^cCLvXv^tfO^^ \^^J*-^i^

CATALOGUE *

BIRDS

n II li I S H M U S E U iM.

VOLUME XXV.

LOXDOX:
riUNTKI) ];Y OltDEll OF THE TIJUSTEES.

18U(i.

CATALOGUE

GAVIJ] AND TUBINARES

COLLECTION

BRITISH MUSEUM.

GAY IJE

(TKRNS, fJULLS, axd SKUAS)

liY

HOWARD SAUNDERS.

TUBINARES

(PETRELS AND ALBATROSSES)

BY

OSBERT SALVIN.

L 0 N T) I) X :
PRINTED BY ()R])EJ{ OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLI) HV

LON&MAXS & Co., 39 PATERXOSTER ROW;
B. QUAUITCH. 15 PICCADILLY; DTLAU & Co., 37 SOHO SQUARE, W.;
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AXD AT THE

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W,

1S9«.

FlllNTED V.y TATXOE A >■ D FRANCIS,

RKD LION COURT, FI.KET STIiKET.

PREFACE.

ix has been a fortunate circumstance that for tlie preparatiuu of
the present Volume the cooperation of Mr. H. Saunders and
Mr. 0. iSalvin could be secured, who for many years past have
made the Birds of the families of Gulls and Petrels the special
subject of their respective studies. As also the collections formed
by these gentlemen have been incorporated with the series in
the British Museum, the latter possesses of both these groups
a collection unrivalled as to its intrinsic value, if not also as to
the number of species and specimens.

According to the lists given, this Collection consists now of : —

Species.

Ganie 115

Tubinares 109

Among the Tubinares only, some of the species (15) are not
represented in the Collection.

Beside the many friends and correspondents who have rendered
material assistance in the preparation of this Volume by the loan
or gift of specimens, and who "will be enumerated in the intro-
ductory remarks of the Authors, I have to refer specially to the
authorities of the United States National Museum and to the
Hon. AV. Rothschild, of whom the former sent important types
for comparison, whilst the latter placed the whole of his rich
collection at the disposal of Iho Authors.

Types.

Specimens.

17

4G49

27

1086

1 liavo :iucc(k'(l witli i)leasur(.' to the reciui'.st, of the Director of
the Museum to mo through the pres8 this and the two remaining
Volumes for whitli the arrangements were made during my term
of office.

Finally, this would seem to be an appropriate place to pay a
tribute to the numory of Henry Seebohm, by whose death, on
November 26th, Urnithology has lost a most earnest and ardent
student and the British Museum one of its most generous friends
and benefactors. For the past fifteen years he took a deep interest
in the growtli and arrangement of the Collection of Eirds in the
British Museum, contributing, without stint, either from his own
Collection or by special purchase, any specimens that were required
to comiilete the Museum series or to aid in the preparation of the
Catalogue. In the latter work he took an active part as the author
of the Fifth Volume, which treated of the Warblers and Thrushes.
After presenting his immense Collection of Eggs, and incorporating
it with that of the Museum, he undertook and completed a
Jklanuscript Catalogue of the whole. By his Will he conferred his
last benefit on the Museum, bequeathing to the Trustees the entire
C'ollection which at the time of his death was still in his possession.

ALBERT (itJNTHEll,

Keeper of the Zoological Department
{retired').
J'.riti^h Miiseiiiu (X. 11.),
December IR, 189:).

INTRODUCTION TO THE CATALOGUE OF
GAVLE.

Few iutroductory remarks are requisite for my portiou of the present
volume, inasmuch as the current opinions respecting the systematic
position of the Order Gavia3 are set forth briefly — but it is to be
hoped adequately — on pp. 1-3. It is, however, necessary to allude to
the important collections which have been presented to the National
Museum of late years, and which have so greatly facilitated the
study of the Lnriclf : namely, those of the late Lord Tweeddale
and of Major AVardlaw llamsay, Mr. A. 0. Hume, Mr. Henry
Seebohm, and Messrs. Salvin and Godman. And it is incumbent
upon me to make special reference to the energetic collectors
and generous donors who have contributed largely to our knowledge
of this family of birds. In the front rank of these are Admiral
A. H. Markham, Commander J. K. H. MacFarlane, Staff-Pay-
master H. M. Harrison, Colonel H. W. Feilden, Colonel W. V.
Legge, R.A., Mr. Ernest Gibson, and Mr. John Young ; while the
Hon. Walter Rotlischild placed his entire collection at my disposal.
Nor must the names of Lord Lilford, Professor D. Gill, Messrs.
W. T. Blanford, J. A. Harvie-Brown, Gervase Mathew, R.N.,
S. F. Rowland, and G. Stephen be omitted. For the loan of specimens
and much 'assistance in the United States, thanks are due to the
authorities at the Smithsonian Institution, Mr. William Brewster
and Dr. C. Hart Merriara. I am also under obligation to Dr. R.
Bowdler Sharpe and Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant for their ready
co-operation during the two years spent in working at the
Museum.

HOWARD SAUXDKRS.
7 Radnor Place, W.,
Julv oU, 18'.);").

INTRODUCTION TO THE CATALOGUE OF
TUBINAKES.

I

U I' WARDS of twenty years liave passed since I began to pay special
attention to the Petrels, and during that time, with Mr. Godman,
collected all the available specimens we came across. But the
amassing anything like a good scries of skins of these birds proved
a very slow process. Our chief acquisition, by exchange, was the
greater part of the collection formed by the late John Gould, whose
early interest in the Petrels generally is M'cll-known, and was con-
tinued after he parted with his Australian collection. Amongst the
specimens thus accjuired by us were many of great interest, as will
be seen in the following pages. Another valuable series of Petrels
was most kindly given to us in 1883 by Admiral A. H. Markham,
having been formed by him when in command of H.M.lS. ' Tiiumph '
on the Pacific Station. This collection contained the types of Oceano-
(Iroma inarkhami, Salv., and Diomedea irrorata, Salv., the last a
remarkable Albatros from the coast of Peru, of which the type
still remains the only known example. The whole of our series
was handed over to the British Museum in 1888.

The Museum Collection, apart from that added by us, is a rich
one and includes the spoils of several important Government Expe-
ditions. Of these I may mention the following : — The Antarctic
Expedition of H.M.SS. ' Erebus ' and ' Terror ' under Sir James
Koss ; the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Rattlesnake,' the naturalist of which
was John Macgillivray ; the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Herald,' naturalist
¥. M. Rayner. Then came the Transit of Venus Expedition to
Kerguclen Land, resulting in a collection of Petrels and interesting
notes on them by the Rev. A. E. Eaton, forming a large part of
Dr. Bowdler Sharpe's article on tlic Birds of the island published in
I he • Philosophical Transactions,' vol. 168. The voyage of H.M.S.
' Challenger ' produced a most valuable collection of Petrels' skins,
spirit specimens and eggs, tl\e first of which were named Ijy myself,

X INTRODUCTION.

and the second formed the basis of the late \V. A. Forbes's memoir
on the anatomy of the Tubinares, both published in the ' Challenger'
Report. Lasth', Dr. Coppinger secured when in H.M.S. ' Alert '
skins of several interesting species of this Order.

Of other considerable collections added to the Museum I may
mention that of the late Dr. R. McCormick, who accompanied
Sir James Ross, and whose collection, bequeathed to the Trustees,
forms a valuable addition to the Antarctic series of Petrel skins.
The late Harry Berkeley James also left to the Museum a good
series of specimens of Chilian species. Mr. H. Seebohm, with his
usual liberality, presented the whole of his series of these birds,
which consists chiefly of representatives of the species of the North
Pacific Ocean, from the neighbourhood of Japan and the Benin
Islands to certain islands in mid-ocean. Another important series
was secured by the Earl of Crawford, mostly in the South Atlantic
and South Pacific Oceans. The Museum has also been enriched by
many other donations of greater or less extent, amongst which I
may mention the series of Petrels obtained by Mr. W. R. Ogilvie-
Grant on the islands near Madeira, and by the same gentleman in
company with the Hon. C. Baring during a second visit to the same
islands, when they established the fact of the presence of Oceano-
droma cryptoleucura on Porto Santo Island and Great Salvage Island,
its previous known domicile being the Hawaiian and Galapagos
Archipelagos in the far distant Pacific Ocean. They also discovered
Pelagodroma marina, previously supposed to be a straggler from the
South Seas, breeding in numbers on Great Salvage Island. Besides
the Museum specimens immediately before me, I have, as oppor-
tunity offered, examined those in the Leyden, Berlin, Vienna, and
Paris Museums, and I have also had the advantage of the loan of
the types of Peale and Dr. Coues, and some of those of Mr. Ridg-
way, through the kindness of the authorities of the Smithsonian
Institution, Washington. I have also had before me the very
interesting types described by Signer Giglioli and Count Salvadori,
which were obtained by the first-named gentleman when on board
the Italian frigate ' Magenta " during her voyage round the World.

The Hon. Walter Rothschild lent me the whole of his large
collection of Petrels, including the types of the species recently

INTKODUCXION. XI

described by him, and this series has been of material use to me.
I have also examined the collection in the University of Cambridge
and that of Canon Tristram, both helping to elucidate points of
interest.

Dr. Elliott Coues's papers on the FroceUariidd', ])ublishtd in the
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, in
1864 and 1866, give the first serious attempt to classify these birds
Avith proper definitions ; Bonaparte's previous essays in 1855 and
1856 being of a cursory character and often misleading. Dr. Coues's
Monographs, though perhaps too much influenced by Bonaparte's
writings, must always be consulted by those wishing to master the
intricacies of this complicated subject.

OSBERT SALVIX.

Hawksfold, Fernburst, Sussex,
November 3, 1895.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Ordrr XIII. G A \- I .E.

Fam. I. L A R I D ^.
Subfani. 1. Sternin^.

Page

1. Ilydrocbelidon, Boie .... 5

1. leucoptera (Memi^r lV

Sc/iinz) (!, 456

2. hybrida (Prt/Z.) .. 10,450

;'.. nigra (Z.) 17

4. suriuameiisis (Gm.) . . 20

2. I'haethiisa, Wagh-r 23

1. niagnirostris [Licht.). . 23

3. Gelofihelidon, Brehm .... 25

1. anglica (J/o«i;.) .. 25,456

4. Ilydroprogne, Kauj} .... 32

1. ca.spia {Pall.) 32

5. Seena, Bhjth 37

1. aurantia {J. E.

Gray) 37,456

6. Rterua, L 40

1. melauogasler,

Temm 43, 456

2. fm-steri, ^hdtall 46

3. albistriata ((?. R. Gray) 48

4. virgata. Cab 50

5. vittata, Gm 51, 456

6. hirundinacea, Less. . . 52

7. fluviatilis, Naum. . 54, 457

8. macrura, Naum 62

9. longipennis, Nordm. 67, 457

10. albigena, Licht 69

11. dougalli, Mont 70

12. cantiaca, Gm 75

13. maxima, Bodd 80

14. elegans, Gambel 84

15. eurvgnatba, Saunders . 85

16. media, Horsfield 86

17. bergii, Licht 89

18. bernsteiui, Schley 96

19. frontalis, G. ' R.

Gray 97, 457

20. aleutica, Baird 98

21. limata, Peale 100

22. anffistheta, Scop.. . 101, 457

23. fuligino.sa, Gm. . . 106, 457

24. balffinanim, -S/nc/.-/. ..Ill

25. nereis {Gould) 112

26. sinensis, Gm 113

27. miniita, L 116, 457

28. saundersi, ifwi/if . 120,457

29. autillarum {Lf'.'<s.) 122

30. superciliaris, Vieill. . . 124

31. lorata, Phil. ^- Landh. . 126

32. melanaucheu, Temm. . 126

33. trudeaaii, Auduh 130

7. Naenia, Boie 132

1 inca {Less.) 132

8. Procelsterna, Lnfresn. . . 133

1. csiru\(iVi{F.L).Be7inett) 133

2. cinerea {Gould) 135

9. Anous, Stejjh 136

1. stolidus (i.) 1.36

2. galapagensis, Sharpe. . 143

10. Micranous, Saunders .... 143

1. tenuirostris

{Temni.) 144,457

2. leucocapillus (Gould) . 145

3. hawaiiensis {Rothsch.). 148

11. Gygis, Wagler 149

1* Candida {Gm.) 149

2. microrhyncha, Saunders 152

Siibfam. 2. Rhyxchopin.?:.

12. Rhynchops, L 152, 457

1 . nigra, L ] 53

2. intercedens, Saunders . 155

3. melanura, Swains 156

4. flavirostris, Tleill 158

5. albicollis, Sivaijis 159

Subfam. 3. L.\rix.e.

13. Xema, Leach 161

1 sabiuii {J. Sabi/ie) .... 162
2. furcata (Xeboux) .... 165

14. Rhodostethia, Macyill. . . 167

1. rosea {Macyill.) 167

15. Larus, L 169

1. minutus, Pall 173

2. ichthyaetus. Pall 176

3. melanocephalus, Natt. 180

4. saiiudersi {Swinh.) . . 183

5. Philadelphia {Ord) .. 185

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

6. serranus, Tsch 188

7. frankliui, Sxcains 191

8. atricilla, L 194

9. cirrhocephalus, Vieill. . 198

10. maciilipennis, Licht. . . '200

11. glaucodes, Mei/en .... 203

12. vidibundus, i.' . . 207, 457

13. brunneicephalus,

Jerd 215, 458

14. leucoplithalmus, Temm. 219

15. hemprichi {Bnich) . . 221
1(1. fiiliginosus, Gould. . . . 222

17. modestus, Tsch 223

18. heermanni, Cass 225

19. belcheri, Viffors 226

20. crassirostris, Vieill. 227, 468

21. gelastes, Thienem 230

22. bulleri, Hutton 233

23. novffi-hollandise, Steph. 236

24. scopulinus, Gray .... 238

25. hartlaubi [Bruch) 240

26. marinus, L 241, 458

27. doininicanus, Licht. . . 245

28. fiiscus, L 250

29. affinis, Reinh 254

30. occidentalis, Auduh. . . 257

31. schistisagus, Stejneg. . . 258

32. argentatus, i. ..260,458

33. cachinDan.", Pall 266

34. Tegse, Palmen 269

35. audouini, Payr 271

36. delawarensis, Ord. . . 273

37. califoinicus, Laicr. . . 276

38. canus, L 277

39. brach3n-hynchus, Rich. . 283

40. glaucescens, Nauru. . . 284

41. nelsoni, Henshaio .... 287

42. kumlieni, Breivster . . 288

43. glaucus, Brilnn. . . 289, 458

44. leucopterus, Faber. . . . 295

16. Gabianus, Bnich 297

1. paciticus {Lath.) 297

17. Leucophseus, Bruch .... 299

1. scoresbii (Traill) 299

18. Pagopbila, Kauj) 301

1. ebiirnea [Phipps) .... 301

19. Rissa, Sfeph 305

1. tridactyla (i.) . . 306, 458

2. brevirostris {Bnich) . . 312

Fam. II.
Stercobabiid.?:.

1. Megalestris, Bp 314

1. catarrhactes (Z.) . 315, 458

2. chileiisis (Bp.) 318

3. antarctica (Less.) .... 319

4. maccormicki (Saimd.) . 321
2. Stercorarius, Briss 322

1. pomatorbiuus

{Tem7n.) 322,458

2. crepidatus {Banks) 327,458

3. parasiticus (L.) 334

Older XIV. T U B I N A R E S.

Fam. I.
Procellariid^.

Subfam. ]. Procellariin^.

1. Procellaria, Z 343

1. pelagica, L 343

2. tethys, Bp 346

2. Halocyptena, Cones .... 346

1. microsoma, Coues .... 340

3. Oceanodronia, Reich 347

1. leucorrhoa ( 77et7/.) .. 348

2. cryptoleucura, Ridgxc. 350

3. macrodactyla, Bryant . 351

4. socorroensis, Toicns. . . 352

5. fuliginosa (Gm.) .... 352

6. melania {Bp.) 35.')

7. markhami (Salv.) .... 354

8. tristrami, Stejn 354

9. homochroa {Coues) . . 355

10. monorliis (Sicinh.) . . 356

11. hornbyi {Gray) 356

12. furcata (Gm.) 367

Subfam. 2. Oceanitinje.

4. Oceanites, Keys, i^- Bias. . 358

1. oceanicus (Kiihl) .... 358

2. gracilis (Elliot) 361

5. Garrodia, Forbes 361

1. nereis ( Gould) 361

6. Pelagodroma, Reich 362

1. marina (Lath.) 362

7. Pelea, Ridgw 364

1. lineata (Pea/?) 364

8. Cymodroma, Ridyw 364

1 . melanogaster ( Gould) . 364

2. grallaria ( Vieill.) .... 366

3. albigidaris (Finsch) . . 367_

4. moestissima {Sale.) . . 367

Fam. II. P r F F I N I D je.
Subfam. 1. Puffinin^.

1. Puffinus, Brisson 368

^1. leucomelas, Temm. . . 370
2. cuneatus, {^'alv 371

.v>

K^X

SYSTEMATIC IXDKX.

3 Jr

-■^. bulleri, 5«/,. ^^f

-^4. cliloioiliynchus, Zft«.'?. . .'{72
—5. fj-iavis ((fUcillt/) . . ' ." .-^73

—0. kiihli (77ai"e) ." 0--

-7. creatopus, f 'o?<e« . . _ _" 37IJ
8. angloi-um (7('wi?H.) ! ." 377
•>. yelkouanus (Acerbi)

10. opisthonielas, C'owe*

11. auriciilaris, 7o?rws.

12. gavia (/cj/%si'.)

13. persicus, Hume 381

14. obscurus (Gm.) .' 3^2

Jo. a.s.«imilis, Gould '3^4

16. e\ecr^m,G{gl. ^- Salvad. 385
U. carneipe.s, Gould . 335

18. oTiseus (<?,«.) 38g

ly. tenmrostris (Temm.) . . 388
SO.iiativitatis, Streets . . 38{) ■
Priofiuus, Hombr. ^- Jacq. 390

1. cinereus {Gm.) 39(3;

379

380
380
381

3. Thalassceca, Reich. .

1. antarctica ((?;«.) . . .

4. Priocella, Hombr. ^- Jacq.

1. glaeialoides (Smith) . .
o. Majaqueu.*, lieich.

392

392-

393

393'

395

395 •

397.'

397:
399:

ffiquinoclialis (Z.) .
2. parkinsoni {Grau).
6. (Estrelata, Z>. .....

1. macroptera (Smith)

2. aterrinia, Bp 401.

3. lessoni ( r/arwo^J . 401

4. hcesitata (Euhl) ' 402

6. jamaicensis (Bancroft) 403
, 6. rostrata (Peale) 404

7. parvirostris (Peale) . 405

8. incerta (&-^/.) 405

9. mollis (Gould) ... " 40G

10. ni&gentiB,Giffl. ^- Salvd. 407

11. phffiopygia, ,Salv. . . 407

12. brevipes (Peale) 4O8

13. hypoleiica, Salv. . . . 409

14. nigripennis, Pothsch. . 409

15. brevirostris (Less.) ..^ 409 1

16. solandri (Gould) 410 '

17. externa, <SW/i\ .... 411 I

18. cervicalis, Salv. . 411

19. neglecta (Schl.) \ 412 {

20. arminjoniana, Gigl. S,-

Salvad. 4^3

21. trinitatis, Gii/i. ' '^■

.- ■ Salvad. 413'

22. heraldica, Salv. '. [ . . ' ' 414

23. gularis (Peale) 414

24. fisheri, Ridffw [ 415

25. scaJaris, Br'eivst 416

26. leucoptera (Gould) ." 416

27. defilippiana, Gir/l. 4- ^^^
Salvad. . ' 41^

28. cooki((?,Y,^)" ::;;;;;; 417

29. longn-o.stri.s, Stejn 4I8

^ 30. axilJans, Salv. 413

7. Pagodroma, Bp .' .' 419

1. iiivea (Gm.) ' ' 419

8. Pulweria, Bp [ 490

1. bulweri (Jard.) ...... 490

2. macg-illivraji ( Gray) . 421

Subfam. 2. Fulmarin^.

9. Ossifraga, Hombr. 4- Jacq. 422

.^^ 1- gigantea (Gm.) 422

i^^. tulmarus, Steph 4->4

1. glacialis (L.) ' ' 42.5

2. glupischa, Stejn. . . . 427

3. rodgersi, Cassin 4-^7

11. T)a.f tion, Steph. .. ' 403

1 capensis(Z.) '//, 4^3

J 2. Halobsena, Is. Geoff r. 431

1. ceerule^ (Gm.) 431

io. i^iion, Lacep 43^

1. vittatus (Gm.) .....] 4.32

2. banksi, 6r'oM/rf ' 434

3. desolatus (G>n.) . . . 434

4. arid, G^owW '435

Fam. III. Pelecanoidid^."'

1. Pelecanoides, Lacej) 437

1. urinatrix ^r;'ii, ^ ' .<ot

unnatrix (&'?».)
2. exsiil, Salv.

437

„ - . 438

3. garnoti (Less.) 4.39

Fam. IV. DioMEDEiDjE.
1. Diomedea, Z 44Q

1. exulan.«, Z. ...... 44 j

2. regia, Bul/er . . .' .' .' .' .' .' 443

3. chionoptera, Sah: . ' 44'{

4. albatrus, Pallas . . 444

5. irrorata, Salv 44.5

6. nigripes, Aud. .' 445

7. immutabilis, Pothsch. 44(i

8. melanoplirvs, Tem)n 447
9 bulleri, Pothsch. .... 448

^. llialassogeron, i?/o',/;,.. 449

1. caiitus (Gould) ." 449

2. salvini, Pothsch 450

3. la.vardi, Salv 459

4. culniinatus (Gould) .' " 451
5 chlororhjncliiis ((?,«.) 451

3. Fiicebetria, Peich 4,53

1. fuliginosa (Gtn.) . . . ' 4,53

Appendix to Tubinares 45.5

CATALOGUE

,B I R D S.

Order XIII. GAVIyE.

The Skuas, Gulls, Terns, and Skimmers, which make up the above
Order, were formerly united by many authors with the Petrels ;
but Nitzsch, after showing (' Pterylography,' 1840) that in their
pter}'losis the Gaviae closely approached the LimicoL'e, I'estricted
to the Gaviae the name Longipennes and placed the Petrels in
the separate Order Tubinares. Mr. P. L. Sclater, who edited
Nitzsch's great work for the Ray Society in 1807, was naturally
influenced by that author's views, and in a paper entitled ' The
present state of the Systema Avium' (Ibis, 1880, p. 409), he
enunciated his reasons for placing the Gulls &c. in the Order Gaviae
( = Longipennes, Nitzsch) : the Petrels forming the Order Tubinares
next ill succession. This is not the place for the discussion of the
views of later writers Avith regard to the degrees of relationship of
the Gaviaj to the Limicolae on the one side, and to the Alcidte on
the other ; but it may fairly be said that on the whole there has
been a tendency to remove the Tubinares to a still greater distance
from the Gavia>. There are, however, some exceptions. Dr. A.
Reichenow (' Die Vogcl der zoologischen Giirten,' i. p. 17, 1882)
includes three families — Procellariida', Laridce, and Sfernidce — in his
Order Longipennes ; while Dr. Elliott Cones considers the Gaviae
and Tubinares as forming suborders of the same.

Considering the Gaviae equivalent to Longipennes as restricted by
Nitzsch, Sclater, and others, this Order has frequently been taken to
consist of one Family — Larid<v ; divided into four subtamilies —
Stercorariino' (Skuas), Larincr. (Gulls), Sterniiut' (Terns), and

VOL. XXV. B

Bhijncliojnnce (Skimmers). Dr. Cones, in his Monograph of the North-
American Larida' (' Birds of the North-West,' pp. 589-717, 1874),
says (p. 592) that " the liliynchop'ma are in every respect true Terns
except in the feature of the unique bill." He adds : — "Examination
of the internal characters of the four subfamilies, Lestridina> [ =
Stercorainince^, Larhia; Siernince, and Rhyncliopinm, demonstrates
that the first and second and the third and fourth are more nearly
related to each other than are the second and third.'" This arrange-
ment of the four subfamilies is maintained by Dr. Coues in his ' Key
to North-American Birds,' 2nd ed. (1884). The compilers of the
American Ornithologists' Code and Check-List, pp. 84-97 (1886),
■went further, and, while restricting their Longipeunes to the Gavige,
they divided this Order into three families — Stercorariidcv , Laridce
(subfamilies Larince and Sternince), and Rliiincl^opida' . These three
families are also adopted by Mr. Ridgway in his ' Manual of North-
American Birds,' p. 20 (1887). They are upheld by Dr. Shufeldt in
his papers " Comparative Osteological Notes on the Extinct Bird
Ichthyornis" (Journ. Anat. & Phys. xxvii. pp. 336-342) and "On
the Classification of the Longipennes " (Amer. Nat. 1893, pp. 233-
237). He considers that " BhyncJiops is, in some of its osteological
characters, notably in the skull, the vertebral chain and pelvis, not
very unlike the fossil cretaceous bird IcJitJiyornis." He is, more-
over, of opinion that the Stercorariidce " stand between the Laridce
and the MhyncJiopidci', being more nearly related to the first-named
than they are to the Skimmers.'' These views are deserving of con-
sideration and may eventually prove to be correct, but at present
the evidence seems insufiicient to justify their adoption in this
volume.

Dr. Coues has, however, clearly shown the important characters
in which the Stercorarvidcp differ from the Laridce (points which
seemed to have escaped some later writers), and I have no hesita-
tion in accepting these two as families. They have been adopted
as subdivisions by Dr. E.. Bowdler Sharpe in his ' Review of Recent
Attempts to Classify Birds,' p. 72 (1891) ; and I further agree with
him that, for the present, it is undesirable to elevate the Rhynclio-
pince to the rank of a third family.

In these introductory remarks the references have been carefully
restricted to those writers whose works had a very direct bearing
upon the classification of this Order ; but I am also indebted to the
treatises of Professors Huxley and Newton, the late A. Garrod and
W. A. Forbes, Drs. Piirbringer, Gadow, and Stejneger, Mr. Seebohm
and others, in addition to the authorities already cited — and, among
the last, especially to Dr. Elliott Coues.

Older GAVIiE.

Palate schizognathous.

Nasals schizorhinal.

Basipterygoid processes absent.

Front toes entirely connected by webs.

Wing aquiutocubital, i. e. the fifth secondary wanting.

Bill simple, except in the subfamily Itliynchopince.

CeiTical vertebrae fifteen.

Coraco-humeral groove distinct.

Furcula with hypocleidium.

Primaries : ten large and visible, one minute and concealed.

Aftershaft to the contour-feather present.

Spinal feather-tract: well defined on the neck by lateral bare
tracts, and forked on the upper back.

Bectrices twelve.

Oil-gland tufted.

Hypotarsus with two grooves.

Young covered with down when hatched, and able to run in a
short time.

Eggs seldom, if ever, exceeding three in number ; spotted or
scrolled with dark colours on a white, buff, or olivaceous ground.

Synopsis of the Families.

I. Bill without a cere ; sternum with two

notches on each side of the posterior
margin ; toes partially or fully webbed ;
claws feeble or moderate Laridae, p. 3.

II. Bill with a cere ; tip of the upper

mandible hooked ; sternum with only
one notch on each side of the posterior
margin ; cseca much larger than in
Laridcf ; toes fully webbed, furnished
with large, strong, hooked and sharp
claws Stercorariidae, p. 314.

Family I. LARIDiE.

Key to the Subfamilies.

Bill straight, rather slender, both mandiblea
of about equal length (paragnathous) ;
pterylosis perfectly Scolopacine ; tail
slightly or distinctly forked STUJiyiN.^, p. 4.

B 2

h. Bill with the mandibles much compressed,
the upper freely movable, the under con-
siderably exceeding the upper in length [p. 152.
(hypognathous) ; pterylosis as in Sterna . . RRYNCHOPIN^,

c. Bill with the upper mandible long-er and bent
down over the tip of the inferior one (epi-
gnathous) ; tail usually square, seldom
forked, exceptionally cuueate LAEIN^, p. 161.

Subfamily I. STERNIN^E.

Key to the Genera.

a. Tail from nearly square to deeply forked.
a'. Head without prolonged plumes at the
gape.
a". Tail-feathers rounded or slightly point-
ed ; tail short, less than half the length
of wing.
a'". Bill small, the culmen less than
twice the length of tarsus ; feet
feeble ; webs between toes consider-
ably indented

6'". Bill very large and stout, culmen
more than twice the length of the
tarsus; feet moderately strong; webs

only shghtly indented

Outer tail-feathers longest, pointed.
c'". Tarsus very long, exceeding middle
toe and claw ; bill robust, obtuse ;
tail less than half the length of the

b".

[p. 5.
1. Hydrochelidon,

2. Phaethusa, p. 23.

d'". Tarsus short, less than middle toe
and claw.
a^. Tail very short, less than one third
of the wing; bill exceptionally

stout and deep

b*. Tail very long, more than three
fourths of the wing ; bill stout,

the genys very short

c*. Tail at least half — and generally
more than half — the length of the
wing ; bill compressed and slender ;
tarsus generally shorter than — and
never exceeding — the middle toe

with the claw

b'. Head with conspicuously prolonged plumes
at the gape ; bill stout, culmeu decurved ;
tail slightly forked, the two outer pairs of

rectrices nearly equal in length

b. Tail graduated, feathers pointed, the outer

pair of rectrices shorter than the next pair.

c'. Foot very long, the middle toe and claw

exceeding the exposed culmen in length ;

the second pair of rectrices from the

outside the longest ; general colour grey.

[p. 25.
8. Gelochelidon,

[p. 32.
4. Hydroprogne,

5. Seena, p. 37.

6. Sterna, p. 41.

7. N.ENIA, p. 132.

[p. 133.
S. Procelsterna,

1. HTDEOCHELIDON. 5

d'. Middle toe and claw shorter than exposed
culm en.
c". Bill strong, dectirvcd ; distance from

the angle of the genys to the tip less

than that to the gape ; the fourth pair

of rectrices from the outside the

longest 9. Angus, p. 136.

(■/". Bill slender and long ; the distance

from the angle of the genys longer

than that to the gape; third pair of

rectrices from the outside the longest. 10. MicRANotrs, p. 143.
e". Bill stout at the base, pointed ; culmen

almost straight or slightly upcurved ;

plumage pure white ; toes slender, the

middle toe abnormally long ; webs

deeply indented 11. Gygis, p. 149.

1. HYDROCHELIDON.

Type.

Ilydrochelidon, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. .563 H. nigra.

Viralva, Stephens, in S/icno^s Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 166

(1826) H. nigra.

Telodes, Kaup, Naturl. Sijst. p. 107 (1829) H. hybrida.

Range. Temperate portions of North America ; Europe, Asia,
Africa, Australia, and New Zealand ; occasionally South America
in winter. Nesting in marshes, on tussocks or floating vegetation.

Key to the Species.

a. Black or dark grey below (summer plumage).
a'. Upper tail-coverts and tail white; under-

parts black as far as the vent ; under wing-
coverts black ; coverts along carpal joint

white to a considerable extent leucoptera, p. 6.

b' . Upper tail-coverts and tail grey.

a" . Bill orange-red (blood-red in life) ; chin
and sides of face white ; throat and breast
grey, passing into blackish grey on the
abdomen ; under wing-coverts white . . hybrida, p. 10.
b" . Bill black ; chin and sides of the face
black, like the underparts : under wing-
coverts pale grey.
a'". Underparts to vent dark lead-grey . . nigra, p. 17.
h'" . Underparts veiy deep black ; line along
the edge of carpals conspicuously
white mrinamensis, p. 20.

b. White below (winter plumage and young). [p. 8.

c . Tail white leucoptera ad. hiem.,

d'. Tail grey.

c". Rump grey, like the back.

c'". Larger : bill stouter ; feet with the

webs much incised h/brida, p. 14.

d'". Smaller : bill more slender ; feet with I nigra, p. 19.

webs less incised ( s)irina7nensis, p. 20.

d' . Ilump white, in contrast with the grey

of the back and tail leucoptera ]\.\\ ., p. 8.

1. Hydrochelidon leucoptera.

? L'llirondelle de mer cendree, Briss. Oni. vi. p. 210 (1760 : juv.).
? L'Hirondelle de mer tachet^e, £riss. Om. vi. p. 216, pi. xx. iig. 2

(1760: juv.).
? Sterna fissipes, Zinn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 228 (1766: S. Europe);
P. i. S. Midler, S. N. p. 354 (1773) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 610 (1788).
? Sterna ufevia, P. L. S. Midler [nee Linn.'], S. N. p. 353 (1773) ;

Gm. S. N. i. p. 609 (1788).
? Cinereous Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 363 (1785).
? Sterna cinerea, Gm. S. N. i. p. 607 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Om. p. 808

(1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 167 (1819) ; Gray,

Gen. B. iii. p. 6-59 (1846).
Sterna fissipes, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 338 (1811 : Don to

Ob) ; Aijres, Ibis, 1871, p. 267 (Transvaal).
Sterna leucoptera, Meisner ^ Schinz, Vog. Schiueiz, p. 264 (1815) ;

Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 483 (1815) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, p. 747 (1820) ;

Vieill. Enc. Method, i. p. 348 (1820) ; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii.

p. 676 (1822) ; Lickt. Verz. Doubl. p. 81 (1823 : Nubia) ; Wernei;

Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 12 (1828) ; Vieill. F. Franqaise, Ois. p. 397,

pi. 160. fig. 2 (1828) ; Lesson, Traite, p. 622 (1831) ; Savi, Om.

Tuse.m.. p. 83 (1831); St.-Hilaire, Exp. Sc. Moree, Zool. p. 56

(1833) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 423 (1837) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl.

X. p. 214, pi. 257 (1840) ; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 375 (1840) ;

Crespon, Om. Gard, p. 477 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur.

p. xcviii & p. 248 (1840); Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid.

iii. p. 278 (1840) ; Crespon, F. Merid. ii. p. 119 (1844) ; Schl.

Rev. Crit. p. cxxxi (1844) ; Miihle, Om. Grieehenl. p. 147 (1844) ;

Yarr. Brit. B. 1st Suppl. p. 50, and 2nd ed. iii. p. 527 (1845) ;

Reichenb. Natat. tab. xx. figs. 803-806 (1848) ; Degland, Ois. Eur.

ii. p. 351 (1849) ; Thompson, B. Irel. iii. p. 307 (1851) ; Bald.

Naum. 1851, Heft iv. p. 47 (Hungary, nesting) ; Bratidt, in Leh-

mann's R. n. Buehara, p. 330 (1852 : Trans-Ural steppe) ; Kjcerb.

Ua7im. Fuqle, p. 332, taf. 60 b (1852), and Suppl. taf. 21. figs. 3 & 4

(1854); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 71 (1856: Egypt and Nubia);

Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 105, pi. 296 (1857); Linderm. Vog.

Grieehenl. p. 181 (1860) ; Poivys, Ibis, 1861, p. 357 (Corfu) ;

Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 153 (Malta) ; Dyb. J. f. O. 1868, p. 338

(DaLiria) ; Borqgr. Vogelf. Norddeutsehl. p. 145 (1869) ; Heugl. in

Peterm. Mitth. p. 408 (1869) ; Ayres, Ibi.%, 1871, p. 267 (Potchef-

stroom) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 169 (1872) ; Buckley, Ibis,

1874, p. 391 (Transvaal) ; Coues, Check-l. no. 575 bis (1874 : Wis-
consin) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 (Kirghiz Steppes) ; id. Brit.

B. iii. p. 257 (1885) ; Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 425 (Dobrudscha) ;

Stevenson 8)- Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 316 (1890) ; Jdckel u.

Bias. Vog. Bayerns, p. 376 (1891) ; Hartl. Abh. not. Ver. Bremen,

xii. Heft ii. p. 334 (1892 : Tientsin).
Sterna grisea, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Sac. xiii. p. 190 (1820, Java ; type

in B. M.) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 159 (1825).
Ilydrochelidou leucoptera, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 503 ; Kaup, Natiirl.

Syst. pp. 109 & 196 (1829) ; Brehin, Vog. Deutschl. p. 796 (1831) ;

Bp. Cat. Uec. Eur. p. 77 (1842); Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. iv.

(18.50), and Av. Syst. Nat., Lo7igip. p. v (18-52) ; Maegill. Br. B. v.

p. 661 (1852); Licht. Notnencl. Av. p. 98 (1854) ; Brehtu, Naum.

1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 350 (1855); Schrenck, Reise Amurl.

p. 511 (18.59); Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 82 (E. & W. Sahara);

Radde, Reise Sibir., Vog. p. 389 (1863) ; Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 123

(1864) : Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 352 (1865) ; Doderl. Avif. Mod.

Ul'DKOCHKiaDOX.

^ Sicil. p. 252 (1809); Fritsch, Vii;/. Eur. p. 461, tab. 54. fig. 7
(1870); Hume, Ibis, 1870, p. 34() (Tipperaj ; Saund. Ihis, \fil\,
p. 399 (S. Spain); HutUm, Cat. N.-Z. B. p. 43 (1871); Finsch,
J. f. O. 1872, p. 43, & 1874, p. 206; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 76
(1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia); Biiller, B. New
Zeal. p. 287 (1873) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 321 (1875), pl.s. 590
& 591 ; Irby, Orti. Str. Gibr. p. 211 (1875); Saimd. P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 641 (revision) ; id. Bull. Sac. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 201 (S.E.
Spain) ; David Sf Owitul. Ois. Chine, p. 524 (1877) ; Finsch, Verh.
z.-b. Ges. Wieri, xxi.x. j). 280 (1879: Omsk, &c.) ; Hume, Str.
Feath. viii. p. 115 ; id. t. c. p. 495 (Andamans) (1879) ; Zec/.r/e, B.
Ceylon, p. 1000 (1880) ; Rus.^ow, Orn. Ehst- Liv-, u. Curhmds,
Archil'. Nat. Livl. (2) ix. p. 198 (1880) ; Giylioli, Ibis, 1881,
p. 218 (Florence : May, rare) ; Ridqio. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21
p. 53 (1881) ; Buller', Man. B. Nexo Zeal. p. 81 (1882) ; Salvin,
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 022 (1882) ; Cones, Check-l. N. Am. B. p. 124
(1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 185 (1883) ; Gates, B. Brit.
Burm. ii. p. 420 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 770
(1884) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 700 (1884) ; Saund.
4th ed. Yarrell's Brit. B. iii. p. 522 (1884); Baird, Brewer, ^•
Ridyw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 323 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. Sf Flor.
Palestine, p. 137 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 47 (Corsica,
28 INIay) ; Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ; Torre u. Tschusi, t. c.
p. 564 (Austria-Hungary) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1886, p. 506 (Poland,
breeding) ; A. O. U. Check-l. p. 96 (1886) ; Giylioli, Avif. Ital.
p. 419 (1886) ; id. 1" Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 635 (1889) ; id. 2" Resoc.
p. 653 (1890) ; id. 3» Resoc. p. 512 (1891) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital.
p. 280 (1887) ; Booth, Rough Notes, iii. (1887) ; Hartert, MT.
orn. Ver. Wien, 1887. p. 180, and Ibis, 1892, p. 520 (East Prussia,
once) ; Ridyw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 47 (1887) ; Symonds, Ibis, 1887,
p. 335 (Orange Free State) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb.
(7) xxxvi. 3, p. 57 (1888: Samarcaud) ; Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2ud
ed. ii. p. 76 (1888) ; Reichenoio, Syst. Verz. Viiq. Deutschl. p. 61
(1889) ; Gnillemard, Ibis, 1889, p. 219, and Lilford, t. c. p. 347
(Cyprus) ; Feilden, t. c. p. 502 (Barbados) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8
(1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 619 (1889) ; Everett, B.
Borneo, p. 210 (1889); Radde u. Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 127
(Trans-Caspia) ; Riesenth. Wasservoy. Mitteleurop. p. 145 (1890) ;
Keller, Orn. Carinthia>, p. 308 (1890) ; Heine Sf- Reichen. Nomencl.
Mus. Ilein. p. 356 (1890) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Lake
Lenian) ; Payton,. t. c. p. 465 (Mogador) ; Styan, t. c. p. 609
(Kiukiang) ; Madard.sz, Ausst. Unyar. Voqelf. p. 121 (1891) ;
Frivaldsky, Av. Huny. p. 181 (1891) ; De La Toucke, Ibis, 1892,
p. 502 (Foochow and Swatow, spring) ; Fatio Sf Studer, Cat. distrib.
Ois. Suisse, pp. 64,65 (1892) ; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 83 (1892:
Barbados) ; Sharpe, Bull. B. O. Club, no. xi. p. v (1893 : Suakin) ;
Sliellei/, Ibis, 1894, pp. 27 & 476 (Lake Sbirwa) ; Lilford, Col.
Fiys.' Brit. B. pt. xxix. (1894); Reichen. Voy. Deuts'ch-O.-Afr.
p. 21 (1894: Tanganyika).

Viralva leucoptera, Ste2)h. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 170(1826).

llydrofhflidon leucourus [sic], Seyffertiz Sf Brehm, Isis, 1833, p. 985.

llvdroohelidou leucopteriim, Bj). Cornp. List B. Eur. Sj- N. Am. p. 61
'(1838). _

Ilydrochclidon grj^ea, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184 ; Grai/, List Anseres
m Brit. Mus. p. 180 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846).

Ilydrochelidon fissipes, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184 ; Taczan. Bull. Soc.
Zool. France, 1876, p. 262 (East Siberia) ; Radde, Orn. Caucas.
p. 488 (1884) ; Brusina, Orn. Croatica, p. 92 (1889).

Hydrochelidon nigra, Oray [nee Linn.'], List Anseres in Brit. Mus.
p. 180 (18-44) ; id. Gen. ^.iii. p. 6G0 (1846) ; Blyt?i, Cat.B. Mtis. As.
Soc. p. 291 (1849) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) : Jaub. et Barth.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. MicUFr. p. 398 & fig. (1859) ; A. E. Brehm,
Reis. Hahesch, p. 229 (1863) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 243 (1863) ;
Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 328, and Ibis, 1863, p. 97 (China) ; Jerd. B.
India, iii. p. 875, App. (1864) ; Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc. p. 115 (1864 :
Nile to 8° N. lat.) ; Blasim, J.f. O. 1866, p. 82 ; Degl. 8,- Gerbe, Orn.
Eur. ii. p. 466 (1867) ; Loche, E.vpl. So. Algh:, Ois. ii. p. 207 (1867) ;
Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 284 (1871) ; Swink. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 421 ; Gray, Hand-list B. iii. p. 121 (1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt,
p. 301 (1872) ; Gurney , Andersson^ s B. Damara-land, p. 363 (1872);
Heugl. Om. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1447 (1873) ; Coues, B. N.-
West, p. 708 (1874) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 372 (1874) ; Tf^alden,
Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 103 (1874 : Celebes) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 416
(Turkestan) ; Prjev. in Roioley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 145 (1878:
breeding on Tsaidemin Lake and basin of Lake Hanka) ; Finsch,
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 280 (1879 : Chinese Altai, 5000
feet elevation) ; Bolau, J. f. O. 1882, p. 342 (Daiii-ia) ; Menzbier,
Bull. Soc. Mosc. Iviii. p. 136 (1883 : Volga to Oka) ; W. Blasius,
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxxiii. p. 73 (1883 : S.E. Borneo) ; Shelley,
Ibis, 1888, p. 306 (Lamu, E. Africa); TV. Blasius, Ornis, 1888,
p. 633 (Gt. Sanghir I.) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind.
Ii. p. 413 (1892: Java).

Hydrochelidon subleucoptera, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; id.
VogeJfang, p. 350 (1855).

Hydrochelidon javanica (nee Horsjield), Swinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 68;
id. op. cit. 1861, p. 345 (North China).

Sterna nigra, Schlegel, Mus. P.-B., Stemse, p. 31 (1863) ; Holdstv.
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 481 (Ceylon) ; Legge, J. A. S. B. 1874, p. 58
(Cevlon) ; id. Str. Feath. iii. p. 376; Blanford, East. Pers. ii.
p. 294 (1876) ; Bias. u. Nehrkorn, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1882, p. 432
(Amboina : cf. Ibis, 1883, p. 212).

Hydrochelidon niger, Severtzoff, Turkest. Jevotnie, p. 70 (1873 : up
to 1000 ft.).

Hydrochelidon hybridus, Tacz. J.f. O. 1873, p. Ill, and 1874, p. 337
"(Daiiria : cf. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 262).

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, and upper back dark
glossy black ; coverts on the carpal joint pure white ; greater wing-
coverts pearl-grey ; secondaries darker, passing into slate-grey ;
primaries frosted with pearl-grey, which soon wears off the outer
quills, leaving the webs sooty black, with a well-defined narrow
whitish streak down the middle of the inner webs of the four outer
primaries ; shafts white ; back and rump greyish black ; upper tail-
coverts and tail pure white ; underparts deep black ; vent white ;
flanks, under wing-coverts, and axillaries black : bill livid red ; feet
oraugc-red ; webs of toes much indented. Total length 9-3 inches,
culmen 1-1, wing 8-2, tail 3-1, tarsus 0-75, middle toe with claw 1.

Adult female. Similar to the male.

Adult in autumn and. winter plumage. In the latter part of July,
when the moult begins (in Europe), the bird is curiously parti-
coloured, the new feathers of the head, neck, and underparts being
white and those of the back grey (paler than in Hydrochelidon nigra).
See specimen from Valencia, East Spain, July 25th. Later, the

1. nYDROCHELIDON.

9

underparts, iucluding the uuder wing-coverts and axillaries, become
white, the crown of the head and the nape being merely mottled
with black ; but by the following April the black colour has re-
appeared to a considerable extent, especially on the axillaries. See
specimen from the Andaman Islands, April 16th.

Immature. In birds which are not mature, though capable of
breeding, the black of the underparts has a brownish tinge and the
tail-feathers are pearl-grey, especially towards the tips. In winter,
like the adult.

Youn;/. Similar to the winter plumage of the somewhat immature
bird, but much mottled with dark brown on the upper parts, and
the tail-feathers slightly darker grey with a brownish tinge towards
the tips ; upper tail-coverts always white.

Nc'iilinf/. lluddy fawn-colour, mottled with black above, unspotted
pale cinnamon-brown below.

JIab. Central and Southern Europe in summer, to about 55° N.
on migration ; eastward across temperate Asia to China (but not
to Japan) ; soutliward in winter to Australia, New Zealand, and all
Africa ; once in Barbados ; once in Wisconsin.

a. (S ad. sk.

b. 2 vLx ad. sk.

c. d. Ad. St.
e,A U- d ad. sk.

h, i. S 2 ad. sk. ; k.
Pull. sk. ; /. Juv.

St.

m. Jut. sk.

»', 0. d $ ad. sk.

l^. 5 ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk,

r. Iinm. sk.
s. 2 imm. sk.
t, u. 2 juv. St.

V. Juv. sk.
iv. cf juv. sk.

.V. 2 juv. sk.

t/. .luv. sk.

=. c? juv. ; a'. Ad.

sk.
b', c', d'. Juv. sk.

e'. Juv. sk.
/'. 2 imm. sk.

Albufera de Valencia, E.

Spain, July {H. Martin).
Mallorca, Balearic Islands,

May (H. S.).
Italy.
Hungary, April, May.

"Volga, June, July, August
{H. Moschler). '

Egypt (G. K S.).
Damietta, Egypt, April

(Ftlipponi).'
Faioum, Egypt, May 31

(J. II. Gtirneii).
Mogador, Marocco, May.

Gambia.

Katenbella, Benguela, Xov.

Omaubonde, Damaraland (C.
J. Andersfion).

Cape Colony {E. L. Laijard).

Transvaal, Dec. {T. E. Buck-
ley).

Potchefstroom, Transvaal,
Nov. 24 {T. Ayres).

Loopsprit, Transvaal, Dec.
(T.A.).

Potchefstroom, Transvaal,
Nov., July (T. A.).

Nyasaland, Dec.

Zambesi.

Lamu, E. Africa, 2° 25' S.
{F. J. J.).

II. Saimders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Purchased.
Hungarian Nat. Mus.

[R].
H. Saunders Coll.

Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.

SheUey Coll.

C. A. Payton, Esq.

[P.].
Gov. Kendall [C.].
Monteiro Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.

J. H. Gurney, Esq.

[P.].
H. H. Johnston, Esq.,

C.B. [P.].
Dr. Bradshaw [C.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].

10

y' . Ad. sk.

li . Juv. sk.

«'. Juv. sk.
k'. <S juv. sk.

i'. Ad. sk.

m', n', o'. Juv. ;

p'. Ad. sk.
q'. Ad. sk.

r'. Imm. sk.

s', t', u'. Juv. sk.

v'. Ad. sk.

w', x'. Imm. sk.

y. Juv. sk,

z'. Imm. sk.
«". Juv. sk.

b", c". Ad. ;

d". Juv. sk.
c", /". Juv. ;

ff". Imm. sk.
h", i". Ad. sk.
A;". Ad.; /". Juv. sk.
m". Juv. sk.

n", o". Imm. sk.
p". Juv. sk.

Zoulla, Abyssinia, June 13 Tweeddale Coll.

( W. Jesse).

Suakin. Capt. R. H. Pentou

[P.].

Bogos, Abyssinia {Esler). H. Saunders Coll.

Ilambantotta, Ceylon, July H. Saunders Coll.

( W. V. Legge).

Comilla, Tippera, Eastern Hume Coll.

Bengal {V. Irvxin).

Pegu, Sept.-Oct. (E. W. O.). Gates CoU.

South Andamans, April 16 Hume Coll.

{F. A. de Roepstorff).
Malacca {S. Pinwill).
Java.

Java (winter pi., Horsfield).
Java.

(Types of H. grisea of Horsfield and of Gray's list.)
Baram Pt., N.Borneo, Oct. A. Everett, Esq. [C.J.

{A. E.).
Celebes.
Mindanao, Philippines, Oct.

{E. L. Moseley).
Canton, China \S. Bligh).

Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum [P.
India Museum fP.'
India Museum [P

Seebohm Coll.
Steere Expedition.

Tweeddale Coll.

Canton, China (»S'. Bligh). Seebohm Coll.

Takoo, China (Stoinhoe).
Cape York, N. Australia.
Cape York, N. Austraha,

Nov. 9.
N.W. Australia.
Barbados, Get. 24 {H. W.F.).

Seebohm Coll.
Gould Coll.
Voy.H.M.S.' Rattle-
snake.'
Dr. J. R. Elsey [P.].
Col. H. W. Eeilden
[R].

2. Hydrochelidon hybrida.

Sterna hybrida, Pcdlas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 3.38 (1811:
S. Volga, and Sarpa) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcviii, 248
(1840) ; MUhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 147 (1844) ; Degland, Orn.Eur.
ii. p. 353 (1849) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1856 : Egypt & Nubia,
resident) ; Linderin. Vog. Griechenl. p. 180 (1860) ; Schleq. Mus.
P.-B., SterntB, p. 33 (1863) ; Writjht, Ibis, 1864, p. 153 (Malta) ;
Marling, Hcmdb. Br. B. p. 168 (1872) : Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 281
(1873: Sind) ; R. M. Adam, Sir. F. i. p. 403 (1873: Sambhur
Lake) ; Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 348 (1875) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii.
p. 294 (1876) ; Milne-Edwards ^ Grandidier, H. N. Madag., Ois.
pi. 649 (1882: osteology); Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 (Volga
delta) ; id. Brit. B. iii. p. 260 (1885) : Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 424
(Dobrudscha, breeding) ; Stevenson ^ Sonthw. B. Norfolk, iii.
p. 306 (1890) ; Oates, 2nd ed. Hwue's Nests if Eggs Ind. B. iii.
p. 305 (1890) ; Sharps, Ibis, 1891, p. 116 (Fao) ; Jdckel u. Bias.
Vog. Bayerns, p. 374 (1891).

Sterna leucopareia, Natterer, in Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 746 (1820) ;
Meyer, Taschenb. iii. p. 189 (1822); Boie, Ms, 1822, p. 563;
Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 674 (1822) ; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 81
(1823 : Nubia) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 694 (1824) ; IVerner, Atlas,
Palmipedes, pis. 10, 11 (1828) ; Sari, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 92 (1831) ;
Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 424 (1837) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. x. p. 168,

1. HYDEOCflEIJDON. 11

pi. 255 (1840); Scki7iz, Enrop. Faun. p. 374 (1840) ; Temm. Man.

d'Orn. A" part. p. 4U3 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 476 (1840) ;

Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. ii. p. 278 (1840); Crespun,

Faune M6rid. ii. p. 118 (1844 : breeding in August) ; Schleg. H/'v.

Crit. p. exxxi (1844) ; Itiipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845 : Lower

Egypt) ; Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. oil (1845) ; Heicits. Egijs

Brit. B. ii. p. 430*, pi. 120* (1846) : Thomps. Ann. Nat. Hist. xx.

p. 79 (1847); id. B. Irel. iii. p. 298 (1851); lieichenb. Natat.

tab. xxi. iigs. 812-815 (1848) ; Bald. Naum. 1851, Hit. iv. p. 44

(Hungary, breeding) ; Kjcerb. Damn. Fuqle, p. 331, taf. 40 n (1852) ;

id. SiippL taf. 21. figs. 1, 2 (1854) ; Poivys, Ibis, 1860, p. 357

(Butrinto, in winter) ; A. Anderson, Ibis, 1872, p. 81 (Fyzabad,

breeding) ; Sintenis, J.f. O. 1877, p. 68.
Sterna javanica, Rorsfidd, Trans. Limi. Soc. xiii. p. 198 (1820) [not

of bis Zool. Res. p. 8] (type in Brit. Mus.) ; Steph. in Shaio's Gen.

Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 158 "(1825); Gray ^ Hardw. III. hid. Zool. i.

pi. 70. fio-. 1 (1832: Cawnpore) ; Reichenb. Natat. Novit. vii.

tab. cclxx. fig. 2258 (1850).
Sterna delamotta {sic), Vieill. Enc. Method.l p. 350 (1820: Picardy).
? Sterna cantiaca, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 329 (1821).
Viralva iudica, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii.pt. l,p. 169 (1826).
Viral va leucopareia, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 171

(1825).
Sterna delamotte (sic), Vieill. Faune Fra7ig., Ois. p. 402, pi. 162. fig. 1

(1828).
Pelodes leucopareia, Katip, NatUrl. Syst. p. 107 (1829).
Sterna leucoptera [laj)sus for "<S. leucopareia "], Lesson, Traite, p. 622

(1831 : Cape Good Hope) ; Buckley, Ibis, 1874, p. 391 (^Transvaal).
Ilvdrochelidun leucopareia, Brehm, Viig. Deutschl. p. 797 (1831) ;

^Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Am. p. 61 (1838) ; Boie, Isis, 1844,

p. 184 ; Macgill. Br. B. v. p. 663 (1852) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av.

(1877: Luzon); Ra^nsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. p. 386
(1877: Gulf of Carpentaria); A. B. Meyer, Ibis, 1879,. p. 146
(Togian Is.); Holub Sf Von Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sildafr. p. 332
(1882) ; Ridgioay, Man. N. Am. B. p. 47 (1887) ; Taczan. Ornis,
1888, p. 506 (Poland, not breeding) ; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 83
(1892).
Sterna similis, Ch-ay, Hardw. III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 70. fig. 2 (1832)
(type in Brit. Mus.) ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 171 ; Jerdon, Madras
Juurn. xii. p. 224 (1840) ; Reichenb. Natat. Novit. viii. tab. ccLxxi.
fig. 2261 (1850).

(184t;); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf. ^. 351 (1855);
Pp. C. R. xiii. p. 773 (1856) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 242 (1863) ;
Jatdi. ^- Barth.-Lapomm. Rich, Orn. p. 398 (1859) ; Tristram,
76/s, 1860, p. 82 (North African lakes); Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc.
p. 115 (1864: Nile to lat. 13° N.); Fili2}pi, Viagy. Pers. p. 352
(1865) ; Blusius, J. f. O. 1866, p. 82; Begl. Sf- Gerbe, Orn. Eur.
ii. p. 468 (1867) : Loche, Expl. Sc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 208 (1867) ;
Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 253 (1869) ; Fritsch, Voa. Eur. p. 460, tab. 54.
fig. 10 (1870); Sahad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 283 (1871) ; Switih.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 421 (Formosa); Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 121
(1871); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (S. Spain); Salvad. Ucc.

12

Borneo, p. 374 (1872 : Sarawak); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii.
pt. 2, p. 1449 (1873 : Bahr el Abiad) ; Waldeii, Tr. Z. S. viii.
p. 103 (1874 : Celebes) ; Irby, Orn. Str. Gihr. p. 211 (1875) ;
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 640 (revision) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 416 ;
id. B. Eur. viii. p. 315, pis. 688 & 589 (1877) ; Bavid Sf Oustal.
Ois. Chine, p. 524 (1877) ; Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877,
p. 201 (S. Spain) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 794, and Voi/. ' Chal-
hnger,' Birds, ii. p. 133 (1881 : Manila) ; Klunzincjer, Z. Ges.
Erdk. Berlin, xiii. Hft. il. p. 90 (1878 : Red Sea) ; Ramsay, Pr.
Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 201 (1878) ; Hume ^ Davis. Str. F.
vi. p. 491 (1878: Tenasserim) ; Davids. ^ Wend. op. cit. vii. p. 93
(1878 : Deccan) ; 0%js, t. c. p. 313 (E. Bengal) ; IIu7}2e, Str.
F. viii. p. 115 (1879) ; Lepffe, B. Ceylon, p. 996 (1880) ; Ward-
law Ramsay, Tiveedd. Mem. p. 660 (1881 : Pliilippines) ; Bocage,
Orn. Anr/ola, p. 514 (1881 : Angola) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 218
(Pisa) ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 594 (Gil^it) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia
c5-e. iii. p. 427 (1882) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 622 (1882) ;
Vorderman, Tijdschr. Nederl. hid. xlii. p. 126 (1883) ; B. O. U.
List Brit. B. p.'l84 (1883) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 419 (1883) ;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (Kiukiang) ; Tristr. Faun. ^ Flor.
Palest, p. 136 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cane. p. 487 (1884) ; Saund. Ath
ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 527 (1884) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard:s B. S. Afr.
p. 699 (1884) ; Homey er, Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ; Torre u. Tsch. t. c.
p. 565 (Hungary, breeds) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 493 (Tao, resident) ;
Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 419 (1886 : not known to breed) ; Salvad.
Ucc. Ital. p. 279 (1887) ; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 335 (Orange
Free State) ; Tait, t. c. p. 394 (Portugal) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad.
St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. 3, p. 57 (1888 : Turkestan) ; Hume, Str.
F. xi. p. 350 (1888 : Manipur) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 204, and
fVhitehead, op. cit. 1890, p. 61 (Palawan) ; Reichenoio, Si/st.
Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 61 (1889) ; Radde ^ Walter, Ornis, 1889,
p. 127 (breeding, Merv oasis) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889) ;
Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 621 (1889); North, Nests Sf Eggs
Austral. B. pp. 353 & 402 (1889) ; Everett, B. Borneo, p. 210
(1889) ; Giqlioli, 1° Resoc. Av. Ital.-p. 634 (1889), 2° Resoc. p. 653
(1890), 3" Resoc. p. 227 (1891); Keller, Orn. Carinth. p. 308
(1890) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (L. Leman) ; Payton, t. c.
p. 465 (Mogador) ; Styan, t. c. p. 509 (Kiukiang); Frivaldsky,
Av. Hung. p. 181 (1891): Madardsz, Ausstell. TJngar. Vogelf.
p. 121 (1891) ; DeLa louche. Ibis, 1892, p. 502 (Foocbow) ; Fatio
Sf Studer, Cat. distrib. Ois. Suisse, pp. 64-65 (1892) ; Lilford,
Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxviii. (1894) ; Service, Attn. Scot. N. H.
1894, T). 179 (Solway).

Hydrochelidon fluviatilis, Gotdd, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 140 (New South
Wales) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 6G0 (1846) ; Gould, B. Australia, vii.
pi. 31 (1848); Sturt, Exp. Centr. Austr. ii. App. p. 58 (1849) ;
Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 347 (1850) ; Licht. Notnencl. Av. p. 98
(1854) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog.
p. 155 (1865) ; Gray, Hand-list, iii. p. 122, no. 11075 (1871) ;
Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 348 (Queensland).

The Whiskered Tern, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 404 (1843).

Hydi'ocecropis delamotta {sic), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.

Hydrocecropis similis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 178.

Hydrocecropis leucogenys, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.

Sternula delamotti, Bole, Isis, 1844, p. 183 (" Cape Bonin, West
Africa").

Sternula javanica, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183.

1. nYDROCnELIDON. 13

Hydrochelidon margiuata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beng. xv. p. 373 (1846 :

Hoogly).
Hydvoclielidon javanica, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. (560 (1846).
Hydrochelidon similis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846).
Hydi-ochelidon indica, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat.

B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 200 (1849) ; Bp. C. It. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ;

Irh)/, Ibis, 1861, p. 246 (Oude & Kumaon) ; Gray, Cat. M. etc.

Nepal pres. Hodys. p. 78 (18(;3) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 328

(Formosa) [not then known from China]; Jerdon, B. Ind. iii.

p. 837 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 121 (1871) ; Hume ^-

Hendvrs. Lahore to York. p. 301 (1873: Kashmir); Adam, Str.

F. ii. p. 439 (1874 : Chota Nagpur) ; Hume, Nests &,• Eggs Ind.

B. p. 648 (1875) ; Blyth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 163 (1875) ; Butler,

Str. F. iv. p. 32 (1876 : N. Guzerat) ; V. Ball, Str. F. vii. p. 233

(1879) ; Frjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 145 (1878 : breeds in

Hoang-ho Valley, Tsaidemin Nor) ; Marshall, Ibis, 1884, p. 425

(Chamha).
Hydrochelidon meiidionalis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 351 (1855).
Hydrochelidon leucogenys, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf.

p. 350 (1855).
Hydrochelidon nilotica, Brehm, Namn. 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf.

p. 351 (1855).
Hydrochelidon delalandii, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 773 (1856) * ;

Gray, Hand-list, iii. p. 122 (1871).
Sterna" innotata, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 404 (imm.) ; Gray, Hand-list,

iii. p. 119, no. 11043 (1871).
Hydrochelidon javanica. Gray, Hand-list, iii. p. 122, no. 11073 (1871).
Pelodes hybrida, Gurney, Andersson's B. of Bamara-land, p. 362

(1872) ; Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Occid. fasc. xi. p. 41

(1886); Heine S,- Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 356 (1890).
Hydrochelidon leucopareius, Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873).
Sterna melauogastra, Salvad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 377 (1874) ; O. St.

John, Ibis, 1889, p. 180 (Quetta) ; Vordei-m. Nat. Tijdschr.

Nederl. Ind. xlir. p. 207 (1884: Java); id. op. dt. xlix. p. 420

(1889: Sumatra).
Sterna macroura, Sintenis, J. f. O. 1877, p. 68 (Dobrudscha,

"floating nests").
Hydrochelidon nigra, Biddtdph, Ibis, 1881, p. 102 (Gilgit) [cf. Scully,

t. c. p. 594].
Pelodes indica, Heine Sf Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 356(1890).
Pelodes javanica, iid. loc. cit.

Adult male in hrefding-plumarje. Forehead, crown, and nape
deep black ; from the gape to the nape a conspicuous white streak ;
upper parts slate-grey, darker on the primaries, except when these
are new and frosted ; shafts white ; inner webs of outer pairs of
primaries white on the upper and greater part of the inner webs ;
upper tail-coverts grey ; tail-feathers grey, with white outer webs
to the outside pair ; chin white or very pale grey ; throat grey,
darkening on the lower part ; breast dark slate-grey, which deepens
into black on the abdomen and flanks ; vent and under tail-covcrts
white; under wing-covorts white ; axillaries white with a faint
tinge of grey : bill blood-red ; feet vcrmiKon (drying to orange-

* Type examined.

14 LAKID^.

colour) ; webs deeply indented, but less so than in H. leucoptera.
Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 9-25-9-5, tail 3-8,
tarsus 0-9, middle toe with claw 1-15.

Indian birds, which are probably almost sedentary, are slightly
smaller in size. Some of the birds resident in South Africa are of
a distinctly darker hue both above and below than Northern
examples ; Australian specimens, on the other hand, are inclined to
be paler.

Adult female. Similar to the male, or a trifle paler in general
tint.

Adult in winter plumage. Upper parts of a paler grey than in the
breeding-season ; forehead white : crown and nape streaked and
mottled with black ; underparts entirely white ; bill and feet
reddish brown.

Tounq in first plumage. Crown and nape blackish brown, mantle
mottled with brown and with warm ciunamon-brown edges to the
inner secondaries ; tail slightly mottled and edged with ash-brown ;
the rest like the adult in winter. By December the brown
markings are considerably diminished.

Nestling. Down at the base of the bill black, forehead ruddy
fawn-colour ; upper parts paler fawn, mottled and streaked with
black ; undei-j^jarts white, except the throat, which is sooty black
for a few days.

Hah. South-western, Central, and Southern Europe in summer,
and to about 55° N. lat. on migration; eastward throughout temperate
and warmer Asia to China ; southwards, by Malayasia to Australia,
as far as 35° S. lat. ; throughout Africa ; Barbados once.

a. Pull. sk. Camargue, S. France, July H. Saunders Coll.

(Rousillon^.

h. S ad.sk. Andalucia, S.W.Spain, May 10 Col. L. H. L. Irby

{L. H. L. I.). [P.].

c. S ad- sk. Andalucia, S.W. Spain, June 6 H. Saunders Coll.

(S. S.).

d, e. Ad. et juv. Andalucia, S.W. Spain, July H. Saunders Coll.
sk. (F. W. Forrester).

f. Ad. ; <7, h. Juv. Valencia, E. Spain, July 26. H. Saunders Coll.

sk.

i. S ad. sk. Lower Volga, May {H. F. Gould Coll.

Moschler).

k. Pull. sk. Astrachan, July {S. F. Mosch- Gould Coll.

ler).

I, m. Pull. St. Algiers. Purchased.

n. Ad. sk. Marocco. Tweeddale Coll.

o,p. c? 2 ad. ; q, Lower Egypt {G. E. Shelley). Shelley Coll.

r. Imm. sk.

s. Ad. sk. Lower Egypt {G. E. Slielley). 11. Saunders Coll.

t. Ad. St. White Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.].

u. Ad. sk. White Nile.

V. Imm. sk. Lake Ngami (C. J. Andersson). H. Saunders Coll.

w. Ad. sk. Kroonstad, Orange Free State. J. H. Gurney CoU.

.r. S ad. sk. Newcastle, Natal, Dec. 6. Shelley CoU.

y. Ad. sk. ; Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.].

z. Ad. st.

1. HTDROCHELIDON.

15

a'-d' . Ad. ; e',f' .

Juv. sk.
(/' . Juv. sk.
h'. $ ad. sk.

i. 5 ad. sk.

k'. (S ad. sk.

/'. Juv. sk.

»*', w'. c? 2 ad. ;

o', />'. 5 imm,

sk.
q, r'. Ad. sk.
s', t', u'. Ad. sk.
r', w'. Ad. sk.

j:'. Ad. sk.

1/', z'. Ad. sk.
a". 2 ad. sk.
6". .Juv. sk.
c". Ad. sk.

Ad. sk.

Juv. sk.

cJ imm. sk.

cf ad. sk.

d"

a"-

h". 2 ad. sk.

i". 2 juv. sk.

k", I". Juv. sk.

m" , n". S 2 ad.

sk.
o". Imm. sk.

p", q". 6 2 ad.

sk.
r", s". S ad. sk.

<". Ad. sk.
u". Juv. sk.
v", w" . Ad. et

juv. sk.
.r". Juv. sk.
y"-P. Imm. sk.
c^. Juv. sk.
rf'. 2 imm. sk.

2 imm. sk.
«"*> ^'- cJ 2 imm.

sk.
P, m^. Juv. sk.
>i\ 2 ad- sk.

Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug., Sept.

Cabul, Oct. 29, 1834 (Griffith').
Quetta, May 22 {Sir O. St.

John).
Meliur, Upper Sind, Jan. 18

(A. O. H.).
Eastern Narra, Sind [S. Doig).
Cutch, Nov. 6.
Sambhur Lake, Rajpootana,

April {R. 31. Adam).

Cashmere {Dr. Belleio).

Cashmere.

Woolar Lake, Cashmere (Dr.

F. Stoliczka ; Forsyth Exp.).
Woolar Lake, Cashmere (Col.

E. Delme lladcliffe).
Dul Lake, Cashmere, June.
Gilgit, April 22.
Gilgit, Sept. 11.
[Little?] "Tibet."
Kumaon.
Naini Tal.

Gurgaon, Feb. (A. O. H.).
Myupuri, Futtehgurh, Aug. 31

{A. Aiiderson).
Mynpuri, Futtehgurh, July

(A. Andejson).
Mynpuri, Futtehgurh, 35 days

old, Oct. (A. Anderson).
Mynpuri, Futtehgurh, Sept. 20

{A. Anderson).
Mynpuri, Futtehgm-h, Aug. 31

(A. Anderson).
Cawnpore.

W. D. Cumming

Esq. [P.].
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

India IMuseum.
Capt. Piuwill [P.].
India Museum [P.].

H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.
Col. Biddulph [P.].
Col. Biddulph [P.J.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

II. Saimders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Etawah, Aug. 22.

India Museum [P.].
(Type of Sterna similis, G. & H.)
Hume Coll.

Allahabad, June 8 (J. Cock- Hume CoU.

burn).

Oudh, Jan. Hume CoU.

Chunar, Nov. ( JV. E. Brooks). Hume Coll.

Dinapore (S. P.). S. PinwUl CoU.

Dinapore (<S'. Pimcill).
Dacca, Jan.
Comilla, Tippera.
Barrackpur (Col. J. Biddulph).
Calcutta, Dec.

Raipur, Central Provinces.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Hume Coll.

Madras.

Colombo, Ceylon,
(W.V.L.).

March

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.
Col. W. V.

[P.].

Legge

16 LAPJDJ!:.

0^ c? ad. sk. N.E.CevloD,Aiio-. l(jr. F.i.). R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

«' 2 ad. sk. Colombo, Ceylon, April 15 H. Saunders Coll.

(W.V.L.):

q^. 6 ad. sk. Colombo, Ceylon, Dec. 15 H. Saunders Coll.

(W.V.L.).

r\ Juv. sk. Ceylon. Tweeddale Coll.

s^. cS imm. sk. Hanquede, Ceylon, Dec. (S. Tweeddale Coll.

Chap7nan).

i!3 cj iuT. sk. Pegu, Oct. 30, {E. W. O.). Gates Coll.

u\ 2 ad. ; v\ Lower Pegu, Oct. 7 {S. W. O.). Oates Coll.

Inim. sk.

w'', .r^ c? ad. sk. Sittang river, Feb. ( W. JDavi- Hume Coll.

son),

y^, 2^ c? ad. ; Thatone, Nov. 17-Dec. 25 ( W. Hume Coll.
«■*, 6*. 2 ad. ; Davison).
c*. S juv. sk.

dK c? iuv. sk. Kaukaryit, Hounthraw River, Capt. C. T. Bingham

Tenasserim, Dec. (C. T.5.). [P.].

e*. Ad. .sk. Java. India Museum.

(Type of Sterna javanicd, HorsKeld.)

f\ g\ d 2 ad. ; Togian Islands {Dr. A. B. Tweeddale Coll.

h*. Imm. sk. Met/er).

i\kK S ^i-; l^- Togian Islands (Dr. A. B. H. Saunders Coll.

2 ad. sk. Meyer),

m^. Juv. sk. Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Steere Exped.

Sept. (-B. L. Moseley).

w*. J ad. sk. Sta.Cruz,Luzou,Feb. (I>r. ^.5. Tweeddale Coll.

Meyer).

0*. Ad. sk. Manila, Luzon (31. Heriot). Tweeddale Coll.

p'*. 2 ad. sk. Manila, Luzon. H.M.S. 'Challenger'

Exped.

q\ Imm. sk. Cochin China. St. Rene [P.].

r^. Ad. sk. Kiu-kiang, China, Aug. 4 (-F. H. Saunders Coll.

Styan).

s\ 2 juv. sk. Foochow, China, Oct. 24 (F. H. Saunders Coll.

Sty an),

t^, M*. (? 2 ad. Formosa, Aug., Sept. (R. Swin- Seebohm Coll.

sk. hoe),

v^. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir D. Cooper [P.].

w*. Imm. sk. AustraUa. Gould Coll.

.I-*, ?/^ Ad.sk. Somerset, Cape York {Cock- Sal vin-Godmau Coll.

erell).

s*, «'. Ad. sk. Somerset, Cape York (Coch- Tweeddale Coll.

erell).

b'. Ad. sk. Queensland. Gould Coll.

e=.Ad.; t^s.lmm. Queensland {Gould). H. Saunders Coll.

sk.

e' . Ad. sk. Lake Elphinstone (Gould). H. Saunders Coll.

f'\ Ad. sk. Bourke, River Darling, New Gould Coll.

South Wales (Dr. Peechey).

ff". Ad. sk. New South AVales. Australian Mus. [P.].

A'. Juv. St. Barbados. Sir R. Schomburgk

[P.].

i". Skeleton, 2- (Warwick Coll.). Purchased.

A;% Z=. Skeletons, Manila. H.M.S. ' Challenger '

juv. Exped.

J)^^ Sternum, c? • Algeria.

1. HYDHOCnELIDON. 17

3. Hydrochelidon nigra.

The Black Tern.

The Lesser Sea Swallow, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. pp. 82-8-3, ad. «fe
imm., pis. 89 & 90 (1740).

Ralliis lariformis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i. p. 153 (1758).

L'Hirondelle de mer uoire ou I'Epouvantail, Brissoii, Oni. vi. p. 211,
pi. XX. fifT. (1760). ^

L'llirondelle de mer a teste noire, ou le Gachet, id. torn. cit. p. 214.

Sterna nigra, Linn. Sijst. Nat. 10th ed. i. p. 1-37 (1758) ; id.
Fauna Sitec. p. 56, no. 159 (1761 ; reedy islands near Upsala) ;
Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 46 (1764) ; Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 227
(1766) ; P. L. S. MiiUei; S. N., Anhany, p. 3-53, pi. xiii. fig. 3
(1773) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 608 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 810
(1790) ; Bechst. Nature/. Deutschl. ii. p. 830 (1791) ; Retzius, Faun.
Suec. p. 164 (1800); Meyer .S,- Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 461 (1810) j
Temm. Man. (TOrn. p. 484 (1815); Meisnei- ^- Schinz, Voy.
Schveiz, p. 262 (1815); Koch, Syst. buier. Zool. p. 367 (1816);
Leacfi, Si/st. Cat. B. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1816) ; Nilss. Orn. Suec.
p. 160 (1817) ; Temm. Man. dOrn. ed. 2, p. 749 (1820) ; Brehm,
Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 708 (1822) ; id. Lehrb. p. 695 (1824) ; Licht.
Verz. Doubl. p. S2 (1823 : S. France) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes,
pi. 13 (1828) ; Vieill. Fauna Franq. p. 400 (1828) ; Fleminy, Brit.
An. p. 143 (1828) ; Lesson, Traite, p. 622 (1831) ; Savi, Orn.
Tosc. iii. p. 79 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 55 (1832) ;
Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 477, pi. xci. (18.33) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit.
Verteb. p. 268 (1835) ; Ei/ton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 55 (1836) ; Goidd,
B. Eur. V. pi. 422 (1837) ; Dickson .y Ross, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 135
(Erzeroum) ; Naum. Toy. Deutschl. x. p. 189, pi. 256 (1840) ;
Schinz, Euro}). F. p. 375 (1840) : Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 478
(1840); Keys. &,■ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcviii & 248 (1840)^
Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 279 (1840) ; Selys-
Longch. F. Belg. p. 151 (1842) ; Macyill. Man. Brit. Orn. ii.
p. 233 (1842); Bouteille, Orn. Dauphine, ii. p. 2-37 (1843);
Mdhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 147 (1844) ; Crespon, Faun. Merid. ii.
p. 120 (1844) ; Schley. Rev. Crit. p. cxxx (1844) ; Hewits. Eggs
Brit. B. ii. p. 4-3.5, pi. 122 (1846); Reichenb. Natat. tab. xx.
figs. 807-810 (1850) ; Tho77ips. B. Irel. iii. p. 304 (1851) ; Ejarb.
Damn. Fugle, p. -3-32, tab. 40 b., Suppl. tab. 21 (1852) ; '&M.
Voy. Nederl. p. 015, pi. 362 (1854) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 71
(1856 : Red Sea in winter) ; Meyer, Br. B. vii. p. 99, pi. 295
(1857) ; Erhard, F. Cycladen, pp. 45 & 62 (1858) ; Linderm. Vog.
Griechenl. p. 181 (1860) ; Poivys, Lhis, 1862, p. 356 (Corfu) ; Sundev.
Sv. Fogl. pi. 48. figs. 6, 7 (1863?) ; Boryyr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl.
p. 145 (1869) ; Heugl. in Petenn. Mitth. p. 408 (1869) ; Pahnen,
Fiidands Foglar, p. 579 (1873) ; Durnford, Ibis, 1874, p. 400
(Frisian Is., breeding) ; Seebohtn, Ibis, 1882, p. 231 (Volga delta
& Kirghiz steppes) ; id. Brit. B. iii. p. 254 (1885) ; Stevenson Sr
Southtc. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 312 (1890) ; Giitke, Voqehv. Helgoland,
p. 588 (1891) ; Jiickel Sf Bias. Vbg. Bayerns, p. 37'9 (1891).

Sterna nsevia, Liyin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 228 (1766) (jr.) ; Bechst. Naturg.
Deutschl. ii. p. 831 (1791) ; Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. i. p. 337
(1811 : Volga & Caspian).

The Black Tern, Pennant, Br. Zool. p. 145, pi. L* 1 (1766) ; id. ibid,
ed. 2, V. 430 (1788) ; Lath. Gen. Syti. iii. pt. 2, p. 366 (178) ; id.
Gen. ^Syn. Suppl. i. p. 267 (1787) ; Yarrell, Brit. B. iu. p. 413
(1843).
Larus merulinus, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 81 (1769).
VOL. XXV. c

18

PLarus columbinus, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 83 (1769).

La Guifette, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 339 (1781) ; Daubent.
PI. Enl. ix. pi. 333 (1781).

La Guifette noire ou Epouvantail, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 341
(1781).

L'Epouvantail, Daubent. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 924 (1781).

The Black Tern, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 367 (1785).

Sterna nubilosa, Sparrm, Mus, Cark. fasc. iii. no. 63, juv. (1786 :
Finland).

Sterna boysii, y, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.p. 806 (1790).

Sterna fissipes. Lath, (nee Linn.) Ind. Orn. ii. p. 810 (1790); Bechst.
Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 838 (1791) ; lUiger. Prodr. p. 272 (1811);
Yarrell, Brit. B. ed. 2, iii. p. 523 (1845) ; Degl. Ois. Bur. ii.
p. 349 (1849) ; Brandt in Lehman7i's R. n. Buchara, p. 3.30 (1852:
N.E. Caspian); Schlegel, Mus. P.-B., Sternfe, p. 29 (1863);
Wright, Ibis. 1864, p. 153 (Malta) ; R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 472
(1871) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 614 ((^amaroons) ; Harting,
Handb. Br. B. p. 76 (1872) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 294 (1876) ;
Alteon, Ornis, 1886, p. 425 (Dobrudscha) ; Madardsz, Ausst.
XJngar. Vogelf. p. 121 (1891).

Hydrochelidon nigra, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Kaup, Natiirl. Syst.
pp. 109 & 196 (1829) ; Brehm, Vbg. Deutschl. p. 793 (1831) ;
Boie, Isis, 1844, pp. 179 & 184; Riipp.Sijst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845:
Arabian side of Eed Sea) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kor-
dofan) ; Reichenb. Syst. Nat. Vog. tab. iv. (1850) ; id. Av. Syst.
Nat, Longip. p. v (1852) ; Macgill. Br. B. v. p. 658 (1852) ; Brehm,
Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf. p. 350 (1855) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 256 (1857) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 82 (Western Sahara only) ;
Holtz, J.f. O. 1868, p. 126 (I. of^Gottland, breeds); Gould, B.
Gt. Br. V. pi. 75 (1873) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 642 (revision) ;
Sharpe 8f Bouvier, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 314 (Banana,
Congo) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 327, pi. 592 (1876) ; Saunders,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1877, p. 201 (S. Spain) ; Giglioli, Iconogr.
Avif. Ital. fasc. vii. pi. 392 (1880) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 513
(1881 : Loango) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 622 (1882) ; Hume,
Rough Notes, vol. iii. (1883) ; Tristr. Faun. Sf Flor. Palest, p. 136
(1884 : Syrian Coast) ; Saunders, 4th ed. Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 516
(1884) ; Biichner, Beitr. Russ. Reiches, (2) ii. p. 128 (188.5-6 :
St. Petersburg) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 487 (1884) ; Homeyer,
Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ; Lutke, Ornis, 1885, p. 46 (Denmark, breeds) ;
Torre ^ Tschusi, Ornis, 1885, p. 565 (Hungary, breeds) ;
Albarda, Ornis, 1885, p. 631 (Holland, breeds); Winge, Ornis,
1886, p. 592 (Denmark) ; Olphe-Gall. Faun. Orn. Exir. Occid. fasc.
xi. p. 49 (1886) ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 420 (1886) ; Salmd. Ucc.
Ital. p. 280 (1887) ; Booth, Rough Notes, iii. (1887) ; Feilden,
Zool. 1887, p. 73 (Faeroes) ; Hartert, MT. Orn. Ver. Wien,
1887 (East Prussia) ; Tail, Ibis, 1887, p. 394 (Portugal) ; Pleske,
Mem. Acad. St. Peter sb. (7) xxxvi. 3, p. 57 (1888 : Western Tur-
kestan) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888,p. 606 (Poland) ; Guillemard, Ibis,
1889, p. 219, and Lilford, torn. cit. p. 348 (Cyprus) ; Reichenoto,
Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 60 (1889) ; Sousa, J. Sc. Lisboa, (2)
no. 2 (1889), p. 1 (Angola, first time so far south); Riesenth.
Wasservog. Mittel-europ. p. 146 (1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. p. 8
(1889) ; Saunders, Man. Br. B. p. 617 (1889) ; Giglioli, i. Resoc.
Avif. Ital. p. 636 (1889) ; id. ii. Resoc. p. 653 (1890) ; id. iii.
Resoc. p. 512 (1891) ; Keller, Orn. Carinth. p. .308 (1890) ; Heine
Sf Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 356 (1890) ; Saunders, Ibis,
1891, p. 187 (Lake L6man) ; Payton, Ibis, 1891, p. 465 (Mogador) ;

1. HYDBOCHELIDON. '19

jRendall, Ihis, 1892, p. 230 (Gambia) ; Biittihofer, C. R. ii. Cong
Oni. Intern, ii. p. 175 (1892 : Liberia) ; Fatio ^ Studer, Cat.

distrib. Ois. Suisse, pp. 04-65 (1892) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B.

pt. xxviii. (1894) ; Collett, Norges Fugle/., Nyt Mag. f. Naturv.

Bd. XXXV. p. 318 (1804).
Viralva nigra, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 167 (1826).
Ilydrochelidon obscura, Brehm, Vdg. Deutschl. p. 795 (1831).
Hydrocbelidon nigricans, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 795 (1831).
Plydrochelidon nigrum, Bjy.Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Am.^. 61 (1838).
Ilydrochelidon fissipes, Bp. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 77 (1842) ; Gray, Gen.

B. iii. p. 060 (1846) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854) ; Bp. C.

B. xlii. p. 773 (1856);' J«m6. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr.

p. 399 (1859) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 3G5 (Lake Djendeli) ; Grag,

Cat. Brit. B. p. 243 (1863) ; Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 123 (1864) ;

Antinori, Cat. Descr. Ucc. p. 115 (1864 : Lower Egypt) ; Filippi,

Viagg. Pers. p. 352 (1865 : Enzeli) ; Blasius, J. f. 0. 1866,

p. 82 ; DegL Sr Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 465 (1867) ; Loche, Expl.

Sc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 205 (1867) ; Doderl. Avif. Mod. e Sicil. p. 243

<1869) ; Drake, Ibis, 1869, p. 154 (Marocco) ; Droste, Vogelw.

Borkum, p. 335 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 462, tab. 54. fig. 6

(1870) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1870, p. 488 (Fantee) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. Vi\.

p. 305 (1870 : Zoulla) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 284 (1871) ;

Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (Spain) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 300

(1872) ; A. B. Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia) ; 'Heugl. Orn.

N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1445 (1873) ; Antin. ^ Salvad. Viagg.

Bogos, p. 154 (1873 : Anseba, 4000 ft.) ; Irby, Orn. Str. Gtbr.

p. 212 (1875); Menzbier, Bull. Mosc. Iviii. p. 136 (1883: Volga

to Oka, breeds) ; Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 180 (1891).
Hydrocbelidon pallida, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf.

p. 350 (1855).
Hydrocbelidon obscura, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf.

p. 350 (1855).
Sterna minuta, Feilden, Zool, 1886, p. 487 (error ; corrected, id. op. cit.

1887, p. 73 : Faeroes).

Adult male in nuptial plumage. Head and neck black ; mantle,
tail and wings slate-grey, inclining to white on the edge of the
carpal joint ; shafts of primaries dull white, and the webs on each
side dark slate-grey, except when new and frosted ; breast and
abdomen dark lead-colour; vent and under tail-coverts white;
under wing-coverts and axillaries pale grey : bill black ; feet
reddish brown, smaller and with less indented webs than in the
two preceding species. Total length 9-6 inches, culmen 1*25,
wing 8-5, tail 4, tarsus 0-65, middle toe with claw 0-85.

Female. Similar .to the male, with slightly paler tints.

Adult in ivinter. After the moult, which commences in the latter
part of July, the forehead is white, the crown and nape are
mottled with dull black, the mantle and tail are paler, the under-
parts white, and the axiUaries the palest grey ; feet brown.

Young. Similar to the above, but the crown and nape browner ;
the mantle considerably, and tho tail slightly, mottled with brown ;
a pink tinge sometimes on the underparts ; feet clay-brown.

Nestling. Fawn-colour, broadly marked with black on the upper
parts ; beneath pale clove-brown, darker on the throat.

c2

ao

Hah. Europe, breeding south of about 60° N. lat. ; once in tha
Faeroes ; Africa in winter, to Loango on the west and Ab3fssinia
on the east ; not traceable in Asia beyond Western Turkestan.

a. <S juv. sk.

b, c. Ad. St.

d. Juv. st.

e. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.
g. Juv. sk.
h. S .iuv. sk.

i. Juv. sk.

k. S ad. sk.
I, m. S ad. sk.

n. Ad. sk.
0, p. Pull. sk.
q, r. S ; s-v. 2

ad. sk.
w, .1'. d ad. sk.

y-b'. Tull. sk.

c'. Ad. st.
d'. 5 ad. sk,

e'. c? ad. sk.
/, ff', h'. d, i',

k', I'. 5 ad. ;

m',n!. c? juv.sk,
0'. 2 ad. ; /. S

juv. sk.
q'. Juv. sk,

r'. 2 ad. sk.
«', Juv. sk.

f. Juv. sk,
m'. Juv. sk.
v'. Ad. sk.
w'. Ad. skel.
x'. Ad. skel.

Yarmouth, Norfolk, Sept, 12.
River Thames.
Cookham, Berkshire.
Cookham, Aug. 29.

Kent,

Pagham, Sussex, Sept. 4,

Mudeford Harb., Hants, Sept.

(E. B. S.).
Nalsoe, Faeroes, Sept. 1866

(if. C. Miiller).
Belgium.
Vaalkenswaard, Holland, May

1853 (J. Baker).
Pomerania, June.
Galizia, Austria, July.
Hungary, April, June, July.

Neusiedler Lake, May (-R.

B. S.).
Blanc, Indre, France, June

{Rene Martin).
Italy {J. Art/ent).
Palermo, Sicily, May {Prof.

Doderlein).
Malta, Aug. G {C. A. Wright).
Valencia, Spain, July, Aug.

Malaga, May «& Aug. 2.

Andalucia, Aug. {F. W. For-
rester).
Seville, May 17.
Xanthus, Asia Minor.

Tunis, N. Africa.
Victoria Eiver, Camaroons.
Fantee {H. T. Ussher).
Lake of Constance (Sept.).
England.

H. Saunders CoU.
Mr. J. Baker [C.].
Mr. W. Briggs [P.],
E. B. Sharpe, Esq,

[P.].
Col. Montagu [C.].
Dr. A. Giinther [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Col. H. W. Feilden

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Seehohm Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Hungarian National

Museum [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.-J.
H. Saimders Coll.

Purchased.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.

H, Saunders Coll.

H, Saunders Coll.
Sir Chas. Fellowes

[P.].
L. Fraser [C.].
H. Saunders Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Dr. Giinther's Coll.
Purchased.

4. Hydrochelidon surinamensis.

L'Hirondelle de Mer : la grande espece, Fermin, Descr. Surinam, ii,

p. 187 (1769 : chiefly this species).
Surinam Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p.-352 (1785).
Sterna surinamensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 604 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii

p, 804 (1790).
Sterna plumbea, Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 83, pi. 60. fig. 3 (1813)

Jard. ed. Wilson's Am. Orn. ii. p. 374 (1832).
Sterna nigra, /. Sabine, App. Franklin's Journ. p. 694 (1823) ; Bp,

Obs. Nomencl. Wilson, no. 244 (1826) ; id. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 355

(1828) ; Sw. Faun. Bor.-Am., Birds, p. 415 (1831) ; Nuttall, Man.

1. HTDROCHELIDON. 21

Orn. ii. p. 282 (1834) ; Auduh. Orn. Bioyr. iii. p. 535 (1835) ; id.

op. cit. V. p. 642 (1839); id. Syn. p. 320 (1839) ; id. B. Am. 8vo

eel. vii. p. 116, pi. 436 (1844) ; Gimud, B. Long Isl. p. 352 (1844) ;

Lembeye, Av. Cuba, p. 124(1850); A. ^ E. Newton, Kandb.

Jamaica, p. 117 (1881).
Anoiis plumbea, Steph. in Shale's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 142 (1825)

(ex Wilson).
Hydrochelidon nigrum, Bp. Co77ip. List B. Eur. S/- N. Am. p. 61

(1838) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 437 (1837).
Sterna exilis, Tschudi, ^je^wi. ^rcA. 1843,i. p. 389, no. 19; Tschudi

S^ Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, p 53 & p. 306 (type, in winter:

plumage, in Neuchatel Mus. examined, H. S.).
Hydrochelidon plumbea, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.

p. 6G0 (1846) ; Baird, Cass. S,- Lawr. B. N. Am. p. 864 (1858) :

Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 479 (1862: New Granada);

Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, p. 10 (Saskatchewan); Sclater, P. Z. S.

1864, p. 179 (Mexico City); Scl. ^ Salv. t. c. p. 373 (Brit.

Honduras) ; Pelz. Eeis. Kovara, Voy. p. 155 (1865 : Chili) ;

Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 45 (Texas) ; Snoio, B. Katisas, p. 12 (1873).
Hydrochelidon surinamensis, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. iii. p. 122 (1871).
iSterna frenata, Salvin, Ibis, 1860, p. 278 ; cf. Ibis, 1866, p. 205

(Coban).
Hydrochelidon fissipes, Coues, Pr. Phil. Ac. 1862, p. 654 ; id. Ibis,

1864, p. 391 (British Honduras) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii.

p. 299 (1865) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 205 (Coban) ; Dall ^- Bann.

Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 307 (1869 : Alaska) ; Scl. S, Salv. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 573 (revision) ; Lawr. Mem. Boston Sac. N. H. ii. p. 318

(1874: Mazatlan); Hensh. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 13 (1874:

Utah) ; Gimdl. Orn. Cuba, p. 310 (1876) ; Latvr. Bull. U.S. Nat.

3Lts. iv. p. 52 (1877 : Tehuautepec) ; Zeledon, Cat.Av. Costa Rica,

p. 36 (1882).
.Sterna fissipes, Ridgic. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 392 (1874 : Illinois).
Hydrochelidon lariformis, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 704' (1874) ;

'm7ish. Rep. Zool. Expl. 100th Merid. p. 487 (1875) ; Streets, Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 27 (1877: Sinaloa, Mexico) ; Ridgiv. Rtp.

Surv. iOtk Par. p. 640 (1877 : Sacramento, Cal.) ; Coues, Bull.

U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 656 (1878 : Pembina) ; id. Check-list

N. Amer. B. p. 124 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 770

(1884).
" Sterna cassia, Linn.^'' Gundlach, J. f. O. 1875, p. 393 [? error for

S. nsevia].
Hydrochelidon nigra (pt.), Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 642 (revision).
Hydrochelidon lariformis surinamensis, Ridgio. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 21, p. 53 (1881).
Hvdi'ochelidou nigra surinamensis, A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B.

p. 96 (1882) ; Baird, Brew. Sf Ridgic. Water-Birds N. Amer. ii.

p. 318 (1884); Ferrari- Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 179

(1886 : Puebla) ; Ridgic. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 47 (1887) ; Nelson,

Rep. Alaska, p. 60 (1887) ; Cory, B. West Indies, p. 280 (1889) ;

Rhoads, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1892, p. 101 (Corpus Christi, Texas) ;

Cory, Cat. West Ind. B. p. 83 (1892).
Pelodes surinamensis, Heine Sf Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 356

(1890 : Mexico).

Adult in summer. Similar to II. n'lfjra, but darker on the upper
■parts, with a great deal of pure white on the carpal joints ; under-
parts very much blacker ; feet nearly black. Average dimensions

22

smaller. Total length 9-25 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 8-25, tail 3-75,
tarsus 0*6, middle toe with claw 0-85.

In winter plumage the mantle is distinctly of a more hluish grey
than in the Old World bird ; the young in first plumage are also
darker.

Nestling. Upper parts umber-brown, sparingly mottled with
blackish brown ; forehead and underparts clove-brown, darker on
the throat. The differences between the light warm colour of the
European and the dark uncontrasted tint of the American nesthngs
are very remarkable.

Eab. Temperate North America, from the Fur Countries down-
wards in summer ; southward to Honduras, Guiana, Peru, and Chili
in winter.

a, b. Juv. sk.

c. Pull. sk.

d. Ad. sk.
e,f,ff- d$ad. sk.

h, i. $ ad. sk.

k. S ad. sk.

/, (S ad. sk.

»«. 5 ad. sk.

w. c?; 0. 5 ad.sk.

p. Ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.

r, s. <S; t. 2 ad.

sk.
u. Ad. sk.
V. Pull. sk.

w, .r. Ad. et imm.

sk.
y. Ad. sk.

s. c? ad. sk.

a'-h'. S 2 ad. et
juv. sk.

i'-m'. 2 ad. sk.

n'. <S ad. sk.

o'. Imm. sk.

p'. (S imm. sk.

New York State, Aug. (Hen-

shaw Coll.).
St. Clair Flats, Michigan ( W.

H. Collins).
Indiana, May 7 (Hensh. Coll.).
Grass Lake, Illinois, June

{Hensh. Coll.).^
Riverdale, Illinois, July {H.

W. IIe7ishaiv).
Waukegan, 111., June {Hensh.

Coll.).
KoshkonoDgLake, Wisconsin,

July.
Minnesota, off nest, June {A.

Stark).
Pembina, Dakota, June (Dr.

Elliott Coues).
49th ParaUel, May 27, 1874.

Centraha, Kansas, May.
W^ashoe Lake, Nevada, May,

Sept. {H. W. H.).
Arizona, Aug. {H. W. H).
Cold Springs, California, July

[H. W.H.).
San Jacinto Lake, Cal., Aug.

(H. W. H).
California (Hepburn).
Cape Canaveral, Florida,

Aug. (Hensh. Coll.).
Corpus Christi, Texas, May-
June (ad.), Nov. (juv.)

(F. B. Armstrong).
Brownsville, Texas, May (F.

B. A.).
Matamoras, N.E. Mexico,

Aug. 11, 1863 (^. RD.).
Laguna Verde, Vera Cruz,

Mexico, Sept. {M. Tru-

jillo) .
Putla, Vera Cruz, Oct. (Bou-

card).

Salviu-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Dr. T. M. Brewer

[P.].
H. Saxmders Coll.

Salvin-Godman and
H. Saunders Colls.

N. Anier. Boundary
Commission [C.].

H. Saunders CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll,
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman CoU.

H. Saunders Coll.

2. PHAETHUSA. 23

y', Juv. sk. Mazatlan, N.-West Mexico H. Saunders Coll.

{Grayson).
r'. Juv. sk. Acapulco, Sept. 1888 {Mrs. Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. H. Smith),
s', t'. $ ad. ; u'-w'. Cay Dolores Channel, Brit. Salvin-Godman Coll.
cJ 2 imm. sk. Honduras, May 17, 1862

(O. Sail-in).
x'. Juv. sk. Coban, Vera Paz, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll,

(O.S.).
y'. Imm. sk. Callao Bay, 12= S., Peru II. Saunders Coll.

{R. li. Ju7np).

2. PHAETHUSA. „ „

Type.

Phaethusa, Watjler, Isis, 1832, p. 1224 P. magnirostris.

Thalassites, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 373 (1837) P. magnirostris.

Raivje. South America, from the Orinoco to the La Plata, and
also on the Pacific coast.

1. Phaethusa magnirostris.

? Simple Tern, Lath. Gen. St/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 3-55 (1785 : Cayenne) ;

id. Gen. Hist. x. p. Ill (1824).
? Sterna simplex, G/n. S. N. i. p. 606 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii,

p. 806 (1700) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846).
PHati cogote obscuro, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 372 (1802) [on which is

based S. chloripoda, Vieill.].
Hati cabeza negra, Azai-a, Apunt. iii. p. 373 (1802).
? Hati pico corto, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 376 (1802) [on which is based

S. hrevirostris, Vieill. ; a young bird].
? Sterna chloripoda, Vieill. K Did. d'Mist. Nat. xxxii. p. 171 (1819) ;

id. Enc. Mahod. i. p. 349 (1820) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659

(1846) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847).
? Sterna hrevirostris, Vieill. N. Diet, d' Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 166

(1819) [based on Azara's " Hati pico corto "] ; VieiU. Enc. Meth. i.

p. 347 (1820).
Sterna magnirostris, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 81 (1823) [type in Berlin

Mus. examined, H. S.] : Spix, Ai: Bras. ii. p. 81, tav. civ. (1825j ;

Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 861 (1833) ; Tsch. ^^

Cab. Faun. Peruan., Aves, pp. 53, 305 (1846) ; Ha7-tl. Ind. Azara,

p. 26 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Guiana, iii. p. 461 (1848) ;

Reichejib. Natat. tab. xviii. iig. 257 (1848) ; Biirm. Th. Bras. iii.

pp. 450, 451 (1856) ; id. Reise La Plata, ii. p. 519 (1861) ; Schl.

Mus. P.-Bas, Sternfe, p. 12 (1863) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1864, p. 96

(Orinoco) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 593, 979 (Mexiana^

Lower Amazons) ; Grai), Hand-l. B. iii. p. 120 (1871) ; Pelz. Orn.

Bras. pp. 324, 461 (1871) ; Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 (Para) ;

Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 643 (revision) ; Dur?if. Ibis, 1880,

p. 412 (Rosario) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 438 (1886); MacFarl.

Ibis, 1887, p. 209 (Guayaquil).
PViralva simplex, Step)h. in Shaiv^s Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 172

(1825).
"Sterna speculifera, Temm.," Less. TraitS, p. 622 (1831: Brazil)

[cf. Puch. Rev. Zool. ii. (1850) p. 544]; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659

(1846).
Phaethusa magnirostris, Waqler, Isis, 1832, p. 1224 ; Gray, List

Gen. p. 79 (\M0), p. 100 (1841) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 6.59 (1846) ;

Rcichenb. Syst. Nat. t^ib. iv. (1850) id. Av. Syst. Nat., Longip.

24; LARID^.

p. V (1852) ; Licht. Nommcl. Av. p. 98 (1854) ; Bp. C. JR. xlii.
p. 772 (1856) ; Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 567, 1873, p. 310
(Eastern Peru) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Ber-
lepsch, J.f. O. 1874, p. 278 (Santa Catharina) ; Bumf. Ibis, 1877,
p. 200 (Buenos Aires) ; Taczan. ^- Berlepsch, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 112
(Riobamba, Ecuador) ; Scl. ^- Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 194 (1889) ;
Heim 4" Peichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 355 (1890) ; Scl. P. Z. S.
1891, p. 301 (alive at Zool. Gardens).

Thalassites magnirostris, Sto. Classif. B. ii. p. 372 (1837) ; Scl. ^ Salv.
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200 (Lower Ucayali).

Thalasseus chloripoda ( Vieill), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 182.

Sylochelidon speculifera, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 186.

Sylochelidon magnirostris. Gray, List Anseres in Brit. Mus. p. 175
(1844) ; Bias. J.f. 0. 1866, p. 82.

Sterna albifrons, Cuv. MSS. in Mus. Paris ; Pucheran, Rev. Zool. ii.
p. 344(1850)*.

Sterna chloripoda, Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 537 (1866).

Adult. Head and nape glossy black, with a very narrow line of
white at the base of the bill ; nape and sides of neck pale grey ;
mantle and tail slate-grey ; carpal coverts, upper wing-coverts, and
the greater part of secondaries white ; primaries dark brown, with
whitish " wedges " to the inner webs and narrow white borders to
the inner margins (increasing on the upper primaries) ; shafts
blackish ; inner secondaries broadly edged with white and grey,
with a brownish spot above ; lores, cheeks, and underparts pure
white. In less mature birds the white on the forehead is a little
wider ; the mantle has a browner tinge ; the brown spots on the
inner secondaries are more extensive, and the lores are slightly
flecked with black ; but there does not seem to be any distinct
winter or '• eclipse" stage beyond a slight mottling of the crown.
The sexes appear to be alike in plumage. Bill chrome-yellow,
slightly greenish at the base of the lower mandible ; feet olive, the
webs yellow. Total length 14-75 inches, culmen 2"8, wing 11"5,
tail 4*8, the fork only 0*6 deep, tarsus 1, middle toe and claw
1-15.

Immature. Crown slate-grey ; a blackish patch from the back of
the eye to the nape, which is also blackish ; bill with a greener
tinge ; otherwise like the adult.

Young. Crown at first pale brown, streaked with umber, after-
wards grey ; upper parts greyish, mottled with brown and drab ;
upper tail-coverts and tail slightly barred and tipped with dull
white or drab.

Hab. Trinidad and the Orinoco to the Parana and the La Plata,
and on the large rivers of tropical South America up to the foot of
the Andes ; also on the estuarine coasts of Peru and Ecuador.
Eggs deposited on sand-banks.

a. Ad. St. " South America." Zool. Soc. Mus. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. South America. Gould Coll.

c. Imm. sk. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [P.].

* Type examined.

d. S ad.; e. $

juv. sk.
f. 2 ad. sk.

ff. Imm. sk.
h. Juv. sk.

2. Ad. sk.
k. Imm. sk.

/. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. Ad.sk.

o. c? ad. sk.

p. (S hi.; q. 5

imm. sk.
r, s. Imm. sk.

3. GELOCHELIDON.

River Rupuruni, British

Guiana, Feb. 7 {H. W.).
Oiu-iimee, British Guiana,

Dec. 2-2 {II. W.).
Surinam (Dr. Kirke).
Island of Mexiana, mouth of

the Amazons, Dec. 184:8

{A. R. Wallace).
Brazil (Natterer).
South Brazil (from Berlin

Mus.).
Parana River {Rogers).
Parana River {Rogers).
Parana River, April.

Upper Ucavali, E. Peru,

May 31 {E. Bartlett).
Pebas, Amazons, E. Pern,

April 31 {J. Hauxioell).
Guayaquil River, Ecuador,

June {Comm. MacFar-

lane, R.N.).

25

Salvin-Godman Ooll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Durnford, Esq.

[P.J.
H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.

3. GELOCHELIDON. „

Type.
Gelochelidon, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 774 (1831) . . G. anglica.
Laropis, Wagler, Im, 1832, p. 1225 G. anglica.

Range. Temperate aud warm regions of the Old World (except
South Africa), down to Australia ; also of America down to South
Argentina, but almost unknown on the Paciiic side.

1. Gelochelidon anglica.

? Egyptian Tern, Lath. Gen. Sgn. iii. pt. 2, p. 356 (1785: ex
Hasselqidst, Iter., 1757) ; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 110 (1824).

? Sterna nilotica, Gm. S. N. i. p. 606 (1788 : ex Hasselq.) ; Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 805 (1790).

Sterna anglica, Mont. Orn. Diet. Sup2)l. fig. (1813 : type in Brit.
Mus.); Leach, Si/st. Cat. 3Iamm. ^-c. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1816); Temm.
Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. p. 744 (1820); Meger, Taschenb. iii. p. 188
(1822) ; Licht. Verz. DoJibl. p. 81 (1823 : Nubia) ; Fleming, Brit.
An. p. 143 (1828) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmiphdes, pi. 8 (1828) ;
Lesson, Truite, p. 621 (1831); Nemvied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv.
p. 867 (1833: S. Brazil); Selbg, Brit. B. ii. p. 480, pi. 88. fig. 1
(1833) ; Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 269 (1834) ; Jeyigns, Man. Brit.
Vertebr. p. 269 (183.")) ; Egtun, Rarer Brit. B. p. 97, figs., and
Cat. B. B. p. 54 (1836) ; Guidd, B. Eur. v. pi. 416 (1837) ;
Atidid). B. Am. pi. 410; id. Sgnops. p. 316 (1839) ; id. Orn.Biogr.
v. p. 127 (1839): D'Orbigng, in Sar/ras N. H. Cuba, p. 215
(1839) ; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 374 (1840) ; Temm. Man. dOrn.
2nd ed. 4"° pte. p. 460 (1840) ; Xaum. Vog. Deutschl. x. p. 38,
pi. 249 (1840) ; Kegs. ^- Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcviii & 247 (1840);
Nordtn. in Demid. Vog. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 278 (1840) ; Jerdon,
Madr. Joi/rn. xii. p. 224 (1840) ; Selgs-Lonr/ch. Faun. Belq. p. 149
(1842) ; Miihle, Orn. Griecherd. p. 146 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit.
p. exxs (1844) ; Aud. B. Amer. vii. p. 81, pi. 4^30 (1844) ; Giraud,

26

B. Long Is. p. 353 (1844) ; Tan: Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 515
(1845); Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 431, pi. 121. %. (1846);
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Reichenb. Natat. tab. xix.
fig. 261 (1848); Degl. Ois. Eur. ii. p. 336 (1849); Strickl.
P. Z. S. 1850, p. 222 (Kordofan) ; Ejarb. Danm. Fugle, p. 327,
tab. 40 a. fig. 2 (1852), SuppL tab. 20. fig. 1 (1854); Sckl. Vog.
Nederl. p. 613, pi. 361 (1854) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1856) ;
Meyer, Br. B. vii. p. 109, pi. 297 (1857); Linderm. Vog.
Gr'iechenl. p. 180 (1860) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 356 (Ionian Is.) ;
Simpson, Ibis, 1860, p. 391 (Missolonghi, breeding) ; Sckl. Dier.
Nederl., Vogels, p. 241 (1861); Radde, Rets. Sibir., Tog. p. 388 (1863 :
Tarei-nor) ; Grai/, Cat. Brit. B. p. 241 (1863) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B.,
Sternse, p. 34 (1863) ; Salvad. Uec. Sard. p. 121 (1864) ; Degl. et
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 450 (1867) ; Borqgr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl.
p. 145 (1869) ; Dodei-l. Avif. Sicil. p. 241 (1869) ; Saund. Ibis,
1871, p. 398 (S Spain) ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 170 (1872) ;
Shelky, B. Egypt, p. 297 (1872) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii.
pt. 2, p. 1425 (1873) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 319 (1872) ; id.
Check-l. no. 660 (1873) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873), and
Dresser's translat. in Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (breeds up to 6000 ft.) ;
Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 208 (1875) ; Saund. P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 644 (revision) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 295, pi. 585 (1877) ;
Prjev. in Roioley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 110 (1878: breeds in Valley of
Hoang-bo, but not in Ussuri or Cbina proper) ; Sennett, Bull.
U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 64 (1878 : Galveston, breeding) ; Ramsay,
Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 301 ; id. op. cit. 1880, p. 102
(New Guinea) ; id. op. cit. 1887, p. 1002 (West Australia) ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879: list); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1011
(1880) ; Cory. B. Bahamas, p. 209 (1880) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 94
(1881 : Malabar) ; Ridgw. Btdl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52
(1881); id. Nomencl. N Amer. B. no. 679 (1881); Salvad. Orn.
Papuasia S^-c. iii. p. 406 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (breeds,
Kirghiz steppes) ; Cmies, Check-list N. Ainer. B. p. 122 (1882) ;
Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 623 (1882) ; Biddulph, Ibis, 1882,
p. 290(Gilgit) ; Oates,B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 422 (1883); B. O. U.
List Br. B. p. 182 (1883) ; Tristr. Faun. S^ Flor. Palest, p. 135
(1884) ; Saunders, ith ed. Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 531 (1884) ; Baird,
Brewer, S; Ridqiv. Water- B. N. Amer. ii. p. 277 (1884) ; Seebohm,
Br.B. iii. p. 263 (1885); Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81; Lutke,
Ornis, 1885, p. 146 (Denmark, breeds) ; Torre ^ Tschtcsi,
Ornis, 1885, p. 563 (Plattensee, breeds) ; Lutke, Ornis, 1886,
p. 99 ; O. Winge, t. c. p. 592 (Denmark) ; Alleon, Ornis, 1886,
p. 424 (Dobrudscha) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 493 ; id. op. cit. 1891,
p. 116 (Fao, breeds) ; Bia?ichi, Mel. Biol. Ac. St. Petersb. xii.
liv. 5, p. 682 (1886 : Pamirs) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 394 (Portugal,
breeds) ; Hume, Str. Feafh. xi. p. 349 (1888 : Manipur) ; Pleske,
Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 57 (1888: Tur-
kestan) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. p. 8 (1889) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1889, p. 502
(Barbados) ; North, Nests ^- Egc/s Austral. B. p. 355, pi. xvii.
fig. 2 (1889) ; Saund. Man. Brit. B. p. 623 (1889) ; Oates, 2nd ed.
Hume's Nests ^- Eqgs Ind. B. iii. p. 304 (1890) ; Stevenson ^
Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 307 (1890) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 209
(1890) ; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 428 ; id. op. cit. 1892, p. 212
(Buenos Aires prov.) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthim, p. 306 (1890) ;
Saund. Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Lake Leman) ; Giitke, Vogelw. Helgol.
p. 587 (1891) ; Jlickel ^- Bias. Vog. Bayerns, pp. 366-374 (1891) ;
De la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 502 (Foochow & Swatow, spring &
autumn) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxix. (1894).

3. GELOCHELIDOH'. 27

Sterna aranea, JFils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 143, pi. 72. fig. 6 (1814) ;
Vieill. Enc. Method, i. p. 348 (1820) ; Bp. Ohs. Nomencl. Wilson,
no. 243 (182G) ; id. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 354 (1828) ; Audouin,
Hist. Nat. Egxjpte, pi. 9. fig. 2; id. Expl. Sonnini, 2nd ed. p. 418
(1828) ; Vieill. Faime Franq. p. 398, pi. 161. fig. 1 (1828) ; Savi,
Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 90 (1831) ; Jard. ed. Wilsmi's Amer. Orn. iii.
p. 179 (1832) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Gay, Faun.
ChiL, Zool. i. p. 485 (1847) ; Reichenb. Natat. tab. xxii. figs. 826-
827 (1848) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 452 (1856) ; Baird, Cass. 8f
Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 859 (1858); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 44
(Texas) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 540 (1866) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 119 (1871) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 325 & p. 461 (1871).
Sterna affinis, Horsf. [necJiiipp.] Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 199(1820) ;

id. Zool. Bes. Java, p. 8 (1824).
Thalasseus anglicus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563.
Sterna risoria, Brehm, Vogelk. iii. p. 650, tab. v. (1822) ; id. Lehrb.

Eur. Vog. p. 682 (1824).
Sterna meridionalis, Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Vog. p. 988 (1824) ; Heugl.

Ibis, 1859, p. 35 (Massaua).
Viralva anglica, Stej^h. in Shaids Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 174 (1826) ;

Sykes, P. Z. S. 18.32, p. 172; Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840).
Viralva affiois, Stejyh. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 175 (1826 :

ex Horsfiekl),
? Hydroprogne aranea, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. pp. 91 & 196 (1829).
Gelochelidon balthica, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 772 (1831) ; id.

Vogelf. p. 346 (1855) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 295.
Gelochelidon agraria, Brehm, Vcig. Deutschl. p, 773 (1831) ; id.

Vogelf. p. 347 (1855) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 295.
Gelochelidon meridionalis, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 774 (1831 : type
of genus Gelochelidon) ; id. Vogelf. p. 347 (1856) ; id. Naum.
1855, p. 295 ; Bp. C. B. xiii. p. 772 (1856) ; Loche, Expl. Sc.
Alger., Ois. ii. p. 198 (1867).
Gelochehdon aranea, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 775 (1831) ; Bp.
Comp. List B. Eur. S,- N. Amer. p. 61 (1838) ; Brehm, Vogelf.
p. 347 (1855); id. Naum. 1855, p. 295; Bp. C. M. xiii. p. 772
(1856).
Laropis anglica, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1225.
"Sterna nuttalli, And.,'' NuttalCs Man. Orn. ii. p. 279, footnote

(18.34: Tortugas); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846).
Sterna macrotarsa, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 26 (Tasmania) ; id. Syn.
B. Austr. pt. ii. fig. 2 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ;
id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 119, no. 11042 (1871).
Gelochelidon anglica, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sc N. Am. p. 61
(1838); id. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 76 (1842); Rilpp. Syst. Uebers.
p. 139 (1845 : Red Sea) ; Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 187 ; Reichenb. Syst.
Nat. tab. iv. {lS5Ql),and Av. Syst. Nat. p. v (1852) ; Macgill. Br.
B. V. p. 666 (1852) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 97 (1854) ; Bp. C. R.
xiii. p. 772 (1856); Jaiib. ^- Lapo7nm. Rich. Orw. p. 401 (1859);
Salvi7i, Ibis, 1859, p. 364 (Tunisia) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 82
(Sahara) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 536 ; id. Ibis, 1864,
p. ;388; Salvin, op.cit. 1866, p. 199 (Chiapam) ; Adams, Ibis,
1864, p. 36 (Egypt & Nubia); Blasius, J. f. O. 1866, p. 82
(revision) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 457, tab. 5-5. fig. 1 (1870) ;
Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 283 (1871) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll.
ii. p. 366 (1871 : Florida) ; Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 572
(revision) ; Holdsiu. op. cit. 1872, p. 480 (Cevlon) ; Scl. ^- Salv.
Nomeyicl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Gould, B. Gt. Br. v. pi. 74
(1873) ; Salvad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 371 (1874) ; Blyth ^- Wold. B.

2& LAEID^.

Burm. p. 163 (1875) ; Tncznn. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1875, p. 261

(Tarei-nor); Hume, Sir. Feath. iv. p. 294 (1876: Andamans) ;

Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 309 (1876); Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

iv. p. 51 (1876 : Tehuantepec) ; Hume Si Davison, Str. F, vi.

p. 491 (1878 : Tenasserim) ; Davids. ^ Wend. Str. F. vii. p. 93

(1879 : Deccan) ; Cripps, t. c. p. 313 (E. Bengal) ; Biddulph,

Ibis, 1881, p. 102(Gilgit); Gif/lioli, Hiis, 1881, p. 218 (Italy);

Salvad. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 430 (1882) ; Zeledon, Cat. Av. Casta

Rica, p. 36 (1882) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 485 ( 1884) ; Nikolshy, Trud.

St. Petersb. xvii. p. 402 (1886) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 414 (1886) ;

Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. liv. x. p. 15 (1886) ;

Radde 8^ Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 126 (Transcaspia) ; Vorderm. Nat.

Tijdschr. Nederl. hid. xlix. p. 419 (1889 : Sumatra) ; Gigl. i. Resoc.

Av. Ital. p. 629 (1889) ; id. ii. Resoc. p. 652 (1891).
Geloclielidon anglicus, Grat/, List Gen. -p. 100 (1841) ; Blyth, Cat. B.

Mus. As. Soc. p. 290 (1849) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 836 (1864) ;

Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 421 (Kattiawar).
Viralva aranea, Darioin, Zool. ' Beagle,^ iii. p. 143 (1841 : Bahia

Blanca).
Geloclielidon palustris, Macgill. Man. Br. Orn. pt. ii. p. 237 (1842).
The Gull-billed Tern, Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 407 (1843). __
Gelichelidon anglica. Gray, List B. in Brit. Mus. iii. (Anseres),

p. 176 (1844).
Hydrocecropis nuttalli, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
? Hydrochelidon nilotica (Gin.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 184.
Geloclielidon affinis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 187 ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772

(1856).
Geloclielidon macrotarsa, Boie, Isis, 1 844, p. 187 ; Reicfienb. Vog.

Neukoll. p. 347 (1850) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Gould,

Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 403 (1865) ; id. B. Austr. Suppl. pi. 81

(1869); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 119 (1871); Ramsay, P. Z. S.

1877, p. 348 (Brisbane).
Gelochelidon velox, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 347 (1855) ; id. Naum. 1855,

p. 295.
Sterna nilotica, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 119 (1871) ; Hume, Str. F.

i. p. 281 (1873 : Siud) ; R. M. Adam, t. c. p. 403 (Sambhur L.,

■winter) ; Hume, Nests S,- Eggs Ind. B. p. 648 (1875) ; E. A. Butler,

Str.F.iv. p. 31 (N. Guzerat); J. Armstrong, Str. F. iv. p. 351

(Irrawaddy) ; Reicfienow, Syst. Verz. Vog. Dcutschl. p. 61 (1889) ;

Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 179 (1891) ; Madanisz, Ausst. Ung.
Vogelf. p. 120 (1891) ; Hartert, Katal. Voqelsamml. Senchenb.

p. 240 (1891) ; Reichenow, Vog. Deutsch. 0\-Afr. p. 21 (1894 :

Victoria Nyanza).
Sterna (Gelochelidon) anglica, Cones, B. N.- West, p. 664. (1874);

id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 757 (1884).
Gelochelidon nilotica, Stejneqer, Auk, 1884, pp. 364-366 (e.r

Hasselq.) ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 92 (1887) ; Salmd.
Ucc. Ital. p. 279 (1887) ; Ridgiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 38 (1887) ;

Cory, B. West Indies, p. 277 (1889) ; Heine £,- Reichen. Nomencl.

Mus. Hein. p. 354 (1890) ; Rhoads, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1892, p. 101

(Corpus Christi, Texas, breeding) ; Cory, Cat. West Ind. B. p. 92

(1892).

Adult male in hreeding-jylmnar/e. Forehead, crown, upper half of
lores, nape, and nuchal crest jet-black ; mantle, upper tail-coverts,
and tail pearl-grey, the outer feathers of the latter whitish ;
primaries grey when new and frosted, but darker, inclining to iron-
grey towards the tips and especially on the inner webs, when the

3. GELOCHELIDON. 29

frosting has worn off ; a distinct white wedge on the upper part of
the inner web of the outer primary, but smaller and less defined
in the succeeding flight-feathers ; shafts of the four outer pairs of
j)rimarics white ; lower half of the lores, chin, and entire underparts
white : biU black, occasionally reddish at the base of the lower
mandible ; iris hazel-brown ; tarsi and toes black, with a reddish
tinge; webs moderately indented. Total length 14-5 to 15-5
inches, culmen 1-S to 2, wing 12 to 13, tail 5-5 to 6, depth of fork
1-5, tarsus 1-45, middle toe and claw 1'25.

Adidt female. Similar to the male, but slightly smaller, and with
a somewhat less robust bill.

Adidt in winter. Forehead, upper lores, crown, and nape white,
with black streaks, which form a patch before and behind the eye ;
otherwise as in summer. The primaries are usually fresh and
frosted in November and December.

Young. Similar to the above, but the primaries are darker ; the
streaks on the head are greyish on a somewhat buff-tinted white ;
the feathers of the upper parts are edged with whitish buff, and
have arrow-headed brown markings in their centres. Up to-
September these buff and brown markings are pronounced, but are
afterwards lost. In birds just fledged the upper parts are chiefly
pale fawn-colour, especially in the middle of the back ; bill and
feet reddish brown.

Nestling. Upper parts stone-buff", streaked and mottled with dull
brown ; underparts dull white.

American birds are often slightly smaller than European examples,
and Australian specimens are inclined to be larger, but there ar&
numerous exceptions.

Huh. Europe below 55° N. lat. in summer; temperate and
warm Asia, except China proper, where it is only known in the
south; Malayasia to Australia (breeds); jSTorthern Africa and
Egypt ; eastern portion of North America, and down to South
Argentina, but not noticed on the Pacific side, except on the coasf>
of Guatemala. Sandy shores of sea-coasts or inland lakes. The
eggs, deposited on the bare sand, dried mud, or sea-drift, are inter-
mediate in character between those of the Terns and the Gulls.

a. Imm. sk. Sussex {Montagu). Col. Montagu [P.].

. , , ^ r,^ ■ y , rx (Type of Stenitt anglica.)

b. Ad. St. Chnstchurch, Hants, May 14, Baron A. von Hiio-el

1872. [P.j. "

c. Ad. sk. Europe {Lichtenstein). Rioeour Coll.
rf.Ad.sk. South Spain. Lord Lilford rP.l
e. $ ad. sk. Andalucia, AprU 29 {H. S.). H. Saunders CoU

/• ^d. St. Athens. C. L.W. Merlin, Esq.

[P.].

g. Juv. sk. Crimea (figured in Gould's H. Saunders Coll.

'Birds of Eui'ope').

h. Juv. sk. Crimea, Sept. (Th. Schmidt). Gould Coll

i. 6 ad. sk. Volga, May {H. T. Moschler). Hume Coll.

k. 6 ad. sk. S. Russia, April. H. Saunders Coll.

I. Ad. sk. Zana, Algeria (0. S.). Salvin-Godman Coll,

m. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Eraser [C.].

30

n. Ad. St.

o,p. $ ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r, s. 5 ■^ix ad.

sk.
f. Inim. sk.

u. Ad. sk.

f, tc. (5 $ ad. sk.

.r. Ad. sk.

s, a'. $ ad. sk.

b'. Ad. sk.

e'. 2 ad. ; <^'. 2

imm. sk.
e'. (5 ad. sk.
f'.(S ad. sk.
g'. Ad. sk.

A', c? ad. ; i. ?

juv. sk.
k', I', d imm. sk.

m', n'. Imm. sk.

o'. Imm. sk.

;»', y'. Ad. et juv.

r', /. Ad. et $

imm. sk.
i'. Imm. sk.
u'. Imm. sk.
?/, w',x'. Ad. sk.

?/'. 2 ad. sk.

z'. S ad. sk.

a". 2 ad. sk.

b". Imm. sk.

c". 2 imm. sk.

d". Imm. sk.
e"' 2 imm. sk.

/". (^ imm. sk.

ff". 2 imm. ; h",
i" cT 2 ad. ;
k". 2 imm. ;
I". 2 ad. sk.

Egypt.

FaTOom, Feb. {G. E. S.).
Dakietta, March 29 (G. E. S.).
Fao, Persian Gulf, Aug. 27.

" India."

Jellalabad, Nov. (Griffiths).
Karachi, Sind, Feb. (E. A.

Butler ^ A. O. Hume).
Belachery, Cutch, Oct. 24.

Sambhur, Dec.-Feb. (E. M.

Adani).
Sambhur, March 6 [R. M.

Adam).
Sambhur, May 10 {R. M.

Adam).
Sambhur (A. O. Hume).
Gurgaon, Jan.
Woolar Lake, Cashmere,

breeding (Col. Delme-

Raddife).
Gilgit, 6000 ft., Aug.

Futtehgiu-h, March {A. An-
derson).
Etawah, Oct.-Nov.
Oudh, Dec. ( W.E. Brooks).
N.W. India {S. P.).

Dinapur, Feb.

Deccan {Col. Sj/kes).
Darjeeling (Pearson).
Bombay Harbour, Feb. 1

(A. b. H.).
Hambantota, S.E. Ceylon,

Aug. (^. V.L.).
Hambantota, S.E. Ceylon,

Aug. ( W. r. L.).
Eomidi, S.E. Ceylon, March

{W. V.L.).
Aripo, N.W. Ceylon, Aug.

{E. W. H. Holdsworth).
Andaman Is., Nov. {Capt.

Wimberley).
Lower Pegu.
Elephant Point, near Rangoon,

Dec. (J. Armstrong).
Sittang Eiver, Feb. ( W. Davi-
son).
Thatone, Nov.-Jan. [W. D.).

Sir John Bowring

[P.].
Shelley Coll.
Shelley CoU.
W. i). Gumming)

Esq. [P.].
Dr. T. C. Jerdon

[P.].
India Museum.
Hume Coll.

Col. Hayes-Lloyd

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Col. Biddulph [P.].

Seebohm CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
PinwiU Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum.
India Museum.
Himie Coll.

Col. W. V. Legge

[P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.

E. W. Gates Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

'3. GELOCHELIDON.

31

ot' . c? ad. sk.
n", 5 ad. sk.
o". 5 ad. sk.

p". 2 imm. sk.
q". 5 imm. sk.

r" c? imm. sk.

,s". Imm. sk.
t". Imm. sk.

«<". Imm. sk.

v". Imm. sk.
w". Ad. sk.
.t". Ad. sk.

v". Ad. st.
~". Ad. St.
a^. Ad. sk.
b\ Ad. sk.

c^. Pull. sk.

(P. Pull. sk.

e\ 2 juv. ; /^
Juv. ; ff^. d
ad. sk.

h^, P. Ad. ; A^
2 juv. sk.

/3-r'. cJ ad. ; s'-
z;'. 2 ad. sk.

?<;'. d'ad. ; :i'%.v^.
$ad. ; z\dK
(J imm. sk.

6*,c*. Vix.ad.sk.

d\ 2 juv. sk.

e^,/*. Juv. sk.

f/^. Ad. sk.
"i^^ Ad. sk.

i\ k\ Ad. sk.

I*, m*. Ad. sk.

n\ Ad. St.

Khyketo, Feb. ( W. Davison),

Sal ween River, Feb. ( W. D.).

Eastern Grove, Burma, Jan.
{J. Armstrong).

Wippitan, Dec. {J. Darling).

Amherst, Feb. ( W. Davi-
son).

Mergui Is., Tenasserim, Nov.
{W.D.).

Kaora, Pakchan, Nov.

Baram, Borneo, Sept. (A.
H. E.).

Labuan, Borneo, Sept. (A.
H. E.).

Java.

Australia.

N. Australia, Feb. 1856.

Port Albany, N. Australia.

Moreton Bay, near Brisbane.

New South Wales.

Hog I., Virginia {Hitz i^
Stini2]son).

Bone I., Virginia, July (Hen-
ska w Coll.).

Cobb's I., Virginia, July {Hen-
shaw Coll.).

Cobb's I., Virginia, July (Hen-
shaic Coll.).

Cobb's I., Virginia, Aug. &
Sept. {Henshaw Coll.).

Corpus Christi, Texas, May,
(E. B. Armstrong).

Corpus Christi, Nov. (F.
B. A.).

Chiapam, S.W. Guatemala

(Pacific coast), Jan. (O. S.).
Barbados, Oct. {S. W. F.).

Grenada, West Indies, Sept. 2

{D. W. Smith).
Demerara.
Bahia, Brazil, winter.

Sta. Catharina, S. Brazil

(Bogers).
Sta. Catharina, S. Brazil

(Bogers).
Bahia Blanca, S. Argentina,

Jan. 1837.

Hume Coll.
llume CoU.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

A. H. Everett Coll.

A. H. Everett Coll.

Gould CoU.

H. Saunders Coll.

J. R. Elsey, Esq.

[P.].
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Australian Mus. [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Col. H. W. Feilden

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould CoU.

J. W. Baker, Esq.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.

C. Darwin, Esq. [P.].

32 LAEID^. ■

4. HYDROPROGNE. ^

Type.
Thalasseus, pt., Bote, Isis, 18-22, p. 563.

Hydroprogue, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 91 (1829) H. caspia *.

Sylochelidon, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 770 (1831) H. caspia.

Helopus, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1224 H. caspia.

Range. Almost cosmopolitan ; the exceptions being Tropical and
South America and the Islands of the Pacific.

1. Hydroprogne caspia.

The Caspian Tern.

Sterna caspia, Pall. Nov. Co7nm. Petrop. xiv. i. p. 582, tab. xxii.
fig. 2 (1770) ; id. Zoogr. Rosso-As. p. 332 (1811) ; (?m. 8. N. i.
p. 603, and var. /3, p. 604 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 803, and
var. b, p. 804 (1790) ; Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 825 (1791) ;
Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 164 (1800); Te^mn. Man. d'Orn. p. 476
(1815) ; Nilss. Orn. Suec. p. 155 (1817) ; Temm. Mati. d'Orn.
ed. 2, p. 733 (1820) ; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 630 (1822) ;
id. Lehrb. Eur. Vog. p. 680 (1824) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen.
Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 146 (1825) ; T]'erner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 2
(1828) ; Audouin, Hist. Nat. Egypte., pi. 9. fig. 1 ; id. in Evpl.
Sonnini, 2nd ed. p. 416 (1828) ; Lesson, Traite, p. 622 (1831) ; Savi,
Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 96 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 55 (1832) ;
Selhy, Brit. B. ii. p. 463 (1833) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertehr.
p. 264 (1835) ; Eyt.on, Cat. Brit. B. p. 54 (1836) ; Gould, B. Eur.
V. pi. 414 (1837) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 471 (1840) ; Naum.
Vog. Deutschl. x. p. 18, pi. 248 (1840) ; Te7mn. Man. d'Orn. 4"=
pte. p. 454 (1840) ; Schinz, Eur. Faun. i. p. 370 (1840); Keys. ^
Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcvii & 115 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid.
Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 277 (1840); Macgill. Man. Brit.
B. pt. ii. p. 2.30 (1842) ; Sebjs-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 149 (1842) ;
Schl. Rev. Crit. p. exxviii (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 175
(1844) ; Yarr. Brit. B. ed. 2, iii. p. 493 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B.
iii. p. 658 (1846) ; Heivits. Egqs Brit. B. ii. p. 421, pi. 97 (1846) ;
Reichenb. Natat. tab. xviii. %s. 258-260 (1848); Degl. Orn.
Eur. ii. p. 337 (1849) ; Brandt in Lehtnann's Reise n. Buchara,
p. 330 (1852: Caspian); Kjcsrb. Danink. Fucjle, p. 326, tab. 40 a.
(1852), Su2}pl. tab. 20. figs. 1, 2 (1854) ; Schl. Voq. Nedei-l. p. 612,
pi. 360 (1854) ; Hetigl. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1856 : Egypt and
Nubia) ; Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 71, pi. 289 (1857) ; Hartl. Orn.
W.-Afr. p. 253 (1857 : Gambia) ; Baird, Cass. Sf Laivr. B. N.
Amer. p. 859 (1858) ; Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B. no. 682 (1858) ;
Erhard, Faun. Cykladen, p. 45 & p. 62 (1858) ; Heugl. Ibis, 1859,
p. 350 (Red Sea) ; Cass. Pr. Philad. Ac. 1859, p. 175 (Camma
Kiver, W. Africa) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 81 (1860) ; Heugl,
in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Red Sea, resident) ; Sioinh. Ibis,
1861, p. 68 (Amoy), op. cit. 1861, p. 345 (Pekin), oj). cit. 1863,
p. 430 (Formosa) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 48, fig. 1 (1863 ?) ;

* It is true that Kaup also included Stcriia aranca in this genus, being
probably unacquainted with the species to which that name aijphed ; but he
insisted upon the strong red bill as the main generic distinction.

4. HTDKOPKOGNE, 33

Hartl. Fmm. Madag. p. 85 (1861 : Madagascar) ; Schl. Bier.

Nederl. Vugels, p. 241 (1861) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 238 (1863) ;

Radde, Beis. Sihir., Vo;/. p. 388 (1863) ; Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 120

(1865) ; Taylor, Ibis, 18(j7, p. 72 (Damietta) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.

p. 269 (1867) ; Degl. S,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 448 (1867) ; Schl.

§• Poll. Faune Maday., Ois. p. 147 (1868) ; JIoKz, J. f. O. 1868,

p. 125 (Gottland, breeds) ; Vhap^nan, Trav. S. Afr. ii. p. 424

(1868 : Walvisch Bay) ; Boryqr. Vor/elf. Norddeutschl. p. 149

(1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 240 (1869) ; Fitisch ^- Hart I. Vog.

Oxt-Afr. p. 826 (1870); Stoinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 366 (Hainan);

Finsch, J. f. O. 1870, p. 364, op. cit. 1872, p. 253, op. cit. 1874,

p. 205 (New Zealand) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 398 (S. Spain) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 120 (1871) ; Hutton, Cat. N. Zeal. B.

p. 42 (1871); Gurney in Anderss. B. Bam. Ld.^. 359 (1872);

Hartiny, Ilandb. Br. B. p. 167 (1872) ; Corns, Key N. Amer. B.

p. 319 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 296 (1872) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-

Afr. Ed. ii. pt. 2, p. 1434 (1873) : Bidler, B. N. Zeal. p. 279

(1873) ; Palmen, Finlands Fogl. p. 564 (1873) ; Hume, Str. F. i.

p. 280 (1873: Sind) ; Serertz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 296 (18^3), and

Bresser's trails.. Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (breeds up to 3000 ft.) ;

Bidf/icay, Ajvi. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874 : Illinois) ; Buriif. Ibis,

1874, p. 401 (Sylt) ; Oates, Str. F. iii. p. 347 (1875) ; Irby, Orn. Str.

Gibr. p. 208 (1875) ; Sharpe, Voy. Ereh. ^- Terr., Birds, A-p^. p. 32

(1875) ; Saund. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 656 (revision) ; Prjevalsky, Tian

Shan to Lob-Nor, E. B. Morgan's traml. p. 122 (1876 : Lob-Nor) ;

Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 382 (1877) ; Bresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 289,

pi. 684 (1877) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 65 (1878:

Galveston) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. K S. W. ii. p. 201 (1878) ;

Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879 : List Ind. B.) ; Legye, B. Ceylon,

p. 1008 (1880) ; Parker, Sir. F. ix. p. 487 (1880 : Manaar, Ceylon,

breeds); Ridqiu. Btdl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881) ; Salvin,

Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 624 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Cortvin,' p. 109

(1882 : not N. of St. Michael's, Alaska) ; Coiies, Check-list N. Amer.

B. p. 123 (1882) ; Milne-Edwards ^ Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois.

p. 650 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (Seal Is., N. Caspian,

breeds) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 427 (1883) ; B. O. U. List

Brit. B. p. 182 (1883) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1883, p. 562 (Bonny) ; Seebohm,

Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (Kiukiang) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr.

p. 703 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. <^- Flor. Palest, p. 135 (1884) ; Saunders,

4th ed. Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 536 (1884) ; Baird, Brew. ^- Ridgxv.

Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 280 (1884) ; Sharpe, Rep. Voy. 'Alert; p. 28

(1884) ; Seeb. Brit. B. iii. p. 268 (1885) ; Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ;

Lutke, t. c. p. 146 ; Torre S,- Tsch. t. c. p. 563 (Dalmatia) ; Turner,

Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 252 (1885: Moose Factory, Hudson Bay) ;

Buchjier, Beitr. Russ. Reiches, (2) ii. p. 128 (1885 : St. Petersburg) ;

Alteon, Ornis, 1886, p. 424 (Dobrudsha, breeds) ; Hartert, MT. orn.

Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 180, and Ibis, 1892, p. 520 (East Prussia) ;

Gurney, Zool. 1887, p. 457 (England) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St.

Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 57 (1888 : Turkestan) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888,

p. 505 (Warsaw) ; Riesenth. Wasservog. Mitteleurop. p. 141 (1889) ;

Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 347 (Cyprus) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889);

Saund. Man. Br. B. p. 625 (1889) ; Zaroud. Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1889,

p. 841 ; Reichenow, Syst. Verz. Vlig. Beutschl. p. 62 (1889) ; Oates,

2nd ed. Humes Nests S)- Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 295 (1890 : Ceylon);

Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 115 (Fao) : Giitke, Vogelwarte Helgol.

p. 580 (1891); Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 509 (Kiukiang) : Frivaldsky,

Ar. Hum/ar. p. 179 (1891); Madardsz, Ausst. Ung. Vogelf.

p. 121 (ltt91) ; Rendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 230 (Gambia, resident) ;.

VOL, XXV. D

M

Walker, Ibis, 1892, p. 258 (Adele Id., N.W. Australia) ; Hartl.

Abh. nat. Ver. Bremen, xii. Heft 2 (1892) p. 334 (Hainan) ; Sharpe,

Bull. B. O. C. xi. p. V (1893 : Suakin) ; Lilford, Col. Fif/s. Brit. B.

pt. xxviii. (1894) ; Eeichenow, Vog.Deutsch. O.-A/r.-p. 20 (1894).
Sterna tschegi-ava, Le^jechin, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. i. p. 500,

tab. xiii. fig. 2 (1770) ; Bidgiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 39 (1887) ;

Nelson, Hep. Alaska, p. 68 (1887: Yukon); Beckham, Pr. U.S.

Nat. Mtis. X. p. 644 (1888 : Texas) ; Rhoads, Pr. Acad. Philad.

1892, p. 101 (Texas) ; White, Auk, 1893, p. 222 (Lake Michigan).
Larus atricilla, S. G. Gm. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xv. p. 478, pi. xxii.

fig. 2 (1771 : Tscberkask).
Caspian Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 350, and var. A, p. 351

(1785) ; Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 385 (1843).
Sterna caspica, Sparrm. Mus. Carls, ii. fasc. 3, no. 62 (1788) : Potcys,

Ibis, 1860, p. 356 (Corfu & Epirus) ; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 337

(Moutli of Zambesi, breeding) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthice, p. 306

(1890).
Sterna megarbynchos, Wolfu. Meyer, Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 33, and fig.

(1805) ; Meyer u. Wolf, Tasch. deutsch. Vog. ii. p. 457, and fig.

(1810).
Thalasseus caspius, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad.

1862, p. 537 ; id. Pr. Essex Inst. v. p. 308 (1868) ; Laivr. Ann.

Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 299 (1866) ; Elliot, Neiv 8) Unfg. B. N. Am. ii.

pi. 56 (1869) ; Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Etir. Occid. liv. x.

p. 5 (1886) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 274 (1887).
Sterna scbiUingi, Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 641, tab. iv. (1822) ; id.

Lehrb. Eur. Vog. p. 681 (1824).
Hydroprogne caspia, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 91 & p. 196 (1829 : type

of genus) ; Fritsch, Viiq. Eur. p. 454, Taf. 54. fig. 11 (1870) ; GouU,

B. G. Brit. V. pi. 68 (1873).
Sylocbelidon caspia, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 770 (1831) ; Bp. Comp.

List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 62 (1838) ; id. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 72

(1842) ; Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840), and p. 100 (1841) ; Boie,

Isis, 1844, p. 186 ; Riijjp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845) ; J. E. Gray,

List Osteal. Spec. B. M. p. 122 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As.

Soc. p. 290 (1849) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. V. p. 37 (1850 : New

Jersey) ; Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 626 (1852) ; Lickt. Nomencl. Av.

p. 98(1854) ; Brehm, Vogelf. p. 345 (1855) ; id. Nanm. 1855, p. 295 ;

Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Jaicb. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn.

Fr. p. 401 (1869) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 328 (China); A. E.

Brehm, Reis. Hahesch, p. 229 (1863) ; Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 36

(Egypt) ; Je7-d. B. Ind. iii. p. 835 (1804) ; Antin. Cat. descr. Ucc.

p. 115 (1864 : Lower Egypt) ; Philippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 352 (1865) ;

Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 392 (1865); Bias. J. f. 0. 1866,

p. 82 (revision) ; Loche, Expl. Sc. Ah/er., Ois. ii. p. 196 (1867) ;

Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 278 (1871); Stvinh. P. Z. S. 187],

p. 421 (China) ; Holdsw. oj). cit. 1872, p. 480 (Ceylon) ; Taczan.

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 261 (E. Siberia) ; David ^- Oustal.

Ois. Chine, p. 522 (1877) ; Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 1877,

p. 62 (Ton-es Str.) ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 386 (Carpentaria Gulf) ; Radde,

Or7i. Cauc. p. 484 (1884) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1885,

p. 477 (Ussuria) ; Nikokky, Trud. St. Petersb. xvii. p. 402 (1886) ;

Giqlioli, Avif. Ital. p. 411 (1886) ; id. 1st Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 627

(1889) ; North, Nests f Eggs Austr. B. p. 352, pi. xx. fig. 3 (1889) ;

Radde ^- Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 126 (Transcaspia) ; De la louche.

Ibis, 1892, p. 602 (S. China).
Sylochebdon baltbica, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 769 (1831) ; id,

Vogelf. p. 345 (1855) ; id. Naum. 1866, p. 295.

4. HYDROPEOGNE. 36

Sylochelidon schillingi, Brehm, Viig. Deutachl. p, 770 (1831) ; id.

Vonelf. p. 346 (1855) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 295.
Helopus caspius, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1224.
Thalassites melanotis, Sw. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 253 (1837) *.
Thalassites, n. sp. ?, no. 405, Jerdon, Madr. Journ. xii. p. 225 (1840).
Sylochelidon melauotis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 186 ; Bt). C. Ii. xlii.

"p. 772(1856).
Sylochelidon macrorhjniclia, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 186.
Sylochelidon strenuus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 21 (Bass Straits and

Tasmania, breeds) ; id. B. Austr. vii. pi. 22 (1848) ; Reichetih.

Vof/. Neuholl. ii. p. 9 & p. 346 (18o0).
Sterna cayana, Richards. Journ. Boat-Voy. i. p. 87 & p. 155 (1851 :

Great Slave Lake, breeds).
Sylochelidon strenua, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856).
Sterna melanotis, Hartl. Orn. West- Afr. p. 254 (1857) ; W. A.

Forbes, Ibis, 1883, p. 500 (Bonny, large colony).
Sylochelidon caspica, Reichenb. Si/st. Nat. tab. iv. (1850), and

Loncjipennes, p. 5 (1852).
Sterna major, Ellman, Zool. s. s. p. 7472 (1861 : New Zealand).
Thalasseus iinperator, Coues, Fr. Fhilad. Acad. 1862, p. 538

(Labrador).
Sterna caspia, var. imperator, Ridgxo. Ann. Lye. N, Y, x. p. 391

(1874).
Sterna (Thalasseus) caspia, Coues, B. N.- West, p. 667 (1874) ; id.

Key N. Anier. B. 2nd ed. p. 757 (1884).
Thalas.seus caspicus, Rochebr. Faun. Seneg., Ois. p. 336 (1884).

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Forehead, upper part of lores,
crown, and nape glossy greenish black; mantle pale french-grey ;
primaries the same -when new and frosted, but afterwards darker
grey, turning to slate-colour on the margins of the inner webs;
shafts white ; the usual paler " wedges" in the middle of the inner
webs hardly perceptible ; tail greyish white to white ; entire under-
parts pure white : bill vermilion-red, sometimes horn-coloured at
tip ; tarsi and toes black. Total length averages 20 inches, culmen
3-3, wing 16-5, tail G, depth of fork 1-25, tarsus 1-65, middle toe
with claw 1-7. There is considerable individual variation in
dimensions, quite irrespective of locality.

Female. Similar, but shghtly smaller, with a weaker and less
brilliantly coloured bill.

Adult in winter. Crown, nape, and lores streaked with white and
black, the latter colour thickest about the eyes and ear-coverts ; bill
orange-red, horn-coloured at the tip ; otherwise as in summer.

Immature. Like the above, but orbital patch blacker; wing-
coverts, secondaries, and tail-feathers with a good deal of brownish
grey ; primaries ash-grey to dull brown towards the tips.

Young. Similar, but feathers of the mantle and tail mottled
and barred with brownish black.

Nestling, one dag old. Above pale buff, inconspicuously mottled
with dull brown, underparts dull white. Older nestlings show a
greyer tint above.

Hah. Europe from about 60° N. lat. southwards : Asia to China
(not in Japan) ; Malayasia, Australia, New Zealand ; Africa ;

* Type in Cambridge Museum examined.

d2

36

North America, from a little beyond the Arctic Circle to Florida on
the Atlantic, and to California on the Pacific. Eggs deposited on
sandy shores of seas and lakes.

a. Imm. st.
h. Pull. sk. ;
c. Pull. St.

d. 1mm. sk.

e. S ad. sk.

f. Ad. sk.

g. (5 ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.

i. Ad. sk.

li. $ ad. sk.

/. S ad. ; m. $

imm. sk.
11, 0. S ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.
q. cJ ad. sk.

v-y.

r. c? ad. ; s. c?

imm. sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.
M. c? ad.

cJ 5 vix ad.

z. S, a'. 2

imm. sk.
b'. 2 ad. sk.
c', Juv. sk.
d', 2 ad. sk.

e. 2 imm. sk.

f . Vix ad. sk.
ff'. Ad. sk.

h' . 2 imm. sk.

i'. (S imm. sk.
A;'. 2 "^'i^ ad. sk.
^'. Vix ad. sk.

m'. Juv. sk.
n. Imm. sk.

o'. Ad. sir.
;?'. 2 ad. sk.
q'. Ad. sk.
r'. 2 ad. sk.

s'. Ad. st.

f '. 2 ad. sk.

" British Channel.''

Sylt, Frisian Is. (one day old).

Gambia, W. Africa.
Bonny Eiver, W. Africa.
Alexandria, Egypt, May {G.

E. S.).
Damietta, Egypt, May {G.

E. S.).
Suakin, Bed Sea.

Fao, Persian Gulf.

Sumianee Bav, Mekran Coast,

Feb. {A. O. H.).
Karachi, February.

Karachi, March and Jidy {E.

A. Butler).
Karachi, Feb. ( W. B. Mnloch).
Manchar Lake, Sind, Feb. ( W.

T. BlanforcT).
Manchar Lake, Jan.-Feb. {W.

T. B.).
Manchar Lake {A. O. H.).
Mehur, N. Sind, Jan. (A.O. H.).

Larkhana, Sind, Jan.(-i4. 0. H. ).

Deesa, Gujerat.

Futtebgm'h,April(^.-4?i(?«'sow).

Khandeish, May.

Khandeish.

Mangalore, Kanara Coast.

Trincomalee, Ceylon, Nov. {Col.

W. V. Legge).
Sittang River, June.
Ypana, Aug. (? Severtzoff).
Kiukiang, Yang-tse, Nov. 18,

188.3.
Shanghai, China.
Amoy, China, Feb. (R. Sivin-

hoe).
Amoy, March (B. S.).
Formosa, March (B. S.).
Australia.
Channel Rock, ToiTes Straits,

June.
Claremont I., N. Australia.

Oyster Rock, N.W. Austraha.

Purchased ?
Gould Coll.

Gov. Rendall [P.].
W. A. Forbes Coll.
SheUey Coll.

Shelley CoU.

Capt. R. H. Penton

u . D. Gumming,

Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Seebohm CoU.
Hume CoU.
Tweeddale CoU.
Plume Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

E. W. Gates [C.].
Tweeddale CoU.

F. W. Styan, Esq.
[P.].

Gould CoU.

H. Saunders CoU.

Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Sir E. Home [P.].
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

Voy.H.M.S.' Rattle-
snake.'
Dr. Bassett Smith

[P.].

5. SEENA.

37

«', Ad. sk.

v'. Ad. sk.
w'. Pull. St.

x'. Ad. st.
y'. S ad. sk.

2'. S <id. sk.

vix ad. ; c"
Pull. sk.
<Z''. Ad. sk.

Australian Museum

[P.].
Gould Coll.
Voy.n.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'
Sir G. Grey [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].

Bio- Id., Slave Lake, N.America. B. R. Ross, Esq.
^ ' [P.].

Cobb's Id., Virginia, Aug. 2 Salvin-Godmau Coll.
(IT. W. Henshcao).

Port Jackson, N.S.W.

Melbourne.
Actaeon I., Tasmania.

New Zealand,

South Id., New Zealand, Dec

a : 2^a. sk. Florida (C. J. Maymrd). H. Saunders Coll.

e"-k'. 6 2 ad. ; Corpus Cliristi, Texas, May- tealviu-Godman Coll.

^". 9 vixad.sk. ixAy,'^ov.(F. B.Armstrong). ^^. ^^ ^ ,,

m" 2 imm sk San Diego, Cdifoinia, Dec. Salvin-Godman CoU.

(H. W. H.).

n". c? ad. sk. La Paz, Lower California, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{A. Forrer).

o" c? vix ad.sk. Presidio, W. Mexico, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(A F.).

n" 2 ad sk. Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(yl. F.).

4'. Sternum. Purchased.

5. SEENA. Type.

Seena, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 291 (1849) .... S. aurantia.
Potaraochelidon, Heine, in Seine S,- Reivheyioios I\omencl.

Mus. Hein. p. 355 (1890) S. aiirantia.

Ranr/e. India to Malacca.

1. Seena aurantia.

Sterna seena, Sykes,P.Z.S. 1832, p. l^l,. no- 231 ; /mZ. 3/«6?,-.
Joimi. xii. (1840) p. 224 ; Grai/, Gen. B. in. p. 6o9 (184b) ; Fraser,
Zool. Typ. pi. 70 (1850 : Deccan, Sijhes) ; Gray, Hand-LB. m.
p. 121 (1871) ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 193 (1875 : Upper Pegu) ;
id. Nests ^- Fffffs Ind. B. p. G48 (1875); Saunders, P. Z. S.
1876, p. G45 (revision); Butler, Str. F.iY. p. 32 (18/6: North
Guzerat) ; Hume, Str. F. v. p. 47 (1877 : Cachar, rarely) ; J. Aiiders.
Yunnan E.vped. p. 693(1878); Hume, Str. F. vi. p. 492(18/8:
Tenasserim) ; id. op.cit.Vin. p. 116 (1879: List Ind. B.) ; Ball, op.
cit.Vn. p. 233 ; Cripps, t. c. p. 314 (1878) ; Scully, op. cit. vni. p. 364
(1879: a visitant to Nepal Valley); Leyf/e, B. Ceylon,^ p. 1003
(1880: not vet obtained in Ceylon) ; Eelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 201
(Malacca & Singapore); Sahin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 623 (1882_);
hates, B. Burmah, ii. p. 423 (1883); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 3oO
(1888 : Manipur) ; Oates, 2nd ed. Humes Nests .y Fgys Ind. B.
iii. p. 308 (1890). ^ , . , ^^ „ .

Sterna am-antia, J. E. Gray, Hardw. Bl. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 69 iig. 2
(1832) ; G. B. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Reichenb. Aatat.,
Novit. viii. tab. cclxxi. fig. 2260 (1850) ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p 281.

Sterna brevirostris, J. £. Grai/, Hardw. 111. Lid. Zool.;^. P|- 69. hg. 1,
iuv (1832): Reichenh. Natat., Novit. vii. tab. celxx. tig. 22o9 (IftoU).

Sterna roseata, Hodys. in Gray's Zool. Misc. 1844, p. 86, no. obo
[cf. Grai/, Nepal don. p. 148]. n^n\

Sylochelidon aui-antia, Gray, List B. Br. Mus. p. l/o (lb44).

38 lAEID^.

Hydi'ocecropis aiirantia, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.

Sylochelidon seena, Gray, Cat. M. ^ Birds Nepal pres. Hodgs,

p. 148 (1846), and ed. 1863, p. 78 ; Licht. Nmnencl. Av. p. 98

(1854).
Seeua aurantia, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 291 (1849) ; Layard,

Ann. Sf Maq. N. H. xiv. p. 271 (1854 : Ceylon, observed only) ;

Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (18.56) ; Jerdo7i, B. India, iii. p. 838 (1864) ;

Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 403 (Umballa) ; Holdsiv. P. Z. S. 1872,

p. 480 (not obtained in Ceylon) ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 421 (Kattia-

war) ; Blyth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 163 (1875) ; W.-Ramsay,

Ibis, 1877, p. 472 (Sittang) ; A. Anders. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 807

(cbick).
Potamochelidon seena, Heine S/- Reiehenoiv, Nomenel. Mus. Hein^

p. 355 (1890).

Adult mah in hreecling-plumarie. Forehead, crown, nape, lores,
and feathers beneath the eye, black with a greenish lustre ; mantle
and tail-coverts dark pearl-grey ; primaries pale grey, frosted,
passing into slate-grey near the tips and on the inner margins of
the webs, the paler central " wedge " very slightly defined, shafts
white ; tail-feathers pearl-grey, the outer pair greyish white ; under
surface delicate grey, under tail-coverts pure white : bill orange-
yellow ; tarsi and toes orange-red in the living bird, yellow iu
preserved specimens. Total length 17 inches, culmen 1'8, wing
ll'l, tail 8-5 to 9-5, depth of fork 5 to 6, tarsus 0-85, middle toe
without claw 0*8, the claw varying greatly in length, and being
sometimes 0*4 across the chord.

Female. Similar ; no appreciable difference in size.

Adult after autumn moidt. Forehead dull white, crown grey, orbital
feathers and ear-coverts blackish ; bill horn-coloured at tip. By the
end of January the lores and ear-coverts have become black, and
the crown and nape dark grey. The eclipse must be very short
in mature birds, for the finest male in the collection, obtained at
Thatone on Dec. 10th, is in full plumage, with very long tail-
feathers.

Immature. Like the above, with a brownish tinge on the inner
secondaries and the tail-feathers.

Young. Forehead and crown huffish white, flecked with dark-
ash-colour, over the eye a fairly defined white streak ; feathers of
the upper parts vermiculated and barred with ash-brown, and
broadly edged with huffish white : bill dull yellow, horn-coloured
towards the tip.

Nestling undescribed.

Hah. Rivers, estuaries, and inland waters of India from Sind,
Kashmir, and Nepal to the Deccan, but uncommon in Southern
India, and not yet authenticated in Ceylon ; Assam, Western
Yunnan, Burma, Malacca, to Singapore (Kelham). Eggs deposited
on sand-banks.

a. Ad. sk. Hydrabad, Sind (H. Gould). India Museum [P.]-

b. $ ad. sk. Hydrabad, Sind, Feb. 4 (£. Hume CoU.

A. Butler).
e. 2 imm. sk. Eohri, Sind, March 29 ( If. Hume Coll.
T. Blanford).

5, SEENA.

3»

d. c? ad. sk.

e. 2 8'd- sk.
/. (S ad. sk.

g. Ad. sk.

/(, /. <S ad. sk.

A. Juv. sk.
l,7n. Ad. sk.

w. cJ ad. sk.

0. Ad. sk.
p, q. 5 ad. et

juv. sk.
r, s. S ad. et
cJ iiniu. sk.
t,u.(S 2 fid. sk.
V. Ad. sk.

w» •■*'• d 2 ^^^

sk.
y, z. c? ad. sk.

a'. 2 ad. sk.

i', c'. 2 ad.

sk.
d', e'. Ad. sk.

/', ff\ Ad. ; h'.

Imm. sk.
z'. Ad. sk.
k', I', c? ad.sk.
m',n'. Imm. et

juv. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.
j9'-s'. Ad. sk.

f. Ad. sk.

w', «'. d" 2 ad.;

«<?'. cJ imm. sk.
.r'. Ad. sk.
I/'. Ad. ; z', a".

Imm. sk. ; b",

c". Juv. sk.
d",e" .S 2 ad.

ak.
/". Ad. sk.
g" . Juv. sk.
A", {". Ad. ; A",

r . Imm. sk.
m". Imm.sk.

n" . iS ad. sk.
o". Ad. sk.
p" . Ad. sk.

River Chenab, nr. Mooltan,
Dec. 2 (.4. 0. Hume).

Madho Mehur, N. Sind, Jan.
17 {A. O. H.).

Jhelum River, Nov. 22 {A. O.
H).

Kathiawar (//. L.).

Sambhur, Sept. 24 {R. M.
Adam).

N.W. Provinces {S. P.).

Kashmir, summer {Col. Mar-
shall).

Ilarwo River, Huzara, Feb.
( W. H. Umoin).

Urniwallah, Sirsa, March.

Umballah, Nov. [R. C.
Beavan).

UmbaUah, Jan. {Dr. Scott).

Delira Doon, March {G. King).

Kumaon [Sir A. Strache;/).

Ramnug-ger, Kumaon ]^ha-
bur, Feb., March {G.King).

Sultanpur, Gurgaon District,
March ( W. N. Chill).

Delhi, March 19 (C. T.
Bingham).

Futtehgurh, Oct. {A. Ander-
son).

Futtehgurh, April and Sept.
(^4. Anderson).

Etawah, Dec.

Cawnpore, May.

Allahabad, Dec. {J. Cockburn).

Lucknow, May, June {Col.

Way).
Oudh.
Nepal.

Darjeeling.

Bhotan {F. M. Montairo).

Bhotan Doars {L. Mandelli).
Assam {McClelland).

Dipur Bheel, Assam, March

{A. W. Chennell).
Cachar.

Dacca {Major Tytler).
Dacca, January.

Behar.

Patna, February.
Dinapiu- {S. PinwiU).
Dinapiu'.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Col. Hayes-Lloyd [P.],
Hume Coll.

Capt. S. Pinwill Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
H. oaunders Coll.
India Museum.

Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].

Hume CoU.

Hume CoU.

India Museum [P.].

Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

40 LAEIB^.

q",r". 1mm. et Sambalpur. Hume Coll,

juv. sk.
s",t". S ad. sk. Raipiir. Hume Coll.

u". c? ad. sk. Mhow, February. Col. Swinhoe [P.].

v", w". cS ? ad. Khandeish, April & Dec. Hume Coll.

sk. (/. Davidson),

x". Ad. sk. Deccan. Col. Sykes [C.].

(Type of S. seena.)
y". 2 ad. sk. Godavery, April ( W. T. H. Saunders Coll.

Blanford).
z". S ad. ; a^. Bhamo, Jan. 20. Dr. J. Anderson [C,].

5 imm. sk.
P. S juv.; c^ British Burma, Dec. {Major Tweeddale Coll.

5 ad. sk. Wardhnv Rainsaij).

(P, e\ S 2 ad. Tonghoo, April 21 (E. G. Tweeddale Coll.

sk. W. H.).

f\ 9 imm. sk. Tongkoo, Nov. 6 {H. G. W. Tweeddale Coll.

R.).
f/^. (S imm. sk. Upper Pegu, Dec. H. Saunders Coll.

h^. Juv. sk. Lower Pegu, Jime 30 {E. H. Saunders Coll.

W. Oates).
«■'. (S juv. sk. Lower Pegu, June 30 {E. Oates CoU.

W. O.).
k\ 2 imm. sk. Lower Pegu, Oct. 30 {E. Oates Coll.

W. 0.).
P. c? ad. sk. Lower Pegu, Sept. 14 (E. Oates Coll.

W. 0.).
m\ n\ <S 2 Sittang Eiver, Dec. (li. G. Tweeddale Coll.

imm.; o\ 2 B'. R.).

j}\ c? ad. ; q\ 2 Sittang- Eiver, Feb. ( W. Hume Coll.

imm. sk. Davison).

r^2 ™"i-; •'^•c?' Thatone, Jan. 27, Nov., Dec. Hume Coll.
<^M^2ad.sk.; (W. D.).
v^. (S ad. sk.
to^, x^. (S ad. sk. Kadai Keglay, Thatone, Hume Coll.

Dec. ( W. D.).
j/3. 2 ad. sk. Wimpong, Thatone, Dec. Plume Coll.

{ W. D.).
s^ a\ cS 2- ad. Khvkehto, Thatone, Feb. Hume Coll.

sk. (7r. D.).

¥. cj ad. sk. Younzaleen Creek, Salween Hume CoU.

11., Feb. (W.D.).
c\d\ S 2 ad. sk. Moulmein, Dec. {W. D.). Hume Coll.

«*. Juv. sk. "India" {T. C. Eyton H. Saunders Coll.

Coll.).

6. STERNA.

Type.

Sterna, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 227 (1766) S. " hirundo."

Thalasseus, Boie, Jsis, 1822, p. 663 (pt.).

Sternula, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 (pt.) S. minuta.

Actochelidon, Kat/p, Natilrl Syst. p. 31 (1829) S. cautiaca.

Thalassffia, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 97 (1829) S. dougalli.

Pelecanopus, Wayler, Isis, 1832, pp. 277, 1225 S. bergii.

Onvchoprion, Wayler, Isis, 1832, p. 277 S. fuliginosa.

Planetis, Wagkr, Isis, 1832, p. 1222, S. fuliginosa.

G. STERNA.

41

Type.

Haliplana, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1224 S. fuliginosa.

Ilydrocecropis, Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 179 (pt.).
Thalassipora, Bote, teste Riipp. Si/st. Uebers. p. 140

(1845) S. fuliginosa.

Melanosterna, Blyth, J. A. S. Bemj. xv. p. .373 (1846). S. ausestlieta.

Ranrje. Cosmopolitan.

Key to the Species*

A. Crown black in breeding-plumage.

a. Bell}' black ; bill and feet yellow melanog aster, p. 43.

h. Belly white or grey.

«', Size larger ; wing never less than 9''5 in.

a". Forehead black to the base of the

culmen.

a'". Size smaller, wing less than 12 in. ;

feet red to livid.

rt*. Outer web of long streamers t

white, inner web darkish grey ;

belly white forsteri, p. 46.

b*. Outer web of streamers grey, or — if
whitish — not contrasting sti-ongly
with the colour of the inner web.
«'. Inner webs of primaries not
edged with white to their tips.
a^. Upper tail-coverts white, in
strong contrast with the gi'ey
of the upper parts.
a'. Outer tail-feathers not much
])rolonged, only exceeding
the next by about ^ in. . . albistriata, p. 48.
v. Outer tail-feathers produced
into streamers, exceeding
the next pair by more than
an inch,
fl''. Bill and feet red.
a^. Mantle and underparts

dark smoky grey .... virgata, p. 50.
U'. Mantle and underparts
paler grey.
a^°. Outer web of strea-
mers very slightly

a". Smaller; under-
parts grey .... tittata, p. 51.

h^^. Larger; under-
parts nearly
white hirundinacea,'-^. 52.

* It is hoped that this Key will prove sufficient even for the identification of
birds in the winter and the immature plumages ; bearing in mind that any dar
coloration, though diminished in those stages, is seldom wholly absent, and that
the colours of the bill &c. are then duller. For further details reference must
be made to the descriptions.

t For the sake of brevity the outer tail-feathers when prolonged and pointed
are called streamers.

42 LARID^.

b^°. Outer web of strea-
■ mertj distinctly gTey.
c^^. Dark bands next
the shafts on the
inner webs of
primaries wider
and darker ; tar-
sus longer than
the middle toe

without the claw Jluviatilis, p. 54.
d^'^. Dark bands on
inner webs of
outer primaries
much paler and
narrower; tarsus
short, not ex-
ceeding middle
toe without the

claw macrura, p. 62.

b^. Bill and feet blackish . . longipennis, p. 67.

b''. Upper tail-coverts and tail

gTcy, hke the mantle ; under-

parts dark vinaceous grey . . albigena, p. 69.

5'. Inner webs of primaries white

to the tips ; upper parts very

pale grey dougalli, p. 70.

b'" . Size large : wing more than 12
inches ; feet black ; feathers of
nape prolonged and pointed.
d^. Bill black, yellowish towards the

tip cantiaca, p. 75.

d*. Bill orange-yellow to red.

c'. Size larger : wing about 14'5

inches maxima, p. 80.

ff. Size smaller: wing less than
13 inches.
c". Rump and tail grey, like the

back inedia, p. 86.

rf". Rump and tail white, con-
trasting with the grey of the
mantle.
e". Bill orange-red ; angle of
lower mandible far in ad-
vance of the nostril elegans, p. 84.

d/. Bill chrome-yellow ; angle
of lower mandible only
slightly in advance of the

nostril eurygnatha, p. 85.

b". Front of the forehead white.
c". Lores white,
e*. Bill greenish yeUow, nape-feathers
long.
e\ Rump dark grey, like the mantle, bergii, p. 89.
/5, Rump white, mantle very pale

grey bernsfeini, p.. 96.

/■'. Bill black frontalis, p. 97.

6. STERNA. 43

d!" . Lores black.
^'. Kump and tail white ; mantle slate-
grey aleutica, p. 98.

h '. Rump as dark as the mantle ; bill
black.
y^. Size smaller : wiug about 10'5
inches ; uiiderparts white in
the younnr.
e'''. JNIautle dark smoke-gi'ey .... hmata, p. 100.

/". Mantle umber-brown ancestheta, p. 101.

h'. Size larger: wing about 12inches,
mantle deep black ; underparts
dark brown in the young .... fidiginosa, p. 106.
b' . Size smaller : wing less than 8 inches,
c". Forehead black to the base of the bill,

which is also black halcenarum, p. 111.

d" . Forehead white.

e'". Lores white nereis, p. 112.

/'". Lores black.

i'. Belly white ; bill chiefly yellow,
i'. Bill tipped with black.

y'^. Upper surface of shafts of

outer primaries white sinensis, p. 113.

h^. Upper surface of shafts of

outer primaries dusky.

e'' . Only the two outer primaries

darker than the inner quills.

c*. Bump whitish, much

paler than the back. . . . 7ninuta, p. 116.
d'*. Bump grey, concolorous

with mantle antillarum, p. 122.

/■'. Greater part of three outer
primaries black, in strong-
contrast to the inner quills, saundersi, p. 120.
k'. Bill stouter, not tipped with

black siiperciliaris, p. 124.

k^. Belly grey ; tail slate-grey like the

mantle lorata, p. 126.

B. Crown always white ; nape, orbits, and ear-

coverts black ; mantle of the palest gTey ;

wings almost white melanauchen, p. 126.

C. Crown and nape white, merely a blackish

streak through the eye ; upper and under

parts the same tint of grey trudeaui, p. 1.30.

1. Sterna melanogaster.

Sterna melanogaster, Temm. PI. Col. livr. 72, pi. 434 (1827) ; Lesson,
Traite, -p. 62-2 (1831); Fnmklin, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 125; Jerdon,
Madr. Journ. xii. p. 223 (1840) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus. p. 179
(1844); * Reichenb. JS'atat. tab. x.x. fig. 281 (1848); Bttryes

* Reichenbach, Schlegel, and others spell the specific name melanogastra ;
but as this appears to have been done on no fixed principle, I h;ive placed
all the references under melanogaster, as being botli correct and convenient.

44

P.
P.-

iSckl.

Holdsiv. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 481 (not obtained in Cevlon) ; Blt/th i,-
Wald. B. Bunn. p. 163 (1875) : Smmders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 645
(revision) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 387 (1877 : Eeunion) ; Hume
^- Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 492 (1878: Teuasserim) ; Davidson ^
Wenden, op. cit. rii. p. 93 (1878 : Deccan) ; V. Ball, torn. cit. p. 233 ;
J. R. Crij)ps, torn. cit. p. 314 (E. Bengal) ; Hume, Str. F. \m.
p. 116 (1879: List); Barnes, oj). cit. p. 460 (S. Afghanistan);
Legge, B. Cerjlon, p. 1006 (1880 : never obtained in Ceylon) ;
Saivin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 623 (1882 ; Malacca) ; W. Davison,
Str. F. X. p. 419 (1883 : S.W. Mysore) ; Oates, B. Brit. Bunn.
ii. p. 424 (1883); Huine, Str. F. xi. p. 350 (1888: Manipur;
Cachar ; Brahmaputra) ; Tristram, Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Oates,
2nd ed. Hume's Nests S,- Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 310 (1890).

Sterna javanica, Horsf. Zool. Research. Java, Gen. Cat. p. 8 (1824:
not in Tr. Limu Soc. sWi. 1820, ■wbich = H}'d. hvbrida) ; Blyth,
Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 292 (1849) ; Layard, Ann. ^- Mag. N.
H.xiv. p. 271 (1854: Ceylon, not obtained); Irbi/, Ibis, 1861,
p. 247 (Oudh & Kumaon) ; Jerdon, B. India, iii. p. 840 (1864) ;
Bidqer, Ibis, 1869, p. 170 (Sikkini) ; Hume, Str. Feath. 1873,
p. 282; id. Nests !^- Eggs Ind. B. p. 652 (1875); W. Ramsay,
Ibis, 1877, p. 472 (Sittang Hiver) ; J. Anders. Exp. W. Yunnan,
p. 694 (1878).

Sterna acuticauda, J. E. Gray, Hardti\ III. Ind. Zool. i. pi. 70. fig. 3
(1832 : Cawnpore) ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 171 ; Reichenh.
Natat., Novit. vii. tab. cclxx. fig. 2257 (1850).

Sternula melanogaster, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183.

Hydrocbelidon melanogastra, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846) ;
Lickt. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856).

Sternula melanogastra. Bias. J.f. O. 1866, p. 74.

Sternula minuta, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 403 (Moulmein ; immature).

Sternula jerdoni, Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 403 (Moulmein).

Hydrocbelidon iavanica (part.), Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 122,
no. 11073 (1871).

Pelodes javanica, Adam, Str. F. ii. p. 440 (1874: Cbota Nagpur
rivers) ; Hume, op. cit. iii, p. 193 (1875 : Upper Pegu).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Centre of the forehead, crown,
and nape black ; lores white ; neck grey ; mantle grey, with a
slight brownish tinge on the inner secondaries ; outer primaries
pale pearl-grey on the outer webs, with a slightlj' darker line
inside the white shafts, and nearly white margins to the inner
webs ; the succeeding primaries graduallj' darkening on their inner
margins ; tail pearl-grey, outer webs of the streamers white ; under
taU-coverts, vent, and abdomen black ; breast grey ; under wing
and throat white : " bill bright o-ange-yellow ; iris brown " {Cripps) ;
tarsi and toes dark orange-yellow. Total length 12-8 inches,
culmen 1-6, wing 8-75, tail 6-25, depth of fork 3-8, tarsus 0-5,
middle toe with claw 0'7.

Female. Similar to the male.

Adidt in tvinter. Forehead and crown grey, streaked with black,
which becomes confluent round the eye ; underparts greyish white ;
bUl horn-coloured at the tip. The eclipse lasts only a short time.

6. STEKNA.

45

Immature. Like the above, with a browner tinge to the upper
feathers, and an ash-grey band along the edge of the carpal joint;
bill and feet duller yellow.

Toiuuj. Upper parts variegated grey and buff, with blackish bars
and striations, and stone-white margins to the flight- and tail-
feathers.

Hah. Rivers and iiilaud waters, from Southern Afghanistan in
the west to Bhotan on the east, and throughout India down to
Tranquebar; ascribed to, but not yet authenticated in Ceylon;
eastward, throughout Eurma down to Moulmein. Ascribed to
Cochin-China by Dr. Tiraud. Once in the Island of Reunion after
a tempest, teste Schlegel.

In the coloration of the undcrparts this species seems to approach
Hijdrochelidon, but it is not a Marsh-Tern ; the tail is long and
pointed, and the webs of the toes are not much indented. ° The
eggs are deposited on the sand, close to the water.

a,

b. Ad. sk.

c.

Imm. St.

d.

c^ ad. sk.

e.

$ ad. sk.

/■

Ad. sk.

9-

Ad. sk.

h,

i. Ad. sk.

k-

-0. c? 2 ad

sk.

P-

$ juv. sk.

?•

c? ; r. $ ad

sk.

s.

Ad. sk.

t,

u. Ad. ; V.

Imm. sk.

w

.r. 2 ad. sk

y-

Ad. sk.

Ad.sk.

a!

Ad. sk.

b'

Imm. sk.

c'.

2 ad.sk.

d'

S ad. sk.

e'.

c? ad. sk.

/■

Ad. sk.

9

Imm. St. ; h'

Ad. sk.

i'.

Imm. sk.

k'

Imm. sk.

V.

2 ad. ; m'.

(S juv. sk.

n'

Ad. sk.

o\

])'. cJ ad. sk.

9-

cf imm. sk.

r'.

Ad. sk.

Ranepoor, Upper Sind, Feb. 1885

{H. Got(ld).
Roree, Sind.

Kussmore, Indus, Oct. {A. O. H.).
Sambhm-, Oct. [E. M. Adam).
Punjab, April.
Lahore.
Sirsa District.
Gurgaon, Delhi, Jan., Feb. ( W.

N. Chill).
Delhi, May 14 [C. T. Blnr/ham).
Kumaou Ehabur, March {G.

Kim;) .
Oudb', Feb.
Etawab, Dec.

Futtehgm'h, May [A. Andersm).
Nepal [B. Hodyson).
SikhimTerai, Jan. (Z. MandelU).
Bhotan Doars, Dec. {L. M.).
Assam {Col. Sykes).
Dibrughur (/. R. Crijjjjs).
Kalleejung, Brahmaputra R.,

Dec. ( Jr. Davison).
Julpigoree, Bengal, May {H. J.

Elwes).
Dacca.
Behar.

Dinapur (,S'. Pinwil/).
Dinapur, Feb. ( TF. E. Brooks).
Raipm-, Central Provinces, Jan.

Deccan (Col. Sykes).

Bhamo, Jan. 20.

Rangoon District, Dec. (S. G.

W. R.).
Pegu, Dec.

India Museum [P.].

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoL.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

II. Saimders Coll.

Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Tweeddale CoU.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

India Museum [P.].
Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.

W.T. Blanford, Esq.
[P.]-

46 LAEID^.

s',t'. c?$a(l. ; Lower Pegu, Oct., NoY. (E. W. Gates Coll.

u'. 2 imm. sk. O.).
y', w'. d" 2 ad. ; Touglioo, May (-R. G. PF. i?.). Tweeddale Coll.

x'. S iuv. sk.
U',z'. S 2 ad. ToDglioo, Dec. [R. G. TV. S.). Tweeddale Coll.

sk.
d". 2 ad sk. Sittang Valley, Dec. (B. G. Tweeddale Coll.

IF. R.).
b", c". c? 2 ad. Sittang River, Feb. ( W. Davison). Hume Coll.

sk.
tr'-i". c? 2ad.; Thatone, Oct.-Dec. (Tf. D.). Hume Coll.

k"-n". d'2

imm. sk.
o". 2ad.sk. Tbaj-etmyo, Dec. H. Saunders Coll.

//', q". 6 ad. Houugthraw, Salween River, Tweeddale Coll.

sk. Feb. 28 ( W. Limborg).

2. Sterna forsteri.

Common Tern, var., Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i, p. 362 (1785 : Dr.
Forster ; Hudson Bay).

Sterna birimdo, Sw. Sf Rich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 412 (1831 :
Saskatchewan River).

Sterna forsteri, Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 274, footnote (1834) ; Laim:
Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. p. 222 (1852: California); Baird, Cass. S,-
Later. B. N. Amer. p. 862 (1858); Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B.
no. 691 (1859); Coues, Proc. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 544; id.
Ibis, 1864, p. 390 (Duefias, Guatemala) ; Salvin, op. cit. 1866,
p. 199 (same loc.) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1866, p. 99 (Arizona) ;
Bias. J.f. 0. 1866, pp. 74, 78; Coues, Pr. Essex Inst. v. p. 308
(1868: New England); Elliot, Neiv ^- Unjiq. B. N. Amer. i.
Introd., tail figd. (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11026
(1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 569 (revision) ; iid. Komencl.
At: Keotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1871, p. 44
(North Carolina) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. p. 321 (1872) ; id.
Check-list, no. 566 (1873) ; Ridffu: Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 391
(1874: Illinois) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 676 (1874); Laivr. Me^n.
Bost. Soc. N: H. ii. p. 318 (1874: Mazatlan) ; Hensh. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 13 (1874 : Utah) ; id. Rep. Zool. Expl. 100th
Merid. p. 486 (1875); LauT. Bull. U.S. Kat. Mus. iv. p. 51
(1876 : Tehuantepec) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 651 (revision) ;
Ridgiv. Rep. Sun: 40th Par. p. 639 (1877) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S.
Geol. Surv. iv. p. 68 (1878: Galveston; breeds); Ridgiv. Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53, no. 685 (1881) ; Coties, Check-l. N.
Amer. B. p. 123, no. 798 (1882) ; Stearns S,- Coues, New Engl.
B.-Life, p. 369 (1883) ; Coiies, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 763
(1884) ; Baird, Brew., ^ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 292
(1884) ; Dreiv, Auk, 1885, p. 18 (Colorado up to 6000 ft.) ;
Agersborq, t. c. p. 289 (Dakota) ; A. O. U. Check-l. p. 94 (1886) ;
Ridgto. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 42 (1887) ; Selon, Auk, 1886, p. 147
(Manitoba; breeding); Scott, op. cit. 1887, pp. 274, 278, 279
(Florida) ; Toimsend, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 192 (1888 : N.
California, breeds) : Beckham, t. c. p. 644 (Corpus Christi, Texas) ;
Breicster, Auk, 1889, p. 66 (New England) ; Pindar, t. c. p. 31
(Kentucky; breeds); Shick, op. cit. 1890, p. 327 (New Jersey);
IIex7ie ^ Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 354 (1890) ; Thomps.
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 469 (1890 : Manitoba, breeds) ;

C. STERNA. 47

Shufeldt, Auk, 1891, p. 366 (fossil remains: Oregon) ; Mhoads, Pr.

Philad. Acad. 1892, p. 101 (Texas).
Sterna havelli, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. p. 122 (1839) : id. B. N. Amer.

pi. 409. fig. 1 ; id. Hynop. p. 318 (1839) ; id. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed.

viii. p. 103, pi. 434 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 6;'59 (1846) ;

Baird, Cass., l^- Laxur. B. N. Amer. p. 861 (1858) ; Coues, Pr.

Philad. Acad. 18(52, p. 543 (refers it to S.forsteri) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. iii. p. lis, no. 11028 (1871).
GelochelidoD liavelli {Aud.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 187 ; Bp. C. R. xlii.

p. 772 (1856).

Adult male in lreedinf/-j>lumage. Forehead, upper half of lores,
crown, and nape deep sooty black ; the nuchal feathers not prolonged
into a crest; mantle pearl-grey ; tips of secondaries white ; primaries
pale grey when new and frosted, blackish when worn, shafts white,
webs on both sides grey, the " wedge " greyish white, inner margins
dark grey ; rump white ; tail-feathers grey, except the streamers,
which have white outer webs ; undcrparts pure white ; biU rather
stout, orange-yellow, blackish for nearly its terminal half, the
extreme tips yellowish ; tarsi and toes orange-red. Total length
14 to 15 inches, culmcn 1-7, wing 10-5, tail 7 to 8, depth of fork
about 4-25, tarsus 1, middle toe with claw I'l.

Female. Similar, perhaps a trifle smaller, with less prolonged
streamers.

Adult in winter. Similar, except that the head and neck are
greyish white, with black streaks, which become confluent before
and behind the eye ; tail-streamers less prolonged ; bill blackish ;
feet yellowish hrown.

Immature. Like the above, but with a varying amount of dark
brown on the inner secondaries and rectrices.

Young even browner, and tawny on the nape.

Downy nestling. Warm dark buff, thickly marked with black ;
underparts lighter, but decidedly darker than in most nestlings of
allied Terns.

Eah. Greater part of ]!^orth America, from the Fur Countries to
Southern Texas (breeding) : Florida, Mexico, and Guatemala in
winter ; once obtained at sea between 200-300 miles from Pernam-
buco (Salv.-Godm. CoU.). Breeds in grassy marshes.

a. 2 pull. sk. Cobb's Isl., 'V'irginia, July ( W. II. Saunders CoU.

Brewster).

b. PuU. sk. Eepaza Marsh, Va., July {R. H. Saunders CoU.

Rid (J way).

c. S ad. sk. Cobb'.s Isl., Va. {R. Ridgicay). H. Saunders CoU.

d. c? ad. ; e. Cobb's Isl. Va., Aug. {H. W. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Pull. ; /, y. Ilenshaw).

6,h. $ juv.
sk.
i, k. Ad. sk. Caper's Isl., S. Carolina, April, Salvin-Godman CoU.

May {J. H. Batty).
I, m. Ad. sk. Grass Lake, Lake Co., Illinois, Salvin-Godman CoU.

June (E. Jr. A^e/son).
n. (5 ad. sk. Cedar Keys, Florida, Feb. {S. Salvin-Godman CoU.
W. Henshaic).

48

o,j). S ad. ; q-
s. $ ad. ; t,
u, V, Imm. sk

w, X. (S 2 ad.
sk.

y, z. cJ ad. ; «',
b'. $ad.; c'-
c'. c? imm.
sk.

/, {/'. 3 2 ad.
sk.

h'. Ad. sk.

i'. Ad. ; k'. Juv.
sk.

^'. 2 j^^^- ^•

m'. (S ad. sk.

n', o'. cJ ad.

sk.
p'. S ad. sk.
q'. S ad. sk.

r'. (S ad. ; s',

t;, u'. c? 2

imm. sk.
v'. <S juv. sk.

w', x'. Ad. sk.
?/'. c? juv. sk.

s'. 2 imm. sk.

a" . Imm. sk.

Tarpon Springs, Florida, Sept. & Salvin-Godman ColL
Jan. ( W. E. D. Scott).

Corpus Christi, Texas, May (F. Salvin-Godman ColL

£. Armstronff).
Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct., Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(J^. B.A.).

Brownsville, Texas, May {F.
B.A.).

San Antonio, Texas, June (JT.
F. Dresser).

Koshkonong Lake, South Wis-
consin, Jvme [Th. Kumlieii).

Koshkonong Lake, South Wis-
consin {Til. Kumlien).

Utah Lake, July (Smithsonian
Inst.).

Washoe Lake, Nevada, May
{Henshaiv) .

California [F. Gruber).

Oakland, California, Feb. (Ken-
sham).

San Diego, California, Dec. (Hen-
shaiv).

La Paz, Lower California, Jan.

(Forrer).
West Coast, Mexico.
Tehuantepec, Feb. {Prof. F.

Sumichrast).
Lake of Dueiias, Guatemala,

Oct. 28(0. .S.).
At sea, 200-300 miles off Per-

nambuco.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll,

H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Sterna albistriata.

Sterna antarctica, Wagl.Isis, 1832, p. 1223 (ex J. R. Forster, MS. ;

nee Lesson, 1831, which = S. ansestbeta); Forst. Descr. Anim.

p. 107 (1844) ; Gray, Voy. Ereb. ^ Terr., B'rds, p. 19 (1844) ;

id. Gen. B. iii. p. 059 (1846) ; Finsch, J.f. O. 1870, p. 367 ; id.

op. cit. 1872, p. 254 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 205 ; Rutton, Cat. N.

Zeal. B. p. 42 (1871) ; Biiller, Bds. N. Zeal. p. 283 (1873) ;

Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr., Birds, App. p. 32 (1875) ; Saunders,

P. Z. S. 1876, p. 646 (revision) ; Bidler, Man. B. N. Zeal. p. 81

(1882) ; id. B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 70, pi. xxx. fig. sup. (1885) ;

Tristram, Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 530

(Chatham Is.).
Hydrocbelidon albistriata, Gray, Voy. Erebus S; Terror, Birds,

p. 19, pi. 21 (1844) * ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846) ; Reichnb.

Natat. tab. xxi. fig. 817 (1848) ; B^). C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 122 (1871).

* The specific name was originally printed alhostriata and was subsequently
altered to albistriata by Gray himself.

G. 8XERNA. 49

Hydrocecropis antarctica (Forst.), Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Sternula antarctica {Forst.) ?, Bp. C. ii. xlii. j). 773, no. 141 (1856).
Sterna cinerea, EUman, 'Ajoloyid, 1861, p. 7473.
Sterna bveviunguis, I'elz. Hcise Novara, Voy. p. 152 (1866 : New

Zealand, in Vienna Mus.).
llydrochelidon hybrida, Finsch, J.f. 0. 1867, p. 347.

Advlt male m breeding-plumage. Forehead, lores, crown, and
nape deep black ; from the gape a broad streak of white passes
under the eye and is continued to the nape ; mantle dark pearl-
grey ; secondaries very slightly edged with white ; outer primaries
with white shafts and pale grey margins to the inner webs :
rump white ; tail-feathers dark pearl-grey except the outer pair
of feathers, which are nearly white on the upper parts ; under
tail-coverts greyish white ; breast and abdomen pearl-grey : bill
bright yellow ; iridcs black ; tarsi and toes bright yellow. Total
length 12 inches, ciilmcu 1-25, wing 10, tail 4-5-5, depth of fork
1*75 at most, tarsus 0'65, middle toe and claw 0-9.

Female. Similar, with perhaps less prolongation of the outer tail-
feathers.

Adidt in ivinter. The head is probably greyish for a brief period.

Immature. Similar, with a dark band on the upper wing-coverts,
which is retained until after the black head is assumed ; the upper
parts dull grey.

Young. Head ash-grey mottled with black ; upper wing-coverts,
inner secondaries, and tail-feathers with subterminal ash-brown
markings : bill ochraceous yellow, blackish towards the tip ; feet
dull yellow : otherwise like the immature.

ffab. New Zealand, chiefly the South Island ; once in Norfolk
Island. Frequents rivers and plains, and deposits eggs on the
bare ground.

The strongly contrasted white stripe below the eye and the
somewhat short and slightly pointed tail doubtless led Gray to place
this species in the genus Hydrochelidon ; but it is not a Marsh-
Tern, its toes have not indented webs, and it is merely a some-
what specialized link in the interesting chain to which the three
following species of true Sea-Terns belong.

a. Ad. St. New Zealand. P. Earl, Esq. [0.].

(Type of species.)

b, c. Ad. St. Port Cooper, South Island, F. Strange, Esq. [C],

New Zealand.
d, c. (S,f. 2 ad. ; Otago, N. Zealand, Sept. Hume Coll.

k. Ad. sk. Otago, N. Z. H. Saunders Coll.

I. (S ad. sk. Waimakariri, N. Z., Oct. H. Saunders Coll.

w. Juv. sk. Cape Campbell, N. Z., 41^ 45' H. Saunders Coll.

S. lat.

n. Juv. sk. Wellington, N. Z. H. Saunders Coll.

0. Ad. sk. Norfolk Island, 28° S. H. Saunders GoU.

50 LAKIDiE.

4. Sterna virgata.

? Southern Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 365 (1785: Christmas

"Island" [? Christmas Somid, Kerguelen Id.]) ; id. Gen. Hist.

X. p. 126 (1824).
? Sterna australis, Gm. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 608 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.

ii. p. 809 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Method, i. p. 97 (1790) ; Stqih. in

Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 162 (1825) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.

p. 659 (1846).
? Planetis australis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 189.
Sterna macrura (part.), Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 178, f, g

(1844: Kerguelen Id.).
Sterna meridionalis {nee Brehm, nee Peak, nee Cassin), Layard, Ibis,

1867, p. 459 (Crozette Is., in Coll. B. M.).
Sterna virgata, Cab. J.f. O. 1875, p. 449; Cab. S^ Reichen. J. f. 0.

1876, p. 328 ("Kerguelen) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 646 (revision

Sterninse) ; id. op. cit. 1C77, p. 794 ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv.

p. 402 (1878) ; Sharpe, Pep. Trans. Venus, Phil. Tr. clxviii. p. 112

(1878 : Kerguelen) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 164 (eggs) ; id. Voy. H.M.S.

