (Otis), 298.

humilis (Sypheotides),
298.

hyacinthicus (Porpbyrio),
198.

hyacinthiiius (Porpby-
rio), 194, 196, 198.

byacinthus (Porpbyrio),
194.

Hydrocicca, 182.

Hydrogallina, 167,

Hydrornia, 187.

Hypnodes, 183.

hypoleucos (Corethrura),
142.

bypoleucus (Eulabeor-
nis), 40.

bypoleucus (Laterirallus),
142.

bypoleucus (Eallus), 40.

Hypotffinidia, 2, 3, 32.

hypota>nidia (Eallus), 40.

immaculata (Gallinula),

111.
immaculata (Porzana),

112.
immaculatus (Aramides),

32,
immaculatus (Eallus), 32.
imperialis (Aphanapte-

ryx), 68.
impipi (Heliornis), 231.
indica (Otis), 313.
indica (Sypheotis), 313.
indicus (Porpliyrio), 192,

198, 200, 202, 203, 204,
indicus (Eallus), 7, 21,

24, 34, 329.
iuepta (Megacrex), 63.
insignis (Hypottenidia),

33,46.
insignis (Ocydromus),

333.
insignis (Eallus), 46.
insularis (Amaurornis),

162.
insularis (Corethrura),

118.
insularis (Ortygometra),

lis.

intacta (Eallina), 53.
intactus (Eallus), 53.

intermedia (Porzana),

93, 103, 107, 109, 335.
intermedius (Eallus), 103,

228.
lonocicca, 187.
lonornis, 187,
isabelliua (Amaurornis),

86.
isabellina (Erythra), 86.
isabellina (Euryzona), 86.
isabellina (CEnolimnas),

86, 334.
isabellina (Eallina), 86.
isabellinus (Eallus), 86.

Jahana celeste verde, 189.
Jaliaua garganta celeste,

189.
jamaieensis (Aramides),

136.
jamaieensis (Corethrura),

135.
jamaieensis (Creciscus),

134, 13.5, 136.
jamaieensis (Ortygo-
metra), 135.

jamaieensis (Porzana),

135, 136, 137.
jamaieensis (Eallus), 135.
japouensis (Ardea), 258.
japonensis (Grus), 258.
japonicus (Eallus), 24.
jardinii (Alecbthelia),

118.
jardinii (Corethrura), 118.
jardinii (Crex), 118.
jardinii (Gallinula), 118.
Jardinii (Ortygometra),

119.
javanica (Erythra), 158.
javanioa (Gallinula), 157.
jentinki (Hypotisnidia),

330.
josephina (Podica), 230.
josepbina (Pudoa), 230.
jouyi (Hypotajnidia), 34,

35.
jubatus (Ehinochetus),

246.

Kiolo, 143.

kiolo (Eallus), 144.

kioloides (Canirallus), 70,

72, 73.
kioloides (Gallinula), 73.
kioloides (Porzana), 73.
kioloides (Eallina), 73.
Kittlitzia, 115.
kuri (Choriofis), 324,
kori (Eupodotis), 324.
kori (Otis), 324.

lafresnayanus (Eulabo-

oriiis), 51.
lafresiiayaiuis (Galli-

rallus), 51.
lafresnayamis (Ocydro-

imis), 51.
lafresnayan us (Triclio-

liiiuijiit), 51.
Land-Rail, 82.
Laouiedontia, 2(i7.
lateralis (Corethrura),

13'J.
lateralis (Crex), 139, 335.
lateralis (Gallinula), 139.
lateralis (OrtyKOiiiotra),

139, 335.
Laterirallus, 134.
leguati (AphauaiJterj-x),

leguati (Erythromacbus),

t59, 333.
leguati (Miservtlirus),

332. •

Leguatia, 225.
lepida (Gallinula), 107.
leucaucLeii (Anticrone),
2C6. ^

leucauchen (Griis), 258.

26(1.
leucauchen (Pseudo-

geranus), 2(;(;.
leueogaster (Creciscus),

140, 337.
leucogaster (Porzana),

140, 337.
Leucogeranus, 260.
leucogeranus (Antigone),

261.
leucogeranus (Qrus), 258,

261.
leucogeranus (Leuco-
geranus), 2G().
leucogeranus (Sarco-

gerauus), 261.
leucomeleena (Aoiaur-

ornis), 158.
leucomelaina (Erytlira),

158.
leucouielicna (Gallinula)

157, 158.
leuconiensis (Eupodotis),

326.
leuconiensis (Otis), 324.
Ieucoplirys(Eryll)ra),132-
leucophrys (Ortygo-

nietra), 132.
loncophrys (Porzana),

130.
leucoplu-ys (Zapornia).
132. ^'

leucoptera (Fulica), 224.

ALPn.VIiETICtL INDE.'?.

leucoptera (Gallinula),

IfS2.
leucoptera (Lissotis), 294.
leucoiitera (Otis), 29.5.
leucoptera (Psophia), 280.
leucopterus (Porpby-

riops), 182.
loucopyga (Fulica), 220.
leucopyrrha (Aramides),

142. ^

leucopyrrba(Coretbrura),

142.
leueopyrrba (Porzana),

142.
leucopyrrbus (Creciscus),

135, 142.
leucopyrrbus (Rallus),

leucosoma (Gallinula),

130.
leucosoma (Ortygometra),

130.
leucospila (Corethrura),

124.
leucospila (Rallicula),

124.
leucothoras (Gallinula).

95.
levraudi (Aramides), 142.
Icvraudi (Creciscus), 135,

142.
levraudi (Porzana), 142.
lewini (Rallus), 38.
Lewinia, 32.
lilfordi (Grus), 2.52.
liinicola (Rallus), 17.
Limnobajnus, 5, 145.
Limnocorax, 5, 150.
Lininogeranus, 248, 259.
Limnopardalus, 2, (i, 27.
lineata (Alecbtbelia), 118.
liueata (Corethrura), 118.
lineatus (Rallus), 43.
Lissotis, 304.
Lohong, Le, 322.
longirostris (Aram us), 1 1 .
longirostris (Grus), 253,

254.
longirostris (Limno-
pardalus), 11.
longirostris (Rallus), 7,

10, 11, 12, 13.
Lophophalaris, 209.
Lopbotis, 290.
ludwigi (Eupodotis), 299.
ludwigi (Neotis), 299.
ludwigi (Otis), 299, 300.
lugens (Corethrura), 123.
lugeiis (Crex), 123.
lugubris (Crex), 183.
lugubris (Fulica), 212.

347

lugubris (Gallinula), 183.
Lupha, 209.
Lysca, 209.

macintoshi (Porpbyrio),

193.
macquarieusis (Ilypo-

tiunidia), 33, 43.
macquariensis (Rallus),

43.
macqueenii (Eupodotis),

319.
macqueenii (Houbara),

318.
macqueenii (Otis), 318.
niaculata (Gallinula), 94.
maculatus (Aramides),

28.
maculatus (Aramus), 28.
maculatus (Limno-
pardalus), 27, 28.
maculatus (Rallus). 28.
maculi|)ennis(Eupodotis)

293,304.
maculipemiis (Lissotis),

304.
maculipennis (Otis), 293,

304.
madagascariensis (Bien-

sis), 26.
inadagaseariensia (Eiila-

beornis), 27.
madagascariensis (Galli-
nula), 195.
madagascariensis (Por-
pbyrio), 188, 196.
madagascariensis (Ral-
lus), 6, 7, 26.
major (^Lramides), 57.
major (Erythra), 1.58.
major (Eurypyga), 242.
major (Fulica), 57.
major (Orthocnemus),

228.
major (Otis), 285.
major (Rallus), 228.
mandarina (Porzana),

149.
mandarina (Rallina), 149.
mangle (Aramides), 54.
mangle (Gallinula), .54.
manuio (Ortygarcbus), 56.
manijle (Rallus), ,54.
niautolli (Xotornis), 207.
marginalis (Crex), 92, ;534.
marginalis (Limnobie-

nus), 33.5.
marginalis (Ortygo-
metra), 92, 331.
marginalis (Porzana), 93,
333.

348

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

marmorata (Otis), 313.
Marouette, 94.
martinica (Crex), 189.
martinica (Fulica), 189.
inartinica(Gallinula),189.
martinica (Porphyriola),

189, 339.
martinica (Porphyrula),

190, 192.
martinicensis (Fulica),

189.
martinicensis ( Gallinula) ,

190.
martinicus (lonornis),

190, 33(5.
martinicus (Porphjrio),

189.
maruetta (Ortygometra),

94.
maruetta (Porzana), 94.
maxima (Fulica), 220.
maximus (Aramides), 58.
maximus (Rallus), 69.
media (Erythra), 132.
Megacrex, 3, 63.
Megalornis, 249.
melampyga (Crex), 60.
melampyga (Ortygar-

chus), 61.
melanogaster (Eupodo-

tis), 306.
melanogaster (Lissotis),

306.
melanogaster (Otis), 306.
melanonotus (Porpby-

rio), 203, 205.
melanophrea (Core-

thrura), 139.
melanophrea (Porzana),

139.
melanopboeus (Creciscus),

134, 1.39, 140, 337.
melanophaia (Aramides),

139.
melanophaius (Rallus),

139.
melanops (Gallinula),

182.
melanops (Hydrocieca),

182.
melanops (Porphyriops),

182, 338.
melanopterus (Porphy-

rio), 203.
melanotus (Porphvrio),

203, 205, 206.
melanurus (Rallus), 61.
melitensis (Grus), 276.
meridionalis (Stagnicola),