' Challenyer^ ii. Birds, p. 133 (1881 : Kerguelen).
Sterna vittata, Coues, Btdl. U.S. Nat. Mm. ii. p. 17 (1875 \mc

Gm., nee Pelzeln'], Kerguelen) ; Coues ^ Kidder, op. cit. iii. p. 11

(1876).

Adult in breeding-jjlumage. Similar to the previous species, but
darker on the underparts, lo that the white moustachial streak
£,uands out in stronger contrast between the grey chin and the
black cap ; webs of primaries darker, especially the outermost ;
shafts dull white to ash ; tail-feathers more prolonged and pointed,
and with the entire outer webs of the streamers distinctly grey :
bill blood-red (in the living bird) ; tarsi and toes orange-red, fuUy
webbed. Total length 13 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 10, tail 6'25,
depth of fork 3, tarsus 0"65, middle toe and claw 0-9, the claw
short and stout.

In ivinier, or during the moult, the head is mottled with grey,
and the bill, feet, &c. are yellowish to livid brown.

Young. Forehead brownish grey, crown and nape mottled with
black ; feathers of upper parts broadly tipped with blackish brown,
with subterminal spots of dull white on the inner secondaries ; under-
parts greyish, flecked with brown. In fledglings both upper and
under parts are marked with warm brown ; in fact the characteristic
of the young of this species is the darkness of all the markings.

Hah. Kerguelen Island, and probably Heard Island ; also the
Crozettes. A single egg is deposited among stones on the bare
ground, at a moderate distance from the beach.

a. (S ad.; b. 5 juv. ; Kerguelen Island, 50° S. lat., Antarctic Exped.

c. Ad. sk. Southern Indian Ocean.

d. Ad. ; e. Juv. sk. Royal Sound, S.E. Kerguelen Transit of Venus

{Pev. A. E. Eaton). Exped.

J. Ad. sk. Royal Sound, S.E. Kerguelen H. Saunders Coll.

{Dr. Kidder, U.S. Eiped.).

f, h. Ad. ; t. Inmi. Christmas Harbour, N.W. Ker- H.M.S. ' Challenger '

sk. guelen. Exped.

6. STEENA. 51

k. Juv. sk. Betsey Cove, Kerguelen. H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
/. Ad. sk. Crozette Islands, 46° S. {E. L. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Layard).
m. Ad. sk. (spirit). Kerguelen. H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.

5. Sterna vittata.

Wreathed Tern, Lath. Gen. Sijn. iii. pt. 2, p. 359 (1785 : " Christmas
Island," ? Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island).

Sterna vittata, Gm. S. N. i. p. 609 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 807
(1790) ; Viem. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 106 (1819) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Peheln, Reise Novara, Vog. p. 152
(1865 : adult, St. Paul's Island) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 647
(revision Sternin») ; id. op. cit. 1877, p. 795 ; Sharpe, Phil. Tr.
clxviii. p. 113 (1878: Pep. Trans. Tentis; Kerguelen); Scmnders,
Juurn. Linn. Sue. xiv. p. 402 (1878, distribution) ; id. Voy. H.M.S.
' Challenger,' ii. Birds, p. 134 (1881^: Tristan da Cunha Group
and Kerguelen Id.).

Sterna coronata, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 95 (1790) (e.v Latham,
supra).

Hydrocecropis coronata, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.

Sterna macrura (part.). Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 178 (1844 :
spec, e, Kerguelen).

Hydrocecropis vittata, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.

Sterna melanorhyncha (part.), Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 398
(1805: as regards MacgiUivray's examples from St. Paul's I.);
Pelzeln, Peise Novara, Vog. p. 154 (juv., St. Paul's I.).

Sterna sancti-pauli, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 399 (1865 : St.
Paul's I.).

Sterna melanoptera, Velain, Arch. Zool. exp. et gen. vi. p. 53 (1877 :
St. Paul's I.).

Adult in hreeding-plumage. Very similar to the preceding species,
but larger and generally of a paler grey ; the white moustachial
streak prolonged to the nape ; tail nearly white, only the outer
webs being of the palest grey ; shafts of primaries pure white :
bill and feet cherry-red in the living bird. Total length 16 inches,
culmen 1-45, wing 10-5, taU 7"o-b, depth of fork 4-o-5, tarsus 0-7,
middle toe and claw 0'95 ; claws stout and short, or worn by
attrition on the volcanic rock.

Adult in winter. Forehead and crown mottled grey and black ;
otherwise like the above.

Immature. Similar to the above, but underparts white, a faint
greyish band on the upper wing-coverts, and the outer webs of tail-
feathers distinctly grey : biU and feet dull livid red to blackish.

Taunt/. Paler than in S. virgata and white on the abdomen ;
the upper parts spangled and barred with whitish buff and black,
much as in the next species S. hirundinacea.

Although a stouter and generally larger bird, S. vittata is not
unlike the Arctic Tern, S. macrura, which sometimes wanders far
South, but the former may always be distinguished by the greater
breadth of the grey line oa the primaries inside the shaft.

£2

52

Hob. St. Paul's and Amsterdam Islands (breeding) ; Kerguelen -,
Tristan da Cunha and Inaccessible Islands, and the Atlantic to the
vicinity of Brazil. M. Velain describes this species as depositing
its egg in the most inaccessible places in the crater at St. Paul's
Island. There can be no doubt that Latham's locality " Christmas
Island " (where no Tern except S. fuliginosa was found on Cook's
voyage) was a mistake for Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island,
where Cook landed.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.

c. c? ad. sk.

d,e.(5'ad. ;/. Juv.

ff. <S juv. sk.
h. Imm. sk.

t. 2 imm. sk.

k. Ad. sk.

I. Imm. sk.

m. Ad. sk.

n. c? juv. sk.

o,p. (J ad. St.

Kerguelen Island.

Royal Sound, Kerguelen

Island.
St. Paul's Isl., c. 46° S., Jan.

1853 {J. Macgillivray).

St. Paul's Isl. (J. Macgillivray).

38° S. lat., 0° 57' W. lona-.

(/. M.).
36° S. lat., 6° 30' E. long.,

Nov. 20, 1852 (/. M.).
Inaccessible Isl. near Tristan

da Cunha.
At sea, 40° S. lat., 20^ E. long.

[G. Dou-her).
At sea, between St. Helena

and Ascension, April {don.

E. Hargitt).
At sea, 147 m. S.E. of Imbi-

tuba, S. Brazil, July {H.

M. Harrison, H.N.).
Cape of Good Hope (sea).

Antarctic Exped.

H.M.S. ' Challenger '
Esped.

Gould Coll.

(Type of S. sancti-
pavli, Gould.)

Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake ' [P.],

Voy. H.M.S. ' Rattle-
snake ' [P.].

Voy. H.M.S. ' Rattle-
snake' [P.].

H.M.S. ' ChaUenger '
Exped.

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.

H. Saunders Coll.

Sh- A. Smith [P.].

6. Sterna hirundinacea.

Sterna hirundinacea. Less. Traite, p. 621 (1831 : Santa Catharina,
Brazil; cf. Puch. Rev. Zool. 1850, p. 539*) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.

1876, p. 647 (revision) ; id. op. cit. 1877, p. 796, and Voi/. H. M. S.
' Challenger; ii. Birds, p. 135 (1881 : Magellan Strs.) ; i)urnf. Ibis,

1877, p. 43 (Chuput, Patagonia) ; id. op. cit. 1878, p. 404 (Tombo,
immense breeding colony) ; Sharpe,P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Magellan
Straits); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 522 (Peru & Chile); A,
Milne-JEdicards, Faun, regions Aiistr. ch. iv. p. 34 (1882) ; Mac-
Farlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 208 (Chimbote, Peru, 9° S. lat.) ; Taczan.
Orn. Perou, iii. p. 440 (1886) ; *SW. ^- Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii,
p. 196 (1889) ; Oustalet, Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, p. 183 (1891).

Sterna hirundo, Neuwied, Beitr. iv. p. 865 (1833 : Rio de Janeiro).
? Sterna minuta [lapsus calami ?], Lesson, H. N. Mamm. et Ois<

p. 155 (1834 : Falkland Islands).
Sterna acutirostris, Tsch. Wiegm. Arch. 1843, pt. 1, p. 389 ; id.

Faun. Per., Aves, pp. 53, 306 1 ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 659 (1846).
Hydrocecropis hirumdinacea, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179 (e.v Cuvier).

* Type iu Paris Museum examined.

t Type in Neuchatel Museum examined.

6. STERNA. 53

Sterna antarctica, Peak, U.S. Expl. Evp. p. 280 (1848) [nee Lesson,

nee Wagler, nee Forst^ ; Phil, et Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 49 (1868).
Sterna wilsoni, Bunn. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 451 (1856) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras.

p. 325 (1871 : Eio de Janeiro).
Sterna meridionalis, Cassia {nee Brehm), U.S. E.vpl. Exp. p. 385

(1858) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Sternse, p. 15 (1863) ; Bias. J.f. 0.

1866, p. 74.
Sterna cassinii, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 391 ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 166 ;

Pelz. Reise Novara, Vo;/. p. 153 (1865 : Chiloe Island, Chile) ;

Scl. ■^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 570 (revision') ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.

p. 118, no. 11025 (1871); Cimnintjh. Str. Mayell. pp. 74, 404

(1871) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 147 ; iid. Nomencl. Av.

Neotrop. p. 147 (1873).
? Sterna vii'gata, Pagenstecher, Ber. Naturhist. Mus. zu Hamburg,

1884, p. 25 (1885), and Neumayer, Deutsch. Ecped. Bd. ii. p. 265

(1890: South Georgia Is.).

Adult in hreeding-'plumage. Forehead, greater part of lores,
«rown, and nape black, bordered by a white streak from the gape
backwards ; hind neck and mantle pale pearl-grey, the secondaries
and upper primaries broadly margined with white; rump and tail-
feathers white, with a grey tinge on the outer webs ; underparts
pale pearl-grey, passing into white on the vent : iris black ; bill
and legs vcrmilion-red. Total length 16-16".5 inches, culmen 1"75,
wing 11-8, tail 7, depth of fork about 4, tarsus 0-8, middle toe with
claw 1*1 ; webs a trifle more indented than in >S'. vittata, and nails
longer.

Adult in lulnter. Forehead and crown mottled with white, and
underparts nearly white, but the eclipse only lasts a short time.

Immature. Similar to above, but with more grey on the tail-
feathers, and the outer webs of the primaries are darker grey.

Young birds show a conspicuous brownish bar along the upper
wing-coverts *, and the mantle is spangled and barred with blackish-
brown and white (warm buff in fledglings) : bill blackish, feet
reddish yellow.

Nestling, Upper parts olive-brown, thickly mottled with umber ;
throat nearly black, remaining underparts dull white : " feet
orange " {J. Young).

Hah. South America — on the East side from Bahia downwards,
breeding from Rio de Janeiro to the Straits of Magellan, the Falk-
land Islands, the South Georgia and South Shetland Islands, and
the land to the south of Cape Horn ; on the West side, up to
Chimbote, Peru. Breeds in large colonies.

rt.Jiiv.sk. 'B&\i\a.,'ErAZ\\ {Dr. Luschiiath). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Imm. sk. Bahia, Brazil {Dr. Wueherer). H. Saunders CoU.

c-f. 2 ad.; q, Rio de Janeiro, July-Aug. H. Saunders Coll.

'h, i. S 2 juv. {H. M. Harrison, R.N.).
sk.

* The afRnities of <S. hintndiiiacca are, on the whole, with the three pre-
ceding species, but the breadth of the band on the upper wing-coverts of the
young bird indicates an approach to S.Jltiviafilis and allies, of the Northern
hemisphere.

54

k-o. Ad. ; p, q.

Pull. ; r. Juv.

sk.
s, t. Ad. sk.

M. c? juv. sk.

y. (5' ad. ; w.

Imm. sk.
X. d ad. sk.

y,z,a'. S $ ad.

St.; b' . (S ad.

sk.
c'. Ad.sk.

d'. 2 ad. sk.

e',f'. Ad. ; 5^',
A'. PuU.sk.
i'. 2 ad. sk.

k'. Ad. sk.
^'. Ad. St.

m'. cJ ad. ; n'. 2

ad. sk.
0'. d ad. sk.

^'. cf ad. sk.
q'. (S ad. ; r' .

Pull. sk.
s'. 2 ad. sk.

t'. Jup. st.
u', v'. (S juv.

sk.
w', x'. Imm. sk.

y',z'. Ad. etjuv.

sk.
a", 6". c? ad. sk.

Rio de Janeiro, Mav 30-June
26 {J. Young).

Santa Catharina, S. Brazil

[Rogers).
80 miles S. of Bahia Blanca,
Jan. {H. M. Harrison, R.N.).
Chuput, E. Patagonia, Nov.

Port Santa Cruz, E. Pata-
gonia (J. M. Campbell).
East Falkland Island.

Falkland Islands ( Capt.

Abbott).
Falkland Islands (Capt.

Abbott).
Falkland Islands, Jan.

Uranie Bav, Falkland Is.,

Nov. 21, 1842.
Magellan Straits ( Weisshaupt).
Magellan Straits.

Elizabeth Is., Magellan Straits.

Messier Channel, Magellan Strs.

Port Desire, Aug. {J. Young).
Tom Bay, W. Patagonia (Dr.

Coppinger).
Cockle Cove, W. Patagonia,

Oct. [Dr. Coppinger).
Chile (Cuming).
Chile {E. C. Reed).

Coqmmbo Bay, Nov. (Adin.

A. H. Markham).
Callao Bay, Peru, Aug. -Sept.

(Adm. Markham).
Chimbote, Peru, 9° S. lat., Aug.

(Comm. MacFarlane).

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll,
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Dumford, Esq,

[C.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Antarctic Exped.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

J. Gould, Esq.

H. Saunders Coll.

McCormick Bequest.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Sir W. Burnett &

Capt. Fitzroy, R.N.

[P.J.

H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
H. Saunders Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'

Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert/

T. Biydges [C.].
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

7, Sterna fluviatilis.

The Common Tern.

The Greater Sea Swallow, Albin, Nat. Mist. B, iii. p. 81 (1740).

La Grande Hirondelle-de-Mer, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 203, pi. xix. fig. 1

(1760).
The Greater Tem, Pennant, Brit. Zool. p. 144, pi. 1* (1766) ; id.

Brit. Zool. 2nd ed. p. 428 (1788).
Larus bicolor. Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 81, no. 110 (1769) (imm.),
Larus hirundo. Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 82, no. Ill (1769).
Larus sterna, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 82, no. 112 (1709) (imm.).

6. STEBNA. 55

? Larus columbinus, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 82, no. 113 (1769)(juv.).

Le Pierre-garin, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 331, pi. xxvii, (1783).

L'Hirondelle de Mer, Daubent. PL Enl. pi. 987 (1786).

The Common Tern, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 361 (1785) ; Bewick,
Brit. B. ii. p. 181 (1821) ; Ya'rr. Brit. B. iii. p. 396 (1843).

Sterna hirundo (part.), Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 227 (1766) ; P. L. S.
^ Midi. S. N. p. 3.52 (1776) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 606 (1788).

Sterna hirundo, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 807 (1790); Bechst. Naturg.
Deutschl. ii. p. 828 (1791); Meyer Sf Wolf, Taschenh. ii. p. 459
(1810) ; Pallas, Zouqr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 333 (1811) ; Illiger, Prodr.
p. 272 (1811) ; Wilson, Am. Orn. vii. p. 76, pi. 60. fig. 1 (1813) ;
Meisn. S( Schins, Voy. Schiveiz, p. 261 (1815) ; Meyer, Vog. "Liv-
u. Esthl. p. 229 (1815); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 481 (1815),
2nd ed. p. 740 (1820) ; Each, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 366 (1816) ;
Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. 8fc. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1816) ; Nilss.
Orn. Suee. p. 156 (1817) ; Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Brehm, Beitr.
Vogelk. iii. p. 678 (1822) ; Licht. Verz. Do%M. p. 81 (1823) ; Brehm,
Lehrb. p. 688 (1824) ; Steph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 150,
pi. 18 (1825) ; Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wilson, no. 241 (1826) ; id. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 354 (1828) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 6
(1828) ; Vieill. Faune l'ranq.,Ois. p. 401 (1828) ; Fleming, Brit. An.
p. 143 (1828) ; Kaup, Natitrl. Syst. p. 26 (1829) ; Lesson, Traite,
p. 621 (1831) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 85 (1831) ; Siv. ^ Rich. Faun.
Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 412 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 551
(1832) ; Jard., Ed. Wilson's Amer. Oni. ii. p. 368 (1832) ; Selby,
Brit. B. ii. p. 468, pi. xc. fig. 1 (1833) ; Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii.
p. 271 (1834) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 266 (1835) ; Gould,
B. Eur. V. pi. 417 (1837) ; Bp. Camp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer.
p. 61 (1838) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 74 (1838) ; id. B. N. Amer.
folio, pi. .309; id. Synops. p. 318 (1839); Dickson <^ Ross,
P. Z. S. 1839, p. 1.35 (breeds, Erzeroom) ; Schinz, Eur op. Faun.
p. 373 (1840); Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 474 (1810) ; Naum. Viig.
Deutschl. X. p. 89, pi. 252 (1840) ; Keys. Sf Bias. Wirh. Eur.
pp. xcvii & 246 (1840) ; Teimn. Man. d'Orn. ed. ii. 4e pte. p. 458
(1840) ; Nordm. in Dernid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 278 (1840) ;
Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840), & p. 100 (1841) ; Selys-Longch.
Faun. Belq. p. 150 (1842) ; Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 231
(1842) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 347 (1844) ; Audub. B. N. Am.
8vo, vii. p. 97, pi. 433 (1844) ; BouteiUe, Orn. Dauphine, ii. p. 235
(1843) ; Gray, List Anseres B. M. p. 177 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit.
p. cxxix (1844) ; MUhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 145 (1844) ; Riipp.
Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845: Eg-s'pt & Red Sea) ; Farr. Brit. B.
2nd ed. iii. p. 504 (1845) ; He^viis. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 427, pi. 120.
fig. 1 (1846) ; GroT/, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Reichenb. Natat.
tab. xix. figs. 269-273 (1848) ; id. Syst. Nat. tab. iv. (1850), and
Av. Syst. Nat., Longip. p. v (1852) ; Degl. Ois. Eur. ii. p. 342
(1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mtis. As. Soc. p. 292 (1849) ; Thomps. B.
Irel. iii. p. 281 (1851) ; Macgill. Brit. B. y. p. 638 (1852) ; Brandt,
in Lehmann's Reis. n. Buchara, p. 330 (1852) ; Kjcerb. Damn.
Fugle, p. 329, Taf. 40 a (1852), and Suppl. Taf. 20. tig. 3 (1854) ;
Licht. Nomencl. A i\ p. 97 (1854) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 608, pi. 357
(1854) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1856 : N. Egypt) ; Mei/er, Brit.
B. vii. p. 82, pi. 291 (1857) ; Jaub. S^Lajwmm. Rich. Oni. Fr. p. 403
(18'j9); Jo7ies, Nat. Bermuda, p. 91 (1859); Powys, Ibis, I860, p. 356
(Ionian Is.) ; Si7npson, t. r. p. 393 (Missolonghi, breeding) ; Linderm.
Voy. Griechenl. p. 178 (1860) ; Irbg, Ibis, 1861, p. 246 (Oudh &
Kumaon) ; Heugl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Red Sea) ;

56

Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 240 (1863) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 48. fig. 4
(1863) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 327 (Hankow, not on coast);
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 153 (Malta) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 839 (1864) ;
Filippi, Viagg. Pers. p. 352 (1865) ; Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 456 (1867) ; Loche, Expl. Sc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 201 (1867) ;
Pelz. J. f. O. 1868, p. 37 (Upper Indus) ; Bettoni, Ucc. nidif.
Lomb. ii. pi. 84 (1868) ; Pelz. J. f. 0. 1868, p. 37, and Ibis, 1868,
p. 321 (Upp. Indus, StoUczka) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl.
p. 144 (1869) ; Uroste, Vogeliv. Borkum, p. 328 (1869) ; Fritsch,
Vog. Eur. p. 458, Taf. 64. fig. 4 (1870) ; Allen, Bull'Harv. Coll.
ii. p. 366 (1871) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 422 (China) ; R. Gray,
B. West. Scotl. p. 466 (1871) ; Coues,Key N. Amer. B. p. 320 (1872) ;
Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 222 (Canaries) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v.
pi. 70 (1873); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); Palmen,
Finlands Fogl. p. 568 (1873) ; Pidgiv. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 391
(1874: Illinois) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 680 (1874) ; Hensh. Rep.
Zool. E.rpl. lOOth Merid. p. 486 (1875) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1875, p. 261 (East Siberia) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 211
(1880) ; Seebohn, Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (N. Caspian) ; Bolau, J.f. 0.
1882, p. 342 (Lake Baikal) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 123
(1882) ; Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 77 (Pamir lakes, breeding) ; Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 762 (1884) ; C. H. T. Marshall, Ibis,
1884, p. 425 (Chamba) ; Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridgiv. Water-B. N.
Amer. ii. p. 295 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 486 (1884) : See-
bohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 280 (1885); Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 424
{Dobrudscha) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 276 (1887) ; Hartert, MT.
Orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 180, and Ibis, 1892, p. 520 (East
Prussia, breeding) ; Radde ^ Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 126 (Trans-
caapia) ; Giitke, Vogeltv. Helgol. p. 585 (1891) ; Hartl. Abh. Nat.
Ver. Bremen, xii. Hft. ii. p. 334 (1892: Tientsin) ; Meade- Waldo,
Ibis, 1893, p. 206 (Canaries, breeds) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 309
(Aruba), p. 326 (Curasao), p. 337 (Bonaire) ; Collett, Norges
Fuglef., Nyt May. Nafurv. Bd. xxxv. p. 314 (1894).
Sterna fluviatdis, Naum. Isis, 1819, pp. 1847, 1848 ; Brehm, Vog,
Deutschl. p. 779 (1831); Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 122 (1864);
Godman, Ibis, 1806, p. 102; id. Azores, p. 37 (1870); Gumey,
Ibis, 1868, p. 263 (C. Good Hope) ; Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 242
(1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 280 (1871) ; >Saunders, Ibis,
1871, p. 398 (S. Spain) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11021
(1871) ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 75 (1872) ; Sharpe ^
Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 263, pi. 580 (1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt,
p. 299 (1872) ; Gumey in Anderss. B. Dam.-Ld. p. 361 (1872) ;
Collett, Forh. Selsk. Christ, p. 291 (1873) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873,
p. 346 (Sardinia) ; Hume S^ Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 303
(1873: Yarkand): Heuf/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1418
(1873); Dnrnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 400 (N.Frisian Is.); Irby, Orn.
Sirs. Gibr. p." 210 (1875) ; Scully, Str. F. 1876, p. 203 (Yar-
kand, breeds) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (Turkestan, up to
4000 ft.); Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 293 (1876) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.
1876, p. 649 (revision) ; David ^ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 525 (1877);
Collett, Nyt Mag. Naiurv. 1877, p. 214 (Norway) ; Finsch, Reis.
West-Sibir. ^.278 (1879); Legge, B. Ceylon, f. 1015 (1880); Htime,
Str. F. viii. p. 116 (1880 : list) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21,
p. 53 (1881) ; Davison, Str. F. x. p. 418 (1882 : Mysore) ; Salvin,
Cat. StricM. Coll. p. 623 (1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 180 (1883) ;
Menzbier, Bull. Mosc. Iviii. p. 136 (1883); Sharpe, ed. Bayard's
B. S. Afr. p. 701 (1884) ; Saunders, Uh ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii.
p. 549 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. ^ Fl. Palest, p. 135 (1884) ; Bilchner,

6. STERNA. 57

Beitr. Russ. Eeiche,%(2) ii. p. 127 (1885 : St. Peters?TDurg) ; Homeyer,
0rajs,1885, p. 81 ; Lidke, t. c. p. 146 (Denmark) ; Torre Sf Tsch. t. c.
p. 563 (Austria, Hungary); Albarda, t. c. p. 630 (Holland) ; O.
Winye, op.cit. 188G, p. 593 (Denmark: breeds) ; Schneider, op. cit.
1887, p. 552 (Ui)per Rhine, breeds) ; JMiUehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 4G
(Corsica) ; Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 254 (N.W. Marocco) ; GiglioU,
Avif. Ital. p. 415 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 43

(1887) ; Tail, Ibis, 1887, p. 393 (Portugal) ; Booth, Rovc,h Notes,
iii. (1887) ; H.-Brown ^- Buck!. Faun. Sutherl. p. 227 (1887) ;
Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 505 (Poland, br.) ; Reid, Ibis, 1888, p. 79
(Tenerife, breeds) ; H.-Brown ^- Buckl. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 141

(1888) : Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Pitersb. (7) xxxvi. no. 3, p. 57
(1888 : Turkestan) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Riesenth.
Wasser-Vog. Mitteleurop. p. 142 (1889) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 347
(Cyprus) ; Reichenoiv, Sxjst. Verz. Viiq. Deutschl. p. 61 (1889) ;
Saunders, 3Ian. Brit. B. p. 631 (1889) ; ^Keller, Orn. Carinth. p. 307
(1890) ; Buckl. Sf H.-Br. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 228 (1891) ; Fri-
valdsky, Av. Hung. p. 179 (1891) ; Madardsz, Aust. Hung. Vogelf.
p. 120 (1891) ; GiglioU, i. Resoc. Ar. Ital. p. 630 (1889) ; id. ii.
Resoc. p. 661 (1890) ; id. iii. Resoc. p. 517 (1891) ; Cory, B.
Bahamas, p. 211 (1890) ; Heine S^- Reichenoic, Nomencl. Mus. Hein.
p. 354 (1890) ; Sawiders, Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Lake Leman) ; Dresser,
t. c. p. 370 (Erzeroum) : Sti/an, t. c. p. 509 (Lower Yangtse) ; Cory,
Cat. B. W. Indies, p. 278^1892: Bahamas); De la Touche, Ibis,
1892, p. 502 (Swatow, breeding) : H.-Broion S^- Buckl. F. Argyll
^■c. p. 185 (1892) ; Bilttikofer, C. R. ii. Congr. Orn. Intern.
ii. p. 175 (1892: Liberia) : Tristram, Ibis, 1893, p. 217 (17 &XKvi>v
of Eretria).

Sterna nitzschii, Kaup, Isis, 1824, p. 153 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659

(1846).
Sterna pomarina, Brehm, Voy. Deutschl. p. 781 (1831).
Sierna marina, Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 55 (1836).
Sterna senegalensis, Siv. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 250 (1837) ; Gray, Gen.

B. iii. p. 659 (1846); Hartl. Orii. W.-Afr. p. 255 (1857); Cass.

Pr. Pkilad. Acad. 1859, p. 176 (Gamma River, W. Africa);

Schley. Mus. P.-Bas, Stemse, pp. 16, 17 (1863) ; Bocage, Jom.

Lisb. p. 149 (1867).
Sterna wilsoni, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 61 (1838) ;

Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Baird, Cass., ^- Lawr. B. N.

Ainer. p. 861 (1858) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1861, p. 247

(Labrador) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 44 (Texas) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

iii. p. 118, no. 11024 (1871) ; Sno2U, B. Kansas, p. 12^(1873).
Hydrocecropis senegalensis (Stc), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Hydrocecropis hirundo, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Hydrocecropis wilsoni, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
? Sterna nilotica, Riipp. St/st. Uebers. p. 139 (1845 : Nile) ; Heuyl.

St/st. Uebers, ip. 71 (1856: N. Eirv-pt).
Sterna blasii, Brehm, Naum. 18o5,"p. 295; id. Vogelf. p. 348 (1855).
Sterna P, Coues, Ibis, 1864, p. 389, no. 9 (San Jose de Guate-
mala) .
Sterna macrodactyla. Bias. J.f. 0. 1866, pp. 75,79 (Cape Good Hope).
Sterna maeroptera. Bias. J. f. O. 1866, pp. 76, 79 (Cape Good

Hope) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 303 (1870 : Zoulla) : Gray,

Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11023 (1871) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.

Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1418 (1873): Reichenoic, J.f. O. 1877, p. 10

(Loango) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 510 (1881).
Sterna dousalli, iMyard, B. S. Afr. p. 369 (1867) ; Chapman, Trav.

S. Afr. ii. p. 424 (1868).

58 LAKID^.

Sterna tibetana, Saund. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 649 ; Hume, Str. Feath. v.

p. 485 (1877: Tibet, N. of Sikkim) ; id. Str. Feath. viii. p. 158

(1879: Tonka, Malay Pen.).
Sterna major, Olphe-Galliard, Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Occid. pt. x.

p. 28 (1886).
Sterna liiruudo macroptera, Hartert, Kat. Voffelsamml. Senckenb.

p. 239 (1891).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Forehead, upper lores, crown,
and nape black : mantle rather dark pearl-grey ; secondaries
narrowly margined with white ; outer primary with a black outer
web, and a broad streak (0"4 in.) of very dark grey next the white
shaft on the inner web, the rest of the inner web white, except
towards the tip, where it is dark ash-grey ; inner primaries paler
grey, with white '• wedges " and dark grey margins to the inner
webs ; rump whitish ; tail-feathers white, with grey outer webs,
those of the streamers darkest ; chin and cheeks white ; breast and
beUy pale vinaceous grey ; under wing- and under tail-coverts white :
bill coral-red, the extreme tip horn-colour ; irides dark brown ;
tarsi and toes coral-red. Total length 14'25 inches, culmen 1*7,
wing 10-5, tail 6'5, depth of fork 3-25, tarsus 0*85, middle toe with
claw 0-95,

Female. Similar to the male.

Adidt in ivhiter plumage. Like the above, but the forehead and
crown streaked and mottled with white ; colours of bill and feet
much duller from September onwards, underparts paler.

Immature. Like the above, but the forehead white ; a dark grey
band along the upper wing-coverts ; underparts distinctly white.

Young (in August). Mantle barred and mottled with ash-brown ;
outer webs of tail-feathers dark grey ; band on the wing-coverts more
extended than in the immature bird ; otherwise similar. In fledglings
the upper parts are much marked with warm buff.

Up to about the end of September the colours of the bill and
feet become brighter, but afterwards they rapidly go back and
become more or less horn-coloured.

Nestling. Forehead and throat brown ; upper parts stone-buff,
spotted and streaked with black ; underparts white ; feet yellow.

At one time I thought that birds from Tibet might be specifi-
cally distinguished, but the inspection of a large series has proved
unfavourable to this view.

Hah. Coasts, rivers, and inland lakes of Europe and temperate
Asia (breeding); India, Ceylon, and South Africa in winter; tem-
perate North America to Texas (breeding), but scarcely known on
the Pacific side ; southward to Bahia, Brazil, in winter.

a. Ad. st. Great Britain. W. Yarrell, Esq.

[P.].

h. Juv. St. Great Britain. Dr. Smith [P.].

c. S ; d- Juv. ; Dungeness. Capt. Verner [P.].

e. Pull. sk.

f-q. Ad. ; r-v. Dungeness. Capt. Verner [P.].

Pull. St.

0. STERNA.

59

w-y. Juv. St. ;

z-h'. S $ juv.

»■'. $ ad. sk.
k'. PuU. sk.
I'. Ad. sk.
m'. Ad. sk.
«'. Ad. St.
o'. (f ad. sk. ; p' .

Juv. st.
y'. Ad. sk.
r'. (5 ad. sk.
s'. Ad. st.

^'. $ ad.; u,v'.

2 juv. sk.
w'. ham. sk.

x'. S voam., sk.

y'. 2 ad. sk.

z', a" . Juv. st.
6". (S ad. sk.
c". 2 ad. sk.

d". Ad. ; e",f"

Pull. sk.
</". Juv. sk.

/)". S ad. ; i".

2 ad. sk.
A-". Ad. St.

I" ,m". Ad. sk.
n", o". PuU. sk.
p". c? ad.sk.

g-". Ad. st.

?•", s". Pull. St.
t'fU". Pull. st.
y". (5 ad. sk.

to". Pull. sk.
.v". Juv. sk.
y". Juv. sk.
z". d juv. sk.

a'. Juv. sk.

6'. c? ad. sk.
c^. cJ juv. sk.
d\ 2 ad. ; e\

Pull. sk.
/'. d ad. sk.

^^ A'. 2 ad. sk.

Romney, Keut, Aug.

Romney, Kent, June.

Strathtieldsaye.

Sussex.

Sussex.

Shoreham, Sussex.

Hastings.

Budle Bay, June.

Scilly Islands.

Tenby, Oct. {H. S.).

Cookliam, Berks, Dec. {li. B,

Sharpe).
Blakeney, Norfolk, Sept.

{C.Dack).
Blakeney, Norfolk, Aug.

(H. S.).
Wells, Norfolk, July.
Wells, Norfolk, July.
Fame Islands, June 12, 1865

(snared on eggs, H. S.).
Buddon-ness, Firth of Tay,

June.
Buddon-ness, Firth of Tay,

July.
Loch Lomond, June {A. An-
derson).
Sound of Harris, Hebrides,

summer.
Orkneys, summer {J. Dunn).
Orkneys, summer {J. Dunn).
Strangford Lough, Ireland,

Aug.
Ballinamuck, Ireland.

Sylt {J. Baker).

Sylt.

Blaaflaten, Norway, June

(Har vie- Brown).
Holland.
East Prussia.
France.
Le Havre, France, Sept. ( V.

Pluche).
La Coruna, Oct. 2.
Malaga, June.
Malaga, Aug.
Sardinia {J. J. Dalglcish).

Missolonghi, Greece,

{H. Seebohm).
Lepanto, Greece, May

Seehohm).

June

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

II. Saunders Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Montagu Coll.
W.Yarrell, Esq. [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

D. W. Mitchell, Esq.
[P.].

H. Saunders Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

11. Saunders Coll.

Dr. Giinther [P.].
Dr. Giinther [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.

Seebohm Coll.

Theodore Walker,

Esq. [P.].
Gould CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
H. Saunders Coll.

0. Coningham, Esq.

[P.].
J. Gould Coll.
Pm'chased.
II. Saunders CoU.

Seebohm Coll.

E. Hartert, Esq. [P.].
Mons. Baillon.

H. Saunders Coll.

Dr. Seoane [P.].
H. Saunders CoU.
H. Saunders CoU.
H. Saunders CoU.

H. Saunders CoU.

{H. Seebohm CoU.

60

t'. Ad. sk.
A'. S ad. sk.

P. Ad. sk.

m^. Imm. sk.

w', o'. Imm. sk.

jB^. Imm. sk.

q^, r^. Ad. sk.

s^. Imm. sk.
f^. Imm. sk.

M^, j)^. Imm. sk.

vfi. Imm. sk.

ar'. Juv. sk.

y^. Juv. sk.
z'. Ad. sk.
a*. Ad. St.

¥. 5 imm. sk.

c', d*. (S imm. ;

c''. 5 imm.

sk.
/*. 5 imm. sk.

<7'. $ad.; ASi^

cJ imm. sk.
/c'. 2 imm. sk.

l\ Ad. sk.
?n',w^. Ad. sk.
oK Ad. sk.

p'. c? ad. sk.
g-', r'*. Ad. sk.
s^ ^. Ad. sk.

«•". 2 ad. sk.
V*. cj ad. ; wK

S vix ad. ; r^.

Ad.; 2/^ Juv. sk
2*. Ad. sk.

a', P. Ad. sk.
c^ Juv.sk.

<Z°. 2 ad. sk.
e°. cj ad. sk.
f\ Pull.sk.

Sea of Marmora (Robson).
Flores, Azores {F. D. God-

7iian).
St. Michael's, Azores {F. D.

Godman).
Accra, Gold Coast, Feb. ( Capt.

G. E. SMley).
Accra, Feb. {Capt. G. E.

Shelley).
Walvisch Bay, Damara-land,

Oct. (C J. Andersson).
Walvisch Bay, Damara-land,

Oct. (C. J. Andersson) .
Ca}3e of Good Hope.
Table Bay, Cape of Good

Hope.
Table Bay, Cape of Good

Hope (E. L. Luyard).
Table Bay, Cape of Good

Hope (E. L. Layard).
ZouUa, Red Sea, Aug. ( W.

Jesse).
Persian Gulf, Sept.
" India " (/. Gould Coll.).
" India."

Trincomalee, Ceylon (Col. W.

V. Legye).
Trincomalee, Ceylon, April

& Oct. {Col. W. V. Legge).

Salangore, Malay Peninsula,
Aug. ( W. Davison).

Ratnagiri, S. Konkan, Oct.
{G. Vidal).

Karachi, April {Col. E. A.
Butler).

Futtehghur {A. Anderson).

Tibet.

Tibet.

(Type of

Sughurchati, July (/. Scully).

Ladak {Strackei/).

Yarkand, May' 25 {Dr. Sto-
liczka).

Yarkand, June {Dr. J. Sadly).

Yarkand, Aug. {Dr. Mender-
son).

Tarim River, May {St. G. L.).

Tibet, July- Aug. (Z. Mandelli).
Native Sikkim, Feb. (Z. Man-
delli).
Saisan Nor, Turkestan, June.
Sarai Gor, Ob, July 10.
Schtschutschja, July 20.

Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.

Shelley Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Gould Coll.

E. L. Layard, Esq.

[P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Dr. T. C. Jerdon

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Lord Gifford [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
*S'. tibetana, Saunders.)
H. Saunders Coll.
India Museum
India Museum

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

[P.].

St. George Little-
dale, Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Dr. 0. Finsch
Dr. 0. Finsch
Dr. 0. Finsch

0. STERNA.

61

g^, h\ (S 2 ^<i- ; Fio\,Ghotiin{Ge7il.PrJevalskt/).

i'. Juv. sk.
A;', l\ cJ 2 ad. Zaidam {Ge7il. Prjevalsky).

m'. (S ad. sk.
n*. c? ^■d. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.
p\ Ad. sk.

5'. (5 ad. sk.

r'. Ad. sk.

s%t\ 6 9- ad.;

?<'. 5 juv. sk.
v', ?<;'. c? ad. ;

x^. $ ad. sk.
y'. c? ad. sk.

z\ ? ad. sk.

«^. $ juv. sk.

6'. c? juv. sk.

c*^. cJ ad. sk.

d!^. 2 ad. sk.

e^ c? pull.;/^-
^8. 2 pull. sk.

i\ S pull. ; k\ 2
pull.; Z". S
juv. sk.

W!**. Juv. sk.

n^-e'.S ad. ;/'-

i*. c? imm. ;

d^-V. ? ad. ;

m^-k^ 2 iuiiii'

sk.
r. 2"ad. sk.

m", n^ c? 2 ad. sk.

0". 2 juv. sk.

p^. Imm. St.

y". Imm. sk.
r^. 2 imm. sk.

s'. Juv. sk.

i°. Skeleton,

mounted.
m", v'. Skeletons,

unmounted.

Koko-nor (Genl. Prjevalsky).
Daiiria, June.
Hankow, China, autumn.
Hudson's Bay {Hudson Bay

Co.).
Ipswich, Mass., July {J. May-

nard).
Muskegatt Id., Mass., July

{ W. Brewster),
Massachusetts, summer {H. W.

Henshmo Coll.).
Wood's Hole, Mass., July-

Aug. [H. W. Henshaw Coll.).
Nantucket, Mass., May {H. W.

Henshaw Coll.).
Nantucket, Mass., July {H.

W. Henshaw Coll.).
Nantucket, Mass.. Sept. {H.

W. Henshaiu Coll.),
Bone Id., Virginia, July [P. L.

Jouy).
Cobb's Id., Va., June (Z. M.

Jones).
Cobb's Id., Va., July 2 (Hen-
shaw).
Cobb^s Id., Va., July 3 [Hen-

Cobb's Id., Va., Aug. 1 {Hen-
shaxc).

Florida, winter {C. J. May-

nard).
Tarpon Springs, Florida, Sept.

10-26 ( W. E. B. Scott),

Brownsville, Texas, May

{F. B. Armstrong).
Corpus Christi, Texas, May

[F. B. Ai-mstrony).
Grenada, W. Indies, Sept. 14

{D. W. Smith).
Cayenne.

Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer).
San Jose de Guatemala,

Dec. 8, 1862 (0. Salvi7i).
" N.W. coast of America."

Lyme Regis.

England.

Seebuhm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Dybowski Coll.
Swinhoe Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll. '

Salvin-Godman CoU,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. C. Eotherey, Esq.

[P.].
H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll,

Capts. Kellett &
Wood, R.N. [P.].
Dr. A. Gunther [P.],

Purchased.

62

8, Sterna macrura.

The Arctic Tern.

Sterna liirundo (part.), Bri'mn. Orn. Bor. p. 45, no. 151, juv. Q764) ;
Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 227 (1766) ; Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 162 (1800).

Sterna paradissea, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 46 (1764: Bornholm), no.
152, adult; Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Sternse, p. 15 (1863); Bias.
J.f. O. 1866, p. 74 (revision Sterninas) ; Degl. et Gerhe, Orn. Eur.
ii. p. 458 (1867) ; Baird, Ereio. ^ Bidgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii.
p. 299 (1884) ; Stejneg. Expl. Comondnder Is. Si'c. p. 85 (1885) ;
id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. 1887, p. 124 ; A.O.U. Check-l. p. 94, no.
71 (1886); Mewes ^ Homeyer, Ornis, 1886, p. 272 ; Nelson, Pep.
Alaska, p. 58 (1887) ; Palmeii, Vega-E.iped. Vetensk. iatt. Bd. v.
p. 349 (1887) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 4:3 (1887) ; M.
Chamberlain in Hagerup's B. Greenl. p. 47 (1891) ; R. Macfarl.
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 419 (1891 : Ft. Anderson).

Sterna hirundo, Milller, Zool. Danm. Prod. p. 170 (1774) ; Phipps,
Voy. toivards N. Pole, App. p. 188 C1774) ; O. Fahr. Faun.
Groenl. p. 105, no. 69 (1780) ; Mohr. Island Naturh. p. 43 (1786) ;
E. Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 542 (1819 : Greenland) ; Leach, in
J. Robs' Voy. Baffin Bay, App. ii. pi. viii. (1819) ; Scoresby, Arctic
Regions, i. p. 533 (1820: Spitsbersjen) ; Brehm, Voq. Deutschl.
p. 781 (1831) ; Gaimard, Voy. Islande, Zool. p. 163 (1851) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11020 (1871) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc.
p. 280 (1871) ; Sharpe 8f Dresser, B. Eur. (pt. xii.) viii. p. 255,
pi. 579 (1872) ; Hurting, Hnndhk. Brit. B. p. 76 (1872) ; Shelley,
B. Eqypt, p. 299 (1872) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2,
p. 1421 (1873) ; Alston Sf H.-Brotcn, Ibis, 1873, p. 12 (Arcliangel) ;
Durnford, Ibis, 1874, p. 200 (North Frisian Is., breeds) ; Irby,
Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 210 (1875) ; A. Newt. Arct. Man. p. 105
(1875) ; Seeb. Sr H.-Broivn, Ibis, 1876, p. 451 (Lower Petchora) ;
Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 214 (Norway) ; Giglioli, Ibis,
1881, p. 217 (Genoa) ; W. H. Neale, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 654 (Franz-
Josef Ld.) ; Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occid. pt. x.
p. 21 (1886) ; Heine 8f Reichetmtc, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 354
(1890) ; Hagerup, B. Greenl. p. 47 (1891).

Sterna macrura, Naum. Isis, 1819, p. 1847 ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl.
X. p. 114, pi. 253 (1840) ; Keys. ^ Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcvii &
246 (1840) ; Gray, List B. Br. Mus., Anseres, p. 178, partim
(1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. exxix (1844) ; Degl. Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 344 (1849) ; Tho^nps. B. Irel. iii. p, 293 (1851) ; Middend.
Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 245, Taf. 25. figs. 2 (pull.), 3 (e-pr) (1851)
Baird, Cass. iS" Lawr. B. N. Amei: p. 862 (1858) ; Jaub. et B.-
Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 404 (1859) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad.
1862, p. 549 (revision) ; A. Newton, in Baring-Gould's Iceland,
p. 417 (1863) ; Radde, Reis. Sibir., Vog. p. 388 (1863: Angara);
A. Netvton, Ibis, 1865, p. 506 (Spitsbergen) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868,
p. 262 (S. Africa) ; Borygr. Vogelf. NorddeutscM. p. 144 (1869);
Dall %• Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 306 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog.
Eur. p. 459, taf. 54. fig. 1 (1870) ; Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 306 ;
Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 368 (1871 : Florida) ; Heuglin,
Ibis, 1872, p. 64 (Novaya Zemlya) ; Finsch, Abh. Ver. Brem.
V. p. 366 (1873: Greenland); Goidd, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 72
(1873) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 658 (1874) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1875, p. 261 (N.E. Siberia) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 650 (revision Sterninae) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 403 (Smith's
Sound) ; Taczanotvski, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 749 (Tumbez, Peru) ;
Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 161 (Yenesei) ; Kumlien, Bull. U.S. Nat.

t). STEENA. 63

Mus. no. 15, p. 101 (1870) ; Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 163 (32° S.,
67° E.) ; Ridyio. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. '21, p. .53 (1881) ;
Feilden in Markhani's Polar Reconn. p. 334 (1881 : Novaya
Zemlya); id. Tr. Nor/. Sr Nonv. N. H. Soc. iii. p. 209 (1881:
Franz-Josef Land) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 123 (1882) ;
Chamberlain, B. New Brunsw. p. 62 (1882) ; Sahin, Cat. StricM.
CoU. p. 624 (1882) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 385 (Archangel) ;
Nelson, Cr. '■Cortcin,'' p. 100 (1883: Alaska); Brewster, Pr. Bost.
Soc. N. H. xxii. p. 402 (1883 : St. Lawrence Gulf) ; B. O. U.
List Brit. B. p. 180 (1883) ; San?iders, 4th ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii.
p. 553 (1884); Bimye, Mel. Biol. St. Petersb. xii. liv. i. p. 54
(Lena delta); Sharpe, ed. LayarcTs B. S. Afr. p. 701 (1884);
Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2ud ed. p. 764 (1884) ; Slater ^- Carter,
Ibis, 188G, p. 50 (N. Iceland) ; Giylioli, Avif. Ital. p. 416 (1886) ;
Taczan. Orn. Ph-ov, iii. p. 441 (1886) ; H.-Brown ^- Btiekl. Faun.
Sutherl. S(c. p. 227 (1887) ; Booth, Rough Notes, iii. (1887) ;
Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 276 (1887) ; H.-Brown ^ Buckl. Faun. Outer
Hebr. p. 139 (188«) ; Tschusi, 311. Orn. Ver. Wieti, 1888, p. 80
(Hungary); Riesenth. Wasser-Voy. Mitteleurop. p. 143 ^1889) ;
Rchmo. Sy.';l. J'erz. Voy. Deutschl. p. 61 (1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll.
B. p. 9 (1889) : Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 633 (1889) ; Giylioli,
Avif. Ital., i. Resoc. p. 632 (1889 : Lombardy) ; id. ii. Resoc.
p. 165 (1890) ; Hartert, Katal. VoyelsammL Seneknib. p. 239
(1891) ; Buckl. i^- H.-Brown, Faun. 0'rk?ieys, p. 227 (1891) ; Gdtke,
Voqehv. Helyol. p. 585 (1891 ) ; H.-Brown ^- Buckl. Faun. Arqyll SfC.
p. 185 (1892) ; Ussher, Pr. R. Irish Acad. (3) iii. p. 409 (1894) ;
Collett, Norqes Fuqelf., Ni/t May. f. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 316
(1894) ; Lilford, Col. Fiys. Brit. B. pt. xxviii. (1894).
Sterna arctica, Tenwi. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 742 ( 1820) ; E. Sabine, Siqjpl.
Parri/s \st Voy. p. ccii (1821) ; Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Meyer,
Taschenb. iii. p. 187 (1822) ; J. Sabine, App. Frankliii s Joiirn. p. 694
(1823); Steph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 152 (1825);
Richards. App. Parry's 2nd Voy. p. 356 (1825) ; /. C. Ross, Ajyp,
Parry's 3rrf T'oy. p. 103 (1826) ; id. App. Parry's 4th Toy. p. 194
(1828 : Spitsbergen, breeds) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 250 (c. 1826) ;
£p. Ami. Lye. N.Y. ii. p. 354 (1828) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes,

pi. 7
Deuts
Rich. Faiin. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 414 (1831) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii.

(1828) ; Kaup, Natilrl. Syst. p. 26 (1829) ; Brehm, Voy.
Deutschl. p. 785 (lb31) ; Lesson, Traite, p. 621 (1831) ; Siuains. 8f

p. 86 (1831) ; Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 473, pi. xc. fig. 2 (183.3) ;
Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 275 (1834) ; Jenyns, Man. Br. Vertebr.
p. 267 (1835) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 366 (18-35) ; Eyton, Cat.
Brit. B. p. .54 (1836) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 419 (1837) ; ^7;.
Comp. List B. Eur. Sf- N. Amer. p. 61 (1838) ; Audub. Synops.
p. 319 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo, vii. p. 107, pi. 4.36 (1844);
Temm. Man. d'Orn. ed. ii. 4" pte, p. 458 (1840) ; Schinz, Vog.
Eur. p. 373 (1840) ; Macyill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 232
(1842) ; Selys-Longch. Faun. Bely. p. 150 (1842) ; Yarr. Brit. B.
2nd ed. iii. p. 507 (1845) ; Hetmts. Eygs Brit. B. ii. p. 428, pi. 120.
fig. 2 (1846) ; Reichenb. Natnt. tab. xx. figs. 274-280 (1848) ;
WoUey in Jard. Contr. Orn. p. 113 (1850 : Faeroes) : Macgill.
Brit. B. V. p. 643 (1852) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 97 (1854) ;
Met/er, Brit. B. vii. p. 90, pi. 293 (1857) : Sunder. Sv. Fogl.
pi. 48. figs. 2 & 3 (1863); R. Gray, B. W. Scotl. p. 468 (1871);
Pahnen, Finlands Fo(/lar, p. 573 (1873) ; E. Adams, Ibis, 1878,
p. 440 (Alaska) ; Feilden, Zool. 1879, p. 7 (Prince .llbert Ld.') ;
Collins, Rep. Amer. Fisheries, 1882, p. 332 ; Seebohm, Brit. B.
iii. p. 284 (1885).

64 lARID-E.

Sterna arp'entata, Brehm, Beitr. Yogelk. iii. p. 692 (1822) ; id. Lehrb,

Eur. Voff. p. 689 (1824) ; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 782 (1831) ;

id. Nanm. 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf. p. 348 (1855) : Homeyer, Ornis,

1885, p. 81 ; Lutke, t. c. p. 145, and op. cit. 1886, p. 99, O. Winge,

p. 592 (Denmark, breeds) ; Grondal, Ornis, 1885, p. 371 (Ice-
laud).
Sterna bracliytarsa, Graba, Beise n. Fciro, p. 219 (1830); Brehm,

Vog. Deutschl. p. 787 (1831).
Sterna argentacea, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 783 (1831) ; id. Naum.

1855, p. 29-5 — misprinted S. argentatea.
Sterna oceani, Brehm, Viig. Deutschl. p. 786 (1831).
Sterna macroura, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 784 (1831) ; Gray, Gen.

B. iii. p. 659 (184r.) ; Kjatrh. Damn. Fugle, p. 330, Taf. 40 b (1852),

and Suppl. Taf. 20. figs. 4, 5 (1854) ; Kevgl. Sgst. Uebers. p. 70

(1856 : Egypt, winter) ; Evans ^- Sturge, Ibis, 1859, p. 167 (W.

Spitsbergen) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 19 (Greenland) ; Gray, Cat.

Brit. B. p. 240 (1863) ; Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. Stockh.

1863, p. 101, and 1804, p. 385 (Spitsbergen) ; Loche, Expl. Sci.

Alger., Ois. ii. p. 202 (1867) ; Heugl. in Peterm. Mittheil. 1869,

p. 408 ; Droste, Vogelw. Borkums, p. 326 (1869) ; Coues, Key N.-

Amer. B. p. 321 (1872) ; Sunder. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Forh.

Stockh. 1874, p. 21 (Spitsbergen) ; Finsch, Beise West. Sibir. p. 279

(1879).
Sterna bracbvpus, Sw. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 152 (1837) ; Gi-ay, Gen. B.

iii. p. 059 (1846) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 255 (1857); Layard,

B. S. Afr. p. 371 (1867) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 262 (S. Afi-ica) ;

Sperlinr/, Ibis, 1868, p. 284 (Europa I., Mozambique Channel) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11022 (1871).
Sterna senegalensis. Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 250 (1837) ; Schleg.

Mus. P.-Bas, Sternse, p. 16 (1863) (partim)*; Gray, Gen. B. iii.

p. 659 (1846).
The Arctic Tern, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. .399 (1843).
Hydrocecropis macroura, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Hydrocecropis brachrpus, ^oiV, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Sterna coccineirostris, Beichenb. Natat., Novitates, viii. tab. cclxxi.

fig. 2262 (1850 : Mexico) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11029

(1871).
Sterna pikei, Laivr. Ann. Lye. A. I. vi. p. 3 (1853: Monterey,

Gala.) ; Baird, Cass. Sr Later. B. N. Amer. p. 863, pi. 95 (1858) ;

Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 550 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118,

no. 11031 (1871).
Sterna longipennis, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 321 (1872).
Sterna portlaudica, Ridgw. Amer. Kat. viii. p. 433 (1874) ; Coues,

B. A'.- West, p. 691 (1874) ; Breivster, Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 201

(1875 : referred to S. macrui-a).
? Sterna atrofasciata, Philippi ^- Landb. Wiegm. Archiv, 1863,

Bd. i. p. 204 (Colchagua, Chile : juv.) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.

p. 118, no. 11035 (1871).
? Pelodes albistriata, Heine ^- Beichenotc, Nomencl. Mus. Heitt.

p. 356 (1890 : " St. John's Id., West Indies ").

Adult male in hreeding-'plumage. Forehead, upper lores, crown,
and nape black ; a white streak from the base of the bill running

* One of the specimens so named in the Leydeu Museum is S. macrura, the
other being S. fltiviatUis.

6. STERXA. 65

backwards to the side of the neck ; mantle pearl-grey ; secondaries
broadly edged with white, and the inner webs chiefly white ; outer
web of outside primary blackish, shaft white, inside which a parallel
line of grej', seldom exceeding O'lo inch in width in the middle, rest
of the inner web white, except near the tip, where it is grey, the
succeeding primaries with a gradual increase of grey ascending the
inner margins ; tail-coverts conspicuously white ; tail-feathers
white, with a faint grey tinge on the outer webs and dark grey
outer webs to the streamers ; vent and under wing-coverts wliite ;
abdomen and breast french-grey, without any vinaceous tint ; chin
paler grey : bill blood-red ; tarsi and toes coral-red. Total length
14'5 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 10"25, tail 7*5 to 8, depth of fork 5,
tarsus 0-7, middle toe and claw O'So.

Female. Similar, with slightly shorter tail-streamers.

Adult in u'inter. Forehead and crown mottled with white, under-
parts paler grey, colours of the bill and feet duller ; otherwise
as in summer.

Inwiature. Like the above, but forehead and crown nearly white,
a dark grey band on the upper wing-covcrts, more grey in the outer
webs of the tail-feathers, and underparts white : bill and feet
nearly black. Eirds in this stage have been named S. 2J0rtlamUca ;
they keep together in large flocks, and as they do not frequent the
breeding-places of the adults, they are rarely obtained until after
their second autumnal moult, by which time their plumage is almost
identical with that of the adult in winter.

Young. Mottled and barred with buff on the upper surface ; bill
yellow at the base, tip horn-colour ; feet yellow up to October,
afterwards browner ; forehead white, occiput blackish, sides of
neck and flanks tinged with buff ; a considerable amount of grey in
the outer webs of the tail-feathers.

KcstJing. Yerj- similar to that of *S'. finviatilis, with perhaps a
tendency to more pronounced black on the throat ; upper parts with
a huffish ground-colour, which seems to be very variable in tint.

Hah. Circumpolar and northern regions of the Old and Xew
Worlds, breeding from 82^ N. lat. (or higher ?) down to about
50° N. in Europe and 42° in America. In winter, southwards
to the coasts and waters of Peru, Chile, Brazil, Africa, and even to
66° S, lat. in the Southern Ocean !

a. Ad. St. Scilly Islands. D. W. Mitchell, Esq.

[P.].

b. c? ad. ; c, d. Shoreham, Sussex. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
Juv. St. [P.].

e. Juv. sk. Pagham Harbour, Oct. [R. B. S.). Tweeddale Coll.

f. Juv. sk. Bognor, Sept. Gould Coll.

ff. Juv. St. Near Croydon, Oct. Lt.-Col. L. H. Irby

h. Juv. St. Halstead. [P.].

i. (J juv. sk. Great Yarmouth, Oct. Seebohm Coll.

k. 2 j"^'- sk. Blakeney, Aug. ol {Dock). Hume Coll.

/. Imiu. sk. Spurn Head, Yorks., July ( W. H. Saunders Coll.

£. Clarke ; " S. portlandica "

stage).

66

m,n. (J,o. 2 Holy Id., Northumberland, Hume Coll.

juv. sk. Sept.

p. "Pull. ; q. Juv. Firth of Tay, Aug. (P. Sender- H. Saunders Coll.

sk. son).

r-t. Ad. ; m. Pull. Orkneys, summer. Salvin-Godman Coll.

V, w. Pull. St.
X, y. Pull. st.
z, a'. Pull. St.
h . (J ad. sk.
c', d'. S $ ad.

sk.
e . Juv. sk.
y-iy'. Ad. ; r'-t'.

Pull. St.

?«'. Ad. St.

v'. Juv. sk.
w', x'. Juv. sk.
y'-z', a". Ad. st.

Z(". c5' ad. sk.

c". Juv. sk.

d". (S ad. sk,

«")/"• c? ad. sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.
A". cJ ad. sk.
i", k". (5 $ ad. sk.
I" . (S vix ad. sk.
m"-o". (S ad. sk.
p". Ad. sk.
(7". S ■fix ad. sk.

>•". Imm. sk.

s'' . cJ vix ad. sk.

t". c? vix ad. St.;

u". 2 vix ad.

sk.
v". Juv. sk.

w". Vix ad. sk.
.v", y" . Ad. sk.
«". 2 ad. sk.

c^. S imm. sk.

^»'. 2 ad. sk.

Orkneys.
Orkneys, June.
Orkneys, July 20.
Orkneys, June (J. Ihmii).
Orkneys, June (/. Dunn).

Orkneys, Aug. {J. Dunn).
Mousa, Shetland.

Hebrides.

Tenby, Oct. (H. Saunders).
Tenby, Oct. {H. Saunders).
Ballinamuck, Ireland.

Copeland Is., North Ireland,
June 29 (M. Richardson).

Copeland Is., North Ireland,
Aug. (M. Richardson).

Reikjavik, Iceland, July 1893
(G. Stephen).

Heligoland, May (H. Glitke).

Pomerania.

Muonioniska, Lapland, July.

Delta of the Petchora, June.

Gobelungder, Ob, July 20.

Yenesei Valley, 69°-71i°, July.

Amoor-land (Dr. Middendorff).

Coast of Cameroons, October.

Table Bay, S. Africa, Aug. {E.

L. Layard).
At sea, iat. 37° S., long. 57°

18' E., Oct. 23 (Earl of

Craioford and Balcarres,

Voy. Yacht ' Venus ').
At sea, 66° S., 167° W.,

("Wilkes' Land") about 12th

March.
H.M.S. ' Constance,' oiF Arica,

Peru (exhausted), Oct. 4

(Comm. MacFarlane).
Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer).
Massachusetts (Henshaxo Coll.).
Muskegatt Id., Mass., July

(Henshaw Coll.).
Muskegatt Id., Mass., July ( TF.

Breiuster ; " S. portlandica ").
Ipswich, Mass. ( C.J.Maynard).

Purchased.
Purchased.
Purchased.
Gould CoU.
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Lt. G. H. Bruce,
B.N., and E. M.

Nelson, Esq. [P.].
Theodore Walker,

Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
C. Coningham, Esq.

[P.].
H. Saunders CoU.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Dr. 0. Finsch CoU.
Seebohm CoU.
Seebohm Coll.
H. H. Johnston,

Esq. [P.].
H. Saxmders Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.

Antarctic Exped.

[P.].

H. Saunders CoU.

H. Saunders CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sahin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

6. STEEITA,

67

t^. S ad. sk.

<P. Ad. sk.
c3. Ad. sk.

■p. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
h^. Juv. sk.
i^. S ad. sk.

Tc'. (5 ad. sk.

P. Pull. sk.

m^ 5 ad. sk.

n\ o3, 5 ad. sk.

p\ Pull. sk.

qK Ad. sk.
r^ cJ ad. sk.

s\ Ad. ; t\ Vix

ad. sk.
M^. Juv. sk.
v'. (S ad. sk.

w'-y^ dad.; s^,
«\ Pull.; 6*-
f/'. Juv. sk.

e\ Pull. sk. [? ;
ef. p. 99].

/'^ ^^ Ad. sk.

h\ Skeleton.
i\ k\ Skulls.

Godbout, Canada, June {N. A.

Comeau ; Ilenshaio Coll.).
Labrador.
Greenland.
Hudson Bay.
Hudson Bay.

Davis Straits (Hudson Bay Co.).
Watermark Bay, June (C

Hart).
Discovery Bay, June (C Hart).

Shift Rudder Bay, Aug. 3,

1876 (Col. H. W. Feilden).
Franklin River Bay, 79° 25' N.,

Aug. 1 1 ( Col. H. W. Feilden).
Lat. 8:^° 27' N., June 30 (Col.

H. W. Feilden).
Bellot Id., Griunell Land, 81°

44' N., Aug. 11, 1876

(Col. H. W. Feilden).
Slave Lake, July 5, 1861 (B.

R. Ross).
Point Barrow, June (Dr.

Murdoch).
Bering Straits.

Alaska (E. W. Nelson).

St. Micbael's, Alaska, May

(L. M. Turner).
St. Michael's, Alaska, July (E.

W. Nelson).

St. Paul's Id., Alaska, July

(C. Drexler).
Nortli-west coast of America.

England.
Heligoland.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.
Capt. Blakiston [P.].
H. Sauuders [P.].
H.M.S. ' Discovery '

Exp.
H.M.S. * Discovery

Exp.
H.M.S. ' Alert ' Exp.

H.M.S. 'Alert 'Exp.

H.M.S. ' Alert ' Exp.

H. Sauuders Coll.

Bernard R. Ross [P.].

H. Saunders Coll.

Capts. Kellett and
Wood, R.N. [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt. CoUinson, R.N.

fp.].
Purchased.
Dr. Giinther Coll.

9. Sterna longipennis.

? Sterna camtschatica, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 335 (1811 *) ;
Bp. C. R. xliii. p. 645 (1856).

Sterna longipennis, Nordm. in Ermann^s Vers. v. Th. u. Pft. p. 17
(1835) ; Grail, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Middend. Reis. Sib.,
Zool. p. 246, tab. 25. fig. 4 (1851) ; Schrenck, Reis. Amurl. i. p. 512
(1859); Schlegel, Mus. P.-Bas, Sterna, p. 23 (1863) (as regards
Middendoi'fi'"s specimens only) ; Radde, Reis. Sib., Vog. p. 389
(1863) ; Bias. J.f. 0. 1866, p. 59 ; Finsch ^- Hartl Faun. Ce?itral-
polyn. p. 220 (18G7 : partim) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11030
(1871) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 112 (Pelew Is.) ; id. Joum.

* The description given by Pallas from Steller's notes suits this species in
some respects, but is so very incorrect in otlier points that Taczanowski con-
siders it impossible to say to what species it refers (Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876,
p. 262). Nordmann's name is unquestionable as regards adaptation, and has
been long, as well as generally, accepted.

f2

68 . lAEID^.

Mus. Godeffr. Hft. viii. p. 41 (1875 : same loc.) ; Tacz. J. f. 0.
1873 p. Ill; id. op. cit. 1874, pp. 334, 337; id. op. cit. 1875,
p. 257 ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 261 (E. Siberia) ; id. J.f. O.
1886, p. 202 (Ussuria) ; Sau?iders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 649 (revision);
David Sr Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 526 (1878) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879,
p. 23 (Kuril Is.); Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 15; id. Ibis, 1881,
p. 540 (ad.. New Britain) ; Blakist.Sf Pryer, Tr. Asiat. SocJapaUy
viii. (1880) p. 188, op. cit. x. (1882) p. 103 ; Legge, B. Ceylcni, pt. iii,
p. 1016 (1880) ; Salmd. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xviii. p. 407
(1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia, iii. p. 439 (1882 : Halmahera) ; Tacz.
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1882, p. 397 (Kamschatka) ; id. op. cit.
1885, p. 477 (Ussuria) ; Blakist. ^- Pryer, Amend. List B. Jap.
p. 10, no. 63 (1884) ; W. 0. Grant, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 204 (Solomon
Is.) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp.
p. 296 (1890) ; Heine St Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 354
(1890) ; Hartert, Katal. Vogelsamml. Seuckenb. p. 239 (1891) ; Be
la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 503 (Foochow) ; Wiglesiv. Abh. zool. Mus.
Dresd. 1890-91, no. vi. p. 74 (1892).
? Hydrocecropis camtchatika, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Hydrocecropis longipennis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Sterna camtscliatika, Kittl. Denkw. Reise, i. p. 322, & ii. p. 208
(1858 : Kamschatka) : Stejneger, Naturen, 1884, p. 8 ; id. Expl.
Coinmander Is. p. 83 (188o) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 490
(1891 : Hitachi, Japan).
Sterna glacialis, Kittlitz, Benkw. Reise, i. p. 322 (1858).
Sterna melanorhyncha, Finsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 184 (^1865: nee Gould).
? Sterna frontalis, Finsch, Vog. Siidsee, pp. 21 & 540 (1884 : New
Britain).
Adult in hreecling-pluma(je. Similar to S. macr^ira, but with a
slightly darker tint on the upper parts, vinaceous grey on the
underparts, a black biU, and blackish feet ; the stripe inside the
shafts of the outer primaries quite as wide as in S. jluviatilis.
Total length 14-5 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 10-6, tail 7-1, depth of
fork 4-5, tarsus 0-75, middle toe and claw 0-9.

Adult in winter. Forehead flecked with white, otherwise similar.
Immature. Like that of S. Jluviatilis, from which it can hardly be
distinguished except by the colour of the bill and feet, and the
somewhat smaller size and more delicate shape of the latter.

Although young birds are not easily recognized, yet S. longipennis
is an excellent species, intermediate between S. Jluviatilis and
S. macrura ; resembling the former in its vinaceous tint and the
latter in the pure white rump and long tail-streamers of the adult.

Hah. Lake Baikal, Amur-land, Kamschatka, Japan, China coast,
Malacca, Ceylon, Papuasia to New Guinea.

a, b. Vix ad. st. Kamschatka. Pui-chased.

c. Ad. sk. Kamschatka. H. Saunders Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Kamschatka. Seebohm CoU.

e. Ad. sk. Kamschatka, June. Capt. Blakiston [P.].

f. Ad. sk. Lake Baikal, June. H. Saunders Coll.

g. S ad. sk. Amur-land {B. Maack). H. Saunders Coll.
h. Ad. sk. Kobe, Japan, May (Ouston 4" H. Saunders Coll.

Snotv).
i-m. Ad. sk. Kobe, Japan, May {Ouston ^- Seebohm Coll.

Snoiv).

6^ STERNA.

n. Ad. sk.
o. Imm. sk.

J). Imm. sk.
<j. Imm. sk.
r, s. d" imm. sk.

Yezo, Japan {Adml. St. John).
Swatow, China, autumn (F.

Sty an).
New Guinea.

New Guinea (A. It. Wallace).
Solomon Islands.

t. (5 imm. sk. Rubiana, Solomon Islands,

March.
u, V. S inim. sk. Ton^rka, Malay Peninsula, May

( fV. JJavison).
10. Malacca,

.r. cj imm. sk. Tmiso, Ceylon, June {Col. W.

V. Lefjy'e).

Tweeddale Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

WaUace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
CM. Woodford, Esq.

[C.].
CM. Woodford, Esq.

[C].
Hume Coll.

Hume Colli
Hume Coll.

10. Sterna albigena.

Sterna albigena, Lickt. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (18o4) (Arabia and
Nubia): Rvkhenb. Nnt.at., Suppl. xi. pi. xxi. fig. 816 (1850);
Kmiff-ll'arth. Ibis, 18C0, p. 43i>; Heuffl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861,
p. 29, no. 307 (descr.) ; id. Faun. Roth. Meer. p. 32 (1861) ; A. E.
Brehm, Reh. Habesch, p. 229 (1863 : Red Sea) ; ScJileff. Mus.
P.-Bas, SterniB, p. 20 (1863) ; Bias. J. f. 0. 1866, pp. 75, 79,
86, 87 (critical) ; Finsch S,- Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. iv. p. 834, tab. x.
tig. 2 (1870) ; Wahlen, Ibis, 1876, p. 384 (Ilurnee, Bombay) ;
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 648 (revision Sterninse) ; Hume, Str.
F. 1876, p. 4G7 (Laccadives) ; Butler, op. cit. 1877, p. 298 (Mekran
coast) ; id. torn. cit. p. 323 (Karachi) ; Hume, op. cit. viii. 1879,
p. 116 (List) : Vidal, op. cit. ix. 1880, p. 94 (Malabar coast) (in
coll.) ; Ttceedd. Mem. p. 436 (1881) ; Salviii, Cat. Strickl. Coll.
p. 623 (1882) ; Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 23 (Aden) ; Harfert, Katal.
Vogelsamml. Senckenh.'^. 2.39 (1891) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 176
(Aden) ; Sharpe, Bull. B. 0. C. xi. p. v (1893: Suakin).

Hydrocecropis albigena, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.

Hydrocheiidon albigena, Bjj. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Heiigl. Om.
'N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1451 (1871) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 122, no. 11077 (1871).

Sterna senegalensis, Hmql. Ibis, 1859, p. 351 (Red Sea) (wee Stcains.) ;
id. Peterm. Mitth. 1860, pp. 339, 349 ; Emig-Warth. Ibis, 1860,
p. 125 (e/. p. 432) (Red Sea).

Adult in hreecUnrj-plumage. Similar to the foregoing, but the mantle
of a much darker grey, the secondaries merely edged with white
and chiefly smoke-grey, the shafts of the inner primaries brownish
white ; the rump and tail-feathers grey like the mantle, with darker
outer webs to the streamers ; underparts viuaceous grey, much
darker than in S.JIuviatilis \ under tail-coverts and wing-coverts
paler grey : bill slender, much elongated in front of the angle,
orange-red at the base, the anterior portion horn-coloured : " irides
deep brown "' (Hume) ; tarsi and feet orange-yellow, delicate, slender,
with long claws. Total length 14 inches, culmen I'B, wing 9-8, tail
6-5, depth of fork 3'35, tarsus 0"75, middle toe and claw O'Oo. The
sexes are alike in plumage, with, perhaps, shorter streamers in the
female.

Adult in winter. Forehead mottled with white, and the under-

70

parts slightly variegated with the same. This evidently lasts for
only a short time in mature birds.

Immature and young. The former like the above, with rather
more white and with a dark band on the upper wing-coverts ; bill
livid, feet yellowish brown. In the young the dark band is more
pronounced, the forehead and crown are greyish, and the entire
underparts are white ; the bill nearly black.

Hah. Lower Red Sea, Mekran Coast, Arabian Sea, Laccadives
(breeding) ; Malabar Coast.

a. Ad. sk.

b, S imni-; c,d.
2 imm. sk.

e. Ad. ; f. Imm.

sk.
g. cJ ad. ; h, i.

2 ad. ; k-m.

5 imm. sk.
n. 5 ad. sk.

Suakin, Red Sea.

Karachi, April {Col. E. A.

Butler).
Hurnee, near Bombay.

Capt. R. H. PentoQ

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Tweeddde Coll.

South Konkan, Malabar Coast, Hume Coll.
April 25 {G. Vidal).

Viziadroog, Malabar Coast, Hume Coll.
May 5.

0, p, S imm. sk. Laccadive Is., Feb. 13 {J. Arm- Hume Coll.
strong).

11. Sterna dougalli.

The Roseate Tern.

? Larus polo-condor, Sparrm. litis. Carh. ii. fasc. iii. no. 83 (1788 :
Polo-Condor Island *) ; of. Smidev. Kritisk Sparrm. p. 13 (1857).

? Polo-Condor Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. Supj^l. ii. p. 332 (1801).

? Larus pulo-condor, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ixviii (1801) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 6.54 (1846).

Sterna dougalli, Mont. Oi-n. Diet. Suppl. fig. [no pagination] 1813;
Leach, Syst. Cat. M. ^-c. Brit. Mus. p. 41 (1816); Cuv. Regne
An., Ois. p. 344, Atlas, pi. 93 (1817) ; Vieill. N. Diet. Hist. Nat.
xxxii. p. 174 (1819) ; Te7nm. 3Ian. d'Orn. ed. 2, p. 738 (1820) ;
Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Meyer, Taschenb. iii. p. 187 (1822) ;
Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 673 (1822) ; Vieill. Enc. Meth. i,
p. 349 (1823) ; Brehn, Lehrb. p. 686 (1824) ; Stejyh., in Shaics
Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 153 (1826) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmijiedcs,
pi. 5 (1828); Vieill. Faune Fran(;., Ois. p. 399, pi. 161. fig. 1
(1828) ; Fleming, Br. An. p. 143 (1828) ; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl.
p. 779 (1831); Lesson, Traite, p. 621 (1831 : Bengal); Savi, Om.
Tosc. iii. p. 93 (1831) ; Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 470, pi. 89. figs. 1 &2
(1833) ; Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 22.5, pi. 290 (1834) ; Kutfall, Man.
Orn. ii. p. 278 (1834) ; Jeiiyns, Man. Brit. Vertehr. p. 265 (1835) ;
Audub. Orn. Bioqr. iii. p. 296, pi. 240 (1835) ; Gould, B. Eur. v.
pi. 418 (1837) ; Bp. Camp. List B. Eiu: ^- N. Ainer. p. 61 (1838) ;
Audub. Synop. p. 320 (1839) ; Sehinz, Europ. Faun. p. .372 (1840) ;
El/ton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 55 (1836) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 473
(1840) ; Natim. Vog. Deutschl. x. p. 78, pi. 251 (1840) ; Temm.
Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. 4me pte. p. 457 (1840) ; Seli/s-Lotigch. Faun.
Belg. p. 1.50 (1842) ; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 112, pi. 437
(1844) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 351 (1844) ; Cabot, Pr. Bost.

* A very young bird, little more than a fledgling ; tbe white edges to the
primaries indicate that it belongs to this species or to S. melanauchen.

6. STERNA. 71

Soc. ii. p. 248 (1844) ; Crespon, F. Merid. ii. p. 117 (1844) ;
Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 501 (1845) ; Ilewita. Eggs Br. B.
ii. p. 425, pi. 119 (1846) ; Beicheiib. Natat. tab. xxii. fij,'8. 824-
825 (1848) ; Kjrerb. Danni. Fugle, p. 328, tab. 40a {lS5-2),Suppl.
tab. 20. tig. 2 (1854) ; Licht. Nomencl. Ai\^. 98 (1854) ; Putnam,
Pr. Essex Inst. i. p. 221 (1856 : Massachusetts) ; Meyer, Brit. B.
vii. p. 87, pi. 292 (1857) ; Jones, Nat. Bermuda, p. 91 (1859) ;
Godman, Ibis, 1866, p. 103 (Azores) ; Degl. ^ Gerbe, Or/i. Eur.
ii. p. 459 (1807) ; Turnbull, B. E. Penn. p. 38 (1869) ; Droste,
Vogeho. Borkum, p. 32(3 (1869) [verv doubtfully] ; Sundev. K.
Vet.-Akad. Stock. Fork. 1869, p. 589 (St. Bartholomew I.) ; God-
man, Azores, p. 38 (1870) ; *W. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 571
(revision, Neotropical) ; B. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 466 (1871);
Hai-ting, Kandb. Br. B. p. 76 (1872); Sd. S( Salv. Nomencl.
Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873); Coues, B. N.- West, p. 688 (1874):
Rosenb. Reistocht. Geelvinkb. p. 118 (1875) ; Legge, Str. F. iii.
p. 376 (1875) ; id. op. cit. iv. p. 246 (1876) ; Hume, t. c. p. 294
(Andaman Is.) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 652 (revision) ; Dresser,
B. Eur. viii. p. 273, pi. 581 (1876) ; Later. Bull. U.S. Nat.
J/(«. iv. p. 51 (1876: Tehuantepec) ; Sharpe, Rep. Trans. Venus
{Rodriguez), Ph. Tr. vol. 168. p. 464 (1878) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc.
N. S. W. ii. p. 201 (1878) ; Hume ^- Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 492
(1878 : Tenasserim) ; id. op. cit. viii. p. 116 (1879 : List) ; Parker,
op. cit. ix. p. 489 (1880 : Ceylon, breeding) ; Legge, B. Ceylon,
p. 1033 (1880) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53 (1881) ;
Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 218 (ISIassaciuccoli) ; Milne-Edwards >§-
Grand. N. H. Madag., Ois. p. 657 (1882) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia
^■c. iii. p. 407 (1882) ; Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 123
(1882) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 624 (1882) ; B. O. U. List
Brit. B. p. 181 (1883) ; Oates, B. Biirmah, ii. p. 425 (1883) ;
Sharpe, ed. Lnt/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 702 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, S/-
Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 303 (1884) ; Saiind. 4th ed. Yarr.
Brit. B. iii. p. 544 (1884) ; Coues, Key N Amer. B. 2nd ed.p. 766
(1884) ; Shari)e, Rep. Voy. ' Alert; p. 281 (1884 : Torres Str.) ;
Seehohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 277 (1885) ; Wells, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.
ix. p. 6.32 (1886: Grenada); Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 414 (1886) ;
Wells, Pr. U.S. Nat. 3/?«. ix. p. 632 (1886: Grenada, breeds);
Booth, Rom/h Notes, iii. (1887) ; A. 0. U. Check-list N. Ainer.
B. p. 94 (1886); Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 277 (1887); Ridgw. Man.
N. Amer. B. p. 44 (1887) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1887, p. 181 (Loo-
choo Is.) ; Oates, ed. Hume's Nests ^ Eggs Ind. B. iii. p. 301
(1887) ; E. Newton, Tr. Norf. Soc. iv. p. 553 (1888 : Masca-
reue U.) ; Cory, B. West Ind. p. 279 (1889) ; Albarda, Tijdschr.
Nederl. Dierk. Ver. (2) ii. p. 10 (Friesland, Nov.) ; Reichenow,
Syst. Verz. Tog. Deutschl. p. 61 (1889) ; Riesenthal, Wasservog.
Mitteleur. p. 144 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 629 (1889);
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889); 3Iore, List Irish B. ed. 1890, p. 27 ;
Stevenson .V Southwell, B. Norfolk, iii. p. 300 (1890) ; Stejneger,
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 489 (1891 : Hitachi, Japan) ; Ogilvie-
Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 442 (Mar^eira) ; Giitke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 554
(1891) ; Campbell, Pr. R. Soc. Victoria, iii. pi. 1. ligs. 2 & 8 (1891) ;
Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 187 (Lake L^nian) ; Cory, Cat. W. Ind.
B. p. 82 (1892) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 310 (Aruba I.) ; Us.«her,
Pr. R. Irish Acad. (3) iii. p. 409 (1894) ; Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit.
B. pt. xxviii. (1894).
Thalassjea dougalli, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. pp. 97 & 196 (1829) [t}'pe
and sole representative of genus].

72

Sterna paradisea. Keys. ^ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 247 (1840) {nee
Briinn.) ; Bp. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 76 (1842) ; Mi'Me, Orn. Griechenl.
p. 146 (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 178 (1844) ;
Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxx (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ;
Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 292 (1849) ; Degl. Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 346 (1849) ; Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 271 (1851) ; Baird, Cass.,
^ Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 863 (1858) ; Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B.
no. 692 (1859) ; Jauh. et Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 405 (1859) ;
Linderm. Voy. Griechenl. p. 179 (1860) ; Coues, Pr. Phil. Acad.
1862, p. 551 ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 239 (1863) ; Coues, Ibis,
1864, p. 389 ; Salvin, op. cit. 1866, p. 199 (Brit. Honduras) ; Leot.
Ois. Trinid. p. 539 (1866) ; Laivr. Ajin. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 299
(1866) ; Coues, Pr. Essex Inst. 1868, p, 60 (Massachusetts,
breeding-) ; id. Pr. Bost. Soc. xii. p. 126 (1868) ; Borggr. Vogelf.
Norddeutschl. p. 144 (1869), fide Keys. u. Bias. ; Fritsch, Vog.
Eur. p. 457, Taf. 57. fig. 1 (1870) ; Allen, Amer. Nat. iii. p. 643
(1870); Gray,Hand-l. B. iii. p. 119, no. 11038 (1871); Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. p. 321 (1872) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 71
(1873); Walden, Ibis, 1874, p. 149, and Hume, St r. Feath. iii.
p. 501 (1875 : Andaman Is.) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 310 (1876) ;
Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 212 (1880) ; id. ed. 1890, p. 212 ; Olphe-
Gail. Cotitr. Faun. Eur. Occid. livr. x. p. 19 (1886).

Sterna macdougalli, Maeqill. Man. Br. Orn. pt. ii. p. 233 (1842) ;
id. Br. B. V. p. 648 (1852).

The Roseate Tern, Yarr. Brit.B. iii. p. 393 (1843).

Hydrocecropis dougalli, Boie,Isis, 1844, p. 179.

Sterna gracilis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 76 ; id. op. cit. 1847, p. 222
(Houtman's Abrolhos) ; id. B. Austr. vii. pi. 27 (1848) ; Reiehenb.
Vog. Neuholl. p. 346 (1850) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 166 (New
Caledonia) ; id. Cat. Mamm. ^ B. New Guin. p. 63 (1859) ; id.
Cat. B. Trop. Is. Pacif. Oc. p. 58 (1859) ; Gould, Hatidb. B. Austr.
ii. p. 399 (1865) ; Fi^isch ^- Hartl. Faun. Cmtralpolyn. p. 215
(1867); Gray,Hand-l.B. iii. p. 119, no. 11039(1871); Holdsw.
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 481 (Ceylon) ; Hume, Str. Feath. ii. p. 317
(1874 : Andaman Is.) ; Legge, Str. F. iii. p. 376, no. 986 bis
(1875 : Ceylon) ; Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 265 (New Caledonia) ;
id. op. cit. i880, p. 233 (Lovalty Is., east of N. C.) ; id. op. cit. 1882,
p. 540 (N. C.) ; Ramsay, Pr. Lin7i. Soc. N. S. W. iv. p. 84 (1880) ;
id. op. cit. vii. p. 41 (1883: Solomon Is.); Tristra?n, Ibis, 1882,
p. 144 (Solomon Is.) ; id. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889).

? Eissa polo-condor, Reiehenb. Natat., Novit. xi. tab. cclxxiv. fig. 2278
(1850).

Sterna bicuspis, Licht. Nomeucl. Av. p. 98 (1854: Bahia, Brazil)*.

Sterna tenuirostris, Licht. No7nencl. Av.-p. 98 (1854: East Indies)*.

Sterna douglasi, Schley. Mus. P.-Bas, Stemte, p. 24 (1863) ; Blasius,
J. f. O. 1866, p. 80; Schl. 8f Poll. Faun. Madag. p. 147 (1868);
Salvad. Faun. Ital., TJee. p. 281 (1871) ; Hartl. Viig. Madag. p. 385
(1877).

Sterna melanorhyncha, E. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 460 (Tamatave,
Madagascar) ; Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1876, p. 62 ;
E. P. Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 347 (Queensland).

Sternula korustes, Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 318 (Andaman Is.).

? Sterna nigrifrons. Masters, Pr. Linn. Soe. N. S. W. p. 62 (1876 :
Warrior Reef).

Sterna dougalli gi-acilis, Cory, Cat. West-Ind. B. pp. 82, 135 (1892).

* The type of each in the Berlin Museum examined.

6. STERNA. 73

Adult in hreeding-plumcifje. Forehead, upper lores, crown, and
nape black, neck white, mantle pale pearl-grey ; the primaries a
little darker, the inner margins of their webs with conspicuous
white borders, which extend to the extreme tips, and even slightly
ascend the outer webs, the outer webs and the lines parallel to the
inside of the white shafts black to grey, according to the amount of
frosting ; rump and tail-feathers very pale grey to white, the outer
webs of the long streamers quite white ; underparts white, with a
beautiful pink tinge, which is very evanescent : bill orange at tlie
base, the anterior part from the angle black ; tarsi and toes
orange-red. By tho end of May (in the northern hemisphere) the
amount of black on the bill has largely increased. Total length
15*5 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 9-25, tail 7"5 to 8, depth of fork
about 5, tarsus 0-85, middle toe and claw 1. The tail-streamers
are probably a trifle longer in the male ; otherwise the sexes are
alike in plumage.

Adult in winter. Similar to the above, but with the forehead
spotted with white, the underparts nearly white, with little pink
tint; bill nearly black.

Immature. Like the above, with a brownish tinge in the black
of the head and nape, a dark grey band along the upper wing-
coverts ; dark grey centres to the inner secondaries ; moi'e grey in
the primaries, with less pronounced white inner margins ; some
grey in the outer webs of the tail-feathers, except those of the
streamers, which are always white.

Young. Like the above, with the addition of ash-brown mottlings
and striations on the upper parts. When the bird is just fledged, the
markings are arrow-headed in shape, and the upper parts are tinged
with a warm buff.

North-American birds are on average a trifle larger than Eastern
examples.

This is essentially a Sea-Tern, usually depositing its eggs on low
islands, though sometimes on sand)' coasts. On migration, it
occasionally visits large inland sheets of water, such as Lake Leman.
It remains in the northern part of its range for a very short time,
being the last of the Terns to arrive and the first to leave.

Hah. Coasts of Atlantic and (sparingly) North Sea, from .57° N.
lat. in summer to the ileditorranean, Azores, and Madeira ; North-
west, South-east, and East Africa ; Mascarene Islands ; Ceylon ; Sea
and Bay of Bengal, Andaman Islands (breeding) ; Tenassorim,
Malayasia ; China seas up to Loo-choo Islands ; Moluccas, Australia
(except the south), and New Caledonia (breeding). In North
America, the east side from Massachusetts southwards to Venezuela,
and the West Indian Islands (breeding).

a. Ad. sk. Firth of Ch'de (type of species). Col. Montagu [P.].

b. d ad. sk. ; Fame Is.," Northumberland, R. W. Chase, Esq. [P.].
c, d. Ad. St. Aug.

e. Ad. St. Scilly Islands. Jas. Griffin, Esq. [P.].

74

/. Ad. St. ;

g. Ad. sk.
h. 2 ad. sk.

z. c? ad. St. ;

A;. 2 ad. sk.
/. Imm. sk.
m-o. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.

$-s. Ad. sk.

<, M. cJ ad. sk.

». 2 ad. sk.

w. 2 ad. sk.

T. c? ad. ; y, z.

? ad. sk.
a'-i'. c? ad. ;

c'. 2 ad. sk.*
d'-e'. c? ad. sk.

f',(/'. 2 ad.sk.

7t'-A;'. cJ ad. ; l'-
p'. 2 ad. sk.

q'-s'. (S ad. sk.

t'. d imm. sk.

m'. 2 ad.sk.
v'. Juv. sk.
w'. 2 ad. sk.

x',2/'. Imm. sk.

z'. S juv. sk.
a". Ad. St.
fi". (S ad. St.

d",

Ad. sk.
Juv. sk.

e". cJ ad. ;

/". 2 ad. sk.
g". S ad. ;

h". 2 ad. sk.
i". Ad. sk.
k". 2 ad. sk.

V ,in" . 2juv.sk,

Scilly Islands.

Madeira, May.

Cape of Good Hope.

Cape of Good Hope.

Port Elizabeth, Ailgoa Bay.

I. of Rodriguez {Itev. H, H.

Slater).
Amblangoda, Ceylon, May

(H. Neville).
Trincomalee, Jime ( Col. W. V.

Legge).
Andaman Islands, Aug. ( Capt.

J. R. Wimberley).
South Andaman, May {R.

D. Wimberley').
South Andaman, Mav-June

(R.D.JF.)
Port Blair, South Andaman,

July (R. D. W.).
Port Blair, S. Andaman, May

{R. D. W.).
Port Blair, S. Andaman, Aug.

{R. D. W.).
South Andaman Island, May,

June, Sept. {F. A. de Roep-

storf).
Laynah Creek, Tenasserim,

May 20 ( W. Davison).
Laynah Creek, Tenasserim,

May 20 ( W. Davison).
Mysol (A. R. Wallace).
Torres Straits (J. Gould).
Campbell Id., Torres Straits,

March.
Cape York, Torres Straits

(Cocke rell).
Channel Rock, Torres Straits.
South Island, West Australia.
Bird Island.

New Caledonia (Macgillivrag).
New Caledonia (-B. L.

Laijard).
Noumea, New Caledonia, Sept.

{E. L. L.).
Noumea and Ansevata, Dec. &

Oct. {E. L. L.).
Massachusetts {Maynard).
Nantucket, Massachusetts,

July ( W. BreiDster).
Chatham, Massachusetts, Sept.

{F. H. Brackett).

D.W. Mitchell, Esq.

[P.].
W.R.Ogilvie-Grant,

Esq. [P.].
Sir A. Smith [P.].

Dr. Crozier [P.].
H. Saunders CoU.
Transit of Venus

Exped.
Tweeddale Coll.

H. Saimders Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders ColL

Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

H. Saimders Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
H. Saunders ColL
Gould Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Voy.H.M.S.' Alert.'

Gould Coll.

Capt. Owen Stanley,

R.N. [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

One of these is the type of StcmuUi korustes, Hume.

6. STERNA.

75

n", o", cJ ad. sk. Muskegatt I., Mass., July.

y , y". Ad. sk.
r". $ ad. sk.

s". Ad. sk.

t",u". S ad.sk.

v". (S ad. sk.

xo". 5 vix ad. sk.

.v" ,y" . Ad. ; a".

Imm. sk.
a'. Skeleton.
6^. Skeleton.
c^,d^. Skeletons.

Muskeg-att I., Mass., June.
New Haven, Conn., June (C

H. Merriam).
Florida, June (C. H. Mer-
riam).
Grassy Cay, Turneff, Brit.

Honduras, May (0. Salvin).
Antig-ua, W. Indies, June (C.

B.Cory).
Guadeloupe, W. Indies, Sept.

[C.S. Winch).
St. Vincent, W. Indies, Aug.

(D. W. Smith).
No locality.

Zoological Society's Coll.
Rodriguez Island {Rev. H. H.

Slater).

12. Sterna cantiaca.

Capt.Clarke Kennedy

[P.].
11. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmau CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman ColL

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Warwick [Purch.].
Presented.
Transit of Venus
E.xped.

? African Tern, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 35-4 (178o: juv.).
Sandwich Tern, Lath. Gen. St/7i. iii. pt. 2, p. 356 (1785) ; id. Gen.

Si/n. Suppl. I. p. 606 (1787) ; Beivick, Brit. B. ii. p. 188 (1821) ;

tarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 389 (1843).
Sterna sandvicensis. Lath. Si/n. Suppl. i. p. 296 (1757)*; Southwell,

in Stevenson's B. Norfolk, "iii. p. 299 (1890).
? Sterna a&'ieana, Gm. S. N. i. p. 605 (1788 : ex Lath., juv.) ; Lath.

Ind. Orn. ii. pp. 804, 805 (1790).
Sterna cantiaca, Gm. S. N. i. p. 606 (1788) [ex Laih?.^; Tevim. Man.

d'Orn. p. 479 (1815), 2nd ed. p. 735 (1820) ; Koch, St/st. haier.

Zool. p. 365 (1816); Brehm, Beitr.^Vogelk. iii. p. 664 (1822);

Li

Palmipedes, pi. 3 (1828) ; Savi, Oni. Tosc. p. 87 (1831) ; Lesson,
Traite, p. 621 (1831) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 531 (1835) ;
Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertehr. p. 265 (1835) ; Eyton, Cat. Brit. B.
p. 54 (1836); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 415 (1837); Audub. Synop.
p. 317 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, vii. p. 87, pi. 431 (1844) ; Schinz,
Europ. Faun. i. p. 371 (1840); Naum. Voy. Deutschl. x. p. 50,
pi. 250 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 472 (1840) ; Keys. «<. Bias.
Wirb. Eur. pp. xcvii & 247 (1840); Xordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss.
Merid. iii. p. 277 (1840); Evers^n. Add. Pall. Zooyr. Bosso-Asiat.
fasc. iii. p. 19 (1842) ; Macqill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 230
(1842) ; Selys-Loiujch. Faun. Bely. p. 149 (1842) ; Miihle, Orn.
Griechenl. p. 146 (1844); Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxxix (1844);
Crespon, Faun. Merid. ii. p. 116 (1844) ; Gray. Gen. B. iii. p. 659
(1846) ; Jleicits. Eqys Brit. B. ii. p. 423, pi. 118(1846) ; Reichmb.
Natat. tab. xix. ligs. 262-264 (1848) ; Deyl. Ois. Eur. ii. p. 339
(1849); Thomps. B. L-el. iii. p. 268 (1851) ; Macyill. Brit. B. v.
p. 630 (1852); Brandt, in Lehmanns Reis. n. Buchara, p. 330
(1852 : Caspian); Kj<erb. Damn. Fuylv,y. 327, tab. 40.A. (1852), and
Suppl. tab. 20. tigs.' 3 & 4 (1854) ; Bailhj, Orn. Savoie, iv. p. 292

* No7nen nudum, subsequently ignored by Latham, who (Ind. Orn. ii. p. 806,
1790) named the species "S. boysii.

76

(1854 : Lac du Bour^et) ; Schl. Tog. Nederl. p. 611, pi. 359
(1854); Beugl Syst. Uebeis. p. 70 (1856: N. Ep:\'pt) ; Meyer,
Brit. B. vii. p. 76, pi. 290 (1857) ; Hartl. Oni. W^.-Afr. p. 255
(1857); Jaub. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 402 (1859);
Cass. Pr. Philad. Ac. 1859, p. 175 (Gamma river, W. Afi-ica) ;
Linderm. Tog. Griechenl. p. 179 (1860) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 356
(Epinis); Schl. Bier. Nede)-l. Voqels, p. 240 (1861); Gray, Cat.
Brit. B. p. 239 (1863) ; Schl. Mtis. P.-Bas, Sternfe, p. 5 (1863) ;
Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 121 (1864); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 152
(Malta) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 370 (1867) ; Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn.
Eur. ii. p. 452 (1867) ; Bocage,Jorn. Lisb. 1867, p. 152 (Benguela) ;
Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 262 (S. Africa) ; Borqgr. Vogelf. Nord-
deidschl. p. 144 (1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sic.il. p. 241 (1869) ; Droste,
Toqelw. Borkum, p. 321 (1869) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 279
(1871) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 398 (Spain) ; Scl. S; Salv. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 569 (revision, Neotropical) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 324
(1871 : Eio de Janeiro) ; Gray, Hcmd-l. B. iii. p. 119, no. 11044
(1871) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 279 (1872) ; Hartinq, Handb. Brit. B.
p. 76 (1872) ; Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 222 ((Canaries) ; Shelley
Sf Bucklei/, Ibis, 1872, p. 293 (Acra) ; Gurney, in Anderss.
B. Dain. Ld. p. 361 (1872) ; Coues, Key N. Atner. B. p. 320
(1872) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Ai\ Neotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Hume,
Sir. F. i. p. 285 (1873: Sind &c.) ; Hew/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii.
pt. 2, p. 1428 (1873); Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia);
Durnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 401 (breeds, N. Frisian Is.) ; Hume, Nests Sf
Eqgs Ind. B. p. 655 (1875) : Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 87 (Capetown) ;
Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 209 (1875) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 294
(1876) ; Sharj}e i^- Bouoier, Bull. Sac. Zool. France, 1876, p. 314 :
Satmd. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 653 (revision) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii.
p. 301, pi. 686 (1877) ; Beichenow, J.f. O. 1877, p. 10 (lioango) ;
Sennett, Bidl. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 65 (1878: Texas, breeds) ;
Cory, B. Bahamas, Y>. 211 (1880); Bocage, Orn. Angola, -p. 512
(1881) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 123 (1882) ; Seeb. Ibis,
1882, p. 230 (Seal Is., N. Caspian, breeds) ; Collett, Fbhr. Selsk.
Chr. 1883, no. 15, p. 2 (xVorway) ; B.O.U. List Brit. B. p. 183
(1883) ; Sharpe, ed. Lai/ard's B. S. Afr. p. 702 (1884) ; Saund.
Ath ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 540 ( 1884) ; Coues ,Key N. Ainer. B.
2nd ed. p. 761 (1884) ; Seeb. Brit. B. iii. p. 272 (1885); White-
head, Ibis, 1885, p. 47 (Corsica) ; Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ;
Lutke, t. c. p. 145 (Denmark, breeding); D. Torre ^ Tschusi,
t. c. p. 563 (Adriatic") ; Albarda, t. c. p. 630 (Holland, breedingr) ;
Biittikof. Notes Leyd. Miis. 1885, p. 249; id. 02). cit. 1886,
p. 267"; id. 1888, p. 106 (Liberia); 0. Winge, op. cit. 1886,
p. 592 (Denmark) ; Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 424 (Dobrudsba,
breeding); Booth,' Rough Notes, iii. fig. (1887); Tait, Ibis, 18S7 ,
p. 394 (Portugal) ; Riesenth. Wasservog. Mitteleurop. p. 142
(1882); Reichenow, Syst. Verz. Tog. JDeutsch. p. 61 (1889);
Saimders, Man. Brit. B. p. 627 (1889) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379
(Cozumel) ; Ti-istr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Cory, B. Bahamas,
p. 211 (1890); Tsch. u. D. Torre, Ornis, 1890, p. 271 (Elbe,
Bohemia) ; More, Irish B. p. 27 (1890) ; Gdtke, Vogelw. Relgol.
p. 583 (1891) ; Pat/ton, Ibis, 1891, p. 465 (Mogador) ; Buckley ^•
H.-Broxon, F. Orkney Is. p. 228 (1891) ; H.-Broxon S; Buckley,
F. Argyll, ^-c. p. 188 (1892); M.- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 2()6
(Fuerte Ventura, Canaries); A. Briggs, Ann. Scot. N. H. 1894,
p. 87 (N. Ronaldshay, Orkneys, breeding) ; Collett, Norges Fugle-
fauna, Nyt Mag.f. Natiirv. Bd. xxxv. p. 318 (1894) ; Ussher, Pr.

G. STERNA. 77

R. Irish Acad. (3) iii. p. 409 (181)4); Lilford, Col. Fir/s. Urit. B.

pt. xxix. (18!)4).
Sterna boysii, Lath. Ind. Oin. ii. p. 80G (1790) ; Leach, Sijst. Cat.

Mamni. ^r. lirit. Mus. p. 41 (1810) ; Vieill. N. Diet. rl'Hist. Nat.

xxxii. p. 167 (1819) ; Lmispr. boviis] Vieili. Enc. MetJi. p. 347

(18l>3); id. Faun. Fmn(;., Ois. p. :>,-26, pi. IGO. fig. 1 (1828);

Flemiw/, Brit. An. p. 142 (1828) ; &•%, Brit. B. ii. p. 4G4, pi. 88.

fig. 1 (183:5) ; Kuttall, Man. Oni. ii. p. 276 (18:34) ; Yarr. Brit. B.

ed. 2, iii. p. 487 (184.)) ; Chapman, Trav. S. Afr. ii. p. 424 (1868 :

Walvisch Bay); Ii. Gray, B. Wc.'<t. Scot!, p. 46-5 (la71).
Sterna stubberica, Otto, in (iunnau ed. Buffou, xxx. p. 104, no. 21 , fide

Katan. (circa 1700) ; Bechst. Nattirq. Deutschl. ii. p. 828 (1791:

Stiibber Isl.) ; id. Or». Taschenh. -^'.-.MS (\SOi).
? Sterna columbina, Schrank, Fauna Boica, i. p. 232 (1798).
Sterna canescens, Meyer u. Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 458 (1810) ;

Nilss. Orn. tSuec. p. 158 (1817).
Thalasseus cantiacus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563; Wayler, Isi.s, 1832,

p. 1225 ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 61 (1838) ; id.

Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 76 ( 1842) ; Gray, Li.st Gen. 1840, p. 79, and 1841,

p. 100 : id. Lixt B. Brit. Ma.-:., .Vuseres, p. 176 (1844) ; Boie, Isis,

1844,p. 182; lieivhenb. Syst. Nat. tab. iv. (1850), and Av. Syst. Nat.

p. V (1852) ; Brehm, Toi/elf. p. :34('> (1855) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av.

p. 98 (1854) ; Bp. C. R.' xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Bias. J. f. O. 1866,

p. 81 ; Loche, E.ipl. Sc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 199 (1867) ; Fritsch, Vog.

Eur. p. 455, Taf. 55. fig. 2 (1870) ; Luwr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv.

p. 51 (1876 : Tehuantepec) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 217; id. Avif.

Ital. p. 413 (1886) ; id. \st Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 628 (1889).
Actoclielidon cantiaca, Kaup, Nat'url. Syst. p. 31 & p. 196 (1829 :

type of genus) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 69 (1873) ; Radde, Om.

Cauc. p. 485 (1884: breeds); Olphe-Galliard, Contr. Faun. Orn.

Eur. Occid. lirr. x. p. 11 (1886) ; Heine 8f Reichetiow, Nomencl.

Mus. Rein. p. 355 (1890).
Thalasseus canescens, Brehm, Viig. Deutsch. p. 776 (1831) ; id. Naum.

1855, p. 295.
Thalasseus candicans, Brehm, Vog. Deutsch. p. 777 (1831) ; id. Naum.

1855, p. 295.
Sterna acuflavida, Cabot, Pr. Bost. Sac. ii. p. 257 (1847) ; Baird, Cass.,

^- Lawr. Birds N. Amer. p. 860 (1858) ; Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B.

no. 685 (1859) ; id. Me.ric. Bound. Surv. p. 27 (1859) ; Bryant, Pr.

Bost. Soc. vii. p. 134 (1859 : Bahamas) ; Laicr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. ix.

p. 210 (1869) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 119, no. 11048 (1871).
Thala-^seus cantianus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; Salvia, Ibis, 1859,

p. 364 (El Baheira, E. Atlas).
Thalasseus pauli de wurtemlaerg, Brehm, Vogelf. 1855, p. 346

((ireece).
Thalivsseus acuflavidus, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Coues, Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1862, p. 540 (revision); Salvin, Ibis, 1864,

p. ;}81 ; Coues, torn. cit. p. 389; Salvin, op. cit. 1866, p. 198 (Hon-
duras): Gutidl. Orn. Cuba, p. 309 (1876).
Sterna (Thalasseus) cantiaca, Coues, B. N.- West, p. 673 (1874).
Sterna cantiaca acuflavida, Ridgic. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mits. no. 21, p. 53,

no. 683 (1881) ; id. Cat. Aquatic B. p. :3:3, no. 683 (1883).
Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida, Baird, Brewer, ^- Rid</w. Water-B.

N. Amer. ii. p. 288 (1884) ; A.O.U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 93

(188(i) ; Ridgto. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 40 (1887) ; Cory, B. West

hidies, p. 278 (1889); id. Cat. West-Ind. B. p. 82 (1892); Field,

Auk, 1894, p. 120 (Jamaica;.

78 LAKIDJE.

Actoclielidon sandvicensis, Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 275 (1887).
Actochelidon acuflavida, Heine ^ Reichenow, Nomencl. Mm. Hein.
p. 355 (1890).

Adult in hreeding-plumage. Forehead, upper lores, crown, and
nape black, the feathers of the last acuminate and produced into a dis-
tinct crest ; mantle pale pearl-grey, a shade paler than in 8. dourjalli ;
the primaries with white margins to the inner webs as in that
species ; tail white, the outer leathers not much elongated ; under-
parts white, with an evanescent pink tinge, less pronounced than in
S. doucjalli : bill black, with about half an inch yellow at the tiji ;
tarsi and toes black. Total length 16 inches, culmen 2-5, wing 12,
tail 5-75, depth of fork 2-75-3, tarsus 1-1, middle toe with claw
1-2. The sexes are alike in plumage.

Adult in eclipse. Similar to the above, but white below, the fore-
head and crown nearly white, with streaks of black, which are
confluent in front of the eye and on the nape. The new primaries
are assumed about March, and have then well-defined white margins
to the inner webs, as may be seen in examples from Karachi and
from West Africa ; but these white edges soon wear down, and it
would be difficult to find any birds in Europe in May with such
conspicuous borders. It must also be said that in American birds
these white margins are never so broad as in Old World examples,
and are barely continuous to the extremities of the outer primaries ;
nevertheless, in some Texan specimens, obtained early in May, the
white edges, though narrow, are quite unbroken. The black head
is reassumed in April and begins to fade in June.

Immature. Similar to the above, but with a greyish band along
the upper wing-coverts, greyish centres to the inner and outer
secondaries, and the terminal portions of the tail-feathers brownish
grey, the outer feathers nearly white.

Yotinr/. Similar, but forehead ash-brown ; crown dull white,
thickly streaked with brownish black ; upper parts mottled and
variegated with black and white : bill horn-colour, yellowish at the
base of the under mandible.

Nestling. Upper parts mottled huffish grey ; underparts white :
bill yellowish ; legs and feet greyish brown, webs paler.

This is essentially a Sea-Tern, rarely nesting at any considerable
distance from salt water. The eggs, two or three in number and
often beautifully marked, are deposited on the bare ground or on
drift. The hind toe in this species is certainly very small, though
this character seems hardly enough for generic distinction ; still
S. eantiaca is an interesting pivot-species, connecting the Sternce
already noticed with the following group of medium-sized to large
Crested Sea-Terns.

Hob. Atlantic and North Sea coasts from the Orkneys southward
to the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the Caspian (breeding) ;
in winter along the West coast of Africa to the Cape of Good Hope
and up to Natal, down the Red Sea and across Mesopotamia to the
Persian Gulf, Mekran coast, and Karachi. East side of America from
Southern New England to British Honduras, not breeding to the

0. STEKNA.

79

northward of Florida ; only found on the Pacific side on the coast
of Guatemala and vicinity, where the continent is very narrow.

J. G. Children, Esq.

[P.].
Montagu Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. sk.
c,d. (S 2 ^<i- ^^•

e. Ad. sk.

/, ff. Juv. ;

h. Iram. sk.
i. Pull. sk.

A-, /. c? ad. ; m.

(J inim. ; n, o.

Juv. sk.
p, q. c? vix ad. ;

r. Juv. sk.
«. $ imm. sk.
t. (J imm. sk.
u. Imm. sk.
V. c? ad. sk.
w. Imm. sk.
.r. Imm. sk.
y. Ad. ; z. Imm.

sk.
«'. Ad. sk.

b'. <S imm. sk.

c'. cJ ad. St. ;

d'. Imm. sk.
e. Imm. st.
/", (/'. Imm. et

juv. sk.
k', i'. Juv. et

imm. sk.
k'. Vix ad. sk.
I'. (S imm. sk.
m. S imm. sk.
re'. 2 imm. sk.
o'-g'. 5 vix ad.

sk.
r'-w'. (S 2 ad., vix

ad., et imm. sk.
.1''. $ juv. sk.

i/'-k". d, I"- 2
ad. et vix ad. sk.

m". Imm. sk.

n". Imm. sk.

o". 2 vix ad. ;p".
d imm. sk.

q". Ad. sk.

/•". 2 ^i^ ad. sk.

s". Ad. sk.

Great Britain.

Kent.

Walnev I., Lancashire, June

im5{H. S.).
Buddon-ness, Firth of Tay,

June.
Fame Is., Northumberland.

Norderney, Frisian Is. (Ben-

zon).
Hiivre, France, July- August

(F. Pluche).

Havre, France, July-August

{V.F.).
Malaga, Spain, Dec. (Rios).
Tangier, Dec. {Olcese).
Tangier (Olcese).
Tangier, March (G. E. S.).
Cape Verd, Senegal.
Dakar.
Accra, April (/. Smith),

Cape Coast Castle, Feb. (C

E. S.).
Walvisch Bay, Oct. (C. /.

Andersso7i).
Cape of Good Hope.

Cape of Good Hope.
Table Bay {E. L. Layard).

Table Bay {E. L. L.).

Cape Town, Feb. {G. E. S.).
Durban Bay, Jan. 29 (Gordge).
Egvpt, March {G. E. S.).
Gwadur, Mekran Coast, Dec.
Piisnee, Mekran Coast, Feb.

(A. O. II.).
Suuiniani Bay, Meki'an Coast,

Feb. {A. O. H.).
Cape Mouze, Sind, Feb. ( W.

T. Blaiiford).
Karachi, Siud, Feb. (A. O.

H.).
Karachi, Sind, Jan.(jr.r.5.).
Karachi, Sind, .Ian.( W.T.B.).
Karachi, Sind, April {E. A.

Butler).
North America [Krider).
Caper's I., South Carolina,

April (J. H. Batty).
Florida {E. W. Nelsm).

H. Saunders CoD.
R. Chase, Esq. [P.].
II. Saunders CoU.
Seebohm Coll.

H. Saxmders Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Shelley Coll.
L. Laglaize [C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Shelley Coll.

Shelley CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.

Sir A. Smith [P.].

J. Gould Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman ColL

Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
W. T. Blanford Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume CoU.

H. Saunders Coll.

Hume CoU.

H. Saunders CoU.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

80

t", u". (S 2 juv. ;

v"-n^.(S Jimm.;

o'-d\ S 2 ad. sk.
e*. d ad. ; f*-k\

(S $ tLx ad. ;

V'-o^. Imm. sk.
?)■'-«*. 6 $ ad. et

Tix ad. sk.

2/% z\ (S imm.

sk.
a'-c'. Juv. ; (P-

h'. Imm.; 2%

k\ Ad. sk.
P. S ad. sk.

m% «'. Imm. sk.

o'. Vix ad. sk.
p'. Sternum.

g-'. Sternum.
r'- Skull,
s'. Skull.

Tai-pon Spring-, Florida, Sept.
( W. E. D. Scott).

Tarpon Spring, May 28 &
June 9,{W.E. B. S.).

Corpus Christi, Texas, May
{E. B. Armstrong).

Laguna Verde and La An-
tigua, Vera Cruz, Mexico,
Sept. [M. TrujiUo).

Cozuruel Id., Yucatan, Feb.
{G. F. Gaumer).

Lighthouse Reef, British
Honduras, May {0. Salvin).

Chiapam, Pacific coast of
Guatemala, Jan. (O. «S'.).

Cartagena,Colombia,Feb.I895.

England.

England.
England.
Heligoland.

13. Sterna maxiina.

Salvin-Godman ColL

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt. Miner [P.].
T. J. Ingall, Esq.

[P.].
John Eav, Esq. [P.].
Yarrell Coll.
Dr. Giinther Coll.

Grande Hirondelle de Mer de Cayenne, Buffoti, Ois. viii. p. 346

(1783).
Hirondelle de Mer, de Cayenne, Daubmt. PI. Enl. ix. pi. 988 (1784).
Cayenne Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 352 (1785).
Sterna maxima, Bodcl. Tall. PI. Enl p. 58, no. 988 (1783) ; Scl. et

Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 567 (revision) ; id. Nomencl. Ai\ Neotr.

p. 147 (1873); Laicr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. S. ii. p. 318 (1874:

Mazatlan) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 655 (revision Sterninae) ;

Beichenoiv, J. f. 0. 1877, p. 10 (Loango) ; Taczanoivski, P. Z. S.

1877, p. 749 (Timibes, Peru) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 509 (1881) ;

A. i E. Neivt. Handb. Jamaica, p. 117 (1881); Salvin, Cat.
Strickl. Coll. p. 624 (1882) ; Coues, 2nd Check-list N. Am. B.
p. 123 (1882) ; Sauriders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 521 (Payta, Peru) ;
Boucard, op. cit. 1883, p. 462 (Yucatan) ; Cory, B. S. Domingo,
p. 178 (1884) ; Baird, Breiver, i^- Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii.
p. 284 (1884) ; Ridgivay, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. vii. p. 173 (1885 :
St. Thomas) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 309 (Aruba), p. 326 (Cu-
ra9ao), p. 337 (Bonaire) ; A. O. U. Check-l. Amer. B. p. 93
(1886) ; Ferrari-Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 179 (1886: Vera
Cruz) ; Wells, torn. cit. p. 632 (Grenada, breeding) ; Tacz. Orn.
Perou, iii. p. 439 (1886) ; Ridqiv. Man. N. Atner. B. p. 40 (1887) ;
Stnyth, Pr. Elliot Soc. ii. p. 189 (1888) ; Salvi7i, Ibis, 1889, p. 379
(Cozumel) ; Scl. Sr Hiids. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 195 (1889) ; Cory,

B. West Ind. p. 277 (1889) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogeha7nml. Senckenb.
p. 240 (1891) ; Cory, Cat. West-Ind. B. pp. 82, 134 (1892) ; WJiite,
Auk, 1893, p. 222 (L. Michigan) ; Field, op. cit. 1894, p. 120
(Jamaica).

Sterna cayana. Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 804 (1790) ; Teynm. Cat. Syst.
Amsterd. p 184 (1807); Steph. in Shaivh Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1,
p. 155 (1826) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 273 (c. 1826) ; Bp. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ii. p. 353 (1828) ; Nittall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 268 (1834) ;

81

Less. H. N. Mamm. et Ois. ix. p. 521 (1834) ; Audub. Orn. Bioar.
111. p. 505 (1835: partim) ; id. Syn. p. 316 (18;J9) ; id. B. Amer.
8vo yii. p. /6, pi. 429 (1844: partim); Girnud, B. Lonq JsL
p. 35o (1844). ^

Sterna _cayeuneusis, (hn. S. N. i. p. 004 (1788); Illiger, Prodr.
p. 2/2 (1811); IfOrbign. in Sa(/ras Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 214
(ipj); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. G58 (1846); lieichenb. Natat.
^'lo-?!"^- f^- ~^^ (l^-^^>! ^"'"!'' Hcind-I. B. iii. p. 120, no. llOol
(18/1) ; Felzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 324 (1871 : Sapituba).

Sterna nalencuhita, i/fA<. Verz. Boubl. p. 81 (1823)*; Reichenb.
Natat. tab xxii. fig. 823 (1848) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afi: p. 254
(185/ : Ashantee) ; ScJdeg. Mus. P.-Bas, Stemie, p. 7 (1863) ;
Socage, Jorn. Lisb. 1867, p. 149 (Loauda) ; Gray, Hand-l. B
111. p. 120, no. 11054 (1871) ; Pelzeln, Orn. Bras. p. 324 (1871).

Sterna ervthrorhyucbo.s, Neinuied, Bcitr. iv p 857 (1833) \cf.

^"o^-'r^t^^i ^^'/> P- '^^^J' ^^■^'""^'' ^- <^«^- ^«««- I'eruan., Aves.
p. 30o (1846) ; &>rty, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Burm. Th. Bras.
111. p. 451 (1856).
Sterna cristata, Siv. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 247, pi. xxx (1837 t • nee
Stephens, 1825) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 176 (1844) ■

'lo^f ■ • '"• P- ^'^^ ^^®^^) ' ^^■^■'^^ii. Natat. tab. xxii. fi-. 822

(1848). "

Tbalasseus cayanus, Bp. Comp.List,^. 61 (1838) -Gosse, B. Jamaica^
p. 431 (1847). / ^

Tbalasseus cristatus, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 182.

Sylocbelidon erytbrorh-sTichus [Wied), Boie, Isis, 1844 p 186

Sylochelidon galericulata {Licht.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p.' 186- Roche-
brune, Faun. Seney., Ois. p. 337 (1884 : Almadies).

Syloclielidon cayennensis (Gm.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p 186 • j?« C R
xlii. p. 772 (1856). ,/-...

PLaetLisa galeiiculata, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846)- Licht
Nomend. Ap. p. 98 (1854: Brazil); Bjj. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) '

Sterna vegia Gambel, Pr. Philad. Acad. iv. p. 228 (1848) ; Baird,Cass
fLawr.B. N. ^m. p. 859 (1858) ; E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1864 p. 96
(Margarita I., W. Indies); Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 44 (Te.xas) •
Leaf. Ois. Trinid. p. 643 (1866); Lawr. Ann. Lye. N Y ix'
?.-c--\^^(^^^'^^= Yucatan); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 120, no. lio55
(18/ 1) : Coues,Key N. Amer. B. p. 319 (1872) ; Henshatv, Ann

/^•^-. iir • ^\ ^■. ^^ (^^"^= ^*^^)= ^'■'^^«'- «i^-«'^- X. p. 391

Costa Rica, p. 36 (1882) ; Dalyleish, Auk, 1884, p. 97 (Tano'der)
lbMlas.-:eiis regius, Gambel, Journ. Philad. Acad. (2) i p '^og (1849) -
E .y A. Neivton, Ibis, 1859, p. 371 (I. of St. Croix) ; Coues, Proc
Phdad Acad. 1862, p. 339 : id. Ibis, 1864, p. 388 (Cbiapam and
lint. Honduras); Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii p 10.3 (1864-
Sombrero); Salvin, Ibis, 1866, p. 199 (Guatemala); Allen Bull
Ilarr. Coll. n. p. 366 (1871 : Florida) ; Gundl. On,. Cuba, p. 309
(18/ b) ; Bcldmy, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 549 (1883: Lower Cali-
fornia).
Phi^tusa regia, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856).
Sterna bergii, ifar«. Om. W.-Afr. -p. 254 (1857: Gambia); Shelley

* Type in Berlin Museum examined.

+ Type in Cambridge Museum examined.

VOL. XXV. g

S2 LARID^.

^ Buckler/, Ibis, 1872, p. 293 (Accra & Cape Coast Castle) ; L-bi/,

Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 209 (1875).
Sterna elegans, Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 542 (1866).
Thalasseiis galericulatus, Blasius, J.f. O. 1866, p. 82.
Sterna (Thalasseus) regia, Coves, B. N.- West, p. 669 (1874) ; id.

Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 759 (1884).
Thalasseus maximus, Lmvr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 51 (1876 :

Tehuantepec).
Phaethusa maxima, Heine Sf Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 355

(1890).

Adult in hrecding-plvmafie. Foreliead, upper lores, crown, and
nape black, the feathers of the last acuminate and prolonged ; neck
white ; mantle pearl-grey, with a conspicuous line of white along
the carpal joint ; L^hafts of quills white ; outer webs of primaries
grey, the outermost darkest ; inner webs grey next the shafts and
towards the tips, as well as for some distance up the inner webs,
which have otherwise a white wedge on the upper parts : the ex-
ti eme inner edges narrowly margined with white ; secondaries
edged with white, but not very conspicuously ; rump pale pearl-
grey; tail-feathers pearl-white, the streamers moderately long;
underparts white : bill orange-red, tarsi and toes black. Total
length 21 inches, culmen 2-7, wing 14-5, tail 8, depth of fork 3'75,
tarsus 1*35, middle toe with claw 1'4. The male appears to have
longer streamers and a stronger bill than the female, but otherwise
there are no external differences.

Adult in autumn and ivinter. Similar, but the forehead and the
crown mottled with white ; in fact the forehead has become nearly
white by June — as in S. cantiaca ; bill paler in colour.

Immature. Similar, but the crown nearly white and the nape black
and white ; a good deal of grey or brownish grey, according to age,
on the t^ing-doverts and inner secondaries, as well as towards the
tips of the tail-feathers. In the latter some grey remains for
several seasons, but I do not think that thoroughly mature birds
reassume any grey in winter.

Young. Similar, but with brownish-black streaks on the lores and
forehead ; mantle darker and considerably checquered with ash-grey;
rump with grey striations ; primaries iron-grey, except the wedges ;
tail-feathers dark grey towards the extremities ; bill, tarsi, and toes
dull yellow.

Hah. America, from the New England States southward, breeding
from Virginia to the West Indies ; also down to Santa Catharina,
South Brazil, and perhaps even to the Parana ; on the West side from
Peru to California, and in Nevada. West African coast in winter,
from the Straits of Gibraltar to Angola.

a. Imm. st. Cape Roni, West Africa, Sir E. Sabine, K.A.

Feb. 1822. [P.].

h. Yix ad. sk. Gambia {S. a-istata, Sw.). Gov. Rendall Coll.

c. Imm. sk. Accra, West Africa ( G. ^. H. Saunders Coll.

Shelleii).

d. Ad. sk. Accra {G. E. S.). Shelley CoU.
£. cJ ad. sk. Cape Coast Castle, Feb. Shelley CoU.

(G.KS.).

G. STERNA,

83

y. 2 imni. sk.

y, It. S ad. ; i.

vix ad. sk.
k. 2 ad. sk.

1, 7)1. Ad. ; n.

I mm. sk.
o. c? ad. sk.

yj. Ad. ; 17. Imm.

sk.
r-~, «'-t'. c? ad.,

imm. et juv. ;

k'-y'. 2 ad.,

iram.etjuv.sk.
z'-h". S ad. et

vix ad. ; «'"-

I". 2 vix ad.

et imm. sk.
m". 2 imm. sk.

w". 2 ad. sk.

o". Ad. ; ^".

Imm. ; q"-u".

Juv. sk.
v". Vix ad. sk.

2t'". Vix ad. sk.

x". Vix ad. sk.
?/". Ad. st.
s". 2 imm. sk.

rt^, P. Imm. sk.

c^-c^. Ad. sk.
/'. cJ ad. sk.
[^-i\ d 2 ad.
efrVix ad. sk.
k\ P. c? ad. sk.

>h\ «'. Ad. et vix

ad. sk.
0', ^j^. 1mm. sk.
q^, r^. (S ad. et

vix ad. sk.
s^ f'. cS 2 vix

ad. sk.
m'. 2 vix ad. sk.

t*. J imm. sk.

vx'-ij^. (Sad.jimm..
et juv. sk.

Cape Coast Castle, Feb.

(G.E. S.).
Cobb's Id., Virginia, Aug.

{H. jr. Hmshaw).
Cobb's Id., Virginia (R.

Iiid(/20di/).
Caper's Id., South Carolina

(J. II. Batty).
Beaufort Co., South Caro-
lina, June ( C. H. Merriain)
Bull's Point, South Carolina,

April {U.S. Nat. Mm.).
Tarpon Springs, Florida,

Jan., April, Sept. {W. E.

I). Scott).

Corpus Christi Pass, Texas,
May and Dec. {F. B.
Annstrong).

Rio Ranclio nuevo. State of
Vera Cruz, Jau. {Ferrari-
Perez).

Rio Lagartos, Northern Yu-
catan, June {G. F. Gau-
mer).

Cozumel Id., Yucatan, Feb.
(G. F. G.).

Belize, British Honduras,
May (O. S.).

Glover's Reef, British Hon-
duras, May (O. S.).

Honduras.

Jamaica or Bai'bados.

Anegada, Virgin Is., W. In-
dies, Dec. (C. 5. Cory).

Grenada, W. Indies, Sept. 10
(Z). W. Smith).

Surinam {Dr. Kirke).

Brazil, April.

Rio de Janeiro, July [J.
Young).

Sta. Catharina, S. Brazil,
Aug. (H. M. Harrison, B.N.)

Sta. Catharina {H. Rogers).

Sta. Catharina {H. Rogers).
Sta. Barbara, California, Nov.
^ (H. W. Henshaw).
Ventura, California, Nov.

{H. W.H.).
Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Aug.

{A. Forrer).
Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico,

June ( W. Lloyd).
Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan.

(0. Salvin),

II. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
II. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

W. Dvson, Esq. [P.].
P. H.'Gosse, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Capt. Milner [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll,

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

e2

84 LAEID Ji.

sP, a\ S ? inuii- Payta, Peru, Jau. {Adml. A. H. Saunders Coll.

sk. S- Markham).

¥. Sternum. Jamaica. Gosse Coll.

14. Sterna elegans.

Sterna elegans, Gambol, Pr. Philad. Acad. iv. p. 129 (1848 r

Mazatlan) : Baird, Cass.. i|- Lmvr. Birds A". Amer. p. 860 (1858),

ed. 1860, Atlas , pi. 94 ;' Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 120, no. 11056

(1871) ; Saimders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 653 (revision) ; Ridgiv. Bidl.

U.fS. Nat. Mns. no. 21, p. 53 (1881) ; Coues, Gheck-l. N. Amer.

B. p. 123 (1882) ; Saimders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 521 (Peru & CliiU) ;

Coues, Ket/ N. A7ner. B. 2Dd ed. p. 760 (1884) ; Baird, Breio.,

^ Ridyio. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 287 (1884) ; Taczan. Orn.

Perou,m. p. 442 (1886) ; Pidyto. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 40 (1887) ;

Berl. 8r Stolzvi. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400 (Peru).
Thalasseus elegans. Gambel, Journ. Philad. Acad. ser. 2, i. p. 228

(1849) ; Bp. C. P. xlii. p. 772 (18.56) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad.

1862, p. 540 ; id. Ibis, 1864, p. 389 (San Salvador) ; Salvin, Ibis,

1866, p. 198 (Fonseca Bay).
? Sterna gavi, Bj). C. R. xlii. p. 772, no. 114 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l.

B. iii. p. "119, no. 11049 (1871 : Chili).
Sterna comata, Phil. S,- Landh. Wieym. Arch. 186.3, pt. 1, p. 126

(Chili).
Sterna galericulata, Scl. et Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 568-9, fig. 2 (nee

Licht.) : lid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 147 (1873) ; Coues, Key N.

Amer. B. p. 319 (1872) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Sac. N. H. ii. p. 317

(1874: Mazatlan).
Sterna (Thalasseus) galericulata, Coues, B. K.- West, p. 671 (1874) :

id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 760 (1884).
Phaethusa elegans, Heine c^ Reichenoio, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 355

(1890 : partim, as regards Chili).

Adult in ireeding-phimage. Smaller than S. maxima, with au~
absolutely longer and much slenderer biU ; the black of the upper
lores runs completely into the posterior portion of the nostril, the
mantle is a shade darker than inVthe last species and the tail is
rather more conspicuously white ; otherwise the plumages are
similar : hill bright orange-red, tarsi and toes black, .soles yellow.
Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 2-8, wing 12-25, tail 6-5, depth
of fork 3, tarsus 1-2, middle toe with claw 1-3.

Adxdt in winter. Similar, but with a white forehead.

Immatiire and Young. As in the preceding species : in the bird of
the year the hill is blackish and much shorter than in the adult.

Hab. Pacific coast of America from Southern California to
Valdivia, Chile ; once on the Atlantic side, at Corpirs Christi, Texas.
The specimen in the Salvin-Godman Coll. from the last locality is
decidedly this species and not the next.

a. (J imm. sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, July Salvin-Godman Coll.

(F. B. Armstrony).
h. Imm. sk. La Union, San Salvador, Dec. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(0. S.).
c. S ad. sk. Sau Mateo, Tehuantepec, Salvin-Godman Coll.

March [F. Sumichrast).

■d.

S ad. sk.

-e.

Imm. sk.

f.

Vix ad. .sk.

9-

Vix ad. sk.

h.
i.

Imm. sk.
Imm. St.

k.

Vix ad.:

/.

Imm. ; m. J

UT

sk.

n.

Imm. sk.

6. STERNA. 85

Chon-illos, near Callao, Peru Salvin-Godman Coll.

( W. Nation).
Callao Bay, Sept. {Aclml A. H. II. Saunders Coll.

Markham).
Iquique {Roicland). H. Saunders Coll.

Coquimbo Bay, Chile, Nov. H. Saunders Coll.

(Adml. Markhayn).
Central Chile (J. liri/dyes). Purchased.

Central Chile (/. Cunimf/). Purchased.

Vina del Mar, ueai' Valpa- Berkeley James Coll.

raiso.

Valdivia, South Chile, Jan. Hume Coll.
(E. C. Reed).

15. Sterna eurygnatha.

? Sterna cayenuensis, Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 535 (18G6).

Sterna cayennensis (partim), Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 120, no. 11051

(1871 : Venezuela).
Sterna galericulata, Peheln, Orn. Bras. pp. 324, 461 (1871) ; Bd. ^

Sail'. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 568-9 (partim).
Sterua eurygnatha, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 654 (Santa Catharina,

Brazil)."
Phaetlmsa elegans, Heine S,- Reichenow, Noniend. Mus. Hein. p. 355

(1890: partim, Brazil).
? Phaethusa cavennensis, iid. t. c. p. 355 (Brazil).
? Sterna elegans, Cory, Auk, 1893, p. 220 (Tobago).

Adult in breeding-dress. Identical with the preceding in plu-
mage, but the bill is lemon-yellow and the angle of the genys
is immediately below or very little in front of the anterior
portion of the nostril ; the hind parts of the tarsi, the soles, and
the claws are dull yellow. Total length 17*5 inches, culmen 2-7,
wing 12-1, tail G'o, depth of fork 2-8, tarsus 1*1, middle toe and
claw 1-2.

Adult iu winter, Immature, and Younrj. As in the preceding
species, except that the bases of both mandibles are decidedlj'
olivaceous, and in the young the toes and webs are ochre-yellow.

Nestlinrj (Eio Janeiro, June 6, ./. Younr/). Greyish white, thinly
streaked with dark grey on the crown, behind the eye, and on the
upper parts generally ; underparts white ; bill olivaceous ; tarsi
and toes brown, claws lighter.

liah. East side of America, from Venezuela along the coast of
Brazil (breeding) and as far as Port Desire, Patagonia, 47° 30' S.
lat. Southern examples show a deterioration in size.

(t. Imm. .sk. Venezuela. Purchased.

b, c. Inun. sk. Bahia, Brazil, March \^Dr. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Lttschnath).

d. lmm.sk. Bahia, Brazil (7);-. Z?/.sTA?mC,^"). H. Saunders Coll.

f,/. cT ad. et 2 Camamii, Brazil, Sept. (/T. J/. H. Saunders Coll.

iram. sk. Harrison, R.X.).

ff,h. (S ad. etjuv. Rio de Janeiro, July, Aug. H. Saunders Coll.

sk. (if. M. H).

86 LAEID^.

«'. 2 ad. ;A-. Pull. ; Rio de Janeiro, June 6 & 20 H. Saunder.s Coll,

l-o.<S 5 ad. sk. [J. Young).
p. 2 ad. sk. Imbituba, Sept. {H. M. Har- H. Saunders Coll.

rison, R.N.) .
q, r. S ad. et cS Santa Catharina, S. Brazil, II. Saunders Coll.

imm. sk. Jan., Aug-. {H. M. R.).

s. Ad. sk. Santa Cathaiina {Rogers). H. Saunders Coll.

(Type.)
t, u. Ad. sk. Santa Catharina {Rogers). Salvin-Godmau ColL

V, Imm. sk. Port Desire, East Patagonia, II. Saimders Coll.

Mar. {H. M. Harrison, R.N).

16. Sterna media.

Sterna media, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Sou. xiii. p. 198 (1820) ; id. Zool,
Res. Java, p. 8 (1824) ; Steph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 1.59
(1826) ; Finsch ^ Hartl. Orn. Ost-Afr. iv. p. 830 (1870) ; Finsch,
Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 303 (1870 : Red Sea) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. in. p. 119,
no. 11047 (1871) ; Salvad. Fau7i. Ital., Ucc. p. 279 (1871) ; Shelley,
B. of Egypt, p. 298 (1872) ; Henyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2,
p. 1430 (1873) ; Antin. 8f Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 1-54 (1873) ;
Salvad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 377 (1874 : Y Borneo) ; Irhy, Orn. Str.
Gibralt. p. 209 (1875); Legge, Ibis, 1875, p. 408 (Ceylon);
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 655 (revision) ; Tweedd. Ibis, 1877,
p. 323 (Lampong-, Sumatra) ; Butler, Str. F. v. p. 301 (1877 :
Mekrau Coast) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 285, pi. 583 (1878) ;
Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 201 (1878); Fischer^-
Reichenow, J. f. O. 1878, p. 247 (Zanzibar); Klunzinger, Z. Ges.
Erdk. Berlin, xiii. Hft. ii. p. 90 (1878 : Koseir) ; Shelley, P. Z. S.
1879, p. 679 (Comoro Is.); Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 71 (1879:
Malacca); Vidal, Str. F.ix. p. 95 (1880: Malacca); Legge, B.
Ceylon, p. 1030 (1880) ; Salvad. Orn. Papuasia ^-c. iii. p. 407
(1882) ; Milne-Edwards ^ Grundidier, H. N. Madag., Ois. p. 656
(1882) ; Salviu, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 624 (1882) ; Oates, Handb.
B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 426 (1883) ; Tristr. Faun. S,- Flor. Palest.
0. 135 (1884) ; Vorderin. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. hid. xliv. p. 206
(1884: Java); id. op. cit. xlix. p. 419 (1889: Sumatra); Tristr.
Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Oates, 2nd ed. Hume's Nests 8f Eggs Ind.
B. iii. p. 299 (1890) ; Hartl. Abh. Ver. Bretnen, xii. p. 344 (1891 :
E. Africa) ; Barnes, J. Bomb. N. II. Soc. vi. p. 285, pi. (eggs)
(1891); TFalker, Ibis, 1892, ^. 258 (Adele I., N.W.Australia);
North, Nests (^ Eggs Austr. B., Sujipl. ii. p. 31 (1892) ; Barnes,
Ibis, 1893, p. 178 (Aden Gidf, breeding) ; Reichenoiv, Vog. Deutsch.
Ost-Afr.^. 20 (1894).

Sterna affinis, Cretzschm. in RUpp. Atlas, p. 23, tab. 14 (1826 : Red
Sea) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 4 (1828) ; Schinz,Europ. Faun.
i. p. 372 (1840) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. 4^^ pte. p. 454 (1840 :
Sicily) : Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxix (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit.
Mus. Anseres, p. 177 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 658 (1846) ;
Reichenb. Nutat. tab. xix. tig. 267 (1848) ; Degl. Orji. Eur. ii.
p. 342 (,1849); Heugl. Sijst. Uebers. p. 71 (1856: Red Sea); id.
Ibis, 1859, p. 350 (Red Sea) ; Konig- Warth. Ibis, 1860,p. 127, pi. v.
ligs. 1, 2, 3 (eggs) ; Heugl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29; id. op.
cit. 1869, p. 417 ; Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Sternse, p. 6 (18G3) ; Brehm,
Reise Habesch, pp. 229, 421 (1863) ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 87 (1866) ;
Schl. ^f Pollen, Faun. Madar/., Ois. p. 146 (1868) ; Blanf. Geol. ^
Zool. Abyss. i>. 441 (1870: Zoulla); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 398

6. STERNA. 87

(S. Spain) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 119, no. 11045 (1871) ; Blcmf.

East. Persia, ii. p. 294 (1876) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 383 (1877).
Sterna bengralensis, Lesso)i, Traite, p. 621 (1831) ; Puch. Rev. Zool.

1850, p. 542 ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 843 (1864) ; Hume, Str. F. i.

p. 284 (1873); id. up. cit. ii. p. 318 (Nicobars) ; id. Nests ^

Hfff/s Ind. B. p. 65o (1875); id. Str. F. iv. p. 474 (1876: Lacca-

dives).
"Sterna arabica, Fhrcndcrr/," Tevim. Man. d' Orn. ed. 2, 4me pte.

p. 456 (1840).
Sterna, no. 402, Jerdon, Madras Journ. xii. p. 224 (1840); cf. Blijth,

Ibis, 1865, p. 39.
Thalasseus torresii, Gould, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 140 ; id. B. Austr. vii.

pi. 25 (1848) ; Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 346 (1850) ; G. R.

Gray, P.Z. 8. 1858, p. 188 (Am Is.).
Thalasseus affinis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 182 ; Brehm, Namn. 1855,

p. 295; Bj). C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856); Bias. J.f. O. 1866, p. 82;

Loc/ie, Fvpl. Sc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 200 (1867) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur.

p. 456, Taf. 56. figs. 1 & 4 (1870).
Thalasseus benegalensis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 182 ; Blyth, J. A. S.

Benq. XV. p. 373 (1840: Nicobars); id. Cat. B. Mm. As. Soc.

p. 291 (1849); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856); Jerd. B. Ind. iii.

p. 843 (1864) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 397 (1865) ; Ball,

Str. F. 1873, p. 90 (Nicobars) ; Masters, Pr. Linn. Sac. N. S. W.

i. p. 62 (1877) ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 386 (G. of Carpentaria).
Sylochelidon affinis, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845 : lied Sea).
Thalasseus maxuriensis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854 : Ai'abia

& E. Indies)*; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856).
Pelecanopus torresi, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856).
Sterna torresii, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Is. Pacif. Oc. p. 52 (1859) ;

Rosenb. Reistocht. Geelvinkh. p. 118 (1875).
Sterna maxuriensis. Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 119, no. 11046 (1871).
Thalasseus medius, Hol'dsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 482 (Ceylon) ; Blyth

Sf Wald. B. Burm. p. 173 (1875) ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 413

(18S6: Sicily).
Pelecanopus medius, Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 104 (1874 : Celebes) ;

Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 146 (Limbe Str., Celebes, breeds).
Actoclielidon media, Salrad.Ucc. Ital.-p. 275 (1887); Heine ^-Reidi'-

now, Nomencl. Mus. Ilein. p. 355 (1890 : N.E. Africa).

Adult in hreeding-plumage. Similar to the preceding species, bui;
mantle decidedly darker grey, with the tail of the same tint (a
little lighter on the streamers), the white inner margins to the
primaries less pronounced ; the bill waxy-yellow, shorter, and
straighter ; tarsi and toes black, soles pale yellow. Total length
17 inches, culmen 24, wing 12, tail 6-75, depth of fork 3, tarsus 1,
middle toe with claw I'l.

Adults in luinter, Immature, and Vouar/. These go through pre-
cisely the same changes and phases as those already described.
I Breeds in large colonies on islands.
JIah. Mediterranean, from Straits of Gibraltar (sparingly) east-
wards to Egypt ; lied Sea ; East Africa to Madagascar and islands
of Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Lower Bay of Bengal,
Malacca, Sumatra, Java, and Celebes ; Australia, chiedy the north.

I

«. Imm. sk.

b. 5 ad. sk.

c. Ad. St.

d. e. S imni. ;
/. 2 imm. sk.

//, h. Vix ad. sk.
i. ^ ad. sk.

k. Vix ad. sk.

l. $ ad. ; m. 6

inuu. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
o. 1mm. sk.
p. (5 imm. sk.
y, r. Imm sk.
«. Ad. sk.
t, u. S 2 ad. sk.

i;. Ad. ; IV. Imm.

sk.
-r. Ad. sk.

y, z, a'. (S ad. ;

b'-d' . d imm.

e'. 2 ad. ; /',

(/'. 2 imin. sk.
A'. 2 imm.; i',k'.

cJ imm.; /'.

(5 ad.sk.
»j'. Imm.; w'. J

imm. sk.
«'. (5' imm. sk.
j)'-r'. (S vix ad.

et imm. ; s'-

w'. 2 vi^ ad.

et imm. sk.
-■v',y'- djuv.;

2'. 2 juv. sk.
«". Imm. sk.
//'. 2 imm. sk.

c". 6 "^ix ad. sk.

■d". Vix ad. sk.

e". 2 ^'i^ ad. sk.

/". S imm.;/',
A". 2 imm.sk.
i". 1mm. sk.

yb". Imm. sk.
I". Imm. ; m". 2

vix ad. sk.
n". Imm. sk.

Straits of Gibraltar, March

{G. Olcese).
Port Said, May.
Red Sea {Dr. Riippell).
Zoulla, Red Sea, June ( W.

Jesse).
Zoulla, June ( W. Jesse).
Annesley Bay, Red Sea, June

( W. t. Blanford).
Suakin, Red Sea.

South Afi'ican seas.

Durban (Gord//e).

N. Madagascar, May.

N.E. Madagascar.

Grand Comoro la. {Sir J. Kirk).

Persian Gulf {Hamilton Kinf/).

Mekran Coast, May {Col. E.

A. Butler).
" India."

Soomeanee Bay, Feb. 1872

(A. 0. H.).
Karachi, Feb. 1872 {A. O. H.).

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Purchased.

H. Saunders Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Abyssinian Exped.

Capt. R. H. Penton

[P.].
Sir A. Smith [P.].

Shelley Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Pollen Coll.
Shelley CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Karachi, March, April, & May Hume Coll.
{E. A. Butler).

Karachi, Jan. & Feb. ( W. T. H. Saunders Coll.

Blanford ^- E. A. Butler).

Nursapatam. Hurne Coll.

Laccadives, Feb. {A. O. S.). Hume CoU.

Quillon, Travancore, Nov.

Bourdillon Coll.

Ceylon. Tweeddale Coll.

Colombo, Ceylon, Dec. ( W. V. H. Saunders Coll.

Legge).
Trincomalee, Ceylon ( W. V. H. Saunders Coll.

Legge).
Nicobar Islands.

Camorta, Nicobars, Feb. 7

( W. Damso?i).
Salangore, Malay Peninsula,

Dec. & Jan. {W.I).).
Java {Horsjield).

Lampong, Sumatra.
Aru Islands.

[West Australia.]

East India Museum

[P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].
(Type of Sterna 7nedia.)
'Tweeddale Coll.
A. R. Wallace Coll.

Sir G. Grey [P.].

(5. STEENA, 89'

1 7. sterna bergii.

Caspian Tern, var. /3, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii.pt. 2, p. 351 (1785).
Sterna caspia, y, Gm. S. N. i. p. 604 (1788).

Caspian Tern, iV«V/;>, Voi/. Bot. B. p. 77, with fig-., & p. 160
(1789). ^ ^ 1 » n, V

Sterna caspia, /3 & y, Z«M. /«(/. 0/-«. ii. p. 804 (1790).

Sterna caspia, var. b, Vieill. Encyc. Metk. i. p. 96 (18:33).

Sterna bergii *, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 80 (1823 : Cape of Good
Hope)t: Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 058 (1846); Reichenb. Natat.
tab. XIX. fig. 265 (1848) ; Schl. Mvs. P.-Bas, Sterns, p. 11 (1863) ;
Pelz. Bets. Xorara, Viig. p. 154 (1805 : Australia) ; Finsch ^
Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn. p. 216 (1867); Lmjard, B. S. Afr.
p. 370 (1807) ; Deyl. i<f Gerbe, Orw. Eur. ii. p. 455 (1867 :
Ireland) ; Dole, Pr. Boston Soc. N. H. xii. p. 306 (1869 : Sand-
wich Is.) ; Fimch ^- Hartl. Vor/. Ost-Afr. p. 828 (1870) ; Gray,
Hand-l.B.m. p. 120, no. 11057(1871); Gurney in Anderss. B.
Bam.-Ld. p. 360 (1872: Walvisch Bay); Shelley, B. Equnt,
p. 298 (1872); Hemjl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.' m. ii. pt. 2, p. 1436
(1873); Antin. Hf Salvad. Viayg. Boqos, p. 154 (1873); Grafe,
Jowm. Mas. Godeffr. Bd. i. p. 50 (1873: Huaheine) ; Hume, Str.
F. 1. p. 283 (1873 : Sind & Oman Coast) ; id. Nests ^- Eyys hid. B.
p. 65,j (1875); id. Str. F. iv. p. 470 (1876: Laccadives) ; Layard,
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 440 (Fiji Is.) ; id. op. cit. 1876, p. 497 (Navi^-ator
Is.) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 294 (1876) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876,
p. ()57 (revision Sterninffi) ; Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. newser. i. p. 350
(1877 : Balabac, Philippines) ; Hartl. Vdg. Maday.-p. 384(1877) ;
Scl. cV Salvin, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 557 (Admiralty Is.) ; Tweedd.Ibis
1877, p. 323 (Lampong, Sumatra) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 776,
781 (Friendly Is.); id. Ibis, 1881, pp. 113, 115 (Ponap6, East
Carolines) ; Tweedd. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 551 (Philippines) ; Saunders,
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 796, and T'oy. H.M.S. ' Challenger,' ii. Birds, p. 135
(1881 : Fiji, Aru, Philippines, & Admiralty Is.) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 201 (1878) ; id. op. cit. iv. p. 102 (1880 : New
Guinea); id. op. cit. vii. p. 41 (1883: Solomon Is.); Butler-, Str.
F. V. p. 298 (1877 : Astolah, breeding in May) ; Oustalet, Bull.
Soc. Philomath, p. 193 (1878: Seychelles): 'Hume ^- Davison,
Str. F. VI. ]). 493 (1878 : Tenasserim) ; Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 265
(New Caledonia) ; id. t. c. p. 279 (New Hebrides) ; Tweedd.
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 346 (Levte), and p. 712 (Bohol, Philippines) ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 116 (1879) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 15
(New Britain) ; Salmd. Ann. Mies. Civ. Genov. xiv. p. 670 (1879:
Kei Is.) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 353 (Labuan) ; Tidal, Str. F.
IX. p. 95 (1880: S. Konkan) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1880, p 577
(Caroline Is.); Leyge, Birds of Ceylon,^. 1026(1880) ; Finsch, Ibis,
1880, p. 332 (MarshaU Is.); id. Ibis, 1881, p. 540 (New Britain
group) ; Scl. .$• Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 174 (Socotra) ; Parker,
Str. F. IX. p. 490 (1881: Adam's Bridge, Ceylon, breedin^r) ;
W. Ramsay, Tweedd. Mem. p. 660 (1881 : Philippines) ; Tuwdd.
Voy. H.M.S. 'Challenger,' Birds, pp. 6, 8, 25, 34 (1881) ; Salvad.

* Extract from a letter by the late Dr. Teters:— "Mr. 0. H. Bergius was a
young man who collected in 1816 and 1817 for our [Berlin] Museum, at the
Cape of Good Hope, and died there of consumption." The specific name is
therefore as above, and not bmji, as it is often written.

t Tjpe in Berlin Museum examined.

90 LAKIDiE.

Orn. Papuasia, S,-c. iii. p. 432 (1882) ; Tristram, Ibis, 1882, p. 144
(Solomon Is.) ; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 201 (Singapore) ; Layard,
Ibis, 1882, p. 540 (New Caledonia) ; Milne-Edzvards Sf Grandidier,
H. N. Madagasc, Ois. p. 652, pis. 295 & 296 (1882 : osteology) ;
Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 625 (1882) ; Tristr. Faun. S^- Flor.
Palest, p. 136 (1884 : Sea of Galilee) : Finsch, Vog. Siidsee, p. 22
New Britain : p. 51 Marshall Is. (1884) ; Meyer, Sitz. Abh.
Gesell. Isis, 1884, p. 57 (Ceram) ; Sharjye, ed. Layard''s B. S. Afr.
p. 704 (1884) ; Saunders. 4th ed. Yarr. Br. B. iii. p. 539 (1884) ;
Sharjye, Pep. Voy. ' Alert; p. 27 (1884) ; Nehrk. J. f. O. 1885,
p. 35 (Waigiouj ; Pleshe, Mel. Biol. St. Petersb. xii. livr. 2,
p. 138 (1885 : Ternate) ; Terbun/, Ibis, 1886, p. 23 (Aden) ;
Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 392, 414 (1888 : Loo-Choo Is.) ;
F. Newton, Tr. Norf. ^- Norw. Soc. iv. p. 553 (1888 : Mascarene
Is.); Skarpe, Ibis, 1888, p. 204 (Palawan) ; F. P. Ramsay, Tab. List
Austr. B. p. 23 (1888) ; Salvad. ^- Gigl. Mem. Ac. Tor. xxxix.p. 103
(1889 : Somali Coast) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889) ; North,
Nests Sf Fgys Austral. B. p. 354, pi. xix. %. 2 (1889): Fverett,
B. Borneo, p. 210, no. 560 (1889) ; JMiitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 60
(Palawan) ; Sharpe, t. c. p. 149 (N. Borneo) ; Seeb. B.Japan. Fmp.
p. 299 (1890); Gates, 2nd ed. Hume's Nests ^- Eggs Lul. B.ui.
p. 297 (1890) ; Steere, List Ma7nm. 6r B. Exped. 'Philipp. p. 27
(1890: Mindanao) : Salvad. Agg. Orn. Papuasia ^-c. p. 211 (1891) ;
id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) ix. p. 591 (1890 : Ptigo) ; id. op. cit.
X. p. 833 (1891) ; Bar7ies, J. Bomb. N. H. Soc. vi. pi. to p. 285
(eggs) (1891); Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 115 (Fao, eggs); Lister,
P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 298, 300 (Phojnix group) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xiv. p. 490 (1891 : S. Japan) ; Hartert, Fatal. Vogelsamml.
Senckenb. p. 240 (1891) ; Wiglesw. Abh. zool. Mus. Dresden, vi.
p. 74 (1892 : Polynesia) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 177 (Gulf of Aden,
breeds in August).

New Holland Tem, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 103 (1824: juv.).

Sterna novfe hoUaudiffi, Steph. in Shale's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 161
(1826) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Pucheran, Rev. Zool.
1850, p. 545 *; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 120, no. 11059(1871).

Sterna cristata, Steph. in Shau'sGen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 146 (1826: nee
Sivainson) ; Motley 6f Dillwyn, Nat. Hist. Labuan, pt. i. p. 61
(1855) ; Sioinhoe, Ibis, 1860, p. 68, & 1863, p. 30 (Kelung I.,
Formosa, breeding) ; Gray, Hund-l. B. iii. p. 120, no. 11058
(1871); Salvad. Ucc. Borneo, p. 376 (1874); Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1875, p. Ill (Labuan) ; Vordei-?n. Nat. Ti/dschr. Nederl. Ind.
xliv. p. 206 (1884 : Java) ; id. op. cit. xlix. p. 420 (1889 :
Sumatra).

Sterna velox, Cretzschm. in Rilpp. Atlas, p. 21, tab. 13 (1826:
Eed Sea) t ; Schinz, Furop. Faun. p. 377 (1840) ; Grag, List B.
Brit. Mus. Anseres, p. 176 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 658 (1846) ;
Thomps. Ann. N. H. xx. p. 170, and Nat. H. Ireland, iii. p. 'I'lQ
(1847 : near Dublin J) ; Reichenb. Natat. tab. xix. fig. 268 (1848) ;
Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 71 (1856 : Red Sea) ; id. Ibis, 1859, p. 350
(Red Sea li Somali Coast) ; Konig-Warth. Ibis, 1860, p. 127, pi. v.
figs. 5-8 (egs-s) ; J. H. Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 221 (Natal Bav) ;
Sioinh. Ibis, 18(30, p. 429 ; id. op. cit. 1861, p. 345 ; id. op. cit. 1866,

* Type in Paris Museum examined,
t Type in Frankfort Museum examined.

I A fraud ; for exposure, see Saunders, 4tb ed. Yarr. B. B. iii. p. 539
(1884).

(>. STERNA. 91

p. 134 (China) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 366 (Moluccas) ; Harfl.
Faun. Maclag. p. 86 (1801) ; Hewjl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29;
id. op. cit. lf<69, p. 417 ; E. Newton, Ibis, 1863, p. 4U0 (Taiuatave,
Madagascfir) ; Kirk, Ibi.s, 1804, p. 337 (mouth of Zambesi, breeding
in January) ; Chapman, Trao. <S'. Afr. ii. p. 4:i4 (1868: Walvisch
Bay) ; Gurney, Ibis, 1808, p. 20:J (S. Africa) ; Sperliny, Ibis, 1868,
p. 295 (Mozambique) ; Ilartiny, Ilandb. Brit. B. p, 108 ( 1»72).

Sterna pelecanoides, King, Surr. Int. Austr. ii. p. 422 (1820) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. Hoii (1846) ; Schl. Mas. P.-B. Sterna, p. 9 (1863) ;
id. Ned. Tijdscltr. Dierk. iii. p. 3o0 (1866 : Aru Is.) ; Rosenb.
Reis Zuidoostereil. p. 82 (1867 : Kei I.) ; id. Reistocht. Geel-
vinkb. p. 9 (1875 : Teruate) ; id. t. c. p. 118 ; id. Malay. Archij).
pp. 220, 279, 324, 373, 396, 406, 564 (1878-79 : Mysol, Salwatti).

Sterna lougirostris, Less. Traite, p. 021 (1831) ; Boie, Isis, 1844,
p. 181 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1840) ; Pucheran, Rev. et Mag.
Zool. 1850, p. 0.35 (Cape G. Hope) ; Ilartl. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 420.

Pelecanopus pelecanoides, Wagl. Iiis, 1832, p. 277 & p. 1225 (type
of genus) ; Gray, List Gen. B. p. 80 (1840) & p. 100 (1841 :
Australia) ; Bj). C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1850).

Thalasseus velox, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1225 ; Boie, Isis, 1844,
p. 182.

Sterna poliocerca, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 26 ; id. Syn. B. Austr,
pi. ii. tig. 3 (1837 : Tasmania) ; C'assin, U.S. E.rpl. E.vp. p. 384
(1858: Fiji); Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 249; Schleg. Mns. P.-Bas,
Sterna;, p. 12 (1863) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 9 (Iluaheine) ; FinscJi,
Neu-Guin. p. 184 (1865) ; Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 373 (1878-
79 : Aru Is.) ; Legge, Pr. R. S. Tasmania, p. 243 (1886).

Sylochelidon poliocerca. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 175
(1844 : Australia).

Thalasseus poliocercus, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 182 ; Gould, B. Austr.
vii. pi. 24(1848); Reichenb. Viig. Neuholl. p. 346(1850); Ben-
nett, Gath. of a Naturalist, f. 241 (1860); Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr.
i. p. 396 (1865) ; Marie, Act. 8oc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1870).

Sylochelidon bergii, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 180 ; Licht. Noniencl. Ac.
p. 98 (1854).

Sylochelidon velox, Riipp. Syst. Uehers. p. 139 (1845: Red Sea) ;
A. E. Brehm, Reis. Uubesch, pp. 229, 419 (1863).

Thalasseus pelecanoides, Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 23 (1848) ; Gray,
Gen. Birds, iii. p. 658 (1846) ; Reichenb. Viig. Neuholl. p. 340
(1850) ; J. Macgill. T'oy. 'Rattlesnake,' ii. p. 358 (1853) ; Rosenb.
Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 2iiii (1863) ; Marie, Act. Hoc.
Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1870 : X. Caledonia) ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S.
1871, p. 422.

Sterna rectirostris, Peale, 2^ol. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 281, pi. Ixxv.
Hg. 2 (1848 : Fiji Is.) ; Ilartl. Wiegm. Archiv, 1852, p. 126.

Thalasseus cristatus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. p. 291 (1849) ;
Sioinhoe, P. Z. S. 1803, p. 329 : Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 842 (1864) :
Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 394 (1865) ; Hume, Ibis, 1870,
p. 473 (Tipperah) ; Holdsw. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 481 (Ceylon) :
Blyth \ U'a/d. Ii. Burm. p. 103 (1875) ; Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc.
N. S. W. i. p. 02 (1877 : Torres Straits).

Pelecanopus velox, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1850) ; Verr. Voy. Vinson
ii Maday., Ann. B, p. 4 (1865).

Pelecanopus bergii, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Heine ^- Reiche-
now, Noniencl. Mus. Hein. p. 355 (1890).

Pelecanopus poliocercus, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856).

Pelecanopus uigripennis, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856).

92 LAfilD^.

Sterna (Svloclielidon) poliocerca, Gray, Cat. B. Trop. Is. Pacific,

p. 58 (18.59).
Thalasseus bergii, Blashm, J. f. O. 1866, p. 81 (critical) ; David et

Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 0O3 (1877) ; De la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 502

(Foochow & Swatow).
Sterna galericulata, Layurd, B. S. Afr. p. 371 (1867 : nee Licht.) ;

Gurney, Ibis, 1868, p. 262 (South Africa).
Pelecanopus cristatus, Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 105 (1874) ;

Tueedd. Mem. p. 203 (1881 : Celebes).
Sterna bergeri, E. P. Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 302 ;

id. op. cit. 1879, p. 102 : id. Nature,\x. p. 15 (1879).
Sterna burgeri, E. P. Pamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1882, p. 41

(Solomon Is.).

Adult male in hreeding-plumcuje. A broad band of white
between the base of the bill and the crown : otherwise resembles
the preceding in having the mantle and tail of the same colour ; but
is larger, and darker grej' on the upper parts : bill chrome-yellow,
often tinged with dull green near the bases of both mandibles ;
tarsi and toes black with a reddish tinge, soles mottled with yellow.
Total length 20 to 21 inches, culmen 2-5, wing (average) i4"2o,
tail 7'5, depth of fork 3-5, tarsus 1'3, middle toe with claw 1*4.

Female. Similar, with a slightly weaker bill on the average.

Adult in winter. Crown mottled with white, and even some
of the nuchal feathers have white tips for a short time ; mantle
rather paler ; bill greener, toes black : otherwise like the above.

Immature. Like the above, darker on the upper wing-coverts,
secondaries, and primaries, as well as on the tail-feathers, which
are dark ash-grey, especially on the outer webs and near the tips.

Yovnf/. Forehead and lores dull white, closelj' streaked witli
brownish black, crown and nape more boldly streaked with black,
mantle mottled with black and huffish white ; primaries chiefly
dark brownish grey, the shafts brown ; tail-feathers dark grey,
tipped with white ; iinderparts chiefly white, the neck and throat
streaked with brown ; bill olivaceous yellow.

No other young Tern of the grej^-mantled group is quite so dark
as this.

Nesflinff (Kottnest Island, Australia). Upper parts pale stone-
colour, spotted and streaked with umber-brown, underparts dull
white ; bill and feet ochreous.

In this fine Sea-Tern the variation in size and in the tint of
the upper parts in individuals is considerable, and this has given
rise to the institution of several supposed species, which I cannot
consider valid. As regards size, the smallest are those from the
South of Australia, where the conditions of life are probably
unfavourable to full development, though even in Tasmania
some individuals have a wing-measurement of 14 in. In North
Australia birds are nearly as large as those from the Red Sea and
Mokran Coast, and there is every gradation over the area frequented.
In colour, the birds with the darkest upper parts are those
from the Red (" ^S'. velo.c ") and Arabian Seas and the Bay of
Bengal, and these dark birds — slightly falling off in size — run down

6. STKRNA.

93

to the northern part of Australia (" /S'.^jeZt'CWHOuZt's"'). There and
in the ^lohiccas they meet and blend M'ith the smaller and greyer
Southern race (" S. jyoliocercus "), from which they gradually become
indistinguishable. In birds from South Africa and the Mascarene
Islands the size of the Indian form is maintained, but the tint of
the upper parts is of a purer grey without the brownish tinge, and
this also holds good of most of the Polynesian examples, though
the latter show a slight diminution in size. The contrast between
extremes of these races may seem striking at the first glance, but
even this, when examined, appears capable of explanation. Under
the hot sun of the Arabian and Indian Seas the grey feathers of the
mantle and tail soon acquire a brownish tinge at their edges, and
brown is a very assertive colour ; whereas in the Southern Seas
and in the Pacific the sun's direct force is much feeljlcr. Food also
may have some influence upon the tint, as it undoubtedly has upon
the size and shape of the bill, which is often considerably worn
down in front of the angle of the genys.

Hah. Both sides of South Africa, the Red and Arabian Seas,
Indian Ocean, Malayasia, China Seas up to Japan, Australia (but
not New Zealand), Polynesia, and the Islands of the Pacific up to the

Hawaii Archipelago. Breeds on islands
ground-colour and profusely scrolled.

eggs often verv rich in

rt. Ad. ; 6. Imm. ;

c. 2 juv. sk.
d, e. Ad. ;/. Imm.

sk.
//. $ ad. sk.
/(, /. (S vix ad. sk.

/,-. 2 vix ad. St.
/. Ad. St.
m. Vix ad. sk.
n-w. S $ ad. et
vix ad. sk.

,1', y. Vix ad. sk.

z. (S vix ad. sk.
a. (S ad. sk.

b' . $ vix ad. sk.

c -n' .(S 2 imin.sk.
o'-q'. <S ad. sk.

?•', -s . (5 imm. sk.

t', u . 2 imm. sk.
v-x'. cj vi.x ad. et

imm. sk.
y\ Ad. sk.

a'. Ad. sk.

Walvisch Bay, Dam;u'a-laud

(C. J. Andvrsson).
Table Bay, Cape of Good

Hope (E. L. Layard).
Cape Seas.
Socotra, March (J. Balfour).

Socotra, Feb. (7. B:).

Red Sea {Riippell).

Aden.

Gwadar, Mekran Coast, Feb.

and May (A. O. Hume

and E. A. Butler).
Karachi, Feb. (A. O. II. ^- E.

A. B.), March [E. A. B.).
Karachi, Feb. (E. A. B.).
Viziadrug, South Konkan,

April.
Malwan, South Konkan,

Jan. ( G. Vidal).
Laccadives, Feb. (A. O. H.).
Galle, Ceylon, May-June

( W. V. Leyye).
Colombo, Ceylon, Jan. ( W.

r. L.).

Madras (Madras Miis.).
Madras, March.

TI. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Sir A. Smith [P.].
British Association

[P.l.
Shelley Coll.
Purchased.
Major Yerbury [P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Saugor Island, March {A. Hume Coll.

O. H.).
Commillah, Tipperah. Hume Coll.

94

a" . S imm. sk.

b"-d''. cJ 2 imm-

sk.
'■". cJ imiu. sk.

/"". Imm. sk.

f/'. Imm. sk.

//'. Imm. sk.
/". c? imm. sk.

/,". Ad. sk.
/■'. Ad. sk.

m". Ad. sk.
W'-p". S 2 imm.

sk.
q"-t". S 5 imm.

sk.
71," . c? imm. sk.

r". Ad. sk.

w". Ad. sk.
x" . Imm. sk.
li', z", a^. Ad. et

imm. sk.
U\c^. Ad. et imm.

sk.
(!'■'. Imm. sk.
e^. (S jUT. sk.
f\ 2 ad. sk.

/-/'. cJ imm. sk.

/(''. Imm. sk.

P. Imm. sk.

h^. 2 imm. sk.

/'. Ad. (head).

«i^. Imm. sk.

n^. 2 imm. sk.
ii-^. 2 juv. sk.

p'^. Imm. sk.

ly*. Imm. sk.
f^. cJ ad. sk.

s^, t^. Ad. etimm.
St. : «'. Ad. sk.

Meip-Tii, Tenasserim, Nov.

(W. Damson).
Pulo Xocgsa, Nov. ( W. D.).

Bopvin, Teuasserim, Dec.
( W. I).).

Prov. AVellesIey, Strs. Ma-
lacca (Dr. Cantor).

Pinang:, Strs. Malacca {Dr.
Catitor).

Malacca {Dr. Cantor).

Singapore, Nov. 2o ( TV.
Davison).

Cochin China.

Amoy, China, July 1^60 {E.
Sicinhoe).

Amoy, China {E. S.).

South Levte, Philippine Is.,
Oct. (A. II. Everett).

N. Bohol, Philippine Is.,
Nov. {A. H. Everett).

Zamboano:a, Mindanao, Phi-
lippine Is.

Sulu I., N. Borneo {Dr. A.
B. Mei/er).

Balabac I.

La was Eiver.

Labuau, Oct.-Dec, Jan.

Sumatra {Buxton).

Lampong, Sumatra.

Celebes.

Obi I., Moluccas, July

(Ber?istein).
Batchian I., Moluccas {A.

II. Wallace) .
Batchian I., Moluccas (A.

B. W.).
Gilolo, Moluccas {A. B.

W.).
Morotai I., Moluccas

{Bernstein).
Oeram, Moluccas {A. R.

W.).
Amboyna, Moluccas {A.

R. W.).
Amboyna, Moluccas, Jan.
Dobbo, Aru Is.

New Guinea {A. R. Wal-
lace).
New Guinea.
Admiralty Is.

Australia.

Hume Coll,

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Mus. [P.].

India Mus. [P.].

India Mus. [P.].
Hume Coll.

M. E. S. Pierre [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Gould Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exp.
Tweeddale Coll.

Prof. Steere Coll.
H. Veitch Coll.
Everett Coll.

H. Saimders CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

Wallace CoU.

Seebohm CoU.

Seebohm Coll.

Wallace CoU.

Wallace CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
H.M.S. 'ChaUenger'

Exp.
Tweeddale CoU.

Wallace Coll.
H.M.S. 'Challenger'

Exp.
Gould Coll.

^•^, w^. Imm. sk.

.r^. Ad. St.
J/'. Ad. sk.

z'. Juv. St.

«'. Ad. sk.

h\ f '. (f juv. sk.

(V. 2 ad sk.

e'. Ad. sk.

/'. $ad. sk.

^'-/i-^. Ad.,vixad.,
et imm. sk.

I'-n*. Imm. et iuv.
sk. ■*

o\ Juv. St.

p\ Ad. sk.

ly^. (5 vix ad. sk.

>•', s*. Ad. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
M*. c? ad. sk.
V*. Juv. sk.

«■'. Pull. St.
.1-'. Imm. sk.

y». Juv.; =',«'• c? 2

imm. sk.
b'^-d'. (5 $ imm.

sk.

sk. _
/<'. c? imm. sk.

i'. (5 imm. sk.

A;'. 5 imm. sk.

/'. 2 imm. sk.

»t'. 2 ju^'- sk.

«'. c? vix ad. sk.

o\ $ ad. sk.

Cape York, N. Australia

( Cockcrell),
Ilaine Islet, N.E. Australia.
Lizard I., N.E. Australia,

May 12, 1844 (breedinfr).
Clermont I., N.E. Australia,

Sept.
Port Bowen, Queensland.

Port Denison, Queensland,
April {Dr. Coppiiii/fr).

Port Molle, Queensland,
May {Dr. Coppinr/er).

Moreton I., Queensland.

Brisbane Water, Queensland,

August.
New South Wales.

Sydney Heads.

Tasmania.

River Derwent, Tasmania.

South Bruni I., extreme S.
Tasmania, April [Col. W.
V. Legye).

South Australia.

Melbourne.

Port Lincoln, S. Australia.

100 miles off King George
Sound, S.W. Australia
( W. E. P. Saer, M.N.).

Eottnest I., Western Aus-
tralia, Dec. 3, 1839.

Ansevata, New Caledonia,
May (H. L. Layard).

Ovalau, Fiji, June and Nov.
(E. L. L.).

Ovalau, Fiji, Nov. and Jan.
[E. L. L.).

Levuka, Fiji, Mav, Julv,
Aug. {E. L. L.). '

Levuka, Fiji, April (E. L.

Levuka, Fiji.

Mbau, Fiji Is. {J. Bre)ichley).

Ngau, Fiji Is., Oct. [F. M.

Itayner).
Suva, Fiji Is., Oct. [Dr. Cop-

pinger) .
Suva, Fiji Is., Feb. {E. L.

Layard).
Bowditch I., Union Group,

June 20, 1889 {J. J.

Lister).

95

Salvin-Godman Coll.

J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.".
Earl of Derby [P.].

Voy. II.M.S. ' Rattle-
snake.'
J. B. Jukes, Esq.

[P.].
Voy. H.M.S.' Alert.'

Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

Voy. II.M.S. ' Rattle-

Voy.H.M.S.' Rattle-
snake.'
Australian Mus. [P.]

Australian Mus. [P.].

R. Gunn, Esq. [P.].

Gould Coll.

II. Saunders CoU.

Sir G. Grev [P.].
Gould Coll.
Ilume Coll.
II. Saunders CoU.

Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebobm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
H. Sauuders Coll.

H.M.S. 'Challenger'

Exp.
Voy. H.M.S. 'Cu-

ra9ao.'
Voy.H.M.S.' Herald.'

Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

Tweeddale ColL
Seebohm Coll.

96

/>'. c? ad. ; q". 2 Tonoratabii, Friendly Is.,
vix ad. sk. Nov. (Dr. Cojjjnnger).

r^. Imm. sk. Society Islands.

s', i'. 2 vix ad. et Eaiatea, Society Islands,
imm. sk. Nov. (•/. Young).

««% v\ (S 5 ad. sk. Hualieine, Society Islands,
Xov._ (J. Y.).

vf . Ad. sk. Huaheiue.

a*. Skeleton.
y^, s\ Skulls.

Australia.

Australia {Macgillivray).

Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

J. H. Gurney, Esq,

lP-I:

Warwick [Pur-
ckased].

Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'

18. Sterna bernsteini.

Sterna bernsteini, Schleg. Mns. P.-Bas, Sternte, p. 9 (186.3 : Halma-

hera)*; Fimcli, Neu-Guin. p. 18-4 (180.5) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii.

p. 120, no. 11060 (1871) ; Saunders, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 657 (revision

Steminse) : Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 380 (1877) : Sharpe, Phil. Tr.

clxviii. p. 4(53, Rep. Trans. Venus (1879 : Rodriguez) ; Salvad.

Ann. Mns. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 407 (1882) : id. Orn. Papuasia S/'c.

iii. p. 435 (1882) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 336 (Diego Garcia) ;

JE. Newton, Tr. Norw. Soc. iv. p. 553 (1888 : Mascarene Is.).
Thalasseus bernsteini. Bias. J.f. O. 1866, pp. 81 & 86.
Sterna maxima, Milne- Edwards S; Grandidier, H. N. Madaqasc, Ois.

p. 656 (1882).

Adult in ivinter plumage. Forehead and lores white ; crowu, nape,
and long acuminate crest-feathers black mixed with white ; mantLj
very pale grey, even lighter than in S. maxima : primaries similar
in pattern to those of that species, but paler on the outer webs and
with a larger extent of white on the inner webs ; rump and tail-
feathers palest grey ; underparts white : bill olivaceous at the base,
yellower towards the tip ; tarsi and toes black, with a reddish
tinge. Total length 17 inches, culmen 2-6, wing 12'9, tail 5-8,
depth of fork 2-2.5, tarsus 1*2, middle toe with claw 1-3.

Immature. Similar, slightly darker on the upper parts, especially
the centres of the inner secondaries and the webs of the primaries.

The adult in hreeding-plumage is not yet known with certaint}-,
but from the abrupt termination of the black on the forehead in all
the specimens I have examined, there can be little doubt that
Schlegel was right in assuming that this species belongs to the
group with the white frontal band.

Hah. Island of Halmahera (Gilolo) ; Diego Garcia, Chagos
group ; the Seychelles ; the Island of Rodriguez, and probably the
rest of the Mascarene Islands.

a, b. Ad. sk.

c. 5 imm. sk.

d. (S sternum.

Goilon, Island of Rodriguez

{Rev. H. H. Slater).
Seychelles.
I. of Rodriguez.

Transit of Venus Expe-
dition.
SheUey Coll.
Transit of Venus Exped.

Type in Leyden Museum examined.

6. STERNA. 07

19. Sterna frontalis.

? Striated Tern, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. p. 358, pi. 98 (1785 : New Zea-
land ; juv.).

? Sterna striata, G>n. Si/st. Nut. i. p. 009 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.
ii. p. 807 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meih. pt. i. p. 95 (1790).

Sterna striata, Gray, in Dieffenl). Trav. N. Zeal. ii. App. p. 200 (184.")).

? Sterna velox, Gould {nee Cretschm.), P. Z. S. 184:^, p. 140 (Bass
Straits ; imm.).

Sterna frontalis, Gray, Zool. Voy. JEreb. 4" Terror, p. 19, pi. 20*
(1844) ; id. Gen. Ii. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118,
no. 11034 (1871) ; Finseh, J.f. O. 1870, p. 364; id. op. cit. 1872,
p. 253 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 205 (X. Zealand) ; Sutton, Cat. N.
Zeal. B. p. 42 (1871) : id. Ibis, 1872, p. 248 (Chatham Is.) ; Butler,
B. N. Zeal. p. 281 (1873) ; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. ^- Terr., Birds, App.
p. 32 (1875); Saun lers, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 659 (revision); id. Journ.
Linn. iSoc. xiv. p. 402 (1878: distribution); Pamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc.
N.S. W. 1878, p. 201 ; Peischek, Tr. N. Z. Inst. 1886, p. 103 (Little
Barrier I.) : Pamsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. X. S. IF. 1887, p. 1100; id. Tab.
List Austr. B. p. 23 (1888) : Puller, B. Xeic Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 68,
pi. XXX. ti?. 2 (1888) ; North, Nests ^ E(/(/s Austral. B. p. 403 (1889 :
Action I., Entrecasteaux Channel, S.E. Tasmania, breeding) ;
Tristr. Cat. Cull. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Heine ^- Peichewnv, Nomencl. Mus.
Hein. p. 354 (1890) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Senckenb. p. 239
(1891); JViylesw. Abh. zool. Mus. Dr'esd. 1890-91, no. 6, p. 75
(1892) ; H. 0. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 530 (Chatham Is.).

? Gvgis striata, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 185.

Sterna albifrons, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp., Birds, p. 279 (1848).

Sterna melanorhyncha, Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 26 (1848 : Tas-
mania) ; Peichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 346 (1850) ; Gould, Handb.
B. Austr. ii. p. 398 (1865 : partim) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118,
no. 11033 (1871).

Sterna atripes, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7473.

Sterna longipennis (partim), Finsch ^- Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyn.
p. 220 (1867).

Sterna longipennis, i^(wsc7i {nee Nordm.), J. f. O. 1867, p. 339; id.
(correction) op. cit. 1870, p. 365.t

Adult in hreedinci-plumarjc. Lores and lower forehead to the base
of the bill white ; upper forehead, crown, and nape black, the
feathers filamentous and not acuminate ; upper surface very pale
grey, the shafts of the flight- and tail-feathers white ; outer web of
first primary black nearly to the tip, inner web pale grej' next the
shaft and white on the inner margin, the succeeding primaries grey
on their outer webs, otherwise like the first, all of them edged with
white to the tips of the inner webs as in >S'. dougalU ; underparts
pure white, sometimes suffused with a pink tinge, which is
evanescent : bill black ; tarsi and toes reddish brown. Total length
16 to 17 inches, according to the development of the tail-streamers ;
culmen 2*2, wing 11-25, tail 7, depth of fork 4, tarsus 0*85, middle

t " PlIAETUSA ASTROLABiE," Bp. MS,

There is a young .S. frontalis nained as above in the Paris Museum, said to

come from Tongatabu (Quoy & Gaimard's Voy.). Another bird bearing the
same name and from the same locality is S. hergii.

VOL. XXV. H

S8 LARIDiE.

toe inclusive of claw 1-1. The streamers may attain somewhat
greater length in the male, but otherwise the sexes are alike in
plumage.

Adult in winter. Similar, but mottled with white on the forehead
and crown.

Immature. Head mottled with white and brownish black; a
broad band of dark bi'own on the upper wing-coverts, the under
secondaries with patches of the same colour ; primaries ash-grey on
both sides of the shafts ; tail-feathers dark grey on the outer webs
and the terminal portions of the inner webs.

Towuj. Entire head darker, feathers of the upper parts barred
and tipped with brownish black on a buffish-white to grey ground :
bill dark horn-colour ; otherwise similar to the adult.

Fledgling (Otago, Feb. ; coll. Hon. W. Rothschild). Forehead
and crown chiefly dull white, with dark streaks which become
confluent on the nape ; markings on the upper parts paler and
narrower.

Nestling. " Covered with buffy-white down, tinged with fulvous
on the head and neck, and mottled with grey on the back"
(Buller).

Hah. New Zealand ; also {fide E. P. Ramsay) in Bass Straits
and " all along the coast-line of Australia."

a, b. Ad. St. New Zealand {Pamplin). Purchased.

c. Ad. sk. New Zealand. H. Saunders Coll.

d, e. $ ad. sk. New Zealand, Jan. Tweeddale Coll.
/, ff. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir E. Home [P.].

A. Ad. St. ; «'. Juv. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes, K.N.

sk. [P.].

k. cJ ad. sk. Dusky Bay, New Zealand. Capl. Stokes, E.N.

[P.].

/. 5 ad. st. Port Cooper, New Zealand. F. Strange [C.].

m, n. Ad. ; o. Imm. ; Otago, New Zealand. II. Saunders Coll.

p. Juv. sk.

g. S ad. sk. Otago. Hume Coll.

r. fjad.sk. Dunedin, New Zealand, April. Hume Coll.

s. 2 ^d. sk. Dunedin, New Zealand, Oct. Hume Coll.

t. Ad. ; II. Juv. Wellington, New Zealand. H. Saunders CoU.

sk.

V. Sk. Auckland Islands. Gould Coll.

w, Juv. sk. New South Wales. Australian Mus. [P.].

20. Sterna aleutica.

Sterna aleutica, Baird, Trans. Chicago Acad. 1869, p. 321, pi. 31.
fig. 1 (Alaska) ; Dall Sf Bann. torn. cit. p. .307 (Kodiak, Alaska) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11037 (1871) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.
187(3, p. 664 (revision Sterninae) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. pp. 403
& 405 (1878: distribution); Coues, Key, p. 322 (1872); id. B.
N.- West, p. 696 (1874) ; Bidgio. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21,
p. 53 (1881) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 124 (1882) ; Nelson,
Cruise * Corxoin^ p. 109 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 768 (1884); Baird, Brewer, 4'- Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer.

6. STERNA. 99

ii. p. .307 (1884) ; Turner, Rep. Alaska, p. 127 (1886) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 94 (1886); Ridgio. Man. N. Amer. B.
p. 45 (1887) ; Ndmn, Rep. Alaska, p. 60 (1887) ; Seebohm, B. Japan.
Emp. p. 299 (1890 : Inuboye) ; Allen, Auk, 1893, p. 123. _ _
Sterna camtschatica, "Pallas,''^ Finsch, Ahh. nat. Ver. Brem. 'in. p. 85
(1882: nee Pallas).

Adult in hreedincj-plumaiie. Centre of forehead and backwards to
the eye white ; below, a black loral streak from the maxilla to the
eye; crown and nape black; mantle slate-grey, the secondaries edged
with white ; primaries darker grey, the outer web of the first
blackish, shafts white, a dark line next the shaft on each inside web
and running up the inner margin, white wedges to the four outer
primaries ; rump and tail pure white, streamers long and pointed ;
under tail- and under wing-coverts white ; abdomen and breast
pale slate-grey ; chin and lower cheeks white : bill and feet black.
Total length 13-5 inches, culmen 1-6, wing 10-75, tail 6'5 to 7,
depth of fork 3"5-4, tarsus 0-75, middle toe with claw 1. The
sexes appear to be alike in plumage.

Adult in winter. Similar to the above, with rather more white on
the forehead.

Immature, unknown to me. In a s])ecimen obtained on August
23rd, 1879, a few sandy-white margins to the tips of some of the
feathers of the mantle can be detected, and the general plumage
is dull ; otherwise the bird is like an adult, with well-developed,
though abraded, streamers ; the lower mandible slightly reddish
at the base.

Young (Sept. 1). Forehead and crown brown, with blackish
streaks, which become confluent on the nape ; feathers of the
mantle chiefly black, deeply edged mth rufous buff, flight-feathers
dark grey ; rump and tail grey, the outer webs of the exterior pair
of rectrices white, all the feathers tipped with buff ; underparts dull
white, with some clove-brown on the upper breast and sides of the
neck : bill and feet ochre-yeUow.

Nestling (No. 97160, St. Michael's, Alaska, July 29th, 1880;
E. W. Nelson). " Above rather light sooty brown, confusedly
marbled or mottled with dusky, the head with the light brown pre-
dominating, and the dusky markings more distinct. Forehead,
chin, entire throat, and sides of the neck uniform sooty slate ;
jugulum and breast pure white ; sides, flanks, abdomen, and anal
region sooty grey. liill pale yellowish brown (flesh-colour in life),
with black tip; legs and feet pale yellowish brown (flesh-colour in
life?)" (Waler-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 307). Mr. Nelson goes on to
describe No. 97162, which is now in the B.M. coll., and shows the
points in which it diff'ers from the above. The specimen in question
has been labelled " *S'. macrura " and subsequently " S. aJeutica ?";
and it is exactly like downy nestlings of the Arctic Tern from
Europe and from St. iLichaers, Alaska. There is also in the British
Museum a nestling obtained by Mr. C. Drexler on St. Paul's I.,
July 2oth, which agrees better with Mr. Nelson's description, while
it is unlike the nestling of an Arctic Tern, or indeed any other

h2

100 LAEIDJE.

Iforthern species. If not S. aleutica, I can only suggest that it may-
be the young of S. loivjipennis, not yet known in this stage.
• Hah. Coast and islands of Alaska ; also Asiatic side of Bering
Sea, and South-east Japan.

a. 5 ad. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska, Aug. H. Saunders Coll.

[L. M. Turner),
b-d, c? 2 ad. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska, June- Salvin-Godman Coll.

July (i. M.T.).
e-n. (S , o-q. 5 St. Michael's, Alaska, June- Salvin-Godman Coll.

ad. sk. July {E. W. Nelson).

r. Pull. sk. [?] ; s- St. Michael's, Alaska, July Salvin-Godman Coll.

u. 2 ad.; v-z. 29-Sept. 1 {E. W. N.).

Juv. sk.
a'. Ad. sk. Inaboye, off Yedo, Japan. Seehohm Coll.

21. Sterna lunata.

Sterna lunata, Peak, U.S. E.vpl. Kvp., Birds, p. 277 (1848 : Vincennes
I., Paumotu Group) ; Hartl. Wierpn. Arch. 1852, p. 125 ; id. J. f. O.
1854, p. 170 ; Cassin, U.S. Krpl. Kvp., Birds, p. 382 (1858) ; Gray,
Cat. B. Trop. Is. p. 59 (1859) ; Schlegel, Mas. P.-B., Sternas, p. 27
(1863 : Halmahera) ; Finsch k Hartl. Faun. Centralpulyn. p. 231,
pi. xiii. fig. 3 (1867 : McKean's Is.) ; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867. p. 831
(Pelew Is.) ; Hartl. Hf Finsch, op. cit. 1868, pp. 4, 9, & 118 : Scl.
op. cit. 1869, p. 124 (Solomon Is.) ; Hartl. (^- P'insch, op. cit. 1872,
pp. 90 & 113 (Pelew and Mackenzie Is.) ; Finsch, Journ. Mus.
Godefr. Hft. viii. p. 41 (1875 : Pelew Is.) ; Rosenb. Reistocht.
Geelvinkb. p. 9 (1875) ; Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393_ (Fiji Is.) ;
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 665 (revision) ; id. Journ. Linn. Sac. xiv.
p. 404 (1878 : distribution) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1882. p. 144 (Solomon
Is.) ; Stej7i. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. sii. p. 379 (1889 : Kaui I.) ;
Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 296 & 300 (Phcenix Group).

Haliplana lunata, Coues, Ibis, 1864, p. 392 ; Bins. J. f. 0. 1866. p. 80 :
Cones, B. N.- W. pp. 698 & 703 (1874 : critical) ; Rothsch. Avif.
Laysan ^-c. i. p. 37, pi. (1893).

Hydrochelidou lunata. Gray, Hand-IB. iii. p. 122, no. 11081 (1871).

Onychoprion luuatus, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 409
(1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia ^c. iii. p. 451 (1882) ; Vorderm. Nat.
Tijdschr. Nederl. Lid. li. p. 247 (1891 : S. Sumatra) | ?] ; Wiglesw.
Abh. k. Mus. Dresd. 1890-91, no. vi. p. 76 (1892).

Adult in h'eeding-pjlumage. Centre of forehead and the super-
ciliary line thence to behind the eye white ; loral stripe, crown, and
nape black ; hind neck grey ; mantle and tail-coverts dark slate-
grey, the secondaries not tipped with white but only greyish white
on their inner webs ; primaries chiefly smoke-grey, with white
" wedges " to the centres of the inner webs, shafts brown ; tail-
feathers chiefly smoke-grey, except at their bases which are whitish,
the outer pair quite white on the exterior webs and only grej^ for
about 2 inches from the tips of the inner webs ; underparts white :
bill black ; tarsi and toes reddish black, the inner webs considerably
excised, the toes slender, the claws rather long and curved. Total
length 15 inches, culmen 1"9, wing 10-5, tail 6'75, depth of fork
2'7, tarsus O'S, middle toe with claw 1*25.

6. STERNA. 101

Aduh in winter jihmiaye. Similar to the above, with more white
on the forehead.

Immature. Head mottled with black and white ; mantle and tail
with rather a brownish tiuge to the grey ; the usual dark line along
tho upper wiug-coverts ; otherwise like the above.

Yoiiiuj. Forehead, head, and sides of neck mottled and streaked
with black on a stone-whito ground ; feathers of the mantle brownish
grey, broadly tipped with dull white ; uuderparts white : bill, tarsi,
and toes horn-brown.

Ilah. Paumotu Is. (Low Archipelago), Society Is., Fiji Group,
Phoenix Is., Hawaiian Group, Laysau and Kruseustern Is., Caroline
and Pelew Is., Moluccas, Solomon Is., and probably the intermediate
islands of the Pacific.

a. Juv. sk. Solomon Islands. P. L. Sclater, Esq.

[P.].

b. Imm. sk. Tahiti {A. Garrett). H. Saunders Coll.

c. ^ ad. sk. Phreuix Islands, .Tune. J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.l.

d. Ad. sk. Hawaii [Knudsen). Prof. R. Collett [P.].

e. f. Ad. sk. Krusenstern Is , spring ( 0. Seebohm Coll.

Snoiu).

22. Sterna ansestheta.

L'llirondelle de mer de Tlsle de Panay, Son7i. Voy. Nouv. Guin.
p. 12.5, pi. 84 (1776).

L'Hirondelle de mer des Philippines, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. viii.
p. .344 (1783).

Panayan Tern, Latk. Gen. Stpt. iii. pt. 2, p. 363 (178.J : e.r Sonn.).

Sterna aiisestheta *, Scop. i)el. Faun, et Flor. Ins. i. p. 92, no. 72
(1786 : e.v 8on7i.) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 323 (1872) ; legge,
Str. F. 187o, p. 377 ; Hume, op. cit. 1876, p. 474 (Laccadives) ;
Butler, op. cit. 1877, p. 301 (Mekran Coast) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.
1876, p. 664 (revision) ; id. op. cit. 1877, p. 43 ; id. Zool. 1877,
p. 213 (Mouth of Tliames ?); id. Journ.Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 404 (1878 :
distribution) ; Itamsdy, Fr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 201 ; id.
op. cit. 1879, p. 302 (New Guinea) ; id. op. cit. 1880, p. 102 (New
Guinea) ; Oustal. Bull. Soc. Philomath. 1878, p. 196 (Seychelles") ;
Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 272 (Ellice Is.) ; Hume, Str. F. 1879,
pp. 71 & 116 ; id. op. cit. ix. p. 96 (1880 : Malabar Coast) ; Leqge,
B. Ceiilon, 1). 1040 (18S0) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 21.">, pi. (1880) ;
I{id(/w. null. U.S. Xat. Mus. no. 21, p. o3 (1881) ; Milne-Edwards
lV Grand. H. N. Madaq., Ois. p. 658 (1882) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl.
Coll. p. 626 (1882); Gates, B. Burm. ii. p. 431 (188.3); Sharpe,
Bep. Vol/. 'Alert; p. 28 (1884: Torres Str.); Baird, Brewer, Sr
Bidf/zv. 'Watcr-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 316 (1884) ; Wells, Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mws. ix. p. 632 (1886 : I. of Grenada) : Eidyw. Man.
N. Amer. B. p. 46 (1887) : F. Newt. Tr. Norf. ^- Norw. iv. p. 553
(1888: Mascarene Is.); E. P. Ramsay, Tab. List, p. 23 (1888) ;
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889) ; Cory, B. West Ind. p. 278 (1889) ;
Everett, B. Borneo, p. 211 (1889) ; North, Nests 8f Eggs Austr. B.
p. 356 (1889) ; Gates, 2nd ed. Hume's Nests ^ Eggs Ind. B. iii.