172.
Mesites, 244.

Mesitornis, 244.
Mescenas, 244.
mexicana (Grus), 254, 355.
Microtribonyx, 6, 165.
millsi (Pennula), 114.
miuabasa (Rallina), 75,

78, 79.
miuabasa (Rallus), 78.
minima (Erytbra), 132.
minor (Fulica), 209.
minor (Gallinula), 172,

181.
minor (Orthocnemus),

228.
minor (Otis), 289.
minor (Rallus), 21, 112.
minor (Stagnicola), 172.
mmuta (Coretbrura), 110.
minuta (Crex), 90, 110.
minuta (Erythra), 110.
minuta (Gallinula), 89,

90, 104.
minuta (Ortygometra),

90,104, 106, 110.
minuta (Porzana), 90,

110.
minuta (Rallus), 112.
minuta (Zapornia), 89.
minutus (Rallus), 91, 106,

110, 111.
Miserytbrus, 332.
mixtus (Rallus), 89.
modesta (Coretbrura),

15.5.
modesta (Gallinula), 155.
modestus (Cabalus), 47,

331.
modestus (Rallus), 47,

330.
Moho, 114.
moluccana (Amaurornis),

153, 154, 338.
moluccana (Erytbra),

1.54.
moluccana (Porzana),

154.
moluccana (Rallina), 154.
monacbus (Antigone),

257.
monacbus (Grus), 257.
monasa (Apbanolimnas),

115,336.
monasa (Kittlitzia), 115,

334.
monasa (Rallus), 11.5.
montignesia (Antigone),

258.
montignesia (Grus), 258.
Moor-Hen, 169, 172.
More-Hen, 169.
mortieri (Tribonys), 164.

mossambieana (Podica),

231.
mossambieana (Podoa),

231.
mossambicus (Limnoco-

rax), 151.
muelleri (Hvpotaenidia),

330.
muelleri (Rallus), 329.
mustelina (Coretbrura),

102.
mustelina (Crex), 102.
Mustelirallus, 92.
mutabilis (Gallmula),

188.
mystacina (Coretbrura),

130.
mystacina (Gallinula),

132.

nsevia (Gallinula), 183.
napensis (Psopbia), 280.
neglectus (Porpbyrio),

198.
neobritannicus (Porpby-
rio), 202.
Neocrex, 5, 163.
Neotis, 298.
nesiotis (Gallinula), 6,

166.
nesiotis (Porpbyriornis),

166.
newtoni (Fubca), 209.
newtoni (Pala3olimnas),

209.
niger (Limnocorax), 150,

151.
niger (Rallus), 150, 155.
nigra (Coretbrura), 151.
nigra (Gallinula), 151.
nigra (Ortygometra), 151,
nigra (Porzana), 151.
nigricans (Aramides), 32.
nigricans (Aramus), 32.
nigricans (Linmoparda-

lus), 28, 31, 329.
nigricans (Ocydromus),

67.
nigricans (Rallus), 29, 31,

61.
nigriceps (Otis), 326.
nigricollis (Grus), 258.
nigrolineata (Zapornia),

76.
nigrolineatus (Rallus), 76.
nivosus (Rallus), 28.
nobibs (Aletornis), 277.
nostras (Grus), 251.
notata (Aramides), 129.
notata (Ortygometra),

128.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

349

notata (Porzana), 128.
notata (Zapornia), 128.
Notherodius, 237.
Notornis, 0, 2(>7.
nova; hollandiae (Ortvgo-

metra), 101.
noviB hollandiae (Por-
zana), 101.
novoe hollandiae (Kallus),

101.
novae zealandiae (Fulica),

209.
noveboracensis (Arami-

des), 127.
noveboracensis (Coturni-

cops), 126.
noveboracensis (Fulica),

126.
noveboracensis (Galli-

nnla), 126.
noveboracensis (Ortygo-

nietra), 126.
noveboracensis (Orty-

gops), 126, 127.
noveboracensis (Kallu.s),

126.
nuba (Eupodotis), 305.
nuba (Iloubara), 305.
nuba (Otis), 305.

ob.^cura (Psophia), 280,

281.
obscura (Scolopax), 21.
obscurior (Hvpota^nidia),

32. 37.
obscuriora (Ilypotjeni-

dia), 37.
obscurus (Rallus), 114.
obsoletus (Rallus), 15, 16.
oehroptera (Psophia),

281.
ocularis (Ortjgometra),

i;iO.
oculea (Gallinula"), 72.
oculivi (1 1 ypot»nidia),72.
oculca (RiiUina), 72.
oculeus (Canirallus), 72.
oeulpus (Rallus), 72.
Ocydronius, 3, 64.
(Knolininas, 4, 8(i.
irnops (Creciscus), 134,

140.
crnops (Porzana), 140.
Oiseau bleu, 103.
Oiseau royal, 272, 274.
olivacea (Aniaurornis),

153, 154, 338.
olivacea(Corethrura), 102.
olivacea (Gallinula), 153.
olivacea (Ortygometra),

90, 102.

olivaceus (Crex), 102.
olivaceus (Rallus), 102.
orientiilis (Gallinula), 172.
orientalis ( Grus), 253, 262.
ornata (Grus), 271.
ornata (Otis), 321.
Orthocnemus, 227.
Ortygarchus, .53.
Ortygonax, 27.
Ortygops, 4, 126.
otidiformis (Aptomis),

207.
otidiformis (Dinomis),

207.
otidiformis (Otis), 283.
Outarde d'Arabie, 322.
Outarde huppee d'Arabie,

322.
Outarde, L', 284.
Outarde nioyenne des

Indes, 315.
Outarde, Petite, 287.

pacificus (Pareudiastes),

166.
pacificus (Rallus), 37, 39,
palearis (.irdea), 267.
palliatus(Porphyrio), 192,
palmeri (Pennula), 133.
palmeri (Porzanula), 133,

337.
palustris (Ortygometra),

109.
palustris (Porzana), 93,

109.
Paon sauvage de I'isle do

Lu(;on, Le, 324.
paradisea (Anthropoides),

268.
paradisea (Ardea), 268.
paradisea (Geranus), 268.
paradisea (Scops), 268.
paradisea (Tetrapterjx),

268.
Pardirallus, 27.
Pareudiastes, 6, 166.
parva (Crex), 191.
parva (Fulica), 191.
parva (Gallinula), 192.
parva (lonoruis). 192.
parva (Ortygometra), 91.
parva (Porjihyrio), 191.
parva (Porphyriola), 191,

339.
parva ( Porzana), W).
parva (Zapornia), 89.
parvifrons (Gallinula),

172.
parvifrons (Stagnieola),

172.
parvus (lonornis), 336.

parvus (Rallus), 89.
pavonia (Ardea), 274.
pavonina (Anthropoi-
des), 272.
pavonina (Ardea), 272.
pavonina (Balearica),

272, 275.
pavonina (Geranarcbus),

273.
pavonina (Grus), 273,275,
pavkuUi (Limnobaenus),

338.
pavkulli (Porzana), 119.
pavkulli (Rallina), 149.
pavkulli (Rallus), 149.
Peacock. Wild, 311.
pectoralis (Hypotae-

nidia), 40.
pectoralis (Lewinia), 38.
pectoralis (Rallus), 37,

39.
pelewensis (Porphyrio),

206.
Pennida, 4, 114.
pentelici (Grus), 276.
peralata (Gallinula), 167.
pernix (Aletornis), 277.
personata (Heliopais),

232.
personata (Heliornis),

232.
personata (Podiea), 232.
peruvianus (RallusX 6.
petersi ( Podiea"), 231.
Petit Rale de Cayenne,

110.
Petit Rasle d'eau, 93.
petiti (Psammocrex), 186,

338.
peyrousii (Rallus). 89, 92.
phivopyga (Porzana), 148.
phsDopvgus (Limnobae-
nus)" 148.
phalaenoides(Hclias), 24 1 ,
Phalaria, 209.
Phalaridion, 89.
Phalaridium, 89.
phasianus (Elaphrocne-

mus), 228.
philippensis (Eulabeor-

nis), 40.
philippensis (Hvpotieni-

dia), 40.
philippensis (Porzana),

39.
philippen8i3(Rallina),40.
philippensis (Rallus), 39,

40.
Philippine Rail, 39.
philippinensis (Hvpo-

ta;nidia),32,33,41.