* Originally " Sterna anaethetus" many of the older writers maintaining that
Sterna was masculine ; subsequently anosfhce/iis, aiKestheta, &c. I have put
chein all together as synonyms identical in meaning.

102

p. 300 (1890) ; Seehohm, B. Jajian. Emp. p. 301 (1890) ; J. B.

Young, Ibis, 1891, p. 147 (Red Sea ; breeds) ; Hartert, Kat.

Vogehamm. Senckenb. p. 238 (1891) ; Walker, Ibis, 1892, p. 256

(N.W. Australia: breeds) ; Cory, Cat. W. Ind. B. p. 83 (1892) ;

Barnes, Ibis,_ 1893, p. 178 (Aden) ; Hartert, t. c. p. 310 (Aruba I.,

breeds) ; Eeichenow, Vog. Deutsch.-O.-Afr. p. 21 (1894 : Formosa

Bay, near Witu).
Sterna panayensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 607 (1788) ; Baffles, Tr. Linn. Soc.

xiii. p. 329 (1821) ; ScJiIeg. Mm. P.-B., Sterns, p. 26 (1863) ;

Bosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxv. p. 256 (1863) ; id. J.f. 0.

1864, p. 138; 'ScJd. ^- Pollen, Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 148 (1868) ;

Blanf. Geol. 4' Zool. Abyss, p. 441 (1870: Eed Sea); Cab. Sf

Beichenoiv, J. f. O. 1876, p. 328.
Sterna panaya, Lath. Ind. Orn. p. 808 (1790) ; Stepk. in Shaw's Gen,

Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 157 (1826) ; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 198 ; id.

Cat. B. Neiu Guin. p. 63 (1859) ; Hevgl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861,

p. 31 (Red Sea) ; Hartl. Si Finsch, Faun. Ceyitralpohjn. p. 228, t. iv.

figs. 1-3, eggs (18G7) ; Dole, Pr. Post. Soc. N. H. p. 306 (1869 :

Sandwich Is.) ; Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 305 (1870 : Massowa) ;

Finsch ^ Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 883 (1870) ; Layard, P. Z. S.

1876, p. 497 (Levuia) ; id. op. cit. 1879, p. 365 ; Fischer ^■

Beicheno2v, J.f. O. 1878, p. 247 (Zanzibar).
Sterna antarctica. Lesson, Traite, p. 621, ex Cuvier, MS. (1831 : He

de France and Calcutta) {nee Waqler, 1832) ; Pucheran, Bev.

Zool. 1850, p. 541 (critical) ; Hartl J.f. O. 1855, p. 419 ( = " S.

panayensis ").
Sterna melanoptera, Swainson, B. W. Afr. ii. p. 249 (1837) * ; Gray,

Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Allen 4- thomps. Exp. Niger, i. p. 167

(1848) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 255 (1857) ; Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1866,

p. 331 (Ilha do Principe).
Haliplana panayensis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 190 ; Licht. Nomencl. Av.

p. 97 (1854 : Bengal) ; Bp. C. B. xiii. p. 772 (1856) ; Hartl. Faun.

Madag. p. 86 (1861 : He de France) ; Salviti, Ibis, 1866, p. 199 ;

Blasius, J. f 0. 1866, p. 80 ; E. Neivtoyi, Ibis, 1867, p. 359

(Seychelles) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 388 (1877).
Hydrocecropis melanoptera [Sicains.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
Hydrocecropis panayensis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179.
? Haliplana keri, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 190.

Sterna fuligula, Licht. in Forst. Descr. An. p. 276, note (1844).
Melanosterna anasthetus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 373 (1846 : type

of genus).
Sterna fuliginosa (partim). Gray, Gen. B. iii, p. 659 (1846).
Onychoprion panaya, Goidd, B. Austr. vii. pi. 33 (1848) ; Beichenb,

VUg. Neuholl. p. 348 (1850); Macgill. Narr. Voy. ^Rattlesnake,' ii.

p. 359 (1852) ; Krefft, Ibis, 1862, p. 192.
Onychoprion ansesthetus, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 293 (1849) ;

Layard, Ann. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 271 (1854 : Ceylon) ;

Jerdo7i, B. Ind. iii. p. 844 (1864) : Walden, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 104

(1872) ; Ball, Sir. F. 1873, p. 90 (Andaman Is.) ; Hwne, t. c.

p. 320; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 374 (1874); Walden, Ibis, 1874,

p. 149 (Andaman Is.) ; id. Tr. Z. S. ix. pp. 244 & 262 (1877) ;

Wardlaic-Ramsay, Tweedd. Mem. p. 660 (1881 : Philippines) ;

Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 408 (1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia

^■c. iii. p. 449 (1882) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 52 (Timor Laut) ;

Type in Cambridge Museum examined.

6. STERNA. 103

Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 207 (1884 : Java) ;

jff. 0. Forbes, op. cit. 1884, p. 434 (Timor Laut) ; W. Blasim,

Braimschw. Anz. 1888, p. 96; id. Ornis, 1888, p. 634 (Gt. San-

ghir I.) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 419 (1889 :

Sumatra) ; Salvad. ^- Gigl. Mem. Aec. Tor. xxxix. p. 104 (1889 :

Somali Coast) ; Salvad. Ayr/iimte Orn. Papuasia ^-c. pt. iii. p. 212

(1891) ; Wiglesio. Abh. k. Mus. Dresdeyi, 1890-91, no. vi. p. 76

(1892: Polynesia).
Sterna infuscata, Heitgl. Ibis, 18o9, p. 3ol {nee Licht.) ; id. in

Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 32 (Red Sea),
Ilaliplana panaya, Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 381 ; Coues, t. c. p. 391

(Brit. Honduras).
Ilaliplana discolor, Coues, Ibis, 1864, p. 392 (Brit. Honduras) ;

Lmvr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 104 (1864 : Sombrero I.) ; Elliot,

New S,- Unpj. B. N. Amer. ii. pi. 57 (1869).
Sterna nubilosa, Sundev. {nee Sparrm.) K. Vet.-Akad, Stockh. Fork.

1869, p. 589 (St. Bartholomew, W. Ind.).
Sterna panayana, Swink. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 603 (Hakodadi, Japan )t,
Hydrochelidon anosthffitus, Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 122, no. 11080

\1871).
Ilaliplana ansestheta, Simnn. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 422 ; David ^- Oustal.

Ois. Chine, p. 528 (1877); Heine Sf Peichenozo, Nomencl. Mus.

Hein. p. 356 (1890).
Onychoprion panayensis, Scl. 8f Salv. P, Z. S. 1871 , p. 572 ; iid.

Nomencl. Ai\ Neotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Zeledon, Cat. Aves Costa

Pica, p. 36 (1882).
Ilydroclielidon infuscata, Hengl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1512 & p. ccvi

(nee p. 1457, which is S.fulir/inosa) (1873).
Hydrochelidon anctsthetus, Heuf/l. Orn. N. O.-Afr. p. 1453 (1873) :

Rochebr. Faun. Seneq., Ois. p.338 (1884).
Sterna (Ilaliplana) anrestheta, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 701 (1874).
Sterna ansesthetica, Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 124 (1882) ; id.

Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 769 (1884),

Adult in hreeding-plumage. Head as in the preceding species ;
loral stripe black ; upper forehead, crown, and nape black ;
shoulders slate-grey, passing into dark gre3-ish brown on the
mantle : no visible white on the secondaries ; primaries umber-
brown, shafts black, the " wedges " on the inner webs very narrow
and not sharply defined ; rump and principal tail-feathers greyish
brown like the mantle, but the streamers white on the outer and
the upper portions of the inner webs, and the next pair of rectrices
whitish at their bases ; abdomen and breast grejdsh white ; under
wing-covcrts and throat pure white : bill, tarsi, and toes black, the
inner webs of the latter considerably excised. Total length
14-15 inches, culmen 1-8, wing about 10-3, tail 7-5, depth of
fork 4, tarsus 0-8, middle toe with claw 1-2. The sexes are alike
in plumage.

Adidt in winter pluinaf/e. Similar to the above, but the lores and
crown mottled with white for a short time.

Immature. Generally similar, but with more white on the head
whitish tips to the feathers of the back, which, when fresh, are
somewhat grey : a dark line along the upper wing-coverts, and less
white on the outCx rectrices. Full plumage is not attained until
the bird is at least two years old.

104

Young. Head streaked aud mottled with brownish black ; feathers
of the upper parts dark brown with rufous tips, which subsequently
become paler, approaching white, and finally wear awaj" ; underparts
greyish white ; bill and toes brownish.

Adults from the West Indies show a trifle more white in the
outer tail-feathers than is the case with some Oriental examples,
but birds from the Red Sea are absolutely identical with the
former.

Hab. Intertropical and juxta-tropical seas : — Gulf of Mexico and
West Indies J West Africa, Lower Eed Sea, East Africa, Mada-
gascar and Mascarene Islands, and Indian Ocean generally ;
Moluccas, China Seas up to Japan, Pelew Is. &c., New Guinea,
Iforthern Australia, the Fiji, Tonga, EUice, and Phoenix Groups.
In the Low Archipelago and in the Sandwich Islands Group the
representative appears to be S. lunata.

«. Imm. sk.

h. Imm. sk.

c, d. Ad. et juv.

St.

e. Vi.x ad. sk.

f,g. 6^ ad. sk.
h-k. S $ ad. sk.

I, m. S ad. sk.

71, o. Ad. sk.

j>. Ad sk.
q. Imm. sk.

r, s. cJ 5 ad. sk.
t. Vix ad. sk.

u-iv. cj ad. et imm.

sk.
.r. Vix ad. sk.
y. cS juv.; z-7i'.

cJ 2 iiim- sk.
o'. 2 juv. sk.

p'. Juv. sk.

</', )•'. S 2 imui.

sk.
s. Juv. sk.
t', u'. Ad. etimm.

sk.
v'. 2 ad. ; w'. J

juv. sk.
i'. 2 imm. ; y'. c?

juv. sk.

Massowa, Red Sea, Aug. Tweeddale Coll.

( TV. Jesse).
Red Sea {Capt. Feilden, R.A.)
Red Sea.

Red Sea (Semprich ^- Ehren-

berg).
Red Sea, April {A.Anderson).
Red Sea (southern part), May

(A. B. Meyer).
Red Sea, off Perim I., Aug. 31

( W. T. Blanford).
Gulf of Aden, April {E. Lort

Phillijis).
Gulf of Aden, April.
Mozambique.

Sevchelles.

Bird I., Seychelles (Br. Cop-

pinger).
Mekran Coast, May-June

{Col.E. A. Butler).
Mekran Coast (Capt. Bishop).
Cherbaniani Reef, Laccadive

Is., Feb. (A. O. H.).
Off Laccadive Is., 10° N.,

70° E. (G. Stephen).
Indian Ocean, 5° 28' N.,

63° 53' E.,Nov. {H.O.Forbes)
Off Cape Comorin, Sept.

{Douker).
Ceylon.
Ceylon {Col.W. V.Legge).

Trincomalee, N.E. Cevlon,
April & Dec. ( W. T. L).

Colombo, Ceylon, May &
Oct. ( W. V.^L.)

H. Saunders Coll.
J. Middleton, Esq.

[P.].
Shelley Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.

Abyssinian Exped.

Shelley CoU,

Major Yerbury [P.].
— Thompson, Esq.

[C.].
Shelley Coll.
Yoy.H.M.S.' Alert.'

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.

H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.

Tweedilile CoU.
H. Saunders Coll.

R. B. Sbai-pe, Esq,

[R].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].

6. STEENA.

105

«'. (J ad. ; a', b".

S juv. sk.
c". Imm. sk.

d''. Juv. .sk.
e". 2 ad. sk.

/". Imm. sk.
g"- 2 juv. sk.

h". Imm. sk.
i". 5 imm. sk.

k". Juv. St.

Z". (5 juv. sk.

m"-o". S 2 '^J^^-

sk.
^". Imm. sk.
g". Juv. sk.
r". Juv. sk.
s", t''. Imm, sk.
u". Juv. sk.
t;". Juv. sk.
w". d" ad. sk.

a.-". 2 ad. sk.

y". cJ ad. sk.

s". Ad. St.

a\ Ad. sk.

b\ Ad. sk.
c^. Ad. sk.
d\ Ad. sk.

e^ 2 acl- sk.

/^ i^i Ad. sk.

k^. (S juv. sk.

i^. c? ad. sk.

IcP. 2 iujni. sk.

/^. cJ iuim. sk.

m'. Imm. sk.
w'. Ad. sk.

0*. Juv. sk.

Colombo, Cevlon, May, Oct.,
& Nov. ( jr. V. L.).

Nagapatam River, Cacbar,
Feb. {J. Im/lis).

"India " (Madras?).

Madras Coast, May ( If. Da-
vison).

Bay of Benfral.

Between Calcutta and Ran-
goon, Oct. ( IF. Davi.wn).

South Andaman I.

South Andaman I., March
(R. G. W. R.).

" Indian Archipelago."

Between Penang and Malacca,

Nov. ( If. Davison).
Madura Straits, X. Java^ Jan.

( Conrad ) .
Salayer, Celebes.
Ceram.

E. Ceram {A. R. Wallace).
E. Ceram {A. R. IF.).
Waigiou {A. R. W.).
Waigiou {A. R. W').
Tenimber Id., Sept.

N. coast of New Guinea (A.
■ R. Wallace).
N.W. Australia, Sept.

Iloutman's Abrolhos,W. Aus-
tralia.
Between Australia and New

Zealand.
[Australia ?1

" Solitary Island " (? Gilbert).
Bramble Cav, N. Australia,

May 6, 1845 {J. Macgilli-

rray).
Moreton Bay, Queensland,

Jan. 184o (J. Macr/illivray).
Cape York (Cockerell).
Darulev I., Torres Straits,

March 2-), 184.5 (/. Muc-

(/illivraij).
Prince of Wales Channel,

Ton-es Straits, Sept. {Dr.

Coppinger).
Booby I., Torres Straits, Aug.

(Dr. Coppinger).
Ovalau, Fiji Islands, Jan. 27

(E. L. Lagard).
Ellice Islands.
I'elew or West Caroline Is.

{Kiibary).
Chma.

II. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.

T.C.Jerdon,Esq.[P.].
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hon. E. India Co.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
WaUace Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Wallace Coll.
Wallace Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. O. Forbes, Esq.

[C.].
Tweeddale CoU.

P. W. Bassett-Smith,

Esq. [P.].
Gould CoU.

J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.].

Sir G. Grey [P.].

Gould Coll.

Earl of Derby [P.].

Voy.H.M.S.' Rattle-
snake.'
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Earl of Derby [P.].

Voy. II.M.S. ' Alert.'

Yoy.H.M.S.' Alert.'

Seebohm Coll.

Whitmee CoU.
II. Saunders CoU.

G. T. Lay, Esq. [P.].

106

p^. Imm. sk.

q'. Juv. sk.
r'. Ad. sk.

s\

JllV

St.

t'

Ad.

sk.

u"

6]

nv.

• v

-.r3.

S9.

imm. sk.

f

c?j

LIV.

sk.

z"

imm

sk

bK

2

c'-

'e\ 6 ?

ad.

sk.

Seebohm Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hakodadi, N. Japan, Nov. 4,

I860 ( C. Collingivood 4- R.

Swinhoe).
Cape Canaveral, Florida ( W.

Hoxie).
Clarence Harbour, Bahamas

{Cory).
Jamaica {Osburn).
Eedonda I., Lesser Antilles

(Spence).
Guadeloupe I., Lesser Antilles,

Sept. (C. S. Winch).
St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles,

July (D. W. S)7l{fh).
Grenada, Lesser Antilles, Sept.

(Z). jr. Smith).
Southern Water and Saddle

Cays, Britisli Honduras,

May 16 (O. Sahin).

23. Sterna fuliginosa.

L'Hirondelle de mer brune, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 220, pi. xxi. fig. 1
(1760: juv.).

? Sterna fuscata, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 228 (1766) ; Gm. Si/sf. Nat.
i. p. 610 ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 807 (1790) ; Vieill. Enc. Method, i,
p. 95 (1823).

L'Hirondelle de mer a grande envergure, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii.
p. 345 (1783).

Sooty Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 352 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist.
X. p. 102, pi. clxxiv. (1824 : Christmas Id.).

Egg-Bird, Cooke's 3rd Voy. ii. p. 188 (1784: Christmas Id.,
breeding).

Simple Tern, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 356 (1785).

Brown Tern, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 359 (1785 : Cayenne) ; id.
Gen. Hist. x. p. 129 (1824 : juv.).

Dusky Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 360 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist.
X. p. 129 (1824 : I. of S. Domingo, a very young bird).

Sterna fuliginosa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 605 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn.
p. 804 (1790) ; Licht. Cat. Rerian nat. rar. p. 27 (1793) ; Wilson,
Amer. Orn. viii. p. 145, pi. 72. fig. 1 (1814) ; Bp. Obs. Nomencl.
Wilson, no. 245 (1826) ; Sfeph. iyi Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1,
p. 164 (1826) ; Bp. Ann. Lye. N. T. ii. p. 355 (1828) ; Lesson,
Traite, p. 622 (1831) ; Jard.\d. Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 182
(1832) ; Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 284 (1834) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr.
iii. (1835) p. 263, v. (1839) p. 641 ; id. Synops. p. 317 (1839) ; Gould,
Syn. B. Austr. pt. 2, pi. tig. 1 (1837) ; D'Orbiqn. in Sagra's Hist.
Nat. Cuba,^. 215(1839); Temm. ^- Schleg.' F. Japon. p. 133,
pi. 89 (1842) ; Audub. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 90, pi. 432
(1844) ; Gray, List Anseres Brit. 3Ius. p. 177 (1844) ; id. Ge)i. B.
iii. p. 659 (1846: partim) ; Reiehenb. Natat. tab. xxii. fig. 828
(1848) ; J. F. Natim. Naumannia, 1851, Bd. ii. p. 15 (Anhalt) ;
Yarr. Brit. B., 2nd Suppl. p. 50 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.
p. 254 (1857) ; Cassin, Orn. U.S. Explor. Exped. p. 386 (1858) ;
Baird, Cass., ^- Laivr. B. N. Amer. p. 861 (1858) ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1859, p. 166 (New Caledonia) ; Jones, Nat. Bermuda, p. 91
(1859) ; Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 350 (Lower Red Sea and Somali
Coast) ; Nawn. Vog. Deutschl., Anhang, xiii. p. 267, Taf. 387

I

6. STERNA. 107

(1860) ; Schleq. Mus. P.-B., Sternre, p. 25 (1866) ; Dressei; Ibis,
1866, p. 44 (Texas) ; Deffl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 462 (1867) ;
Finsch S,- Hartl. Faun. Centralpolyti. p. 225 (1867) ; Sperling,
Ibis, 1868, p. 286 (Ascension) ; Sunder. K. Vet.-Ahad. Stockh.
Fork. 1869, p. 582 (St. Bartholomew) ; Finsch S^- Hartl. Vog. Ost-
Afr. p. 8:il (1870) ; Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 106 (St. Helena) ;
Cones, Key !<!. Amer. B. p. 322 (1872) ; Harting, Handb. Brit. B.
p. 169 (1872) ; Felzeln, Ibis, 1873, p. 123 (? type of Latham's
Sooty Tern from Dalrymple Bay) ; Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr.
1876, Hft. xii. p. 39 (Fiji, &c.) ; Legge, Str. F. iii. p. 378 (IST'e) ;
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 666 (revision) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii.
p. 307, pi. 587 (1877) ; Merriam, B. Connecticut, p. 134 (1877 :
five occurrences) ; Htmte, Str. F. iv. (1877) p. 477 (Lacca-
dive Isl., breeding) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 796 (Ascension &
Eaine Is.) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 404 (1878: distribution) ;
E. P. Ramsag, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 201 ; Sharjje,
Pep. Trans. Venus (Rodriguez), Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 464 (1879) ;
Saunders, Rept. H.M.S. ' Challenger,' ii. Birds, p. 136 (1880) ;
Oustal. Bull. Soc. Philom. 1878, p. 194 (Seychelles) ; Fischer ^
Reichenoiv, J.f. O. 1878, p. 247 (Zanzibar) ; Penrose, Ibis, 1879,
p. 277 (Ascension) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 15 (New Britain) ;
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1036 (1880) ; Cory.. B. Bahamas, p. 214
(1880) ; Deane, Bull. Autf. Orn. CI. 1880, p. 60 (Maine) ; Tristr.
Ibis, 1881, p. 252 (ilarquesas) ; Finsch, f. c. p. 540 (New Britain) ;

A. !$• E. Neioton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 117 (1881) ; Ridgio.
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53, no. 691 (1881) ; Salvin, Cat.
Strichl. Coll. p. 626 (1882) ; Coue.% Chech-l. N. Amer. B. p. 124
(1882) ; Oates, B. Brit. Bnrm. ii. p. 432 (18a3) ; Cory, B.
S. Domingo, p. 181 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 768 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer.
ii. p. 312 (1884) ; Saunders, -ith ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 562
(1884) ; Seehohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 292 (1885) ; Crowfoot, Ibis,
1885, p. 266 (Norfolk I., breeding) ; A. O. U. Check-l. p. 95,
no. 75 (1886) ; Wells, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mu.s. ix. p. 632 (1886 :
Grenada, breeding) ; Sautiders, P Z. S. 1886, p. 6 (Bath) ; id.
t. c. p. 337 (Diego Garcia) ; Fi7isch f Bias. Ornis, 1887, p. 370,
pis. 1, 2 (Diego Garcia) ; MacFarl. Ibis, 1887, p. 213 (Fanning Is.,
breeding) ; id. f. c. p. 214 (.Jarvis Id.) ; Ridgiv. Man. N. Amer. B.
p. 45 (1887) ; E. Newton, Tr. Norf. Si Norw. iv. p. 553 (1888:
Mascarene Is.) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. pp. 392, 414 (1888 :
Southern Loo-choo Is.) : Beckham, t. c. p. 644 (Texas) ; Everett,

B. Borneo, p. 211 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 637 (1889) ;
Cory, B. West Ind. p. 279 (1889) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii.
p. 379 (1889 : Hawaii) ; North, Nest's S) Ei/gs Austr. B. p. 357
(1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Seebohm, B.Japan. Emp.
p. 302 (1890) : Oates, -Ind ed. Hume's Nests Sf Eqgs Ind. B. iii.
p. 303 (1890) ; J. B. Young, Ibis, 1891, p. 145 (Morant Cays,
Jamaica); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamm. Senckenb. p. 238 (1891);
Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 300, 496 (Phoenix gi-oup) ; Cory, Cat. B.

West Ind. p. 83 (1892) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 178 (Aden &

Somali, breeding) ; Reichenow, Vog. Deutsch.-O.-Afr. p. 2 (1894 :

Mafia, breeds).
Sterna spadicea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 610 (1788) : Lath. Ind. Orn.

ii. p. 807 (1790) ; BoJinat. Eric. Meth. i. p. 96 (1701) ; Gray, Gen.

B.iii. p. 659 (1846).
Sterna infuscata, Licht. I'erz. Dould. p. 81 (1823: East Indies) *.

* Type in Berlin Museum examined.

108

Anous ? fuscatus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zuol. xiii. pt. 1, p. 141
(1826: jiiv.).

Anous? spadicea, Steph. ia Shale's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 143
(1826: imm.).

Sterna oaliuensis, Blojham, Toy. '■ Blonde J p. 251 (1826 : Oahu).

Sterna serrata, Wagler, Natiirl. Syst. Amphih. p. 89, note (1830 :
e:v R. Forster MS.) ; Forster, Descr. Anhn. p. 276 (1844 : New
Caledonia) ; Reichenb. Natat. Novit. Ixix. t. 332. figs. 3635-3637
(1850) ; Pelz. Eeis. Novara, Vog. p. 154 (1865 : Indian Ocean).

Onyclioprion serratu.?, Wayler, Isis, 1832, p. 277 (type of genus).

Planetis guttatus, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1222 Ctype of genus : based
on ;S'. quttata, J. R. Forster's MS.) ; Forst. Descr. An. p. 211
(1844)'; cf. Gray, List Genera, p. 79 (1840) & p. 100 (1841 :
"similar to a word used in Entomology"); Boie, Isis, 1844,
p. 189.

Haliplana fuliginosa, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 1224 (tjqie of genus) ;
Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 190 ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 97 (1854 : Arabia);
Bj}. C. it. xli. p. 1112 (1855: Marquesas Is.) ; id. op. cit. xiii.
p. 772 (1856) ; Coties, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1862, p. 556 ; id. Ibis,
1864, p. 392 ; Salvin, Ibis, 1864, pp. 385, 392 (Brit. Honduras) ;
id. op. cit. 1866, p. 200 ; Laivr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 184
(1865 : Nicaragua) : Bias. J.f. O. 1866, p. 81 (revision) ; Coues,
B. N.-West,^. 698 (1874); Gundl. Orn. Cuba, -p. 311 (1876);
Hartl. Vog. Madagasc. p. 388 (1877): David Sr Oustal. Ois.
Chine, p. 528 (1877) ; Layard, Ibis, 1882, p. 541 (New Cale-
donia) ; Heine Sf Beichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 350 (1890) ;
Rothsch. Avif. Laysan c^-c. i. p. 39, pi. of nesting-place (1893).

Sterna melanura, Gould, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 156 (New South Wales,
juv.) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846).

Hydrocbelidon fuliginosa, Bji. Coynp. List B. Fur. ^- N. Amer. p. 61
(1838) ; Gosse, B.Jamaica, p. 433 (1847) ; Rochebr. Faun. Senig.,
Ois. p. 339 (1884).

Onvchoprion sen-atus, Gray, List Genera, 1840, p. 79 ; id. op. cit.
1841, p. 100 (ftc Forster MS.\.

Haliplana serrata (Forst.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 190 ; Bp. C. R. xiii.
p. 772 (1856).

Haliplana infascata, Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 190 ; Licht. Nomencl. Av.
p. 97 (1854 : Senegal) ; Bp. C. R. xiii. p. 772 (1856).

Sterna guttata, Forster, Descr. Anim. p. 211 (1844 : Easter Island).

Thalassipora infuscata, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 140 (1845: Tor, Red
Sea); Heugl. Syst. Uebers.]). 71 (1856: Red Sea).

? Anous fuscata. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 661 (1846).

Anous riierminieri, Less. Descr. Main, et Ois. p. 255 (1847 :
Antilles).

Onycboprion fuliginosus, Gould, B. Australia, vii. pi. .32 (1848) ;
Reichenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 348 (1850) ; J. Macgill. Narr. Voy.
'Rattlesnake; ii. p. 359 (1852); Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 144
(Ascension I.) ; A. Sf E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 371 (I. of
St. Croix, W. I.) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 408 (1865) ;
Sclat. (^ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 672 (revision) ; Salvad. Faun.
Ital., Ucc. p. 282 (1871) ; Sclat. Sf Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotrop.
p. 147 (1873) ; Hume, Str. F. 1873, p. 440 (Ceylon) ; Salvad.
Ucc. Borneo, p. 373 (1874) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 218 (Pied-
mont) ; id. Avif. Ital. p. 415 (1886) ; Salvad. Aiui. Mus. Civ.
Gen. xviii. p. "408 (1882); id. Orn. Papuasia S'c. iii. p. 447
(1882) ; Zeledon, Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 36 (1882) : F. P.
Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Sac. N. S. W. 1883, p. 39 ; id. op. cit. 1888

G. STERNA. 109

p. 678; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 278 (1887); Ramsay, Tab. List

Anstr. It. p. 23 (1888) ; Vurdenn. Nat. Tijdschr. Nedcrl. Ind.

xlix. p. 420 (1M89: Sumatra): Etln-ridyp, Zi>ol. Ld. Hone's I.

p. 17 (1889); Wifjlestc. Abh. zuul. Mus. Urcsd. 1^90-91, p. 75,

no. 372 (1892).
Sterna gouldi, Meichenb. Natat. tab. xxii. fig. 829 (1848) ; id. op.cit.

Novit. ix. t. cclxxii. figs. 2267-8 (18o0).
Sterna (Onychoprion) serrata, Grai/, Cat. B. Trop. I. Pacific, p. 59

(1859).
Anous tuliginosus, Fnixch, Neii-G'iiuica,-p. 184 (1865).
Sterna luctuosa, Phil. ^- Landb. Wi('(jm. Arc/i. p. 126 (1866 :

Valdivia, Chili).
" IIali])lana fuliginosa, var. crissalis, Baird," Lairr. Pr. Post. Soc.

Nat. Hist. XIV. pp. 285, 301 (1871 : Tres Marias, SocoiTo, W.

Mexico) ; Lawr. Mem. Bust. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 318 (1874).
Hydroclielidon somalensis, Heuql. Orn. K.O.-Afr. pp. 1512 & ccvii

(1873) ; Jlde Finsch, in J. Mils. Godeffr. xii. (1876) p. 39.
Hydroclielidon infuscata, Hew/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1457 (wee

pp. 1512 & ccvi, whicli^S. anaestheta ; Jide Finsch ut supra).
Sterna (Ilaliplana) fuliginosa, CWes, /?. N.-West, p. 698 (1874);

Streets, Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus. vii. p. 27 (1877 : Fanning

Group) .

Adult in hreedinfi-plunuKje. Similar to the preceding species ;
but larger, the white frontal band and the superciliary stripe
broader, the latter oblique and not reaching beyond the eye, from
which it is separated by a narrow continuation of the black loral
stripe; upper surface sooty black, the " wedges" on the inner webs
of the primaries a trifle paler than the rest; streamers dull white
on the outer webs and smoke-grey on the terminal half of the inner
webs, remaining tail-feathers sooty black ; under tail-coverts,
abdomen, and flanks greyish white ; breast and throat white : bill
and feet black with a slightly reddish tinge, the web between the
middle and the inner toe nearly full, aud iiv less excised than in
S. ancstheta and S. hniata. Total length about 17 inches, culmen
2-1, wing 11-75, tail about I'b, and depth of the fork 4, tarsus 0-9,
middle toe with the claw I'l.

Adidt in ivinter. Like the above, with white flecks on the lores
and crown.

Immature. Erowiiish black above, darker on the upper wing-
coverts ; outer tail-feathers nearly as sooty black as the rest of the
rectrices, except towards the tips : tarsi and toes reddish brown.

JS'extring and Young. The chick when about three days old is
streaked with greyish brown and dull white on the upper surface —
darkest on the forehead — and chiefly stone-white below. When
half-fledged, the feathers of the mantle are blackish, with broad
white tips, which gradually wear down. "When the bird is fully
fledged these white tips are much narrower, the feathers of the
upper parts are sooty brown, and the imderparts are also of a
somewhat paler brown, becoming lighter towards the vent. (In
S. ancstheta and S. Junata the underparts arc whitish.) Bill and
feet rcddisli brown.

Mall. Trojiical and juxta-tropical seas, wherever suitable islands

110

and reefs exist ; occasionally wandering to Maine in North America,
and to Europe, even as far as England. Almost unknown on the
South American side of the Pacific ; otherwise very generally dis-
tributed.

This and the two preceding species form a very natural group,
diifering from the other Sea-Terns in several points ; for instance,
only one egg is incubated at a time. But with every desire to
separate them generically, I am unable to find any structural
differences which would warrant such a proceeding.

a. Ad. st.
h,e. Ad. st.

d-n. Ad. sk.

0. S ad. sk.
p. (S ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.

r. (S ad. sk.
s. Juv. sk.
t. Ad. sk.

u, V. Pull. ; tv,
.V. Juv. ; y.
Ad. sk.

z. 2 ad. sk.

a. Ad. sk.
b'. Vix ad. sk.
c'. Juv. sk.
d'. Ad. sk.
e',f'. Ad. sk.

ff'. Ad. sk.

h'. 2 "d. sk.

i'-s'. 6 2 ad. ;
t'. Juv. ; u',
v. Pull. sk.

w'. Vix ad. sk.

x. 6 juv. sk.

y', Juv. sk.

z . <S vix ad.

a". Vix ad. sk.

b",c". Ad. St.

d". Ad. St.
e" . Juv. sk.

/",//'. Pull.;
h", i". Juv. St.

North America.
North America.

Corpus Christi Pass, Texas,

May {F. B. Annstrong).
Veragua {Arce).
Southern Water Cay, Brit.

Honduras, May (O. (S'.).
Mazatlan, W. Mexico, Dec.

(A.Forrev).
Panama {McLeannan).
Mouth of the Amazons.
Fernando Noronha I., Sept.

(H. M. Harrkon, R.N.).
Ascension Island, Dec. {Lt.

Mount joy Sqtdre, Il.N., Sf

Prof. D. Gill).
Ascension Id., April 4, 1873.

Fernando Po, W. Africa.

Madagascar [Margastre).

Madagascar.

Mauritius (C E. Bexvsher).

I. of Rodriguez {Eev. H. H.

Slater).
I. of Piodriguez.
Seychelle Is.
Laccadive Is., Feb. {A.O. II.).

Ceylon, June ( W. V. Legge).
Pegu, June.

Tonghoo {Capt. Lloyd).
Duke of York Id.

?Duke of York Id. [Rev.

G. Browti).
Australia.

Australia.

Houtman's Abrolhos, W. Aus-
tralia, Feb. 1843 [Gilbert ^•
Gould).

Houtman's Abrolhos, Jan.
1843 (Gilbert).

Purchased.
H.R.H. Duke of

Sussex [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H.M.S. 'Challenger'

Exp.
L. Eraser Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Capt. Bewsher [C.l.
Shelley Coll.
Transit of Venus

Expedition.
Sir John Kirk [P.].
Shelley Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

E.W. Gates, Esq.[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Eev. G. Brown [C.].

Tweeddale CoU.

Sir Thos. Mitchell

[P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Gould Coll.

(i. STEENA.

Ill

k". Ad.sk.

I", m". J 2 "<J-

sk.
n". Ad. sk.

o", p". (S 2 ad.

sk.
y''. c? ad. sk.

r". Juv. sk.

s". c? iniin. .sk.

t". Ad.sk.

m". Ad. sk.

v". Ad. sk.
w". Ad. ; .x".

Juv. sk.
y". c? ad. sk.

£". Skeleton.

a\ Sternum.

Between Australia and New

Zealand.
Lord Howe Island {Sydney

Mus.).
Ilaine Island, N.E. Australia.

Eaine Island, N.E. Australia.

Levuka, Fiji Is., Pel). {E. L.

Zayard).
Suva, Fiji Is.

riiceuLs; Is., June.

Starbuck I., Oct. {Comm. Mac-

Farlane, R.N.).
Ilowland I.
Krusenstern Is.
Oahu, Sandwich Is.

Bonin Islands, Aug. 1, 1890

{P. A. Hoist).
I. of liodriguez {Rev. H. S.

Slater).
Jamaica.

E. Newman, Esq.

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.

J. B. Jukes, Esq.

[P.].
II.M.S. ' Challenger

Exp.
Tweeddale Coll.

CM. Woodford, Esq.

[P.]. _
J. J. Lister, Esq.

[P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Sir E. Belcher [P.].

Seebohm Coll.

Transit of Venus

Expedition.
Gosse Coll.

24. Sterna balsenarum.

Sternula balffinarum, Strickl. Contr. Orn. 185:2, p. IGO; Chapman,
Trav. S. Aft: ii. p. 425 (1868 : Walvisch Bay) ; Gurney, in An-
dersson^s B. Damaraland, p. 363 (1872) ; ILeine ^' Reichenow,
Nomencl. Mm. Ilein. p. 355 (1890).

Sterna balfenarum. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 121, no. 11064 (1871) ;
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 664 (revision) ; Sharpe S,- Bouvier,
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 314 (Massaba, Congo) ; Reichenoic,
J. f. 0. 1877, p. 11 (Loango) ; Saunders, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv.
p. 403 (1878: distribution); Bocage, Orn. Angola,^. 490 (1881);
Sharpe, ed. Layard^s B. S. Afr. p. 705 (1884) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl.
Coll. p. 625 (1882 : Damara-Iand ; type) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8
(1889).

Adult in hreeding-plumage. Forehead, lores, crown, and nape
black ; mantle and rump pearl-grey ; shafts of primaries white ;
outer webs and inner webs next the shafts on the two outer quills
dark grey, in the others paler grey, the inner margins of all chiefly
white ; tail-feathers grey on the terminal portions and whitish
towards their bases, the outer pairs chiefly white ; uuderparts white :
bill black, acute, the maxilla nearly straight ; tarsi and toes ochre-
yellow. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-35, wing 6-7, tail 3, depth
of fork 1, tarsus U*55, middle toe and its long curved claw 0'65.
The sexes are alike in plumage.

Adult in luinter. Similar to the above, but lores, forehead, and
crown flecked and mottled with white.

Immature. Like the above, but the upper wing-coverts slightly

112 LAEID^.

darker, the base of the lower mandible horn-colour, and a faint
greyish tint on the under surface.

Hah. Cape of Good Hope to Damaraland, wandering up the
West Coast of Africa to the Congo. On the East side the species is
said to range to Mtoni and Kingani ; but even from Durban and
the Seychelles all the small Terns I have examined belonged to
S. saundersi.

a. Ad. sk. South Africa. Shelley Coll.

b,c. c? $ ad. sk. Walvisch Eay, Nov. (C. J. Tweeddale Coll.
Andersson).

d. c? ad. sk. Walvisch Bay, Jan. ( C. J. H. Saunders Coll.

Andersson).

e. S ad. sk. Robben I., Cape G. Hope II. Saunders Coll.

{E. L. Layard).

f. Ad. sk. Eobben I., Cape G. Hope Salvin-Godman Coll.

(E. L. L.).

25. Sterna nereis.

Sternula nereis, Gould, P. Z. iS. 1842, p. 140 ; id. B. Austr. vii.

pi. :29 (1848 : Bass Straits and West Austraha) ; id. Handb. B.

Austr. ii. p. 402 (18G.5) ; Beichetil/. Vm). JVeuholl. p. 347 (18.50);

Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 26-5 (New Caledonia; breeding); E. P.

Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 23 (1888) ; North, Nests S,- Eggs

Austral. B. pp. 3-58, 404 (1889).
Sterna parva, Ellman, Zoologist, 1861, p. 7473.
Sterna media, J. Ii. Eurst. Descr. Anim. p. 20 (1844 : Southern

Ocean, outside the tropic).
Sterna nereis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. G59 (1846) ; Reichenb. Natat.

tab. xxi. tigs. 801-2 (1848) ; Pelz. Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien,

xxii. p. 318 (1867); Finsch, J.f. O. 1870, p. .366, 1872, p. 2-5.3,

1874, p. 205 ; Hiitton, Cat. B. N. Zeal. p. 42 (1871) ; Buller, B.

N. Zeal. p. 28-5 (1873) ; Sharpe, Voy Erebus ^- Terror, Birds,

App. p. 32 (1875) ; l^aunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 663 (revision) ; E.

P. Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 201 ; id. op. cit. 1883,

p. 69 (Tasmania) ; Buller, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 75 (1888) ;

Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) : Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml.

Senckenb. p. 2.38 (1891).
Sterna minuta, Finsch, J.f. O. 1867, pp. 337 & 347 ; Gi-ay, Hand-l.

B. iii. p. 121, no. 11062 (1871 : partim).
Sterna alba, Potts, Tr. N. Z. Inst. 1870, p. 106.
Sternula placens, Layard {nee Gotdd), Ibis, 1881, p. 134; id. op. cit.

1882, p. 476 & p. 540 (New Caledonia ; specimens in B.M. Coll.).

Adult in breeding-plumage. Forehead and lores white as far as
the middle of the superciliary region ; a black spot in front of the
eye and a very narrow ring of black round the eye ; crown and nape
black ; mantle very pale pearl-grey ; outer primaries a shade darker,
the shafts white, the outer webs grey, a narrow streak of grey on
inside webs next the shafts and towards the tips, the rest of the
inner webs chiefly pearl-grey, the extreme edges white ; rump palest
grey ; tail-feathers white ; underparts white : bill bright yellow,
horn-coloured at the tip ; tarsi and toes duller yellow. Total length
10 inches, culmen 1'5, wing7"25, tail 4, depth of fork 2, tarsus 0"6,

6. STERNA. 1]3

middle toe and claw 0-7. Specimens with fully developed and uii-
abraded tail-streamers appear to be rare in collections ; it is
probable that they are longer in the male than in the female.

Adult in luinter. The black in front of and above the eye less
marked ; otherwise similar.

Immature. Like the above, but the crown greyish white ; nape
and a line backward from the eye dull black ; a faint grey line on
the upper wing-coverts ; outer primaries darker ; tail greyish white :
bill and feet yellowish brown.

Younrj. Similar, but crown and nape mottled with dull brownish
black ; feathers of the mantle barred with ash and tipped with
dull white ; tail-feathers slightly mottled with ash-grey.

In all its stages of plumage this is by far the palest member of
the group of Little Terns.

Hab. New Zealand, Australia, chiefly south of the Tropic of
Capricorn, and New Caledonia.

a. Vix ad. sk. Australia (Boucard). II. Saunders Coll.

b. Ad. sk.; c. $ Iloutman's Abrolhos. Gould Coll.
ad. St.

d. Vix ad. sk. West Australia. A. J. Campbell, Esq.

[P.].
«• Ad. sk. West Australia. Govmt. of Western

Australia [P.].
f-i. 6 2 ad. sk, Ansevata, New Caledonia, H. Saunders & See-

JMay, Aug., Sept. {E. L. bobm Colls.

Layard).
k. Ad. sk. Wellington, New Zealand H. Saunders Coll.

(Dr. Hector).
I Juv. .sk. Otago, New Zealand. H. Saunders Coll.

m, n. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir Samuel Scott

[P-J-

26. Sterna sinensis.

Chinese Tern, Lath. Gen. Sun. iii. p. 365 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hid. \.
p. 12-5 (1824).

Sterna sinensis, Gm. S. N. i. p. 608 (1788) (ex Latham) ; Lath. Ind.
Orn. p. 809 (1790) ; Less. Traitc, p. 621 (1831) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.
1876, p. 662 (revision) ; Hiane, Str. F. viii. p. 160 (1879 : Klanir,
Malay Peninsula) ; Parker, op. cit. ix. p. 490 (Ceylon, breedina-j ;
Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1019 (1880) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 540 (New
Britain Group) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Cull. p. 625 (1882) ; Oates,
B. Br. Burm. ii. p. 430 (1883) ; Finsch, Vo(/. Siidsee, p. 22 (1884 :
New Entaiu) ; Scebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 32 (Japan) ; id. op. cit. 18n7,
p. 181 (Loo-choo Is.) ; Sharjx', op. cit. 1888, p. 204 ; Whitehead,
op. cit. 1^<90, p. 00 (Palawan) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (18N9) ;
Everett, B. Borneo, p. 211, no. 562 (1880) ; North, Nests S^- Ei/ys
Austral. B., App. p. 405 (1890) ; Stya^t, Ibis, 1891, p. 509 (Lower
Yaugtse) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mas. xiv. p. 489 (1891 : Hitachi,
.Japan); C. W. Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 246 (Seoul, Corea.,Mav);
Wiylesw. Abh. Mus. Dresd. 1890-91, no. vi. p. 75 (1892: P(ily-
nesia, partim) ; Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 437.
Sterna niiimta (necL.), Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. .xiii. p. 193 (1820: juv.) ;
[Vol. XXV. j

114

id. Zool Research. Java, p. 8 (1824) ; Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 243
(1858 : Loo-choo Is.l ; Swinh. IbU, 18G0, p. 68 ; id. op. cit. 1861,
p. 345 (Amoy and Formosa) ; JRadde, Eeise Sibir., Vog. p. 388

(1863: Aigun, Lower Anioor) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 121

(1871 : partim) ; Bhjth &f Wald. B. Burm. p. 163 (1875) ; Tacz.

Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 261 (Lower Amoor) ; JTume,

>Sfr. F. y\. p. 492 (1878 : Tonfrhoo) ; Steere, List Mamm. Sf B.

Exped. Bhilipp. p. 27 (1890 : Mindauao).
? Sterna siimatrana, Baffles, Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii.p. 329 (1821).
Viralva sinensis, Steph. in Shaw'' s Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 173 (1826).
Sterna pusilla, Te7nm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. pt. 4, p. 465 (1840).
Sternula pusilla {Tetnm.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183.
Sternula sinensis, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183 ; Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 18G3,

p. 329 ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 429 ; Holdsjc. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 481

(Ceylon) ; David ^ Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 527 (1877) ; Legge, Sir.

F. i'ii. p. 377 (1875) ; id. op. cit. iv. p. 246 (1876) ; E. P. Rams.

Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 201 (1878) ; A. MilUer, J. f. O.

1882, p. 438 (Salanga I.) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii.

p. 408 ; id. Orn. Papuasia SfC. iii. p. 445 (1882) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc.

Zool. France, 1885, p. 477 (Ussuria) ; id. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 611 ; id.

op. cit. 1888, p. 469 (Corea); E. P.Ramsay, Tab. List B. Aiistr.

p. 23 (1888) ; Salvad. Aggiiinfe Orn. Papuasia ^-c. p. 212 (1889) ;

Seehohm, B. Japan. Emp.T^. 298 (1890) ; De la Louche, Ibis, 1892,

p. 503 (Swatow, breedingr).
Sternula niinuta (wee L.), Sici7ihoe, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 430 ; id. op. cit.

P- .

breeding) ; A. B. Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 145 (Limbe Strs.) ; T orderin.

Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 207 (1884 : Java) ; id. op. cit.

xlix. p. 420 (1889 : Sumatra).
Stenula placens, Gould, Ann. Nat. Hist. viii. p. 192 (1871); id.

Bds. N. Guinea, v. pi. 72 (1876) ; Hume, Str. F. iii. p. 282 (1875:

Torres Straits) ; E. P. Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 437 (Queensland

to Illawarra) ; Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1877, p. 63 ;

Ramsay, toin. cit. p. 386 (Gulf of Caqjentaria).
Sterna inconspicua, Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1877, p. 63

(Cape York) ; Ramsay, op. cit. 1878, p. 201 ; id. Tab. List B.

Austr. p. 23 (1888).

Advit male in hrceding-plumage. Lores black from the base of
the bill to the eye ; forehead as far as little beyond the top of the
eye white; crown and nape black : mandible pearl-grey ; secondaries
bordered with greyish white ; shafts of the primaries pure white in
the outer, and pale grey in the upper ones ; outer web of the outer
primary and a broad line next the shaft on its inner web dark grey ;
on the succeeding primaries paler grey ; upper portions and edges of
inner webs white ; rump pearl-grey ; tail white ; underparts white :
bill gamboge-yellow, tipped with black ; tarsi and feet orange-
veUow. Total length 11 inches when the streamers are fully
"developed, culmen 1-4, wing 7*4, tail 5-7, depth of the fork 3-4,
tarsus 0-65, middle toe with claw 0-8.

AdvJt female. Slightly smaller than the male and with less-
developed" tail-streamers.

Adult in autumn. Similar, with more white on the forehead, and

6. STEKNA.

115

shorter tail-streamers; the primaries darker on their terminal
portions, owing to the disappearance of the frosting, until the new
quills appear.

Iminature. Like the above, but dull white on the crown and
the front of the lores ; primaries still darker, the outer shaft always
white, the other shafts dusky ; upper wing-coverts dark grey ; tail-
feathers greyish, and the streamers not much prolonged : bUl dark
brown, tarsi and toes ochreous.

Youwj. Forehead huffish white, crown with black streaks which
become confluent on the nape ; upper parts mottled and barred with
bufhsh brown on a dull grey ground ; bill horn-colour ; feet ochre-
yellow. AVhen the bird is barely fledged the buff-colour predominates
on the upper surface.

Hah. Ceylon, Bay of Bengal, Burma, Malacca, and Malayasia to
New Guinea ; Australia down to New South Wales ; the Philippine
Islands, and the China Seas up to Japan.

a-c. cJ 2 ad. ; d.
Juv. ; e. 2 vix
ad. ; /. Imm. sk.

g. S juv. sk.

h. (S ad. sk.

i. (5 ad. sk.

k. cT ad. sk.
I. (S imm. sk.

m. 5 innii- sk.
)t, 0. S vix ad. sk.

p. Imm. sk.

q. 2 imm. sk.
r. 2 vi-^ ^*i- sl^'

s. 2 vix ad. sk.
t, u. Imm. sk.
v-T. Ad. et imm.

sk.
p. Imm. slv.
z. Imm. sk.
a'. Imm. sk.

b'-d'. Imm. sk.
e'. Ad. sk.
/"'. Imm. sk.
ff', h' . Imm. sk.

«', h' . Imm. ; /', ?«'.

Juv. sk.
M, 0. Imm. sk.

p . Ad. sk.

Ilambantotta, S.E. Cevlon,
June 30 and July ( W. V.
Legc/e).

Kodiar Bav, Cevlon, Oct.

S.E. Ceylon, June {W. V.
L.).

S.E. Ceylon, Jidy ( W. V. L.).

Burmah {E. W. 0.\
Lower Pegu, April (£".

W. 0.).
Tongboo, April {E. G.

Wardlaiv lianisay).
Salangore Coast, March ( W.

Davison).
Ja^a {Hors field).
Matu River, Borneo, Aug.
Santubong Bay, Borneo,

Aug.
Baram, Borneo, Sept.
Celebes.
N. Australia.

Port Darwin.

Ton-es Straits.

Cape York, Nov. 12, 1849

{J. Macgillicrmi).
Cape York (Cuckerell).
North Australia.
Queensland.
Amoy. China, Aug. {R.

Sivinhoe).
Amov, Aug., Sept., Oct.

(R. S.).
S.W. Formosa, Aug. 1861

(R.S.).
Loo-clioo Islands, June 1,

188G.

H. Saunders Coll.

PL Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Gates Coll.
Hume Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

E. India Mus. [P.].
A. H. Everett Coll.
A. H. Everett Coll.

A. H. Everett Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Gould Coll.

Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Toy. H.M.S.' Rattle-
snake.'
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohni Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

i2

116 LARIDiE.

(/'. Vix ad. sk. Kiukiang, Yangtse, ISray (F. H. Saunders Coll.

Sty an) .

?•'. Vix ad. ; Hankow, autumn (E. S.). Seebohm Coll.

s'. Juv. sk.

t'. Ad. .sk. Shanghai. J. Webb, Esq, [P.].

u, c? juv. sk. Pootung, June. Shanghai Mus. [P.].

v'. 2ad.sk. Seoul, Oorea, May (C'.TF. C). C. W. Campbell,

Esq. [P.].

w'. Ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (H. Capt. Blakiston [P.].

Piyef).

x', y'. Juv. sk. Yokohama, Japan {H. P.). Seebohm Coll.

z'. Ad. sk. Y'okohama, Japan {H. M. H. Saunders Coll.

Harrison, R.N.).

27. Sterna minuta.

La petite Ilirondelle de Mer, Bn's. Orn. vi. p. 206, pi. xix. fig. 2
(1760) ; Bufon, Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 337 (1783); Dauhent. PL
Enl. pi. 996 (1786).

The Lesser Tern, Pennant, Br. Zool. p. 244, pi. L 2 (1766) ; id. ibid.
2nd ed. p. 429 (1788) ; Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 364 (1785) ;
Bewick, Brit. B. ii. p. 168 (1821) ; Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 410
(1843V

Sterna minuta, Linn. S. N. I p. 228 (1766) ; P. L. S. Miill. S. N.
p. 3.53 (1773) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 608 (1788) ; Lath.Ind. Orn. p. 809
(1790) : Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii. p. 8-37 (1791) ; Meyer u.
Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 463 (1810) ; Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat.
p. 336 (1811: Caspian); Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 487 (1815);
Meisner ^ Scliinz, Vdg. ScJnveiz, p. 265 (1815) ; Koch, Syst. baier.
Zool. p. 368 (1816) ; Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. ^c. Brit. Mus.
p. 41 (1816) ; Nilss. Orn. Suec. p. 162 (1817) ; Te7nm. Man. d'Orn.
ed. ii. p. 752 (1820) ; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 724 (1822) ;
Licht. Verz. Doubt, p. 82 (1823) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 692 (1824) ;
Steph. in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 163 (1825) ; Werner,
Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 14 (1828) ; Vieill. Faunefrang., Ois. p. 401
(1828) ; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 144 (1828) ; Lesson, Traite, p. 621
(1831) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 94 (1831) ; Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 475,
pi. 89. figs. 3 & 4 (18.33) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 267
(1835) ; Eyton, Cat. Br. B. p. 56 (1836) ; Gould, B. Eur. v.
pi. 420 (1837) ; Bj). Comp.ListB. Eur. <Sr N. Amer. p. 61 (1838) ;
JS'aum. Vdg. Deutschl. x. p. 145, pi. 254 (1840) ; Schinz, Euro2).
F'aun. p. 376 (1840); Jerd. Madr. Journ. xi. p. 224 (1840);
Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 479 (1840) ; Keys. n. Bias. Wirb. Eur.
pp. xcvii & 246 (1840) ; Nordni. iji Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii.
p. 279 (1840) ; Sehjs-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 151 (1842) ; Macgill.
Man. Orn. pt. ii. p. 324 (1842) ; Crespon, Faune Merid. ii. p. 121
(1844) ; Schl. liev. Crit. p. cxxx (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus.,
Auseres, p. 179 (1844) ; Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 146 (1844) ;
Yarr. Brit. B. ed. 2, iii. p. 519 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659
(1846); Hewits.Egqs Brit. B. ii. p. 432, pi. ]21. figs. 1 & 2
(1846) ; Reichenb. Natat. tab. xx. tigs. 28-3-286 (1848) ; Deql. Orn.
Eur. ii. p. 348 (1849) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Sac. p. 292 (1849) ;
Gray, List. Brit. B. p. 268(18.50); Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 300
(1851) ; Kjeerb. Damn. Fugle, p. 330, taf. xl. 6 (1852) ; Macgill.
Br. B. v. p. 652 (1852) ; Brandt in Lehmann^s R. n. Buchara,
p. 3.30 (1852 : Caspian) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 610, pi. 358 (1854) ;
Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 70 (1856 : N. Egypt) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

G. STERNA. 117

p. 2o6 (1857 : GamTDia) ; Mejier, Brit. B. vii. p. 9o, pi. 294 (1857) ;
Jauh. tit Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 40l3 ( 1859) ; Linderm. Vog.
Griechenl. p. 178 (18U0) ; Tridr. Ibis, 1860, p. 82 (Sahara);
Foioys, t. c. p. 35G (Corfu) ; Simpsoti, t. c. p. 393 (Mis'solonghi ;
breeds) ; Irhi/,op.cit. 18(51, p. 247 (Oudli & Kiimaon) ; Sc/d. Dier.
Nederl. Vo(jek, p. 240 (1861) ; Grmf, Cat. Brit. B. p. 242 (1863) ;
lSa}vad. Uca. Sard. p. 122 (1864) ; J<-rd. B. India, iii. p. 841 (1864) ;
Wright, Ibis, I8t)4, p. 153 (Malta) ; Filippi, Viayy. Pers. p. 352
(1865) ; Bias. J. f. O. 18(36, p. 74 (revision) ; Deyl. et Gerbe, Orn.
JEur. ii. p. 451 (1867) ; Boryc/r. Voyelf. Norddeutschl. p. 144
(1869); Duderl. Avif. Sicil. "p- 243 (1869); Droste, Vogelw.
Burkum, p. 332 (1869) ; Salrad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 281 (1871) ;
E. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 470 (1871) ; G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 121 (1871 : partim) ; Hartinrj, Handb. Brit. B. p. 76 (1872) ;
Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 300 (1872)'; Godmnn, Ibis, 1872. p. 222
(Canaries & Madeira : breeds) ; Balmen, Finlnnds Foylar, p. 577
(1873 : doubtfully) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sanliuia) ; Severtz.
Turkest.Jet'otn. p. 70 (1873) and Dresser's transL, Ibis, 1876, p. 416
(breeds up to 4000 ft.): Durnford, Ibis, 1874, p. 400 (N. Frisian
Is., breeds) ; Irbi/, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 210 (1875) ; Dresser, B. Eur.
viii. p. 279, pi. 582 (1876) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 294 (1876) ;
Saitnd. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 661 (revision SterninsB) ; Seeb. (Henke),
Ibis, 1882, p. 231 (breeds Seal Is., N. Caspian); Salvin, Cat.
Strickl. Coll. p. 625 (1882) ; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 181 (1883) ;
Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor. Palest, p. 135 (1884) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc.
p. 480 (1884) ; Saund. ith ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 558 (1884) ;
Biichner, Beitr. Rnss.Reiches, (2) ii. p. 127 (1885: St. Petersburg;
seldom breeds) ; Seeb. Brit. B. iii. p. 289 (1885) ; Homeyer, Ornis,
1885, p. 81 ; Lutke, torn. eit. p. 146, and Winye, op. cit. 1886,
p. 593 (Denmark ; breeds) ; D. Torre u. Tsch. op. cit. 1885, p. 564
(Bohemia) ; Albarda, torn. cit. p. 631 (Holland; breeds) ; Alleon,
op. cit. 1881), p. 424 (Dobrudsha; breeds); Giylioli, Avif. Ital.
p,418 (1886) ; Schneider, Oniw, 1887, p. 5.52 (Up. Rhine ; breeds);
Booth, Rouyh Notes, iii. (1887) ; Saload. Ucc. Ital. p. 278 (1887) ;
Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 394 (Portuo^al; breeds); H-Broton ^ Buckl.
Faun. Suth^rl. ^-c. p. 228 (1887) ; Scully, J. As. Soc. Beny.
Ivi. p. 88 (1887 : N. Afghanistan) ; Ple'ske, Mem. Acad. St.
Petersb. (7) x.xxvi. no. 3, p. 57 (1888: Turkestan); Taczan.
Ornis, 1888, p. 505 (Polish Vistula ; breeds) ; Radde Sf Walter,
Ornis, 1889, p. 127 (Transcaspia) ; Giqlioli, i. Resoc. Ao. Ital. p. 632
(1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (18a9) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 347
(Cyprus) ; Zaroudnoi, Bull. Soc. Mosc. 1889, p. 841 (Transcaspia) ;
Reichenow, Syst. Verz. VHy. Deutsch. p. 61 (1889); Riesenth.
Wasservbg. Mitteleurop. p. 143 (1889) ; Saund. Man. Brit. B.
p. 635 (1889) ; Giylioli, ii. Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 661 (1890) ; Keller,
Orn. CarinthicB, p. 307 (1890) ; Stevenson Sf SouthiceU, B. Norfolk,
iii. p. 309 (1890) ; Gcitke, Voyelw. Helyol. p. 586 (1891) ; Paijtnn,
Ibis, 1891, p. 465 (Mogador) ; Frimldski/, Av. Hanyar. p. 180
(1891) ; Madart'isz, Aiisst. Uny. Voyelf. p. 120 (1891) ; Giylioli,
iii. Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 517 (1891) ; Jiickel ^- Bias. Yik/. Bayerns,
p. 364 (1891) ; H.-Brown ^- Buckl. Faun. Arqi/H ^'c. p. 187 (1892) ;
m^hcr, Pr. R. Irkh Acad. (3) iii. p. 410 (1894) ; Irby, Orn. Strs.
Gibr. 2ud ed. p. 296 (1895).

Sterna metopoleucos, S. G. Gm. Nov. Comm. Petr. xv. p. 475, no. 17,
tab. 22. fig. 1] (1771 : Woronetz) ; J. F. Gm. S. N. i. p. 608
(1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. p. 809 (1790).

The Hooded Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 3G5 (1785).

118 LAEID-E.

Stemula minuta, Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 563 (type of genus) ; Kaup,
Natiirl. Si/st. pp. 95 & 196 (1829) ; Grm/, List Gen. p. 79 (1810),
and p. 100 (1841) ; Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183; Hiipp. Syst. Uehers.
p. 140 (1845 : Lower Egypt) ; Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. iv.
(1850), and Av. Syxt. Nat.T^. v (1852); Licht. Komencl. Av. p. 98
(1854) ; Brehm, Naiim. 1855, p. 295 ; Loche, Expl. Sc. Alyer.,
Ois. ii. p. 204 (1867) ; Fritsch, Vdg. Eur. p. 460, Taf. 54. iig. 5
(1870) ; Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (Spain) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit.
T. pi. 73 (1873); Hmgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1441
(1873); Hume (^Benders. Lahore toYark. p. 303 (1873) ; Reiehenoio,
J. f. O. 1874, p. 374 (God Coast) ; Hume, Nests ^ Egrjs Ind.
^.'p. 654 (1875); Smlly, Sir. F. iv. p. 204 (1876: Yarkand &
Kashgaria ; breeds) ; Menzbier, Bull. Mosc. Iviii. pt. 1, p. 136 (1883 :
Central Russia ; breeds) ; Shmye, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 705
(1884) ; Olphe-Gall. Coyitr. Faun. Orn. JSur. Occid. liv. x. p. 35
(1886) ; Giylioli, Avif. Ital. p. 418 (1886) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 278
(1887) ; Giglioli, i. Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 632 (1889) ; id. ii. Resoc.
p. 661 (1890); id. iii. Resoc. p. 517 (1891) ; Heine ^ Reichenow,
Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 3.55 (1890).

Sterniila fissipes, Brehm, Vdg. Deutschl. p. 790 (1831) ; id. Vogelf.
p. 349 (18.55).

Sternula pomarina, Brehm, Vdg. Deutschl. p. 791 (1831) ; id. Naum.
1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf. p. 349 (18.55).

Sternula danica, Brehm, Vdg. Deutschl. p. 791 (1831) ; id. Naum,
1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf. p. .349 (1855).

Hydroclielidon minuta, Bp. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 77 (1842).

Sternula orientalis, Licht. Nomencl. Ac. p. 98 (18-54 : East Indies*).

Sternula danubialis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf. p. 349
(1855).

Sternula meridionalis, Brehm, Naum, 1855, p. 295; id. Vogelf.
p. 349 (18-55).

Sterna gouldi, Hvme, Str. F. v. p. 326 (1877: India; nee Reichenb.,
whicb is S.fuliyinosa) ; V. Ball, Str. F. \n. p. 2-33 (1888) ; /. R.
C'ripps, t. c. p. 314 (E. Bengal) ; Huyne, op. cit. viii. p. 116 (1879
List) ; id. op. cit. ix. p. 131 (1880) ; id. op. cit. xi. p. 3-50 (1888
Lower Brabmaputra).

Adult in hreeding-plumage. Very similar to the preceding species,
but somewhat smaller; the two outer pairs of primaries with
hlackish shafts and generally darker webs ; tail-streamers never so
much prolonged ; otherwise identical. Total length 9*5 inches
when the streamers are fully developed, culmen 1"4, wing 6-75, tail
3"7, depth of fork 1"6, tarsus 0-7, middle toe with claw 0'8. The
female has the streamers less prolonged than the male ; and, owing
to this species passing a good deal of time on the ground, its tail-
feathers are seldom to be seen at their best.

Adult in ivinter, Immature, and Young. As in S. sinensis, with
the difference that the two and even the three outer pairs of pri-
maries with their shafts are consistently darker.

Nestling. Pale buff above, marbled with black ; tawny white
below.

Hah. Europe from about 60° N. (rare in the Baltic), as far south
as the Mediterranean and the Caspian, breeding ; N. Africa ; the

* Type in Berlin Mus. examined.

6. STERNA.

110

coast of W. Africa to the Cape of Good Hope in -winter ; Trans-
caspia, Turkestan, and Northern India (breeding) ; Eurma and
even Java.

I cannot find any constant specific characters for distinguishing
StertM (joiddi of Hume.

a, b, Ad. et pull. sk.

British Islands.

Gould Coll.

c, d. Ad. et pull. sk.

British Islands.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. ; /, g. Pull.

Tent's Moss, Fife {Hender-

H. Saunders Coll.

sk.

son).

h. cJ juv. sk.

Hunstanton, Norfolk, Aug.
{J. a. Gtirneij).

H. Saunders Coll.

i, k. Juv. sk.

Blakeney, Norfolk, Aug.
(H. S.).

H. Saunders Coll.

I, m. (S ad. ; w, 0. $

Blakeney, Norfolk, Aug.

Hume Coll.

ad. sk.

(Back).

p. $ ad. sk.

Salthouse, Norfolk, Aug.
(Dack).

Seebohm Coll.

q-x. Ad. ; y-c'. Pull.

St.

d'-f. 6 2 ad. sk.

Dungeness.

MajorW.Verner[P.].

Eomney, Kent, May.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

i/', h'. (S 2 imtn. ;

Romney, Kent, Sept.

i'-l'. Juv. sk.

[P.].

m'. Imm. ; n'. Juv.

St.

o'. Ad. sk.

New Romney, Aug., Sept.

Shelley Coll.

Sussex.

Col. Montagu [P.].

p'. c? ad. sk.

Pagham, April {J. E.
Harting.).

H. Saunders CoU.

q', r'. Ad. sk.

Pagham, Aug. (6'. E. S.).

Shelley CoU.

s'. (S juv. sk.

Pagham, Sept.

Dr. Giinther [P.].

t', u', (S 2 imm. ;

Pagham, Sept.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

v'. (S juv. sk.

[P.].

7o'. Juv. sk.

We3'mouth.

Col. Montagu [P.].

x' Ad. sk.

Sylt, North Frisian Is.,
June [Baker).

Salvin-Godman Coll.

y'. Ad.; z'. Pull, ,

sk.
a". Ad. sk.

Wesel-on- Rhine, Aug.

E. Hartert, Esq. [P.].

Hungary, Aug.

Hungarian Mus. [P.].

b". (S ad. sk.

Missolonghi, Greece, June
(H. Seebohm).

H. Saunders Coll.

c". Ad. sk.

Sardinia {J. J. Dalgleish).

H. Saunders Coll.

d". Ad. sk.

Tuuis (N. Africa).

L. Fraser Coll.

e". c? ad. sk.

Malaga, Spain, April {Rios).

H. Saunders Coll.

/". c^ ad. sk.

Near Seville, May.

H. Saunders Coll.

</■'. 1mm. sk.

San Lucar de Barrameda
[F. Forrester).

H. Saunders Coll.

h". Ad. sk.

West Africa.

Purchased.

i", k". Ad. et imm.

Niger Expedition.

Mrs. Hevwood &

sk.

Capt. Allen, E.N.

[P.].
Sir A. Smith [P.].

I". Imra. sk.

Cape Seas.

»n", w''. cl" ad. sk.

Yarkand, May {J. Scully).

Hume Coll.

o". Juv. sk.

Pilloor, Sutlej river, near
Aliwal, May.

Hume Coll.

p"-r". Ad. sk.

N.W. India {S. P.).

PinwiU CoU.

120

s", t". cJ ad. sk.

u" . (J ad. sk.
v"-x". S ad. sk.
y", z", a^. S ad. sk.
b^. S ad. ; c'. Juv.

sk.
d^. Imm. sk.
e*. c? ad. sk.

/•\ c? ad. sk.

ff'-r^. c? ad. ; s'-m^.

2 ad. ; v^-y^. Imm.

sk.
£\ 6 ad. sk.

«^ 6^._ c? 2 ad. ; c^

5 juv. sk.
d*. S imm. sk.

e'. $ imm. sk.

/ '. Juv. sk.
g\ Skeleton.
A'. Sternum.

Futteligurh, April, May Seetohm Coll.

{A. Anderson).

Futtehgurh, May {A. A.). H. Saunders Coll.

Etawah, March. Hume Coll.

Cawnpore, April (^.O.B'.). Hume Coll.

Allahabad, March & Aug. Hume Coll.

Oudh, Dee.

Mahanadi River, April ( V.

Ball).
Faridpur, June {J. R.

Cnpps).
Goalundo, Lower Bramah-

putra River, April [J.

C. Parker).
Godavery River, May ( JV.

T. Blanford).
Sittang River, June.

Sittang River, June {E.

W. 0.).
Salangore coast, Aug. ( W.

Davison).
Java.
England.
England.

28. Sterna saundersi.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

E. W. Dates Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

India Mus. [P.].
Zoological Society.
John Ray, Esq, [P.].

Sterna minuta (nee L.), Hevglin, Ibis, 1859, p. 351 (Red Sea) :
Schlegel, Mus. P.-Bns, Sterna, p. 22 (186.3: partim, Natal*);'
Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 304 (1870: Zoulla, June) ; Btitler, Str. F.
V. p. 324 (1877); Oustal. Bull. Soc. Philomath. 1878, p. 194
(Seychelles); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 23 (Aden and Somali-land) ;
Sharpe, op.cit. 1891, p. 115 (Fao, Persian GuK, breeding) ; Barnes,
op. cit. 189.3, p. 177 (Aden).

Sterna sp. ?, Finsch, Tr. Z. S. vii. p. 304, no. 219 (1870 : Zoulla).

Sternula minuta, Heur/l. Orn. N.O.-Afr. p. 1441 (1873); Hmil Faun.
Madayasc. p. 390 (1877) ; Hume, Str. F. iv. p. 469 (1876 : Lacca-
dives).

Sterna sumatrana {nee Pajfi.), Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 663 (re-
vision Sterninajt) ; Everett, B. Borneo, p. 211, no. 563 (1889).

Sterna saundersi, JEIume, Str. F. v. pp. .324-6 (1877 : Karachi, type
in B. M.) ; id. op. cit. viii. p. 116 (List I. B.) ; Vidal, op. cit. ix.
p. 95 (Malabar coast) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1023 (1880) ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1886, p. 493 (Fao, breeding).

Sterna balsenarum (nee SticM.), E. Netvfon, Tr. Norfolk Soc. iv.
p. 553 (1888 : Mascarene Is.) J ; Reichenow, Vog. Deutsch-O.-Afr.
p. 21 (1894: Mtoni and Kingani).

? Sternula novella, Hartl. Abh. Ver. Brem. xii. p. 45 (1891 : Mtoni,
E. Africa).

Adult in hreecling-plumage. Similar to the preceding species, from

* Procui"ed by Jules Verreaux, who gave it the MS. name of Sterna naialensis
(1858).

t Name adopted provisionally, in default of a series of specimens.
I Specimen at Cambridge examined.

G. STERXA.

121

which it may be distinguished by its rather paler mantle, greyer
rump and tail-feathers, the blaekness of the webs of the three outer
primaries on both sides of the black shafts, contrasting strongly with
the pure white of the inner margins of the webs, and the straightness
of the bill, in which the maxilla is not at all decurved. Bill dusky
yellow, usually black at the tip for 0-5 in. ; tarsi and toes brownish
yellow. Total length 9 inches, culmen 1-3, wing 6-6, tail 3, depth
of fork I'l, tarsus O'G, middle toe with claw 0"7. The sexes appear
to be alike in plumage.

Adult in tuinter. Like the above, but lores and crown flecked
with white, bill duller in colour.

Immature. Forehead and lores greyish white, a patch of smoke-
grey in front of the eye, crown with black streaks which coalesce
on the nape ; mantle much darker grey than in the adult, and the
blackish line along the upper wing-coverts strongly pronounced ;
the three outer primaries and their shafts as before in their normal
state, but the shafts are sometimes abraded till they are brownish,
the fourth and fifth primaries also brownish black : bill blackish ;
feet brown.

Younrj. Upper parts with more fawn-white, mottled with brown ;
otherwise like the above.

Hah. Lower Eed Sea, East Coast of Africa to Natal, Madagascar,
Mascarene and Seychelle Islands, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Indian
coast, Ceylon, and Burma.

Of all the members of the group, this comes nearest to <S. halce-
narnm in the shape of the bill, and immature examples have been
ascribed to that species. It is certainly remarkable that *S'. saun-
derd should go down to Natal (Durban Bay), but after careful
examination of specimens I can come to no other conclusion.

a, b. Juv. et imm.

sk.
c. cS imm. sk.

d,e. cJ $ imm. sk,

f. 2 imm. sk.
f/. 1mm. sk.
h-n. Imm. sk.

0. Imm. sk.

p. Imm. sk.

q, r. 1mm. sk.

s, t. d imm. ; u, v.

2 ad. ; %v, X.

Ad. sk.
y-f. 6 $ ad. sk.

g'. (^ imm. sk.
h'. 1mm, sk.
»'. Imm. sk.

Suakin, Red Sea.

Zoulla, Red Sea, June 1868

( W. Jesse).
Durban Bay, S.E. Afi'ica,

March (Shelley Mus.).
Seychellps.

Mohamraerah, Persian Gulf.
Fao, Aug.-Sept.

Bushire, Feb.

Persian Gulf.
Ghiznee (//. Goxdd).
Karachi, April, ^lay, and

Julv (E. A. Butler ^- S.

Boig).
Cherbaniani Reef, Laccadive

Is., Feb. [A. 0. H. ^- J.

Armstrong).
Madras, June,
Ceylon.
Ceylon.

Capt. R. H. Penton

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Shelley CoU.

K. Loftus, Esq. [P.].

W. D. Gumming,

Esq. [P.].
A. J. V. Pahner,

Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
H. Saunders CoU.

122 LARIDiE.

k'. cJ juv. sk. Xodlar Bay, Ceylon, Oct. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

(W. V.Legge). [P.].

v. 5 imm. sk. Mouth of Nahr-wida-ganga, H. Saunders Coll.

Ceylon, Oct. ( W. V. L.).
m'. 2 vix ad. sk. Hanibantota, Nahr-wida- H. Saunders Coll.

ganga, June ( W. V. L.).
n'-p. 2 imm. sk. Lower Pegu, Nov. and E. W. Oates Coll.

April.

29. Sterna antillarum.

Sterna niinuta [nee L.), Wilson, Amer. Orn. \n. p. 84, pi. 70. fig. 2
(1813) ; Bp. Obs. Nmnencl. Wilson, no. 242 (1826) ; id. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ii. p. 3.5-5 (1828) ; Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. ii. p. 371
(1832) ; Audub. Orn. Biog. iv. p. 17-5 (1838) ; id. Synops. p. 321
(18.39) ; id. B. Amer. 8vo, vii. p. 119, pi. 439 (1844) ; Giraud, B.
Long I. p. 350 (1844) ; Lembeije, Av. Cuba, p. 123 (1850) ; Putnam,
Fr. jEsse.v Inst. i. p. 221 (1856) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 74 (Nagua
River, Fantee).
Sterna argentea, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 280 (1834 : n£c Neuwied,
1820) ; Bp. Co7iip. List, p. 61 (1838) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica, p. 437
(1847) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 545 (1866).
? Sternula bailloni, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183 (Newfoundland).
Sternula antillarum, Less. Lescr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 256 (1847 :

Guadeloupe).
Sternula melanorhynclia, Less. Lescr. 3Iamm, et Ois. p. 252 (1847 :

juv., Guadeloupe).
Sterna frenata, Gambel, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1848, p. 128 ; Baird, Cass.,
<§• Later. B. N. Amer. p. 864 (18-58) ; Baird, Cat. N. Amer. B.
no. 694 (18.59) ; Breicer, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. -308 (1860 :
Cuba) ; Cot(es ^ Prentice, Smiths. Pep. 1861, p. 418 (Washing-
ton); Gundl. J.f. O. 1862, p. 93 (Cuba); Dresser, Ibis, 1866,
p. 44 (Texas) ; Turnbull, B. E. Pennsylv. p. 39 (1869; ; Snoto,
B. Kansas, p. 12 (1873).
Sternula australis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854 : South Africa) *.
Sternula frenata, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1850).
Sternula superciliaris {nee V.), Cab. J.f. O. 1857, p. 232 (Cuba).
Sterna antillarum. Cones, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 552 (revision) ;
id. Ibis, 1864, p. 390 (Brit. Honduras) ; Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
viii. p. 106 (1864: Sombrero); Giindl. Pep. Fisieo-Nat. Cuba, i.
p. 393 (1866) ; Sah'in, Ibis, 1866, p. 199 (Brit. Honduras) ; Bryant,
Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 98 (1867 : San Domingo) ; Coues, Pr.
Essex Inst. v. p. 308 (1868 : New England, breeds) ; Coues, Pr.
Philad. Acad. 1871, p. 45 (North Carolina, breeds) ; Sel. Sf Salv.
P. Z.S. 1871, p. 671 (revision) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 147
(1873); Ridgto. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874: Illinois);
Gundl. J.f. O. 1874, p. 314 (Porto Rico) ; id. op. cit. 1875, p. 391
(Cuba) ; id. Orn. Cuba, p. 310 (1876) ; Satmdeis, P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 661 (revision Sterninse) ; Latvr. Bull. U.S. N. Mus. iv. (1876)
p. 52 (Tehuantepec) ; Gundl. J.f. O. 1878, p. 163 (Porto Rico) ;
Lawr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mtis. i. p. 68 (1878: Dominica); A. ^- E.
Netjoton, Handb. Jamaica, p. 117 (1881) ; Ridgio. Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus. no. 21, p. 53 (1881) ; Sahin, Cat. StricM. Coll. p. 625 (1882) ;
Baird, Breiver, ^ Ridgio. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 309 (1884) ;
Cory, B. S. Lomingo, p. 179 (1884) ; id. List B. W. Ind. p. 33

* Type iu Berlin examined and compared with American specimens.

6. STERNA. 123

(1885) ; Goss, B. Kansas, p. 3 (1886 : breeds) ; A. O. U. Check-
list, N. Amer. B. p. 9o (1687); Ridgxo. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 46
(1887) ; Cooke, Bird-Miijr. Mississip. Vail. p. 58 (1888) ; Feilden,
Ibis, 1889, p. 502 (Barbados) ; Cory, B. West Indies, p. 280 (1889) ;
id. Cat. West-hid. B. p. m (1892) ; Rhoads, Pr. Philad. Acad.
1892, p. 101 (Texas) ; Ilartert, Ibis, 1893, pp. 310, 337 (Aruba I.
and Bonaire I.).

Sterna minuta americana. Sundev. K. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. Forh. 1869,
p. 589 (St. Bartbolomew, West Indies).

Sterna superciliaris, B/as. J.f. O. 186(J, p. 74 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii,
p. 121, no. 11066 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 322 (1872) ;
Laur. Mem. Bast. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 318 (1874: Manzanilla, W.
Mexico) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 213 (1880 : breeds) ; id. op. cit.
2nd ed. p. 213 (1890).

Sterna superciliaris antillarura, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 692 (1874);
Merriam, B. Conn. p. 134 (1877) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol.
Surv. iv. p. 66 (1878: Rio Grande, Texas) ; Coues, Check-list N.
Amer. B. p. 123 (1882); Stearns S,- Coues, New Engl. Bird-
life, p. 374 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 776
(1884).

Adult in hreeding-2ilumage. Differs from the preceding species in
having the upper mantle and tail of a darker and bluer gre}', and
only the two outer pairs of primaries have black shafts with black
webs on either side ; the black stripe on the inner web is also a
trifle narrower : bill stouter, the maxilla more curved, yellow, with
little black at the tip, though the amount varies ; tarsi and toes
orange-yellow. Total length 8-75 inches, eulmen 1*3, wing 6'55,
tail 3'6, depth of fork 1*8, tarsus 0'6, middle toe with claw 0'7.
The sexes seem to be alike externally.

Adult in winter. Probably as in summer, with merely some ex-
tension of white on the lores and crown, and duller colours to the
biU and feet. I have never seen a specimen.

Immature. Forehead and crown nearly white, orbital regions and
nape dull black ; the usual dark line along the carpal joint and
upper wing-coverts ; lower primaries dark grey, the upper ones
paler, with a brown tinge, and white on the inner margins : bill
nearly black ; tarsi dull brown.

Young. Forehead and crown pale buff or dull white, with brown
flecks which become confluent round the eye and on the nape ;
feathers of the upper surface dull grey, with brown arrow-shaped
centres and buff or white margins ; primaries chiefly dark grey with
dark shafts : bill horn-colour ; feet yellowish brown.

Nestling. Stoue-white, marbled with ash-brown above, dull white
below.

Hah. Temperate and Tropical North America, occasionally visiting
Newfoundland and Labrador ; breeding along the Mississippi and
Missouri valleys from Dakota downwards, and on the coast from New
England down to the West Indies generally, the Leeward Islands
and Trinidad ; on the Pacific side from California to Mexico and
Central America. In winter occasionally to the West and South-
west coast of Africa.

124

a, b. Ad. ; c. Imm.

sk.
d-f. 2 ad. sk.

g. 5 ad. sk.
h. (5 j uv. sk.

i-l. PuU. sk.

m. Juv. sk.
n. c? ad. sk.

o,p. c? 2 ad. ; 17.

Pull. sk.
r s. Ad. et imm.

sk.
t-b'. c? ? ad. sk.

c'-/..c??ad.;y.

2 imm. sk.
h'-Jc'. (S ad. sk.

I' . (5' imm. sk.

m'. Ad. sk.
n'-q\ (5 § ad. sk.

r'-t'. S ad. et

imm. sk.
u' . Imm. sk.

North America (Krider).

Ipswicli, Massachusetts, June

and Jidy {Dr. Brewer Sf

C. J. Maynard).
Ipswich, Mass. (C. J. M.).
Nantucket, Mass. ( W. Breiu-

ster).
Bone I., Virginia, July

{Ridyivny) .
Bone I., Va., July [Ridgioay).
Cobb's I., Va., June (C. M.

Jones).
Cobb's I., Va., Jidy (H. W.

He7ishaic).
Caper's I., South Carolina,

April {J. H. Batty).
Brownsville, Texas, May (F.

B. Armstrong).
Corpus Christi, Texas, May

{F. B. A.).
Antigua, Lesser Antilles,

May (C. S. Winch).
Barbados, Sept. {H. W. F.).

Venezuela.

Loug Cay, Glover's Reef,

Brit. Honduras, May (0.

Salvin).
San Bias, Tepic Terr., April

( W. B. Richardson).
Nagua River, Fantee, W.

Africa, February 1871

(Gov. Ussher).

H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Col. H. W. Feilden

[P.].
Dyson Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

30. Sterna superciliaris.

Hati ceja blanca, Azara, Ajjiint. Bar. Parag. iii. p. 377 (1802).

Hati manchado, id. toni. cit. p. 377 (juv.).

Sterna superciliaris, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 126 (1819 :

based on the above "Hati ceja blanca"); id. Enc. Method. 1.

p. 350 (1820) ; Stejih. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. l,p. 149 (1825) ;

Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; <Se/. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200

(Lower Ucayali) ; iid. op. cit. 1867, p. 593 (River Tocautins) ;

iid. op. cit. 1871, p. 571 (revision) ; iid. op. cit. 1873, p. 310

(E. Peru) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Reinh. Vid.

Med. 1870, p. 19 (Brazil); Salvin, Ibis, 1874, p. 319; Coues, B.

N.-West, p. 692 (1874: partim) ; Saimders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 662

(revision bterninse) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 201 (La Plata) ;

Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 625 (1882); White, P.Z.S. 1882,

p. 628 (Parana); Tacz. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 444 (1886); Scl. l^

Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 197 (1888).
Sterna maculata, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 176 (1819 :

based on the " Hati manchado " of Azara) ; id. Enc. Method, i.

p. 350 (1820) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846).
Sterna argentea, Netaoied, Beitr. iv. p. 871. (1833) ; Less. Hist. N.

Mamm. et Ois. ix. p. 520 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ;

(5, STERNA.

125

Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. o42

(1856); id. Reis. La Plata-St. ii. p. 419 (1861); Pelz. Oni. Bras.

pp. 325, 461 (1871).
Sternula argentoa, Buie, Isis, 1844, p. 183 ; Licht. Noynencl. Av. p. 'J8

(1854: IJrazil).
Sternula siiperciliaris, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 183.

Adult in hrcedlnif-phanar/e. Like the preceding species, but larger
and stouter ; the black loral streak very narrow ; the mantle and
tail darker grey, with a slightly brown tinge on the inner second-
aries ; the four outer pairs of primaries cliiotly dusky black, with
comparatively narrow white margins to tlie inner webs of the two
first, and very little white on the next two pairs inwards : bill stout
and deep at the base, greenish yellow, with no black at the tip ;
tarsi and toes dull yellow or olivaceous. Total length only 1) inches
(owing to the tail being short), culmen 1-5, wing 7"25, tail 3-2.5,
depth of fork 1-3, tarsus 0-65, middle toe with claw 0-75, Ttie
sexes appear to be alike in plumage.

Adult after the autumn moidt. Lores merely speckled with black •
crown flecked with white ; otherwise like the above.

Immature. Lores and forehead white ; crown grey, with blackish
streaks which become confluent round the eye and on the nape ;
primaries with a brownish tinge : bill yellow, with horn-coloured
tip. Otherwise like the adult.

Young. Lores drab, a very marked whitish superciliary streak,
forehead drab ; crown darker, flecked with umber ; a black patch
from behind tbe eye to the nape ; mantle grey, tinged with buff
and barred with ash ; tail mottled with ash, the ground-colour
greyer than in any of the allied species : bill dull yellow, the maxilla
nearly horn-colour ; tarsi and toes dull yellow. Conspicuously
darker than tlie young of S. antillarum.

Hub. Estuaries and rivers of South America from the Orinoco to
the La Plata, ascending the Amazons and tributaries as far west as
the river Huallaga. Eggs laid on sand-banks.

a. 2 juv. ;

f>,c. (S 2 ad. sk.

d. 1mm. sk.

e. Ad. st.

f. Imni. sk.
ff. cJ iium. sk.
h. Ad. sk.

i. cJ ad. sk.

/. 6

k. 2 imm

ad. sk.

m, n. Ad. sk.

0. (S imm. sk.

Vix ad. sk.

Rupuruni River, Brit. Guiana,

Nov., Dec. (H. Whiteh)).
Surinam, Dutch Guiana {iJr.

W. Kirke).
Amazons.

Amazons ( Wtdlncc ^- Bates).
Amazons (A. Ii. Wallace).
Tocantins liiver,Lnwer Ama-
zons, Sept. (A. Ii. ir.).
Santa Cruz, Upper Amazons,

May {E. BartMt).
Rio de Janeiro, July {J.

YoumJ).

Sao Paulo, Brazil {Nattercr). Salvin-Godman Coll
Colonia, Rio de la I'lala, II. Saunders Coll.

Nov. {U. M. Harrison,

B.N.).
Baradero, River Parana, H. Dnruford, Esa

April. [C.]. ^

Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Purchased.
Salvin-(Todman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.

H. Saunders Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.

126 tARID^.

31 . Sterna lorata.

Sterna exilis * {nee Tsch.), Scl. P. Z. S. 18G7, p. 336 & p. 344 ; Scl. et
Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 572 (revision) ; iid. op. cit. 1873, p. 147 ;
iid. Nomencl. Ao. Neotr. p. 147 (1873) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 663 (revision) ; id. op. cit. 1882, p. 552 (Peru) ; Tacz. Orn. Perou,
iii. p. 445 (1886) ; MacFarl. Ibis, 1887, p. 204 (Callao Bay) ; Ber-
lepsch ^ Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400.

Sterna lorata, Phil, et Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1863, pt. i. p. 124.

Sterna loricata, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 121, no. 11068 (1871: ex
Ph. Si- Landb.).

Adult in hreeding -plumage. Forehead, and as far as the middle
■if the eyebrow, white ; upper loral streak black, rather narrow,
l)elow which a parallel whitish streak along the cheeks ; crown and
aape black ; mantle slate-grey ; primaries with white shafts, the
outer web of the outermost primary black, a smoke-grey line next
the shaft on the inner web, and similar lines of a greyer colour on
the succeeding primaries, inner portion of inner webs white ; rump
and tail-feathers slate-grey, the streamers paler ; vent, flanks,
abdomen, and breast smoke-grey, passing into white on the throat
and chin ; under wing-coverts white : bill ver}' slender and pro-
longed in front of the angle of the genys, greenish yellow at the base,
blackish anteriorly ; tarsi and toes brownish, small, delicate, and the
web between the middle and inner toe considerably indented. Total
length y-6 inches, culmen 1-45, wing 7"3, tail 4-1, depth of fork 2-2,
tarsus 0"55, middle toe with claw 0-75.

Adidt in winter. Like the above, with a little mottling of white
about the lores and forehead.

Immature and young unknown to me.

Hah. Coast of Peru and of Northern Chile. Breeding-habits
unknown.

a, b. S ad. sk. Callao Bay, Peru, Aug. {Commr. II. Saunders Coll.

MacFarlane, R.N.).

c, d. Ad. sk. Paracas Bay, Peru, Oct. {Adml. II. Saunders Coll.

A. H. Markham).

e. Ad. sk. Coast near Lima ( W. l^ation). Salvin-Godman Coll.

/. Ad. St. Chile. Salvin-CTodman CoU.

32. Sterna melananchen.

Sterna melanauchen, Temm. PL Col. v. livr. 72, pi. 427 (1827) ;
Lesson, Man. cCOrn. ii. p. 382 (1828 : Moluccas) ; id. Traite, p. 622
(1831) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 179 (1844 : Java) ;
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xv. p. 373
(1846: Nicobar Is.); Gordd, B. Austral, vii. pi. 28 (1848);
Reichenh. Natat. tab. xx. fig. 282 (1848) ; id. torn, cit., Novit. vii.
tab. 270. figs. 2255-6 (1850) ; id. Voff. Neuholl. Bd. ii. p. 9 & p. 346
(1850) ; /. Macgilliv. Narr. Voij. Rattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852) ;
Licht. iSfomenel. Av. p. 98 (1854 : Sumatra) ; Schl, Handl. Dierh.
tab. viii. fig. 102 (1857) ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 198 ; id. op. cit.

* As mentioned {supra p. 21). the Sterna exilis of Tsehudi in the Neuchatel
Museum proved on examination to be a young Hi/drochelklon surinamensis.

G. STERNA. 127

1859, p. 166 (New Caledonia) ; id. Cat. Mamm. ^ B. Neio Guin.
p. 53(18.yj); id. P.Z.8. 1861, p. 4:58 (Mysol) ; Schl. Mm. R-
Bas, Sterua3, p. 28 (1863) ; lioneiih. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv.
p. -im (1863); id. J.f. O. 1864, p. 138; Pelz. Reis. Novara, FoV/.
p. 154 (1865: Nicobars) ; Fimok, Neu-Guin. p. 184 (1865: Bat-
chiau, Timor) ; Gould, llandb. B. Auxtr. ii. p. 400 (1865) ; Flnsch
if Uartl. Faun. CmitralpoUjn. p. 224 (1867); Swinh. Rns, 1%Q7 ,
p. 230 (Amoy) ; id. op. cit. 1870, p. 367 (Hainan); Marie, Act. .
iSov. Linn. Bordeaux, xxvii. p. 328, no. 90 (1870 : New Caledonia;
cf. /6w, 1877, p. 363) ; Gray, Uand-l. B. iii. p. 121, no. 11063
(1871) ; Finsch, R. Z. S. 1872, p. 113 (Pelew Is.) ; Ro^enb. Reist.
Geeld?ikh. p. 9 (1875); Lai/ard, R.Z.S. 1875, p. 440; Finsch,
Journ. Mas. Godeffr. 1875, lift. viii. ]>. 41 (Pelew Is.) ; Masters,
Rr. Linn. Sac. N. S. W. 1876, p. 62 ; Ramsay, t. c. p. 78 ; Saunders,
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 661 (revision Sternlnse) ; Layard, Ibis, 1876,
p. loo(FijiIs.) ; id.t.c.^^. 497 (Naviofatorls.); Sharpe, Journ. Linn.
Soc. xiii. p. 505 (1877) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 770; David ^
Oustal. Ois. Chi7ie, p. O'lC) (1877) ; L'lyard, Ibis, 1878, p. 280
(Coral islands to the N.E. of Madagascar) ; Ramsni/, Pr. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 201 ; id. op. cit. 1879, p. .302 ; id. op. cit.
1880, p. 102 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 354 (Labuan) ; Rosenb.
Malay. Archip. pp. 220, 279, 604 (1878-79) ; Layard, Ibis, 1879,
p. 365 (Noumea) ; Leyye, B. Ceylon, p. 1020, note (1880 : not vet
in Ceylon) ; Finseh, Ibis, 1880, pp. 220, 332 (Marshall Is.) ; \d.
torn. cit. p. 431 (Gilbert Is.) ; id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 577 (Caroline
Is.); id. Ibis, 1881, pp. 113, 115 (E. Carolines); id. torn. cit.
p. 540 (New Eritaiu group) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii.
p. 408 (1882) ; id. Orn. Papuasia fc. iii. p. 444 (1882) ; Layard,
Ibis, 1882, p. 540 (New Caledonia, breeding) ; Gates, B. Brit.
i)'M/-»t. ii. p. 429 (1883) ; Finsch, Voy. S'Msee,y^. 21 (1884: New
Britain) ; Meyer, Zeitsch.f. yes. Orn. i. pp. 197, 216 (Timor-laut) ;
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 337 (Diego Garcia) ; Seebohm, Ibis,
1887, p. 181 (Loo-choo Is); Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 2-3
(1888) ; North, Nests >^- Fyys Austr. B. p. 356 (1889) ; Tristr.
Cat. Coll. B. p. 9 (1889) ; Everett, B. Borneo, p. 211 (1889); Salvad.
Ayyiunte Orn. Papuas. p. 212 (1889) ; Mliitehead, Ibis, 1890, p. 61
(Palawan); Seebohm, B. Japan. Emj>. p. 297 (1890); Oates, '2nd
ed. Hume's Nests ^- Fyys Ind. B. iii. p. 302 (1890) ; Lister, P. Z. S.
1891, pp. 298, 300 (Phoenix group) ; Wiylesw. Abh. zool. Mus.
Dresd. 1890-91, no. vi. p. 74 ( 1892 : Polynesia) ; De la Touche,
Ibis, 1892, p. 503 (Swatow, breeding).

Gygis melananchea [sic], Boic, Isis, 1844, p. 185.

Sterna marginata, Blyth, J. A. S. Beny. xv. p. 373 (1840) ; id. Ibis,

1865, p. 40 (young).

Onvehopriou nielanauchen, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 293
(1849) ; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 319 (Nicobar Is.) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii.
p. 844 (1864) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 39 ; Blair, op. cit. 1866, p. 221 ;
JJ'alden, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 556 (Andaman Is.) ; Bjavan, Ibis, 1867,
p. 3.'14 (Andaman Is.) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1867, p. 230 : id. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 422 (Amov); Wuldcn, Tr. Z. S. viii. p. 104 (1872 : Celebes);
Bull, Sir. F. 1873, p. 90 (Andaman & Nicobar Is.) ; Walden, Ibis,
1874, p. 149 (Andaman Is.) ; IIu7}ie, Str. F. ii. p. 73 & p. 483 (1874) ;
id. op. cit. iv. p. 224 (1876) ; Blyth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 163
(1875).

Sternula melanancheu, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Bias. J. f. O.

1866, p. 74 ; Hume, .Str. F. 1874, p. 319 (Andaman and Nicobar
Is.) ; Hume, Nests if Fyys Ind. Ii. p. 656 (1875) ; Heine if Reich.
Nomencl. Mus. Ilein. p. 356 (1890).

128 LAEIDiE,

Gyg:s sp. ?, Hartl. Ibis, 1864, p. '262 ; id. Mus.' Godeffroy, Cat. i. p. 5

(1864).
Gyns decorata, Hartl. Ibis, 1864, p. 232 ; id. Mus. Godeffroy, Cat.i.

■p.' 5 (1864).
Sterna hirundo ?, Sicinhoe, Ihis, 1866, p. 135 (Amoy) ; id. 021. cit.

1807, p. 320 ( = S. raelanauchen).
Onvcbopi'ion suinatranus, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 374 (1874) ; Vorderm.

Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 207 (1884 : Java) ; id. op. cit.

xlix. p. 420 (1889 : Sumatra) ; id. op. cit. li. p. 415 (1892 : Java).
Anous cineieus, Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 156 (Coral islands, N.E. of

Madagascar).
Sterua siuuatrana, Hume ^ Davison, Str. F. vi. p. 493 (1878) ;

Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 116 (1879, List) ; id. op. cit. p. 162 (Tonka,

Malaj' P.) ; Kelham, Ibis, 1882, p. 202 (Malacca Straits) ,

Adult in hreedhig-plumage. Forehead and crown pure white ; in
front of the eye a black triangular patch, the apex of which does
not reach the base of the bill ; behind the eye on each side and
enclosing the nape a band of black, bi'oad and prolonged in the
centre ; neck white ; mantle and rump delicate pearl-grey ; shafts
of all the primaries white ; the outer primary with the outer web
blackish, and the streak next the shaft on the inner web pale
gi'ey ; the succeeding primaries palest grey next the shafts on the
outer and the inner webs, the inner margins of all being pure
white • tail long and forked, the middle tail-feathers pale pearl-
grey, the rest white ; underparts glossy white, with a beautiful
roseate tint, as in S. dour/alli : bill black ; tarsi and toes dark
brown to black. Total length 13-5 inches, culmcn 1-6, wing 8-5,
tail 6, depth of fork 3, tarsus 0-7, foot with middle toe 0-9. The
male appears to have somewhat longer streamers than the female ;
otherwise the sexes are alike externally.

Adtdt in winter plumage. Differs only in having less black in
front of the eye and on the nape.

Immature. Similar to the above, but there is abrownish tinge to
the black on the nape ; the wing-coverts are ash-grey, and a dark
line runs along the carpal joint ; the webs of the four outer
primaries on both sides of the white shafts are dark ash-grey (the
outermost black), and the outer webs of the tail-streamers are also
ash-coloured.

Yoiinq. Forehead and crown bufRsh white, with black streaks
which become confluent on the nape ; feathers of the mantle and
tail grey, barred with ash-brown and tipped with buff; primaries
with a good deal of grey, which throws into strong relief their
broad white inner margins : bill ochre-yellow, horn-coloured near
the tip ; toes yellowish brown.

Nestling. Above pale buff, spotted and streaked with black and
nmber-brown ; beneath dull drab.

Hah. Islands to the N.E. of Madagascar, Amiraute Group,
Seychelles, Chagos (Diego Garcia) Group, Nicobar and Andaman Is.,
Tenasserim, Malayasia, and the whole Archipelago to New Guinea,
North Australia, Loyalty Islands, Fiji Group, and Polynesia
generally as far as the Friendly and Navigator Groups ; Phoenix,

6. STEKN\.

Caroline, Pelovv, and I'hilippine Islands, the
Loo-choo Islands, lis range appears to be
measure upon the existence of coral islands of
probably still more extensive.

129

a. S ad. sk.

b. c5 ad. sk.
c-y. 6 2 ad. sk.
h-n. S 2 ad. sk.

o-r. (J 2 ad. sk.

s-x: S 2 ad. sk.

y-d'. J 5 ad. sk.

e'. f^ ad. sk.

/'. 2 imm. sk.

g'. 2 ad. sk.

h'. (J ad. sk.
i',k'. d2 ad.sk.
I'. Ad. sk.

m', n'. Imm. sk.
o'. Pull.; p'. juv.

sk.
g'. Ad. sk.
>•'. Ad. sk.
s', t' . Ad. sk.
n' . Ad. .sk.
v' . 2 ad. sk.
?y', x' . Ad. sk.
»/'. Ad. sk.
~ , a". Ad. sk,
b". 2 ad. sk.

c". 2 ad. sk. ;

d" . (^ ad. St.
e",/". Ad. sk.

f/". 2 ad. sk.

//". 2 ad. sk.
t". c? ad. sk.

A-". d ad. sk.

/". (S ad. sk.
m". Ad. sk.

TOL. XXV.

African I., Amirante Group,

March (Dr. Coppinr/er).
Andaman Is., June (li. C.

Beacan).
South Andaman Is., April and

May [R. G. W. Rammi/).
Aberdeen, S. Andaman I., April

and June ( W. Davison if

F. A. de lioepstorf).
Corbine's Cove, S. Andaman

Is., May ( W. Davison).
South Andaman I., May ( W.

D.).
Port Blair, S. Andaman I., May

and July (R. J. TViml/er/ci/).
Port Blair, S Andaman I.,

June (R. J. W.).
Laynah Creek, Tenasserim,

May ( W. Davison).
Kyouk Phyoon, April (/. Arm-
strong).
Ton-ka,' Malay Pen., May.
Mahacca, Aug. {S. Pimoill).
Malacca, Aug. {A. O. Main-

!/«!/).
Penang (Dr. Cantor).
Achin, N. Sumatra.

Sum.atra {A. R. Wallace).

Labunn, N. Borneo.

Celebes.

Celebes.

Mvsol I., Jan.

N.'New Guinea (A. R. IV.).

D'Entrecasteaux Is.

North Australia (Cockerell).

Claremont Is., Aug. {J. Mac-

gillivray).
Cairncrosi I., Oct. {J. Macgil-

livray).
Cape Upstart, Australia, April.

Ansevata, New Caledonia, Oct.

(E. L. Layard).
Nairai, Fiji Is. (Rayncr).
Ovalau reef, Fiji Is., Oct. (E.

L. Laijard).
Tongatabu, Nov. {Dr. Cop-

piwjer).
Canton I.,Ph(jDnix Group, July.
Pelew Is.

China Sea up to the
dependent in a great
a certain size, and is

Voy.H.M.S.' Alert.'
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

India Museum [P.].
India Museum [P.j.

H. Saunders Coll.

Gov. Ussher [P.].

J. Gould, Esq.

II. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Wallace Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Voy. H.M.S. 'Kattle-
snake.'

Voy.H.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'

J. B. Jukes, Esq.
[P.].

Seebohm Coll. ,

Voy.H.M.S. 'Herald.'

Tweeddale Coll.

Vov. H.M.S. 'Alert'

[P.].
J. J. Lister, Esq. [P.].
J. Cohen [C.].

E

130 LABIDJi;.

n" . Imm. sk. Pelew Is H. Saunders Coll.

o". Ad. sk. Loo-choo Islands, Aug. 1886. Seebohm CoU.

p"-t". Ad. sk. Amoy, China, June and July Swinhoe Coll.

{li. S.).

u". Ad. sk. Amoy, June. H. Saunders Coll.

v", w". Skeletons. North Australia {Macgillivray). Voy. H.M.S. ' Rattle-

snake ' [P.].

33. Sterna trudeauii.

Sterna trudeauii, Audub. Om. Biogr. v. p. 125 (1839) ; id. Synop.

p. 319 (1839); id. B. N. Am. 8vo, vii. p. 105, pi. 435 (1844);

Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 659 (1846) ; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. i. p. 484

(1847) ; Baird, Cass., Sj- Laivr. B. N. Amer. p. 861 (1858) ; Baird,

Cut. N. Amer. B. no. 687 (1859) ; Sc/ileg. Mus. P.-Bas, Sternse,

p. 29 (1863 : Brazil) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11027 (1871);

8cl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 570 (revision) ; Landbeck, Ann. Univ.

Chil. 1872, p. 515 ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 322 (1872) ; id.

Check-L no. 571 (1873) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147

(1873); Coves, B. N.-West, p. 675 (1874) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.

1876, p. 660 (revision) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 200 (La Plata) ;

Ridyw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53 (1881) ; Coues, Check-l.

2nd ed. p. 124, no. 802 (1882); id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.

p. 7()7 (1884) ; Baird, Brew., Sf Ridgw. Water-B. N. Ama: ii.

p. 290(1884); Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 443 (1886: Arica) ;

Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 4] (1887) ; Scl. ^ Hudson, Argent.

Orn. ii. p. 195 (1888) ; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 428 ; id. op. cit.

1892, p. 212 (Buenos Ayres, breeding) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1891,

p. 373 (eggs, Arirentina).
Gelochelidon trudeaui, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 187.
Phaetusa sellovii, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854 : Maldonado)*.
Thalasseus trudeaui, Bj). C. R. xlii. p. /72 (1856).
Sterna frobeenii, Phil. <§• Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1863, p. 125 (Arica

Bay) ; iid. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 49 (Jide Scl. et Salv.) ; Gray,

Hand-l. B. iii. p. 118, no. 11032 (1871) ; Landb. An. Univ. Chil.

1872, p. 615.
Phaetusa trudeauii, Bias. J.f. O. 1866, p. 73 (revision).
? Phaethusa chloropoda, Heine fy Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein.

p. 355 (1890: Chile).

Adult in breecling-pluntage. Forehead, crown, and nape pure
white ; in front of the eye a black patch, and behind the eye to
beyond the auricle a black streak about 1 inch long ; neck and
mantle pearl-grey ; wings rather paler, the secondaries broadly
edged with white, the iipper primaries less so, the lower primaries
dark grey on or near the margins of the inner webs, the " wedges "
nearly white, the portions of the webs next the shafts pale grey, all
the shafts white ; rump nearly white ; tail-feathers pale pearl-grey,
the streamers lightest and silvery white on their outer webs ; abdo-
men and breast grey, like the mantle; chin white; under wing-
coverts dead white : bill, yellow at its basal half, banded with black
at the genys, and tipped with pale lemon-yellow ; tarsi and toes
dull orange, the hind tpe long, free and somewhat high up. Total

* Type in Berhn Museum examined.

fj. STEKNA.

131

leiij^th 14 inches, culnicn 1-8, wing 10'25, tail 5'75, depth of fork
2'S, tarsus U'U5, middle too with claw I'l.

Adult in winter. Like the above, oxcei)t that the black of the
orbits aud auriculars is paler and little more than iron-grey. The

primaries are then new, beautifully frosted, and have a very silvery

^.appearance.

Immature. Very similar, but the centres of the long inner second-
aries are ash-grey. At an earlier stage, the eye-streak is more
developed and blacker ; the webs of the outer primaries are brownish
black on both sides of the shafts owing to the wear of the frosting ;
the und^rparts are white ; and the bill is dull ochre-brown at the
base, though yellow at the tip.

Young. The patch before and the streak behind the eye decidedly
larger, and there is an indication of a greyish crescent on the nape ;
the crown greyish white, slightly mottled with brown, as 'are the
feathers of the mantle ; tail-feathers dark ash-grey with white
margins : bill yellowish brown at the base, the rest blackish, with
no yellow at the tip ; tarsi and toes yellow.

In its immature and young plumage this Tern resembles S.forsteri,
but the latter always shows more distinct coloration on the crown
and nape, while its hind toe is decidedly shorter, and its bill has
no yellow at the tip.

Hah. East coast of South America from llio de Janeiro to
Argentina ; also on the West side, in Chile, up to Arica (which was
formerly in Peru). Accidental in the United States (Long Island
and New Jersey [?]).

a. 5 imm. sk. Rio de Janeiro, Aug. (H. M. H. Saunders Coll.

Harrison, R.N.).
b,c. cJ 5 ad. sk. Santa Catharina, S. Brazil, H. Saimders Coll.

Aug. 188.3 {H. M. Harrison,

R.N.).
d,e. Vix ad.;-/, Santa Catharina, S. Brazil {H. H. Saunders Coll.

y. Imm. sk. Rogers).

h, i. Yix ad. sk. Santa Catharina, S. Brazil {H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Rogers),
k. 2 juv. sk. Maldouado, Uruguay, Jan. (H. H. Saunders Coll.

M. Harrison, R.N.).
I. Ad. sk. Punta Lara, Argentina, Oct. H. Durnford Coll.

(H. D.).
m. $ ad. sk. Buenos Ayres Prov., Sept. {H. H. Durnford Coll.

n. Ad. sk. . Buenos Ayi-es Prov. Alan Peel, Esq. [C.].

0. (5" ad. sk. Buenos Ayres Prov., Nov. (^m;-- Salvin-Godman Coll.

meister).

p, q. S ad. sk. Ajn, B. A. Prov. {E. Gibson). H. Saunders Coll.

r. Ad. St. Chile {Bridges). Purchased.

«. Ad. St. Chile (Cuming). Purchasied.

132 LARID^.

7. NiENIA. ^

Type.

Nsenia, Bote, Isis, 1844, p. 189 N. inca.

Sternolophota, Lesson, teste Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 123

(1871) N. inca.

Larosterna, Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 293 (1849) N. inca.

Inca, Jard. Contrib. Orn. p. 33 (1850) N. inca.

Mange. Coasts of Peru and Chile.

1. Nsenia inca.

Sterna stolida, Lesson, Voy. ' Coqidlle,' i. p. 244 (1826 : Concepcion
Bay, ChUe).

Sterna inca, Lesson, Voy. ' Coquille,' p. 731, no. 145, Atlas, pi. 47
(1826: Peru); id. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 383 (1828); id. Traite,
p. 622 (1831) ; id. H. N. Manmi. et Ois. ix. p. 518, pi. 47. fig. 1
(1837) ; TscfiudiSr Cab. Faun. Feruan., Aves, pp. 53, 305 (1846) ;
Reichenb. Isatat. tab. xx. tig. 811 (1848).

Nffinia inca, Boie, Lsis, 1844, p. 189 (type of genus) ; Reichenb. Av.
Syst. Nat, Longijj. p. v (1852) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ;
Scl. Sj- Sail'. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 567 (revision Neotrop. Laridse) ;
itd. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873) ; Saunde7-s, P. Z. S.
1876, p. 667 (revision) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 404 (1878 :
distribution) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 626 (1882) ; Saunders,
P. Z. S. 1882, p. 520 (Callao) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 446
(1886) ; MacFarl. Ibis, 1887, p. 204 (Callao) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B.
p. 9 (1889) ; Hartert, Ratal. Voyekamml. Senckenb. p. 238 (1891);
Berlei)sch^ Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400.

Noddi inca, Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. i. p. 486 (1847).

Anous inca. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 181 (1844) ; id.
Gen. Birds, iii. p. 661 (1846) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 97 (1854:
Chile); Pelz. Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 156 (1865: Chile); Bias.
J. f. 0. 1866, p. 83 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 123, no. 11091 (1871 :
Cliile) ; Ciinningk. Sir. Magell. p. 404 (1871: Coquimbo) ; Pelz.
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, p. 159 (Callao Bay).

Larosterna inca, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 293 (1849 : type
of genus).

Inca mystacalis, Jard. Contrib. Orn. p. 33 (1850: tvpe of genus) ;
Cassin, U.S. E.vpl. Exp. p. 391 (1858 : Callao).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Forehead and crown dark bluish
slate-colour ; from the base of the maxilla, below the eye, a white
moustache, prolonged to the auricles and thence detached in curling
feathers, some of them 2 inches long; mantle a mere shade lighter
than the crown ; most of the secondaries broadly tipped with white ;
primaries brownish black, paler towards the margins of the inner
webs, the four upper ones greyer and edged with white ; central
tail-feathers like the mantle, the lateral ones brownish like the
primaries ; underparts like the upper, but paler on the under wing-
coverts and on the throat : bill strong, the maxilla deciirved, bright
blood-red ; tarsi, toes, and webs crimson, the latter well developed.
Total length 16 inches, culmen 1*9, wing 11-2, tail 5-8, depth of
fork 1-4, tarsus 0-9, middle toe with claw 1'2. 8o far as is known,
there is no difference in the plumage of the sexes. I am not aware
of any seasonal change.

8. PROCF.LSTEKNA.

133

Immature. Similar tu the prcoeding, but with a much browner
tinge throughout, the moustaches less developed and mixed with ash-
browu : bill and feet paler in colour.

Young. Lower forehead and lores ash-brown, crown and nape
rather lighter, orbital region darker ; below the eye a faint grey
line indicating the moustache, the detached feathers of which
are grey with white lower edges and only about 1^3 inch long ;
rest of plumage brownish grey, paler on the throat and chin : bill
reddish brown, brighter towards the tip ; tarsi and toes livid.

Hah. Coasts of Peru and Chile. Xidification unknown and
probably peculiar, as the shores frequented are high, rocky and
caverned.

Capt. Lord Byion,

R.N. fP.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Capt. W. S. Brett

(v.\

Chincba Islands, Peru, ^Lar.- H. Saunders Coll.
Apr. (H. S.).
h. S ad. ; i. J Callao Bay, Peru, Aug. (Acbnl. H. Saunders Coll.

imni. sk. Markham).

A-. Ad. sk. Guavaquil. Capt. Kellett& Lieut.

Wood, R.N. [P.].

a. Ad. st, ; b. Ad. Chile coast.

sk.

e. cT ad. .sk. Chile.

(I, e. Ad. sk. Valpai'aiso, Chile.

f,9. Ad. sk.

8. PROCELSTERNA.

Type.

Procelsterna, Lafresn. Mag. de Zool. (2), Ois. pi. 29, cum

descrip. (1842) , P. Cferulea.

Range. Pacific, from San Ambrosio to Australia, and northwards
to the Fanning group.

Key to the Species.

a. Smaller, darker grey above, underparts pale grey . . carulea, p. 133.

b. Larger, paler grey above, white below cinerea, p. 135.

1. Procelsterna caerulea.

Sterna cffirulea, F. D. Bennett, Narr. Jllialinff-Vtii/. i. p. 385, aud ii.

p. 248 (1840: Christmas L, Fanning group).
" Sterne cendre," Nihoux, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 291 .
Sterna teretirostris, Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 242.
Procelsterna tereticollis, Lafresnaye, Ma;i. de Zool. (2), Ois. pi. 29,

cum descrip. (1842: type oi FroceUtvnia).
Stolida cinerea, Nebou.v, Voy. ' V^nus,' Atlas, pi. 9 (1846 : Pacific,

N. of Equator).
Anous parvulus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 104 (Christmas Island,

Bennett) ; Hartl. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, i. p. 127 ; id. J.f. O. 1854,

p. 170; Cassin, U.S. E.vpl. E.xp., Birds, p. 393 (1858: Honden

Island, Low Archipelago) ; Gray, Cat B. Trop Is. Pacijic, p. (iO

(1859).
Anous tereticoUis, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 661 (1846).
Meffaloptevu.s plnmbeus, Peale, U.S. Erpl. Erp. p. 285 (1848:

llonden Island).

134 LAEID^.

Anoiis tephrodes, Reichenh. Natat., Novit. x. tab. cclxxii. fig. 2271
(1850).

Anous cinereus, Provost et Des Murs, Voy. Venus, v. p. 276 (1855) ;
Finsch ^- Hartl. Faun. Central pohjn. p. 239, tab. iv. figs. 4 & 5
(eggs), tab. xiii. fig. 4, bird (1867 : Phcenix group).

Procelstema cinerea, -B;j. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856).

Anous ciuerea, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 120, no. ]1089 (1871).

Anous cferuleus, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 671 (Christmas I., &c.) ;
id. op. cit. 1878, p. 211 (correction sjoion.) ; 8harpe, i. c. p. 272
(Ellice Is.); id. Phil. Tr. clxviii. p. 469 (1879) ; Salvin, P. Z. S.
1879, p. 128 (Samoa) ; Saund. J. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 404 (1879 :
distribution) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1881, p. 252 (Marquesas) ; id. op. cit.
1883, p. 48 (Fanning group); MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 213
(Christmas I.) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 10 (1889) ; Lister, P. Z. S.
1891, p. 296, p. 300 (Phcenix group) ; Wiylesw. Ahh. zool. 3fus.
Dresd. 1890-91, no. vi. p. 77 (1892) ; Stone, Pr. Philad. Acad.
1894, pp. 115-118.

Adult in hreedtng-plumage. Round the ej'e a narrow black ring ;
forehead and throat pale grey ; crown and nape darker grey ;
remaining upper parts smoke-grey, the shafts of primaries black ;
secondaries conspicuously bordered with white ; underparts grey,
like the crown : bill blackish ; tarsi and toes livid brown, webs
lemon-yellow, hind toe very small. Total length 9-7 inches,
culmen 1*2, wing 7"4, tail 4, depth of fork 1"5, tarsus 0*9, middle
toe with claw 1*2. Sexes apparently alike in plumage.

Adtdt in winter or after moidt. Similar to the above ; perhaps a
little paler in tint, but statistics are wanting. All I can say is — that
an adult female obtained at Uaiatea, Society Islands, in November
is paler than other specimens.

Jmmature. Similar, with a slightly dark line along the carpal
joint.

Young. Similar, but with a brownish tinge on the crown and
faint indications of bars on the feathers of the mantle, which are
rather darker than in the adult ; underparts ash-grey ; under
wing-coverts smoke-grey ; tarsi dull brown.

Bab. Central Polynesia : — Paumotu or Low Archipelago, the
Marquesas, the Society to the Ellice Islands, the Phceuix group, and
the Fannings (Christmas I.), a little north of the Equator.

a, b. Ad. sk. Ellice Islands. Eev. J. Whitmee

[C.].

c. 2 ad. sk. Phcenix Islands, July. J. J. Lister, Esq. [P].

d. Ad. sk. Tutuila, Samoan Islands. Rev. T. Powell [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Society Islands. Hume Coll.

/. 2 ad. sk. Eaiatea, Society Islands, Nov. H. Saunders Coll.

18th (/. Young).

g. Juv. sk. Marquesas Islands, March 11. Saunders Coll.

{Canon Tristram).

h. Imm. sk. Christmas I., Fanning group H. Saunders Coll.

Oct. (Commr. J. R. H. Mac-
Farlane).

8. PEOCELSTERNA. 135

2. Procelsterna cinerea.

Pelecanopus pelecanoides, Gray {nee Kiiig), List B. Brit. Mus.,
Anseres, p. 180 (1844 : Australia, Sir T. Mitchell).

Anous cinereiis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 104 (N.E. Australia) ; id.
B. Australia, vii. pi. 37 (1848: Norfolk I. and N.E. coast
Australia) ; Bennett, Gath. Nat. Austr. p. 241 (1800: Nepean Is.,
breeds) ; Krefl, Ibis, 1862, p. 192 (Brampton Shoals, 37° S.,
173° ^N.^ ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 212 ; id. Juurn. Linn. Soc.
xiv. p. 404 (1878) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 272 : id. Phil. Tra?is.
clxviii. p. 469 (1879) ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (San Ambrosio I.,
S. Pacific) ; Ramsay, Pr. Li/m. Soc. N.S. W. 1878, p. 139 (Union
group) ; id. op. cit. 1883, p. 89 ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 627
(1882); Croxofoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 265 (Norfolk I., breeds) ; Ramsay,
Pr. Liiin. Soc. N. S. W. 1888, p. 678 (Lord Howe I.) ; id. Tab.
List Austr. B. p. 23, no. 708, & p. 38(1888); Buller, 2nd ed.
B. N. Zeal. ii. p. 78 (1888) ; North, Nests Sj- Eggs Austr. B. p. 376,
pi. xxi. fig. 6 (1889: Lord Howe & Philip Is.); Etheridqe, Zool.
Ld. Howe L p. 17 (1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 10 (1889 : St.
Ambrose I.) ; Wif/lesto. Abhandl. zool. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91,
no. vi. p. 78 (1892) ; Stone, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1894, pp. 115-118.

Procelsterna albivitta, Bj). C.R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Gould, Handb.
B. Austr. ii. p. 420 (186-5).

Sterna cinerea, Schlegel, Mus. P.-B., Sternje, p. 38 (1863 : Australia).

Anous albivitta. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 123, no. 11090 (1871).

Anous albivittatus, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 776 (Eua, Friendlj^
group).

Anous CcBruleus (piirtini), Saunders^ P. Z. S. 1876, p. 671.

Anous Cieruleu-i, liamsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 202,
no. 695; Tristram, Ibis, \SQ\, -p. 177 (ISan Ambrosio I.).

Adult in breeding-plumage. Like, but decidedly larger than, the
preceding species ; much paler on the upper surface ; well-defined
greyish-white " wedges " to the inner webs of the three outer
primaries, the shafts brown ; belly and breast greyish white ; under
wing-coverts pure white : bill black ; " iris blackish blue " (Krefft) :
tarsi and toes reddish black, webs lemon^yellow. Total length
11 inches, eulmcn 1-25, wing 8'5, tail 4*5, depth of fork 2, tarsus 1,
middle toe with claw 1*3.

Adult in ivbiter. Probably similar.

Immature. Like the above, but with a brownish tinge on the mantle
and tail ; duller white wedges to the primaries ; less \\'hite on the
edges of the secondaries : bill, tarsi, and toes brownish black.

Hah. Australian and New Zealand Seas, Lord Howe, Norfolk

I and neighbouring islands, and Kermadec group ; also the islet of San
Ambrosio, which is nearest to the coast of Chile, but lies outside the
cold Antarctic current.
:

b. Ad. St. Australia. Sir Thomas Mitchell

[P.].
jC.Ad.sk. Australia (T. C. Eyton Coll.,

ex Mus. Zool. Soc). H. Saunders Coll.

I d. S ii^l- ''k. Lord Howe Island, September Seebohni Coll.

1887 (Si/dney Mus.).

Ad. sk. Norfolk Island (P. Metcalfe). H. SaUnder.^ Coll.

/•

Ad.

sk.

9-

cJ imm

h.

Ad.

sk.

]36 LAKIDJE.

Norfolk Island. E. Saunders [C.J.

sk. Raoul or Sunday I., Kermadec Voy.H.M.S.' Herald.'
Is., July 1854 (J. Mac-
gillivray)
Eua, Friendly Is. {Hiibner, H. Saunders Coll.
Mus. Godeffroy).

i, k. S ? ad. .sk. San Ambrosio Id., July {Dr. Yoy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'
Copping^-) .

i). ANGUS. „

Type.
Anous, Steph. in Shaivs Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 139

(1826 : ex Leach MSS.) A. stolidus.

Megalopterus, Boie, Zsis, 1821), p. 980 ; cf. id. op.

cit. 1844, pp. 187-188 A. .stolidus.

Stolida, Lesson, Tmite d'Oni. p. 620 (1831) A. stolidus.

Gavia, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 373 (1837) A. stolidus.

Aganaphron, Gloyer, Hand- u. Hilfsb. p. 463 (1842). " The Noddies."

Bange. Tropical and juxta-tropical seas.

Key to the Species.

a. Larger ; bill stouter, crown and forehead

lavender-gi-ey stolidus, p. 136.

b. Smaller ; bill more slender, head and entire

upper parts sooty black galapayensis.^ p. 143.

1. Anous stolidus.

The Noddy, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i. p. 88, cum fig. 88
(1731). •

La Mouette brune, Brtss. Orn. vi. p. 199, pi. xviii. fig. 2 (1760).

Sterna stolida, Limi. Amcen. Acad. iv. p. 240 (1759) : id. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 227 (1766); Forster, /wrf. Zoo/, p. 42 (1781) ; Gni. Syst. Nat.
i. p. 604 (1788): Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 91 (1790); Lath. Ind.
Orn. ii. p. 805 (1790) ; Licht. Cat. Eemm nat. rar. p. 27 (1793) ;
Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 178 (1819) ; Carmichael,
Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 497 (1819 : Tristan da Cuuha, breeding) ;
Werner, Atlas, Balmipedes, pi. 9 (1828) ; Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii.
p. 356 (1828) ; Audub. B. Amer. pi. 275 (circa 1826) ; Lesson,
Traite, p. 620 (1831) ; Neuwied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 874
(1833) ; Eittl. Kupfert. iii. p. 27, tab. 36. fig. 2 (1833) ; Meyen,
Beitr. p. 239 (1834;) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 285 (1834) ; Tkomps.
P. Z. S. 1835, p. 84 (off Ireland); Jenyns, Man. Brit. Verteb.
p. 270 (1835) ; And'ub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 516 (1835), v. p. 642
(1839) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 421 (1837) ; Audub. Synop. p. 322
(1839); D'Orbign. in Sagras Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 213 (1839);
F. D. Bennett, Whaling Vog. i. p. 161 (Society Is.) ; Temm. Man.
d'Orn. 2me (Sd. 4m<' pte, p. 461 (1840) ; Schinz,' Europ. Faun. p. 377
(1840) : Audub. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 123, pi. 440 (1844) ;
Schl. Bev. Crit. p. exxxi (1844) ; Yarrell, Brit. B. p. 531 (1845) ;
Begl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 335 (1849) ; Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 308
(1851); Burm. Th. ^ra«. iii. p. 453 (1856: Fernando Noronha) ;
Hewits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 486, pi. 1.34. fig. 3 (1856) ; Meyer,

9. ANGUS. 137

Brif. B. vii. p. 11:'., pi. 208 (18o7) ; Kittlitz, Drnkwiinliy. lieise,

ii. p. 64 (1858: Kushai Id.); SM. Mus. P.-Bas, Sterme, p. 36

(186.'i) ; Itosenh. Nat. TijdHchr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 256 (1863);

id. J.f. O. 1864, p. 138 ; 'Schl. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 426 ; Schl. ^- Poll.

Faun. Madng., Ois. p. 149 (1868); Hariiiiff, Haiidb. Brit. B.

p. 170 (1872) ; Rosenh. Malaii. Archip. p. 407 (1878-79 : Ternate) ;

Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. "^p. 294, pi. 49 (1885) ; id. B. Japan.

Emp. p. 300 (1890).
Le Petit Fouquet des Philippines, Sonn. Voy. Nouv. Guin. p. 125,

pi. 85 (1776).
Le Xoddi, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. ]>. 461, pi. 37 (1781).
Noddi, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 354 (1785).
Hii-ondelle-de-mer bruiie de la Louisiane, Daubent. PI. Enl. pi. 997

(1786).
Sterna pileata, Scop. Del. Faun, et Flor. Insubr. ii. p. 92, no. 73

(1786 : e.v Svim.).
Sterna philippina. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 805 (1790).
Sterna senex. Leach, in Tuckey's E.vped. Congo, App. p. 408 (1818 :

obtained by Cranch).
Anoiis niger, Steph., in S/iaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 140, pi. 17

(1825 : type of genus, e.r Leach, 3LSS.).
Megalopterus tennirostris, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 980 {jiec Temin. ; cf.

Boie, Isis, 1844, pp. 187-188) ; Biipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 140 (184o :

Red Sea).
Sterna unicolor, Nordni. in Ertnan's Verz. v. Thier. u. PJi. p. 17

(1835: South Seas : in Berlin Mus.).
Gavia leucoceps, S^vains. Classif. B. ii. p. 373(1837 : ex Daubento7i) .
Megalopterus stolidus, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. 8)- N. Amer. p. 61

(1838); Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcviii and p. 248 (1840);

Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 236 (1842) ; id. Brit. B. v.

p. 672 (1852).
Anous stolidus. Gray, Lii<f Gen. B. p. 100 (1841) ; id. List B. Brit,

Mus., Anseres, p. 180 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 661 (1846) ; Boie,

Isis, 1844, p. 188; Gould, B. Australia, vii. pi. 34 (1848) ; Blyth,

Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc. p. 293 (1849) ; Eeicfimib. Syst. Nat. tab. iv.

(1850), and Av. Syst. Nat., Lonyip. p. v (1852) ; )//. Voy.

Neuholl. ii. p. 11 & p. 348 (1850)"; Lickt. Nomencl. Av. p. 97

(1854); Bp. C. R. xli. p. 1112 (1855: Marquesas); id. op. cit.

xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Baird, Cass., Sj- Latur. B. N. Amer. p. 865

(1858) ; Cass. U.S. Eapl. Exp. p. 391 (1858) ; Scl. 8,- Salvin, Ibis,

1859, p. 233 (Pacific coast Centr. Amer.) ; Gray, Cat. B. Trop.

Is. Pacific, p. 59 (1859); Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 557

(critical) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 244 (1863) ; Swinh. P. Z. S.

1863, p. 329 ; id. Ibis, 1863, p. 430 (Formosa) ; Salmn, Ibis, 1864,

p. 392 (Brit. Honduras): Jerdcm, B. India, iii. p. 845 (1864);

Laicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 105 (1864: Sombrero I.); Pelz.

Reis. Novara, foV/. p. 155 (1865); Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii.

p. 413 (1865) : Finsch 4" Hartl. Faun. Cenfralpolyn. p. 234

(1867) ; De(/l. 4' Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 445 (1867) ; Dole, Pr.

Bost. Soc. N. .ff. 1869. p. 307 (Sandwich Is.) ; Sunder. E.Vet.-Akad.

Stockh. 1869, p. 590 (St. Barthol. I., W. Ind.) ; Melliss, Ibis,

1870, p. 106 (St. Helena) ; Finsch Sc Hartl. Voy. Ostafr. p. 835
(1870) ; Sicinh. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 603 (Loo-choo Is.) ; id. op. cit.

1871, p. 422 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 461 (1871 : Fernando Xoionba) ;
Scl. ^- Salvin, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 566 (revision) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B.
iii. p. 123, no. 11084 (1871); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 323
(1872); Fin.<^ch S,- Hartl. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 113 (Pelew Is.); Scl.

138

iSf Salvin, Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 147 (1873) ; Ileugl. Orn. N.O.-
Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1459 (1873) ; Ball, Sir. F. 1873, p. 90
(Andaman Is.) ; Hume, op. cit. 1874, p. 320; Salvad. TJcc. Borneo,
p. 379 (1874): Coues, B. N.-West, p. 710 (1874j ; Lawr. Mem.
Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 318 (1874: Isabella Id., N.W. xMexico) ;
Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godefr. Heft viii. p. 42 (1875) ; id. op. cit.
xii. p. 40 (1876 : Pelew t.) ; Legge, Sir. F. 1876, p. 247 (Ceylon) ;
Hume, t. c. p. 478 (Laccadive Is., breeding in February) ; Layard,
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 497 (Levuka); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 669
(revi.sion Sterninffi) ; Oundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 311 (1876) ; Tristr.
Ibis, 1876, p. 266 (New Hebrides) ; Butl. S'fr. F. 1877, p. 301
(Mekran coast); Streets, Bull. U.S Nat. Mus. vii. p. 28 (1877:
Fanning Is.) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 25 (Sarawak) ; F. P. Ramsny,
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 348 (Queensland) ; Finsch, t. c. p. 587 (Niuafuu) ;
id. t. c. p. 781 (Pouape); Waklen, Tr. Z. S. ix. p. 244 (1877:
Philippines); Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 391 (1877); Lenz, J.f. O.
1877, p. 381 (Sanghir Is.) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 557 (Admiralty
Is.) ; Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. K S. W. 1877, p. 63 (Torres Strs.) ;
David ^ Ou.stal. Ois. Chine, p. 529 (1877); Saunders, P. Z. S.
1877, p. 797 (Voy. 'Challenger'); id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv.
p. 405 (1878: distribution) ; id. Voy. ' Challenger,'' ii. Birds, p. 137
(1881); Oustal. Bull. Soc. P/iilo/n. 1878, p. 197 (Seychelles);
Sharpe, Phil. Tr. clxviii. pp. 466-407 (Rodriguez) ; Bainsag, Pr.
Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 201 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1878, ]>. 273
(Ellice Is.); Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 280 (Ascension Id., breeding) ;
Moseley, Nat. on the 'Challenger; p. 68 (1879 : St. Paul's Rocks) ;
Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 72 (1879 : Malacca) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879,
p. 15 (New Britain) ; id. op. cit. 1880, p. 577 (Caroline Is.) ; id.
Ibis, 1880, p. 332 (Marshall Is.) ; id. t. c. p. 431 (Gilbert Is.) ; id.
J.f. O. 1880, p. 307 (Kushai Id.); Let/ge, B. Ceylon, p. 1043
(1880) ; Corn, B. Bahamas, p. 216 (1880) ; id. ed. 1890, p. 21(5
(breeds) ; Ridg^v. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53 (1881) ; IV.
Ramsay, Tweedd. Mem. p. 660 (1881) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1881, p. 105
& p. 109 (Kushai Id., breeding); id. t. c. pp. 113 & 115 (Ponape,
breeding) ; id. t. c. p. 540 (New Britain) ; Maynard, B. East. N.
Amer. p. 481 (1881 : Florida) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1881, p. 252 (Mar-
quesas) ; Milne-Edwards Sf Grandidie>; H. N. Madag., Ois.
p. 663, pis. 289 & 290 (1882: osteology); Zelcdon, Cut. Aves
Costa Rica, p. 36 (1882); Salvad. Orn. Papuasia SiC iii. p. 453
(1882) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 124 (1882) ; Grisdale,
Ibis, 1882, p. 493 (Montserrat, W.I.) ; Salrin, Cat. Strickl. Coll.
p. 626 (1882) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1883, p. 89
(Lord Howe's Id.); Oates,B. Brit. Burm.\\.^.4:M{\m^); Baird,
Brewer,^ Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 325 (1884) ; Cory, B.
S. Dominffo, p. 182 (1884); Finsch, Vog. Siidsee, p. 51 (1884);
Sharpe, Rep. Voy. 'Alert," p. 27 (1884: Torres Strs.); Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 771 (1884) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr.
Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 207 (1884: Java); Saunders, 4th ed. Yarr.
Brit. B. iii. p. 567 (1884) ; J. Murray, Narr. 'Challenger; p. 204
(1886 : St. Paul's Rocks) ; Crowfoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 264 (Norfolk
Id. group); A. 0. U. Check-list, p. 96 (1886); Wells, Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. ix. p. 632 (1886 : Grenada, W.I., breeds) ; Saunders,
P. Z. S. 1886, p. 337 (Diego Garcia) ; Fimch, Ornis, 1887, p. 372,
pi. ii. (eggs, same loc.) ; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 210 (Sala y
Gomez Id., 26° S., breeding), p. 211 (Easter Id. and Ducie Id.),
p. 212 (Pitcaim Id.), p. 213 ^Fanning Group); Ridtjw. Man. N.
Amer. B. p. 48 (1887) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Ausfr. B. p. 2'-', and

y. ANGUS. 139

p. 38 (1888) ; W. Bladus, Ornis, 1888, p. 680 (Gt. Sangliir Id.);
E. Newton, Tr. Nono. Soc. iv. p. 553 (1888: Mascareue Is.);
Everett, B. Borneo, p. 211 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 639
(1889) ; Corij, B, West Indies, p. l'9I (1889) ; North, Nests Sf Eqys
Austr. B. p. 358 & p. 375, pi. xxi. fig. 2 (1889); Ether idqe,
Zool. Ld. Hoxve Id. p. 17 (1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 'lO
(1889) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xlix. p. 420 (1889:
Sumatra) ; liidyio. Tr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 116, no. 43 (1890 :
Chatham I., Galapa<ros) ; Oates, 27id ed. Humes Nests S,- Eggs
Ind.B.m. p. 315 (1890) ; J. B. Young, Ibis, 1891, p. 146(Morai]t
Cays, breeding) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Senckenb. p. 238
(1891): Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 296 (Pha?nix Group); A. J.
Campbell, C. li. ii. Congr. Orn. Intern, ii. pp. 167-158, pi. of
nesting-place, Houtman's Abrolhos (1892) ; Corg, Cat. B. West
Ind. p. 82 (1892); Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 273 (Madagascar);
Wiglesiv. Abh. zool. Mus. Dresd. 1890-91, no. vi. p. 76 (1892 :
Polynesia); liotkschild, Arif. Lagsan, i, ]). 41, cum tab. (1893) ;
Lilford, Col. Fi(/. Br. B. pt. xxix. (1894) ; W. Stone, Fr. Philad.
Acad. 1894, pp. 115-116 (critical).

The Noddy Tern, Yarrell, Brit. B. iii. p. 417 (1843).

Thalasseus philippina, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 182 (e.v Lath.).

Anous unicolor, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 188; Grag, Gen. B. iii. p. G6I
(1846).

Anous senex, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 185 {ex Leach) ; Grag, Gen. B. iii.
p. 661 (1846).

Anous leucoceps, Grag, Gen. B. iii. p. 661 (1846).

Anous pileatus, Grag, Gen. B. iii. p. 661 (1846) ; Bp. C. It. xlii.
p. 773 (1856) ; Pelz. Peis Novara, Vog. p. 155 & p. 162 (1865).

Anous teuuirostris, Ileugl. Sgst. Uebers. p. 71 (1856) ; id. Ibis. 1859,
p. 351 (Aden, &c.) ; id. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 ; K. v.
Warthaiisen, Ibis, 1860, p. 128 (Somali Coast).

Anous rousseaui, Hartl. Beitr. Orn. Madagascar, p. 86 (1861).

Anous frater, Coues, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 558 (South Pacific,
Wilkes).

? Anous melanogeuys, L4ot. Ois. Trinid. p. 547 (1866).

Anous senex, Grag,Hand-l. B. iii. p. 123, no. 11086 (1871).

Anous superciliosus, Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 468 (1879).

Anous plumbeigularis, Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 468 (1879).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Forehead nearly white at the
base of the bill, passing on the crown into lavender-grey, which
deepens on the neck into lead-colour ; lores and orbital region
black, with a faint whitish superciliary streak ; upper parts chiefly
dark brown, the primaries, tail-feathers, and their shafts nearly
black ; underparts dark brown on the abdomen and breast, passing
into deep lead-colour on the throat : bill blackish ; tarsi and
toes reddish brown, fully webbed, webs ochraceous. Total length
about 16 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 10-25-11, tail 6-7, the fourth
feather from the outside the longest, tarsus 1, middle toe with
claw 1"55.

Adult female. Very similar but, as a rule, somewhat browner on
the shoulders and with less lead-colour on the throat, slightly
smaller, and with a weaker bill.

Immature. Similar, but with even less lead-colour, and a dark
line along the u]ii)or wing-covcrts.

140 LARID^.

Young. Browner generally and paler; the forehead and crown
greyish brown ; below the forehead a narrow white superciliary line
conspicuous by contrast against the blackish lores.

Fledrfling (Ascension I.). Umber-brown above and below ; the
whitish streak above the lores very marked, and continuous round
the base of the bill ; a slight greyish tint on the forehead.

Downy nestling. One about 5 days old (British Honduras : May
12th, 1862) has the forehead and crown dull white, lores blackish,
upper surface mouse-brown, nape and throat darkest, lower parts
paler. Another, only just hatched, is nearly uniform sooty brown.

Taking the extreme of variation in this species, the Noddies
from Central America appear to be the smallest and brownest,
while the Polynesian examples are the largest and greyest ; but
between these there is every gradation in size and colour. It must
also be remarked that the feathers of the mantle rapidly become
browner under atmospheric influences, and that the lead-grey tints
of the shoulders are only to be found in very mature birds ; in fact
many brownish examples which appear to be adults from the
plumage of the head, will be found exhibiting the dark bar on the
upper wing-coverts, indicative of immaturity.

Hah. Tropical and juxta-tropical America : chiefly on the Atlantic
side, but also on the Pacific in Mexico and the Central region ; Atlantic
down to Tristan da Cunha (breeding) ; intertropical African and
Asian Seas, up to Yeddo ; Australasia down to about 35^ S. ;
Islands of the Pacific up to Laysan, &c., and as far as Sala y
Gomez, 105° W. ; also Chatham I., Galapagos {fide llidgway), but not
on the coasts of Peru or Chile. Breeding, as a rule, where found.
Once obtained off the S. coast of Ireland.

rt. Ad. St. North America. II.R.H.Dukeof SuffoUc

fp.].

b. Ad. st. North America. J. J. Audubon [C.].

c. Ad. sk. Florida (H. W. Hetishmc). Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Juv. sk. East coast of Mexico {A. C. Barclay, Esq. [P.].

superciliosus, Sharps).

e. Juv. sk. Jamaica. Purchased.

/. Juv. sk. Nevis, Lesser Antilles. W. Cottle, Esq. [P.].

g. 9 <id. ; /(. c!' St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles, Salviu-Godman Coll.

imm. sk. July and Oct. (Z>. W.

Smith).
i. Juv. sk. Grenada, Lesser Antilles, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sept. 22 (D. W. Smith),
k. 1mm. sk. Redouda L, Lesser Antilles Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Spence).
l-q. c? 2 ad. ; r. Glover's Reef, Brit. Hon- Salvin-Godman Coll.
Pull. sk. duras, May 12th, 1862

(O. Salvin).
s. $ pull. sk. Cay Dolores Channel, Brit. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Honduras, May 17th
(O. S.).
t. Ad. .sk. St. Paul's Rocks, INIid- .\ntarctic Expedition.

. Atlantic.

0. AXOUS.

141

u. (5 ad. sk

V. (S ad. sk.

to: Juv. sk.

.r. Ad.; I/. TuU.

sk.
s. c? imm. sk.

a'. Imm. sk.
b'. Imm. .sk.
c'. Imm. sk.
d', e'. Imm. sk.

f',g'. Juv. sk.
A'. Juv. sk.

i', k'. Imm. sk.
I'. Ad.sk.
m'. (S ad. sk.

w'. Ad. sk.

0. (S ad. st.

y, q'. d 2 ad. .sk.
r, s. (S ad. sk.
t'. Imm. sk.

«'. 2 ad.sk.

v'. 2 ad. sk.
7c'. Imm. sk.

.r'. J vix ad. sk.

t/'-z'. c? 2 ad. ;
a"-l". Imm., vix
ad. et juv. sk.

m". 2 ad. sk.

n". Juv. sk.

o". cJ imm. sk.

p". Juv. .sk.

g", r" . 2 iuim. et

vix ad. sk.
s". (S imm. sk.

t", It". (S ad. sk.

}•". Imm. sk.

Fernando Noronha I., N. II. Saunders Coll.

Brazil, Sept. (II. M.

Harrison, li.N.).
At sea, oft' N. Brazil, Oct.

{II. M. II.).
Baliia, Brazil ( Wucherer).
Ascension I. {Prof. D. GUI).

At sea, lat. 4° N., long. 26°

W.
" Africa."'
Cameroons.
Gold Coast.
Inaccessible Island, Tristan

da Cunha, Oct.
Cape Seas.
Off Madagascar, 11° S., 50°

E. (E. JDoicker).
Reunion.

Mauritius [Bewsher).
Mauritius, June {Sir E.

Nf-wt'jyi}.
Indian Ocean, Dec. {Sir E.

Newton).
Rodriguez Id. {Rev. H. H.

Slater).
Seychelles.

Seychelles {Dr. Coppinger') .
" Red Sea."

(Tvpeof^.
South of Red Sea, May

{Br. A. B. Meyer).
Perim Id., Red Sea.
Gulf of Aden, April {E.

Lort Phillips).
Mekran Coast, Mav ( Col. E.

A. Butler).
Laccadives, Feb. {A.O. H.).

Bay of Bengal, May ( W.
Davison).

Between Ceylon and Nice-
bars, lat. 8° N., long. 9°
E. (A. nuperciliosus,
Sharpe).

Off Katchall, Nicobars, Apr.
{F. A. de Boepstorf).

I'enang {Dr. Cantor).

Formosa, June {R. Swinhoe).

Off N. W. Borneo, 3° 30' N.,
110° 41' B. (G.Stephen).

Cocos or Keeling Is , Feb.
{H. O. Forbes).

Morotai I., Moluccas {A. B.
W.).

H. Saunders Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

H. S. Greenstreet, Esq.

[P.].
Lieut. Friend [P.].
Sir R. Burton [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].
H.M.S. 'Challenger'

Exped.
Capt. T^ K. Harry [P.].
Hume CoU.

J. C. van Dam,Esq.[P.].

Shelley Coll.

H. Saimders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Transit of Venus Exp.

Shellev CuU.
Vov. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
J. Middleton, Esq. [P.].
plumbeigularis, Sharpe.)
Tweeddale Coll.

Earl of Cawdor [P.].
Shelley Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq. [P.].

Hume Coll.

E. India Mus. [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Wallace Coll.

142

iv". Ad. sk.

.r". Ad. sk.
y". Vix ad. sk.

z", Imm. sk.

rt^. Ad. sk.
b^. c? ad. sk.

c^-k^. Ad. et vix
ad. ; l^-p^. Juv.
sk.

(f. 2 ad. sk.

r'. (^ ad. sk.

s3. (5 ad. sk.

t\ Ad. sk.

««'. 2 ad. sk.

t;'. Imm. sk.

to^. Ad. sk.

.r^, y^. Ad. sk.

s^ Ad. sk.
«'. Vix ad. sk.
b^. Juv. sk.

c'. Juv. sk.
d*. cJ ad. sk.
e'. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
(/. (S ad. sk.

/i^. Ad. sk.
j^-/-*. Vix ad. sk.

m*. Juv. sk.

n*. Ad. sk.

o\ Ad. sk.

p*. Vix ad. sk.

9*. Pull, in alco-
hol,
r*. Skeleton.

s^. Skeleton.

I'elew Islands (3Ius. Godef-

/>■"!/)■
I'elew Islands.
At sea, 1° N. lat., 137° 11'

E. long.
Off New Guinea, June 27,

1875 (Col. Hiisfer).
N.W. coast of Australia.
Torres Straits {Dr. Coj)-

pinger) .
Cape York, N.E. Australia

{CocTierell).

Raine Islet, N.E. Australia.
Raine Islet, N.E. Australia.

Lord Howe Island, Sept.

1887 (Sydney Mus.).
At sea, between New

Zealand and Australia.
Admiralty Islands.

New Ireland {Rev. G.

Broirn).
" Polynesia " {H. Saunders

Coll.).
Ellice Islands.

Samoa.
Samoa.
Samoa {Krause, Mus.Godvf-

froy).
Society Islands, June.
Raiatea, Nov. {J. Yoimg).
Raiatea {Mus. Godeffruy).
Iluaheine.
Near Tahiti, Oct. 1875.

Tahiti {Mus. Godefroi/).
Ducie Id., 24° 40' S., 124° 48'
W. ( Commr. MacFar-
lane).

Sala y Gomez Id., 26° 28' S.,
105° 28' W. {Commr.
MacFarlane).

"West Coast of North
America."

Krusenstern Island, spring
1883 {Sno^o).

Yedo Gulf, Japan {Har-
rison) .

St. Paul's Rocks, Mid At-
lantic, Aug. 28, 1873.

Rodriguez I. {Rev. II. U.
Slater).

H. Saunders Coll.

J. Cohen [C.].

H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
Seebohm Coll.

Capt. Beckett [C.].
Vovage of H.M.S.

'Alert.'
Salvin-Godman CoU.

J. B. Jukes, Esq. [P.].
H.M.S. 'Challenger'

Exped.
Seebohm CoU.

E. Newman, Esq. [P.].

H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

Rev. S. J. Whitmee

[C.].
Rev. J. B. Stair [P.].
Rev.S. J.Wbitmee [C.].
H. Saunders CoU.

Hume CoU.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.

J.H.Gurnev,Esq.[P.].

H.M.S. 'Challenger'

Exped.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders CoU.

H. Saunders Coll.

Sir W. Burnett and
AdmiralFitzroy[P.].
Seebohm CoU.

Seebohm Coll.

H.M.S. 'Challenger'

Exped.
Transit of Venus

Exped.
Salviu-Gcidman CoU.

10. MICKAN0U8. 143

2. Anous galapagensis.

(?) Mejralopterus stolidus *, Gould, in Dai-loin's Voy. 'Beayle,^ Birds,
p. 146 (1841 : Galapagos Is.).

(?) Anous stolidus* Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 125 (Galapagos);
Salvin, Tr. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 504 (1877: Galapagos).

Anous galapagensis, Sharpe, Phil. Tr. clxviii. p. 469 (1879 : Chatham
Id., Galapagos) ; Salvin, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 430 (Charles' Id., Gala-
pagos); Pidffw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 116, no. 44 (1890:
Hood & Chatham Is., Galajjagos) ; Stone, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1894,
pp. 115-117 (critical).

Adult ? Sooty brown above and below ; the flight-feathers and
tail blacker than the wing-coverts ; bill, tarsi, and toes black, with
a livid tinge. Total length 14 inches, culmen 1"8, wing 10*6, tail 6,
tarsus O-Do, middle too with claw I'o.

Immature (type). Similar, but slightly browner; the bill weaker,
and shorter in front of the genys.

Hob. Some islands of the Galapagos Archipelago.

It was interesting, though not very remarkable, to find that
the Galajjagos Islands harboured a sooty form of Noddy as well as
a sooty Gull ; but the discovery of the true Anous stolidus (apud
Ridgway) on Chatham Island (see supra, p. 139) is a little disquieting
for those who wish to believe in the validity of A. galapagensis.
I feel tolerably certain that the second of the examples below is
not fully adult.

a. Imm. sk. Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Island, Admiral Kellett &
Galapagos. Lieut. Wood [P.].

(Type of the species.)

h. ? Ad. sk. Charles Island, Galapagos, Feb. Sahdn-Godman Coll.
(Adml. A. M. Markham).

10. MICRANOUS.

Type.

Micranous, Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,

no. xxiii. p. xix (Jan. 1895) M. tenuii-ostris {Temm.).

Range. Tropical and Sub-tropical seas.

Key to the Species.

a. Lores greyish white ; cheeks grey tenuirostris, p. 144.

h. Lores deep black ; cheeks deep plumbeous.
a'. Darker; nape and shoulders nearly blue-
black leucocapillus, p. 145.

b'. Lighter ; nape, shoulders, and tail dull

lavender-grey hawaiiensis, p. 148.

* It is expedient to place a ? against these references because Mr. Ridgway
(Pr. U.ts. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 116) states that true A. stolidus was obtained on
Dalrjmple Rock, Chatham Island.

144 LARIDvE.

1. Micranous tenuirostris.

Sterna tenuirostris, Temm. PL Col. 202 (1823 : " Seuefral '') ; Lesson,
Traite, p. 620 (1831 : e.v Temm.) : ScU. Miis. P.-B^, Sterure, p. 37
(]8()3 : Australia) : Schl. i^- Poll. Faun. Madag., Ois. p. 1-50 (1868 :
Reunion & Mauritius).

Megalopterus tenuirostris, Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840 : e.v Temm. ;
nee Boie, 1826).

Ilydrocecropis tenuirostris. Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 179 ; nee Megalopterus
tenuirostris, Boie, 1826.

Anous melanops, Gould, P. Z. S. xiii. p. 103 (1845: Houtman's
Abrolbos) ; id. B. Ai/stralia, vii. pi. 35 (1848); Reichenb. T'or/.
Neuholl. ii. pp. 14, 349 (1850); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856);
Gould, Scmdb. B. Austr. ii. p. .417 (1S05) ; Gray, Hand-list B.
iii. p. 123, no. 11087 (1871); Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W.
1877, p. 64 (Bramble Cay).

Anous tenuirostris, Reichenb. Natat. tab. xx. fig. 288 (1848) ; Snrtl.
Faun. Madagasc. p. 86 (1861) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 670,
pi. Ixi. fig. 1 (revision) ; Hartl. Voq. Madag. p. 392 (1877) ;
Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1877, p. 201 ; Omtal. Bidl Soc.
Philomath. 1878, p. 198 (Seychelles) ; Sharpe, Rep. Trans. Venus,
Phil. Tr. clxviii. pp. 466, 469 (1879 : Rodriguez) ; Milne-Fdwards
8f Grandidier, H. N. Madag., Ois. p. 665, pis. 290 a, 290 6 (1882:
osteology) ; E. Neioton, Tr. Noriv. Soc. iv. p. 553 (1888 : Mascarene
Is.) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 23, no. 705 (1888) ; North,
Nests ^ Eggs Amtr. B. p. 359 (1889) ; Sibree, Ibis, 1892, p. 273
(Madagascar) ; Wiglesw. Abh. zool. Mtis. Dresd. 1890-91, no. 6,
p. 211 (1892: Polynesia) ; Stone, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1894, pp. 115-
117 (critical).

Anous senex, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856 : nee Leach).

Micranous tenuirostris, Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. xxiii.
p. xix (Jan. 1895 ; type of genus).

Adult 7nale in hreeding-plumage. Forehead and crown greyish
white, lores lavender-grey ; in front of the eye and above it a black
half circlet, followed by a minute white eyelid streak and then a
small black spot ; below the eye white ; cheeks grey ; nape pale
grey, darkening on the sides of the neck ; throat and chin nearly
black ; mantle and tail greyish or brownish groy (according to the
light in which the specimen is held), with an umber tint on the
wing-coverts and secondaries, and blackish on the primaries ; uuder-
parts deep sooty brown, -with a dark plumbeous tinge on the throat:
bill black; tarsi, toes, and their webs brown. Total length 12
inches, culmen 1-8, wing 8-3, tail 4-7, tarsus 0-9, middle toe with
claw 1-35.

The sexes appear to be alike in plumage.

Immature. Similar, but the colours duller and less contrasted ;
a dark line along the upper wing-coverts, and little plumbeous
grey anywhere.

Hah. The Se3'chelles, Madagascar, the Mascarene Islands, andaeross
the Indian Ocean to Houtman's Abrolhos, Western Australia ; also
{Jide Mr. Eamsay) both sides of Torres Straits and the east side of
Australia down to New South Wales. Temminck's type is said to
have been obtained in Senegal, but no other specimen is known to
me from anywhere nearer that locality than the Mascarene Islands.

lU. MICKAN0U8.

145

a, 6. cJ 5 ad. sk. He Plate and He Cousine, Sey-
chelles, Oct. & Nov.
c. 0 ad. ; d. (S He Cousine, Seychelles.

imm. .sk.
e,f. Ad. sk. Mauritius {Bewsher).

g. Imm. sk. Mauritius.

h. Imm. sk. Mauritius.

i. Imm. sk. Rodriguez I.

k. Ad. sk. Rodriguez I.

/. Ad. sk. Houtman's Abrolhos, West

Australia, Jan. 2Uth, 184;j

{Gilbert),
m. Ad. St. Houtman's Abrolhos {Gilbert).

n. Skeleton. Rodriguez I. {Rer. H. H.

Slater).

II. Saunders Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Shelley Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Rev. H. H. Slater

[C.].
Sir John Kirk [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

J. Gould [C.].^
Transit of Venus
E.xped.

2. Micranous leucocapillus.

Sterna tenuirostris, Kiftlitz (nee Teinm.), Kupfert. Vog. p. 28, pi. 26.
tig. 1 (183.3: St. Pieleua) ; id. Jieise, n. p. 64 (1858 : Kushai I.);
Bennett, Gath. Naturalist, p. 241 (1860 : Norfolk Is., &c.).

? Anous minutu.-i, Boie, Isis, 184J, p. 188 (" New Holland '').

Anous leucocapillus, Gould, P. Z. S. 184-j, p. 10-'3 (Raine Islet,
N.Australia); id. B. Austr. vii. pi. t;6 (1848): Macyill. Nan:
Vog. Eattksn. ii. p. 359 (1852) ; Bp. C. B. xlii! p. 773 (1856) ;
Cassin, U.S. E.ipl. E.vp. p. 393 (1858) ; Grag, P. Z. 8. 1858,
p. 198 ; id. Cat. B. N. Guin. p. 63 (1859) ; id. Cat. B. Trap. Is.
Pacific, p. 60 (1859) ; Hartl. Ibii, 1864, p. 232 (Fiji) ; Finscli,
N.-Guin. p. 184 (1865) ; Gould, Hundb. B. Austr. ii. p. 419 (1865) ;
Blasius, J.f. O. 1866, pp. 82, 86 (revision) ; Fimck i^- Hartl. Faun.
Centralpolgn. p. 237 (1867); Grag, Hand-list B. lii. p. 123,
no. 11088 (1871); Hume, Str. F. 1874, p. 322 (Indian Ocean) ;
Lagard, P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 497, 504; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 670,
pi. Ixi. tig. 3 (revision) ; Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. IV. 1877,
p. 64 (Nepean I.) ; Ramsag, op. cit. 1878, p. 202 ; Finsch, P. Z. S.
1877, p. 781 (Ponap6) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 273 (EUice Is.) ;
id. Ibis, 1878, p. 415 (Sarawak) ; id. Phil. Tr. clxviii. p. 468
(1879); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 410 (1882); id.
Orn. Papuasia etc. iii. p. 457 (1882) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii.
p. 435 (188.3); Finsch, Vog. Siidsee, p. 52(1884: Marshall Is. &:
New Guinea) ; W. 0. Grant, P. Z S. 1887, p. 333 (Solomon
Is.); Ramsag, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 211 (18a8); Ridleg, Zool.
1888, p. 43 (Fernando Noronha) ; Everett, B. Borneo, p. 211 (1889) ;
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 10 (1889) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1890, p. 149
(N. Rorneo) ; Wiglesio. Abh. zool. Mus. Dresd. 1890-91, no. vi.
p. 77 (1892: Polynesia); Stone, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1874, pp. 115-
117 (critical).
Anous melanogenys, Grag, Gen. B. iii. p. 661, pi. 182 (1846);
Reichenb. Natat. tab. cccxxxi. tig. 2624 (1850j ; Bp. C. R. xlii.
p. 770 (1856) ; Krefft, Ibis, 1862, p. 131 ; Gray, Hand-list B. iii.
p. 123, no. 110,^5 (1871) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 187(i, p. 670, pi. Ixi.
tig. 2 (revision Sternins) ; Cab. ^- Reichenow, J.f. O. 1876, p. 327
(Tonga Is.); Scl. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 557 (Admiralty Is.) ; Finsch,
f. c. p. 781 (Pelew Is.) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 798 (St. Paul's Rocks,
Tristan da Cuniia, &c.); id. Journ. Linn. Soc. .xiv. p. 404 (1878:
distribution); Ramsag, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 202;

VOL. XXV. L

140 LAEIIt^.

Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 280 (Ascension 1., breeding) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S.
1879, p. 354 (Labuan); id. Phil. Trans, clxviii. pp. 467, 468
(1879) ; Moseley,lSat. on the ' Challeinier ^ p. 68 (1879: St. Paul'-s
Kocks) ; Saunders, Pep. H.M.S. ' Challenger; Birds, ii. p. 137
(1880) ; Finsch, J.f. O. 1880, p. 308 (Kushai) ; id. P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 577 (Caroline Is.) ; id. Pns, 1880, pp. 220, 332 (Marshall Is.) ;
id. op. cit. 1881, p. 109 (Kushai Id.) ; id. t. c. pp. 113, 115 (Ponape
Id.) ; id. t. c. p. 431 (not in Gilbert Is.) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Gen. xviii. p. 409 (1882): id. Orn. Papnasia, iii. p. 456 (1882) ;
Tristram, Ibis. 1883, p. 48 (Planning I.; breeding) ; Finsch, Tog.
/S'Mc?«ee, p. 52 (1)?84 : Mar.shall & Caroline Is. ; breeds); J.Murray,
Narr. ' Challenger,' i. p. 204 (St. Paul's Piocks) aad p. 738 (1886) ;
Crotcfoot, Ibis, 1885 (Norfolk I. ; breeding) ; MacFarlane, Ibis,
1887, p. 214 (Yostok I. ; breeding) ; Pamsay, Tab. List Aiisfr. P.
p. 23 & p. 38 (1888) ; Everett, P. Borneo, p. 211 (1889) ; North,
Nests Sf- Eggs Austr. B. p. 376. pi. xxi. fig. 5 (1889 : Lord Howe
& Philip Is.); Wiglesw. Ahh. tool. Mm. Dresd. 1890-91, no. vi.
p. 77 (1889 : Polynesia) ; Pidley ^- Sharpe, Joiirn. Linn. Soc. xx.
p. 480 (1890: Fernando Isoronha) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml.
Sencl-enb. p. 238 (1891 : Caroline Is.).
Anous tenuirostris, Blyth, J. A. S. Peng. xvi. p. 373 (1847) ; id. Cat.
B. Mus. As. Soc. 1849, p. 293 ; Hartl. J. f. 0. 1854, p. 170 & p. 307 ;
Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 256 (1857 : Gambia) ; Jerd. B. India, iii.
p. 846 (1864 : Bay of Bengal) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1864, p. 383 (Brit.
Honduras) ; Coues, t. c. p. 393 ; B/yth, Ibis. I8(i5, p. 40 (Bay of
Bengal) ; Salvin, op. cit. 1866, p. 200; Bluth, op. cit. 1867, p. 178;
Beavan, t. c. p. 334 : id. op. cit. 18<:8, p. 405 ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 566 (revision) : Ball, Str. F. i. p. 90 (1873 : Andamans) ;
Coues, B. N.- West, p. 710, note (1874) : Fijisch ^- Hartl. P. Z. S.

1872, p. 113 (Pelpw Is.) ; Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffr. 1875,
Hft. viii. p. 42 (Pelew Is.) ; Scl. 8f Salv. No7ne7icl. Av. Neotrojj.
p. 147 (1873).

Wegalopterus tenuirostris, Peale [nee Temm., nee Boie), U.S. E.vpl.

Erped., Birds, p. 284 (1848 : Paumotu Is.) ; Hartl. Wiegm. Arch.

1852, p. 127.
Anous leucocephalus, Peichetib. Vog. Neulioll. ii. p. 13 (1850); id.

Natat. tab. cclxxiii. figs. 2272-73 (1850) ; Raynsay, Pr. Linn. Sue.

N. S. W. 1877, p. 77 (Fiji Is.).
Sterna leucocapilla, Schleg. Mus. Pays-Bas, Sternie, p. 37 (1863:

Indian seas).
Anous senex, Hume {nee Leach), Str. F. 1874, p. 321 (Andaman Is.).
Anous atrofuscus, Stone, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1894, p. 117 (New

Guinea and Monte Video !).

Adult mnje in hreedinci-plmnage. Similar to the preceding species,
but the forehead and crown whiter and the rest of the body very much
darker ; the lores jet-black ; the cheeks deep lead-colour to sooty
black ; upper and under parts nearly black : bill black ; tarsi and
toes dark brown. Total length 13 inches, culmen 2 to 2-1, wing 8*9
to 9-1, tail 4'8 to 5, tarsus 0-9, middle toe with claw 1*4.

The sexes seem to be alike in plumage, examples marked 2
being quite as black as those marked S •

Birds which are not quite mature have a somewhat sooty tinge in
their plumage, with less plnmbeous-grej' about the neck. In a state
intermediate between this and the next stage they were described as
A. lencocapilh's by Gould, whose name is the first available.

10. MICRAN0U8.

147

Inunatttre. Forehead and crown white; lores white; neck and
nape sooty bhick, which throws the white crown into strong relief,
owing to the absence of any intermediate lead-colour ; mantle, tail,
and uiiderparts umber-brown, the primaries blackish : tarsi and
toes brown ; bill comparativel}- short in front of the genys.

Young. Forehead and anterior crown white ; lores black; upper
parts generally umber-brown, with cinnamon borders to the wing-
coverts and secondaries ; primaries blackish ; underparts mouse-
brown ; bill only about 0-5 in front of the genys. lu an older bird
the white is less pure, but extends further back on the crown, and
the plumage has a slightly barred appearance.

Nestlimj. Forehead and crown dull white, rest of the body sooty
black.

Hah. Caribbean Sea, inter-tropical Atlantic, and down to Inaces-
sible Island, near Tristan da Cunha (breeding) ; both sides of
South Africa, Indian Ocean up to Bay of Bengal ; Malayasia,
Papuasia, Pelew and Caroline Islands, Northern Australia, and
most of the islands of the South Pacific as far as the Society
group (breeding).

Glover's Reef, British Hon-
duras, May 12th, 1862
_ (O. -S'. ).

St. Paul's Rocks, Equatorial
Atlantic.

a-d.S2 ad.; e,f.
Pull. sk.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Ad. sk. ; h. Ad.
& i. Pull sk. (in
alcohol).

S imm. sk.

H.M.S. 'Challenger'
Exped.

Fernando Noronha, N. Brazil,
Sept. [H. M. Harrison,
i?.A.). ^

Fernando Noronha {H. A', i?.).

~n. c? ad. et juv.

sk.
-q. Yix ad. et Ascension 1. {Trof. D. Gill)

imm. sk.
. Ad. sk.
, Juv. sk.

t Vix ad sk.
M. Imm. sk.

V. Vix ad. sk.

w. Yix ad. sk.

X. Ad. sk.
y. Juv. sk.

s. 5 ad. sk.

a',b'. Imm. et juv.

sk.
c'. 1mm. sk.
d\ Ad. sk.
e. Juv. sk.

Saint Helena {H. Whitely).
Inacessible I., Tristan da

Cunha, Oct.
Sierra Leone (Mitford).
Gold Coast (if. Whitely).

Near Minicoy I., X. Indian

Ocean.
Between Ceylon and Nicobar

Is., 91° E., 8° N.
Malacca (A. C. Main(/ai/).
Lawas River, Sarawak,

Borneo.
Admiralty Is.

Pelew Is. (Mus. Gvdeffroy).

Pelew Is.

Pelew Is. [J. Colien).

Off Bristow I., south coast of
New Guinea, April 24,
li<4~) (J. Mncf/iliivrnii).

H. Saunders Coll.

H. N. Ridlev, Esq.

[R].
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
H. Saunders Coll.
R. B. Sharoe, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[R].
Tweeddale Coll.
Gov. Ussher [C.].

H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
H. Saunders Coll.

J. Cohen [C.].
Tweeddale CoU.
Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'

l2

148 LARID.T;.

/'. Juv. St. Off BarDard Is., Queensland Voy. H.M.S. 'Eattle-

{J. M.). snake.'

(/'. Ad.sk. Moreton Bay, Queensland Yov. H.M.S. 'Rattle-

(J. M.). ' snake.'

(? Type of A. melanogenys, Gray.)

h! . Ad. sk. Port Maekay, Queensland H. Saunders Coll.

(3Ins. Godeffrm/).

I. Ad. sk. Phillip I. {liev. P. Metcalfe). H. Saunders Coll.

k'. 2 ad. sk. Bua, Fiji Is., Dec. {K L. Tweeddale Coll.

Layard).

I'-p'. S ? ad. sk. Ovalau, Fiji, Jan., Feb., & Tweeddale &

Oct. Seebohm Colls.

9'. 2 ad. sk. Levuka, Fiji, Feb. (£'.i.Z.). Tweeddale Coll.

?•'. 2 ad. sk. Naudronga, Fiji, Oct. {E. Tweeddale Coll.

L. L.).

.s'. $ imni. sk. Tuntratabu, Nov. {Dr. Coj)- Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'

pinger).

t' . Juv. sk. Ellice Is. Eev. S. J. Whitmee

[C.].

ii'-w'. S $ ad. sk. Raiatea, Society Is., Nov. II. Saunders Coll.

(J. Younr/).

x',y'. Ad.sk. Vostok I., Oct. (CowjMr.ikfac- H. Saunders Coll.

Farlane).

z' . Ad.sk. Atsea, between the Admiralty H.M.S. ' Challenger '

and Caroline Is., 5° N., Exped.

March 20, 1875.

a". Skeleton. British Honduras (0. <SW/ri'«)- Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Micranous hawaiiensis.

Anous tennirostris, Grai/ [nee Temm.), List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres,

p. 181 (1844 : Sandwich Is.).
? Anous tenuirostris, Zw7</. Koniencl. A v. p. 79 (1854: Sandwich

Is.).
? Anous melanogeuys, Stepieyer, Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. p. 94 (1889 :

Niahau, Hawaiian Is.).
Anous hawaiiensis, Bothschild, BuU. Brit. Orn. Chib, no. x. p. xvii

(July 1893), and Ibis, 1893, p. 571 (Hawaiian Is.) ; id. Avifauna

Laysan. pt. i. p. 43, cum tab., i:^^, pi. iii. tig. 13 (Aug. 1893).

Adult in hreeding-phimage. Forehead and crown grej'ish white,
much as in M. temdrostris, but the lores are quite black and the
cheeks are dark lead-grey ; nape, shoulders, and mantle not so
dark as in M. Inicocapillus ; tail distinctly grey ; underparts sooty
black, throat deep plumbeous : bill black ; tarsi and toes brown,
webs yellowish. Total length i;3-5 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 8"65,
tail 5, tarsus 0-75, middle toe with claw 1-25.

Immature. Similar, with a browner tint.

This species is intermediate between M. tenuirostris and M. leuco-
capiUus, though nearer to the latter. Since Mr. liothschild named
the species, a specimen of which he has presented, I have discovered
another example in the Museum Collection. This was obtained
many years ago by Capt. Lord Eyron, of H.M.S. ' Blonde,' probably
at or near the Sandwich Islands.

Hah. Sandwich Islands and vicinity.

11. GYGI9. 149

a. cJ ad. sk. Kauai Id., Sandwich Is., April Hon. Water Rotk-

21, 18!J1 (If. C. Palmer). .schild [P].

A. Ad. sk. Seindw\chIii.(H.M.S. 'Blonde'). Capt. Lord Byron,

K.N. [P.].

11. GYGIS. ^^p^

Gygis, Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1 223 G. Candida.

Range. Intertropical seas.

Key to the Species.

a. Larger: bill stouter: tail more pointed, the

second feather from tlie outside the longest ;

shafts usually brownish Candida, p. 149.

b. Smaller : bill more slender, especially in front

of the genys ; tail shorter, more rounded, the
third feather from the outside the longest ;
shafts pure white mlcnn-hyncha, p. 152.

1. Gygis Candida.

The White Tern, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 363 (1785) ; id. ibid.
Suppl. i. p. 26() (1787) ; Portlock's Voy. Round the World, p. 312
pi. (1789 : Sandwich Is.).

? Sterna alba, Sparnn. Mtis. Carls, ii. fasc. i. no. 11 (1786) ; Gm.
Syst. Nat. i. p. 607 (1788).

Sterna Candida, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 607, no. 19 (1788); Forster,
Descr. An. pp. 179, 210, 247 (1844).

Sterna alba. Lath. hid. Orti. ii. p. 808 (1790) ; Bontt. Enc. Meth. i.
p. 94 (1790); Steph. in Skate's Gen. Zonl. xiii. pt. 1, p. 160
(1826) ; Lesso7i, Traite, p. 623 (1831 : Tahiti) ; Vigors, Zool. Toy.
'Blossom,' p. 38 (1839: Pitcairn I.); Reichenb. Natat. tab. xxi.
figs. 818-19 (1848); Schl. Sf Poll. Favne Madag., Ois. p. 150
(1868); Hard. Wiegm. Arch. 1852, p. 126; Schl. Mus. P.-Bas,
Sterna, p. 35 (1863).

Sterna semi-alba, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 94 (1790).

Gygis Candida, Wayler, Isis, 1832, p. 1223, ex J. R. Forster, 3IS. (rype
of genus); Grai/, List Gen. (1840) p. 79; id. op. cit. (1841 )p. 100;" id.
List B. Brit. Slus., Anseres, p. 180 (1844) ; Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 185 ;
Gra!/, Gen. B. iii. p. 660 (1846); Gould, B. Australia, vii. pi. 30
(1848) ; Reichenh. T'og. Nenholl. p. 347 (1850) ; Hartl. Wieipn.
Arch. 1852, p. 126 ; id. J.f. O. 1854, p. 169 ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772
(1856); Kittlitz, Reise, i. p. 382, ii. p. 39 (1858: Ponape) ;
Gray, Cat. B. Trap. Is. Pacifc, p. 59 (1859); G. Bennett,
Gath. Nat. Austr. p. 241 (1860: Moreton Bay); Hartl. Faun.
Madag. p. 86 (1861 : Mauritius) ; Pelz. Reis. Norara, Voy. p. 155
(1863: Tahiti & N. Caledonia); Gould, Hand/). B. Austr. ii.
p. 405(1865); Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 106 (St. Helena, breeds) ;
Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873, p. 123 (type of Latham's White Tern in
Vienna Mus.); Tristr. Ibis, 1876, p. 266 (New Hebrides);
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 667 (revision) ; id. op. cit. 1877, p. 797
(Ascension & Tahiti); id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 404(1878:
distribution) ; David ^- Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 529 (1877) ; Sharpe,
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 273 (Ellice Is.) ; Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Sue. N. S. JV.
1878, p. 201 ; Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 279 (Ascension, breeding) ;
Finseh, Ibis, 1880, pp. 220 & 332 (Marshall Is.) ; Satoiders,

150 LAT?IDJ2.

P. Z. S. 1880, p. 163 (Trinidad Islet) ; id. Voi/. ' Challenger,' ii.
Birds, p. 136 (1881) ; Tristram, Ibis, 1881, p. 251 (Marquesas) ;
id. op. cit. 1883, p. 48 (Fanninj^ I., breeds) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl.
Coll. p. 626 (1882); Crowfoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 2G6 (Norfolk I.,
breeds) ; H. 0. Forbes, Nat. Wander. East. Archip. pp. 33-34
(Cocos or Keelin? Is.); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 337(Diej;o Garcia,
Chagos Is.) ; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 210 (Sala y Gomez I.,
26° S., breeding-), p. 211 (Ducie I.), p. 212 (Pitcairn I.), p. 213
(Fanning I.) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. pp. 23 & 38 (1888) ;
Pidlei/, Zool. 1888, p. 44; Sharpe, Journ. Linn. Sac. xx. p. 480
n890: Fernando Noronha) ; Tristram, Cat. Coll. B. p. 10 (1889);
North, Nests ^ Eggs Austr. B. p. 374, pi. xxi. fig. 4 (1889: Nor-
folk I.) ; Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 297-98, 300 (Phcsnix Group).

Sterna pacifica, Lesson, N. H. Mamm. et Ois. x. p. 156 (1837 : Low
Archipelago).

Sterna nivea, F. D. Bennett, Narr. Whaling Vog. i. p. 370, Caroline Id.
i. p. 384, Christmas I.: breeding (1840).

Gygis alba, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 97 (1854: Sandwich Is.) ; Bp.
C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856) ; Cassin, U.S. Erpl. Evped. p. 389 (1858) ;
Blasius, J. f. O. 1866. p. 73 (revision) ; Finsch Sc Hartl. Faun.
Centralpolgn. p. 232 a867) ; Bole, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1869, p. 306
(Sandwich Is.) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 122, no. 11083 (1871 ) ;
Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 422 ; Finsch, op: cit. 1872, p. 114 ; Griiffe,
Journ. Mus. Godeffr. 1873, Bd. i. p. 50 (Huaheine) ; Salmd. tjcc.
Born. p. 375 (1874) ; Layard, P. Z. S. 1876. p. 497 (Levuka) ;
id. Ibis, 1876, p. 393; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 389 (1877); Finsch,
Journ. Mus. Godeffr. 1875, Hft. \iii. p. 43 (Pelew Is.) ; id. op. cit.

1876, Hft. xii. p. 40 (Fiji, Samoa, & Carolines) : id. P. Z. S.

1877, p. 782 (Ponape), p. 777 (Eua, Friendly Is.), p. 786 (Niua-
fou, breeds) ; id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 577 (Caroline Is.) ; id. J.f. O.
1880, pp. 295 & 309 (Kushai) ; id. Ibis, 1881, pp. 105 & 109
(Kushai) ; id. t. c. pp. 113, 115 (Ponape) ; Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus. vii. p, 28 (1877 : Fanning group) ; Schmeltz, Ethn. Abth. M.
G. 1881, pp. 224, 239, 299, 330, 353; Oates, D. Brit. Burm. ii.
p. 433 (1883) ; Vorderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xliv. p. 207
(1884: Java); Finsch, MT. or'n. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 125; id.
Vdg. Siidsee, p. 52 (1884: Kushai) ; Finsch, Ornis, 1887, p. 375
(Dieo'o Garcia) ; E. Netaton, Tr. Norio. Soc. iv. p. 553 (1888 :
(Mascarene Is.) ; Torderm. Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. hid. xlix.
p. 420 (1889 : Sumatra) ; Heine Sc Reichenotv, Nomencl. Mus.
Hein. p. 356 (1890: "New Zealand"); Hartert, Katal. Vogel-
samm. Senckenb. p. 237 (1891 : Australia) ; Wiglesworth, Abh. zool.
Mvs. Dresden, 1890-91, no. vi. p. 78 (1892 : Polynesia) ; Roth.sck.
Arif. Lagsan. i. p. 35, cum tab., egg, pi. iii. fig. 11 (1893).

Gygis napoleonis, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 772 (1856).
Gygis alba kittlitzi, Hartert, Katal. Vogelsamni. Seticketib. p. 237
(1891 : Caroline Is.).

Adult in breeding-plumage. Above and below ivory-white, except
for a narrow black ring round the eye ; at times, some dark
colour on the shafts of the primaries and rectrices, depending, I
think, on the age of the feather : bill black, irides blue ; tarsi and
toes dark brown, the webs yellow and very much incised. Total
length 12 to 13 inches (depending upon the length of the tail-
feathers), culmen I'S, depth of the bill behind the nostril 0-4,
wing 9'5, tail 425 to 5, tar.sus 0-6, middle toe with claw I'l.
Examples with fully developed and unabraded tail-feathers are

11. avals.

151

seldom obtained. It is not improbable that the rectricea may be
longer in the male ; otherwise the sexes are alike in plumage.

Immature. Like the above, but the shafts of the primaries and
rectrices are darker.

Young. Feathers white, with dark shafts to the quills. In a
bird scarcely fledged, the forehead and mantle are tinged with
clove-brown, and filamentous down of that colour hangs about
upper parts, becoming darker on the nape, also on the chin. These
brown markings rapidly pass away.

Hub. Fernando ^Toronha, Trinidad and Martin Vas Islets, Ascen-
sion, St. Helena, Madagascar, Mascarene Islands and vicinity,
Chagos group, Bay of Bengal, Malayasia to Australia, Polynesia to
Ducie Island, and the Central Pacific generally, up to the Sandwich
Islands and Krusenstern Islets.

a, b. Ad. ; c. .Juv.

sk.
d, e. S ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

//. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i, k. (5 5 ad. sk

Fernando Noronha Id., N.

Brazil.
Fernando Noronha Id., N.

Brazil, Se])t. (H. M. Harri-
son, R.N.).
Trinidad Islet, S. Atlantic,

20° 23' S. lat., 40° 4:5' W.

long., Aug. 1.
Triuidad Islet, S. Atlantic

[Earl of Crawford).
Ascension Id., South Atlantic

{Prof. D. Gill).
Ascension Id.

/. Imm. sk. Rodriguez Island.

m, w. c5' 5 ad. sk. Rodriguez Island.

o. Ad. sk.

p, q. S ad. sk.
r. Ad. ; s, t. Juv.

sk.
u. Ad. sk.

V. Ad. sk.
to. Ad. sk.

x-z. 2 ad. sk.

a', h' . Ad. et juv.

sk.
e'. Juv. sk.
d\ Ad. sk.
e', /. Ad. ; (f.

Juv. sk.
h',i'. 6 5

sk.
A:', /'. $ ad

m . Ad. sk.

ad.

sk.

Seychelles Is., March {Dr.
Coppinger).

Seychelles Is.

Cocos or Keeling Is., S. Indian
Ocean, Jan. [H. O. Forbes).

Pelew or West Caroline Is.
{Capt. Peters).

Pelew or West Caroline Is.

Norfolk Island {Rev. P. Met-
calfe).

Eua, Tonara Islands, Feb. {E.L.
Layard) .■

Samoa.

Samoa {Krause).
Society Islands.
Raiatea, Nov. (./. Youmj).

Tahiti. Nov. {J. Yuwiy).

Tahiti.

Ducie Island, 24° 40' S.,
124°48' W., March (breeding)
(Commr. MncFarlane).

H. N. Ridley, Esq.

[P.].
11. Saunders Coll.

EarlofCrawf<n-d[P.].

H. Saunders Coll.
II. Saunders Coll.

H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
Sir John Kirk [P.].
Rev. H. II. Slater

[CI.
Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'

Shelley Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

J. Cohen [C.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Tweeddale and See-

bohm Colls.
Rev/J.Whitmee[C.].

II. Saunders Coll.

Hume CoU.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
H. Saunders Coll.

152 LARID.li.

n'. Ad. sk. Krusenstern Is., spring (O. Seebohm Coll.

Snoic).
o',p. In alcohol. Ascension Id. H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
q, r'. Skeletons. Rodriguez Id.

2. Gygis microrhyncha.

Gygis microrhyucha, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 668 and cut (Mar-
quesas) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1881, p. 252 (Marquesas); id. Cat. Coll.
B. p. 10 (1889) ; Wiglesworth, Abh. zool. Mus. Dresden, 1890-91,
no. vi. p. 78 (1892).

Adidt in hretding-phnnage. Like the preceding species, but
smaller, and the shafts of the tail-feathers quite white ; bill black ;
tarsi and toes brown, the webs yellow. Total length 10-4 inches,
culmen 1-5, depth of the bill behind the nostril 0-25, wing 8-6, tail
3-2, tarsus 0*45, middle toe with claw 0-9.

Not many specimens are known of this species ; but in the eight
which I have examined the peculiarities mentioned in the ' Key '
appear to be constant.

Hah. Marquesas Islands ; perhaps on only one island of that group.
The larger species is also found there.

a. Ad. sk. Marquesas Islands. H. Saunders Coll.

(Type of species.)

b, c. Juv. St. Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands. Purchased.

d. Ad. sk. Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands. J. Gould [C.].

Subfamily II. RHYNCHOPINiE.

12. RHYNCHOPS. ^^

Type.
Kygchopsalia, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 222 (1760 : ex Barrere,

Orn. Sp. Nov. p. 20, 1745) ? R. nigi-a.

Rhynchops *, Zwm?. Syst. Nat. i. p. 223 (1766) R. nigra.

" Psalidoramphos and Anisoramphos, Dumont," Rayizani,

Elementi Zool. iii. p. 62 (1826) ? R. nigra.

Rhyncbopsalia, Gloger, Sand- u. Hilfsb. p. 463 (1842).

Char. Bill with the mandibles much compressed, the lower con-
siderably the longer ; wings long ; tail short, slightly forked ; feet
small, the webs between the middle and inner toes deeply indented.

Range. Temperate and tropical regions of Xorth and South
America ; tropical and juxta-tropical Africa, and India to Burma.
Eggs deposited on sand-banks.

Key to the Sj-iecies.

a. Bill yellow at the base only, the anterior
portion black.
a. Secondaries broadly (over 1'5 in.) edged
with pure white; under wing-coverts
white.

* Originally Rynchops.

12. uuvNciiui's. 15U

a" . Smaller : rectrices chiefly white .... 'tiyi'i^h \>- l'J«i'
b" . Larger : rectricea chiefly brown, with
merely white borders to the outer

webs inter cedeiis, p. lo5.

b' . Secondaries with only narrow (0*1 in.)
edgings of dull white; rectrices dark
brown, with whitish margins only O'l
wide at most ; under wing-coverts dusky, melanura, p. 156.
b. Bill entirely orange-yellow in the adult.

c' . Without a white collar : smaller Jiavirostris, p. 158.

d'. With a broad white collar : larger albicollis, p. 159.

1. Rhynchops nigra.

The Cut Water, Catesby, Nat. Hid. Carol, i. p. 'JO, pi. 90 (17;31).
Le Bec-en-Ciseaux, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. '2'2'i, pi. xxi. fig. 2 (1760) ;

Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 454 (1781 : partim. ; but fig. xxxvi.

represents R. vielanura).
Le Bec-en-ciseaux fauve, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 'I'll (17G0: juv., e.r

Barrl're, Orn. Sp. p. 20, 1745).
Rhynchops nigra, Linn. 8i/st. Nat. i. p. 228 (1766 : North America) ;

G»i. Syst. Nat. i. p. 611 (1788: N. America) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.

p. 802 (1790) ; Botin. Euc. Meth. i. p. 100 (1791) ; Shaw ^- Nudd.

Nat. Miscell. ix. pi. 325 (1798); lUiyer, Prod. p. 271 (1811);

Wilson, Amer. Orn. vii. p. 85, pi. 60. fig. 4 (1813) ; Cur. Regne

An., Ois. p. 344, Atlas, pi. 93 (1817); Licht. T'erz. Doubl. p. 80

(1823: pt.) ; Stejihens, Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 136 (1826) ;

Jard. ed. Wilsons Am. Oni. ii. p. 376 (1832) ; Nut,tall,Man. Orn.

ii. p. 264 (1834) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Am. p. dO (1838) ;

Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 203 (1838) ; id. Synop. p. 314 (1839) ;

id. B. N. Atner. 8vo ed. vii. p. 67, pi. 428 (1846); Giraud, B.

Long Isl. p. 346 (1844) ; Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191 ; Grai/, Gen. B.

iii. p. 656 (1846) : Reichenb. Natat. tab. xviii. figs. 400-401 (1848) ;

id. Syst. Nat. pi. iv. (1850); id. Av. Syst. Nut., Lonyip. p. v

(1852); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 97(1854: North America); Bp.

C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Baird, Cass., ^- Lawr. B. N. Atner.

p. 866 (1858) ; Baird, Me.rican Bound. Surv. p. 28 (1859) ; A. ^•

E. Newton, Ibis, 1859, p. 371 (Id. of St. Croix, W.L) ; Sclater,

P.Z. S. 1864, p. 179 (Mexico Citv) ; Leot. Ois. Trinidad, p. 534

(1866) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1866, p. 45 (Texas) ; Salv. Ibis, 1865, p. 193 ;

id. op. cit. 1866, p. 200 (Acapam, Pacific) ; Graij, Hand-l. B. iii.

p. 124 (1871 : partim) ; Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. ish, p. 566 (partim,

as regards Cuba) ; Allen, Bull. Ilarv. Coll. ii-. p. 368 (1871 ;

Florida); Coues. Pr. Philad. Acad. 1872, p. 46; id. Key N. Am.

B. p. 324 (1872) ; id. B. N.-West, p,. 715 (1874); Lawr. Mem.

Bo.st. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 318 (1874: San Bias, Pacific); Gundl.

Orn. Cuba, p. 312 (1876); Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mu.s. iv. p. 52

(1876: Tehuantepec, Pacific) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv.

p. 66 (1878: S. Texas) ; Beane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. 1879, p. 242

(New England) : Maynard, B. East. Amer. p. 4S2 (1881) ; Ridgw.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 51 (1881) ; Chamberlain, B. New

Brunsw. p. 67 (1882); Salrin, Cat. Strick. Coll. p. 627 (1882);

Cones, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 124 (1882) ; Boucard, P. Z. S. 1883,

p. 462 (Yucatan) ; Ridgw. Cat. Fish. E.vhib. p. 29 (1883) ; Stearns

d,- Coues, NewEng. Bird-life, p. 376 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer.

B. 2nd ed. p. 772 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridyw. Water-B.

154 LARID.E.

N. Amer. ii. p. 192 (1884) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 97
(1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 49 (1887) ; Cooke, Bird
Migr. Mississippi Vail. p. 58 (1888) ; Cory,B. West Indies, ^.21^
(1889 : ("uba & St. Croix) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozumel) ;
Scott, Auk, 1890, p. 306 (Dry Tortu<ras) ; Schick, t. c. p. 327 (New
Jersey : breeds) ; Ehoads, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1892, p. 101 (Texas : ab.
& br.) ; Cory, Cat. West Ind. B. p. 83 (1892).

? Rhyncliops fulva, ZiMM. Syst. Nat.'i. p. 229 (1766: "America;"
juv.) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 611 (1788).

Le Bee en Ciseaux de Cayenne, Dauhent. PI. Enl. ix. p. 304, pi. 357
(1784 : plate undoubtedly represents R. nigra).

Black Skimnipr, Lath. Gen. St/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 347 (partim), fig.
frontisp. (1785: e.v Linn.) ; id. Hist. B. x. p. 96 (1824).

Rhincops nigra (sic), Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wits. no. 240 (1826) ; id.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 352 (1828).

Rhynchops niger, Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 373 (1837).

Rhynchops borealis, Swains. An. in Menag. p. 360 (1838).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Forehead (to the depth of 0"6
inch), cheeks, throat, and underparts white : crown, nape, shoulders,
and mantle black ; primaries sooty black, the three upper ones
tipped and margined with white ; secondaries and parapteral
feathers deeply bordered with pure white ; the lateral tail-feathers
chiefly white on the outer webs and pale brown at the tips and
along the inner webs, the central feathers with more brown than
white : under tail-coverts, underside of tail-feathers, and under
wing-coverts white : bill red at the base, shading into yellow (dull
in preserved specimens), blacki.sh on the anterior portion ; iris dark
brown ; tarsi and toes orange-red. Total length about 17 inches,
culmen 3'1, genys 4'2, wing 14-75-15-25, tail 5"5, depth of fork
about I'l, tarsus ]'4, middle toe with claw 1'3.

Adult female. Similar, but considerably smaller. Total length
15 inches, culmen 2'6, genys 3"15, wing 14, tail 5, tarsus 1"1,
middle toe with claw 1*1.

Adult in vnnter. Similar, but with an irregular white nuchal
collar, and a brownish tint to the black of the mantle and flight-
feathers.

Immature. Browner ; the crown and nape brown, streaked with
greyish white.

Young. Upper parts pale buff, streaked and spotted with ash and
umber-brown ; primaries blackish, edged with dull white; forehead
and cheeks huffish white ; underparts white ; tail-feathers whitish,
with ash-brown centres : bill livid brown, short, the upper man-
dible little shorter thau the lower ; tarsi and toes reddish brown.

Nestling when a few days old. Stone-gi'ey, sparsely spotted with
black above ; underparts white. When older, the upper surface is
pale fawn colour and the spots are few.

Huh. North America, chiefly on the eastern coast, from New
Brunswick and Maine (casually) southward : breeding from New
Jersey to Florida ; in winter, Cuba, St. Croix. Cozumel I. off
Yucatan, and the island of Trinidad. On the Pacific side from
Acapam and Tehuantepec, along the coast of Mexico, to San Bias.

a. Pull.sk.

b-d. S 2 ad. ; e.

d juv. ; f,ff.

cJ pull. sk.
h. cS imiii. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
/^-<. c^ 2 ad. et

vix ad. sk.
It, V. 2 imm. sk.

to. 2 iniiu. sk.

.f. Imm. sk.

y-z, a'-d'. Imm.

.sk.
e'-i'. (S 2 iinni- ;

A"'. 2 j"'^- sk.
/'. Skeleton.

12. RUYNCHOP.'^.

Cobb's I., Virginia, July 2

( ^'. Brewster).
Cobb's I., Va., Aug. 1 {Hen-

shuw).

Georgia, April (W. Brewster).
Florida (C. J. Maynurd).
Corpus Christi Pass, Texas,

May [F. B. Armstrong).
Tanipico, Mexico, Feb. ( W. B.

liichardson).
Rio Lagartos, N. Yucatan,

June (6^. F. Gaunier).
Progreso, N. Yucatan, June

{G.F. G.).
Cozumel I., Yucatan, Feb.

{G. F. G.).
Acapam, Pacific coast, Jan.

i9, 186;i (O. Salrm).
N. America.

155

II. Saunders Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

T. C. Eyton Coll.

2. Rhynchops intercedens.

Rayador, Azara, Apnnt. iii. p. ."529 (lb02: Paraguay).

Rhj'nchops nigra (wee L.), Ketiwied, Bcitr. Naiury. Bras. iv. p. 877

(1833: Espirito Santo, South Brazil) ; Darwin, Voi/. 'Beagle,'' iii.

p. 161 (1839: Uruguay Coast) ; Goidd, in Voy. 'Beagle^ Birds, p. 143

(1841) : Hartl. Ltd' Azara, p. 26 (1847); Burm. Th. Bras. iii.

p. 454 (1856 : Coast) ; id. Reis. La Plata, ii. p. 520 (1861 : Parana) ;

Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 566 (revision Neotrop., partim) ; iid.

Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873: partim); Pclz. Orn. Bras.

p. 324 & p. 461 (1871 : partim); Berlepsch, J. f. O. 1874, p. 279

(Sta. Catbarina, S. Brazil) ; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 200 (Buenos

Ayres) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 628 (Buenos Avres) ; Berlepsch,

J.f. 0. 1887, p. 37 & p. 126 (Paraguay).
Rhynchops melanura, Scl. Sf- Huds. Argent. Oin. ii. p. 193 (1889).
Rhynchops intercedens, Saunders, Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. xxv.

p. xxvi (Mar. 1895).

Adult female. Similar to the female of the preceding species,
with quite as much white on the wing and under-coverts ; differs
in having the tail-feathers merely bordered with white to the width
of 0"lo inch on the outer webs, the greater part of the remainder
brown on both sides of the shafts, and the middle rectriccs almost
wholly umber-brown ; undersides of tail-feathers white, with a
brown tinge at the tips. Total length Kr5 inches, culmen 2-65,
genys 2-8, wing 14, tail 5. tar.sus 1-1. middle toe with claw 1"1.

Acarhj adult male. Similar, but with a browner tint and rather
more white on the terminal portions of the four upper jirimaries ;
larger. Length 19 inches, culmen 4, genys 4-9, wing 16, tail 6,
tarsus 1-45, middle toe with claw P3.

Imnuitnre. Similar, but the feathers of the upper parts of a more
ashy brown, with paler edgings ; a nuchal collar mottled brown and
white.

156 LAiuD.i:.

Young. Lower forehead white, rapidly passing into warm buff
ou the crown, nape, and neck, which are thickly streaked with clove-
brown, the streaks becoming coutluent before and behind the eye ;
feathers of the mantle brown, broadly edged with buff; white band
to secondaries conspicuous ; primaries (except the three outer ones)
tipped with white ; tail pale brown, edged and tipped with
huffish white ; uuderparts white.

Hah. Coast of Southern Brazil and Argentina, the La Plata, the
Parana, and the Paraguay rivers, nearly to their heads.

a. 2 ad. sk. San Paulo, South Brazil. \V. Davis, Esq. [P.].

(Type of R. intercedens.)

b. S imm. sk. Santa Catliarina, South Brazil, H. Saunders Coll.

Aug. 4, 1883 (H. M. Harri-
soyi, R.K.).

c. Juv. sk. Buenos Ayres. Alau Peel, Esq. [C.].

d. (S vix ad. sk. Bueoos Ayres, Nov. H. Durnford [C.].

'6. Rhyn chops melanura.

Black Skimmer, and var. A, Latham, Gen. Spi. iii. pt. 2, pp. 347-8
(1785, partim).

Rhynchops nigra /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 803 (1790: Guiana).

Rhyuchops nigra, Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 80 (1823 : partim) ; Lesson,
. Alan. worn. p. 38o (1828 : Chile) ; Fra»er, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119
(Chile) ; Grai/, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 174 (1^44): Tsch.
8f Cab. Favn. Peruan., Aves, pp. o3, 307 (1846: coast of Peru) ;
Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Sternse, p. 30 (1863 : South America) ; Pelz.
Reis. Novara, p. 151(186."): Chile); Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, p. 384
(Up. Magdalena Riv., Colombia) ; Scl. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 566
(revision Neotropical) ; Pelz. Orn. Bros. pp. 324, 4C>1 (1871) ;
Graj/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 124 (1871 : partim) ; Allen, Bull. Hare.
Coll. iii. p. 359 (1872 : Lake Titicaca) ; ^Scl. S,- Salt: P. Z. S. 1873,
p. 310 (Upper Amazons) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 147 (1873:
partim) ; Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, p. 159 (Callao) ;
Taczan. Sf Berlepsch, P. Z. S. 1885, p. 120 (Babahoyo, Ecuador).

Rhynchops cinerascens, SjH.i; Ar. Bras. ii. p. 80, pi. cii. (1825) ;
Reichenb. Natat. tab. xviii. fig. 255 (1848).

Rhynchops brevipo.stris, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 80, pi. ciii. (1825) ;
Reichenb. Natat. tab. xviii. fig. 256 (1848).

Rhynchops melanura. Swains. Classif. B. ii. p. 373 (1837); id. An.
in Menaff. p. 361 (1837) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 6-56 (1846) ; Cab. in
Schotnb. Reis. Guiana, iii. p. 761 (1848) ; Reichenb. Natat. Novit.
Ixviii. tab. cccxxxi. fig. 2623(1850); Licht. Noinencl. Av. p. 97
(1854 : Guiana) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Scl. Sr Salv. P. Z. S.
1866, p. 201 (Lower Ucayali) ; iid. op. cit. 1867, p. 593 (Mexiana,
Lower Amazons); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 461 (1871) : Taczan. P. Z. S.
1874, p. 562 (Cborillos, Peru) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 522
(Chile) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 437 (1886) ; Berlepsch ^■
Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400 (Peru).

Rhynchops fulva (wee L.), Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191 (Guiana).

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Similar to the preceding species,
but with very little white at the edges of the secondaries and no

12. EHTXCHOP.-(.

157

sign of white on the parapteral feathera ; tail-feathers dark umber-
brown on the upper surface, with very narrow whitish edges, the
undersides brown ; under wing-coverts smoke-brown. TotaL lengtli
lU'o to 2U-5 inches, culmen 4, genys 4'!), wing 10-5-17, tail 5'5-G,
tarsus 1-4, middle toe and cLiw l-'A.

Adult female. Similar, but smaller, in the same proportions as in
the former species.

Itnmature. Like the above, but with an irregular collar mottled
with dull white, a mottled dark brown crowu and najie; some
brownish streaks on the cheeks and forehead. '

Young. Forehead and cheeks dirty white, profusely streaked with
brown ; crown, nape, and upper surface dull umber-brown ; the
feathers of the mantle, wings, and tail bordered and tipped with
buff and greyish white.

Hah. The large rivers of the northern part of South America,
from their estuaries upwards, for thousauds of miles — viz., the
Magdalena and others, which empty into the Caribbean Sea, the
Orinoco and tributaries, the (juiaua rivers, the Amazons and tribu-
taries, up to the Huallaga and the foot of the Andes. Obtained on
Lake Titicaca in the High Andes. C'o;i8t of Chile from the Magellan
Straits upwards; Peruvian coast ; Guayaquil River up to Babahovo.
Once at Cozumel. off Yucatan.

The specimen in the Salvin-Godman Coll. from Cozumel has
distinctly smoke-coloured under wing-coverts, and shows no trace
of white on the parapteral feathers ; the rectrices are chiefly dark,
but the white on their edges is rather wider than in typical R. mela-
nuro, and so is the whitish band on the wing. The fact that
the North American R. nigra visits Cozumel is not without
significance.

a. Imm. sk. Cozumel I., Yucatan, Feb. Salvin-(Todman Coll.

{G. F. Gaumer).

b. Imm. sk. Venezuela. D. Dyson, Esq. [P.].

c. Ad. st. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburo-k

[C.].

d. Ad.sk. British Guiana (//. li hifeli/). H. Saunders Coll.

e. 2 i^^'- ^^- River Rupuruni, Feb. {H. Jr.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. (S ad. sk. Oururnei, Dec. (//. IF.). Salvin-Godmau Coll.
ff. Imm. sk. Surinam {Dr. Ktrke). PI. Sauuders Coll.

h. $ ad.sk. Mexiana, Lower Amazons, Dec. Salvin-Godman Cull.

(A. R. Wallace).

i. J ad.sk. Lower Ucayali, Peruvian Ama- E. Bartlett [C.].

zons.

k. 2 ad. sk. Upper Ucayali, Peruvian Ama- H. Saunders Coll.

zons, May (E. Bartlett).

I. (5juv.sk. Yurimaguas, Huallaga R., Peru- II. Saunders Coll.

vian Amazons, Xov. (E. £.).

m. Innn. sli. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.].

72. Imm.sk. Chilo {H. M.S. ' Blonde'). Capt. Lord Byron,

R.N. rp.].

o, /). Imm.sk. Chile. C. Crawlev, Esq. [P.]

q. Ad. sk. Cliile {E. C. Reed). H. Saunders Coll.

158 LAEID.?!.

r. Imm. sk. Chile {E. C. H.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

s, t. Imm. sk. Viiia del Mar, near Valparaiso. il. Berkeley James,

Esq. [P.]-.

n. 2 vix ad. sk. Coquimbo Bay, Xov. {Admiral H. Saunders Coll.

A. H. Markhcan).

V. Imm. sk. Callao Bay, Peru (R. Jvmp). H. Saunders Coll.

4. Ehyncliops flavirostris.

Khvncliops flavirostris*, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Xaf. iii. p. 383
(1816) ; id. op. cit. xxix. p. 283 (1819 : Senegal) ; id. Enc. Meth. i.
p. 351 (1820 : Seneg-al) ; Stephens, Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1,
p. 138 (1826); Lesson, Traite, p. 624 (1831); VieiU. Gal. Ois. ii.
p. 237, pi. 291 (1834 : Senegal) ; Eiipp. Syst. Uebers.^. 139 (1845 :
Nubia and Senaar) ; A. E. Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, p. 85; id. op. cit.
1855, p. 378; Heuf/l. Sijst. Vehers. p. 70 (1856: White Nile);
Bp. C. E. xlii. p. 773 (1856) ; Hciyl. Em. 1859, p. 349 (Dahulak
Is., Eed Sea) ; id. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Red Sea) ; A. E.
Brehm, Eeis. Habesch, iii. p. 143 (1863); Scld. Mus. P.-Bas,
Steruifi, p. 40 (1863) ; Kirk, Uis, 1864. p. 337 (Upper Zambesi
and Sbir<5) ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Viig. Ostafr. p. 837 (1870) ; Gray,
Hund-l. B. iii. p. 124, no. 11094 (1871); Gurney in Anderss.
B. Dam. Ld. p. 365 (1872: Lake Ngami) ; Shelley, B. Eyypt,
p. 302, pi. xiv. (1872); Hem/l. Orn. iV.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2,
p. 1463 (1873) ; Ussker, Ibis, 1874, p. 75 (Gold Coast) ; Eeirhenow,
J.f. O. l'<74, p. 373 (Gold Coast) ; id. op. cit. 1877, p. 11 ( Loango) ;
Buchholz, Eeis. West-Afr. p. 152 (1880: Camaroons); Sharpe, ed.
Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 706 (1884) ; Bocaqe, Orn. Angola, p. 515
(1881); Koluh 4- ran Pelz. Beitr. Orn. 'Siidafr. p. 333 (1882);
Biitfik. Xotes Leyden Mus. 1885, p. 251 (Liberia) ; Bohm, J.f. O.
1885, p. 66 (Tanganyika) ; Fischer, t. c. p. 114 (Tana River) ;
Hartei't, op. cit. 1880, p. 612 (Niger and Benue) ; Matschie, op. cit.
1887, p. 137 ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 10 (1889: Egvpt); SMley,
Ibis, 1893, p. 29 (R. Shire, Nyassaland); S/iarpe, Bull. Brit. Orn.
Club, no. xi. p. V (1893 : Suakin) ; Eeichenow, 7 oV/. Deidsch-O.-Afr.
p. 21 (1894: Tanganyika).

Rhynchops niger. Leach in Tuckey's E.vped. Congo, App. p. 408
(1818).

Rhynchops albirostris, Licht. Verz. Donbl. p. 80 (1823: Nubia);
Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191 (Red Sea) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 656
(1846) ; Licht. Noinencl. Av. p. 97 (1854 : Egypt).

Rhynchops orientalis, Cretzschm. in Eiipp. Atlas, p. 37, tab. 24
(1826) ; Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 52 (Nun River) ; Gray, List B.
Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 174 (1844: Niger); Eeichenb. Natat.
tab. xviii. fig. 402 (1848) ; Allen S( Thomps. Evp. Niger, i. p. 167
(1848) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.T^. 257 (1857: Senegambia) ; Cassin,
Pr. Philad. Acad. 1859, p. 176 (Camma R., W. Africa) ; Antin.
Cat. descr. Ucc. p. IKi (1864 : Egypt).

Adult male in hreeding-phovage. Forehead, cheeks, throat, breast,
and abdomen white ; crown, nape, and mantle deep umber-brown ;
the outer portions of the primaries rather darker and the shafts
blackish ; most of the secondaries edged with white for about 0*3

' Originally Hhyncops faviros/ris, and ascribed to Australia.

12. RQTNCHOl'S. 159

inch, chiefly on the outer webs ; tail-feathers brown in the centres
and on the inner webs, chiefly whitish on the outer webs ; under
■wing-coverts smoke-brown : bill vermilion to deep orange-yellow
on the upper mandible, the under mandible paler yellow, especially
towards the extremity : " irides hrown" (Shelley) ; tarsi and toes
vermilion, di-yiug orange-yellow. Tolal length 17 inches, culmen 3,
genys 4, wing about 14, tail 5-25, tarsus I'l, middle toe with
claw l-l.

Adult female. Similar, but smaller; culmen 2-5, genys '&!,
wing 13, tail 5, tarsus 1.

Adult in winter. Similar, but with an ill-defined band of dull
white streaked with brown on the nape ; the upper primaries, when
new, are edged with brownish white, which soon wears off.

Immature. Like the above, but the forehead a trifle streaked
with grey ; the bill ochraceous yellow at the base and blackish on
the anterior half.

Young. Similar, but duller brown above, and with greyish tips
to the feathers of the mantle and rectrices.

Hah, Coast and rivers of West Africa from Senegal to Damara-
land ; across to the East side and along it ; throughout the Lake
Regions and the Kile sj'stem down to Damietta ; also the Red Sea.

a-c. d ad. sk Egvpt (G. E. S.). Shellev Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Egypt (G. E. A'.). H. Saunders Coll.

e. 2 ad. sk. Damietta, Egypt (FiUpponi). Shelley Coll.

f,g. O ad.sk. Tani, Soudan," April 1885. Capt.VV. Veroer [P.].

h. Ad. sk. 5th Cataract, Nile. F. Galton, Esq. [P.].

i. Ad. ; k. Juv. Suakin, lied Sea. Capt. li. H. Penton

sk. _ ^ [P.].

I, m. (j' 5 ad.; Upper Shire, Nvasalaud, Fub. H. H. Johnston, C.B.

n. Imni. sk. {A. Whijte). ' [P.].

(>. Ad. sk. Lower Sliir6 Vallev [Sir J. Livingstone Exped.

Kirk),

jy, q. Ad. sk. Niger liiver. Mrs. Heywood [P.].

5. Rhynchops albicoUis.

? Rhynchops niadra-patanus, J. li. Forster, Indische Zool. p. 42
(1781 : nomen nudum).

Rhvnrhops albicoUis, <S'«-«i«s. ^4h. /« Mmnq. p. 360(1838); Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 656, pi. 181 (1846) ; Blijth, Cat. B. Mus. As. Soc.
p. 290 (1859) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 773 (1856; ; Irbij, Ibis, 1861,
p. 246 (Oudli and Kumaon) ; Gray, Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Nepal pres.
Hodys. p. 78(1863); ScJil. Mus. P.-Bas, Sterna;, p. 40(1863);
Jerd. B. India, iii. p. 847 (1864) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 124,
no. lloaS (1871); Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 286 (1873: Sind) ; Adam,
op. cit. ii. p. 440(1874: Rajmehal, Ganges); Hunw, op. cit. iii.
p. 193 (1875: Upper Pegu); id. Nests ^- Eggs hid. B. p. 656
(1875) ; Bbjth .V Wold. B.Burm. p. 164 (1875) ; Butler, Str. F. iv.
p. 32 (1876: N. Gnzenit) ; A.Anderson, F. Z. S. 1877, p. 807
(nestlings) ; If. Ramsay, Ihis, 1877, p. 472 (Sittang River) ; Huyne
iS- Davison, Sfr. F. vi. p. 493 (1878) ; Baridson S,- Wenden, op. cit.
vii. p. 93 (1878 : Peccan) ; Hume, t. c. p. 99 (Oodevpore) ; V. Ball,
t. r. p. 233: ,7. R. Cripps, I. c. p. 314 (E. Bengal)'; Hume, op. cit.

160

viii. p. 116(1879); Leyi/e, B. Ceyhm, p. 1004. footnote (1880:
never obtained in Ceylon) ; Salmi, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 627 (1882:
Madras) ; Oates. Hmulh. B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 436 (1883) ; Tristr.
Cat. Coll. B. p. 10 (1880 : Burma) ; Oates, 2nd ed. Humes JSests ^
Eygs hid. B. ill. p. 316 (1890).
Rhvnchops nigra, Burr/ess, P. Z. S. 18.>5, p. 184 (Bliinia, India;
nesting described).

Adult male in hreeding-plumarie. Forehead, cheeks, and under-
parts white ; crown and nape dark brown ; from the nape, extending
to the shoulders, a well-defined M'hite band about 1-5 inches wide ;
mantle dark brown ; parapteral feathers edged with white on both
webs : most of the secondaries broadly (0"7o in.) edged with white;
the four upper primaries whitish towards their extremities, the
rest dark brown ; tail-feathers white, except the central pair, which
are clove-brown on the inner webs ; under wing-coverts pale smoke-
colour : bill orange-yeUow, brighter on the culmen ; irides dark
brown ; tarsus and toes orange-red. Total length 16-o inches,
culmen 3-2o, genys 3-6, wing 15-5, tail 5, tarsus 1-1, middle toe
and claw I'l.

Adult female. Alike in plumage, but smaller: culmen 2-65 in.,
genys 3-1, wing 14, &c.

Immature. Similar, but the upper parts of a paler brown, the
feathers of the crown and mantle tipped with grey ; the mandibles
dull yellow to horn-colour.

Younq. Forehead streaked with brown ; feathers of the upper
surface brown, tipped and mottled with huffish white or grey ;
rectrices brown at the tips and with pale brown shafts.

Hah. The large rivers of India, from the Punjab and Nepal south-
ward, but not in Ceylon ; Lower Burma, but not in Yunnan or
Malacca.

a. Ad. sk.
h, c. Ad. sk.
d. S ad. sk.
eg. Ad. sk.
/i.'Ad. sk.

i. Juv. sk.

k-n. S 2 ad. sk.
0, p. KA. sk.
(j~t. 6 fid. sk.
u. S ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
T. Ad. sk.
,/, s, a', b'. 6 2

ad. sk.
c'. d ad. sk.

d'. 6 ad. sk.

/,/'. 6 ad. sk.

Williams Coll.
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
I'inwill Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
Futtebgurh,jMav (^-l.^rt^/^TSow). Seebohm Coll.

India.

Moultau (Capt. Tweedie).

Jhelum River, Nov.

N.W. India {Capt. S. P.)

Nepal.

Behar.

Futteligurh {A. Atiderson).

Etawali, Aug., Dec-Jan.

Allahabad, March.

Dacca.

Madras.

Burma (Cn/)^ H. Feilden, li.A.).

Tonghoo, ^March-May (ii*. G.

Wardlaxo-Ramsay).
Boulav, Thayetmvo, Mfa-ch

(E.'W. Oafes). '
Boidav, Thavetmvo, March

{E.'W. O.)."
Sal ween River, Feb. ( If. Davi-

non).

H. Saunders Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
R. Cole, Esq. IV.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

Hume Coll.

Gates Coll.

Hume Coll.

13. XEMA.

161

Subfamily III. LARINiE.

Key to the Genera.

a. Tail considerably forked ; wings long ; hind

toe very small, free 13. Xema, p. 161.

b. Tail cimeate, the central pair of rectrices fully

0'8 in. longer than the next pair and r9 in. [p. 167.

longer than the outermost 14. Rhodostethia,

c. Tail square, or very nearly so.

a' . Hind toe moderately or well developed,
free ; lower third of tibia bare.
a". Bill always more than twice and
usually about three times as long as
it is deep ; nostrils linear or linear-
ovate 15. L.uiiJS, p. 169.

h" . Bill very short, the length barely twice
its depth, stout, compressed ante-
riorly ; nostrils very small, ovate .... 16. Gabiants, p. 297.
b'. Hind toe joined to the inner toe by a rugose
membrane ; foot coarse, strong, the webs
considerably indented ; bill very short, [p. 299.

obtuse 17. Leucoph^tjs,

c'. Hind toe joined to the inner by a strong
serrated membrane ; all the nails large
and curved, webs and toes rugose ; tibia

feathered nearly to the joint 18. PAGOPHiLA,p.301,

d'. Hind toe obsolete or rudimentary ; tarsus
much shorter than the middle toe with
the claw ; tail with a slight tendency to
furcation 19. Rissa, p. 305.

13. XEMA. ^_

Type.

Xema, Leach in J. Ross's Voy. Baff. Bay, App. ii. p. Ivii,

cum tab. (1819) X. sabinii.

Creagrus, Bp. Naumamiia, 1854, p. 213 X. furcata,

Chema, Beichenow, J. f. 0. 1889, p. 188 X. sahini.

Range. Arctic regions, and down to 14° S. lat, on the American
side of the Pacific.

Key to the Species.

a. Smaller, wing 10'7a in.; bill rather short; entire

head deep slate-grey, terminating in a dark black

coUar sabinii, p. 162.

b. Larger, wing 16 in. ; a white band at the base

of the bUl; head sooty black, with no terminal

collar furcata, p. 165.

162 LAKID^.

1. Xema sabinii,

Larus sabinii*, /. Sabine, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 520, pi. 29 (1818 :
islands near Disco, breeding); E. Sabine, torn. cit. p. 551 (1819);
Leach, TVjowisow's Awn. o/PA?7os. xiii. p.61 (1819 : Disco); E.Sa-
bine, Suppl. App. Parry's \st Voy. p. ccv (1821 : Prince Regent's
Inlet) ; Parry's Narr. 2nd Voy. pp. 254 & 301 (1825 :_ Melville
Peninsula); Richardson, i.e., App. p. 360; id.loc.cit. (Spitsbergen,
teste E. Sabine) ; Macyill. Mem. Wern. Soc.y. p. 249 (1826) ; J. C.
Moss, App. Parry's Ath Voy. p. 195 (1828 : Waigatz Str., Spits-
bergen) ; Werner, Atlas, PalfnipMes, pi. 30 (1828) ; J. Wilson, HI.
Ornith. pi. iii. (1831) ; Sivains. ^ Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer.,
Birds, p. 428 (1831) ; Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 296 (1831) ; J. C.
Ross, App. John Ross's 2nd Voy. p. 37 (1835) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit.
Verteb. p. 270 (1835) ; Audub. Orn. Bioyr. iii. p. 561 (1835) ; id.
Synop. p. 323 (1839) ; id. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 127, pi. 441
(1839) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 6i. 2, 4°'= pte, p. 488 (1840) ; Keys.
8r Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcv & 240 (1840) ; Selys-Longch. Faun.
Bel(j. p. 152 (1842) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 362 (1844) ; Schl. Rev.
Crit. p. cxxviii (1844) ; Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 537 (1845) ;
Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 331 (1849) ; Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 309
(1851) ; Middend. Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 244, taf. xxiv. fig. 5, pull.,
taf. XXV. fig. 1, Q§§ (1853) ; Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 115, pi. 299
(1857) ; Naum. Voy. Deutschl., Anhany, xiii. p. 272, taf. 272. figs. 3, 4
(I860) ; Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 44 (1863) ; Hartiny, B. Middle-
se.v, p. 251 (1866); Deyl. Sf Gcrbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 443 (1867);
Borgyr. Voy elf. Norddeutschl. p. 141 (1869) ; Kartiny, Kandb, Brit.
B. p. 171 (1872) ; E. Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 440 (Alaska) ; Feilden
{ex R. Anderson), Zool. 1879, p. 8 (Cambridge Bay, Victoria Ld.,
breeding) ; Marmottan ^- Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1879, p. 249
(Croter, adult) ; Rodd, B. Cormv. p. 166 (1880) ; Bunge, Mel.
Biol. xii. livr. 1, p. 53 (1884 : Lena delta) ; Seebohm, Brit. B. iii.
p. 298 (1885) ; Stevenson ^- Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 319 (1890) :
Gdtke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 579 (1891).

Larus collaris, E. Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 551 (1819 : MS. name
for a bird in the Vienna Mus., which is Rhodostethia rosea).

Xema sabinii, Leach, in J. Ross's Voy. Baff. Bay, App. ii. p. Ivii, cum
tab. (1819 : 4to ed., not the 8vo) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 699 (1824) ;
Steph. in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 177, pi. 20 (1826) ; Kaup.
Natiirl. Syst. pp. 66-67, p. 196 (1829) ; Eyton, Rarer Brit. B. p. 54
(1836) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 429 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur.
^- N. Amer. p. 62 (1838) ; id. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 77 (1842) ; Gray,
List Gen. p. 78 (1840) ; id. op. cit. ed. 1841, p. 99 ; id. List B. Brit. M.,
Anseres, p. 171 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 655, pi. 180. fig. 3 (1846) ;
Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. v. (1850) ; id. Av. Syst. Nat., Lonyip.
pp. iv, V (1852) ; Richardson, Journ. Boat Voy. i. p. 262 (1851 : 130°
W 70° N., breeding) ; Bolsm. Naum. 1853, p. 451 (Westphalia) ;
Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294; Bruch, J.f O. 1855, p. 292; Bp. C.
R. xiii. p. 771 (1856) ; Baird, Cass., ^ Lawr. B. ofN. Amer. p. 857
(1858) ; Rei7ih. Ibis, 1861, p. 19 (Greenland) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B.
p. 236 (1863) ; Dall ^ Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 306 (1869 :
Alaska) ; Fritsch, Voy. Eur. p. 465, tab. 55. fig. 4 (1870) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 117, no. 11013 (1871) ; Newton, P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 57, pi. iv. fig. 5 {'i^^) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. iii. p. 183
(1872 : Gt. Salt Lake) ; Coues, Key N. A^ner. B. p. 317 (1872) ;

* The specific name is also given as soMni and sabinei ; I have placed all
under one head.

13. XEMA. 163

Sundev. Meth. Nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 136 (1872) ; Feild. Zool.
s. s. p. 3287 (1872 : Faeroes) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. p. 67
(1873) ; Dresser, B. Europe, viii. p. 337, pi. 593 (1874) ; Cones,
B. N.- West, p. 060 (1874) ; Hensh. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 13
(1874: Utah); Newton, Arct. Man. p. 105 (1875); Bessels,
Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris, 1875, p. 296 (Polaris Ba}-) ; id. Amerik.
Nord-Pol. Exped. p. 312 (1879); Beid, Zool. 1877, p. 490
(Bermudas) ; ^cl. 4'- Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 141 (Tumbes, Peru) ;
Saunders, torn. cit. p. 209 (revision Larinae) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc.

XIV. p. 400 (1878: distribution); Kumlien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

XV. p. 101 (1879 : Davis Str.) ; Ridgiu. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 21, p. 52 (1881) ; Clarke, Handb. Yorks. Verteb. p. 81
(1881); Maijnard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 487 (1881); Coues,
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 122 (1882) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882,
p. 524 (Callao Bay); Stearns 8f Coues, New Engl. Bird-life,
p. 353 (1883) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin' p. 109 (1883) ; B. O U
List Brit. B. p. 193 (1883) ; Bidwell, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb.
p. 131 (1884), and Saunders, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 150 (adult in breed-
ing plumage, I. of Mull) ; id. ith ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p 573

(1884) ; Doivling, Zool. 1884, p. 490 (Dublin Bav) ; Coues, Key N
Amer. B. 2nded.p. 753 (1884) ; Baird,Brew.,^- Bidc/to. Water-B.
N. Amer. ii, p. 269 (1884) ; Murdoch, Exped. Point Barrow, p. 125

(1885) ; Homeijer, Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. A^ner.
B. p. 91 (1886) ; Goss, B. Kansas, p. 2 (1886) ; Turner, Contrib.
N. H. Alaska, p. 126 (1886) ; Fischer ^- Pelz. Mittheil. orn. Ver.
Wien, no. 18 (1886 : Jan Mayen I. ; transl., W. E. Clarke, Zool.
1890, p. 51) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 456 (1886) ; Ridqw. Man
N. Amer. B. p. 38 (1887) ; Nelso7i, Rep. N. H. Alaska, p. 56 (1887 :
breeds) ; Palmen, Orn. ' Vega ' Exped. p. 351 (1887 : Taimyr Pen ) •
MacFarl. Ibis, 1887, p. 207 (CaUaoBay) ; H-Brozvn <^ Buck. Fau7i
Sutherl.^ Caithn. p. 229 (1887) ; Feilden, Tr.Norw. Soc. iv. p. 35]
(1887: York Factory, ■ Hudson B.) ; Cooke, Mig. B. Mississippi
Vail. p. 57 (1888); Greely, Rep. U.S. Exped. L. Frankl. Bay, ii.

p. 22 (1888 : Grinnell Ld.) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889) ;
Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 641 (1889); Riesenih. Wasservoq
Mitteleurop. p. 138 (1889) ; Miller, Auk, 1890, p. 227 (Cape Cod) ;
M. Chamberl. ed. Hagerup's B. Greenl. p. 47 (1891) ; Borrer B
Sussex, p. 261 (1891); R. MacFarl. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 'xiv"
p. 419 (1891 : Franklin Bay, breeding) ; Shufeldt, Auk, 1891, p. 366
(Oregon, fossil) ; id. Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. P'hilad. xi. p. 424 (1892) •
Berl. S^- Stolzm.. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400 (Peru) : HUrb. Sf Mathew
B. Devon, p. 387 (1892) ; H-Brown S^- Buckl. Fauna Argyll 8cc
p. 188 (1892) ; Allen, Auk, 1893, p. 123 (disti-ibution) ; Blaauw
Ibis, 1893, p. 150 (Holland) ; Taczan. Mem. Ac. St. Petersb
xxxix. p. 1046 (1893 : E. Siberia) ; Collett, Norges Fuqlef., Nyt
Mag.f. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 314 (1894).

Xema collaris (Schreibers), Leach, in 6vo ed. J. Ross, Voy. Baff. Bay,
ii. p. 165 (1819: not Larus collaris, Schreibers MS. in Vienna
Mus., vphich is Rhodostethia rosea); Olphe-Gall. Contrib. Fazoie
Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 108 (1886).

Gavia .'^abini, Macgill. Man. Br. Orn. ii. p. 241 (1842) ; id. Br B
T. p. 607 (1852).

Sabine's GuU, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 421 (1843).

Larus minutus, Bolsmann, Naum. 1852, Bd. ii. Hft. iii. p. 35 (West-
phalia).

Chema sabinii, Reichenotc, J.f. O. 1889, p. 188; id. Syst. Verz. Vog.
Deidschl. p. 62 (1889) ; Heine ^- Reichenoio, Nomencl. Mus. Hein.
p. 360 (1890); Hartert, Katal. Vogelsamml. Senck. p. 243 (1891).

ii2

164 LAEID^.

Adult in hreeding-iiilumage. Head and upper neck dark slate-
colour, terminated by a narrow deep black collar ; mantle slate-
grey, much lighter than the head ; the inner secondaries merely
tipped with white, the rest of the secondaries and the five upper
primaries almost wholly white; the remaining primaries black on
both sides of the shafts, with conspicuous white tips and broad
white margins along the greater part of the inner webs ; edge of
wing to the carpal joint black ; tail, and the underparts up to the
coUar, white : bill black to the angle, chrome-yellow anteriorly ;
inside of the mouth vermilion ; iris dark brown ; a narrow vermilion
ring round the eye, beneath which is a minute white speck ; tarsi
and toes brown to blackish. Total length 13 inches, culmen 1-.35,
wing 10'75, tail 4"75, depth of fork 1, tarsus 1'4, middle toe with
claw 1"35. The sexes appear to be alike in size and plumage.

In examples a year younger the white tips to the outer primaries
are less conspicuous, and there is a considerable amount of black on
the sixth primary from the outside. In specimens from Alaska the
tarsi and toes are darker than in birds from Greenland.

Adidt hi ivintcr (Callao, Peru ; Dec). Similar, but head white,
with grey streaks which coalesce on the nape and hind neck, pro-
ducing a greyish-black appearance ; quills worn and faded in colour,
and their tips abruptly broken off', as if cut ai'tificially : bill duller
in colour ; tarsi brown. By the beginning of April the new
primaries, with broad white tips, are fuUy developed, and the head
is plentifully sprinkled with slate-grey.

Immature (nearly two years old). Head chiefly slate-grey, mottled
with white, especially on the throat, collar ill-defined; rectrices
slightly tipped with ash : bill with very little yellow anteriorly.

Young. Forehead dull white ; head grey, mottled with buff' ;
feathers of the upper parts ash-grey, with edges which are buffish
at first, and become greyish with increasing age ; rectrices broadly
tipped with black ; underparts chiefly white ; on the sides of the
neck an ash-brown band, which is seldom complete and exceedingly
variable in extent : biU horn-brown ; tarsi and toes flesh-colour to
brownish.

Hab. Entire Circumpolar regions in summer. In winter as far
as the Bermudas and South Texas on the Atlantic side ; in the
Pacific down to 12° S., on the coast of Peru, in great numbers ;
thus considerably overlapping the Galapagos Islands, the head-
quarters of the next species, X.furcata.

a. Juv. St. Mount's Bay, Cornwall, Vingoe Coll.

autumn.
b-d. Ad. st. "Arctic Seas." Purchased,

e. Ad. sk. Sabine's Is., above Disco, General Sir Edward

lat. 75° 29' N., long. 60° 9' Sabine [P.].

W., July 25th, 1818. (Type.)

/. Ad. ; ^r. Juv.sk. Disco Bay, Greenland (K H. Saunders Coll.

Why7n})er).
h. Juv. sk. Mouth of the river Clyde, H. Saunders Coll.

Baffin Land, 70° 20' N.,

68° W., Aug. 20th {J. B.

Walker,' Erik').

13, XEMA.

165

i. 2 vix ad. sk. Cumberland Gulf, Baffin Ld.,

June loth, 1884 (J. Hen-
derson),

h. 2 ad. sk. Arctic Coast, east of Fort

Anderson, July (breeding)
{R. R. MacFarlane).

l,m. Ad.sk. Cambrid<re Bay, Victoria Ld.,

{R. Anderson, R.M.S.
'Enterprise').

n, o. Vix ad. sk. North-west America, sum-
mer.

p. Ad. sk. Stewart I., Alaska, July

{E. W. Nelson).

q, c? ad. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska [L. M.

Turner).

T-i'. (f ? ad., vix St. Michael's, Alaska, June
ad., et juv. sk. {E. W. Nelson).

k'. $ ad. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska, June

(E. W. Nelson).

v. S ad. sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct.

(F. B. Armstronrj).

m', n'. 2 vix ad. Callao Bay, Peru, Dee. 1881
sk. (Admiral A. H. Mark-

ham).

o', p' . Vix ad. sk. Callao Bay, Peru, April
{Commr. J. R. H. MacFar-
lane).

q. Skeleton. " Arctic Seas."

2. Xema furcata *.

H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt. Collinson, R.N.

[P.].

Capt. Kellett, R.N.,

C.B. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Purchased.

Mouette a queue fourchue, N&houx, Rev. Zool. 1840, p. 290.

Larus furcatus, Nebou.r, Voy. ' Venus,' Atlas, pi. x. (1846) ; Prevost

Sf Des Murs, Voij. ' Venus,' Ois. p. 277 (1855).
Xema furcatus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 10.3 (revision).
Creagrus furcatus, Bp. Naumannia, 1854, p. 213 ; id. C. R. xlii.

p. 771 (1856) ; Bruch, J. f. O. 1855, p. 292 ; Baird, Cass., ^

Laiur. B. N. Amer. p. 857 (1858 : not in California) ; Salvin,

Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 506 (1876 : Galapagos Is.) ; Ridgio. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xii. p. 117 (1889 : Chatham I., Galapagos Group) ; Lucas, Pr.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 130 (1891 : skeleton, Chatham I.) ; Ridgiv.

t. c. p. 311 ; Edd. Auk, 1891, p. 88 & p. 402 (Chatham I.).
Xema furcatum. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 117, no. 11014 (1871) ;

Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 317 (1872); id. B. N.-West, p. G61

(1874); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 213 (revision); id. op. cit.

1882, p. 523, pi. xxxiv. (Paracas Bay, Peru) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou,

iii. p. 457 (1886).
Xema furcata, Coues, Check-l. N.-Ainer. B. p. 122 (1882) ; id. Key

N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 753 (1884) ; Baird, Breicer, Sf- Ridgio.

Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 273 (1884) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B.

p. 38 (1887).

* At one time Gray and others seem to have believed that the word XeTna
was a genuino Greek substantive, neuter ; but it appears to be a purely fanciful
word with au apparently feminine termination.

166 LABID^.

Adult (Dalrymple Kock, Chatham I., Galapagos ; January). At
the base of the upper mandible a white band of about 0"3 inch wide ;
the rest of the head and the neck sooty black, dark and sharply
defined on the throat, but passing on the upper neck into the paler
smoke-grey of the mantle ; parapteral feathers narrowly edged with
white ; edge of wing from the carpal joint and the greater part of the
secondaries white, the long inner secondaries grey ; the four outer
primaries black on both sides of their shafts, but the greater part of
the inner webs white ; the fifth and sixth primaries black on the
terminal portion only, the extreme tips white; the upper quills
greyish white ; tail and underparts white : bill chiefly black, the-
terminal third yellowish horn-colour, the upper mandible decurved ;
" eyelids orange-red, iris carmine ; tarsi and toes deep red " (Ridg-
ivay). Total length about 20 inches, culmen 2-25, wing 16-25^
tail 7*75, depth of fork 3, tarsus 1"95, middle toe with claw 2-15.

In the type specimen in the Paris Museum there is more grey on
the upper breast, and this appears to be also the case in the
pair of birds obtained at Chatham I. in April 1888, described by
Mr. Eidgway. It is not improbable that this is the real breeding-
plumage, and that the specimen in the British Museum is
approaching its moult, for the flight-feathers are somewhat abraded,
and there are slight indications of white at the base of the under
mandible,

Toung (tJ. Paracas Bay, Peru; Oct. 1881). Head white, with
pale brown streaks on the lores, and darker confluent markings in
front of and round the eyes ; a clove-brown patch on the auricular ;
feathers of the neck and mantle broadly barred with ash- to umber-
brown and tipped with white ; the long inner secondaries with
brown centres and with some grey on the outer webs ; the other
secondaries and the wing upwards to the carpal joint white ; pri-
maries as in the adult ; rump grey, mottled with brown ; tail-
feathers white, broadly banded with brown (except the outer pair,
which have merely brown tips) and all of them edged with white ;
underparts white : biU blackish, the lower mandible dark horn-
colour ; iris brown ; tarsi and toes clay-brown (probably flesh-
colour in the living bird).

Hob. Chatham Island, Galapagos group (head-quarters) ; once at
Paracas Bay, in about 14° S. lat., Peru. The type, in the Paris
Museum, was obtained during the voyage of the French corvette
' Venus,' and is ascribed by Neboux to Monterey, California, where
the species has been vainly sought for more than forty years. The
fact that the ' Venus ' also visited the Galapagos is not devoid of
significance.

a. Ad. st. Dalrymple Rock, Chatham Capt. Kellett, C.B., &

Island, Galapagos, 11th- Lt. Wood, Il.N. [P.].

16th Jan.

b. (S juv. sk. Paracas Bay, Peru, Oct. H. Saunders Coll.

{Adml. A. R. Markham.)

14. KnODOSTKXHIA. 167

14. RHODOSTETHIA. ^^

Rossia*, Bp. Comp. List. B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 62 (1838) . R. rosea.
Rhodostetliia, Macyill. Man, Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 252

(1842) R. rosea.

Rhodestethia, Tacsan. M4m. Ac. St. Petersb. xxxix, p. 1048

(1893) R. rosea.

Range. Circumpolar : exceptionally to about 54° N. lat. in
winter.

1. RhodostetMa rosea.

Larus roseus, Mncgill. Mem. Wern. Soc. v. no. xiii. p. 249 (1824:
Melville Peninsula) ; Jard. .^ Selby, III. Orn. i. pi. xiv. (1826) ;
Kei/s. ^ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcv & p. 420 (1840).

Larus rossii, Richardson, App. Farn/s 2nd Voy. p. 359 (1825 : Mel-
ville Peninsula, June 1823) ; J. Wilson, III. Zool. pi. Yiii._ (1831) ;
J. C. Boss, Ap2>. Boss's 27id Toy., Nat. Hist. p. sxxvi (1835:
Felix Harbour, Boothia); Audub. Orii. Biogr. v. p. 324 (1839) ;
id. Synopsis, p. 323 (1839) ; Sw. ^- Bich. F. Bor.-Ain., ii. Birds,
p. 427 (1831); J. a Boss, App. Parry's 4th Voy. p. 195 (1828:
Spitsbergen & Waigatz Str.) ; Schl. Bev. Crit. p. cxxviii (1844) ;
Begl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 332 (1849) ; Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd Suppl. p. 5»
(1856) ; id. op. cit. 3rd ed. iii. p. 558 (1856) ; Naum. Vcig. Deustchl.,
Anhang, xiii. p. 270, taf. 388. figs. 1-2 (1860) ; Fischer, Natur.
Tids. (3) iii. (1864: Faeroes; cf. Ibis, 1865, p. 103); Harting,
Sandb. Brit. B. p. 173 (1872) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 1 ; Bunge,
Mel. Biol. xii. livr. 1, p. 57 (1884: Lena delta) ; Seebohm, Hist.
Brit. B. iii. p. 305 (1885) ; id. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 82 (Discii, Green-
land) ; id. Tr. Nonv. Soc. iv. p. 303 (1886 : Lena delta) ; Gdtke,
Vogelwarte Helgol. p. 580 (1891).

Larus richardsoni, Lesson, H. N. Mam. et Ois. ix. p. 516 (1837).

Rossia rosea, Bp. Comp. List, p. 62 (1838 : type of genus) ; id. Cat.
Ucc. Eur. p. 79 (1842) ; Gray, List Gen. p. 78 (1840) ; id. ed.
1841, p. 99.

Rhodostethia rossi, Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 253 (1842) ;
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 653, pi. 180. fig. 4 (1846) ; Macgill. Brit. B.
T. p. 618 (1852) ; Beichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. v. (1850) ; id. Av. Syst.
Nat., Longip. pp. iv, v (1852) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 229 (1862) ;
id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. Ill (1871); Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 63
(1873) ; Bp. C. B. xiii. p. 771 (1856) ; Degl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur.
ii. p. 403 (1867) ; Feild. Zool. a. s. p. 3287 (1872 : Fisroes) ; Newton,
P. Z. S. 1875, p. 349 (Greenland).

Rhodostethia rosea, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 106 (Kamschatka) ;
Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 295 ; id. Vogelf. p. 344 (1855) ;
Baird, Cass., Sf Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 856 (1858) ; Bp. Consp. Av.
ii. p. 230 (1857); Beinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 18 (Greenland); Fritsch,
Vbg. Eur. p. 471, tab. 57. fig. 9 (1870) ; Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent.
p. 136 (1872) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 316 (.1872) ; id. B. N.-
West, p. 659 (1874) _; Newto?i, Arctic Man. p. 105 (1875) ; Saunders,
Ibis, 1875, p. 484 ( juv., Kamschatka) ; Payer, Austriaii Exped. ii.
p. 91 (1876 : Eng. trans. ; Barents Sea) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii.
p. 343, pi. 594 (1877) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1878, p. 200; Saunders, P. Z. S.
1878, p. 208 (revision); id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 400 (1878:
distribution); Feilden, Tr. Norw. Soc. iii. p. 209 (1881: Barents
Sea) ; Bidgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (18S1) ; W. E.

* Characters not given ; moreover the name Rossia had been applied by
Owen in 18oo to a genus of Mollusca.

168 LAEID^,

Clarke, Handh. Yorks. Vertebr. p. 81 (1881) ; Coues, Check-l. N.
Amer. B. p. 122 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Cortcin; p. 108 (1883 :
Alaska) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 192 (1883) ; Saunders, Ibis,
1883, p. 348 (' Vega ' specimen) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 753 (1884) ; Saunders, 4th ed. Yarrelfs Brit. B. iii. p. 572 (1884) ;
Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridgway, Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 266 (1884) ;
Murdoch, Exped. Pt. Barroio, p. 123, pis. i.-ii. (1885) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 91 (1886) ; Ridgio. Man. N. Amer. B.
p. 37 (1887) ; Nelson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, p. 55, pi. iii.
(1887) ; Palmen, Vega-Exped. p. 352 (1887 : Pitlekaj) ; Saunders,
Man. Brit. B. p. 643 (1889) ; R. Gray, Zool. 1889, p. 45 (Green-
land Sea, 78° N., 0'' 25' E.) ; M. Chamberl. ed. Hageriip's B. Greenl.
p. 47 (1891) ; Alkn, Auk, 1893, p. 123 (distribution) ; Lilford, Col.
Figs. Brit. B. pts. xxiii. & xvii. (1893).

Boss's Gull. Long, Voy. ' JeannetteJ p. 151 (1883 : off Herald I.,
Bering Sea).

Rhodestethia rosea, Taczan. Mhn. Ac. St. Petersh. xxxix. p. 1048
(1893 : E. Siberia).

Adult in summer jilumage (Disco). Neck surrounded by a narrow
black collar, otherwise the head and entire underparts white (suf-
fused with pink in life) ; mantle and quills pearl-grey ; the outer
web of the first primary black, nearly to the tip, the other primaries
grey like the mantle, paler on the inner margins ; secondaries tipped
with rosy white ; rump and tail rosy white, the latter wedge-shaped ;
under wing-coverts grey : bill black ; ring round the eye vermilion ;
tarsi, toes and their webs bright red. Total length 13'5 inches,
culmen 1-1, wing 10'25, tail 5-25, central pair of feathers 0-8 in.
longer than the next, and 1'9 longer than the outermost; tarsus
1-25, middle toe with claw 1'2.

Adult in tvinier. Similar, but without the black collar, and less
suffused with rose-colour.

Immature. Head and underparts white ; a few dark streaks
round the eye ; collar fairly defined, especially on the nape ;
shoulders pale grey, mantle pearl-grey ; inner secondaries and upper
wing-coverts smoke-brown, tipped with white, remaining secondaries
pearl-grey, passing into white at their edges ; the three outer
primaries blackish on the webs on both sides of the shafts down
to the tips and a little way up the inner webs, the rest of the webs
white ; in the 4th primary the centre is greyish white, with a dark
subterminal bar ; on the inner quills the white increases successively
until the 9th is wholly white ; tail pure white.

Young (September 2l8t). Similar, but crown distinctly pearl-grey,
with sometimes a dark feather or two indicative of a hood, and also
an approach to a greyish collar; more black about the orbits, and a
strongly marked patch on the auriculars ; more blackish brown on
the wing-coverts and inner secondaries, which are tipped with
greyish to huffish white ; rump barred with dark brown ; tail-
feathers chiefly white, with blackish-brown terminations to all
except the outer pair or two. This dark band decreases rapidly
with advancing age in the feather, and by the following spring it
is almost confined to the two central pairs of rectrices. Tarsi
and toes brown,

Hab. Arctic regions : — N.W. Greenland (Disco) ; MelviUe Penin-

15. LAEUS. 169

Bula ; Boothia ; Point Barrow, N. Alaska, coming from the direction
of Herald I. ; St. Michael's, Alaska (once) ; icy sea from Bering
Strait to the mouth of the Lena ; Barents Sea, between Franz-Josef
Land and Spitsbergen, including the latter; Faeroe Is. (once);
Yorkshire (once) ; Heligoland (once). Propagation as j^et unknown.

a. Ad. St. Greenland, summer. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

b. c? juv. sk. Point Barrow, Alaska, Sept. H, Saunders Coll.

1882 {U.S.Nat. Mus.).

c. (S; d, e. $ Point Barrow, Alaska, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.
juv. sk. 1882 {U.S. Nat. Mus.).

15. LARUS.

Type.

Larus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1766).

Xema, Boie, Ms, 1822, p. 563 ; id. op. cit. 1844,

p. 192 (partim).
Gavia, Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. 2, p. 239 (1842).
Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191 (partim).

Gavia, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 99 (1829) L. ridibundus.

Leucus, Kauj), Natiirl. Syst. p. 84 (1829) L. marinus &c.

Leucus, Bp. Cons]). Av. ii. p. 215 (1857) L. argentatus &c.

Hydrocoloeus, Kaiq), Natiirl. Syst. p. 113 (1829) . L. minutus &c.
Ichthyaetus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 102 (1829) . . L. ichthyaetus.
Laroides, Brehjti, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Voy. DeutscM.

p. 738 (1831) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 217 (1857). L. argentatus &c.
Chroicocepbalus, Eyton, Brit. B. p. 53 (1837) . .~]
Kroicocephalus, Jameson, Jonrn. Asiat. Soc. viii.

p. 243 (1839)

Chroicepbalus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Lonqip.

p.v(18.52) ,T • 11 .•

Chroocepbalus, Scl. ^ Salvin, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 576 ^^^^ cucuilati.

footnote

Chroicocephalus, II. T. Wharton, Zool. 1878, p. 105
Cbroeocephalus, Heine Sf Reichenoto, Nomencl.

Mus. Hein. p. 358 (1890) J

Plautus, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Longip. p. v

(1852) L. glaucus.

Glaucus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 101 L. glaucus.

Dominicanus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 100 : id. op.

cit. 1855, p. 280 ' L. marinus &c.

Gavina, Bp. Nauynannia, 1854, p. 212 L. canus &c.

Gavina, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 222 (1857) L. audouini.

Blasipus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 108 L. modestus.

Leucophfeus, Bp. {nee Bruch, 1853) Naum. 1854,

p. 211 ; id. Comp. Av. ii. p. 231 (1857) L. heermanni &c.

Blasipus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211 ; id. Comp. Av.

ii. p. 211 (18.57) L. modestus &c.

Blacipus, Heine 8,- Reichenoto, Notnencl. Mus.

Hein. p. 357 (1890) L. crassirostris.

Adelams, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 106, ex Bp. MS. 1 t , , ,, ,

Adelolarus, Heine ^- Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus.i^'Y'-^'"''^^^^'^'^

ITmw. p. 3.58 (1890) \ ^^•

Gelastes, Bp. Naum. 18.54, p. 212 L. gelastes.

AtriciUa, Bp. Natim. 1854, p. 212 L. atriciUa.

Melaofavia, I v r> >. -,„-- ^-, ^

Gavia, ( subg.^^. A«««. 18o4, pp. 212-

Cirrhocephala, I -^^ Lai-i cucuUati.

170 lAEID^.

Type.

Cirrocephalus, Bruch, J. f. 0. 18o5, p. 288 L. cirrhocephalua.

Bruchigavia, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 228 (1857). . . . L. novas-Lollandise.

Clupeilarus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 220 (1857) .... L. fuscus &c.
Lambruschinia, Salvad. Cat. Ucc. Sard. p. 128

(1864) L. gelastes.

Einalia, Hdne ^ Reichenoio, Nomencl. Mus. Sein.

p. 358 (1890) L. argentatus.

Melanolarus, Heine ^ Reich. Nomencl. Mus. Sein.

p. 359 (1890) L. franklini.

Epitelolarus, Heine <§• Reich. Nomencl. Mus. Hein.

p. 359 (1890) L. heermaimi.

Range. Cosmopolitan, with the exception of Polynesia and the
Central Pacific.

Key to the Species.

A. Adult. Head with a well-defined hood of a
darker colour than the neck.
Youmj. Without a marked hood ; taU white
or grey, with a dark terminal or subter-
minal band ; upper tail-coverts almost
unspotted ; abdomen white or grey.
a. Mantle clear grey.
a'. Hood black.

a". Size very small, wing less than 9
inches.
a'". Quills grey, broadl)^ tipped with
white ; under-wing dark lead-
grey 7)iinutt(s ad., p. 173.

b'". QuilLs black on both sides of

shafts; under-wing white mi7i>itics ^av., p. 176.

b". Size larger or much larger.

c'". Wing more than 18 inches ichthya'etus, p. 176.

d'" . Wing less than 15 inches,
a'. Mantle pearl-grey.

a^. Wing about 14 inches; bill

deep lake-red serranus, p. 188.

b'. Wing less than 12 inches.
a*. Bill coral-red, with a dark

subterniinal zone. [p. 180,

a''. Quills almost pure white, melanorephalus ad.,
b"". Quills chequered with [p. 182.

black melanocephalus imm.,

b\ BUI black.

c'. First quill white ; bill

stout sawidersi, p. 183.

d'. First quill white, with
black outer web and
tip ; bill rather slender ;
tarsus not longer than

the middle toe and claw. Philadelphia, p. 185.
b^. Mantle dark slate-grey.

c\ Outer quills greyabove,broadly
tipped with white and with
wide subterminal black bars ;

underparts very rosy franklini, p. 191.

d\ Outer quills black atricilla, p. 194.

15. LAEUS. 171

b'. Hood grey like the mantle ; imder-

wing smoke-grey cirrhocephalus, p. 198.

e'.. Hood dark brown.

c". First quill largely mixed with white.

e'". First quill black on the basal half ;

chiefly or entirely white on the

terminal half.

c*. Second and third quills white on

both webs to the tip ; first quill

quite white terminally glaucodes, p. 203.

c?'. Second and third quills with
subterminal black bars; a

slight bar on the first quill . . 7naculipennis, p. 200.
/'". First quill white, tipped and
bordered on both webs with

black ridibundus, p. 207.

d". First quill black, with a white sub-
terminal mirror brunneicephalus, p. 215.

b. Mantle dark brown to sooty ; outer quills

black.
d'. Nuchal collar white.
e". Hood and fore-neck jet-black; bill

slender kucop/ithabnus, p. 219.

/". Hood and fore-neck dark brown;

bill stouter hemprichi, p. 221.

e'. Nuchal region deep lead-colour, like

the mantle ; underparts smoke-grey . . fuliginosus, p. 222.

B. Adult. Head without a hood ; tail with a

subterminal black band.
Young. Head witli an irregular striated
hood ; tail as above.

c. Tail mostly dark grey, band least defined ;

underparts smoke-grey ; bill slender modest its, p. 223.

d. Tail mostly black or black and white.

/'. Tail black to the base ; underparts
vinaceous grey ; mantle dark smoke-
grey heermanni, p. 225.

g'. Base of tail white ; underparts white.

y. Mantle brownish black belcheri, p. 226.

h". Mantle slate-grey crassirostris, p. 227.

C. Adult. Head without a hood, tail white.
Young. Head without any indication of a

hood ; tail with little or no subterminal
dark band ; upper tail-coverts unspotted.
Wing less than 13 inches.

e. Bill black ; quills white on both sides of

shafts. Young without terminal band

on rectrices bulleri, p. 233.

f. Bill red. ^
h'. Inner web of first qiull almost entirely

■white gelastes, p. 230.

i'. Inner web of first quill mostly black.
i". Larger, wing 12 inches ; third quill

with a white mirror in the fully adult. nov<e Jwllandice, p. 235.
k". Smaller, wing 11 inches.

</'". The white on the basal half of
3rd quill extending far beyond
the shaft on the inner web scojndinus, p. 238.

172 LAEID^.

hi". The white on the basal third of
3rd quill scarcely passing the shaft

on the inner web hartlaubi, p. 240.

D. Adult. Head without a hood ; tail white.
Young. Head striated, and upper tail-coverts
and tail mottled, with brownish; under-
parts brown. (Size larger: wing more
than 14 inches.)
g. Quills mostly black.

k'. Mantle sooty black to dark slate-colour.
I". Mantle deep sooty black.

i". Size very large, wing over 19
inches ; terminal two-thirds of
1st quill white, and a large mirror
on the 2nd quill ; feet flesh-
colour marinus, p. 241.

k'". Size smaller, wing under 17
inches ; only a small white miiTor

on 2nd quill ; feet olivaceous . . dominicanus, p. 245.
m". Mantle dark slate-grey to blackish.
V". Tarsus longer than middle toe and
claw.
e*. Smaller, but wing longer in pro-
portion (16-16"5 inches) ; tarsus
2-4, middle toe 2-1 ; mantle

darker fuscus, p. 250.

/*. Larger, but wing shorter in pro-
portion (17-18 inches) ; tar-
sus 2-75, middle toe 2*5 affinis, p. 254.

m'". Tarsus shorter than middle toe
and claw.
g^. Smaller, wing 16'5 inches; no
grey on inner webs of outer

quills occidentak's, p. 257.

h*. Larger, wing 17-18 inches;

inner webs of outer quills grey . schistisagm, p. 258.
/'. Mantle blue-grey to dark pearl-grey.
n". Larger, wing lG'75-18 inches,
w'". Mantle palest ; feet flesh-colour ;

orbital ring pale yellow argentatus, p. 260.

o'". Mantle darker; feet bright yel-
low ; orbital ring vermilion .... cachinnmis, p. 266.
p'" . Mantle darkest ; feet pale flesh-
colour ; orbital ring vermilion . . vegee, p. 269.
o". Smaller, wing not exceeding 16
inches, though long in proportion.
q'". Second quill devoid of white mir-
ror ; bill crimson, with black sub-
terminal zone ; legs blackish .... audouini, p. 271,
r'". Second quill with a white mirror.
i*. Bill coarser ; depth of lower
mandible at angle of genys 0"3
to 0-3o in.
e'. Mantle paler, pearl-grey;
subtermiual zone on bill
complete, well-detined, and
about 0'25 in. wide delawarensis, p. 273.

15. LARUS. 173

f. Mantle darker, slate-grey;
subterminal zone on bill ill-

_ defined or absent calif ornicus, p. 276.

k*. Bill more slender, depth of lower

mandible at angle of genys less

than 0-25 in.

g'\ Size larger, wing about 15

inches ; basal part of 2nd

and 3rd quills darker and

with less grey camis, p. 277.

h". Size smaller, wing not ex-
ceeding 14 inches; basal por-
tions of 2nd and 3rd quills

, ^ .„ , . chiefly grey brachyrMjnchus, p. 283

A. Quills devoid of black : mostly pale grey
or white.
m'. Quills pale grey, tipped with white,
and subterminatly chequered with ash-

, ^^^J, glaucescetis, p. 284.

n. Quills very pale grey, shading into
white terminally, the three or four
outer ones marked with ash towards
their extremities.

p''. Larger, wing about 17 inches nelsoni, p. 287.

q". Smaller, wing 15-5 inches : 4th

quill more distinctly barred .' kumleini, p. 288,

o'. Quills white, shading into palest grey
at the base. |

r''. Larger, wing 17-18 inches or more, c/laucus, '^. 289.
s". Smaller, wing proportionately longer,

16 inches '. leucopterus, p. 295.

1. Larus minutus.

PLarus albus, Scop. Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 80, no. 106 (1769).

Larus minutus, Fallas, Jleise Euss. Heichs, iii. p. 702, App no 35
(1776) ; G7n. S. N. i. p. 695 (1788) ; Hetzim, Faun. Suec. p. 278
(1790) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 813 (1790) ; Meyer u. Wolf, Taschenb.
ii. p. 488 (1810); Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 331 (1811)-
Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 508 (1815); Meyer, Vdg. Liv- u] Esthl
p. 237 (1815) ; Leach, Syst. Cat. Matnm. etc. Frit. Mus. p. 41
(1816) ; Meisner Sf Schinz, Vog. Schtveiz, p. 277 (1815) ■ Nilss
Orn. Suec. ii. p. 179 (1817) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2""= ^d ' p 787
(1820) ; Meyer, Taschrnb. iii. p. 205 (1822) ; Brehm, Lehr'b. p. 727
(1824) ; Steph. tn Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 206 (18''6) • £n

^"o--, ^^o^of • I'- K'^- ^^^ (^^^'^^ ; "''^"^^'•' ^f^"^'' Falmipedes,
pi. 31 (1828); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p 68 (1831) : Selby, Brit. B ii
p. 484, pi. xcii. (1833) ; St.-Hilaire, Eiplor. Moree, Zool. p. 65,
Atlas, pi. V. (1833) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 271 (1835) •
Te7nm. Man d'Orn ed 2, pt. 4, p. 490 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn.
Gard, p. 492 (1840) ; Usaum. Vog. Deutschl. x. p. 242, pi ^58
(1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Fur. p. xcv & p. 241 (1840) ; Nordm. in
Demtd. Voy. Ftm. Merid. iii. p. 281 (1840) ; Selys-Longch. Faune
Beige, p. 151 (1842) ; Crespon, Faune Merid. ii. p. 127 (1844) •
Muhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 137 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p cxxvii'
(1844); larrell, Brit. B. 2nd ed, iii. p. 543 (1845); Grau, Gen
B. iii. p. 654 (1846) ; Beyl. Orn. Fur. ii. p. 330 (1849) ; Thojnps.

174

B. Irel. iii. p. 315 (1851) ; Middend. Sets. Sibir.,^ Zool. p. 245 (1851 :
Yakutsk) ; Kjcerb. Danm. Fugle, p. 334, taf. xli. (1852) ; id. Suppl.
taf. xxii. figs. 1-2 (1854) ; Heivits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 490, pi. 136.
fig 1 (1856) ; Brandt, Lehinann's Reis. n. Buchara, p. 330 (1852 :
Caspian) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 604, pis. 355, 356 (1854) ; Heugl.
Syst. Uebers, p. 70 (1856 : Egypt) ; Metjer, Brit. B. vii. p. 118,
pi. 300 (1857) ; Linderm. Vog. Griechenl. p. 173 (1860) ; Poiuys,
Ibis 1860, p. 356 (Ionian Is., winter) ; Nnum. Vog. Deutschl.,
Anhang, xiii. p. 275 (1860) ; Irhy, Ibis, 1861, p. 246 (Jehangira-
bad Jan. 1859) ; Simpson, t. c. p. 362 (Dobrudsclia) ; Schl. Dier.
Nederl. Vogels, p. 238 (1861) ; id. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 42 (1863) ;
Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 235 (1863) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 152
(Malta); Degl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 441 (1867); Borggr.
Vonelf. Norddeutschl. p. 141 (1869) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 239
(1869) ; Elwes ^ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 337 (Turkey); B. Gray,
B. W. Scotl. p. 474 (1871) ; G. E. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 115,
no 11001 (1871) ; Sharpe S,- Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 373, pis. 599
& 699 A (1871) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 49. fig. 1 (1872) : Harting,
Handb. Brit. B. p. 76 (1872); Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 310 (1872:
Alexandria) ; Pahnen, Finlands Foglar, p. 612 (1873) ; Heugl.
Orn. Nordost-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1409 (.1873 : Lower Egypt) ;
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia) ; Irby, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. p. 213
(1875) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (transl. Severtzoff : Turkestan
up to 1000 ft. elevn.) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, .,p. 206 (revision) ;
id. Journ. Linn. Sac. xiv. p. 399 (1878: distribution) ; Marmottan ^
Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1879, p. 249 (Somme); Fitisch, Verh.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxix. p. 276 (1879 : Ob) ; Rodd, B. Cornwall,
p. 167 (1880) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 621 (1882) ; Seebohm,
Ibis, 1882, p. 385 (Archangel, breeds) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B.
p. 191 (1883); Rochebr. Faune Seneg., Ois. p. 3.35 (1884: 11° N.
lat.) [?1 ; Saunders, 4th ed. Yurr. Brit. B. iii. p. 589 (1884) ; id.
Ibis, 1884, p. 391 (S.W. France); Reid, op. cit. 1885, p. 254
(N.W. Marocco) ; Buchner, Beitr. Russ. Reichs, (2) ii. p. 129
(1885 : St Petersburg) ; Seebohm, Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 301 (1885) ;
Mewes u. Homeyer, Ornis, 1886, p. 272 (N.W. Russia, breeds) ;
Alleon t. c. p. 424 (Dobrudscba : females assume black heads
earlier 'than males) ; H-Brown S,- Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. etc. p. 231
(1887) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 395 (Duro, Portugal) ; Booth, Rough
Notes, iii. figs. (1887) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi.
p. 57 (1888 : Turkestan) ; H-Bromi Sf Buckley, Faun. Out. Hebr.
p. 145 (1888); Dutcher, Auk, 1888, pp. 170-172 (Long I., New
York : first genuine American record) ; Reichenoic, Syst. Verz.
Von. Deutschl. p. 63 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 647
(1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889,
p 348 (Cyprus) ; Gurneij, Zool. 1890, p. 19 (white var.) ; Gdtke,
Vogeho. Helgol. p. 578 (1891) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 188 (L.
L6man) ; Taylor, t. c. p. 473 (Alexandria) ; Hartert, Katal. Vogel-
samml. Senckenb. p. 240 (1891) ; Jdckel Sf- Bias. Vog. Bayerns. p. 356
(1891) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 520 (E. Prussia) ; A. C. Chapm.
Ibis, 1894, p. 350 (West Jutland) ; Collett, Nyt Mag. f. Naturv.
Bd. XXXV. p. 306 (1894 : Norway) ; Irby, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. 2nd ed.
p. 297 (1895).
Little Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 391 (1785) ; Yarr. Brit. B.

iii. p. 426 (1843).
Larus atricilloides, Falck. Reise, iii. p. 355, t. 24 ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 601

(1788 : ex Falck.) ; Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 813 (1790).
Xema minutus, Boie^ Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Goidd, B. Eur. v. pi. 428

15. LARUS. 175

(1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 62 (1838); id.

Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 78 (1842).
Xema minuivi, Brehm, Ornis, lift. 2, p. 137 (1826; Elbe, Nov. 1824) ;

Grat/, List B. Brit. Mm., Anseres, p. 173 (1844).
Larus d'orbignyi, Audouin, Hist. Nat. de tEcjypte, pi. 9. fig. 3

(1825); id. Expl. Planch. Ois. Egypte, 2"'« ed. p. 341 (1828);

Lesson, Hist. Nat. Mamm. et Ois. ix. p. 516 (1837) ; Gray, Gen.

B. iii. p. 654 (1846).
HydrocolcBus minutus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 113 & p. 196 (1829 :

type of genus) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; Loche, Expl. Sci.

Alger., Ois. ii. p. 194 (1867) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 66 (1873) ;

Oliihe-Gall. Orn. de PEur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 104 (1886) ; Salvad.

Ucc. Ital. p. 284 (1887) ; Heine ^ Beichenow, Nomencl. Mm, Hein.

p. 359 (1890).
Larus nigrotis, Lesson, Traits, p. 618 (1831) ; cf. Pucheran, Rev. Zool.

1850;p. 15 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846).
Xema minutum, Brehm, Vog. Deuischl. p. 763 (1831) ; Bp. Icon.

Faun. Ital, Ucc. i. tav. 46. f. 2 (1840) ; Jaxib. et B.-Lapomm. Rich.

Orn. France, p. 397 (1859) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 466, tab. 54.

figs. 2-3 (1870) ; Homey er, Ornis, 1885, p. 81 ; Torre ^ Tsch. t. c.

p. 561 (Dahnatia) ; Hartert, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 80

(E. Eussia, has bred near Danzig) ; Riesenth. Wasservog. Mittel-

europ. p. 138 (1889) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthice, p. 303 (1890) ;

Brusina, Orn. Croatica, p. 92 (1889) ; Fatio Sf Studer, Cat. Ois.

Suisse, pp. 62-63 (1892).
Chroicocepbalus minutus, Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 54 (1836) ; Reichenb.

Av. Syst. Nat., Longip. p. y (1852) ; Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 105 ;

Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854); Brehm, Namn. 1855, p. 295;

id. Vogelf. p. 343 (1855) ;' Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 124 (1864) ;

Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (S. Spain) ; Tacz. Bull Soc. Zool.

France, 1876, p. 264 (E. Siberia); Gic/lioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 218

(Italy) ; Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 483 (1884) ; Tacz. Ornis, 1888,

PL 508 (Poland) ; id. Mhn. Ac. St. Fetersb. xxxLx. p. 1043 (1893 :

E. Siberia).
Gavia minuta, Macgill. Man. Br. Orn. pt. ii. p. 242 (1842) ; id. Br

B. V. p. 613 (1852) ; Blasius, J. f. O. 1865, p. 371 (critical) ;

Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873 : up to 1000 ft.).
Lams pygmaeus. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846).
Cbroocephalus minutus, Salvad. Faun. Ital., tfcc. p. 289 (1872) ;

Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 422 (1886) ; id. i. Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 638

(1889) ; id. ii. Resoc. p. 648 (1890) ; id. iii. Resoc. p. 509

(1891).

Adult in breedinr/-2)lumage. Head and upper neck deep black •
lower neck, tail, and under surface white, with a pink tinge on the
breast and abdomen ; mantle pale grey ; quiUs grey, very broadly
edged with white and darkening to smoke-colour towards the
margins of their inner webs; undersides of quiUs nearly black,
except at the tips ; under wing-coverts dark smoke-grey ; bill deep
lake-red (reddish brown in preserved skins) ; tarsi and toes vermilion
(drying orange-red). Total length 11 inches, culmen 1-2, wing 8-75,
tail 3-75, tarsus ll, middle toe with claw 1-2. The sexes aro alike
externally.

Adidt in winter. Similar; but forehead white; crown, nape, and
orbital region merely greyish : the grey soon approaching black in
vigorous birds.

176 LAEID^.

Immature. The grey of the crown and nape tinged with brownish ;
wing-coverts and long inner secondaries dark brown, tipped with
white ; primaries sooty on both webs adjoining the shafts, and white
on the remainder of the inner webs; the extreme tips white,
increasingly so on the inner primaries, untU at the 7th the whole
terminal portion is white ; taU-feathers with a broad subterminal
blackish band, which diminishes from the outer rectrices till lost
with the increasing age of the bird. Practically the duration of
the immature stage is very short, the primaries with dark under-
sides being assumed in the second autumn.

Young. Feathers of the crown, nape, and upper surface generally
dark umber-brown, with white or buffish-grey tips ; the grey feathers
gradually appearing in the middle of the back ; otherwise like the
immature stage : bill brownish ; tarsi and toes dull flesh-colour in
the living bird.

Hob. Lacustrine and marshy districts of subarctic and temperate
Europe in summer, and southward to the Mediterranean Basin in
winter ; temperate Asia as far as the mouth of the Amoor and the
sea of Okhotsk, but not in Mongolia or China. Fortuitously in
Northern India (once) ; Fseroe Is. (once) ; New York State (once).

«. Ad. St. Great Britain (TF7MYeZfy). Purchased.

b. Juv. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Torquay, winter (E. Saunders). H. Saimders Coll.

d. Juv. Bk. Freshwater, I. of Wight, Dec. 20th H. Saunders Coll.

(Itof/ers).

e. Juv. St. Brighton, winter. F. Bond, Esq. [P.l.
/. Ad. St. Essex coast, winter. F. Bond, Esq. [P.J.

q. Ad. sk. Leadenhall Market, Oct. H. Saunders Coll.

X. Ad. sk. Whitbm-n, CO. Durham, Dec. 26th. Hume Coll.

i. Juv. sk. Near Aberdeen, Aug. (Snuill). H. Saunders CoU.

k. Juv. sk. Nalsoe, Fferoes, Feb. 11th (ZT. L. Col. H. W. FeUden

Miiller). [P.].

I. S ad. sk. Havre, Feb. 28th {V. Pluche). H. Saunders Coll.

m, n. Juv. sk. Trieste, Jan. 28tb, 1868 {R.R.H. H. Saunders Coll.

the Prittce of Wales).

0. Ad. sk. Corfu, winter. Col. Portloek [P.].

p. 2 ad. sk. Alexandria, Feb. 28th ((?. E. S.). Shelley Coll.

q, r. c? $ ad. Sarepta, Volga, April-May Hume Coll.

sk. (MoescMer).

s,t.S 2 ad. sk. Lake Ladoga, North Russia, May Salvin-Godman Coll.

& June ( W. Meves).

u. (S ad. sk. Lake I>adoga, June ( W. M.). H. Saunders CoU.

V. S ad. sk. Lake Onega, June {Schliiter). Hume Coll.

10. J juv. sk. Totloh, river Ob, Aug. 18th. Dr. 0. Finsch [0.].

X. Sternum. M. Lefebvre [C.].

2. Larus ichthyaetus.

Gavia ridibunda phsenicopos, S. G. Gm. Reise Russl. i. p. 152, pis. xxx.

& xxxi. (1770).
Larus ichthyaetus. Pall. Reis. Muss. Reichs, ii. p. 713 (1773 : Caspian) ;

P. L. S. Miiller, Syst. Nat., Anhang, p. 108 (1776) ; Gm. S. N.

i. p. .599 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 811 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc,

Meth. i. p. 85 (1790) ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 322, tab. Ixxvii.

15. LARUS. 177

(1811) ; Mei/PT, Ziislitze Taschenb. in. p. 194 (1822); Cretzsichin.
in Riipp. Jieise N. Afr., Atlas, p. 27, pi. 17 (1826; Red Sea) ;
Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 20 (1828) ; Menetr. Cat. Rais. C'auc.
p. 5(5 (18;32) ; Kei/s. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcv & p. 241 (1840) ;
Sehinz, Europ. Faun. p. 378 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy.
Russ. Merid. iii. p. 280 (1840) ; *Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2" ^d. 4«pte.
p. 472 (1840) ; *Muhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 139(1844) ; *8chl. Rev.
Crit. p. cxxviii (1844); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846) : Blyth,
Cat. B. Mas. As. Soc. 1849, p. 288 ; Beyl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 320
(1849); Brandt, Leiimnnns Reis. n. Bachara, p. 331 (1852:
(^aspiau, breeding on Kamenoi Is.) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99
(1854) ; Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 09 (1850: Red Sea and White
Nile) ; Ross, Ann. f May. N. H. (3) iv. p. 467 (1859 : Exmoutli) ;
*Linderm. Voq. Griechenl. p. 173 (1860) ; Heuyl. in Peterm. Mitth.
1861, p. 29 (Red Sea) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 233 (1863) ; Schl.
Mm. P.-Bas, Lavi, p. 34 (1863) ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 106 (1866) ;
De(il. if- Gerbe, Orn. Ear. ii. p. 433 (1866) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868,
p. 330 (Palestine) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 114, no. 10980 (1871) ;
Shelley, B. Eqxjpt, p. 307, pi. xiii. (1872) ; Hartiny, Handb. Brit.
B. p. 175 (i872) ; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. ii. p. 1401
(1873) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 369, pi. 598 (1873) ; Hume, Str.
F. i. p. 276 (1873 : Sind, Oman &c.) ; Marchand, Rev. Zuol. (3)
ii. pi. xiii. pull. (1874) ; Gates, Str. F. iii. p. 375 (1875 : Ceylon) ;
Blyth ^- Wald. B. Burm. p. 162 (1875): Bree, B. Eur. 2nd ed.
V. p. 83 (1876) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1876, p. 415 (Caspian to Tian-
Shan up to 1000 ft.) ; Blanf. East Pers. ii. p. 292 (1876) ; Prjev.
in Roivley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. i09 (1878 : only as far as E. Kokonor,
not in China proper nor in Amurland or E. Siberia) ; Taylor, Ibis,
1878, p. 373 (Port Said and Damietta) ; Fitisck, Verh. z.-b. Ges.
Wien,iS79,f.27-i: (West Siberia); V.Ball, Str. i-'. vii.p. 233(1879:
Singhbhum) ; Hume, op. cit. viii. p. 115 (1879 : List) ; Leqqe, B.
Ceylon, p. 1046 (1880) : Vidal, op. cit. ix. p. 94 (1880: Malabar) ;
Butler, t. c. p. 439 (Deccan); Seebohm [e.v Henke), Ibis, 1882,
p. 230 (Caspian, breeding); Biddulph, Ibis, 1882, p. 289 (Gilgit) ;
Gates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 414 (1883); Tristr. Faun. ^^ Flor.
Palest, p. 137 (1884) ; Saunders, 'it h ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 609
(1884); Yerbury, Ibis, 1886, p. 23 (1886 : Aden); Bianchi, Mel.
Biol. Acad. St. Petersb. xii. livr. 5, p. 682 (1886 : Samarcand) ;
Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1887, p. 389 (nestling) ; Pteske,
Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 57 (1888: Turkestan);
Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 348 (1888: Manipur) ; Saunders, Man. Brit.
B. p. 653 (1889) ; Tristram, Cat. Coll. B. p. 7 (1889 : Sea of
Galilee) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 464 (alive, from Persian Gulf) ;
Sharpe, 2nd Yark. Miss. p. 134 (1891) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 175
(Aden) ; Lilford, Col. Fiy. Brit. B. pt. xxiv. (1893).

Great Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 370 (1785).

Larus iclityceus [sic], Brehm, Lehrb. p. 720 (1824).

Ichtliyaetus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 102 & p. 196 (1829 : type of genus
Ichthy(U'tus).

Larus leucomelas, Lesson (nee VieilL), Traite, p. 617 (1831 : Bengal) ;
cf. Piicheran, Reo. Zool. ii. 1850, p. 634.

Xema ichthyaetum, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. Sf N. Amcr. p. 02
(1838) ; id. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 78 (1842) ; Frit.sch, Voy. Eur.
p. 470, tab. 54. fig. 9 (1870).

* It has not been considered advisiblo to pluoe L. ichfyaetus, L. i'^htyaitos,
and L. iclUhya'rlos under separate heads.

VOL. XXV. N

178 LARID.E.

Larus kroicocepIiaUis, Jameson, J. A. S. B. vili. p. 242 (1830).
Xema ichthyfetiis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 171 (1844 :

Caspian) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845 : Lower Egj'pt).
Chroicoceplialus ichthyaetus, Bruch, J. f. O. 18-53, p. 104 ; id. op. cit.

18-55, p. 288; Swinhoe, P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 327; Holdsw. P. Z. S.

1872, p. 480 (Ceylon); Badde, Orn. Cauc. p. 479 (1884) ; Nikolslcy,

Trudui St. Petersb. xvii. p. 402 (1886) ; Zaroudnoi, Bull. Soc. Mosc.

1889, p. 841 (Transcasijia) ; Radde cy Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 125

(Transcaspia).
Iclitliyaetus pallasi, Bj). C R. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; Antin. Cat. descr.

C/cc. p. 115 (1864: Cairo); Heine Sf Reichenow, Nomencl. Mas.

Hein. p. 358 (1890).
Larii8 ichthyaetus minor, Schley. 3Ius. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 34 (1863).
Kroikocephalus ichthvEetiis, Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 831 (1864).
Gavia ichthyaetus, Blasius, J.f. O. 1865, p. 370 (revision) ; Severtz.

Turkest. Jemtn. p. 70 (1873 : Tian-Shan up to 1000 ft.).
Larus innominatus, Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 394 (1879) ; Oates, B.

Brit. Burm. ii. p. 416 (1883).
Larus affiuis, BidduIjA, Ibis, 1881, p. 101 (Giljrit : cf. id. op. cit. 1882,

p. 289).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Entire head and nape jet-lDlack,
sharply contrasted against the ^vhite of the neck and of the whole
of the underparts ; above and below the eye two small crescentic
white patches ; mantle pale slate or blue-grey ; secondaries broadly
edged with white ; the first primary chiefly white, though black
along most of the narrow outer web and also next the shaft on the
inner web about 2 inches above the tip ; second quill with more
black transversely on both sides of the shaft, and an ill-defined sub-
apical bar ; the third, fourth, and fifth quills sub-apically barred
with black and broadly tipped with white ; the sixth quill im-
perfectly barred ; the remaining upper quills white at the tips and
on the outer webs, and grey on the inner webs ; rump, tail, and
under surface white to the throat : bill orange, with a black band
at the angle ; tarsi and toes greenish yellow, the webs orange.
Total length about 20 inches, culmen 3"25, wing 19, tail 7'5, tarsus
3-3, middle toe with claw 2-6.

Less mature birds have more black on the primaries, the first
quill being imperfectly barred sub-apically ; the second black on the
lower part, with a white mirror, and so on.

Adult female. Similar, but smaller ; average wing measurement
18 inches.

Adult in autumn and early winter. Similar, except as regards the
head which is white, more or less streaked with brownish black.
The black hood is often assumed by the middle of February, and the
moult of the primaries is then completed.

Immature. Similar, but the five outer primaries arc brownish
black on their lower portions, with white patches on either side of
the shaft in the outermost quill only ; wing-coverts and inner
secondaries mottled with brown ; tail-feathers white, broadly
barred subterminally with brownish black, and edged with white.
In an earlier stage there is no white at all on the outer primary,
and the grey of the mantle is much mottled with brown.

15, LAllUS,

179

Young. Chiefly mottled brown on the head, sides of the nock,
and mantle ; primaries umbor-hrown ; the secondaries brown,
broadly tipped with white and conspicuously bordered tuitJi ivhite
along their outer wehs ; tail-feathers white on the upper half, and
well-defiaed, unmottled, blackish brown on the terminal portion,
with a faint whitish edge ; underparts white : bill horn-colour,
blackish at the angle.

Nestling. Uniform greyish white above, and white below, with a
slightly buff tint on the throat : bill black to the angle, the terminal
portion yellow ; tarsi and toes brown.

Obs. This is the only species of Hooded Gull which has unspotted
young.

llah. Black Sea (rare), the Levant, Palestine, Egypt to Nubia,
the Red Sea; from the Caspian Sea, across Tnrkestan and Tibet to
the Koko-nor, in 100° E. long. ; in winter, the Persian Gulf, the
coast of Baluchistan, and India generally as far as Ceylon and
Burma. Not in China proper nor in Japan. Fortuitously in
England (onco). Eggs laid on sandy coasts : clay-white in colour,
with bold dark blotches in strong contrast.

a. Ad. st. Caspian Sea. Purchased.

h. (S ad. sk. Caspian Sea, summer (.If oscA- H. Saunders Coll.

ler).

c. Pull. sk. Lower Volga, June (ilfosc/jZer).

d. 5 imm. sk. Lower Volga ( W. SchUlter).
«) /• 6 ad. et Lower Volga, May-Juue

pull. sk. (Miischler).

g. 2 juv. sk. River Kishon, Palestine,

winter.
h-k. c? 2 ad. et Fayoom, Egypt, Feb.-March

imm. sk. (G. K S.).

I. Imm. sk. El Kab, Egypt {G. E. S.).

m. Imm. sk. Zoulla, Red Sea, June 1868 Tweeddale Coll.

{W. Jesse).
Muscat, Feb.

Mekran Coast (Capt. Bishop).
G wader, Mekran Coast, Feb.

{A. O. H.).
Muucliar Lake, Sind, Jan. 29-

30.
Punjab, Jan. 31 (.1. 0. H.).

et

et

n. 2 ad. sk.
o-q. S 2 ad. sk.
r-io. (S 2 ad. ; .r-:

Juv. sk.
a'-g'- c? 2 ad

imm. sk.
h', i'. 2 ad

juv. sk.
k' . Juv. sk.
I'. Juv. sk.
»*', n' . Ad. et iuv.

sk.
o'. 2 ad.; ;/. S

imm. sk.
q'. 2 vix ad. sk.
»"'» «'. 2 ]^^'- sk.

t'. 2 juv. sk.

«'. Ad. sk.

V', w'. (S 2 ad. sk.

H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
E. Hargitt Coll.

Canon Tristram [C.].

Shelley Coll.

Shellev Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.

Kashmir.

Panja, April 1872.

Kashgar {Dr. Bellew).

Mehnede ghat, March (A.

Anderson).
Futtehgurh, Nov. {A. A.).
Futtehgurh, Apr. & Oct. (.4.

A.).
Khereo district, Feb.
Nujjufgliur .Theel, Dec. ."U.
Allahabad, Feb. & March (./.

O. //.).

Hume Coll.

F. Stoliczka [C.].

India Museum [P.j.

Seebohm Coll,

Seebolim Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

n2

180 LARIII.E.

.?■'. S ad. sk. Maji'iia River, Cacliar, March Hume Coll.

(/. Inr/lis).

y'. 2 iuv. sk. Saugor Island, Bengal, March. Hume Coll.

z'. S juv. sk. Dacca. Hume Coll.

«"• Ad. sk. Comillah, Tipperah, March. Hume Coll.

b"-d".(J 5 'I'd. et Manipur, Feb., Mar., Dec. Hume Coll.

juv. sk.

e"'. $ vix ad. sk. Gopalpore, Ganjam Coast, Hume Coll. (Type
March ( W. Davison), of L. innominatus, Hume.)

f". .Juv. sk. Madras. T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

[P.].

'/", /'"• 5 juv. sk. INFadras Road-!, March. Hume Coll.

V". .Iuv. sk. Pegu, Rurma [E. W. Oatcs). Oates Coll.

/.:". Imm. sk. Wippitan, Burma, Dec. (J. Hume Coll.

Darling) .

3. Larus melanocephalus.

Larus melanocephalus, Nattever, Isis, 1818, p. 816 ; id. in Temm.

Man. d'Orn. 2me ed. ii. p. 777 (1820) ; Meyer, Taschenb. iii.

p. 201 (1822) ; Steph. in Skmv's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 197 (1826) ;

Werner, Atlas, Fahnijx'des, pi. 27 (1828) ; Savi, Orn.. Tosc. iii.

p. 65 (1831) ; Michahelles, Isis, 1835, p. 868; Temtn. Man. d'Orn.

2me ,5d. 4me ptp. p. 480 (1840) ; Naum. Tory. Deutschl. x. p. 254,

pi. 259 (1840) ; Schinz, Em: Fami. p. 382'(1840) ; Keys. u. Bias.

Wirb. Eur. p. xcv & p. 241 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy.Rvss.

Merid. iii. p. 281 (1840) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxvii. & p. 115

(1844) ; Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 138 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.

, p. 654 (1846) ; Reichenb. Natat. tab. xxv. figs. 840-842 (1848) ;

peyl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 324 (1849) ; Baldamus, Naum. 1851, Heft

iv. p. 45 (Hungary, one pair, nesting) ; id. op. cit. 1852, Bd. ii.

lift. 2, p. 81 ; id. op. cit. 1853, p. 443 ; Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 69

(1856: Alexandria) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 356 (Corfu); Linderm.

Voq. Griechenl. p. 173 (I860); Naum. Voy. Deutschl., Anhang,

p. 277 (1860) ; ^chl. Mns. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 43 (1863) ; Wriyht,

Ibis, 1864, p. 151 (Malta) ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 102, cum fig.

(1866): Degl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 437 (1867); Saunders,

Ibis, 1869, pp. 396-397 (Sicily, ad.) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 237

(1869); Ehues ^ Buckley, Ibis, 1870, p. 337 (Black Sea and

Levant) ; Grai/, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 115, no. 10993 (1871) ; Shelley,

B. Egypt, p. J308 (1872) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1872, p. 79 (Barking

Creek, Essex) ; Ilarting, Handb. Brit. B. p. 175 (1872) ; A. B.

Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 346 (Sardinia, &c.) ; Heuql. Orn. Nord-O.

Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1407 (1874 : coast of Egvpt) ; Lilford, Ibis,

1875, ]). 3 (Toulon) ; Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 213 (1875)"; Bree, B.

Eur. 2nd ed. v. p. 78 (1876): Saunders, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877,

p. 204 (S. Spain) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1878, p. 374 (Alexandria) ;

Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 109 (revision) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii.

p. 365, pi. 597. fig. 2 (1878) ; Marmott. if Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool.

Fr. 1879, p. 249 (Crotoy, Somme) ; Ninni, Atti Soc. Ital. xxvi.

p. 107 (1883) ; Tristr' Faun, l^- Flor. Palest, p. 136 (1884) ;

Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 390 (S.W. France); id. Uh ed. Yarr.

Brit. B. iii. p. 604, footnote (1884) ; Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 423

(Dobrudscha, breeding) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 2 ( Yarmouth,

ad., winter) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 395 (Portugal) ; Guillemard, op.

cit. 1888, p. Ill ; Lilford, op. cit. 1889, p. 348 (Cvprus) ; Tristram,

Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 651, cum fig.

ir>. i.Mus. \bi

(ISS!)) ; llcichvu. 'Si/st. r<'/-^. Vdf/. Beutschl. p. U.'J (l8Si)) ; Jdckel ^■

lilitmis, Viiij. Bay cms, p. 356 (l8Ltl: Bodensee) ; JIartert, Kat.

Voi/ehamml. Senckenb. p. 241 (18ltl) ; Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn.

Clid), no. xix. p. xlvii (1894: jiiv. ; Iliiugar}') ; Irhij, Orn. Sirs.

Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 21)7 (18'.)5).
Larus atricilla, Natl. Isis, 1818, ]). 817 ; Tcnun. Man. d'Orn. ed. 2,

p. 779 (1820: young); Jem/m, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 274 (1835:

young; e.v femm.): Miihlc, Orn. Griuchenl. p. 141 (1844:

vouug) ; Linderm. Voc/. Griechenl. p. 175 (1860: young) ; Saunders,

'Ibis, 1869, p. 396 (Sicily: young).
Xoma nielanocephalu.s, Boie, ^Isis, 1822, p. 563.
Larus plumbiceps (partim), Meyer, Tasvlienh. iii. p. 202 (1822).
Adriatic Gull and Italian ijwW, Lathnm, Gen. Hist. x. p. 144 (1824).
IlydrocoltBus plumbiceps, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 113 and p. 196

(1829).
Xema melanocephalon, Brelim, T'iiy. DeutscJil. p. 757 (1831).
Xenia canicep.^^, Brehm, Voy. Deutschl. p. 758 (1831 : Adriatic,

imm.).
Xema nielanocepliala, Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 427 (1837) ; Graij, List

B. Brit. Mas., Anseres, p. 172 (1844: Athens).
Xema melanocephalum, Bp. C'omp. List, p. 62 (1838) ; id. Icon.

Faun. Hal., Ucc. i. tav. 45. tig. b (1840) ; id. Cat Ucc. Eur. p. 78

(1842) ; Jaul. el B.-LajMmm. lUrh. Orn. Fr. p. 395 (1859) ; Fritsch,

Voy. Eur. p. 469, pi. 57. figs. 2. 3 ( 1S70| ; Torre | Tse/iusi, Ornis,

1885, p. 56! (Adriatic) ; Riesenthal, Jl'asseroor/. Mitteleurup. p. 138

(1889) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthice, p. 303 (1890).
Xema plumiceps [sic], Bp. Comp. List, p. 62 (1838).
Larus michaliellii, 3Iilkle, Orn. Griechenl. pp. 138-9 (1844).
Larus leucophthalmus, Milhle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 145 (1844).
Cbroicocephalus melanoeeplialus, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 104 ; id. op.

cit. 1855, p. 289; Licht. Nomend. Ao. p'. 98 (1854); Salmd. Ucc.

Sard. p. 124 (1864); Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 72 (Alexandria);

Wyatt, Ibis, 1870, p. 18 (Tor, Red Sea, identified with a binocular);

Samiders, Ibis, 1871, p. 399 (S. Spain); Giglioli, op. cit. 18S1,

p. 218 (Italy) ; id. Amf. Ital. p. 423 (1886) ; id. op. cit. i. Resoc.

p. 639 (1889') ; id. op. cit. ii. Resoc. p. 647 (1890) ; id. op. cit. iii.

Resoc. p. 509 (1891).
Melagavia melanocephalus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 213.
Chroicocephalus caniceps, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294 (Adriatic).
Gavia melanocephala, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; Blnsius, J. f. O.

1865, p. 371 (revision) ; Loche, E.ipl. Sci. Alyer., Ois. ii. p. 191

(1867).
Gavia affinis, Nardo, Jtti 1st. Ven. (ser. 3) iv. p. 1056 (1859).
Chroonephalus melanocephalus, Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 288

(1872); Martorelli, Ucc. Sardeyna, p. 52 (1884).
IlydrocoliBus melanocephalus, Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 283 (1887) ;

Brusina, Orn. Croafica, p. 92 (1889).
Melagavia melanocephala, Olphe-G'all. Confr. Orn. Em: occid.

fasc. x. p. 94 (1886).
Melanolarus melanocephalus, Heine S,- Reichenow, Nonte7icl. 3Ius.

Ilein. p. 359 (1890).

Adult in hreedinci-phimage. Head jet-black, with a small white
crescentic patch above the eye and another below ; neck, tail,
and under surface white ; mantle pcarl-giey ; primaries pure white
on their terminal portions and tinged with delicate pearl-grey above,
chiefly along the outer webs; the narrow outer web uf the first

182

quiU black on the upper two-thirds ; shafts pure white : bill rich
coral-red, with more or loss of a blackish band in front of the
angle ; tarsi and toes red. Total length 15-5 inches, culmcu 1*8,
wing 11-6 to 12, tail 5, tarsus 1-9, middle toe with claw 1-65.

The sexes are alike in plumage ; the males may be a trifle larger
than the females, and have more robust bills.

Adidt in winter. Like the above, except that the head is white,
streaked with ash and dull black, especially about the eye and the
car-coverts ; the colours of the bill, ifec. duller.

w

1 2

Larus melanoceplMlug, juv.

luiniattire. Similar, the hood being perfectly black in the spring
and summer preceding the mature plumage above dcscrilied, and the
only difference being in the pattern of the quills. All of these are
white to palest grey on the greater part of their inner webs, and
entirely so in the two outer pairs, but both of the latter quills have
some black on the outer webs, while on the 3rd and 4th the black
crosses both webs subterminally.

In the previous year (as I believe) the head is also black ; the
portion of the inner webs next the shafts is also black in the three
outer quills, the black spreading out into a transverse bar, except
on the 1st, where the white breaks through; the 4th and 5th are
also barred, and all have broad white tips. This dark colour appears
to fade gradually out of the feather — earliest on the inner webs —
(as it docs in other species), to judge from a specimen obtained at

15. ICARUS.

183

Algiers, Fob. 21 {Shdloj Coll.). Eill duller in colour, with more
bhick at the angle ; tarsi and toes reddish brown.

YouiKj (February). Head streaked with greyish brown ; Ming-
coverts mottled with bi'own, mantle chietiy grey ; secondaries with
dark brown centres, broadly tipped and bordered with -white (as in
L. ichfJn/netus) ; primaries dark brown on both webs next the
shafts down to the tips and up the edges of the inner webs, the rest of
the inner webs white, except the outermost tjuill, in which the white
is isolated {as sJioivn in the mf, p. 182) ; tail white, with a subterminal
brown band : bill yellow at the base, the rest brownish black. In
the previous autumn the upper plumage is very dark and the pri-
maries are chietiy sooty brown, so that the bird might excusably be
mistaken for the young of L. atricilla.

JS'cslling. Dull grey, tinged with buff, mottled and streaked with
dark brown on the upper surface ; grey below : bill comparatively
short and stout.

I/ab. Black Sea, the entire Mediterranean, the coasts of Spain,
Portugal, and South-western France ; at times at the mouth of the
Somme, and in England. Occasionally inland, and said to have bred
in Hungary. Nests in marshes or among sand-banks.

Barking Creek, Thames, Jan. Purchased.
( Whiteley).

Trocadero, Cadiz Bay {F. For-
rester).

Malaga, Jan. 30 (i^ de las
Rios).

Gulf of Genoa {G. Doria).

Palermo, Sicily, Mar. (Doder-
lein).

Malta, Feb. (C. A. Wright).

a. Juv. St.

b. Inim. sk.

c. (S ad. sk.

d. Ad.sk.

e. Juv. sk.

II. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Seebohm Coll.
H. Seebohm CoU.

/. 2 ad. ;

sk.
h, i. Ad.

ad. St.
k. Ad. St.

Juv.

/. Yix ad. sk.
m. Vix ad. sk.
w. (S vix ad. sk.

0. Pull. sk.

p-t. <S 2 ad. sk.

«/, V. 2 ad. sk.
w,x. Juv. et vix
ad. sk.

Corfu.

Athens.

Bosphorus, April (linbson).
Bosphorus, April {liobson).
Tamak, Crimea, June (77i.

Sch^nidt).
Knasib, I31ack Sea, June

{Cidlen).
Laruaka, Cyprus, April {H.

Guillemard).
Tunis (i. Fraser).
Algiers, February (fi. E. S,).

4. Larns saxmdersi.

11. Saunders Coll.
Col. Portlock [P.].

C. L.W. Merlin, Esq.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Lord Lilford [P.].

Purchased.
Shelley Coll.

Gavia kittlitzii, Stvinhoe (wee Bruc/i), Ibis, 18G0, p. GS (Amov) ; id.

op. cit. 1861, p. 345.
Larus sehimperi, Schlegel, Mm. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 40 (1863 : not of

Bruch, 1853, }ior of Bp., n-hich = l^. frankliui).
Cliroicocepbalus kittlitzii, Swiiih. Ibi^, 1863, p. 428 (Formosa) ; id.

1\ Z. S. 1863, p. 3i'8.

184 LAEID-E.

Xema luttlitzii, Darid, K. Arch, du Miis., Bull. vii. p. 13, no. 401

(1871).
Chroicoceplialus saundersi, Swmhoe, P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 273, 421,

pi. xxii. (0-seu-keo, Amoy) ; David ^- Oustalet, Ots. Chhie, p. 522

(1877) ; Taczan. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 453 (Corea) ; id. Mem. Ac. St.

Petersh. xxxix. p. 1045 (1893 : Sidemi, mouth of the Amoor).
Larus saundersi, Suutiders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 205 (revision) ; id. Jouni.

Li7i7i.Soc.,Zool.xi\. p. 399(1878: distribution) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B.

p. 8 (1882 : 0-su-keo [Amoy, not "Japan "]) ; Sf}/an, Ibis, 1891,

p. 508 (not on Lower Yangtse") ; Hartl. Ahh. Ver. Brem. xii.

Hft. 2, p. 334 (1892: Hainan) ; De la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 502

(Foochow, rare; Swatow, common) ; Styan, op. cit. 1893, p. 437

(Hainan).

Adult male in hreeding-plvmage (tj'pe of species). Head and
nape bluish black (a few of the white feathers of winter remaining
on Feb. :^3rd) ; a narrow white ring nearly surrounding the eye ;
neck, tail, and under surface white ; mantle of a rather dark shade
of pearl-grey ; the upper secondaries chiefly grey, but the rest conspi-
cuously white on their exposed terminal portions ; outermost pi'imary
white, except a hair-line of black on the basal half of the outer
web, and a marginal band of black on the inner web ; 2nd quill
white exteriorly, black on the inner web to the sub-apex ; 3rd

1 2

Larus saundersi, ad.

similar, but with more black, which reaches the shaft and forms a
complete bar (sec cut); 4th pale grey basally, still barred and
margined with black and broadly tijipcd with while ; 5th, the black

I.'). I,ART-S. 1S5

restricted to the inner web ; (Ith and upwards grt'}", witli paler tips
and inner borders ; under winn;-coverts grey, white round the edge
of the wing : bill short and stout, black, with a ruddy tinge on the
lower mandiblo ; tarsi and toes reddish, the claws rather long, the
webs considerably incised. Total length 12-6 inches, culmen 1-4,
wing 11, tail -i-A, tarsus I'B, middle toe with daw 1'25.

The sexes appear to be alike externally.

Adult in luinter. Like the above, except as regards the head,
which is white, slightly streaked with grey.

Immature. Like the above, except that there is a small black sub-
terminal spot or half bar on the outermost (juill, and a narrow blackish
line on the margin of the inner web of the (Jth quill (ascending).

Young. Similar to the above, but the upper wing-coverts and the
long inner secondaries arc mottled with brown ; the tail has a
narrow subterminal band of brown ; the black on the four outer
primaries extends to the tips and along the greater part of the
outer webs : the bill, tarsi, and toes dull brown.

Hah. Inland waters of China and Mongolia, visiting the coast in
winter; Nagasaki, Japan (fide //. Whiteli/); Corea, and Eastern
Siberia as far north as the mouth of the Amoov (TaczayiowsH).

a. (S ad. sk. 0-seu-keo, Amoy, China, Feb. II. Seebohm Coll.

23 {JR. Swinhoe). (Type of sjjec-ies.)

b. Juv. sk. Amoy, China, Dec. {R. S.). H. Seebohm Coll.

c. c? ad. sk. Amoy, China, Feb. {R. S.). II. Saunders Coll.
(/. Imm. St. Nagasaki, Japan {H. W'hitelij). Purchased.

5. Larus Philadelphia.

Sterna Philadelphia, Ord, in Guthrie's Geoyr. 2nd Amer. ed. ii. p. 319

(1815).
Larus minutus {nee Pall), J. Sabine, Aj)p. Franklins Polar Sea,

p. 696 (1823) ; Siv. ^-Pich. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 426 (_1831).
Larus capistratus {nee Tevim.), Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 69 (1827) ; id.

Synopsis in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 358 (1828); Nutt. Man. Orn.

ii. p. 290 (1834).
Larus melanorh^Tlchus, Tenwi. PL Col. livr. 85, tab. 504 (1830 :

'■ Chile ■' [?]) {Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846).
Larus bonapartii, Sicains. S,- Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds,

p. 425, pi. 72 (1831) ; Kutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 294 (1834) ; Aubub.

Orn. Bioyr. iv. p. 212, pi. 324 (1838) ; id. Synops. p. 323 (1839) ;

id. B. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 131, pi. 442 (1844) ; Giraud, B.

Lonylsl. p. 359(1844) ; Graif, Gen. B. iii. p. 654(1846) ; Thompson,

Ann. Nat. Hist. 1848, p. 192 (near Belfitst) ; Deyl. Orn. Eur. ii.

p. 328 (1849) ; Thotnpson, B. Irel. iii. p. 317 (1851) ; Yarr. Brit.

B. 2nd Siippl. p. 55 (1856) ; Sehl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 41 (1863) ;

Dei/l. et Gerbe, Orn. Fur. ii. p. 439 (1867) ; R. Gray, B. West

Scvtl. p. 473 (1871) ; Gdtke, Voyelw. Hekjol. p. 577 (1891).
Xema bonapartii, Bp. Comn. List B Eur. S,- N. Amer. p. ^i^ (1838) ;

Richards. Joi/rn. Boaf-J'oy. Rupert' s-Ld. i. pp. 155,200(1851:

(it. Slave Lake, nesting on trees).
Gavia bonapartii, Macyill. Br.B.v. p. 610 (1852) ; Bp. Naumannia,

1854, p. 213 ; id. C. R. xhi. p. 771 (1856) ; Blasius, J.f. 0. 1865,

p. 371 (revision).

186

ChroicocepLalus bonapartii, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. lOo ; id. op. cit.
I800, p. 292; Licht. Nomencl. Ai\ p. 98 (1854); Brehm, Xaum.
1855, p. 295.

Chroicocephalus subulirostris, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 105 *.

Gavia subulirostris, Bp. Nawniannia, 1854, p. 213; id. C. R. xlii.
p. 771 (1856).

Chroicoceplialus philadelpLia, Baird, Cnss., <§- Lawr. B. N. Amer.
p. 852 (1858); Cooper 4- Suckley, N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 276
(I860) ; Coues, Pr. Fhilad. Acad. 1861, p. 247 (Labrador) ; id.
op. cit. 1862, p. 310 (critical) ; Bhikiston, Ibis, 1862, p. 10 (Hudson
Bay Terr.) ; Ball 8r Bam). Tr. Chicago Ac. 1869, p. 305 (Alaska) ;
Newton, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 57, pi. iv. tig. 6, eg^ (Arctic America) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 115, no. 10999 (1871) ; Allen, Bull. Harv.
Coll. ii. p. 366 (1871 : Florida) ; id. op. cit. iii. p. 183 (1872 : Great
Salt Lulie) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. \. pi. 65 (1873) ; Later. Mem. Post.
Soc. N. H. ii. p. 317 (1874 : Mazatlan) ; id. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x.
p. 391 (1874 : Illinois) ; Renshau; Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi. p. 13 ( 1874 :
Utah) ; Ridyiu. Rep. Surv. -iOth Par. p. 639(1877) ; M. Chamberlain,
Bull. iV. M. Soc. Neio Brunsiv. p. 62 (1882) ; Coxies, Check-list N.
Amer. B. p. 122 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 751 (1884).

Larus Philadelphia, Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 235 (1863) ; Coues, Key N.
Amer. B. p. 316 (1872) ; Hartiny, Handb. Brit. B. p. 172 (18/"2) ;
Coties, Check-list, -DO. 556 (1874) ; Ridytv. Ann. Lye. N. Y.x. p. 381
(1874: Elinois): J?«2rf,Zoo/.1877,p.489 (Bennuda); Merriam,B.
Comiect. p. 132 (1877) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 206 (revision
Larinae) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 399 (1878 : distribu-
tion) : Rodd, B. Cormvall, p. 168 (1880) ; Cory, B. Bahamas, p. 209
(1880) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881) ; Salvin,
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 621 (1882) ; C. Smith, Zool. 1883, p. 120
(Sussex); Nelson, Cruise ' Coriuin,' p. 108(1883); Ridyw. Cat.
Fisheries Rvhib. p. 32 (1883); Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. vi.
p. 122 (1884 : Labrador on passage) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1884,
p. 150 (Loch Lomond, adult) : Baird, Breicer, 4" Ridgw. Water-B.
N. Amer. ii. p. 260 (1884); Sautidos, 4th ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii.
p. 684 (1884) ; S. G. Reid, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 25, p. 267
(1884: Bermuda) ; Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 307 (1885) ; Gvss, B.
Kansas, 2nd ed. p. 2 (1886) ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B.
p. 91 (1886); Turner, Contrib. N. H. Alaska, p. 126 (1886:
Kuskokvim Riv.) ; Seton, Auk, 1886, p. 147 (W. Manitoba,
breeds) ; Nelson, Rep. B. Alaska, p. 55 (1887) ; Ridgu: 3Ian. N.
Amer. B. p. 36 (1887) ; Cooke, Rep. B. Migr. Mississippi Vail.
p. 57 (1888) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 645 (1889) ; Harting,
Pr. Linn. Soc. Dee. 1890, p. 3, and Zool. 1891, p. 35 (Cornwall) ;
Thomps. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 469 (1890: Manitoba, breeds) ;
Tristram, Cat. Coll. B. p. 8 (1891 : Vancouver I.); R. MacFarl.
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 418 (1891 : Anderson Eiver, breeding) ;
Hartert, Katal. Vogelsamml. Senckeiib. p. 240 (1891); Shufehlt,
Auk, 1891, p. 366 (fossil, Oregon).

Larus philadelphicus, Turnbull, B. Bast. Pa. p. 38 (1869).

ClircEocephaliis pliiladelpbia, Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. p. 41 (1871:
N. Carolina) ; Allen,_ Bull. Harv. Coll. iii. p. 183 (1872 : Gt. Salt
Lake) ; Heine ^- Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 359 (1890).

Larus (Chroecocephalus) Philadelphia, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 655
(^1874).

Adult in hreeding-plumage. Head and upper neck dark plumbeous

* Type in Mainz Museum examined.

15. LARUS.

187

black, with a narrow ring of white nearly enclosing the ej'e; lower
neck, tail, and under surface pure white ; mantle pearl-grey, the
secondaries scarcely edged with white; the 1st primary white,
except on the outer web and across the tip, where it is black ; the
2iid is black only across the tip and for a little way up the margin of
the inner web ; the 3rd and 4th with small white tips, broad black
subterminal bars, and much pearl-grey above on the inner webs ;
the remaining primaries grey, with subterminal bars up to the 7th,
where the bar is broken, while on the Sth there is merely a dark
margin to the inner web ; edge of the wing and the under-coverts
white : bill deep black ; iris dark brown ; tarsi and toes orange-red.
Total length 14 inches, culmen 1-5, wing 10"25, tail4'5, tarsus 1'4,
middle toe with claw 1-4.

The sexes appear to be alike in size as well as in plumage.

Adult in winter. Similar, but the head and nape white,
mottled with grey, especially on the auricular region ; tarsi and
toes duller in colour.

Immature. Like the above, but mottled with brown on the upper
wing-coverts : brownish centres to the secondaries ; a brown sub-
terminal band on the rectrices ; blackish-brown bands on both sides
of the shafts in the three outer quills, and on the subterminal portions
of all the quills ; the extreme tips white to a small extent, but soon
abraded, except on the four uppermost : bill horn-brown.

Younri (August 24th). Similar, but rather more dark colour in
the primaries next the shafts {see cut) ; crown brownish grey ;

2 3

Larus Philadelphia, jiiv.

feathers of the upper neck and mantle tipped or barred with brown
and jiale buff, and the scapulars broadly edged with dull white.

188

Hah. North America, breeding in the Fur Countries, and raigrating
as far south as Bermuda (exceptionally) in winter ; occasionallj- in
the United Kingdom, and once in Heligoland.

n. Imni. st.
h. Ad. sk.

c. S juv. sk.
(I. $ juv. sk.

e. J imm. sk.

/. Ad. sk.
y. cJ ad. sk.
h-u. tS 2 ad., vix
ad., et imm. sk.

V. (5 ad. ak.

w. Imm. sk.

x-z, a'-f/'.d 2 ^^-i
vixad.,etjuv. sk.

h', i . (S 2 ^'i^ 'id.
et juv. sk.

li, I''. 6 2 ad. sk.

VI . Vix ad. sk.
n'. Juv. sk.

o'. Juv. sk.

/»', </. (S 2 ^^- ct

vix ad. sk.
>•'. (S ad. sk.

.s'. Ad. St.
/'. Skeleton.
u' . Skeleton.

North America.

Godbout, Canada, summer

[N. A. Cmneau).
Boston, Massachusetts, autumn.
Ipswich, Mass., Aug. 24 (^C.J.

Mfiynard).
Lyons Falls, New York State,

May {A. J. Dayan).
Lake Michigan, summer.
Chicago, April (E. W. Nelso7i).
Wa.shiugton, D.C., April (7/.

W. Henshaic).
Washington, B.C., April {R.

Ridgivay).
Fort Macon, N. Carolina, May

{Elliot Coves).
Corpus Christi, Texas, Dec,

Jan. {F. B. Armstrong).
Ventura, California, Nov.

{Henshaw).
San Mateo, California, April

(Hepburn).
49th Parallel (J". K. Lord).

Fraser River (J. K. L.).

Vancouver Is. (/. K. L.).

St. Michael's, Alaska, Sept.

{E. W. Nelson).
Lgashik River, Alaska, Sept.

\ U.S. Nat. Mus.).
North-West America.
North America.
Monterey, California.

6. Larus serranus.

Lord Ampthill [P.].
Salvin-Gudmau Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
II. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

II. Saunders Coll. .
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.

N. Amer. Boundary

Comm. [P.].
N. Amer. Boundary

Comm. [P.].
N. Amer. Boundary

Comm. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.
I'urchased.
J. II. Gurney, Esq.

[P.].

Larus serranus, Tsch. Wiec/rn. Arch. 1844, pt. i. p. 314; id. Faun.
Peruan., Aves, pp. 53, 307 (1845-46); Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654
(1846) ; id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 115, no. 10992 (1871) ; Set. S^ Salv.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 577 (Neotropical : revision) ; Allen, Bull. Harvard
Coll. iii. p. 359 (1872 : Lake Titicaca, breeds in Feb.) ; Scl. ^ Salv.
Nometicl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 196
(revision Larinse) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 399 (1878:
distribution) ; Scl. ^Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 641 (Bolivia) ; Sannders,
P. Z. S. 1882, p. 525 (Callao Bay) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii.
p. 452 (1886) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 404 (Tarapaca) ; MacFarl.
Ibis, 1887, pp. 204, 207 (Callao Bay) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1891, p. l.'}7
(Tarapaca); Hartert, Kat. Voyelsamml. Senckenb. p. 241 (1891 :
Valdivia, Chile) ; Berlepsch Sf Stolzmann, P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400
(Callao).

Xema cirrhocephalum {nee Grw/), Peale, Zool. U.S. ExjjI. E.ip.,
i/iVr7.s, p. 289 (1S48).

IT). LAUrs.

18!)

Chroicoceplialiis personatus, Jlruch, J.f. 0. 185.3, p. 104; id. op. cit.

1855, p. 289; Licht. Aometicl. Av. p. 1)8 (1854: Peru).
Gavia serrana, />/;. liev. Zool. 1855, p. 10.
Gavia pursoaata, Bp. C. li. xlii. p. 771 (185G) ; Bias. J.f. O. 18U5,

p. 372.
Lanis glaucotes (ncc Mei/en), Cass. U.S. E.rpl. Exp., Orn. p. 381

(1858: Chile).
Lania personatus, ScJtleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 35 (1863).
Laius boDapartii, Scl. >^ Salv. P. Z. i>. 1868, p. 178 (Tambo, Peru).

AduU male in hreedinrj-plumage. Head and nape black, slightly
sooty on the forehead and jet-bhiek at the junction with the white
neck and throat ; a small white semicircle behind the eye ; mantle
])ale pearl-grey ; wing-coverts, inner secondaries, and the two upper
primaries darker grey ; edge of wing white ; outer quills chiefly
black on the upper part, with white shafts; the 1st with a black
tip, a large while subterminal mirror, and the black touching the
shaft on both webs ; the 2ud with a similar tip and mirror, but the
black slightly separated from the shaft on the outer web ; the 3rd
with a smaller mirror but more white on the outer web (see cut) ;

the 4th and 5lli with white along the shaft on both webs ; the Gth,
7th, and Sth with a gradual diminution of black, till that colour
becomes a mere fringe on a grey ground in the Sth ; the extreme
tips of all except the two outermost greyish white in mature birds,
but black up to the "Tith or Otli in the mnjority ; tail and under

190

surface white; under wing-covcrts grey; underside of the quills
sooty black, except the mirrors and shafts which are white, in strong
contrast : bill lake-red ; tarsi and toes rather darker red. Total
length 19 inches, culmen 1-9, wing 14-25, tail 6, tarsus 2-1, middle
toe with claw 1"9.

The female appears to be slightly smaller than the male.

Adult in winter. Like the above, except that the head is white,
with greyish streaks and mottlings which are darkest about the
orbits and auriculars.

Immature. Like the above, with a larger proportion of black in
the primaries, and duller colours in the bill, tarsi, and toes.

Yoimrf (Aug. 2nd). Similar, but the occiput more streaked and
the upper neck mottled with dull brown ; brown markings along
the wing-coverts and on the long inner secondaries, the other
secondaries chiefly ash-brown except on the inner margins ; pri-
maries with more black, but the same plan of pattern ; tail white,
with an imperfect subterminal blackish bar (probably complete in
younger birds) : bill, tarsi, and toes brown.

Hah. The Andean lakes (breeding), and the coasts of Ecuador,
Peru, and Chile. Not on the Eastern or Argentine side of the Andes.

a. Ad. sk.

b. Ad. St.

c. 2 ^d. sk.

d. cj ad. sk.

e,f. d 2 fitl. sk.

ff, h. 2 ad. sk.

i, k. Ad. sk.

I, m, n. cJ 5 ^■

et inira. st.
o. Ad. sk.

]}. Ad. sk.

q. S ad. sk.

r. Imm. sk.

s. Imm. sk.

t. c? <id. sk.

u, i: Ad. et imm.
sk.

7D. Ad, sk.

Cliile, winter {Cimiin//).
Chile, summer (Cuminy).
Chilean Andes, 7000 ft. {E. C.

Reed).
Sacaya, Chile, Jan.

Iluasco, Chile, Feb.

Prov. Tarapaca, N.Chile, Jan.,

Feb.
Lake Titicaca, Andes {Messrs.

Veitcli).
Tinta, Peruvian Andes {H.

Whiteley).
Tinta, Peruvian Andes, Julv

{H. W.).
Tinta, Peruvian Andes, May

{H. W.\
Laguna de Lanjui, Peruvian

Andes, Feb. {H. W.).
Tambo, near Islay, Peru, Oct.

{H. W.).
Islay, coast of Peru, Oct.

(Commr. J. R. H. MucFcir-

lane) .
Callao Bay, coast of Peru,

Aug. {Admiral A.H. Mark-

ham).
Callao Bay, coast of Peru,

Aug., Sept. {Commr. Mac-

Furlane).
Colta, Ecuadoi-, Dec. (C.

Buclxley).

Purchased.
Purchased.
Salviu-Godman Coll.

II. Berkelev James,

Esq. [P.].
H. B. James, Esq.

[P.].
H. B. James, Esq.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

Salvin-Godman Cull.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll
Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

15. LARUS. I'Jl

7. Larus franklini.

Larii8 atricilla {7iec L.), Sabine, App. Franklitis Polar Sea, p. G'.h~>
(182:^).

Lanis traiiklini, Sivnins. ^- liickards. Faun. Bor.-Amcr., Birds, p. 424,
pi. Ixxi. (l.S;il) ; Auduh. Orn. //wy/-. v. p. 323 (1839) ; id. Synops.
p. 325 (1839); id. B. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 145 (1844) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (184G) ; Gay, Faun. Chil, Zool. i. p. 482
(1847); Schley. Mas. P.-Bas, Lavi, p. 36 (1803); Scl. 4- Salr.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 577 (revision ; Neotvopical) ; Gray, lland-l. B.
iii. p. 115, no. 10990 (1871) ; Newton, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 57, pi. iv.
fif^. 4 (egg: Manitoba) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. i). 310 (1872) ;
*S'f/. ^- Scilo. Nomend. Av. Neofr. p. 148 (1873) ; Saunders, P. 2T. S.
1878, p. 195 (revision Larinoe) ; Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sure. iv.
p. 655 (1878 : Dakota) ; Roberts ^~ Benner, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. v. p. 20
(188): WmnamiA) ;' Ridii IV. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52
(Lssl ) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 621 (1882) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.
1S82, p. 524 (Peru & Chile) ; Ridyw. Cat. Fisheries Erhih. p. 32
(188:{); Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridr/w. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 'I'iS
(1884) ; A</ersh. Auk, 1885, p. 289 (Dakota) ; Sefon, op. cit. 1886,
p. 147 (W.'.Manitoba) ; A.O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 91 (1886) ;
Goss, B. Kansas, 2nd ed. p. 2 (1886) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii.
p. 451 (1886) ; Ferrari-Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 179 (1886 :
State of Puebla) ; J. R. H. MacFarl. Ibis, 1887, pp. 204 & 207
(Callao Bay) ; Ridyw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 3lj (1887) ; Cooke,
Rep. B. Mirjr. Mississip. Vail. p. 56 (1888) ; Merriam, Rep. Orn.
^- Mamm. Dep. A(p-ic. 1887, p. 431 (1888) ; Thomps. Pr. U. S. Nat.
Mus. xiii. p. 469 ('l890 : Manitoba, breeds) ; Hartert, Katal. Vof/cl-
summl. Senckenb. p. 241 (1891 : Chile) ; R. MacFarl. Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 418 (1891) ; Berl. ^- Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892,
p. 400 (Peru) ; Rhoads, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1892, p. lOl (Corpus
Cbristi Bay, Texa.'?, June).

Larus pipixcau, Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 515 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654
(1846).

Xema franklini, Bp. Comp. List B. Fur. .f ^'- ^m. p. 62 (1838) ;
Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 194 ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 172

Xema pipixcan, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 194.

Larus cucullatus, Reichenb. Natat. tab. xxiii. fig. 296 (1848 : e.r

Licht. MSS. ; Mexico) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1865, p. 188 (Chiapam).
Chroicocephalus franklini, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. l04 ; id. op. nf.

1855, p. 289 ; Baird, Cass., S, Laivr. B. N. Amer. p. 851 (1858) ;

Blakiston, Ibis, 1862, p. 10 (Saskatchewan) ; Coues, Pr. Philad.

Acad. 1862, p. 310 ; Snoio, B. Kansas, p. 12 (1873) ; Ridyw. Ann.

Lye. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874 : Illinois) ; Later. Mem. Bosf. Soc.

N. H. ii. p. 317 (1874: Mazatlan) ; Coues, Check-list N. Amer.B.

p. 122 (1882) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 751 (1884).
Chroicocephalus cucullatus, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 104; id. op. cit.

1855, p. 290; Licht. Nomend. Av. p. 98 (1854: Mexico) ; Buird,

Cas.^., 8,- Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 851 (1858) ; Coues, Pr. Philad.

Acad. 1862, p. 309 ; id. Ibis, 1864, p. 388 (Chiapam) ; Salvin, op.

cit. 1866, p. 198.
Chroicoceplialus kitlitzii, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 104 (described from

a drawing; nee Swinhoe, P. Z. S. lS60,2vhich — 'L. saundersi).
Chroicocephalus schimperi, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 104 {nee Schley.

186''), irhich = h. saundersi).
? Chrt)iL'Ocephalus .serranus (nee T.fch.), Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 106

(Peru).

192

Gavia cucuUata, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856).

Gavia pipixcan, id t. c. p. 771.

Gavia franklini, id. t. c. p. 771 ; Blasius, J.f. O. 1865, p. 371.

Gavia kitlitzii., id. t. c. p. 771.

Ijariis cinereo-caudatus, Phil. Sf Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1861, p. 293.

? Chroicocephalus atricilla, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 179 (Mexico

City).
[?J Larus franklini, Sundev. (Efv. Akad. Fork. Stockh. 1869, p. 590

(St. Bartholomew, W. I,, " in breediug-plumag-e ").
Larus (Olircecocephalus) frauldini, Coues, B. N.- West, p. fio3 (1874).
Melanolariis iVankliui, Heine Sf Reicheiwic, Nomencl. Mus. Hein.

p. 359 (1890).

Achdt in hreeding-plumage. Head and upper part of the neck
plumbeous black, with a conspicuous elongated white patch above,
and another below, the eye ; lower part of the neck all round, rump,
and under surface white, with a rosy tinge which is deepest on tlie
breast and abdomen ; mantle bluish grey, the secondaries broadly
edged with white ; primaries all broadly tipped with white, and bluish
grey next the shafts on their upper parts, except the outermost, which
has a blackish outer web and is chiefly white on the inner web,
with a broad black subtermiual bar ; 2nd quill with a deeper
(2-2 in.) black bar, smaller white tip, and much grey above on both

Larus franklini, ad.

sides of the shaft {see cut) ; 3rd, 4th, and 5th similar, but the black bar
narrowing, until at the last it is merely as deep as the white tip
and is cut ofE from the grey above by a white space ; succeeding

15. LARUS. 193

quills broadly edgod with white on tho inner webs; tail-feathons
white, except the two or throe central pairs, which are tinged with
palest grey : bill deej) red, with a dark siibtorniinal band ; tarsi
and toes dark livid red (drying blackish). Total length 13-5 to 14
inches, culmcn I'd, wing 11-25, tail 4"6, tarsus I'O, middle toe
with claw 1-5.

The sexes appear to bo alike externally.

In less mature birds there is a narrow black bar above the
terminal white of the 1st quill, thus dividing the white into a tip
and a ' mirror.'

Adult ill ivinter. Like the above, except that the head is white,
spotted and mottled with blackish on the upper surface.

Immature. Similar, but there is a larger proportion of black iu
the five outer primaries, the shafts of which are blackish to grey,
and the 6th quill has more or less of a black subterminal bar ;
shafts of tho middle pairs of tail-feathers hair-lined with black :
bill, tarsi, and toos reddish black.

Young (August). Forehead dull white ; crown and nape greyish
brown, darkest below and behind the eye, which retains its white
patches ; neck ash-colour ; feathers of the mantle grey above and
ash-brown centrally or subtorminally, with pale drab tips ; the five
outer quills chiefly black, with small white tips which increase in
size ascendingly ; in the (Jlh quiU the outer web is chiefly grey,
barred with black, and iu the succeeding quills the dark colour is
restricted to the inuer webs ; tail-feathers grey, subtorminally
banded with black and tipped with huffish grey, except the outer-
most pair ; underparts white : bill and tarsi brown. By the
following November the middle of the mantle has become bluish
grey, the sooty colour of the primaries is perceptibly paler on the
margins of the inner webs, and the blackish bar has considerably
diminished in size on the 2nd of the rectrices from the outside.

Eah. Interior of North America, from the western shores of
Hudson Bay and Manitoba inwards, up to Great Bear Lake (breed-
ing) ; southwards on migration, along — and west of — the Mississippi
Valley, to Corpus Christi, Texas ; through Mexico, and down the
Pacific coast, as far as Chile. Once at St. Bartholomew I., West
Indies {fide Sundevall). Breeds in marshes.

a. Ad. sk. Hayes River, west side of II. Saunders Coll.

Hudson Bay.
h, c. Imni. sk. North-West America. Capt. Kellett & Lt.

Wood, R.N. [P.].
(I. Juv. sk. 49th Parallel, N.W. Amer., North American

Sept. 1874. Boundary Commis-

sion [P.].
*■>/• d vix ad. Aransas Bay, S.Texas, June (i^. Salvin-Godman Coll.

a. Armstrong^.
g-m. S 2 !id. ; Corpus Christi, Texas, April Salvin-Godman Coll.
n, o. cJ juv. sk. .SO and Sept. 30, Oct. 7
(F. B. A.)
p. Ad. sk. Progreso, Yucatan, autumn Salvin-Godman Coll.

(F. Nicholson).

VOL. XXV. 0

194

q. cJ ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
8. S juv. sk.

t. Ad. sk.

w-70. ad., vix ad.,

et juv. sk.
x-c'. (S 2 ad. ;

d'. (S imm.sk.
e' . 5 juv. sk.

/. S juv. sk.

g'. Imm. sk.

h'-k'. Ad. et

imm. sk.
I'-n'. Juv. et

imm. sk.
o'-q'. c? 2 imm.

et juv. sk.
r'. Ad. sk.

«'. Ad. St.

t'. 2 juv. sk.

Mexico.

Mexico, winter.

Zacatecas, Mexico, August

( W. B. Richardson).
Near City of Mexico.
West coast of Mexico.

Champerico, Guatemala, May

30, 1873 (O. Salvin).
Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan.

1863 (O. S.).
Payta, Peru, Jan. 7 {Adml.

Markham).
Oallao Bay, Peru, Jan. (72.

Jump).
Callao Bay, April 11 {Commr.

J.R. li. Mac Far lane).
Iquique, winter (<S'. F. Rmvland).

Coquimbo, Nov. {Adml. Mark-
ham).

Coquimbo (in full breeding-
plumage) {Adml. Markham).

Valparaiso.

Chile ( Verreau.r).

8. Larus atricilla.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzrov,R.N.
[P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Laughing Gull, Cateshy, Nat. Hist. Carol, i. p. 89, pi. 89 (1733);

Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 383 (1785: chieflv) ; ? Montagu, Orn.

Diet. i. (1802: Winchelsea, juv.); Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 439

(1843 : ex Montagu).
La Mouette rieuse, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 192, pi. xviii. fig. 1 (1760).
Larus atricilla, Linn. Sgst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766 : ex Cateshy) ; Gm.

S. N. i. p. 600 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 813 (1790 : part.) ;

Temm. Man. d'Orn. ed. 2, pt. ii. p. 779 (1820: the adult, but the

young = Z. melanocephalus) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 722 (1824) ; ? Bp.

Ohs. No77ie}icl. Wilson's Orn. no. 246 (1826) ; id. Ann. Lye. N. Y.

ii. p. 369 (1828) ; Jard. ed. Wilson's Amer. Orn. iii. p. 216, pi. 74.

fig. 4 (1832) ; ? Bennies ed. Mont. Orn. Diet. p. 259 (1833) ;

Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 291 (1834) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Verteb.

p. 274 (1835: ex Montaqu) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 118,

pi. 314 (1838) ; id. Synop. p. 324(1839); D'Orbigny in Sogra's

Hist. Nat. Cuba, p. 212 (1839) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xcvi,

243 (1840) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2e 6d. 4e pte. p. 483 (1843) ; Schl.

Rev. Crit. p. cxxvii (1844) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 358 (1844) ;

Audub. B. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 136, pi. 44.3 (1844) ; Yarr. Brit.

B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 557 (1845 : e.v Montaqu) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.

p. 654 (1846) ; Degl. Orn. Fur. ii. p. 321 (1849) ; Wedderb. in

Jard. Contr. Orn. 1850, p. 38 (Bermudas) ; Meyer, Brit. B. vii.

p. 131, pi. 303 (1857) ; Jmes, Nat. Bermuda, p. 92 (1859 : once) ;

Gi-ay, Cat. Brit. B. p. 234 (1863: "Winchelsea" [error; not

Montagu's specimen]); Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 44 (1863);

Salvin, Ibis, 1865, pp 188, 190 (Guatemala) ; Degl. Sr Gerbe, Orn.

Eur. ii. p. 431 (1867); Sundev. CEfv. E. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. Fork.

15. LARU8. 195

1869, p. 590 est. ]5artholomew, W. I.) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 114,no.l0989 (1871); Pe/s.Ora.iyras. p. 323(1871 : Para, Feb.) ;
Scl. S,- Salt: P. Z. S. 1871, p. 570 (revision, Neotropical) ; JIartmr/,
Handb. Brit. B. p. 175 (1872) ; Cones, Key N. Amer. B. p. 315
(1872) ; id. Check-list, no. 554 (1873) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av.
Neotr. p. 148 (1873) ; Reid, Zool. 1877, p. 489 (Bermudas) ;
Taczanoicski, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 749 (Tumbes, Peru) ; Merriam,
B. Connect, p. 132 (1877) ; Smnett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 64
(1878 : S. Texas) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 194 (revision
Larina;); id. Jonrn. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 400 (1878: distribution) ;
Con/, B. Ba/uimas, p. 208 (1880) ; A. ^ JE. Neivton, Handb.
Jamaica, p. 117 (1881); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 485
(1881) ; Ridqw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52(1881) ; Sahin,
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 620 (1882) ; Ridyio. Cat. Fisheries Exhib.
p. 31 (1883) ; Conj, B. S. Dominfjo,^. 177 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, Sf
Ridyw. Wat.e)--B. N. Amer. ii. "p. 254 (1884) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.
1884, p. 150; id. 4fh ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 006, footnote (1884:
the specimen in Brit. Mus. is not Montagu's) ; A. 0. U. Check-list
N. Ainer. B. p. 90 (1886) ; Ferrari-Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.
ix. p. 179 (1880: Vera Cruz) ; Wells, t. c. p. 631 (Grenada I.) ;
Taczan. Om. Perou, iii. p. 450 (1886 : Sta. Lucia) ; Ridyw.
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 35 (1887) ; Cooke, B. Miyr. Mississippi
Vail. p. 56 (1888); Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 75 (West Indies);
Scott, t. c. p. 374 (Florida) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1889, p. 379 (Cozu-
mel) ; Feilden, t. c. p. 502 (Barbados ; breeds round Grenada) ;
Cory, B. West Lid. p. 276 (1889) ; id. B. Bahamas, 2nd ed.
p. 208 (1890) ; Scott, Auk, 1890, p. 306 (Dry Tortugas: breeds) ;
Schick, t. c. p. 326 (New Jersey : breeds) ; Cory, Auk, 1891, p. 46
(Antigua), p. 48 (Guadeloupe) ; Northrop, t. c. p. 80 (Andros I.,
Bahamas) ; Scott, t. c. p. 362 (Jamaica) ; Cory, Cat. West Ind. B.
p. 82 (1892) ; Rhoads, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1892, p. 101 (Texas: breed-
ing) ; Cory, Avk, 1892, p. 48 (Maraguana and Watling Is.);
Hartert, Ibis, 1893, p. 311 (Aruba, Curasao, Bonaire) ; Mackay,
Auk, 1893, p. 333 (Massachusetts: breeding) ; Field, Auk, 1894,
p. 120 (Jamaica).
Larus ridibundus (nee L.), Wilson, Amer. Orn. ix. p. 89, pi. 74.

fig. 4 (1814) ; Leot. Ois. Trinidad, p. 532 (1866).

Xema atricilla, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 426

(1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. <|- N. Amer. p. 62 (1838) ; Gray,

List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 172 (1844) ; Gosse, B. Jamaica,

p. 437 (1847); Cab. in Schomb. Guiana, iii. p. 761 (1848);

Scho7nb. Hkt. Barbadoes, p. 6S2 (1848).

Larus plumbiceps, Brehm {nee Temm.), Lehrb. p. 722 (1824 : part.).

Gavia atricilla, Macqill. Man. Br. Orn. ii. p. 240 (1842) ; id. Br. B

V. p. 585 (1852) ; 'Blasius, J.f. O. 1805, p. 378 (revision).
Chroicocephalus atricilla, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 106; Licht.
Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854: Porto Rico) ; Baird, Cass., i^- Lawr.
B. N. Amer. p. 850 (1858) ; Baird, Mex. Bound. Surv. p. 271
(1859) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 233 (Belize) ; Coues, Pr. Philad.
Acad. 1862, p. 310 (critical) ; Later. Ami. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 103
(1864 : Sombrero I., West Ind.) ; Cones S, Salv. Biis, 1804, p. 388
(Chiapam) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1806, p. 44 (Texas) ; Ridyic. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. X. p. 391 (1874: Illinois) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. B.
ii. p. 17 (1874: Mazatlan) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 308 (1876);
Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 51 (1870: Teluiantepec) ;
Zeledon, Cat. Aves Costa Rica, p. 30 (1882) ; Coues, 2nd ed. Check-l.
N. Amer. Ii. p. 122 (1882); Steunis 8,- Coues, New Engl. B.-Life,

o2

196 LARIDiE.

ii. p. 351 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 750

(1884).
Atricilla catesbyi, Bruch, J.f. O. 1855, p. 287 ; Heine Sf Reichenoio,

Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 359 (1890).
Atricilla megalopterus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1855, p. 287.
Atricilla micropterus, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 288.
Atricilla catesbsi, Bjj. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; Loche, Expl. Sc.

Alger., Ois. ii. p. 189 (1867).
Atricilla macroptera, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856).
Atricilla minor, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856).
Chrcecocephalus atricilla, A. Sr K Neivton, Ibis, 1859, p. 371 (S. of

St. Croix, W.I., and St. Thomas) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1871,

p. 40 (N. Carolina) ; Allen, Bull. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 366 (1871 :

Florida).
Larus (Chroecocephalus) atricilla, Coues, B. N.- West, p. 650 (1874).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Head and upper neck dark
sooty black ; an elongated white patch above, and another below
the eye ; lower neck, tail, and the under surface white, with a
slight rosy tinge on the latter ; mantle slate or lead-grey (decidedly
less blue than in L. frmiklini) ; secondaries broadly tipped with
white, as are the four inner primaries ; the next quill (descending)
similar, but with a faint edge of black to the inner web ; the two
following darker grey above, with broad black subterminal bands,
the next two almost black: all of these with white tips ; the outer-
most quill wholly black ; under wing-coverts white, passing into
grey at the quill-lining : bill lake-red ; tarsi and toes duU red
(drying reddish brown). Total length 16-5 inches, culmen 2,
wing 13, tail 5-25, tarsus 2-1, middle toe with claw 1-75. The
female appears to be a trifle smaller on average.

Advlt in winter plumage. Like the above, except that the head
is white, streaked and mottled with dark grey, while the bill, tarsi,
and toes are nearly black. The new primaries have attained their
fuU development early in March, by which time the roseate tint on
the underparts {said to be lost in winter) has certainly reappeared.

Immature. Similar, but the head, nape, and sides of the neck are
streaked with ash-brown ; the secondaries have dark markings next
the shafts ; the five outer primaries sooty black, untipped with
white, and the two following with only small white tips ; tail-
feathers greyish, with more or less of a black subterminal bar on
aU, or on aU except the central pair, according to age.

Young (autumn). Upper parts mottled with ash-brown ; primaries
chiefly dark brown ; tail-coverts white ; rectrices dark grey at the
basal portion and umber-brown subterminally, tipped with white ;
abdomen white ; breast, under wing-coverts and flanks mottled
with ash-brown ; tarsi and toes dark brown. At an earlier age
(August) the ash-brown on the upper parts is more pronounced, and
the feathers of the mantle are edged with warm buff.

Nestling. Tawny buff, spotted and mottled with dark brown on
the upper surface, throat, and flanks.

Hah. North America, chiefly on the East Coast and its tidal
waters, down to the Mexican Gulf and West Indies (breeding) ; on

15. LAKDS.

197

migration to the Guianas and N. Brazil, exceptionally to Bermuda;
across the Isthmus to the Pacific side, uj) to Northern Mexico and
California and down to Northern Peru. No authentic record for
England or any part of Europe.
A coast species.

a. Iram. st.

h. Ad. St.

c. Ad. ; d. Jiiv.

sk.
e. Ad. sk.

f-k. S 2 ad. ; /.

5 juv. ; »», n.

I'uil. sk.
o. (^ pull. sk.

" Winchelsea " [?].

North America.

North America (Krider).

Cherrystone, Virginia, Aug.

(McDonald).
Cobb's Id., Va., July, Aug.

(Henshaw Coll.).

.1. Gould [C.].
II. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

H. Savmders Coll.

Cobb's Id., Va., July 10
( W. Brewster),
p, q. Pull. st. Eapeza Marsh, Va., July 3 H. Saunders CoU.

(jR. Ridfftvay).
r-h'. d 2 a^^- > Corpus Christi Pass, Texas, Salvin-Godman Coll.
c'. (^ vi.x ad. May (F. B. Armstrong),
sk.
(I'-U- 6 $ ad. Corpus Christi, Texas, May and Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. Nov. (F. B. A.).

h'. Juv. sk. Progreso, Yucatan {F. Nichol- Salvin-Godman Coll.

son),
i'-r'. Ad. et imm. Cozumel Id., Yucatan, Feb.

sk. (G. F. Gaumer).

s'. Ad. sk. Vera Paz {Hague),

t'. Ad. sk. Pehze, May 1862 (O. Snlvin).

«', v'. (S 2 ad. Lighthouse reef, British Hon-
sk. duras, May 10, 1862 {O. S.).

7v'. cS imm. sk. St. Kitts, W. I. (ex Zoological

Soc).
.v'. c? ad. sk. Antigua, W. I., June (C. S.

Winch),
y' . S ad. sk. Guadeloupe, W. I., Aug. (C S.

s', a". Ad. St. St. ^ incent, W. I., April and Salvin-Godman Coll.

May (D. W. Smith),
b" . 2 ad. sk. Grenadines, W. I., June (D. Salvin-Godman Coll.

W. 6'.).
c' V^ '• d" $ ad. ; Grenada, W. I., June, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e". Juv. sk. (D. W. S.).

f". Imm. st. British Guiana.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

g". Juv. sk.
h". Ad. sk.
i'-n". 5 ad.,

imm., et juv.

sk.
o". cf ad. sk.

Ad. sk.

Ad. St.
Skeleton.

British Guiana (H. Whiteley).
Surinam (Dr. W. Kirke).
Chiapam, Pacitic coast, Jan.
1863 (O. S.).

Mauzanilla, Colima, Mexico,

June ( JV. Lloyd).
North Mexico, Pacific coast

(G. N. Mathew, It.N.).
"Sau Francisco, California."
Monterey, California.

Sir R. Schomburgk

[P.].
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Salvm-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

H. Saunders CoU.

G. Barclay, Esq. [P.].
J. H. Gurney, Esq.

[P.].

198

y. Larus cirrhocephalus.

La Gabiota cenicieiita, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 350 (1802 : Argentina).
LaruB cirrhoceplialiis, Vieillot, Nouv. D,cf. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. p. -502

(1818: Brazil) ; id. Enc. Meth. p. 345 (1824) ; id. Gal. Ois. ii.

p. 223, pi. 289 (1834); Hartl. hid. Azara, p. 26 (1847); Gay,

Hist. Chile, Zool.i. p. 482 (1847 : copied from Vieill.) ; Blyt.h, Cat.

B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 289 (1849 : Peru) ; Schlei/el, Mvs. P.-Bas,

Lari, p. 37 (1863 : partim) ; Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 578 ;

iid. Nome7icl. Av. Neotrop. p. 148 (1873) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1874,

p. 292 (critical) ; Durnford, Ibis, 1877, p. 201 (Prov. of Buenos

Ayre.«) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 204 (revision Larinje) ; Gibson,

Ibis, 1880, p. 163 ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 525 (Payta, I'eru) ;

Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 455 (1886) ; J. P. H. MacFarl. Ibis,

1887, p. 208 (Pavta) ; Scl. ^ Hudson, Argent. Orn. ii. p. 201

(1889) ; Holland, Ibis, 1890, p. 428 ; id. op. eit. 1892, p. 213 (Prov.

Buenos Avres) ; Ousfalet, Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, vi. p. 308 (1891) ;

BerlepschSf Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400 (Peru) ; Ajilin, Ibis, 1894,

p. 211 (Monte Video) ; Holland, Ibis, 1895, p. 216 (Prov. B.

Ayres, nesting in company vsdth L. macuUpennis) .
Larus poliocephalus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 780 footnote (1820:

Brazil)'; Lesson, Traite, p. 618 (1831 : Brazil) : Neuwied, Beitr.

Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 854 (1833) ; cf. Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 320.
Larus poiocephalus (sic), Swains. B. W. Afr. ii. p. 245, pi. 29

(1837 * : Senegambia) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 368 (1867: partim) ;

Gray, Hand-l.B. in. p. 115, no. 10996 (1871); Bocage,J.f. O.

1876, p. 293 (Cunene, Benguela) ; Reiehenoiv, Vog. Deutsch-Ost-

Afr. p. 20 (1894 : Victoria Nyanza).
Xema poiocephala (partim), Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres,

p. 173 (1844: Gambia).
Xema pboeocepliala, Sfrickl. Sf Scl. in Jard. Cantrib. Orn. 1852,

p. 160 (Damarfi-land).
Chroicocephalus cirrhocephalus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 106 (South

America) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854 : S. Africa and Monte

Video).
Cirrhocephalus plurabiceps, Bruch, J.f. O. 1855, p. 288 (S. America).
Cirrhocephalus major, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856).
Cirrhocephalus minor, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856).
Larus maculipennis (wee Licht.), Burm. Th. Brasil. iii. p. 448

(1856: Brazil coast); id. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 518, no. 256

(1861 : Parana) ; Pelz. Orn. Bra.s. p. 323 & p. 461 (1871).
Larus phaeocephalus, Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 252 (1857) ; id. J.f. O.

1861, p. 273; Chajiman, Trav. S. Afr. ii. p. 425 (1868: Lake

Ngami) ; Finsch ^ Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 825 (1870) ; Saunders,

P. Z. S. 1874, p. 292 (critical); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 204

(revision Larinfe) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 607 (1881 : Humbe) ;

Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 621 (1882 : Damara-ld.) ; Sharpe, ed.

Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 699 (1884) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsatmnl.

Senckenb. p. 241 (1891); Rendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 230 (Gambia);

Shelley, Ibis, 1894, p. 27 & p. 476 (Lake Shirwa, Nyasa-land).
Larus poeoceplialus, Gurney, Ibis, 1860, p. 221 (Durban Bay).
Gavia ciiThocephala, Blasius, J.f. O. 1865, p. 376 (critical).
Larus polionotus, Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 461 (1871: ex Natt.MS.;

" Coast and rivers up to Matto Grosso ").
Cirrhocephalus poiocephalus, Gurney, in Anderss. B. Daniara L.

p. 358 (1872).

* Adult, believed to be tlie type, in Cambridge Museum examined.

15. LARU8. 199

Larus cirrhocephalus, Milne- Edwards &f Grandidier, H. N. Madag.,
Ois. p. 043 (1882 : inland Lakes to centre of Madaofascar).

Larus poliocephalus, Ilolub ^ Pelz. Beitr. Orn. Sudafr. p. 332 (1882).

? Larus hartlaubi, Rochehrune, Faun. Seneg., Ois. p. 334 (1884 :
Gambia).

Adult male in hreedinri-plumage. Head, napo, and throat lavender-
grey, palest on the forehead and gradually darkening until the tint
becomes plumbeous at the junction with the pure white neck ;
eyelids white ; mantle pearl-grey, wing-coverts and secondaries
darker ; the two outer primaries black, with white subtermiual
mirrors : 3rd quill black, with a smaller white mirror and some
white high up on the outer web ; 4th and 5th with a considerable
increase of white down the outer webs, the shafts, and the adjacent
portions of the inner webs ; 6th quill grey — passing into white on
the outer web to within 1 in. of the black subterminal bar, the
extreme tip white ; 7fh lead-grey, with a black subterminal bar and
edge to the inner web, and a whitish tip ; remaining inner quills
plumbeous, with indications of a darker subterminal bar ; tail and
under surface white ; under wing and axillarios lead-grey : bill,
tarsi, and toes crimson or lake-red ; iris yellowish white (in recent
examples). Total length 16 inches, culmen 1'8, wing 12'5, tail 5-25,
tarsus 2-1, middle toe with claw 1-9 to 2. In less mature birds
(the majority) there is no mirror on the 3rd and less white on any
of the quills. The dimensions of iha female arc a trifle less.

Adidt in ivinter. Like the above, except that the head is white
for a short time.

Young. Head white, with dark auricular patches ; mantle grey,
faintly mottled with brownish ; feathers of the upper wing-
coverts and the long inner secondaries with clove-brown centres ;
the remaining secondaries chiefly ash-brown ; the primaries much
as in the adult, except that there are no white mirrors on the two
outermost ; tail white, with a narrow umber-brown subterminal
band ; under surface white : bill yellowish, blackish at the tip ;
tarsi and toes deep brown.

Immature. Similar, but with less brown on the upper surface,
and a commencement of the white mirror on the shaft of the outer-
most primai'y. By September (which corresponds to our March)
the full grey head has been assumed, and there is a red tingo on the
bill and feet.

Hah. Brazil, from a little north of Rio de Janeiro, southwards
to the La Plata and the Province of Buenos Ayres, but hardly
below Bahia Blanca ; up the Parana valley to Matto Grosso,
probably crossing by that way to the coast of Pei-u, where the
bird is found occasionally. In Africa, from Sencgambia down to
Walvisch Bay on the West side ; inland on Lakes Ngami, Victoria
Nyanza, Tanganyika, and Shirwa ; on the East coast, at Durban.

At one time I thought that the American and the African
forms might be distinguished, but the examination of a larger
series of specimens has altered that o])inion. The distance between
West Africa and Brazil is inconsiderable, and there are reasons
(which need not bo given here) for believing that the species crossed

200

from tho former in comparatively recent times. It is rather the
distribution of the species in South America and its route across
the Andes which requires explanation.

(i-c. c? 2 ^d. et Buenos Ayres, April (Bui
juv. sk. meister).

H. Saunders Coll.

d. S ad.*

Buenos Ayres, Nov. (Bur- H. Saunders Coll.
meister) .
e-l. cj' Jad., imm., Ajo, Buenos Ayres, Aug., H. Samiders Coll.

et j uv. sk. Sept., ife Nov. (Ei'nest Gibson) .

m,n. c? $ ad. sk. Belgrano, Buenos Ayres, April. H. Durnford [C.].

Belgrano, Buenos Ayres, Salviu-Godmau Coll.

]\[arcb (H. D.).
Callao Bay, Peru, Dec. (R. H. Saunders Coll.

Jtmijj).
Payta, Peru, Jan. (Adml. H. Saunders Coll.

A. H. Markhmn).
Payta, Peru, July (Commr. H. Saunders Coll.

MacFarlmie).
West Africa. Zoological Society

[P.J.
Gambia. Mr. Kendall [C.].

Gambia (Sir A. Molony). Shelley CoD.

Gold Coast. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Walvisch Bay (C. J. Anders- H. Saunders CoU.

son).
Durban Bay, Dec. (Gordge).
z, a',b'. S $ fid. et Durban Bay, (Gordffe).

inim. sk.
/', d'. Ad. sk. Zambesi (Bradshcnv).

c'. Ad. sk. Lake Ngami (Chapman),

e'-i'. Ad. sk. Lake Sbirwa, Nyassaland,

1st June, 1893.
k'. Ad. sk. Ujiji) Lake Tanganyika.

0.

S ad. sk.

p-

Ad. sk.

fb

r. S ? fid. sk.

s.

Ad. sk.

t.

Ad. St.

u.

V.

w.

Ad. St.
Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.

X.

S ad. sk.

y-

S ad. sk.

H. Saunders C(j11.
Shelley Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H.H.Johnston, Esq.,

C.B. [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

10. Larus maciilipennis.

Gabiota cenicienta (partini), Azara, Apunt. iii. pp. 350, 352, lin. 1
(1802: Paraguay).

Gabiota blanca, Azara, Apinii. iii. p. 363 (1802: Paraguay).

Lnrus maculipennis, Licht. Verz. Boubl. p. 83 (1823 : Monte Video f) ;
&cl. Sf Salv. Ncmencl. Av. Ncotrop. p. 148 (1873) ; Buniford, Ibis,
1878, p. 43 (Chuput Valley, Patagonia); id. t. c. p. 202 (prov.
B. Ayres); id. op. cit. 1878, p. 405 (Central Patagonia, breeds);
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 201 (i-evision Lavinse) ; id. Journ. Linn.
Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 399 (1878: distribution); Gibson, Ibis, 1880,
p. 163 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 028 (Buenos Ayres) ; Withington,
Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (Buenos Ayres) ; Scl. ^ Huds. Argent. Orn. ii.
p. 198 (1889); Saunders, P.'Z. S. 1891, p. 373 (eggs) ; Oustalet,
Miss. Sc. Cop Horn, vi. (1891) p. .308 ; Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 213 ;
Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 211 (Monte Video).

Xeuia (Chroicocephalus) cirrhocepbalum, Darwin (nee Peale), Zool.

* Head and wing only ; the wing pattern is the most mature knonu.
t Type in Berlin Museum examined.

15. LARUS,

201

Beagle, ii. Birds, p. 142 (1811 : piirtini ; as regards La Plata and

Patajroiiia).
Xema cirrhocephala, Gray (nee VieilL), List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres,

p. 17o (1844: ])artira ; as regards E. Patagonia).
Larus cirrhocephalas (?i^'r fieill.), Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 2G (1847 :

partim); Schl. Mus. P.-Iias, Lari, p. 36 (18G3: partim) ; Sol. ^•

Salv. P.Z.8. 18(38, p. 14(1 (partim); Hudson, I>. Z. S. 1870;

p. 802; id. op. cit. 1871, p. 4 (Buenos Ayres) ; Scl. Sf Salv. t. c.

p. 578 (revision Neotvop.) ; Sharpe, F. Z. S. 1881, p. l(i (Talca-

huano, Chile).
Cliroicoceplialus maculipennis, Bruch, J. f. 0. 185.3, p. lOo; Licht.

Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (18.54: S. Brazil).
Larus serranus (nee Tsc/iiidi), Burm. lieise La Plata-St. ii. p. 519

(I8(il : Entre Piios, Mendoza).
Gavia maculipennis, Blasius, J.f. O. 1865, p. 374.
Larus glancodes, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1874, p. 294 (partim : as regards

Argentina).

Adult male in hreeding- plumage. Head cofFcc-brown, darkening
on the nape and throat; ej'clids and a patch behind the eye white;

1 2 3

Larus maculipennis, ad.

nock, tail, and under surface white, with a roseate tinge ou the
breast and abdomen: mantle and wing-coverts french-grey ; second-
aries ])aler towards their tijis, but without any conspicuous white
edge ; outcrnjost jirimary white for the lower 'i inches, and black
above on both sides of the white shaft ; 2nd (juill with a white
ouler web and a black subterniinal bar on both webs (or only on

202

the inner web in very old birds), and with the black of the upper
part of the inner web clear of the shaft; 3rd quill similar, but with
more subterminal black (see cut on p. 201) ; 4th quill similar, but
with grey next the shaft on the inner web and its margin black ;
5th quill grey on both webs, and a subterminal bar which is some-
times incomplete ; remaining quills grey ; under wing-coverts grey,
in strong contrast with the black of the (juills : " bill crimson "
(Gibson); tarsi and toes dull red; "iris dark brown, pupil black"
(Gibson). In less mature examples there is more or less of a bar
(or only a spot) on the outermost quill, a short streak of black on
the outer web of the 2nd quill, and more black on the inner webs
generally. Total length 15 inches, culmeu 1"7, wing 12, tail 5,
tarsus 2, middle toe with claw 1*65 to 1-7.

The female appears to be a trifle smaller.

Adult in winter. Devoid of hood, but only for a short time, and
without the rosy tint on the underparts : otherwise like the above.

1 2 3

Larus maculipeimis, juv.

Young. Head white, with some greyish brown on the occiput
and auriculars ; mantle and wing-coverts grey, mottled with brown;
secondaries with ash-brown centres ; the five outer quills chiefly
sooty brown terminally and on their inner webs, with indications
of incipient mirrors on the two outer quills ; the inner quills with
some white basally, and, although with a larger proportion of
black, yet generally similar to the pattern in the adult ; tail with a
sooty terminal band. In rather older birds there are elongated
mirrors on the three outer quills (see cut). Bill dull red, blackish

15. LAlU'S.

203

towards the tip (dryiiig yellowish honi-colour) ; tinsi and toes dull
red.

Immature. Like the above, but with uniuottled grey mantle and
wing-coverts, and an increasing proportion of white in the pri-
maries.

The NcstUiuj and the Fledijllng arc probably like those of L. glau-
codes, the next species.

Inasmuch as the young of this species has frequently been
confused with that of L. cirrhocepJialus, it may be pointed out that
an unfailing distinction is to be found in the colour of the under
wing-coverts. These are pale grey in L. maculipennis and lead-
colour in L. cirrhoc^plialus, which is also a larger bird.

Hah. East side of South America, from Barra Grande, Alagoa, in
about 9° S. lat., to at least as far south as Chuput, in East Pata-
gonia ; thence westward across the Andes (which are low there) to
Arauco and Talcahuano on the Pacific coast.

«. cS ad. sk. Barra Grande, Alagoa, N. Brazil, II. Saunders Coll.

Sept. (//. M. Harrison, R.N.).
h-f. Ad.; (j,h. Rio de Janeiro, May 30, July 21 H. Saunders Coll.

Juv. sk. (J. YouiKj).

i. cJ ad. sk. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul Salvin-Godman Coll.

{Juyner)
k, I. 6 ^ ad. sk. Monte Video, July 30( J". 1ot/«^). H. Saunders Coll.
m-o. 2 ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, July and April H. Saunders Coll.

(L'ur7iu'ister).
p~». (5 ad., vix Partido del Ajo, Buenos Ayres, H. Saunders CoU.
ad., imm., et May, July, and August (£.
juv. sk. Gibson).

tv, u\ cJ ad. sk. Lomas de Zaniora, Buenos Avres, P. L. Sclater Coll.

May 30 {F. Withington).'
y,z. (5 ad.; a'-c'. Buenos Ayres, Aug.
2 imm. et juv.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

d'-f. 6 ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, April and Aug.

f/. .luv. sk. Espartillar, Buenos Ayres, Sept.

h'. Ad. St. Bahia Blanca.

i'. Ad. sk. Chuput, Patagonia, Sept.

k'. Ad. sk. ; I'. East Patagonia [very old].

Ad. St.

m'. 5 imm. sk. Arauco, S. Chile, Aug.

n'. c? ad. ; </. J Talcahuano, S. Chile, Sept.

juv. sk. (Dr. Co)ypin(ier).

p'. Imm. sk. Vina del Mar, Valparaiso.

11. Larus glaucodes.

II. Durnford, Esq.

[C.].
II. Durniord, Esq.

[C.].
Chas. Darwin, Esq.

[P.].
H. Durnford, Esq.

[C.].
Sir ^\ . Burnett and

Capt. Fitzroy [P.].
H. Berkeley James,

Esq. [P.].
Voy. II.M.S. 'Alert.'

H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].

Larus glaucodes, Mei/cn, Nov. Act. Acad. Cas. Leop. xvi. p. 1L5,
pi. .\.\iv. (1834) ; id. Beitr. Zoo/.y. 239, pi. xxxiv. (1834: Chile) ;
Cassin, U.S. Astronom. Exp. ii. Birds, p. 204 (1855 : Chile) ;

204 LARIDiE.

Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 114, no. 10986 (1871) ; Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S.

1871, p. 578; iid.Nom. Av.Neotrop.]). 148(1873); Saunders, P.Z.S.

1877, p. 799 (Magellan Str.) ; id. op. cit. 1878, p. 203 (revision

Larina;) ; id. Voy. '■Challeriger,' n. Birds, p. 138(1880); Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Cape Gregory) ; Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xii. p. 139 (1890 : Port Otway) ; Oustalet, Miss. Sc. Cap Horn,

vi. (1891) p. 181.
Larus ridibundus, P. P. Kinq, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 104 (1828-29) ; id.

Voy. Adv. 8f Beagle, i. p. 541 (1839 : Magellan Strs.).
Xema cirrhocephalum, Gould, Zool. Beagle, iii. p. 142 (1841, nee

Vieill.) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 ('S. Chile).
Xema eirrbocephala, Gray (nee Vieill.), List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres,

p. 173 (1844: partim).
Xema glaucodes, Bole, Isis, 1844, p. 192 ?
Larus albipennis, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 173 (1844:

ex Licht. MS.*); Peak, Zool. U.S. Eupl. Exped. p. 288 (1848:

Chile) ; Cassin, Orn. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 379 (1858 : Chile).
Chroicocephalus glaueotes, Bruch, J. f. O. 1858, p. 105 ; id. op. cit.

1855, p. 291 ; Licht. Nnmencl. Av. p. 98 (1854 : Chile).
Gavia glaueotes, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771, no. 71 (1856).
Gavia roseiventris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 97 (Falkland Islands).
Larus roseiventris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 391 ; Abbott, Lbis, 1861,

p. 166 (Falkland Islands).
Larus glaueotes, Cabanis, Ibis, 1861, p. 312.
Larus glaucotis, Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 42 (1863).
Gavia glaucotis, Blasius, J.f. O. 1865, p. 374.
Larus cirrhocephalus, Pek. {iiec Vieill.) Reis. Novara, Vog. p. 151

(1865: Chile, breeds).
Larus cirrhocephalus (partim), Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 16 (Talca-

huano, Chile).
Chroeocephalus glaucodes, Heine 8f Reichenoto, Nomencl. Mus. Hein.

p. 359 (1890).

Advlt in hreeding-plumage. Very like the preceding species, from
which it differs in having less black and no bar whatever on any of the
primaries : these having little more than black borders on the inner
webs {see cut on p. 205) ; the underparts much more suffused with a
beautiful pink. It is also rather smaller. Total length 14 inches,
culmon 1"7, wing 11, tail 4"8, tarsus 1'75, middle toe with claw 1"65,

Adult in winter. Similar.

Nestling. Cinnamon-buff, mottled with brownish black on the
upper surface : bill, tarsi, and toes yellowish brown.

FledgUng. Chiefly pale umber-brown above and paler below ; the
grey of the mantle and wings showing through the brown half-
down.

Young (about two months old). Head and mantle chiefly cin-
namon-buff ; the tail white, with a narrow brown terminal band ;
secondaries grey with dark centres ; shafts of principal primaries
ivhite throughout ; outer quills with very extensive white centres
and practically little more than black borders and subterminal bars
{see cut on p. 205) ; the succeeding primaries similar, but gradually
acquiring a grey ground-colour, while the intensity of the black

* Type in Berlin Museum esamiued.

lo. LARtrs.

205

1 2 3

Larus (/Unicodes, juv.

206

diminishes ; the under surface white ; under wing-coverts pearl-grey,
almost white on the edge.

Immature. Similar, with a gradual diminution of the brown
markings and a corresponding increase of white in the primaries.

It must be admitted that there is often considerable difficulty
in distinguishing between the young of this species and of L. macu-
lipennis. The easiest test is the larger proportion of white in the
former, especially on the Brd quill, in which the black of the inner
web is quite detached from the shaft ; whereas in young L. maculi-
pennis the black reaches the shaft till the bird is a year older. As
already stated, the latter species is a trifle the larger.

Hah. Southern Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, the Falkland Islands,
the Straits of ilagellan, and along the coast of Chile up to Coquimbo.

a-c. Ad. et $

vix ad. sk.
d, e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. hiem. sk.

g. S ad. hiem.

sk.
h. Ad. St.

i. Ad. hiom. sk.

k. Ad. sk.

I. Ad. sk.

m-o. Ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.

q-to.
x,y.

Pull. sk.
Juv. sk.
Juv. sk.

b', c'. Ad. hiem.
et juv. sk.

d'. Juv. st. ; e' .

Juv. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.

S ad. sk.
(5' inim. sk.
S ad. sk.

Egg Harbour, S.E. Patagonia, H. Saunders Coll.

45° S., 65° W., Aug. (,/. Young).

Falkland Islands (Leconte). Salvin-Godmaa Coll.

Falkland Islands {Abbott). J. Gould [P.]. (? Type

of L. 7'oseiventris, Gould.)

Falkland Islands {Antarctic The Admiralty [P.].

Expedition).
Salvador Bay, East Falkland The Admiralty [P.].

(Antarctic Expedition) .
Berkeley Sound, East Falkland The Admiralty [P.].

{Antarctic Expedition).
Berkeley Sound, East Falkland, McCormick Bequest.

Sept. 6, 1842.
Uranie Bay, East Falkland, McCormick Bequest.

Nov. 21, 1842.
East Falkland Island {Dr. M. H. Saunders Coll.

Rogers).
East Falkland Island {F. Cole- II. Saunders Coll.

man).
East Falkland Island {Dr. II. Saunders Coll.

Walter Dale).
East Falkland Island (1-2 H. Saunders Coll.

months old) {Br. W. D.).
EastFalklaudlsland( 10 months), II. Saunders Coll.

May 23 {Dr. W. D.).
Straits of Magellan.

K. Ad. St.
/'. Imm. sl

Straits of Magellan, Jan. 4,

1837.
Cape Horn.

Cape Gregory, Strs. Magellan,

Jan. {Dr. Coppinger).
Messier Channel, Magellan

Territory, Jan. 4, 1876.
Talcahuano, Chile, Sept. 8, 1879

{Br. Coppinger).
Chile (Bn/dges).
Chile {E. C. Reed).

Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzroy, R.N.

Clias. Darwin, Esq.

[P.].
Capt. KellettiSr Lieut.

Wood, R.N.
Voy. II.M.S. 'Alert.'

Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger. '
Voy.H.M.S. 'Alert;

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

15. LARUS. 207

m'. _ Ad. hiem ; Colcha-ua, Chilo, July {E. C. H. Saunders Coll.

n. S juv. sk. Reed).

o\ d'ad. hiem. sk. Algarroba, Chile, July. H. Saunders Coll.

p. ^ ad sk. Santiago, Chile ( Weisshaupt). Salvin-Codman Coll.

q . Ad. at. Valparaiso. Sir VV. Burnett and

Capt.Fitzroy.R.N.

[p] •'

r . c? ad. sk. Valparaiso, July (Adml. A. H. H. Saunders Coll.

Markham).
s\t\^ Ad. et juv. Vina del Mar, Valparaiso. H. Berkeley James,

' ' 1. J i^ T^^Q. rp.i.

u,v. c? ad. et Coquimbo, May-June {Adml. H. Saunders Coll.

imm. sk. A. H. Markham).

^i)'. Skeleton. Talcahuano, Sept. {Dr. Cop- Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert '

pinger).

12. Larus ridibundus.

The Brown-headed Gull, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 79, pi. 85 (1740 :

La petite Mouette grise, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 173 (17G0 : ad hiem )
La Mouette cendree, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 175, pi. xvi. fio- 1 a76oi

(1700^ ^^^°''''"'' cen(^v6e, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 178," pi. xvii. fig. 1
lia Mouette rieuse a pattes rouges, Briss. Orn vi p 196 (1760)

' pT97 aTssf""'' ^'"''' ^^'*' ^''*- '• P- ^^'^ *^^"^^'^)' ^"'- ^■^- '•

Larus ridibundus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 n7G6) • Qyn .s- w ;
?■ 8?} ^S' f^;7- >•/«-. p. 15S(1790/; 'Lali 1:^.1,^:^.
t } ^r..' ' ^''"^'^i- Natimj. DeutscJil. ii. p. 819 (1791) • Wolf
Taschenb. u. P- ^82 (1810) ; Ale.er u. BecLt. u. LeisCNaS.
jieutschl ^. 6 (1812); Meisner ^- Schir^, Vog. Schweiz, p. 272

?; f^S^^''^ ' t A f'*-^^''"-- Zool. p. 377 (1816) ; Leach, Syst.

p. 17b (1817); Temm. Man. dOrn. 2" ed p 780 ri8-?0-l •
Brehm, Beit,: Vogelk. iii. p. 825 (1822) ; id.Lehrh. p. 723 (1824) '■
titeph. in Slums Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p 201 pi 9-> h^^->a\\
^<::>^^\^tj^f,Jfjnipedes, pl.J38 (1828); VieilL FauneFran^],

p. 152 (1842); Mme:o;n:G^^ni:;'im'i!Ex^.Tia "&
Crit. p. exxvi (1844) ; Crespon, Faune V>S. ii V 12^ 84^^

p. 602, pis

(1854) ; Baill>/, Orn. Savoie, iv. p. Sib' (1854);' Meier, Brit. 2'.Vii

208

p. 126, pi. 302 (1857); Kittl. Denkw. ii. p. 200 (1858: Kam-
Bchatka) ; Sc.hrenck, Reis. A^nurl. i. p. 510 (1859) ; hinder m. Viig.
Griechenl. p. 174 (1860); Irbtj, Ihis, 1861, p. 246 (Oude &
Kuniaon) ; Su7idev. Sv. Fogl. pi. 49. fig. 3 (186-3) ; Schl. Mus. P.-
Bas,Lan, p. 37 (1863) ; Sadde, Eeis. Sibir., Viig.^. 387 (1863);
Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 234 (1863) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 152
(Malta) ; V. Martens, J.f. O. 1866, p. 30 (Manila) ; Hurting, B.
Middlesex, p. 254 (1866) ; Degl. :^ Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 435
(1867) ; Borgc/r. Vogelf. Norddeutsrhl. p. 142 (1869) ; Doderl.
Avif. Sicil. p. 237 (1869) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 476 (1871) ;
G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 114, no. 10981 (1871) ; Gurney, jr.,
Ibis, 1871, p. 300 (Algiers); Hartinq, Handb. Brit. B. p. 77
(1872) ; Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 309 (1872) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 278
(1873) ; Adam, op. cit. p. 403 (1873 : Sambhur Lake) ; Heur/l. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1404 (1873) ; Palmen, Finlands Fogl.
p. 612 (1873) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 347 (Sardinia, resident) ;
Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 213 (1875) ; Dresser, Ibis, 1870, p. 415
(Turkestan up to 4000 ft.) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 292 (1876) ;
Marchand, Rev. Zool. (3) v. p. 354, pi. 84, puUus (1877) ; Rowley,
Orn. Misc. ii. p. 407 (1877 : Scoulton Mere) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.
1877, p. 798 (Manila, &c.) ; Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. p. 208
(1877 : Norway) ; Neweklowsky, Mitth. orn. Ver. Wien, 1877, p. 5
(habits) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 357, pi. 596, & pi. 597. iig. 1
(1878) ; Prjev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 110 (1878 : Ussuria) ;
E. C. Taylor, Ibis, 1878, p. 373 (Nile Valley, April); Saimders,
P. Z. S 1878, p. 200 (revision Larinae) ; Finsch, Verh. zool.-bot.
Ges. Wien, p. 274 (1879) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879: List) ;
Vidal, op. cit. ix. p. 94 (1880: Malabar coast) ; Butler, t. c. p. 493
(Deccan) ; Rodd, B. CormcaU, p. 169 (1880); H. C. St. John,
Wild Coasts Nipon, p. 392 (1880) ; Wardlaw Ramsay, Tweedd.
Mem. p. 660 (1881 : Luzon) ; Saunders, Rep. ' Challenger,'' ii. Birds,
p. 138 (1881 : Manila & Yokohama); Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. 594
(Gilgit, on migration) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 621 (1882);
C. S^vinhoe, Ibis, 1882, p. 126 (Ivaudahar) ; Seebohn, t. c. p. 230
(Caspian & Kirghiz steppes, breeds) ; id. t. c. p. 385 (Archanoel,
summer, rare) ; Gates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 418 (1883) : Seebohm,
Ibis, 1884, p. 272 (Kiu Kiang) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 390 (S.W.
France) ; Tristram, Faun. ^ Flor. Palest, p. 136 (1884) ; Rochebr.
Faun. S6neg., Ois. p. 334 (1884 : Cape Blanco) ; Salvad. Ami. Mus.
Civ. Genov. (2) i. p. 251 (1884 : Scioa) ; Saunders, 4th ed. Yarr.
Brit. B. iii. p. 594 (1884) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 47 (Corsica) ;
Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 310 (1885) ; Biichner, Beitr. Russ. Reiclies,
(2) ii. p. 129 (1885 : St. Petersburg) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus. no. 29, p. 76 (1885 : Kamschatka) ; ' Dubois, Bull. Mus.
Belg. hi. p. 22 (1886 : Belgium) ; Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 423
(Dobrudsha) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 168 (Muscat) ; H-Broivn ^
Buckley, Faun. Sutherl. SiX. p. 830 (1887) ; Booth, Rough Notes,
iii. (1887); Tait, Ibis, lS87,f. 304 (Portugal); Stejn. Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 123 (Bering I.) ; Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool.
France, 1887, p. 390 (nestling) ; Gigl. ^- Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887,
p. 692 (Corea) ; Scullt/, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vi. p. 88 (1887 :
N.Afghanistan); Hume, Str. F. xi. p. 349 (1888: Manipur) ;
H-Br. ^ Buckl. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 144 (1888) ; Pleske, Mini.
Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 57 (1888: Turkestan) ; Reichenou:,
Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl. p. 63 (1889) ; Saundei-s, Man. Brit. B.
p. 649 (1889) ; Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) v. pt. 3, p. 92 (1889 :
Afghanistan) ; 0. St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 180 (S. Afghanistan) ;

15. LARUS. 209

Salvad. Sr Gigl. Mem. Accad. Tor. xxxix. p. 119 (1889 : Vladi-
vostok) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 348 (Cyprus; ; Stevens. ^- Suidkw.
n. Norfolk, iii. p. 322 (1890) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 295
(1890); VucJdey i^ H-Brown, Faun. Orkneij Is. p. 230 (18;)1_) ;
Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 508 (Lower Yaugtse) ; Saunders, t. c.
p. 187 (Lake L6inan) ; Gdtke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 577 (1891) ;
Jdckel Sf Bias. Viij. Bat/ems, p. 357 (1891) ; Sharpe, '2nd York.
Miss., Birds, p. 131 (1891) ; Mitchell, B. Lanes, ed. 2, p. 252
(I8i)2); Hartl. Ahh. nat. Ver. Brem. xii. Hft. ii. p. 334(1892:
Tientsin) ; P. Rendall, Ibis, 1892, p. 230 (Gambia) [F] ; De La
Touche, t. c. p. 502 (Foochow & Swatow) ; Macphers. Faun.
Lakeland, p. 421 (1892) ; Mathew, B. Devon, p. 382 (1892) ;
Lilford, Col. Fiq. Brit. B. pt. xxi. (1892) ; H-Br. Sf Buckl. Funn.
Argyll Sfc. p. 1 89 (1892) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 520 ( East Prussia) ;
Barries, Ibis, 1893, p. 176 (Aden, winter) ; Lilford, B. Northants,
p. 399(1893); Ussher, Fr. R. Irish Acad. (3) iii. p. 410 (1894);
Oustal. N. Arch. Mm. Paris, (3) vi. p. 94 (1894: Korla) :

The

ed. p. 426 (1788).
La Petite Mouette cendree, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 430 (1783 :

winter).
La. Moiiette rieime, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 433 (1783: ad.);

Daiibent. PI. Enl. pi. 970 (1786).
Black-headed Gull, Lath. Qen.Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 380 (1785) ; id. Gen.
Syn. Suppl. i. p. 268 (1787) ; Beivick, Brit. B. ii. p. 203 (1821) ;
Tarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 433 (1843).
Red-legged Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 386 (1785).
Brown-headed Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn, iii. pt. 2, p. 383 (1785).
Laughing Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt, 2, p. 383 (1785: partim).
Le Petit Goiland, Daubent. PI. Enl. pi. 969 (1786).
Larus erythropus, Gm. S. N. i. p. 597 (1788).
Larus ciuerarius, Schiif. Mas. Orn. p. 63 (1789) ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-

Asiat. ii. p. 326 (1811).
Larus atricilla {nee Liim.), Retzius, Faun. Suec. p. 160 (1790) ; Pall.

Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 324 (1811).
Brown GuU, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 331 (1801 : winter pi.).
Larus canescens, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 370 (1803).
Larus nasvius, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 327 (1811).
Larus capistratus, Temm. Man. d' Orn. ed. 2, ii. p. 785 (1820);
Meyer, Taschenb. iii. p. 204 (1822) ; Brehm, Beitr. Voqelk. iii.
p. 839 (1822) ; id. Lehrb. p. 725 (1824) ; Steph. in Shaws Gen.
Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 204 (1826) ; Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 142 (1828) ;
Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 72 (1831) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Verfcbr.
p. 272 (1835) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2^ i^d. 4" pte. p. 485 (1840) ;
Selys-Longch. Faune Beige, -^.Ib^ {IHA'-I); Tarr. Brit. B. ed. 2,
iii. p. 547 (1845) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 604, pi. 354 (1854) ;
Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 123, pi. 301 (1857) ; Heugl. Syst. Uehers.
p. 69 (1850; Lower Egypt) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 235 (1863) ;
id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. Il4, no. 10982 (1871).
Xeiua ridibundus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Gotdd, B. Eur. v. pi. 425

(18.37).
Xema capistratus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; id. op. cit. 1844, p. 192.
Gavia ridibunda, Kaup, Natiirl. Si/st. p. 98 & p. 196 (1829) ; Macgill.
Man. Brit. B. pt. ii. p. 240 (1842) ; id. Brit. B. v. p. 593 (1852) ;
Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat., Longip. p. v (1852) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771

VOt,. XXV.

210

(1856) ; Bettoni, Ucc. Nidif. Lomb. ii. pi. 98 (1868) ; Serertz.

Turkest. Jerofn. p. 70 (1873) ; Olphe-Gall. Orn. Eur. Occident.

fasc. X. p. <J7 (1886).
Gavia capistrata, Kaup, Natilrl. Syst. p. 98 & p. 196 (1829) ; Macgill.

Brit. B. V. p. 605 (1852) ; Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; Loche,

Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 19.3 (1867).
Xema ridibundum, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994; id. Tog. Deiitschl.

p. 760 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur. ^ N. Amer. p. 62 (1838) ;

id. Icon. Faun. ItaL, Ucc. i. tav. 45. f. a (1840 : cf. Salvad. Ibis,

1888, p. 323); id. Cat. Ucc. Bur. p. 78 (1842); Bilpp. Sgst.

Uebers. p. 139 (\Q4b : Alexandria) ; Jnub. et B.-Laponun. Rich.

Orn. Midi Fr. p. 396 (1859) ; L. Adams, Ibis, 1864, p. 36

(Lower Egypt) ; Fritsc/i, Vog. Enr. p. 467, tab. 57 (1870) ;

Homeyer, Oniis, 1885, p. 81 ; Liitken, t. c. p. 146 (Denmark) ;

D. Torre Sc Tscli. t. c. p. 562 (Austria-Hungary) ; Albarda, t. c.

p. 630 (Holland) ; B. Schneider, op. cit. 1887, p. 551 (Upper

Alsace) ; Hartert, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 178 (E. Prussia,

breeds) ; Riesenthal, Wasservog. Mitteleur. p. 138 (1889) ; Keller,

Orn. Carinthice, p. 304 (1890) ; Fatio ^- Studer, Cat. Ois. Suisse,
^ pp. 62, 63 (1892).
Xema pileatum, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994; id. Von. Deutschl. p. 761

(1831). . - »F > y F

Xema capistratum, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 762 (1831) ; ^;>. Coinp. List B. Eur. ^ N. A7ner. p. 62 (1838) ;
id. Icon. Faun. Ital., Ucc. i. tav. 46. fig. 1 (1840 : cf. Salvad. Ibis,
1888, p. 323) ; id. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 78 (1842) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur.
p. 467, tab. 54. fig. 8 (1870). .

Chroicoceplialus ridibundus, Eyton,Cat. Brit. B. p. 53 (1836) ; Bruch,
J.f. O. 1853, p. 105 ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854); Brehm,
Naum. 1855, p. 294 : Sivinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 428 (Formosa) ; Salvad.
Ucc. Sard. p. 125 (1864); Filippi, Viagg. Pers. 1865, p. 352;
Taiilor, Ibis, 1867, p. 72 (Nile) ; Wyatt, op. cit. 1870, p. 18 fTor,
Red Sea) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 421 ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871,
p. 399 (S. Spain) ; Alston Sr H-Br. Ibis, 1872, p. 52 (Archangel) ;
Feilden, Zool. s. s. p. 3287 (1872 : Osteroe, Fferoes, breeds) ; Gould,
B. Gt. Brit. V. pi. 64 (1873) ; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 165 (Hakodadi) ;
David et Oustal. Ois. Chine, p. 520 (1878); Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 218
(Italy) ; Menzbier, Bull. Soc. Mosc. Iviii. no! 1, p. 136 (1883) ;
Radde, Orn. Cauc. p. 482 (1884) ; Gif/lioli, Avif. Ital. p. 424 (1886) ;
Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 507 (Poland, the onlv Gull that breed.s) ;
Radde ^ Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 125 (Transcaspia) ; Giglioli, 1"
Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 641 (1889); id. 2" Resoc. p. 648 (1890: breeds,
Sardinia); id. 3° Resoc. p. 509 (1891); Taczan. Mem. Acad. St.
Petersb. xxxix. p. 1040 (1893 : E. Siberia).

Chroicocephalus capistratns, Eyton, Hist. Rarer Brit. B. p. 53
(1836) ; Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840) ; id. ed. 1841, p. 99 ; Bruch,
J.f. O. 1853, p. 105 ; Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294 ; Swinh. P. Z. S.
1863, p. 327 (China) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1876, p. 264
(E. Siberia) ; id. op. cit. 1882, p. .397 (Kamtschatka).

Masked Gull, Tarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 4.30 (1843).

Larus ridibundus minor, Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxvii & p. 113 (1844).

Xema ridibunda. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 172 (1844) ;
Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Miscell. p. 86 (1844) ; Gray, List Osteol.
Spec. Brit. Mus. p. 121 (1847 : Nipal) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 832
(1864) ; Hume 8( Menders. Lahore to York. p. 301 (1873 : Kashmir).

Xema capistrata, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 172 (1844).

Xema pallida, Hodgs. in Gray's Zool. Miscell. p. 86, no. 857, imm.
(1844).

]'). LARDS. 211

Larus bruuneicephalus, Gray, Cat. Hodgson Coll. p. 148, nos. o6G &

857 (1846 : Nepal) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, p. 77 (18(j.3, partiui) * ; Cas-

sin, U.S. E.ipl. E.vped. ii. p. 232 (1858 : Yedo, Japan) ; Severtz.

Ibis, 188;i, p. 77 (Pamir Lakes, breeding ; teste IHeske, Mem.

Acad. St. Peteisb. xxxvi. p. 57).
Gavia ridibundus, Bp. Naimi. 1854, p. 213.
Gavia capistratus, Bp. Namn. 1854, p. 213.
Cbriiicdctjilialus pileaius, Brekm, Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Cbroicoct'pbalus minor, Brehin, Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Cbloirocei)balu.i \sic\ pileatus, Brehm, Voyelf. p. 343 (1855).
Cboicocepbalus \_sic] minoi", Brehm, Voyelf. p. 1343 (1855).
Chroioocepbalus brunneicepbalus, Sioinh. {nee Jerdon) P. Z. S. 1863,

p. 327 (Obina).
Gavia rudibunda [sic], Locke, Evpl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 192 (1867).
Larus (Cbroicocephalus) ridibundus, Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 338

(1869).
Cbroocepbalus ridibundus, Salvad. Fmm. Ital, Ucc. p. 287 (1871) ;

Martorelli, Ucc. Sard. p. 52 (1884).
Larus ridibundus, /3. capistratus, Severtz. J.f. O. 1875, p. 185.
" Larus cahiricus " and " Larus cahirinus,' Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878,

p. 201, e.v MS. Hempr. Sf Ehr., Berlin Mus. (Syria & Arabia)
Hvdrocolreus ridibundus, Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 283 (1887) ; Brusina,

'Orti. Croatica, p. 92 (1889).
Cbroeocephalus ridibundus, Heine ^- Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus.

Hein. p. 358 (1890).
Cbrceocepbalus capistratus, Heine Sf Reicheiiow, Nomencl. Mvs.

Hein. p. 359 (1890: Hartz).

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Very similar, superficially, to the
preceding: species : hood coffee-brown — but shorter, grey mantle,
white tail, and white under surface tinged with (evanescent) roseate :
but the pattern of the outer primaries is very different, being
chiefly white, with black tips, and black margins to the inner webs.
Shafts of the three outer quills white ; the outermost quill white,
with a narrow black line along the greater part of the outer web
(touching the shaft in all except very old birds), a black tip, and a
blackish edge to the inner margin ; 2nd quill similar, but with
merely a short hair-line of black on the outer web ; 3rd quill with
a trifle more black running upwards from the black tip along the
outer web ; 4th quill similar, but with a grey centre to the inner
web ; 5th quill white on both webs, and with a minute white tip :
6th similar, but the tip grey and broader, so that the black becomes
a subterminal bar ; 7th similar, but with less and fainter black ;
upper primaries grey ; secondaries paler grey, without conspicuous
margins : bill, tarsi, and toes lake-red ; iris hazel. Total length
15'5 to IG inches, culmen 1*8, wing 11"75 to 12, tail 5, tarsus 1-7,
middle toe aud claw 1*55.

The female is undoubtedly smaller as a rule, though there are
exceptions.

Adult in winter. Similar, but without a hood ; merely a little
greyish on the occiput, aud blackish on the auriculars. In vigorous

* The two spepiuieus above enumerated belong to this speeies, but au
example of true L. Lrunnciccphalus was subsequently received I'roiu Nepal.

p2

212 LAKII)^.

birds the indications of a hood re-appear in autumn, soon after the
completion of the moult, which is in August ; but cold weather, com-
bined with a scarcity of nutritive food, arrests the development, and
it is not lisual to see birds with fully complete hoods till February,
though there are many exceptions. A female (by dissection) ob-
tained in the shore-nets at Wells, Norfolk, on Nov. 10th, has the under-
parts, and even the shafts and webs of the primaries, suffused with
a beautiful salmon-pink, but this also must be considered unusual.

Nestling. Buffish to brown, darkest on the upper parts, spotted
and streaked with umber and black on the back, head, and throat.

Young. Forehead white, rest of the head chiefly greyish brown ;
upper surface warmer brown, with grey lower wing-coverts ;
secondaries with blackish centres and white borders ; the three
outer primaries black on the outer webs and at the tips and margins
of the inner webs, but the centres white, except the outermost, in
which there is for a time a dark line inside the shaft (see cut) ;
in the succeeding primaries the dark colour increases ascendingly on
the inner webs, while from the 5th the outer webs are pale grey

1 2 3

Larus ridihundtis, jut.

to brownish, with a little white at the tips ; tail-feathers white,
with a band of blackish brown ; under surface duU white : bill dull
yellow, passing into black at the angle ; tarsi and toes dull reddish
yellow. The brown colour is soon lost on the back, which has
become grey by December.

Immature. Like the adult, with a few brown markings left on

15. LAKUS.

213

the upper wing-coverts, and more black on the outer webs of the
primaries. More or loss of a brown hood is assumed when the bird
is barely a year old, and the band on the tail is lost by the following
autumn, when the new primaries appear, with — as has been said — a
larger proportion of black than in the adult. In fact the duration
of the immature phase is very short. The bird does not breed until
the following (or second) spring.

Occasionally the black from the margins of the inner webs
of the three outer quills runs in and reaches the shafts, much en-
croaching upon the usual white centres, though not to the same
extent on both wings of the same bird. This is noticeable in two
examples obtained at Dinapur in December.

Hah. The Faeroes, Southern Norway and Sweden, Russia from
Archangel southwards, and the rest of Europe to the Mediterranean ;
eastward, across the temperate portions of Asia to Kamtschatka
(breeding). In winter, Gambia {fide Kendall), Nubia, the Red Sea,
the Persian Gulf, India, the Philippines, China and Japan.

a, b. Ad. st.

c. Juv. sk.

d. J ad. sk.

e. Ad. St.
f-^h. Ad. st._

i, k. Ad. et juv.

sk.
/, m. (S 2 ad. sk.

71. (S ad. sk.

o. Ad. sk.
p. Juv. St.

fj. Ad. sk.

r. 2 ad. sk.

s, f. d 2 pull- sk.

II. Ad. sk.
v,v\ Pull, et juv.
sk.

.r. Juv. St.
li/,~- d 2 ad. sk.

', f>'. Ad. et juv.
sk.
t'~e'. Ad. et imm.

St.

Ad. hiem. sk.
', h'. Ad. et juv.

St.

Hills of Hoy, Orkneys (sum-
mer).

Stromness, Orkneys, Jan. (J.
Dunn).

Loch Maree, March 18 (/. H.
Dixon).