350

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

pliilippinensis CEallus),

40.
Philorchemon, 269.
phcpnicura (Atnauror-

Dis), 156, 158.
phoenioura (Erythra),

157.
phoenicura (Erythura),

158.
pboenieura (Gallinula),

157, 162.
phoenicura (Pisynolim-

nas), 158.
phoenicura (Porphyrio),

157.
phoenicura (Porzana),

157.
phoenicura (Rallina), 1.58.
phoenicuru8(Rallus), 156.
pioturata (Eupodotis),

297.
picturata (Otis), 297.
pictus (Aramus), 238.
pictus (Eallus), 40.
pileata (Gallinula), 144.
Pisynolimnas, 152.
plateni (Aramidopsis),

331.
plateni (Rallus), 331.
pliimbea(Crex),lll,113.
jolumbea (Gallinula), 61,

183.
pliimbea (Ortygometra),

112.
pluinbeicollis (Ara-

mides), 53, 332.
plumbeiventris (Gymno-

crex), 52, 63.
plumbeiventris (Rallina),

52.
plumbeiventris (Rallus),

52.
plumbeus (Aramides), 61.
Podica, 229, 232.
Podoa, 229, 233.
poeciloptera (Rallina), 50.
poecilopterus (Eulabe-

ornis), 50.
polii (Grus), 261.
poliocephala (Gallinula),

197.
poliocephalus (Porphy-
rio), 197, 207.
poliocephalus (Rallus),

26, 27.
Poliolimnas, 5, 130.
poliophsea (Grus), 254.
poliotis (Rallus), 144.
Porphyrio, 6, 192.
porphyrio (Fulica), 194,

195, 197.

porphyrio (Gallinula),

188; 189, 195.
porphyrio (Hydremia),

188.
porphyrio (Porphyrio),

195.
porphyrioides (Galli-
nula), 183.
Porphyriola, 6, 187.
Porphyrion, Le, 194.
Porphyriops, 6, 182.
Porphyriornis, 166.
Porphyrula, 187.
Porzana, 4, 92.
porzana (Grex), 94.
porzana (Gallinula), 94.
porzana (Ortygometra),

94.
porzana (Porzana), 92,

93, 95.
porzana (Rallus), 93.
porzana (Zapornia), 94.
porzanoides (Rallus), 228.
Porzanula, 5, 133.
Poule d'eau, 169.
Poule d'eau de Cayenne,

Grande, 57.
Poule d'eau, Grande, 1 69.
Poule d'eau, Petite, 169.
Poule Soultane de la

Baye de Hudson, 97.
Poule Sultane, 194, 195.
Poule Sultane de la

Chine, 156.
Poule-Sultane, La Petite,

189.
Poulette d'eau. La, 169.
pratensis (Crex), 83.
jiratensis (Grus), 254.
primigenia (Grus), 275.
princeps (Grus), 276.
prior (Fulica), 209.
priscus (Telmatornis),

22().
proavus (Grus), 276.
))roblematica (Grus), 276.
Psammocrex, 6, 186.
Pseudogeranus, 249, 266.
Psophia, 278.
pucberani (Podoa), 230.
pulchra (Alectura), 116.
pulchra (Corethrura),

116, 120, 336.
pulchra (Orex), 116.
pulchra (Gallinula), 116.
pulchra (Ortygometra),

116.
pulverulentus (Porphy-
rio), 203, 207.
puniila (Gallinula), 181.
punctata (Gallinula), 94.

punctatus (Rallus), 106.
Purple Bird, 194.
pusilla (Crex), 90, 107.
pusilla (Gallinula), 89,

104.
pusilla (Ortygometra),

90, 91, 104.
pusilla (Phalaridion), 90.
pusilla (Porzana), 90,

104, 107.
pusilla (Zapornia), 90,

106.
pusillum (Phalaridium),

90.
pusillus (Rallus), 90, 106.
pygmsea (Crex), 103, 135.
pygniwa (Gallinula), 103.
pygmaja (Ortygometra),

103. 106.

pygmoea (Phalaridion),

89, 103.
pygmaa (Porzana), 103,

106.
pygmsa (Zapornia), 103,

104. 107.
pygraseus (Ocydromus),

330.
pyrrhorhoa (Gallinula),
172, 338.

quadristriata (Crex), 130.

quadristrigata (Core-
thrura), 130.

quadristrigata (Erythra),
132.

quadristrigata (Ortygo-
metra), 132.

quadristrigata (Porzana),
1.30, 132.

quadristrigatus (Rallus),
130.

Rail, 76.

Rail, Banded, 43.
Rail, Black, 150.
Rail, Blue-necked, 25.
Rail, Brown, 146.
Rail, Cayenne, 144.
Rail, Clapper, 12.
Rail, Dusky, 1 14.
Rail, Dwarf, 106.
Rail, Jamaica, 135.
Rail, Little, 110.
Rail, Long-billed, 10.
Rail, Otaheite, 111.
Rail, Pacific, 37.
Rail, Philippine, 33, 39.
Rail, Rufous-headed,

116.
Rail, Sandwich, 114, 130,

334.