Beaufort, Beauly, June.

Beaufort, Beauly (group).

Aboyne.

Loch Lomond, June (A. An-
derson ) .

Stirlingshire, March (/. A.
Harvie-BroiVTi) .

" Scotland."

Fern Islands, Northumberland.

Lincolnshire, March 1 {E. Bid-
well).
Wells, Norfolk, Nov. 10.

Hoveton, Norfolk, June (E.B.).

Walberswick, Feb. ( W. Tyler).
Walney Island, Lancashire,

May 31, June 8 {A. von

Hilgel).
Wales.
St. Bride's, S. Wales.

Carmarthen, S. Wales.

Cornwall.

Devonshire.
Torquay.

Purchased.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Lord Lovat [P.].
Lord Lovat [P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Col. Montagu [P.].
C. Coningham, Esq.

[P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Col. H. W. Feilden

[P.].
Col. H. W. Feilden

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Rev. A. Morgan [P.].
Hon. W. Edwaides

'ol. M(

Col. Montagu [P.].

Vingoe Coll.

Col. Montagu [P.].
C. Coningham, Esq.

[P.].

214

i', k'. S 2 ad. sk.
I'-p'. Ad. et juv.

sk.
q\ Ad. St.
r', s'. Pull. St.
t'. 2 ad. sk.
u . Juv. sk.
v'.(S juv. sk.
?y'. 2 ad. sk.
x',y'- J juv. sk.

s'. Ad. sk.

a". Juv. sk.

b". 2 ad. sk.
c". Ad. sk.
rf". c? ad. ; e" .

Juv. sk.
f'-h'[. <S 2 ad.

etjuv. sk.
i". Juv. [wings

^". (5 ad. sk.

I". S ad. sk.
m". 2 ad. sk.
n",o". c? 2 i"^-

sk.
//', q." d 2 ^d. ;

r", s". 2 juv.

sk.
;". 2 ad. sk.

u". Ad. sk.

v". Ad. etjuv. sk.
?«". 2 ad. ; x" .

2 juv. sk.
y". (S ad. sk.
z", a^. 6 2 ad.

sk.
63-<^. c? 2 ad. ;

e^,f. Juv. sk.
^% A^ Ad. sk.
i^. (^ ad. sk.
F, ^'. 2 ad. et d

juv. sk.
w', n^. cS ad. sk.
0^ 2 ad. sk.

p^, q^. Ad. sk.
>•'. cJ ad. sk.

s^. (5 juv. sk.
t^. cJ ad. sk.
m'. Juv. sk.

Dungeness.

Romney Marsh, Sept. & Feb.

Southend.

England (J. Baker).
Channel Islands, spring.
Havre, August ( V. Pluche).
Havre, Feb. ( V. P.).
Havre, Feb. ( F. P.).
Heligoland, Dec-Jan. (L.

Gatke).
Cholmogory, Dwina,N. Russia,

July (J. A. Harvie-Broivn).
Csalokos, Hungary, Aug.

Seville, Feb. (A. Ruiz).
Tangier, winter (Olcese).
Malaga, Dec. (Bios).

Valencia, March (B. Martin).

Ajaccio, Corsica [fiffd. P. Z. S.

"1878, p. 201] {C.B. Wharton).
Eubcea, Greece, Feb. (H. J.

Elives).
Bosphorus, April (Bobson).
Cyprus, Dec.
Sea of Galilee.

Egypt, Feb., March.

Gould Coll.

II. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P].
Purchased.
Purchased.
Purchased.
H. Saunders Coll.
E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Hungarian Nat. Mus.

[P.].
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.
SheUey Coll.
Canon Tristram [C.].

Zifte, Lower Egypt, April (S.

S. Allen).
Upper Euphrates, July {A.

Huet du Pavilion).
Muscat.
Muscat, Feb.

Gwader, Mekran Coast, Feb.
Cape Monze, Sind, Feb. ( W.

T. Blanford).
Karachi, Feb.- April (E. A.

Butler).
Madho-Mehur, Upper Sind, Jan.
Kandahar, March.
Kandahar, March & Dec.

Argandab River, Feb.
Gulran, Afghanistan, March

1885 {Dr. Aitchison).
Kashgar, winter plumage.
Lob-nor, Eastern Tm-kestan,

April (Prjevalsky).
Wollar Lake, Kashmir, Oct.
Jhelum, Kashmir, Nov.
Sirsa district, Nov.

Shelley Coll.

Gould Coll.

Gould Coll.

Col. Mills [P.].
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Col. Swinhoe [P.].

Col. Swinhoe [P.].
Afghan Delimitation

Commission.
India Museum [P.].
Seebohm Coll.

Col. Biddulph [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

15. LARUS.

215

v^, w^. $ ad. ; x'.

5 juv. sk.
y^ z\ d ail- ; «'•

b\ d ? juv. sk.
c'. 5 juv. sk.
<;', e*. c^ $ ad. ;
/'. $ juv. sk.
(/^ 2 ad. sk.

^'. 2 ad. sk.

I*, m\ n*. Ad. sk.

o'-q*. S $ ad. et

juv. sk.
»•'. Ad. sk.

s*. Ad. sk.

tK Juv. sk.
M'-.r'. c? 2ad.sk.
t/'. c? ad. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
a% b\ d 2 ad. sk.

c\ Ad. sk.
d^. d juv. sk.
e^. Ad. hiem. st.

/'. Imm. sk.
g^-k\ Ad. etjuv.

sk.
l\ d ad. sk.
nv'-p^. d 2 ad.

et juv. sk.
5', J-'. Ad. et

juv. sk.
s\ t\ Ad. .sk.
u% y'. cJ ad. et

juv. sk.
w^-y'. d 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
z'. 2 juv. sk.
flS. d ad. sk.
6% c^ Ad. sk.
rf^ 2 juv. sk.
e". Skeleton.
/*'. Skeleton.
ff. Sternum.
)('\ Sternum.

Sambhui-, Rajpootana, March Hume Coll.

(H. M. Adam).
Sambhur, llajpootana, Nov., Hume Coll.

Dec. {A. 0. H.).
Sambhur Lake, Nov., Dec. Hume Coll.

Sambhur Lake, Nov.-March Hume Coll.

{A. 0. H.).
Ajmere, Rajpootana, Dec. Hume Coll.

Gurgaon, Feb. Hume Coll.

Sultanpur, Gurgaon, Nov. { W. Hume Coll.

N. Chill).
Delhi, summer and winter {A. Hume Coll.

O. H.).
Allahabad, Feb., March, and Hume Coll.

Dec.
Nepal, spring.

Dipur Bheel, Assam, Nov. [A.

W. Chennell).
Mymensing.

Soane River, Dinapui-, Dec.
Bombay, Jan. 29.
Deccan' (CoZ. Sykes).
Travancore, Feb.

Assam,'^L.alienus" (McClelland).

Manila, Jan.

China.

Amoy (iJ. Swinhoe).
Kiukiang and Poyang Lake,

Yang-tse, Nov.-Jan.
Nagasaki, S. Japan, Jan.
Yokohama, S. Japan, May.

Yokohama.

Yokohama (H. Fryer).

Y'edo Gulf, Jan. (Admiral St.

John).
Hakodadi, April (Caj)t. Bla-

klston).
Hakodadi, May {H. Whiteley).
Kamtscliatka, June.
Knmtscbatka ( Vosnessemky).
Scharkalskaja, Ob River, Sept.
England.
England.
England.
Europe.

13. Larus brunneiceplialus.

B. H. Hodgson, Esc[.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
F. Bourdillon, Esq.

[C.].
India Museum [P.]
'Challenger' Exped.
J. R. Reeves, Esq.

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
F. W. Styan, Esq.

[P.].
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
' Challenger ' Exped.

Capt. Blakiston [P.].

Seebohm Coll.
H. Saunders CoU.

Seebohm CoU.

Tweeddale Coll.
Capt. P,lakiston [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Dr. O. Finsch [C.].
Purchased.
Zoological Soc. [P.].
T. Ingall, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.

Larus brunneiceplialus, Jerd. Madras Journ. xii. p. 25(1840) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 65-4 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Muk. As. Soc. p. 289
(184i>); Lai/ard, Atui. ^- Mar/. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. l'70 (1854:
Ceylon) ; Grai/, Cat. Manun. .Vc. prcs. Hodyson, I'nd ed. p. 77
(1863) ; Schl. 'Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 35 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B.

216 LAEIDJE.

iii. p. 114, no. 10983 (1871) ; Ada7n, Str. F. 1873, p. 402 (Sam-
bluir Lake) ; Gates, op. cit. 1875, p. 347; Butler, up. cit. 1876,
p. 31 (N. Guzerat) ; Armstrotig., t. c. p. 350 (Iirawaddy) ; Hwne
iSr Daviso?!, op. cit. 1878, pt. i. p. 491 (Tenasserim) ; Cripps, op. cit.
1878, pt. ii. p. 313 (E. Bengal) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 197 (revi-
sion) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 399 (1878: distribution) ;
P7jev. in Howley's Orn. Misc. iii. p. 109 (1878: Dalai Nor; breeds
on lakes in Hoang-ho Valley, but not in China proper) ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879: List) ; Vidal, Str. F. ix. p. 94 (1880:
Malabar coast) ; Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1049 (1880) ; Butler, Str. F.
ix. p. 439 (1881 : Deccan) ; Sahin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 621 (1881);
Oafes, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 417 (1883) ; Hume, Str. 1 . xi. p. 439
(1888 : Manipur) ; Sharpe, 2nd Turk. Miss., Birds, p. 134 (1891 :
15,000 ft. elevn.) ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893, p. 175 (Aden, in winter) ;
Onstal. N. Archiv. Mus. Paris, (3) vi. p. 94 (1894: Tibetan
plateau).

Xema brunneicephala, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 172
(1844); Je)-d B. Ind. iii. p. 832 (1864); Holdsioorth, P. Z. S.
1872, p. 480 (Ceylon); Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 420 (Kattiawar,
winter) ; Hume 4" Henders. Lahore to Yark. p. 300, pi. xxxii.
(1873: Pangong Lake) ; Blyth ^ Wald. B. Burm. p. 162 (1875);
Scully, Str. F. iv. p. 203 (1876: Kashgar); W. Ramsay, Ibis,
1877, p. 472 (Sittang River up to Tonghoo).

Chroicoce]>halus brunneicephalus, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 105;
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 421 ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 521
(1877: Mongolia).

Chroicocephalus brunniceps. Cab. J. f. O. 1853, p. 105 (note); Bruch,
/./. 0.1855, p. 291.

Larus lacrymosus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854 : Bengal*).

(laviiia lacrymosus {Licht.), Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212.

Gayia brunnicephala, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 213 ; id. C. E. xlii. p. 771
(1856).

Chroicocephalus tibetanus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 54 (Tibet: Major
Hay).

Larus tibetanus, Gray, Hund-l. B. iii. p. 114, no. 10984 (1871).

Xema brunneicephalum, David, N. Archiv. Mus. Paris, Bull. vii.
no. 460 (1871).

Larus (Chroicocephalus) brunicepbalus, Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xli. p. 256 (1872: Kutch, winter).

Adult male in hreeding-plumaeje. Larger than the preceding
species, but very similar in general appearance ; the brown hood is,
however, paler on the forehead, and consequently throws into
stronger contrast the blackness at the junction with the white neck,
while the pattern of the primaries is quite different, black being the
prevailing colour ; the two outer quills black, with elongated white
subterminal mirrors and a small amount of white at the base {see cut,
p. -17); the 3rd quill with more white at the base, but otherwise
black, though occasionally — in very old birds — with a smaU white
subterminal spot ; 4th and 5th quills with the basal white increasing
and extending to both webs ; 6th quill white on the outer and grey
on the inner webs, subterminaUy banded with black, and ti^jped
with white ; 7th quill with a whitish tip, grey webs, a black spot
or incomplete subterminal bar, and a black inner margin ; Sth quiU
grey, with narrow dark inner margin ; 9th and 10th quills grey :

* Type in Berlin Museum cxauiincd.

15. LAUUS.

21<

iris white ; bill red, brownish at the tip ; tarsi and toes red. Total
length 17 inches, culnien 1-i), wing 13, tail 5-7, tarsus 1*9, middle
toe with claw 1"7.

Adult female. Like the male, but smaller.

Aihdt hi ivinter plumarje. Like the above, but without the hood ;
the occiput and auriculars mottled with dusky grey.

Youiuj. Similar to the young of L. ridilmndus, except as regards
the primaries, which are chiefly sooty brown, with white on the
basal portion, increasing successively from the 4th inwards : bill,
tarsi, and toes dull reddish or ochraccous : " iris hazel " {Le<j(jc).

t 2 3

Larus brunnciccphalus, ad.

IniDHiturc. I am not acquainted with any well-defined stage. With
increasing age the brown mottlings on the wings of the young
gradually disappear, the band on the tail narrows, and the white at
the base of the primaries gradually increases until moulting-timc
arrives ; but I have never seen a specimen with any brown on the
wiug-coverts accompanied by incipient mirrors on the 1st and
t^nd quills. All I can say is that some adults have rather smaller
mirrors than others.

Ilab. Highlands of Central Asia, from Turkestan to Tibet and
Mongolia (breeding) ; in winter, as far west as Aden, along the
intervening coast to India, and throughout the greater i)art of that
country, Ceylon, Burma and Tenasserim. Xever found on the
coast of China, nor even beyond the Upper Hoaug-ho valley.

218

a. Ad. sk.

b, c. Juv. sk.
d. c? juv. sk.
e,f- c? juv. sk.
ff-i. c? 2 ad. sk.

A, I. Ad. sk.

»i. Ad. sk.

n. Juv. sk.
o. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
g, r. cS ad. sk.

s. S juv. sk.
i-?c. 5 ad. sk.

x-z, a'. S 2 ad.

sk.
V . tS ad. sk.

c'. cJ ad. sk.
d'. Ad. sk.
e'. Ad. sk.

y. Juv. sk.
(/'. Ad. sk.

-^'-^'. Ad. sk.
/', m'. Ad. sk.
«'. Ad. sk.
o'. Ad. sk.
p . Juv. sk.
q'. 2 ad. sk.
r'. Juv. sk.
s' . 2 juv. sk.
t'. cS ad. sk.

ti' . Ad. sk.

w'. Juv. sk.
?<>'. d' ad. sk.
x', y'. Ad. et 2

juv. sk.
«', fit". Ad. sk.
b"-d". <S 2 ad.

sk.
e". Ad. sk.
/". (5 ad. sk.
y, A". Ad. sk.
i", k''. 2 ad. sk.
I", m". 2 juv.

sk.
n". (S ad. sk.
o". 2 ad. sk.

" India."

Kaora, Pacham, Nov.

Madho-Mehur, W. Sind, Jan.

Karachi, Feb.

Karachi. March-May ( Col.

E. A^ Butler).
Karachi, winter ( W. B.

Muloch).
Kattiawar, Oct.

Kattiawar, Oct.

Sirsa, winter.

Ajmere, Nov.

Sambhur, Jan. & March {R. M.

Adayn).
Sambhur, Dec.(yl. O. H.).
Sambhur Lake, March (A.

O. H.).
Gurgaon, Jan.-March (A.O. H.).

Sultanpur, Gurgaon, March

(A. O. H.).
Sultanpur, April ( W. N. ChUl).
Delhi.
Kashmir.

Kashmir.

Ghagra, July {Dr. G. Hender-
son).

Ladak {Gen. Strachey).

Thibet.

Thibet, 10,000 ft. {Major Hay).

Thibet, May 1875.

Thibet [a dwarf], Sept. 1874.

Koko-nor {Prjevalsky).

Oudh, Dec.

Futtehgurh, Oct. {A. Anderson).

Nujiufgurh Jheel, Dec. {A. O.
H).

Nepal.

Nepal.

Magua R., Bengal, Jan.

Gopalpore, March { W. Davison).

Dacca, winter.

Bombav Harbour, Jan. 30 {A.

O. H).
Cananore {Haines).
Quilon, Travancore, Feb. 1880.
Madras, winter.
Madras, March.
Trincomalee, Ceylon, Oct.-Nov.

( Col. W. r. Lerjge).
Akyab, Burma, Nov. {E. W. O.).
Kouk-phyon harbour, April

{J. Armstrony).

Hardwicke Bequest.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Major Hayes Lloyd

[P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
E. M. Langworthy,

Esq.rP.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].
Lord Gifford [P.].
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebolim Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.

B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale CoU.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.

Tweeddale CoU.

Hume Coll.

Dr. T. C. Jerdon [P.].

Hume CoU.

H. Saunders CoU.

E. W. Gates Coll.
Hume Coll.

15. LARUS. 2ly

p\ s ad. sk. Pegu, April (E. W. O.). E. W. Oates Coll.

(j". J juv. sk. Lower Pegu, Nov. (E. W. 0.). E. W. Oates Coll.

r", «". 2 juv. sk. Lower Pegu, Oct. -Nov. (E. H. Saunders Coll.

IV. 0.).

t". Juv. sk. Rangoon river, Feb. {J. Arm- Hume Coll.

stronf/).

u". Juv. sk. Near Thatone, Dec. ( W. Davi- Hume Coll.

son). ^

v". Juv. sk. Salween, Feb. ( W. !>.). Hume Coll.

to". (S juv. sk. Khykehto, Tenasserim, Feb. Hume Coll.

(W. D.).

.v". c? ad. sk. Amherst, Tenasserim, March. Hume Coll.

y", s". 2 juv. sk. Bopvin, Tenasserim, Dec. Hume Coll.

(W.D.).

a^, P. (S 2 juv. Bopvin, Tenasserim, Dec. H. Saunders Coll.
sk. {W.D.).

14. Larus leucophthalmus.

Larus leucophthalmus, Temm. PL Col. livr. 62, pi. 366 (182o, e.x
Licht.) ; ffenier, Atlas, Pahnipedes, 'pl. 29 {18'28); Lesson, Traite,
p. 618 (1831 : Red Sea) ; Temni. Man. (VOrn. pt. iv. p. 486 (1840) ;
Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxvi (1844) ; DesMurs in Lefehvre'sVoi/. Abyss.
vi. p. 174 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846) ; Begl. Orn.
Eur. ii. p. 322 (1849); Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 69 (1856: Red
Sea) ; id. Ibis, 1859, p. 349 (Red Sea) ; id. in Petenn. Mitth.
1861, pp. 29, 312 (Lower Red Sea and Somali) ; Kimig- Warth.
Ibis, 1860, p. 129 (Perim, breeding) ; Linderm. Voq. Griechenl.
p. 177 (1860) [?] ; A. E. Brehm, Reis. Habesch, p. 228 (1863) ;
Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 32 (1863) ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 95,
tig. (1866) ; Deyl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 430 (1867) ; Finsch Sf
Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 821 (1870) ; Finsch, Tr. Zool. Sac. vii.
p. 302 (1870) : Blanford, Geol. ^- Zool. Abyss, p. 441 (1870: Annes-
lev Bav) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 113, no. 10978 (1871) ; Shelley,
B'. Egypt, p. 308 (1872): Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2,
p. 1396 (1873) ; Bree, B. Eur. 2nd ed. v. p. 67(1876); Vian, Bull.
Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 32 (Nice) [?] ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 193 (revision) ; Klunzinqer, Zschr. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, xiii. Hft. 2,
p. 90 (1878: Koseir, Red Sea); Sartl. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 959
(Hami, S. Arabia) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Senckenb. p. 241
(1891 : Red Sea).

Xema leucophthalmum, Bp. Ucc. Eur. p. 78' (1842) ; Riipp. Syst.
Uebers. p. 139 (1845).

Xema leucophthalma. Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 171
(1844 : Abyssinia).

Adelarus leucophthalmus, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 106 ; id. op. cit.
1855, p. 278; Bj). C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; Bias. J.f. O. 1865,
p. 378 (revision) ; Salmi. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 286 (1872) ; Antin.
8f Salvad. Viaqq. Bor/os, p. 155 (1873: Massowa) ; Salv. if Gigl.
Mem. Accad. for. .x.xxix. p. 104 (1889: Maldive Isl.) [?].

Chroicocepbalus leucophthalmus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854) ;
Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295.

Larus masauanus, Heugl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 31 (Lower Red
Sea and Somali coast ; admittedly a bad species ; cf. Heugl. Orn.
N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1397)."

Adelolarus leucophthalmus, Heine ^ Reichenoiv, Nomencl. Mus. Hein.
p. 358 (1890).

220 LA.EID.E.

Adult in breeding-plumage. Head, nape, and throat down to the
upper breast deep black ; eyelids and hind neck white ; mantle deep
slate-colour ; wing-coverts and long secondaries rather darker ;
principal secondaries with blackish centres, and broad white edges
which form a conspicuous alar band ; primaries chiefly sooty black,
the oth and upwards tipped with white, which increases slightly on
the innermost ; tail-feathers white, with a greyish tinge at the base
of the central pairs ; abdomen and lower breast white ; flanks and
sides of the breast slate-grey ; under wing dark slate-colour : iris
white : bill long and slender, reddish orange to the angle, then
blackish ; tarsi and toes yellowish. Total length 15-6 inches,
culmen 2, wing 12-3, tail 4-75, tarsus 1-75, middle toe with claw
1-6. The sexes appear to be alike in size.

Adult in ivinter. I am not acquainted with any characteristic phase.
During the moult the head is probably mottled, through the con-
trast of the old worn feathers and the new ones ; but the hood
never seems to be lost.

Young. Head and neck ash-brown, flecked with dull white ; chin
and throat white, the latter streaked with brown ; upper surface
and a band across the breast dark ash-brown ; wing-coverts mottled
with clove-brown ; secondaries dark brown, edged with white ;
primaries umber-brown, the inner ones with paler tips ; tail-coverts
white ; rectrices umber-brown, the two outer pairs mottled with
greyish ; abdomen white, flanks greyish ; under wing dark brown :
bill horn-colour, black terminally ; tarsi and toes ochraceous.

Immature. Greyer above, with a gradual increase of white in the
tail-feathers until the umber-brown therein becomes a subterminal
band, and, after clinging to the shaft till reduced to mere spots,
finally disappears ; a black hood is gradually assumed, and is often
perfected before the tail-feathers have lost their spots.

Hah. Red Sea, from Koseir southward, and the coasts of the Gulf
of Aden. Lower Egypt, the Greek Archipelago and Sicily, according
to writers who were either misinformed as to the locality of capture,
or (in the majority of instances) confused this species with L. ine-
lanocephalus, which has also conspicuous white eyelids. I have
examined an example said to have been obtained at Nice, but its
history was not satisfactory. According to Salvador! and Gigiioli,
a specimen was procured at the Maldive Islands : an enormous
extension of range, if the identification is correct.

a. Ad. St. Abyssinian coast (Riippell). Frankfort Mus.

b. Ad. sk. Annesley Bay, Abyssinia, June W. T. Blanford [C.].

18G8.
c-e. cS 2 ^^-y Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Abys- Tweeddale Coll.

imm., et juv. sinia, June ( W. Jesse).

sk.
f-k. Ad., inim., Zoulla, Annesley Bay, Abys- H. Saunders Coll.

et juv. sk. sinia, June ( W. Jesse).

15. LARus. 221

15. Larus hemprichi.

Xema crassirostris, Boie (nee VieilL), Isis, 1844, p. 192 [ex Licht. MS.).

Adelaius hemprichii, liruch, J.f. O. 18o3, p. 106 (e.r Bp. MS.) ; id.
op. cit. 1855, p. 278 (Red Sea); Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212; id.
a R. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; Blasius, J.f. O. 1865, p. 378; Antin. ^■
Salvad. Viagg. Bogos, p. 156 (1873).

Larus crassirostris, Licht. {nee VieilL) Nomencl. Av. p. 99(1854:
Arabian coast).

Larus hempriclii, Heugl. Ibis, 1859, p. 350 (Red Sea) ; Konig- Warth.
Ibis, I860, p. 120 (Amarat Is., Red Sea, breeding) ; Heuql. in
Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 & p. 312 (Lower Red Sea) ; Schleg.
Mus. P.-B., Lari, p. 32 (1863) ; A. E. Brehm, Reis. Habesch,
p. 228 (1863) ; Finsch, Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 302, pi. xxvii. (1870) ;
Blanford, Geol. Sr Zool. Abyss, p. 441 (1870: Lower Red Sea);
Finsch Sf Hartl. Vog. Ostafr. p. 823 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 114, no. 10979 (1871 : Gulf of Aden); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
Rd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1399, tab. 36. fig. 2 (1873) ; Blanford, East. Persia,
ii. p. 292 (1876 : Aden to Karachi^ ; Hume, S'fr. Feath. i. p. 279
(1873 : Sind) ; id. op. cit. iv. p. 414 (1876 : Bombay) ; Vian, Bull.
Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 32 (Nice [?]) ; Butler, Str. Feath. v. p. 296
(1877 : Astolah I., breeding) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 193
(revision) ; Hume, Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879 : List) ; Butler,
iStr. F. ix. p. 439 (1881 : as far east as Bombay) ; Salvad. Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genov. (2) i. p. 276 (1884 : Slioa) ; Yerbury ^- Sharpe,
Ibis, 1886, p. 22 (Aden) ; Shar2}e, t. c. p. 168 (Muscat) ; Shelley,
Ibis, 1888, p. 306 (Manda I., East Africa, abundant) ; Gates, ind
ed. Humes K 4" E. Ind. B. iii. p. 293 (1890 : Astolah I.) ; Hartert,
Kat. Vogelsaynml. Senckenb. p. 241 (1891 : Red Sea) ; Barries,
Ibis, 1893, p. 176 (Aden) ; Finn, t. c. p. 233 (Aden) ; Reichenotu,
Vog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 19 (1894: Tanga).

Adelolarus crassirostris (nee VieilL), Heine 4* Reichenow, Nomencl.
Mus. Hein. p. 358 (1890).

Adult in breeding-pluTnage. Similar in pattern to the preceding,
but larger, and brown, instead of black and slate-colour. Head
and throat coffee-brown, darkening on the nape and contrasting
strongly with the white lower neck ; eyelids white ; mantle and
wing-coverts cofFee-brown ; the long secondaries with pale tips ; the
principal secondaries with blackish centres and broad white edges,
which form a conspicuous alar band ; primaries chiefly blackish, the
4th and succeeding ones with white tips, which increase ascendingly ;
tail white ; abdomen and lower breast white ; flanks and upper
breast greyish brown ; under wing umber-brown : bill rather stout,
greenish yellow to the angle, which is zoned with black, the anterior
portion reddish ; iris hazel ; tarsi and toes olive-green. Total
length 17"5 inches, culmen 2'25, wing 13'25, tail 5*5, tarsus 2,
middle toe with claw 1"8.

The sexes appear to be alike in size as well as plumage.

Immature and Young. Allowing for the browner tint generally,
the phases of plumage are precisely like those of L. leucophthahnns,
e.\cept that there is no grey tint in the tail-feathers, and these are
more broadly tipped with white : bill, tarsi, and toes darker than
in the adult.

Hah. Lower Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, coast of East Africa down to

222

Tanga. Arabian and Mekrau coast, and India as far as Bombay.
Like L. leucophtliahnus, said to have been obtained at Nice, and by
the same dealer.

a. Juv. sk.

b, c. Ad. et juv.
sk.

d. Vix ad. sk.
e,f. Imm. sk.
g. Vix ad. sk.
h. Vix ad. st.
i-m. 2 juv. et

imm. sk.
71. Imm. sk.
0, p. Ad. sk.
q. (S ad. ; r. Juv.

sk.
s-z. (S 2 imm. ;

a'-e'. S 2

juv. sk.
f. (S imm. sk.

et vix ad. sk.
o'. c? vix ad. sk.
p', q'. 2 ad. sk.

>•'. 2 imm. sk.

s'. cJ fid. sk.

t'. Imm. sk.

u'-w'. (S imra.sk.
.r'. S juv. sk.

y',z', a". 2 "^ix

ad. sk.
b". Sternum.

Jedda (Zohrab).

Massowah, August (TV. T. Blan-

ford).
Zoulla, June (W. T. Blanford).
Zoulla, June ( W. Jesse).
Zoulla, June ( W. Jesse).
Aden (E. L. Layard).
Aden, October (E. L. Layard).

Aden, August [W. T. Blanford).
Aden [Capt. H. Feilden, li.A.).
Manda Island (November).

Muscat, S. Arabia, Feb.

Gvs^ader, Mekran Coast, Jan.

Gwader, Mekran Coast, Feb.

Pusni, Mekran Coast, Feb.

Near Astolab, Mekran Coast, May

27 (Col. E. A. Butler).
Soonmeani Bav, Aleki'an Coast,

Feb. (A. O. H.).
Cape Monze, Siud, Feb. 27 ( W.

T. Blanford).
Karachi, Sind, Jan. ( W. T.

Blanford) .
Karachi, Sind, Feb. (A. O. IL).
Karachi, Sind, March ( W. T.

Blanford).
Karachi, Sind, April (C'ul. E. A.

Butler).
Massowa ( W. T. Blanford).

16. Larus fuliginosus.

Shelley Coll.
Abyssinian Exped.

Abyssinian Exped.

Tweeddale Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Purchased.

H. Saunders Coll.

Abyssinian Exped.
H. Saunders Coll.
F. J. Jackson, Esq.

[P.].
Hume Coll.

W. T. Blanford

[C.].
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Abyssinian Exped.

Larus fuliginosus, Gould, in Dartcm's Voy. 'Beagle,^ Birds, p. 141
(1841 : James I., Galapagos) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres,
p. 170 (1844: partim, as regards the Galapagos); id. Gen. B. iii.
p. 654 (1846) ; Sundev. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 125 (Voy. ' Eugenie ') ;
Scl. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 573 (Neotrop. Larinse) ; iid. Nomencl.
Av. Neotrop. p. 148 (1873); Salm'n, Tr. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 505,
pi. Ixxxvii. (1876) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 184 (revision
Lariufe) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 396 (1878 : distri-
bution) ; Ridyw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 116 (1891).

Leucophreus fuliginosus, Bp. Rev. Zool. 1855, p. 20 ; id. Consp. Av.
ii. p. 232 (1857) ; id. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856)._

Adelarus neptunus, Bp. Co72sp. Av. ii. p. 2o2 (1857).

Blasipus belcheri (part.), Blasius {nee Vigors), J. f. 0. 1865, p. 378
(revision).

Larus heermanni (part.). Gray (nee Cass.), Hand-I. B. iii. p. 116,
no. 11012 (1871 : as regards the Galapagos Is.).

15. LARus. 223

Adult male in hrcediruf-j^hunar/e. Head all round black, ejelids
white ; upper surface cbietly dark lead-grey ; secondaries paler and
almost white at their tips, forming by contrast a fairly conspicuous
alar band ; primaries chiefly black, tipped with grey from the 4th
upwards, and passing into lead-grey from the 6th inwards ; tail-
coverts rather pale grey ; rectrices much darker grey, except the
two outer pairs ; under tail-coverts nearly white ; abdomen pale
lead-grey, flanks darker ; upper breast and under wing-coverts
darkest : bill stout, and short in front of the angle, lake-red ; tarsi
and toes livid black. Total length 17-2 inches, culmen 2, wing 14,
tail G'o, tarsus 2*2, middle toe with claw 2.

Adult female. Similar, but decidedly smaller. Length 15 inches,
culmen 1-8, wing 12-8, tarsus 2'1.

Immature. Similar, but more uniformly sooty in general appear-
ance : the hood less defined, the alar band dull grey and incon-
spicuous : the rectrices with remains of a black subterminal band :
tarsi and toes reddish brown.

Young. Head dark sooty brown ; mantle and wing-coverts rather
paler brown at the edges of the feathers ; quills and tail-feathers
dark umber-brown ; tail-coverts paler, and the flanks inclining to
grey ; under surface brown, darkest on the upper breast : bill, tarsi,
and toes reddish black.

It will be seen that L. fuUginosus differs materially from the
next section of Gulls — the species peculiar to the Pacific — inas-
much as it has a well-defined black hood and a perfectly plain
unhanded tail. In the following group the tail exhibits more or
less black in the adult, while the head is white or pale grey.

Hah. Galapagos Archipelago.

a. Vix ad. st. James Is., Galapagos [? an typus]. Sir W. Burnett and

Capt. Fitzroy, R.N.

b. ^ IX ad. sk. James Is., Galapagos. Charles Darwin, Esq.

[P.].

c. c? ad. sk. Abiuiidon Is., Galapagos [Dr. A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Habel).

d. 2 ju^- sk. Indefatigable Is., Galapagos, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Dr. A. Habel).

e. 9 ad. sk. Indefatigable I.s., Galapagos, Aug. H. Saunders Coll.

(Dr. A. Habel).

17. Larus modestus.

Larus modestus, Tschudi, Wiegm. Arcli. 1843, pt. i. p. 389 ; id. Faun.
Peruan.,Aves, p. 5o & p. 306, pi. 35 (184.54t6) ; Gray, Ge)i. B. iii.
p. 6o4 (1846) ; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. i. p. 483 (1847) ; Reichenb.
Natat. Novit. xii. tab. 275. fig. 2284 (1852) ; Pelz. Reis. Novara,
Vo(/. p. 151 (1865: Chile); Scl. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 573;
ltd. Nomencl. Av. Neotroj). p. 148 (1873) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 116, no. 11010 (1871: Chile); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 183
(revision Larinfe) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 306 (1878:
distribution); Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 620 (1882: Chile);
Taczau. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 449 (1886) ; Berlepsch ^- Stolzm.
P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400.

224 lAEID^.

Larus fuliginosus (part.), Gray, List D. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 170

(1844 : as regards Chile).
Larus bridges!, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 16 ; id. Zool. Typ. pi. 69

(1849 : Chile) ; Reichenh. Natat. Novit. xviii. tab. 281. fig. 2317

(1852) ; Cassin, U.S. Astronoin. E.rped. ii. p. 205 (1855 : Chile).
Blasipus bridgesi, Bruch, J. f. O. 185.3, p. 108 ; id. op. cit. 1855,

p. 280 ; B2). Rev. Zool. 1855, p. 21 ; id. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ;

id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 212 (1857) ; Blasius, J. f. O. 1865, p. 378

(revision).
Chroieocephalus modestus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854).
Larus polios, Natt. MS. fide Bp. Rev. Zool. 1855, p. 21 ; id. Consp.

Av. ii. p. 212 (1857).
Epitelolarus modestus, Heine 8^ Reichenoiv, Nomencl. Mus. Hein.

p. 359 (1890).

Adult in breeding-plumage. Forehead and chin white, gradually
shading into pale grey on the crown and throat, and darker grey on the
neck and underparts ; mantle, wing-coverts, and long inner second-
aries lead-colour ; principal secondaries with black centres and wide
white edges to their outer webs, forming a conspicuous alar band ;
quills chiefly sooty black, the four upper ones tipped with greyish
white ; tail-feathers plumbeous, with a subterminal black band,
which varies in completeness and definition with the age of the
feathers — being broad and crossing both webs when the feather is
new, while sometimes reduced to a spot on each web when the
feather is old ; the tips of the rectrices grey, whiter on the outer-
most ; under wing-coverts dark brownish grey : " iris black "
{Rowland) ; bill, tar.si, and toes black with a reddish tinge. Total
length 18 inches, culmen 2 to 2-1, wing 13, tail 5"5 ; tarsus 1-9,
rather slender ; middle toe with claw 1*75, delicate, claw curved.

The male is probably a trifle larger, with a more robust bill than
the female, but the specimens in which the sex has been ascertained
by dissection are few in number. Cassin (U.S. Astronom. Ex])ed.)
thought that it was the male which had the wide black band on
the tail, while this was imperfect in the female, but his view requires
confirmation.

Immature. Similar, but with a duller tinge ; the head dirty white
to brownish on the nape and throat, where the colour deepens and
forms a faint collar : bill, tarsi, and toes dark reddish brown.

Young. Much browner on the upper and under surfaces ; the
primaries and secondaries dark umber-brown, with narrow tawny
edges to the latter ; tail-coverts dull grey ; rectrices dark brown
with paler tips.

Hah. Coasts of Peru and Chile : inland as far as Santiago.

a, b. Juv. et Chile (Bridges). Purchased,

vix ad. St.

c. Vix ad. sk. Valparaiso {Bridf/es). Purchased.

(Type of L. bridyesi, Fraser.)

d. Vix ad. sk. Near Valparaiso. H. Berkeley James, Esq.

[P.].

e. V ad.;/. Iquique, Prov. Tarapaca (.S. i^. H. Saunders Coll.
Juv. sk. Rowland).

{/. 1mm. sk. Callao Bay, Peru [R. .Tump). H. Saunders Coll.

15. LAET7H. 225

18. Larus heermanni.

Larus heermanni, Cass. Pr. Fhilad. Acad. vi. p. 187 (1852) ; id. B.
Calif, p. 28, pi. V. (1850) ; Salvin, Ibis, 18G5, p. 100 ; id. op. cit.
1866, p. 198 (Chiapam); Gray, Uand-l. B. iii. p. 116, no. 11012
(1871 : as regards California); Scl. ^'- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 574;
iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 182 (revision Larinae) ; id. Jonrn. Linn. Soc, Zovl. xiv. p. 396
(1878 : distribution) ; Dcane, Bull. NzM. Orn. Club, iv. p. 30
(1879 : albinistic var.) ; liidt/w. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52
(1881) ; Coties, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 121 (1882) ; id. Key N.
Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 747 (1884; ; Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridyw. Water-
B. N. Amer. ii. p. 252 (1884) ; A. O. V. Check-l. N. Amer. B.
p. 90 (1886) ; Eoermann, Auk, 1886, p. 88 (Ventura Co., Cala.) ;
Ridyw. Manual N. Amer. B. p. 34 (1887) ; Blake, Auk, 1887,
p. 329 (Sta. Cruz I., Cala.).

Adelarus heermanni, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 107 ; id. op. cit. 1855,
p. 279 ; Bp. C. R. xxxviii. p. 662 (1854 : California).

Leucophseus heermanni, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211; id. Rev. et May.
Zool. 1855, p. 21.

Blasipus heermanni, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii.
p. 211 (1857) ; Baird, Cass., Sr Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 848 (1858) ;
Baird, Cat. N. A7ner. B. no. 666 (1859) ; Coues, Ibis, 1864, p. 388
(Chiapam) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 317 (1874 : Maz-
atlan) ; Ridyiv. Rep. Survey 40tk Par. p. 636 (1877).

Larus belcheri (ncc Viyors), Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 237 (Van-
couver 1.) ; Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 9 (1863) ; Coues, Key
N. Amer. B. p. 314 (1872: California).

Blasipus belcheri (part.), Blasius {nee Viyors), J. f. 0. 1865, p. 378.

Larus (Blasipus) heermanni, Coues, B. N.- West, p. 641 (1874) ;
Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 26 (1877 : California).

Epitelolarus heermanni, Heine Sf Reiche?ioio, Nomencl. Mus. Hein,
p. 359 (1890).

Adult in hreeding -plumage. Stouter, with a stronger bill, but
superficially not unlike the preceding species. Head and upper
part of the neck white ; lower neck grey, passing into a slate-colour
which deepens on the mantle and still more on the wings ; the long
inner secondaries edged with Avhite or pale grey, the principal
secondaries with blackish centres and greyish-white edges (less pure
than in L. modestus); the primaries nearly black, the five inner
ones tipped with greyish white ; tail-coverts grey ; rectriccs black
with broad white tips ; under surface viuaceous grey, darkening on
the upper breast; under wing lead-colour: bill bright red, often
tipped with black ; tarsi and toes black, much coarser than in
L. viodeshis. Total length about 17 inches, culmeu 2, wing 13-75,
tail 5-25, tarsus 2, middle toe with claw 2.

The female appears to be a trifle smaller, with a weaker bill than
the male.

Adult in winter. Similar, but the head and upper neck streaked
with greyish brown, giving the appearance of an incomplete hood,
the chin alone being pure white ; bill paler red, with more black
terminally.

Immature (about 16 months old). Darker, and the wing.'^ browner,
the secondaries with very liltle i)ale colour at the tips and the tail-

VOL. XXV. a

226

feathers almost uniform blackish brown ; under surface brownish,
with the grey beginning to show through.

Young. Similar, but more decidedly brown in tint ; the feathers
of the wing-coverts and secondaries tipped with huffish.

ffab. Pacific coasts of North America, from Vancouver Island to
Lower California and Mazatlan (breeding) ; in winter as far south
as Chiapam, Guatemala. Not found far from salt water. Breeds
on rocky islands.

a. Vix ad. st.

b, c. Ad. ; d.
Imm. sk.

e. Juv. sk.
/. 5 imm. sk.

ff. 2 vix ad. sk.
k. 2 ad. sk.
i. Juv. sk.
k. 5 vix ad. sk.
I. c? ad. sk.
m. (S ad. sk.
w, 0. J 5 ad. sk.
p. cJ ad. sk.
g, r. $ vix ad. .sk.
a. c? juv. sk.
t. <S juv. sk.

Vancouver Island.
Vancouver Island.

Salt Spring Isl., Vancouver Isl.
Fort Rupert, N. of Vancouver

Isl., Oct. {Hejjburn).
Esquimalt, S. of Vancouver Isl.,

Oct. (Gervase Mathew, E.N.).
San Francisco Bay, Dec. (Hen-

shaiv).
San Francisco Bay, Oct. {Dr.

O. Finsch).
Farallones, San Francisco,

April (Hejjburn).
FaraUones, San Francisco,

May (W. H. Collms).
Santa Barbara, California, June

(H. W. Henshaic).
Santa Barbara, California, Nov.

{H. W. H.).
Santa Barbara, California, June

{H. W. H.).
Ventura, California, Nov. {H.

TV. H.).
San Jose, Guatemala, Jan.

(O. -S.).
Chiapam, Guatemala, Jan.
(O. S.).

19. Larus belcheri.

J.K.Lord,E3(i.[C.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [C.].

Dr. Lyall [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saimders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Larus belcheri, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 358 (1829) ; id. Zool.

Beechey's Voy. ^Blossom,' p. 39 (1839) ; Ch-ay, Gen. B. iii. p. 664

(1846) ; Schkg. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 9 (1863: Peru, excl. syn.) ;

Scl. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 575; iid. Nomencl. A v. Neotrop.

p. 148 (1873) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 182 (revision Larinje) ;

id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 396 (1878 : distribution) ; id.

P. Z. S. 1882, p. 526 (Peru & Chile) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 448

(1886) ; MacFarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 205 (Callao Bay) ; Oustalet,

Miss. Sc. Cap Horn,Vi. (1891) p. 309; Berlepsch ^ Stolzm. P. Z. S.

1892, p. 400 (Peru).
Adelarus belcheri, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 107 ; id. op. cit. 1855,

p. 279 ; Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212.
Larus melanurus (nee Temm.), Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854: Peru).
Leucophffius belcheri, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av.

ii. p. 232 (1857).
Larus fuliginosus {nee Gould), Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp., Orn. p. 378

(1858: Cape Horn to Callao).

15. LARCS. 227

Larus frobeenii, Phil, et Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1861, p. 292 ; iid. An.
Univ. Chile, xxxi. p. 288.

Adult in hreeding-plumacje. Head, upper neck, and under surface
white, with a very faint tinge of grey round the lower neck and a
deeper grey tint at the junction with the mantle which is sooty
black ; wings rather browner black ; scapulars and secondaries
broadly tipped with white, the latter making a very conspicuous alar
bar ; primaries sooty black, the five upper ones tipped with greyish
white ; upper tail-coverts white ; rectrices chiefly black, but tipped
with white, irregularly marked with white on their basal portions
(concealed by the coverts), and white along the entire outer web of
the outermost pair ; under wing-coverts grey : bill stout, chiefly
yellow, but red in front of the angle and often with a blackish mark
or zone ; iris brown ; tarsi and toes rather coarse, yellow, with
brighter webs and soles. Total length 20 inches, culmen 2-3, wing
14-5, tail 6-3, tarsus 2-4, middle toe with claw 2-25.

The male is probably a trifle more robust than the female.

Immature. Like the above, except that the head and neck are
thicklj' covered with dark brown streaks which become confluent on
the hind neck and form a fairly-defined hood ; some dark brown
markings on the upper wing-coverts ; dark zone on the bill more
strongly marked.

Youncf. Darker than the above on the head and neck ; the
upper surface chiefly greyish brown, but the feathers have pale tips,
which give a mottled appearance ; tail-coverts with brownish central
streaks ; rectrices with less white ; under tail-coverts white ; abdo-
men and breast brown, much as the mantle : bill with more black,
and paler yellow at the base.

Hab. Coasts of Chile and of Peru, up to Callao, 12° S. lat.

a. Imm. sk. Coquimbo, Chile, Nov. (Ad- H. Saunders Coll.

iniral A. H. Markham).
h. Juv. sk. Iquique, Pniv. Tarapaca {S. F. H. Saunders Coll.

Rowland).

c. Juv. sk. Mollendo, Peru, Sept. {Commr. II. Saunders Coll.

MacFarlane).

d, e. 5 ad. et Islay, Peru (JT. Whitely). Purchased,
juv. St.

f. $ imm. sk. Islav, Peru, Mav (ff. If'.). Salviu-Godman Coll.

V. Juv. sk. Islay, Peru {H.' W.). Tweeddale Coll.

h. Ad. sk. San Lorenzo I., Callao Bay H. Saunders Coll.

{Admiral Markhayn).

i. Juv. sk. Callao Bay, Aug. {Admiral 11. Saunders Coll.

Markham).

k. Imm. .sk. CnWao Bay {li. Jump). H. Sauuders Coll.

20. Larus crassirostris.

Larus crassirostris, Vicill. N. Diet. crHist. Nat. xxi. p. 508 (1818,
e.r Kruse?istern) (Nagasaki, Japan) ; id. Enc. Meth. i. p. 340
(1820) ; Gray, Geti. B. iii. p. 054 (1846) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1803, p. 428
(Formosa) ; 'id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 326 (China) ; Schlo/. Mus. P.-Bas,
Lari, p. 8 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 113, no.' 10177 (1871) ;
Swinh. P. Z. .S. 1871, p. 421 ; id. Ihis, 1874, p. 104 (Hakodadi) ;

«2

228 LARIDiE.

id. op. cit. 1875, p. 138 (Chefoo) ; David Sc Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 519

(1877) ; Sa70)ders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 183 (revision Lariuffi) ; id. Journ.

Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 396 (1878: distribution); Tacz. Bull.

Soc. Zool. Fr. 1885, p. 477 (Vladivostok) : Gigl. Sf Salvad. P. Z. S.

1887, p. 693 (Corea) ; Salvad. &,• Gigl. Mem. Accad. Tor. xxxix.

pp. 120, 133, 141 (1889) ; Nikolski, Osfrov. Sakhalin i Fauna,

p. 271 (1889 : Saghalien I.) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 293

(1890) ; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 96 (Tsu-sima Is., Japan) ; Campbell, t. c.

p. 246 (Corea) ; De la Touche, t. c. p. 501 (Foochow, &e.) ; Taczan.

Mem. Acad. St. Pefei:<ib. (7) xxxix. p. 1037 (1893 : E. Siberia).
Larus raelanurus, Tcnun. PI. Col. livr. 77, pi. 459 (1828) ; Temni. Si

Schleg. Faun. Japon., Av. p. 132, pi. 88 (1850) ; Cass. Perry s U.S.

Expl. F.iped. p. 232 (1858 : Hakodadi) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 133

(Arnov) ; id. op. cit. 1861, pp. 261, 345 (N. China) ; Blakist. op.

cit. 1862, pp. 311, 332 (Hakodadi); Badde, i&is. Sibir., Vog.

p. 386 (1863); Whitelet/, Ibis, 1867, p. 210 (N. Japan) ; Sivitih.

P. Z. S. 1870, p. 603 (descr. soft parts) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, 1876, -p. 26i{\hTek Bay); Bolati, J.f.O. 1882, p. 343

(Askold); Styan, Ibis, 1891, j). 508 (Lower Yan<rtse).
Adelarus melanurus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 107 ; id. op. cit. ]855,

p. 279.
Blasipus crassirostris, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 2] 1 ; id. C. R. xlii. p. 770

(1856) ; id. Omsp. Av. ii. p. 212 (1857) ; Blasius, J. f. O. 1865,

p. 378 (revision).
Larus fuscua (nee Linn.), Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, p. ICO

(Japan).
Larus belclieri, Pelz. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, p. 160 (Japan).
Blacipus crassirostris, Heine i§- Reichencw, Nomencl. Mus. Hein.

p. 358 (1890: Japan).

Adult male in breeding-plumar/e. Head, neck, tail-coverts, and
entire under surface white ; mantle and wings slate-grey, scapulars
edged with white ; secondaries very broadly edged with white ;
the five outer primaries blackish, with white tips which increase
in size ascendingly, edges of inner webs rather paler, inclining
to grey ; upper primaries chiefly slate-grey, with broad white tips
and white margins to the inner webs: reetrices white, tinged with
pale grey on the basal half, followed by a black band about
2 inches wide, extending more or less over all except the outer
pair, which are white, as are the tips of all ; under wing-coverts
white : bill greenish yellow to the angle, which is red like the tip,
with a black zone intervening : " iris pale straw-yellow ; eye-rim
vermilion " (SwinJioe) ; tarsi and toes yellow, with a greenish tinge.
Total length 19 inches, culmen 2-4, wing 15, tail 6, tarsus 2, middle
toe with claw 1"9,

The female is a trifle smaller or less robust.

In some adults, possibly less mature than the above, onlj- the
outer web of the outermost tail-feather is white, the inner web
having a black subterminal band ; but the excess of white in the
bird called " mature " may very well be owing to the disappearance
of black consequent upon the age of the feather.

Nearly adult in winter jjlumar/e. Similar, but with a little greyish
brown on the head and nape ; the basal portion of the bill greener.
I do not think that the fully adult undergoes any seasonal alteration.

15. LAKUS.

229

Vouiiff. Upper and under surfaces chiefly brown, lightest on the
forehead and throat and darkest on the nape and upper breast ;
featliers of the mantle and wing-coverts with buff margins which
gradually wear off; quills and rectrices dark brown, the latter
lipped with dull white; abdomen whitish; Hanks, breast, and
under wing somewhat pale brown : bill ochre-brown, with black
I ip ; tarsi and toes yellowish brown.

In a more advanced stage and after the first important moult,
the brown of the upper parts gradually gives place to grey, the
outer piimaries are blacker, while the upper ones show distinctly
white tips ; the rectrices brownish black, with conspicuous whitish
tips; the under surface dirty white, browner on the flanks and neck.

Immature. Head and uuderparts white, as in the adult ; mantle
slate-grey, with some brown on the wings ; secondaries with
whitish tips and margins ; tail-feathers white at their bases, and
the outer web of the outer pair iron-grey, inclining to white.

Hah. Coast of Eastern Asia, from the Island of Saghalien south-
ward, through Japanese and Chinese waters to about 22° N. lat.

a-c. Juv. sk.

(If. Ad. et juv.

sk.
//. 2 juv. sk.
/(. Juv. sk.
i-l. S 2 ad. sk.
in. Imm. sk.
n. Juv. sk.
0. S «id. sk.
p. Ad. sk.

-/. 2 ad. sk.

r, s. <S ? 3,d. sk.

t. Ad. sk.

u-w. (S 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
.r-z. Ad. st.
a'. 2 ad. sk.
b'. cj ad. sk.
c'. (S juv. sk.
(V, e . Ad. sk.

/',_ g'. i ad. et

juv. sk.
/('. Imm. sk.
i . Imm. sk.
k' m'. Ad.,itmii.,

et juv. sk.
n' . 2 ad. sk.

o'. Ad. sk.

Amoy, Jan. -March {It. Swin-

hoe).
Amoy, Dec. & March (E. S.).

Amoy, Jan. {J. A. Budding).
Formosa ( Verreau.v).
Cht'foo, July (R. Swinhoe).
Chofoo, July(R. S.).
Chefoo, Oct. {G. Stephen).
Taalienwan, June {R. Swi/thoe).
Corea.

Chemulpo, Corea, Aug.

Tsu-shima Is., Kruseustern

Channel, Feb. (A. Hoist).
Hamilton Island.

Hamilton Island (Port Hamil-
ton), Sept., Dec. {G. Stephen).

Japan.

Japan.

Japan, Jan. (Adml. Si. John).

Nagasaki, S. Japan, March.

Kami-simu, S. Japan, June,
breeding [Adml. St. John).

Yedo Bay, Jan. {Adml. St. John)
(excrescence on bill of ad.).

Yokohama {H. Pn/er).

Yokohama (if. P.).

Ilakodadi, N. Japan {H. Tflu'te-

%).
Ilakodadi, N. Japan, March

{H. W.).
Ilakodadi {Capt. Blakiston).

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Seebohm Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders CoU.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Seebohm CoU.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
C.W.Campbell, Esq.

[P.].
C.W. Campbell, Esq.

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.

A. G. Wilday, Esq.

[C.].
II. Saunders Coll.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
F. Einger, Esq. [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Seebohm Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

Tweeddale Coll.

II. Seebohm Coll.

230

21. Larus gelastes.

Larua cinerarius (nee Linn.) (partim), Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat.

p. 326 (1811 : as regards Black and AzoiF Seas only).
Larus gelastes, Thienem. Furtpflanz. Yog. Eur. pt. v. p. 22 (1838 :

ex Licht., type in Berlin Mus.) ; Keys. 8f Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcv

& p. 242 (1840) ; ScUeq. Rev. Crit. p. cxxvii (1844) ; Gray, Gen.

B. iii. p. 6.54 (1846) ; Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 318 (1849) ; Heugl.

Syst. Uebers. p. 69 (1866 : Lower Egypt) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr.

p. 252 (1857 : Senegal) ; Linderm. Viig. Griechenl. p. 178 (1860) ;

Heugl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Gulf of Suez) ; Tristram,

Ibis, 1862, p. 279 (Jaffa); Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 151 (Malta);

Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 126 (1864) ; Legl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii.

p. 337 (Turkey)

Shelley, B. Egypt, p. 306 (1872); Hevgl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. pt. z,
p. 1412 (1873) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 347 (Sardinia) ; Irby, Orn.
Sirs. Gibr. p. 212 (1876) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 291 (1876 :
Mekran coast) ; Bree, B. Eur. 2nd ed. v. p. 72 (1876) ; Saunders,
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 204 (S.W. Spain, breeding) ; Taylor,
Ibis, 1878, p. 373 (Port Said) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 191
(revision Larinse) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 389, pi. 601. fig. 2
(1878) ; Irby, Ibis, 1879, p. 346 (Guadalquivir, breeding) ; Hume,
Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879: List); Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 86
(S.W. Spain, breeding) ; Bochebr. Faun. Seneg., Ois. p. 335 (1884:
Cape Verde) ; Tristram, Faun. ^ Flor. Palest, p. 137 (1884) ;
Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 349 (Mnkri, Asia Minor) ; Sharpe,Ibis, 1891,
p. "115 (Fao, breeding) ; Chapman, Wild Spain, p.. 90 (1893:
breeding) ; Irby, Om. Strs. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 299 (1895),

f.arus genei, Brhne, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 321 (Sardinia).

Larus leucocephalus, Boissonncau in Natterer's Miindl. Mittheil., fide
Keys, u Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcv (1840).

Larus tenuirostri?, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ed. 2, pt. iv. p. 478 (1840) ;
id. Werne)-\i Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 26; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 489
(1840) ; Schi7iz, Eur. Faun. p. 381 (1840) ; Crespon, Faune Merid.
ii. p. 126 Q844 : Camargue, breeding) ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 98,
cum fig. (1866) ; Seebohn, Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (Caspian, breeding) ;
Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 423 (Dobrudscha, breeding).

Xema lambruscbinii, Bj). Icon. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 135 & p. 136*,
pi. 45 (1840: cf. Salvad. /6«s, 1888, p. 323); id. Cat. Ucc. Eur.
p. 78 (1842) ; Jaub. S) B.-Lajjomm. Rich. Orn. Midi Fr. p. 394
(1859) ; Fritsch, Vbg. Eur. p. 408 (1870).

Xema gelastes, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 192; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 139
(1846: Cairo).

Xema genei, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 192.

Ga^ ia gelastes, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 102 ; id. op. cit. 18.55, p. 286 ;
Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Voyelf. p. 340 (1855); A. E.
Brehm, Reis. Habesch, p. 228 (1863).

Chroicoceplialus gelastes, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98 (1854) ; Radde,
Orn. Cauc. p. 483 (1884) ; Radde ^ Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 126
(Transcaspia).

Larus columbinus, Golowafschow, Bull. Soc. Moscon, 1854, i. p. 435.

Gelastes rubriventris, Bp. Aaum. 1854, p. 216.

Gelastes lambruscbini, JBp. Cat. Parzudaki, p. 11 (1855) ; id. C. R.
xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 227 (1857) ; Loche, E.ipl.

15. LARUS, 231

Sci. Ahjcr., Ois. ii. p. 187 (1867) ; Hume, 8tr. F. 1873, p. 138
(Karachi) ; Heine ^ Reich. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 359 (1890).

Larus subroseiis, Heur/l. Syst. Uehers. p. 69 (1856 : Red Sea) ; id.
Sitz. Ak. Wiss. PfYm, 1856, p. 321 ; id. in reterm. Mitth. 1861,
p. 29 (cf. Henfjl. Ont. N.O.-Afr. ii. Bd. 2, p. 1412).

Lams brehmi, ileiiijl. Si/st. Uehers. p. 69 (1856: Red Sea); id. Sitz.
Ak. Wiss. Wicn, 1856, p. 321 ; id. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29
(Gulf of Suez : cf. Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ut supra).

Gelastes columbinus, i?/A Consp. Av. ii. p. 227 (1857: Caspian);
Olphe-Gall. Orn. Eur. Occid. \m. x. p. 90 (1880).

Gelastes leucoceplialus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 227 (1857).

Larus lambruscliini, Schle(/. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 28 (1863) ; Hume,
Str. Feath. i. p. 27-1 (1873).

liauibruscliinia gelastes, Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 128 (1864 : type of
g'enus).

Gelastes tenuirostris, Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 72 (Keneh, Upper
Egypt).

Gelastes genei, Salvad. F'aun. Ital., Ucc. p. 290 (1872) ; Giglioli,
Ibis, 1881, p. 219 (Sardinia and Sicily) ; id. Avif. Ital. p. 425
(1886) ; id. i. Pesoc. Av. Ital. p. 642 (1889) ; id. ii. Pesoc. p. 652
(1890 : breeds in Sardinia) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 285 (1887).

Larus arabicus, Hemjn: ^ Fhretib., Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 193,
note (Arabia : type in Berlin Mus.).

Gelastes gelastes, Prusina, Orn. Cruatica, p. 94 (1889).

Adult in breeding-plumcif/e. Head, neck, tail, and under surface
white, all except the head being suffused with a beautiful roseate or
salmon-pink tint ; mantle pearl-grey, wing-coverts a shade darker ;
secondaries grey to their tips, without any white edges ; outermost
primary white, excei)t the outer web, the tip, and the narrow
extreme edge of the inner web, which are black ; 2nd quill white
on both webs, with a broader black inner border ; 3rd similar, with
wider inner border; 4th wider black on the inner web, passing
into grey near the shaft ; 4th and 5th quills grey on both webs, and
tipped with white, so that the black now forms a subterminal band ;
upper quills grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries grey : hill
crimson ; " iris white " (E. C. Taylor) ; tarsi and toes coral-red.
Total length 15-5 to 1 6 inches, culmen 2-25, wing 12-25, tail 5,
tarsus 2, middle too with claw 1'8. The male is a mere trifle
larger than the female.

Immature. Similar to the above, but the dark markings on the
primaries have a browner tint, and narrow lines of black run up
from the tips along the outer webs of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quills,
while there is more brown in some of the middle primaries.

Young. Similar, but without the rose-colour ; a little greyish in
front of the eye and on the auriculars ; some brown feathers on the
upper wing-coverts and long secondaries ; more dark brown on the
outer primaries {sec cut, p. 232), and a narrow terminal or sub-
terminal band to the rectrices : bill, tarsi, and toes yellow.

In its wing-pattern this species decidedly resembles L. ridi-
hundus, and is not unlike it in winter plumage, though larger.
L. (jdastcs is, however, a frequenter of sea or salt water, and nests

232

on sand-banks. The eggs much resemble those of some of the large
Terns : e. g. S. cantiaca, S. benjii, &c.

Larus ydastcs, juv.

Ilah. South-western Europe and West Coast of Africa, perhaps as
far south as Senegambia; Mediterranean, Black, Azoff, and Caspian
Seas ; Red Sea to Jeddah ; Mesopotamia, Persian Gulf, Mekran Coast
to Karachi.

a. S ad. sk. Gulf of Corinth, Nov. {Commr. H. Saunders Coll.

MacFarlane).

b. 2 ^- ^^- Western Turkey, June (Schliiter). H. Saunders Coll.

c. Juv. sk. " South Russia." H. Saunders Coll.
(l-f. d 9 ad. sk. Kuasib, Black Sea, May-June H. Sauuders CoU.

(Cullen).
g. S imm. sk. Port Said, Egypt (Schliiter). H. Saunders Coll.

h. $ ad. sk. Jeddah, March 13 (Zohrab). Shelley Coll.

i,k. cJ9juv.sk. Near Babylon, River Tigris IndiaMuseum[P,].

(Commr. Jo?ies).
Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept.-Oct.

I, m. f? ad. ; n,
o. Juv. ; p.
Vix ad. sk.

q. 2 ad. sk.

r. cj ad. sk.

s-c'. c? $ ad. ;
2 vix ad. ; S
2 imm. sk.

d'-k'. c?. 2 ad.
et cJ imm. sk.

Gwader, Mekran Coast, Feb.
Ras Malan, Mekran Coast, Nov.

Karachi, Sind, Feb. (A. O. Hume).

W. D. Camming,

Esq. [P.].

Hume Coll.

W. T. Blauford,

Esq. [C.].
Hume Coll.

Karachi, Sind, March, April, May Hume Coll.
{Col. E. A. Butler).

15. LAKUS.

233

22. Larus bulleri.

Gaviapomare, i?n/c/«, /./. O. 1855, p. 285 (uot of 1853, which is
L. novcE-hoUanduE).

Bruchigavia melanorhynchus, Buller, Ibis, 1809, p. 43 {nee L.
melanorhjTichus, Temm.).

Larus (Eruchig-avia) melanorhynchus, Finsch, Ibis, 1869, p. 381 ;
Travels, Tr. N. Z. hist. 1871, p. 209.

Larus melanorhynchus, Finsch {nee Temm.), J. f. O. 1870, p. 361 ;
Hntton, Ibis, 1870, p. 396 (Auckland).

Larus bulleri, 7/M<i!ow, Cat. B. N. Zeal. p. 41 (1871); Potts, Ibis,
1872, p. 38 (Canterbury, N. Z.) ; Bullet; B. N. Zeal. p. 276,
pi. xxviii. hinder fig. (1873) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 58, pi. xxix.
front fig. (1888) ; id. 3Ian. N. Zeal. B. p. 78, pi. xxxii. (1882) ;
Hutton, Ibis, 1874, p. 41 ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 190 (revision
Larinfe) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 398 (1878 : distri-
bution) ; H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 530 (Chatham Is.).

Larus pomare, Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 248 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 204 ;
Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. 8f Terr., Birds, App. p. 32 (1875).

Adult male. Head, neck, tail, and the under surface pure white
(with an evanescent rosy tint) ; mantle pearl-grey ; tips of the long
inner secondaries a shade paler, but no alar bar ; outer primary
chiefly white, with some black on the outer web and more on the

Larus hidler.

margin of the inner web ; 2nd and 3rd (juills similar, but with black
sublcrniinal bars {sec nd alove) ; 4th quill with a little grey on the
inner web ; 5th and 6th grey on both webs, all with subtcrminal

234 XARID^.

bars ; remaining quills plain grey ; under wing-coverts greyish :
bill, tarsi, and toes black, with a reddish tinge ; iris white. Total
length 14-5 inches, culmen 1'8, wing 11-8, tail 4*8, tarsus 1'65,
middle toe with claw 1*5.

In less mature birds the 1st quill has a black subterminal bar,
and the black of the inner web extends inwards nearly to the shaft
about halfway up.

The female is slightly smaller, but otherwise like the male.

Young. Similar, but the feathers of the upper surface slightly
tipped and spotted with clove-brown ; quills with more dark colour,
reaching completely to the shafts on the inner webs of the 1st and
2nd {see cut beloiv) ; tail with the merest trace of a brown bar, which
is soon lost : bill yellow, horn- colour anteriorly ; tarsi and toes dull
yellow.

Lams bullcri, juv.

Fledgling (coll. Hon. W. llothschUd). Feathers of the upper
surface edged with warm butF; tail without any decided band,
but merely marked with irregular narrow wavy bars on a buff ground
on the terminal half of the rectrices (much as in a Common Snipe).

Hah. New Zealand, chiefly on the inland lakes and rivers, but
descending the latter to their estuaries and occurring on the coast.

This species appears to bo largely insectivorous ; its wing-pattern
and the tail-pattern of the young are peculiar, and it seems to have
no very close allies.

[

15. LARUS. 2'3o

«. Vixad.sk. New Zealand. Sir W.L.Buller[P.].

b. 2 ad. sk. New Zealand (Boucard). II. Saunders Coll.

c. 2 <i(l- sk. Selwyn, N.Z., Sept. (Haast). II. Sauiid.rs Cdll.

d. e. J $ ad. sk. Waiiuakiriri, N. Z., Sept. Christchurcli-Mus. [E.].

23. Larus novse-hollandise.

Crimson-billed Gull, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 145 (1824).

Larus novte-hollandije, Steph. in Shcnv's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. i. p. 196

(1826: e.v Latham) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 054 (1846: [chiefly]);

id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 166 (I. of Pines) ; Verr. et Des Murs, Rev.

Zool. I860, p. 441 ; Marie, Act. Soc. Li?in. Bord. xxvii. p. 328

(1870: New Caledonia) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 116, no. 11002

(1871); Sautiders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 799 (llaine I., N. Austr.) ;

Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 264 (New Caledonia) ; Patnsai/, Pr. Linn.

Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 201 ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 185 (revision

Larinas) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 397 (1878 : distribu-
tion) ; id. Voy. ' Challenr/er,' ii. (Birds), p. 139 (1881 : Raine I.) ;

Sharpe, Pep. Voy. ' Alert,' p. 27 (1884 : Thur.-day Id.) ; Finsch,

Vog. Siidsee, p. 40 (1884: Torres Str.) ; Leyye, Pr. Hoy. Soc.

Tasman. 1S8Q, Tp. 243 (1887); Schalow, J. f. O. 1887, p. 244;

Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 22 (1888) ; Campbell, Vict. Nat.

iv. p. 137 (1888 : King I., Tasmania) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 8

(1889); Walker, Ibis, 1892, p. 258 (Adele I., N.W. AustraUa) ;

Wiglestv. Abh. zool. Mtis. Dresd. 1890-91, no. 6, p. 78 (1892).
Larus scopuliuus, var. major, Forst. Desa: Anim. p. 106 (1844).
Larus jamesoni, J. Wilson, PI. Zool. pi. xxiii. (1831) ; Gray, List B.

Brit. Mas., Anseres, p. 171 (1844 : partim) ; Hutton, Cut. N. Zeal.

B. p. 141 (1871 : as regards Australia only) ; Ramsay, P. Z. S.

1877, p. 347 (Melbourne to Cape York).
Xema jamesonii, Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. xx. (1848) ; Sturt, E.vp.

Centr. Austr. ii. App. p. 58 (1849) ; Reickenb. Vog. Neuholl. p. 345

(1850).
Gavia jamesonii, ^rwcA, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 102 ; id. op. cit. 1855, p. 285.
Gavia andersonii, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 102 ; id. op. cit. 1855,

p. 285 (" New Zealand " ["?]) *.
Gavia poman-e, 5?-McA, .7. /. O. 1853, p. 103, not Gavia pomarc of

1855, p. 285, which is L. bulleri (" Society Islands ") t-
Chroicocephalus jamesoni, itc/if. iVbwienc^. Av. p. 98 (1854: New

Holland).
Gelastes gouldi, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 216 (N. Australia); id. C. R.

xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; Jouan, Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cherb. ix. p. 239

(1863 : New Caledonia).
Gelastes corallinus, Bp. Naum. 1854. p. 212 & p. 216 (" South

America " [?]) J ; id. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856).
Gelastes andersonii, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212 (e.c Bruch) ; id. C. R.

xlii. p. 771 (1856).
Gavia gouldii, Bruch, J.f. O. 1855, p. 285 (N. Australia).
Gelastes jamesoni, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856).
Gelastes pomare, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856).
Bruchigavia gouldi, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 228 (1857) ; Gould, Handb.

B. Austr. ii. p. 388 (1865) ; Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. N.S. W.

1877, p. 62 (Torres Str.).
Bruchigavia pomare, Bj). Consp. Av. ii. p. 229 (1857).

* Type in Mainz Museum examined, t Type in Mainz Museum examined.
J Type in Paris Museum examined.

236

Brucliigavia jamesonii, Bp. Comp. Av. ii. p. 228 (1857); Gould,

Handb. B'. Austr. ii. p. 387 (1805).
Bruchigavia coralliuus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 228 (1857).
Larus scopulimis major, Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 29 (1863).
Larus gouldii, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.p. 116, no. 11003 (Torres Str.) ;

Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 201 ; id. Tab. List Austr.

B. p. 22 (1888).
Bruchigavia longirostris. Masters, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878,

p. 113 (King George Sound; juv.).
Larus longirostris, Ramsay, Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 201 ;

id. Tab. List Austr. B. p. 22 (1888).
Bruchigavia jamesoni, var. gouldi, G. F. Matheu; Pr. Linn. Soc.

N. S. W. 1886, p. 256 (Claremont Is.).
Xema novse-hollandise. North, Nests Sf Eyys Austr. 5. p. 351 (1890).
Gelastes novse-hollandiEe, Heine ^- Reichen. Nomencl. Mus. Hein,

p. 359 (1890).

Adult male in hreecling-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and under
surface white, the last with a rosy blush ; mantle and secondaries
pearl-grey as in the preceding species ; 1st and 2i)d primaries black
at the tip and over the larger portions, with long white mirrors ;

Larus iwvts-kollandice, ad.

3rd quill with a white tip, followed by a black bar, then an irregular
white mirror formed by the black of the inner web reaching the shaft,
and then a large basal patch of white ou both sides of the shaft (see
cut) : in exceptionally mature birds, however, the black does not
extend to the shaft, so that the white is continuous to the sub-
terminal band, and moreover the outer quills have minute white tips ;

15. LARUS.

23;

4th and 5th quills chiefly white to grey, with black bars and inner
margins ; the rest mostly grey like the secondaries, with more or less
of a spot or bar on the Gth ; under wing-coverts grey : bill crimson-
lake ; " iris pure silver-white ; eyelid coral-red" (Ler/ge); tarsi and
toes lakc-rcd. Total length about 15 inches, culmen 1-8, wing 11-5
to 12, tail 5 to 5-5, tarsus 1-9 to 2, middle toe with claw 1-7.

In less mature — but undoubtedly breeding — birds the mirrors on
the 1st and 2nd quills are smaller, while there is no mirror and
little basal white on the ord : but there is every intermediate stage
between the extremes mentioned.

The female appears to be slightly smaller, with a less robust bill ;
but there is considerable individual variation in size in both sexes,
quite irrespective of locality.

YouiKj. Similar, but mottled with brown on the mantle and
wings ; tail-feathers with a narrow subtorminal band of brown ; the
three outer quills brownish black, with a long irregular patch of
white on the 4th from the base of the outer web to about the middle
of the iimer web ; secondaries with ash-brown centres : bill horn-
brown, blackish terminally ; "iris brown" {Coppinrfer) ; tarsi and
toes " grey " {Copjnnger), drying brown.

Immature. Similar, but the mantle nearly unspotted grey ; a
large proportion of white on the primaries, beginning at the shafts ;
the brown band on the tail confined to the inner rectrices.

Nestlbig. Mottled brown above, the sprouting feathers with dark
centres and broad bufl' edges ; under surface white.

Hah. Coasts of Australia (except the western side) and Tasmania ;
New Caledonia ; perhaps the Fiji group ; ascribed to the Society
Islands by French writers [?].

a. Ad. sk.

b. (S imm. sk.

c. Ad. St.

d. Pull. sk.

e,f. 6 2 ad.;. (7.

Juv. sk.
h. $ vix ad. sk.

i-m. Ad. sk.
n. Ad. ; 0. 6

imm. sk.
/), 7. (5 2 ad. sk.

r. Ad. sk.

s, t. Vix
juv. sk.

ad. et

Imm. sk.
Ad. sk.
. Ad. sk.
lunn, St.

New Caledonia {J. Mac-

gillivray).
Ansevata, New Caledonia,

Sept. 1877 {E. L. Laijard).
Australia.
Channel Rock, Torres Strait,

June {Dr. Coppinger).
Thursdaj- 1., Torres Str., Aug.

Howick I., Torres Str.

Cape York (Cockerell).
Raiue LsL, Torres Str.

Raine Isl., Torres Str.

Cape Upstart, Queensland.

Port Mackay, Queensland

{Boicen).
Richmond River, Queensland.
New South Wales.
Port Jackson, Queensland.

H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

■ Alert '

Gould Coll.
Voy. H.M.S.

[P.].
Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert'

[P.].
J. R. Elsey, E.s(i.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.

Voy. II.M.S. ' Chal-

lengei-.'
J. B. Jukes,

[P-]-
II. Saunders Coll.

E,sq.

II. Saunders Coll.
Australian Mus. [E.].
Australian Mus. IE.!.

238 LAEIDiE.

y. Ad. sk. Yarra, Victoria. Gould Coll.

z. Ad. sk. South Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

a'. Skeleton. Tasmania. Purchased.

6'. Skull. Australia. Voy.H.M.S. 'Ptattle-

snake ' [P.].

24. Larus scopulinus.

Larus scopulinus, Gray, in Dieffenb. N. Zeal. ii. App. p. 200 (1843 ;
ex Forst. MS.) ; Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 106 & p. 257 (ia44 : New
Zealand) ; Reichenb. Natat., Novit. xii. tab. cclxxv. figs. 2282 &
2283 ; Schley. Mils. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 28 (1863) ; Hutton, Ibis, 1870,
p. 366 (Auckland) ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1870, p. 360; Hutton, Cat.
Neiv Zeal. B. p. 40 (1871) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 248 (Chatham Is.) ;
Bidler, B. N. Zeal. p. 273 (1873) ; Hutton, Ibis, 1874, p. 41
(plumage) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 188 (revision Larinse) ; id.
Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 397 (1878 : distribution) ; Reischek,
Tr. N. Z. Inst. 1886, p. 183 (Little Barrier Reef) ; Buller, 2nd ed.
B. N. Zeal. ii. p. 55, pi. xxix. hinder tig. (1888) ; H. O. Forbes, Ibis,
1893, p. 529 (Chatham Is.).

Larus novaj hollandise, Gray {nee Steph.), Voy. Ereb. ^- Terr., Birds,
p. 18 (1844: New Zealand) ; Finsch, J.f. O. 1872, p. 241 ; id. op.
cit. 1874, p. 203 : Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr., Birds, App. p. 32
(1875) ; Bidler, 2nd ed. B. N. Zeal. ii. p. 61 (1888: juv.).

Larus jamesoni. Gray, List B. Brit. Mtis., Anseres, p. 171 (1844 :
partim ; as regards Auckland Is.) ; Pelz. Reis. Novara, Voy. p. 151
(1865: New Zealand).

Lestris scopulinus, Ellman, Zool. 1861, p. 7472.

Larus andersonii, Gray {nee Bruch), Hand-l. B. iii. p. 116, no. 11004
(1871: New Zealand).

Adult. Smaller than the preceding species but otherwise very
similar, except as regards the pattern of the outer primaries. These
have angular-edged mirrors on 1st and 2nd quills, while on 3rd
there is no mirror, but the basal half is white {see cut, p. 239) :
" iris silvery white" {Buller) ; bill, eyelids, tarsi, and toes crimson.
Total length about 14-5 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 11, tail 5, tarsus
1-75, middle toe with claw 1-75.

The male is a trifle larger and more robust than the female.

Young and Immature. As in the former species, except that
two small elongated white patches or incipient mirrors make their
appearance in the two outer pairs of primaries (see cut, p. 239),
while the bird has still a spotted back and a banded tail.

Hah. New Zealand, Chatham and Auckland Islands. Examples
from the last have unusually short stout bills.

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P.].

b. Juv. st. New Zealand {Antarctic Exp.). The Admiralty [P.].

c. Juv. sk. New Zealand. Sir E. Home [P.].

d. e. (S 2 ^- > /• Auckland Islands, S. of New The Admiralty [P.].
Imm. sk. Zealand {Antarctic E.ip.).

ff. (S ad. St. South Island, N. Z. Capt. Stokes [P.].

h i. Ad. etiram. ; Dunedin, South I., N. Z., March Hume Coll.

' k,l.d 2 ad. sk. & June.

m. Ad. sk. Otago, South Island, N. Z. H. Saunders Coll.

n. Imm. sk. Christchurch, S. I., N. Z. {Sir J. H. Saunders Coll.

von Haast).

15. LAI

239

Lama fcopuliiivs. juv.

240

o. Ad. sk. North Island, autumu {Dr. O. H. Saunders Coll.

Finsch) [figd. P. Z. S. 1878,

p. 188].
2)-u. S 2 ad. et Wellington, North Island. H. Saunders Coll.

juv. sk.
V, w. Imm. sk. Auckland Harbour, North Is- II. Samiders Coll.

laud, March (jE". L. Layard).

25. Larus hartlaubi.

Gavia hartlaubi, Bnich, J. f. O. 1853, p. 102 ; id. op. cit. 1855,

p. 286 (Cape of Good Hope) *.
Gelastes hartlaubii, Bp. Naum. 18-54, p. 216 ; id. C. R. xlii. p. 771 ; id.

Consp. Av. ii. p. 227 (1857) ; Hartl. Faun. Madag. p. 85 (1861) f-
? Larus pseocephalus, Griirney, Ibis, 1860, p. 221 (Natal I3ay).
Larus poiocephalus, Layard {nee Swains.), B. S. Afr. p. 368 (1867).
Larus cirrhocephalus, Hartl. Orn. Madag. p. 378 (1877).
Larus ridibundus, Schl. ^ Pull. Faune Madag., Ois. p. 146 (1868)

[seen only].
Larus hartlaubi, Saund. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 293 ; id. op. cit. 1878, p. 188

(revision Larinae) ; id. Journ. Linn. Snc, Zool. xiv. p. 398 (1878 :

distribution) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 698 (1884).

Adult. Smaller than L. scopulinus, but otherwise very similar,
but the mirrors on the outer primaries are smaller ; the 3rd quill
has far less white on its basal portion (see cut), while on the 4th

Larus hartlauhi.

* Type in Mainz Museum examined.
+ Specimen in Paris Museum examined.

15. LA.KUS. 241

the black of tlic inner web extends nearer fco the shaft ; the under
wing-Coverts uniform smoke-grey: bill, tarsi, and toes crimson;
iris whit(!, eyelid red. Total length 14 inches, culraen I'G, wing
10'75, tail 4-7o, tarsus 1*7, middle toe with claw 1'5.

Birds which are probably younger have duller bills i^nd feet,
with less white in the primaries.

Immifure. Like L. scopulhius, but the quills of a browner black,
with rather less white at the same age.

Hah. South coast of Africa from the Cape of Good Hope to
Natal ; also Madagascar,

a. Imm. st. Cape Colony. Sir A. Smith [P.].

b. Ad. st. Cape of Good Hope. J. Gould, Esq.

c. Ad. sk. Capo of Good H(jpe. .1. Gould, Esq.

d. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope {E. L. II. Saunders Coll.

Lnyard) .
r, f. Ad. sk. Table Bay, Aug. {E. L. Lay- H. Saunders Coll.

ard).
g. Ad. sk. Natal {Col. H. IV. Feilden). H. Sauuders Coll.

26. Larus marinus.

The Great Black and White Gull, Albin, Nat. HUt. B. iii. p. 89,
pi. 94 (1740) ; Pennant, Brit. Zool. (fol.) p. 140, pi. 1. (1766) ; id.
2nd ed. p. 416 (1788).

Le Goiland noir, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 158 (1760).

Larus maiinus, Linn. St/st. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766) ; P. L. S. M'dll. S.
N. p. 346 (;1773) ; Mohr, Island Naturh. p. 42 (1786) ; Fabr.
Faun. Granl. p. 102 (1780) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. .598 (1788) ; Retzim,
F. Snec. p. 150 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 84 (1790) ; Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 813 (1790) ; Bechst. Natnry. Deutschl. ii. p. 815
(1791) ; Wolf ^ Meyer, Natury. Voy. Deutschl. Heft xx. p. 58,
cum tab. (1805) ; Meyer ^ Wolf, Taschenb. Toy. Deid^chl. ii. p. 465
(1810): Pallas, Zooyr. Rosso- Asiat. ii. p. 321 (1811: Baltic);
Meyer, Voy. Liu- u. Esthl. p. 230 (1815) ; Meisner S; Schinz, Vog.
Schweiz, p. 266 (1815) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 490 (1815) ; Koch,
Syst. Baler. Zool. p. 370 (1816) ; Nibs. Orn. Suec. p. 164 (1817) ;
Cuvier, Reyne An., Ois. p. 340, Atlas, pi. 92 (1817) ; E. Sabine,
Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 543 (1818: Baffin B., once) ; Temm. Man.
d'Orn. 2nd ed. p. 760 (1820) ; Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562; Brehtn,
Voyelk. iii. p. 756 (1822) ; Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 82 (1823 : Ice-
land) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 735 (1824); Macyill. Mem. Wern. Soc.
V. p. 255 (1824) ; Aicdiib. B. Amer. pi. 241 (c. 1826) ; Vieill. Faun.
Franc;., Ois. p. 392 (1828) ; Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 362 (1828) ;
Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 17 (1828) ; Fleming, Brit. An.
p. 140 (1828) ; Brehtn, VHy. Deutschl. p. 731 (1831) ; Selby, Brit.
B. ii. p. 507, pi. xcvii. (1833) ; Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 308
(1834) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 278 (1835) ; Andub. Orn.
Bioqr. iii. p. 305 (1835), and v. p. 636 (1839); Ei/fon, Cat.
. Brit. B. p. 53 (1836); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 4.30 (1837); Bp.
Comp. List B.Eur. ^- N. Amer. p. 63 (1838); Audub. Synop.
p. 329 (1839) ; Naum. Vriy. Beutschl. x. p. 438, taf. 268, 269
(1840); Schitiz, Enrop. Faun. p. 379 (1840) ; Temyn. Man. d'Orn.
6d. 2, 4""= pte. p. 471 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 481 (1840) ;
Keys, u- Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcvii & p. 245 (1840) ; Macyill. Man.
Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 244 (1842) : Selys-Lonych. Faun. Bely. p. 154

VOL. XXV. R

242

(1842) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 168 (1844) ; ScM.
Rev. Crit. p. cxxiv (1844) ; Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 145 (1844);
Crespon, Faun. Merid. ii. p. 123 (1844) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl.
p. 361 (1844; ; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 172, pi. 450
(1844); Rupp. 8yst. Uebers. p. 139 (1845: Damietta) ; Yarr.
Brit. B. 2ud ed. iii. p. 591 (1845) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654
(1846) ; Heivits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 447, pi. cxxviii. fig. 1 (1846) ;
Def/l. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 301 (1849) ; Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. v,
(1850) ; id. Av. Syst. Nat., Longip. pp. iv, v (1852) ; Thomps. B.
Irel. iii. p. 377 (1851) ; Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, p. 324, tab. xlii.
(1852) ; id. op. cit., Sujrpl. tab. xxiii. (1854) ; Macgill. Brit. B. v.
p. 526 (1852) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 596, pis. 343 & 344 (1854) ;
Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211 ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854) ;
Brekm, Naum. 1855, p. 294 ; id. Vogelf. p. 338 (1855) ; Heugl.
Syst. Uebej-s. p. 69 (1856 : Lower Egypt) ; Meyer, Brit. B. vii.

P-

(185

Lapo ...

p. 177 (1860) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 16 (Greenland) ; Schl. Dier.
Nederl. Vogels, p. 235 (1861); Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 10
(1863) ; Newton in Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 418 (1863) ; Gray,
Cut. Brit. B. p. 231 (1863) ; Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 130 (1864) ;
Bias. J. f. O. 1865, p. 379 (critical) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur.
ii. p. 413 (1867) ; Borygr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 143 (1869) ;
Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 232 (1869) ; Droste, Voyelw. Borkum, p. 353
(lb69) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 427, tab. 55. fig. 8 (1870) ; Saunders,
Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (S.W. Spain) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 488
(1871) ; G.R.Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 112 (1871) ; Salvad. Faun.
Ital, Ucc. p. 295 (1872) ; Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 223 (near
Canaries) ; Hurting, Handh. Brit. B. p. 77 (1872) ; Sundev. Sv.
Fogl. pi. 50. fig. 5 (1872) ; Sharpe ^- Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 427,
pi. 604 (1872) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 312 (1872) ; Collett,
Fork. Selsk. Christ, pp. 873, 297 (N. Norway) ; Palmen, Finlands

p. 364 (1873: S. Greenland) ; Coties, B. N.-West, p. 024 (1874);
Ridqw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874 : Illinois) ; Newton,
Arctic Man. p. 107 (1875 : Greenland, 63°-68^ N.) ; Irby, Orn.
Sirs. Gibr. p. 215 (1875) ; Seebohm ^ H-Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 452
(Lower Petcbora) ; Merriam, B. Conn. pp. 132, 142, & 146
(1877); Collett, N. Mag. Naturv. p. 209 (1877: N. Norway);
Reid, Zool. 1877, p. 489 (Bermuda) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 179 (revision Larinag) ; Kuml. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15
p" 99 (1879 : Greenland up to 70° N.) ; Rodd, B. Cormv. p. 173
(1880) ; Ridgiv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881) ;
Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 483 (1881 : to Florida in winter) ;
Clarke, Handb. Yorks. Vertebr. p. 83 (1881) ; Giglioli, Ibis,
1881, p. 221 (Italy, rare) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 120
(1882) ; Seebohm (Henke), Ibis, 1882, p. 386 (Kanin Peninsula,
breeds); Brewster, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xxii. p. 395 (1883: St.
Lawr. Gulf) ; Ridgw. Cat. B. Fish. Exhib. p. 30, no. 663 (1883 :
Labrador); Irby, Ibis, ^88?,, p. 189 (Santauder, imm.) ; Rochebr.
Faun. Seneg., Ois. p. 333 (1884 : Cape Blanco &c.) ; Saunders, Ibis,
1884 p. 39 (S.W. France) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 742 (1884) ; Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 122 (1884 :
Labrador, breeds) ; Baird, Brew., Sf Ridgiv. Water-B. N. Amer.

lo. LARUS. 243

ii. p. 225 (1884); Saunders, ith ed. Yan: Brit. B. iii. p. G;U
(1884); Radde, Or?i. Cauc. p. 479 (1884: not on Caspian);
Sefibolun, Brit. B. iii. p.3L>:5 (188-5) ; Biichner, Beitr.Russ. lieiches,
(2) ii. p. l;jl (1885 : St. Petersburg) ; Uomeyer, Oniis, 1885, p. 80;
Liitken, t. c. p. 145 ; D. Torre | Ti<ch. t. c. p. 560 (Hungary) ;
Albarda, t. c. p. 629 (Holland) ; Gi(jl. Avif. Ital. p. 633 (1886);
Grondal, Ornis, 1886, p. 370 (Iceland) ; Schneider, op. cit. 1887,
p. 551 (Upp. Alsace) ; Salmd. Ucc. Ital. p. 287 (1887) ; Tait, Ibis,
1887, p. 396 (Portugal) ; Ridgiv. Man. N. Ainer. B. p. 28 (1887) ;
Booth, Str. F. iii. cum tabs. (1887) ; Hartert, MT. orn. Ver.
Wien, 1887, p. 180 (E. Prussia) ; likoads, Auk, 1888, p. 318 (39° N.,
New Jersey) ; H-Brotvn !<,■ Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. ^-c. p. 233 (1887) ;
lid. Faun. Out. Hebr. p. 148 (1888); Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 506
(Poland, juv.) ; Cooke, B. Miyr. Mississippi Vail. p. 55 (1888); M.
Chamberlain, Auk, 1889, p. 215 (S. Greenland); Lilford, Ibis, 1889,
p. 349 (Cyprus); MiesentJi. Wasservoy. Mitteleurop. p. 132 (1889);
Reichenoiv, Si/st. Verz. Voy. Deutschl. p. 63 (1889) ; Saunders, Man.
Brit. B. p. 661 (1889); Giyl. V Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 648 (1889);
Stevenson >§• Southu: B. Norfolk, iii. p. 341 (1890) ; Keller, Orn.
CarintJiice, p. 301 (WM) ; Giitk<;, Voi/elw. Helyid. p. 567 (1891);
Buckl.&f H-Br. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 233 (1891) ; Jiickel u. Bias. VUg.
Bayerns, p. 362 (1891); Fatio S, Sfuder, Cat. Ois. Suisse, pp. 60,
61 (1892) ; Macpherson, Vertebr. Faun. Lnkelatzd, p. 432 (1892; ;
H-Br. Sf Buckl. Faun. Argyll ^-c. p. 192 (1892); B' Urban Sf
Mathew, B. Devon, p. 380 (1892) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 521
(E. Prussia) ; Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 200 (Canaries, rare) ;
Allen, Auk, 1893, p. 123 (distribution) ; If'hite, t. c. p. 222 (Mac-
kinac I., Mich.) ; Lilford, Col. Fiys. Br. B. pt. xxv. (1893) ; A.
Dubois, Vertebr. Bely., Ois. ii. p. 583, pi. 291 (1894) : Pearson ^■
Bidic. Ibis, 1894, p. 236 (N. Norway) ; Mathew, B. Penibrokesh.
p. 105 (1894) ; Collett, Nyt May. f. Katurv. Bd. xxx\. p. 309
(1894: Norway); Ussher, Fr. R. Irish Ac. (3) iii. p. 410 (1891) ;
Clarke, Ibis, 1895, p. 210 (Rhone delta, ad.) ; Pears, t. c pp. 245
& 248 (Iceland).

Larus nsevius, Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 225 (1766) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i.
p. 83 (1790).

Larus maculatus, Bodd. Tab. PI. Enl. p. 16 (1783).

Le Goeland a Manteau noir, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 405,
pi. xxxi. (1783~).

Le Go(Sland varie ou Le Grisard, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 413,
pi. xxxiii. (1783).

Black-backed Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 371 (1785) ; Bewick,
Brit. B. ii. p. 194 (1821).

Wagel Gull, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 375 (1785).

Le Grisard, Daubent. PL Enl. pi. 266 (1786).

Le Noir Manteau, Daubent. PI. Enl. pi. 990 (1786).

Larus gio-anteus, Benicke, Amu Wetterau Gesel. iii. p. 140 (1812 :
jr.) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 490, note (1815).

Larus maximus. Leach, Si/st. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 40 (1816: nee
O'Reilly, 1818) ; Brehm, Beitr. Voyelk. iii. p. 741 (1822) : id. Lehrb.
p. 733 (1824); id. Isis, 1830. p. 993; id. Voi/. Deutschl. p. 728
(1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294 ; id. Voyelf. p. 337 (1855).

Leucus niarinus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 86 & p. 196 (1829).

Larus miilleri (sic), Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Fog. Deutschl.
p. 729 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Voyelf. p. 337 (1855).

Larus fabricii, Brehm, Isis, 18S0, p. 993; id. I'd;/. Deutschl. ^. 7'3l
(1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Voyelf. \>. oo7 (1855).

244 LAEID^

Great Black-backed Gull, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 471 (1843).

Dominicaniis mariiius, Bruch, J.f. O. ISoS, p. 100 ; id. op. cit. 1855,
p. 280 ; Bp. C. JR. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consi). Av. ii. p. 213
(1857) ; Locke, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 177 (1867) ; Olphe-
Gall. Fditn. Orn. Eur. Occident, fasc. x. p. 34 (1886) ; Heine ^
Reicheninv, Nommd. Mm. Hein. p. 357 (1890).

Larus nigripallus, C. F. Dubois, PL Col. Ois. Belg. iii. p. 240 (1860).

Adult male, in hreeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and entire
nnderpaits white ; mantle and upper surface of wiugs black, of
varying shades, but usually with a tinge of slate-colour ; the sca-
pulars and all the secondaries with white tips, which form a strongly
contrasted alar bar ; all the primaries broadly tipped with white ;
the outermost white for nearly 3 inches, its upper part blackish ;
the second similar, with a black spot or a narrow subterminal bar,
accoiding to age, on the inner web ; third quill with an indication of
white on the shaft, or even a spot in some Greenland examples,
blackish above, next the shaft, with a fairly visible greyish wedge
ending in white on the inner web ; fourth and fifth quills with
more defined grey wedges on the inner webs, and a black subapical
bar ; remaining quills slate-grey, except the tips : bill yellow, the
angle of the genys orange-red ; eyelid vermilion ; tarsi and toes
livid flesh-colour. Total length 28-30 inches, culmen 3, wing 19-20,
tail 8, tarsus 3, middle toe with claw 3. The above are the average
measurements, but some males exceed these, and have very large
heavy bills.

The female is smaller and has a less robust beak.

Adult in tvinter. Like the above, with a few greyish striations on
the crown and nape, and, as a rule, less vivid colours on the bill.

Younj. Streaked, mottled, and barred with brown on a lighter
surface above and below, the markings on the mantle and tail-
feathers darkest, with no well-defined baud on the latter, though
the markings are bold ; quills very dark brown with paler or
whitish tips : bill dark horn-colour.

Immature. Restricting the term " young " to a bird of two years,
at a later stage black feathers appear on the mantle and the white
edges to the secondaries are distinct, but the primaries are still
without mirrors. Afterwards the primaries have white tips and
the fourth, fifth, and sixth exhibit what may almost be called sub-
terminal bars, while the outermost quill shows a subapical mirror
of dull white, and the second quill has an iU-defined brownish-
white spot ; the tail being still slightly mottled. I do not think
that the adult plumage is attained before the bird is in its fifth
year, and even then the amount of white on the two or three outer
primaries continues to increase with age until the state first described
is reached.

Nestling. Stone-colour above, with sparse and bold black spots
on the head and duller brownish mottlings on the back ; under-
parts huffish white ; bill very stout and short, blackish basally,
yellowish anteriorly.

JIah. Northern Europe, from the Lower Petchora westward to
Iceland, and down to about 50° N. (hreeding) ; in winter to the

15. LARUS.

2iD

Canaries, and along the Mediterranean (rarch) to the Egyptian
co.ist; also on inland waters. GreenLiiicl, and also the east coast
and the great lakes of North America to Labrador (breeding) ; in
winter to I'lorida, and, accidentally, in Bermuda.

«, f>. 6 2 ad, St.

c. Jiiv. st.

(I. Pull. sk.

e. Ad. sk. ;/. Juv. st.

(/. $ imiu. sk.

A. Pull. St. ; 2. Juv.

St.

A'. Iinm. sk,

/. J juv. sk.

m. Ad. ; a. Juv. sk.

0, p. $ ad. sk. &

juv. sk.
ij. Juv. sk.

'■; s. S 2 'id. sk.

t-». (S 2 ad. sk.

tv-z. Imm. sk.

a', b'. S ? ad. sk.

c . S ad. sk.
d'. Ad. sk.

e'. Pull. sk.

/', (J . Ad. et juv. sk.

h' . Imm. sk.

t'. J ad. sk.

k' . Juv. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
m'. Ad. sk.

n'. Ad. sk.
0. Ad. sk.
p'. Juv. sk.

q'. Skeleton.

r'. Skeleton, mounted.

s'. Skeleton.

t'-io'. Sterna.

a',y'. Skulls.

Great Britain (Leadenball
market).

Great Britain.

Great Britain.

Wales.

Merionethshire, Jan. Itith.

Scillv Islands and Corn-
wall.

Cornwall ( Virif/oe Coll.).

Fowey, Aug. {A. G.).

Torquay.

Paghara, Feb. & Sept. 27.
Ramsgate, January.
Cromarty.
Sutherlandshire, June.

Orkneys, March, April,

Jul}', Dec.
Orkneys, June, July (/.

Dunn).
Orkneys, January {J. D.).
Bressay, Shetland, Nov. 4th,

1818 (Toy. 'Alexander'').
Helligrar, June 12th.
" Europe."

Havre, May (F. Pluche).
Heligoland, May (L. Giitke)

[mark 3rd primaiy].
Hiddensee, Oct. 29th.
Greenland {Moeschler).
Greenland {R. Midler)

[very remarkable qmlls].
Greenland.
Greenland (Hhik).
Godhavn, Sept. {E.

Whymper).
England ( Warwick Coll.).
S. Wales.
Oresund.
England.
Ensrland.

2:

Purchased.

Purchased.
Gould Coll.
Col. Montagu [P.].
Col. Morris [P.].

D. W. Mitchell, Esq.
[P.].

Purchased.

Dr. A. Gliuther [P.].

C. Coningham, Esq.

R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
W. Thompson, Esq.

W. Ogilvie-Grant,

Esq. [C.].
W. Ogilvie-Grant,

Esq. [C.].
J. G. Millais, Esq.

H. Saunders Coll.

E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.].
The Admu-alty [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Hume Coll.
H. Seebohm Coll.
H. Seebohm Coll.

11. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

— Moller [C.].

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Purchased.

Rev. A. Morgan TP.].

Dr. GiintherXP.J

Purchased.

Purchased.

Larus dominicanus.
Black-backed Gull (part.). Lafli. (leu. Sijn. iii. pt. 2, p. 372 (1785:

as regards the Cape of (inod Hope).
Larus marinus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 814 (1790: as regards C. of G.

Hope) ; Fornter, Uescr. Anim. p. 313 (1844: South Georgian Is.).

246

GaHota niaj'or, Azarn, Apunt. iii. p. 338 (1802).

Larus dominicanus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 82 (1823: Brazil coast) ;
Nemoind, Bcitr. JVaturr/. Bras. iv. p. 850 (1833 : S. Brazil up to
Bio) ; Banvm ^ Goiild, Zool. ' Bem/le,' Birds, p. 142 (1841:
Arfrentina) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (S. Chile) ; Gray, Gen.
B. iii. p. 6o4, pi. clxxx. (1846) ; ul. Voy. Ereb. S,- Terr., Birds, p. 18
(1846: New Zealand); Hartl. Ind. Azara, p. 26 (1847); Gay,
Hist. Chile, Zool. i. p. 480 (1847); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99
(1854 : Brazil) ; Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211 (Brazil) ; Cassin, U.S.
Astron. Exped. ii. p. 204 (1855 : West coast S. Amer.) ; id. U.S.
Expl. Exped. p. 377 (1858) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 97 (Falkland
Is.) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165 (Falk-
land Is.); Schley. Mus. P.-Bm, Lari, p. 12 (1863); J. H. Bias.
J. f. O. 1865, p. 378 (critical) ; Layard, Ibis, 1867, p. 459
(Crozet Is.); id. B. S. Afr. p. 367 (1867); Scl. lif Salv. Ibis,
1868, p. 189 (Magellan Strs.) ; Newton, Ri<, 1870, p. 503 (egfr) ;
Scl. 8r Salv. P.Z. S. 1871, p. 576 (revis. Neotrop.) ; Gray, Iland-l.
B. iii. p. 112, no. 10953 (1871) ; Hutton, Cat. Neto Zeal. B. p. 40
(1871) ; id Ibis, 1872, p. 248 (Chatham Is.) ; Fitisch, J.f. 0. 1872,
p. 241 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 203 (N. Zealand) ; Bullei; B. New
Zeal. p. 270, pi. 28. fig. 1 (1873) ; Sd. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.
p. 148 (1873); Shurpe, Vm/. Ereb. Sf Terr., Birds, App. p. 32
(1875) ; Kidder Sr Cones, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 13 (1875 :
Kerguelen I.) ; Burn/. Ibis, 1877, p. 45 (Chuput) ; id. t. c. p. 201
(La Plata); id. op. cit. 1878, p. 68; id. t. c. p. 405 (Tombo,
Patagonia) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 799 (Kerguelen I. and
Magellan Strs.) ; id. op.cit. 1878, p. 180 (revision) ; Sharpe, Phil. Tr.
clxviii. p. 107 (1878 : Rep. Tr. Venus, Kerguelen) ; Saunders, t. c.
p. 163 (eggs) ; id. Rep. Voy. ' Challenqcr^ Birds, ii. p. 139 (1880) ;
Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 163 (Argentina) ; Sharjye, P. Z. S. 1881,
p. 17 (Magellan Strs., ' Alert ') ; Saunders, P.Z.S. 1882, p. 400
(Chile & Peru); Finsch, Viiy. Sildsee,-p. 45 (1884: Wanganui) ;
Sharpe, ed. Layard'' s B. S. Afr. p. 697 (1884) ; Payenstecher, Ber,
Nat. Mus. Hamburrj, 1884, p. 24 (1885 : S. Georgian Is.) ; Heischek,
Tr. N. Z. Inst. 1886, p. 183 (Lit. Biirrier Is.); Taczan. Orn.
Peron, iii. p. 447 (1886); Macfarl. Ibis, 1887, p. 202 (Chile) &
p. 205 (Pern); Withinqton, Ibis, 1888, p. 472 (prov. Buenos
Ayres) ; Bnlkr, 2nd ed'. B. Neiu Zeal. ii. p. 47 (1888) ; Scl. Sf
Ilridson, Arq. Orn. ii. p. 197 (1889) ; Neumayer, Devtsch. E.iped.
Bd. ii. p. 262 (1890: S. Georgian Is.); Oustalet, Miss. Sc. Cap
Horn, vl p. 173 (1891); Holland, Ibis, 1892, p. 213 (prov. B.
Ayres) ; Berl. S,- Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400 (Peru) ; Forbes,
Ibis, 1893, p. 529 (Chatham Is.); Scl. Ibis, 1894, p. 495 & p. 497
(Antarctic America) ; Fleck, J.f. O. 1894, p. 379 ( Walvi.sch B.).

Larus fuscus (nee Linn.), Kiny, Zool. Jouni. iv. p. 103(1828-29);
id. Voy. 'Advent: Sf ' Beayle; i. p. 541 (1839: Magellan Str.) ;
Webster, Voy. ' Chanticleer; p. 160 (1834 : South Shetland Is.) ;
Gray in Dieffenb. Trav. N. Zetd. ii. App. p. 200 (1843) ; Cassin,
Perry's U.S. Eiped. ii. p. 247 (1856: Cape G. Hope); Chapm.
Trav. W. Afr. ii. p. 425 (1868: Walvisch Bay).

Larus flavipes (part.), Temm. Man. dJOrn. 2^ ed. 4'' pte. p.' 472
(1840: Cape G. Hope).

Larus littoreus, Forst. Dcslt. Anim. p. 40 (1844: Cape of Good
Hope).

Larus antipodus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mas., Anseres, p. 169 (1844 :
New Zealand).

Dominicanus pelagicus, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 100 ("India and

15. LAKus. 247

Oceania"); id. op. cit. I800, p. 280; Bp. C li. xlii. p. 770

(1856); id. C'onsp. Av. ii. p. 214 (1857).
Domiuicanus vetula, Bruch, J. f. O. 185.'3, p. 100; id. op. cit. 1855,

p. 281 (Cape Good Hope) ; Bp. C. E. xlii. p. 770 (185G) ; id.

Omsp. Av. ii. p. 214 (1857).
Dominicaniis vociferus, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 100; id. oj). cit.

18.^, p. 281 (8. America) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856).
Dominicaniis antipodus, Bri/c/i, J.f. 0. 185.3, p. 100 (New Zealand).
Larus vetula, Bp. Nnum. 1854, p. 211 (S. America) ; Gray, Hmid-l.

B. 'in. p. 112, no. 10954 (1871 : S. Africa) ; Gurney, Andersson's

B. Dumam-l. p. 357 (1872); Pelz. Verh. z.-h. Ges. Wieti, 1873,

p. KiO (Cape G. Hope) ; Shelley, Ibis, 1875, p. 80 (Cape to

Natal).
Larus verreauxii, Bp. Naiim. 1854, p. 211 ; id. Ren.et Mag. Zool. vii.

p. 16 (18.W); Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 112 (1871: Chile).
Larus antipodum, Bp. Nanm. 1854, p. 211 (New Zealand) ; Hutton,

Ihis, 1870, p. 366 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 112 (1871).
Larus pelagicus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211.
Dominicanus fritzei, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 280 (" Straits of Sunda,"

[near Java?] *) ; Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii.

p. 214 (18.57).
Domiuicanus verrauxii, Bruch, J. f. O. 1855, p. 281 (Chile).
Clupeilarus veiTauxi, Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 770 (1856: Chile).
Clupeilarus antipodum, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856).
Larus vociferus. Burin. Tk. Bras. iii. p. 448 (1856) ; id. Rcise La

Plata, ii. p. 518 (186D.
Dominicanus azaras (Less.), Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 214 (1857).
Lestris antarcticus, EUman, Zool 1861, p. 7472 (New Zealand).
Lestris fuscus, EUman, Zool. 1861, p. 7472 (New Zealand).
Larus pacificus (nee Lath.), Layard, Ibis, 186.3, p. 245 (New Zealand).
Larus azaree, Pelz. Or?!. Bras. p. 323 & p. 461 (1871) ; id. Verh.

z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1873, p. 160 (Callao).
Larus fritzei, Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 371 (1874: Strs. Sunda?).
Domiuicanus litoreus, Heine ^- Reichen. Nomencl. Miis. Hein. p. 357

(1890).

Adult male. Smaller, but generally resembles the preceding
species, except as regards the colour of the feet, a usually deeper and
browner tinge in the black of the mantle, and the pattern of
the primaries. The outermost tjuill is white for 2 inches apically
(with a mere hair-line of black on the shaft) in verj^ mature
birds, while the second quill exhibits an irregular white subapical
mirror; but in average adults the white on the 1st quill is turned
into a large subapical mirror by the intrusion of a narrow black
bar. In adults a year younger there is no mirror on the 2nd quill,
which is black with a white tip, like the 3rd quill ; at the 4th the
usual paler " wedge '' on the inner web begins to show, and this
wedge goes on increasing in extent and in whiteness at its apex,
until at the 7th quill it has amalgamated with the white tip ;
tlienccforward the quills are white terminally and only slate-colour
on the basal portions. Bill j-ellow, turning to red at the angle of
the genys ; iris white ; tarsi and toes greyish olive with yellower

Tj))o in A\'icshaclpn Museum examined.

248 LARID^.

■webs. Total length 23 inches, culmen 2'25, iving 16-5, tail 7,
tarsus 2*4, middle toe with claw 2'o.

The female is smaller and has a less robust bill ; there is, how-
ever, miich individual variation irrespective of sex. For example,
there is as much difference between birds obtained on the Island of
Kerguelen alone, as there is between examples from all the rest
of the area frequented by the species.

Itmncture. Browner on the mantle and wings ; the primaries with
hardly any white at their tips up to the 6th ; tail mottled subter-
minally with dark brown ; head and neck streaked with greyish
brown ; bill paler in colour.

Young. Mottled dark brown above and streaked with paler brown
below (much darker than in L. marinus and more resembling this
stage of L. fiisais, the next species) ; tail-coverts barred with
brown ; rectrices nearly uniform dark brown, with very little
mottling during the first year ; bill dark horn-colour ; tarsi and toes
brown. At a later stage some black begins to show on the
mantle and the tail-coverts are white ; the bill pale yellow, with
a blackish band across the angle. The successive changes of
plumage are much as in the preceding species and probably take
about the same number of years.

Nestling. Very like that of L. nuirinns, but with a somewhat
darker tint of greyish and less buff ; tarsi and toes lead-colour.

Hah. South America, from lat. 10° S. to the Antarctic regions;
the Falklands and South Georgian Islands; South Africa; the
Crozet Islands and Kerguelen*; New Zealand and islands to the
southward.

a. luim. sk. Callao Bay, Peru, Aug. Fl. Saunders Coll.

(Adml. A. H. Markhayn).

b. Juv. sk. San Lorenzo, Callao Bay, H. Saunders Coll.

Aug. ( Covimr. MacFar-
lane, R.N.).

c. Ad. sk._ Islay, Peru {S. F. Eoidand). H. Saunders Coll.

d. e. 2 irum. et Coquiuibo, Chile, Nov. H. Saunders CoU.
juv. sk. (Adml. A. H. Markhmn).

f. S ad. sk. Laraquete, C'liile, Auff. H. B. James, Esq.

[P.].
n.h. (^ ad.; ?. Juv. \aIparaiso Bav, Chile, Aug. H. B. James, Esq.

sk. ' [P.].

k. Ad. ; /. Juv. st. Valparaiso Bay, Chile, Aug. Sir W. Burnett &

Capt. Fitzroy,
E.N. [P.].
OT.Ad.sk. Valparaiso, Chile. Capt.W.S.Bvett[P.].

71. Ad. sk. Valparaiso, Chile (Gervase H. Saunders Coll.

iMatheic, S.K).
o, p. Ad. sk. Valparaiso, Chile (F. C. H. Saunders Coll.

Fead).
q. 5 sk. Valparaiso, Chile, Aug. {Dr. Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

Coppinger).

* I do not find this species recorded from Tristan da Cuuha, Prince
Edward I., or Marion I.

lo. LAKUS. 249

r. 5 imm. ; s. Juv. Corral, Chile. II. B. James, Esq.

sk. [P.].

t. cJjuv.sk. Cockle Cove, JMafrellan Voy. II.M.S. ' Alert.'

Straits, Feb. {Dr. Cop-
jiiiiyer) .
ti. 2 ad. sk. Peckett Harbour, iMagellan Voy. II.M.S. ' Alert.'

Straits, Jan. [Dr. Cop-
piny cr).
V, w. c? Jid. et Tom Eay, Magellan Straits, Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'
juv. sk. March, April (iJr. Cup-

pinijcr).
^. $juv. sk. Port Churruca, Majrellan Voy. II.M.S. 'Alert.'

Straits, April {Dr. Cop-
pinyer).
y. (S ad. sk. Port Churruca, Magellan H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Straits. Exped.

2. Ad. St. Magellan Straits. Sir W. Burnett &

Capt. Fitzroy,
E.N. [P.].
a. Ad. St. South Shetland, G4° 18' S. Capt. Fairweather

lat., 5r,° 50' W. long., 1893 [P.].
(<S'. ' Bdlaena'').
b'. Ad. sk. East Patagonia. Sir W. Burnett &

Capt. Fitzroy,
E.N. [P.].
c'. Ad. sk. Berkeley Sound, Falklands. Antarctic lisped.

[P.].
d'. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Exped.

[P.].
e'. Juv. sk. Falkland Islands {Ahbott). Gould Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands {Falkland Salvin-Godman Coll.

Is. Co.).
a'. ? ad. sk. Falkland Islands, Oct. {Falk- Salvin-Godman Coll.

land Is. Co.).
/«'. Ad. ; i', k'. Falkland Islands {Cameron^. II. Saunders Coll.

Pull. sk.
I'-o'. Ad. et pull. Falkland Islands {Di-. Hen- II. Saunders Coll.

sk. ston).

p. Ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, Dec. H. Dumford, Esq.

[C.].
(/. 5 ad. sk. Buenos Avres, June {F. P. L. Sclater, Esq.

Withinyton). [P.].

»•'. Imm. sk. South Ai'rica {L. cajKnsis, Sir A. Smith [P.].

Smith),
s'. Ad. sk. Cape Colony. E. L. Layard, Esq.

[P.].
f, u'. Ad. sk. Table Bay (E. L. Layard). H. Saunders Coll.

v'. Ad. sk. Knysna Eiver, S. Africa. Shelley Coll.

w'. Ad. sk. Natal {Col. II. W. Feilden). II. Saiinders Coll.

x'-z'. Ad. ; a", b". Kerguelen Island {Antarctic The Admiralty [P.].

Juv. sk. F.iped.).

c". Ad. sk. Eoval Sound, Kerguelen Lt. Smith, E.N. [P.].

Island, Dec. 1874.
d" . Ad. sk. Cumberland Bav, Kerguelen Dr. E. McCormick,

Island, June 5, 1840. E.N. [C.].

f". Juv.sk. Chri.^tmas Harbour, Kergue- Dr. E. McCormick,

len Island, June 2;J. E.N. [C.].

250

f", q". Ad. sk.;

/*'■'. Pull. St.
i". S ad. ; A-". $

ad. ; I" . Juv. St.
m" . Juv. sk.
n' . Juv. sk.
o" . Ad. sk.

//'. cJ ad. sk.

y", >•". Imm. et

juv. sk.
s"-<'". 5 ad. ; c?

imm. et juv. sk.
iv" . cj' vixad. .sk.

x". 2 ad. sk.
y". Ad. sk.

2". Ad. st.
a^. Skeleton.
b^. Sternum.

Cape Egmout, Nev? Zealand.

New Zealand.

New Zealand.
New Zealand.
New Zealand, 44. 1. 18. 50

{^Antarctic Ejped.).
Waima Rariri, New Zealand,

Sept.
Wellington, New Zealand

[Colonial Mus.).
Dunedin, New Zealand, May.

Dunedin, New Zealand,

June.
Otago, New Zealand, Aug.
Preservation Inlet, S.W.

New Zealand, Jan. 1889

{J. J. Lister).
Auckland Island, New

Zealand ( Antarctic Expecl.)
Kerguelen Island.

Tom Bay, Magellan Straits,
Apiil 1879 {Dr. Copimujer).

New Zealand Co.

[P.].
Capt. Stokes [P.].

Sir E. Home [P.].
Sir Geo. Gray [P-]-
The Admiralty [P.].

Tweeddale Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Ilume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

The Admiralty [P.].

H.M.S.' Challenger'

Exped.
Vov.H.M.S.' Alert.'

28. Larus fuscus.

Le Goiland gris (partim), Briss. Orn. vi. p. 162 (1760).

Larus fuscus, Liyin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766) : Scop. Ann. i. Hist.
Nat. p. 80 (1769) ; P. L. S. Midi. S. N. ii. p. 347 (1773) ; Gm.
S. N i. p. 699 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 815 (1790) ; Retzius,
F. Suec. p. 157 (1790) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 496 (1815) ; Koch,
Syst. Baiei: Zool. p. 373 (1816) ; Nilss. Orn. Suec. p. 169 (1817) ;
temm. Man. d'Orn. €A. 2, p. 767 (1820); Boie, Lsis, 1822,
p. 563; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 717 (1824) ; Macgill. Mem. Wern. Soc.
V. p. 260 (1824) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 194
(1826) ; Fleminq, Brit. An. p. 140 (1828) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmi-
pedes, pi. 18 (1828) ; Sctvi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 57 (1831) ; Selby,
Brit. B. ii. p. 509, pi. xcv. (1833) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr.
p. 277 (1835) ; Eijton, Brit. B. p. 53 (1836) ; Goidd, B. Eur. v.
pi. 431 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. S, N. A7ner. p. 63 (1838) ;
Schinz, Eur. Faun. p. 380 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 484
(1840) ; Keys. u.Blas. Wirb.Eur. p. xcvii & p. 245 (1840) ; Namn.
Voy. Deutschl. x. p. 419, taf. 267 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy.
Buss. Merid. iii. p. 280 (1840); Selys- Lonych. Faun. Belg. p. 154
(1842) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxiv (1844); Crespoti, Faun. Merid.
ii. p. 123 (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 168
(1844); Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 144 (1844); Yarr. Brit. B.
2nd ed. iii. p. 583 (1845) ; Rllpp. Syst. Uehers. p. 138 (1845 :
Egypt) ; Heivits. Eygs Brit. B. ii. p. 443, pi. cxxvi. (1846) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846); Beql. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 304 (1849);
Thomps. B. Lrel. iii. p. 371 (18'51) ; Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 538
(1852); Kjcerb. Banm. Fugle, p. 342, tab. xlii. (1852), and Stippl.
tab. xxiii. (1854) : Schl. Voy. Nederl. p. 597, pis. 345. 346 (1854);
Licht. Nomencl. Ac. p. 90 (1854: chiefly): Bp. Nuum. 1854,

1.5. LARrs. 251

p. i'l] ; IIcwjl. Syst. Uebers. p. 69 (1856: Ejrvpt to Blue and
White Nile) ; Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 162, pi. yil (18o7) ; llewiL
Ihis, \mi), p. 349 (lied Sea to Aden Gulf) ; Jaub. et B.-Lapom'm.
liich. Orn. Fr. p. 301 (1859); Pomjs, Ibis, 1800, p. 356 (Ionian
Is., winter) ; Liuderm. Vliy. Grieche-nl. p. 170 (1860) ; Sold. Dier.
Nederl. J'oyelg, y. 235 (1861); Ileuf/L in Peterm. Mitth. 1861,
pp. 29, 312 (Ked Sea) ; tSundev. Sv. Fuql. pi. 50. ^s. 4 (1863!^) •
Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 231 (1863): 'Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari,
p. 15 (1803) ; Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 1.30 (1864) ; Wriyht, Ihis,
1864, p. 151 (Malta) ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 4-54 (Palestine);
J. H. Bias. J.f. O. 1865, p. 379 (critical) ; IJeyl. et Gerbe, Orn.
Eur. 11. p. 415 (1867) ; Holtz, J. f. O. 1868, p. 124 (Gottland I.,
breeds); Bori/yr. Voyelf. Is'orddeutschl. p. 143 (1869); Doderl.
A inf. Sicil. p. 232 (1869) ; Droste, Voyelw. Borkum, p. 352 (1869) ;
Finsch S)- Hartl. For/. Ost-Afr. p. 820 (1870) ; Fritsch, Voy. Eur.
p. 4/0, tab. o6. fig. 7, & tab. 58. fig. 8 (1870) ; Blanford, Geol. Sf
ZooL Abyss, p. 440 (]870) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 485
(1871); G. li. Gray, Iland-I. B. iii. p. 112, no. 10959 a871) ;
Mews, CEfv. Ak. Fiirh. p. 787 (1871 : I'inlaud to St. Petersburo- :
not eastward); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (S. Spain); Salvad.
Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 294 (1872); Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 223
(Canaries and Madeira) ; Hartiny, Ilandb. Brit. B. p. 77 (1872) ;
Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 304 (1872 : Nubia) ; Palmen, Finkmds Foolar,
p. 604 (1873); Slmrpe ^- Dress. B. Eur. viii. p. 421, pi. 603
(1873) ; Collett, Forh. SeJsk. Christian. 1873, p. 290 (N. Norway) •
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1382 (1873) ; Ardin. &■
Salvad. J layy. Boyos, p. 155 (1873) ; Alston ^ H-Broivn, Ibis,
1873, p. 62 (l)wina, imm.) ; Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 348 (Sardinia) •
Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 56 (1873) ; Irb,/, Orn. Sfrs. Gibr.
p. 215 (1875) ; Saunders, Bull. Soc. ZooL Fr. 1877, p. 203
(S. Spain) ; Colktt, N. May. Naturv. 1877, p. 209 (N. Norway) ■
Beichenow, J.f. 0. 1877, p. 10 (Bonny) ; Taylor, Ibi.<, 1878, p. 373
(Port Said); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 173 (reyision Larince) ;
id. Joum. Linn. Soc. xiy. p. 397 (1878: distribution) ; Khmzinyer
Z. Ges.Erdk. Berlin, Bd. xiii. Hft. ii. p. 89 (1878 : Koseir, Red Sea) •
Lilford, Ilm, 1880, p. 481 (Arbolan I., breeding) ; Bodd, B. Comw
p. 173 (1880) ; Giylioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 220 (Italy, rare) ; Seebohm
(Henk^'), Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (N. Caspian, butyery rare) ; Irby, Ibis,
1883, p. 189 (Santander: May, June, and 'especially Nov ) •
B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 189 (1883) ; Trisfr. Faun, c^- Flor
Palest, p. 138 (1884) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 391 (S.W. France) •
td. 4th ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 624 (1884) ; Seebohm, Brit. B. iii!
p. 319 (1885) ; Buchner, Btitr. Buss. Belches, (2) ii. p. 131 (1885 -
St. Petersburg); Komeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80; Liitkcn, t. c.
p. 145; I). Torre c^- Tschusi, t. c. p. 561 (Austria-Hungary);'
Albarda, t. c. p. 629 (Holland) ; Giylioli, Amf. Ital. p. 431 (1886) ;
Alteon, Ornis, 1886, p. 422 (Dobrudscha, oil migration) ; Booth,
Bouyh Notes, iii. (1887) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 288 (1887) ; Tait
Ibis, 1887, p. 396 (Portugal, winter); H-Br. S,- Buckl. Faun. Sutherl.
Si-c, p. 232 (1887); Hartert, MT. orn. T'er. TJ'ien, 1887, p. 180
(E. Prussia) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 507 (Poland) ; H-Br &
Buckl. Faun. Out. Hebr. p. 147 (1888); Beid, Ibis,' 1888, p. 79
(Tenenfe) ; Beichenow, Syst. Verz. Vik/. Deutschl. p. 03 (1889) •
Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 349 (Cyprus, adults) ; Biese7ith. Wasserroa.
Mifteleurop. p. 134 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 659
(1889) ; Stcvenso7i ^- Soufhv. B. Norfolk, iii. p. .337 (18W) : Gigl
1" Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 645 (li<89) : id. 2" Rcsm: p. H.54 (1890) ; id

252 LARID-I.

S" Resoc. p. 513 (1891) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthue, p. 301 (1890) ;

Borrcr, B. Sussex, p. 268 (1891) ; Biickl. ^ H-Br. Fcmn. Orkney

Is. p. 232 (1891); Taylor, Ibis, 1891, p. 473 (coast of Egypt);

Gdtke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 568 (1891) ; Jiickel ^ Bias. Vog. Bay ems,

p. 361 (1891) ; Macphers. Faun. Lakeland, p. 429 (1892) ; R-Br.

(§■ Buckl. Faun. Argyll S^'c. p. 191 (1892) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892,

p. 521 (E. Prussia, winter) ; Fatio Sf Stiider, Cat. Ois. Suisse,

p. 60 (1892); D' Urban ^ Mathew, B. Devon, p. 378 (1892) ;

Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206 (Canaries, winter) ; Lilford, Col.

Fiys. Brit. B. pt. xxiii. (1893) ; A. Dubois, Vertebr. Belg., Ois.

p. 587, pi. 292 (1894); Mathew, B. Pembroke, p. 104 (1894);

Collett, Nyt May. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 308 (1894: Norway);

Beichenoiv, Vby. Deutsch-O.-Afr. p. 19(1894: Victoria Nvanza,

winter) ; Uss/ier, Pr. R. Irish Acad. (3) iii. p. 410 (1894) ;" Irby,

Orn. Strs. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 301 (1895).
Silveiy Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 375 (1785).
Larus iiavipes, IVolf ^- Meyer, Nafurr/. Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 32, cum

tab. (1805) ; Meyer, Taschenb. Vog. Deutschl. ii. p. 469, pi. front.

(1810) ; Meisn. '^ Schinz, Voq. Schioeiz, p. 276 (1815) ; Meyer,

Vog. Liv- u. Esthl. p. 231 a815) ; Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 346

(1823) ; id. Faune Frang., Ois. p. 394 (1828 ?) ; Lesson, Traite,

p. 617 (1831) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2' ed. 4= pte. p. 471 (1840);

Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 245 (1842) ; Bouteille, Orn.

Dauphine, ii. p. 243 (1843) ; Bailly, Orn. Savoie, iv. p. 310

(1854).
Larus cinereus (partim), Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. 8fc. Brit. Mus.

p. 40 (1816).
Larus argentatus, Bewick, Brit. B., Suppl. p. 39 (1821).
Leucus fuscus, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. pp. 86, 196 (1829).
Laroides melanotus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.

p. 747 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Laroides harengorum, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deidschl.

p. 748 (1831).
Laroides fuscus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 749

(1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Lesser Black-backed Gull, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 463 (1843).
Dominicanus fuscesceiis (partim), Bruch, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 100*.
Dominican us fuscus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 100 ; id. op. cit. 1855,

p. 281 (including his L. fiiscescens of J.f. 0. 1853, p. 100).
Laroides harengorium [sic], Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Laroides fuscescens, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Laroides a. nigrodorsalis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Laroides /3. assimilis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Clupeilarus fuscus, Bj). C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii.

p. 220 (1857); Loche, Expl. Sci. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 181 (1867);

Olphe-Gall. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 69 (1886).
Larus graellsii, A. Brehm, Allg. Deutsch. Naturh. p. 483 (1857 :

Malaga).
" Larus medius," Eempr. ^ Ehr. {nee Brehm) 1824, MS. Jide

Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 173 (Gumfudde : type in Berlin Mus.).

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and under
surface white ; mantle and wing-surface varying from dark lead-
colour to black, the scapulars and secondaries broadly tipped with

Specimens in Mainz Museum examined.

15. L\Kus. 253

white. Mature birds have a subapical white mirror on the Isfc
primarj- and a smaller one on the 2iid, but in the majority of
examples there is no spot on the latter ; the larger quills are
chioll)' black — especially on the outer webs, with white tips which
are minute on tlie outermost and increase in size ascendingly ; the
bases of the quills are, however, lead-colour, especially on the inner
webs, so that at the LJrd a " wedge " becomes visible, while from
the 4th upwards the lead-colour has spread to the outer web, and
the black portion becomes by contrast a subterminal bar, decreasing
in size ascendingly and disappearing at the 0th or 7th quill, whence
the feathers are lead-colour, with white tips. In dark-winged
birds there is no marked contrast of colour in the wedge until the 5th
quill is reached, when the subterminal bar becomes visible. Bill
yellow, the angle of the genys red ; iris pale straw-yellow ; tarsi
and toes bright lemon-yellow. Total length nearly 22 inches,
culmen 2-5, wing lG-16-5, tail 6'5, tarsus 2-G, middle toe with claw
2-25.

The female is smaller, with less robust bill.

Adult in ivinter. Head and neck streaked with dusky brown.

Obs. The principal characteristics of L. fuscus are tlie compara-
tively long tarsus and the small delicate foot. The colours of the
mantle and wings are so variable in shade that the palest examples
might be mistaken for the iiext species, L. a£iais, but for the larger
size and coarser foot of the latter. The blackest examples of
L. fuscus are found indifferently in the Fojroes, Norway, Egypt, and
on the lied Sea ; the lightest are perhaps some from Scotland •
and between the extremes there is every gradation.

Young. Head, neck, and under surface whity brown, with darker
streaks ; feathers of the mantle and wings clove- to umber-brown
with huffish edges ; quills sooty brown to black ; rectriccs chiefly
dark brown tipped with white, and rather boldly mottled on a
greyish ground at their bases. With increasing age of the bird
the dark subterminal brown breaks up into bars and patches, but
so long as these exist they are sharply defined. By the end of the
first year the mantle is chiefly dark brown, the buff edges havin"
■worn off. Bill dark horn-colour ; tarsi and toes yellowish brown.

Immature. Head and neck flecked with brownish ; mantle slate-
colour, with a brown tinge ; t[uills dark brown, with an indication of
a spot on the 1st ; tail-feathers white, slightly mottled with greyish
brown ; under surface white : bill yellowish basally ; legs distinctly
yellow.

Four years elapse between the young and the adult plumage.

Nestliwj. Greyish buff", streaked and spotted with black on the
upper parts and throat.

Hah. Northern Europe from the Dwina westward to the Fjeroes
(but not in Iceland), and southward to the Mediterranean
(breeding) ; in winter to the Canaries, Senegal, Fantee, Bonny,
Egypt, Nubia, the lied Sea (said to be resident on the last), and
Fao, Persian Gulf. Very rare in the North Caspian, and practically
not found cast of the line of the Dwina, where L. ajjiais begins.

254

a. (S ad. St.

b. luim. St.

c. .Tiiv. sk.

d. Ad. St.

e. f. Juv. & vix
ad. sk.

ff-l. 5 ad., vix ad.

& juv. sk.
m. Juv. st.
n. (5 ad. sk.

o, 2). Ad. & iram.

St.

q, r. S ? ad. sk.
s. Ad. St.
t. S ad. sk.

M-.r. Ad. & pull.

St.

y. cJ ad. sk.

2, a', c? 2 ad. ; 6',

c'. Pull. St.
d'-f. c?2ad.; ?

imm. sk.
g', h'. 2 ad. & vix

ad. sk.
t". Imm. sk.

k'-o'. (S 2 imm. &

juv. sk.
p'. S ad. sk.

q'. <S ad. ; ?•'.

Imm. sk.
s'. c? ad. sk.
i'. Juv. sk.
u'. J ad. sk.
v'. Ad. sk.
?«', x'. Ad. sk.

«/'. 2 juv. sk.
s'. c? juv. sk.

a". Skeleton.
h" . c? skeleton.

Great Eritain.
Scilly Islands.

Fowey, Cornwall, Aug.
Torquay.

Pagham, Sussex, Sept. &

Oct.
Romney Marsli, Kent, Aug.,

Sept.
Gravesend.
Loch Lomond, May {A.

Anderson).
Beaufort Castle, Inverness,

May.
Caithness, summer.
Sutherlandshire, summer.
Loch Ballon, lloss-shire,

June {J. A. Harvie- Brown).
Hill of Hoy, Orkneys

(Dunn).
Stromness, Orknej's {J.

Dunn).
Mousa, Shetlauds, June.

Fseroe Islands, June, Aug.,

Sept. {Miiller).
Bodo, Nordland, Norway,

July (H. Seebohm).
Lower Dwina, Russia, June

(^J. A. Harvie-Brown).
Havre, France, May, Sept.

( V. Pluche).
Valencia, E. Spain, April

[R. Martin).
Malaga, S. Spain, April &

Jan. (Rios).
Tangier, Dec. (Olcese).
Fanfee (Blissett).
Larnaka, Cyprus, April.
Palestine.
Thebes, Egypt, April 24

{G. E. S.). _
Zoulla, Abyssinia.
Fao, Persian Gulf, Feb.

England.
Lyme Regis.

Col. ^lontagu [P.].
D. W. Mitchell, Esq.

[P.].
Dr. A. Gunther [P.].
C. Coningham, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Purchased.
Seebohm Coll.

Lord Lovat [P.].

Col. L. II. Irby [P.].
Lady Flower [P.].
Hume Coll.

Purchased.

H. Saunders Coll.

Lt. C. H. Bruce,

R.N. [P.].
II. Saunders Coll.

Seebohm & H.

Saunders Colls.

11. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Shelley CoU.
Lord Lilford [P.].
Dr. S. Merrill [P.].
Shelley & Saunders

Colls.
W. T. Blanford [C.].
S. Butcher, Esq.

[P.].
Purchased.
Dr. Gunther [P.].

29. Larus affinis.

[HJ Larus littoreus, Forst. hid. Zool. p. 42 (1781 : not of his Descr.

Anim., which=Z. dotninicamts).
Larus sp. n. ?, Jerdon, Madras Journ. xii. p. 225, no. 407 (1840 :

Deccan, inland).
Larus fuscus, Ilutton, J. A. S. Benr/. xv. p. 792 (1847: Cabul) ;

Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. As. Sue. p. 288 (1841) : pari [cf. Hume, Str.

15. LAKus. 255

/'. iv. p. rj02]) ; Jerd. B. Ind. iii. p. 8.30 (1864 : Jaulna, Deccan) ;
Filippi, Via;///. I'ers. p. .'{52 (ISOo: Caspian); Blyth, Ibw, 1867,
p. 176 & p. ul4 ; Blanfwd, East. Pers. ii. p. 200 (1876 : Baluch-
istan).
Larus cachinnans, Licht. {nee Pull.) Kmtiencl. Av. p. 99 (1854: Ara-
bia)*; Meves,CEfv. K. 1 etimsk.-Ak. Fork. 1871, p. 786 ((Jholniogony,
Dvvina); Ileu</1. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. p. 1392 (1873, partini :
[as regards Somali coast]) ; Meves Sf Homeyer, Ornts, 1886, p. 275
(Lower Dwina).

Larus affinis, Reinhardt, Vidensk. Meddel. 1853, p. 78 ; id. Ibis,
1861, p. 17 (S. Greenland: type in Copenliagen Mus.); Seebuhm
^- H-Broum, Ibis, 1876, p. 452 (Lower Petchora) ; Saimders,
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 171 (revision Larina?) ; id. Journ. Linn. Sue. xiv.
p. 397 (1878 : distribution) ; Giitke, Ibk, 1878, p. 489 (Heligoland) ;
Fimch, T'erh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 268 (West Siberia) ; id.
Ibis, 1879, p. Ill (part.) ; Scebohm, t. c. p. 116 (Yenesei, breeding) ;
Hume, Sir. F. viii. p. 115 (1879 : List) ; J'idal, o/). cit. ix. p. 94
(S. Konkan, Malabar) ; Bulhr, t. c. p. 439 (Deccan coast) ;
Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 417 (1880) ; Set. S^ Hartl. P. Z. S. 1881,
p. 174 (Socotra I.) ; liidt/w. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52
(1881 : Greenl.) ; Olphe-Gall. Ibis, 1885, p. 236 (Hendaye, S.W.
France); id. Orn. Eur. Oceid. fasc. x. p. 66 (1886) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 89 (1886 : Greenland) ; Ridi/w. Man. N.
Amer. B. p. 29 (1887) : Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxvi.
p. .56 (1888: Turkestan).

Dominicanus cachinnans, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1853, p. 100.

Larus rufescens, ^p. Naum. 18.54, p. 211 ("lied Sea"; cf. Consj).
Av. ii. p. 221) ; Lloyd, Ibis, 1873, p. 420 (Kattiawar).

Laroides cachinnans, Bruch, J. f. O. 185.5, p. 282.

Clupeilarus fuscescens, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 221 (1857: Red Sea).

Clupeilarus cachinnans, Bj). Consp. Av. ii. p. 221 (1857 : [chiefly]).

Larus leucophieus, Heuyl. Ibis, 18.59, p. 349 (Somali coast & Gulf
of Aden) ; id. in Pettrm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (lied Sea).

Larus, sp. ?, Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 65 (Novaya Zemlia and Waigats).

Larus occidentalis, Hume, nee Audub. Str. F. 1873, p. 273 (N.W.
coast India) ; id. op. cit. 1876, p. 414 (Bombay).

Larus marinus, Alston ^- H-Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 52 (Lower Dwina :
ad. & nestling in B. M. Coll.).

Larus borealis, Seebohm (Henke), Ibis, 1882, p. 386 (Solovestsk,
breeding).

Adult male in breeding- phimacie. Similar to the preceding species,
but decidedly larger ; the mantle slate-colour and always a shade
lighter than in the palest L. fascus ; the pattern of the primaries
similar, but the slate-grey purer and the " wedges '' more sharply
contrasted ; a mirror on the 2nd quill in fully mature birds, though
these appear to be rare : bill yellow, with a red spot at the angle
of the genys ; tarsi and toes yellow. Total length 24 inches,
culmen 2-9, wing 18, tail 7*5, tarsus 2-75, middle toe with
claw 2-5.

The female is smaller and less robust.

Adult in winter. Like the above, but flecked with brown about
the head and neck, even in those mature birds which exhibit a
mirror on the 2nd primary : bill with a greenish tinge.

* Siieciuiens iu Berlin Museum cxamiucd.

256

Youni and Immature. As in L. fuscus, allowiuo; for the fact that
the 2:eueral colour of the mantle and wings is lighter.

Nestlin/-/. As in the preceding species.

Tilth. The large river-systems of Northern Russia and Siberia,
from the Dwina eastward as far as the Yenesei (breeding), but
doubtfully in the Lena valley ; in winter to the Mekran coast, the
-western side of India, the Arabian coast, Socotra, Somaliland, and
Aden, but not yet authenticated within the Red Sea. Fortuitously
in South Greenland (once only : the type) and Heligoland ; also
S.W. France [?].

Dr. 0. Finsch has identified with this species birds from near
Lisbon, Leiden, Kamschatka, and Macao, China (' Ibis,' 1879,
p. 111).

a. S ad. sk. Lower Dwiua, June 21

{Alston ^ H-Brown).
b PuU. sk. Lower Dwina, June 21

{A. ^- H-B.).
c. c? ad. ; d. S Lower Petchora River, June
juv. sk. 1875 {Seebohm Sf Harvie-

Brown).

e. 2 imm. sk. Malo Atlim, Ob River, July.

f. S ad. sk. Longlorskaja, Ob, Sept.
q (S ad. ; h. $ Yenesei vaUev, lat. 66^ N.,' |

imm. sk. June 29-July 3, 1877.

i 2 imiu. sk. Yenesei valley, lat. 69° N., !

July 29. >

k 2 imm. sk. Yenesei vaUev, lat. 71° 31' ]

N., July {H. Seebohm). J

J. A. Harvie-Brown,

Esq. [P.].
H. Sauuders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Dr. 0. Finseh [C.].
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].

Seebohm & H.
Saunders Colls.

I. Juv. sk.
m-p. cJ imm.

2 juv. sk.
q, r. S 2 S'd- sk.

&

t. S

Kandahar.

Gwader, Mekran coast, Dec.

& Feb.
Cape Monze, Sind, Feb. ( W.

T. Blanford).
Karachi (Dr. H. Gould).

2 ad.;
iuv. sk.

'l'. S 2 ad., imm., Karachi, Feb. {A. O. H.).
& iuv. sk.

Karachi, March 22 (CW. J?. ^.

Butler).
Karachi, March (E. A. B.

^ W. B. Muloch).
Kattiawar.

2 ad. sk.

n'-q'. Ad., imm., &

juv. sk.
r . Ad. sk.

s'. 2 itniQ- sk.
t', u'. 6 2 j"v- sk.

Punjab, Feb.

Sirsa, Punjab, Dec. & Feb.

{A. O. H.).
Bombay Harbour, Jan., Feb.

v'-y'. 6 ad. &

imm., J 2jiiv.sk.
z', a". cJ2"i'^^' Quilon, Travancore, Feb

sk.
b". S juv. sk.

c". (J imm. sk.
d", e". (S ad. sk.

Socoti'a Island.

Aden, Nov. 11.
Aden, Feb. 25, 1895,

Hume Coll.
Hume & W. T.

Blanford Colls.
Hume Coll.

India Museum [P.].

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Col. Haves Lloyd

[P.]. •
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

F. Bourdillon, Esq.

[C.].
Prof. Isaac Balfour

[C.].
H. Saunders CoU.
Col. Yerbury [P.].

15. LAEUS. 25't

30. Larus occidentalis.

[?] Larus argeutatus, Nordm. m Annan's Ileis. um die Erde, Atlas,

Verzeichn. Th. u. Pji. p. 18 (18;}o : California).
Larus occidentalis, And. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 320 (1839) ; id. Synop.
p. 328 (1839) ; id. B. N. A7ner. 8vo ed. vii. p. 101 (1844) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846) ; Baird, Cass., ^- Laior. B. N. Amer.
p. 845 (1858); Cassin, U.S. E.rpl. Evjjed. p. 247 (1858: Cali-
fornia); Ileinn. Pacijic R. Rep. x. pt. vi. p. 73(1859); Cooper
^- SucJdci/, Nat. Hist. Wash. Terr. p. 271 (1860) ; Coues, Pr.
Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 296 ; id. Ibis, 1866, p. 271 (San Pedro) :
Schley. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 15 (1863) ; Elliot, New Sf Unjiq.
B. N. Amer. ii. pi. Hi. (1869); Ridyw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm.
no. 21, p. 52 (1881 ) ; Coues, -Ind ed. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 121
(1882) : Beldiny, Pr. US. Nat. Mm. v. p. 549 (18S3 : L. Cala.j ;
Coues, Kei/ N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 744 (1884) ; Baird, Breicer,
^- Ridyw! Watcr-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 230 (1884) ; Henshaw, Auk,
1885, p. 232 (Cala.) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 88 (1886) ;
Blake, Auk, 1887, p. .329 (Sta. Cruz I., Cala., breeds) ; Ridgw.
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 28 (1887) : N. S. Goss, Auk, 1888, p. 240 (San
Pedro Martir I., 28' N.) ; W. A. Jeffries, op. cit. 1889, p. 222
(Sta. Barbara, Cala.) ; R. H. Laiurence, op. cit. 1892, p. 41
( Wasbinglon TeiT. ) ; Loomis, Pr. Cala. Acad. v. p. 213 (1895).

Glaucus occidentalis, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 101.

Laroides occidentali.'^, Bruch, J. f. O. 1855, p. 282 : Bp. C. R. xlii.
p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 219 (1857).

Larus arsreutatus, var. occidentalis, Coues, Key N. Arner. B. p. 312
(1872)'; id. Check-l. no. 547 6 (1873); id. B. N.-West, p. 633
(1874) ; Streets, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 25 (1877 : Lower Cala.).

Larus fuscus ?, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 158 (Lower California : a
very small femiJe).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and under
surface pure white ; mantle darker and of a bluer slate-colour than
in L. ajjinis ; secondaries similarly tipped with white ; aU the
primaries tipped with white, but the outer ones least; the three outer
([uills chiefly black, with a white sub-apical mirror on the 1st, and
a white spot (or two) on the 2nd, but not a true mirror ; on the 4th
quill the grey "wedge" from the basal portion runs down the
inner web; on the 5th both webs are chiefly grey, turning whitish at
the apex of the wedge, followed by a black subtorminal bar ; in the
6th the black bar is narrower ; the upper primaries are grey with
white tips. Bill chrome-yellow with red angle, very stout ; eyelid
vermilion ; tar.si and toes yellow (in life). Total length 21-22
inches, culmen 2-8, wing 16"5, tail 7, tarsus 2- 7, middle toe with
claw 2-7.

The female is smaller and her bill is far less robust.

Adult in winter. Similar. Dr. Elliott Coues (' Ibis,' 18GG, p. 271)
says that the head of the mature bird is not streaked in this species,
and, so far as our material goes, he appears to be right ; but the
authors of the ' Wator-Birds of Xorth America ' state that in winter
the head is streaked. In the immature or even in the nearly adult
bird it is so, undoubtedly.

Young. Upper surface dark brown, with a greyish tinge on the

VOL. XXV. S

258 LiRIDjE.

head ; mantle somewhat mottled, quills sooty brown, tail-coverts
barred with umber on a white ground ; rectrices dark brown with

ry narrow white tips, but otherwise uniform, without any
mottling or marbling : under surface greyish brown to brownish
grey ; under wing-coverts dark brown : bill blackish, flesh-coloured
at the base ; tarsi and toes flesh-colour (drying pale browu).

Immature. Head and neck mottled with pale brown, the under-
parts nearly dull white ; the middle of the mantle and the scapulars
nearly pure slate-colour, but the wings still mottled with brown ;
the taU- coverts nearly white, but the rectrices uniform brown :
bill yellow, with a black band across the angle.

At a later stage there is an increase of slate on the mantle ; the
tail-feathers are chiefly white, with spots or a broken bar of black,
subterminally ; head and underparts white.

Nestling. Bufiish grey, the head boldly spotted with black, and
the back rather thickly streaked with blackish.

Hah. Pacific coast of North America, from Washington Terri-
tory to the southern portion of Lower California.

& juv. Pacific Beach, Cala., April H. Saunders Coll.
and Aug. (Heijlurn).
Farallones, San Francisco H. Saunders Coll.

Bay, June 23 {Hepburn).
San Francisco Bay {F. Gru- H. Saunders Coll.

ber).
San Francisco Bay (Culis). H. Saunders CoU.
Santa Cruz Island, Cala., Salvin-Godman Coll.

June {H. W. Henshmc).
Santa Cruz Island, Cala., II. Saunders Coll.
June {H. TV. H).
i. Ad. sk. GiT Sta. Cruz Island, 3.3° N., H. Saunders Coll.

119° W., March {Admiral
A. H. Markliam).
k. Vix ad. sk. San Miguel Island, Cala., Salvin-Godman CoU.

Aug. {H. W. Henshmv).
I, in. (S ad. sk. Ventura, Cala., Nov. {H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

TV. H).
n. 5 ad. sk. Magdalena Bay, Lower Cala., II. Saimders Coll.

Nov. {G. Mathnu, R.N.).
o, p. 5 ad. & juv. San Diego, Dec. {H. TV. Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. He)ishaiv).

31. Larus schistisagus.

Larus argentatus (part.), Middend. Seise Sib., Zool. p. 243 (1851 :
Okhotsk Sea) ; Kittl. Denkw. Reis. ii. p. 255 (1858).

Larus cachinnans {nee Pall.), Kittl. Denkio. Reis. i. p. 336 (1858) ;
Stejneg. Naturen, 1884, p. 6.

Larus fuscescens, Meioes, (Efv. Ak. Fork. 1871, p. 787.

Larus marinus (nee Linn.), Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. 165 (Hakodadi,
Japan); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 180 (part.: same loc);
Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 24; Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882,
p. 168 ; Ridgtv. Bull. Ntdt. Orn. Club, 1882, p. 60 (both sides
Bering Str.) ; Blakist. 8c Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. pt. i. p. 104

a
c.

b. 2 ad.
sk.
Pull. sk.

&

d

Ad. sk.

e.
f,

h.

2 imm.
g. Ad.
ad. sk.
5 ad. sk

&

15. LAEU8. 259

(1882); Nelson, Cruise ' Cortvin; p. 107 (1883: Plover Bay);

Blakiston, Atnend. List D. Jai)an, p. 20 (1884) ; Seebohm, B. Japan.

Emp. p. 291 (1890).
Larus pelafjicus [nee IJruch), Taczan. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 263 ;

id. J.f. 0. 1876, p. 202 (Abrek Bay) ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1882,

p. 397 (Kanitschatka).
Larus affinis, Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 24 (?) ; Blakiston ^ Fryer, Tr.

As. Soc. Japan, x. pt. i. p. 104 (1882),
Larus borealis [nee Bruch), Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 32 (Kuril Is., sp.

"no. 2787;" nee Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 236, whicli = Z. affinis);

Blakiston, Ame7id. List B. Japan, pp. 20, 34 (1884).
Larus achistisagus, St.ejneg. Auk, 1884, p. 231 (Bering 1., Kamt-

schatka) ; Baird, Brew., Sr Ridqw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 229

(1884 : Alaska) ; Stejneg. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 20, p. 67

(1885 : Commander Is., &c.) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B.

p. 88 (1886) ; Stejneg. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 119, pi. viii.fig. 1

(1887 : Commander Is.) ; Eidyio. Man. N Amer.B. p. 29 (1887) ;

Nelson, Rep. N. H. Alaska, p. 53 (1887; Diomede Is.) ; Nikolski,

Sakhalin Faun. p. 270 (1889) ; Taezan. Mem. Ac. Petersb. (7) xxxix.

p. 1024(1893: East Siberia) ; ^//m, ^wA;, 1893, p. 123 (distribution).
Larus marinus scliistisagus, Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 291 (1890).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and underparts
■white ; mantle and upper wing-surface dark slate-colour of varying
shades, but darker, as a rule, than in L. affinis ; scapulars and
secondaries similarly tipped with white ; all the primaries white at
their extremities ; shafts of the principal quills dark brown ; the
three outer quills dark greyish brown — hardly to be termed black —
on their outer webs, paler on the contiguous subterminal portions
of their inner webs ; the first white for more than 2 inches apically,
or crossed above the tip by a narrow dark bar which fades with
the age of the feather ; the 2nd quill with a white subterminal
spot on the outer web, and a corresponding patch of white — but
not a complete mirror — on the inner web, confluent with the
usual grey ' wedge ' which descends from the base of the inner web ;
3rd quill transversely barred with blackish brown, with a white
termination to the grey wedge of the inner web ; 4th similar, but the
white more defined and the upper portion of the outer web lead-
colour : 5th and Gth similar, but lead-colour on both webs with
merely a dark subterminal bar ; the upper quills grey, tipped with
white. In less mature birds there is no spot on the 2nd quiU.
Bill rich yellow, with the usual red spot at the genys ; tarsi and
toes " dark reddish violet-grey " (Stejneger). Total length 24 to
25 inches, culmcn about 2-8, wing 17'5 to 18, tail 7*5 to 8, tarsus
2"75, middle toe with claw 2-75.

The female, as usual, is smaller, and has a less robust bUl.

Adult in winter. Similar, but streaked about the head and neck.

Immature. Similar, but remains of dark brown mottlings on the
wing-coverts and inner secondaries ; rectrices with an irregular
mottled subterminal brownish band ; quills dull brownish, without
any mirrors, but otherwise the general disposition of pattern is
jnuch as in the adult.

Yoxuuj. Clove-brown, with darker streaks on the head and neck,

s2

260

dark centres and bufRsh- white margins to the feathers of the mantle;
rectrices nearly uniform brown, with only a little marbling at the
bases and on the outermost ; primaries brown, paler on their inner
webs ; edge of the wing and coverts almost unmottled greyish brown ;
under surface brown, the tail-coverts striated : bill dark horn-colour,
paler at the base : tarsi and toes reddish brown.

Obs. Examples from Northern Japan and the Amurland coast are
decidedly darker than birds from the Kuril Islands. The specimen
from Hakodadi, which I formerly identified with L. marimis. is
quite as dark on the mantle as average examples of that species,
and at the time I was not aware that L. mcninus had a mirror on
the 2nd primary while still immature. Now that a series is avail-
able for examination, I consider that L. schistisagus has no close
affinity with L. marinus, but rather inclines to the Herring-Gull
section.

Hah. Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, and North Pacific down to
Northern Japan in winter. Headquarters appear to be about the
Kuril Islands.

a. Ad. sk. ; b-e.

S 2 ad. sk.
y. $ imm. sk.

ff. Ad. sk.

h. S ad. sk.

i. 2 ji^'^' ^^^

Kurd Islands {S. J. Snoiv).

Capt. Blakiston [P.].
Seebohm Coll.

Kuril Islands, June 1 {H. J.

Snow) .
Mouth of the Amur, May 21 Seebohm Coll.

{Dr. L. Schrenck).
Hakodadi, N. Japan (Capf. Seebohm CoU.

Blakistoti).
N. Japan (Ad7nl. H. St. John). Tweeddale CoU

32. Larus argentatus.

Le Goiland cendre, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 160, pi. xiv. (1760) ; Daubent,

PI. Enl. pi. 253 (1786).
Le Goiland vari6 ou le Grisard, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 167, pi. xv,

(1760).
Larus argentatus, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 44, no. 149 (1764: Christian-

soe) ; Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 600 (1788 : e.v Briinn.) ; Bonn. Encyc.

Meth. i. p. 83 (1790) ; Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. ^-c. Brit. Mus.

p. 40 (1810) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2°= ed. p. 764 (1820) ;

E. Sabine, Parry^s Ist Voy., App. p. cciv (1821 : North Georgian

Is., black wing-marlrings) ; Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562 ; Meyer, Zmiit.

Taschenb. iii. p. 195 (1822) ; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 770

(1822) ; id. Lehrb. p. 710 (1824) ; J. Sabine, Frankli7i's Journ., App.

p. 695 (1823 : Hudson Bay, black wing-patches) ; Richards.

Parry's 2nd Voy., Suppl. p. 358 (1825 : Winter Id., N. of Melville

Pen., typical) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 191

(1826) ; J. C. Moss, Parry's 3rd Voy., Suppl. p. 104 (1826 : typical) ;

Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 16 (1828) ; Bp. Ann. Lye. N. ¥.

ii. p. 360 (1828); Vieill. Faune Franq., Ois. p. 393 (1828?);

Fleminy, Brit. Anim. p. 140 (1828) ; Kaup) Natiirl. Syst. p. 58

(1829): Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 504, pis. xcvi. & xcvi.* (1833);

Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 304 (1834) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Verteb.

p. 276 (1835) ; Auduh. Orn. Bioyr. iii. p. 588 (1835) ; Eyton, Cat.

Brit. B. p. 53 (1833) : Gmild, B. Eur. v. pi. 434 (1837) ; Bp.

I

15. I.AEU8. 261

Comp. List B. Eur. 8f N. Amer. p. G3 (1838) ; Audub. Synop.
p. 328 (1839); Temm. Man. cPOrn. 2"" 6d. 4°" pte. p. 470
(1840) ; A'(m7n. Viig. Deutschl. x. p. 379, tab. 266 (1840) ; Schinz,
Eur. Faun. p. 379 (1840) ; Keys. ^ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcvi &
p. 244 (1840) ; Mac(jill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 240 (1842) ; Selys-
Lonych. Faun. Beh/e, p. 154 (1842); Audub. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed.
vii. p. 1G3, pi. 448 (1844) ; Sehl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxiv (1844) ; Oiraud,
B. Lony Isl. p. 357 (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Aaseres,
p. 169 (1844) ; Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 588 (1845) ; Gray,
Gen. B. iii. p. 054, pi. 180. fifj. 5 (1840) ; Hewits. Egqs Brit. B.
ii. p. 445, pi. cxxvii. (1846) ; Beql. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 306 (1849) ;
Tkomjjs. B. Irel. ill p. 356(1851); Macyill. Brit. B. v. p. 544
(1852) ; Kjarb. Danm. Fuyle, p. 339, tab. xlii. & Suppl. tab. xxiii.
iifjs. 1, 2 (1852); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854: partim);
Schl. Vog. Ncderl. p. 598, pis. 347, 348 (1854) ; Meyer, Brit. B. vii.
p. 153, pi. 309 (1857) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1857, p. 236 (Cuba) ;
Baird, Cass., c^ Laivr. B. N. Amer. p. 844 (1858); Bartlett,
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 407 (remarkable return to. Zool. Gdns.) ; Later.
An9i. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 275 (1860: Cuba) ; Reinhardt, J6w, 1861,
p. 17 (Greenland, very rare) ; Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 236
(1861) ; Blaki»t. Ibis, 1861, p. 10 (Hudson Bav) ; Gray, Cat. Brit.
B. p. 232 (1863) ; Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p.'lG (1863) ; Sundev.
SiK Foyl. pi. 50. tigs. 1-3 (1863?); Deyl. S,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 417(1867); Holtz, J.f. O. 1868, p. 124 (Gottland, breeds);
Boryyr. Voyelf. Norddeutschl. p. 143 (1869) ; Ball ^- Bami. Tr.
Chic. Acad. i. p. 305 (1869: Alaska); Fritsch, Voy. Eur. p. 474
tab. 54. fig. 12 (1870) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (Strs.
Gibraltar, winter only) ; R. Gray, B. West Scot/, p. 487 (1871) ;
Allen, Bidl. Harv. Coll. ii. p. 366 (1871 : Florida) ; G. R. Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 113, no. 10968 (1871) ; Scl.^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 570 (Cuba) ; IIarti?if/, Handb. Brit. B. p. 77 (1872) ; Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. p. 312 (1872) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 59
(1873) ; Palmen, Finlands Fogl. p. 591 (1873) ; Bresser, B. Eur.
viii. p. 399, pi. 602. tig. 2 (1873) ; Collett, Fork. Selsk. Chr. 1873,
p. 292 (N. Norvray) ; Scl. Sr Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148
(1873) ; Alston Sf H-Br. Ibis, 1873, p. 52 (Archangel) ; Burnf.
Ibis, 1874, p. 402 (North Frisian Is., breeding) ; Coues, B. N.-
West, p. 625 (1874) ; Ridytu. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 391 (1874 :
Illinois) ; Neioton, Arct. Man. p. 106 (1875) ; Irby, Orn. Strs.
Gibr. p. 214 (1875) ; Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 209
(Norway) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 64 (1878 : Gal-
veston, Texas) ; Saunders, P.Z.S. 1878, p. 167 (revision Larinse);
id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 395 (1878 : distribution) ; Kumlien,
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15, p. 99 (1879: Cumberld. Sd., up
to 67° N., breeding) ; R. Anderson, apud Feilden, Zool. 1879,
p. 7 (Pr. Albert Ld.) ; Rodd, B. Cornwall, p. 172 (1880) ; Ridyw.
Bull. U.S. Nut. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881) ; Irby, Ibis, 1883, p. 189
(Santander in Nov., abundant) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 743 (1884) ; B. 0. U. List Brit. B. p. 188 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun.
§■ Flor. Palest, p. 137 (1884 : Tyre, iu winter) ; Saunders, Afh ed.
Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 618 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridyic. Water-
B. N. Amer. ii. p. 255 (1884) ; Biichner, Beitr. Russ. Re'iches, (2) ii.
p. 131 (1885: St. Petersb.) ; Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 326 (1885);
Homet/er, Oniis, 1885, p. 80; Liitken, t. c. p. 145 (Denmark) ;
B. Torre ^- Tsch. t. c. p. 5()0 (Aust.-lluug.) ; Albarda, t. c. p. 629
(Holland) ; Schneider, op. cit. 1887, p. 551 (Upp. Alsace); Booth,
Rouyh Notes, iii. (1887) ; Ridyw. Mari. N. Amer. B. p. 30 (1887) ;

262

H-Brown ^ Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. ^-c. p. 232 (1887) ; iid. Faun,
Outer Hehr. p. 146 (1888) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 507 (PolaDd);
Cori/, B. West Indies, p. 276 (1889 : Cuba and Bahamas, winter);
id. B. Bahamas, p. 239 (1890) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 657
(1889) ; Radde ^ Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 125 (Krasnovodsk, in
winter: typical); Riesenth. Wasservog. Mitteleur. p. 133 (1889) ;
Reichenow, Syst. Verz. Voff. Deutschl. p. 63 (1889) ; Stevenson 8f
Southiv. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 339 (1890) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthice,
p. 301 (1890); Buckl. 8f H-Br. Faun. Ork7iey Is. p. 232 (1891);
Jacket 8)- Bias. Vog. Bayerns, p. 361 (1891) ; Giitke, Vogeho.
Helyol. p. 570 (189i) ; Borrer, B. Sttssex, p. 267 (1891) ; Macpheis.
Faun. Lakeland, p. 428 (1892) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 521 (East
Prussia) ; H-Br. ^ Buckl. Faun. Argyll 8fc. p. 191 (1892) ; Z»' Urban
8f Math. B. Devon, p. 375 (1892) ; Lilford, Col. Figs. Brit. B.
pt. xxiii. (1893) ; A. Dubois, Vertebr. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 590, pi. 293
(1894) ; Mathew, B. Pembrokesh. p. 104(1894); Collett, Nyt Mag.
f. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 307 (1894 : Norway) ; Ussher, Pr. R.
Irish Ac. (3) iii. p. 410 (1894) ; Pearson 8,- Bidiv. Ibis, 1894, p. 236
(N.E. Norway) ; Irby, 2nd ed. Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 300 (1895).

Larus varius, Briinn. Orti. Bar. p. 45, no. 160 (1764 : Iceland and
Cliristiansoe).

The Herring Gull (ad.) and The Bro-mi and White GuU (juv.), Pen-
nant, Brit. Zool. p. 141 (1706).

Goeland a Manteau gris, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 406, pi. xxxii.
(1783).

Larus fuscus (nee Linn.), Penn. Brit. Zool. 2nd ed. ii. p. 131 (1788) ;
Bonn. Encyc. Meth. i. p. 82 (1790) ; Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. ii.
p. 818 (1791) ; Mont. Orn. Diet. i. (1802).

Herring GuU, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 371 (1785) ; Bewick,
Brit. B. ii. p. 196, and &<p/?/. p. 30 (1821) ; Yarr. Brit. B. iii.
p. 468 (1843).

Larus marinus, var. j3, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 814 (1790).

Larus glaucus, Retz. {nee Briinn., nee Fabr.), F. Suec. i. p. 156
(1800) ; Meyer ^- Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 471 (1810) ; Benicken,
N. Ann. Wetterau, iii. p. 138 (1811); Meis?ier i^- Schinz, Vog.
Schweiz, p. 268 (1815) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 493 (1815) ; Koch,
Syst. baier. Zool. p. 372 (1816) ; Nilss. Orn. Suec. p. 167 (1817).

Larus cinereus. Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. Sfc. Brit. Mus. p. 40
(1816).

Larus argenteus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562 ; Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii.
p. 781 (1822) ; id. Lehrb. p. 712 (1824) ; Macgill. Mem. Wern. Sac.
Y. p. 264 (1824); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854).

Larus argentatoides, Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. pp. 791, 799 (1822) ;
id. Lehrb. p. 713 (1824) ; Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 360 (1828) ;
Sivains. Sf Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 417 (1831 :
Melville Peuins., breeding); Schinz, Furop. Faun. i. p. 380 (1840);
L. H. Meyer, ill. Brit. B. iv, pi not numbered (1843); Gray,
Hatid-l. B. iii. p. 113, no. 10972(1871: Repulse Bay); R.Anderson,
apud Feilden, Zool. 1879, p. 7 (Pr. Albert Ld. : a pale example).

Larus argentaceus, Brehm, Lehrb. p. 710 (1824).

Laroides major, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 738
(1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294 ; id. Vogelf. p. 349 (1855).

Laroides argentatus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 740 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294 ; Gray, List Gen. p. 78
(1840) ; id. op. cit. ed. 1841, p. 99; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856);
id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 218 (1857) ; Olphe-Gall. Orn. Fur. Occtd,
fasc. x. p. 55 (1886).

15. LARUS. 263

Laroides arnrenteus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutsehl.
p. 741 (1831) ; id. Nau7n. 1855, p. 294.

Laroides avgentatoides, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutsehl.
p.74L> (1831); id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; Bj). C. R. xlii. p. 770
(1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 218 (1857 : N. America).

Laroides arg-entaceus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutsehl.
p. 742 (1831) ; id. Namn. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 349 (1855) ;
Bp. C. JR. xlii. p. 770 (185G) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 218 (1857 :
N. France); Olphe-GaU. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 60 (1886).

Laroides americanus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutsehl.
p. 743 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294.

Glaucus argentatus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 101.

Glaucus argentatoides, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 101 (N. America).

Larus marinus, Lembei/e, Av. Cuba, p. 122 (1850: of. Gundl. J.f. 0.
1871, p. 291) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1857, p. 236 (cf. Lawr. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. vii. p. 275).

Larus smithsonianus, Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 296 (N. Ame-
rica) ; Gundl. Orn. Cuba, p. 308 (1876).

Larus (Laroides) argentatus, Drosfe, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 340 (1869).

Larus argentatus smithsonianus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 312
(1872) ; id. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 655 (1878 : Montana) ^
Ridgiv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881); Coues, Check-
list N. Amer. B. p. 120 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 743 (1884); Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. Vi. p. 122 (1884;
Labrador) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 89 (1886); Everm.
Auk, 1886, p. 88 (Ventura, Cala., abundant) ; Seton, t. c. p. 147
(W. Manitoba, breeds) ; Ridgiu. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 31 (1887) ;
Cooke, Miqr. B. Mississippi Vail. p. 55 (1888) ; Thompson, Pr.
U.S. Nat. 'Mus. xiii. p. 468 (1890 : Manitoba, breeds) ; Shufeldt,
Auk, 1891, p. 366 (fossil, Oregon) ; R. MacFarl. Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xiv. p. 418 (1891 : breeds along Arctic Amer.) ; Rhoads,
Auk, 1893, p. 71 (Wasb.' Terr. & Brit. Columbia) ; Allen, t. c.
p. 125 (distribution); White, t. c. p. 222 (Lake Michigan, breeds).

Einalia argentata, Heine S)- Reichenow, Nome7icl. Mus. Hein. p. 358
(1890).

Adult male in breeding -plum age. Head, neck, tail, and under-
parts white ; the ring round the eye white or very pale yellow ;
mantle and wing-surface French-grej', with broad white tips to the
scapulars and secondaries, making a conspicuous alar bar ; all the
primaries tipped white ; outermost quill blackish from the base
downwards (save a narrow grey wedge on the inner web), with a
white tip 2-5 in length in mature birds, and a narrow black bar
which divides the white into tip and " mirror " in the majority ;
2nd (juiU blackish for about 0--i on both sides of the shaft, with
a black subterminal bar, a white mirror, and, on the inner web, a
broad grey wedge which sometimes breaks through and joins the
mirror ; 3rd quiU greyish basally, blackish on the lower part of
outer web and on the subterminal bar, grey on the inner web,
passing into white at the apex of the wedge : 4th similar, but grey
on both webs above the bar ; 5th quiU simihir, but bar narrower ;
6th grey, without a bar in mature birds and with a narrow bar in
others ; the remaining quills grey, with white tips. In less
mature birds there is no mirror on the 2nd quill. Bill yellow,
red at the angle of the genys ; iris straw-colour ; tarsi and toes

264 LAKID^.

flesh-colour (drying ochre-yellow). Total length about 24 inches,
culmen 3, wing 17'5, tail 7'5, tarsus 2*5, middle toe with claw 2-6.

The female is smaller than the male, but, irrespective of sex,
there is great individual variation.

Adult in ivinter. Like the above, but with brownish-grey streaks
on the head and neck.

Young and Immature. In the first autumn the upper parts are
streaked and mottled with brown and greyish buff; quiUs dark
umber, with paler inner webs and whitish tips to most ; rectrices
similar, but more or less mottled with whitish at the bases of the
two or three outer pairs ; feathers of the upper tail-coverts brown,
with buffish-white tips ; underparts nearly uniform brown at first,
but afterwards brownish grey, mottled : bill blackish, paler at the
base of the lower mandible. The second autumn the head is
nearly white, streaked with greyish brown ; the upper parts are
barred with brown on a greyish ground, though no pure grey
feathers have yet made their appearance on the mantle ; quills
paler ; tail more mottled with white at the bases of all the feathers.
In the third autumn the feathers of the mantle are chiefly grey,
with some brownish streaks down the shafts ; a faint sub-apical
spot begins to show on the outermost primary ; the tail-coverts are
partly white, and the dark portion of the rectrices is much broken
up : underparts nearly white. In the fourth autumn the sub-
apical patch on the first primary is larger, and the quills from the
oth upwards are banded with black and tipped with white ; tail-
feathers white, slightly vermiculated with brown : bill greenish
yellow basally, reddish black at the angle. At the moult of the
fifth autumn all brown markings are lost, the primaries have white
tips, black bars and grey wedges, though the proportion of dark
colouring in the quills is greater than it is in older birds.

Nestling. Greyish buff, variably streaked and spotted with
blackish on the upper parts and throat.

Considerable variation exists in the tint of the upper parts
in this species ; birds from France being dark, while Northern
examples are as a rule paler. This is especially the case as regards
the primaries, in some of which the dark portion of the pattern is
hardly more than deep lead-colour, as in an example obtained by
Mr. E. W. Nelson at Chicago on March 27, in which, moreover,
the mirror on the 2nd quill unites with the grey wedge of the
inner web. The frequent absence of this mirror on the 2nd
primary in American birds has been made one of the principal
distinctions for Larus argentatus smithsoniamis, but many American
birds have this white spot. The explanation which has been given
of this is that " European birds frequently cross the Atlantic " ; in
which case they have reached Chicago, and even Prince Albert
Land, beyond 110° W. long, and 70^" N. lat., for a specimen from
that locality is the counterpart of the Chicago example ! American
birds of the first year are, however, darker as a rule than European
examples, though there is much variation in this respect, even in
young obtained in the same locality and on the very same day.

15. LAnns.

265

Hah. Northern Europe from the White Sea westward, the
Atlantic llegion to Iceland and down to the north of France
(breeding) ; Greenland, Eaffiii Bay, Melville Peninsula, Prince
Regent Inlet, North Georgian or Parrj' Islands, and Prince Albert
Land (breeding). Southwards, along the coasts and on the inland
waters of North America down to nearly 40° S. on the Atlantic
(breeding). In winter as far as the Bermudas, Cuba, and Mexico ;
also, on the Pacific side, from the mouth of the Yukon to Southern
California. On the European side, to the ^lediterranean basin,
Black Sea and Caspian, in winter.

a, b. Juv. st.
c-e. $ ad. et S

vix ad. sk.
f-h. Pull. sk.

i. Ad. St.

k-q. S ? ad. etjuv.

sk.
r. Ad. St.

s. Juv. sk.

t-i\ $ ad. et juv.

w, :i: Ad. sk.
y. Juv. sk.

s. Juv. sk.

a'. S juv- sk.
b'. Ad. sk.

c'. Imm. St.

d'-h'. Ad. et pull.

St.

i'. Ad. sk.

k'-m'. (S 2 ad. et

pull. sk.
m'-s'. Ad., imm., et

pull. St.
f. Imm. sk.

m'. Pull. St.

v'-x'. cJ 2 ad. et

pull. St.
y'. Juv. sk.
s'. Ad. sk.
a". (S ad. sk.
b". Juv. sk.

c",d". Pull. St. et

sk.
c",/". 6 2 ad. sk.

Gt. Britain.

St. Bride's Bay, S. Wales,

April & Dec.
Lundy Isl., Bristol Channel,

June {H. S.).
Cornwall.
Fowey, Aug. 26, Sept. 2.

Torquay.

Ghristchurch, Hants, Nov.
Pagham, Sussex, Aug.,
Sept.

Eastbourne, April, May.
Romney Marsh, March.

Bury St. Edmonds, Suffolk,

Pec.
Yarmouth, Sept.
Flamborough Head.

Sutberlandshire.

Hebrides.

Orkneys, summer (Hubbard).
Orkneys, June (Dunn).

Hill of Hoy, Orkneys

{Di(7in).
Shetlands {Col. H. W.

Feilden).
Shetlands.
Mousa, Shetlands, June.

Great Britain.

Great Britain.

Havre, Jan. ( V. Pluche).

Havre, France, Nov. (F.

Pluche).
Denmark.

Christiansund, Norway,
June (Zf. Seebohm).

Purchased.

Hon. W. Edwardea

[P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Mr. Vingoe [C.].
Dr. A. Gunther [P.].

C Coningham, Esq.

Hume Coll.

R. B. Sharpe, G. E.

Shelley, & H.

Saunders Colls.
SheUey Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
M. E. Loft, Esq. [P.].

II. Saunders Coll.
Lord Londesborough

[P-]-.
C. Coningham, Esq.

[P.].

T.Walker, Esq. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll,
H. Saunders Coll.

Purchased.

H. Saunders Coll.

Purchased.

Lt. C. H. Bruce,

R.N. [PJ.
J. Sabine, Esq. [P.].
Col. Montagu [C.].
H. Saunders Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

J. Gould, Esq. [C.].

Seebohm & H.
Saunders Colls.

266

g", h" . 9 ad. et juv.

sk.
i". Juv. sk.
k". Ad. sk.

I". Ad. sk.

m", n". Juv. sk.

o". S ad. sk.
p". Imm. St.

9". Vix ad. sk.

r". S ad. sk.

s". Ad. sk.
i". (S juv, sk.
w". Ad. sk.
v", c? juv. sk.

w". Ad. sk.
.r'', y. 2 ad. sk.

a", a^-c^. c? 2 ad. ;
d^. cJ juv. sk.

e^. Juv. sk.

/^ Juv. sk.

g^, h^. Ad. et juv.

sk.
i'-o^ cJ. $ ad.,

cj $ imm., et

cJ juv. sk.
p^. Juv. sk.

q\ Ad. St.; r^ Ad.
sk.

s'. Skeleton.
<^. Sternum.
m'. Sternum,
y^ Skull.

Bodo, N. Norway, June

{H. Seebohm).
Greenland.
Repulse Bay, S. of Melville

Peninsula.
North-land Expedition.

Fort Chimo, Ungava Bay,

North Labrador, Sept. 18,

1882 (Z. M. Turner).
Labrador (H. F. Moschler).
Godbout, Prov. Quebec {N.

A. Comeau).
St. Lawrence River, Canada.
Grand Manan Isl., Bay of

Fundy,Jiuie {J.H. Batty).
Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Boston Harbour, Mass., Nov.
Long Island, New York.
Sing-Sing, Hudson River,

New York,Dec. {A.Fisher).
Washington, 13. C., winter.
Chicago, Illinoi?, March [E.

W. Nelson).
Corpus Christi, Texas, Jan.

Mar., JiUy, Nov. {F. B.

Ai'mstrong).
Brazos, Mouth of Rio Grande

del Norte.
Bermudas, Nov.

West Coast of Mexico.

Seebohm & H.
Saimders Colls.
Hume Coll.
Dr. J. Rae [P.].

Sir G. Back, R.N.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Shelley Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Capt.S.G.Reid[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvua-Godman Coll.
Capt. S.G.Reid, R.A.
H. Saunders Coll.

Ventura, California, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll,
{Henshaw).

Park " {Henshmv

" Loring
coll.).

Prince Albert Land (Dr. R.
Aiiderson, H.M.S. ' Enter-
prise ').

England.

Eno-land.

Salvin-Godman ColL

Capt. Collinson, R.N,

[P.].

Purchased.

John Ray, Esq. [P.].

33, Larus cachinnans.

Larus cachinnans, Pallas, Zooyr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 318 (1811 : Cas-
pian, and Volga to Lake Baikal) ; Keys. ^ Bias. Wirb. Eur.
p. xcvi and p. 245 (1840) ; Bp. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 79 (1842) ; Schl
Rev. Crit. p. cxxiv (1844) ; Miihle, Orn. Griechenl. p. 143 (1844) ;
Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1840) ; Brandt, Lehmami's Reis. n.
Buckara, p. 331 (1852 : Caspian) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 69
(1856: Egypt and Red Sea) ; Linderm. Fog. Griechenl. p. 176
(I860) ; Iletigl. in Peterm. Mitth. 1861, p. 29 (Red Sea) ; Shelley,
B. Egypt, p. 306 (1872); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii. pt. 2,

15. LARtrs. 267

p. 1392 (187.3); Dresser's transl. Severtz. Turkest.Jevotn., Ibis, 1876,
p. 415 ; Tacz. Hull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 187G, p. 263 (Daiiria and L.
Baikal) ; Hinm-, ,Str. F. viii. p. 115 (1879) ; Girjlioli, Ibis, 1881,
p. 219 (Italy); tSevertzoff, Ihis,\m:i, p. 77 (Tashil-kul, Pamira:
end of August) ; ISeebohm {Ilenke), Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (N. Caspian) ;
Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 391 (S.W. France) ; Wliitehead, Ibis, 1885,
p. 47 (Corsica) ; S/iarpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 168 (Muscat) : Giglioli, Avif.
Ital. p. 432 (1886) ; Salvadori, Ucc. ItaL p. 286 (1887) ; Seeb. Ibis,
1887, p. 351 (Madeira and Canaries) ; Fleske, Mem. Acad. St.
Fetersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 57 (1888 : Turkestan) ; Eeid, Ibis, 1888, p. 79
(Tenerife) ; Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1869, p. 5 (Canaries) ; Giglioli, 1°
Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 646 (1869), 2° Resoc. p. 654 (1890), 3" Resoc.
p. 513 (1890) ; Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206 (Canaries).

Larus argentatus (nee Gin.), Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 55 (1831); Bruch,
Isis, 1832, p. 1107 (Dalmatia) ; Dickson ^- Ross, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 135
(Erzeroum) ; Cres2>on, Orn. Gard, p. 483 (1840) ; JS'ordm. inDemid.
Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 279 (1840) ; Miilde, Orn. Griechenl. p. 142
(1844) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 138 (1845 : Egypt) ; Licht. Komencl.
Av. p. 99 (1854 : as regards Senegal) ; Heuyl. Syst. Uebers. p. 69
(1856: Egypt and Eed Sea) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 251 (1857:
Senegal) ; Jaub. Sf B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. M. France, p. 390
(1859) ; Linderm. Voy. Griechenl. p. 175 (1860) ; Radde, Reis.
Sibir., Voy. p. 383 (1863: partim) ; Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 17
(1863: partim) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 151 (Malta) ; Aiitin. Cat.
descr. Ucc. p. 114 (1864 : Damietta) ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454
(Palestine) ; 1V%jj, Viayy. Persia, p. 352 (1865) ; Bias. J.f. O.
1865, p. 380 (part.) ; Godman, Ibis, 1866, p. 103 (Azores) ; Bocaye,
Jorn. Soc. Lisb. 1868, pp. 149 and 3-30 (Angola) ; Doderl. Avif.
Sicil. p. 234 (1869) ; Godman, Azores, p. 39 (1870) ; Shelley, B.
Eyypt, p. 305 (1872); Godman, Ibis, 1872, p. 222 (Canaries and
Madeira) ; Hiane, Yarkand Exped., Zool. p. 299 (1873: Kashmir) ;
id. Sir. Feath. 1673, p. 270 (Scind) ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 50
(Saugor I., lloogli) ; Blanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 290 (1876) ; Fmsch,
Verh. z.-b. Wien, xxix. p. 272 (1879 : Saisau-Nor) ; Radde, Orn.
Cauc. p. 475 (1684) ; Alteon, Ornis, 1886, p. 422 (Dobrudscha,
breeding, " legs yellow ") ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 395 (Portugal,
breeding).

"Larus argentatoides, Bp." (nee Brehm), apud Temm. Man. d'Orn.
2'" ed. 4"' pte. p. 470 (1840 : Italy).

Larus leueopbaus, Licht. Numencl. Av. p. 99 (1854 : Arabia ; descr.
nulla *) ; Sulvad. Cat. Ucc. Sard. p. 129 (1864) ; Finsch, Tr. Zool.
Soc. vii. p. 302 (1870: Red Sea); Finsch S,- Hartl. Voy. Ost-
Afr. p. 818 (1870) ; Salmd. Faun. Ital. Ucc. p. 293 (1872) ;
Shelley, B. Eyypt, p. 304 (1872) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 411,
pi. 602. fig. 1 (1873) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ;
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 347 (Sardinia); Scl. Ibis, 1874, p. 100
(Mogador : same bii-d as bis L. fuscescens, P. Z. S. 1867) ; Wriyht,
Ibis, 1674, p. 228 (Malta); Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 215 (1675);
Taylor, Ibis, 1878, p. 373 (Egyptian coast) ; Irby, Ibis, 1683, p. 189
(Santander in summer, but rare in -ndnter) ; Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor.
Palest, p. 137 (1884) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 349 (Cyprus) ; Radde
Si- Walter, Ornis, 1869, p. 125 (Krasnovodsk) ; Oqilvie Grant,
Ibis, 1690, p. 444 (Madeira) ; Shar^je, Ibis, 1691, p. 115 (Fao
Persian Gull).

Type in Berlin Mus. examiued.

268 lARID^.

Glaucus michahellesii, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 101 (Dalmatia).
Glaucus leucopliseus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 101 (Red Sea).
Laroides leucoph^us, Bp. Naumannia, 1854, p. 212 ; id. Consp. Av,

ii. p. 219 (1857); id. C. R. xlii. p. 219 (1857: Mediterranean);

Olphe-Gall. Orn. Bur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 63, note (1886).
Lams epai'gynis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 99 (1854) [type

examined].
Laroides michahellesii, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 282; Brehm, Naum.

1855, p. 294; Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 770 (1856); id. Consp. Av. ii.

p. 219 (1857: MediteiTanean).
Laroides cachinnans, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 282; Olphe-Gall. Om.

Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 61 (1886).
Dominicanus fuscescens, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 100 (part.) (S.E.

Europe).
Larus miehahellesi, Erhard, Faun. Cykladen, pp. 45 and 62 (1858) ;

Torre Sf Tschusi, Ornis, 1885, p. 560 (Adriatic).
Larus fuscescens, Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 315 (Mogador) ; id. Rev. List

Vert. Zool. Gdns. p. 316 (1872) ; Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 72 (Alex-
andria).
Laroides argentatus, Loche, JE.ipl. So. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 179 (1867).
[?] Larus heuglini, Bree, 2nd ed. B. Eur. v. p. .58 (1876).
Larus marinus, Finsch, Ibis, 1877, p. 53 (West Siberia ; of. Verh,

z.-b. Wien, xxix. p. 272).

Adult in hreeding-plumage. Very similar to the preceding, from
which, in fact, it differs only in the following particulars : — The ring
round the eye is bright orange-red, the gape is the same colour, the
yellow and red of the bill are much brighter, the tarsi and toes are
brilliant yellow ; the mantle is, as a rule, decidedly darker, while the
black and grey on the primaries show a deeper tone, and the middle
toe with the nail is usually rather shorter than the tarsus. Total
length about 23 inches, culmen 2-95, wing 18, tail 7"5, tarsus 2*75,
middle toe with claw 2- 65.

The female is smaller than the male, as a rule.

Adult in luinter. As in summer : the usual greyish striations
being absent, or so faint as to be practically invisible.

Immature, Young, and Nestling. As in L. argentatus. The tarsi
and toes are at first flesh-coloured, but they soon begin to show a
yellowish tint in the live bird, though this is, of course, lost in pre-
served specimens.

Hab. Southern Europe, from the Gulf of Gascony downwards ;
Madeira (probably the Azores), the Canaries, and the opposite coast
of Africa ; the entire basin of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the
Aral, the Caspian and eastward to Lake Baikal (breeding). In
winter to India, from the Bay of Bengal to Bombay ; the Mekran
coast ; Persia ; the Eed Sea ; and down the west side of Africa, appa-
rently to Angola.

a, b. Ad. sk. Teneiife, Canaries, March H. Saunders Coll.

(G.E.Shelley.),
c, d. c? ad. ; e,f. $ Great Salvage Is., April 28, W. R. Ogilvie
ad. ; </. Pull. sk. 189.5. ' ■ Grant, Esq. [P.].

h. (S imm. sk. Madeira, May. W. R. Ogilvie

Grant, Esq. [P.].

15. LARUS.

269

I. (J ad. sk. Off Valencia, S.E. Spain [E. H. Saunders Coll.

Martin).

A;, /. Pull.etjuv.sk. Coluuibretes Is., May & June H. Saunders Coll.

{li. Martin),

m. $ ad. sk. Ajaccio, Corsica, Jan. (C. B. H. Saunders Coll.

Wharton).

n. Ad. sk. Capri, oiF Naples, Feb. H. Saunders Coll.

0. Ad. sk. Tunis. L. Fraser [C.].

p, q. cJ ad. et imm. Lower Egypt, Feb. (G. E. S.). Shelley Coll.

r. Juv. sk.

s-v, S $ ad. et juv.

sk.
w-y. 2 imm. sk.
z. S fid. sk.
a. Pull. sk.
b'. S ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
d'-f. 6 $ ad. et

JUV. sk.
g', h'. Vix ad. et

imm. sk.
i'-m'. S 2 ad., imm.,

et juv. sk.
«'. Juv. sk.
o'-r'. S 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
s', t'. 2 juv. sk.
m', v'. 2 ad. et S

juv. sk.
to'-y'. 2 ad. et 2

vix ad. sk.
z'. (S ad. sk.

Lower Egypt, Jan. {Lord IL Saunders Coll.

Winchilsva).

Echinades, off Missolonghi, Seebohm and H.

June {H. Seeholun). Saunders Colls.

Croatian coast, April. Prof. Brusina ["P.].

Babadag-h, Dobrudseha, June. H. Saunders ColL

Astrachan, June (Mosc/der). H. Saunders Coll.

South Volga, May (Moschler). IL Saunders Cull.

South Ural (TaczanoiosJd). H. Saunders Coll.

River Tigris, near Babylon, India Museum [P.],

winter (Jones).
Bagdad, winter.

Fao, Persian Gulf, Sept.-Oct.

Muscat, winter.

Gwadar. Mekran coast, Dec.

& Feb.
Karachi, Sind, Feb.
Sukkur, Sind, Nov., Dec.

Kushmore, Upper Indus, Dec.

(A. O. H.).
Bhawulpur, Sind, Jan.

a -e .

sk.
f'-m"

vix
n". 2

o",p"
juv,

?". 2
r". 2

«-. 2
f. 2

m". d
v", w
sk.
x". 2
y". 6

(S et juv. Mehur, Upper Sind, Jan.

(A. O. H.).
. 6 2 ad., Larkhana, Upper Sind, Jan.
ad., et imm. sk.
juv. sk. Kandahar, S. Afghanistan, Jan.

{Sir 0. St. John).
. (S ad. et 2 Gurgaon, March {A. O. E.).
. sk.

juv. sk. Sutlej, Punjab, Xov. {A.O. H.).

ad. sk. Delhi, Jan.

juv. sk. Allahabad, Feb.

juv. sk. Eastern Bengal {J. Biddulph).

juv. sk. Bombay harbour, Feb.

'. Ad. et juv. Kashgar.

ad. sk. Saisan-Nor, Turkestan, June,

ad. ak. Lake Baikal, May {Dybowski).

Kenneth Loftus,

E..q. [P.].
W. D. Gumming,

Esq. [P.].
Col. Mills [P.].
Hume and Blan-

ford Colls.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

E. W. Gates, Esq.

[C.J.
Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume Coll.

Hume CoU.

Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.],

Dr. O. Finsch [C.].
H. Saunders Coll.

34. Larus vegaB.

Larus argentatus, Middend. Eeis. Sibir., Zool. p. 242 (13.51 : part.) ;
Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. .345 ; Radde, lids. Sibir., Tog. p. 383 (1863:

270

part.) ; ? Ball ^- Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 305, no. 181 (1869:

Up. Yukon) ; Bunge, Mel. Biol. xii. livr. i. p. 47 (1884 : Lena

delta).
Larus argentatus, var. cachinnans, Schrenck, Reis. Amu7-l. i. p. 604

(1859).
Larus fuscus, Swinh. Ibis, I860, p. 68 (Amoy).

(1857).
? Larus ichthyaetus, Cassin, in Perry'' s U.S. E.xpl. Exped. p. 232

(1858: Japan, juv.).
Larus occidentalis (nee And.), Suinh. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 326 (Amoy) ;

Whiteley, Ibis, 1867, p. 210 (Japan) ; Hartimj, P. Z. S. 1871,

p. 122 (Choris Penins., Voy. 'Plover') ; Siuinli. t. c. p. 421 ; id.

Ibis, 1875, p. 140 (Clieefoo) ; Prjev. in Roioley's Orn. Misc. iii.

p. 109 (1878 : S.E. Mongolia on migr.) ; David Sf Oustal. Ois. Chine,

p. 520 (1878) ; H. H. Slater, Ibis, 1882, p. 436 (Hankow) ;

Sicinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 428 (Formosa) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 327

(Amoy) ; id. Ibis, 1870, p. 3G6 (Hainan) ; Gray, Hand-l, B. iii.

•p. 113, part. (1871) ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 421.
? Larus borealis, Baird, Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 321 (1869); Ball 8^

Bann. t. c. p. 305, no. 182 (Alaska) ; Cxray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 113

(1871: Kamtschatka) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1876, p. 263;

id. op. cit. 1882, p. 397 (Kamtschatka).
Larus argentatus, d. borealis, Cones, B. N.-West, p. 626 (1874).
Larus cachinnans, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 169 (partim) ;

David Sj' Oustal. Ois. thine, p. 519 (1878) ; Bidgw. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mis. no. 21, p. 52 (1881) ; Nelson, Cruise * Corwin^

p. 107, no. 152 (1883) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (Kiukiang) ;

Baird, Breicer,8f Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 240 (1884:

Pacitic coast) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 89 (1886) ;

Ridgio. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 30 (1887) ; Gigl. ^ Salvad. P. Z. S.

1887, p. 692 (Vladivostok and Corea) ; Taczan. op. cit. 1888, p. 485

(Corea) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1890, p. 105 (Bonin Is.) ; id. B. Japan. Emp.

p. 291 (1890) ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 608 (Lower Yangtse) ; Seeb.

Ibis, 1892, p. 96 (Tsu-sima Is., Japan) ; De la louche. Ibis, 1892,

p. 501 (Foochow &c., winter) ; Hartl. Abh. Ver. Bremen, xii.

Heft ii. p. 334 (1892 : Pakhoi) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1893, p. 53 (Loo-choo

Is.).
Larus afRnus (sic). Nelson, Cruise 'Conmn,^ p. 107 (1883).
Larus argentatus, var. vegre, Palmen, Vega-E.vped., Vetensk. Bd. v.

p. 370 (1887) t ; Taczan. Mem. Acad. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1028 (1893 :

E. Siberia coast).
Larus vegfe, Stejjt. Auk, 1888, p. 310 (critical) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1889,

p. 349 (Gt. Liakoff Is., Bunge) ; Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. CI.

no. XV. p. xxiv (1894).

Adult male in hrceding-plumage. Differs from L. cachinnans
in the colour of its tarsi and toes, which are pale flesh-colour, and

* Fasc. i. of Brandt's 'Dcser. et Icon. Anim. Eoss. Nov.,' Aves, waa pub-
lished at St. Petersburg in 1836 ; but it does not appear tliat the letterpress of
fasc. ii. was ever published, although some copies of a plate lettered iv. flg. 1,
Larus borealis, were distributed, and the late Prof. Schlegel had one of them.
Brandt's bird may be L. schisfisagiis.

t For the use of a translation of Professor Palmen's admirable ' Eeport on
the Birds of the ' Vega ' Expedition ' I am indebted to Mr. Seebohm.

15. LARTJS.

271

the mantle is, perhaps, of a darker and bluer grey. Total length
about 24 inches, culmen 2-9, wing 18, tail 7*75, tarsus 2-75, middle
toe with claw 2'G.

The female is smaller and less robust.

Adult in ivinter. Similar, but the head and neck streaked with
ash-brown, as in L. argentatus.

Immature and Young go through the same phases as the two
preceding species.

Hah. Arctic coast of Siberia, from the Taimyr Peninsula east-
ward, including the Liakoff Islands, to both sides of Bering Strait
and Sea, but chiefly along the Asiatic side, Kamtschatka, the Sea of
Okhotsk, &c. ; southward by Japan and China coasts as far as
Formosa and the Bonin Islands in winter.

Ohs. It will be seen that L. argentatus, L. cacliinnans, and L. vegce
are very closely allied. There appears, however, to be a somewhat
important break of continuity : L. argentatus stopping at the \Vhite
Sea, and no large Gull with black-patterned primaries being found
to the eastward, till the Taimyr Peninsula is reached.

a. (S juv. sk.

b. Imm. sk.

c. Imm. sk.

d. Juv. sk.

e-ff. Ad., imm., et

juv. sk.
h-o. Ad., imm., et

juv. sk.
p. 2 imm. sk.

(J. cJ ad. sk.

r, s. Ad. et juv. sk.
t-v. (S ad. ; 7V, x. $
imm. ; y. Juv; sk.

z, a. Ad. sk.

//. Ad. sk.
c'. S vix ad. sk.
d'. 2 juv. sk.
e'. (S ad. sk.
/. Juv. sk.

Soutli-west Manchuria.
ChefoG, N. China, Jan.

{Commr. S. J. Mugge-

ridge).
Shansrhai, March {R. tSwin-

hoe).
Kiukiang, Yangtse, Nov.
Poyang Lake, Yangtse,

Jan.
Amoy, Jan.-March {R. S.).

H. M. James, Esq. [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

F. W. Styan, Esq. [P.].
F. W. Styan, Esq. [P.].

Chichi-shima,
April.

Tsu-shima, Corea Channel,
Feb. (P. A. Hoist).

Nagasaki, S. Japan.

Yedo Gulf, Japan, Jan.-
March (Admiral St.
John and G. Stephen).

Yokohama, Japan [H.
Prger).

Kobe , Japan , M.arch.(Snozv) .

Hakodati, Maj'.

Yezo (Admiral St. John).

Mouth of the Amur.

" N.W. coast America."

Seebohm and H. Saun-
ders Colls.
Peel Isd., Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
II. Saunders Coll.

Capt. Blakiston and

Seebohm Colls.
H. Saunders Coll.
Capt. Blakiston [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm CoU.
Capt. Kellett, R.N. [P.].

35. Larus audouini.

? Larus quadricolor, Scop. Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 81 (1769).

Larus atriciUa (nee Linn.), Natt. (part.), Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 779
(1820) ; cf. Schl. Rev. Crit. p. 114 (1844).

Larus audouini, rai/raudeau, Ann. Sci. Nat. viii. p. 462 (1826);
Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 23 (1828) ; Temm. IH. Col. livr. 480
(1829) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 438 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B.

272 LAEIDJi.

Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 63 (1838) ; Schinz, Eur. Faun. p. 380 (1840) ;

Km/s. S,- Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcvi & p. 243 (1840) ; Temm. Man.

d'drn.2'" ed. 4°"' pte. p. 475 (1849) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxv

(1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 170 (1844 : Strs.

Bonifacio); Id. Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846); Degl. Om. Eur. ii.

p. 311 (1849) ; Levaill. Expl. Sc. Alger, pi. 13 (1850) ; Brehm,

Naum. 185-5, p. 294 ; Jaub. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 392

(1859) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 356 (Corfu) ; Linderm. Voy.

Griechenl. p. 177 (1860) ; Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 22 (1863) ;

Salvad. Ucc. Sard. p. 129 (1864) ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 92, cum

tab. (1866); Degl. $ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 420 (1867); E. C.

Taylor, Ibis, 1867, p. 72 (Nile : [seen only]) ; Doderl. Avif.

Sicil. p. 235 (1869); Gray, Rand-l. B. iii. p. 113, no. 10967

(1871) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 293 (1871) ; Saunders,

Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (S. Spain); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. Bd. ii.

pt. 2, p. 1387 (1873: Nile, fide E. C. Taylor [?]) ; Lilford, Ibis,

1875, p. 31 (I. of Toro) ; Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 214 (1875) ;

Bree, B. Eur. 2nd ed. v. p. 62 (1876) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii.

p. 395, pi. 601. fig. 1 (1878) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1880, p. 480 (Arbolau ;

W. Mediterranean) ; Giglioli, Ibis, 1881, p. 219 (Sardinia and

Elba) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 47 (Coi'.sica) ; Gigl. Avif. Ital.

p. 429 (1886); Salmd. Ucc. Ital. p. 285 (1887); Lilford, Ibis,

1887, pp. 274-5, 279-281 (Strs. Bonifacio) ; Gigl. 1° Resoc. Av.

Ital. p. 645 (1889) ; id. 2° Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 654 (1890) ; Irby,

Orn. Strs. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 299 (1895).
Larus payraudei, Vieill. Faun. Fran<^., Ois. p. 396, pi. 172. fig. 1

(1828).
Gavia audouinii, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191.
Glaucus audouini, i?n<c/j, J.f. O. 1853, p. 102.
Gavina audouini, Bp. Naii,m. 1854, p. 212 ; id. C. R. xlii. p. 770

(1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 222 (1857) ; Loche, E.vpl. Sc. Alger.,

Ois. pt. ii. p. 182 (1867).
Laroides audouini, Bruch, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 282; Brehm, Naum.

1855, p. 294.

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, tail, and under surface
white ; lower neck pale pearl-grey ; mantle and rump somewhat
darker pearl-grey ; secondaries tipped with white, but not very
broadly so ; primaries with white tips, which increase in size
inwards ; the outermost quill chiefly black, with a small white
subapical spot on the inner web ; 2nd quiU blackish ; 3rd quill
black, with a grey wedge on the inner web ; 4th and 5th with grey
basally on both webs and the black reduced to a bar; 6th with a
narrow bar, incomplete in mature birds ; upper quiUs grey, with
broad white edges ; under wing-coverts and sides of breast pearl-
grey : bill coral-red, banded with black in front of the angle, tip
yellow ; tarsi and toes olive-green (drying lead-colour). Total
length about 20 inches, culmen 2-4, wing 16, tail 6, tarsus 2-3,
middle toe with claw 1'9.

There appears to be no noticeable difference in the size of the
female.

Immature in February. Similar, but the head and neck streaked
with greyish brown ; the secondaries with dark centres to the
outer webs ; no white spot on the outermost primary, and the grey
of the 4th and 5th quills dull and mottled ; a black spot remaining

15. LARus. 273

near the tip of the 4th tail-feather from the outside : bill dull
j'ellow, with a black band reaching to behind the angle ; tarsi and
toes paler than in the adult. No earlier state of plumage is known
to me.

hah. Western Mediterranean, chiefly within the Tyrrhenian
Sea, but as far as the Straits of Gibraltar and a little outside. A
thorough " sea " gull, nesting on rocky islets.

a. Ad. sk. Corsica. Riocour Coll.

b. Ad. St. Straits of Bonifacio. Purchased.

c. 2 ad. sk. Maddalena I., Strs. Bonifacio, H. Seebohm Coll.

May 3, 1882 (Lord Lilford).

d. e. 6 2 ad. sk. Spargi I., Strs. Bonifacio, May 13 Lord Lilford [P.].

(Lord Lilford).
f. $ ad. sk. Spargil., Strs. Bonifacio, May 13 H. Saunders Coll.

(Lord Lilford).
y. d imra. sk. Palermo, Sicily, Feb. 1866 H. Saunders Coll.

(Doderlein).

36. Lams delawarensis.

Larus delawarensis, Ord, Guthrie s Geixjr., 2nd Amer. ed. ii. p. 319
(181o : Delaware R.) ; Baird, Cass., ^- Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 846
(1858); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 036 (1874) ; Baird, Max. Bound.
Suri\ p. 27 (1859) ; Cooper ^- Sucidey, N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 273
(1860) ; Wheeler, Jiejh Krp. ^- Surr. W. of 100th Mer. p. 485
(1876) ; Blakiston, Ibis, 18(;2, p. 10 (Saskatchewan) ; Alle7i,Bull.
Harv. Coll. ii. p. 366 (1871 : tlorida) ; id. Bull. Harv. Coll. iii.
p. 183 (1873 : Gt. Salt Lake) ; Ridi/w. Aim. Lijc. N. Y. x. p. 391
(1874: Illinois); Coues, Key N. 'Amer. B. p. 313 (1872); id.
Check-l. no. 648 (1873) ; Lawr. Mem. Bast. &oc. N. H. ii. p. 317
(1874: Mazatlan); Heiish. Ann. Li/c. N. Y. xi. p. 13 (1874:
Utah); id. Eep. Zool. Expl. \00th Merid. p. 485 (1885); Laur.
Bidl. U.S. Aat. Mus. iv. p. 51 (1876 : Tehuantepec) ; Ridyw.
Rep. Surv. -iOth Par. p. 638 (1877) ; Reid, Zooloy. 1877, p. 489
(Bermuda, once) ; Sennett, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 64 (1878 :
Galveston) ; Coues, t. v. p. 655 (Dakota) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 176 (revision Larinfe) ; Hensiunc, Rep. Surv. 1879 W. oflOOfh
Merid. p. 331 (1880) ; Ridytv. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52
(ISSI); Maynard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 485 (1881); Coues,
Check-l. N. Amer. B. 1882. p. 21 ; Ridyw. Cat. B. Fish. E.ihib.
p. 31 (1883); Coues, Key IS!. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 745 (1884);
S. G. Reid, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 25, p. 2G0 (1884 : Bermuda) ;
Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridyiv. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 244 (1884) ;
Drew, Auk, 1885. p. 18 (Colorado) ; Hensh. t. c. p. 232 (Caia.) ;
A. O. U. Check-l. N Amer. B. p. 90 (1888j ; Feilden, Tr. Norw.
Soc. iv. p. 351 (1887 : Hudson Bay) ; Ridgio. Man. N. Amer. B.
p. 32 (1887) ; Cooke, Rep. B. Miyr. Mississippi Tall. p. 56 (1888) ;
Thomps. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 468 (1890 : Manitoba).

Larus canus (part.), Bp. Specchio Comp. p. 69 (1827) ; id. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ii. p. 359 (1828).

Larus argentatoides {nee Brehni), Bp. Ann. Lijc. N. Y. ii. p. 360
(1828: New York).

Larus zonorhvnchus, Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Atner., Birds, p. 421
(1831) ; Niitt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 300 (1834) ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 63
(1838) ; Audub. Orn. Bioyr. iii. p. 98 (1835), v. p. 638 (1839) ; id.

VOL. XXV. T

274 LAKID^.

Synopsis, p. 327 (1839) ; id. B. Am. 8vo ed. vii. p. 152, pi. 446

(1844) ; Giraud, B. Long Id. p. 3G0 (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit.

3Ius., Anseres, p. 171 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846) ;

Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854) ; Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ;

id. Co7isp. Ar. ii. p. 224 (1857) ; Gimdl. J. f. O. 1857, p. 236
Cuba); Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 22 (1863) ; Blasins, J.f. O.

1865, p. 380 ; Gray, Hnnd-l. B. iii. p. Ill, no. 10949 (1871).
" Glaucus occidentalis," Bruch {iiec Audub.), J.f. O. 1853, p. 101,

taf. ii. fig. 20 (California).
Glaucus zonorhynchus, Bricch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 102.
Gavina zonorhynchus, Bj). Namn. 1854, p. 212 ; Bruch, J.f. 0. 1855,

p. 282.
Gavina bruchi, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212 ; Bruch, J. f O. 1855,

p. 283.
Laroides occidentalis, Bruch {nee Audubon), J.f. O. 1855, p. 282.
Larus bruchi, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856).

Larus zonorhynchus, a. mexicanus, i>^j. Consp. Av. ii. p. 224 (1857).
Larus zonorhynchus, b. bruchi, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 224 (1857).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and entire under-
parts white ; mantle pearl-grej' (much as in pale examples of L. argen-
tatus) ; scapulars faintly tipped with white, and secondaries more
broadly so; outermost primary mostlj- black externally, but whitish
on the basal portion of the inner web, and with an elongated white
subterminal mirror on both webs (though the shaft is black), then a
black bar, and the extreme tip white ; 2nd quill with rather more
of a white tip, a smaller and rounder mirror barely touching the
outer web, and a grey wedge occupying the greater part of the
inner web ; 3rd quill without a mirror, more white at the tip and
grey on the greater part of both webs ; 4th and oth chiefly grey
passing into white, barred with black, and tipped with white ; 6th
without a bar in mature birds, or with a very small imperfect one ;
upper quills grey with white extremities : bill greenish yellow,
with a subterminal black zone and a yellow tip ; gape and orbital
ring orange-red to vermilion (in life) ; iris pale yellow ; tarsi and
toes greenish yellow. Total length 18-5 inches, culmen 2, wing 14'5
to 15, tail 6-25, tarsus 2*2, middle toe with claw 1-8.
Adult female similar, but rather smaller.

Adult in ivinter plumage. Like the above, but streaked with
brownish grey on the crown and upper neck.

Young. Upper parts streaked and mottled with rather pale brown,
the feathers of the mantle broadly tipped with huffish white ; second-
aries grey basally, with dark centres and whitish borders ; the two
outer primaries dark brown; the 3rd, 4th, and 5th similar but tipped
with white, and showing grey basally on the inner webs, increasing
ascendingly ; in the rest of the quills the grey gradually increases
till the dark portion is reduced to an imperfect bar ; tail-coverts
white, with brown arrow-headed markings : rectrices white, with
a subterminal dark brown bar and whitish tips ; underparts dull
white, thickly streaked and mottled with ash-brown on the throat
and sides, with smaller and fainter spots on the breast and abdomen :
bill yellowish brown basally, blackish terminally ; tarsi and toes
brownish.

1-5, LARUS.

275

A year later grey feathers appear on the mantle, the band
on the rectrices breaks up, the primaries from the 4th upwards
show grey wedges, aud the underparts are white ; but the head
continues to be thickly streaked, while the neck and shoulders
display bold ashy spots : bill yellow, basaUy.

Lnmaiure. Head slightly streaked; mantle grey, with a few
brown feathers remaining about the bend of the wing; outer primary
witli an indication of a white spot; rectrices white, with bold
bkickish subterminal spots, the remains of the band. The next year
there is a distinct spot on each outermost primary and the tail is
nearly pure white, but the under wing-coverts are still mottled
with brown. The dark colour on the primaries decreases with age,
as in other species, until the mature stage is reached.

Hah. Mainland of North America; not breeding southward of
Nova Scotia on the east side or Utah on the west. In winter on
both coasts, down to Mexico ; occasionally in Cuba and once in
Bermuda. Chiefly an inland species during the breeding-season,
frequenting lakes and marshes.

rt. Imm. St. Northern Expedition. Sir J. Richardson [P.].

(Type of L. zonorhynchus.)

b. Ad. sk. AttipeUa Bay, Labrador, June H. Saunders Coll.

(A. LechevaUier).

c. 2 juv. sk. Godbout, Mouth of St, Law-

rence, Oct. {N. A. Comeau).

d. (5 ad. sk. Milford, Connecticut, April

(Henshaio Coll.).

e. Ad. sk. Coney Island, New York

(Marshall),
f. S imm. sk. Detroit, Michigan (Mai/nard).

(/. Ad. sk. Ohio (Marshall),

h. Juv.sk. Indian River, E. Florida, April

{Maynard).
i. Juv. sk. Cedar Cays, W. Florida, Jan.

[Maynard).
k q. S 2 ad. ; Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov.,

r. Juv.sk. ZAn.-Feh.(F.B.Arnistron(i).

s. 5 ad. sk. Santa Ana, near Guadalajara,

West Mexico, N ov. ( W.

Lloyd),
t, u. S 2 ^^- sk. Presidio, West Mexico, Jan.-

Feb. (A. Forrer).
"> w- 6 ? ad. sk. Guavmas, N.W. Mexico, Dec.

(Gervase Mathetc, H.N.).
x-z. (S ? vix ad. ; San Diego, Lower Cahfornia,

a'. Juv. sk. April (i. Beldiny).

b', c'. c? ad. et 2 San Diego, Lower California,

juv. sk. Dec. (Henskaw Coll.).

d'. 2 juv. sk. Ventura, Cala., Nov. [Henshaxv

Coll.).
e'. Juv. sk. San Francisco Bay (-F. Gruher).

f. Juv.sk. WashoeLake,Nevada, Aug. 31

{H. W. Henskaw).
g'. Juv. sk. 49th Parallel, Aug. 1874.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saimders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sidvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

North American
Boundary Comm.
t2

276 LAKID^.

37. Larus californicus.

Larus californicus, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. p. 79 (1854) ; Baird,

Cass., ^- Lawr. B. N. Am. p. 846 (1858) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad.

1862, p. 300; Elliot, New ^ Vnficj. B. N. Amer. ii. pi. 52 (1869) ;

Coues, B. N. -West, ^.QM (1874); Hensh. Ann. Lye. N. Y. xi.

p. 13 (1874 : Utah) ; Lawr. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 51 (1876:

Teliuantepec) ; Ridgu: Rep. Surv. iOth Par. p. 637 (1877) ; Lten-

shaiv. Rep. Surv. 1879 W. of lOOth Merid. p. 331 (1880) ; Ridgiv.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881); Coues, Chech^l. N.

Amer. B. p. 121 (1882); Ridgw. Cat. B. Fish. E.rhib. p. 31

(1883); Belding, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 549 (1883: Lower

Gala.) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 745 (1884) ; Baird,

Breioer, 8f Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 242 (1884) ; A.O.U.

Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 90 (1886) ; Ferrari-Perez, Pr. U.S. Nat.

Mus. ix. p. 179 (1886 : South of Vera Cruz [?]) ; Ridgw. Man. N.

Amer. B. p. 31 (1887) ; Cooke, Rep. B. Migr. Missi.ssippi Vail.

p. 56 (1888 : Kansas, furthest east) ; R. Mactarl. Pr. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xiv. p. 418 (1891 : Lower Anderson R., breeds) ; Loomis,

Pr. Calif. Acad, v, p. 214 (1895).
Laroides californicus, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av.

ii. p. 220 (1857).
Larus delawarensis, var. californicus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 313

(1872).

Adult male in breeding-jyhimage. Similar, but larger than L. de-
Irnvarensis ; mantle much darker and of a slate-grey ; scapulars and
secondaries more broadly tipped with white ; the outer primaries
with a larger proportion of black ; the 1st quill chiefly black, with
fully 2 inches of the terminal portion (including the shaft) white;
the 2nd with a small grey wedge basally, a white mirror but a
black shaft, a black subterminal bar and a white tip ; the 3rd, 4th,
and 5th black, with white tips and increasing grey on the basal
portions, the apices of the wedges not passing into white ; 6th with
a narrow subterminal bar of black ; the remaining qiiills grey with
white tips : bill " bright yellow, with an irregularly shaped spot of
intense carmine near tip of lower mandible and a spot or bar of
black usually anterior to this on both mandibles, though sometimes
obsolete " (Henshaw) : orbital ring vermilion ; iris hazel ; tarsi and
toes greenish. Total length 20 inches, culmen 2-25, wing 15 to
15-5, tail 6-5, tarsus 2-2, middle toe with claw 2-1.

The female is somewhat smaller than the male.

In birds which are less mature than the example described there
is a narrow black subterminal bar on the first primary, and in the
previous year there is no mirror on the 2nd primary.

Adult in ivinter. Like the above, but the head and upper neck
streaked with grej'ish brown.

Young. Much darker brown throughout than the preceding
species ; no signs of grey on the secondaries nor on the basal por-
tions of the inner primaries, the paler inner webs being merely dull
brown ; tail-coverts broadly and closely barred ; rectrices almost
entirely umber-brown, with some mottlings of greyish white on the
outer feathers ; the extreme tips dull white : bill brownish basally,
black terminally ; tarsi and toes brown.

15. LAKU8. 277

Lmnulure. A bird in its .second August exhibits a fair proportion
of grey in the mantle ; the new feathers of the scapidars, second-
aries, and wing-coverts mottled with grey and brown in an unusu-
ally minute manner ; upper (juills beginning to show a little grey
at their bases ; tail-feathers more uniform umber-brown than
before, though the coverts are wliiter ; underparts whitish brown
without any distinct spots : bill yellower at the base. The succeeding
stages are unknown to me.

lYe/itlini/. Stone-grey, with scarcely a tinge of buff ; head boldly
marked with black ; upper surface mottled with ash-brown.

JIab. Western North America, breeding chiefly on the lakes and
rivers from the Lower Anderson to Utah ; in winter along the
Pacific coast to about 18° N. in Mexico ; once as far east as Kansas.

a. Juv. sk. North-west America. Capt. Kellett and

Lt.Wood,K.N.[P.].

b. Vixad.sk. Vancouver Island {J. K. N. Aiiier. l^oundary

Lord). Commission.

c. S ad. sk. Esquimau Island, Oct. {G. II. Saimders Coll.

Mathews, E.N.).

d. Ad. sk. Yellowstone Lake, Aug. {F. II. Saunders Coll.

J. lime),
e-ff. 2 ^^-t c? Washoe Lake, Nevada, Aug. Salvin-Godman Coll.

imm.,etjuv. sk. {H. W. Henshaio).
h, S juv. sk. Tahoe Lake, California, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.

30 {A. Forrer).
i. (S pull. sk. Eagle Lake, California, July Salvin-Godman Coll.

4 (H. W. Henshaw).
k. Juv. sk. San Francisco, California Salvin-Godman Coll.

(-F. Gruber).
I. 2 ad. sk. San Mateo, Gala., Oct. (/. H. Saunders CoU.

Hepburn),
m, n. cS 2 ^^- sk. Ventura, Cala., Nov. {Hen- Salvin-Godman Coll.

shmo).
o. (5 ad. sk. San Diego, Cala., April [L. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Betdiiiff).

38. Larus canus.

The White Gull, Albin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 77, pi. 94 (1740).

Grande Mouette cendree, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 182, pi. xvi. tig. 2
(1760) ; Bujf. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 425 (1783) ; Daubent. PL
Eid.Y>l 097 (178H).

I-arus canus, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 43 (1764 : Iceland) ; Lin7i. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 224 (1766) ; &o;;. Ann. i. p. 79 (1769) ; P. L. S. Miill.
S. N. ii. p. 345 (1773); G7n. S. N. i. p. 596 (1788); Betziia,
Faun. Siiec. p. 158 (1790) ; Lath. hid. Orn. p. 815 (1790); Bec/ist.
N(dur(/. Deutscht. ii. p. 808 (1791) ; Meyer if Wolf, Taschenb. ii.
p. 47o(1810) ; Pallas, Zoogr. Eosso-Asiaf. p. 330 (1811) ; Leisler,
Nachtr. Deutschl. p. 14 (1812) ; Meyer, Viiy. Liv- u. Esthl. p. 232
(1815): Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 498 (1815): Melmer S,- Schins,
Yog. Schtveiz,-p. 269 (1815) ; Koch, Syst. baier. Zool.^. 374 (1816) ;
Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. S)C. Brit. Mus. p. 40 (1816) ; Niks. Orn.
Suec. ii. p. 172 (1817) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2°" 6d. p. 771 (1820) ;
Bote, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Meyer, Taxchenb. iii. Zusiitze, p. 200
(1822) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 707 (1824) ; Steph. in Shajv's Gim. Zool.
xiii. pt. 1 , p. 198 (1826) ; Vieill. Faun. Franc, Ois. p. 389 ( 1828 ?) ;

278

Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 24 (1828) ; Fleming, Brit. An.
p. 140 (1828) ; Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 58 (1829) ; Brehm, Ms,
1830, p. 994 ; Smi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 59 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat.
Mais. Cauc. p. 55 (1832) ; Selbi/, Brit. B. ii. p. 490, pi. xciii.
(1833) ; Jenxjns, Man. Brit. Vertebr. p. 275 (1835) : Eyton, Cat.
Brit. B. p. 52 (1836) ; Gould, B. Bur. v. pi. 437' (1837) ; Bp.
Comp. List B. Eur. <^ N. Amer. p. 63 (1838) ; Naum. Vog.
Beutschl. p. 301, pi. 261 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 485
(1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirh. Eur. p. xcvi & p. 244 (1840) ; Nordm.
in Demid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 280 (1840) ; Selys-Lom/ch.
Faun. Belq. p. 153 (1842) ; Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 248
(1842) ; Bouteille, Orn. Dauph. ii. p. 244 (1843) ; Miihle, Orn.
Griechenl. p, 141 (1844) ; Crespon, Faun. Merid. ii. p. 124 (1844);
Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxv (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres,
p. 171 (1844) ; Yan-. Brit. B. 2ud ed. iii. p. 570 (1845) ; Hexcits.
Eqgs Brit. B. ii. p. 441, pi. cxxv. (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654
(1846) ; Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 313 (1849) ; Tlmnps. B. Lrel. iii.
p. 348 (1851); Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle, p. 339, tab. xlii. (1852);
Macqill. Brit. B. v. p. 575 (1852); Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 599,
pi. 349 (1854) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 69 (1854) ; Heugl. Syst.
Uebers. p. 69 (1856 : coast Egypt) ; Bp. C. R. xUi. p. 771 (1856) ;
id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 223 (1857) ; Meyer, Brit. B. Vii. p. 135,
pi. 304 (1857); Schrenck, Beis. Amurl. p. 509 (1859) ; Li?idenn.
Fog. Giiechenl. p. 175 (1K60) ; Sicinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 68 (Amoy) ;
Potvys, t. c. p. 355 (Corfu, winter) ; Schl. Die)'. Nederl. VogeJs,
p. 236 (1861) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 345 (N. Chiaa) ; Sundev. Sv.
Fogl. pi. 49. fig. 6 (1863); Newton in S. B. -Gould's Iceland,
p. 418 (1863: oue imm.); Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 22 (1863) ;
Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 233 (1863) ; Eadde, Beis. Sibir., Vog. p. 387
(1863) ; Scdmd. Ucc. Sard. p. 128 (1864) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864,
p. 151 (Malta) ; Der/l. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 424 (1867) ; Loche,
E.xpl. Sc. Alger., Ois. ii. p. 184 (1867) ; Holtz, J.f. O. 1868, p. 124
(I. of Gottland, breeds) ; Borggr. Voqelf. Norddeutschl. p. 143
(1 869) ; Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 235 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 476,
tab. 55. fig. 7 & tab. o6. tig. 5 (1870); Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (S.
Spain) ; Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 420 (China) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital.,
Ucc. p. 292 (1872) ; G. R. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. Ill, no. 10945
(1871); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 483 (1871); Shelley, B.
Egiipt, p. 305 (1872 : Damietta) ; Hurting, Handb. Brit. B.
p. 77 (1872) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 60 (1873) ; Palmen,
Finl. Fogl. p. 506 (1873); Alstmi ^- H-Br. Ibis, 1873. p. 52
(Archangel) ; Brooke, t. c. p. 347 (Sardinia) ; Sharpe ^ Dresser,
B. Eur. viii. p. 381, pi. 600 (1873); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1377 (1873 : Nile up to Khartoum) ; Severfz.
Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873), and Dresser's transl. Ibis, 1876,
p. 415 (Aral to Balkash) ; Dur7iford, Ris, 1874, p. 402 (JN. Frisian
Is.) ; Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 214 (1875) ; Blanf. Fktst. Persia, ii.
p. 291 (1876 : Bushire) ; Seeb. S,- H-Br. Ibis, 1876, p. 451 (Lower
Petchora, breeds) ; Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 208 (N.
Norway) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 799 (Japan) ; I)amd Sf Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 517 (1878) ; Samulers, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 177 (revision
Larinffi) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 396 (distribution) ; Miiller,
J.f. 0. 1879, p. 392 (Cyprus) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 161 (Yenesei,
breeds); Finsch, Verh. z.-b. WYtw, p. 273 (1879) ; Rodd,B. Corn-
wall, p. 169 (1880) ; Brandt, J.f. O. 1880, p. 253 (Finnish Is.,
breeds) ; Saunders, Rep. Voy. ' Challenger^ Zool. ii. Birds, p. 138
(1881 : Japan) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 62 (1881 :
Labrador) ; Seebohm {Henke), Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (Kirghiz Steppes);

15. LARUS. 27i)

id. t. c. p. 386 (Archangel) ; Saluin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 020
(1882) ; Cones, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 121 (1882 : Labrador) ;
B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 189 (1883) ; Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridgiu.
Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 250 (1884: Labrador) ; Tristr. Faun. ^
Flor. Palest, p. 137 (1884) ; Itadde, Om. Cauc. p. 478 (1884) ;
Cones, Key N. Amer. B. 2ud ed. p. 740 (1884: Labrador);
iSauuders, 4th ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 613 (1884); Bunge, Mel.
Biol. xii. livr. l,p. 51 (1884) ; Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 310 (1885) ;
Biichner, Beitr. liuss. B^iches, (2) ii. p. 130 (ltt85 : St. Peters-
burg) ; SStejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 76 (1885: Bering
I.) ; Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80 ; Liitken, t. c. p. 145 (Denmark) ;
Torre i.y Tsch. t. c. p. 501 (Austr.-lluug.) ; Albarda, t. c. p. 029
(Holland) ; A. O. II. Chcck-l. N. Amer. B. p. 90 (1886) ; Taylur,
Ibis, 1880, p. 379 (Suez Canal) ; Giylioli, Amf. Ital. p. 428 (1880) ;
Olphe-Gall. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 76 (1686); Alleon, Ornis,
1886, p. 422 (Black Sea); Winge, t. c.p. 591 (Denmark);
Schneider, op. cit. 1887, p. 551 (Up. Alsace) ; Salvud. Ucc. Ital.
p. 286 (1887) ; Stejn. I'r. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 123 (Bering 1.) ;
liidqiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 33 (1887) ; Booth, Rough Notes, iii.
(1887) ; H-Brown 8,- Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. p. 231 (1887) ; iid.
Faun. Outer Ilebr. p. 146 (1888) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 507
(Poland) ; Pleske, Mem. Acad. St. Betersb. (7) xxxvi. p. 57
(1888: Turkestan); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 055 (1889);
liadde 4'" Walter, Ornis, 1889, p. 125 (lii'asnovodsk, winter) ;
Winge, Ornis, 1890, p. 379 (Lolland, Denmark, breeds) ; Seebuhm,
B. Japan. Emp. p. 293 (1890) ; Steve?ison ^- Southw. B. Norfolk;
iii. p. 335 (1890); Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 188 (Lake L6man) ;
Sti/an, t. c. p. 608 (Lower Yangtse) ; Gatke, Vogeho. Hetgol. p. 574
(1891); Buckley ^- H-Br. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 231 (1891) ; iid.
Faun. Argyll ^-c. p. 190 (1892) ; Campbell, Ibis, 1892, p. 240
(Corea) ; De La Touche, t. c. p. 501 (Foochow and Swatow,
winter) ; Hartert, t. c. p. 520 (East Prussia, winter); D' Urban
S,- Matheic, B. Devon, p. 379 (1892) ; Macphers. Faun. Lakeland,
p. 427 (1892); Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206 (Canaries, rare) ;
Tacz. Mem. Acad. PHersb. xxxix. p. 1033 (1893) ; Matkeiv, B.
Pemhrokesh. p. 105 (1894) ; Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. Bd. xxxv.
p. 300 (1894) ; Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. 2ud ed. p. 298 (1895) ;
Pearson, Ibis, 1895, p. 248 (Iceland, not breeding).

Larus maculatus, Briinn. {nee Bodd.) Orn. Bor. p. 44, no. 140
(1704: Copenhagen).

The Winter Mew, Penriant, Br. Zool. p. 142, pi. L. 2 (1766) ; ibid.
ed. 2, p. 423 (1788).

Larus cinereus, Scop. Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 80 (1769).

Larus hybernus, Tunst. Orti. Brit. p. 3 (1771); Gin. Syst. Nat. i.
p. 596 (1788) ; Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 771 (1856); Bp. Consp. Ae. ii.
p. 223 (1857) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. Ill, no. 10947 (1871).

The Commou Gull, Lath. Gen. Syri. iii. pt. 2, p. 378 (1785) : Bewick,
Brit. B. ii. p. 200 (1821) ; Van: Brit. B. iii. p. 452 (1843).

Larus procellosus, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. p. 373 (1803).

Larus cyanorhynchus, Meyer, Taschenb. Vby. Deutschl. ii. p. 480
(1810) ; id. op. cit. ed. 1822, p. 200 ; Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 375
(1816).

Larus niveus {nee Bodd.), Pallas, Zoogr. Bosso-Asiat. ii. p. 320,
tab. Ixxiv. (1811); Bp. Bev. et Mag. Zool. 1857, p. 5o (Peruu ;
id. Co7isp. Av. ii. p. 224 (1857); Swinh. Ibis, 1862, p. 42S
(Formosa) ; id. P. Z. S. 1803, p. 325 ; Whitele,/, Ibi.% 1807, p. 210
(llukodaili); Dei/l. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 420 (1807) ; Swinh.
Ibis, 1870, p. 336 (Hainan); id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 420; id. Ibis,

280 lakidj:.

1874, p. 165 (Ilakodadi) ; id. op. cit. 1875, p. 138 (Chefoo) ;

Severtz. J. f. O. 1875, p. 185, no. 382 (Aral to Tianslian) ; Tacz.

Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 263 (E. Siberia) ; Prjev. in Rowlei/'s

Orn. Misc. iii. p. 108 (1878) ; David 8f Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 518

(1878) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1883, p. 341 (Kamtschatka) ;

Alleon, Ornis, 1886, p. 422 (Black Sea).
Laroides procellosus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.

p. 750 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Laroides canus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994 ; id. Toy. Deutschl. p. 752

(1831) ; id. Ncmm. 1855, p. 294.
Laroides canescens, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.

p. 753 (1831) : id. Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Larus canus, var. major, Middend. Beis. Sibir., Zool, p. 243, pi. xxiv.

fig. 4 (1853).
Glauciis canus, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 102.
Glauciis lacrymosus, Bruch {nee Licht.), J.f. O. 1853, p. 102.
Larus heinei, Homeger, Naum. 185-3, p. 129.
Gavina kamtchatchensis, Bp. Namn. 1854, p. 212.
Gavina canus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212 ; Bruch, J.f. O. 1855, p. 284.
Gavina kaintschatscheusis, Bp. Bev. et Mag. Zool. (2) vii. p. 16

(1855).
Laroides lacrimosus, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Gavina heinei, Bruch, J.f. O. 1855, p. 283.
? Rissa nivea, Bp. Cat. Parzudaki, p. 11 (1855).
Larus canus a. farroensis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 223 (1857).
Larus canus b. islandicus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 223 (1857).
Larus camtschatkensis, Bp. C. B. xlii. p. 771 (1856) ; cf. Bev. et

Mag. Zool. 1857, p. 58.
Xema canum, Jaub. et B.-La2)om7n. Bich. Orn. Midi Fr. p. 393 (1859).
Larus delawarensis. Cones, Fr. Philad. Acad. 1861, p. 246 (Labrador) ;

Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 177 (as regards Hakodadi, juv.).
Larus canus major, Schleg. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 26 (1863).
Larus suckleyi, Schleg. {nee Lawr.) Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p.' 27 (1803 :

Japan).
Larus audouini, Tristram, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 455 ; id. Ibis, 1868,
p. 330 (Palestine) ; A. B. Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 34 (Savona: cf.
Giglioli, op. cit. 1881, p. 218).
Larus (Gavina) canus, Droste, Vogelw. Borhum, p. 344 (1869).
Gavia cana, Menzbier, Bidl. Mosc. Iviii. no. 1, p. 136 (1883 : Oka).
Larus kamtschatchensis, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 73

(1885) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 123 (Bering I.).
Larus canus niveus. Tacz. Mem. Acad. Petersb.xsjax. p. 1034 (1893:
E. Siberia).

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and entire
underparts white ; mantle bluish grej' (decidedly darker than in
typical L. argentatus in birds from North-western Europe, and slate-
grey^ — as in L. calif or uicvs^in birds from Archangel eastward,
with a perfect gradation of tint) ; secondaries broadly tipped with
"white ; outermost primary black, paler at the base, with a white
subterminal mirror about 2 in. long : 2nd black, with a grey basal
wedge and smaller white mirror ; 3rd black, Avith grey basally on both
webs, and exceptionally a small subterminal white spot ; 4th, 5th, and
6th quills chiefly grey, with black bars — which decrease ascendingly
— and broad white tips : 7th quill grey with a white tip, and with
a small dark spot on the outer web in all but very mature birds ;
the remaining quills Avhite terminally and grey basally. Eastern

15. LAKUS. 281

liircls have the outer primaries darker throughout and the grey is
loss strongly contrasted than in AVestern examples, but the pattern
never varies. Bill greenish yellow at the base, rich yeUow
terminally ; iris golden brown, orbital ring vermilion ; tarsi and
toes greenish yellow. Total length 17 to 18-5 inches, culmen
1-85 to 2, wing 14 to 15, tail 5-75 to 6-25, tarsus 2-1 to 2-2,
middle toe with the claw 1*75 to 2. These measurements represent
the difl'erence between an average Scottish bird and the largest
examples in the collection, which are those from Japan and Corea.

Adah female. Like the male, but smaller.

Adult in winter plumarje. Similar, but streaked and mottled with
ash-brown on the head and upper neck ; tarsi and toes olivaceous.

Young. Head and upper neck streaked with ash-brown, the
cheeks and throat, however, are nearly white ; lower neck rather
darker brown; feathers of the mantle with brown centres and
whitish edges ; primaries chiefly sooty brown, with paler inner webs
and whitish tips to the upper quills : tail-coverts white, sparsely
mottled with brown ; rectrices whitish basally, with a well-defined
subterminal brown band 2 inches deep ; flanks, under wing, and
upper breast mottled with brown, but the centre of the abdomen
and breast nearly white : bill yellowish at the base, black
anteriorly ; tarsi and toes brownish. By September of the very
first year some pure grey feathers have begun to show on the
mautle, and these continue to take the place of the brown feathers
until the next general moult.

Immature (Feb., when about 20 months old). Head and neck
streaked, and some brownish mottling on the upper wing-coverts,
but the mantle bluish grey as in the adult, and the scapulars with
pure white tips ; secondaries chiefly white, but with some dark
l)rown spots ; outer primary with a long white mirror ; well-defined
greyish wedges on the inner webs of the 4th, 5th, and 6th quills ;
7th and Sth slightly barred subterminally, and greyish above ; the
rest whitish ; tail white, with some irregular blackish spots, the
remains of the band : bill and tarsi olivaceous. At the next moult
a v.'hite mirror appears on the 2nd primarj-, the pattern of the
ijuills becomes well-defined, and, save for a few markings at the
point of the wing and on the under coverts, the bird may be called
adult. It breeds the next spring, when nearly three years old.

Nestlimj. Buflish grey, rather boldly spotted and streaked with
black on the upper surface, and with a black spot at the base of
the bill, apparently characteristic of this species.

Hah. Northern Europe and Asia down to about 53° X. (breeding) ;
in winter to the -Mediterranean basin, Nile valley, and Persian Gulf ;
on the Pacific side, from Kamtschatka to Japan and China ; rare in
Iceland ; has once occurred in Labrador (a young bird).

a. Ad. sk. England, winter [white spot II. Saunders Coll.

on 3rd quill].

b, c. Ad. et jiiv. Devonshire, winter. Col. Montagu [P.].
sk.

d. Ad. St. Tornuav. C. Coningbaui, Esq.

[P.].

282

e. Ad. st.

/. Ad. St.

g-n. S ? .juv. ;
o. Vix ad. sk.
p. $ juv. sk.

fj-s. Imm. St.

t. S ad. sk.

n-iD. c? 5 ad. et

2 juv. sk.
X. Juv. sk.

y. Juv. sk.

;:, a' , h' . Pull, et

ad. st.
c' ,d' . S 2 ad. ;e'.

Pull.;/, 5-'. Vix

ad. et juv. sk.
h', i'. c? 2 ad. ;

k'-ni'. Pull. St.
n', o'. cj 2 ad. ;

p', q'. Pull. St.
r . 2 vix ad. sk.
a'-x' . Ad. et juv.

St.

«/, s'. J ad. ; «".

Pull. sk.
h" . Juv. sk.
c". 2 juv. sk.

f?", e". 2 ad. et

juv. sk.
/'.'. S juv. sk.
//". Juv. sk.

h" . 2 juv. sk.
i". (S ad. sk.

k" . S ad. sk.

Z". c? inun. sk.

wi". 2 ad. sk.
n' . (S ad. sk.

o". (S juv. sk.

])". 2 ad. sk.
(/', )■". Ad. sk.
,>•■". 2 iuiui. sk.
t". Ad. sk.

u'', v". cS juv. sk.

Hayling Island.

Lancing, Sussex.

Ilomney Marsh, Kent, Sept.

Romney Marsh, Kent, May.

Thames.

Cookham, Berks, Dee.

Harwich, Jan. 28. [The S ad.

has white spot on 3rd quill.]
Walberswick, Suffolk, Feb.

( W. Tyler).
Redcar, Yorks., Jan, (Biggins).
Hebrides.

Orkneys, May, June, Sept. &
Dec. (J. H. Dunn).

Hills of Hoy, Orkneys, summer.

Mousa, Shetlands, June.

Vadso, Norway, June {H. S.).
Archangel {Henke).

Lower Dwina, June {Alston

^ Harvie-Iirown).
Ferto, Okka.
Damietta, Lower Egypt, Jan.

River Kishon, Palestine,

winter.
River Tigris, winter {Jones).
Fao, Persian Gulf, Feb.

Male Atlim, River Ob, July.
Yenesei River, 66° 30' N., June

{H. Seebohm).
Yenesei River, 66° 30' N.,

June [H. S.).
Petropaulovski, Kamtschatka,

May.
Hakodadi, Japan (Blakisfon).
Hakodadi, Japan, Dec. {H.

Whiteley).
Hakodadi, Japan, Dec. (//.

Whiteley).
Hakodadi, Japan.
Y^okohama (H. Pryer).
Y'okohama, Feb. {G. Stephen).
Yedo Bav, Japau {Admiral

H. St. John).
Yedo Bay, Jan. [Adml. II. St.
John).

J. B. Tyndale, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
A. Cooper, Esq., R. A.

[P.].
R. B. Shai-pe, Esq.

[P-]..
H. A\ hitehead, Esq.

[R].
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
T. Walker, Esq. [P.].

H. Saunders Coll.

J. Baker [Purchased].

E. M. Nelson, Esq.

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[R].
H. Saunders Coll.

Hungarian Mus. [P.].
J. H. Gurne}^ Esq.

[R].
Canon Tristram [P.].

India Museum [P.].
S. ]3utcher, Esq.

[P.].
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Capt. Blakiston [P.].

Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Capt. Blakiston [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

sk.

1'). I.AKUS.

Yedo Bay, Japan, May.

x". (S jiiv. sk. Nagasaki, Japan, Feb.

I/", s". cJ ad. sk. Corea.

283

II.M.S. ' ChaUenger '
E.xped.

F. ILiugur, Esq. [P.].

G. W.Oampbbll, Esq.

[P.].
II. kSauuders Coll.

«■', i^. 2 ad. ut Shangliai, Jan. {G. Stephen)

hum. sk.

c\ Ad. sk. Fokien. J. Gould Coll.

</'-/'. Juv., imm., Amoy, Jan., Feb. (i2. Swinhoe). ISeebohm Coll.

et ad. sk.

(f. Ad. sk. Anioy, Mar. {M. Swinhoe). H. Saunders Coll.

h^. Ad. sk. Formosa. li. Swinhoe, Esq.

[P.].

P-l'K Skeletons. England. Purchased.

»«'. Sternum. England. John Hay, Esq. [P.].

39. Larus brachyrhynchus.

Larus canus, Sw. ^ Rich, {nee Linn.) F. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 420

(1831 : adult) ; Nutt. 3Ian. ii. p. 301 (1834)..
Larus brachvrhvnchus, Hich. in Siv. •$• Rich. F. Bor.-Amer., Birds,

p. 42:i (1831 : 'juv.. Bear Lake) ; Nidt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 301 (1834) ;

Coues, Fr, Fhilad. Acad. 18G2, p. 302 ; Elliot, New ^- Uyifiy. B.

N. Amer. ii. pi. 53 (1869) ; Ball ^- Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i.

p. 305 (1809) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 178 (revision Larinae) ;

Ridffw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 52 (1881) ; Cones, Chech-l.

N. Amer. B. p. 121 (1882) ; id. Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 746

(1884) ; Baird, Breiver, ^- Ridyw. IVater-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 247

(1884) ; Turner, Contrib. N. R. Alaska, p. 126 (1880) ; A. O. U.

Check-l. B. N. Amer. p. 90 (1886) ; Ridyw. Man. N. Amer. B.

p. 34 (1887) ; Nelson, Rep. N. H. Alaska, p. 54 (1887).
Larus suckleyi, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1854, p. 264 ; Baird, Cass.,

■^- Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 847 (1858) ; Schley. Mus. F.-Bas, Lari,

p. 27 (1863) ; ? Blasius, J.f. O. 1865, p. 381.
IJissa septentrionalis, Laiur. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1854, p. 266 (adult) ;

Baird, Cassin, t^- Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 854 (1858) ; Baird, Cat.

N. Amer. B. no. 673 (1859).
Larus canus, var. brachyrhvnchus, Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 313

(lb72) ; id. Check-l. N. Amer. B. no. 549 (1873) ; id. B. N.- West,

p. 638 (1874).

Adult male in hn^edinij-plumaye. Similar to L. canus, but smaller,
■with the mantle of a darker and bluer grey than in Western
examples of that species, and with more white in the primaries. All
these are tipped with white, but the outermost least ; the 1st quill
blackish ou the greater part of the outer web, with a long grey wedge
on the inner web and more or less of a blackish baud from the
shaft to the inner margin, below which is a long white mirror on
both webs, followed by a subterminal bar of black ; 2nd ijuill chieHy
gicy basally ou both webs, with little of the black band— and some-
times none at all — above the white mirror, which is followed by the
iisual bar ; 3rd, 4th, and 5th similar, the grey from the base
joining the white above the bar; 6th with only a half bar on the
inner web ; succeeding quills grey tipped with white. In less
mature birds there is a larger proportion of dark colour and the 6th

284

quill bears a narrow, but complete, subterminal bar. Bill olive-
green basally, yellow at the tip ; orbital ring vermilion ; tarsi and
toes olive-colour, the webs yellowish. Total length about 17 inches,
culmen 1"75, wing 13o to 14, tail 6, tarsus 1-9.5, middle toe with
claw 1-75.

The female is probably somewhat smaller, but the Museum series
is not sufficient for a positive statement.

Yoimc/. As in the last species, except that the brown has a
greyer tint and the spangled markings are less defined.

Immature. Allowing for a larger proportion of grey colour in the
primaries, this phase is similar to that in L. camis.

Nestling in half-down. Greyish brown, the new feathers on the
mantle tipped with buiF ; the black spot at the base of the biU very
strongly marked.

Hah. Western portion of Arctic and sub-Arctic America ; in winter
down the Pacific coast to California. Kuril Islands (once).

Capt. Kellett & Lt.

Wood, E.N. [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

a, b. Juv. sk.

c. Juv. ptil. ; d-k.
cJ juv.,5imm.,
et c? 2 ad. sk.

I. Juv. sk.

m. S fid. sk.

n. Ad. sk.
0. Juv. sk.

p. Vix ad. sk.
q. (S juv. sk.
/•. (S juv. sk.

s. 2 ad. sk.

t. (S ad. sk.

It, v. 6 2 juv. sk.

iu. Ad. sk.

Buckland Kiver, N.W.

America.
St. Michael's, Alaska, June-

Aug. (E. W. Nelson).

St. Michael's, Alaska, Aug.

E. W. N).
Lake Nushagak, Alaska (Z. C.

McKay). '
Kadiak, Alaska ( W. J. Fisher).
Esquimalt, Vancouver I., Dec.

{Hepburn).
Caiiforniau coast.
California {H. W. Henshaio).
Humboldt Bay, Cal., Dec.

(C. H. Toumsend).
San Mateo, Cal., Jan. {Hep-
burn) .
Ventura, Cal., Nov. {H. W.

Henshaiv).
Sau Diego, Cal., Dec. {H. W.

H.).
Kurd Islands?, Feb. {H. J.

Snow) .

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Seebuhm Coll.

40. Larus glaucescens.

[?] Larus glaucopterus, Kittlitz in Lutke's Voy. ' Seniavine,^ French

transl. iii. p. L'72 & p. 280 (1836 : Ounalacbka) * ; id. Henkw. i.

p. 259 & p. 335 (1858).
Larus glaucescens, Naum. Vog. Deutschl. x. p. 3ol (1840 : type in

Berlin Mus.) ; Baird, Cass., ^ Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 842 (1858) ;

Kittl. Henkw. i. p. 259, p. 285, p. 335 (1858) ; Coues, Pr. Philad.

Acad. 1862, p. 295 ; Elliot, Neiu ^- Unfg. B. N. Amer. i. Introd.

The brief description (p. 280) would equally apply to L. nelsoni.

15. LARus. 285

[wing figured and iiaiuo transposed] (1869) ; Dull i^- liann. Tr.

Chic. Acad. i. p. 304 (18G9: Alaska): Sivinhoe, Ibis, 1874, p. 165

(liakodadi) ; Baird, t. c. p. 842 ; Coups, Key N. Anier. B. p. 812

(1872); Gray, Hund-l. B. iii. p. 113, no. 10965 (1871: part.);

Dall, Avif. Aleut. Is. Unal. ectstw. p. 8 (1873) ; id. Avif. Aleut.

Is. West. Unal. p. 9 (1874); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 622 (1874);

8winh. Ibis, 1874, p. 163 (N. Japan) ; Blakist. ^- Fryer, Ibis, 1878,

p. 217 (.lapan) ; Saunders, P. Z. *'. 1S78, p. 167 (revision Larinffi) ;

id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 395 (1878 : distribution) ; Seebohm,

Ibis, 1879, p. 23 (Japan) ; Blakist. ^- Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii.

p. 189 (1880); iid. op. cit. x. p. 103 (1882) ; Rid(jio. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 51 (1881) ; Bean, Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882,

p. 168 (Alaska) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 120 (1882) ;

Stejn. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 70 ; Baird, Breiver, ^ Ridg'w.

Water-B.N.Amer. ii. p. 223 (1884); Coues, Key N. Amer. B.

2nd ed. p. 741 (1884) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 62

(1885: Commander Is.) {A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 87

(1886); Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 125 (1886); Ridgw.

Man. N. Amer. B. p. 27 (1887) ; Stejn. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887,

p. 119 (Commander Is.) ; Nelson, Rep. N. H. Alaska, p. 53 (1887) ;

Falmhi, Veya-Exped. Vetensk. Bd. v. p. 369 (1887: Pitekai) ;

Seehohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 290 (1890); Allen, Auk, 1893,

p. 123 (distribution ) ; A. K. Fisher, Rep. U.S. Eep. Agric. no. 7,

p. 13 (1893 : San Simeon, Cuba, 35= 30' N.).
Glaucus glaucopterus(?), .6re<cA, c/"./. O. 1853, p. 101 (Kamtschatka,

? Kittlitz).
Glaucus glaucescens, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 101 {ex Licht.*).
Larus glaucopterus, i/cA^. (? Kittlitz) Nomencl. Av. p. 99, sinedescr.

(1854: Bering Straits, Chamhsof).
[?] Laroiides glaucopterus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211 (Kamtschatka).
Laroides glaucescens, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212 ; Bruch, J.f. 0. 1855

p. 281.
Leucus glaucescens, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii

p. 216 (1857).
Larus chalcopterus, Baird, Cassin, ^ Lawr. {nee Licht.) B. N. Am.

p. 843 (1860); Coues, Froc. Fhilad. Acad. 1862, p. 295: Gray
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 113, no. 10964 (1871).

Adult male, in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and under-
parts white ; mantle bluish grej- (much as in L. argentatus) ;
scapulars, secondaries, and primaries broadly tipped with white ;
the foundation-pattern of the quills two shades of ashj' grey ; the
1st quill either white for fully 2 inches terminally, or with a dark
subterminal bar, which is often confined to the inner web, but some-
times divides the white into a " mirror "' and " tip," according to age ;
2nd with a white subterminal spot on each side of the shaft, which
remains grey, while the inner web at its junction with the spot inclines
to white : 3rd quill without a distinct spot, but whitish at the apex of
the ' wedge ' of the grey inner web {see cut, p. 286 ) ; 4th pale grey
on the greater part of both webs, so that the darker grey sjiows as
a distinct bar ; 5th with smaller dark bar surmounted by white,
which blends with the grey of the basal portion ; 6th simUar, but

* Example in Mainz Museum examined.
t Example in Berlin Museum examined.

286

LAEIDJE.

bar very narrow or reduced to a spot on the outer web ; the rest
grey basally, tipped with white : bill yellow, red at the angle of

1 2 3

Larits glaticesccns.

the lower mandible ; culmen rather abruptly decurved at the tip ;
tarsi and toes " light flesh colour" (Coites). Total length 25 to 26
inches, culmen 2-75, wing 17 to 17-5, tail 8, tarsus 2-7, middle toe
with claw 2-7.

The female has a less robust bill and is somewhat smaller.

Adult in xvi liter. Like the above, but the head and neck streaked
with brownish grey.

Young {tiuo months old). General colour dark greyish brown ; the
forehead and lores almost lead-colour ; the feathers of the mantle
and tail-coverts edged with dull buff ; primaries ash-brown ex-
teriorly, much paler on the inner webs; rectrices ash-brown, the
outer pairs slightly mottled : bill dark brown ; tarsi and toes paler
brown. Both upper and under surfaces rapidly become paler, and
a greyer tint prevails the same year : this becomes more marked the
second year, when the feathers of the mantle are chequered and
the rectrices are distinctly mottled.

Immature. Head, neck, and underparts nearly white ; mantle
almost as in the adult, with a little brownish mottling on the
secondaries ; an indication of a mirror on the first primary ; white
tips, followed by distinct subterminal bars, on the 3rd, 4th, and
5th quills ; tail white, with large irregular blotches of ash-grey :
bill yellowish, darkly banded across the angle ; tarsi and toes dull
flesh-colour. At the next moult the secondaries are pure white

15. LARUS. -87

terminally, -while the primaries are fairly ash-grey, with a distinct
mirror on the outermost primary and a visible pattern on the rest ;
tail still mottled with prey, but paler.

ilah. Both sides of Bering Sea, but very little to the north of the
Straits and not at Point Barrow ; the Aleutian chain of islands, the
Commander Is. and Kamtschatka, and the American coast to the
Straits of San Juan de Fuca (breeding) ; in winter to Southern
California, and to Northern Japan.

a. Juv. sk.

b. 5 imm. sk.

c. (S ad. sk.

d. Ad. St.

e. Juv. sk.

/. 6 ad. sk.

g,h- 6 2 vixad.

sk.
i. (S juv. sk.
k. 5 imm. sk.

I. Imm. sk.

«i. $ juv. sk.

n, 0. S ] uv. ; p,
q. 2 juv. sk.

r. (S ad. ; s.
Imm. sk.

St. Michaer.s, Alaska, Oct. {E.

W. Neho?i).
Ounalaska Island, Alaska, May

(K IV. A'.).
Kadiak Island, Alaska ( W. J.

Fis/ier).
Vancouver Island.
Vancouver Island [about

August].
Vancouver Island, March {J.

Hepburn).
Vancouver Island, Feb.-March

(A. Forrer).
Vancouver Island, April {A.F.).
Whidbv Island, W. Terr., Jan.

{F. Stephens).
Olympia, W. Terr., Dec. {Hen-

shaw Coll.).
Farallones, San Francisco Bay,

C'ala., April {Hepburn).
Ventura, Cala.,Nov. (Hennhaw).

Ilakodadi, Japan {Capt. Blakis-

tOJl).

41. Larus nelsoni.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Dr. Lvall, R.N. [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].

II. Saunders Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.

II. Saunders Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

[?] Laroides chalcopterus, BrucJi (? Lichf.), J. f. O. 1855, p. 282

("Bering Str. and Greenland").
Leucus chalcopterus, Bp. (? Licht.) C. R. xlii. p. 770 (185G) ; id.

Coii.fp. Ai: ii. p. 216 (1857 : " Bering Str. and Greenland ") *.
Laius glaucescens, Grai/, Uand-l. B. iii. p. 113 (1871 : as regards

Kellett and Wood's bird).
Larus nelsoni, Henshmr, Auk, 1884, p. 250 (St. Michael's, Alaska) ;

Baird, Breicei; ^- Ridyiv. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 222 (1884) ;

A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 88 (1880); Ridgw. Man. N.

Amer. B. p. 27 (1887) ; Heushaw, in Xehon's Rep. N. H. Alaska,

Birds, V- 53 (1887 : Pt. Barrow, juv. ?).
? Larus kumlieni, Murdoch, E.iped. Pt. Barrow, p. 123 (1885 :

juv.).

* Bouaparte's description {Consp. Av.) seems to suit L. nelsoni, but the
second locality must refer to L. kumlieni (infra, p. 288). When I examined
the supposed tvpe of Lichtenstein's L. chalcopterus in the Berlin lluseiiin,
in 1877, 1 took it to bei. leucopfcrus, but it is possible that the taint grey mark-
ings on the primaries may have escjiped my notice in a bad light, especially
if the quills were worn and abraded.

288 I,ARIDJ5.

Adult. Head, neck, tail, and entire underparts white ; mantle
pearl-grej'' (decidedly lighter than in ordinary L. argentatus and less
blue than in L. glaucescens) ; scapulars and secondaries broadly
tipped with white ; outermost ])rimary ash-grey on the outer web,
witii a paler stripe 0-3 inch wide next the shaft on the inner web,
to within about 3 inches from the tip, the said 3 inches on both
webs and the rest of the inner web being white ; 2ud quill similar,
but with the grey on the inner web paler and less defined ; 3rd
very pale grey basally, a stripe of pale ash for about 3*5 on the
outer web, and about 2'5 of the terminal portion of the inner web
white. In the specimen in the British Museum these three quills
are much worn and abraded, while the -ith is missing. On the 5th,
which is new, there is a slight pattern of ash-grey on the outer
web ; the terminal portion of this and the succeeding quills being
white, which passes into palest grey basally. In the type specimen,
in the Smithsonian Museum, there appears to be more defiuition in
the pattern, owing partly to the better condition of the specimen.
Bill yellow, with a red spot at the angle : not very stout ; tarsi and
toes ochraceous yellow (in the dried specimen). Total length about
23 inches, culmen 2'4, wing about 16-5 (allowing for abrasion),
tail 7*75, tarsus 2-6, middle toe with claw 2-6. Our bird is
probably a female, judging from the measurements of the type,
which is a male.

? Young (Vancouver I., 20th Dec). This specimen is very
similar to young L. glaucescens, but the rectrices are of a deeper
brown and un mottled on the exterior webs of the outermost pair.
In this respect the bird resembles young L. ocddentalls, but some
new grey feathers appearing on the mantle are far too pale for
that species. The measurements suit L. nelsorii better than
L. glaucescens.

Hah. Alaska and North-west America. Only two adults are
known up to the present time.

a. Ad. sk. Alaskan Coast. Capt. Kellett & Lieut.

Wood, Il.N. [P.].
? &. ? juv. sk. Vancouver I., Dec. 20th H. Saunders Coll.

{A. Forrer).

42. Larus kumlieni.

Larus glaucescens (wee Naum.), Kumlien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

no. 15, p. 98 (1879 : Cumbeiiand 8d., Baffin Ld.) ; Breivst.

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1883, p. 125 (Bay of Fuudj^ ; Merrill,

t. c. p. 125 (Grand Menan).
Larus kumlieni, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1883, p. 216

(Cumberland Sd. and Bay of Fundy) ; Park, Auk, 1884, p. 196

(N. York State) ; Baird, Brewer, 1^- Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer.

ii. p. 219 (1884) ; Coues, Knj N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 742 (1884) ;

A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 88 (1886) ; Eidg^v. Man. N.

Amer. B. p. 27 (1887).

Adult in hreeding-jjlumage. Smaller than the preceding species,

^J

i;3. LAKUS.

289

l)ut extremely similar, the difference being (in our specimen) that
the grey pattern is darker, while on the 3rd (see cut) and 4th quills
there is a fairly defined subterminal bar across both webs : bill

»

1 2 3

Larus kumlieni.

yellow, the angle red ; tarsi and toes dull yellow (dried). Total
length 19-5 inches, culmen 2-1, wing 15-5, tail 0-5, tarsus 2, middle
toe with claw 2-1.

Vounr/. Unknown to me. Mr. Kumlien states that the birds
shot in Cumberland Sound in September were " even darker than
the young of L. an/eutatiis, the primaries and tail being very nearly
black." Two young birds sent by Mr. W. Brewster and ascribed to
this species are, in my opinion, young L. leucopterus.

Hah. Cumberland Sound, Baffin Land. In winter to Bay of
Fundy and New York.

a. (S ad. sk. Cumberland Sound, west side of H. Saunders Coll.
Davis Straits, June 10, 1884
{Henderson).

43. Larus glaucus.

Lavus glaucus, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 44 (17fi4: Iceland); Fal>i: Faun.
Graml. ]\ 100 (1780, ex Brii>in.): Moh)\ Island. Natiirh. ]). 42
(1786) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 600 (1788) ; Lath. Ind.Orn. ii. p. 814 (1790) ;
Bonn. Em: Meth. i. p. 841 (1790) ; Betzius, Faun. Suec. p. 156 (1800);

VOL. XXV. U

290

Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. ii. p. 320 (1811: Sea of Okhotsk);
Meijer, Ann. Wetterau Ges. iii. pp. 162-168 (1812) ; E. Sabine,
Tr. Linn. Sue. xii. p. 543 (1819 : Greenland) ; Leach, in Russs
Vol/. Baffin B. 4to ed. p. liv (1819) ; id. op. cit. 8vo ed. ii. p. 161
(1819); Scoreshy,Ai-ct. To^. i. p. 535 (1820) ; Temtn. Man. d'Orn.
2™« ^d. p. 757 (1820) ; -B. Sabine, Siqjp. Parry's l-vi Voy. p. cciii
(1821 : Barrow Str. and Polar Sea generally) ; Mei/er, Zusdtze
Taschenh. iii. p. 191 (1822) ; Boie, Lsis, 1822, p. 562 ; Brehm,
Beitr. Vuyelk. iii. p. 800 (1822); Manby, Voy. Greenl. p. 48
(1822) ; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 82 (1823) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 729
(1824) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 189 (1826) ; J.
Richardson, App. Parry's 2nd Voy. p. 358 (1825 : Lyon Inlet, S. of
Melville Peninsula) ; J. C. Ross, App. Parry's 3rd Voy. p. 103
(1820: Pt. Bowen and N. Somerset Ld. on opp. side of Pr. Pie-
o-ent's Inlet) ; id. A2}p. Parry's it h Voy. p. 194 (1828: Low I.,
Spitsbergen, but not N. of 81°) ; Brehm, Ornis, Heft ii. p. 136
(1826) ; Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 361 (1828) ; Werner, Atlas,
Palmipedes, p. 15 (1828 ) ; Vieill. Faun. Fran<^., Ois. p. 395 (1828) ;
Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 139 (1828) ; Brehm, lsis, 1830, p. 993 ; id.
Viig. Ueutschl. p. 733 (1831): Stv. Sf Rick. Faun. Bor.-Amer.,
Birds, p. 416 (1831) ; Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 498, pi. xcix. (1838) ;
Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 306 (1834) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr.
p. 279 (1835) ; Fyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 53 (1836) ; Gould, B. Eur.
V. pi. 432 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Em: <^- N. Amer. p. 63
(1838) ; Audub. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 59, pi. 396 (1839) ; id. Synop.
p. 329 (1839) ; Namn. Viig. Deutschl. x. p. 350, pi. 264 (1840) ;
Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 378 (1840) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2me ed.
4me pte. p. 467 (1840) ; Keys. ^ Bias. IVirb. Eur. p. xcvi & p. 243
(1840) ; Gray, List Gen. B. p. 78 (1840) ; id. op. cit. ed. 1841, p. 99 ;
Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg. p. 153 (1842) ; Macgill. Man. Brit.
Orn. ii. p. 247 (1842) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 363 (1844) ; Schl.
Rev. Crit. p. cxxv (1844) ; Audub. B. N. Atner. 8vo ed. vii.
p. 170, pi. 449 (1844) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 168
(1844) ; Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 595 (1845) ; Mewitson, Eggs
Brit. B. ii. p. 450, pi. cxxviii. fig. 2 (1846) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii.
p. 654 (1846) ; Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 309 (1849) ; Thoinps. B.
Irel. iii. p. 388 (1851) ; Braivlt, Lehmann's R. n. Buchara, p. 331
(1852 : mouth of Ural river) ; Macgill. Br. B. v. p. 557 (1852) ;

Dublin Soc. i. p. 57 (Prince Patrick Isl., M'Clintock) ; Meyer, Brit.
B. vii. p. 147, pi. 307 (1857); A. Armstrom/, N.W. Pass. '■ In-
vestiq.' p. 347 (1857 : Pr. Albert Land) ; Baird, Cass., ^- Laicr.
B. N. Amer. p. 842 (1858) ; Evans Sf Sturge, Ibis, 1859, p. 167
(W. Spitsbergen): Schl. Dier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 234 (1861);
Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 16 (Greenland) ; A. Newton, in Baring
Gould's Iceland, p. 418 (1863) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 230 (1863)";
Radde,Reise Sibir., Voy. ii.p.382 (1863) ; Schl. Mus. P.-^.,Lari,
p. 4 (1863) ; Malmgr. 'CEfv. Ak. Fbrh. 1863, p. 105 ; id. op. cit.
1864, p. 389 (Spitsbergen); A. Newt. Ibis, 1865, p. 509 (Spits-
ber"-en); Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 409 (1867); Borygr.

Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 142 (1869) ; Dall ^ Bann. Tr. Chic.
Acad. i. p. 304, no. 177 (1809: St. Michael's, Ala.ska) ; Fritsch,

Viig. Eur. p. 473, tab. 56. fig. 8 (1870) ; Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 306

(Novaya Zemlya) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 4i::0 (1871) ; G. R.

Gray, Sand-l. B. iii. p. 112, no. 10960 (1871) ; Harting, P. Z. S.

15. LARus. 291

1871, p. 122 (Melville I., M'Clinfock); id. Handb. Brit. U. p. 77
(1872) ; Hewjl. Ibis, 1872, p. 6-'5 (Novaya Zemlva) ; Feilden, Zool.
s.s. p. 3289 ( 1872 : Ftcroes) ; Sah-ad. Faun. Ital.', Ucc. p. 295 (1872);
Coueit, Key N. Amcr. B. p. 311 (1872); id. in Elliott's Hep.
Prybiloff Group, no. o43 (1873) ; Collett, Fork. Selsk. Christ. 1873,
p. 294 (N. Norway); Palmen, Finiands Fogl. p. 585 (1873);
Goidd, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 57 (1873); li. Gray, Br. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Glasi/. 1873, p. 199 ; H-Bronm, t. c. p. 210 (Forth) ; Coues,
B. N.-W'cst, p. 620 (1874); Suruhv. (Efo. Ak. Fiirh. 1874, p. 21
(Mos.sel IJay); Swinh. Ibis, 1874, p. IC.5 (X. Japan); Bessc-ls,
Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris, 1875, p. 290 (Polaris Bay) ; Irby, Orn.
iStrs. Gibr. p. 215 (1875 : Tansrier) ; A. Netcton, Arctic Man.
p. 100 (1875) ; Seebohm 4- H-Brown, Ibis, 1870, p. 453 (Lower
Petchora) ; Taizan. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1870, p. 263 (E. Siberia) ;
Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 433, pi. 605 (1877); Fdlden, Ibis, 1877,
p. 409 (up to 82= N.) ; Collett, Nyt May. Naturv. 1877, p. 210 (X.
Norway) ; E. Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 440 (Norton Sd.) ; Saunders,
P. Z. S. 1878, p. 165 ; Marmott. l^- Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1879,
p. 249 (Crotoy) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1879, p. 101 (Yene.sei) : Bessels,
Amerik. Kordpol-Exped. p. 312(1879: Polaris Bay); Kumlien,
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mas. no. 15, p. 95 (1879: Cumberland Sd.) ;
Feilden, Zool. 1879, p. 7 (Pr. Albert Ld.) ; Ragsdale, Bull. Nidt.
Orn. CI. 1881, p. 187 (Bed Itivei-, Texas: imm.) ; Maynurd, B.
East. N. Amer. p. 482 (1881 : Mass., rare) ; Ridyw. Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 51 (1881) ; Feilden, in 3Iarkhain''s Polar
lieconn. p. 334 (1881 : Novaya Zemlva) ; Coues, Ckeck^list N.Amcr.
B. p. 120 (1882) ; W. H. Neale, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 053 (Franz-
Josef Ld.) ; Elliott, Seal Is. Alaska, p. 132 (1882) ; Seebohm
(Henke), Ibis, 1882, p. 230 (N. Caspian, imm.) ; id. (id.) t. c. p. 385
(Kauin Peninsula, breeding) ; Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882,
p. 108 (Cape Lisburn) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin,' p. 100 (1883);
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1883, p. 341 (Kamtsc-hatka) ; B. O. U.
Lid Brit. B. p. 187 (1883) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 391 (S.W.
France) ; id ifh ed. Fan: Brit. B. iii. p. 036 (1884) ; Coues,
Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 741 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, ^- Bidgiv.
Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 211 (1884); Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. vi. p. 122 (1884 : Labrador) ; Bunge, Mel. Biol. xii. livr. 1,
p. 48 & p. 53 (1884: Lena delta) ; Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 330
(1885): Bvchner, Beitr. Buss. Beiehes, {2) ii. p. 132 (1885: St.
Petersburg) ; Murdoch, Exped. Pt. Barnno,-p. 122 (1885) ; Fischer
Sr Pelz. MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1880, p. 210 (Jau Maven L);
Homeyer, Omis, 1885, p. 80 (Germany) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N.
Amer. B. p. 87 (1886) ; Griindal, Omis, 1886, p. 370 (IceLind) ;
Giylioli, Avif. Ital. p. 433 (1880) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 287
(1887) ; Booth, Rough Notes, iii. (1887) ; Schiieider, Omis, 1887,
p. 551 (llpp. Alsace : juv., winter) ; Riflyw. Man. N. Amer. B.
p. 26 (1887) ; Townsend, Auk, 1887, p. 12 (N. Alaska) ; Feilden,
Tr. Noriv. Soc. iv. p. 351 (1887 : Hudson Str.) ; Palmen, J'ega-
E.v2H'd. T'etensk. p. 365 (1887) ; H-Brown i.^- Buckl. Faun. Sut/ierl.
p. 234 (1887): iid. Outer Hebr. p. 149 (1888); Taczan. Orfii.s,
1888, p. 507 (Poland); Scehohm (Bum,e), Ibis, 1888, p. 350 (Gt.
Liakoff L); Cooke, Bird Miyr. Mississippi VaJl. p. 55 (1888:
Kansius) ; Greeli/, Rep. Exped. Lad}/ Franklin Bai/, ii. p. 22 (1888);
Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 663 '(1889): Giylioli, Avif. Ital. i.
Rt-soc. p. 647 (1889) ; M. Chamberlain, Auk, 1889, p. 214 (S. Green-
land) ; Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 290 (1890) ; Ii. MacFirl. Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus.xiv. p. 417 (1891 : Arctic Amer.) ; Gatke, Vogelw.

f 2

292

Helgol. p. 506 (1891) ; Hagerup, B. Greenl. p. 46 (1891) ; W. E.

Clarke, Zool. 1890, p. 49 (Jan Mayen I.) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892,

p. 521 (E. Prussia, juv.) ; Lilford, Col. Figs. Brit. B. pt. xxiii. &

pt. xxvii. (1893) ; Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 309

(1894: Norway); Dubois, Vertehr. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 577, pi. 289

(1894) ; Irby, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 301 (1895).
Larus hyperboreus, Gunnerus, in Leem's Beskr. Finm. Lapp. p. 283

(1707).
Le Gotland a Manteau gris brun ou le Bourgmestre, Buffon, Hist.

Nat. Ois. viii. p. 418 (178.3).
Le Go6land a Manteau gris et Wane, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 421

(1783).
Glaucous Gull, Lath. Gen. Sgn. iii. pt. 2, p. 374 (1785) ; Tarr. Brit.

B. iii. p. 475 (1843).
Larus maximus, O'ReiUy {nee Leach, 1816), Greenland, p. 141,

pi. xiii. (1818).
? Larus leuceretes, Schleep, N. Ann. Wetterau Gesel. iv. p. 314

(1819).
Larus consul, Boie, Wiedemann's Zool. Mag. 1819, p. 126 (Spits-
bergen) ; iSrehm, Isis, 1830, p. 994 ; id. Vog. Devtschl. p. 735

(18.31).
? Larus medius, Brehm, Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 810 (1822) ; id. Lehrb.

Eur. Vog. p. 731 (1824) ; id. Vog. Derdschl. p. 736 (1831).
Larus islandicus, Edmonst. Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. p. 185 (1822 : not

o£ Edmonst. op. cit. p. 506, which is L. leucopterus).
Larus leucopterus [nee Faber), Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 346 (1823) ;

Dall^- Bonn. Tr. Chic. Acad. 1869, p. 304 (St. Michael's, Alaska) ;

SauJiders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 166 (as regards Japan) ; id. ith ed.

Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 648 (as regards N. Pacific & Bering Sea);

Nelson, Eep. B. Alaska, p. 52 (1887) ; ? Toionsend, Auk, 1887, p. 12

(N. Alaska) ; Cooke, Bird Migr. Mississippi Vail. p. 55 (1888) ;

Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 664 (1889 : as regards N. Pacific &

Bering Sea) ; Seeb. B. Japan. Emp. p. 292 (1890) ; ? Fatio ^

Studer, Cat. Ois. Suisse, p. 62 (1892 : Lake of Neuchatel).
Larus glacialis, Brehm, Lehrb. Eur. Vog. p. 705 (1824) ; Macgill.

Mem. We)-n. Soc. v. pt. i. p. 270 (1824 : Shetland) ; Brehm, Isis,

1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 732 (1831) : id. Naum. 1855,

p. 294 ; id. Vogelf. p. 338 (1855).
Leucus glaucus, Kaup, Natilrl. Syst. p. 86 (1829) ; B}). C. H. xlii.

p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 215 (1857) ; Olphe-Gall. Orn.

Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 41 (1886) ; Heine ^ Reichenow, Nomencl.

Mus. Hein. p. 358 (1890).
The Iceland Gull, Betvick, Brit. B. ii. Suppl. p. 28 (1831 : Edmons-

ton's Jirst Shetland bird).
Larus hutchinsii, Richards. F. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 419, note (1831);

Cassin, Proa. Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 290 ; Coues, t. c. p. 294 ;

Latvr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 299 (1865 : Long I.) : Elliot, Neio

Sf Unfig. B. N. Anier. i. Introd. (wing figured and erroneously

ascribed to L. glaucescens), ii. pi. 53 (1869) ; Doll ^ Bann. Tr.

Chic. Acad. 1869, p. 304, no. 178 (Fort Yukon).
Plautus glaucus, Reichb. Av. Syst. Nat., Longip. p. v (1852).
Glaucus consul, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 101.
Laroides glaucus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211 ; Bruch, J.f. 0. 1855,

p. 281.
Laroides glacialis, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 212 ; Bruch, J. f. 0. 1855,

p. 282.
Larus barrovianus, Ridgiv. Auk, 1886, p. 330 (Bering Sea) ; Turner,

15. LARUS. 2f)3

Conti: N. H. Alaska, p. 125 (1886); Riclyw. Man. N. Aynei: B.
p. 26 (1887) ; Kelson, Rep. B. Alaska, p. 51 (1887) ; F. M.
Chapman, Auk, If^QS, p. 393; Taczan. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7)
xxxix. p. 1019 (1893 : E. Siberia).
Larus glaucescens, Taczan. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. (7) xxxix.
p. 1019(1893: E. Siberia).

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, tail, and under-
parts white ; mantle pale pearl-gre}', the scapulars and secondaries
distinctly white at the tips ; primaries pale pearl-grey basally and
on the outermost webs, white terminally : bill yellow, orange-red at
the angle ; iris straw-yellow, orbital ring orange ; tarsi and toes
bright flesh-pink (in life). Total length about 29 inches, culmen
2-6, wing 18 to 18-5, tail 7"25 to 7"5, tarsus 2-7, middle toe with
claw 2* 7.

The female is smaller, often considerably so ; but there is also
much individual difference in size, irrespective of sex.

Adult in winter. Similar, but mottled and streaked with pale
brown on the head and neck ; while in birds which have bred for
the first time in the previous summer there is often a considerable
amount of pale brown mottling on the mantle also, until February
or even March.

Young. Both upper and under surfaces streaked and mottled with
ash-brown on a paler ground-colour ; the feathers of the mantle
margined with buffish white, which produces a creamy appearance ;
outer quills clay-brown on their outer webs and paler on the inner
webs ; upper and under tail-coverts rather boldly marked with brown ;
rectrices, on the contrary, rather finely mottled : bill ochre-yellow to
the angle, thence blackish to the tip ; tarsi and toes brownish.

After the moult of the next year, both upper and under surfaces
are much lighter, and pale grey feathers begin to show on the mantle,
the outer primaries being all but white.

Immature. The mottlings of the upper surface gradually dis-
appear, and for a short time the bird appears to be creamy white (in
which phase of plumage it has received the name of L. hutcJiinsi).
At the subsequent moult the pearl-grey mantle is assumed, but the
new tail-feathers show some faint brownish mottlings until the next
year.

Nestling (Ifith July, 1875). Stone-grey, with a slight tinge of
yellowish buff below ; the head spotted with black, and the back
mottled with ash-brown.

Hah. Entire Circumpolar regions in summer ; southwards in
winter to the basin of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea and the
northern part of the Caspian, Japan and California in the Pacific,
Bermuda, Florida, and Texas on the Atlantic side.

a. Juv. St. Cornwall, winter (Vinffoe). Purchased.

b. Juv. St. Torquav, winter. C. Coningham, Esq.

[P.].

c. $ ad. sk. Spiu-n Head, Nov. Dr. H. B. Hewetson

[P.-j.

d. Juv. St. Orknev (BuUock). Purchased.

294

e. Juv. sli.
/. cJ ad. St.
g,h. $ juv.sk.
i,k. Juv.etimm.

sk.
I. S ad. sk.

VI. Ad. sk.

n. Ad. St. ; o. Ad.

sk.
I), q. Ad. et vix

ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s, t. Ad. sk.
u. Ad. sk.

V. Ad. sk.
w. Pull. sk.

u'. Pull. sk.

y. (S imm. ; z. 5

ad. sk.
a . S ad. sk.

6'. Ad. St.

c'. Juv. St.

d'. Juv. sk.

e'-^'. Imm. et

juv. sk.
h'. 2 ad. sk.

i'. cJ ad. sk.

k'-g'. d $, ad.,
imm., et juv. sk.

>•', s'. J imm. et
ad. sk.

t', u'. 2 ad. et (S
juv. sk.

v'. 5 vix ad. sk.

w'. (S imm. sk.

x' . (S imm. sk.

y'. Skeleton.
z'. Skeleton.

Orkney, Jan. (J. W. Llmjd).

Shetland.

F«roe Islands, Dec. {Midler).

Vadso, Varauger Fiord,

June-July.
Golaievskai Is., Lower

Petchora River, July 13.
Spitsbergen.
Northern Sea.

Lat. 78° 40' N., long. 0° 22'
E.

Iceland ( W. Procter).

Greenland.

Whalefish Is., Disco Bay
{Dr. Robert son).

Upernavik {Dr. Robertson).

Svarte-vosel Bay, N. Green-
land, July 1875 [R. C.
Hart).

Gary Island, Baffin Bay,
July 27, 1875 {Col. H.
W. Feilden).

Labrador {Moeschler).

Godbout, Canada, April {N.

A. Comeau).
North-west America {Capt.

ColUnson, R.N.).
Kotzebue Sound, IS'.W. Ame-
rica.
Stewart Isl., Alaska, Sept.

{E. W. Nelson).
St. IMichael's, Alaska, Aug.

(E. W. N.).
Picuuktalik River, Alaska,

July {E. W. N.).
North mouth of Yukon,

Alaska, May {E. W. N.).
Amur Bay, Nov.-Mar. {G.

Dorries).
Hakodadi, Yezo, Japan.

Hakodadi,Yezo, Japan, Feb.-
Mar. (Capt. Blakkton).

Nambu Harbour, Japan
{H.M.S. •' Sylvia ').

Yedo Bay, S. Japan, March
{G.Stephen).

Port Hamilton, Corea Chan-
nel, Dec. {G. Stephen).

Europe.

Spitsbergen, Aug. 1, 1894.

Seebohm Coll.
I'urchased.
II. Saunders Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

The Admiralty [P.].
The Admiralty [P.].

Capt. D. Gray [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hume Coll.

The Admiralty [P.].

The Admiralty [P.].
H.M.S. ' Discovery '
Exped.

H.M.S. 'Alert'
Exped.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Voy. H.M.S. 'Enter-
prise.'

Capt. KeUett & Lt.
Wood, R.N. [P.].

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

H. Seebohm Coll.

Capt. Blakiston [P.].

Seebohm Coll.

Tweeddale CoU.

H. Saunders Coll.

II. Saunders CoU.

Purchased.

Col. II. W. Feilden

[P.].

15. L.VKUS. . 20.')

44. Larus leucopterus.

Larus argentatus, E. Sabine (7iec Gm.), Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. o4(J

(1819).
Larus leucopterus, Faber, Prodr. Isl. Om. p. 91 (1822) ; Brehm,

Beitr. Vo,jdh. iii. p. 817 (1822); id. Lehrb. p. 715 (1824); id.

Oniis, Heft ii. p. 1-37 (lf<26: Elbe); Bj). Ann. Lye. K Y. ii.

p. 3(51 (1828) ; Kaup, Natiirl. Si/st. p. 28 (1829) ; ,S«'. ^- Richards.

Faun. Bor.-Amer. ii. p. 418 (1831) ; Lesson, TraiU, p. 617 (1831) ;

Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 30o (1834); Audub. Om. Bioyr. iii. p. 553,

pi. 282 (1835) ; Eytun, Cat. Brit. B. p. 53 (18.36) ; Bp. Comp.

Lkt B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 63 (1838) ; Audub. Synop. p. 327

(1839) ; Schniz, Europ. Faun. p. 378 (1840) ; Temm. Man. dIOrn.

4"^ pte. p. 467 (1840) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmiphde.^, pi. 19 (1840) ;

Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcvi & p. 243 (1840) ; Kaum. Vog.

Deutschl. X. p. 367, tab. 265 (1840) ; Mocyill. Man. Brit. Om.

pt. ii. p. 247 (1842); Selys-Lotigch. Faun. Bely. p. 154 (1842);

Schl. Rev. Crit. p. cxxv (1844) ; Audub. B. N. Amer. 8vo ed. vii.

p. 159, pi. 447 (1844) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846) ; Deyl. Orn.

Eta: ii. p. 310 (1849) ; Macyill. Brit. B. v. p. 560 (1852) ; Kjcerb.

Damn. Fui/le, p. 340, tab. xli. (1852) ; id. op. cit. Suppl. tab. xxii.

figs. 1,2 (1854); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854); Schl. Vog.

Nederl. p. 595, pi. 342 (1854^); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294;

Heioits. Eggs Brit. B. ii. p. 498, pi. cxxxix. figs. 1-2 (1850) ;

Baird, Cass., ^- Lnior. B. N. Amer. p. 843 (1858) : Schl. Bier.

Nederl. Voyels, p. 234 (1801); Reinhardt, Lbis, 1861, p. 17 (Green-
land) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 230 (1803) ; A. Neivton, in Barini/-

GuukTs Iceland, p. 418 (1863) ; Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 4il
(1837) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 473, tab. 56. tig. 6 (1870) ; Gray,
Hand-l. B. iii. p. 112, no. 10902 (1871) ; Hnrting, Handb. Brit. B.
p. 77 (1872); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 311 (1872); Palm^n,
F'inlands Fogl. p. 589 (1873 : Finland ?) ; Finsch, Abh. Ver. Bremen,
V. p. 364 (1873 : S. Greenland) ; Collett, Fork. Selsk. Christ. 1873,
p. 293 (X. Norway) ; H-Brown, Pr. N. H. Soc. Glasq. 1873, p. 210
(Forth); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 622 (1874); A. Newton, Arct.
Man. p. 106 (1875 : Greenland) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 4-39,
pi. 606 (1876) ; Kuml. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15, p. 97 (1877 :
Cumberland Sd. & Greenland) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 166
(revision Larinos) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 51
(1881); Mayfiard, B. East. N. Amer. p. 483 (1881 : Boston, very
rare) ; Coue^, Check-list N'. Amer. B. p. 120 (1882) ; Brewster,
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii. p. 125 (1883: Maine); Saunders,
4th ed. Tan: Brit. B. iii. p. 642 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B.
2ud ed. p. 741 (1884) ; Baird, Brewer, ^- Ridgiv. Water-B. N.
Amer. ii. p. 210 (l.->84); Fischer S; Peh. MT. orn. Ver. Wien,
1880, p. 210 (Jan Mayen I., breeds) ; Seebohm, BrU. B. iii. p. 333
(1885) ; Ilomeyer, Ornis, p. 80 (1885) ; Liitken, t. c. p. 145 (Den-
mark) ; Grondal, op. cit. 1886, p. 370 (Iceland) ; A. 0. U. Check-
list N. Amer. B. p. 87 (1886): Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 26
(1887); Palmcii, Vega-Exptd.' Vete'nsk. p. 369 note (1887: not
in Siberia or Bering S.); Fcilden, Tr. Norw. Soc. iv. p. 351 (1887 :
Digges I., breediui,"-) ; H-Brvwn ^- Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. p. 2-34
(1887) ; lid. F. Outer Hebrid. p. 149 (1888) ; Greelg, Rep. Erped.
Lady Franklin Bay, ii. p. 22 C 1888 : Smith Sd.) ; Saunders, Man.
Brit. B. p. 06.5 ( 1889) ; Chamberl. Auk, 1889, p. 215 (S. Greenland) ;
Stevenson S,- Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 3.36 (18'.)0) : Jr. E. Clarke,
Zool. 1890, p. 50 (Jau Mayen I., breeds) ; Buckl. ^'- H-Brown,
Faun. Orkney Is. p. 234 (1891); Giitke, Vogelw. Helgol. p. 567

296 LAfilDiE.

(1891) ; Hagerup, B. Greenl. p. 46 (1891) ; R. MacFarl. Pr. U.S.

Nat. 3Ius. xiv. p. 418 (1891 : not in Arctic Amer.) ; M. Ogilvie,

Zool. 1892, p. 114 (Aldeburg-h) ; Rartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 521 (E.

Prussia, one juv.) ; Lilford, Col. Firjs. Brit. B. pt. xxvi. (1893) ;

Gurnei/, Zool. 1894, p.' 85 (Norfolk); Collett, Nyt Mag. Naiurv.

Bd. XXXV. p. 311 (1894) ; Dubois, Verteb. Behj., Ois. ii. p. 580, pi. 290

(1894).
Lavus glaucoides, Meyer, Zusntze Taschenb. iii. p. 197 (1822) ; Boie,

Isis, 1822, p. 5G2 ; Tcmm. PI. Col. livr. 77, introd. Larus (1828).
Larus moltke, Teihnain/, Dan. og Tsl. Fugl. p. 159 (1823).
Larus arcticus, Macgill. Mem. Wern. Soc. v. pt. i. p. 268 (1824 :

Greenland; a large specimen).
Larus islandicus, Ddmonst. Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. p. 506 (1823 : nee

Edmonst. op. cit. p. 185) ; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 139 (1828) ; Selby,

Brit. B. ii. p. 501, pi. xcviii. (1833) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertebr.

p. 279 (1835) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 433 (1837) ; Meyer, Brit. B.

vii. p. 150, pi. 308 (1857) ; Feilden, Zool. s.s. p. 3289 (1872 :

Faroes) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 58 (1873).
Larus minor, Brehm, Isis, IS-iO, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 736

(1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 338 (1855).
Laroides glaucoides, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.

p. 744 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Laroides leucopterus, Brehm, Isis, 18-30, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.

p. 745 (1831); Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211; Brehm, op. cit. 1855,

p. 294; Bruch, J. f. O. 1855, p. 281.
Laroides subleucopterus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.

p. 746 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294.
Iceland Gull, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 456 (1843).
Larus icelandicus, Ynrr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 575 (1845) ; ITiomps.

B. Irel. iii. p. 385 (1851) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 484 (1871).
Glaucus leucopterus, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 101.
Glaiicus glacialis, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 101.

Larus chalcopterus, Licht. Nomencl.Av. p. 99 (1854 : descr. nulla *).
Laroides glacialis, Bruch, J.f. O. 1855, p. 282.
Leucus minor, Bj). C. Ii. xlii. p. 770 (1856).
Leucus leucopterus, Bjj. G. R. xlii. p. 770 (1850) ; id. Consp. Av. ii.

p. 217 (1857) ; Olphe-Gall. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 47 (1886) ;

Heine ^ Reichenoic, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 358 (1890).
Leucus leucopterus, a. minor, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 217 (1857).
Leucus arcticus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 216 (1857).
Larus (Leucos) leucopterus, Droste, Vogelw. Borkum, p. 357 (1869).

Adult male in hreedinci-plimiage. Like the preceding species, but
smaller, with proportionately longer wings. Total length 22 inches,
culmen 2*4, wing 16 to 16-5 (extreme), tail 7, tarsus 2-35, middle
toe with the claw 2-3. The female is smaller.

Adult in winter. Immature, and Young. As in the preceding
species, except as regards the white phase, of which I have no
certain knowledge, though it probablj' exists. Mr. Kumlien says
that the young are darker tha n those of L. glaucus, but, so far as
our limited series goes, this does not seem to be the case, and I am
inclined to suspect a confusion with the young of L. Ixanlieni.

* The type in the Berlin Museum was examined in 1877 and then identified
as L. leucopterus ; but see my reniai-ks under L. nchoni (p. 287).

10. GABIANUS. 21)7

On the wing L. leucopterus has a much more buoyant flight
than L. (jlaacus, and tho length of wing in proportion to its com-
I)aiatively small bulk is very noticeable; but prepared and over-
stuffed skins sometimes offer difficulties. Still, in spite of its longer
wing in proportion to its bulk, the largest male L. leucopterus does not
attain to the length of wing found in the smallest female L. glaucus.

Hah. Jan Mayen Island, Greenland, and perhaps the American
side of Baffin Eay in summer ; in winter to Iceland and the Faroes
(regularly), Scandinavia, the Baltic (rarely), the British Islands,
aud the north-west of Europe down to the Gulf of Gascony in severe
seasons ; in North America down to Boston (rarely).

(I. Imm. St. English coast (Rich). Purchased.

b. Juv. st. Mount's Bay, Cornwall Purchased.

( Vinyoc).

c. Juv. St. Towyn, Wales. F. Day, Esq. [P.].

d. Ad.; e, f. \'ix Iceland, winter ( ir. Proeto-). H. Saunders & Sal-
ad. ; ff, h. Juv. sk. viu-Godmau Colls.

i, k. Ad. et vix ad. st. Greenland. HolboU CoU.

/. Juv. sk. Newfoundland, Dec. 1892 W. Brewster, Esq.

(Codrot/). [P.].

m. Sternum. England. J. Kay, Esq. [P.].

16. GABIANUS.

Type.

Gabianus, £riich, J.f. 0. 18rj3, p. 100, e.r Bp. MSS. G. paciticus.

liange. Australia, including Tasmania.

1. Gabianus pacificus.

Black-backed Gull (part.), Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 372 (1785 :
New Holland, ex Parkinson).

Larusmariuus(part.),i«^/;. J«ff. Orn. ii. p. 814 (1790: New Holland).

Pacific Gull, Lath. Ge7i. Si/n. Suppl. ii. p. 332 (1801).

Larus pacificus, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ixviii (1801); T'ieill.
Enc. Meth. i. p. 345 (1823 : Tasmania) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mx(s.,
Anseres, p. 170 (Tasmania) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. G54 (1846) ; Gould,
B. Austral, vii. pi. 19 (1848) ; Reichenb. T'dy. Neuholl. ii. p. 1,5 &
p. 345 (1850) ; Licht. Nomencl. Ai\ p. 99 (1854 : New HoUand) ;
Schl. Mtis. F.-B., Lari, p. 7 (1863) ; Gould, Handb. B. Amtral.
ii. p. 385 (1865) : Gray, Ha7id-l. B. iii. p. Ill, no. 10951 (1871) ;
J?. P. Ramsay, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 347 (N.E. Queensland) ; id. P>:
Li?in. Soc. N. S. W. 1878, p. 201 ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 181
(revision Larinaa) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 397 (1878: distri-
bution) ; Salvin, Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 620 (1882); Finsch, Voy.
Siidsee, p. 45 (1884 : Tasmania) ; Lvyye, Pr. R. Soc. Tasman. p. 24.3
(1887) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. -I'l, no. 683 (1888) ; Bulhr,
B. New Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 49, note (1888 : has never been obtained
in N.Z.) ; North, Nests .V Lr/ys Austr. B. p. 351 (1889) ; Co.v ^•
Ham. Pr. Linn. Soc. A'. 6'. jf". 1890, p. 4-2 (Mudgee); Hartert,
Kat. Voqelsamml. Senckenb. p. 242 (1891 : Australia).

Larus frontalis, Vieill. N. Did. d'Hist. Nat. xxi. p. 505 (1818:
Tasmania); id. Enr. Meth. i. p. 345 (1823: Tatmania) ; Lessu7i,
Traitc, p. 617 (1831 : " Lewin's Land "').

298 LARID^.

Lariis leucomelas, Vieill. N. Diet. cVHkt. Nat. xxi. p. 509 (1818 :

adult, Tasmania) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 760, note (1820) ;

Vieill. Ehc. Meth. i. p. 346 (1823 : Tasmania).
Lams batlij'riuchus (sic), Macyill. Meyn. Went. Soc. v. p. 253 (1824).
Larus georgii, King, Surv. Intertrop. Austr. ii. p. 423 (1826 : King

George's Souud, S.W. Australia).
Gabianus pacificus, Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 100 ; id. op. cit. 1855,

p. 280; Bj). Naum. 1854, p. 211; id. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1855,

p. 13 ; id. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Vo7isp. Av. ii. p. 212 (1857) ;

Heine ^ Reichenmv, Noinencl. Mus. Hein. p. 357 (18iJ0).
Gabianus bathyrhynchus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211 ; Bruch, J. f. O.

1865, p. 280"; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 212 (1857).
Gabianus georgi, Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii.

p. 213 (1857).

Adult male in breeding-plumage. Head, neck, and under surface
white ; mantle and surface of wings deep black ; scapulars slightly
tipped with greyish white ; secondaries with broader white tips
and dark lead-coloured iipper parts ; primaries black, rather paler
on the inner webs, and with white tips from the fifth upwards ;
tail-coverts white ; rectrices white basally and at their tips broadly
banded with black on all except the outermost pair, which are white
in very mature birds, and black on the inner webs in average ex-
amples : bill orange, red in front of the angle ; tarsi and toes
greenish yellow : " iris white " (Legge). Total length 25 inches,
culmen 2-8, depth at the angle 1-3 to 1-4, wing 17"5 to 18, tail 8,
tarsus 2-9, middle toe with claw 2-7.

Adult female. Smaller; bill not so deep and weaker.

Young. Head and hind neck nearly uniform dark brown ; feathers
of the mantle and tail-coverts rather paler brown, with huffish
edges ; primaries sooty brown, with pale tips to the inner quills,
rectrices dark brown, with whitish extreme tips ; under surface
brown, paler on the abdomen ; under wing-coverts dark brown :
bill nearly black, ochraceous near the base of the under mandible ;
tarsi and toes yellowish brown. At a subsequent stage the forehead
and throat are streaked with greyish white and brown, while the
general tone of the plumage is lighter. The next year, dull white
is the prevailing colour on the underparts ; some black shows on
the mantle ; the throat and head are very boldly streaked with
brown; some white begins to show at the base of the tail, and the
coverts are nearly white : bill greenish basally.

Immature. Torehead and under surface chiefly white ; head and
neck boldly mottled with brown ; mantle nearly black; tail-coverts
pure white; rectrices nearly white and only mottled with greyish
at their bases, otherwise as in the adult ; under wing-coverts mottled
brown and greyish : bill almost as in the adult, but inclined to black
at the commissures.

Nestling. Greyish white, spotted with blackish on the head and
mottled with dull brown ou the upper surface.

This is a very remarkable species, with a superficial resem-
blance to L. marinus and L. dominicanus, but showing strong
affinities in its wing-pattern and in the black bar on the tail to

17. LEUCOPHJiUS. ii99

the group of Pacilic Gulls, L. modestus (least), L. belcheri, and
L. crassirostris.

llah. Australia aud Tasmania. Tliree specimens in the Museum
bear labels marked " N. Z.," but there is no evidence that the species
has ever occurred in Zew Zeahiud : rather the contrary.

u. Juv. St. Western Australia. Govemit. of Western

AustraUa [P.].

b, c. Ad. ot imm. Port Lincoln, S. Australia. Old Coll.

sk.

il. Juv. sk. Adelaide {Bridr/es). II. Saundurs Coll.

e. 5 juv. sk. Victoria, May (Col. W. V. II. Saunders Coll.

Leijcje).

f> U- 6 vix ad. et Port Jackson, N. S. Wales, Gould Coll.

juv. sk.

/(. Ad. sk. ; t. Juv. Tasmania. I\. Gunn, Esq. [P.].

St.

k. Ad. sk. Tasmania. H. Saunders Coll.

/. Juv.sk. Tasmania. Antarctic E.xpd. [P.].

m. Imm. sk. Ilobart Town, N. S. Wales. Gould Coll.

'rt,o. Ad. etjuv.sk. Lewis, N. S. Wales. Gould Coll.

■p. 5 imm.sk. N.E. Tasmania, Dec. (Co/. fF. II. Saunders CoU.

V. Leyye).

q. Pull. St. Actajou Isl., Tasmania. Gould Coll.

r. Ad. ; 6-, <. Juv. [" New Zealand."] Antarctic Expd. [P.].
sk.

17. LEUCOPH^US. rv

Leucophaeus, Bruch*, J.f. O. 185o, p. 1U8 L. scoresbii.

Proceliarus, liji. Naum. 1854, p. lill L. scoresbii.

Epitelarus, Bp. Naum. 1854, p. 211 L. scoresbii.

Itanye. That of the single species.

1. Leucophaeus scoresbii.

Larus scoresbii, Traill, Mem. Wern. Sue. iv. p. 514 (1823 : New South
Shetland Islands) ; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1800, p. 391 ; Abbott, Ibis,
1S()1, p. 165 (Falkland Islands) ; Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 33
(1863) ; Peh. lieis. Novara, Vby. p. 151 (1865 : Chiloe I., Chile) ;
Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 116, no. 11009; Saunders, P. Z. S.
1878, p. 184 (revision Larinffi) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 397
(1878 : distribution) ; Milne-Edwards, Faun. Reg. anstrales,
chap. iv. p. 31 (1882) ; Oustalet, Mission Sc. Caji Horn,\\.'^. 179,
pi. 3 (1891) ; Scl. Ibis, 1894, pp. 495, 497 (Amer. Antarctica).

Larus h;cmatorhynchus, Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 103 (1828-29) ;
Jard. ^- Selby, III. Orn. ii. pi. 106 (1S:W) ; Kiny, Voy. 'Adv.' ^•
' Bcaylc,' i. p. 541 (1839 : ISlagellan Strs.) ; Goidd, Zool. ' Beagle,'
Bird's, p. 142 (1841 : Port St. Julian, Patagonia) ; Gray, List B.
Brit. Mus., Auseres, p. 170 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 654 (1846) ;

* Often cited as Lciicopheus, Bp., and it would appear tbit Bonaparte, in
his correspoudcnce with Bruch, had proposed that naino ; but Bruch was the
first, so far as I cau discover, to describe the genus, whicli he restricted to this
species; whereas Bonaparte (Naum. 1854, p. 211) also placed Larus iMrmanni
in his genus Leucophaits.

300 LAEIDiE.

Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. i. p. 654 (1847) ; Reichenb. Natatores, tab.

XXV. fig. 847 (1848).
Leucophaeus hsematorhynchus, Bruch, J. f. 0. 185.3, p. 108 ; id.

op, cit. ]855, p. 287"; Bp. Naum. 1854, p. I'll ; id. C. R. xlii.

p. 771 (1856).
Chroicocephalus hfematorhynchus, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 98

(1854: Chile).
Procellarus neglectus, site Epitelarus neglectus, Bp. Naum. 1854,

pp. 211, 213; id. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1855, p. 13; id. C. R. xlii.

p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 211 ( 1857 : type of genera).
Leucophaeus scoresbii, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 231 (1857) ; Bias,

J.f. O. 1865, p. 378; Scl. 8)- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 579; iid.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873).

Adult male in breeding -plumage. Head, neck, and under surface
lavender-grey, a little warmer on the upper parts, especially on
the neck, where the grey deepens ; mantle black, scapulars and
secondaries very broadly tipped with white ; primaries chiefly black,
the 2nd with a minute white tip, the 3rd with more white termi-
nally, and so on, until at the 5th a white spot appears on the inner
web, and by contrast forms the black into a subterminal bar ;
succeeding quills with broad white tips, which increase in size
upwards ; tail-coverts pale grey ; rectrices pure white ; under wing
smoke-grey : bill " arterial red " or bright cherr3'-colour ; iris pale
yellow, orbital ring white; tarsi and toes vermilion. Total length
18 inches, culmen 1"7, depth at angle 0-6, wing 13-25, tail 6,
tarsus 2, middle toe with claw 2 ; hallux joined to the inner toe by
a distinct web.

'Yhe female appears to be slightly smaller, but examples with the
sex determined are few.

Young. Head smoke-grey ; neck all round brownish ; feathers of
the mantle dark brown, with paler tips ; secondaries almost as
broadly tipped with white as in the adult ; quills black, without
white tips up to the 5th ; tail-coverts nearly white ; rectrices
white, with a broad black subterminal band ; under surface nearly
white up to the brea.st, which is brownish like the neck : bill
ochre-yellow at the base, blackish anteriorly ; tarsi and toes livid
brown.

In the next stage the head is sooty, giving the appearance of a
very distinct hood by contrast with the neck, which is grey ; mantle
blackish in the centre ; the bar on the rectrices smaller and the
two outer pairs of feathers almost white ; under surface pale grey.
Immature. With a strongly marked hood ; otherwise like the
adult, except that there is less white on the primaries and the 6th
has a narrow subterminal black bar.

Nestling. Stone-grey, very closely spotted above and mottled
below with blackish : altogether a very dark bird.

This is a very localized and terrestrial Gull, subsisting largely
on the eggs and young of other birds during the season, molluscs,
&o. In its plumage it forms a remarkable link between the Pacific
group and the typical Gulls.

18. PAGOPUILA.

301

Hah. East Patagonia, the Falkland Islands, the New South Shet-
lands, and the Antarctic, land beyond Cape Horn, the Straits of
Magellan, and the Pacific Coast up to the Island of Chiloe.

o. Ad. St. Berkeley Sound, East Falkland The Admiralty [P.].

{Antarctic Expedition).
b, c. d ad. et Falkland Islands, Aug. 1842 The Admiralty [P.].

juv. sk. (Antarctic Expedition),

d-g. Ad., imm., Falkland Islands {Dr. Ken- H. Saunders Coll.

et juv. sk.
h, i. Pull. sk.

sfon).

Falkland Islands, Jan. (Came- H. Saunders Coll.
ron).
k. Pull. sk. Falkland Islands, April {Ca- H. Saunders Coll.

meron).
I. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands (Dr. M. II. Saunders Coll.

Eodgers).
m. Imm. sk. Falkland Islands ( Capt. Ah- H. Saunders Coll.

botf).
. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands (Falkland Salvin-Godman Coll.

Islands Co.).
n,p. Ad.etimm. Falkland Islands (Zecowfe). Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk.
q. Ad. sk. 64° S., 55° 45' W. (S. 'Balaena '). Capt. A. Fairweather

[P.].
r. d imm. ;s- East coast of Patagonia, 45° S., H. Saimders Coll.

M. c? 2 ad. sk. Aug. {J. Young),
V. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan (Capts. The Admiralty [P.].

King Sf Fitzroy, R.N.).

(PType of i. hamatorhynchus.)

18. PAGOPHILA.

Type.
Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. o6-3 (partim : uudescribed).

Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 980 P. eburnea.

Pagophila, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 69 & p. 190 P. eburnea.

Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 191 (partim).

Cetosparactes, Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. p. 251 (1842) . . P. eburnea.

Catosparactes, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 655 note (1846) . . P. eburnea.

Gavia, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 39 (1882) P. eburnea.

Eanr/e. That of the sole representative species.

1. Pagophila eburnea.

? Larus albus, Gunnerus, in Leem's Beskr. Finm. Lapp. p. 285 [not
p. 265 as cited by Stejneger] (1767 ; nee Scop. 1709, nee P. L. S.
Mail. 1776).*

* Gunnerus says that he was told of, but never saw, " a pure white Gull
intermediate in size between L. canits and L. fusciis," sxhich he thought "might
be the same as the Senator Martensii, described as having a black bill and black
feet." Donndorff, who usually cites the notes of Gunnerus to Leem, omits all
reference to the above, probably considering the identification — if such it may
be called — as too vague. It seems undesirable to reject the time-honoured
specific name eburnea on such slight ground.

302

Larus eburneus, P/iipps, Voy. N. Pole, App. p. 187 (1774) ; Gm. S.
N. i. p. 590 (1788) ; Lath'. Ind. Or?!, ii. p. 816 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc.
Meth. i. p. 87 (1790) ; Tennn. Man. d'Orn. p. 498 (1815) ; Nilss.
Orn. Suec. p. 171 (1817) ; -E. Sabine, Tr. Linn. Sac. xii. p. 348
(1819: Baffin Bay); Leach, Thorns. Ann. of Philos. xiii. p. 61
(1819: Baffin Bay); id. in J. Moss' Voy. Boff. B. App. ii. p. liv
(1819) ; id. op. cit. 8vo ed. ii. p. IGO (1819) ; Boie, Wiedemann's
Zool. Mofl. 1819, p. 129; Scoresby, Arct. Voy. i. p. 535 (1820:
Spitsbergen) ; lemm. Man. d' Orn. ed. '1, p. 769 (1820) ; E. Sahine,
Parry's 1st Voy. Suppl. p. cciv (1821 : Davis Str.) ; Manby, Voy.
Greenl. p. 60 (1822) ; Meyer, ZusiUze Taschenb. iii. p. 200 (1822) ;
Edmonst. Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. p. 501 (1823) : Brehm, Lehrb.
p. 703 (1824) ; Stejjh. in Shawns Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 195
(1826) ; J. C. Boss, Parry's 3rd Voy. App. p. 104 (1826: Davis
Str. & Baffi Bay) ; id. Parry's 4th Voy. App. p. 194 (1828: Spits-
bergen & nortliward) ; Vieill. Faune Franq., Ois. p. 389 (? 1828) ;
Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pis. 21 & 22 (1828); Bp. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ii. p. 360 (1828 : Synops.) ; Sivains. S,- Rich. Faun. Bor.-
Amir., Birds, p. 419 (1831); Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 497, pi. xciv
(1833) ; Ai/duh. Orn. Bior/r. iii. p. 571, pi. 287 (1835) ; Jem/ns,
Man. Vertehr. p. 276 (1835) ; Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 63 (1836) ;
Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 301 (1834) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 437
(1837); Audnb. Synops. p. 326 (1839) ; Keys. ^- Bias. Wirb. Eur.
p. xcvi & p. 242 (1840) ; Naum. Viig. Dev'tschl. x. p. 341, pi. 263
(1840); Temm. Man. d'Orn. ed. 2, pt. 4, p. 474 (1840) ; Selys-
Longch. Faun. Belq. p. 152 (1842) ; Audub. B. Amer. vii. p. 150,
pi. 445 (1844) ; Sc'hl. Bev. Crit. p. cxxvi (1844) ; Yarr. Brit. B.
ed. 2, iii. p. 567 (1845) ; Dec/l. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 315 (1849) ; Kj(erb.
Damn. Fugle, p. 337, tab. xli. (1852), and Supijl. tab. xxii. (1854) ;
Meyer, Brit. B. vii. p. 143, pi. 306 (1857) ; Aaum. Vriq. Btufschl.,
Anha72g, p. 277 (1860) ; Miiller, Vid. Medd. 1862, p. 72 (1863:
Fteroes); Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 6(1863); Malmr/r. (Ffv.
Ah. Fiirh. 1863, p. 102 ; id. op. cit. 1864, p. 385 (Spitsbergen) ;
Hancock, Ibis, 1807, p. 253 (Islay I., ad.) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl.
p. 481 (1871) ; Hartim,, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 122 (E. side of Lan-
caster Sd.) ; id. Hand'b. Brit. B. p. 174 (1872) ; Coves, Key N.
Amer. B. p. 314 (1872) ; Hevgl. Ibis, 1872, p. 65 (Nova Zemlya) ;
PahiSn, Finlands Foglar, p. 610 (1873); Finsch, Abh. Ver.
Bremen, v. p. 365 (1873: S. Greenl.); Sundev. CEfv. Ak. Fiirh.
1874, p. 21 (Spitsbergen) ; ? <S?yw/i. Ibis, 1876, p. 146 (Cheefoo,
Oct. 20tb, seen only) ; Besseh, Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris, 1875,
p. 296; id.Amerik. Nordpol-Exped. p. 312 (1879: Polaris Bay);
Bunge, Mel. Biol. xii. livr. 1, p. 49 (Lena delta) ; Seebohm, Brit. B.
iii. p. 3337 (1885) ; Millais, P. Z. S. 1886, p. 137 (Caithness, adult) ;
Gdtke, Vogclw. Helgol. p. 582 (1891); Collett, Ibis, 1888, p. 440
pi. xiii. (eggs & nestling, Spitsbergen) ; id. Kyt Mag. Natnrv.
Bd. XXXV. p. 312 (1894 : Norway).

Larus candidus, Miiller, Prodromus, p. viii (1776) ; O. Fair. Faun.
Gro'nl.-p. 103 (1780) ; Fleming, Brit. Anim. p. 142 (1828).

La Mouette blanche, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 422 (1783).

Le Goiland blanc du Spitzberge, Daubent. PL Enl. pi. 994 (1786).

Larus niveus, Bodd. PL EnL p. 58, no. 994 (1783: nee Pallas);
Marmottan Sf Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1879, p. 249 (Crotoy).

Ivory Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 377 (1785) ; Yarr. Brit. B.
iii". p. 449 (1843).

Lurus albus, Schiiff. Mus. Orn. p. 65, tab. 42 (1789).

Gavia eburnea, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 765

18. PAGornir.A. 303

(1831) ; 2?p. C'mnp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 62 (1838) ; Gray,
Lid Gen. B. p. 79 (1841) ; lip. Cat. Ucc. Eur. p. 77 (1842).
Pagopliila eburnea, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. pp. 68, 69, & p. 196 (1829 :
type of peniis) ; Gray, Lid Gen. B. ed. 1841, p. 99 & App. p. 15
(1842) ; id. Lid B. Brit. J/ms., Anseves, p. 174 (1844) ; id. Gen. B.
iii. p. 6;"i4, pi. 180. lip. 1 (184t;) ; lieichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. v.
(1850) ; id. Av. Syst. Nat., Jjom/ip. p. v (1852) ; Liclit. Nomencl.
An. p. 99 (1854); Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 106; Bp. Namn.
1854, p. 212 ; Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 295; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771
(1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. ]>. 230 (1857) ; CaHe, Jr. R. Dull. Soc.
i. p. 57, pis. 1 & 2 (1856 : Prince Patrick I., egg) ; Baird, Cass., Sf
Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 856 (1858) ; Evans ^- Sturge, This, 1859,
p. 171 (West. Spitsbergeu) ; Reinhardt, op. cif. 1801, p. 18
(Greenland) ; A. Newtmi, Ibis, 1865, p. 507 (Spitsbergen) ; Gray,
Cat. Brit. B. p. 237 (1863) ; E. P. Wright, Ibis, 1866, p. 216
(Prince Patrick I.) ; Deyl. <^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 405 (1807) ;
Locke, Eivpl. So. A/r/er.,Ois. ii. p. 188 (1867 : Algeria [?]) ; Fritsch,
Vog. Eur. p. 464, tab. 55. fig.'*. 3 & 5 (1870) ; Gillef.t, Bns, 1870,
p. 306 (Novaya Zemlya) ; Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 117, no. 11015
(1871); CoUett, Fork. Selsk. Christ. 1873, p. 297 (N. Nor%vay) ;
Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 62 (e.r Leverian Mus.) ; Gould, B. Gt. B. x.
pi. 62 (1873) ; A. Nezvton, Arctic Man. p. 105 (1875) ; Dresser,
B. Eur. viii. p. 349, pi. 595 (1877); Collett, N. Mar/. Naturv.
1877, p. 210 (N. Norway) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 409 (Smith
Sound) ; id. Zool. 1878, p." 417; id. op. cit. 1879, p. 8 (Pr. Albert
Land) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 162 (revision Larinae) ; Kum-
lien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15, p. 99 (1879: Cumberland
Sound) ; Breicster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. C. p. 187 (1881 : New Bruns-
wick) ; Ridg?v. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 51 (1881) ; Feildeti
in Markham^s Polar Reconn. p 334 (1881 : Novaya Zemlya) ;
id. Tr. Norm. Soc. iii. pp. 209-211 (1881 : Franz-Josef Ld.) ;
M. Chamberlain, Bull. N. H. Soc. N. Brunsio. 1882, p. 61 ; W. H.
Neale, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 653 (Franz-Josef Land) ; Coues, Check-l.
N. Amer. B. p. 122 (1882) ; B. O. U. Lid Brit. B. p. 186 (188:!) ;
Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin,'' p. 104 (1883) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr.
1883, p. 341 (ad., Kamtschatka) ; Ridgiv. Cat. Fish. Exhib. 1883,
p. 20 (Cumberland Sd.) ; Saunders, -ith ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 056
(1884) ; Baird, Brewer, iy Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 198
(1884) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 749 (1884) ; A. Chap-
man, Tr. N. H. Soc. Northiimb. viii. pt. 1, p. 155 (1884: Spits-
bergen, breeding) ; Cocks, Zool. 1884, p. 13 (Spitsbergen) ;
Ilomei/er, Ornis, 1885, p. 80 (Germany) ; Murdoch, Rep. Pt.
Barrotv, p. 122 (1885: rare); Grondal,' Ornis, 1886, p. 37 (Ice-
land, once) ; Feilden, Tr. Nortv. Soc. iv. p. 351 (1887 : Digges I.,
Hudson Bay) ; Palmen, I'ega-Exped. Vetensk. Bd. v. p. 356
(1887 : all along Siberian Coast); Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 669
(1889); Riesenth. Wasservog. Mitteleurop. p. 137 (1889) ; Buckley
S^■ II-Br. Faun. Orknei/ Is', p. 229 (1891); iid. Faun. Argyll S,-
Lin. Ilebr. p. 189 (li;^92) ; Fatio S,- Studer, Cat. Ois. Suisse, p. 62
(1892 : Lake L6inan) ; Lilford, Col. Figs. Brit. B. pt. xxvi. (1893).

Gavia nivea, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 766 (1831).

Cetosparactes eburneus, Macqill. Man. Br. Orn. pt. ii.p. 252(1842) ;
id. Brit. B. y. p. 508 (1852).

Larus brachy tarsus, Ilolb. Fn. Griinl. p. 52 (1846).

Pagophila brachytarsa, Bruch, J.f. O. 1853, p. 100; Bp. Naum.
1.^54, p. 212; Lata: B. N. Amer. p. 856 (1858: cf. Reinht. IbL^,
lS()l,p. 18).

304 LkVilVM.

Pagophila nivea, Bj). (nee L. niveus, Pall.) C. E. xlii. p. 771 (1850) ;
£p. Consp. Av. ii. p. 230 (1857).

Lams (Pagophila) eburnea, Coues, B. N.- West, p. 648 (1874).

Gavia alba, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Miis. v. p. 39 (1882) ; A. 0. U.
Check-l. N. Arner. B. p. 86 (1886); Bidffw. Man. N. Amer. B.
p. 24 (1887) ; Nelson, Rep. Birds Alaska, p. 49 (1887) ; Greely,
Rep. Exped. Lady Frankl. Bay, ii. p. 22 (1888) ; Chamberl. Auk,
1889, p. 213 (S. Greenld.) ; Reichenmv, Syst. Verz. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 62 (1889) ; Heine S,- Reichenoiv, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 360
(1890); HayerujJ, B. Greenld. p. 46 (1891); Stone, Pr. Philad.
Acad. 1892, p. 148 (Melville Bay); Taczan. Mem. Acad. St.
Petersh. xxxix. p. 1055 (1893 : E. Siberia, down to Petropaulovski).

Adult male in hreeding-plumage. Entire body ivory-white : bill
gamboge-yeUow terminally, merging into greenish grey on the basal
two-thirds of both mandibles ; iris dark hair-brown ; orbital ring
bi'ick-red (Feilden) ; tarsi and toes black. Total length 18 inches,
culmen V7, wing 13 to 13"5, tail 6, tarsus 1-5 to 1-6, middle toe
with claw 1'6, the nail being long and well developed.

Female. Similar, but rather smaller, and — so far as can be judged
from a small number of " sexed " specimens — with a tendency to
shortness of tarsus.

Young. Dark grey on the cheeks and chin, with spots of the
same colour on the upper surface, especially on the wings ; primaries
tipped with blackish, and rectrices with a dull black subterminal
band ; the rest of the plumage white : bill horn-colour, paler ter-
minally. The spots diminish with increasing age.

Nestling. White. The Fledging is said to be of a dull or smoke-
grey colour.

Hah. Circumpolar regions, without any break of continuity ;
but along those portions of the coast of Arctic America, where open
water is non-existent, the bird is, naturally, scarce ; rare also in the
North Pacific. In winter southwards, as far as the north of
France and Lake Leraan (once), and New Brunswick, in America.

a. Jiiv. sk. Yorkshire.

b. Ad. St. Penzance, Feb. 15,1847 (Fjw(/oe). Purchased.

c. $ ad. sk. Sandoe, Fferoes, Feb. 12 (S. H. Saunders Coll.

C. Muller).

d. Juv.sk. Archangel (if ««A;e). R. B. Sharpe [P.].

e. Ad. sk. ;/,^. Arctic Regions. Purchased.
Juv. St.

h. Ad. sk. Arctic Seas. The Admiralty [P.].

i. Ad. sk. Arctic Seas.

k. (S ad. sk. Storfjord, Spitsbergen, Aug. Gould Coll.

1864 {A. Newton).

I. Ad. sk. Spitsbergen (J. Lamont). H. Saunders Coll.

m. Ad. sk. Lat. 79^= '45' N., long. 4° E. Capt. U. Gray [P.].

n. Ad. sk. Greenland. Sir E. Parry [P.].

o, p. Juv. sk. Greenland. Tweeddale Coll.

q, r. (S juv. sk. Greenland. Hume Coll.

s. Juv. sk. Greenland (E. Whymper). H. Saunders Coll.

t. Imm. sk. Whaletish or Kron Prinz Is., The Admiralty [P.].

Davis Strait [Parry's 3rd

Voyage).

19. RissA. 305

u. d"ad. ak. Davis Strait, 73= N. lat. (P«ny« The Admiralty [P.].

lii'd Voy(t<ie).

V. Jiiv. sk. NaiKirtalik, Greenland, Jan. II. Saunders Coll.

^D. 2 ad. sk. Dobbin Day, Greenland, Aug. II.M.S. 'Alert' Ex-

28, 1870 {Col. Feiklm). ped. [P.].

19. RISSA.

Type.

Gavia, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. .5('>3 (partim).

liissa, IStephens, ex Lench AIS. in Shaw's Gefi. Zool.

xiii. pt. 1, p. 180 ( 1S2(!) R. tridaetyla.

Cheimonea, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 84 (1829) It. tridactyla.

liange. Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions : in winter down to about
30° N.'lat.

Key to the Species.

a. Tarsi and toes dark brown to blackish ; under

wiug-covcrts white ; young with a strongly-
marked black band from the carpal joint to the
long inner secondaries, and a black band on
tlie tail tridactyla, p. 305.

b. Tarsi and toes vermilion ; under wing-coverts

grey ; young with no black band on the wing

nor on the tail ; bill shorter; mantle darker .. byevirostris,'^.Z\2.

1. Rissa tridactyla.

The Coddy Moddy, Alhin, Nat. Hist. B. ii. p. 80 (1740: imra.).

La Mouette cendr^e tachet(5e, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 185, pi. xvii.
fig. 2 (1760) ; Dauhent. PL Enl. pi. .387 (1786).

I>a Mouette d'hiver, Bri^s. Orn. vi. p. 189 (1760).

Larus ris.sa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1766) ; Fhi})j)s, Voy. N. Pale,
App. p. 187 (1774) ; P. L. S. MiUl. S. N, Anhany, p. 344 (1776) ;
Bcchst. Natury. Deutschl. ii. p. 804 (1791) ; Pallas, Zooyr. liosso-
Asiat. ii. p. 321 (1811 : Kamschatka) ; Leach, Syst. Cat. Brit. Mns.
p. 40 (1816) ; id. in J. Boss's Foi/. Baff. Bay, 8vo ed. ii. App.
p. 159 (1819); Scoresbi/, Arct. Voy. i.'p. 534 (1820); Fleminy,
Brit. Anim. p. 141 (1828); Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 493, pi. xciv.
(1833) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 435 (1837): Meijer, Brit. B. vii.
p. 139, nl. 305 (1857) ; Huxley, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 430, tig. 2
(skull). ^

Larus tridactvlus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 224 (1776) ; P. L. S. Miiller,
S. N, Anhciny, p. 344 (1776) ; 0. Fair. Faun. Grwnl. p. 98 (1780) ;
lletzius, F. 'Suec. p. 1-54 (1780) ; Mohr, Island. Naturh. p. 41
(1786); Cw. <S'. iV. i. p. 596 (1788); Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 817
(1790); Bechsf. Natury. Deutschl. ii. p. 804 (1791); Meyer n.
Wolf, Taschenb. ii. p. 486 (1810) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 502
(1815); Meisner u. Schinz, Vliy. Schweiz, p. 275 (1815) ; Mei/er,
Vof/. Liv- u. Est hi. p. 236 (1815); Nilss. Orn. Suec. ii. p. "174
(1817); E. Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. p. 519 (1819: Greenland);
Leach in J. Boss's Voy. Baffin Bay, App. ii. p. liii (1819 : 4to ed.) ;
Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. p. 774 (1820) ; E. Sahine in Parry's
1st Voy. Sujip. p. ccv (1821: Davis Str.) ; Joseph Sabine in
Franklin's Polar Sea, App. p. 695 (1823 : Hudson Day) ; Brehm,
Lehrb. p. 705 (1824); /. C. Boss, in Parry's 3rd Voy. App.
p. 105 (1820 : Cliffs of N. Somerset Ld.) ; Vicill. Faunc Franq.,

VOL. XXV. X

306

Ois. p. 390 (1828) ; Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 359 (1828) ;
Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 25 (1828); J. C. Ross in Parry's
4ik Voy. App. p. 195 (1828: 82f° N., beyond Spitsbergen) ; Sari,
Orn. Tnsc. iii. p. 70 (1831) ; Sivains. 8r Rich. Faun. Bor.- Ainer.,
Birds, p. 423 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. ^Rais. Cauc. p. 56 (1832) ;
Kittl. Isis, 1832, p. 1104 (N.W. America) ; Nuttall, Man. Orn.
ii. p. 298 (1834) ; Jeriyns, Man. Brit. Vertehr. p. 274 (1835) ;
Auduh. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 186 (1835); id. Synop. p. 326 (1839) ;
Naum. Toy. Deutschl. x. p. 322, pi. 262 (1840) ; Crespon,
Orn. Gard, p. 487 (1840) ; Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcv and
p. 242 (1840) ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 281
(1840 : Odessa, once) : Selys-Lonych. Faun. Belg. p. 153 (1842) ;
SM. Rev. Crit. p. cxxvi (1844) ; Crespon, Faune Merid. ii. p. 125
(1844) ; MiMe, Orn. Griechenl. p. 140 (1844); Amlub. B. Amer.
8vo ed., vii. p. 146, pi. 444 (1844) ; Giraud, B. Long L p. 361
(1844) ; Yarr. Brit. B. 2ud ed. iii. p. 562 (1845) ; Hewits. Eqgs
Brit. B. ii. p. 4.39, pi. 124 (1846); Degl. Orn. Fur. ii. p. 316
(1849) ; 7%ow;w. B. Irel. iii. p. 340(1851) ; Kjarb. Damn. Fugle,
p. 338, tab. xli. (1852) ; Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 103 ; id. op. cit.
1855, p. 284 (critical) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 599, pis. 350, 351 ( 1 854) ;
Baily, Orn. Savoie, iv. p. 316 (1854: Lac du Bourget) ; A. Arm-
strong, N.-W. Pass. ' Investigator,' p. 347 (1857 : Pr. Albert Ld.) ;
Jones, Nat. Bermuda, p. 92 (1859) ; Linderni. Vog. Griechenl. p. 174
(1860) ; Coinde, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 401 (Aleutian Is.) ;
Schl. Die?: Nederl. Vogels, p. 236 (1861) ; Schl. Mm. P.-Bas,'La.x\,
p. 31 (1863) ; Miillei; Vid. Meddel. im2, p. 70 (1863 : Faeroes) ;
Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 151 (Malta) ; Deql. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 428 (1867) ; Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. 1863, p. 104 ;
id. op. cit. 1864, p. 387 (Spitsbergen ) : Borgqr. Vogelf. Nord-
deutschl. p. 142 (1869); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 478 (1871);
Ileuyl. Ibis, 1872, p. 65 (Novaya Zeuilya) ; Godman, t. c. p. 222
(Canaries) ; Hurtirx/, Ilandb. Brit. B. p. 77 (1872) ; Coues, Key
N. A7ner. B. p. 314 (1872) ; Fimck, Abh. Ver. Brem. v. p. 366
(1873: S. Greenland); Palmen, Finlands Fogl. p. 608 (1873);
Smidev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Stockh. 1874, p. 21 (Spitsbergen);
Bessels,Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris, 1875, p. 296 (Tliank-God Harbour);
Merriam, B. Conn. p. 132 (1877); E. Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 440
(Alaska); Bessels, Amerik. Nordpol-Exp. p. 312 (1879: Smith
Snd., 81° 40' N.) ; Rodd, B. Cornw. p. 169 (1880) ; Rochebr. Faune
Seneg., Ois. p. 335 (1884 : Cape Verd) [P] ; Radde, Orn. Cauc.
p. 479 (1884: Caspian?); Collins, Rep. Fisheries (U. S. A.) tor
1882, p. 330 (1884 : Grand Banks) ; Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 32
(Kuril Is.); id. Hist. Brit B. iii. p. 340 (1885); Booth, Rouyh
Notes, iii. (1887) ; Seebohm, B. Japan. Emp. p. 294 (1890) ; Ste-
venson ^ Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 334 (1890) ; Gdtke, Vogebu.
Helgol. p. 575 (1891) ; Jiickel Sj- Blasius, Vog. Bayerns, p. 359
(1891).

Larus nasvius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 225 (1766) ; Schciff. Mus. Orn.
p. 64 (1789).

The Common Gull (part.), Pennant, Brit. Zool. p. 142, pi. L 3 (1766).

The Tarrock, Pennant, Brit. Zool. p. 142 (1766) ; id. op. cit.
2nd ed. pp. 424 & 425 (1788) ; Beivick, Birds, il p. 210 (1821).

Larus albus, P. L. S. Midler, Nafursystem, p. 108 (1776) (based on
Brisson's Mouette cendr6e tachet^e).

Larus cinerarius (nee Linn.), O. Fabr. F. Grant, p. 101 (1780).

La Mouette tachet(5e ou le Kutgeghef, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii.
p. 424 (1783).

i

i

I

in. RISSA, 307

Tarrock Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 3U2 (1785) ; id. Gen. 8tjn.

Suppl. i. p. 2m (1787).
Kittiwake Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 393 (178o) ; Yarr.

Brit. B. iii. p. 444 (1843).
Winter Gull, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 384 (1785).
Larus riga, Gm. S. N. i. p. 594 (17«8).
Larus torquatus, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- Adat. ii. p. 328 (1811 : Baltic

and White Sea).
Laruf gavia, Pallas, Zoogr. liosso-Asiat. ii. p. 329 (1811 : Baltic and

White Sea; not in Black Sea or Caspian).
The Kittiwake, Bewick, Brit. B. ii. p. 209 (1821).
Gavia tridactylus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 5(33.
Rissa brunnichii, Stephens, ex Leach MS. in Shale's Gen. Zool. xiii.

pt. 1, p. 181, pi. 21 (1820), type of genus Eissa.
Cheimonea tridactyla, Kaup, 'Na/Jirl. Syst. p. 84 and p. 196 (1829),

type of genus ; Heine ^- Reichenow, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 360

(1889).
Laroides tridactylus, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 754 (1831).
Laroides lissa, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 755 (1831).
Laroides minor, Brehvi, Vog. Deutschl. p. 756 (1831).
Rissa cinerea, Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 52 (1836).
Rissa tridactyla, Bp. Comp. List B. Eur. ^ N. Amer. p. 62 (1838) ;

Gray, List Gen. p. 79 (1840) ; id. op. cit. ed. 1841, p. 99; Macgill.

Man. Brit. Oni. p. 249 (1842) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres,

p. 174 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 655, pi. 180. iig. 6 (1846) ;

Reichenb. Si/st. Nat. tab. v. (1850) ; id. Av. Si/st. Nat., Lonr/ip.

pp. iv, V (1852) ; Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. v. p. 515 (1852) ; Licht.

Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854); Brehm, Nau7n. 1855, p. 294; id.

Voqelfatiq, p. 341 (1855); Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 771 (1856); id.

Consp. Av. ii. p. 225 (1857) ; Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 253 (1857 :

Senegal) ; Baird, Cass., ^- Laivr. B. N. Ainer. p. 854 (1858) ;

Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 18 (Greenland) ; Neiuton, in Baring-GoidcTs

Iceland, p. 418 (1863) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 236 (1863) ; Saluad.

Ucc. Sard. d. 131 (1864) ; Newton, I bk,im^,^. 508 (Spitsbergen) ;

Blasius, J.f. 0. 1865, p. 384 (critical) ; Godman, Ibis, 1866, p. 103

(Azores) ; id. Azores, p. 38 (1870) ; Loche, Expl. Set. Alger., Ois.

ii. p. 185 (1867) ; Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 240 (1869) ; Dall 8f Bann.

Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 305 (1869 : Alaska) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur.

p. 464, tav. 56. fig. 9 (1870); Blake-Kno.v, Zool. s. s. pp. 2119-

2124 (1870: plumage); Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 306 (Novaya

Zemlya) ; Saunders, op. cit. 1871, p. 400 (Spain) ; Grag, Iland-l.

B. iii. p. 117, no. 11017 (1871) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 291

(1872) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 61 (1873) ; Collett, Forh. Selsk.

Christian. 1873, p. 297 (X. Norway) ; Heugl. Orn. Nordost-A/r.

Bd. ii. pt. 2, p. 1415 (1874 : Egypt'iu winter) ; Dall, Arif. Aleut.

Is. p. 9 (1874) ; Newton, Arctic 3Ian. p. 106 (L^75) ; Irby, Orn.

Str. Gihr. p. 212 (1875): Collett, N. Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 211

(Norway) ; Feilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 409 (below Smith Sound) ;

Saunders, P. Z. S. I878, p. 163 (revision) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc.

xiv. p. 394 (1878 : distribution) ; Kumlien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.

XV. p. 99 (1879: Cumberland Sound) ; Blakist. ^- Pryer, Tr. As.

Soc. Japan, 1880, p. 190 ; //. C. Hart, Zool. 1880, p. 207 (78°

N. lat.); Giglioli, Ibk, 1881, p. 219 (Italy); Ridgw. Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 51 (1881); Feilden, in Markhanis Polar

Reconn. p. 334 (1881 : Novaya Zemlya) ; id. Tr. Norte. Soc.

iii. p. 209 (1881 : Franz-Josef Land) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer.

x2

308

B. p. 121 (1882) ; Tacznn. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1882, p. 398
(Kamscliatka &c.) : M. Chamberlain, B. Nan Brunsw. p. 61
(1882) ; W. H. Neale, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 651 (Franz-Josef
Ld.) ; Brewster, Pr. Boston Soc. N. H. 1883, p. 398 (Gulf of
St. Lawrence); Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 122 (1883:
Labrador) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 39] (Gulf of Gascony) ; id.
4th ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 650 (1884) ; Cvties, Key N. Amer. B.
2nd ed. p. 748 (1884) ; Brewster, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xxii. p. 398
(1884 : Gulf of St. Lawrence) ; Baird, Breiver, Sj- Ridgiv Water-B.
N. Amer. ii. p. 202 (1884) ; Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80; Torre
8f Tschus. t. c. p. 661 (Hungary) ; Albarda, t. c. p. 630 (Holland) ;
A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer.''B. p. 86 (1886); Grondal, Ornis,

1886, p. 371 (Iceland) ; Olphe-Gall. Contrih. Favne Occid. Pur.
fasc. X. p. 82 (1886) ; Fischer ^- Pelz. Mitt. orn. Ver. Wien, 1886,
p. 211 (Jan Mayen I.) ; transl. W. E. Clarke, Zool. 1890, p. 48 ;
Giglioli, Avif. tf.al. p. 427 (1880) ; id. 1» Pesoc. Av. Pal. p. 51
(1889) ; id. 2° Pesoc. Av. Pal. p. 6G0 (1890) ; Scdvad. Ucc. Pal.
p. 289 (1887) ; H-Brotvn Sf Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. ^c. p. 234 (1887) ;
iid. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 150 (1888) ; Ridc/iu. Man. N. Amer. B.
p. 25 (1887); Schneider, Ornis, 1887, p. 551 (Upp. Alsace);
Feildcn. Tr. Norw. Soc. iv. p. 351 (1887 : Labrador) ; Tail, Pns,

1887, p. 390 (Portugal) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 508 (Poland) ;
Cooke, B. Mi(jr. Mississip. Vail. p. 55 (1888: Great Lakes);
Greely, Pep. F.rped. Lady Frankl. Bay, ii. p. 22(1888: Fort
Conyer, Grinuell Ld.) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 667 (1889) ;
Bishop, Auk, 1889, p. 145 (Magdalen Is.) ; M. Chamberl. Avk,
issi), p. 213 (S. Greenland) ; Reichenoio, Syst.Verz. J'ng. Peufschl.
p. 62 (1889); Piesenthal, Wasservog. Mitteleur. p. 137 (1889);
Brusina, Orn. Croatia, p. 94 (1889); Keller, Orn. Carinthim,
p. 302 (1890) ; Buckley ^ H-Broicn, Faun. Orkney Is. p. 234
(1891) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1891, p. 188 (L. Leman) ; Borrer. B. Susse.r,
p. 273 (1891) ; Hayerup, B. Greenl. p. 46 (1891) ; W. P. Clarke, Ibis,
1892, pp. 442-447 (rudimentary hallux) ; Stone, Pr. Philad. Acad.
1892, p. 149 {Mehille Bay) ; H-Brown S^- Buckl. Faun. Argyll 8(c.
p. 193 (1892) ; Ilartert, Pbis, 1892, p. 620 (E. Prussia, winter) ;
IfUrb. ^- Mathew, B. Devon, p. 371 (1892) ; Macj)hers. B. Lake-
land, p. 437 (1892) ; White, Auk, 1893, p. 222 (Mackinac I.,
Michigan); Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206 (Canaries) ; Lilford,
Col. Figs. B. Brit. Is. pt. xxiv. (1893) ; Lilford, B. Norfham.pt. p. 406
(1893) ; Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1049 (1893: E.
Siberia) ; Collett, Nyt Mag.f. Naturv. Bd. xxx. p. 312 (Norway) ;
Baqg, Auk, 1894, p. 162 (Oneida Lake) ; Ussher, Pr. P. Irish Acad.
(3)" iii. p. 410 (1894) ; Pearson c^ Bidwell, Ibis, 1894, p. 236 (N.
Norway; ; Matheiv, B. Pembrokesh. p. 103 (1894).

Larus brachyrhynchus {nee Gould), Bruch, J. f. O. 1853, p. 103.
Larus niveu's {nee Pallas), Bruch, J. f. 0. 1855, p. 285.
Rissa borealis, Z?)'e/m, iS'^awm. 1855, p. 294 ; id. Fo^e//. p. 341 (1855).
Rissa minor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 341 (1855).
Eissa gregaria, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294 ; id. Vogelf. p. 341

(1855).
Rissa kotzebui, Bp. C. P. xlii. p. 771 (1866); id. Consp. Av. ii.

p 226 (1857) ; Elliot, New S,- Unfg. B. N. Amer. ii. pi. 54 (1869) ;

Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 117, no. 11019 (1871).
Xema tridactylum, Jaub. et B.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 393

(1859).
Larus (Rissa) tridactylus, Drosfe, Vogehv. Borkum, p. 344 (1869) ;

Coues, B. N.- West, p. 644 (1874) ; Palmen, Vega-Exped. Vetensk.

Bd. V. p. 358 (1887 : Siberian Coist).

19. KISS A. 309

Lanis tiidactyliis, var. kotzebui (I>p.), Coues, in El/ioU'.s Jiep. Pryhilnff
Group, Orn. uo. 552 (187;}); id. li. N.-West, p. 64G (1874);
Elliott, Seal Is. of Alaska, p. 1;52 (1882).

Ris.-a tridactj'la kotzobiii, llidi/w. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 51
(1881); Beau, Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 167 (Bering Sea):
C'oues, Check-l. N. Amer. li. p. 122 (1882); Ilidf/iv. Cat. Aquat.
B. Fish. Exhih. p. 29 (188'}) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Convin,' p. 105
(1883: Beriiifj Sea); Coues, Km/ N. Atnor. B. 2nd ed. p. 748
(1884); Goss^ Auk,\SQ^, p. 222 (Washington Terr.) ; Southw. l<f
Jenks, t.c. p. 313 (Nicisio, California).

Ri-isa tridactvla pollican.s, Stcjn.,in Baird, B., Sf Ridyiv. Water-B. N.
Amer. ii. p. 402 (1884) ; SUjn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 78
(1885: Commander Is.); A.O.U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 86
(1886); Ridqio. Man. N. Amer. 5. p. 25 (1887) ; Turner, Auk,
1885, p. 158'( Alaska) ; id. Contrib. N. H. Alaska, p. 124 (1886) ;
Nelson, Bep. N. II. Alaska, p. 49 (1878) ; I'almim, Veiia-Exped.
Vetensk. lid. v. p. 361 ( 1887 : Bering Sea) ; li. H. Lawr. 'Auk,\m2,
p. 353 (Washington Terr.) ; Allen, op. cit. 1893. p. 123 (distri-
bution) ; Ridijiv. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mm. xvi. p. 6(33 (1893 : Alaska) ;
Tacz. Mem. Acad. St. I'etersb. xxxix. p. 1052 (1893; E. Siberia).

Eissa pollicaris, Stejn. Auk, 1888, p. 310 (critical).

Adult in hreedin(j-pluma<je. Head, neck, rump, tail, and entire
underparts white ; mantle slate-grey, the scapulars edged with
greyish white ; secondaries broadly edged with white ; shafts of
primaries ash-colour ; quills chiefly grey, but the outer web black
in the 1st, grey in the others; terminal portions of 1st to 3rd
primaries black; 4th quill with the extreme tip white, surmounted
by a black bar, and the 5th similar, with a narrower bar ; in the
6th there is sometimes a subterniinal black bar varying in breadth,
and at other times a mere black speck the size of a pin's head on
the outer web, while in mature birds the entire feather is spotless
grey*, with whitish inner margins, as are the succeeding primaries
and the upper parts of all : bill yellow, with a greenish tinge ;
tarsi blackish, toes dark brown. Total length lo'O inches, culmen
1"8, wing 12, tail 5 (the second pair of feathers from the outside a
trifle longer than the rest), tarsus 1'4, middle toe with claw I'So.
The sexes are alike externally.

Adult in luinter. Similar, but with a trace of dark grey round
the orbits ; on the head and neck some slate-colour, which is pale
on the crown, deepens on the nape, where it almost forms a band,
becomes blackish at the auriculars, and passes into white on the
shoulders : bill with a more olive tint.

Immature. Like the above, but with black on both webs and
over the greater part of the four outer primaries, only the inner
portions of which are white ; the 5th primary greyish white with a
broad subtcrminal black bar and a minute white tip ; the 6th with
a narrower bar and a larger white tip ; an oval black patch about
the middle of the outer web of the longest inner secondary : bill
still more olive-colour.

Young. Similar, but with a more distinct and blacker half-collar

* Tbis applies to examples from Alaska and the N. Pacific as much as

to specimens from the Atlantic.

310 LAKID.E.

on the nape followed liy a greyish interval, and then a hroad hiaek
band, with irregular edges, across the shoulders and for some
distance on each side of the neck ; carpal joint and wing-coverts
thickly mottled with blackish, and the long inner secondaries
streaked with black along the greater part of the outer webs con-
tiguous to the shafts ; 7th primary often plain, hut sometimes with
a minute black spot on the outer web ; tail with a terminal black
bar which is broad on all except the outside rectrices : bill and
tarsi dark brown (with a reddish tinge in life).

Dotvnii nestling. Euff on the nape, shading into dark grey on the
back ; underparts white ; toes brown, webs yellowish.

Birds from Bering Sea and the North Pacific are on average a
trifle larger than those from the Atlantic, and they exhibit, as a
rule, a little more development of the usually diminutive hind-toe.
Sometimes there is even a very minute but sharply pointed nail
on each hind-toe, though often on one only. This development
is not confined to examples from the North Pacific, for it has been
found in birds from the British Islands, Greenland, and the eastern
side of North America. Birds which exhibit this characteristic
have been separated specifically or subspecifically under the names
of liissa kotzehui and Rissa 'pollicaris. It has even been asserted that
some examples from the Pacific coast have the hind-toe and claw
as fully developed as in typical Larus ; but this bold statement
may be owing to the fact that at least one such bird authori-
tatively called Eissa tridacii/Ja jwllicaris is not a liiisa at all, but
a bird of the Larus canus section. Dr. Palmen finds that Kitti-
wakes from the North Pacific have always some black on the 6th
primary ; but this is not borne out by our Museum series, in which
there are several Aleutian and Alaskan birds with the 6th primary
as spotless as the 7th is.

Hah. Circumpolar, Arctic, and Sub-Arctic regions in summer —
from as far north as man has penetrated to the north of Spits-
bergen, and uj) to 81° 40' in Smith Sound — down to the north-west
of France, the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the Atlantic side, and the
Kuril Islands in the Pacific (breeding) ; in winter southward to the
Mediterranean, inland waters down to the Caspian, the Canaries,
Bermuda, and along both sides of America to about 35° N. lat.
The record of circumpolar continuity is complete between the North
Cape and Bering Strait, by way of Siberia and the islands to the
north, while in Arctic America it is only defective as regards the
smaU interval between Prince Albert Land and Point Barrow.

a. Yix ad. sk. Scotland, autumn plumage. Col. Montagu [P.].

b, c. Ad. sk. Orkneys {Hubbard). Salvin-Godnian Coll.
d, e. Pull. st. Orkneys, July (/. Dunri). Purchased.

f,g. Ad. et pull. Orkneys, June, July( J. Z>mww). H. Saunders Coll.

sk.

h. c? ad. St. Hoy, Orkneys {J. Baker). Purchased.

i, k. Ad. st. • Hebrides, summer. Theodore Walker,

Esq. [P.].

1,711. Ad. St. Bass Rock, Firth of Forth, J. II. Gurney, Esq.

summer. [P.].

ly. KISSA.

311

n. (S ad. tk.

OS. Ad. ; t. Juv.

sk. _
u. (5 juv. sk.
V. (S juv. sk.

w. (5 juv. sk.

X. Ad. sk.
y. Juv. sk.

s. Pull. sk.

«', b'. Ad. et juv.

St.

c'. Ad. sk.
d'. Ad. St.
e'. Ad. ; /'. Juv.

sk.
ff'. c? ad. sk.
h'. ^ imm. sk.
«'. <S juv. sk.
A:'. Juv. sk.
I'. 2 ad. sk.
m'-o'. c? ad. et

imm. sk.
p. Albino sk.

q'. Ad. sk.

r , c? ad. ; *•'. Imm.

sk.
t', u'. Ad. sk.
v'. Juv. sk.

w'. (S ad. sk.

x . Ad. sk.

?/'. Ad. sk.

z'. Vix ad. sk.
a". Pull. sk.

b"-e". Ad. et juv.

St.

/". 2 ad. sk.

g"-l". S $ ad. et

juv. sk.
m". c? juv. sk.

n", o". Vix ad. et

imm. sk.
p", q". Juv. sk.
r". 2 ad. sk.

Faiue Islands, April 25th.

Flauiborough Head, autumn.

Off Dop^ger Bank, Jan.
Wells, Norfolk, Nov.

Cookham, Berks, Jan. ( W.

Brii/ys).
Brighton, autumn.
Brighton, Sept. {J. E. Har-

tiny).
Lundy Isl., N. Devon, July.
Torquay, autumn.

Tor b.iy, autumn {J.W.Lloyd).
Cornwall, summer {Vingoe).
Galicia, N.AV. Spain, winter.

Havre, Dec. ( V. Pluche).
Havre, Jan. ( V. Pluche).
Havre, May 11th {V. Pluche).
Holland, autumn.
Holland, autumn.
Heligoland, Nov. (Gcitke).

Iceland, Sept. 29, 1877

(MiUler).
Tangier, Marocco, Nov. (G.

Oicese).
Algiers, Feb. 20 {G. E. S.).

Greenland.

Greenland, August ( Voy.
^Erik ').

Lichtenfels, S.W. Greenland,
Aug.

Whalefish I., Davis Straits
{Dr. Robertson).

Savage Is., Hudson Bay, July
1886 {Admiral A. H. Mark-
ham).

Labrador ( Voy. ' Harmony ').

Bird Rock, Gulf of St. Law-
rence, July [C. J. Maynard).

Kotzebue Sound, North
Alaska.

Stewart Id., Alaska, June
{E. W. Nelson).

St. Michael's, Alaska, July-
Sept. {E. W. N.).

Lower Yukon River, Alaska,
Sept. (E. W. N.).

Kadiak 1., Alaska {W. J.
Ei.-iher).

Alaska {Henshaw Coll.).

Aleutian Is. ( J'osnessensky).

J. H. Guruey, Esq.

[P.].
Lord Londesborough

[P.].
H. Saimders Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.

F. Bond, Esq. [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
C. Coningham, Esq.

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Purchased.
Dr. V. Lopez-Seoane

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
II. Saunders Coll.
E. Hargitt Coll.
II. Saunders Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Shelley Coll.

Hume Coll.

H. Saunders Cull.

H. Saunders CoU.

The Admiralty [P.].

Col. H. AV. Feilden

[P.].

H. Saunders Coll.
Salvia-G odman Coll.

Capt. Kellett, R.N.

fP.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

312

s"-u" . cJ 2 ad. sk.

v". (S ad. sk.

w''. d ad. sk.

x". Juv. sk.

y", z". 2 fid. sk.
a^. Ad. sk.
b\ Ad. sk.
c^. Skeleton.

(P. Skeleton.
e^,f^. Skeletons.

f/^. Sternum.
h^. Sternum.
P. Skeleton.

St. George Id., rrybiloff Group

(H. W. Elliott).
St. Paul's Id., Prybiloff Group,

Sept. (H. W.E.).
St. Paul's Id., Prvbiloff Group,

Aug. {K. W.E.).
Walrus Id., Prvbiloff Group

{G.M. Adanis).
Kuril Islands {Snow).
Kuril Islands, summer (Snow).
Kuril Islands, summer {Siioxo).
England (died in Zool. Gard.).

Helsingfors.
Spitsbergen, June 1894.

England.

Europe.

(Imperfect.)

Salvin-Godmau Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Seebobm Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.
Capt. Blakiston [P.].
Zoological Society

LP-]-

Dr. A. Giinther [P.].
Col. H. W. Feilden

[P.].
John Eay, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

2. Rissa brevirostris.

Larus brachyi-hvnchus (nee Richardson, 1831), Gonld, P. Z. S. 1843,

p. 106; id. Voii. 'Sulphur; p. 50, pi. 34 (1844).
Rissa nivea (ncc L. niveus. Fall.), Gray, List B. Brit. Mns., Anseres,
p. 174 (1844 : N.W. America) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 6-55 (1846) ;
Eeichenb. Novit. Natat. tav. cclxix. fig. 22-54 (1850) ; Bp. C. R.
xlii. p. 771 (1856); Baird, Cass., ^- Later., B. N. Amer. p. 855
(1858) ; B. G. Elliot, New Sr Unfig. B. N. Amer. ii. pi. 54 (1869) ;
Larus brevirostris, Bnwh,J.f. O. 1853, p. 103; id. op. cit. 1855,
p. 285 (critical) ; Cows, Key N. Amer. B. p. 315 (1872) ; id. in
H. W. Elliotts Rep. Pryhiloff Is., Birds, no. 553 (1873); H. W.
Elliott, Monog. Seal Is. Alaska, p. 133 (1882).
Icarus (Rissa) brevirostris, Cmtes, B. N.- West, p. 646 (1874).
Larus citrirostris, Brtich, J.f. O. 1855, p. 284 (Kamtschatka).
Ri.s.sa brachyrln'ncha, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. '22(j (1857) ; Coues, Pr.
Philad. Acad. 1862, p. 306 ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 117, no. 11018
(1871).
Larus warnecki, Coinde, Rev. et May. Zool. 1860, p. 401 (Aleutian

Islands).
Rissa brevirostris, Baird, Cass., ^~ Larvr. B. N. Amer. d. 855 (1858) ;
Ball ^- Bonn. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 305 (1869: Alaska); Saunders,
P.Z. S. 1878, p. 164 (revision) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 394
(1878 : distribution) ; Ridqio. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 51
(1881) : Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 122 (1882) ; Nelson,
Cruise ' Corwi7i,' p. 105 (1883 : Bering Sea ; cf. Stejn. Auk, 1884,
p. 358) ; Coues, Keif N. Amer. B. 2nd ed. p. 748 (1884) ; Baird,
Breiver, ^- Ridyjv. Water-B. N. Anwr. ii. p. 207 (1884) ; Stejn.
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 82 (1885: Commander Is.);
Turnei; Auk, 1885, p. 158 (Alaska) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer.
B. p. 87 (1886); Ridyiv. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 25 (1887) ; Allen,
Auk, 1803, p. 123 (distribution) ; Taczan. 3Iem. Acad. St. Petersb.
xxxix. p. 1053 (1893 : E. Siberia).

Adult in hreedinri-plumage. Similar to the preceding species, but
darker slate-grey on the mantle, as well as ou the upper portious of

I

19. RissA. 313

the primaries, the outer webs being darker, as are the margins of the
iiiiior webs up to the 4th ; the black spot is usually present on the
outer web of the 6th quill, but absent in one example ; under wing
grey, but paler than tlie mantle : bill short, culmen sharply
decurved, lemon-yellow with a greenish tinge ; tarsi and toes
vermilion, fading to yellow in preserved s])ecimens. Total length
15 inches, culmen 1-4, wing 11"75, tail 5'5, tarsus 1'2, middle toe
with claw I'S ; hind-toe sometimes with and sometimes without
a nail, presenting precisely the same amount of variation in develoj)-
ment as there is in li. trldactijla*.

Adult in autumn. Similar, with dark hair-streaks before and
below the eye, dark auricular patches, and a slight greyish half-
collar below the nape.

Immature. Like the above, but with more dark colour along the
outer webs of the second and third primaries.

Young. Collar deeper and blacker ; feathers of the mantle tipped
with greyish white, the three outer primaries black on both sides
of their shafts : bill and tarsi brown ; otherwise similar.

It will be observed that the young of this species differs from
that of a. tridacti/Ia in having no black band on the wing nor on
the tail.

Hab. Lower part of Bering Sea, from the Kamschatkan side
(Commander Islands) to the Prybiloff and Aleutian Islands.

a. Ad. St. Aleutian Islands. Purchased.

/;. Juv. sk. Walrus I., Prybiloff group, II. Saunders CoU.

Aleutians {G. li. Adams).
c-e. Ad. sk. St. George I., Prybiloff group, II. Saunders CoU.

Aleutians {H. 'W. Elliott).
f-k. S ? ad. sk. St. George I., Prvbiloff group, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aleutians (H. 'W. Elliott).
I. Ad. sk. " North-west coast of America" J. Gould, Esq. [P.].

(? type of i. hrachyrhynchus).
m. d ad. sk. Bering Sea {S7iow). Seebohm CoU.

* It is rciiKirkable tliat tliis form of 7?. hrcvirodris, with a tliorovghhj
devcliipid, tlumgh minute nail, slioiild not liave been considered as worthy
of sj)ecific distiuclion as li. kotsvhui or pollicaris I

314

STEKCORAEIIDj;.

Family II. STERCORARIIDiE.

Key to the Genera.

a. Size larger, form robust; depth of the'

hill at the exposed base nearly equal to
the leugth of the cere ; tarsus rather
shorter than the middle toe with its
claw; tail short, the central pair of
rectiices projecting about 0-5 inch . . .

b. Size smaller, form more slender ; depth of

the bill at the exposed base decidedly
less than the length of the cere ; tarsus
distinctly shorter than the middle toe
with its claw ; central pair of rectrices
projecting 3 inches or more in adults. .

1. Megalestbis, p. 314.

2. Stercorahius, p. 322.

M. catarrhactes.

antarctica.
catarrhactes.

1. MEGALESTRIS.

Catharacta*, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 32 (1764) M. catarrhactes.

Lestris, Illiger, Prodr. p. 272 (1811 : part.).

Cataractes*, Fleming, Phil. Zool. p. 263 (1822)

Stercorarius, Vieill. N. Diet. (VHist. Nat. xxiii.

p. 154 (1819) et auct. (partim).

Catarracta *, Biy. Naum. 1854, p. 210 M.

Megalestris, Bp. Cat. Parzudaki, p. 11 (1856) M.

Buphagus, Corns, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 125, ex

Moehring (1752) M. catarrhactes.

Bancje. North and South Atlantic, southern portion of the
Indian Ocean, Antarctic regions, and seas round New Zealand.

Key to the Species.

a. Bill longer in proportion to depth, terminal

edge of cere markedly concave ; under surface
of body tawny or rich rufous ; back streaked
and mottled with rufous.
«'. Under surface tawny ; under wing-coverts

blackish tinged with rufous catarrhactes, p. 315.

b'. Under surface and under wing-coverts rich

rufous ; back boldly spotted with chestnut . chilensis, p. 318.

b. Bill shorter in proportion to depth ; terminal

edge of cere less concave and more abrupt ;
under surface of body sooty brown to clay-
brown.
c'. Darker, upper and under surfaces sooty

brown ; back little striated antarctica, p. 31 9.

d'. Paler: head, neck, and under surface clay-
brown with a rich straw-yellow tint on the
upper neck maccormicki, p. 321.

i

* Previously applied to a subgenus of UriinK.

1. MEGALESTRIS. 5^15

] . Megalestris catarrhactes.

Ciitharacta sldia, Brihin. Orn. Bor. p. 33 (1764 : FBeroesand Iceland).

Le Goilaiul lirun, Jiriss. Orn. vi. p. 165 (1700).

Larus catarrhactes *, Litm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 226 (1706), ex Briinn. ;
Mohr, Ishml. Naturh. p. 43 (1780) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 003 (1788) ;
Lath. Lid. Orn. p. 818 (1790) ; Bmn. E71C. Meth. i. p. 85 (1700) ;

The Brown and Ferruginous Gull, Pennant, Brit. Zool. p. 140,
pi. LO (1706).

Le Goeland brun, Bi/f. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 408 (1783, e.v Bri.ss.).

Skua Gull, Lath. Gen. Spi. iii. pt. 2, p. 385 (1785) ; Bewick, Brit.
B. ii. p. 212 (1821).

The Skua, Pennant. Brit. Zool. 2nd ed. p. 417 (1788).

Cataracta skua, Retz. F. Siiec. p. 161 (1800) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Bur.
^- N. Atner. p. 63 (1838) ; id. Cat. Ucc. Bur. p. 79 (1842) ; G. R.
Gray, List Genera B. p. 78 (1840) ; Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat.,
Lonf/ip. pp. iv & V (1852) ; Brehm, Naiim. 1855, p. 293.

Catarracta lusca, Leach, S. Cat. M. if B. Brit. Mus. p. 40 (1816) ;
id. Thorns. Ann. of Philos. xiii, p. 61 (1819: Fteroe Is.).

Lestris catarrhactes", lUiyer, Prodr. p. 273 (1811); Temm. Man.
d'Orn. p. 511 (1815) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 793 (1820) ; Meyer,
Taschenb. Zusiitze, p. 207 (1822); Faber, Prodr. isliind. Orn.
p. 102 (1822) ; Veitch, Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. p. 246 (1822) ; Boie,
Lsis, 1822, p. 562; Brehm, Lehrb. pp. 739, 991 (1824) ; Bp. Ann.
Lye. N.Y. ii. p. 364 (1828: synopsis); Werner, Atlas, Palmi-
pedes, pi. 32 (1828); A'anp, Natiirl. Syst. pp. 63, 64, 195 (1829) ;
Brehm, lsis, 1830, p. 992; Graba, Reise n. Faro, p. 186 (1830)j
Lesson, Traite, p. 616 (1831) ; Brehm, Yog. Beutschl. p. 7l5
(1831); Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 313 (1834: Newfoundland);
Jenyns, Man. Brit. Vertehr. p. 280 (1835) ; Eyton, Cat. Brit. B.
p. 61 (1836); Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 439(1837); Temm. Man.
d'Orti. ed. 2, pte. 4, p. 494 (1840) ; Naiwi. Voy. Deutschl. x.
p. 470, taf. 270 (1840); Schinz, Europ>. Faun. p. 387 (1840);
Keys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. sciv & p. 239 (1840) ; Schl. Rev.
Crit. p. cxxxiv (1844); Yarr. Brit. B. ed. 2, iii. p. 602 (1845);
Hewits. Eyys Brit. B. ii. p. 451, pi. cxxix (1846) ; IVolley, Jard.
Contr. Orn. p. 113 (1850: Faroes); Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 390
(1851) ; Macyill. Brit. B. v. p. 479 (1852) ; Kjarb. Damn. Fuyle,
p. 344, tab. xliii. (1852) ; Heicits. Eyys Brit. B. 3rd ed. ii. p. 505,
pi. cxiii. (1856) ; Brehm, Voyelf. p. 335 (1855) ; Meyer, Brit. B.
vii. p. 166, pi. 312 (1857) ; Schl. Yog. Nederl. p. 587, pi. 334
(1858); id. Bier. Nederl. Yoyels, p. 231, pi. 33. figs. 9 & 9«
(1861) ; Boryyr. Yoyelf. Norddeutsch. p. 141 (1809) ; Droste, Yoyelw.
Borkum, p. 358 (1869); R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 493 (1871) ;
Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 400 (Strs. Gibr.) ; Hartimj, Handb. Brit.
B. p. 78 (1872) ; Collett, Fork. Selsk. Chist. 1873, p. 298 (N.
Norway) ; Goeldin, J.f. O. 1879, p. 383 (SchafEhausen [r']) ; Rodd,
B. Cormo. p. 173 (1880) ; Homeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80 (Germany) ;
Liitke, t. c. p. 145; Torre ^- Tschnsi, t. c. p. 500 (Trieste);
Griindnl, Ornis, 1886, p. 370 (Iceland) ; Olphe-Gall. Om. Eur.
Occid. fasc. x. p. 26 (1886) ; Reisenfh. Wasservdy. Mitteleurop.
p. 129 (1889) ; Barrington, Zool. 1890, p. 297 (Foula) ; Giitke,
Yoyelw. Jlelyol. p. 588 (1891) ; id. B. Heliyol. (transl.) p. 565 (1895).

Lestris skua, Boie, Wiedemann's Zool. Mag. 1819, p. 133; Brehm,

* In the original catarractes, but where the same generic terra is used it has
I been considered expedient to unite under one head the .fpccifc names which
I are vai-iously and inconsistently written catharactes, cataractes, catharractes.

31G STERCOKAKIID.E.

Jsts, 1830, p. 092; id. VUj. DeuUchl. p. 717(1831); id. Voyelf.
p. 336 (1855).
Stercorarius catarrhactes, Vieillot, N. Diet. H. Nat. xxxii. p. 154
(1819); id. Faune Fraw;., Ois. p. 385 (1828?); Selys-Lo^vjch.
Fawn. Belg. p. 155 (1842) ; Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres,
p. 168 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 653 (1846); Der/l. Orn. Fur. ii.
p. 289 (1849); Lazvr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. vi. p. 7 (1*853: Monterey,
Gala. [?]) ; Bp. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii p. 206
(1857) ; Baird, Cass., ^- Luwr. B. N. Amer. p. 838 (1858) ;
Jteinh. Ihis, 1861, p. 16 (S. Greenland, twice) ; B. Ross, Nat. Hist.
Rev. 1862, p. 289 (Gt. Slave Lake [?]) ; Newton in Baring-Gould's
leeland, p. 418 (1863) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 227 (1863) ;
Midler, Vidensk. Meddell. 1862, p. 63 (1863 : Fajroes) ; Dei/l. iif
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 392 (1867); Elliot, Neto ^ UnJlr/.B. N.
Amer. ii. pi. 55 (1869) ; Fritsch, Vo</. Eur. p. 481, pi. 58. iig. 7
(1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 110, no. 10942 (1871) ; Feilden,
Zool. s. s. p. 3290 (1872: Faroes) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 78
(1873): Newton, Arctic Man. p. 107(1875); Dresser, B. Eur.
viii. p. 457, pi. 609 (1875) ; Irh/, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 216 (1875) ;
Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 319 (revision); Collett, N. Mag.
Naturv. 1877, p. 206 (N. Norvray) ; Saunders, Journ. Linn. Soc.
xiv. p. 392 (1878 : distribution) ; Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
1878, p. 188 (Mass.) ; Clarke, B. Yorks. p. 84 (1881) : B. O. U.
List Brit. B. p. 194 (1883) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 391 (S.W.
France); id. Uh ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 662 (1884); Mitchell,
B. Lancas. p. 216 (1885) ; Seeboh^n, Brit. B. iii. p. 346 (1885) ;
II-Br. ^ Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. ^c. p. 235 (1887) ; R. Gray,
' Eclipse; Zool. 1887, p. 51 & p. 99 (Greenland Sens, 3 in four
seasons) ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888, p. 608 (Polaud, once) ; Saunders,
Man. Brit. B. p. 671 (1889) ; Reichenoiv, Syst. Verz. Vog.
Deidschl. p. 64 (1889) ; Stevenson ^ Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 346
(1890) ; Buckl. 4- H-Br. Faun. Orkney Is. p. 237 (1891) ; iid. F.
Argyll ^-c. p. 194 (1892) ; Macpher.s. Faun. Lakeland, p. 438 (1892) ;
D' Urban |- Math. B. Devon, p. 391 (1892) ; A. Dubois, Vertebr.
Belg., Ois. ii. p. 611, pi. .300 (1894) ; Mathew. B. Pembrokesh.
p. 107 (1894) ; Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 302 (1895).

Cataractes skua, Steph. in Shards Gen. Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 215 (1826) ;
Macc/ill. Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 255 (1842) ; Bruch, J.f. O. 1853,
p. 108.

Cataractes vulgaris, Fleming, Brit. An. p. 137(1828); Selby, III.
Brit. Orn. ii. pi. c (1832) ; id. Brit. B. ii. p. 514 (1833).

Stercorarius pomarinus, Vieill. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 220, pi. 288 (1834).

The Common Skua, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 481 (1843).

Catarracta catarractes, Licht. Nmnencl. Av. p. 99 (1854: North
Sea).

Stercorarius skua, B2:>. Naum. 1854, p. 210 ; Coues, Check-list N.
Amer. B. no. 539(1873); id. op. cit. ed. 1882, p. 119; Collins,
Auk, 1884, p. 238 (New Engl, coast) ; Hartert, Ratal. VogeU
samml. Senckenb. p. 243 (1891).

Cataracta minor, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 293.

Megalestris catarrhactes, Bj). Cat. Parzudaki, p. 11 (1856) ; Gigl,
1" Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 648 (1889 : Rovigo, juv.).

Lestris fusca, C. F. Dubois, PL Col. Ois. Belg. iii. p. 238, cum tab.
(1860).

Buphagus skua, Coues, Pr. Philad.Acad. 1863, p. 125 ; id. B. N.- West,
]). (;04 ( 1874) ; Kiimlien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xv. p. 94 (1879).

Sterconuius i'liscus, A. Dubois, Consj). Av. Eur. p. 33 (1871); id.
Bull. Mus. Belg. iv. p. 22 (1885).

1. MEGALESTRIP. 317

Stercorarius (Bupliapfus) skua, Cones, Kvy N. Amer. B. p. 309 (1872).
Me<?ale8liis skua, lUd./iu. Bidl. U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 21, p. 5.3 (1881) ;

Baird, Brewer, .^ liid</w. Waler-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 328 (1884);

Goss, Auk, 1884, p. 3!)o (Mass.); Turner, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm.

viii. p. 252 (1885: Labrador); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B.

p. 85 (18S6); Dutaher, Aid; 1886, p. 432; id. op. cit. 1887,

p. 158 (Nantucket) ; Rldiiw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 21 (1887) ;

Har/erup, B. Greenl. p. 45 (1891).

Adult. Head and nape uraber-brown ; neck rather paler, the
acuminate feathers streaked with yellowish brown, ruddier at the
junction with the back, which is more or less streaked with rufous ;
wing-surface darker brown ; primaries chiefl_y umber, the exposed
basal portions of the inner webs white, forming a band vdiich is
very conspicuous when the bird is flying ; (juill-shafts chiefly
white ; tail-coverts brown, streaked with dull rufous ; rectrices
umber; under surface up to the throat pale chestnut-brown ; under
wing-covorts dark brown, with a little rufous at times : biU black,
the cere with a greyish tinge ; iris dark brown ; tarsi and toes
black. Total length 21 inches, culmen 2-4, wing 15-5 to 16,
tail 6-5, tarsus 2"75, middle toe with claw 3.

The sexes are alike iu plumage : the female is, perhaps, a trifle
the larger, but trustworthy material is scarce.

Eeyond a certain freshness in the new feathers, there is no
marked seasonal change, and the moult appears to be very gradual,
the plumage of the neck and shoulders having generally a weather-
worn appearance, as is also the ease with many llaptores. Mr.
G. T. Fox, who kept a bird alive for ten years, says that it showed
no change with age ; but one which Dr. Xeil knew to be in its
twenty-fourth year, became paler, as might have been expected.
Melanotic varieties are occasionally met with, but the blackish tint
is by no means intense.

Yoioir/. Similar to the adult, bat with less tendencj' to acumina-
tion and striation in the feathers of the neck, and with somewhat
rufous margins to the feathers of the mantle.

Nestling. Buffish grey ; ruddier on the upper surface.

Eam/e. Iceland, the Ficroes, and the Shetland Islands (breeding) ;
South Greenland and Norwaj' (sparingly); in winter southward
along the Atlantic sea-board to the Straits of Gibraltar or a little
further, and occasionally on the inland waters of the Continent.
On the American side, Hudson Strait (possibly breeding), and
southward to the fishing-grounds off the coast of the New England
States. No confirmation of reported occurrences in the Fur Countries
or on Pacific side.

a. .Tuv. sk. Devonshire. Col. Montagu [C.].

b. Pull. sk. Shetland. Purchased."

c,d. d 2 ad. ; Fffiroes, Mav, .Tune, and July 8 II. Saunders Coll.

e. Pull. sk. (H. C. Miiller).

f. Imni.sk. ra;roes(melanic),Aug.(S'.C.3/.). H. Saimders Coll.

'g. 2 ad. sk. Fajroes, Aug. 17 {H. C. M.). Col.II.W.Foilden [P.].

h. S ad. sk. Faroes, Aug. 28 {H. C. M.). Tlunie Coll.

i~7i. cT $ ad.sk. FitToes, July {H. C. M.). E. Ilargitt CnW.

318 STERCOEAEIIDJ..

2. Megalestris chilensis.

Stercorarius antarcticus, Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. i. p. 481 (1847).
Catarracta catarractes, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854: Chile).
Lestris antarcticus, var. b. chilensis, Bp. Cvnsp. Av. ii. p. 207 (18-'37)

{Mus. Berol.*, ex Am. Merid. " Rostro vix breviore quam iu

Europseo, potius "raciliore quam robustiore ").
Lestris antarctica, Scl. i^ Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Sta. Magdalena,

Magellan Strs.).
Stercorarius cliilensis, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. .323, pi. xxiv.

(revision Stercorariinae) ; id. op. cit. 1877, p. 800 (Magellan Strs.) ;

id. Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 393 (1878: distribution); id. Voy.

'Challenger,' ii. {Birds) p. 140 (1880: Magellan Strs): Sharpe,

P. Z. S. 1881, p. 17 (Magellan Strs., 'Alert') ; Saunders, op. cit.

1882, p. 627 (Callao IJay) ; Milne-Edw. Faune des Regions

australes, ii. cliap. iv. p. 21, carte no. 1 (1882) ; Taczan. Orn.

Perou, in. p. 458 ; J. R. H. 3IacFarl. Ibis, 1887, p. 206 (Callao

Bay); Oiistalet, Miss. So. Cap Horn, vi. (Ois.) p. 172 (1891 J ;

Berlepsch ^ Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400 (Peru).

Adult in fresh plumage. Similar to the preceding species, but
much brighter in coloration. Forehead, crown, and occiput dark
brown ; hind neck brown, with narrow whitish streaks, and mottled
with chestnut; feathers of the mantle brown, with bright chestnut
central streaks ; upper tail-coverts chiefly chestnut, with brown
mottlings ; rectrices dark brown ; wings dark brown, with white
visible at the bases of the four outer pairs of quills, and more con-
spicuous on the underside ; chin, throat, under neck, breast, and
abdomen warm chestnut ; under wing, axillaries, and under tail-
coverts chiefly chestnut, mottled with brown : bill reddish black ;
tarsi black, often mottled with yellowish ; toes black. Total length
21 inches, culmen 2"3, wing 15-5, tail 6'5, tarsus 2-75, middle toe
with claw 2'8.

The sexes appear to be alike in size, as well as in plumage.

In less mature birds the chestnut colour is neither so pronounced
nor so extensive, but is always a strong characteristic of the species.
Just before the moult, however, the rufous colour becomes dull
and faded.

Immature. Like the above, but with less ruddy colour on the
mantle.

Young. Similar, but the feathers of the mantle are merely edged
with rufous and have no chestnut central streaks : " bill slate-colour ;
iris black ; tarsi aud toes slate, with a few lavender streaks " (*S'. F.
Rowland).

Hah. Coasts of South America, from Rio de Janeiro down to the
Straits of Magellan aud up the Pacific side to Callao, Peru. Not
known to occur in the Falkland Islands, where the representative
species is M. antarctica ; but I think it possible that in the region
of that group and Eastern Patagonia a fusion may sometimes take
place.

* Type examined.

1. MEGALHSTRIS. 319

a. (J imiii. sk. Rio de Janeiro, Aug. {H. M. 11. Saunders Coll.

Harriso7i, R.N.).

h. 5 ad. sk. Santa Catliarina, Brazil, Aug. {H. H. Saunders Coll.

M. II.).

C.J ad.sk. Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magel- H.M.S. ' Clialleuger '

Ian. Exped.

f/. c5' ad. sk. Straits of Magellan (Dr. Cop- Voy. II.M.S. 'Alert.'

pwffe)-).

e. 2 ad. sk. Talcahuano, S. Chili, Sept. (Dr. Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.

Cojrpinger) .

f. .Tuv. sk. Iquique (S. F. Rowland). H. Saunders Coll.
'y-k. Ad. et Mejilloues Bay, 2.'i° 5' S., Dec- H. Saunders Coll.

inini. sk. March (Deiiyiison).

I. Imiu. sk. Callao Bay, Peru {Adml. A. H. 11. Saunders Coll.
Markhmn).

3. Megalestris antarctica.

Port Egmont Hen, Haicksw. Voy. ii. p. 283 (1769) ; Cook's Voy. i.
p. 43 & p. 272 (1777 : so-called because the species was common
at Port Egmont, Falkland Is.).

Larus catarrhactes, Carviichael, Tr. Linn. Sac. xii. pt. 2, p. 497 (1818 :
Tristan da Cunha) ; Traill, Mem. Wern. 8oc. iv. p. 516 (1823 :
South Shetland Is.) ; Forster, Descr. Anim. p. 210, p. 312, p. 313
(1844).

Lestris catarrhactes *, Quoy (§• Gaimard, Voy. ' Uranie,' p. 137. Atlas,
pi. 38 (1824 : Falkland Is.) ; Gould, B. of Atistr. vii. pi. 21 (1848) ;
Macyill., Jard. Contr. Orn. p. 96 (1850) ; Reichenb. Voy. KenhoU.
p. 345 (1850) ; Hufton, Ibis, 1865, p. 277 (Prince Edward I. &
Kerguelen) ; id. op. cit. 1807, p. 185 ; Lcn/ard, His, 1867, p. 459
(Crozette I.) ; Imsch, J. f. O. 1870, p. 360"; Hutton, Cat.N. Zeal.
£.j>. 39 (1871) ; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1872, p. 241 (N. Zealand) ; Hutton,
Ibis, 1872, p. 248 (Chatham Is.) ; Buller, Man. New Zeal. B. p. 75
(1882).

Lestris antarctica t, Lesson, TraitS. p. 616 (1831) ; Gray in Dieffenh.
Trav. N. Zeal. ii. App. p. 200' (1843) ; id. Voy. Ereb. S^ Terr.,
Birds, p. 18 (1846) ; -SW. P. Z. S. 1800, p. 390; Abbott, Ibis, 1801,
p. 165 (Falkland Is.) ; Scl. 4- Salv. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 579 (part.) ;
lid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 148 (1873 ; Falkland Is.) ; Cab. i^-
Reichen. J. f. O. 1876, p. 328 ; Olphe-Gall. Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x.
p. 27 note (1886).

Stercorarius antarcticus, Gray, List B. Brit. Mus., Anseres, p. 167

(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 653 (1846) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 207

(1857); Hartl. Faun. Maday. p. 85 (1861: Bernier's examp.) ;

Pelz. Reis. Novarn, Voy. p. 150 (1865 : St. Paul's I.) ; Giylioli,

Faun. Vertebr. Oceano, p. 61 (1870) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. Ill,

no. 10943 (1871) ; Buller, B. New Zeal. p. 267 (1873) ; Saunders,

P. Z. S. 1876, p. 321 (revision) ; id. op. cit. 1877, p. 799 (Kers-uelen,

T. da Cunha, Falkland Is.) ; Hartl. Oni. Maday. p. 380 (1877) ;

Velian, Arch. Zool. exp. et yen. vi. p. 52 (1877 : St. P.aul's I.) ; id.

t. c. p. 96 (Amsterdam) ; Saimders, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 393

(1878 : distribution) ; Ramsay, Pr. Limi. Soc. N. S. W. 1878,

. p. 201 ; Sharpe, Phil. Tr. clxviii. {Rep. Trans. Venus), p. 109,

_! -^ pi. vii. figs. 1, 2 (1878 : Kerguelen) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 163 ; Leyye, B.

■^ Ceylon, pp. 1050-1051 note (1880: Colombo, doubtfully) ; A. Milne-

* The specific names cafarractcs, catarrhactes, &c. are united.
t Tlie specific names antarcticus and antarctica are united.

320 STEKCOEAEIID.E.

Edw. Faun. Rdg. australes, cli. iv. p. 21 (1882) ; Saunders, Voy.

' Chnllenyer,' ii. {Birds) p. 139 (1882) ; McCormick, Voy. Discov.

Antarct. i. p. 142, cum tab. (1884: Campbell I.); Sharpe, ed.

LayarWs B. S. Afr. p. 696 (1884) ; Ler/ye, Pr. B. Soc. Tasman.

1886, p. 243 (1887) ; Ramsay, Tab. List Ausfr. B. p. 22, no. 687

(1888) ; Bul/er, B. N. Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 63 (1888) ; Oustalet, Miss.

So. Cap Horn, vi. (1891) p. 169; H. 0. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 530

(Chatbam Is.) ; Sclater, Ibis, 1894, p. 495 & p. 497 (American

Antarctica).
Cataracta antarctica, Bp. Naiim. 1854, p. 210 ; id. C. R. xlii. p. 770

(1856).
Catavrbactes antarcticus, Bruch, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 108.
Stercorarius antarcticus, a. madagascarensis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 207

(1857).
Mewalestris antarctica, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 (Falkland Is.) ;

Payenstecher, Ber. Naturhist. Mus. zu Hamhury, 1884, p. 24 (1885) ;

Neumai/er, Dentsch. Ecped. Bd. ii. p. 259 (1890 : South Georfjfian

Is.) ; Ridyw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 139 (St. Peter & St. Paul Is.).
Lestris fuscus, Ellman, Zooloyist, 1861, p. 7472.
Buphagus antarcticus, Cones, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 127 ; id. B.

N.-West, p. 604 (1874); Kidder i^- Coues, Contr. Nat. Hist. Ker-

yuelen-Ld. p. 9 (1875).
Stercorarius catarrbactes (h), Schley. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 47 (1865) ;

Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p."389 (1865) ; Layard, B. S. Afr.

p. 366 (1867) ; Sperliny, Ibis, 1868, p. 295 (Comoro Is.) ; ScM. 8f

Poll. Faun. Maday., O'is. p. 145 (1868) ; Sharpe, Zool. ' Erebus' i^

' Terror; i. App. p. 32 (1875).
Bupbagus skua antarcticus, Coues in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2,

p. 9 (1875: Kerguelen I.).
Stercorarius catarrbactes, var. antarcticus, Milne-Edw. i^ Grandidier,

Hist. Nat. Maday., Ois. p. 643 (1882).
? Stercorarius parasiticus, Finsch, Ibis, 1888, p. 309 (Snares I., New

Zealand, " on the rocks, feeding on young Penguins").

Adult. Larger, as a rule, than either of the two preceding species,
and of a dark browu on the upper parts, especially on the crown, and
a slightly paler brown on the under surface ; very few, if any, rufous
markings on the feathers of the mantle, though these are often
weather-worn and greyish at their tips ; under wing-coverts dark
sooty brown, with no signs of rufous : bill black, stout ; tarsi black,
often mottled with yellow ; toes black. Total length of examples
from the Southern Ocean 23 to 24 inches ; culmen 2-5, and depth 1 ;
wing 15-5 to 16-5 and even 17 ; tail G-5 to 7, tarsus 3 to 3"25,
middle toe with claw 3'35 to 3*5. Specimens from the Falkland
Islands are smaller and have more pronouncedly yellowish acuminate
feathers on the neck ; average length 21 inches, culmen 2*2, wing 15,
tail 6-5, tarsus 2-7, middle toe with claw 2-9.

Immature. Similar, but the crown less pronouncedly dark, and no
yellow tinge on the acuminate feathers of the neck.

Youwj. Similar, with a very slight tinge of rufous on the under
surface as well as at the extremities of the feathers of the mantle
and wing-coverts.

Nestling. Buffish white, slightly darker on the upper surface.

Hah. Southern Ocean: from American Antarctica, the Falkland
Islands, and South Georgian Islands, by Trista da Cunha, Prince

1. MBGALKSTEIS.

321

Edward, Marion, Crozet, Kerguelon, and Heard Islands to New-
Zealand and its islets, Australian waters, and up to Norfolk Island ;
also St. I'aul and Amsterdam islands and as far north as Madagascar
and the Comoro Islands ; perhaps Ceylon.

n, h. Ad. St. & sk.

c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. 8k.

/, g. Vix ad. et pull.

sk.
h. Imm. sk.

i. 2 imui. sk.
h. Ad. sk.

/. Vix ad. sk.

m-o. S.A. et vix ad.
sk.

p. Ad. sk.

q. Imm. St.

r. Ad. sk.

«. 5 ad. sk.

t. Ad. sk.

u. Vix ad. sk.

v-y. c? 2 ^^•'■< ^•
Juv. ; rt', V . Pull.
sk.

c'. Skeleton.

Campbell Island (below New

Zealand).
Campbell Island.
Campbell Island, Dec. IG,

1840.
New Zealand.
Chatham Islands.

Norfolk Island.

Lat. 36° 8' S., long. 88° 55' E.

Between New Zealand and
Cape of Good Hope, April
2, 1892.

Royal Sound, Kerguelen
Island.

Cliristmas Harbour, Kergue-
len Island, May and June
1840 {Br. R. M'Cormick).

Christmas Harbour, Jau. 1874.

South African seas.

Inacessible Island, oft' Tristan

da Cuuha, Oct. 16, 187o.
Falkland Islands.

Falkland Islands, April 15

(Falkland Is. Co.).
Falkland Islands (Leconte).
Falkland Islands (Cameron).

Christmas Harbour, Kergue-
len Island.

Lieut. A. Smith,

R.N. [P.].
Antarctic Exped.
Dr. R. McCormick,

R.N. [P.].
Sir Geo. Grey [P.].
H. 0. Forbes, Esq.

[C.].
F. M. Rayner, Esq.

[P.].
Sir Geo. Grey [PJ.
R. B. Marston, Esq.

[P.].

Rev. A. E. Eaton

[C.]. _
Antarctic Exped. &

McCormick Be-
quest [P.].
H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
Sir Andrew Smith

[P.].
H.M.S. ' Challenger '

Exped.
II.M.S. 'Challenger'

Exped.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders Coll.

H.M.S. ' Challenger
E.xped.

4. Megalestris maccormicki. (Plate I.)

" Lestris, apparently a new species," R. McCormick, Voi/. Di-^cov.

Antarctic, i. p. 154 (1884 : Possession I., Victoria Land, 71° 56'

S., 171° 15' E. : Voy. ' Erebus ' & ' Terror.')
Stercorariiis antarcticus, Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 322 (edge of

Antarctic pack-ice, ut supra) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. xiv. p. 393

(1878: distribution).
Stercorarius maccormicki, Saunders, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vol. iii.

p. xii (Dec. 30th, 1893 : Possession I., Victoria Land).

Adult. Much paler than M. antarctica : crown clove-brown :
acuminate feathers of the nape and neck all round strongly marked
with golden straw-colour, and the upper breast streaked with the

VOL. XXV. \'

322 STERCORARIID^.

same, though in a less degree ; the remaining under surface gradually
darkening to coffee-brown on the abdomen ; mantle, wings, and tail
chiefly umber-brown, as in M. antarctica : bill blackish, short and
stout ; tarsi and toes black. Total length 21 inches, culmen 2-3,
wing 15"5, tail 6*5, tarsus 2*6, middle toe with claw 2-7.

The sexes appear to be alike externally.

Eab. Victoria Land and the high Antarctic regions visited by
the ' Erebus ' and ' Terror,' 71°-76° S. lat. and 171°-178° E. long.

a. Ad. sk. Possession Island, Victoria Dr. R. McCormick

Land, Jan. 12, 1841 [P.].

{Dr. R. McCormick, E.N., (Type of species.)

H.M.S. ' Erebus').

b. Ad. sk. Pack Ice, Antarctic Sea, 76° Dr. R. McCormick

S., 178° E., Feb. 18, 1841 [P.].
(Dr. R. McCormick).

c-e. (S 2 ad. sk. Pack Ice, Antarctic Sea {Dr. Antarctic Expedition

R. McCormick). [P.].

2. STERCORARIUS. „

Type.
Stercorarius (Le Stercoraire), Brisson, Orn. vi.

pp. 149-150 (1760) PS. crepidatus.

Leatris, linger, Prodromiis, p. 272 (1811) S. parasiticus &c.

Labbus, Rafinesgue, Analyse, p. 72 (1815) S. crepidatus.

Prsedatrix, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 65 (1816) S. crepidatus.

Oceanus, Kaup, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 381 (1816) . . S. crepidatus.
Coprotheres, Reichenb. Av. Syst. Nat. tab. v.

(1850), a7id Nat. Syst. Vog., Longip. p. v (1852). S. pomatorhinus.

Banr/e. From Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions (breeding) to South
Africa and New Zealand in winter.

Key to the Species.

a. Larger, wing over 14 inches ; central rectrlces

broad, rounded at the ends, projecting 4

inches in the adult, and twisted vertically . . pomatorhinus, p. 322.

b. Smaller, wing under 14 inches ; central rectrices

pointed and tapering.
a'. Larger ; bill comparatively long ; shafts of

primaries chiefly white ; central rectrices

not projecting more than 3 inches crejndatus, p. 327.

b'. Smaller ; biU comparatively short ; only the

two outer primaries with white shafts;

central rectrices projecting up to 9 inches . parasiticus, p. 334.

1. Stercorarius pomatorhinus.

Le Stercoraire rayi5, Brisson, Orn. vi. p. 152, pi. xiii. fig. 2

(1760 : jr.).
Larus keeask (partim), Latham, Ind. Orn. p. 818 (1790).
Larus crepidatus (partim), Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 86 (1793).
Larus parasiticus {nee Linn.), Wolf ^ Meyer, Naturg. Vog. Deutschl.

ii. Heft 21, p. 70, cum fig. (1805) •, Met/er ^ Wolf, Tasch. d. Vog.

ii. p. 490, descrip. p. 492" (1810).