Rail, Tabuan, 111.
Kail, Troglodyte, i'A.
Hail, Variegated, 28.
Kail, Virginian, 17.
Kail, Water, 2(J.
Kale a long bee, 10.
Rale a lung bee de

Cajeune, 10.
Kiile k ventre rous de

Cayenne, 143.
Rale Eidi-Bidi, 1.35.

RalebnuidesPhilippincs.

14(;.
Rale de Cayenne, 143.
Kale d'eau, 21.
Rale de Genfit, 82.
Kale de la Jaiuaique

135.
Kale do Madagascar, 70.
Rale de Terre, 82.
Rideraye des Philippines,

39.
Rale tacheto de Cayenne,

28.
Rale Tiklin, 39.
Rallicula, 4, 123.
Rallina, 74.
ralloides (Bracbypt-

rallus), 1(54.
Rallus, 2, 6.

Raslo a collier des Philip-
pines, 4.3.
Rasle brim des Philip-
pines, 14G.
Rasle d'eau, 20.
Rasle de Genet, 82.
Rasle de Pennsylvanie,

16.
Rasle do Virginie, 1(5.
Rasle raye des Philip-
pines, 33, 39.
rcgidoruni (Antliro-

poidcs), 274, 275.
rcgtdoruin (Balcarica),

274.
reguloruin (Grus), 274,

275.
reichenovi (Corethrura)

121.
Rba.-\d, Le,310.
rhaad (Otis), 309, 310.
rhand (Trachelotis), 310,

311.
Rhigelurn, 229.
Kbinochetus, 24l).
rlivtirliynehua (Aram-
ides), 29.
ricordi (Rallus), ',iO.
Koi de Cailles, 82.
rosonbergii (Eulabeornis),
52.

ALPHABETICAL INDIvX.

rosenboreii (Gymnocrex),

52, 331.

rosenbergii (Kallinal, 52.

roseiibergii (Sehizophila).

52. ^

rougeti (Calamodromus),

1()3.
rongeti (Eulabeornis),

l(i3.
rougeti (Rougeti us), 1G2.
Kougetius, .5, 102.
ruber (Creciscus), 1,35,

143.
rubigiuosa (Corethrura),

14.0.
rubiginosa (Euryzona),
14(i. ■' '

rubiginosus (Limnoba-

niis), 140.
rubiginosus (Rallina),

146.
rubiginosus (Rallus), 140.
rubra (Aramides), 143.
rubra (Corethrura), 143.
rubra (Porzana), 143.
rubra (Rallicida), 123

124, .336.
rubra (Rallina), 124.
rueppelli (Eupodotis),

297.
rueppelli (Ileterotis), 297.
rueppelli (Otie), 297.
rula (Corethrura), 121.
rufescens (Rallus), 183.
ruficeps (Rallus), 57, 58,

75.
ruficollis (Aramides), 54,

57.
ruficollis (Corethrura),

119,122.
ruficollis (Crex), 121.
ruficollis (Eupodotis),

ruficollis (Fulica), .57.
ruficollis (Gallinula), 57

59, 1,38.
ruficollis (Ortygarchus),

50, 57.
ruficollis (Ortygometra),

ruficollis (Otis), 301.
ruficollis (Rallus), 126.
ruficrista (Gallinula),

1.54. '

ruficrista (Eupodotis),

291.
ruficrista (Lophotis),291.
ruficrista (Otis), 291.
rufifrons (Fulica), 220.
rufigenis (Porzana), 149.
rufigenis (Rallina), 149.

351

Rufirallus, 1.34.
rufopennis (Rallus), 19.
rufopes (Rallus), 40.
rufus (Rallus), 121.
rythirhynehus (Aramus),

rytliirhynchus (Rallus).

30. "

rytirhynchu,? (Liranopar-

dalus), 27,29,31.
rytirhjTichus (Rallus),

29, 31. '

salinazi (Creciscus) 134
136. ' '

salinazi (Gallinula), 130.

salinazi (Porzana), 109.

salinazi (Rallus), 130.

samoensis (Porphyrio)
203,204. ''

sandvicensis (GalUnida),
180. '

sandwichensis (Core-
thrura), 130.

eandwichensis (Galli-
nula), 180.

sandwichensis (Pennuia)
114,334. '

sandwichensis (Rallus)

114,130,336.
sandwichensis (Zapornia),

sanguinolentus (Limno-

pardalus), 28, 30, 329.

sanguinolentus (Rallus)

29,30. . ''

earacura (Aramides), (M
saracura (GaUinula)! 61.
Sarcogeranus, 248, 260.
saturata (Hypotanidia),

33, 45.
saturatus (Rallus), 13,

14.
Saurothrura, 115.
Schizoptila, .52.
schlegeli (Grus), 255.
schomburgki (Core-
thrura), 125.
schomburgki (Crex), 125
schomburgki (liic'ro" '

pygia), 125.
schomburgki (Porzana),

163, 335. ^

schomburgki (Thvro-

rhina). 125.
sclateri (Mieropvgia), 88
sclateri (Ortygomctra)',

Sv.

seolopacca (Eupodotis)
290. ''

scolopacea (Otis), 296.

352

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

scolopacea (Trachelotis),

296.
scolopaceus (Aramus),

237.
Scops, 2fi9.
scottii (Rallus), 14.
semiplumbeus (Aramus),

19.
semiplumbeus (Limno-

pardalus), 19.
semiplumbeus (Rallus),

7, 19.
senegalensis (Chlamy-

clotis), 310.
senegalensis (Eupodotis),

310.
senegalensis (Heliornis),

230.
senegalensis (Limno-

corax), 151.
senegalensis (Lissotis),

310.
senegalensis (Otis), 310,

311.
senegalensis (Podica),230.
senegalensis (Podoa), 230.
senegalensis (Trache-
lotis), 309, 310.
sepiaria (Euryzona), 78.
sepiaria (Rallina), 78.
septentrionalis (Stagui-

cola), 172.
sericeus (Rallus), 21.
setosus (Rallus), 29.
sharpii (StictoUmnas),

334.
simplex (Porphyrio), 191.
smaragdinus (Porphyrio),

203.
smaragdonotus (Por-
phyrio), 196, 201.
smaragnotus (Porphyrio),

U.5, 198.
Solaris (Eurypyga), 241.
Solaris (Scolopax), 210.
Soree, 16, 98.
spilonota (Ortygometra),

137.
spilonota (Porzana), 112,

113, 137.
spilonota (Zapornia), 112,

137.
spilonotus (Creciscus),

134. 137.
8pilopt«ra (Porzana), 93,

109,
Stagnicola, 167.
stanleyana (Grus\ 268.
stanleyanus (Anthropoi-

des), 268.
Stanley i (Otis), 301.
stanleyi (Porphyrio), 205.

steUaris (Gallinula), 103.
Stietolimnas, 333.
stolidus (Rallus), 98.
strenuipes (Gallinula),

167.
striata (Hypotienidia),

32, 33, 35, 37, 40, 329.
striatus (Eulabeornis), 34.
striatus (RaUus), 33, 37,

40.
strutbio (Grus), 260.
suahelensis (Orex), 1.50,

335.
suahelensis (Limnobse-

nus), 150, 335.
sulcirostris (Eulabeornis),

46.
sulcirostris (Hypotaeni-

dia), 33, 46,
sulcirostris (Rallus), 46.
sumatranus (Rallus), 157.
superciliaris (Corethru-

ra), 26.
superciliaris (Gallinula),

132.
superciliaris (Ortygome-
tra), 76, 132.
superciliaris (Porzana),

77.
superciliaris (Rallina),

74, 76, 77.
superciliaris (Rallus), 76,

110.
supereiliosa (Gallinula),

130.
surinamensis (Heliornis),

234.
surinamensis (Plotus),

234.
surinamensis (Podoa),

234.
surucura (Ortygarcbus),

61.
sylvestris (Cabalus),47,48.
sylvestris (Ocydromus),

48.
Sj^jheotides, 312.
Sypheotis, 312.

tabuense (Pbalaridium),

112.
tabuensis (Corethrura),

112.
tabuensis (Ortygometra),

111, 112, 334.
tabuensis (Porzana), 93,

111,112,335.
tabuensis (Rallus), 111.
tabuensis (Zapornia), 112.
tahitiensis (Aramus), 111.
tabitiensis (Corethrura),

111.

tahitiensis (Ortygometra),

111.
tahitiensis (Porzana), 111.
tahitiensis (Rallus), 111.
tahitiensis (Zapornia),

111.
Tal^ve de Madagascar,

195.
tannensis (Corethrura),

130.
tannensis (Rallus), 130.
Tapinopus, 228.
tarda (Otis), 284, 286.
tasmanica (Fulica), 217.
tavoua (Porphyrio), 189.
tenebrosa (Gallinula),

168, 169.
telmatophila (Rallus), 77.
Telmatornis, 226.
tenuirostris(Rallus),7,10.
tetrao (Otis), 289.
Tetraptervx, 249, 268.
Tetrax, 287.
tetrax (Otis), 287.
tetrax (Tetrax), 287, 289.
thremophila (Zapornia),

547.
Thyrorhina, 4, 125.
Tiklin, 39.
Tilclin a collier, 43.
Tiklin brun, 146.
Tiklin raye, 33.
torquata (Antigone), 263.
torquata (Grus), 262.
torquata (Hypotcenidia),