2. sTRKooKARrus. ;123

( 'atarracta parasita, var. camtscliaticji, Pitllas, '/Mnqr. Hokko-As. p. .'il2

(1811).
Lestris poniarina ■*, Temm. Man. iVOrn. p. 514 (1815); id. op. cit
ed. 1820, p. 793; Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 5(52; Faher, Prodi: iddml.
Orn. p. 104 (1S22) ; Mvi/er, Taschenh. Zusiifze, iii. p. 210 (1822);
BrehiH, Lehrl). p. 74 1 & p'. 991 (1824) ; Richardson, Parrys 2nd Voy.
Siipp. ]). ;i61 (1825 : Melville Peninsula) : J. C. Eo^s, 'Parrif's 3rd
Vol/. App. p. 305 (182(5: Whale I., soutli of Disco) ; id. Parry's
Ath Vot/. App. p. 19« (1828: 82° N. beyond Spitzbergen) ; Bp.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 3G4 (1828) ; Kaup, Natiirl. Sifst. p. 03, p. 64,
p. 105 (1829) ; Swains. ^ Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds,
p. 429 (1831) ; Lesson, Traite, p. (316 (1831); Savi, Orn. To.u: iii.
p. 48 (1831) ; Nidtall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 314 (1834) ; Audub. Orn.
Biocp: iii. p. 396 (1835); Jeni/ns, Man. Brit. Vertchr. p. 281
(1835) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 440 (1837) ; Bp. Comp. List B. Fur
<^- N. A>ner. p. 03 (183S) ; Audut). Si/nop. p. 332 (1839); Tcnm.
Man. d'Orn. 2'"' ed. 4°"' pte. p. 495 (1840); Schinz, Furop. Faun.
p. 388 (1840) ; Naum. Vorj. Deutschl. x. p. 487, taf. 271 (1840) ;
Kei/s. ?<. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xciv & p. 240 (1840); Crespon, Orn.
(7rtrrf, p. 494 (1840); Bp. Cat. Ucr. Eur. p. 80 (1842); Audub.
B. N. Amer. viii. p. 186, pi. 451 (1844) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl.
p. 360 0844) ; Crespon, Faun. Merid. ii. p. 129 (1844) ; Schj. Rev.
Crit. p. cxxxiv (1844) ; Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 606 (1845) ;
Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 392 (1851); Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 847
(1852): Kj^rb. Damn. Fuql. p. 345, taf. xliii. (1852) ; Middend.
Reis. Sibir., Zool. p. 240, xxiv. fig. 1 (egg) (1853) ; LicJit. Noyneml.
Av. p. 99 (1854) ; Schkfi. Vog. Nederl. p. 588, pis. 335 & 336
(1854); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 294; id. Fo//eZ/ffw«7, p. 336(1855) ;
Bp. Consp. Av. ii. pp. 207, 208 (1857) ; Mei/'er', Brit. B. vii. p. 171,
pi. 313 (1857); Jaub. et B.-Lapomm.' Rich. Orn. Midi Fr.
p. 385 (1859); Schl. Bier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 232, pi. 33. figs. 5-7
(iSdl); Miiller, Vidensk. Meddel. 1862, p. 64 (1863: Faroes);
Sundev. Sv. Foyl. pi. 51. fig. 1 (1863); Jerdon, B. India, ii. pt. 2,
p. 828 (1864: Moulmeiu) ; Boryyr. Voqelf. Norddeutschl. p. 141
(1869) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 478, taf. 58. figs. 5 & 6 (1870) ;
Saunders, Ibis, 1871,' p. 401 (S. Spain) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl.
p. 494 (1871) ; Salvad. Farm. Ital, Ucc. p. 296 (1872) ; Palmfn,
Finhnds Foyl. p. 622 (1873) ; Collett, Fork. Sehk. Christ. 1873,
p. 298 (N. Norway) ; Eaton, Zool. s. s. p. 3812 (1874 : Spitsbergen,
obtained) ; Warren, Zool. s. s. p. 4699 (1875 : Killala Bay) ;
Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ver. Wien, 1879, p. 276 (Podarata Tundra,
West Siberia) ; Cocks, Zool. 1884, p. 232 (Spitsbergen) ; Homeyer,
Ornis, 1885, p. 80 (Germany); Liltken, t. c. p. 145 ; Griindal, op. cit.
1886, p. 370 (Iceland); Tschusi S,- D. Torre, op. cit. 1887, p. 351
(Styria) ; Schneider, t. c. p. 551 (Upper Alsace : young on misrr.) ;
Hdrtert, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1887, p. 180 "(East Prussia);
Riesenth. Wasservog. Mitteleurop. p. 130 (1889) ; Keller, Orn.
CarinthicT, p. 299 (1890) ; Jacket * Bias. T'iiy. Bayerns, p. 354
(18911 ; Giifke, Voyetir. Helqol. p. 589 (1891) ; Lit ford. Col. Figs.
Brit.B. pt. xxl (lfid2) :' Giitke, B. Ileligol. p. 566 (1895);
Loomis, B. Cala. Acad. \. p. 213 (1895 : Monterey).
Lestris parasitica (part.), Nilss. Orn. Succ. p. 181 & p. 184 (1817) ;
Vigors, Voy. ' Blossoin,' Birds, p. 39 (1839 : Bering Str. : " knobbed
tail").

* Often written pomarinus, but Lestris being a feminine subetantire, the
adjeotival name is placed in agreement in tbis ease, to avoid subdivision.

Y -J

324 STERCOEAEIlDiE.

Stercorarius pomarinus, Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 158
(1819); id. Fame Frang., Ois. p. 387, pi. 159. fig-. 1 (1828?);
Matizani, Flem. Zool. iii. p. 55 (1826) ; Selys-Longch. Faun. Belg.
p. 155 (1842) ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 653 (1846) ; Degl. Orn. Eur.
ii. p. 291 (1849) ; Baird, Cass., Sr Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 838 (1858) ;
Coues, Proa. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 129 ; Eeinhardt, Ibis, 1861,
p. 16 (Greenland) ; B. Ross, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1862, p. 289 (Gt.
Slave Lake, very rare) ; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 227 (1863) ;
Wright, Ibis. 1864, p. 151 (Malta); Degl. et Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 394 (1867) ; Doderl. Avif. Moden. e Sicil. p. 231 (1869) ; Gray,
Hand'l. B. iii. p. 110, no. 10941 (1871); Gurney, Andersson^s B.
Damara Ld. p. 357 (1872) ; Irby, Orn. Sirs. Gibr. p. 216 (1875) ;
Baird, Brewer, ^ Ridgiv. Waier-B. N. Amer. ii. p. 332 (1884) ;
Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 349 (1885) ; A. Dubois, Bull. Mils. Belg.
iv. p. 22 (1886) ; Fischer ^ Pelz. MT. orn. Ver. Wien, x. p. 210
(1886 : Jan Mayen I.) ; Ttirner, Contrib. N. H. Alaska, p. 122 &
p. 185 (1886) ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 85 (1886) ; Stejn.
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 125 ; Ridgw. Man. N. Amer. B.
p. 22 (1887) ; Nelsu^i, Rep. Nat. H. Alaska, p. 46 (1887 : Yuljon
mouth, abundant) ; Baird, Auk, 1887, p. 71 ; Taczan. Ornis, 1888,
p. 508 (Poland, once) ; Seebohm (Bunye), liw, 1888, p. 349 (Gt. Lia-
kofl'Is.) ; Dutcher, Auk, 1889, p. 125 ; Clark, op. cit. 1890, p. 320 ;
Seebohm, B. Jajxm. Emp. p. 289 (1890) ; Palmer, Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xiii. p. 263 (1890: Str. Belle Isle); Clarke, Zool. 1890,
p. 48 (Jan Mayen I.); R. MacFarl. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xiv. p. 417 (1891 : Arctic Amer.) ; Hagerup, B. Gi-eenl. p. 45
(1891) ; Berlepsch ^ Stolz. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 400 (Peru) ;
Stone, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1892, p. 146 (Bisco) ; Finn, Ibis, 1898,
p. 233 (Stra. Gibraltar); Hartivig, J.f. O. 1893, p. 3 & p. 12
(Madeira) ; Taczan. Mem. Acad. Petersh. (7) xxxix. p. 1061
(1893: E. Siberia); Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 663
(1893 : Kadiak, Alaska).
Cataractes pomarinus, Steph. in Shawns Zool. xiii. pt. 1, p. 216
(1826); Selby, Brit. B. ii. p. 517, pi. ci. (1832); Macgill. Man.
Brit. Orn. pt. ii. p. 257 (1842).
Lestris spaeriuros, Brehm, Ins, 1830, p. 993.
Lestris sphferiuros, Brehm, Vbg. DeutscM. p. 718 (1831) ; id. Naum.

1855, p. 294 ; id. Vogelf. p. 336 (1855).
Lestris striatus, Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 51 (1836).
Pomerine Skua, Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 485 (1843).
Coprotheres pomariuu.s, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. tab. v. (caudee) (1850) ;
id. Nat. Syst. Vor/., Longip. p. v (1852) (tvpe of genus) ; Bp.
Naum. 1854, p. 210 ; id. C. R. xiii. p. 770 (1856) ; J. H. Blasius,
J.f. O. 1865, p. 384.
Catarracta pomarina, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxviii. p. 416 (1859 : Moul-

mein, imm.).
Lestris pomarinus, A. Nexvton, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 401, pi. xxxix. fig. 3

(egg).
Lestris pomarhinus, Preyer, Reise n. Island, p. 418 (1862).
Lestris pomatorhinus, Sclater, Ibis, 1862, p. 297 ; Harting, Handb.
Brit. B. p. 78 (1872) ; Heiujl. Ibis, 1872, p. 65 (Novaya Zemlya)
& Waigatz) ; Sundev. (Efv. Akad. Stockh. 1874, p. 22 ; Blyth Sr
Walden, B. Burm. p. 163 (1875 : Moulmein) ; . Giglioli, Ibis, 1881,
p. 220 (Italy) ; Palmen, Vega-Exped. Vetensk. Bd. v. p. 384
(1887: Teh uckchi Peninsula).
Stercorarius pomatorhinus, A. Newton, in Burinq-Gould's Iceland,
p. 418 (1863) ; id. Ibis, 1865, p. 509 (Spitsbergen, doubtfully) ;

2, 8TERC0RAKIUS. 325

Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 307 (Novaya Zemlya) ; Coues, Key N. Arner.
B. p. 309 (1872) ; Gotdd, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 79 (1873); Coues in
Elliott's I'ryUhff Group, no. 540 (1873); id. B. N.-W. p. 607
(1874) ; Eaton, Zool. s. s. p. 3812 (1874: Spitzbergen) ; A. Netcton,
Arctic Mail. p. 107 (1875) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 324 (revi-
.siou) ; Seeb. ^^ H-Broim, Bns, 187(>, p. 455 (outside Golaievskai
banks); Colletf, N. May. Natiirv. 1877, p. 207 ; Saunders, Bull.
Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 205 (S. Spain); id. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 800
(luosima, Japan, ' Challenp-er ') ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 463,
pi. GIO (1877); Saunders, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 392 (1878:
distribution); Kumlien, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. xv. p. 94 (1879:
Disco) ; Dalyleish, Pr. Nat. H. Soc. Glasg. 1881, p. 275 ; Saunders,
Voy. ' Challeriyer; Birds, p. 140 (1881 : Japan) ; Ridgw. Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53 (1881) ; Feilden in Markham's
Polar Pecon. p. 334 (1881 : Novava Zemlya, breeding) ; Coues,
Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 119 (1882) ; Elliott, Seal Is. of Alaska,
p. 132 (1882) ; Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 168 (Pt.
Belcher, Alaska) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 527 (Callao Bay) ;
Seebohm (Henke), Ibis, 1882, p. 386 (Kanin Penins., breeds) ;
B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 194 (1883) ; Ridqw. Cat. Fish. Exhib.
p. 35 (1883) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Concin,' p. 110 (1883) ; Stearns,
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 121 (1883 : Labrador) ; Oates, B. Brit.
Burin, ii. p. 413 (1883 : Moulmein) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. 2nd
ed. p. 735 (1884); Stejn. Auk, 1884, p. 174 (nomencl.); Seeb.
Ibis, 1884, p. 32 (Tokio Bay, Japan) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 391
(S.W. France) ; Saunders, \th ed. Fan: Brit. B. iii. p. 668 (1884) ;
Sharpe, ed. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 695 (1884) ; Biichner, Beitr.
Russ. Reiches, (2) ii. p. 132 (1885: St. Petersburg); Murdoch,
Rep. Evped. Pt. Barrow, p. 126 (1885) ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 435
(1886) ; Taczan. Orn. Perou, iii. p. 458 ' (1886) ; Feilden, Tr.
Nonvieh Soc. iv. p. 351 (1887 : Hudson Str.) ; Saload. Ucc. Ital.
p. 290 (1887) ; H-Br. Sr Buckl. Faun. Sutherl. S)-c. p. 235 (1887) ;
J. R. H. MacFarl. Ibis, 1887, p. 206 (Callao Bay) ; Tait, t. c.
p. 396 (Portuj^al) ; Booth, Rouyh Notes, iii. (1887); H-Br. 4-
Buckl. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 151 (1888) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B.
p. 673 & p. 736 (1889) ; Giglioli, 1" Resoc. Av. Ital. p. 650 (1889) ;
id. 2° Resoc. p. 661 (1890) ; Reichenotv, Syst. Verz. Vog. Beutschl.
p. 64 (1889) ; Stevenson Sf Southw. B. Norfolk, iii. p. 348 (1890) ;
Buckl. S( H-Br. Faun. Orkneys, p. 237 (1891) ; iid. F. Argyll ^
Inn. Hebr. p. 194 (1892) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 521 "(East
Prussia) ; Collett, N. Mag. f. Naturv. Bd. xxxv. p. 297 (1894) ;
Irhy, Orn. Strs. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 302 (1895).

Stercorarius pomarhinus, 31almgren, CEfv. Fork. Ak. Stockh. 1804,
p. 411 (1864 : Spitsbergen).

Stercorarius catarractes, Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 150 (Malta).

Stercorarius striatus {ex Briss.), Olphe-Gall. Orn. Eur. Occid. fase. x.
p. 7 (1886).

Coprotberes pomatorliinus, Heine ^ Reichenotv, Nomencl. Mus. Hein.
p. 360 (1890).

Adult in breeding-plumage. Forehead, cheeks, and crown sooty
black ; acuminate feathers of the entire neck white, edged with
warm straw-yellow ; feathers of the lower neck blackish, often
tipped with grey, while those of the upper breast are chiefly white,
barred with black, which forms more or less of a dark collar ;
mantle, upper tail-coverts, and rectrices dark umber-brown ;
primaries similar, but whitish at their concealed bases, shafts chiefly

326 STERCOKARIID^.

whitish ; abdomen umber ; breast dull white ; flaoks and under
wing-coverts umber : bill horn-brown ; tarsi and toes reddish black.
Total length 21 inches, culmen 1-7, wing 14-25, tail about 5-25
(without the central rectrices, which sometimes project 4 inches),
tarsus 2-1, middle toe with claw 2.

The sexes appear to be alike externally.

In less mature birds the dark pectoral band is more extensive,
while the underparts, especially the flanks, are somewhat striated ;
the yellow on the neck is less pronounced.

Adult in ivinter. Similar, but for some years after the attainment
of adult — though not mature — plumage there is a tendency, after
the autumnal moult, to show striated feathers on the flanks, upper
and under tail-coverts.

Immature. Like the above, but with less yellow on the neck ;
the underparts more barred, but the upper and under tail-coverts
barred with black and white, and the under wing similarly mottled ;
central rectrices seldom projecting more than 2 in., and not twisted
terminally.

Melanotic individuals — considered to be adults from the fact that
they show more or less yellow on the neck^ — sometimes occur, but
I do not think that any of these are really mature birds. One of
these originally dark individuals was kept alive by the late Mr.
Booth for some years, during which time its underparts became
gradually white.

Birds of all ages occasionally exhibit spots of white on the carpal
joints.

Yoimr/. Head and neck varying from clove-brown to sooty brown ;
feathers of the mantle dark brown, tipped with rufous in varying
degrees ; tail-coverts barred with black and rufous buff ; under
surface varying, from numerous bold striations of brown and rufous
to an ashy brown with faint striations, and again to an almost
uniform dull brown : bill brown with a greenish tinge ; tarsus often
blue or grey in patches : bases of the toes yellowish.

Nestlhuf. Pale sooty brown, with a tinge of rufous.

JJab. Arctic regions north of 70°: chiefly on tundras during the
breeding-season ; in winter southward, as far as Cape York in
Australia, Walvisch Bay in S. Africa, and Callao Bay in Peru.
Mr. L. Kumlien's statement that this species nests "in large
numbers on an inaccessible cliff " on Disco Island may be correct,
but it is opposed to the experience of every other observer.

a. Juv. st. Hm'st Castle, Hants. R. B. Sharpe, Esq,

[P.].

b. 2 juv. sk. Near Beccles, Suffolk, Oct. H. Saunders Coll.

(W. M. Croufoot).

c. $ juv. sk. yarraouth, Norfolk, Nov. {J. H. Saunders Coll.

E. Harting).

d. Ad.; e,f. Flamborough, Yorks (/. H. Hume Coll.
Juv. sk. Gjimey).

g. $ inmi. sk. Scarborough, Oct. H. Saunders Coll.

h. Juv. sk. North Britain. Old Coll.

2. 8TERC0RAEIUS.

327

i. 5 vix ad. .sk.

A. 5vixad. ; l,m.

S juv.sk. (oue

black).
n, o. Ad. ; p, q.

Juv. sk.
r-t. (S § ad. sk.

««, V. (S '^ ad. ; w.

5 juv. sk.
X. (S juv. sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.
z. Pull. sk.

a'-d'. Juv. sk.

e'. Imm. sk.

/'. Imm. sk.

g'-k'. S 2 imm.

Firth of Forth, Oct. {Major
i?. G. Wardlaw Ramsay).
Broadfoot, I. of Skye, Oct.

Orknej-.s, winter.

Faeroe Islands, May & Aug,

{H. C. Milller).
Fseroe Islands, May & Oct. 31

[H. C. M.).
Heligoland, Nov. {H. Glitke).
Archangel, June ( W. SchlUter).
PodarataTundi-a,N.\V. Siberia,

Aug. 5.
Fantee, W. Africa, winter

{Gov. H. T. Ussher).
Damaraland, S. Africa (C. An-

dersson).
Somerset, Cape York, North

Australia (J. T. Cockerell).
Callao Bay, Peru, Nov., Dec.

(Adml. A. a. Markhain i^-

Commr. J. R. H. MacFar-

lane).

Tweeddale Coll.

J.E.R.01dfield,Esq.

[P.].

Purchased.

H. Saunders Coll.

E. Hargitt Coll.

Seebohm CoU.

Hume CoU.

Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].

G. E. SheUey & H.

Saunders Colls.
H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders CoU.

v.

Ad. sk.

Inosima Japan, May.

H.M.S. ' ChaUenger '

Exped.
Seebohm & Blakiston

m'-o'. Imm.sk.

Tokio Bay, Japan, March

{Snozo).

Colls.

P

. Ad. sk.

Kuril Islands {Snoiu).

Seebohm CoU.

i'

-s'. d $ ad. sk.

St. Michael's, Alaska, June
(E. W. Nelson).

Salvin-Godman CoU.

t',

u' . Ad. sk.

North-west America {Capt.
Collinson, R.N.).

H.M.S. ' Endeavour.'

v'

Vix ad. sk.

North Land Expedition.

Capt. Sir- Geo. Back,
R.N. [P.].

%u

. Vix ad. sk.

Jakobshavn, Greenland, Aug. 6,
1867 {E. Whymper).

H. Saunders CoU.

x

-z', a"-e".
Sterna.

France.

Purchased.

2. Stercorarius crepidatus.

The Brown GuU, Albin, Nat. Rist. B. ii. p. 78 (1740).

The Arctick Bird (Hen), Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. iii. p. & pi. 149

(1751 : Hudson's Bay ; juv.).
Catharacta cepphus, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 36 (1764).
Catharacta coprotheres, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 38 (1764 : the dark

form).
Black-toed GuU, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 419, pi. 11 (176S : jr.) ; Lath.

Gen. Syti. iii. pt. 2, p. 387 (1785) ; id. Gen. Syn. Siippl. i. p. 266

(1787).
Arctic GuU, Penn. Brit Zool. ii. p. 420 (1768 : adult) ; Lath. Gen.

Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 389, pi. xcix. (1785).
Larus crepidatus, Banks, in Cook's Vot/., Haickestcorth" s ed. ii. p. 15

(1773 : Atlantic, 8° 25' N., 22° 4' W.) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 602 (1788) ;

Bonn. Ency. Meth. i. p. 86 (1790) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. p. 819 (1790) ;

328 STEECORAEIIDiE.

Wolf u. Meyer, Naturg. Vik/. Deutschl. Heft 20, p. 57, cum 2 figs.
(1805) ; B. Meyei; Ann. Wetterau Ges. ii. p. 054 (1810 : Hanau) ;
Meyer u. Wolf, Taschenb. deutsnhl. Vog. ii. p. 493 & fig. p. 465
(1810); Meis7ier ^- Schinz, Vog. Schweiz, p. 280 (1815); Scoresby,
Arct. Reg. i. p. 534 (1820) ; Edmonston, Mem. Warn. Soc. iv.
p. 274 (1823).

Le Labbe ou Stercoraire, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 441, pi. xxxiv.
(1783).

Le Stercoraire, Baubent. PI. Enl. pi. 991 (1786).

Larus parasiticus {nee Linn.), Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 58, no. 991
(1783) ; Mohr, Island. Naturh. p. 43 (1786).

Stercorarius parasiticus (nee Linn.), Schaeffer, Mns. Orn. p. 62,
pi. 37 (1789) ; Kanp, Natilrl. Syst. p. 46, p. 47, & p. 195 (1829) ;
Selys-Longch. Fn. Belg. p. 155 (1842) ; Gray, List B. Br. Mus.,
Anseres, p. 167 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 653 (1846) ; Baird,
Cass., ^ Lmcr. B. N. Amer. p. 839 (1858) ; Evans k Sturge, Ibis,
1859, p. 172 (W. Spitsbergen) ; Reinhardt, op. cit. 1861, p. 16
(Greenland) ; Newton in Baring-Gould's Iceland, p. 419 (1863) ;
Blakiston, Ibis, 1863, p. 152; Gray, Cat. Brit. B. p. 228 (1863) ;
B. Ross, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1862, p. 289 ; Malmgren, CEfv. Fork.
Ak. StockJt. 1864, p. 390 ; id. J.f. O. 1865, p. 205 (Spitsbergen) ;
Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 132 ; Newton, Ibis, 1865, p. 510
(Spitsbergen) ; Gould, B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 80 (1865) ; Degl. ^
Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p, 397 (1867) ; Ball ^ Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad.
i. p. 303 (1869 : Alaska) ; Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 307 (Novaya
Zemlya); Hutton, Cat. N. Zeal. B. p. 40 (1871); Gurney, in
Andersson's B. Bamara Ld. p. 357 (1872) ; Gray, Hand-l. B. iii.
p. 110, no. 10937 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 309 (1872) ;
id. Elliott's Rej). Prt/biloff Group, no. 541 (1874); Feilden, Zool.
s. 8. p. 3292 (1872 : Faroes) ; Hume, Str. F. i. p. 268 (1873 : Sindh) ;
Buller, B. New Zeal. p. 208 (1873) ; Eaton, Zool. .s. s. p. 3813 (1874 :
Spitsbergen) ; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 611 (1874) ; Sharpe, Voy.
^Erebus' S; ^Terror,' i. App. p. 32 (1875: N. Zealand) ; Neivixm,-
Arct. Man. p. 107 (1875) ; Irby, Orn. Strs. Gibr. p. 216 (1875) ;
Blanford, East. Pers. ii. p. 289 (1870 : Mekran coast and Persian
Gulf) ; Bessek, Amerik. Nordpol-Exj). p. 312 (1879) ; Kumlien,
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15, p. 95 (1879 : Cumberland Sound) ;
Villada, An. Mus. Nac. Mexico, 1879, p. 279 ; Elliott, Seal Is. of
Alaska, p. ] 32 (1882) ; Coues, Check-list N. Am. B. p. 120 (1882) ;
Menzbier, Bull. Mosc. kiii. p. 11 & p. 38 (1883) ; Stearns, Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. vi. p. 122 (1884 : Labrador) ; Coues, Key N. Amer. B.
2nd ed. p. 736 (1884) ; A. Chapma^i, Tr. Northumb. viii. pt. 1, p. 156
(1884: Spitsbergen); Baird, Breiver, ^- Ridgu\ Water-B. N. Amer.
ii. p. 335 (1884) ; Turner, Auk, 1885, p. 158 (Alaska) ; Henshaw, t.c.
p. 232 (Sta. Barbara, Gala.) ; Evermann, op. cit. 1886, p. 88 (Ventura
Co., Cala.) ; Fischer Sf Pel-. MT. orn. Ver. Wie7i, x. p. 120 (1886 : Jan
Mayen I.) ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Amer. B p. 85 (1886) ; Turner,
Contrib. N. H. Alaska, p. 123 & p. 185 (1886) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 124 (Commander Is.) ; Nelson, Rep. N. H.
Alaska, p. 47 (1887) ; Booth, Rough Notes, iii. (1887) ; Ridgic.
Man. N. Amer. B. p. 22 (1887) ; Baird, Auk, 1887, p. 71 ; Taczan.
Ornis, 1888, p. 509 (Poland); Reichenoiv, Syst. Verz. Vog.
Beidschl. p. 64 (1889) ; Cory, B. West Indies, p. 298 (1889) ;
Greely, Rep. E.rped. Lady Frankl. Bay, ii. p. 21 (1888) ; Butcher,
Auk, 1889, p. 125 ; Scott, t. c: p. 160 (Florida) ; Chamberl. t. c.
p. 213 (S. Greenland) ; Clarke, Zool. 1890, p. 48 (Jan Mayen T.) ;
Keller, Orn. Carinthia; p. 300 (1890) ; Clarke, Auk, 1890, p. 320

si&

2. STERCOKAKIUS. 329

(Hudson Bay) ; Ilcajcrup, B. Greenl. p. 45 (1891) ; R. MacFarl. Pr.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 417 (1891 : Barren Grounds) ; Hartert, Kat.

Vogvlsam. Senck. p. 243 (1891); Buttikoftr, C. li. ii. Comjr. Orn.

Intern, ii. p. 17o (1892 : Liberia) ; Cory, Cat. B. West Ind. p. 82

(1892 : Barbadoes) ; Hartert, Ibis, 1892, p. 521 (E. Pussia) ; liichjw.

Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 663 (1893; Kadiak, Alaska); Taczan.

M6m. Acad. Petersh. (7) xxxix. p. 1056 (1893: E. Siberia);

Loamis, Pr. Cala. Acad. v. p. 213 (1895: Monterey).
Lestris crepidata, Illujer, Prodr. p. 273 (1811) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn.

p. 515 (1815) ; Dec/land, Mem. Soc. Lille, 1838, pte. iii. p. 117

(1839) ; Schinz, Euro2). Faun. p. 390 (1840) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av.

p. 99 (1854) ; Palmen, Ve(ja-E.vi)ed. Vetensk.'Q&. v. p. 380(1887) ;

Giglioli, 3° Besoc. Av. Ital. p. 68 (1891 : Catania, black race).
Oceanus parasiticus, JSTocA, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 381 (1816: type of

}i;enus) .
Proedatrix, Vieillot, Analyse, p. 65 (1816) : type " Le Labbe de

Buffon,'' which is <S'. crepidatus.
Catarracta cephus, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. Sfc. Brit. Mtis. p. 39

(1816: Orkney).
Lestris parasitica, Nilss. (part.) Orn. Suec. p. 181 & p. 184 (1817 :

jr.); E. Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. pt. 2, p. 551 (1819: Davis

Sir.); Temm. (part.) Man. d'Orn. p. 796 (1820); Faber, Prodr.

island. Or7i. p. 105 (1822) ; Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562 ; Veitch,

Mem. Wern. Soc. iv. p. 247 (1822 : Foula, Shetland) ; Brehm,

Beitr. Vogelk. iii. p. 853 (1872) ; Meyer, Taschenb. Zusiitze, p. 214

(1822) ; /. Sabirie (part.), Franklins Polar Sea, App. 697 (1823 :

Hudson Bay) ; Brehm, Lehrb. p. 744 & p. 995 (1824) ; Bp. Ann.

Lye. N. i: 'ii. p. 365 (1828) ; Graba, Reis. n. Faro, p. 189 (1830) ;

Brehm, Vof/. Deutschl. p. 722 (1831) ; Lesson, Traite, p. G16

(1831) ; Sari, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 46 (1831) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl.

X. p. 506, pis. 272 & 273 (1840) ; Schinz, Europ. Faun. p. 390

(1840) ; EJcerb. Damn. Fugle, p. 346, taf. xliii. (1852) ; Bp. C. R.

xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 208 (1857) ; Jaub. et B.-

Lapoinm. Rich. Orn. p. 387 (1859); Midler, Vide7isk. Meddel.

1862, p. 64 (1863: Fajroes) ; Preyer, Reis. n. Island, p. 417

(1872) ; Sunder. Sv. Fogl. pi. 51. figs. 2 and 3 (1863 ?) ; Malmgr.

CEfv. Fork. Ak. Stockh. 1803, p. 105 (Spitsbergen) ; Droste,

V'oqeho. Borkum, p. 359 (1869) ; Fritsch, Viiq. Eur. p. 479. taf.

58.' fig. 4 (1870); Saiaul. Ibis, 1871, p. 400; Sah-ad. Faun.

Ital., Ucc. p. 297 (1872) ; Harting, Handh. Brit. B. p. 78

(1872); Palmen, Finlands Fogl. p. 624 (1873); Collett, Forh.

Selsk. Christ. 1873, p. 298 (N. Norway) ; Pelzeln, Ibis, 1873,

p. 52 (the probable type of Latham's Arctic Gull) ; Sundev.

(Efc. Forh. Ak. Stockh. 1874, p. 21 (Spitsbei'gen) ; Firisch, Verh.

z.-b. Ver. Wien, 1879, p. 277 (West Siberia) ; Bunge, Mel. Biol.

xii. livr. 1, p. 50 (1884); Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1883, p. 341

(Bering 1.) ; Ilomeyer, Ornis, 1885, p. 80 (Germany) ; Liitken, t. c.

]>. 145 (Denmark) ; Grondal, op. cit. 1886, p. 370 (Iceland) ;

Schneider, op. cit. 1887, p. 551 (Upp. Alsace) ; Hartert, MT. orn.

Ver. Wie7i, 1887, p. 180 (E. Prussia) ; Riesenthal, JJ^asseirog.

Mitteleicroj). p. 131 (1889) ; Gdtke, Togehc. Helgol. p. 590 (1891) ;

Fatio S,- Studer, Cat. Ois. Suisse, p. 60 (1892).
Stercorarius crepidatus, VieilL Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 155

(1819) ; id. Faune Frant;., Ois. p. 380 (1828 ?) ; Saunders, P. Z. S.

1876, p. 326 (revision) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 471, pi. 611, and

pi. 612. fig. 2 (1876) ; Seeb. ^- II-Br. IJjis, 1876, p. 453 (Petchora) ;

Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturr. 1877, p. 207 (N. Norway) ; Saunders,

330 STERCORARIID^.

Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 205 (S. Spain) ; id. Journ. Linn. Soc,
Zool. xiv. p. 392 (1878: distribution); id. Zool. 1880, p. 4
(Shetland) ; Feilden, in Markhavis Polar Heconn. p. 335 (1881 :
Novaya Zemlya, breeding) ; Bocage, Orn. Angola, p. 508 (1881 :
Mossamedes) ; Ridgic. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53 (1881) ;
Milne-Edw. Sf Grandid. H. N. Madag., Ois. p. 644 ^1882) ;
Seebohm {Uenke), Ibis, 1882, p. 386 (Dwina and Kanin Penins.,
breeds) ; Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 169 (Alaska) ;
Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin,' p. 110 (1883) ; Cocks, Zool. 1883, p. 485
("Spitsbergen) ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's B. S. Afr. p. 695 (1884) ;
Seebolmi, Ibis, 1884, p. 32 (Kuril Is.) ; Saunders, t. c. p. 391
(S.W. France) ; id. Uh ed. Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 674 (1884) ;
Murdoch, Rep. N. H. Pt. Barrow, p. 126 (1885) ; Bilchner, Beitr.
Bliss. ReicJies, (2) ii. p. 132 (1885 : St. Petersburg) ; Olphe-Gall.
Orn. Eur. Occid. fasc. x. p. 13 (1886) ; Dubois, Bull. Mus. Belg.'w.
p. 24 (1886); Giglioli, Avif. Ital. p. 437 (1886) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887,
p. 397 (Portugal) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital.^.2Ql (1887) ; H-Br.^Buckl.
Faun. Sutlmrl. p. 236 (1887) ; Leqge, Pr. R. Soc. Tasmania, 1886,
p. 243 (1887) ; H-Br. Sf Buckl. Faun. Outer Hebr. p. 151 (1888) ;
Feilden, Zool. 1888, p. 350 (Barbadoes) ; id. Ibis, 1889, p. 503 ;
Ramsay, Tab. List Austr. B. p. 22 (1888); Saunders, Man. Brit.
B. p. 675 (1889) ; Butler, B. N. Zealand, 2nd ed. ii. p. 66 (1888) ;
Giglioli, 1" Resoc. Avif. Ital. p. 651 (1889) ; id. 2" Resoc. p. 661
(1890) ; Buckl. S,- H-Br. Faun. Orkneijs, p. 238 (1891) ; iid. Faun.
Argyll ^-c. p. 175 (1892) ; Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. Bd. xxxv.
p. 298 (1894) ; Pears. ^ Bidiv. Ibis, 1894, p. 236 (N. Norway) ;
Irby, Orn. Str. Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 303 (1895).
Lestris pomarina (nee Temm.), E. Sabine, Ajyp. Parry's \st Voy.

p. ccvi (1821 : Pr. Regent Inlet).
Lestris boji, Brehm, Lehrh. p. 991 (1824) ; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 719

(1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294 ; id. Vogelf. p. 336 (1855).
Lestris schleepi, Brehm, Lehrb. p. 993 (1824) ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 720 (1831) ; id. Naum. 1855, p. 294 ; id. Vogelf. p. 336 (1855).
Lestris benickii, Brehm, Lehrb. p. 996 (1824) ; id. Vog. Deutschl.

p. 723 (1831). _
Cataractes parasiticus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 138 (1828) ; Selby, III.

Brit.. Zool. ii. p. 520 (1832).
Lestris macropteros, Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. f. 721 (1831) ; id. Naum.

1855, p. 294 ; id. Vogelf. p. 336 (1855).
Lestris richardsoni, Swains. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 433, pi. 73
(1831 : Barren Grounds) ; Nuttnll, Man. Orn. ii. p. 319 (1834) ;
Audub. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 503 (1835) ; Jenyns, Man. Brit.
Vertebr. p. 282 (1835) ; Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 51 (1836) : Gould,
B. Eur. V. pi. 441 (1837) ; Bj). Comp. List B. Eur. ^- N. Amer.
p. 63 (1838) ; Audub. Synops. p. 332 (1839) ; Schitiz, Europ. Faun.
p. 392 (1840) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. ed. 2, pt. 4, p. 493 & p. 499
(1840) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 33 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn.
Gard, p. 495 (1840) ; Bouteille, Orn. Dauphine, ii. p. 254 (1843) ;
Audub. B. N. Atner. 8vo ed. vii. p. 190, pi. 452 (1844) ; Giraud,
B. Long Isl. p. 367 (1844) ; Crespon, Faun. Merid. ii. p. 130
(1844) ; Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 611 (1845) ; Hewits. Eggs
Brit. B. ii. p. 453. pi. 130 (1846) ; Thomps. B. Irel. iii. p. 394
(1851) ; Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 492 (1852) ; Meyer, III. Brit. B.
vii. p. 177, pi. 315 (1857); Chapman, TraD. S. Afr. ii. p. 425
(1868 : Walvisch Bay) ; R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 496 (1871).
Lestris cepphus, Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 318 (1834).
Lestris parasitica, Xeys. u. Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. 240 (1840) ; B}). Cat.

2. STEKCORARIUS. 331

Ucc. Eur. p. 80 (184L') ; HM. Rev. Crit. p. cxxxiv (1844);

Middend. Sib. Reise, p. 241 (185.3); Schl. Vog. Nfderl. p. 589,

pi. 337 (1854) ; id. Diet: Nedcrl. Vogek, p. 233 (18G1) ; Heuglin,

Ibis, 1872, p. 05 (Novaya Zemlya) ; Jiickel ^- Bias. Voy. Bayerns,

p. 355 (1891).
Cataractes richardsonii, Macyill. Man. Br. Om. pt. ii. p. 492 (1842).
Kicliardson's Skua, Yctrr. Brit. B. iii. p. 489 (1843).
Stereorarius ceppbus, Deyl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 295 (1849) ; Feilden,

apud Anderson, Zvol. 187'.), p. 8 (Prince Albert Land) ; Biittikof.

Notes Leyden Mi/s. x. p. 106 (1888 : Liberia).
Le.stris spiuicauda, Hardy, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1854, p. G57 ; Bp. C.

R. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 210 (1857) ; Verr.

Voy. Vinson Maday. Annexe B, p. 4 (18G4).
Lestris benickeuii, Brehm, Nnum. 1855, p. 294; id. Vogelf. p. 336

(1855).
Lestris parasiticus, var. a. coprotberes, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 209

(1857).
Lestris cephus. Hart/. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 253 (1857 : Gaboon, in

Paris Mus.) ; Borgyr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 141 (1869).
Lestris thuliaca, Breyer, Beise n. Island, p. 418 (1862).
Stercorarius spinicauda, Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 366 (1867) ; Coues,

Pr. Pkilad. Acad, 18(!3, p. 121 & p. 135 (critical).
Stercorarius tephras, Mahngren, J.f. O. 1865, p. 390 (Spitsbergen).
Stercorarius asiaticus, Hume, Sir. F. i. p. 269 (1873 : Mekran

Coast) ; Butler ^^ Hume, op. cit. \. p. 294 (1877) ; Hume, op. cit.

viii. p. 115 (1879; list).
Stercorarius richardsoni, Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1863, p. 121 &

p. 135 (critical) ; Seehohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 353 (1885) ; id. {Bunge)

Ibis, 1888, p. 349 (Gt. Liakoff Is.).
Lestris longicauda, Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 241 ; id. op. cit. 1874,

p. 203 (N. Zealand).

Adult in breeding-plumage. — Pale-hreasfed form. Feathers at the
base of the bill dull white ; forehead and lores ash-brown, crown
and occiput darker brown ; hind neck duU white, shading into ash-
browu on the shoulders and thicklj^ streaked with golden straw-
colour ; mantle, wings, tail-coverts, and rectrices darker brown, the
secondaries blackish, the shafts of the principal primaries white ;
under tail-coverts, abdomen, and under wing ash-brown ; breast and
chin duU white ; throat and sides of the neck whitish, streaked with
straw-yellow : bill brownish horn-colour, darker in front of the
cere; tarsi and toes black. — Darl- form. Similar, but washed with
sooty throughout, the underparts being nearly as dark as the mantle,
which is of a deeper tone than in the pale-breasted form ; the
acuminate feathers of the neck yellow, but not so strongly con-
trasted: bill rather blacker. Total length 20 inches: culmen 1'5 ;
wing 13; tail 5 without the central pair, which arc often 3 in.
longer, making a total of 8 ; tarsus l-7'5, middle toe with claw 1-7.

The sexes are alike externally.

The dark-breasted form is rare to the northwards of lat. 70°, beyond
which the white-breasted is the representative form ; but southward
both races are found. The colour has no relation to sex, and dark
and light birds are constantly to be found paired. The offspring of
this union is, when aduK, intermediate in character, having a duskv

332

STEECOEAR[ID.E.

whitish throat, more or less of an ash-brown band across the breast,
and a considerable amount of brown on the flanks.

Individuals irregularlj- spotted with white are not very rare.

Adult in u'inter. As in the preceding species (see p. 326).

Young. The offspring of two white-breasted birds is pale
cinnamon-brown on the head and underparts, with dark streaks and
bars ; the feathers of the upper parts umber-brown with rufous
edges. The offspring of two dark birds is much darker, with
greyer tips to the feathers ; while the offspring of one white breasted
and one sooty bird is intermediate, as might be expected. Tarsi
and bases of the toes yellowish, the front portion of the toes black.

Immature. Streaked and mottled with various shades of brown on
the upper surface, mantle chiefly umber ; upper tail-coverts barred
with dark brown, white, and rufous ; under surface more or less
barred with brown on a paler ground.

Nestling. Sooty brown above, paler below ; but the downy young
of dark parents are deepest in hue.

Hah. Circumpolar and subarctic regions, breeding as far south as
about 55° 45' in the Scottish Islands ; in winter along the coasts of
Europe, Africa down to the Cape of Good Hope, the Persian Gulf
and vicinity, Australia, New Zealand, the North Pacific, and the
Atlantic as far south as Eio de Janeiro.

n. $ juv. sk.
b. Juv. st.
€. Juv. st.

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

/. 2 vix ad. sk.
(/, h. Ad. & vix ad.

St.

i-m. Ad. St.; n, o.

Pull. St.
J), q. Pull. sk. & st.
r-u. Ad. sk.

V. (5 ad. sk.

ic-z. S 2 <id. ; rt',6'.

Pull. St.
c'-f. J ? ad. ; g'-

i'. cJ 2 imm. ; k' .

2 juv. sk.
v. PuU. sk.

m' . 2 ad. ; n', o'.

Pull. sk.
J)'. 2 juv. sk.
q'. S ad. sk.
r'. Ad. St.

«•'-«'. S ? ad. sk.

Brighton, Sept.
Gravesend, Sept.
Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Sept.
Spurn Head, A^orks., winter,
Flamborougb, A'orks.

Moy Estuary, Co. Mavo,

May {E. Warreri).
North Uist, Hebrides,

summer.
Hoy, Orlmeys.

Hoy, Orkneys (Dunn).
Orkneys, summer (Hub-
bard).
Orkneys (Dnmi).
Mousa, Shetlands, June 20.

Faeroe Islands, June- Aug.
(H. C. Miiller).

Dr. A. Gilnther [P.].

Purchased.

Th. Fisher, Esq. [P.].

Th. Fisher, Esq. [P.].

J. H. Gurney, Esq.

[P.].
H. Saunders Coll.

Th. Walker, Esq.

[P.].
Purchased.

J. Gould, Esq. [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hume Coll.

Lt. G. H. Bruce,

R.N. [P.].
E. Harg-itt CoU.

Fffiroes, July 8th (H. C. Col. H. W. Feilden

M.). [P.].

Faroes, July (H. C. M.). H. Saunders Coll.

Fferoes, Sept. 27 (H. C. M.). H. Saunders Coll.

Iceland (W. Procter). Hume Coll.

Spitsbergen (Capt. Sir E. The Admiralty [P.].

Parry).

Bodij, Norway, May 26th, Salvin-Godman Coll.

June 8th (Godmun).

2. STERCORARItJS.

333

v'. S ad. sk.

w'. Ad. sk.

x'-z'. cS ad. sk.

a". Juv. sk.

h". Juv. sk.
c". Juv. sk.

d"-g", S ad. & juv.

sk.
A". 5 ■^i^ ad. sk.

j". Imni. sk.

k" . Juv. sk.
/". Juv. sk.
m"-r". Imm.&juv.

sk.
s" . (5 imm. sk.

t". (S imm. sk.

m". $ imm. sk.

v"-x". (S 2 ad. sk.

y", s". Ad. & imm.

sk.
a'. 2 ad. sk.

b^-f. S2 ad. ; g\

Juv. sk.
A'. $ imm. sk.

i^. cf juv. sk.

k^. Juv. sk.

r. Imm. sk.

vi^. Ad. St.

w'. Ad. .sk.

o^^\ Ad. & juv.sk.

q\ Ad. sk.

r', s\ Ad. sk.
t\ Juv. sk.

»«^ Ad. sk.

»•'. cJ ad. sk.

Kistrand, Porsanger Fiord,

Juno {H. Seebohm).
Vadsi), Varanger Fiord,

June {H. 8.).
Petcbora Kiver, June, July

(6-. .y H-ii.).

Podarata Tundra, N. West

Siberia, Aug. 2nd.
Belgian Coast, Tivinter.
Havre, France, Sept. 16th

( r. riuche).
Malaga, Spain, Aug. 3rd

and Oct. (F. de los Hios).
Orau, Algeria, March {G.

E. -S'.).
Daniaraland, S.W. Africa

(C. Andersson).
Cape of Good Hope.
Cape of Good Hope.
Table Bay, S. Africa, -winter

{E. L. Layard).
River Derwent, Hobart,

Tasmania, Jan. 27th ( Col.

W. V. Lec/ge).
Pusnee, Meki-an Coast, Feb.

16, 1872 {A. O. H.).

asiaticus,
Kuril Islands, summer {H.

J. Siiozv).
Kuril Islands, summer (H.

J. S.).
North-west America (Capt.

Colliti-soti).
Yuljon delta, May (E. TV.

Nelson).
St. Michael's, Alaska, June-

Aug. {E. W. N.).
San Diego, California, Dec.

(H. W. Henshmv).
Eio de Janeiro, BrazU, June

20th {J. Young).
Boston Harbour, Mass.,

Sept. {H. W. Henshaw).
Labrador, Aug. (H. W.

H.).
" North America " [dark

breast].
Northern Sea.
Hudson Bay (Ham's).
Repulse Bay, Melville

Peninsula [white breast].
Greenland.
Disco, Aug. 22 {E. Whym-

per).
Whalefish Is., S. of Disco

{LI. Roheiisoii).
Godthaal, June [Moller).

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm and Ilarvie-

Brown Colls.
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].

H. Saunders CoU.
E. Hargitt Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Shelley Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Sir A. Smith [P.].

Purchased.

H. Saunders Coll.

H. Saimders CoU.

Hume Coll.

(Tvpe of Sterc.
Str. F. 187.3. p. 269.)
Capt. Blakiston [P.].

Seebohm Coll.

Voy. H.M.S. 'En-
deavour.'
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gen. T. Hardwicke

[R].
Huds.jn Bay Co. [P.].
H. Saunders Coll.
Dr. John Rae [P.].

Hume Coll.

H. Saimders Coll.

Tlie Admiralty [P.].

Purchased.

334 STEECORARIID^.

w'^. 5 ad. sk. Liclitenfels, July {Dr. O. II. Saunders Coll.

Finsch).

.1-^. Skeleton. France. Purchased.

y^. Skeleton. Purchased.

3. Stercorarius parasiticus.

The Arctick Bird (Cock), Edwards, Nat. Hist. B. ill. pi. 148 (1750).

Le Stercoraire a longue queue, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 15-5 (1760).

Catharacta parasitica, Brilnn. Orn. Bor. p. 37 (1764 : " reetricibus
duabus lougissimis ") ; Fabr. Faun. Groenl. p. 103 (1780).

Larus pai'asiticus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 226 (1766 : " reetricibus duabu.'*
intermediis longissimis ") ; ? MiUler, Zool. Dan. Prod. p. 166
(1774) ; Phipps, Voy. N. Pole, p. 187 (1774) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 601
(1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 819 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 56
(1790); Bechst. Naturrj. Deutschl. ii. p. 821 (1791); Scoresby,
Arct. Rey. i. p. 534 (1820); B. Meyer, Ann. Wetierau Ges. i.
p. 276 (1809 : Kostheim-am-Main) ; Meimer Sf Sch. Toy. Schiveiz,
p. 278 (1815) ; Manhy, Voy. Greenl. p. 89, cum tav. (1822).

Le Labbe a longue queue, Buffon, Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 445 (1783).

Le Stercoraire a longue queue de Siberie, Daubent. PI. Enl. pi. 762
(1786).

Cataracta parasitica, Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 160 (1800).

Oatarractes parasita. Pall. Zuogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 310 (1811).

Lestris parasitica, Illvjer, Prodr. p. 273 (1811) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn.
p. 512 (3815) ; Nilss. [part.] Faun. Suec. pp. 181 & 184 (1817);
E. Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii. pt. ii. p. 551 (1819 : the adults) ; id.
Parn/s 1st Voy. App. p. ccvi (1821 : Polar Sea to Melville Isl.) ;
Temm. [part.] Man. d!Orn. p. 796 (1820) ; /. Richardson, Parry s
2nd Voy. App. p. 361 (1825 : N. part of Southampton Land) ;
J. C. Ross, Parry's Srd Voy. App. p. 105 (1826) ; id. Parrt/'s 4th
Voy. App. p. 196 (1828: VValden I.; not N. of 82°); Werner,
Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 34 (1828); Swains. ^- Rich. Faun. Bor.-
Amer., Birds, p. 430 (1831) ; Gotdd, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 189 (Orkneys :
first record in Gt. Britain) ; Nuttall, Man. Orn. ii. p. 317 (1834) ;
Jenyns, Brit. Vertebr. p. 283 (18-35) ; Audubon, Orn. Bio(/r. iii.
p. 470 (1835 [chiefly]) ; Eyton, Cat. Brit. B. p. 52 (1836) ; 'Gould,
B. Eur. X. pi. 442 (1837) ; -B/;. C<«n;j. List B. Eur. <$• N. Amer. p. 63
(1838) ; Audub. St/nopsis, p. 333 (1839) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2'"'
^d. 4"= pte. pp. 493 & 501 (1840) ; H. L. Meyer, III. Brit. B. iv.
pi. (1843) ; Audub. B. Amer. 8vo ed. vii. p. 192, pi. 453 (1844) ;
Giraiid, B. Long Isl. p. 364 (1844) ; Macgill. Brit. B. v. p. 503
(1852) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 99 (1854) ; H. L. Meyer, III. Brit.
B. vii. p. 174, pi. 314 (1857) ; E. Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 441 (N.
W. America) ; Rodd, B. Cornwall, p. 174 (1880).

Oceanus crepitatus, Koch, Syst. baier. Zool. p. 381 (1816).

Stercorarius longicauda, Vieill. Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat. xxxii. p. 157
(1819) ; Newton, Ibis, 1865, p. 511 (Spitsbergen) ; Degl. ^- Gerbe,
Orn. Eur. ii. p. 399 (1867) ; Gillet, Ibis, 1870, p. 307 (Novaya
Zemlva) ; Gould. B. Gt. Brit. v. pi. 81 (1873) ; Eaton, Zool.
s. s. p. 3813 (1874 : Spitsbergen) ; A. H. Cocks, Zool. 1884, p. 232
(Spitsbergen) ; Baird, Brewer, Sf Ridgw. Water-B. N. Amer.
ii. p. 339 (1884); Turner, Auk, 1885, p. 158 (Nearer islands,
Alaska) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 87 (1885 : Com-
mander Is.) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 125 (same loc.) ;
A. O. U. Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 85 (1886); Alleon, Ornis, 1886,
p. 422 (Dobrudscha. once) : Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 123

2. STEBCORARIUS. 335

(188G) ; Ridfjio. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 23 (1887) ; i\V/so?«, Rep. N.
H. Coll. Alaska, p. 48 (1887) ; Reichenow, Syst. Verz. Tor/. Deutschl.
p. 64 (1889) ; Kagerup, B. Greenl. p. 4-5 (1891) ; R. MacFarl. Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus. 1891, p. 417 (Barren Gr.) ; .SYowe, P. Ac. Philad.
1892, p. 147 (Melville Bay) ; Allm, Auk, 1893, p. 123 (distri-
bution); Taczan. Mem. Ac. Petersb. (7) xxxix. p. 1059 (1893: E.
Siberia) ; Loomis, Pr. Cala. Acad. v. p. 213 (1895 : Monterey,
Augt. ; first time).

Stercorarius cepplius, Leach, Tkomson^s Ann. of Philos. xiii. p. 61
(1819) ; id. in Ross's Voij. Baffin B. 4to ed. App. ii. p. Ivi (1819) ;
id. op. cit. 8vo ed. ii. p. \& (1819); Steph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool.
xiii. pt. 1, p. 211, pi. 23 (1826) ; Gray, Li.it B. Brit. Mm., Anseres,
p. 167 (1844: partim) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 653 (1846); Baird,
Cass., ^ Lawr. B. N. Amer. p. 840 (1858) ; B. Ross, Nat. Hist.
Rev. 1862, p. 289 ; Schl. Mus. P.-Bas, Lari, p. 49 (1863) ; Blakiston,
Ibis, 1863, p. 152 (Mackenzie River) ; Grat/, Cat. Brit. B. p. 229
(1863); id. Hand-l. B. iii. p. 110, no. 109:^.8 (1871); Fischer S,-
Pelz. MT. orn. Ver. Wien, x. p. 210 (1886 : Jan Mayen I.) ; transl.
Clarke, Zool. 1890, p. 48.

Lestris crepidata (iiec Banks, nee Gm.), Brehm Sf Schil. Beitr. z.
Vogelk. iii. p. 861 (1822) ; Brehm, Lehrb. Katury. p. 747, and Zusdt.

id. Voyelfang, p. 336 (1855).

Lestris buffonii. Bote, Ms, 1822, p. 562 ; Meijer ^- Wolf. Tasch. iii.
p. 212 (1822) ; Bj). Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 364 (1828) ; id. Comp.
List B. Eur. Sf N. Amer. p. 63 ( 1838) ; Lesson, Traite, p. 616
(1^31); Sckinz, Europ. Fami. p. 391 (1840); Schl. Rev. Crit.
p. cxxxiv (1844) ; Yarr. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 616 (1845) ;
Middend. Sib. Reise, ii. p. 241, taf. xxiv. fig. 2 (1853) ; Preyer,
Reise n. Island, p. 417 (1862) ; Hewitson, Egys Brit. B. ii. p. 508
pi. cxliii. fig. 1 (1856) ; Irby, Ibis, 1873, p. 97 (Str. Gibraltar);
R. Gray, B. West Scotl. p. 498 (1871) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc.
p. 297 (l^'S); Palmen, Finlands Foylar, p. 627 (1873); R.
Anderson, apud Feilden, Zool. 1879, p. 8 (Cambridge Bay ; H.M.S.
'Enterprise'); Taczan. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 188-3, p. 3'41 (Kamt-
schatka) ; Bunye, Mel Biol. xii. livr. 1, p. 51 (1884) ; Homeyer,
Or7iis, 1885, p. 80 (Germany) ; Griindal, op. cit. 1886, p. 370
(Iceland, rare) ; Keller, Orn. Carinthiee, p. 300 (1890) ; Giitke,
Voyelw. Helyol. p. 690 (1891) ; id. B. Heliyol. (Eng. transl.), p. 507
(1895).

Stercorarius bufibni, Eaup, Natiirl. Syst. pp. 46-47 «& p. 195 (1829) ;
Reinhardt, Ibis, 1861, p. 16 (Greenland); Newton in Baring-
Gould's Ireland, p. 419 (1863) ; Coues, Pr. Philad. Acad. 1863,
p. 136 (critical) ; Malmyr. (Efv. Forh. Ak. Stockk. 1864, p. 391
(Spitsbergen); Dall ^- Benin. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 304 (1869:
Alaska); Coues, Key N. Amer. B. p. 310 (1872); id. B. N.-
West, p. (515 (1874) ; id. Elliott's Rep. Prybiloff Group, no. 542
(1874) ; Irby, Orn. Str. Gibralt. p. 216 (1875) ; Kumlien, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 15, p. 95 (1879 : Davis Strs.) ; Elliott, Seal Is.
Alaska, p. 132 (1882) ; Coues, Check-l. N. Amer. B. p. 120 (1882) ;
Seebohm (Henke), Ibis, 1882, p. 386 (Kanin Penins. ; breeds) ; id.
Ibis, 1884, p. 176 (Kuril Is.) ; Coues, Key N.-Amer. B. 2nd ed.
p. 738 (1884); Stearns. Pr. US. Nat. \Uus. vi. p. 122 (1884:
Labrador) ; Batchelder, Auk, 1884, p. 97 (X'ermont) ; Collins, t. c.
p. 237 (Grand Bank) ; Seebohm, Brit. B. iii. p. 358 (1885) ;

336 STEROORARIID^.

Seebohm {Bunqc), Ibis, 1888, p. 349 (Gt. Liakoff Is.) ; Taczan.
Ornis, 1888, p.' 509 (Poland, juv.).

Lestris microvlij'nchos, Brehni, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 725 (1831); id. Naum. ]855, p. 294; id. Vorjelf. p. 337 (1855).

Stercorarius lessoui, Lesson, H. N. Mam. et Ois. ix. p. 510 (1834).

Lestris lessonii, Deqland, Mem. Sue. So. Lille, 1838, pte. iii. p. 120
(1839) ; Schinz, JSurop. Faun. p. 391 (1840).

Stercorarius parasiticus. Gray, List Gen. p. 78 (1840) ; id. oj). cit.
ed. 1841, p. 98 ; E. P. Wright, Ibis, 1866, p. 218 (Prince Patrick
I. ; Sir L. M'Clintock) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 330 (revision
Stercorariinas) ; Dresser, B. Eur. viii. p. 481, pi. 612. fig. 1 (1870) ;
Seebohm ^ H-Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 454 (Lower Petchora) ;
Collett, Nyt Mag. Naturv. 1877, p. 206 (N. Norway) ; Feilden in
Marhhaon's Polar Beconn. p. 335 (1881 : Novaya Zemlya, breed-
ing) ; Ridgw. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 21, p. 53 (1881) ; W. E.
Clarke, Faun. Yorks., Birds, p. 84 (1881) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin/
p. Ill (1883) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 195 (1883) ; Saunders,
4th ed. Fan: Brit. B. iii. p. 081 (1884) ; Biichner, Beitr. Buss.
Beiches, (2), ii. p. 133 (1885: St. Petersburg, once); Murdoch,
Evped. Point Barrow, p. 126 (1885) : Mitchell, B. Lanes, p. 217
(1885) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 256 (1892) ; Giglioli, Avif. Ital.
p. 437 (1886) ; Feilden, Tr. Nonv. Soc. iv. p. 351 (1887: Hudson
Str.) ; Salvad. Ucc. Ital. p. 291 (1887) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 397
(eleven near Lisbon) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 677 (1889) ;
Giglioli, 1" Resoc. Avif. Ital. p. 051 (1889) ; id. 2» Resoc. p. 661
(1890 : Italy to Syracuse) : Stevenson c^ Southio. B. Norfolk, iii.
p. 367 (1890) ; Borrer, B. Sussex, p. 280 (1891) ; Scl. P. Z'.S. 1891,
p. 486 (living in Zool. G.) ; Buckl. ^ H-Br. Faun. Orknei/ Is.
p. 240 (1891) ; H-Broion Sr Buckl. Faun. Argyll S,-c. p. 196 (1892) ;
Saunders, Ibis, 1892, p. 183 (numbers on Brit, coasts) ; Macphers.
Faun. Lakeland, p. 441 (1892); D' Urban 8f Mathew, B. Devon,
p. 397 (1892) ; Lilford, B. Northanipt. p. 411 (1893) ; Mathew, B.
Pemhrokesh. p. 109 (1894) ; Collett, Nyt Maq. Naturv. Bd. xxxv.
p. 302 (1894 : Norway) ; Irby, Orn. Str Gibr. 2nd ed. p. 30:5 (1895).

Lestris cephus, Keys. ^'- Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xcv and p. 240 (1840) ;
Bp. Cat. Ucc. p. 80 (1842) ; Schl. Vog. Nederl. p. 590, pis. 338 &
339 (1854) ; Z>'/;. C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856) : i??j. Consj). Av. ii.
p. 209 (1857) ; Jaub. et B.-Lapotnm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 388 (1859) ;
Schl. Dier. Nederl. Vogels, p. 2-33, pi. 33. fig. 8 (1861); Miillei;
Vidensk. Meddel. 1862," p. 65 (18(53: Fferoes) ; Sundev. Sv. Fogl.
pi. 51. fig. 4 (1863) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 479, tav. 58. fig. 3
(1870) ; ^Collett, Forh. Selsk. Christ. 1873, p. 301 (N. Norway) ;
Sundev. CEfv. Ak. Fork. 1874, p. 21 (Spitsbergen) ; Jcickel u. Bias.
Vog. Bayerns, p. 354 (1891).

Cataractes longecaudatus [sic], Macgill. Man. Brit. Orn. pt. ii.
p. 258 (1842).

Buffon's Skua, Yarrell, Brit. B. iii. p. 494 (1843).

Lestris longicaudata, Reichenb. Syst. Nat. tab. v. (1850) ; id. Nat.
Syst. Voq., Lonqip. p. v. (1852) ; Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iii. p. 399
(1851) ; ^Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 65 (Novaya Zemlya) ; Finsch, Verh.
z.-b. Wieii, p. 879, pi. 277 (N.W. Siberia) ; Booth, Rough Notes,
iii. (1857).

Lestris hardyi, Bj). C. R. xlii. p. 770 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 210
(1857 : " between Philippines and Sandwich Is."')*.

* Tvpe iu Berlin Museuiii examined.

2. STERCORAKITJS. 337

Stercorarius longicaudatus, Selys-Longch. Faun. Beige, p. lo6 (1842) ;

Beyl. Ovn. Eur. ii. p. 298 (1849) ; I>!ewton, Arctic Manual, p. 107

(1875) ; Ffilden, Ibis, 1877, p. 409 (Smith Sound) ; Bessels, Amerik.

AordjMl-Krjjed. p. 312 (1879, ' Polaris ') ; Olphe-Gull. Orn. Eur.

Occid. lasc. X. p. 20 (1880) ; Greely, Rep. Exped. Lady Frankl.

Bay, ii. p. 21 (1888).
Lestris tracliyrlivuchoa, Brehm, Naum, 1855, p. 294 ; id. Vogelf.

p. 337 (1855). "
Stercorarius liardyi, Coues, Pr. PJiilad. Acad. 18G3, p. 13G (critical).
Lestris longicauda, Droste, Vogelw. Burkum, p. 3G2 (1869) ; Hurting,

Handb. Brit. B. p. 78 (1872) ; C. Babbinqton, Cat. B. Suffolk,

p. 224 (1880) ; Falmcn, Yega-Exped. Vetensk. Bd. v. p. 382 (1887).
Lestris parasita, Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 141 (1869).

Adult male hi hreeding-plumage. Forehead, lores, crown, and
nape brownish black ; lower cheeks and neck bnffish yellow, deeper
than in the last species ; mantle ash-brown, with a greyish tinge ;
primaries darker and blackish towards the extremities ; shafts of
the two outer pairs of quills white, but those of all the rest dis-
tinctly brown ; upper tail-coverts and upper portion of the central
rectrices like the mantle, but the terminal portions of these, and all
the other rectrices, nearly black ; abdomen, flanks, and under wing
ash-brown ; breast white, passing into yellowish at the neck : bill
horn-colour ; tarsi bluish in life, drying olivaceous ; toes black.
Total length 23 inches ; culmen 1*2.5 ; wing 11"9 ; tail-feathers 5"5,
and the central pair sometimes S'O more, giving a maximum length
of 14 ; tarsus 1"6 ; middle toe with claw 1'45, the claws shorter and
less hooked than in the preceding species.

The female appears to have shorter central rectrices, but is
otherwise similar externally.

Adidt in xvinter. See remarks on p. 326.

Immature. Underparts and upper tail-coverts barred with varying
degrees of ash-brown ; very little yellow on the sides of the neck ;
otherwise similar to adults.

Young. Ash-brown above, the head darkest ; the feathers of the
mantle and tail-coverts merely tipped with buff, but without any
rufous tint ; underparts dull greyish white, barred with ash-brown.

Nestling. Greyish brown above and below, much paler and greyer
than in !S. crejndatus.

The distinctly grey tint is very characteristic of this species in all
stages.

Ilab. High circumpolar regions, seldom breeding south of the
Arctic Circle, unless on lofty fells ; in autumn and winter migrating
southwards as far as the Straits of Gibraltar, as well as to about
40° N. on the Atlantic side of America, and a little further on the
Pacific side; once "between the Sandwich and Philippine Islands"
{fide Bonaparte).

a. Imm. sk. Mevagissey, Cornwall {F. IT. Saunders CoU.

b. c? ad. sk. Bfracombe, Devon, Oct. 29. W. B. Tesretmeier, Esq. [P.].

VOL. XXV. Z

338

STEECOEARIIDJE.

c. Juv. st.

d. Juv. St.

e. Juv. sk.
/. Ad. sk.

g, h. Ad. sk. et juv.

St.

i-l. S 2 ad. ; m. J
vix ad.;w.cJimm.
sk.

o,p. cJ $ ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.

?•, s. (S ad. sk.

«. Ad. sk.

u, V. Ad. et pull. sk.

to. c? ad. sk.

.r-2, a', c? 2 ad. sk.
V . S ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
(?'. S ad. sk.
<;',/'. Vix ad. sk.
g'. S ad. sk.

h'-m. S ? ad. sk.

m'. Ad. sk.

o', y. Ad. sk.

q'. Juv. sk.

r'-u'. (S $ ad. etvix

ad. St.
v' . Ad. sk.

?«'-s'. (S $ ad. sk.

«". Ad. sk.

b". 5 ad. sk.

Biiglitou, Sussex.
Clacton-on-Sea, autumn.
Orwell, Suffolk, Oct.
Ripple, Worcestershire, Oct.

Orkneys.

Purchased.

T. Walker, Esq. [P.],
H. Saunders Coll.
W. B. Teg-etmeier,

Esq. [P.].
Purchased.

Eseroe Islands, May, June E. Hargitt & H.
(Miiller). Saunders Colls.

Lapland fells, from nest,

June (R. Duff).
Norwegian fells, June 1859

{A. ^ E. Neidon).
Kistrand, Porsanger Fiord,

N. Norway, June 20 (H.

Seebohni).
Spitsbergen.
Slnibert Bay, Novaya Zem-

lya, Aug. 4 [Adiidral

A. H. Markham).
Stanavialachta, Petchora

River, June {Seebohm Sf

H-Bvon'n).
Alexievka,Petchora R., July

{S. ^ H-B.\
Dvonick, Lower Petchora,

3u\j22{S.J<f H-B.).
Schtschutschja Tundra,

West Siberia, July.
Amurland {Dr. Midden-

dorf).
Kurile Islands, May to July

{H. J. Snoiv).
Northern mouth of Yukon,

Alaska, May (JE. W. Nel-
son).
St. Michael's, Alaska, May

to Aug. {E. W. Nelson ^

L. M. Turner).
Kotzebue Sound.

N.W. America (CVyji!. Collin-
son, R.N.).

82° 50' N., Aug. 8, 1876
{Col H. W. Feilden).

82° 27' N., June, July {H.
W. F.).

Floeberg Beach, June (If.
W. F.).

Discovery Bav, June, July
{H. a Hart).

Repulse Bay, Melville Pen-
insula.

Duke of York Bav, South-
ampton Island, G5° 30' N.,
Aug. 17, 1821.

H. Saunders Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

The Admiralty [P.].
II. Saunders Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm & H. Saun-
ders Colls.
Seebohm Coll.

Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].

Seebohm Coll.

Seebohm Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Capt. Kellett & Lt.

Wood, R.N. [P.].
Voy. H.M.S.

' Endeavour ' [P.].
H.M.S. 'Alert'

Exped.
H.M.S. 'Alert'

Exped.
H.M.S. 'Alert'

Exped.
H.M.S. 'Discovery'

Exped.
Dr. John Rae [P.].

Capt. Sir E. Parrv,
R.N. [P.].

Z. STEHCOKAEItJS.

339

c". Ad. sk.

d". Ad. sk.

e". Ad. St.
./', r/". Ad. sk.
7t". Juv. sk.

i". Ad. sk.

k"-l". Ad. et imm.

sk.
m!'-y" . Sterna.

Davis Strait ? {Br. Robert- Tlie Admiralty [P.].

Greenland Sea, Aug. {E.

Ma;/, SS. ' Arctic ').
" Northern Sea."
Hudson Bay Territory.
North Labrador, Aug.

(' Harmony ').
Labrador {(j. Linden).
Lat.^ 7.5° N., long. 10° 30'

Europe. Purchased.

Col. II. W. Feilden

[P.].
Hudson Bay Co. [P.l
II. Saunders Coll.
II. Saunders Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Capt.DavidGray[P.].

340 TUBINAKES.

Order XIV. TUBINARES.

■ (By OSBERT SALA^IN.)

The late ^Yilliam Alexander Forbes's memoir, entitled "Report OQ'
the Anatomj' of the Petrels {Tubinares) collected during the Voyage
of H.M.S. ' Challenger,' " * gives by far the most complete account
of the anatomy of this Order, discusses the relationship of a large
number of species representative of many genera, gives a good
resume of the literature of the subject, and the author's views as to
the relationship of the Order to other Orders of the Class Aves.

As the whole of the spirit-specimens possessed bj' me at the time
were placed at Forbes's disposal and were used in compiling his
Memoir, I have little to say on this branch of the subject beyond
pointing out that I have ventured to depart to some extent from
Forbes's classification in the present Catalogue. In doing so, I
have to a great extent returned to the older plan of keeping the
Albatroses distinct from the rest of the Petrels, and in restoring
Forbes's Oceanitida' to the neighbourhood of the genus FroceUaria.
That such an arrangement is more convenient can hardly be doubted,
and I think it can be justified.

Regarding the position of the Tubinares in the Systema Avium
much difference of opinion has existed, and the final disposition
of the Order is hardly yet established. Most authors placed it in
juxtaposition to the Laridce, but this allocation was objected to by
Garrod and Forbes, who asserted that the Steganopodes and
Herodiones, as understood by them, are its nearest allies, thus
confirming the suggestions to that effect advanced by I'Herminier,
Milne-Edwards, and Huxley.

Forbes (o^>. cit. p. 60) briefly defines the Tubinares as : —

"Holorhinal schizngnathous birds with a large, broad, depressed, pointed
vomer, and truncated mandible ; with the anterior toes fully webbed,
and the hallux either very small and reduced to one phalanx, or absent ;
with a tufted oil-gland and large supra-orbital glands furrowing the
skull ; with the external nostrils produced into tubes, usually more or less
united together dorsally; with an enormous glandular proveutriculus
and small gizzard of luuisual shape and position, and with the com-
mencing duodenum ascending ; with a completely double great pectoral
muscle, and a well-developed 2>ecto7'alis tertius ; with i\\& femoro-cmidal
and semi-tendinosus muscles always present, and the ambiens and
accessory feinoro-caudal only exceptionally absent."

* Keport of the Scientific Kesulta ot the Voyage of H.M.S. ' Challenger,-
Zoology, Vol. iv. Part xi. (1882).

TT7BINARE8. 341

In Dr. Fiirbringer's classification (' Untersuch. zurMorph. und Syst.
■der Ycigel,' ii. p. 15S8 [18S8J) the Procellariiformos (= Tubinares)
follow the Oiconiiformes (Phocnicopteri, Pelargo-herodii, Accipitres,
Steganopodes), and the Impennes, followed by the Charadriiformes
(Laridie, etc.), come next in succession.

Mr. Seebohm ('Classification of Birds,' p. 34 [1890]) defines
the Tubinares as follows : —

" External nostrils produced into tubes. Nasals holorbiual. Dorsal
Yertebrre beterocoelous. Hallux absent or reduced to one phalanx, the
other toes directed forwards. Young fed by the parents for some time
in the nest. Spinal feather-tract well defined on the neck. Oil-ffland
tufted."

He places the Order between his Galliformes and Impennes, not
far from the Gulls, but some way from the Steganopodes and
Herodiones.

The Procellariiformes (=Tubinares) in Dr. Sharpe's arrangement
(' Review of Recent Attempts to Classify Birds,' p. 71 [1891]) are
placed between the Sphenisciformes and Alciformes near the Lari-
formes, but far from the Pelargiformes and Pelecaniformes. The
characters he gives are those of Mr. Seebohm.

Dr. Gadow (P. Z. S. 1892, pp. 239, 240), in his comprehensive
paper on the Classification of Birds, places his Procellariiformes
( = Tubinares) between his Sphenisciformes and Ardeiformes, the
latter a group including Steganopodes, Herodii, and Pelargi. He
thus agrees with Forbes as to the position of the Petrels as regards
their neighbours on one side. He defines the Procellariiformes as —

"Cosmopolitan. Marine. Xidicolous. Zoophagous. Nestlings do^Tiv;
downs com])lex. Oil-gland tufted. Aquiuto-cubital. Neck with lateral
apteria. Schizognathous. Rhamphotheca compound. Large supraorbital
glands. Nares impervious, tubular. Hallux small or rudimentary.
Front toes webbed. Hypotarsus complex, or with several g^rooves.
Coraco-humeral groove shallow. Ectepicondylar process large. Tracheo-
bronchial muscles attached to 7th or 5th bronchial rings. Tongue mostly
rudimentai'v."

The Charadriiformes, including the Gavia?, he places far from the
Petrels, and next the Columbiformes on the one side and the
Oruiformes on the other.

Fossil remains of Tubinares have been discovered in several parts
of the world, but mostly in superficial deposits. Diomedea anr/Iica,
LTiowever, is known from the Red Crag (Upper Pliocene) of Norfolk.
[See Lydekker, Cat. Fossil Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 189.

The external structure of the bill is very characteristic of the
jOrder, so much so that a Petrel can at once be recognized by this
feature. Dr. Coues describes the bill (Key to N. Am. Birds, revised
^edition, p. 773) as epignathous, its covering discontinuous, consisting
of several horny pieces separated by deep grooves.

In size the members of the Order range from that of a large
Swallow (Ilintndo) to an Albatros, whicli has the widest stretch of
wing of any existing bird.

342

TTJBINAEES.

The majority of the species lay their single egg in holes burrowed
in the ground, often on the lofty summits of oceanic islands. Others
make a nest in the open.

The egg of each species is wholly white, or with the addition of
an indistinct zone of small reddish freckles near the end.

The young are helpless till fully grown, and are covered with
thick down, amongst which the featliers gradually appear.

The sexes are alike in the colour of their plumage. In some
species considerable variation of colour exists in different individuals
without apparent reference to age or sex. In a few species, such,
as the true Uiomedea exulans and D. alhatrus, the young are very
differently coloured from the adult.

Synopsis of the Families.

a. Nostrils united externally above the culmen ;
margin of the sternum even ; no pterygoid
processes ; manubrium of furcula long ;
coracoids long, comparatively narrow across
the base and slightly divergent ; 2nd pri- [p. 343.

mary the longest 1. Procellariidae,

h. Nostrils united externally, or nearly so, above
the culmen ; margin of the sternum uneven ;
distinct pterygoid processes ; manubrium of
furcula very short ;' coracoids short, wide at
the base and divergent ; 1st primary the [p. 368..

longest, or not shorter than the 2nd .... 2. Puffinidae,

e. Nostrils distinct, opening upwards on
either side of the middle of the base of the
culmen ; margin of the sternum even, the
sternum itself considerably longer than
wide ; distinct pterygoid processes ; manu-
brium of furcula very short ; coracoids long,
narrow at the base and nearly parallel ; 2nd [p. 437.

primary slightly the longest 3. Pelecanoididse,.

d. Nosti'ils lateral, separated by the wide cul-
men, each in a separate horny sheath
opening forwards ; margin of the sternum
uneven, the sternum itself short com-
pared with its width ; no pterygoid pro-
cesses ; manubrium of furcula very short ;
coracoids short, very wide at the base
and widely divergent ; 1st primary the [p. 440,

longest 4. Diomedeidae,

PKOCELLARIIDE.

34a

Family I. PROCELLARIIDiE.

Key to the Subfamilies,

Leg-bones shorter than the wing-bones;
tarsus never twice as long as the femur ;
basal phalanx of the middle toe sliorter
than the next two joints ; keel of the
sternum entirely ossified; tarsi covered in
front witli hexagonal scutes ; claws sharp
and compressed ; outer toe shorter than
the middle toe ; secondaries at least 13. .

Leg-bones longer than the wing-bones ;
tarsus at least twice as long as the feuuir ;
basal phalanx of the middle toe as long as
or longer than the next two joints ; keel
of the sternum with a large fenestra ; tarsi
usually covered in front with a single
shield, or with transverse short scutes;
claws usually very fiat ; outer and middle

[p. 343.
1. PRO CELL AJRIINM,

toes subequal; secondaries 10 2. OCEANITINjE,

[p. 358.

Subfamily I. PROCELLARIINiE

Key to the Genera.

a. Tarsus longer than the middle toe and
claw ; tail not distinctly forked.
Tail rounded or nearly even 1

h'. Tail cuneate 2.

b. Tarsus not distinctly longer than the middle
toe and claw : tail distinctlv forked .... 3.

Procellaria, p. 343.
Halocyptena, p. 340.

OCEANODBOMA, p. 347.

1. PROCELLARIA.

Type.

Procellaria, Linn. Sijst. Nat. i. p. 212 (17G6) ; Coues,

Pr. Ac. Phil. 1804, p. 79 P. pelagica.

Hydrobates, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. o62 P. pelagica.

Thalassidroma, Viyors, Zool. Juuvn. ii. p. 405 (1825) . . P. pelagica.

Range. Atlantic Ocean (chiefly north of the Equator), and Pacific
Ocean in the neighbourhood of the Galapagos Islands.

Key to the Species.

a. Tips of the longer u])per tail-coverts snoty-blaclc

b. Upper tail-coverts wholly white

pelagica, p. 343
tethys, p. 346.

1. Procellaria pelagica.

Peterel, Dampier, Voy. iii. p. 97 ; Alhin, N. H. Birds, iii. p. 87, pi. 92.
Storm-tinck or Pittrel, Catesb. Nat. Hist. Carol, ii. p. 14, pi. 14

(1743) ; Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 434, pi. 91 (1708).
Little Peteril, Edic. Nat. JIi.'<f. Bird^, p. 90. pi. 90. fig. 1 (1747).
Le Petrel, Briss. Oni. vi. p. 140, pi. 13. tig. 1 (1760).
L'Oiseau de 'f empete, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. x. p. 164 (1786) ; D'Aub.

PL Eld. X. pi. 993.

344 procellariidjE.

Stormy Fetrei, LatJi. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 411 (1785); id. Stijjpl. i.
p. 269 (1787) ; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 189 (1824) ; Penn. Arct. Zool.
ii. p. 536 (1785) ; id. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 208 (1812) ; Bewick, Hist.
Brit. Birds, ii. p. 249 (1804) ; Nutt. Man. Water-Birds N. Am.
p. 327 (1834).

Procellaria pelagica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 212 (1766) ; G^ji. Syst.
Nat. i. p. 561 (1788) ; Latk. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 826 (1790) ; Vieill. N.
Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 416 (1817) ; id. Enc. Meth. p. 77 (1823) ;
Temm. Man. ii. p. 810 (1820) ; F. Boie, Reise dureh Noriv. p. 153
(1822) ; Bp. Journ. Ac. Phil. iii. p. 227, pi. 8 (1824) ; id. Consp.
Av. ii. p. 196 (1856) ; id. Compt. Bend. xlii. p. 769 (1850) ; Steph.
in Skmv^s Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 220 (1826) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmip.
pi. 26 (1827); Lesson, Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 348 (1828); Baikie ^
Heddle, Hist. Nat. Ore. p. 96 (1848) ; Jacq. ^ Puch. Voy. Pule
Sud, Zool. iii. pp. 140, 142 (1853) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell.
p. 7 (1863) ; Cozies, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1864, pp. 80, 90; id. op. cit.
1866, p. 192; id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 126 (1882) ; id. Key
N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 781 (1884) ; Loche, Expl. Sci. Alqer., Ois.
ii. p. 171 (18(57) ; Chapman, Trav. in S. Afr. ii. App. p. 425 (1868) ;
Ehces, Ibis, 1869, p. 28; v. Drosfe, J. f.'Orn. 1869, p. 381 ; Bhves
Sf Biickl. Ibis, 1870, p. 336 ; Fritsc'h, Viiy. Eur. pi. 61. fig. 4
(1870) ; Giijl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 36 (1870) ; id. Viagg.
' Mac/enta;' pp. 25, 977, 978 (1875) ; id. Ibis, 1881, p. 217;
Salvad. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 300 (1871); Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 103
(1871); Gttrnet/ in Anderss. Birds Damara-L. p. 351 (1872);
Hharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 74 ; Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1373
(1873); Ussher, Ibis, 1874, p. 75; B. O. IT. List Brit. Birds,
p. 196 (1882) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 628 (1882) ; Stearns,
New Engl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 381 (1883) ; Saund. ed. Yarr. Brit.
Birds, iv. p. 42(1884); id. Ibis, 1884, p. 392; id. Man. Brit.
Birds, p. 727 (1889) ; Baird, Brew. S,- Ridqio. Water- Birds N Am.
ii. p. 403 (1884) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. Birds,' in. p. 438, pi. 56 (1885) ;
Turner, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 253 (1885) ; A. 0. U. Check-l
N. Am. Birds, p. 104 (1886) : Booth, Rough Notes, iii. pi. 49
(1887) ; Sharpe, ed. Layard's Birds &'. Afr. p. 765 (1887) : Ridqw.
Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 70 (1887) ; Stevens. Birds Norf. iii. p. 371

• (1890); Borrer, Birds Sussex, p. 286 (1891); Turle, Ihii, 189],
p. 11 ; Buckl. ^ Harvie-Broivn, Vert. Faun. Orkn. p. 241 (1891) ;
Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 82; id. op. cit. 1892, p. 57; Meade- Waldo,
Ibis, 1893, p. 206.

Procellaria pelagina, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 139 (1820).

Hvdrobates pelagicus, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562 ; C. L. Breh7n, Vog.
Deutschl. p. 804 (1831).

Thalassidroma pelagica, Viqors, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 405 (1825) ;
Jardine's ed. Wils. Am. Orn. ii. p. 381, pi. 60. fig. 1 (1832);
Schinz, Naturq. Vog. p. 399, pi. 136 (1832) ; Atid. Orn. Biogr.
iv. p. 310 (1838); id. Birds Am. pi. 340; id. op. cit. 8vo ed.
yii. p. 228, pi. 461 (1844) ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 64 (1838) ; Gould,
Birds Eur. v. pi. 448 (1837) ; id. Birds Gt. Brit. v. pi. 86 (1873) ;
Keys. S^ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xciii (1840) ; Naiim. Voq. Deutschl,
X. pi. 275. fig. 1 (1840) ; Crespon, Orn. Gard, p. 499 (1840) ; Selys,
Faun. Belqe, p. 157 (1842) ; Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 160
(1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ; Heioits. Eggs Brit. Birds,
ii. p. 460, pi. 131. fig. 3 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. cxxxiii
(1844) ; id. Voq. Nederl. i. p. 582, pi. 330 (1854) ; id. Dier. Nederl.
Vog. pi. 35. fig. 2 (1861) ; Thompson. Nat. Hist. Irel.. Birds, iii.
p. 418 (1851) ; Kjfprb. Orn. Dan. pi. 51 a. fig. 4 (1851) ; Reich. Av.
Syst. Nat., Natckores, pi. 16. figs. 779, 780, pi. 19. figs. 2725-26;

1. PEOCELXAEIA. 345

Macf/lll. Ilist. J!rit. Birds, v. p. 460(1852); Brehn, Naum. 1856,
p. 296 ; id. Vo(/e1f. p. 353 (1855) ; Jauh. Sf Barth.-Lapomm. Rich.
Orn. Fr. p. 383 (1858); Lain: Birds N. Am. p. 831 (1860);
Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 357 ; WriuM, Ibis, 1863, p. 438 ; id.
op. cit. 1864, p. 154; id. op. eit. 1869, p. 251; Newton, in
Baring GouUrs Iceland, p. 419 (1863) ; B. Walker, P. Z. S.
1863, p. 379; Gra;/, Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 224 (1863); Salvad. Atti
<Sbc. Hal. Sc. Nut. vi. p. 151 (1864) ; 3Iore, Ibis, 1865, p. 458 ;
Ilutton, Ibis, 1867, p. 190; I)ef/l. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 364
(1867); Turnbull, Birds of E. Lothian, p. 35 (1867); Collett,
Norqes Fiu/le, p. 76 (1868) ; Sperliw/, Ibis, 1868, p. 293; Smith,
Ibis, 1868, p. 459; Bor>/;/r. J'offe/f.\^. 240(1869); Saund. Ibis,
1869, p. 171 ; id. op. cit. 1871, p. 401; Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 229
(1869) ; F. Boie, J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 98 ; Tacz. j. f. Orn. 1870,
p. 55 ; Finsch Sf Hartl. J'm/. Ostafr. p. 814 (1870) ; Jti. Grai/, Birds
W. Scotland, p. 507 (1871) ; Broulw, Ibis, 1873, p. 348 ; Dresser,
Birds Eur. viii. p. 491 (1874) ; Irhy, Birds Gibraltar, p, 217
(1875) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, p. 309 (1895) ; Danf. e^ H.-Broion, Ibis,
1875, p. 433 ; Roicley, Orn. 3Iisc. i. p. 133 (1876), ii. p. 110 (1877) ;
Maynard, Birds E. N.Am. p. 491 (1879); Copjnnyer, Cruise of
the 'Alert,' pp. 13, 17 (1882) ; Chapman, Ibis, 1884, p. 98; Dixon,
Ibis, 1885, p. 95 ; Arevalo, Ares de Esp. p. 407 (1887) ; A. Koeniy,
J. f. Orn. 1890, p. 464 ; Lilford, Birds Northatnptonshire, p. 418
(1893).

Hydrobates faeroensis, C. L. Brchm, Voy. Dcutschl. p. 803 (1831).

Tlialas.sidroma iiielitensis, Schemhri, Orn. del Gruppo di Malta,
p. 118, pi. (1843); Stri'-M. Ann. S^- May. N. H. xiv. p. 348
(1844) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ; Reich. Av. Syst. Nat.,
Natatores, pi. 16. fig. 778.

Prooellaria lii<iubris, Natterer, Acta Ital. Mediol. 1844 (_iide Bp.) ;
Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 197 (1855); id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769
(1856) ; Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 80.

Procellaria minor, Kjcprh. Orn. Da7i.,Si/j>j)l.i)\. 7. fig. 2 (1854).

Tlialassidroma minor, L. Brehni, Naamannia, 1855, p. 296.

Thalassidroma teniiirostris et albifasciata, L. Brehm, Navmannia,
1855, J). 290.

Procellaria raelitensis, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 81,90; Wright,
Ibis, 18()9, p. 251.

The Storm Petrel, Yarrell, Brit. Birds, iii. p. 524 (1843).

Adult male. Sooty -black, rather paler and browner on the fore-
head and nnder surface ; marji'ia of the greater -wing-covei'ts greyish
white ; rump and upper tail-coverts (except their tips) white ;
concealed portion of the under tail-coverts white ; rectrices sootj'-
black, white at the base, the shafts black ; middle under wing-
coverts white : bill, tarsi, and toes black. Total length about
6-5 inches, wing 4"7, tail 2-2, bill from gape 0-02, tarsus 0'9, middle
toe 0'S2, outer toe 0-SS, inner toe 0-65.

Female. Similar to the male.

Yomif/. Entirely covered with uniform sooty down, paler and
greyer than the plumage of the adult.

Hab. North Atlantic Ocean southwards to "West Africa ; ilediter-
ranean Sea.

a,b. Ad.sk. Orkney Islands (J. 7>«««). Salvin-Godraan Coll.

f. Ad. sk. Stroraness {J. Dunn). H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.],

d, e. Ad. St. Shetland. Purchased.

346

PROCELLARIID.T,.

/, g. Pull. St.
A, i. Pull. sk.
j. Pull. sk.

Great Britain.
Scotland {J. Dunn)
Orkney Islands.

k, I. S ad. sk. Lincolnshire coast, Nov. 10.

m. Ad. St.
n. Ad. St.

0. 5 ad. sk.

r-

Ad. sk.

q. S ad- sk.
?•. Ad. sk.
s. Pull. sk.
t. Ad. sk.

u. Pull. sk.
D-r. Skeletons.
y-h' , Sterna.

Eno-lish Channel.
Torquay, Devonshire.

North Atlantic, lat. 46° 20' N.,
long. 9° 58' W., June 15,
1852 {F. M. Rayner).

Malta.

Tunis.

Fantee, W. Africa (Ussher).

'Europe.]
South Africa.]

2. Procellaria tethys.

Purchased.
H.Seebohm,Esq.[P.J,
Baron H. von Hiigel

[P.].
H. Seebohm, Esq.

[P.].
J. Gould, Esq. [P.].
C. Coningham, Esq.

[P.].
Voy.ILM.S.' Herald.'

H.E.Strickland, Esq.

[P.].
L. Eraser [C.].
Shelley Coll.
Purchased.
Sir Andrew Smith

[P.].
Gould Coll.

Procellaria teihja, Bp. in J.f. Oni. 1853, p. 47; id. Compt. Rend.
xx.wiii. p. G62 (1854); ill. op. cit. xlii. p. 769 (1856); id. Consp.
Av. ii. p. 197 (1856) ; Cotees, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 80, 90; Salv,
Trans. Zool. Soo. ix. p. 507, pi. 88. fig. 2 (1876) ; Ridyiv. Man. N,
Am. Birds, p. 70 (1887) ; Towns. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 142
(1890).

Procellaria pelagica, Neboiix apud Bp.

Adult. Similar to P. ijelagica but a little larger ; the upper tail-
coverts wholly white, the greater wing-coverts paler sooty but not
margined with greyish white, the under wing-coverts wholly sooty,
and the tail slightly forked. Total length about (i inches, wing 5-4;.
tail, outer rectrices 2-3, middle rectrices 2-15 ; bill 0-65 ; tarsi and
toes deficient.

Hah. Galapagos Islands and West coast of Central America.

a. Ad. sk. ' Purchased.

2. HALOCYPTENA.

Type.

Halocyptena, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 78 H. microsoma.

Range. West coast of America from the Gulf of California ta
the Bay of Panama.

1. Halocyptena microsoma.

Halocyptena microsoma, Cohcs. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 79,90; id.
op. cit. 1866, p. 191 ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 328 (1872), ed. 2,
p. 780 (1884) ; id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 126 (1882) ;
Plliot, Birds of N. Am. ii. pi. 61. lig. 2 (1867) ; Forbes, Voy.
Chall, Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 55 (1882) ; Ridyw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.
V. p. 534 (1883); id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 69 (1887); Baird,
Brew. S,- Ridyw. Water- Birds N. Am. ii. p. 402 (1884) ; A. O. U.

3. OCEANODROMA. 347

ChecJc-l. N. Atn. Birds, p. 104 {\SSV>) ■ Towus. Fr. U.>S. Nat. Mus.
xiii. p. 141 (1890).
Adult female. Dcark sooty-black, slightly glossy on the upper
surface, forehead and under surface browner : greater wing-coverts
])aler ; under wing-coverts uniform sooty : bill, legs, and toes black.
Total length about 5-5 inches, wing 4-G5 ; tail, central rectrices 2-1,
lateral 1-6 ; bill 0-56, tarsus 0-87, middle toe 0*77, outer toe 0-73,
inner toe 0"6.

Hah. \Yest coast of America from Lower California to Panama.

fl. 5 ad. sk. Mazatlan, W. Mexico (A. Forrer). Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. OCEANODROMA. „

Type.

Oceanodroma, Reich. Ac. Syd. Nat. p. iv (1852) ;

Coues, Proc. Ac. Pliil. 1864, p. 74 0. furcata.

Cymochorea, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 75 O. leucorrhoa.

Range. Seas chiefly of the Northern Hemisphere, but southwards
to the coast of Peru and the island of St. Helena.

Key to the Species.

a. Plumage generally sooty-black.

a'. Upper tail-coverts more or less white*.

a". Base of the lateral rectrices black : longest
upper tail-coverts white, narrowly tipped

with sooty leucorrhoa, p. 343.

b". Base of the lateral rectrices white ; longest

upper tail-coverts broadly sooty at the tip . crxjptoleucura,
V , Upper tail-coverts the same colour as the back, [p. 350,
not white,
c". Under wing-coverts uniform with the rest
of the under surface:
«'". Largest : wing I'o inches, tail 4'45 .... fuliyinosn, p. 352.
b'" . Smaller: wing 7 inches or less, tail less
than 4.
a*. Bill stouter, less elongated ; plumage
nearly uniformly dark. without plum-
beous tint melanin, p. 353.

6*. Bill slender, more elongated ; mantle
and head more or less tinged -v\ith
plumbeous.
a'. Tarsus shorter (1 inch) ; head and

mantle distinctly plumbeous inarhhami, p. 354,

P. Tarsus longer (IT inch); head and

mantle darker tristrami, p. 354.

c'". Smallest: wing about 6 inches monorhis, p. 356.

d" . Under wing-coverts much paler than the

rest of the under surface homochroa, p. 355,

b. Under surface white ; breast with suDtv collar . . hanilii/i, p. 356.

c. Plumage generally pale ashy furcata, p. 357.

* 0. macrodacfyla and 0. socorroensis apparently belong to this division ; but
as I have no specimens of either for comparison. I am unable to assign them to-
their exact position in the key.

348 PROCELLAEin)^.

1. Oceanodroma leucorrhoa.

Procellaria pelagica, Pallas (nee Linn.), Zoogr. Hoss.-As. ii. p. 316
(1811), fide Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 97 (1885).

Procellaria leucorrhoa, Vieill. N. Diet. cV Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 422
(1817) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 3 (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l.
iii. p. 104 (1871) ; C'ordeau.r, Ibis, 1875, p. 188; Eeinh. Vidensk.
Medd. Kjob. 1881, p. 187; BlaMst. Sj- Pnjer, Trans. As. Soc. Jap.
X. p. 105 (1882); B.O. U. List Brit. Birds, p. 196 (1883);
Blakist. Amend. List Birds Japan, pp. 21, 35 (1884) ; Seeh. Ibis,
1884, p. 33: Reid, Ibis, 1885, p. 254; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 397:
Stevens. Birds Norf. iii. p. 369 (1890) ; Turle, Ibis, 1891, p. 11 ;
BwM. Si- Harvie-B'roivn, Vert. Faun. Orktt. p. 242 (189D : Meade-
Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 206; Irhj/, Birds Gibr. ed. 2, p. 310 (1895).

Procellaria leachi, Tetn7n. Man. ctOrn. ii. p. 812 (1820) ; Euhl, Beitr.
p. 137 (1820) ; Werner, Atlas, Palmip. pi. 27 ; Bp. Jonrn. Ac.
Phil. iii. p. 229, pi. 9 (1824) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii.
p. 219, pi. 25 (1826) ; Roidei/, Ibis, 1860, p. 200 ; Ehves, Ibis, 1869,
p. 28 ; Fritsch, Vol/. Fur. pi. 61. %. 5 (1870) : v. Droste, J. f. Orn.
1870, p. 381 ; Seeb'.Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 443, pi. 56 (1885) ; id.
Birds Jap. Fmp. p. 270 (1890).

Procellaria bulloc.ki, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 1.36 (1828) ; Eowleij, Orn.
Misc. ii. p. 101, pis. 48, 49 (1876) ; Borrer, Birds Sussex, p. 284
(1891).

Thalassidroma leachii, Aud. Orn. Biofjr. iii. p. 434, pi. 260 (1835) ;
id. Birds N. Am. vii. p. 219, pi. 459 ; Gould, Birds Fur. v. pi. 447
(1837) ; id. Birds Great Brit. v. pi. 8o (1873) ; Bp. Comp. List,
p. 64 (1838) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 195 (1856) ; id. Compt. Bend.
xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Eei/s. ^ Bias. Wirb. Fur. pp. xciii, 238 (1840) ;
Nauni. Voq. Deutschl. x. pi. 275. fig. 2 (1840) ; Seh/s, Fau7i. Belqe,
p. 157 (1842); Schl. Rev. Crit. Ois. Fur. p. cxxxiii (1844) ; id. Vofj.
Nederl. i. pi. 583 (1854) : id. Dier. Nederl. TV/, pi. 33. fig. 3 (1861) ;
Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 160 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii.
p. 648 (1844) ; id. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 225 (1863) ; Kjrprb. Orn. Dan.
t;A..54. ^ff.9{l8rA): Reich. Ar.Si/st.Naf., Natatores,-pll6. {i<rs,.7Sl-.2,
pi. 19. tigs. 2721-22 (1850); Thompson, Nat. Hist. Irel., Birds, iii.
p. 415 (1851); Macgill. Hist. Brit. Birds, v. p. 451 (1852); Brehm,
Naum. 1855, p. 296 ; id. Voqelf. p. 354 ; Hewits. Ei/gs Brit. Birds,
ii. p. 520, pi. 145. fig. 2 (18o'6) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769
(1856) ; Jaub. ^ Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. p. 384 (1858) ; Later.
Birds N. Am. p. 830(1860) ; Bias. ^- Bald., Naum. Vog. Deutschl.
xiii. pt, 2, p. 277 (1800) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, pp. 3. 16; Schrenck,
Reise Amurl. p. 515 ; Stvinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 330 ; More, Ibis,
1865, p. 458 ; Button. Ibis, 1867, p. 1 90 ; Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 292;
A. C. Smith, Ibis, 1868, p. 458 ; Dull, Trans. C/iic. Ac. Sc. i. p. 303
(1869) ; Borqgr. Voqelf. p. 140 (1869) ; Gray, Birds West. Scotl.
p. 505 (1871) ; Coue"^, Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 1, p. .327 (1872) ; Dall,
Notes Avif. Aleut. Is. p. 8 (1874) ; Samuels, Our N and F. Birds,
p. 652 (1883) ; Lilford, Birds NorthamiMnshire, p. 416 (1893).

Thalassidroma scapulata, Kittl. Detikwiird. ii. p. 191 (1858).

Cymochorea leucorrhoa, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 75, 90 ; id.
Key N. Am. Birds, p. 329 (1872), ed. 2, p. 781 (1884) ; id. Check-
list N. Am. Birds, p. 126 (1882) ; Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 37
(1870); Breioster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 125; Merrill,
Btdl. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 249 ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 628
(1882); Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 122 (1883); id. New
Fngl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 382 (1883) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Corivin,' p. 113

3. OCEAXODKOMA. 34^

(]883); Saund.ed. YarreWs Brit. Birds, iv. p. 392 (1884); id.

litis, 1884, p. 392 ; Baird, Brav. S,- Itidt/jv. Water-Birds N. Am.

ii. p. 407 (1884) ; Merriam, Bull. U.S. Nut. Miis. no. 29, p. 283

(1885); Turner, Auk, ii. p. 158 (1885); id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm.

Tiii. p. 253 (lt;8o) ; Ussher, Zool. 1886, p. 367 ; A. 0. U. Check-l.

N. Am. Birds, p. 104 (1880).
Thalassidroma leucorrhoa, Det/l. ^- Gcrhe, Ois. Eur. ii. p. 387 (1867) ;

Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 230 (1869) ; Dresser, Birds Eur. riii. p. 497,

pi. 613 (1874) ; Irby, Birds Gihr. p. 217 (1875); Maynard, Birds

E. N. Am. p. 490 (1879) ; Sivinhurne, Pr. Ii. Phijs. Soc. Edinb.

viii. 1883, p. 04 ; Bi.von, Ibis, 1885, pp, 95, 361 ; ArSvalo, Aves

de Esj). p. 409 (1887).
Oceanodroma leucorrhoa, Sfejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 97

(1885); id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. x. p. 125 (1887); Blakist. Pr.

U.S. Nat. 3Ius. ix. p. 655 (1886) ; Bidffw. Man. N. Am. Birds,

p. 71 (1887) ; Sound. Ma7i. Brit. Birds, p. 725 (1889) ; Eutcher,.

Auk, vi. p. 131 (1889) ; Morris, Auk, vi. p. 340 ; C/iatnberlain,

Auk, vi. p. 215; Palmer, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 257 (1890) ;

Tacz. Mem. Ac. Imp. St. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1066 (1893).
Fork-tailed Stormy Petrel, Nutt. Man. Water-Birds, p. 326 (1834).
The Fork-tailed I'etrel, Yarrell, Brit. Birds, iii. p. 520 (1843).

Adult male. Sooty-black ; head and throat slightly plumbeous, the
latter as well as the forehead a little paler : greater and median wing-
coverts pale sooty-brown ; longer tail-coverts white, with dark shafts
and a narrow dark edge, the shorter coverts sooty with white
margin ; under surface sooty-brown ; under tail-coverts whitish at
the base ; rectrices sooty, with the bases of the shafts white : biU
and feet black. Total length about 8-5 inches, wing 6 ; tail,,
central rectrices 2*4, lateral 3-3 ; tarsus 0-92, middle toe 0-98.

Female. Similar to the male.

Younrj, Covered with sooty down.

The specimen from the Kurile Islands has some white at the base
of the outer rectrices and along the outer web of the outermost
feather, but it does not differ otherwise from the Worth- Atlantic
bird.

Hah. Seas of the Northern Hemisphere.

a. 6 ad. ; h. 2 Dun, St. Ivilda, June 10, 1884 Seebobm Coll.
ad. sk. {C. IJi.imi).

c. Ad. St. St. Kilda. Old Coll.

d. d ad. sk. Lincolnshire coast, Nov. 10. Seebobm Coll.

e. 2 ad. sk. Thames Valley, Crossness. H. "\^'hitely [C.].
/-:/. Ad. sk. Grand Menan, June [H. Her- Salvin-Godman Coll,

7-ick).
k. Ad. sk. New Bruuswick. Salvin-Godman Coll.

I. cJ ad. sk. Green 1., New Bruns^\-ick (J. Salvin-Godman ColL

H. Batty),
m-o, Ad.sk. Bay of Fundy, N.B. {G. A. Salvin-Godman ColL

Boardman).
p. Ad. sk. Nova Scotia. Old Coll.

q. Ad. sk. Newfoundland (C H. Mer- Salvin-Godman ColL

riant).
r. Pull.sk. CascoBay,Maine(TT'.^?-«rsto-). Salvin-Godman Coll.

«. 2 ad. ek. Bermuda, May (C. H. Mer- Salvin-Godman CoU.

nam).

350

PROCELLAEIID.E.

t'V. S ad. ; w. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 5° N.,
Ad. sk. lonp-. 22° 20' \V., Jan. 7 (J.

Mdcr/iUivruy).
-.V. 2 ad. sk. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 2° N.,

long. 21° 50' W., Jan. 12 (/.

Ma c(/ illi way ) .
y. S ad. sk. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 0° 12' N.,

long. 21° W., Mar. 23.
s. 2 ad. sk. • Hanusake, Japan, May (Blak-

iston).
■ a'. 2 ad. sk. Shikotan, E. Yeso, Japan,

June 23.
b'. Ad. sk. Kurile Is. (Snotc).

c'. Ad. sk.
d'. Ad. St. South Africa.

Voy.II.M.S.' Rattle-
snake.'

Voy.II.M.S.' Rattle-
snake.'

Gould Coll.

Seebohm Coll,

T. Blakiston,

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Old Coll.
Sir A. Smith [P.].

Esq.

2. Oceanodroma cryptoleucura.

Procellaria sp., Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 10.5.

Cymochorea cryptoleucura, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 337
■(1882).

Oceanodroma cryptoleucura, Baird, Brew. S,- Ridgw. Water- Birds
N. Am. ii. p. 406 (1884) ; Ridyto. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 71
(1887); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 78 (1887); TVilson, Ares
Hatvttiienses, part iv. (1893).

Adult. Similar to 0. leucorrJioa, but with the longer itpper tail-
coverts broadly tipped with black ; the rectrices, except the
central pair, white at their base for about a fourth of their length ;
tail less deeply forked. Total length about 7 inches, wing 0-1 ;
tail, central rectrices 2-75, lateral rectrices 3-1 ; bill 0*8, tarsus 0-82,
middle toe 0'9, outer toe a trifle shorter, inner toe 0-7.

" Four adult males collected in the Galapagos Archipelago by
Mr. C. H. Townsend seem to bo identical with the Hawaiian
examples collected by Mr. V. Knudsen, though slight differences are
apparently observable. They are perceptibly darker in colour,
though this may be due to their fresher condition ; the black tips to
the longer upper tail-coverts average rather narrower ; the bill is a
little thicker, and the tarsi and toes quite decidedly shorter (-83 and
•82 respectively against -89 and -85 in Hawaiian specimens). It is
possible, however, these slight diflerences would disappear if a
larger number of specimens were compared." (liidgiuay in lift.)

Hah. Hawaiian Islands ; Galapagos Islands ; S. Atlantic Ocean,
and as far north as Madeira,

a. Ad. sk.

b. S ad. sk.

c. 2 ad. sk.

d. e. c? 2 ad. sk
/. d ad. sk.

q. d ; /'. 2 ad. sk
V. Pidl. sk.
/, k. Ad. sk.
I. Ad.sk.

Kauai, Hawaiian Is. [Knudsen)
Porto Santo I., Feb. 12, 189-3.

Great Salvage I., April 4, 1895.

Porto Santo, June 1895.
Funchal, Aug. 17, 1894.
Desertas, June 22, 1895.
Desertas, Aug. 22, 1895.
St. Helena {Hudsv7i Janisli).
St. Helena {Melliss).

Prof. Collett [P.].
W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,

Esq. |P.l.
W.R. Ogilvie-Grant,

Esq. [P.].
E. Schmitz [CI.
E. Schmitz [C.j.
E. Schmitz [C.].
E. Schmitz [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll,
H. Saunders, Esq,

[P.]-

3. OCEANODROMA. 351

m,. Ad. sk. [Australia.] Sharpe Coll.

n. Sternum. Desertas. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,

Esq. [P.].

3. Oceanodroma macrodactyla.

Oceanodroma leucoirhoa, W. E. Bryant, Bull. Calif. Ac. Sc. ii.

p. 276.
Oceauodroma leucorrhoa macrodactyla, W. E. Bryant, Bull. Calif.

Ac. Sc. ii. p. 4o0.
Oceanodroma macrodactyla, A.O.U. Check^list N. Am. Birds, 1889,

p. 12, no. 106. "

">S^>. char. Similar to 0. leucorrhoa (Vieill.), but with much longer
and more deeply forked tail, larger feet, shorter bill, and very broad
dusky tips to the upper tail-coverts.

" Achdt male (No. 2566, coll. AValtcr E. Bryant, Guadalupe I.,
March 1886 : W. E. B.). Head, neck, and back dark sooty greyish,
paler on anterior portion of head, the forehead tinged with brown,
darker and inclining to smoky plumbeous on hind head, hind neck,
and back; rump similar to back but darker; middle portion of
lesser wing-covert area and uppermost lesser, middle, and greater
wing-coverts dull sooty blackish : greater and middle wing-coverts,
tertials, and anterior portion of lesser wing-covert area pale greyish
brown or drab ; remiges (except tertials), primary-coverts, and alula
dull black; upper tail-coverts white, broadly tipped with dull
blackish, these blackish tips very sharply and regularly defined and
nearly 0-60 of an inch in extent on longest feathers ; tail dull slate-
blackish. Lower parts (except chin aud throat) uniform deep
greyish brown, the axillars similar but more greyish ; under wing-
covcrts light greyish brown. Bill and feet entirely black. Length
(skin) 8-40 inches, wing 6-40, tail 3-90 (forked for 1-00), culmen
0'6U, bill from anterior end of nasal tubes 0-38, tarsus 0-93, middle
toe with claw 0-93, outer 0-98.

" Hah. Guadalupe Island, Lower California.

" This fine species is very distinct from 0. leucorrhoa, from which
it is at once distinguished by its longer and much more deeply forked
tail, with narrower and more tapering lateral feathers; much
larger feet, shorter bill, and certain very decided diiferenccs of
coloration. Of the last, the most obvious character consists in the
very broad and sharply defined blackish tips to the upper tail-
coverts, reducing the white to a narrow curved or crescent-shaped
band, about 0-40 of an inch wide. The black is also appreciably
more strongly tinged with slaty, and the underparts are somewhat
darker.

" The blackish tips of the upper tail-coverts recall 0. cryptoleuciira,
Ridgw., of the Sandwich Islands ; but the latter is small, has the
tail very much shorter and so little forked as to be almost trun-
cated, and the coloration of the wings much more uniform, while
the feet are even smaller than in 0. leucorrhoa."

The above description and note were sent me by Mr. Ridgway,
who compiled them from one of the types. There is no specimen in
the British Museum Collection.

352 PEOCELLAE1ID.33.

4. Oceanodroma socorroensis.

Oceanodi'oma socorroensis, C. H. Toionsend, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii.
p. 134 (1890).

" Sp. cliar. Similar to 0. homochroa, Coues, but shorter lateral
upper tail-coverts chiefly greyish white (producing a distinct spot
on each side of the rump), longer upper tail-coverts smoky grey, and
under wing-coverts same colour as undei'parts of the body, instead
of being broadly margined with greyish white.

'•'•Adult male (type, no. 11741)7, U.S. Nat. Mus.; Socorro Island,
off west coast of Mexico, March 8, 1889 ; C. H. Toivnsend). Above-
plain dark sooty-brown (almost 'clove' brown), becoming much
paler (light greyish brown or drab) on anterior portion of head,
including entire lores and forehead ; middle wing-coverts (old
feathers) also light greyish brown or drab ; greater coverts (new
feathers) smoke-grey ; edges of innermost secondaries (not tertials)
passing through smoke-grey into greyish white terminally (new
feathers) or through drab into brownish white (old feathers) ;
tertials, outermost secondaries, primaries, primary-coverts, &c.
sooty-black; lateral upper tail-coverts (except longer feathers)
greyish white (pure white basally), with concealed portion of inner
webs brownish grey ; longer upper tail-coverts uniform smoke-grey ;
tail sooty slate-black, the feathers whitish at extreme base ; under-
parts, including under wing- coverts, plain deep sooty-grey, paler
(light greyish brown or drab) on chin and throat, darker on under
tail-coverts ; bill, legs, and feet entirely black. Total length (skin)
6-80 inches, wing 5-55, tail 2-85, forked for 0-40, exposed culmeu'
0-58, nasal tube 0-27, tarsus 0-82, middle toe with claw O'So.

" Hab. Socorro I., coast of Mexico.

" This species is about the same size and proportions as 0. Jiomo-
cJiroa, and resembles it very closely in general coloration, but may
readily be distinguished by the very different coloration of the upper
tail-coverts and under wing-coverts. The shorter median upper
tail-coverts are apparently wanting, and it is possible that specimens^
having these feathers present would show a continuous greyish-
white band across the basal portion of the upper tail-covert region :
in other words, what are in the type two lateral patches may in
perfect plumaged specimens have these two patches united."

Mr. Eidgway has kindly furnished me with the above description
and note, there being no specimen of the species in the Museum
Collection.

5. Oceanodroma fuliginosa.

Sooty Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 409 (1785).

Procellarla fuliginosa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 562 (1788) ; Lath. Ind.

Om. ii. p. 825 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. cTHist. Nat. xxv. p. 418

(1817) ; id. Enc. Meth. p. 76 (1823).
Daption ? fuliginosum, Steph, in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 248 (1826).
Thalassidroma fuliginosa, Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ; id.

Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pac. p. 59 (1859).
Oceanodroma fuliginosa, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. xvi. p. 620'

(1893).

3. OCEANODROMA. 358

" Adult CNo. 1555, Science College Museum, Tokyo; Torishima,
Japan, 1891 ; Y. Tanalca). Crown, occiput, hind neck, back,
scapulars, and u])per rump uniform dark sooty-slate, darker and
more sooty on posterior scapulars, the longest feathers of which are
distinctly paler at ends, with a narrow terminal margin of brownish
white ; lesser and uppermost median and greater wing-coverts
sooty-black ; rest of win g-co verts and tertials light greyish brown
(between ' broccoli ' and ' hair-brown ') ; alula, primary-coverts, and
remiges uniform sooty-black; lower rump light greyish brown;
upper tail-coverts and tail sooty-black, like remiges, &c. Anterior
portion of head, all round, silky deep sooty-grey or greyish brown,
deepening gradually into the darker colour of occiput, &c. ; under-
parts uniform sooty-greyish brown (much like colour of greater
wing-coverts), the under wing-coverts rather lighter and more
tinged with brown : bill and feet black. Total length (skin) about
10-00 inches, wing 7*50, tail •1'45, forked for 1"60, culmen 0-70,
depth of bill just before nasal tubes 0"2o, tarsus I'lO, middle toe
with claw 1"10.

" Hah. Japanese Seas.

" In coloration this species much resembles 0. homocliroa, but is
darker. Its very large size is, however, its most obvious distinctive
character."

The above description has been supplied to mo by ^Ir. Eidgway.

I believe Mr. Stejneger is right in referring the bird described
above to the hitherto unrecognized Procdlaria fulu/inosa, Gm.
The application of the specific name fulujinosa to this species
involves the rejection of it for every other species of Petrel except
Phoebeiria fulvjinosa.

6. Oceanodroma melania.

Procellaria melania, Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 662 (1854).
Thalassidroma melania, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 196 (1856) ; id. Compt.

Bend. xlii. p. 769 (1856).
Cymocborea melania, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 76 ; id. Key N.

Am. Birds, ed. 1, p. 329(1872), ed. 2, p. 781 (1884); id. Check-l.

N. Am. Birds, -p. 127 (1882); id. Auk, 1884, p. 81; Blliot, B.

N. Am. ii. pi. 61. fig. 1 (1867) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin,' p. 113

(1883) ; Ridgiv. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 534 (1883) ; id. Auk,

vi. p. Ill (1886); Baird, Brew. S,- Ridyic. Water-Birds N. Am.

ii. p. 411 (1884); Cooper, Auk, 1886, p. 125; A. O. U. Check-l.

N. Am. Birds, p. 105 (1886).
Oceanodroma melania, Ridyiv. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 70 (1887).
Thalassidroma scapulata(?), Brandt, fide Bp.
Oceanodroma townsendi, Ridfftv. Pr.' U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 687.

Adult. Sooty-black, uniform above, rather paler on the under
surface ; greater and median wing-coverts pale greyish sooty-brown ;
tail forked ; rectrices uniform sooty-black : bill and legs black.
Total length about 9 inches, wing 7 ; tail, central rectrices 2-3, lateral
rectrices 3'5 ; bill 0-82 (exposed culmen 0-6), tarsus 1*21, middle
toe and claw 1-2. {Type in Mus. Paris.)

VOL. XXV. 2 A

354 PROCELLARIID^.

The difficulty surrounding this species has heeu removed by
the kind transmission, by the authorities of the Paris Museum, of
the type to I,ondou for comparison with the allied forms. Having
also before me two of the specimens recently described by Mr.
Ridgway as 0. fownsendi, I am able to make a thorough exami-
nation of the two birds, and find them to belong undoubtedly to the
same species, the very slight differences in measurement being
quite within the range of dimensions given by Mr. Eidgway of
0. townsendi.

It thus appears that Dr. Coues's original determination of
Bonaparte's Procellarla melania was quite correct, notwithstanding
Pucheran's erroneous measurements, that 0. townsendi is a synonym
of 0. melania, and that 0. marlchanii is a distinct species, as is also
the bird from Japan in Canon Tristram's collection attributed to
0. melania by Mr. Seebohm.

Hah. Coast of Lower California and Gulf of California.

7. Oceanodroma markhami.

Cymochorea markhami, Sah. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 430 ; Tacz. Orn.

Per. iii. p. 462 (1886).
Oceanodroma markhami, Ridyw. Man. N. Ajn. Birds, p. 71 (1887).

See Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 621 (1893).

Adult female. Sooty-brown, nearly uniform, entii-e head tinged
with plumbeous ; greater and median wing-coverts paler sooty ; tail
deeply forked ; the rectrices uniform sooty-black : bill and legs
black. Total length about 9 inches, wing 7 ; tail, central rectrices
2"4o, lateral rectrices 3-75 ; bill U-9, tarsus 0"95, middle toe 0'95,
outer toe 0-92, inner toe 0-8.

Hab. West coast of Peru.

«. 2 ad. sk. Coast of Peru, lat. 10° 40' S., Salvin-Godman Coll. )

long. 7n° W. (Capt. A. H. [

Markham). f

b. $ ad. sk. Coast of Peru, lat. 23° S., long. Salvin-Godman Coll.)

73° W. {A. H. M.). (Types of the species.)

8. Oceanodroma tristrami.

Procellaria melania, Seeh. {nee Bp.) Birds Jap. Emp. p. 270 (1890).
Oceanodroma mai-khami, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 621 (1893).
Oceanodroma tristrami, Stejn. MS.

"Adult male (No. 9781, coll. H. B. Tristram ; Sendai Bay, Japan,
July 1874). Anterior portion of head, all round, sooty-greyish
brown (decidedly darker than in 0. Jwniochroa), changing gradually
to sooty-blackish slate on hinder crown, occiput, and liind neck,
and to deep greyish sooty-brown on fore neck and chest ; rest of
uuderparts light grejish sooty-brown, each feather indistinctly
tipped with darker (colour of chest), producing a very faint trans-
versally mottled appearance, the under tail-coverts, however, uni-
form, though the colour gradually becomes darker towards ends of
the longer feathers ; under wing-coverts uniform light greyish sooty-

3. OCEASODKOMA. 355

brown, those along edge of the wing much darker, with pale margins ;
back, scapulars, and upper rump sooty slate-colour, each feather
with one or two very indistinct darker bars, and tipped with a more
decided slaty hue ; lesser wing-coverts and tertials darker greyish
sooty-brown, the longer of the latter narrowly margined with paler ;
middle and greater wing-coverts and innermost secondaries light
greyish brown, the margins of the secondaries and approximate
coverts sooty-blackish ; lower rump light greyish brown (like large
wing-coverts) ; upper tail-coverts and tail dark greyish brown (much
paler than remiges), each feather showing a subterminal broad
transverse spot of a darker shade of the same colour : bill and feet
black. Total length (skin) about 9 inches, wiug 6-20, tail 3-78,
forked for 1-60, culmen U'TO, de])th of bill through middle 0-20,
tarsus I'lO, middle toe with claw 1-12.

" Hah. Japan.

" Apart from an indistinctly mottled appearance, particularly of
the underparts, which I am inclined to consider an abnormal
feature, this species comes very near to 0. vionorhis (Swinh.) in
coloration. The latter, however, lacks the lighter rump-patch, and
also has the light-coloured wing-area more restricted, occupying, as
it does, much less of the innermost secondaries and not the whole
(as in this species) of the greater coverts. There is still greater
difference between the two in form ; the present bird having the
tail far more deeply forked, and the primaries remarkably short and
pointed, their shape being, in fact, quite unlike that in any other
species of the genus that I have been able to examine."

Mr. Eidgway sent me the above description of Canon Tristram's
type, together with the name suggested for the bird by Mr.
Stejneger, which I adopt.

The latter writer at one time considered that the specimen was
referable to my 0. marl-hami, but this proves, on comparing the two
birds, not to be the case. They are, however, very closely allied ;
the tarsus of 0. marlhami is slightly shorter, and the colour of the
I head and mantle more plumbeous. The wing-feathers of the type
[of 0. fristrami are not quite fully grown, so that I cannot compare
[the wings of the two birds for their respective lengths. The
idimensions otherwise seem to be nearly the same.

9. Oceanodroma homochroa.

Thalassidroma melania, Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 830 (1800) ; id. Atlas,

pi. 99. fig. 2 (fde Coues).
Cvmochorea homochroa, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 77, 90 ; id.
'Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 1, p. 329 (1872), ed. 2. p. 781 (1884) ;

id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882) ; Elliot, Birds N. Am.

i. Introd. (1869) ; Baird, Brae, i^- Ridgtc. Water-Birds N. Am.

ii. p. 411 (1884); Bidc/u: Auk, iii. p. 267 (1886); A. O. U.

Check-l N. Am. Birds, p. lOo (1886).
Oceanodroma homochroa, Ridyic. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 3t56

(1885) ; id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 71 (1887).

Adult. Uniform sooty-black with a tinge of plumbeous ; edges

2a2

35G PROCELLA.KIIDJ:.

of the greater coverts pale sooty ; greater under wing-coverts
variegated with dirty white ; bill and feet black. Total length
about 7'50 inches, wing 5-3; tail, central rectrices 2-2, lateral
rcctrices 3-1 ; bill 0-75, tarsus 0-9, middle toe 0-85, outer toe 0-83,
inner toe 0*7.

Hab. Coast of California.

a. Ad.sk. San Miguel I., California {Captain Salviu-Godman Coll.
S. Forney: Henshaiv Coll.).

10. Oceanodroma monorhis. (Plate II.)

Thalassidroma monorhis, Sxdnh. Ibis. 1867, p. 386, 1869, p. 348 ; id.

P. Z. S. 1871, p. 422 ; David 4- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 515 (1877) ;

Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 414 (1887).
Oceauodroma monorliis, Sfejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 622 (1893).
ProceUaria sp. inc., Pickett, Ibis, 1894, p. 225.
Procellaria monorhis, H. H. Slater, Ibis, 1894, p. 226.

Adult female. Similar to 0. homochroa, hut a little larger ; greater
and raedian wing-coverts pale ashy, the edges of the former nearly
white : head plumbeous, the face paler ; under wing-coverts uniform
sooty. Total length about 7'6 inches, wiug 6 ; tail, central rectrices
2-2, lateral 2-9 ; bill O'S, tarsus 0"9, middle toe 0-9, outer toe a trifle
shorter, inner toe 0'7.

Obs. There is a specimen of this species in the Tokyo Museum.

Hab. Coast of China and Japan.

a. 5 ad. sk. Amoy, China, Nov. 1866 (i?. Seebohm Coll. (Type
Stcinhoe). of the species.)

11. Oceanodroma hornbyi. (Plate III.)

Procellaria hornbyi, Gray, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 62 ; id. Hand-l. B. iii.

p. 105 (1871).
Oceauodroma hornb^-i, Bp. Cunsp. Av. ii. p. 195 (1856); id. Compt.

Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 75, 90;

id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 329 (1872), ed. 2, p. 782 (1884) ; id.

Check^list N. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882); Baird, Brew. 8,- Ridgw.

Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 416 (1884); Ridyw. Man. N. Am.

Birds, p. 70 (1887).
Thalassidroma hornbyi, Laivr. Birds N. Am. p. 829 (1860).

Adult. Upper surface dusky brown, paler and greyer on the
upper portion of the back : hind neck greyish white, forming with
the white throat a cervical collar ; occiput, nape, and region round
the eyes black ; forehead, lores, and under surface white ; a dark
cinerous pectoral band ; wings black ; greater and median coverts
greyish sooty ; under wmg-coverts pale greyish sooty ; tail dusky
brown : bill and legs black. Total length about 8-8 inches, wing
6-7 : tail, central rectrices 2-7, lateral rectrices 3-9 ; bill 0-9, tarsus
095, middle toe 095, outer toe 0-92, inner toe 0-79.

Hab. North-eastern Pacific Ocean.

a. Ad. sk. N.AV. America. Miss Hornby [P.]. (Type

of the species.)

'^. OCriANODROMA. 357

1 2. Oceanodroma furcata.

Fork-tailed Petrel, Penyi. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 2')'j, no. 403 ; Lath. Gen.

Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 410; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 188 (1824).
Procellaria furcata, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 561 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.

ii. p. 825 (1790) ; VieilL N. Diet. d'Hist. N. xxv. p. 423 (1817) ;

id. Enc. Mith. p. 70(1823); Kuhl, Beitr. p. 136 (1820); 8chl.

Mu^. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 3 (1803); Grai/, Hand-l. iii. p 105

(1871); Blahi><t. S,- Pn,er, Bird,-< Jap. p. lOO (1882); Blakist.

Amend. Li.it Birds Jap. ])p. 21, 35 {\S6A) ; Seeb. Lbis, 1884, p. 33 ;

id. Birds Jap. Emp. p. 271 (1890).
Pachyptila furcata, Sffph. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 255 (1826).
Tlialassidroina furcata, Gould, Zool. Voi/. ' Sulphur,' p. 50, pi. 83

(1844); Grat/, List An>^eres Brit. Mus. p. 161 (1844); id. Gen.

Birds, iii. p. 648, pi. 178 (1844); Peale, U.S. E.rpl. Erp. viii.
pp. 292, 337, pi. 78 (1848) ; Reich. Syst. Av., Si/ppl. Longip. pi. x\.
fi^. 785 (1852); Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 829 (i860); Ball, Notes
Avif. Aleut. 7s. p. 9 (1874).
Oceanodroma furcata, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 194 (1856) ; id. Compt.
Bend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 74, 89;
id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 329 (1872), ed. 2, p. 782 (1884) ; id.
Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882) ; Swinh. Lhis, 1867, p. 387;
Nelson, Cruise ' Cor win,' -p. 113 (1883); Baird, Brew. Sf Eidgw.

Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 413 (1884); Turjier, Auk, ii. p. 158
(1885) ; id. Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 129 (1886) ; Ridyw. Man.
N. A7n. Birds, p. 70 (1887) ; Blak. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 655
(1887) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 125 (1887) ; id. Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 98 (1885) ; Palmer, Pr. Cal. Ac. So. (2) ii. p. 88
(1889) ; Tacz. Mem. Ac. Imp. St. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1068 (1893).
Procellaria orientali.*. Pall. Zooqr. Eoss.-As. ii. p. 315 (1811) (t/.
Cout's, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 74 ; Swi7ih. Ibis, 1867, p. 387 ; SteJn.
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 98).

Adult male. Cinereous, scapulars and wings outwardly greyish
black ; Aving-coverts edged with grepsh white ; area below the eye
black ; under surface pale grey, throat and under tail-coverts nearly-
white ; under wing-coverts and axillaries greyish black, edged with
white ; tail grey, darker towards the tip, the outer web of the
outer rectrix on either side white nearly to the tip : bill and feet
black. Total length about 8 inches, wing 6*2 ; tail, central rectrices
2-G5, lateral rectrices 3-4; bill 0-85, tarsus 1-02, middle toe 1-06,
outer toe 0'98, inner toe 0-82.

Hah. Xorth Pacific Ocean as far south as Oregon.

a. Ad. sk. N.W. America. Capt. Belcher [P.].

b, c. Ad. sk. Sitka. G. Barclay [P.J.

d. 9 ad. sk. Sitka, May (F. Bischof). Salvin-Go'dman Coll.

e. Ad. St. Sitka. Gould Coll.

/. $ ad. sk. A\a.sks,^ox. (E.W.Nelson). Salvin-Godman Coll.

g, h. (S ad. sk. St. Michael's, Alaska, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

{E. W. Nelson).

I. Ad. sk. Vancouver's I. Dr. Lyall [P.].

j. Ad. St. Aleutian Is. Purchased.

k.S ', /-n. 5 ad. Kurile Is., June (^. J'. iS/jow). Seebohm Coll.

sk.

0. cT ad. sk. Kurile Is.. May {Blakisto?i). Seebohm Coll.

358 PROCELLARIID^.

Subfamily 11. OCEANITIN^E.

Key to (he Genera.

a. Basal phalanx of the middle toe normal or

only slightly flattened, less than the

remaining joints and claw.
a'. Claws sharp, spatulate, not much flattened.

a". Scutellae of the front of the tarsus

obsolete 4. Oceanites, p. 358.

b". Scutellse of the front of the tarsus dis-
tinct 5. Gaeroma, p. 361.

b'. Claws flattened and wide.

c". 1st primary much shorter than the [p. 362.

third 6. Pelagodeoma,

d". 1st primary longer than the 3rd 7. Pelea, p. 364.

b. Basal phalanx of the middle toe much

flattened, equal to or longer than the re-
maining joints and claw 8. Cymodeoma, p. 364.

4. OCEANITES.

Oceanites, Keyserling ^- Blasius, Wtrb. Eur. ii. pp. xciii,
131, 238 (1840) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 82 ;
Forbes, Voy. Chall., Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 56 (1882) .... O. oceanicus.

Range. Whole Southern Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, into the ISTorth
Temperate Zone.

Key to the Species.

a. Larger : abdomen sooty oceanmis, p. 358.

b. Smaller : middle of abdomen white gracilis, p. 361.

1. Oceanites oceanicus.

Procellaria pelagica, Wils. Am. Orn. vii. p. 90, pi. 60. fig. 6 (1813)

{nee Linn.).
Procellaria oceanica, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 136 (1820), ex Banks's Icon.

no. 12; Bp. Journ. Ac. Phil. iii. p. 233 (1823) ; Steph. in Shaw's

Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 223 (1826) ; Bp. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 89 (1827) ; Schl.

Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 6 (1863); Pollen S,- Van Dam, Faun.

Mad., Ois. p. 145 (1868) ; Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 104 (1871);

Sharpe, Ibis, 1872, p. 74 ; id. in Layard\s Birds 8. Afr. ed. 2,

p. 765 (1884) ; Gurney, in Anderss. Birds Damara Land, p. 351

(1872) ; Scl. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873) ; Ussher,

Ibis, 1874, p. 75.
Procellaria wilsoni, Bp. Journ. Ac. Phil. iii. p. 231, pi. 9 (1828) ; id.

Zool. Journ. i. p. 425 (1824) ; id. Comp. List, p. 64(1838) ; Steph.

in Shazu's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 224 (1826) ; Nutt. Man. Water-Birds

N. Am. p. 322 (1834) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 486, v. p. 646 ;

id. Birds N. Am. pi. 270 ; id. 8to ed. viii. p. 106, pi. 460 ; Temm.

Ma7i. iv. p. 512 (1840) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. cxxxiii (1844);

Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 296; id. Voqelf. p. 354; Burm. Syst. TJeb.

Th. Bras. iii. p. 446 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 251 ( 1866) ;

Jaub. (§• Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 384 (1858) ; Lawr.

Birds N. Am. p. 831 (1860) ; Fritsch, Vog. Eur. pi. 61. fig. 3

(1870) ; Butl. Str. F. v. p. 291 (1877) ; Rowley, Orn. Misc. ii. p. 110

(1877) ; Layard, Ibis, 1878, p. 264 : Mayn. Birds E. N. Am. p. 491

(1879) ; Samuels, N. 8^ E. Birds, p. 553 (1883).

4. OCEANITES. 359

Wilson's Stormy Petrel, Nutt. Man., Water-Birds, p. 322 (1834).

Oceanites wilsoni, Keijs. ^- Bias. Wirh. Eur. pp. xciii, 238 (1840) ; Bp.
Consp. AiK ii. p. 199 (18.56) ; id. Compf. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ;
Borqyr. Vorjelf. p. 140 (1860); Salvad. Faun. Ital, TIcc. p. 301
(1871); Gu7{dL Orn. Cuhu, p. 223 (1876); Layard, Ibis, 1882,
pp. 639, 544; Seeh. Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 449 (1885).

Thalassidroma oceanica, Sc/iinz, Europ. Faun. i. p. 397 (1840) ;
Gotdd, Vol/. ' Beaqle,' ii. Birds, p. 141 (1841) ; Graif, List Anseres
Brit. Mus. p. 161 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 648 (1844^ ; id. Cat.
Brit. Birds, p. 225 (1863) ; Pe(de, U.IS. Expl. E.rp. viii. p. 337
(1848); Reich. Sijst. Av., Suppl. Loni/ip. pi. .xi. fig. 783 (1852);
Layard, Birds S. Afr. p. 359 (1867) ; 'iJeffl. ^- Gerbe, Ois. Eur. ii.
p. 386 (1867); Hutton, Ibis, 1867, p. 190; Pelz. Reise ' Novara,'
ZooL i. Vdq. p. 144 (1869) ; Let/f/e, Stray F. iii. p. 375 ; Hartl.
Vog. Mad'ag. p. 372 (1877) ; Milne-Edw. Ann. Sc. ^af., Zool. 1882,
p. 18 ; M.-Edw. ^- Grand. Hist. Madaq., Ois. p. 676, pis. 299,
300 (1885) ; Arevalo, Aves de Esp. p. 409 (1887) ; Reichenotc,
J.f. Orn. 1890, p. 107.

Wilson's Petrel, Yarr. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 516 (1843).

Thalassidronia wilaoni, Atid. Birds Am. 8vo ed. vii. p. 22.3, pi. 460
(1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. cxxxiii (1844) ; Gould, Birds
Aitstr. vii. pi. 65 (1846) ; Reich. Natat. pi. cclxvii. figs. 2237-8
(1850) ; Grill, Zool. Antechn. pp. 12, 57 (1858) ; Jones, Nat.
Bermuda, pp. 55, 92 (1859); Laivr. Birds N. Am. p. 831 (1860) ;
Layard, Ibis, 1863, p. 249 ; B. Walker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 379 ;
God7n. Ibis, 1866, p. 104 ; id. Nat. Hist. Azores, pp. 40, 42 (1870).

Oceanites oceanieus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 199 (1856) ; id. Compt.
Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Salvad. Atti Sac. Pal. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 132
(1864); Coues, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1864, pp. 82, 90; id. Key N. Am.
Birds, p. 329 (1872) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, p. 784 (1884) ; id. Check-list
N. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882) ; Goidd, Handb. Birds Austr. ii.
p. 478 (1865) ; Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 37 (1870) ; id. Viagg.
^Magenta,' see index (1875); Brooke, Ibi.<<. 1873, p. 348 ; Allen,
Bull. Mus. Camp. Zool. Cambr. ii. p. 365 (1874) ; Coues S; Kidder,
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 30 (1875) ; Kidder, Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus. no. 3, p. 16 (1876); Salv. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i.
p. 238 (1876); id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 735; id. Voy. ChalL, Zool. ii.
pt. viii. p. 141 (1881) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 628 (1882) : Hume
%Dav. Str. F. vi. p. 490 (1878) ; Dresser, Birds Eur. viii. p. 505,
pi. 614 (1878); Butl. Str. F. vii. p. 178 (1878); Hume, Str. F.
viii. p. 115 (1879) ; Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 132 (1879) ; id.
P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11 ; id. ed. Lai/ard's Birds S. Afr. p. 763 (1884) ;
Legge, Birds Ceyl. p. 1056 (1880); Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 164;
id. ed. Yarr. Brit. Birds, iv. p. 48 (1884) ; id. Man. Brit Birds,
p. 729 (1889); Cory, Bird^ Bah. Is. p. 218 (1880); id. Auk, vi.
p. 80 ; id. Birds W'. Ind. p. 281 ; B. O. U. List Brit. Birds, p. 197
(1882); Stearns, Neic-Engl. Bird- Life, ii. p. 383 (1883); Oates,
Handb. Birds Burm. ii. p. 437 (1883); Baird, Brew. Sf Ridgw.
Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 416 (1884); Breicst. Pr. Bost. Soc.
N. H. xxii. p. 364 ; Turner, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 253
(1885) ; Welh, Pr. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. ix. p. 632 (1886); Tacz. Orn.
Pir. iii. p. 463 (1886); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 105
(1886); Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 71 (1887); Tait, Ibis,
1887, p. 397 ; Bidler, Birds N. Z^al. ed. 2, ii. p. 2.50 (1888) ; id.
Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. xxv. p. 81 (1893) ; Con/, Auk, v. p. 80 (1888) ;
Butcher, Auk, vi. pp. 128, 132, 197 (1889) ; Palmer, Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xiii. p. 258 (1890) ; Macph. Ibis, 1891, p. 603 ; Borrer, Birds
Sttssex, p. 287 (1891) ; Cmy. Cat. West Ind. Rirds, p. 84 (1892) ;

360

PROCELLARIID^.

Meade-Waldo, Ris, 1893, p. 206; Scl. Ibis, 1894, p. 498; Irhy,
Birds Gibr. ed. 2, p. 310 (1895).

Adult male. Sooty-black, forehead and under surface rather paler ;
greater wing-coverts greyish ; upper tail-coverts white ; under wing-
coverts sooty ; tail black, shafts of the lateral rectrices towards the
base and the portion of the inner web adjoining white : bill black ;
legs black, inner portion of the webs between the toes yellow.
Total length about 6-8 inches, wing 6-1 ; tail, lateral rectrices 2-7,
central rectrices 2-45 ; bill 0"7, tarsus 1*37, middle toe 1*1, outer
toe 1"08, inner toe 1.

Female. Similar to the male.

Mab. Atlantic Ocean as far north as the British Islands and
the coast of Labrador, and thence southwards to the Ice-barrier in
the Antarctic Ocean, Kerguelen Land, &c. ; Indian Ocean from
the Mekran Coast southwards ; Australian Seas and New Zealand.

a. Ad. St.

b, c. c? 2 ^d. sk.

d, e. Ad. sk.
/. $ ad. sk.

g. Ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.
i,j. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
/. J ad. sk.

m. Ad. sk.
n. 2 ad. sk.

o. Ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. St.
s. Ad. St.
t. $ ad. sk.

u. S fid. sk.

v-.v. cJ ad. ; y.

2 ad. sk.
z, a' . (S ad. sk.

b' . J ad. sk.

c. Ad, sk.
d' . Ad. sk.

e . Ad. sk.

[Yarmouth.]

At sea, .30 miles W. of Faval,

Azores, May 21 (F.' D.

Godman).
Bav of Biscay.
N. Atlantic, lat. 36° 45' N.,

Ion?. 12° 15' W., June 24,

1852 {F. M. Rayner).
Atlantic Coast of N. America

{ex G. N. LauTence).
N. America (J. J. Audubon).
Fantee, W. Africa ( Ussher).
Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer).
S. Atlantic, lat. 9° 47' S.,

long. 33° 5' W., Nov. 1878.
South Atlantic.
S. Atlantic, lat. 36° S., long.

6° 47' E.
S. Atlantic, lat. 35° 29' S.,

long. 9° 46' E., Sept. 22.
Lat. 32° 36' S., long. 52° 58'

E., Oct. 19.
Damara-land.
Cape of Good Hope.
Atlantic Ocean.
Mekran Ooast, May 28, 1877

{Capt. Butler).
Royal Soimd, Kerguelen

Laud {Rev. A. E. Eaton).
Ice Barrier, Antarctic Ocean,

Feb. 14, 1874.
Pack ice, off Louis PhiUppe

Land, Jan. 27, 1843.
[Pack ice, Antarctic Ocean],

Jan. 12, 1843 [J. McCor-

micJc) .
TAntarctic Ocean.]
Port Essington, N.W. Aus-
tralia.
Coast of Queensland.

Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.
Voy.H.M.S.' Herald.'

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Smithsonian Inst.
Shelley Coll.
Salvin-Godman ("oil.
Dr. Coppiuger.

Hume Coll.
Gould Coll.

Earl of Crawford and
Balcarres [P.].

Earl of Crawford and
Balcarres [P.].

Tweeddale CoU.

Sir A. Smith [P.].

Rev. W. Hennah.

Hume Coll.

Transit of Venus Exp.
' Challenger ' Exped.
Dr. McCormick [P.].
Antarctic Exped.

Antarctic Exped.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

O. QARRODIA.

361

/'. Ad. sk. [S. Australia.] Sir G. Grey [P.].

g'. Ad. at. [S. Australia.] Sir G. Grey [P.].

h'. 5 ad. sk. New Caledonia, Juue 21 Seebolim Coll.

{E. L. Layard).
i' . Skeleton.
/'. ? Sternum.

2. Oceanites gracilis.

Thalassidroma gracilis, Elliot, Ibis, 18.59, p. o91.

Oceanites gracilis, Coues, Pi: Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 85 ; Rldgiu. Man. N.

Am. Birds, p. 71 (1887).
? Procellaria oceanica, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 6 (1863) ; Scl.

P. Z. <S'. 1867, p. 336.
Oceanites wilsooi, Giql. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 38 (1870) ; id. Viagg.

^Magenta; pp. 844, 888 (1875).
Procellaria gracilis, Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873).
? Thalassidroma wilsoni, Coppimjer, Cruise of the ^ Alert,' p. 87 (1883).

Female. Similar to 0. oceaaicus,h\xi smaller; the middle of the
abdomen white ; bill, tarsi, aad toos shorter and more slender.
Total length about 5-8 inches, wing 5, tail 2*2, bill 0-65, tarsus 1'05,
middle toe 0-85.

The webs between the toes in this species, as in 0. ocmracus, have
a yellow triangular spot, which is more plainly seen from below.

Hah. West coast of South America.

a. 2 ad. sk. Iquique, coast of Peru, June H. Berkeley James,

19, 1890 [A. A. Lane). Esq. [P.].

5. GARRODIA.

Type.
Garrodia, Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 735; id. Voy. Chall.,

Zool. \v. pt. xi. p. 56 (1882) G. nereis.

Hah. Southern Ocean : Falkland Islands, Xew Zealand, &c.

1. Garrodia nereis.

Thalassidroma nereis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 178 ; id. op. cit. 1859,
p. 98; id. Birds Austr. vii. pi. 64 (1845); id. Ibis, 1859, p. 98;
Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ; id. Ibis, 18G2, p. 245 ; Scl.
P. Z. S. 18G0, p. 390; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 104; Hutfo>i, Cat.
Birds N. Zeal. p. 47 (1871) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 249; Buller, Birds
N. Zeal p. 322 (1873) ; Finsch, J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 370; id. op. cit.
1874, p. 213; Cab. Sr Reich. J.f. Orn. 1876, p. 329.

Procellaria nereis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 196 (1856) ; id. Compt. Bend.
xlii. p. 769 (1856); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 81, 90; Gould,
Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 476 (1865) ; Hutfon, Ibis, 1870, p. 396;
Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceana, p. 36 (1870) ; id. Viagg. ' Magenta,'
pp. 736, 800 (1875) ; Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 104 (lS7"l) ; Scl. 4 Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873): Coues c\ Kidder, Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 31 (1875); Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus,
no. 3, p. 16 (1876) ; Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 129 (1879).

Oceanitis nereis, Cab. J.f. Orn. 1875, p. 449.

Garrodia nereis, Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 735; id. Voy. Chall., Zool.
iv. pt. xi. p. 56, &c. (1882) ; Bullei; Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 247
(1888); id. Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxiv. p. 86 (1892); H. O. Forbes,
/*!>, 1893, p. 542.

362

PROCELLARIID^.

Adult female. Greyish black, darkest on the head and becoming
gradually greyer towards the rump, the upper tail-coverts being
ashy with darker shafts ; wings black ; median coverts ashy, these
feathers as well as those of the back and the upper tail-coverts edged
narrowly with white ; under surface from the breast to the under
tail-coverts and the inner under wing-coverts pure white ; the
flanks and the sides of the latter streaked with grey ; tail grey,
broadly tipped with black : bill and legs black. Total length about
6-7 inches, wing 5*2, tail 2-7, bill 0"65, tarsus 1'25, middle toe 1'2,
outer toe 1, inner toe 0'92.

Male. Similar to the female.

Hab. Southern Ocean from Kerguelen Land to ]S'ew Zealand
and the Falkland Islands.

a. ^. ad. sk. Royal Sound, Kerguelen Land Transit of Venus

(Hev. A. E. Eaton). Expedition.

b. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Land ( U.S. Transit Seebohm Coll.

of Venus Exped.).

c. $ ad. sk. Southern Ocean, lat. 43° S., Geological Mus. [P.].

long. 140° E.

d. Ad. sk. Off E. coast of N. S. Wales, Capt. Stanley [P.]

July (J. Macgillivray).

e. Ad. sk. [Australian Seas.] Purchased.

/. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P.].

ff, h. S 2 ad.sk. S.E. Island, Chatham Is., May. H. 0. Forbes, Esq.

[0.].
t. Ad.sk. Falklnndls. {Falkland Is. Co.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

6. PELAGODROMA.

type.

Pelagodroma, Reichenbach, Av. Si/st. Nat. p. iv (1852) ;
Corns, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 87 ; Forbes, Voy. ChalL,
Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 56, &c. (1882) ." P. marina.

Hah. Southern Ocean, northwards in the Atlantic Ocean to the
Canary Islands.

1. Pelagodroma marina.

Frigate Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 410 ; id. Gen. Hist. x.

p. 189 (1824).
Procellaria marina. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 826 (1790) ; Kuhl, Beiir.

p. 137 (1820) ; Vieill. A. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 419 (1817) ; id.

Gal. Ois. ii. p. 230, pi. 292 (1825) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell.

p. 5 (1863).
Pachyptila marina, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 253 (1826).
Oceanites marinus, Kei/s. d^ Bias. Wirb. Eur. p. xciii (1840) ; Reid,

Ibis, 1888, p. 80.
Thalassidroma marina, Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 161 (1844) ;

id. Gen. B. iii. p. 648 (1844); id. Voy. Ereb. 8c Terr., Birds,

p. 17 (1846); id. Ibis, 1872, p. 244; Gould, Birds Austr. vii.

pi. 61 (1845); Reich. Si/st. Av., Suppl. Lonr/ij). pi. xi. fig. 774

(1852) ; Pelz. Reis. Novara, Zool. i. Voy. p. 144 (1869) ; Finsch,

J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 370 : Button, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 48(1871);

id. Ibis, 1872, p. 249.
Pelagodroma marina, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat. p. iv (1852) ; Cottes, Pr.

Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 192 ; Salt: in Roicley^s Orn. Misc. i. p. 228

(1876) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 736 ; id. Voy. ChalL, Zool. ii. pt. viii.

p. 142 (1881); Ridgu'. Auk, ii. p. 386; id. Man. N. Am. Birds,

6. PEI.iGOUROilA.

363

p. 72 (1887); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 106 (1886);

Buller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 248 (1888); id. Tr. N. Zeal. Inst.

XXV. p. 81(1893); Checsenum, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xxiii. p. 226 (1891) ;

H. A. Macph. Ibis, 1891, p. 602; Meade-Waldo, Ibis, 1893,

p. 207; H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 542 ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212.
Thalassidroma hvpoleuca, Moquiti-Tandon in Webb ^- Berth. Orn,

Can. p. 45 (1850 ?) ; Bolle, J.f. Orn. 1857, p. 346.
Pelagodroma frefiata, Rp. Comp. Av. ii. p. 198 (1856) ; id. Compt.

Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Cmes, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 88, 91 ;

Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 482 (1865) ; Gigl. Faun. Vert.

Oceano, p. 38 (1870) ; id. Viagy. ' Magenta,' p. 736 (1875).
Procellaria fregata, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 5 (1863) (nee

Lin?i.); Graij, Hund-l. iii. p. 104(1871).
Thalassidroma fi-egata, Buller, Birds 'N. Zeal. p. 321 (1873) ; id. Ibis,

1874, p. 121 ; Hutton, Ibis, 1874, p. 42 ; Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1874,

p. 212; Sandager, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. xxii. p. 293 (1889).
Procellaria sequorea, Solander (cf. Salv. in Rorvlet/'s Orn. Misc. i.

p. 238).

Adult. Upper surface slaty-brown, back paler and greyer, the
feathers narrowly edged with white ; rump and upper tail-coverts
clear crimson, edged with white and with a narrow subterminal
darker line to each feather ; larger and median wing-coverts brown,
the latter tipped with dirty white ; forehead, an elongated super-
ciliary stripe, the entire under surface, and under wing-covcrts white ;
sides and tips of the under tail-coverts grey with white fasci?e ; tail
brownish black, basal half much paler : bill black ; tarsi and toes
black, the webs yellow with a dark edge. Total length about
8 inches, wing 5-8 ; tail, central rectrices 2-75, lateral rectrices 3* 15 ;
bill 0"9, tarsus 1'6, middle and outer toes 1-35, inner toe 14,

Bab. Seas of the Southern Hemisphere, north to the Canary
Islands, and accidental in Great Britain and the coast of Massa-
chusetts.

a-c. c? ; d~l. 2 a<i-

sk.
m. (^ ad. sk.

n-p. Ad. sk.

q. cJ ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.

s. Pull. sk.

t. Pull. St.

M, r. 2 ad. ; w.

Pull. St.
X. cJ ad. sk.

y. Ad. sk.

s. 5 ad. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.
b'. Ad. sk.
c', d'. Skeletons.
e'-l'. Skeletons.

Great Salvage I., April 1895.

Orotava, Teneriffe, Mar. 20,

1887 {S. G. Reid).
Nightingale Island, Oct. 17,

1873.
Enderby Island.
South Indian Ocean, lat. 37°

30' S., long. 42° E., Jan. 7.
Wallaby I., Houtmann's

Abrolhos, W. Australia,

Jan. 1843 (J. Gould).
Wallaby I., W. Australia,

Jan.
Island off Cape Leeuwen,

W. Australia, Dee. 1842.
Otago, New Zealand, Oct.

1875.
[New Zealand.]
Chatham Islands (Travers).
Auckland Islands.

Australia.
Great Salvage I.

W. E. Ogilvie-Grant,

Esq. [P.].
Shelley Coll.

Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
Mr. Oakley [P.].
J. Macgillivray [C.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Gould Coll.

Gould Coll.

Hume Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sharpe Coll.
Antarctic Exped.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,

Esq. [P.].

364 PEOCELLARIID^.

7. PEALEA.

Type.
Pealea, Ridgw. Auk, iii. p. 334 (1886) ; id. Man. N. Am.

Birds, p. 56 (1887) P. lineata.

Range. Certain islands of the Central Pacific Ocean.
1. Pealea lineata.

Thalassidroma lineata, Peak, U.S. Expl. Exp. viii. pp. 293, 337,
pi. 79 (1848) ; Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp. viii. ed. 2, p. 403, pi. 59
(1858) ; Grail, Cat. Birds Tro2). Isl. Pac. p. 57 (1859) ; Finsch Sf
Hartl. Orn. Centralp. p. 241 (1867) ; Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 498.

Oceanites lineata, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 200 (1856) ; id. Compt.
Rend. xlii. p. 769(1856) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 83, 91.

Pealea lineata, Ridgio. Auk, iii. p. 334 (1886).

" Male. Head, neck, breast, and entire upper parts, except the
upper tail-coverts, dark fuliginous, nearly black on the head above
and back, lighter on the breast ; upper tail- coverts white, every
feather having a longitudinal and terminal line of dark fuliginous ;
feathers on the throat white at base ; greater inferior wing-
coverts light ashy or nearly white ; tail-feathers white on their
inner webs for about half their length ; outer webs and terminal
half of both webs dark fuliginous. Bill and legs, including tlie toe-
merabranes, blue-black, without spots ; irides dark brown."' (Cassin.)

Hah. Upolu Island.

The above is Cassin's description of Peale's type, now in the
United States National Museum. There is another specimen in the
Paris Museum.

8. CYMODROMA.

Type.
Fregetta, Bp. Compt. Rend. xli. p. 1113 (1855); id.
Consp. Av. ii. p. 197 (1856) (nee Fregata, Briss.,
Cuv.^c.) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, -p. 85 ; Forbes,

Voy. Chall., Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 56, &c. (1882) C. melanogaster.

Cymodroma, Ridyxv. in Baird, Brewer, S^- Ridcjto.
' Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 418 (1884) ; id. Man.
N. Am. Birds, p. 71 (1887) C. melanogaster.

Mange. Oceans of the Southern Hemisphere.

Key to the Sjyecies.

a. Smaller (wing about 7 inches); tail nearly even.

a'. Middle of the abdomen sooty-black melanogaster, p. 364.

b'. Abdomen wholly white grallaria, p. 366.

h. Larger (wing about 8 inches) ; tail deeply
forked,
c'. Throat, abdomen, and a narrow band across

the rump white albigularis, p. 367.

d' . Entire plumage sooty-black mastissima, p. 367.

1. Cymodroma melanogaster.

?? Procellaria fregatta, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 138 (1820).
Procollaria grallaria, Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 83 (fide Sharpe).
Procellaria oceanica, Bp. Znol.Journ. iii. p. 89 (nee Kuhl) {fide Sharpe).
Thalassidroma melanogaster, Gould, Ann. ^- Mag. N. II. 1844, xiii.

8. CYJIODKOMA. 3()5

p. 307; id. Birds Austr. vii. pi. 62 (1847) ; Reich. Natat. pi. cclxvii.

figs. 2239-^40 (1850); Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Id. Pac. p. 56 (1859) ;

id. Ibis, 1862, p. 245; Boch ^ Kexoton,Ibis, 1863, p. 175; Layard,

Ibis, 1863, p. 249 ; id. Birds S. Afr. p. 358 (1869) ; id. Ibis, 1867,

p. 459; Hiitton, Ibis, 1867, p. 189; Sperling, Ibis, 1868, pp. 283,

292, 1872, pp. 75, 76; Hi<Uon, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 48 (1871) ;

Bulle); Birds N. Zeal p. 319 (1873) ; id. Ibis, 1874, p. 121 ; Finsch,

J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 370 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 212; Cab. 8,- Reich.

J. f. Or?i. 1876, p. 329; Hartl. Viig. Madag. p. 372 (1877);

Sandager, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xxii. p. 293 (1890).
Thalassidroma tropica, Gould, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 366 ;

Gray, Cat. Birds Truj). Isl. Pac. p. 56 (lf<59); Milne-Edto. Ami.

Sc. Nat., Zool. 1882, p. 19 ; Milne-Edw. S,- Grand. Hist. Mad., Ois.

p. 676 (1890).
Frefjetta melanogastei-, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 198 (1856) ; id. Compt.

Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Cottes, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 87, 91 ;

Gonld, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 479 (1865) ; Hidton, Ibis, 1869,

p. 352 ; id. 1870, p. 396 ; Giyl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 38 (1870) ;

Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 736; td. Voy. Chall, Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 142

(1881); Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 164; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2,

ii. p. 249 (1888) ; Wiglesivorth, Ahh. k. Zool. Mas. Dresden, 1892,

no. 6, p. 79.
Procellaria melanogastra, Schl. M>is. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 6 (1863)

(partim) ; Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 104 (1871).
Procellaria tropica, Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 104 (1871).
Oceanitis tropica, Sharpe, Phil. Trans. clxTiii. p. 130 (1879) ; id.

Bayard's Birds S. Afr. p. 764 (1884).
Procellaria iuelanoga.ster ?, Penrose, Ibis, 1879, p. 282.
Cymodroma melauogaster, Ridgn: Man. N. Am. Birds, -p. 72 (1887).

Adult male. Sooty-black, head rather darker, greater wing-coverts
much paler, margin of the wing indistinctly edged with pale sooty ;
base of the feathers of the throat and of the under tail-coverts,
flanks, upper tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts white, breast and
middle of the abdomen sooty ; tail black, base of the lateral rectrices
white : bill and legs black. Total length about 8 inches, wing 7, tail
3'2, bill 0-9, tarsus 1"6, middle and outer toes 1-03, inner toe 0*95.

Fenude. Similar to the male.

The amount of white on the throat varies, being almost pure in
some specimens and quite concealed in others.

Hah. Southern Ocean northwards to the Bay of Bengal and in
the Atlantic to the Tropic of Cancer.

a. Ad. sk. North Atlantic, lat. 6° 33' N., long. Gould Coll.

18'' 6' W. (A tvpe of Th. tropica, Gould.)

h. 2 ad.sk. North Atlantic, lat. 0° 12' N., long. Toy. II.M.S. 'Ptattle-

30" W. [J. Macgillivray). snake.'

c. Ad. .sk. Bay of Bengal. Tweeddale Coll.

d-f. Ad.sk. Indian Ocean, lat. .'36° 57' S., long. Earl of Crawford and

40= 41' E., Oct. 15. Balcarres [P.].

g. Ad. .«k. Indian Ocean, lat. 32° 36' S., long. Earl of Crawford and

52° 58' E., Oct. 19. Balcarres [I'.].

/(. Ad. sk. S. Indian Ocean, lat. 43° S., long. Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle-

140° ?:. (J. Macgillivray). snake.'

'•./• cJ ? inl. lioyal Sound, Kerguelen Land Tran.iit of Venus
sk. {Rei\ A. F. Eaton). Exped.

366 PROCELLAHIID^.

k. Ad.sk. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen Land. ' Challenger 'Exped.

/. Ad. sk. Port Essington, N.W. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

m. Ad. sk. Coast of Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll.

n-p. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Salvin-Godman Coll.

q. Ad. sk. New Zealand {Otago Museum). Hume Coll.

r. Ad. sk. S. Africa (C. J. Atidersson). H. Saunders, Esq.

2. Cymodroma grallaria.

[P.].

Procellaria grallaria, Vieill. N. Diet. d^Hist. N. xxv. p. 418 (1817) ;

id. Enc. Metli. p. 344 (182-3) ; Licht. Ferz. Doiihl. p. 83 (1823) ;

Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. o (1863) ; Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 104

(1871) ; Scl. Si Sah: Nomencl. Av. Keotr. p. 148 (1873).
Oceanites grallaria, Keys. ^- Bias. Wirh. Eur. p. xciii (1840) : Sharpe,

P. Z. <S'. 1881, p. 11.
Thalassidroma fregetta, Gray , List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 161 (1844);

id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. .548 (1844).
Thalassidroma grallaria, Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 548 (1844).
Thalassidroma leucogaster, Gould, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 63 (1847) ;

Burm. Syst. Ueb. Th. Bras. iii. p. 446 (1856) : Layard, Birds S. Afr.

p. 358 (1867) ; Sperling, Ibis, 1872, p. 75 ; Coppinge)-, Cruise of the

'Alert; p. 87 (1883).
Fregetta grallaria, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 197 (1856) ; id. Compt. Rend.

xlii. p. 769 (18.56) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 86, 91 ; id.

Key N. Am. Birds, p. 330 (1872), ed. 2, p. 783 (1884); id.

Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882) ; id. Auk, i. p. 81 (1884) ;

Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 480 (1865) ; Gigl. Faun. Vert.

Oceano, p. 38 (1870); 8ali\ in Bowleg's Orn. Misc. i. pp. 229,

238 (1876) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 7.35 : id. Voy. Chall, Zool. ii.

pt. viii. p. 141 (1881) ; Salrad. Orn. Pap. ii. p. 459 (1882) ; Nelson,

Cruise ' Corivin," p. 113 (1883).
Thalassidroma segethi, Phil. Sf Landb. An. Univ. Chile, xviii. p. 20

(1861); iid. Wiegm. Arch.f. Naturg. 1860, p. 282.
Oceanites segethi, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 84, 91.
Oceanitis leucogaster, Sharpe, ed. Layard's Birds S. Afr. p 767

(1884).
Cvmodroma gi-allaria, Baird, Brew. Sf Bidgw. Water-Birds N. Am.
*ii. p. 419 (1884) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 106 (1886) ;

Bidgw. Man. K. Am. Birds, p. 72 (1887) ; Toutis. Pr. U.S. Nat.

Mus. xiii. p. 142 (1890).

The following references may belong to tJiis sjKcies : —
Procellaria fregata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 212 (1766); Gm. Syst.

Nat. i. p. 561 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Oi-n. ii. p. 826 (1790) ; Vieill. N.

Diet. cFHist. N. xxv. p. 418 (1817) ; id. Enc. Meth. p. 76 (1823) ;

see Salv. in Bowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876).
Pachyptila fregatta, Steph. in Shatr's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 254 (1826).
Procellaria oceanica, Stejjh. in Shanes Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 223 (1826) ;

cf. Coves, Pr. Ac. Phil. 18(36, p. 196.
Thalassidroma fregetta, Laicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. p. 117 (1851).
Fregetta lawrencii, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 198 (1856) ; id. Compt.

Bend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Lazcr. Birds N. Amer. p. 832 (1860) ;

Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 87, 91 ; id. op. cit. 1866, p. 192 ;

Elliot, Birds N. Am. i. Introd. (1869).
Procellaria melanogaster, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 6 (1863)

(partim) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 336.

Adult male. Sooty-black ; back and scapulars greyish, and each
feather edged with white : rump, upper tail-coverts, and inner

8. CYMODKOMA. 367

under wing-coverts ■white; under tail- coverts as long as the rectrices,
sooty ; tail black, bases of the lateral rectrices white : bill and legs
black. Total length about 7*4 inches, wing 6-5, tail 2-9, bill 0'8,
tarsus 1*4, middle and inner toes (J-9, outer toe 0'92.

Female. Similar to the male.

Hab. Seas of the Southern hemisphere, north to the coast of Florida.

a, b. Ad. sk. Indian Ocean, lat. 37° 30' S., long. J. Macgillivray [C.l.
42° E., Jan., Feb.

c. Ad. St. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

d. Ad. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

«( /• 6 'i Q-j- South Pacific Ocean, November. ' Challenger ' Exped.

2 ad.sk.

h. $ ad. sk. S. Pacific Ocean oft'St. Ambrose I., Voy. of H.M.S.

July 20 {Br. Coppinger). ' Alert.'

I. Ad. sk. Salvin-Godman Coll.

3. Cymodroma albigularis.

Procellaria tropica, Bp. ComjJt. Rend. xli. p. 4 (1855) {nee Gould) ;

Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 4 (1863).
Fregetta tropica, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 197 (185()) ; id. Compt. Reiid.

xlii. p. 769 (1856) (nee Gould) ; Coues, Pr. Ae. Phil. 1864, p. 85.
Procellaria torquata, Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 104 (1871) {nee Macgill.).
Thalassidroma albogularis, Maegill. MS.
Procellaria albigularis, Finsch, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 722; Rmnsay, Pr.

Linn. Soc. N. S. TV. vii. p. 113.
Fregetta albogularis, Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 130 ; W. A. Forbes, Voy.

CJiall., Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 56 (1881) ; Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 295,

300 ; Wiglesworth, Abh. k. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 79,
Cymodi'oma tropica, Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 72 (1887).

Adult male. Sooty-black, the greater wing-coverts a little paler ;
upper tail-coverts short, white, forming a narrow transverse band
across the rump ; throat and abdomen white; a broad pectoral band,
a few spots on the flanks, and the ends of the longer under tail-
coverts sooty ; under wing-coverts sooty-white : bill and legs black.
Total length about 8"7o inches, wing 8 ; tail, central rectrices 3-25,
lateral rectrices 4-25 ; bill 0-8, tarsus l'7o, toes (nearly equal) 1'25.

Hab. South Pacific Ocean : New Hebrides, Phoenix Is., &c.

a, b. S ad. sk. Aneiteum, New Hebrides, Jan. J. MacgiUivray [C.].

c. (S ad. sk. Aneiteum, Jan. {J. Maegillivray). Gould Coll.

d. 2 ad. sk. Aneiteum, Jan. (/. Macgillivray). Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. $ ad.sk. Phcenix I., Phoenix Group, June 29. J. J. Lister, Esq. [C J.
/. S skeleton. Aneiteum. J. MacgiUivray [C.].

4. Cymodroma moestissima.

Fregetta moestissima, Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 130 ; Wigles-icorth,
Abh. k. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 79.

Adult. SootA'-black, nearly uniform, the wings and tail a little
blacker ; no white markings whatever : bill and legs black. Total
length about 9'o inches, wing 9"1 ; tail, central rectrices 3*2, lateral
rectrices 4-2; tarsus 1-9, toes (nearly equal) \'6.

Hab. Samoa Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Samoa {Rev. T. Powell). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(Type of the species.)

368

POITINIDJ;.

Family II. PUFFINIDiE.

Kexj to the Subfamilies.
a Sides of the palate without la>nell.:. I. PUFFIN m^,V.^^^.
h. Sides of the palate ^vith more or less ^^^^^jjj^^- p. 422.

distinctly developed lamelte ^- ^ "-'^^ ^

Subfamily I. PUFFININ.E.

Key to the Genera.

a Tarsi distinctly compressed, anterior edge sharp
a' Nasal tube low; both nostrils v|siWe from

above, directed forwards and slightly np ^ ^^^^^^^^^^_2>m.

wards ; rectrices 12 '■' \'-' V ' '

h' Nasal tubes higher; nostrils united into a

single opening directed forwards.

''"a'^'Bin stouter; nasal tube comparatively ^^ -pj^^^^,^^^,^ 390.
r'. iS'Veake;; nasal -tube comparatively ^ ^^^^^^^Jl^^^'

long • ■ • 4 Peiocella, p. o93.

h". Rectrices 14 • • • • ; • ' ,

h Tarsi not compressed, more rounded on the
anterior edge ; rectrices 12.
c' Tail moderate, rounded.

c' Bill long, stout, more or ess yellow;
■ I nguis large ; nasal tube almost united

Xi sin^e opening dii-ected forwards ; ^^^^^^^J^' '''■

claw of hallux smaU •. ■ •

d" Bill shorter, stout, black ; unguis large;

nasal opening directed slightly upwards, ^^^^^^J^'

claw of hallux small • • • v ' " V ' i '; 'v, '
e". Bill slendei-^ black; T,^^,, uY,,,o'e ^^ ' 7. Pagodboma,
unguis slender ; claw ot hallux laige .
d' Tail long, cuneate ; nasal tubes fleshy at the LP

'• end,openingsseparateanddirectedforwards ^ j^^^^^.^^^, p. ^.Q.
and upwards

1. PUFFINUS. Type.

Pnffinus, 5r/.son, Orn. vi p. 131 (1760); Cone^^,

NeWs: W/f 5-Vr. p. 144 (1820) ; Cones, Pr.Ac.

Phil 1864, p. 123. . ^,^„

Thyellas, Gloger, in Froriep's Notizen, xvi. p. -/«

(1827) ; Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 353.

PAj7. 1864, P; 1^2-^ • • • V ■ 7. „ iQ nR421. P. anglorum.

Cymotomu8,M«c^i«./^f';^;Sf^-f;P-\;!,^«'^-'- ^ ^
Ardenna, iiefc/i. ^r. Syst. Is at. p. iv (18o2).

1. PUFFINfS.

369

I

Thyellodroma, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. p. 93 '^'•^^^'

(1888) PI

Zalias, F. Heine, Nom'enci Mus'. ' Hdn. 'p.' "362 'P^'"''"'"'-
(1890) (ivceThiellus). ^

Shearwater, Neivton, Enc. Brit. ed. 9, xxi.

wofir'" ^'"'''"^' distributed throughout the seas of the whole

,p ., , ^^y to the Species.

(I. 1 ail long, cuneate.
a'. Under surface white ; feathers of the head
sides of neck, and upper plumage generally
sooty, edged conspicuously with white .. leucomelas p 370
h. Under surface white; feathers of the head ^'

and upper plumage not edged with white
a . Back, greater wing-coverts, and primaries

entirely sooty „ . „„,

h" Tin^i J -^ ; ; cuneatus, p. 371

6 . Back and greater wing-coverts grey > P- •J'i-

outer half of inner webs of primaries'

white h 11 ■

C. Entire plumage sooty-brown ,TiF' , „^

b. Tail shorter, rounded. ^ Mororhynchus, p. 372.

d'. Under surfece white.

*^ ' It^'^i^^'; "^^"o 1--0 inches and upwards.
a . Back and upper tail-coverts conspicu-
ously edged with light dusky; head
above darker than the back of the
neck.
a\ Sides of the neck distinctly defined ;
flanks spotted; middle of the ab-
domen dusky gravis r, S7-'

6\ Sides of the neck mottled; flanks and ' ''

,,„ middle of the abdomen white kuhli,r, 375

0 . Upper surface nearly uniform, includino-
the upper tail-coverts; sides of the

head mottled ^,.^„t^ o-,.

.^".^Smaller: wing 9 inches'and under'. '^'^'0P^^,V-^'^.

c '. Primanes wholly dark beneath,
e*. Larger.

«^ Blacker above; axillaries white,
subterminally black; flanks and
under tail-coverts mostly white. . anglorum, p. 377
6'. Lighter above; axillaries, lower ^

flanks, and under tail-coverts

c". Under tail-coverts deep sooty-black. ,v^>^-

a". Paler; flanks and axillaries dusky" opisthomclas, p. 380.
A". Darker ; flanks and axillaries > f '^^■

^i \T A- ^ ''^f .;, • •.•■■• auricularis, p. 380.

dK INIedium size: axillaries blackish or
dusky.
d^. Uuder tail-coverts pure white •

.» Tf''!i^^'''^-i'°°*y •' .'-''«"■«. P- 381.

e". Under tail-coverts sooty on tlie

sides ; axillaries blackish towards

^ \^f ^"^ •.,■, • •. per,icm, p. 381.

bmaller : axillanes white obscurm,Y> 382

370 PUFFIXID.E.

d'". Primaries beneath white on tbe iuner

edge of the iiiuer web * assMiUis, p. 384.

e'. Plumage generally sooty.

e". Larger : wing 12'5 inches and upwards.
e'". Under wing-coverts sooty ; bill, except

at the tip, flesh-colour . , carneipes, p. 385.

f". Under wing-coverts ashy white with

dark shafts ; bill dark ffriseus, p. 386.

/". Smaller : wing 10'4 inches and under.
ff'". Under surface greyer ; tarsi and toes

longer tenmrostris, p. 388.

/('". Under surface darker brown ; tarsi and

toes .-ihorter nativitatis, p. 389.

1. Pufflnus leucomelas,

Puffiuus leucomelas, Temm. PI. Col. 687 (1836) ; Temm. 8,- Schl. Faun.
Jap. p. 131, pi. 85 (1842) ; Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mm. p. 160
(1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844); id. Hand-l. iii. p. 102
( 1871) ; Eeich. Av. St/st. Nat., Stiiypl. Lomjip. pi. ix. tig. 767 (1850) ;
Jacq. L^ Puch. Voy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 138 (1853) ; Bp. Consp. Av.
ii. p. 203 (1856) ; >Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 330 ; Coues, Pr.
Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 130, 144; Giyl. Faun. Vert. Oceana, p. 33
(1870) ; id. Viaffff. 'Mac/enta; pp. 331, 332 (1875) ; JDavid ^ Oust.
Ois. Chine, p. 515 (1877) ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 16 ; Meyer,
Ibis, 1879, p. 144 ; Skarpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 800 ; Blakist. f Pryer,
Trans. As. Soc. Jap. \. p. 100 (1882) ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 461
(1882) ; id. op. cit. Siippl. p. 213 (1891) ; Blakist. Amended List
Birds Jap. pp. 10, 35 (1884) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 655
(1886) ; Pleske, Bull. Ac. Petersb. xxix. p. 539 (1884) ; Seehohm,
Ibis, 1884, p. 176; id. Birds Jap. Emp. p. 264 (1890); Eidyu:
Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 62 (1887).

Thielhis leucomelas, Bp. Compf. Bend. xlii. p. 769 (1856).

I'rocellaria leucomelas, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 24 (1863).

Adult male. Upper surface brown, the feathers of the body and
wings with paler dusky edges ; anterior portion ^l the crown, fore-
head, sides of the head, and neck white, each feather with a dark
disc, M'hich is narrow on the forehead and sides of the head and
neck, giving a streaked appearance ; entire under surface white ;
under wing-coverts white, the interior ones with dark shafts, those
near the edge of the wing with dark discs : axillaries pure white ;
tail brown, the inner webs of the lateral rectrices near the base
white ; primaries black throughout : bill horn-colour ; feet flesh-
colour, the outer toe a little darker. Total length about 19 inches,
wing 13 ; tail, outer rectrices 4, central rectrices 5-6.

Female. Similar to the male.

Hah. Seas of Japan and Corea and thence southwards to the
Philippine Islands, N. Borneo, the Moluccas, and the N. coast of
Australia.

a. cJ ad.sk. Port Hamilton, Corea, May (G. H. Saunders, Esq.

Stephen;. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Japan (II. J. Snoiii). Seebohm Coll.
c,d. S 't e. $ ad. Hakodate, Japan (Jf.J^ &ici(y). Salvin-Godman,

sk. Tweeddale, and

Seebohm Colls.

* Piiffinus elegans comes here.

1. rUFFINUS. 371

/. Ad. .sk. Catag-iiau, I'hilippine Islands. li. Cuming [0.].

<j. Ad. sk. Sandakan, N. Euineo {H.. B. Salvin-Godiiiau Cull.

Pryer).
h, I. Ad. sk. Yokohama, Japan (//. B. Seebohm Coll.

Pri/er).
j. Ad.sk. Coast of N.E. Au.stralia(CocA- Salvin-Godman Coll.

erell).

2. Pufflnus ciineatus.

Puffinus cuneatiis, Salvin, Ibis, 1888, p. 3.53 (Jiily) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1891,
p. 191 ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mux. .xii. p. 377 (1890) ; Wiglesivorth,
Abh. k. Zool. Mas. Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 80; Wilson, Aves
Hawaiienses, part vi. (1892).

PiitHuus knudseui, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. p. 93 (1888, Nov. 8),

Adult. Upper surface brown ; crown, lower back, lesser wing-
coverts, and primaries darker ; feathers of the anterior part of the
back broadly edged with paler brown ; greater wing-coverts towards
the margin tinged with gre)' ; under surface white ; sides of the
neck mottled with gre}' ; under tail-coverts dusky ; under wing-
coverts greyish white, edge of the wing dark ; axillaries dusky grey :
bill dark horn-colour; tarsi and toes yellowish, the outer toe darker.
Total length about 17 inches, wing 11"8 ; tail, central rectrices 5*4,
lateral rectrices 3"6 ; bill 2-2, tarsus 1-9, middle toe 2-32, outer toe
2*2, inner toe 1'9.

One of the types is greyer beneath, especially over the breast,
flanks, and lower abdomen. The other type is exactly like the
specimen in the Museum from the Sandwich Islands.

Hah. North Pacific Ocean from the Sandwich Islands to Volcano
Island south of Japan.

a, b. Ad. sk. Krusenstern Island, N. Pacific, Salvin-Godman &
spring of 1883 {U. J. Snow). Seebohm Colls.

(Types of the species.)

c. 2 ii*!- ^1^- Sulphur I., Benin Is., June 8, Seebohm Coll.

1890 {P. A. Hoist).

d, e. Ad. sk. Hawaii (Kninlsen). Prof. Collett [P.].

3. Puffinus bulleri.

Putliuus bulleri, Salciti, Ibis, 1888, p. 3.'34 ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal.

ed. 2, ii. p. 240, pi. 41. fig. 2 (1888) ; id. Tr. N. Z. Inst, xxiii.

p. 42 (1891).
Puffinus zealanicus, Sandager, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxii. p. 291 (1890).

Adult. Upper surface dark grey, crown and back of the neck
sooty-black, the lores and region below the eyes mottled with
greyish white ; lesser wing-coverts sooty-black ; larger coverts grey
and bordered with white ; primaries outwardly black, two-thirds of
the inner web white ; under surface and under wing-coverts white ;
under tail-coverts white, with a grey edge ; tail blackish, outer
rectrices tinged with grey : bill dark horn-colour, the mandible
beneath fleshy ; tarsi and toes yellowish, outwardly dusky. Total
length about lG-5 inches, wing 11-3; tail, central rectrices 5'2,

2b2

372 PUFP1NIDJ2.

lateral rectrices 3-5 ; bill 2-6, tarsus 2, middle toe 2-35, outer toe 2-3,
inner toe 2.

Hah. New Zealand.

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(One of the types of the species.)

4. PufiBnus chlororhynchus.

Puffinus chlororhynchus, Less. Traite d'Orn. p. 612 (1831) ; Gray,

Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844) ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 244; id. Hand-l.

iii. p. 103 (1871) ; Puck. Rev. Zuol. 1850, p. 633 ; E. Neicton, Ibis,

1861, p. 181, 1867, p. 359; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 369 (1877);

S/iarpe, Phil. Tram, clxviii. p. 467 (1879) ; Legge, Birds Ceyl.

p. 1054 (1880); Oates, Handb. Birds Burma, ii. "p. 439 (1883);

Mibie-Edw. ^- Grand. Hist. Madag., Ois. p. 680, pis. 297,298 (1885);

Bidgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 62 (1887); Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 352;

Puller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 235 (1888) ; Cheesema7i, Tr.

N. Zeal. Inst, xxiii. p. 226 (1891) ; Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 300 ;

Wiqlesworth, Abh. k. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 80;

Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 749 ; BttUer, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xxvii.

p. 125(1895).
Puffinus sphenurus, Gould, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 365 (1844) ;

id. Birds Aitstr. vii. pi. 58 (1848) ; Gray, Cat .Birds N. Guin. p. (33

(1869) ; id. Hand-l. iii. p. 103 (1871) ; Finsc-h &,• Hartl. Orn.

Centralpol. p. 245 (1867) ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 465 (1882) ; id.

op. cit. ISvjjpl. p. 213 (1891) ; Pleske, Bull. Ac. Pitersb. xxix.p. 5.39

(1884) ; C'rmcfoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 268 ; liidi/w. Man. N. Am. Birds,

p. 62 (1887).
Le Petrel chlororhynque, Jacy. Sf Puch. Toy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 138 (1853).
Nectris gama, Bp. Chmsp. Av. ii. p. 202 (1856).
Thiellus chlororhynchus, Bp. Covtpt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; id.

C'onsp.Av. ii. p. 201 (1856) ; Coties, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 123, 142.
Thiellus sphenurus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; id. Consp.

Av. ii. p. 201 (1856) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 122, 142 ;

Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 466 (1865).
Majaqueus sphenurus, Rosenb. Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 256

(1863).
Procellaria sphenura, Schl. Mm. P.-B.,\i. Procell. p. 25 (1863).
Procellaria chororhyncha, Schl. Mus. P.-B., \i. Procell. p. 25 (1863).

Puffinus ?, Lcgge, Stray F. iii. p. 374 (1875).

Puffinus carneipes, Cheeseman, Trans. N. Z. Inst, xxiii. p. 226 (1891)

{apud Hutton).

Adult male. Sooty- brown, the crown, bind neck, and wings darker ;
forehead and throat paler and greyer ; entire under plumage, in-
cluding under wing-coverts, paler sootA'-brown : bill flesh-colour, the
tip dark ; tarsi and toes flesh-colour, the outer toe darker, especi-
ally at the joints of the phalanges. Total length about 17 inches,
wing 1 1"6 ; tail, central rectrices 5, lateral rectrices 3*35 ; tarsus 1-8,
middle and outer toes 2-25, inner toe 1-9.

Female like the male.

Hah. Indian Ocean, Australian and New Zealand Seas, and
northwards to the Society Islands, Central Pacific.

a. Ad. sk. Praslin, Seychelles. Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. (S juv. sk. Bird Island, Seychelles, March Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

(Dr. Ciipi'inger).

1. rUFFINUS.

373

c. 5 iid. sk.

d, e. S iid- sk.

/; ff. 6 2 ad. sk.

h. Ad. sk.

i, j. Ad. sk.

;t.' Ad. St.

I, m. S $ ad. sk.

n, o. cJ 5 ad. sk.

j^. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
r, s. S ? ad. sk.

/. $ ad. sk.

u. Ad. sk.

0. Ad. sk.

?t'. Ad. sk.

■c, y. Ad. .sk.

=. Ad.sk.

a' , b'. Skeletons.

c. Skull and leg-
bones.

Seychelles.

Mauritius {de Robillard).

Mauritius {Bewshire).

Mauritius.

Mauritius.

Bourbon.

Fouquet, Rodriguez I. (//. //.

Slater).
Eaine's [slet, N. Australia,

June 20.
Raine's Islet.
Bird Islet, N. Australia.
Lord Howe's I., Sept. {Sydney

Mus.).
Lord Howe's I., Sept. {J. Mac-

gillivrai/).
Norfolk I. ( W. M. Crowfoot).
Norfolk I.

Australia.]

New Zealand.]

Eimeo, Society Is. (J. L.Green).
Rodriguez (H. II. Slater).

Rodriguez {H. H. Slater).

5. PiiflBnus gravis.

Shelley Coll.
ShelleV Coll.
ShelleV CoU.
Gould" CoU.
Sharpe Coll.
E. Wilson [P.].
Transit of Venus

Exped.
J. Macgillivray [C.].

J. B. Jukes [P.].
Gould Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Gould Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
E. Saunders [C.].
Sharpe Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Transit of Venus

Exped.
Transit of Venus

Exped.

? Shearwater Petrel, var. A, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 407 {\7%^).
Procellaria gravis, O'Reilly, Voy. to Greenland ^-c. p. 140, pi. 12.

fig. 1 (1818).
Procellaria major, Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. p. 56 (1822) ; Schl. Mus.

P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 27 (1863).
White-faced Petrel, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 185 (1824).
Puffinus cinereus, Niitt. Man., Wafer-Birds, p. 334 (1834) ; And.

Orn. Bioyr. iii. p. 555 (1835) ; id. Birds N. Am. Svo ed. vii. p. 212,

pi. 456 (1844) ; id. Birds Am. pi. 283.
Nectris cinerea, Keys. Sf Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xciv, 239 (1840)

(partim).
Puffinus major, Temm. Man. d'Om. iv. p. 507 (1840) ; W. Thompson,

Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. 1842, ix. p. 433 ; Gray, List Anseres Brit.

Mus. p. 1.58 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds,in.-p. 647 (1844) ; id. Hand-l.

iii. p. 102 (;i871); Snhl. Beo. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. cxxxii (1844);

Reich. Av. Syst. JS'at., Sujjpl. Longip. pi. ix. tig. 770 (1850);

Kjeerb. Orn. Dan., Suppl. (2) pi. 7. fig. 1 (1854) ; Thomps. Nat.

Hist. Irel. iii. p. 407 (1851); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 296;

id. Voy elf. p. 356; Bp. Consp. Ai\ ii. p. 203 (1856); id. Compt.

Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Hewits. Ei/qs Brit. Birds, ii. p. 516,

pi. 144. fig. 3 (1856) ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 250 (1856) ; Lawr.

Birds N. Am. p. 833(1860); D. Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 165;

Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 16; Bree, Birds Eur. iv. p. 112, pi. (1863):

Newton in Baring Gould's Iceland, p. 419 (1863) ; Coues, Pr. Ac.

Phil. 1864, pp. 132, 144 ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 331 (1872), ed. 2,

p. 785 (1884); id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 128 (1882); Degl.

8r Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 376 (1867) ; Tuiilor, Ibis, 1869, pp. 388,

391 ; V. Droste, J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 382 ; Gurnet/ in Anders. Birds

Damara-L. p. 350 (1872); Scl. S; Salr. Nomencl. p. 149 (1873) ;
Gould, Birds Gt. Brit. v. pi. 88 (1873) ; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. Cambr. ii. p. 365 (1874); Cordeaux, Ibis, 1875, p. 187;

374 PTJFFINID^.

Ih-esser, Birds Evr. viii. p. 527, pi. 616 (1877); Maynard, Birds
E. N. Am. p. 492 (1879) ; Cory, Birds Bahama Is. p.' 218 (1880) ;
id. List Birds West Indies, p. 34 (1885) ; id. Auk, v. p. 81 (1888);
id. Cat. West Ind. Birds, p. 83 (1892) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 630
(1882); B. O. U.List Brit. Birds, p. 198 (1883) ; Irhy, Ibis, 1883,
p. 190 ; Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 122 (1882) ; id. Nezo
Engl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 383 (1883) ; Saunders, ed. Yarr. Brit. Birds.
iv. p. 12 (1884) ;zVZ. Man. Brit. Bird.i, p. 715 (1889); Baird,
Breu\ S,- Eidffw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 380 (1884) ; Collins,
Auk, i. pp. 237, 381 (1884) ; id. Ann. Eep. Comm. Fish ^- Fisheries
for 1882, pp. 311-338, pi. 1 (1884) ; Brewster, Pr. Bost. Soc. N.
H. sxii. p. 404 (1884) ; Tiirner, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 253
(1885) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 417, pi. 56 (1885) ; Macph.
Pr. R. Phys. Soc. Edinh. ix. p. 141 (1886) ; Swinburne, Pr. R.
Phys. Soc. Edinb. ix. p. 196 (1886) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Am.
Birds, p. 100 (1886) ; Ridyw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 59 (1887) ;
id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mu.s. xii. p. 139 (1890) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 398;
Lilford, Coloured Fig. Birds Brit. Is. pt. viii. (1888) ; Palmer,
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. xiii. p. 256 (1890).
The Greater Shearwater, Yarr. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 602 (1843).

Adult male. Upper surface brown, crown darker, nape paler ; the
feathers of the body edged with pale brown, the ends of the longest
tail-coverts whitish ; under surface white, middle of the abdomen,
some spots on the flanks, and the under tail-coverts sooty, the last
edged with whitish ; under wing-coverts white, the feathers near
the edge of the wing dusky next the shaft on the outer web ; quills
white towards the base on the inner web ; axillaries white, with
dusky ends and white tips : bill dark horn-colour ; tarsi and toes
yellow, outwardly hazel. Total length about 19 inches, wing 12-7 ;
tail, central rectriccs 4-65, lateral rectrices 375 ; tarsus 2-3, middle
toe 275, outer toe 2-6, inner toe 2-25.

Female like the male.

Hah. Atlantic Ocean from the Faeroe Islands and Greenland south-
wards to the Cape of Good Hope and the Falkland Islands.

a. $ ad. sk. Faeroes, June 12, 1875 (H. C. E. Hargitt [C.].

Miiller).

b. Ad. st. Torquay, Devonshire. C. Coninghani, Esq.

c. Ad. St. Polperro, Cornwall. D. W. Mitch eD, Esq.

[P.].

d. (S ad.sk. Fiskensesset, Greenland, June E. Hargitt [C.].

28.

e. cJ ad. sk. Lat. 44° 14' N., long. 58° 03' Salvin-Godman Coll.

W., Aug. 2 (Collins : Hen-
shaw Coll.).

f. g. Ad. sk. N. America. Hudson's Bav Co.

[P.].

h. Ad. sk. S. Atlantic, lat. 36° 50' S., J. MacgiUivray [C.].

long. 27° 5' W., Feb. 13.

i. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. S.-African Museum.

;. Ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.].

k. Ad. St. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Exped.

I. Ad. sk. Salvin-Godman Coll.

m-p. Sterna. " Europe." Purchased.

1. I'CFFINUS. 375

G. Puffinus kuhli.

Le Puffin ceiidr6, Brisaon, Oni. vi. p. 134 (17G0).

Le Puffin, Buff. PI. Enl. m->.

Procellaria i)uffinus, Temm. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 80o (1820) ; Kukl.,
Beitr. p. 148 (1820).

Procellaria kuhli, Boie, Isis, 1835, p. 257.

Puffinus cinereus, Gould, Birds Ear. pi. 445 ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 64
(1838); Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 50G(1840); Werner, Atlas,
Suppl. Palmip. pi. 36 ; Cre.ywn, Orn. Gard, p. 498 (1840) ; Gray,
Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844) ; Schl. Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. cxxxii
(1844); Macgill. Hist. Brit. Birds, v. p. 438 (1852); Brehm,
Naum. 1855, p. 2!)G; id. Voc/elf. p. 35G ; Bulk, J. f. Orn. 1857,
p. 344; Jaub. ^- Barth.-Lapwnm. Rich. Orn. Fr. p. 381(1858);
Jones, Nat. Bermuda, p. 54 (1859); Poicys, Ibis, 1860, p. 357;
Drouet, Faun. Aqor. p. 127 (1861); Wriyht, Ibis, 1863, p. 436, 1864,
p. 153 ; Bree, B. Eur. iv. p. 109, pi. (1863) ; Kruper, J.f. Om. 1863,
p. 336; Loc/ie, Erpl. Sci. Alyer., Ois. ii. p. 174(1867); Beffl. ^•
Gerbe, Ois. Eur. ii. p. 375 (1867); Doderl. Av.if. Sicil. p. 228
(1869) ; Elwes ^- Btfckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 336; Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 401 ;
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 348; Arevulo, Aves de Esp. p. 405 (1887).

Nectris cmeK&, Keys. ^- Bias. Wirb.Eur. pp. xciv, 239 (1840) (partim) ;
Miihle, Orn. Griechml. p. 135 (1844) ; Linderm. Voyel Griechenl.
p. 170 (1860); Boryyr. Voyelf. p. 140 (1869).

Procellaria flavirostris, Gould, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 365
(1844); Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844).