33, 43.
torquatus (Otis), 311.
torquatus (Eulabeornis),

43.
torquatus (Rallus), 43.
Trachelotis, 308.
Tribonyx, 5, 164.
Tricholimnas, 50.
tricolor (Rallina), 75, 78,

79.
tricolor (Rallus), 79.
troglodytes (Rallus), 64.
Trumpeter, Gold-breast-
ed, 279.
Trumpeter, Undulated,

321.
turfa (Grus), 276.
typus (Biensis), 26.

uliginosus (Rallus), 19.
umlsrata (Zapornia), 112.
umbrina (Zapornia), 112.
undulata (Crex), 128.
uudulata (Eupodotis),

319, 321.
undulata (Houbara), 319,

320,321.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

353

unclulata (Otis), 321.
imdulalu (Porzaiui), 128.
undulata (Ps(ipliia), 321.
uiiicolor (Mesitcs), 244,

245.
iiiiicolor (Mcsccnas), 245.

vagans (Creciscus), 134,

139.
vagaii8 (Porzana), 139.
variegaUv (Mesites), 244,

245.
vai-icgata (Porzana), 28.
vai'iegatus (Limnoparda-

lus), 28.
varicgatus (Pardiralhis),

28.
variegatus (Porphyrio),

188.
variegatus (Eallus), 28.
ventralis (Gallinula), Ifio.
veiitralis(Tribony.\), 1(55.
vcuustus (Aletornis), 277.
vcioxii (Otis), 3US.
Tcrreaiixi (Micropygia),

88.
vcrreauxi (Ortygometra),

88.
veteriim (Porpliyrio), 194,

197, 198.
vigilantis (Limnoparda-

lu3), 28. 31.
vigorsi (Eupodotis), 206.
vigorsi (Heterotis), 29(5.
vigorsi (Otis), 29(>.
vigorsi (Tracbclotis), 296.

vipio (Gru.s), 2G6.
vipio (Scops), 266.
virgiiiianus(Aramus), 17.
virginianus (Rallus), 7,

16, 18, 19.
Virgo (Anthropoides),

269, 270.
virgo (Ardea), 269.
virgo (Grus), 269, 271.
virgo (Philorohemon),

271.
virgo (Scops), 271.
viridirostria (Grus), 2.')8.
viridis (Aramides), 144.
viridis (Porzana), 144.
viridis (Psophia), 281.
viridis (Eallus), 143.
vitiensis (Porphyrio),

203. ^ ^ ' ''
vitiensis (Porzana), 1 12.
vulgaris (Grus), 251,

252.

■wallacei (Habrontila),
63.

wallacei (Eallina), 63.

Water-Heu, 1(19.

Water-ben, Least, 135.

Water-ben, Little Ame-
rican, 97.

■U'ater-IIen, Purple, 194.

Water-Rail, 20.

Water-Eail, American,
16.

■ffateriii (Coretbrura),
119.

watersi (Ortygonietra\

119.
watersi (Zapornia), 119.
Wato, 309.
wolfi (Aramides), 55.
woodfordi (Eulabeornis),

50.
woodfordi (Eallina), 50.

Yahana, 177.

yahan.i celeste verde, 1 89.

Yabana garganta celeste,

189.
Ypacaha, 60.
ypacaha (Aramides), 60,

61.
ypacaba (Eallus), 60.
Ypacaba aplomado, y

pardo, 102.
Ypacaba ceja blanca,

110.
Ypacaha jaspeado todo,
^28.

Ypacaha obscuro, 31.
Ypacaba pardo, 29.
Ypacalia pardo acanela-

do y bianco, 142.
Ypacaba pardo obscuro,

139.

Zapornia, 4, 89.
zelcbori (Aramides), 29.
zelebori (Eallus), 29.
zeylanica (Coretbrura),

77.
zeylanica (Porzana), 77.

END Of rilE IWENTV-IHIKD VOLCJJE.

rEI.NT£D BY TAYLOR AKD FBAKCIS, EU) LlOJi tOVKT, FlEtT STR££T.

LIST OF PLACES.

} -

Plate

Eallus saturatus, p. 13 I.

■ iEquatorialis (fig. 1), p. 18

virginianus (fig. 2), p. 16

semiplumbeus, p. 19 III.

Limnopardalus vigilantis, p. 31 IV.

Aramides gutturalis, p. 57 V,

Cabalus dieffenbachii, juv., p. 47 ( = Cabalus modestus,

p. 331) VL

Eulabeornis woodfordi, p. 50 VII.

liallina euryzonoides (fig. 1), p. 78

. VIII.

miuahasa (fig. 2), p. 78

Coretbriira pulchra, p. 116 IX.

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