Puffinus kuhli, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 202 (1856) ; id. Compt. Rend.
xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 128, 143 ; id.
Key N. Am. Birds, p. 331 (1872), ed. 2, p. 784 (1884) ; id. Check-l.
N. Am. Birds, p. 128 (1882) ; Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat.
vi. p. 132 (1864); id. Faun. Ital., Ucc. p. 298(1871); Pekehi,
Voy. Novara, Zool. i. Vw/. p. 142 (18G9) ; Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 102
(1871) ; Shelley, Bird^ F/ypt, p. 311 (1872) ; Sol. ^- Salv. Xomend.
Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1367
(1873) ; Irby, Birds Gibr.^. 217 (1875) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, p. 308
(1895); Dresser, Birds Eur. viii. p. 513, pi. 615 (1877); E. C.
Taylor, Ibis, 1878, p. 374 ; Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 122
(1879) ; Baird, Breio. S^- Ridyw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 377
(1884) ; Saunders, Ibis, 1884, p. 392 ; Turner, Pr. U.S. Xat. Mus.
viii. p. 253 (1885) ; Whitehead, Ibis, 1885, p. 47 ; Tait, Ilm, 1887,
p. 398 ; Rid(/7V. Man. N. A^n. Birds, p. 59 (1887) ; Reid, Ihis,
1888, p. 80 ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 349 ; Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 444 ;
Koeni(/, J.f. Orn. 1890, p. 461 ; Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 2()7 ;
Scl. Ibis, 1894, p. 107.

Adaniastor flavirostris, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 188 (1855).

Nectris macrorhyncha, Heugl. Syst. Ueb. p. 68 (1856).

CEstrelata flavirostris, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).

Procellaria cinerea, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 24 (1863).

Puffinus major, troc^j/ia/i,/?^'*', 186G,pp.l03,107; id. Xat. Hist. Azores,
pp. 39, 42 (1870) : Loche, Expl. Sci. Alyer., Ois. ii. p. 173 (1867).

Puffinus borealis, Cory, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 84 (1881);
Job, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, viii. p. 244 ; Stearns, Xeic Enyl. Bird-
Life, ii. p. 384 (1883) ; Coues, Key X. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 784
(1884) ; Baird, Brew. ^- Ridyw. Water-Birds X. Am. ii. p. 379
(1884); Baird, Auk, iv. p. 72 (1887); A. O. U. Check-l. N. Ain.
Birds, p. 100 (18St)) ; Ridyic. Man. X. Am. Birds, p. 59 (1887) ;
Swinburne, Pr. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb. ix. p. 193 (1886); Chadhurne,

376 ruFFiNiD^.

Aiik, V. p. 203 (1888) ; Butcher, Auk, v. pp. 170, 173 (1888), vi.
p. 128 ; Maynard, Quart. Joum. Bost. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 63 ; Hives,
Auk, V. p. 103 (1889).
Cinereous Puffin, Nutt. Man., Water-Birds, p. 334 (1834).

Adult male. Greyish brown, darker and more uniform on the
crown ; the feathers of the back edged with paler grey, the longer
upper tail-coverts whitish or mottled : wings and tail dark brownish
black ; under surface white, the cheeks and sides of the neck pale
grey, mottled %vith white ; under tail-coverts white, mottled at the
edge ; under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing dark greyish
brown ; axillaries nearly pure white : bill yellow, the tip yellowish
horn-colour ; tarsi and toes yellow, darker outwardh'. Total length
about 20 inches, wing 14 ; taU, central rectrices 5-35, lateral rectrices
3-9 ; bill 2-7, tarsus 2-3, middle toe 2-9, outer toe 2-85, inner toe 2-4.

Female like the male.

Hah. Mediterranean Sea ; Atlantic Ocean from Madeira and
Canaries to the coast of Massachusetts ; Kerguelen Island.

a. Ad.sk. Sea of Marmora (iio&.ww). Tweeddale Coll.

b. Pull. sk. Cyclades {Dr. Eriiper). Seebohm Coll.

c. Pull. sk. Cyclades {Dr. Kriiper). Baron A. von Hiigel.

d. e. Ad. st. Italy. Purchased.

f. Ad. sk, Corsica. J. Whitehead, Esq.

[P.].

g. <S ad. sk. Malaga {B. Mena). Col. Irby [P.].

h. S; i. 2 ad. Deserta Grande, May 4, 1890. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,

sk. Esq. [P.].

j-m. S 2 ad.sk. Great Salvage I., April 23-26, W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,

1895. Esq. [P.]._

n. 2 ad. sk. Lime I., Porto Santo, April 11, W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,

1895. Esq. [P.].

o. 2 ad. sk. Off Gav Head, N. Am., Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.

(H. TV. Henshaic).

p. S ad. sk. Chatham, Mass., Oct. 11 (C B. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Cory),

q-s. 2 ad. sk. Wood's HoU, Mass., Sept. {H. Salvin-Godman Coll.

W. Henshaw).

t. Ad. sk. Azores {F. D. Godman). Salvin-Godman Coll.

u, V. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Land. Antarctic Exped.

w. Ad. St. Purchased ?

.T-b'. Skeletons Great Salvage Is. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,

& various bones. Esq. [P.].

7. Puffinus creatopus.

PufBnus creatopus, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 131, 144 ; id. op.
' cit. 1866, p. 192 ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 331 (1872), ed. 2, p. 785
(1884); id. Check-list li. Am. Birds, p. 128 (1882) ; Flliot, B. N.
Am. i. Introd. (1869) ; Salv. Ibis, 1875, p. 376 ; id. P. Z. S. 1883,
p. 431 ; Bidgw. Pr. U.S. Xat. Mus. iii. p. 230; id. Man. N. Ain. Birds,
p. 59 (1887) ; Baird, Breic. S,- Bidgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 383
(1884) ; Cooper, Auk, iii. p. 125 ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Ain. Birds,
p. 101 (1886) ; Loomis, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. ser. 2, v. p. 217 (1895).

Adult male. Upper surface dark greyish brown, nearly uniform,
the feathers of the back being very indistinctly edged with a paler

1. puFFiNrs. 377

shade of colour; upper tail-coverts uniform with the back ; under
surface white, sides of the neck and flanks mottled with grey, under
tail-coverts greyish brown ; under -wiug-coverts white mottled with
grey ; axillaries grey, white at the base and tipped with white : bill
yellowish, the tip horn-colour ; tarsi and toes yellow, rather darker
on the outside. Total length about 20 inches, wing 13 ; tail,
central rectrices 4-4, lateral rectrices 3-8; bill 2'5, tarsus 2"15,
middle toe 2-G, outer toe a tritle shorter, inner toe 2-2.

Female like the male.

Hub. West coast of America from California to the coast of Chili.

«. c? ad. sk. Corral, Chili, Nov. 6 (^. ^.Zff??e). H. Berkeley-James,

Esq. [P.].
b. (S ad. sk. Coquimho Bav, Chili, Nov. {A. Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Markham).
c-g. Ad. sk. Juan Fernandez I., coast of Chili Salviu-Godman Coll.

(E. C. Reed).

8. Puffimis anglorum.

Procellaria anglorum, Ray, Hyn. p. 134 (1713) ; Briss. OiTi. vi. p. 131
(17G0); remm. Man. cTdm. ii. p. 806 (1820); Werner, Atlas,
Pabnip. pi. — ; Heivits. E(j<js Brit. Birds, ii. p. 458, pi. 131. fig. 2
(1846) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 28 (1863).

The Puffin of the Isle of Man, Edwards, Gleanings Xaf. Hist. iii.
p. 313, pi. 350 (1764).

Le Puffin, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 131 (17C0').

Procellaria puffinus, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 29 (1764); Linn. Si/st.
Nat. i. p. 213 (1766) ; Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 566 (1788) ; Lath. Jnd.
Orn. ii. p. 824 (1790j ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 421
(1817) ; Baikie ^ Meddle, Hist. Nat. Ore. p. 95 (1848).

Shearwater, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 535 ; id. Brit. Zool. ii. no. 208 ;
Beivick, Hist. Brit. Birds, ii. p. 246 (1804).

Shearwater Petrel, Lath. Gen. 8yn. iii. pt. 2, p. 406 (1785) ; Nutt.
Man., Wafer-birds, p. 336 (1834).

Le P(5trel Puffin, Bujf. Hist. Nat. Ois. x. p. 159 (1786) ; D'Aub. PL
Enl. 962.

Mank's Shearwater, Lath. Gen. Hist. Birds, x. p. 184 (1824).

Nectris anglorum, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 146 (1820); Kei/s. ^- Bias. Wirb.
Eur. pp. xciv, 239 (1840) ; Borgc/r. Vogelf. p. 140 (1869).

Puffinus anglorum, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 562 ; Uteph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool.
xiii. p. 220, pi. 26 (1826) ; Brehn, Vog. Detdschl p. 807 (1831) ;
Schinz, Naturg. Vog. p. 400, pi. 136 (1832) ; And. Orn. Biogr. iii.
p. 620 (1835) ; id. Birds Ain. pi. 299 ; id. 8vo ed. vii.p. 214,pl. 457 ;
Bp. Conip. List, p. 64 (1838) ; id. Con.«p. Av. ii. p. 203 (1856) ; id.
Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) : Fritsch, Vor/. Eur. pi. 61. fig. 2;
Goidd, Birds Eur. v. pi. 443 (18.-J7) : id. Birds Great Brit. v.
pi. 84 (1873); Nordm. in Deniid. Voy. iii. p. 282 (1840); Crespofi,
Orn. Gard, p. 499 (1840) ; Selys, Faun. Beige, p. 157 (1842) ; Gray,
List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. lo9 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647
(1844) ; id. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 223 (1863) ; id. Hand-l. iii. p. 102
(1871) ; Reich. Av. Si/st. Nat., Suppl. Lonqip. pi. ix. fiirs. 765-766
(1850) ; Thumps. Nat. Hist. Irei. iii. p. 409 (1851) ; MacgilL Hist.
Brit. Birds, v. p. 441 (1852); Brehm, Naum. l>-55, p. 296: id.
Vogelf. p. 356; Harcourt, Ann. v.*!" Maq. N. H. 1855, xv. p. 435;
Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 834 (18C0); 'Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 16;

378 PtJFFlXID^.

Nfnvton in Bamig-GouhVs Iceland, p. 419 (1803) ; Cones, Pr. Ac,
Phil. 18(34, pp. 134, 144 ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 331 (1872), ed. 2,
p. 786 (1884) ; id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 128 (1882) ; More,
Ibis, 1865, p. 458 ; Godm. Ibis, 1866, pp. 104, 107 ; id. Nat. Hist.
Azores, pp. 39, 42 (1870) ; Turnbnll, Birds of E. Lothian, p. 35
(1867); Degl. Sf Gerbe, Orti. Eur. ii. p. 378 (1867); Ehces, Ibis,
1869, p. 35 ; Taylor, Ibis, 1869, p. 391 ; v. Drosfe, J. f. Orn. 1869,
p. 382; R. Grail, Birds W. Scotland, p. 503 (1871) ; Irby, Birds
Gihr. p. 217 (1875), ed. 2, p. 309(1895); ?"rf. /6;>, 1883, p. 190 ;
Dresser, Birds Eur. viii. p. 517, pi. 615 (1876) ; Ridqiv. Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. iii. p. 230 (1881) : B. O. U. List Brit. Birds, p. 197
(1883) ; Stearns, Neiv Engl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 384 (1883) ; Baird,
Brew. ^ Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 384 (1884) ; Saujiders,
ed. Yarr. Brit. Birds, iv. p. 21 (1884) ; id. Man. Brit. Birds,
p. 719 (1889) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 420, pi. 56 (1885) ;
id. Ibis, 1890, p. 408 ; Di.von, Ibis, 1885, pp. 94, 361 ; Reid, Ibis,
1885, p. 254, 1888, p. 80; Booth, Rough Notes Brit. Birds, in.
p. — (1886) ; Arevalo, Aves de Esj). p. 406 (1887) ; Tait, Ibis, 1887,
p. 397; Stevens. Birds Norf. iii. p. 365 (1890) ; Kocnig, J. f. Orn.
1890, p. 462; Borrer, Birds Sussex, p. 283 (1891); Buckl. ^- H.-
Broion, Vert. Faun. Orkn. p. 242 (1891) ; Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893,
p. 206 ; Lilfurd, Birds Northamptonshire, p. 412 (1893).

Puffinus avcticus. Faber, Prodr. Isl. Orn. p. 166 (1822) ; Brehm, Vog.

■ Deutschl. p. 806 (1831) : Naum. Vog. Deutschl. x. p. 618, pi. 277.
fifrs. 1, 2 (1840); Schl.Rev. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. cx.xxi (1844) ; id.
Vog. Nederl. i. p. 584, pi. 332 ; id. Dier. Nederl. Vo//. pi. 33. fig. 4
(1861); Kjcerb. Orn. Dan. pi. 51a. fig. 3 (1851 )"; Bp. Compt.
Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Salvad. Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 133
(1864) ; Collett, Norges Fugle, p. 76 (1868).

Thalassidroma anglorum, Su: Classif. Birds, ii. p. 374 (1837).

Nectris puifinus. Keys. ^ Blasins, Wirb. Eur. p. xciv (1840).

t'ymotomus angloruin, Jlncgill. Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 13 (1842).

Manx Shearwater, Tan: Brit. Birds, iii. p. 508 (1843).

Puffinus puffinus, A. O. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 100 (1886) ;
Ridgio. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 60 (1887).

Adult male. Upper surface slaty-black, nearly uniform ; under
surface wliite, the sides of the neck and of the throat below
the eye mottled grey and white, a few dark grey marks on the
flanks ; the enter under tail-coverts outwardly dark ; under wing-
coverts white ; axillaries white, dark towards the end, the tips
white ; quills black : bill dark horn-colour ; tarsus and toes fleshy,
outwardly dark. Total length about 15 inches, wing 9 ; tail, central
rectrices 3, lateral rectriccs 2*6 ; bill 1"S, tarsus 1'75, middle atd
outer toes 1'8, inner toe 1-45.

Female. Similar to the male.

Young. Covered with greyish-brown down, becoming nearl}- white
on the under surface.

Hah. Xorth Atlantic Ocean south to the coast of Brazil.

a. (S ad. sk. Frisian Is. [H. Durnford). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Pull. sk. Frisian Is. {H. D.). Salvin-Gcdman Coll.

c. (S ad. sk. Faeroe Is., June 8 {H. W. .1. A. Harvie- Brown,

Feildeyi). Esq. [P.].

d-f. Pull. sk. Faeroe Is., June [H. C. Muller). E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.].
g-i. Pull. St. Hoy, Orkney Is. Purchased.

1. PUFFINrS.

379

/. Ad. sk. ; k.

Pull. sk.
I. 2 ad. ,sk.
m. Pull. St.

n. Ad. sk.
o. Ad. St.

;i>. Ad. St.

q. c? ad. sk.
r. (S ad. sk.

s. 2 ad. sk.

t, u. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
20-1/. Ad. sk.

s. J ad. sk.

n'. (5,6'.$ ad.sk.

f'. 2 ad. sk.

d'-i'. Sterna.

Orkney Is. (Dunn).

St. Kilda, June 12 (C. Dixon).
Eigg I., W. Scotland.

Hastings (R. Swhthoe).
Torquay, Devonshire.

Scilly Islands.

Pembrokeshire.

St. Bride's, S. Wales.

Rathlin I., Ireland, May 24

[H. Saunders).
Waterford, Ireland.
British Seas.
British Seas.

Christchurch, Hants.
Flores, Azores (F. D. G.).
Barra Grande, Sept. 22, 1883.

" Europe."

Gould Coll.

Seebohni Coll.
Rev. H. A. Macpher-

son [P.].
Seebohm Coll.

C. Coningham, Esq.
[P.].

D. W. Mitchell, Esq.

Col. Lambton [P.].
Hon. W. Edwardes

[P.].
Seebohm Coll.

E. Ussher, Esq. [P.J.
Montagu Coll.
Seebohm & Hume

CoUs.
E. Hart, Esq. [P.1.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Saunders, E?q.

[P.].
Purchased.

y. PufBnus yeLkouamis.

Procellaria velkouan, Acerl/i, Bibl. Ital. cxl. p. 204 (1827) ; Bull Sc.
Nat. xvi. p. 4(d3 (1829) ; Schl Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 29 (1863).

Puffinus yelkouan, 5/j. Consp. Av. ii. p. 205 (1856); Salrad. Atti
Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 133 (1864) ; Cuues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, .
pp. 137, 144 ; Dcyl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 379 (1867) ; Doder-
lein, Acif. Mod. e Sic. p. 228 (1869) ; Elwes ^- Buckley, Ibis, 1870,
p. 336 ; Salvad. Faun. Ital, Ucc. p. 299 (1871) : Scl. Sf Taylor,
Ibis, 1876, p. 61: Taylor, Ibis, 1878, p. 374; Whitehead, Ibis,
1885, p. 48.

Puffinus baroli, Bonelli. fide Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ;s-(V< CAM**^ ;
id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 204 (1856) ; Gray, Hatid-l. iii. p. 103 (1871).

Puffinus anglorum, Costa, Faun. liey^ Nap., Ucc. p. 72 (1857) ;
Kriiper, J. f. Orn. 1863, p. — ; Wright, Ibis, 1863, p. 438,
1864, p. 153, 1874, p. 240 ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454 ; id.
Faun. 4- Fl. Palest, p. 138 (1884) ; Tacz. J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 55 ;
Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 401; Shel/o/, Birds Fr/i/pt, -p. 311 (1872);
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 348; Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1370
(1873); Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 217; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Cull. p. 631
(1882) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1883, p. 36 ; Madde, Orn. Cauc. p. 488 (1884).

Puffinus sp. inc., Lilford, Ibis, 1887, p. 263, 1889, p. 349.

Adult male. Very similar to P. anglomm, the upper surface
paler and browner ; the flanks and under tail-covcrts usually dusky
brown ; the axillaries brown towards their ends ; the tarsi and
toes longer. Total length about 15 inches, wing 9 ; tail, central
rectriccs 2-75, lateral rectrices 2*6 ; bill 1"9, tarsus 1*8, middle and
outer toes 1'95, inner toe 1-55.

Hah. Mediterranean Sea. straying northwards to the coasts of
Devonshire and Cornwall.

a.

c? ad. sk.

b,

c. c? ; d, e.
ad. sk.

5

f,

ff. Ad. sk.

h.

sk.

id.

J-

cJ ad. sk.

k.

(5 ad. sk.

I.

Ad. sk.

m

, n. Ad. st,

0-

-t. Ad. sk.

u.

, Ad, sk.

V.

Ad. sk.

w

. Ad. sk.

.V.

. Ad. ? sk.

380 PUFFINID^.

Bosphorus, Mar. 9 {Robson). Tweeddale Coll.

Bosphorus, Mar. 18. Sharpe Coll.

Bospliorus ( W. Pearce). Salvin-Godman Coll.

Vourla Bay, Nov. 16 (C. G. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Danfurd).

Smyrna Bay,Nov. 18 (C.G.I).). Seebohm Coll.

Foot of Mount Carmel. Canon Tristram [C.].

Damietta, Egypt [Filijjponi). Shelley Coll.

Egypt. Purchased.

Croatia. Prof. Brusina [P.].

Corsica. J. Whitehead, Esq.

[P.].

Algiers, Feb. 24. Shelley Coll.

Oran, Mar. 6. Shelley Coll.

Torbav, Devonshire, Aug. 1875 Salvin-Godman Coll.
(J. K Ilcirtinc/}.

y. Ad. ? sk. Plymouth Sound, Devonshire, Salvin-Godman Coll.

1875 {J. Gould),

z, a . Ad. sk. [Mediterranean.] Purchased.

10. Puffinus opisthomelas.

Puffinus opisthomelas, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 139, 144 ; id.
Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 128 (1882) ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 331
(18721, ed. 2, p. 786 (1884) ; Elliot, Birds N. Am. i. Introd. (1868).

Puffinus gavia, Ridgic. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 12, 230 (1880) ;
id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 60 (1887) ; Baird, Brew. ^- Ridgiv.
Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 389 (1884) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Am.
Birds, p. 101 (1886) ; W. E. Bryant, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. (2) ii. p. 87
(1890) ; Loomis, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. ser. 2, v. p. 216 (1895).

Upper surface, wings, and tail sooty-black (as in P. obscurus) ;
sides of the head dark far below the eye, and with no definite line
of demarcation between the dark colour and the white of the under
surface, the former becoming gradually greyer and more mingled
with white ; no white on either eyelid, and no light superciliary
line ; under wing-coverts white, bend of the wing mottled with the
colour of the back ; axillaries blackish towards their ends ; flanks
sooty-black ; under tail-coverts black : nasal tubes and culmen
blackish ; sides of the bill yellowish or reddish brown, the unguis
light bluish white ; inner surface and part of the outer of the tarsus,
middle and inner toes, and webs light yellowish flesh-colour, rest of
the tarsus and toes brownish black. Total length of wing 9 inches,
tail 3-75 ; bill, culmen 1-4, from gape 2 ; tarsus 1-8, middle toe and
claw 2-1.

Hab. Coast of California, Cape San Lucas.

There are no specimens of this species in the Collection. The
above description is compiled from that of Dr. Coues.

11. Puffinus auricularis.

Puffinus auricularis, Towns. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. p. 133 (1890).
Similar to P. opistliomelas in general appearance. Bill and feet

1. PTJFFINUS. 381

smaller, upper surface darker, nearly black ; black of the sides of
the head extendiug below the eye to a line with the mouth, the
edge not sharply defined but blended by small dark spots ; flanks
and axillaries pure white; under tail-coverts black. Total length
about 12-5 inches, wing 9-2, tail 3' 15, bill from gape 1-5,
tarsus 1"S, middle and outer toes with claw 1"9, inner toe 1"6.

Huh. Clarion Island, coast of Mexico.

One of the typical specimens of this distinct species has been
kindly lent me by the authorities of the United States National
Museum. Though allied to P. o^nsthomdas, it seems to be separable
by several characters.

12. PiiflBnus gavia.

Procellaria gavia, Furst. Descr. An. p. 148 (1844) ; Grai/, Voij.

Ereb. Sf Terror, i. p. 18 (1846) ; id. Cat. B. Trop. M. Pa'c. p. 56

(1859); id. Ibis, 1862, p. 246; Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 373;

Huttun, Ibis, 1872, p. 83, 1874, p. 42.
^Estrelata gavia, Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 154, 171; Giffl. ^■

Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 56; Lrtyard, Ibis, 1878, p. 264.
Puffinus gavia, Hiifton, Ibis, 1867, p. 189 ; id. Cat. Birds N. Z. p. 45

(1871) ; BuUer, Birds N. Zeal. p. 318 (1873) ; id. Ibis, 1874, p. 120 ;

id. Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 236 (1888) ; id. Trans. N. Z. Inst.

xxiii. p. 42 (1891); id. op. cit. xxiv. p. 86(1892); id. op. cit.

XXV. p. 80 (1893) ; id. op. cit. xxvii. p. 124 (1895) ; Fiyisch, J. f.

Orn. 1874, p. 208 ; Reischek, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst, xviii. p. 93

(1886); Sandoffer, Travis. N. Z. hist. xxii. p. 289 (1889) ; Salv.

Ibis, 1888, p. 356 ; id. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 627 ; Wiglesicorth, Abh.

k. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 81.
Pufhuus opisthouielas, Finsch, J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 371.

Adult. Upper surface slaty-black, nearly uniform ; under surface,
including the whole of the under tail-coverts, pure white ; .sides of
the head and neck mottled with grey, the region below the eye and
the lores being dark ; under wing-coverts w^hite to the edge of the
wing, axillaries dusky, whiter at the base and the tips white, quills
dark throughout : bill dark horn-colour ; tarsi inwardly yellow,
outwardly dark, outer toe dark, the rest yellow. Total length
about 12 inches, wing 8 ; tail, central rectrices 2-4, lateral rectrices
2-3; bill 19, tarsus 1'7, middle toe 1*8, outer toe a trifle shorter,
inner toe 1"5.

Hah. New Zealand and Australian Seas.

a. Ad. sk. Adelaide. Australia. Adelaide Museum.

b. Ad. sk. Victoria Park, Svdnev, N.S.W. Prof. Andersou Stuart, M.D.

(F. J. Bourne). ' [P.].

c. Ad. sk. Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand. Sir Walter BuUer [P.].

13. Puffinus persicus. (Plate lY.)

Piiffinus persicus, Hume, Stray F. i. p. 5 (1873), v. p. 292 (1877),
viii. p. 115 (1879) : Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 215 ; Barnes, Ibis, 1893,
p. 175.

Adult female. Closelv allied to P. ohscurus, but rather browner

382 PTJFFINID^.

on the upper surface, the bill longer and stouter, and the axillaries
sooty for iiearlj' the whole of their length, the tips being white.
Total length about 12 inches, wing 7'8 ; tail, central rectrices 2-9,
lateral rectrices 2-45 ; tarsus 1-5, middle toe 1'7, outer toe 1-65,
inner toe 1'4.

Hab. Persian Gulf.

a. 5 ad. sk. Open sea between Gwadar and Hume Coll. (Type
Muscat, Feb. 21, 1872 {A. of the species,)'

O. //.).

h. 5 ad. sk. Mekran Coast, May 17, 1877 Hume Coll.
{Ccqn. Butler).

14. Pufflnus obscurus.

Cahow, Smith, Hist. Vinj. (1G21») ; rurchas, Pilgr. (1738).

Husky Petrel, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 416 (1785j ; id. Gen.
Hist. Birds, x. p. 197 (1824) ; Nutt. Man. Water-Birds N. A7n.
p. 337 (1834).

Procellaria obscura, Gnt. Syst. Nat. i. p. 559 (1788) ; Lath. Ind.
Orn. ii. p. 825 (1790) ; Bechst. in Lath. Uebers. iii. p. 364, iv.
p. 500 ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xvii. p. 423 (1817) ; id. Enc.
Meth. p. 81 (1823) ; id. Gal Ois. ii. p. 230, pi. 301 (1825) ; 2>mm.
Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 808 (1820); Werner, Atlas, Palmip. pi. — ;
Kuhl, Beitr. p. 147 (1820) ; Goitld, Birds Eur. pi. 444; Jacq.
(§• Puch. Voy. Pole Sitd, iii. p. 125 (1853); Schl. Mus. P.-B.,
vi. Procell. p. 30 (18G3) ; Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 98
(18G7) ; Pollen Sf Van Bam, Faun. Madug., Ois. p. 144 (1868).

Pufflnus obscurus, Sfeph. in Shaws Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 230 (1826) ;
Atid. Orn. Bioyr. iii. p. 620 (1835); id. Birds N. Am. pi. 299;
id. 8vo ed. vii. p. 99, pi. 458 (1844) ; Gould, Birds Eur. v. pi. 443
(1837); Bp. Comp. List, p. 04 (1838); id. Compt. Bend. xlii.
p. 769 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 204 (1856) ; Fritsch, Voy. Eur.
pi. 61. finf. 1 ; Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 160 (1844) ; id. Gen.
Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844) ; id. Cat. Birds Trop. Isl. Pac. p. 55 (1859) ;
id. Cut. Brit. Birds, p. 223 (1863) ; id. Hand-l. iii. p. 103 (1871) ;
Yarr. Hist. Brit. Birds, Supipl. p. 67 (1845); Schl. Rev. Crit. Ois.
Eur. p. cxxxiii (1844) ; id. Voy. Nederl. i. p. 535, pi. 333 ; Brehni,
Naum. 1855, p. 296; id. Voyelf. p. 356 (1856) ; Harcourt,Ann. 8f
Mag. N. H. 1858, xv. p. 4.36; Jaub. ^ Barth.-Lapomm. Rich. Orn.
Fr. p. 382 (1858) ; Stev. Zool. 1858, p. 6C96 ; id. Trans. Norf. ^
Norw. Nat. Hist. Soc. iii. p. 467; id. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 321 ; Jonei,
Nat. Bermuda, pp. 55, 93 (1859) ; Brtjant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii.
p. 132 (1860 ) ; Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 835 (1860) ; Coues, Pr. Ac.
Phil. 1864, pp. 1.37, 144; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 331(1872),
ed. 2, p. 786 (1884) ; id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 128 (1882) ;
Verr. in Vinsori's Voy. Madaq., Annexe B, p. 4 (1865) ; Godman,
Ibis, 1866, pp. 104, 107; id. Nat. Hist. Azores, pp. 39, 42 (1870) ;
Loche, Expl. Sci. Alyer., Ois. ii. p. 175 (1867) ; Beyl. Hf Gerbe, Ois.
Eur. ii. p. 380 (1867); Baird, Ibis, 1867, p. 285; Fi7isch i^- Hartl.
Faim. Centralpol. p. 245 (1867); iid. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 110; E.
Neivton, Ibis, 1867, p. 359: Hutton, Lbis, 1869, p. 352; Pelz. This,
1873, p. 47; Blanf. Ibis, 1873, p. 2i5; id. E. Persia, ii. p. 295
(1876) ; Finsch, J. Mus. Godeffr. xii. p. 40 (1876) ; id. P. Z. S. 1877,
l)p. 782, 786, 1880, p. 577; id. J. f. Orn. 1880, pp. 295, 309; id Ibis,
1880, p. 430, 1881, pp. 109, 113 {Hartl. Vd</. Madag. p. 370 (1877) ;
Scl. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 765 ; Sah. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 131 ; id. op. cit.

1. ruFPiNus. 383

188:3, p. -lai ; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 357 ; Maynard, Birds E. N. Am.
p. 492 (1879); Cory, Birds Bahamas, Y'- 219 (1880); id. Birds
Haiti, p. 184 (188.J); B. O. U. Liit Brit. Birds, p. 198 (1888j;
Milne- Edw. Sf Grand. Hist. Maduy., Ois. p. 083 (188o): Saunders,
cd. Van: Brit. Birds, iv. p. 27 (1884); id. Man. Brit. Birds,
p. 721 (1889) ; Seeb. Hist. Rrit. Birds, iii. p. 42.3, pi. oG (1885);
liidyiv. Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 01 (1885); Arecalo, Aves de
Esp. p. 400 (1887) ; Biiller, Birds K. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 238 (1888);
lleid. Ibis, 1888, p. 80; Suuthw. in Sterensons Birds Norf. iii.
p. 307(1890); Grant, Ibis, 1890, p. 444; Wiylesworth, Abh. k.
Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1892, uo. 6, i). 79 ; Irby, Birds Gibr. ed. 2,
p. 309 (1895).
Nectris obscura, Keys. ^- Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. .\;civ, 239 (1840) ;
Miihle, Orn. Grievhenl. p. 130(1844); ? Heuyl. Syst. Ueb. -p. 08
(1850); Linderm. Voa. Griechenl.v). 171 (1800)?; Borgar. Vogelf.
p. 140 (1809). y > ^ JJ J J

Puifinus dichrous, Finsch ^- Hartl. Faun. Centralpol. p. 244 (1867) ;
iid. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 108; Finsch, J. Mus. Godeffr. viii. p. 44
(1875) ; Lister, F. Z. S. 1891, p. 300.

PutKiius ophistbomelas, vav. minor, Hartl. P. Z. S. 1807, p. 832.

PidKims opisthoinelas, Finsch S,- Hartl. P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 9, 118;
iid. Cat. Mus. Godep: iv. p. 7 (1869).

PulHnus aurluboui, Ftnsch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. Ill ; Ridyu: Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. iii. p. 12 (1880); id. Man. N. Am. Birds,y. 00 (1887) ;
fjunul. J.f. Orn. 1881, p. 400; Baird, Breto. !^- Ridyw. Water-
Birds N. Am. ii. p. 380 (1884) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds,
p. 101 (1886) ; Cory, List Birds West Ind. p. 34 (1885) ; id. Auk,
V. p. 181 (1887), vi. p. 81 (1888) ; id. Cat. West Ind. Birds, p. 83
(lb92); Butcher, Auk, vi. p. 173 (1888); Feilden, Ibis, 1889,
pp. ()U, 503; Lawr. Auk, 1889, p. 19.

PiifKiiii.s tenebrosus, Katt., Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 47 ; Finsch, J. Mus.
Godeffr. xii. p. 40 (1876) ; Bidf/iv. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 60
(1887) ; ToiV72s. Pr. U.S. Nat. 3Ius.xi\i. p. 142 (1890).

Adult. Upper surface slaty-black, nearly uniform ; under surface
Avhite, reaching nearly to the orbit of the eye, where the feathers as
well as those of the sides of the neck are mottled ; under tail-covcrts
blackish brown, tipped with white, the shorter central feathers
white ; under wing-coverts white, the margin of the wing dusky,
quills black throughout ; axillaries white (or sometimes slightly
mottled near the eud) : bill dark hazel, paler on the mandible ;
outside of the tarsus and outer toe black, the rest yellow. Total
length about 12 inches, wing 7'8 ; tail, central rectrices 3-2, lateral
rectrices 2"7 ; bill 1'5, tarsus 1-5, middle toe 1'65, outer toe 1-6,
inner too 1'3. (Manua Is., Samoan Group.)

Sexes alike.

Specimens vary as to the amount of the dark colouring on
the under tail-coverts, the darkest specimens in this respect before
me are those from the I'elew Islands. In none arc they entirely
white. I see no grounds for separating the birds from the Atlantic,
Indian, and Pacific Oceans, though various attempts have been
made to discriminate thom. The type of P. ohscurus came from
the mid- Pacific Ocean.

J/ah. Tropical and Subtropical Seas of the whole world. A rare

384 rpFFixiD^E.

straggler to the coasts of Great Britain, and not common on those
of JNew Zealand.

a. Ad. sk. [Said to have been shot in Sahdn-Godnian Coll.

Devonshire (J. Gould).']

b. S ad. sk. Bourbon I.

c. 2 ad. sk. Cousine I., Seychelles. Shelley Coll.

d. Juv.sk. Aneiteum, N. Hebrides, Jau. 18. J. MacgiUivray [C.].

e. Ad. sk. Telew Is. (Cohen). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/; (/. Ad. sk. Pelew Is. — Cohen, Esq. [P.].
h. Ad. sk. Manua, Samoa Is. (T. Powell). Salvin-Godman Coll.
i-m. Ad. et pull. Tau I., Samoa Group (Mr.s. T. Salvin-Godman Coll.

sk. -S. Cusack- Smith).

n. Ad. sk. [New Zealand.] Salvin-Godman Coll.

0. Ad. sk. Charles Is., Galapagos Is., Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.

1880 [A. H. Markham).
p. Ad. sk. Montserrat, W. Indies {Sturge). Salvin-Godman Coll.

q, r. Ad. sk. Capt.Kellett & Lieut.

Wood [P.].
s. Skeleton.

15. Puffinus assimilis.
Puffinus assimilis, Gould, P. Z. S. 18-37, p. 156; id. Birds Austr. vii.
pi. 59 (1848); Gray, List Ansereti Brit. Mm. p. 159 (1844) ; id.
Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844) ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 244 ; id. Hmid-l.
iii. p. 103 (1871) ; Bp. Compt. Bejid. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Coues,
Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 192 ; Hutton, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. i. p. 161
(1868) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 248 ; id. P. Z. S. 1893, p. 750 ; Hartl. <§•
Fi7isch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. Ill ; Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 49; Salv. Cat.
Strickl. Coll. -p. 631 (1882); Crowfoot, Ibis, 1885, p. 269; Reischek,
Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xviii. p. 95 (1886) ; Ridytv. Man. N. Am. Birds,
p. 61 (1887) ; Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 357 ; Bidler, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2,

Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 300 ; Wiylesivorth, Abh. k. Zuol. Mus.
Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 80.
Puffinus nugax, Solatider MS., Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 205 (1856) ;
Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 141, 144 ; Gould, Handb. Birds Austr.
ii. p. 458 (1865) ; Finsch ^- Hartl. Faun. Centralp. pp. 242, 280,
pi. 3. fig. 5 (1867); Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393 (?) ; id. P. Z. S.
1876, pp. 498, 506; Moseley, Notes Nat. Chall. p. 522 (1879).
Puffinus bailloni, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; id. Consp.

Av. ii. p. 205 (1856) ; Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 103 (1871).
Procellaria nugax, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 31 (1863).
Puffinus obsciu-us, Finsch, J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 370; Grant, Ibis, 1890,
p. 444.

Piiffinus ?, Hartl. ^- Fi7}sch, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 112 ; Fimch, J.

Mus. Gudeffr. viii. p. 45 (1875).
Adult female. Upper surface slaty-black, rather bluer than in
P. ohscur'as ; under surface, including the under tail-coverts, pure
white, extending over the lower part of the lores and close to the
orbit of the eye, the dividing line on the sides of the neck being
more definite than in P. ohscurus ; under wing-coverts up to the
ed^e of the wing and the outer portion of the inner web of the
primaries white except towards the tip : bill black ; tarsi and toes
blackish, the webs yellow. Total length about 10-5 inches, wing 7"4;

1. PUFFINUS. 385

tail, central rectrices 2'65, lateral reetrices 2*6 ; bill 1'4, tarsus 1-5,
middle toe I'o, outer too 1*62, iuuer toe 1'3.

Sexes alike.

Hah. Australian and 'Sew Zealand Seas, and northwards in the
Atlantic Ocean to Deserta Grande near Madeira.

a. Ad. St.

Madeira.

R.T.Ever3,Esq.[P.].

b, c. Ad. sk.

Madeira.

Gould Coll.

d, e. S2 ad. s

k.

Deserta Grande, May 4, 1890.

W. 1{. Ogilvie-Grant,
Esq. [P.].

/■-/. Juv. et p

ull.

Poito Santo, May 7, 1890.

W. E. Ogilvie-Grant,

Esq. [P.].

sk.

wj-^i. ]'ull. sk.

Lime I., Porto Santo, April 11

Hon. C. Baring and

1895.

W. R. Ogilvie-
Grant, Esq. [P.].

q-w. (5 $ pull.

sk.

Great Salvage I., April 24-27,

Hon. C. Baring and

1895.

W. R. Ogilvie-
Grant, Esq. [P.].

X, y. Ad. sk.

Australia.

Sir Thomas Mitchell

[P.].

z. Ad. sk.

Australia,

Gould Coll.

a'. Ad. sk.

W. Australia.

A. J. Campbell, Esq.

[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

6'. Ad. sk.

Norfolk I. ( W. M. Croiufoot).

c'. (S ad. ; d' .

?

Raoul or Sunday I., Ker-

J. Macgillivray [C.].

ad. sk.

madee Group, July 1854.

e-h'. Skeleton

&

Great Salvage I.

W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,

bones.

Esq. [P.].

16. Puffinus elegans.

Puffinus elegans, Gigl. Sf Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 67 ; rid. Atti Soc. Ital.
So. Nat. xi. p. 457 ; Gif/l. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 32 (1870) ; id.
Viagy. ^ Mayerita,'' pp. 98, 10i5 (1875) ; Salv. in Hotvley's Orn. Misc.
i. p. 256, pi. 34 (1876) ; Midgiu. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 61 (1887).

" P. supra ex toto ciuereo-plumbeis, plumis totis angustissime
limbatis ; tectricibus alarum mediis, majoribus ac remigibus secun-
dariis albo limbatis, fascias tres trans alam formantibus ; subtus,
tectricibus alte inferioribus remigibusque intus candidis ; capitis ac
colli lateribus albo-cinereo mixtis ; Cauda brevi ex toto cinereo-
plumbea ; tarsis postice nigris, supra caerulescentibus, palamis
albidis, unguibus nigris ; rostro tenui, caerulescente, culmine et apice
nigris; iride brunnea. Long, tota circa 1L5, alae 7'3, caudae 2-7,
rostri a fronte 1'07, a rictu 1'4, tarsi Iw, dig. med. cum ungue 1*95.''
{GigUoli 4" Saluadori ut supra.)

Hab. South Atlantic Ocean.

No further information has transpired respecting this species. It
is possible that it may be referable to P. assimilis, the type being
a young bird.

17. Puffinus carneipes.

Puffinus carneipes, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 57 ; id. Birds Austr. vii.
pi. 57 (1848) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844) ; Seeb. Ibis,
1884, p. 176; id. Birds Jap. Einp. p. 265 (1890); Blakiston,
Amended List Jap. Birds, pp. 21, 36 (1884) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat.

VOL. XXV. 2 c

386 PUFFINID^.

Mns. xiii. p. 635 (1886) : Hidgiv. Mem. N. Am. Birds, p. 62

(1887) ; Sah. Ibis, 1888, p. 35o ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii.

p. 234 (1888) ;, id. Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. xxv. p. 60 (1893) ; Wigles-

icorth, Ahh. k. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 80.
Nectris carneipes, Bj>. Consp. Av. ii. p. 201 (1856j ; Cones, Pr. Ac.

Phil. 1864, pp. 126, 143; Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 465

(1865).
Prioliuus carneipes, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856).
PufEnus (Nectris) carneipes, Rams. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 139

(1877).
? Kuril Petrel, Lath. Gen. Sijn. iii. pt. 2, p. 399 (1785) ; id. Gen.

Hist. Bird.i, X. p. 173 (1824).
Procellaria requinoctialis, var. /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 821 (1790).

Adult. Dark sooty-brown, nearly uniform, slightly paler beneath
and greyer on the throat ; under wing-coverts and axillaries uni-
form sooty-brown: bill flesh-colour, the tip horn; tarsi and toes
flesh-colour. Total length about 19"5 inches, wing 12-5 ; tail,
central rectrices 4"3, lateral rectrices 3-65 ; tarsus 2*25, middle
toe 2-7, outer toe a trifle shorter, inner toe 2"2.

Uab. Australian and New Zealand Seas, and northwards to the
Japauese Seas.

a,b. J ad. ; c,d. Hakodate, Japan, May 19 Salvin-Godman and

2 ad. sk. {F. Ringer). Seebohm Colls.

e. Ad. sk. Norfolk I. E. Saunders [P.].

18. Puffinus griseus.
Grey Petrel, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 399 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist.

X. p. 174(1824).
Nectris fuligiuosa, Solander, MS. ; Parkinson, Icon, itied. no. 23

[nee Procellaria fuligioosa, Knhl, Beitr. p. 142=ffistrelata macro-

ptera : cf. 8alv. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876)J ; Kei/s. ^

Bias. Wirb. Eur. pp. xciv, 239 (1840) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 201
(1856) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 123, 143 ; Elliot, Birds N.

Am. pi. 62. fig. 1 (1868) ; Borggr. Vogelf. Norddeutschl. p. 140 (1869).
Procellaria grisea, Gm. Syst. JSrit. i. p. 564 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.

ii. p. 821 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 419 (1817) ;

id. Enc. Meth. p. 75 (1823) ; Kuhl, Beitr. p. 144 (1820).
Procellaria fuliginosa, G. Forster, Icon. ined. no. 94.
Daptiou griseuui, Steph. in Shaw''s Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 246 (1826).
Puffinus faliginosus, A. Strickland, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 129; Schl. Rev.

Crit. Ois. Eur. p. cxxxii(1844) ; Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 834 (1860) ;

Degl. 4- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 381 (1867) ; Baird, Ibis, 1867,

p. 285 ; Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 102 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Am. Birds,

p. 332 (1872), ed. 2, p. 787 (1884) ; id. Check-list N. Am. Birds,

p. 128 (1882) ; Blakisfon l^- P7-yer, Trails. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 106

(1882); Stearns, New Eni^l. Bird-Life, ii. p. 385 (1883); id. Pr.

U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 122 (1883) ; Brewster, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. R.

xxii. p. 405 (1883).
Puffinus cinereus, Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 444. fig. 2 (1837).
Puffinus tristis, J. R. Forster, Descr. An. p. 23 (1844) ; Gray, Ibis,

1862, p. 244 ; id. Hand-l. iii. p. 103 (1871) ; Finsch, J. f. Orn.

1870, p. 371 ; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 309 ; Ilutton, Cat. Birds N. Zeal.

p. 45 (1871 > ; id. Ibis, 1872, pp. 83, 248; Buller, Birds N. Zeal.

p. 317 (1873) ; Hamilton, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xviii. p. 128 (1886) ;

Sandager, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxii. p. 290 (1890).

1. PUFFINUS. 387

Puffinus major, Gray, Voy. ' Ereb. ^- Terr.' i. Birds, p. 17 (1846).

Nectris fuliginosus et chilensis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 202 (1856).

Puffinus carneipes {nee Gould), Schl. Mus. P.-B., Procell. vi. p. 20
(18(i:3) ; Scl. P.Z.S. 1867, p. 336.

Nectris auiaurosoma, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 124, 143 ; id.
Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 787 (1884) ; Elliot, N. Am. Birds,
pi. 62. fig. 2 (1868) ; Set. ^ Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 500; iid. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); Hutton, Ibis, 1872, p. 83; Tacz. Orn.
Per. iii. p. 463 (1886).

Puffinus amaurosoma, Gic/l. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 34 (1870) ; id.
Viagy. ' Mayentn,' pp. 844, 861 (1875) ; Coues, Key N. Am. Birds,
p. .332 (1872) ; id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 129 (1882).

Puffinus griseus, Finsch, J.f. Orn. 1874, p. 209 ; Salv. in Rowley'' s
Orn. Misc. i. p. 236 (1876) ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 431 ; id. Ibis,
1888, p. 355 ; Dresser, Birds Eur. viii. p. 623, pi. 616 (1877) ;
Ridyw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 12, 230, v. p. 534 ; id. Man.
N. A7n. Birds, p. 61 (1887) ; Bryant, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. (2) ii. p. 87;
Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p. 510 (1881 ) ; B. O. U. List Brit. Birds,
p. 108 (1883) ; Southvell, Ibis, 1883, p. 228 ; Sauiid. P. Z. S.
1884, p. 150 ; id. ed. Yarr. Brit. Birds, iv. p. 17 (1884); id. Man.
Brit. Birds, p. 717 (1889); Baird, Brew., ^ Ridyw. Water-Birds
N. Am. ii. p. 391 (1884) ; Sharpe, ed. Layards Birds S. Afr.
p. 770 (1884); Blakiston, Amefid. List Jap. Birds, pp. 21. .35
(1886); id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 655 (1887); Seeb. Ibis,
1884, p. 33; id. Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 427 (1885) ; id. Birds Jap.
Emp. p. 266 (1890) ; Swinborne, Pr. R. Phys. Soc. Edinb. ix. p. 197
(1886) : A. O. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 101 (1886) ; Tait,
Ibis, 1887, p. 398 ; Bidler, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 232 (1888) ;
id. Trans. N. Zeal. hist. xxiv. p. 66 (1892) ; id. op. cit. xxvii. p. 124
(1895); Stevens. Birds Norf. iii. p. -364 (1890); Borrer, Birds
.Susse.v, p. 282 (1891); H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 189.3, p. 542 ; Aplin,
Ibis, 1894, p. 212 ; Loomis,Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. ser. 2, v. p.217 (1895).

Puffinus stricklandi, Ridyw. in Baird, Breto. ^ Ridyiv. Water-Birds
N. Am. ii. p. 390 (1884) ; Cooper, Auk, iii. pp. 125, 402 ; Ridyw.
Auk, iii. p. 267 (1886) ; id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 61 (1887) ;
Titrner, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 253 (1885) ; A. O. U. Check-l.
N. Am. Birds, p. 101 (1886) ; IF. Palmer, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xiii. p. 257 (1890).

Adult male. Sooty-brown, darker on the head, lower back, wings
and tail, the feathers of the back very indistinctly edged with a
paler shade ; greater wing-coverts a little greyer ; under surface
greyer, the throat and breast paler ; quills dark sooty-black ; under
wing-coverts greyish white, each feather with a dark shaft : bill
horn-colour; tarsi and toes dark hazel. Total length about 18
inches, wing 12 ; tail, central rectrices 3*5, lateral rectrices 2*7;
bill 2-1, tarsus 2*4, middle and outer toes 2-Q, inner toe 2'1.

Female like the male.

Hah. Generally distributed throughout the seas of both hemi-
spheres from the Eaeroe Islands in the Xorth Atlantic and the Kurile
Islands in the jN^orth Pacific to the Straits of Magellan and the
Auckland Islands in the south.

a. ? ad. sk. Faeroes, Aug. 1873 {H. C. MiWer). E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Plymouth Sound, Devonshire Salvin-Godman Coll.

coast (J. Gould).

2c2

388

PUFFJNIDJ..

c. Ad. sk.

<], e. Ad. slv.
./; y. ? ad. sk.

h. Ad. St.
i. Ad. sk.

_/. S ad. sk.

k. $ ad. sk.

I. Ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
71. Ad. sk.
0. Ad. St.

;j. Ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.
r, s. <S ad.; <. $
ad. sk.

II, V. S ad. sk.

?i'. Ad. sk.

•'■).'/• S 9- ad. sk.
z. Ad. St.
a'. Skeleton.
b' . Sternum.

S. -African Mus
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.

Miss Smartt.

S. Africa.

Kurile Islands {H.j.'?7ww).

Kurile Is. (H. J. S. Blaki-

ston Coll.).
Australia.
West Point, S. Island,

New Zealand.
Otagro, N. Zeal., Oct. 10, Hume Coll.

1875.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
New Zealand.
Auckland Is.
CaUao Bav, Peru, Jan. 4

1837.
Callao Bay, Auf^. 1881 {A

H. Markham).
Corral, Chili {E. C. Reed)
Corral, Nov. {A. A. Lane)

Colonial Mus.
Sir G. Grey [P.].
Salvin-l-iodman Coll.
Antarctic Exped.
C. Darwin, Esq. [P ].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Chili (E. C. Reed).
Coquimbo, Chili, Aug. {Dr
CopjMiger).

Straits of Majrellan.

Valparaiso.
19. PuflBnus tenuirostns.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Berkeley James,

Esq. [P.l.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Antarctic Exped.
Capt. Eitzroy.

Dr. Coppinger [C.].

Procellaria tenuirostris, Temm. text sub7V. Col. 587 (1835); Temm.
^- Schl. Faun. Jap. p. 131, pi. 86 (1842) ; Audub. Birds Am. 8vo
ed. vii. p. 210 (1844) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B. vi., Procell. p. 26 (1863).

Puffinus brevicaudus, Brandt, Icon. Ross. Av. t. 6. fig. 17 (1836);
Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 159 (1844) ; id. Hand-l. iii. p. 103
(1871) ; Gould, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 56 (1847) ; id. Handh. Birds
Austr. ii. p. 549 (1865) ; Bp. C&mpi. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) :
Laijard, Ibis, 1862, p. 99, 1863, p. 245, 1878, p. 264, 1882, pp. 539,
544 ; Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceana, p. 33 (1870) ; id. Viaqy. ' Moqenta,'
pp. 735,' 800 (1875) ; ITutfon, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 45 (1871) ; id.
Ibis, 1874, p. 41 : Btdler, Birds N. Zeal. p. 315 (1873^ ; id. Ibis,
1874, p. 120 ; Hnmilton, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xviii. p. 128 (1886).

Puffinus tenuiro.-tris, &';■«;/, Z/.s^ ^?iseres' ^;'?y. ilfz/s. p. 160 (1844);
id. Gen. Bird.?, iii. p. 647 (1844) ; id. Hand-l. iii. p. 103 (1871) ; Bp.
Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; Giyl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 33
(1870) ; id. Viaqy. ' Mayenta' pp. 332, 536 (1875) : Cortes, Key N.
Aw. Birds, p. 332 (1872) ; Finsch. J. f. Orti. 1874, p. 210; id.
Abha72dl. Bremen, iii. p. 83; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 16; Ridyw.
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 223, 230 (1880); id. Ma7i. N. Am.
Bird.';, p. 62 (1887) ; Sah-ad. Or7i. Pap. iii. p. 462 (1882) ; Blakiston
4' Fryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 107 (1882) ; Cones, Check-list
N. A7n. Birds, p. 129 (1882); id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2,
p. 787 (1884) ; Baird, Brew., Sj- Ridyw. Water-Bird.< N. A7n. ii.
p. .392 (1884) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. A7n. Birds, p. 102 (1886) ;
Blakiston, A7nended List Jap. Birds, p. 23 (1884) ; id. Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mtis. ix. p. 655 (1887) i Ridyiv. Mati. N. A7n. Birds, p. 62
(1887) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 664; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat.

1. PUFFIN03. 389

lus. X. p. 125 (1887); id. op. cit. xiv. p. 490 (1891) ; id. Bull.
J.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, pp. 96, 316 (1885) ; Sav. Ibis, 185=8, p. 356 ;

Mus.

U.S. JSat. Mus. no. -^y, pp.

Buller, Bird.'< N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii.' p. 230 (1888) ; Seek Bird.s Jap. Emp.

p. 267 (1890); Wiylesworth, Abh. k. Zool. Mus. Dresden, \m->,

no. G, p. 80 ; Tacz. Mhn. Ac. Imp. St. Pet'irsb. xxxix. p. 1066

(1893j ; Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 749.
Nectris tenuirostris, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 202 (1856) ; Sivinh. Ibis,

1863, p. 330; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 126, 143 ; Ball, Trans.

Chic. Ac. Sc. i. ]). 303 (1869) ; Baird, Trans. Chic. Ac. Sc. i. p. 322,

pi. 34. fig. 2 (1869).
Nectris brevicauda, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 201 (1856) ; Coues, Pr. Ac.

Phil. 1864, pp. 127, 143; Gould, Ilandb. B. Austr. ii. p. 459

(1865).
Puffinus curilicus, Bp. Conipt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856).
Priofinus brevicaudus, Bp. Compt. Rend. .xlii. p. 769 (1856).
Procellaria curilica, Kittl. Denkwiird. i. p. 296 (1858).
Puffinus obscurus et P. brevicaudis, R. Elwes, Ibis, 1859, p. 397.
Puffinus brevicaudatus, Finsch, J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 371.
Priocella tenuirostris, Kelson, Cruise ' Corivin,' p. 152 (1883).

Aihdt female. Sooty-brown, the feathers of the back very indi-
stinctly edged with a lighter shade ; under surface paler and greyer,
lighter on the throat and breast, darker on the flanks and under
tail-coverts ; under wiiig-coverts paler grey : bill fleshy horn-colour ;
tarsi and toes yellowish, outwardly darker, Total length about
13 inches, wing 10'4; tail, central rectrices 9'2, lateral rcctrices 2'8;
bill I'S, tarsus 2-05, naiddle and outer toes 2-3, inner toe 1-9.

Hah. Australian and Xew Zealand Seas, northwards to the seas
of Japan and Alaska, and eastwards to Samoa.

a. Ad. St. Japan Seas. Purchased.

b. 9 ad.sk. Nagasaki, Japan, May 1876 Saunders Coll.

(Capt.St. John).

c. (S ad. sk. Peel I., Brmin Is., Mav 15, Seebohm Coll.

1890 (P. A. Hoist).'

d. Ad. sk. Port Stephens, Australia. Australian Mu.seum.

e. Ad. St. Port Stephens. Australian Museum.
f-h. Ad. sk. Australian Seas (Cockerell). Salvin-Godman Coll.
i. Ad. sk. S. Australia (/. Gould). Salvin-Godman Coll.
J. Ad. sk. Tcismania. Sir E. Home fP.].

A. Ad. sk. New Zealand . R. B.Sharpe,Esq.rp.].

/. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Salvin-Godman Coll.

m 2 '"^d. sk. [Australian Seas.] Eev. J. Whitmee [P.].

n. Ad. St. Purchased ?

o. Skeleton. Japan. Purchased.

p. Skull.

q. Odd bones. H.M.S. ' Challenger.'

20. PafBnus nativitatis.

Puffinus (Nectris) nativitatis. Streets, Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus. no. 7,

p. 29 (1877).
Puffinus nativitatis, Ridqtv. Man. N. Am. Bird^, p. 62 (1887) ; Lister,

P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 295, 300; Wiglesicorth, Abh. k. Zool. Mus.

Dresden, 1892, no. 6, p. 81.

Adult male. Similar to P. tenuirostris but smaller, richer brown.

-^.

390 PUFFINIDiE.

especially on the under surface, the throat alone being slightly
greyish : bill and feet black. Total length about 14 inches, wing 9'8 ;
tail, central rectrices 3'6, lateral rectrices 2-75 ; bill 1'6, tarsus 1'62,
middle and outer toes l-S, inner toe 1'55.

Nah. Central North Pacific Ocean, from Christmas I. to Krusen-
stern I. and the Phoenix Group.

a, b. Ad. sk. Kruseustern I., Spring of 1883 Salvin-Godman &

(H. J. Snow). Seebolim Colls.

c. c? ad. sk. Phcenix I., Phoenix Group, J. J. Lister, Esq.

June 29, 1889. [P.].

2. PRIOFINUS. ^

Priofinus, Hombr. Sf Jacq. Conipt. Haid. xviii. p. 355

(1844); Jacq. ^ Puck. Voy. Pole Sucl, Zool. iii.

p. 145, t. 32. figs. 9-14 (1853) ; Coues, Pr. Ac.

Phil. 1866, p. 192 P. cinereus.

Adamastor, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 187 (1855) ; Coues,

Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, p. 119 P. cinereus.

Range. Southern Oceans.

1. Priofinus cinereus.

Le Puffin -eendr^^-^'zss. 0)-n. vi. p. 134, pi. xii. fig. 1 (1760).

Le Petrel cendr^, Puf. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 302, pi. 20 (1763).

Le Puffin, D'Aub. PI. Enl. 962.

Cinereous Fulmar, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 405 (1785).

Cinereous Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn., Suppl. ii. p. 336 (1802) ; id. Gen.

Hist. X. p. 183 (1824).
Procellaria einerea, Gtn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 563 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.

ii. p. 824 (1790); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 418 (1817) ; id.

Enc. Meth. p. 78 (1813) ; Kuhl, Beitr. p. 148 (1820) ; Pollen 8(

Vu7i Dam, Faun. Madaq., Ois. p. 145 (1868); Huttnn, Cat. Birds

N. Zeal. p. 45 (1871) ; Puller, Birds N. Zeal. p. .305 (1873) ; Hartl.

Vdff. Madag. p. 374 (1877) ; Milne-Edw. c^- Grand. Hist. Madag.,

Ois. p. 671 (1885).
Procellaria gelida, Vinll. N. Diet. d^Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 419 (1817) ;

id. Enc. Meth. p. 79 (1823).
Procellaria melanura, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 79 (1823).
Puffiuus cinereus, Stejih. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 227 (1826) ;

Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Aves, pi. 56 (1840) ; Gould, Voy. ' Beagle,'

ii. Birds, p. 137 (1841) ; Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 159

(1844) ; id. Cat. Brit. Birds, p. 223 (1863) : Peale, U.S. Expl.
• Exp. viii. p. 338 (1848); Reich. Av. Syst. Nat., Natatores,

pi. 14. figs. 768, 769 (1850) ; Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 835 (I860) ;

Layard, Ibis, 1863, p. 247 ; id. Birds S. Afr. p. 358 (1867) ; A. O. U.

Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 102 (1880) ; Ridg^v. Man. N. Am. Birds,

p. 58 (1887). _
Procellaria haesitata, Forst. Descr. An. p. 208 (1844) {?tec Kuhl) ;

Gould, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 47 (1848) ; Hutton, Ibis, 1865, p. 285,

1867, p. 187 ; Cab. S,- Reich. J.f. Orn. 1876, p. 329.
Priofinus cinereus, Jacq. ^ Piich. Voy. Pole Sitd, Zool. iii. p. 145

(1853) ; Pp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (] 856) ; Elliot, Birds N. Am.

ii. pi. 60. fig. 2 (1868) ; Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 34 (1870) ;

2. I'luoriNUs.

391

id. T'uifff/. ^ Magenta^ (see index) (187;j) ; Baird, Brew., Sf Hidg^v.

Wafer-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 375 (1884).
Adamastor typus, Bj). Consp. Av. ii. p. 187 (1855).
Puffiiius kubli, Cass. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1802, p. 327 {nee Boie).
PiMcellaria adamastor, Schleg. Mus. P.-B. vi., Procell. p. 23 (18()3).
Adamastor cinereus. Cones, Pr. Ac. P/iil. 1804, pp. 119, 142; Gould,

Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 446 (1865) ; Hutfoti, Ibis, 1870, p. 396 ;

Salij. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 737 ; id. Voi/. 'C/iall.,' Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 142

(1881) ; Saund. P. Z. 6'. 1880, p. 164; Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 539,

544 : Buller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, p. 241 (1888) ; id. Trans. N. Z.

Inst. xxiv. p. 69 (1892).
Adamastor gelidus, Omes, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 121, 142.
(Estrelata hsesitata, Hutton, Ibis, 1869, p. 352.
Fiilruarus gelidus, Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 106 (1871).
Prioftnus melamirus, Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, p. 330 (1872), ed. 2,

p. 783 (1884) ; id. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882) ; Ridgw.

Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ii. p. 209 (1880), iii. pp. 12, 230 (1880).
Puffinus gelidus, Ridgio. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 58 (1887).

Adult male. Upper surface cinereous, rather darker on the crown,
wings, tail, and rump ; the feathers of the back with dark shafts ;
under surface white : the sides of the head and neck pale grey, blend-
iug into the white of the under pltimage and the darker grey of the
upper : a few feathers on the flanks and the under tail-coverts grey ;
under wing-coverts and quills grey : bill yellow, the nares and
culmen black ; tarsi and toes fleshy brown, the outer toe darker.
Total length about 19 inches, wing 13 ; tail, central rectrices 4-4,
lateral rectrices 3-5 ; bill 2'4, tarsus 2'3, middle and outer toes 2* 75,
inner toe 2-35.

Female like the male.

Hab. Southern Oceans.

a. Ad. sk.

/ b-d. Ad. sk.
e. 2 ad. sk.

/. 6 fid. ; g. 2
ad. sk.

S" ^ h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.

•^ /. Ad. sk.
^ k. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. sk.

m. c? ad. ; n. $

ad. sk.
0. Ad. sk.

p. Ad. sk.

South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 38°

S., long. 12° W. (Dr. A. B.

31 eye r).
S. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35°

20' S., long. 9° 43' E.
S. Indian Ocean, lat. 37° S.,

long. 53i° E., April 23, 1847

(J. Macgillirray).
S. Indian 'Ocean, lat. 35^° S.,

long. 85° E., June 2, 1847

(/. Macgillivray).
Kerguelen Land, July 1893.
Open sea off New Caledonia

(E. L. Layard).
New Zealand (ex Dr. O. lunsch).
S. Pacific Ocean, lar. 40= S.,

long. 137° W., June 6, 1850

(J. Macgillivray).
S. Pacific Ocean.
S. Pacific Ocean, Nov. 5, 1875.

Valparaiso, Chili.

Antarctic Ciicle.

Salviu-Godman Coll.

Earl of Crawford and
Balcarres [P.].

Voy.H.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'

Yoy. II.M.S. ' Rattle-
snake.'

Capt. Moseley [P.].
Seebohm Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Voy.H.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'

J. F.Green, Esq. [P.].
Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
Capt. W. S. Brett

[P-]- .
Sir G. Grey [P.].

392 PUFFINIDiE.

q. Ad. sk. Antarctic Circle. Old Collection.

r. Ad. sk. South Seas. Salvin-Godman Coll.

s. Ad. sk. South Seas (I£. King). Salvin-Godman Coll.

t. Ad. sk. South Seas. Old Collection.

u. Skeleton. Off Cape Horn, May 1870. Salvin-Godman Coll,

3. THALASSffiCA.

Type.
Thalassoeca, Reich. Syst. Av. p. iv (1852); Coves,

Pr. Ac. Phil. 186G, p. 29 T. antarctica.

Aeipetes, Forbes, Voy. ' Chall.,^ Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 59

(1882) T. antarctica.

Range. Antarctic Ocean.

1. Thalassoeca antarctica.

Antarctic Peteril, Cook, Voy. i. p. 257 ; Forster, Voy. i. p. 108 ; Lath.

Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 400 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 177 (1824).
Le P(5trel Antarctique ou Damier brun, Bii^. Hist. Nat. Ois. x.

p. 151 (1786).
Procellaria antarctica, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 665 (1788) ; Lath. Ind.

Orn. ii. p. 822 (1790) ; Kuhl, Beitr. p. 145 (1820) ; Vieill. N.

Diet. (VHist. Nat. xxv. p. 417 (1820) ; id. Enc. Meth. p. 75 (182.3) ;

Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 163 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii.

p. 648 (1844); Peale, U.S. E.vpl. Exp. viii. p. 338 (1848); Reich.

Av. Syst. Nat., Natatores, pi. 22. fig. 790 (1850) ; Jacq. ^ Puch.

Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii. p. 139 (1853); Schlet^. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell.

p. 15 (1863) ; Pelz. Reise Nov., Zool. l, Voy. p. 147 (1869).
Daption antarcticum, Stejjh. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 242 (1826).
Thalassoeca antarctica, Reich. St^st. Av. p. iv (1852) ; Bp. Consp. Av.

ii. p. 192 (1855) ; id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; Coues,

Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 31, 192 ; Scl. ^ Snlv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr.

p. 149 (1873) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 736 ; id. Voy. ' Chall.; Zool.

ii. pt. viii. p. 142 (1881) ; Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 4 (1887) ; Buller, Birds

N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 229 (1888) ; Scl. Ibis, 1894, p. 498.
Fulmarus antarcticus, Gray, Hand-l. ^. iii. p. 105 (1871); Ridgw.

Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 58 (1887).
Priocella antarctica, Sharpe, Voy. ' Ereb. Sf Terror^ i. Birds, App.,

p. 37, pi. 33 (1875) ; Hector, Trans. N. Zeal. hist. ix. p. 464.
Aeipetes antarctica, Forbes, Voy. '■Chall.^ Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 59 (1882).

Adult female. Upper surface brown, the inner secondaries and
larger wing-coverts white ; upper tail-coverts white, the central
feathers brown at the tips ; quills outwardly brown, the shafts and
inner webs white nearly to the tip ; under surface white, the throat
and sides of the neck pale brown, the bases of the feathers white ;
under wing-coverts and asillaries white, the edge of the wing
brown ; tail white, the tip brown : bill blackish horn-colour ; tarsi
and toes yellowish, the outer toe darker. Total length about
17 inches, wing 12, tail 4'2, bill 2, tarsus 1-7, middle and outer
toes 2-3, inner toe 1"9.

Sexes alike.

Hah. Antarctic Seas.

4. PRIOCEIXA.

393

1/ a. Ad. sk.

• h. cJ ad. ; r, rf.

ad. sk.

• e,/. Ad. .sk.

• g. Ad. sk.

^ h. Ad. sk.

^ i-A. Ad. St.
^, jw. Ad. sk,
n. Skeleton.
o, p. Sterna.

Cape Horn.

Ice Barrier, June 14, 1874.

Jan. & Feb.

Salvin-Godman Coll. s/>--A''^i
Voy. H.M.S. 'dial- ' <^

longer.'
Antarctic Seas, Jan. & Feb. Dr. K. McCormick

1842. [P.].

Antiirctic Seas, lat. 77° 49' S., Antarctic Exped.

long. 181° 10' E.
Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped.

Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped.

Antarctic Seas. Salvin-Godman Coll.

4. PRIOCELLA.

Tjpe.

Priocella, Hombr. Sf Jacq. Compt. Rfnd. xviii. p. 357

(1844) ; Jacq. ^ Puch. Voy. Pole Sud, Zool. iii.

p. 148, t. 32. figs. 4.S-.56 (18o3) P. glacialoides.

Tlialassoeca, C'(U?<es, Pr. ^c. P/i(7. 1866, p. 29 (partim).

Range. Southern Ocean, and in the Pacific north to the coast of
California.

1. Priocella glacialoides.

Procellaria glacialis, var. (i, Gm. St/st. Nat. i. p. 563 (1788) ; Lath.

Ind. Orn. ii. p. 823 (1790); Forst. Descr. An. p. 25 (1844) ; D.

Walker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 378 ; Layard, Ibis, 1863, p. 98.
Fulmarus antarcticus, Steph. in Shmc^s Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 236 (1826).
Procellaria tenuirostris (wee Temm.), Auduh. Orn. Bio<jr. v. p. 333

(1839); id. Birds Am. 8vo, ed. vii. p. 210(1844); Cnssin, U.S.

Kvpl. Rvp. viii. p. 409 (1858) : Laur. Birds N. Am. p. 826 (1860).
Procellaria glacialoides. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr.,Ares, pi. 51 (1840) ;

Gould, Zool. Vol/. 'Beagle,' ii. Birds, p. 140 (1841); id. Birds

Austr. vii. pi. 48 (1848); Grai/, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 162

(1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii, p. 648 (1844) ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 246 ;

Peale, U.S. E.rpl. Exp. viii. p. 338 (1848) ; Reich. Av. Syst. Nat.,

Natatores, pi. 21. fig. 789 (1850) ; Hutton, Ibis, 1865, p, 287, 1867,

p. 187 ; id. Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 45 (1871) ; Layard, Birds S. Afr.

p. 361 (1867) ; Pelz. Beise Norara, Zool. i. Fog. p. 146 (1869) ;

Melliss, Ibis, 1870, p. 105; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. p. 301 (1873).
Priocella garnoti, Homb. $) Jacq. Voy. au Pole Sud, iii. p. 148, pi. 32.

figs. 43-56 (1844) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).
Procellaria garnoti. Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 648 ( 1844).
Thalassojca glacialoides, Bp. Conep. Av. ii. p. 191 (1855) ; id. Compt.

Rend, xlii, p. 768 (1856); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 30; Scl.

P. Z. S. 1867, p. 336 ; Elliot, Birds N. A)?}., Intr. ; Gould, Handb.

Birds Austr. ii. p. 467 (1865) ; Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 47

(1870); id. Viar/g. 'Magenta' (see index) (1875); Scl. &,■ Salr.

Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873) ; Reed, Ibis, 1874, p. 82 ; Salv.

P. Z. S. 1878, p. 736 ; id. Voy. ' Chall.; Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 142

(1881); id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 630 (1882); id. P. Z. S. 1883,

p. 431; Moseley, Notes Nat. ' C/w//.' pp. 134, 253 (1879); Tacz.

Orn. Per. iii. p." 464 (1886) ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 228

(1888); id. Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. xxv. pp. 62, 80 (1893); Scl. Ibis,

1894, p. 498.
Thalasswca glacialoides, a. polaris & b. tenuirostris, Bp. Conxp. Av.

ii. p. 192 (1855).
Thalassoeca tenuirostris, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; Sharpe,

39-i

PUFFINID.E.

Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 123 (1879) ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11 ; id

ed. Lm/ard's Birds S. Afr. p. 767 (1884).
Thalassoica polaris, Bj). Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).
Procellaria smithi, Sclil. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 22 (1863) ;

Finsch, J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 373.
Fulmarus glacialoides, G7-ay, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 105 (1871) ; Lucas,

Auk, iv. p. 4 (1887) ; A. O. U. Chech-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 100

(1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 58 (1887).
Fulmarus tenuirostris, Cuues, Key N. Am. Birds, p. 328 (1872).
Priocella tenuirostris, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ii. p. 209 (1880),

iii. pp. 12, 230 (1880) ; Coues, Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 125

(1882); id. Auk, i. p. 80 (1884); id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2,

p. 778 (1884) ; Stejn. Auk, i. p. 233 (1884).
Priocella glacialoides, Baird, Brew., 8^ Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am.

ii. p. 373 (1884).

Adult male. Upper surface pale grey, paler on the liead and back
of the neck ; quills outwardly greyish black ; a dark spot in front
of the eye ; forehead, cheeks, and entire under surface white ; flanks
washed with pale grey ; under wing-coverts aud axillaries pure
white, a few grey feathers on the edge of the wing ; tail pale grey :
bill yellow, the tip, middle of the culmen, nasal-covers, and base of
the maxilla black : tarsi and toes pale flesh-colour, the outer toe
darker. Total length about 18 inches, wing 12-G ; tail, central
rectrices 5"1, lateral rectrices 4'15 ; bill 2-1, tarsus 1-8, middle and
outer toes 2*4, inner toe 2'05.

Sexes alike.

Hah. South Seas generally, northwards along the West Coast of
America to Washington Territory.

? ad. sk.

^b. Ad.-sk.
^c. c? ad. sk.

I ^ d, e. Ad. sk.

i//. (S ad. sk.

I / g, k. Ad. sk.
^ i. (S ad. sk.

' j, k. Ad. sk.
y I. c? ad. ; m.

ad. sk.
/ n. Ad. sk.

P-

Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.

q. c? ad. sk.

South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 40°

43' S., long. 58° 04' W.,

Aug. 14, 1877.
Straits of ISIagellan.
South Pacific Ocean, lat. 44° S.,

long. 110i° W., June 17, 1850

(J. Macgillivray).
Valparaiso Bay.

Valparaiso, July 1882 (Capt.

A. H. Markhiim).
Valparaiso {J. Young).
Valparaiso, Aug. 4, 1879 {Dr.

Copping er).
Valparaiso.
Coquimho, Chili, Nov. 1881

{Capt. A. H. Markham).
OS Loboa de Tierra, coast of

Peru, July 10, 1883 {J. R.

Macfarlane).
Mazatlan, Coast of Mexico.
Louis Philippe I., Southern

Ocean.
Ice Barrier, Feb. 26, 1874.

H. Durnford,

[C.].

Esq.

The Admiralty [P.].
Voy.H. M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'

H. Berkeley James,

Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

H. Saunders Coll.
Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.'

Capt. Brett [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godmaji Coll.
Purchased.

Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
len?er.'

5. MAJAQUEus. ;395

r. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Dope. Andrew Smith Coll.- tl/:>

s. Ad. sk. South Africa. sL^^AfricSrMu".'^

t. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Land, May 1l>, 1840. Dr. McCormick [ P 1.

"■ A .?■ '■ Kerguelen Land. Antarctic Exped.

Ad. St. Kerguelen Land. Lieut. A. Smith fP.].

w-y d" ad. : z, Southern Ocean. Antarctic Exped

a . 2 ad. sk. , ^

d\ Ad.sk. Southern Ocean. i'..^<tk.-nw>..v.' The Admiralty fP.].

S' Qi . ." feouthem Ocean. Salvin-Godman Coll

rf. Skeleton. Off Cape Horn. Salvin-Godman CoU

5. MAJAQUEUS.

Majaqueus, Jleic/i. Sj/st. Av. p. iv (1852); Voues, ^^^"^

Pr. Ac. Phil. 18^,-^.117.
Cymatobulus, F. Heine, Numencl. Mus. Hein

P-363(18U0) ; M. ^quinoctialis.

Hah. Southern Oceans.

Key to tlie Sjyecies.

a Larger : chin more or less white cequinoctialis, p. 395.

b. Smaller : plumage, including the chin, sooty-black, parkinsoni, p. 397.

1. Majaqueus jequinoctialis.

Great Black Pftenl i^^,. Nat. Hist. ii. pi. 89 (1747) ; Lath. Gen.

SllST. X. p. LiO {^loZ-ij.

Procellaria fuligiuosa, Solander MS. ; Parkinson, Icon. ined. no 19
cf. l^alvin in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 232 (1876) '

Le Puffin du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Briss. Orn. vi. p 137 (1760)
IroceUana a;qumoctialis, Li7m. S,/.st. Nat. i. p. 213 (1766) • Gm
Syst Nat. i. p. .5(;4 (1788); LatL Ind. Orn. ii. p. 821- (1790) •
Pallas, Zooyr Rossa-As. ii. p. 314 (1811) ; Vieill. N. Diet . d' Hist
^Urns^ot /^®^i' '^•:^'^-^^^'^^-P-80(1823); Kuhl,Beitr.
P: ^^^^}^-^) \ ^?**- ^^'"'- '^ Orn. 11. p. 348 (1828) ; Jacc,. ^- Pack.
Joy. Pole 6ud, m. p. UO (18o3) ; Burm. Syst. Ueb Th Bras

^nr ^w? ^^^f ?-' ^I'lh ^f- '^''^''^'"- PP- 1-' '59 (1858) ;' Gray,
Ibis, 1862 p. 24o; ScM. Mas. P.-B.,y\. Procell. p. 19 1863)-
Bayard, Ibis, 1862, p. 97, 1863, p. 249, 1867, p. 459- t^ B S Afr

1865 p. 2fe, 186. p. 18, 1870, p. 396 ; Pollen ^- Van Dam, Faun.

\l%^ ' foThr--^- ^''''- ^^'^' P- 3"3 ; Cab. ^- ReicIumon-lJ.f.Orn.

18/6, p. 329; Hartl. Voy. Maday. p. 374 (1877j ; Mible-Edio. &■

Grand. Hut. Maday., Ois. p. 671 (1885)
P^rel-Puffin brun. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. x. p. 163 (1786).
Black Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 398 (1785).
Pumnua ,'pniiinnptijilia .^f^nh ,■„ eA„,..'„ /-. r,_, ..:•

p. 3bJ; xd. Birds Austr. vii. pi. 46 (1848) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi.

396 PUFFINIDJE.

Procell. p. 20 (1863) ; Van Keinpen, Bull. Zool. Soc. Fr. xiv. p. lOG
(1889).

Procellaria nigra, Forst. Descr. An. p. 26 (1844).

Majaquevis sequinoctialis, Bp. Conipt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (18o6) ; id.
Consp. Av. ii. p. 200 (1856) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 118,
142 ; Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano. p. 3.5 (1870) ; Scl. 8j- Salv. Nomencl.
Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873) ; Coues ^ Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 2 (1875) ; Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 3, p. 13 (1876) ;
Salv. in Rowley's Orn. 3Iisc. i. p. 232 (1876) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 737 ; id. op. cit. 1883, p. 431 ; id. Voy. ' Chall.,' Zool. ii. pt. viii.
p. 143 (1881) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 629 (1882) ; id. Ibis, 1894,
p. 498; Moseley, Notes Nat. ' ChalV pp. 137, 208, 254 (1879) ;
Sharpe, Phil. Trans. cLtvili. p. 119 (1879); id. P. Z. S. 1881,
p. 12 ; id. ed. LayarcFs Birds S. Afr. p. 766 (1884) ; Saunders,
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 164; Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 3 (1887) ; Buller, Tr.
N. Zeal. Inst. xxv. pp. 62, 80 (1893) ; id. op. cit. xxvii. p. 122
(1895) ; Button, Tr. N. Z. Imt. xxvii. p. 177 (1895).
, Majaqueus conspicillatus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; id.

Consp. Av. ii. p. 200 (1856); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1864, pp. 118,
142 ; Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 445 (1865) ; Giffl. Faun.
Vert. Oceano, p. 36 (1870) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 629 (1882).

Puffinus conspicillatus, Pelz. Reise Novara, Zool. i. Vciy. p. 143 (1869).

Fulmanis sequinoctialis et conspicillatus, Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 108
(1871).

Adult male. Sooty-black, the feathers of the back and the wing-
coverts with slightly paler edges ; chin white ; shafts of the pri-
maries white : bill yellowish horn-colour, with the spaces between
the various portions of the sheath of both mandible and maxilla
black; feet black. Total length about 20 inches, wing 15; tail,
central rectrices 5'3, lateral rectrices 4"5 ; bill 2-6, tarsus 2-6, middle
and outer toes 3-25, inner toe 2*8.

The amount of white on the chin varies very much in dif-
ferent individuals. Some have an irregular white stripe running
from near the base of the mandible under the eye almost to the
nape, and a transverse band across the forehead in front of the eye.
Upon such specimens Gould founded his J7. conspicillatus, a form
recognized by Dr. Coues as distinct, but apparently connected with
the typical form by every degree of variation.

Hab. South Seas, north to about lat. 30° S.

Lr-Ub- ^' a. c? ad. sk. Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Voy. H.M.S. ' Rattle- <- -''

Hope, Mar. 16, 1847 (/. Mac- snake.'
ffillivray).

'■ '' I b. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope {E. L. Shelley Coll.

Bayard) .

Ur.l^-y y c. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope {S. Afr. Shelley Coll.
Mus.).

V d, e. Ad. sk. Cape Seas. Salvin-Godman Coll.

I /. Ad. sk. Cape Seas. Mrs. Dundas [P.].

q. Ad. St. Cape Seas. Old Collection.

,-• A. Ad. sk. Cape Seas, lat. 34° 39' S., Earl of Crawford and

long. 8° 51' E., Sept. 19. Balcarres [P.].

!j- /L.£- ;^- 1, /. Ad. sk. Southern Ocean, lat. 29° 45' & Earl of Crawford and M-. /<^'

■ 32° S., Oct. 20, 24. Balcarres [P.].

6. CKSTRELATA. 397

'- k. 5 ad. file. I'loyal Sound, Kergiielen Land Transit of Venus LX-114-.,^

(A. i:. Eaton). Exped.

/, tn. d" ad. sk. Kerguelen Land. Voy. II. M.S. ' Chal- If, 1 1^.1 - /^.5"

lender.'

^ n. 2 ad. .^k. (ireonland Harbour, Kerguelen Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal- /T. /Ai.i

Land. leiiger.'

^ <). Ad. sk. Tasmania. Sir E. Home [P.].

^ p. Ad.sk. Australian Seas. Salvin-Godman Coll. l^ l^.*t'

,- q. Ad.sk. [Australian Seas.] Gould Coll.

/•. S ad. St. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

^■ s. Ad.sk. [Australian Seas.] W. Golding, Esq. Uf. iu,q

*^ A 2 ad. .sk. New Zealand. ( fl^^*-"**,-^;) Prof, t! J. Parker [P.].

^ u. 2 ad.sk. Coquinibo, CLili, June 1882 Salvin-Godman Coll. ly-ZS-U.

{Captain A. H. Markham). /

t, r. c? ad. sk. Valparaiso, Chili, Aug. 1879 Voy. H.M.S. ' Alert.' l^.l^-i>

(Dr. Coppinger). _

\^ »t\ rT ad. sk. Valparaiso, Aug. 12, 1879 (i>/-. Sahin-Godman Coll. i^'^-^ ^

Coppinger, H.M.S. ' Alert.') ''-/■ z'- : :.
i^ .V. Ad.sk. Southern Ocean. Indian Museum. i-j./it'lt

y. Skeleton. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-

lenger.'

2. Majaqueus parkinsoni. (Plate V,)

Procellaria parkinsoni, Grat/, Ibis, 1862, p. 24-5 ; Buller, Birds N.
Zeal. p. 302 (187:i) ; id.' Ibis, 1874, p. 121 ; Button, Cat. Birds
N. Zeal. p. 40 (1871) : id. Ibis, 1874, p. 42 : Finse/i, J.f. Orn. 1870,
p. 373 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 207 ; Reischek, Tr. A. Zeal. Inst, xviii.
p_. 87 (1886) ; Sandager, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxii. p. 291 (1889).

Majaqueus parkinsoni, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1806, p. 192 ; Hutton,
Ibis, 1869, p. 351 ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 242 (1888) ;
id. op. cit. xxvii. p. 122 (1895).

Puffiuus parkinsoni, Pelz. Peise Novara, Zool. i. Vbg. p. 144 (1869).

Fulmarus parkinsoni. Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 108 (1871).

"S'ery similar to M. ceqidnoctlalis, but smaller ; the bill not nearly
so stout, and the entire plumage including the chin sooty -black.
Total length about 18 inches, wing 13-2 ; tail, central rectrices 4-3,
lateral rectrices 3-6 ; tarsus 2-2, middle and outer toes 2-65, inner
toe 2-1.

Ilab. Xew Zealand Seas.

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Miss R. Stone.

(Type of the species.)

b. Juv. sk. W. Point, S. Island, New Zealand. Miss Smartt [P.].

Type.

6. (ESTRELATA.

^]strelata, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 188 (1855) ; Coues,

Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 137 CE. hesitata.

Cookilaria, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 190 (1855) ffi. leucoptera.

Pterodroma, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 191 (1855) .... CE. macroptera.

(Estrelata, Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 277 ; Forbes, Voy.
'Chall.,' Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 39, &c. (1882).

lianr/e. Temperate and tropical portions of the Oceans of tho
Southern hemisphere. In the Atlaiitir, northwards casually to the
British Islands : in the Paeitic to Japan, &e.

398 rUFFINIDiE.

Key to the Impedes.

a. Exposed portion of the outer primary beneath

more or less dark.
a . Bill wide at the gape.

a" . Entire plumage sooty-brown.

a'". Larger : bill stout, but not excessively macroptera, p. 399.

h'" . Smaller: bill very stout aterrima, p. 401.

b". Under surface more or less white.

c'". Whole head except region round the

eye white lessojii, p. 401.

d'" . Crown more or less dark.
a*. Upper tail-coverts white.

(fi. Jiack of the neck and under surface

white iKPsitata, p. 402.

b^. Back of the neck and whole

plumage sooty-brown jamaicensis, p. 403.

b^. Upper tail-coverts dark.
c\ Under wiiig-coverts dark.

«''. Throat and neck in front dark
like the back ; forehead dark.
a' . Dark portion of the plumage
rich sooty-brown.

a^. Larger : wing 11 in rostrata, p. 404.

b*. Smaller: wing 105 in. .. parvirostris,-^. AQ^.
b'' . Dark portion of the plumage

greyish incerta, p. 405.

6". Throat and neck iu front, and

forehead more or less white * . mollis, p. 406.
d^. Under wing-coverts inwardly more
or leas white, margin dark.

c". Larger phaopygia, p. 407.

ct. Smaller.

(? . Head and neck above blacker,
c". Bill more slender ; larger

under wing-coverts white . bremjjes, p. 408.
d^. Bill stouter ; larger under

wing-coverts mostly dark . hypcleuca, p. 409.
d?. Head and neck above pale

slaty niyrijjennis, p. 409.

b'. Bill much compressed breviiostris, p. 409.

b. Exposed portion of the outer primary beneath

more or less white towards the base of the
inner web.
c'. Large : bill stout ; entire plumage greyish-
sooty ; concealed bases of the feathers of the

under surface white solandri, p. 410.

d\ Bill less stout ; under plumage more or less
white (except (2?. trinitatis and some forms
of CE. negleda).
c" . Larger: inner under wing-coverts white
(wing about 11"5 in.).
e". Margin of the wing beneath also white externa, t^. AW.
f". Margin of the wing beneath dark .... cervicalis, p. 411.

* (E. mayentts, Salvad. & Gigl., probably comes near here.

<!. (ESTKELATA. 399

d". Medium size (wing about 11'3); under
wiiig-coverts mostly dark (except (E. •
(jularis).
(/'". Toes loiig-er (middle toe 1'9).

c'. Upper surface and dark marks gene-
rally brownish neglect a, p. 41 :i.

h'". Toes shorter (middle toe l'7o).
(IK Forehead dark.

e'\ Under surface wWte anninJo7ii(t7ia, p. 413.

y^. Under surface sooty frinitatis, p. 413.

e*. Forehead white or mottled.
(/'. Abdomen white ; larger under

wing-coverts mostly dark heraldica, p. 414.

h'. Abdomen slaty-grey ; larger under

wing-coverts white* r/ularis, p. 414.

e". Small (wing about 8'o) ; under wing-
coverts mostly white.
i'". Axillaries white.

/'. Bill stouter, shorter leucoptera, p. 416.

j"*. Crown and hind neck blackish.
/'. Crown and upper plumage gene-
rally bluer defilippiana, p. 417.

(f. Bill more slender, longer t cooki, p. 417.

./". A.xillaries black axillaris, p. 418.

1 . (Estrelata macroptera.

Procellaria fuliginosa, Kt(hl,Beitr. p. 142 (1820) {m'cGm.y, Gray, List

Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 103 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ;

For.sf. Desa-. Anim. p. 23 (1844); Jacq. Sf Puch. Vuy . Pole Sud,

iii. p. 138 (1853) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 8 (1863) ; Poll.

Si- Van Da7n, Faun. Madaq., Ois. p. 144 (1868); Bidler, Birds

N. Zeal. p. 304, pi. — (18i'3) ; Firisch, J. f. Orn. 1874, p. 207 ;

Sah. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll.

p. 629 (1882) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 373 (1877) ; Milne-Edic. S;

Grandid. Hist. Madag., Ois. p. 670 (1885) ; Hamilton, Tr. N. Zeal.

List, xviii. p. 128 (1886).
Procellaria macroptera, Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Birds, pi. 52

(1840) ; Goidd, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. 1844, xiii. p. 362 ; Gray, Gen.

Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); Iteichenb. Syst. Av., Natatores, pi. 21.

fig. 786 (1848-50); Hutton, Ibis, 1865, p. 286, 1867, p. 187;

Layard, Birds S. Afr. p. 360 (1867) ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 460 ; Butl.,

Fe'ild. ^ Reid, Zoot. 1882, p. 428.
Procellaria atlantica, Gotdd, Ann. 4* Mag. N. H. 1844, xiii. p. 362 ;

Burnt. Syst. Ueb. iii. p. 445 (1856) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 12, 59

(1858) ; Scl. Ibis, 1860, p. 422; Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 246; Pelz.

Reise Novara, Zool. i. Vbq. p. 146 (1869) ; Hutton, Cat. Birds

N. Zeal. p. 47 (1871) ; Cab. S,- Reichenoio, J.f. Orn. 1876, p. 329.
Pufiinus paciiicus. Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844).
Pterodroma fuliginosa, Bp. Compt. Rend. xiii. p. 768 (1856).
Pterudroma atlantica, Bp. Co)isp. Av. ii. p. 191 (1855) ; Gould,

• (E.fschcri, Ridgw., and ffi. sca/aris, Brewster, apparently belong here.
t (E. longirostris, 8tejn., probably conies here.

400 PUFFINII)^.

Hanclb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 449 (1865) ; Verr. in Vinson's Vorj.

Madag., Annexe B, p. 4 (1865).
Pterodronia macroptera, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 191 (1855); id. Compt.

Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 449

(1865); Gigl. ^ Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66; Gigl. Faun. Vert.

Oeeano, p. 39 (1870) ; id. Viagg. ' Magenta ' (see index) (1876).
^strelata t'uliginosa, Coues, Br. Ac. Bhil. 1866, pp. 155, 171 ; Scl. Sf

Salt: Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873) ; B^dler, Birds N. Zeal.

ed. 2, ii. p. 221 (1888).
CEstrelata t'uliginosa, Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 360.
^strelata macroptera, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1860, pp. 155, 171 ; Gigl.

i^ Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66 ; Sharpe, ed. Bayard's Birds S. Afr.

p. 766 (1884).
^strelata goiildi, Hutton, Ibis, 1869, p. 351 ; id. Trans. N. Zeal.

List. ii. p. 79 (1869), 1870, pp. 78, 80.
Procellaria gouldi, Hutton, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 47 (1871) ; Finsch,

J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 372; id. op>. cit. 1874, p. 207 ; Buller, B^irds N.

Zeal. p. 308 (1873) ; Iteischek, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst, xviii. p. 81

(1886); Sandager, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xxii. p. 292 (1890).
Fulmarus atlanticus et macropterus, Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 107

(1871).
^strelata atlantica, Ridgto. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 66 (1887).
Miijaqueus gouldi, Biiller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 245 (1888).

Adult male. Dark sooty-brown, nearly uniform, under surface a
little paler, forehead and throat greyer: bill and feet black. Total
length about 16-5 inches, wing 12 ; tail, central rectrices 4-.5,
lateral rectrices 4 ; bill 1*7, tarsus 1'65, middle and outer toes 2-2,
inner toe 1-9. (Specimen a.)

Sexes alike.

The bird from Tasmania is rather large (wing 13'0), and the
face greyer. It was called Pterodronia macroptera (Smith) by
Gould, and afterwards described by Hutton as CEstrelata gouldi,
but the diflerential characters are not stable.

Hah. Southern Oceans.

/ a. S ad. sk. S. Atlantic, lat. 31° 45' S., Salvin-Godman Coll.

long. 5° 43' W., July 30,
1838 {J. Gould).
b. $ ad. sk. S. Atlantic, lat. 35= 19' S., Salvin-Godman Coll.

long. 10° 32' E., Aug. 6 (J.

Gould). (Types of P- atlantica, Gould.)

' c. Ad. sk. S. Atlantic [J. Gould). Salvin-Godman Coll.

C d. Ad. sk. S. Atlantic, lat. 36° 50' S., J. Macgillivray [C.].

long. 27^ 50' W., Feb.
I'e. (S ad. sk. S. Atlantic, lat. 34° 43' S., J. Macgillivray [C.]. - '

long. 4° W., Feb. ' [ yt^

f. Ad. sk. S. Atlantic. '"/ ,. ^

V/. Ad. sk. S.Africa. SheUey Coll. ^^^

'h. 2 ad. St. S. Atlantic, lat. 30° S., long. Sir George Grey [P.].

6° 47' E.
i. Ad. sk. S. Indian Ocean, lat. 40|° S., J. Macgillivray [C.].

long. 123° E., June.
u- i. (S ad. sk. Off Van Diemen's Land, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Aug. 30, 1839 {J. Gould).

6. (KSTRELATA. 401

■^ k. Ad. sk. [Southern Ocean] {Sir J. Salvin-Godman Coll.

1 Brooke).

^l. Ad. sk. fSouthern Ocean.] Sir E. Home.

""^m. Ad. sk. [Southern Ocean.] Indian Museum.

•^ n. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Purchased.

0, ;?. Skeletons. S. Atlantic Ocean. J. Macgillivray [C.].

2. OEstrelata aterrima.

Pterodroma aterrima, Bp. Compt. lie»d. xl. p. 191, xlii. p. 7G8 (185(i) ;

id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 191 (18.j5) ; Verr. in Vinson's Voy. Madag.,

Annexe B, p. 4 (1865).
Procellaria aten-ima, Schlcf/. Mm. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 9 (1863) ; Poll.

^- Va7i Dam, Faun. Ma'daq., Ois. p. 144 (1868) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag.

p. 375 (1877); Milne-Edio. ^- Grand. Hist. Madag., Ois. p. 671

(1885).
^strelata aterrima, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 158, 171 ; Gigl.

i^- Sahad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66 ; Gigl. Distr. Fatma Vert. Oeeano, p. 38-

(1870) ; Midgiv. Man. 2V. Am.' Birds, p. 67 (1887).

Allied to (E. macroptera, but smaller, the bill much shorter but
relatively very stout, the general colour slightly greyer ; legs dark
reddish-flesh-colour, the outer toe aud the tips of the rest and the
webs between them black. Total length about 14 inches, wing 9"7 ;
tail, central rectriccs 4, lateral rectrices 3'1 ; bill 1"5, tarsus I'o,
middle and outer toes 1-8, inner toe 1'55.

Hah, "Western Indian Ocean : Mascarene Islands.

There is no specimen of this species in the Museum. The only
one I have seen has been kindly lent me by Professor Newton. It
is labelled " d". St. Denys, Mauritius, 17 April 1890."

3. (Estrelata lessoni

Procellaria vagabunda, Solander, MS.

Procellaria lessoni, Garnot, Ann. Sc. Nat. vii. p. 54, pi. 4 (1826) ;

Gould, Birds Atisfr. ,\u. t. 49 (1848); Gray, List Anseres Brit.

Mm. p. 163 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 648 (1844) ; Reich. Syst. Av.,

Natatores, pi. 24. fig. 2605; Hvfton, Ibis, 1867, p. 188; Finsch, J.

f. Orn. 1870, p. 373 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 207 ; Buller, Birds New

Zeal p. 303, pi. — (1873) ; Cab. i§- Reich. J.f. Orn. 1876, p. 329.
Puffinus sericeus, Lesson, Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 402 (1828) ; Gray, Gen.

Birds, iii. p. 647 (1844) {of. Salv. Ibis, 1875, p. 374).
Procellaria leucocephala, Farster, Descr. Aniin. p. 206 (1844) ; Coues,

Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 142 ; Pelz. Reise Novara, Zool. i. Vog. p. 145

(1869).
Puflinus lessoni, Reich. Syst. Av., Natatores, pi. 20. fig. 339.
Khautistes lessoni, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).
OEstrelata (?) sericeus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).
./Estrelata leucocephala, i>/). Consp. Av. ii. p. 189 (1855); Gould,

Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 451 (1865).
Adamastor sericeus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 188 (1855) ; Cones, Pr. Ac.

Phil. 1860, pp. 122, 142.
CEstrelata lessoni, Cass. Pr. Ac. Phil. 1862, p. 327; Ilutton, Ibis,

1870, p. 396; Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 737 ; id. Voy. ' Ch^ill.,' Zool.

VOL. XXV. 2 D

402 PUFFINID^.

ii. pt. viii. p. 144 (1881) ; Moseley, Notes Nat. Chall. p. 208 (1879) ;

Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 126 (1879) ; BuUer, B. Neio Zeal.

ed. 2, ii. p. 219 (1888) ; id. Tr. N. Zeal. List. xxv. p. 78 (1893).
yEstrelata lessoni, Cuues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 142, 170 ; Gi(/l. Sr

Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66 ; Gigl. Distr. Fauna J'ert. Oceano, p. 40

(1870) ; id. Viagg. 'Magenta,' pp. 106,842,843, 887 (1875) ; Coues

<§• Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 27 (1875) ; Kidder, Bidl.

U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 3, p. 14 (1876) ; Pidgiv. Man. N. Am. Birds,

p. 63 (1887).
Fulmarus lessoni, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 107 (1871).

Adult male. Upper surface grey, darker on the rump, and
becoming gradually whiter towards the crown, which is nearly
pure white ; feathers of the back edged with paler grey ; nape and
sides of the neck transversely mottled pale grey and white ; wings
and wing-coverts nearly black ; upper tail-coverts and central
rectrices pale grey, lateral rectrices nearly white ; forehead and
entire under surface pure white, region below and in front of the
eye black ; under wing-coverts dark grey, each feather edged with
white, quills grej', white at the concealed portion of the base : bill
black ; tarsi yellow, distal portion of the toes and webs and the
outer toe wholly dark, the rest yellow. Total length about 18
inches, wing 12"2 ; tail, central rectrices 5, lateral rectrices 3*7 ;
bUl 1-9, tarsus 1-8, middle toe 2-4, outer toe 2*35, inner toe 2-1,

Hab. Southern Indian Ocean, Australian and Xew Zealand Seas.

a. Ad.sk. [Antarctic Seas.] Antarctic Exped. /• ii-

b, c. Ad. sk. Royal Sound, Kerguelen Land Transit of Venus Exped. u. /f,a

{A. E. Eaton). '

d. d; e,f. 2 Betsy Cove, Kerguelen Land. Voy.H.M.S.'ChaUenger.' ^" '^^ /i'

ad. sk. 0 '" ":

g, h. c? ad. sk. S. Indian Ocean, lat. 40J°S., Capt. Stanley [C.].ti/2.^ ^t;--

long. 125i° E.
i. Ad. St. Cape Seas, lat. 36° 39' S., Sir George Grey [P.]. v'/I.O

lonp-. 10° 3' E.
y. c? ad. sk. S. Pacific Ocean, lat. 44° S., J. MacgilHvray [C.]. i.r./x.§,

long. 110i° W.
k. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P.]. l^->2.)

I. Ad. .sk. [Antarctic Seas.] Salvin-Godman Coll. .^Cij i«a«^

Hi, 71. Skulls.

4. (Estrelata haesitata.

Procellaria haesitata, Kuhl, Beitr. p. 142 (1820) ; Temm. PI. Col.

416 (1826) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ; id. Cat. Brit.

Birds, p. 226 (1863) ; Yarrell, Brit. Birds, Suppl. p. 63 (1845) ;

Gould, Birds. Austr. vii. pi. 47 (1845) ; Netvton, Zool. 1852, p. 3691 ;

id. Ibis, 1859, p. 372 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 13 (1863) ;

Degl. (§• Gerbe, Ois. Eur. ii. p. 374 (1867) ; Cab. ^- Peichenotv, J.f.

Orn. 1870, p. 329 ; Muynard, Birds E. N. Am. p. 489 (1879).
Procellaria diabolica, Lafr. Eev. Zool. 1844, p. 168 ; Lawr. Pr. U.S.

Nat. Mus. i. p. 451 (1879).
Procellaria meridionalis, Lau-r. Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. p. 475 (1848), v.

p. 220, pi. 15 (1852) ; id. Birds N. Am. p. 827 (1860).
Procellaria rubritarsi, Gould, Zool. 1852, p. 3692.
Puflinus haesitata, Reich. Syst. Av., Natatores, pi. 20. fig. 336.

I

a[ 6. OESXUELATA. 403

^strelata LfGsitata, lip. Covijyt. Bend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; Coues,
Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 1»9, 170; id. Key N. yim. Birds, p. 328
(1872) ; Elliot, Birds N. Am. ii. pi. 60. f. 1 (18G8) ; Giyl. ^- Salvad.
Ibis, 1869, p. 66 ; <ScZ. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873) ;
A. O. U. Check-l. N. A^n. Birds, p. 102 ; Ridqiv. Man. N. Am. Birds,
p. G6 (1887); Cory, Aid; v. p. 81 (1888); id. Cat. West Ind.
Birds, p. 84 (1892) ; Fvilden, Tr. Norf. Sr Norio. Nat. Mist. Soc.
V. p. 24 (1890) ; Laim: Auk, viii. p. 61 (1891).

Fulmarus meridionalis, Bp. Compt. Reyid. xlii. p. 768 (1856).

yEstrelata diabolica, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 189 (1855) ; id. Compt. Mend.
"^ xlii. p. 768 (1856).

ffistrelata lifesitata, Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 277 ; Dresser, Birds Eur.
viii. p. 545, pi. 618 (1880) ; B. 0. U. List Brit. Birds, p. 200
(1883); Saund. ed. YarrelVs Brit. Birds, iv. p. 8 (1884); id.
Man. Brit. Birds, p. 713 (1889) ; Baird, Breiv., S,- Ridyiv. Water-
Birds N. Am. ii. p. 394 (1884); Seebohm, Ibis, 1884, p. 202;
Cones, Check-l. N. Atn. Birds, p. 126 (1882) ; id. Key N. Am.
Birds, ed. 2, p. 779 (1884) ; Stevens. Birds Norf. iii. p. 361, pi. 4
(1890).

Fulmarus haesitatus. Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 106 (1871).

Diablotin, Luicr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 68 (1878).

(Estrelata, sp., Lawr. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 488 (1879).

Afhdt. Upper surface soory brown, a little paler on the upper
part of the back ; crown black ; back of the neck and the upper
tail-coverts white, anterior lores and whole under surface white ;
forehead and region in front and below the eye black, mottled with
white ; under wing-coverts white, margin of the wing sooty-black ;
tail black, white on the basal two-tliirds and the .shafts white : bill
black ; tarsi and toes yellow, the distal portion of the latter and the
webs for the same distance bhick. Total length about 16 inches,
wing 11"3; tail, central rectrices 5, lateral rectrices 3-8; bill J '7,
tarsus 1'56, middle toe 2, outer toe a little shorter, inner toe 1-6.

Hah. West Indies : Haiti and Martinique.

fl. Ad. sk. Haiti (J. Hearne). Zool. Soc.

5. (Estrelata jamaicensis.

? The larger dark Petterill or Shearwater, Browne, Jamaica, p. 482

(1789).
Procellaria jamaicensis, Bancroft, Znol. Journ. v. p. 81 (1826).
Blue-Moimtain I)uck, Gosse, Birds Jamaica, p. 437 (1847).
Pterodroma caribbtea, Carte, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 93, ]>]. 10.
Estrelata (Pterodroma) caribba?a, Gigl. ^- Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66.
Fulmarus caribbieus. Gray, Hand-l. Jj. iii. p. 107 (1871).
^Estrelata cnribb?er, Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neo/r. p. 149 (1873).
CEstrt'lata jamaicensis, A. l^ E. Newton, ILmdb. Jamaica, 1881,

p. 117 ; Morris, Nature, 1881, xxv. p. 151.
/Estrelata jamaicensis, liidgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 67; Con/,

Auk, v. p. 81 (1888) ; 'id. Cat. Wed Ind. Birds, p. 84 (1892)

Adult male.- Sootj'-brown, nearly uniform, a little darker on the
back, paler on the under surface, greyer on tlie forehead and ihroat;
upper tail-coverts dirty-white; tail sooty-black, the lateral rectrices
dirty-white at the base, the shafts of the same colour : bill and feet

404

PUFFINID^.

black. Total length about 14 inches, wing 11 ; tail, central
rectrices 4-5, lateral rectrices 3-5 ; bill 1-5, tarsus 1-4, middle and
outer toes 1-9, inner toe 1-55.

Sexes alike.

Some specimens are much grej^er than others, both on the back,
lesser wing-coverts, face, and under surface, including the under
tail-coverts. Both forms are found in Jamaica, apparently living
together.

Hah. Jamaica.

a. Ad. sk. Jamaica (/. Hill). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. Ad. St. Jamaica. J. Taylor, Esq. [P.].

c. (S ad. sk. Cinchona Plantations, Jamaica, Salvin-Godman Coll.

Nov. 17, 1879 {E. Newtoti).

6. (Estrelata rostrata.

Procellaria rostrata, Peak, U.S. E.vpl. Exp. viii. pp. 296, 338, pi. 82
(1848) ; Cass. U.S. E.vpl. E.vp. p. 412, pi. 41 (1858) ; Moseley,
Notes Nat. 'ChalL' p. 521 (1879).

Rhantistes rostrata, JBj). Compt. Rend. xHi. p. 768 (1856).

j4].strelata rostrata, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 189 (1855) ; Coues, Pr. Ac.
Phil. 1866, pp. 144, 170 ; Gigl. ^ Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66 ; Layard,
Ibis, 1877, p. 363, 1882, p. 544 ; E. L. ^- L. C. Layard, Ibis, 1878,
p. 264 _; Pidgiv. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 64 (1887).

Procellaria (Estrelata) rostrata, Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pac. p. 56
(1859).

" Entire upper parts pure deep blackish brown, including the
under surface of the wings and tail-feathers ; everywhere of a
nearly uniform tint, but a little darkest on the outer webs and tips
of the primaries, and somewhat lighter on the inner webs, espe-
cially towards their bases. This colour of the upper parts extends
round the sides of the head, neck, and breast ; but becomes on the
chin, throat, and breast a little paler ; and includes the sides under
the wings, and crissum. Rest of the underparts, including the
under tail-coverts, pure white ; the latter, however, have a few
isolated browui-sh streaks ; the line of demarcation between the dark
and light colours on the breast is not very trenchant. The bill is
black. The tarsi are pale yellow ; probably flesh-coloured in life.
A small space on the lower part of their external aspect, and the
whole toes and webs (except a small yellow spot on the inner web

near its base) are black Length about 14 inches, 'extent

39-5' (Peale) ; wing 11; tail 4-75. Bill along chord of culmen
1*37 ; height or width at base 0'66 ; nasal tubes 0"25 ; from
feathers on side of lower mandible to its tip, 1"2. Tarsus 1"75 ;
middle toe and claw 2-25, outer toe and claw 2-12, inner toe and
claw 1"8, hallux 0-25. From apex of longest secondary to tip of
longest primary in the closed wing, 3'25." (Cones in Pr. Ac. Phil.
1866, p. 145.)

Hab. Central Pacific Ocean : Tahiti.

The above description is that of Dr. Coues, who took it from
Peale's types in the United States National Museum. There are

6. (ESTRELATA. 405

no adult specimens in the British Museum, but some are to bo found
in that of the Jardin des Plaiites iu Paris. Mr. Layard's specimens
are in down, and their determination is quite uncertain.

rt, 6. I'uU. sk. Wodin Pass, New Caledonia, March 11, Seebohm Coll.
1877 (-E. L. Layanl).

7. (Estrelata parvirostris.

Procellaria parvnrostris, Peak, U.S. Expl. Exp. viii. pp. 298, 338,

pi. 83 (1848) ; Cass. U.S. E.cpl. E.vp. p. 411 (1858) ; Hiitton, Ibis,

1867, p. 188.
Rhantistes parvirostris, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).
Procellaria (/Estrelata) parvirostris, Gr«j/, Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pac.

p. 56 (1859).
Estrelata parvirostris, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 146, 170; Gigl.

4" Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66 ; Ridgio. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 64

(1887).
CEsti-elata parvirostris, Lister, P. Z. S. 1891, pp. 295, 300.

Adult male. Sooty-black, throat and anterior portion of the neck
rather paler, the bases of the feathers white ; Hanks and under
wing-coverts and quills sooty-black ; under tail-coverts white, the
lateral feathers mottled with sooty-black : bill black ; tarsi and
proximal half of the toes and webs yellow, distal portion of the
two latter black. Total length about 15 inches, wing 10*5 ; tail,
central rectrices 4-25, lateral rectrices 3'45 ; bill 1"5, tarsus 1'3,
middle toe 1'7, outer toe a little shorter, inner toe 1*45.

Hah. Central Pacific Ocean.

a. S ad. sk. Canton I., Plicenix Group, July J. J. Lister, Esq.

1889 (J. J. L.). [P.].

b. $ ad. sk. Canton I., Phcenix Group, July 2 SeeDohm Coll.

(/. J. Lister).

8. (Estrelata incerta.

-Estrelata inexpectata, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 189 (1855) {nee Forst.).

(Estrelata inexpectata, Bp. Compt. Rend. xhi. p. 768 (1856).

Procellaria incerta, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 9 (1863).

Estrelata incerta, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 147, 170 ; Gigl. ^
Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66 ; Giql. Distr. Fauna Vert. Oceana, p. 41
(1870) ; id. Viagg. ' Magenta,'' pp. 94, 106, 975 (1875) ; Ridgio.
Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 64 (1887;.

CEstrelata incerta, Buller, B. New Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 220 (1888),

Adult male. Upper surface brown, darker on the rump, paler on
the back of the neck, the feathers of the back and the wing-coverts
edged with a paler shade ; sides of the neck and breast pale
greyish brown, the middle of the throat nearly white ; flanks,
under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, axillarics, and quills dark
brown : bill black, tarsus and proximal half of the toes and webs
yellow, remainder of the latter blackish. Total length about 17'5
inches, wing 12'5 ; tail, central rectrices 5'5, lateral rectrices 4*2 ;
bill 2, tarsus 1-7, middle and outer toes 2-4, inner toe 2.

Hab. South Atlantic Ocean, near the Cape of Good Hope.

406 PUFFINID^.

a. d ad. sk. Cape Seas, lat. 36° S., long. 10° E., W. J. Brown, Esq.

Aug. 25, 1888. [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Cape Seas, lat. 39° S., long. 9" E., Salvin-Godman Coll.

Sept. 8 (Dr. A. B. Meyer).

c. Ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean. T. Parkin, Esq. [P.].

9. (Estrelata mollis.

Procellaria mollis, Gould, Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. 1844, xiii. p. 363 ;

id. Birds Anstr. vii. pi. 50 (1848) ; Reich. Syst. Av., Natatores,

pi. 25. figs. 2606-7 ; Earcourt, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. 1855, xx. p. 438

(Madeira) ; Layard, Ibis, 1862, p. 98 ; id. op. cit. 1872, p. 337 ;

Schl. Mils. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 11 (186.3); Newton, Ibis, 1863,

p. 186; id. op. cit. 1868, p. 340; Hutton, Ibis, 1865, p.287(?) ; id.

op. cit. 1867, pp. 188, 191 ; Pelz. Raise Novara, Zool. i. Vbg. p. 146

(1869).
jEstrelata mollis, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 190 (1855) ; Coties, Pr. Ae.

Phil. 1860, pp. 150, 170 ; Goidd, Handb. Birds Ausfr. ii. p. 453

(1865); Giyl. S,- Sakad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66; Gigl. Fauna Vert.

Oceana, p. 42 (1870) ; Ridgw. M^in. N. Ayn. Birds, p. 63 (1887).
Rhantistes mollis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).
Fulmarus mollis, Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 107 (1871).
CEstrelata mollis, Salv. Ibis, 1877, p. 480 ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 738 ;

id. Toy. 'Chall.,' Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 144 (1881) ; Sharpe, Phil. Tram.

clxviii. p. 128 (1879) ; id. ed. Layard's Birds S. Afr. p. 766 (1884) ;

Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 539, 544 ( ?) ; Dalgleish, Ibis, 1890, p. 386.
ffistrelata philippi {nee Gray), Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 164.
? Procellaria melanopus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 562 (1788) ; Vieill. Enc.

Meth.-p.79 (1823); Gray, ListAnseres Brit.Miis. p. 164 (1844).

Adult male. Upper surface slate-grey, the feathers of the fore-
head margined with white, those of the back with a slightly paler
shade of grey ; wings blackish brown, the greater coverts greyish
and edged with whitish, a black patch in front of and beneath the
eye ; lores, throat, and under surface pure white, sides of the neck
freckled with grey, sides of the breast grey ; under wing-coverts
dark grey, the edge of the -wing and the quills blackish ; tail grey,
lateral rectrices freckled with white, under tail-coverts white : bill
black ; tarsi and proximal half of the toes and webs flesh-colour,
the remainder black. Total length about 14 inches, wing 10-3 ;
tail, central rectrices 4*4, lateral rectrices 3*2 ; biU 1-4, tarsus 1-4,
middle and outer toes 1-7, inner toe 1*6

Female like the male.

Hah. South Seas, northward in the Atlantic Ocean to ATadeira.

In some specimens the grey of the sides of the breast meets in
the middle ; in others the under surface is suffused with grey.

a 2ad.sk. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 29° 45' S., Salvin-Godman CoU."^ is. //)■
long. 15° 3' W., July 27, 1838

{J. Gould). y

6 cJ ad sk. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 29° 46' S., Gould Coll. I '^'^■'^

long. 15° 3' W., July 27, 1838. J

(Types of the species.)

c Ad. sk. S. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35° 50' S., J. Macgillivray [C.l. u- ,
long. 27° 50' W., Feb. 13, 1847.

6. (ESTEELATA. 407

d. $ ad.sk. S. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 34° 43' S., J. Macgillivray [0.1. u- loi

long. 4° 0' W., Feb. l'4, 1847.

e,/ Ad.sk. Nightingale Is., S. Atlantic, Oct. 1^, Voy. H.M.S. ' Ghal- €, W^J ^-^

1873. lenger.' ■^. i-J-. ^. JT

i^. Ad.sk. S. Indian Ocean, lat. 37° 59' S., Earl of Crawford and) ,, „ -,

long. 29° 18' E. Ealcarres [P.]. j " ' ^ ' /

A. Ad. St. Kerguelen Laud ? Antarctic Exped. '^ ur - i o,^

*. Ad. sk. N.W.Australia. Capt. Beckett [C.]. - w. /«>-a.

j-l Ad. St. S. Australia:' Sir G. Grey [P.]. ~ -k< u^cf.y- ;.ir./^

»». Ad. sk. South Seas (e.r GomW). Salvin-Godman Coll. ,-.,^^

«,o. Ad.sk. [South Seas.] Salvin-Godman Coilo

\ >l -ij- /o. I

10. (Estrelata inagentae.

^Estrelata magenta, Giyl. ^ Salvad. Ibis, 1869, pp. 61, 66 ; Gigl. Distr.

Fauna Vert. Oceano, p. 41 (1870) ; id. Viagg. >■ Maqenta,' pp. 843,

884 (1875) ; Bidgio. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 64 (1887).
ffistrelata magentas, Salv. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 251, pi. 30.

" J^. supra intense fusco-nigra, plumis sub quadatn luce paUide
marginatis, alls, Cauda, lateribus, subalaribus ac torque jugulari
fusco-nigris ; regione ante oculari intensiore ; fronto albido-sericea
fere argenteo colore perfusa, lateraliter magis conspicue ; gula, pec-
tore abdomine albis ; subcaudalibus lateraliter cinereo tinclis, scapis
parte apicali fuscis ; rostro nigro, pedibus carneis, digitis palmisque
nigris oxcepta parte basali interna tarso concolori ; iride bruunea. ~ t't (. ^'o. /^ «.
Long. tot. 0"-400, alaj O-^-SlO, caud. 0"-140, rostr. a fronte 0'"-048, '»-<"'<- /^^-: -teC^.^
tars. O-^-OSS, dig. med. cum ung. 0'°-056." {Giylioli ^ Salvadori,^^-''''r" 'f ff
Ibis, 1869, p. 61.) /S^-. r^x^vit^

iTa^. South Pacific Ocean, lat. 39° 38' S., long. 125° 58' W. of '• ^ ■>»-''■ ''^^
Greenwich. '.^.-Z -

There are no specimens of this species in the British Museum.

11. (Estrelata phaeopygia.

? Procellaria alba, B/o.rha?n in Byron's Voy. p. 252 : Gray, Cat. Birds

Trap. Is. Pac. p. oQ (1859) (partim).
(Estrelata phajopygia, Salv. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 507, pi. 88. fig. 1

(1876) ; Wilson, Aves Haioaiienses, part v. (1894).
Procellaria rostrata ?, Moseley, Notes Nat. ' Chall.'' p. 499 (1879) {nee

Peale).
yEstrelata sandwichensis, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mas. ix. p. 95 (1886) ;

Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mtis. x. p. 77 (1887).
^45strelata phffiopvgia, Ridqto. Man. Birds N. Am. p. 65 (1887) ; id.

Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xi. p. 104 (1888).

Adult. Upper surface brownish black, the concealed bases of the
feathers white with black shafts, the feathers of the back indi-
stinctly edged with grey ; forehead, lores, and whole under surface
white, region round the eye black, a few indistinct hastate spots on
the flanks ; under wing-coverts white, the edge of the wing and the
quills black ; tail black, the lateral rectrices towards the base and
the shafts white : bill black ; tarsi and proximal haK of the inner
and middle toes, and the webs between them yellow, the outer toe

408 PUFFINID^.

and the distal portion of the rest black. Total lenj^h about 1 7
inches, wing 12 ; tail, central rectrices 5-5, lateral rectrices 3-5 ;
bill 1-65, tarsus 1*6, middle and outer toes 1-9, inner toe 1'6.

Hah. Eastern North Pacific Ocean from the Galapagos to the
Hawaiian Archipelago.

a, b. Ad. sk. Chatham I., Galapagos Capt. Kellett and Lieut

Arch. Wood[C.].

(Types of the species.)

c. Ad. sk. Kaui, Hawaiian Arch. Prof. Collett [P.].

{Knudsen) .

12. (Estrelata brevipes.

ProceUaria brevipes, Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp. viii. pp. 294, 337, pi. 80

(1848), apiid Stejneger.
ProceUaria torquata, Macgillivray, Zool. xviii. p. 7133.
ProceUaria cooki, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 414 (1858) (nee Gray).
ProceUaria desolata, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. ProceU. p. l3 (1863).
Estrelata cooki, Coues, Pi: Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 152.
yEstrelata desolata, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 155; Giyl. ^

Salmd. Ibis, 1869, p. 66.
Fulmarus aneiteimensis. Gray, Hand-l. Birds, iii. p. 107 (1871).
(Estrelata leucoptera, Salv. Ibis, 1876, p. 393 ; Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879,

p. 16 ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 466 (1882).
? ProceUaria caerulea, Layard, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 498.
Estrelata leucoptera, Pidgio. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 65 (1887) (nee

Gould).
Q]]strelata torquata, Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 3-59 ; id. op. cit. 1891, p. 411,

pi. 9 ; Harting, Zool. 1890, p. 454.
^Estrelata brevipes, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. pp. 617-9 (1893).

Adult male. Upper surface slaty-black, the middle of the back,
larger wing-coverts, and the upper tail-coverts grey ; forehead,
cheeks, throat, and under surface white ; sides of the breast slaty-
grey ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white, margin of the wing
and quills black ; tail greyish black, the lateral rectrices pale grey :
bill black ; tarsi and proximal half of the toes (except the outer
one) yellowish, the rest black. Total length about 11-5 inches,
wing 8-7 ; tail, central rectrices 3"9, lateral rectrices 2*7 ; biU 1-3,
tarsus 1"1, middle and outer toes 1-3, inner toe 1-1.

As in CE. riiollis, some specimens have a complete grey band
across the breast (whence Macgillivray's name), whilst in others a
grey tint suffuses the whole of the under surface except the throat.

Ilab. Western Pacific Ocean, New Hebrides, and Fiji Islands, to
the Southern-Ice barrier, lat. 68° S. (Peale), and straying to the
English coast.

a. d'ad. ; b. Jad. sk. Aneiteum, New Hebrides Salvin-Godman CoU.

(J. Macgillivray).

c. cJ ad. ; d. § ad. sk. Aneiteum, New Hebrides, J. MacgiUivray [C.].

Feb. & Mar. 1859. (Types of P. torquata.)

e, f. $ ad. sk. Viti Levu, Fiji Is., May GodefiVoy Mus.

1878 ( T. Kleinschmidt).

g. Ad. St. Near Aberystwith, Wales. W.Willis-Bund, Esq.

I

6. (KSTUELVTA. 409

13. (Estrelata hypoleuca.

CEstrelata hypoleuca, Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 359 ; Seeb. P. Z. S. 1889,

p. 586,^890, p. 105 ; id. B. Japan. Emp. p. 269 (1890).
-(Estrelata hypoleuca, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 017 (1893).

Adult. Similar to ffi". torquata, but rather larger, the bill being
distinctly stouter. The feathers of the back are more distinctly
edged with grey, and there is less white on the under wing-coverts ;
the under surface is wholly white. Total length about 13 inches,
wing 9 ; tail, central rectrices 4-6.5, lateral rectrices 3-2 ; bill 1-3,
tarsus 1-1, middle toe 1-3.5, outer toe a little shorter, inner toe 1-15.

Hab, North Pacific Ocean.

a. Ad. sk. Krusenstern Is., N. Pacific Seebohm Coll. (Tj-pe

(//. J. Snow). of the species.)

b. Ad. ; c. Pull. Nakaudoshima, Benin Is., Seebohm Coll.
sk. May 14, June 10, 1890

(P. A. Hoist).

14. (Estrelata nigripennis.

(Estrelata cooki, Chee&eman, Trans. N. Z. Inst, xxiii. p. 224 (1891)

{7iec Gray, fide Hutton).
(Estrelata uigiipennis, Rothsch. Bull. Orn. Club, i. p. Ivii (1893) ;

id. Ibis, 1893, p. 571 ; Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 750 ; Btdler, Tr.

N. Zeal. Inst, xxvii. p. 123 (1895).

Adult. Upper surface slaty-grey, with a dark patch on the rump,
the feathers of the head and sides of the neck narrowly edged with
white, the feathers of the anterior portion of the crown with black
discs and white edges, the forehead and lores being nearly pure
white, a superciliary spot white, area round the eye dark blackish
grey ; whole under surface pure white, the sides of the breast slaty-
grey ; scapulars and wings black, the larger coverts grey, with very
narrow white margin ; under surface of the wings white, with a
wide dark border, the outer primaries black, showing a little white
on the exposed portion close to the coverts ; tail greyish black,
outer rectrices white on their inner webs nearly to the tip, outer
web mottled with grey. Total length about 12-5 inches, wing 8-7,
tail 4-1, tarsus 1-2, middle and outer toes 1-3, inner toe 1"1.

I/ab. Kermadec Is., South Pacific Ocean.

There are several specimens of this species in the Hon. Walter
Rotlischild's collection.

a, b. Ad. sk. Kermadec Is. Hon. W. Rothschild [P.].

(Typical specimens.)

15. (Estrelata brevirostris.

Procellaria lugens, Banlis, Icon. nos. 21, 22 {aimd Kuhl) ; cf. Salv. in

Bowlei/'s Orn. Misc. i. p. 235 (1876).
Procellaria grisea, Kuhl, Beitr. Zuol. p. 144, f. 9 (1820) (ncc Gm.) ;

Sc/il. 3Ius. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 12 (1803).
Procellaria brevirostris, Less. Traitd d'Orn. p. 611 (1828) ; Gray,

Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ; id. List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 163

(1844).

410 PUFFINID^.

Rhantistes unicolor, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).
Pterodroma niacroptera, Bp. t'onsp. Av. ii. p. 191 (1865) (wee Smith) ;

id. Comjyt. Rend. xli. p. 191, xlii. p. 768.
^strelata grisea, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 148, 170 ; Gigl. ^

Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66.
Fulmavus griseus. Gray, Hnnd-l. iii. p. 107 (1871).
^strelata kidderi, Coues, Forest Sf Stream, Aug. 19, 1875 ; id. Bull.

U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 2, p. 28 (Nov. 1875) ; Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat.

Mus. no. 3, p. 15 (1876).
Procellaria mollis, Cab. ^ Reich. J.f. Orn. 1876, p. 329.
(Estrelata bre-virostris, Salv. in Roxoleifs Orn. Misc. i. p. 235 ; id.

P. Z. S. 1878, p. 738 ; id. Voi/.'Chall.;'Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 145 (1881) ;

Sharps, Phil. Trans, clxvii'i. p. 124 (1879).
iEstrelata brevirostris, Ridgiu. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 66 (1887).

Adult. Slaty-grey, nearly uniform, smaller wing-coverts brownish
with grey edges, quills and tail darker grey ; under surface a little
paler ; under wing-coverts grey, with dark shafts : bill black ; tarsi
and toes dusky. Total length about 14'5 inches, wing 10 ; tail, central
rectrices 4*1, lateral rcctrices 3'15 ; bill 1'4, tarsus 1*42, middle and
outer toes 1*8, inner toe 1"46.

Younr/. Covered with brown down, which is replaced by the grey
feathers of the adult.

JIab. South Atlantic and South Indian Oceans.

a-c. Ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, Ker- Antarctic Exped.

guelen Land.

d, e. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Land. Lt.-A. Smith [P.].

/• 6\ {/■ ? ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, Ker- Dr. R. McCormick

guelen Land, July 15, [P.].

1840.

h. 2 ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, July 15, Salvin-Godman Coll.

1840 [R. McCormick). (Type of P. uni-
color, Gould, MS.)

/. 5 ad.sk. Royal Sound, Kerguelen Transit of Venus Exp.

Land (A. E. Eaton),

j. Pull. sk. Kerguelen Land. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'

k. Ad.sk. Tristan d'Acunha. Capt. Carmichael[P.].

16. (Estrelata solandri.

Procellaria melanopus, Natt. nee Gm. (fide Gould).

Procellaria solandri, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 57 ; id. Ann. S^ Mag. N.

H. 1844, xiii. p. 353 ; Gray, Gen. B. iii. p. 648 (1844).
Cookilaria solandri, B^). Compt. Rend. xl. p. 190 ; id. Cojisp. Av. ii.

p. 190 (1855).
Pterodroma solandri, Gould, Sandb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 450 (1865).
.Estrelata solandri, Copies, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 148, 170 ; Gigl. ^

Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66.
Fulmarus solandri. Gray, Hand-l. B. iii. p. 107 (1871).

Adult male. Dark grey, head dark brown, back and wing-coverts
edged with dark brown ; face and whole under surface greyish
brown, the half-concealed bases of the feathers pure white ; under
wing-coverts dark greyish brown, the quills black, the bafles of the

(). (ESTRRLATA. 411

inner webs white : bill, tarsi, and toes black. Total length about
18 inches, wing 12; tail, central rectrices 5, lateral rcctrices 3"S ;
bill rS, tarsus I'T, middle and outer toes 2-2, inner toe 1"85.
Hah. Coast of Australia.

a. (S ad. sk. Bass's Straits, Mar. 13 (1839). Gould Coll.

(Type of the species.)

17. (Estrelata externa.

OEstrelata externa, Sali\ Ibis, 1875, p. 373.

.Estrelata externa, Ridyic. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 68 (1887).

Adult. Upper surface greyish black, the bases of all the feathers
white, those of the back edged with pale grey ; the back of the neck
white, each feather edged with very pale grey ; wings outwardly
black, the larger coverts edged with greyish white ; forehead and
entire under surface pure white, cheeks mottled with dark grey ;
under wing-coverts almost to the edge of the wing and axil-
laries white, quills black, the bases of the inner webs white ; tail
greyish black, the inner webs of the lateral rectrices and the shafts
adjoining towards the base white : bill black ; tarsi and proximal
half of the toes yellow, remainder black. Total length about 16
inches, wing 11"5 ; tail, central rectrices 5, lateral rectrices 3"9 ;
bill 1-8, tarsus 1-45, middle and outer toes 1-8, inner toe 1-55.

YowKj. Covered with brown down, whiter on the under surface.
This is succeeded by the fully adult plumage.

Hah. Coast of Chili, breeding on Masafuera I.

a. Ad. sk. Masafuera I. {Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll. \

b. I'ull. sk. Masafuera I. {Leybold,). Salvin-Godman Coll. (

(Types of the species.)

18. (Estrelata cervicalis. (Plate VI.)

(Estrelata cervicalis, Salv. 76is, 1891, p. 192; Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893,
p. 751 ; Buller, Tr. N. Ze(d. Inst, xxvii. p. 124 (1895).

(Estrelata, sp., Cheeseman, Trans. N. Z. Inst, xxiii. p. 224 (1891)
(Jide Htdto7i).

Adult. Similar to (E. externa, but much darker on the upper
surface, the feathers of the back hardly showing grey edges ; the
under wing-coverts are less white, those of the edges of the wing
being mingled black and white, the primaries have less white at
the base of the inner web, the white portion being almost covered
by the longest white coverts. Total length about 19 inches, wing
11-5 ; tail, central rectrices 5-2, lateral rectrices 4; bill 1'7, tarsus
1-5, middle and outer toes 1"95, inner too 1-65.

Hah. Kermadec Islands, South Pacific Ocean.

a. Ad. sk. Kermadec Islinds. Capt. Carpenter [!'.].

(Type of the species.)

412 PUFFINID^.

19. (Estrelata neglecta.

? White-breasted Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 400 ; id. Gen.

Hist. B. X. p. 186 (1824).
Norfolk Island Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 334 (1802).
? Procellaria alba, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. o65 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Orn. ii.

p. 822 (1790); Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 419 (1817) ;

Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844).
? ProceUaria grisea, Vieill. Enu. Meth. p. 75 (1823) (Norfolk 1.) ; Gray,

Gen. Birds, iii. p. 674 (1844).
? Procellaria variegata, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 78 (1823).
Daption album, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 246 (1826).
Rhantistes raoulensis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 705 (descr. nulla).
Procellaria (Estrelata) alba, Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pacif. p. 56

(1859).
Procellaria philippi, Gi-ay, Ibis, 1862, p. 246.
Procellaria neglecta, Schl. Mus. F.-B., vi. Procell. p. 10 (1863) ;

Finsch, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 18.
Estrelata neglecta, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 147, 170 ; Gigl. ^

Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66 ; Gigl. Distr. Fauna Vert. Oceano,

p. 42 (1870) ; Pidgic. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 67 (1887).
Procellaria mollis, Finsch, J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 373, 1874, p. 207.
Fulmarus albus. Gray, Iland-l. B. iii. p. 106 (1871).
CEstrelata neglecta, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. 6-'en. xviii. p. 411 (1882) ;

id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 465 (1882) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 431 ;

Bullei; Birds Netv Zeal, ed, 2, ii. p. 224 (1888) ; id. Tr. N. Zeal.

Inst, xxiii. p. 41 (1890) ; id. op. cit. x.xvii. p. 132 (1895) ; id. P. Z. S.

1894, p. 653; Cheei^eman, Tr. N. Z. Inst, xxiii. p. 225 (1891);

Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 752.
CEstrelata mollis, Bidkr, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 222 (1888) ; id.

Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xxiv. p. 85 (1892) ; Ckeesetnan, Tr. N. Zeal.

Inst, xxiii. p. 224 (1891).
CEstrelata pbilippi, Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 755.
CEstrelata leucopbrys, Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 752, pi. 63 ; Buller,

Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xxvii. p. 123 (1895).
CEstrelata neglecta, var., Hutton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 754.
Procellaria raoulensis, Gould, MS.

Adult male. Upper surface brown, the bases of the feathers
white, top of the head darker, feathers of the back indistinctly
edged with paler brown, lores and cheeks mottled with brown ;
under surface white, sides of the neck and breast washed with pale
brown ; under tail-coverts brown, their bases white ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries brown, primaries blackish brown, the bases of
the inner webs and the shafts adjoining white : bill black ; tarsi and
basal portion of the toes yellow, their tips black. Total length about
15*5 inches, wing 11"3 ; tail, central rectrices 4*1, lateral rectrices
3'7 ; bill 1-55, tarsus 1-5, middle and outer toes 1-9, inner toe 1-65.

Female. Similar to the male.

Great variation exists as to the colour of the under surface,
some birds being nearly uniform greyish brown. Specimen i has
rather greyer plumage than any of the rest of the series.

Hub. South Pacific Ocean.

a. Ad. sk. Raoul I., Kermadec Group iSalvin-Godman Coll. ^M'^

(J. Macgillivray). (Type of P. raoulensis,

Gould, MS.)

6. (ESTRELATA.

413

^

2 ad.
sT Ad.

sk.

''C,

sk.

>/e.

Pull. sk.

/■

<S ad.

sk.

9,

h. Ad.

sk.

i. Ad. sk.

Raoiil I., July 13, 1854.

Raoul I.

Raoul I.

Kermadec Is.

Juan Fernandez, coast of Chili,

Mar. 1881 (A. H. Marhham).
Eastern South Pacific Ocean

{Lieut. Macfarlane).

J. Macgillivray [C
J. Macgillivray [C,
J. Macgillivray fC
J. Macgillivray [C.
Salvin-Godman Coll.H • '0

Salvin-Godman Coll. H . |

!(•

"7

11 -0

20. (Estrelata arminjoniana.

Procellaria sandaliata, Solander, Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ;

Salv. in liowleifs Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876).
Rhantistes sandaliata, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).
/Estrelata arminjoniana, Gigl. &;■ Salvad. Ibis, 1869, pp. 62, 66 ; Gii/l.

Distr. Fauna Vert. Oceano, p. 42 (1870).
(Estrelata arminjoniana, 8alv. inBoivleifs Om. Misc. i. pp. 234, 252,

pi. 31 (1876) ; Hidffw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 64 (1887).
Qilstrelata mollis {nee Gould), Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 164.

Adult. Upper surface brown, nearly uniform, the top of the head
and the upper tail-coverts a little darker ; under surface white, the
chin, sides of the neck, and breast mottled with greyish brown,
leaving the middle of the throat white, flanks and asillaries greyish
browii ; under tail-coverts white, the sides mottled with grey ; under
wing-coverts brown, the primaries white at the base of the inner
webs, the shafts brown : bill black ; tarsi and proximal half of the
middle and inner toes and the webs between them yellow, the outer
toe and the distal portion of the rest black. Total length about
16 inches, wing 114 ; tail, central rectrices 4'4, lateral rectrices 3'9 ;
bill 1-5, tarsus 1'35, middle and outer toes 1*75, inner toe 1"45.

Very similar to (E. neglecta, but a rather smaller bird and with
smaller bill.

Hab. South Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of the island of
Trinidad.

rt. Ad. sk. Trinidad I., S. Atlantic, Aug. 21.

Earl of Crawford and
Balcarres [P.].

21. (Estrelata trinitatis.

--Estrelata trinitatis, Git/l. ^- Salvad. Ibis, 1869, pp. 65, 66 ; Ridgto.

Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 67 (1887).
Pterodroma trinitatis, Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 40 (1870) ; id.

Tlaf/i/. ' Jlar/enta,' p. 976 (1875).
CEstrelata trinitatis, &/y. inRoidey's Orn. Misc.'i. p. 253, pi. 32 (1876).

" J^. ex toto fuliginoso-nigra, subtus vix pallidior, remigibus
nigricantioribus, basi intus pallidioribus ; fronte ac capite supra
plumis distincte griseo-raarginatis ; rostro pedibusque nigris ; iridi-
bus brunneis. Long. tot. 0""-350, alse 0™-290-0™-295, cauda; 0°'-130,
rostr. a fronte 0"-02S-0™-031, tars. 0"'-034, dig med. cum ung.
0™-046-0'"-050." (Gifil. 4- Salvad. I. s. c.)

Hah. South Atlantic Ocean, near the island of Trinidad.

There are no specimens of this bird in the Museum from this
locality. It is very questionable if the species is distinct from

414 PUFFINID^.

(E. arminjoniana, of -which it is probably a dark form, analogous to
what is found to be the case in the closely-allied (F. neghcta in the
Pacific Ocean.

22. (Estrelata heraldica.

Procellaria leucoptera, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 12 (1863) {nee
<V.op, I Gould).

' Fulmarus philippi {nee Gray), Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 106 (1871).

CEstrelata heraldica, Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 357.

Adult. Upper surface dark brown, the feathers of the back in-
distinctly edged with grey, forehead and cheeks white, mingled
with brown ; under surface white, breast (narrowly), sides of the
neck, flanks, and lateral under tail-coverts vermiculated with grey ;
under wing-coverts mostly blackish, the longest white with dusk}'
tips, quills blackish with dusky shafts, the inner web white for two
thirds of its length from the base, but not touching the shaft ; tail
blackish, the basal portion of the lateral rectrices white ; bill black,
tarsi and proximal half of the toes yellow, the rest black. Total
length about 14 inches, wing 11-2; tail, central rectrices 4-5,
lateral rectrices 3-65 ; bill 1*5, tarsus 1-4, middle and outer toes
1-75, inner toe 1-5.

Eah. Western Pacific, Chesterfield Is.

a. Ad. sk. Chesterfield Is. (/. Macyillivray). Salvin-Godman Coll.

(T^-pe of the species.)
6. Ad. sk. Chesterfield Is. J.'Macgillivray [C.].

23. (Estrelata gularis.

Procellaria inexpectata, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 204 (1844) {apud

Hidton, P. Z. S. 1893, p. 753).
Procellaria gularis, Peale, U. S. Expl. Exp. p. 299 (1848).
Estrelata gularis, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; Gigl. Sf

Salmd. Ibis, 1869, p. 66 ; Giql. Distr. Fauna Vert. Oceano, p. 40

(1870) ; Brewster, Auk, i. p. 389 (1884) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Am.

Birds, p. 112 (1886) ; Ridgto. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 67 (1887).
Procellaria mollis, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 410 (1858) {apud

Ridgw.),
Procellaria atfinis, Buller, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. vii. p. 215 (1875).
CEstrelata affinis, Bulkr, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 223, pi. 41.

f. 1 (1888); id. Trans. N. Z. Inst, xxiii. p. 41 (1891); id. op. cit.

xxiv. p. 84 (1892) ; id. op. cit. xxvii. p. 124 (1895).
CEstrelata gularis, Coues, Key N. Am. B. ed. 2, p. 750 (1884) ;

Baird, Breiv. ^- Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 397 (1884) ;

Salv. Ibis, 1888, p. 358.

" Inner webs of primaries abruptly white for at least the inner
half ; wing more than 9 inches ; shafts of the quills dark brown.
Head, neck, and upper parts plain dark slaty (feathers of the head
and neck white beneath surface, those of the back, &c., white at the
base) ; upper tail-coverts and tail brownish ash-grey ; lores, chin,
throat, and under tail-coverts white, the first mixed with blackish ;
breast, belly, sides, and flanks plain brownish plumbeous, the
feathers pure white immediately beneath the surface ; thighs and

6. (ESTRELATA. 415

chest white, irregularly barred or vermiculatcd with deep greyish.
Wing lU-0, tail 4-0 (graduated for -iJ), culmen 1-02, depth of bill at
base -5, tarsus 1"2, middle toe with claw 1"55." {Ridgivay, Man. N.
Am. Birds, p. 67.)

With Mr. Rothschild's permission, I sent a New-Zealaud speci-
men of (E. affinis to Washington, to be compared with Peale's type of
(E. gidaris. Mr. Ridgway writes to me concerning them as follows : —

" I have carefully compared the bird (i. e. (E. ajjinis) with the
types of CE. gidaris (Peale) and (E. Jisheri, Ridgw., and have no
doubt whatever as to its being of the same species as the former,
as you supposed it to be. The type of (E. gidaris has the plumage
saturated with oil from the skin, and is therefore considerably dis-
coloured ; the upper parts being much darkened, and the grey of
the under parts browner than in the Rothschild specimen. Making
due allowance, however, for this, the plumage is practically iden-
tical ; while the measurements (which were taken, the two specimens
one immediately after the other) are as near the same as possible."

Mr. Rothschild has several specimens of this species in his col-
lection, including the type of (E. affinis (BuUer).

Ilab. Antarctic Ocean (Peale) ; New Zealand Seas (Buller).

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand Seas. Hon. W. Rothschild [P.].

24. (Estrelata fisheri.

.^strelata iisheri, RidffW. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 656 (.Tune

1883), vi. p. 18 (1885); id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 68 (1887);

id. Auk, 1B05, p. 319, pi. i; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds,

p. 103 (1886).
(Estrelata fisheri, Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 780 (1884) ;

Baird, Brew., ^- Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 396 (1884) ;

Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 18 (1885).

" Inner webs of primaries abruptly white for at least the inner
half ; wing more than 9 inches ; back uniform grey ; top of the
head white, spotted with greyish. Back and scapulars fine bluish
grey or plumbeous ; lesser wing-coverts slaty blackish ; greater and
middle coverts slate-grey, broadly margined with white ; tail mostly
white, irregularly barred and vermiculatcd with grey ; lores, cheeks,
chin, throat, middle of chest, and under tail-coverts immaculate
pure white ; a blackish spot immediately beneath the eye ; sides of
the neck and chest densely mottled and vermiculatcd with ash-grey
and white, but the former prevailing ; lower breast, beUj-, sides,
and flanks smoky plumbeous superficially, but the feathers all pure
white immediately beneath the surface. Wing 10" 15, tail 4 (gra-
duated for -9), culmen 1"0, tarsus 1-25, middle toe with claw 1"7."
{Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 67.)

Hah. North Pacific Ocean, near Alaska.

This species is only known from the type in the United States
National Museum at Washington.

Mr. Ridgway has recently sent me the following comparison of
(E. jisheri with (E. gidans: —

" (E. fisheri differs conspicuously from (E. gvJaris in the very

416 PTJFFINID^.

much lighter colour of the upper parts, the mantle being lighter,
not darker than the No. 7 grey of my ' Nomenclature of Colours.'
The upper tail-coverts and tail still paler, while the entire nape and
pileus are white, the former marked with crescentic bars, and the
latter more sparsely with cordate and sagittate spots of slate-colour ;
the white edgings of the greater wing-coverts and secondaries are
much broader, and the inner web of the lateral tail-feathers is
wholly pure white, the outer web also white, with grey bars.
Notwithstanding the much paler coloration of the upper parts,
however, the soft brownish grey of the under parts is quite as dark
in CE. fisheri as in CE. gulans, and occupies just about the same
area; but the well-defined bars on the flanks seen in the latter
seem to be quite absent in (E.fisherV *

25. (Estrelata scalaris.

^strelata gularis, Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi. p. 91 (1881)

{nee Peale).
Estrelata scalaris, Breivster, Auk, iii. p. 390 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man.

N. Am. Birds, p. 68 (1887).

" Inner webs of primaries abruptly white for at least the inner
half ; wing more than 9 inches. Above, including the whole top of
the head, dark bluish grey, the feathers of the back and scapulars
broadly bordered terminally with ashy white, the middle and
greater wing-coverts similarly marked ; chin, throat, chest, centre
of breast, and under tail-coverts plain white ; rest of the lower
parts vermiculated and irregularly barred with slaty-grey or plum
beous, this becoming uniform and somewhat darker on the belly ;
tail chiefly plain light brownish-grey. Wing 9-88, tail 3-95, culmen
1-03, depth of bill at base -46, tarsus 1-37, middle toe with claw
1-7." {Ridgway, Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 68.)

Hah Unknown ; the type was taken in the interior of the State
of New York.

The single type-specimen of this species, which is now in Mr.
WiUiam Brewster's collection, is, he tells me, in poor condition
and mounted in a case, and thus unfit to be sent to England for
purposes of comparison.

This species seems evidently closely allied to CE. gularis and
(E. JisJieri, and as Mr. Brewster is the only person who has had
the three types under his eye at one time, his original full de-
scription and comparison give the most authentic account of the
relationship of the three forms.

26. (Estrelata leucoptera.

Procellaria leucoptera, Gould, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 57 ; Gray, Gen.

Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844).
Procellaria cooki, Gould, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 51 (1846) {nee Gray).
Cookilaria leucoptera, B}). Consp. Av. ii. p. 190 (1855).
yEstrelata leucoptera, Gould, Hntidb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 454 (1865).

* Since the above note was in type Mr. Eidgway has published a paper with
a figure ol' this species, ' Auk,' Oct. 1895, p. 319, pi 4.

6. (ESTEEL.VIA. 417

Adult. Upper surface dark slaty-black, the middle of the back,
the median and greater wing-coverts, and the tail-coverts dark grey ;
face, throat, and entire under surface white, forehead and sides of
the neck spotted with slaty-black ; under wing-coverts white, edge
of the wing slaty-black ; quills white towards the base of the inner
web, shafts dark ; tail slaty-black, the outer rectrices grey speckled
with wliite on the inner web : bill black ; tarsi yellow ; inner and
middle toes yellow at the base, the tips and the whole of the outer
toe black. Total length about 12 inches, wing S'o ; tail, central
rectrices ;3-8, lateral rectrices 3"i ; biU 1'35, tarsus 1*2, middle and
outer toes 1-5, inner toe 1"2.

Hah. East coast of Australia.

a. Ad. sk. Cabbage Tree I., mouth of Port Salvin-Godman Coll.

Stephen Harbour, N.S.W. {J.
Gould). (One of the types of the species.)

27. OEstrelata defilippiana.

.^strclata defilippiana, Gigl. S) Salvad. Ibis, 1869, pp. 63, 66 ; Gigl.

Jjistr. Fauna Vert. Oceano, p. 43 (1870) ; Coppinger, Cruise of

the' Alert; p. 86 (1883); Eidgio. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 68.
CEstrelata detilippiana, 8alv. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 2ob, t. 33

(1876) ; id. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 431 ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11 ;

Tristr. Ibis, 1881, p. 177 ; Ridgiv. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 17

(1885).

Adult. Similar to (E. leucoptera, but the upper surface much
greyer, the wings and a patch on the rump alone being black, the
bill not quite so stout.

Hah. Pacific Ocean, coast of Chili.

a. $ ad. sk. Coast of Chili, lat. 27° 26' S., Salvin-Godman Coll.

long. 72° 30' W. {A. H.
Markham).

b. Ad. sk. Pacific Ocean, between Callao Salvin-Godman Coll.

and Valparaiso, Aug. 1867

(//. H. Gujlioli). (One of the type specimens.)

c. (S ad. ; d. $ fid. St. Ambrose I., coast of Chili, Vov. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
sk. 21st July, 1879 {Dr. Coi>-

pinger).
e. (S ad. sk. St. Ambrose I., 21st July {Dr. Salvin-Godman Coll.

Coppinger).

28. (Estrelata cooki.

Procellaria cooki, Crrag, in Dieffenb. N. Zeal. ii. p. 99 (1843) ; id.
Gen. Bird^, iii. p. 648 (1844); id. List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 164
(1844) ; id. Vog. ' Dreb. ^- Terr.' i. Birds,^ p. 17, pi. 35 (1846) ; id.
Ibis, 1862, p. 246; Reich. Syst. Av., Natatores, pi. 22. fig. 793
(1651); Reischek, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xiv. p. 274; Finsch,
J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 373, 1874, p. 207; Mutton, Cat. Birds X. Zeal.
p. 45 (1871); Bailor, Birds N. Zeal. p. 307 (1873); Sandager,
Tr. K. Z. Inst. xxii. p. 291 (1889).

Cookilaria velox, Bp. Cojisp. Av. ii. p. 190 (1855).

Ehantistes cooki, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).
VOL. XXV. 2 E

41 8 PUFFINID^,

Rhantistes velox, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).

^strelata cooki, Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 456 (1865) ;

Giffl. ^ Salvad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66.
? Procellaria Telox, Pelz. Beise Novara, Zool. i. Viig. p. 146 (1869).
Fulmarus cooki, Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 106 (1871).
CEstrelata cooki, Bu'ller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 217 (1888) ; id.

Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. xxv. p. 78 (1893).

Adult. Similar to (E. leucoptera and CE. dejilii>piana, much
greyer than the former, and with a more slender, usually longer bill
than either.

Hah. New Zealand Seas.

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand (ex J. Gould). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b, c. Ad. sk. New Zealand. H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [C.].
d. Ad. sk. New Zealand. N. Zealand Co.

(Type of the species.)

29. (Estrelata longirostris.

^strelata leucoptera, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 490 (1891)

{nee Gould).
Estrelata longirostris, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. xvi. p. 618 (1893).

'■'■Adidt (type. No. 1583, Science College Museum, Tokyo, Japan ;
Prov. Mutsu, Japan). In coloration exactly like ffi". hrevipes
(Peale), except that the greater wing-coverts are lighter slate-grey,
distinctly, though narrowly, margined with white ; the feathers of
back with paler (white) and more distinct terminal margins, the
dusky border to underside of wing narrower and interrupted along
outer margin, and inner webs of primaries with a conspicuous
lengthened wedge of pure white. Proportions, however, very dif-
ferent from those of (E. hrevipes, the bill being much longer and
slenderer, and tail less graduated. Length (skin) about 9-75 inches,
wing (primaries moulting), tail 3"80, its graduation 0*75, culmen
0*95, depth of biU through middle 0"25, tarsus 1'25, middle toe with
claw 1-40.

" Another specimen from the same locality (No. 1.584, Science
College Museum, Tokyo) is quite identical in coloration, its
measurements (except length of wing, the primaries being partly
moulted) being as follows : — Total length (skin) about 9'30,
tail 4*00, its graduation 0-90, culmen 0-98, depth of biU through
middle 0-25, tarsus 1"10, middle toe with claw 1"30." {Ridgway,
in Hit.)

Hah. North Pacific Ocean, Japanese coast.

30. (Estrelata axillaris. (Plate VII.)

CEstrelata axillaris, Scdv. Ms, 1893, p. 264; H. O. Forbes, Ibis,
1893, p. 542 ; Buller, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xxvii. p. 123 (1895).

Adult male. Similar to (E. cooH, but purer grey and without the
dark patch on the rump ; median and greater wing-coverts greyer,
with whiter edges ; primary under wing-coverts white, the edge of
the wiog, especially over the ulna, more broadly black; secondary

7. PAGODROMA. 419

under wing-coverts and axillaries black ; bill shorter and stouter.
Total length about 12 inches, wing 8-3 ; tail, central rcctrices 3'8,
lateral rectrices 3*2 ; bill 1-3, tarsus 1-2, middle and outer toes 1-5,
inner toe 1"3.

Hah. Chatham Islands.

a. (S <id. ; b. $ S.E. Island, Chatham Is., H. 0. Forbes, Esq. [C.].
juv. sk. May 8, 1892. (Types of the species.)

c, d. Ad. sk. Chatham Is. Hon."W. Eothschild [P.].

7. PAGODROMA. „

iype.

Pagodroma, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 192 (1855) ; Coues, Pr.

Ac. Phil. 1806, p. 159 P. nivea.

Range. Antarctic Ocean, in the vicinity of the Ice Barrier.
1. Pagodroma nivea.

Suowy Petrel, Cook, Itin. i. p. a-i; Forster, Itin. i. p. 96; LatJi.

Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 408 (1785).
Le Petrel blanc ou de neige. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. x. p. 15-3 (1786).
Procellaria nivea, Gm. Syst. Nat.i.^. 562 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Orn. ii.

p. 825 (1790) ; Vieill. Nat. Diet. d'Hist. N. xxv. p. 417 (1817) ; id.

Enc. Meth. p. 79 (1823) ; Kithl, Beitr. p. 145 (1820) ; Grai/, List

Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 164 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ;

Peale, U.S. Expl. B.tp. \aii. pp. 295, 338, pi. 81 (1848) ; JReich. Av.

Syst. Nat., Natatores, pi. 22. figs. 791, 792 ; Jacq. S^- Pitch. Voy.

au Pole Sud, iii. p. 139 (1853) ; Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 416

(1858) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 15 (1863).
Daption niveum, Stejih. in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 243 (1826).
Procellaria Candida, Peale, U.S. E.cpl. Exped., Birds, p. 295 (1848).
Pagodroma nivea («, major; 6, minor), Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 192

(1855) ; id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil.

1866, pp. 160, 171 ; Sharpe, Voy. ' Ereb. S,- Terror; i. Birds, App.

p. 37, pi. 34 (1875) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 737 ; id. Vo,/. ' ChalV,

Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 144 (1881) ; Moseley, Notes Nat. ' Chall.'-p. 253

(1879) ; Scl. Ibis, 1894, p. 498.
Pagodroma naevia, Bj). Compt. Jtend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).
Pagodroma novaegeorgica, V. Steinen, Deutsch. Exp. Int. Polarf. ii,

p. 250.
Procellaria nivea minor, Schl. Mus. P.-B. vi. Procell. p. 16 (1863).
Fidmarus niveus. Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 107 (1871).

Adult. Pure white ; bill black ; feet yellowish. Total length
about 14-16 inches, wing 9-8-lM, tail 4-3-5-1, bill 1-4-1-55,
tarsus ]*3-l*5, middle and outer toes l'6-l-9, inner toe 1*3-1'5.

Specimens diifer greatly in size as indicated in the above
measurements.

Hah. Antarctic Seas.

a. Ad.sk. Falkland Is., July 22, 1850 (/. Voy. H.M.S. 'Eat-

Macgillivray). tlesnake.'

b. $ ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Exped.

c. d. $ ad. sk. Ice Barrier, Jan. 14, 1874. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-

lenger.'
2 E 2

420 PTJFFINID^.

e. Ad. sk. Pack Ice, Antarctic Seas, Dr. R. McCormlck [P.]^

Dec. 31, 1840.

J. c? ad. .sk. Loviis Philippe Land, Jan. 2, Dr. R. McCormick [P.].

1843.

a. Ad. sk. Off Mt. Erebus, Victoria Land, Dr. R. McCormick [P.].

Feb. 17, 1841.

h. Ad. sk. Nearest Magnetic Pole, Vic- Dr. R. McCormick [P.].

toria Land, Feb. 18, 1841.

i. Ad. St. Lat. 77° S. Antarctic Exped.

j-l. Ad. St. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped.

m, n. Ad. sk. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped.

0. Ad. sk. Antarctic Seas. Gen. Sabine [P.].

8. BULWERIA.

Type.

Bulweria, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 81 (1842) ; id.
Consp. Av. ii. p. 194 (1856) ; Forbes, Voy. 'Chall.\
Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 38 (188:2) B. bulweri.

.^strelata (partim), Coues, Fr. Ac. Fhil. 1866, p. 168.

Key to the Species.

a. Bill weaker ; wing-coverts paler and greyer . . bulweri, p. 420.

b. Bill stouter; wing-coverts all uniform sooty-

brown macgillivrayi, p. 421.

ly 1. Bulweria bulweri.

Procellaria anjinho, jEfemcZ;ew, in Freivst. Journ. 1829, p. 231; F. T,
Lowe, Zool. Journ. v. p. 384 (1831).

Procellaria bulweri, Jard. ^ Selb. Fl. Orn. ii. pi. 65 ; Jard. Edinb.
Journ. Nat. Sf Geogr. So. i. p. 245 (1830) ; Fetch. Av. Syst. Nat,
Natatores, pi. 21. tig. 787 (1850) ; Schl. Mus. F.-F., vi. Procell.
p. 9 (1863) ; Lilford, Coloured Figs. Firds Frit. Is. pt. Tii.(1888).

Puffinus columbinus, Webb 4* Ferth. Hist. iSat. Canar. ii. p. 44,
pi. 4. fig. 2 (1836-44); Folk, J.f. Orn. 1857, p. 345.

Thalassidronia bulweri, Gould, Firds Eur. v. pi. 449 (1837) ; Fp.
Comp. List, p. 64 (1838) ; Keys. Sf Flas. Wirb. Eur. pp. xciii, 238
(1840) : Gray, Gen. Firds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ; id. Cat. Frit. Firds,
p. 224 (1863) ; Schl. Fev. Crit. Ois. Eur. p. cxxxiv (1844); Macgill.
Hist. Frit. Firds, v. p. 449 (1852) ; Heioitson, Eggs Frit. Firds,
ii. p. 522, pi. 145. fig. 3 (1856) ; Drouet, Faun. Agor. p. 127
(1861) ; Fegl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 388 (1867) ; Forggr.
Vogelf. p. 140 (1869) ; Arevalo, Av. de Esp. p. 410 (18S7) ; Grant,
Ibis, 1890, pp. 443, 445.

Bulweria bulweri, Fp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 81 (1842) ; Faird,
Freiv., ^ Fidgv). Water-Firds N. Am. ii. p. 398 (1884) ; A. O. U.
Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 103 (1886) ; Fidgw. Man. N. Am. Firds,
p. 69 (1887) ; Stejn. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xii. p. 378 (1890) ; id.-
op. cit. xiv. p. 490 (1891) ; Seeb. Ibis,\82l, p. 192; Stejn. Fr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 620 (1893).

Thalassidronia columbina, Feich. Syst. Av., Natatores, pi. 19. fig. 2727.

Bulweria columbina, Frehm, Namn. 1855, p. 296 ; id Vogelf.
p. 354 ; Fp. Compt. Fend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; id. Consp. A ». ii.
p. 194 (1856) ; Dresser, Firds Eur. viii. p. 651, pi. 614 (1878) ;
F. O. U. List Frit. Fird.<i, p. 200 (1883) ; Sau?iders, in YarrelV&

8. BULWERIA.

421

Brit. Birds, ed. 4, iv. p. 34 (1884) ; id. Man. Brit. Birds, p. 723

0889) ; W. E. Clarke, P. Z. S. 1887, p. 562; Koenig, J. f. Orn.

1890, p. 468 ; Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 207.
^strelatci bulweri, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 158, 171 ; Gigl.

Sf Sahad. Ibis, 1869, p. 66 ; Ridyiu. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 'in.

p. 230(1881).
Fultnarus bulweri & anjinho, Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 108 (1871).
Procellaria macg-illivrayi, Tristr. Ibis, 1881, p. 252 {nee Graxj).
CEstrelata bulweri. Goues, Check-l. N. Am. Birds, 1832, p. 126;

id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 780 (1884).
Bulwer's Petrel, Yarrell, Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 513 (1843).

Adult. Sooty-brown, nearly uniform ; the greater wing-coverts
and the chin paler and greyer : bill black ; tarsi and bases of the
middle and inner toes yellow, the rest of the toes and webs black.
Total length about 11 inches, wing 7"7 ; tail, central rectrices 4*1,
lateral rectrices 3 ; bill 1-2, tarsus l-Oo, middle and outer toes 1-2,
inner toe 0'95.

Sexes alike.

Hah. Temperate North Atlantic and Temperate North Pacific
Oceans.

a. Ad. sk.

Madeira.

Jardiue Coll.
(Type of the species.)

b. Ad. St.

Madeira.

T." Hope, Esq. [P.].
T. Hope, Esq. [P.].

c-e. Ad. sk.

Madeira.

f-i. Ad. sk.

Madeira.

Salvin-Goduian Coll.

/, A-. Ad. sk.

Madeira.

Sharps Coll.

/. Ad. sk.

Deserta Pequena.

F. D. Godman, Esq.

[P.].
W. R. Oo-ilvie-Grant,

m. 2 ad. sk.

Deserta Grande, May 4, 1890.

Esq. [P.].

n,o. c? $ ad. sk.

Porto Santo, May 4, 1890.

W. R. O^rilvie-Grant,
Esq. [P.].

p-s. (S 2 ad. sk.

Great Salvage I., April 24-25,

Hon. C. Baring and

1895.

W. R. Ogilvie-
Graut, Esq. [P.].

t. Ad. sk.

Canaries (Mr. Webb).

E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].

u-y. (S 2 ad. sk.

Sulphur I., Bonin I., June
8-10, 1890 (P. A. Hoist).

Seebohm Coll.

■s. cJ ad. sk.

Peel I., Bonin Is., Oct. 20,
1890 (P. A. Hoist).

Seebohm Coll.

a', V . Ad. sk.

Kaui, Hawaiian Is. {Knud-
sen).

Prof. CoUett [P.].

c'. Ad. sk.

Sir E. Belcher.

d'-i! . Skeletons

Great Salvage I.

W. R. Ogilvie-Grant,

and various

Esq. [P.].

bones.

2. Bulweria macgillivrayi.

Tbalassidronia (Bulweria) macgillivravi, Gray, Cat. Birds Trap. Is.

Pac. p. 56 (1859).
CEstrelata macgillivrayi, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 159, 171.
Thala^sidroraainacgiriivravi, Finsch Sr Hartl. Faun. Central/), p. 242

(1867) ; Layard, Ibis, 1870, p. 393.
Fulmarus macgillivrayi, Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 108 (1871).
Bulweria macgillivrayi, Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 69 (1887).

422 PTTFFrNID^.

Male. Similar to B. buhveri, but with a stouter bill; the plu-
mage uniform ; the greater wiDg-coverts and chin the same colour
as the rest of the body. Total length about 11-5 inches, wing 8;
tail — central rectrices 3"35, lateral rectrices 2-8; bill 1*3, tarsus l-i,
middle and outer toes l-oo, inner toe 1-35.

Mab. Central Pacific Ocean, Fiji Islands.

ft. cJ ad. sk. Ngau, Fiji Is., Oct. 1855 {F. M. Voy. H.M.S. ' Herald.
Rayner). (Type of the species.)

Subfamily II. FULMARINiE.

Key to the Genera.

a. Size very large ; nasal tube very long and stout ;
interramal space feathered throughout ; rec-
trices 16 9. OSSIFRAGA,

h. Size smaller ; nasal tube shorter but well deve- [p. 422.

loped ; interramal space bare ; rectrices 14.
a'. Bill stout, rami of mandible strong, nasal tube
large and high at the base, equal to the

width of the latericorn ; tarsi strong 10. Fulmarus,

b'. Bill more slender ; rami of mandible weak ; [p. 424.
nasal tube smaller, narrower and lower at
the base, less than the width of the lateri-
corn ; tarsi slender 11. Daption,

c. Smallest; nasal tube short ; rectrices 12. [p. 428.
c'. Lamellae of the sides of the palate rudi-
mentary ; first and second primaries sub-
equal 12. Halob^na,

d'. Lamellae of the sides of the palate well- [p. 4.31.

developed ; first primary longest 13. Prion, p. 432.

9. OSSIFRAGA. ^ype.

Ossifraga, Homhr. 8f Jacq. Compt. Rend, xviii. p. 356
(1844) ; iid. Voy. Pole Sml, Zool. iii. p. 148, pi. 32.
figs. 39-42 (1853) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 186 (1855) ;
Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 31 ; Forbes, Voy. 'ChalU,
Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 42 &c. (18S2) 0. gigantea.

Range. Southern Ocean.

1. Ossifraga gigantea.

Quebrantahuesos, Bouf/amvillc's Voy. p. 63 ; Forst. Voy. ii. p. 516.

Osprey Petrel, Forst. Obs. p. 202.

Le tres-grand Petrel ou Quebrantahuesos, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. x,

p. 157 (1786).
Moutou, Pernet. Voy. i. p. 15, pi. 8. fig. 3.
Giant Petrel, Loth. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 396, pi. 100 ; id. Gen. Hist. B.

X. p. 170, pi. 176 (1824) ; Nutt. Man. Wuter-Birds, p. 329 (1834).
ProceUaria gigantea, Gm. ^yst. Nat. i. p. 563 ( 1788) ; Lath. Lnd. Orn.

ii. p. 820 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 418 (1817) ;

id. Enc. Meth. p. 74 (1823) ; Kuhl, Beitr. p. 140 (1820) ; And. Om.

Biogr. v. p. 330 (1839) ; id. Birds Am. 8vo ed. vii. p. 202 (1844) ^

Gould, Voy. 'Beagle,' ii. Birds, p. 139 (1841) ; id. Birds Atistr. vii.

I

I

9. OSSIFEAGA. 423

pi. 4r, (1848); Gray, List Ansen-s Brit. Mm. p. 162 (1844);
id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 048 (1844); id. Voy. ' Ereh. S, Terr.' i.
Birds, p. 17 (1846) ; id. Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pac. p. 5.5 (1859) ;
id. Ibis, 1862, p. 245; Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 343 (1844) ; Peak,
U.S. Expl. B.vp. viii. p. 338 (1848) ; Reich. Av. Syst. Nat., Natatores,
pi. 20. fig. 332, pi. 25. fig. 2612 ; Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 825
(1860) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164; Sckl. Mm. P.-B., vi. Procell.
p. 18(1863); Z>. Walker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 378; Hutton, Ibis, 1865,
p. 284, 1867, p. 186; Layard, Ibis, 1862, p. \)7, 1867, p. 458, 1869,
p. 460 ; id. Birds S. Afr. p. 360 (1867) ; Pollen Sf Van Dam,
Faun. Maday., Ois. ii. p. 145 (1868) ; Pelz. Beise A'ovara, Zool. i.
Vog. p. 144(1869); Sperliny, Ibis, 1868, p. 293; 1872, p. 75;
Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 373, 1874, p. 206 ; M.-Fdw. i,- Grand.
Hist. Maday., Ois. p. 670 (1885) ; Macfarlane, Ibis, 1887, p. 208.

Fulmarus giganteus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 1^37 (1826) ;
Grai/, Haiid-l. iii. p. 105 (1871) ; Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, p. 327
(1872) ; Bartlett, P. Z. S. 1879, p. 773.

Procellaria ossifraga, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 343 (1844).

Ossit'raga gigantea, Jacq. 8)- Pach. Voy. Pule Sud, Zool. iii. p. 139
(185.3); Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 186 (1855); id. Compt. Bend. xlii.
p. 768 (1856) ; Brehm, Vugelf. p. 354 (1855) ; Gould, Handb. Birds
Austr. ii. p. 443 (1865); Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 32; id.
Check-l. N. A771. Birds, p. 125 (1882) ; id. Key N. Am. Binls,
ed. 2, p. 777 (1884) ; Elliot, N. Am. Birds, ii. pi. 59 (1869) ; Bias.
^ Bald., Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xiii. pt. 2, p. 282 ; Hutton, Ibis,
1869, p. 352, 1872, p. 248 ; id. Cat. Birds X. Zeal. p. 44 (1871) ;
Gigl. Fai/n. Vert. Oceano, p. 48 (1870) ; id. Viagy. 'Magenta' (see
index) (1875) ; Gurney, in Anderss. Birds Damara-L. p. 353
(1872) ; Scl. Sc Salv. Nomencl. Ac. Neotr. p. 149 (1873) ; Buller,
Birds N. Zeal. p. 297 (1873); id. ed. 2, ii. p. 225 (1888) ; id.
Trans. N. Zeal. Inst.xxiv. p. 85 (1892); Coues ^- Kidder, Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 2, p. 23 (1875) ; Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm.
no. 3, p. 13 (1876) ; Sa'v. in Rowlei/'s Orn. Miscell. i. p. 2-38
(1876) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 737, 1863, p. 431 ; id. Voy. ' ChalV,
Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 143 (1881) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 629 (1882) ;
Cab. Sf Beichenow, J. f. Orn. 1876, p. 329 ; Ilartl. Vog. Maday.
p. 373 (1877) ; Moseley, Notes Nat. 'ChalL' pp. 107, 1.34, 137, 180,
183, 205, 254 (1879) ; Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 142 (1879) ;
id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 11 ; id. ed. Bayard's Birds S. Afr. p. 765
(1881); Saunders, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 165; Kirk, Trans. N. Zeal.
Inst. xvii. p. 60 (1884); Bocaye, Orn. Angola, p. 517 (1884);
Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 57 (1887) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mm. iii. p. 230 (1881); Baird, Brew., ^- Ridyw. Water-Birds
N. Am. ii. p. 363 (1884) ; Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 3 (1887) ; H. O.
Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 542.

Procellaria, sp. ?, Abbott, P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390.

Adult male. Uniform dark chocolate-brown, the edges of the
feathers everywhere a little paler than the discs : bill yellow ; legs
black. Total length about 34 inches, wing 20-5 ; tail, central rec-
trices 7, lateral rectrices 5-8 ; biU 4*2, tarsus 3-G, middle and outer
toes 5'3, inner toe 4"4.

Young birds are much browner and often white about the head,
but this plumage is changed for the uniform dark chocolate-brown
of the adult. Nearly white individuals are not uncommon.

Hah. Southern Seas, north to about lat. 30° S.

424

PXJJFINLD^.

a. Juv. sk.

b. S ad- sk.

c. S ad. sk.
<Z. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. sk.

/. $ ad. sk.

</. 2 ad. sk.
h Ad. sk.
i. Ad. st.
J. Ad. sk.
k. Ad. sk.
Z. Ad. sk.

m,. Ad. sk.

n, 0. Ad. sk.
^. Ad. sk.

q. Ad. sk.

r. Ad. St.
s, <. Ad. sk.

u. Ad. sk.

V. Ad. St.
«;, .r. Skeletons.
y, z. Skulls.
«'. Sternum.

Falkland Is. {Leconte).

Tom Bay, Straits of ]Magellan,

April 13, 1879 {Dr. Cop-

jnnger).
Valparaiso, Aug. 4, 1879 {Dr.

Coppinger).
Valparaiso.

Valparaiso.

Coquimbo, Chili, Nov. 1881
{C'apt. A. H. Markharn).

S. Pacific Ocean, Nov. 5, 1875.

S. Pacific OcQan.

S. Pacific Ocean (white var.).

Antarctic Seas.

V^'elliugton, New Zealand.

Snares I., N. Zeal, (white var.)
(<SVr P. A. Buckleii).

Norfolk I., Oct. 1885 (P. Met-
calfe).

N.W. Australia.

Betsy Cove, Kerguelen Land.

Christmas Harbour, Kergue-
len Land, May 23, 1840.

Kerguelen Land.

South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 34°
S., long. ]0°42'E.

rSouth Seas.]

[South Seas.]

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Vov. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

H. Berkelev James,

Esq. [P.].-
Capt. Brett [P.].
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'
Old Collection.
Old Collection.
Antarctic Exped.
Colonial Museum.
The Countess of Gal-

lowav [P.].
Dr. Crowfoot [P.].

Capt. Beckett [C.].
Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'
Dr. E,. McCormick

Antarctic Exped.
Earl of Crawford and
Balcarres [P.].

10. FULMARUS^

Tji^e.

Eulmarus, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 233 (1826);
£p. Consp. Av. ii. p. 186 (1855) ; Coues, Fr. Ac. Phil.
1866, p. 26 ; Forbes, Vmj. Chall. Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 42
&c. (1882) F. glacialis.

Rhantistes, Kaup, NafAirl. Syst. p. 105 (1829).

Wagellus, G. R. Gray, List Gen. Birds, p. 78 (1840).

Range. North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans.

Key to the Species.

a. Nasal tubes always, and the whole bill sometimes,

dark coloured glacialis, p. 424.

b Nasal tubes and whole bill light yellow.

«'. Light phase : upper surface bluish grey, nearly

uniform from the back to the tail ylupischa, p. 427.

b' . Light phase : upper surface bluish grey, with a

greater or less admixture of white rodyersi, p. 427.

* Kefer also to A. W. Anthony, ' Auk,' 1895, p. 100, for a paper on " The
Fulmars of Southern California," where (p. 105) Fulmarus glacialis columba,
fiubsp. nov., is described.

10. FULMARUS. 425

1. Fulmarus glacialis.

The Fulmar, Martin, Voij. St. Kilda, p. .5o ; id. Spitsb. pi. 6. fig C. ;
Fenn. Brit. Zool. ii. pp. 2.'57, 431, pi. 91 (1768) ; id. Arct. Zool. ii.
p. 534 (1785); Fhippss Voy. p. 186; Beioick, Hist. Brit. Birds,
ii. p. 243 (1804).

Le Petrel cendriS, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 143, pi. 12. fig. 2 (1760).

Le Fuluiar Petrel, Puffin gris-blanc de I'isle Saint Kilda, Buff. Hist.
Nat. Ois. X. p. 162.

Petrel de I'isle S. Kilda, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. x. p. 162 (1786) ;
D'Aub. PL Enl. x. pi. 59.

Fulmar Petrel, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 403 (1785) ; id. Gen.
Hist. B. X. p. 179 (1824) ; Nutt. Man. Water-Birds, p. 381 (1834) ;
Yarr. Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 497 (1843).

Procellaria glacialis, Linn. Stjst. Nat. i. p. 213 (1766) : Briinn. Orn.
Bor. p. 29 (1764) ; Gimn. Act. Nidr. i. p. 182, fi?. 1 ; Gm. Si/st. Nat.
i. p. 562 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 823 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet.
d'Hist. Nat. XXV. p. 423 (1817); id. Enc. Meth. p. 8a (1823);
Kuhl, Beitr. p. 139 (1820) ; Temm. Mail. d'Orn. ii. p. 802 (1820) ;
F. Boie, Reise durch Norio. p. 153 (1822) ; Werner, Atl., Palmip.
pi. 22; Schinz, Naturg. Voj. p. 397, pi. 133 (1832); Auduh. Orn.
Bioqr. iii. p. 445 (1835) ; id. Birds N. Am. viii. p. 87, pi. 455 ; Bp.
Comp. List, p. 64 (1838); Gould, Birds Eur. v. pi. 446 (1837) ;
id. Birds Gt. Brit. v. pi. 52 (1873) ; Keys. S( Bias. Wirb. Eur.
pp. xciv, 238 (1840) ; Natim. Voy. Deutschl. x. pi. 276 (1840) ; Selys,
Faun. Beige, p. 156 (1842) ; Grai/, List Anseres Brit. Mus.p. 162
(1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ; id. Cat. Brit. Birds,
p. 226 (1863) ; id. Hand-l. iii. p. 105 (1871) ; Audub. Birds N.
Am. 8vo ed. vii. p. 204, pi. 455 (1844) ; Hewits. Eqqs Brit. Birds,
ii. p. 457, pi. 131. fijr. 1 (1846) ; Schl. Voy. Nederl. i! p. 530. pi. 329 ;
id. Dier. Nederl. Vor/. pi. 33. fig. 1 (1861) ; id. Mus. P.-B., vi.
Procell. p. 21 (1863) : Bail^ie ^- Heddle, Hist. Nat. Ore. p. 95
(1848) ; Kjferb. Or>i. Ban. pi. 53. fi?. 4 (1851) ; Reich. St/st. Av.,
Natatores,'-pl 20. figs. 333-335 ; Thomps. Nat. Hist. Irel. iii. p. 406
(1851); Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 296; Schrenck, Reis. Amur-l.
p. 517 (? = pacificus) ; Evans ^' Sturye, Lbis, 1859, p. 168; Lawr.
Birds N. Am. p. 825 (1860); D. Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 166;
Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 16 ; Newton, in Baring Gould's Iceland, p. 419
(1863) ; id. Ibis, 1865, p. 511 : More, Ibis', 1865, p. 457 ; Turnbull,
Birds of E. Lothian, p. 35 (1867) ; Deyl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 371 (1867) ; Collett, Nory. Fuyle, p. 75; Boryqr. Vogelf. p. 140
(1869) ; F. Boie, J. f. Orn. 1869, p. 98 ; Gillett, 77«s, 1870, p. 307 :
Hurting, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 123; Gray, Birds W. Scntl. p. 499
(1871) ; Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 65 ; Fallon, Monogr. Ois. Bely. p. 206
(1875) : Feilden, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 31 ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 410 ; Mayn.
Birds East. N. Am. p. 489 (1879) ; Neale, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 653 ;
Dixon, Ibis, 1885, p. 92 ; Booth, Rough Notes Brit. Birds, iii.
p. 115 (1885). _

Fulmarus glacialis, Steph. in Shaic^s Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 234, pi. 27
(1826) ; Macgilliv. Hist. Brit. Birds, v. p. 429 (1852) ; Bp. Consp.
Av. ii. p. 187 (1855) ; id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 7G8 (1856) ; Coues,
Pr. Ac. Phil. 1806, p. 27 ; id. Keg N. Am. Birds, p. 327 (1872),
ed. 2, p. 777 (1884) ; id. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 127 (1882);
Ehoes, Ibis, 1869, pp. 33, 36; G. C. Taylor, Ibi.o, 1869. p. 388;
Droste, J. f. O. 1869, p. 382 ; Dresser, Birds Eur. viii. p. 535,
pi 617 (18"78) ; Moseleg, Notes Nat. 'Chall.' p. 206 (1879) ; Salv.
Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 630 (1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. Birds, p. 199
(1883) ; Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 122 (1883) : id. Neto
Engl. Bird-Life, ii. p. 380 (1883) ; Collins, Auk, i. p. 238 (1884)

426

PUFFIN ID^.

Baird, Brew., ^- Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 3G6 (1884) ;
Saund. m YarreU's Brit. Birds, ed. 4, iv. p. 1 (1884) ; id. Man.
Brit. Birds, p. 711 (1889) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. Birds, iii. p. 430, pi. 56
(1885) ; Turner, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii.p. 253 (1885) ; Fischer ^
Pelz. Vofj. n. Sduff. Jan Mayen, p. 120 (1886) : A. O. U. Check-l.
N. Am. Birds, p. 99 (1886) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 57
(1887) ; Chamberlain, Auk, \i. p. 215 (1889) ; Patterson, Ibis,
1889, p. 580 ; Stevens. Birds Norf. iii. p. 359 (1890) ; Borrer, Birds
Sussex; p. 281 (1891) ; Buckl. S,- Hurvie-Broimi, Vert. Faun. Orkn.
p. 243 (1891) ; Lilford, Birds Northamptonshire, p. 414 (1893).

Procellaiia hiemalis, C. L. Brehm, Viig. Deutschl. p. 800 (1831).

Procellaria minor, Kjcerb. J. f. Orn. 1854, p. lix ; id. Orn. Dan.,
Suppl. (2) pi. 7. tig. 2 (1854).

Procellaria borealis, Brehm, Naum. 1855, p. 296.

Fulmarus glacialis, ^. minor, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 187 (185.5).

Fulmarus minor, Bj). Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856).

AchiJt. Liijht pliase. Upper surface bluish grey ; the quills
darker but the shafts white ; whole head, neck, and under surface
pure white, the tianks faintly washed with grey ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white, the edge of the wing dark grey : bill
dark, the tip of the maxilla and the lower edge of the mandible
yellow ; feet yellowish Hesh-colour, the outer toe darker. Total
length about 18-5 inches, wing 13"2 ; tail, central rectrices 5,
lateral rectrices 4-5 ; bill 2-1, tarsus 2, middle toe 2-6, outer toe
2"7, inner toe 2-2.

Dark phase. Uniform dusky grey, a little paler on the under
surface.

Sexes alike.

Hah. North Atlantic Ocean.

a. Ad. sk.

b. $ ad. sk.

i- '<- c. Ad. sk.

d. Ad. St.

- e. Ad. sk.

/. Ad. St.

g. Ad. sk.

^ /(. Ad. sk.

^^i/l/ «-^- Ad. St.

"-^ wi. 2 ad. sk.
n. Juv. sk.
^ 0. Juv. sk.

l^

p. Pull. St.
q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
«. Ad. sk.
t-v. Ad. sk.
w. Ad. St.
X. Skeleton.
y-e'. Sterna.

Batiiu's Bay, lat. 75° 15' N.,

long. 62° 30' W. {Br. Robert-

son).
Lichtenfels, S. Greenland, Oct. 23,

1871 {Dr. O. Finsch).
Greenland.
Greenland.
Labrador {Moschle/-).
North Sea.
N. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 75° 25' N.,

long. 10° W.
N. Atlantic Ocean, lat. 75° 25' N.,

long. 10° W. (White var.)
St. Kilda.

St. Kilda, June 6, 1884 (C. Di.von).
St. Kilda (C. Di.von).
St. Kilda.

Orkneys.
North Sea.
Spitzbergen.
Heligoland {S. Gdtlce).

North Sea.]

Yarmouth.]

Voy. H.M.SS. 'En-
terprise ' and ' In-
vestigator.'

Sharps Coll.

The Admiralty rp.l.
The Admiralty tP.].
Salvin-Godman Coll,
Old Collection.
Capt. D. Gray [P.].

Capt. D. Gray [P.].

Theodore Walker,

Esq. [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Kev. H. A. Macpher-

son [P.].
Bullock's Coll.

The Admiralty [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Purchased.
Purchased.

10. FULMAEUS. 427

2. Fulmarus glupischa.

Procellaria glacialis, Pull. Zoo;/r. Ross.-As. ii. p. 312 (1811) (nee

Linn.) ; Peale, U.S. E.vpl. Exp. viii. p. ;J38 (1848) ; Siuinh. P. Z. &'.

1863, p. 330.
Procellaria pacifica, Auduh. Orn. Biogv. v. p. 331 (1839) {nee Gm.) ;

id. Birds N. Am. 8vo ed. vii. p. 208 (1644) ; Grajj, Gen. Birds, iii.

p. 648(1844); Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. H'l^ (1860); 8chl. Mus,

P.-B., Vi. Procell. p. 22 (1863).
Fulmarus paciiicus, Bp. Compt. Mend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; Coues, Pr.

Ac. Phil. 1866, p. -IS ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 778 (1884) ;

Elliot, iV. A}n. Birds, i. Introd. (Is69) ; Blakist. Sf Pryer, Trans.

As. Soc. Jap. X. p. 106 (1862) ; Blakist. Amend. List Birds Jap.

p. 21 (1884) ; Dyb. ^- Tacz. Bull. ,<oc. Orn. Fr. 1864, p. 147.
Fulmarus glaciali.s a. paciticus, Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 187 (1856).
Fulmarus glacialis, var. paciticus, Coues, Key N. Am. Birds, p. 327

(1872).
Fulmarus glacialis, Seeb. Lbis, 1879, p. 25 ; id. Birds Jap. Emn. p. 268

(1890).
Fulmarus glacialis pacificus, Cones, Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 125

(1882) ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 778 (1884).
Fulmarus glacialis glupischa, Stejn. Auk, i. p. 234 (1884) ; id. Bull.

U.S. ^"01. Mus. no. 29, p. 91, pi. 6. figs. 1, 2 (1885) ; id. Pr. U.S.

I^^^at. Mus. X. p. 125 (1887) ; Baird, Brew., cji- Ridyw. Water-

Birds N. Am. ii. p. 366 (1884) ; Turner, Auk, ii. p. 158 (1885) ;

id. Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 129 (1886) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N.

Am. Birds, p. 99 (1886) ; Blakist. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 655

(1886); Bidi/jc. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. .57 (1867); id. Pr. U.S.

Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 664 (1893) ; Towns. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii.

p. 142 (1890) ; Nikolski, He de Sakhal. p. 273 ; Tacz. Mem. Ac. St.

Petersb. xxxix. p. 1064 (1893) ; Loomis, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. ser. 2, v.

p. 216 (1895).

Adult. Liglit pliase similar to F. glacialis, and only to bo distiu-
gnished by the pale colour of the nasal tubes.

Darh phase. Similar to that of F. (jlacialis, but darker.

Bah. North Pacific Ocean, southwards on the American coast to
Western Mexico.

a. Ad. sk. Petropaulovski. Capt. Kellett and

Lieut. Wood [P.].

b. d ad. sk. Amurland, July 14, 1854 Seebohm Coll.

{Dr. Schrenck).

c. (S ad. sk. Kurile Is., July {Blakiston). Seebohm Coll.

d. S nd. sk. Kurile Is., July. Capt. Blakiston [P.].

e. Ad. sk. Kurile Is. (H.'j. Snow). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/, g. Ad. sk. Kurile Is. {H. J. Snow). Seebohm Coll.

h. Ad. sk. Bering's Straits. Purchased.

t. 2 S'd. sk. San Diego, California Salvin-Godman Coll.

(H. W. Henshaw).

3. Fulmarus rodgersi,

Fulmarus rodgersi, Cassin, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1862, p. 290 ; Coues, Pr. Ac.
Phil. 1866, p. 29 ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 327 (1872), ed. 2,
p. 778 (1884) ; id. Check-list N. Am. Birds, p. 125 (1882) ; Ball,
Tratis. Chic. Ac. Sc. i. p. 303 (1869) ; Baird, Trans. Chic. Ac. Sc.
i. p. 323, pi. 34. fig. 1 (1869) ; Jiid</w. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii.
p. 223 (1880) ; Shufeldt, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 329 (1884).

428 PUFFINID^.

Fulmarus glacialis, rar. rodgersi, Coues, Orn. Prt/bilov Is. (1874).

Fulmavus glicialis, H. W. Elliot, Seal-Islands of Alaska, p. 131 (1882).

Fulmarus glacialis rodgersi, Coues, C/ieck-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 125
(1882) : id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 775 (1884) ; Nelson, Cruise
'Corwin,' p. 112 (1883) ; id. Rep. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 62, pi. 2.
fig. 2 (1888) ; Baird, Brew., S,- Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am,, ii
p. 367 (1884) ; Ridgiu. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 68 (1887) ; Loom,is,
Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. ser. 2, v. p. 216 (1895).

Adult. Light phane. Similar to that of F. glacialis, but the back
and rump distinctly mingled with white, the tail darker.
No dark phase known.
Ifab. North Pacific Ocean, including Bering's Sea.

a. (S ad. sk. St. George's I., Alaska Salvin-Godman Coll.

(H. W. Elliot). (Compared with the type.)

b. Ad. sk. [N. Pacific Ocean.] Capt. Kellett and Lieut.

11. LAPTION.

Wood [P.].

Type.

Daption, Steph. in Shawns Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 239 (1826) ;
Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 188 (1855) : Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil.
1866, p. 162 ; Forbes, Voy. ChalL, Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 42
&c. (1882) ; Shifeldt, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vii. p. 378
(1887) D. capensis.

Jiaiige. Southern Ocean.

1. Daption capensis.

Pintado Petrel, Damjner, Voy. iii. p. 96 ; Forster, Voy. i. p. 489 ;

Haiuksw. Voy. i. p. 556; Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 40 (1785) ;

id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 178 (1824).
The White and Black-spotted Peteril, Edw. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 90,

pi. 90. f. 1 (1747).
Le Petrel tachet^ appele vulgairement Damier, Briss. Orn. vi.

p. 146 (1760).
Le Petrel blanc et noir ou Damier, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. x. p. 146

(1786) ; Pernet. Voy. ii. p. 72 ; D'Aub. PI. Enl. 964.
Procellaria capensis. Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 213 (1766) ; Gm. Syst.

Nat. i. p. 565 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 822 (1790) ; Vieill. N.

Diet. d'Hist. Nat. XXV. p. 423 (1817) ; id. Enc. Meth. p. 78 (1823) ;

Kuhl, Beitr. p. 140 (1820); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 348 (1828) ;

Hahn, Vby. aus Asia, i$-c., Liefr. xix. (1836) ; Vigors in Voy.

'Blossom,' Zool. p. 39 (1839) ; Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus,

p. 104 (1844): id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); id. Cat.

Birds Trop. Is. Pac. p. 56 (1859) ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 246 ;

Peale, U.S. Expl. Exp. viii. p. 338 (1848) ; Reich. Av. Syst. Nat.,

Natatores, pi. 20. figs. 337-8 (1850) ; Jacq. &; Puch. Voy. Pole

Sud, iii. p. 138 (1853) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 12, 58 (1858) ;

Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 14 (1863) ; Degl. Sf Gerbe, Orn.

Eur. ii. p. 372 (1867) ; Laggard, Birds S. Afr. p. 361 (1867) ;

Pollen %■ Van Dam, Faun. Madag., Ois. ii. p. 145 (1868) ; Pelz.

Raise Nov., Zool. i., Vor/. p. 145 (1869) ; Hutton, Cat. Birds N. Zeal.

p. 46 (1871) ; Sperling, Ibis, 1872, p. 76 ; Hutton, Ibis, 1872,

p. 249 ; Milne-Edw. Sr Grand. Hist. Mad., Ois. p. 671 (1885).
Daption capensis, Stej^h. in Shaio's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 241, pi. 28

11. DAPTION. 429

(1826); Gould, Voy. ' Beagle ,' ii. Bird^, p. 140 (1841); id. Birds
Austr. vii. pi. 53 (1847) ; id. Hand'). Birds Austr. ii. p. 4G9 (IStJo) ;
Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 188 (18oo) ; id. C'ompt. Rend. xlii. p. 768
(1850) ; Lawr. Birds N. Am. p. 828 (1860) ; Layard, Ibis, 1862,
p. 97, 1803, p. 245 ; D. Walker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 379 ; Mutton,
Ibis, 1805, p. 287, 1867, p. 188, 1874, p. 42 ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil.
1860, pp. 162, 171 ; id. Key N. Am. Birds, p. 328 (1872) ; Saunders,
Ibis, 1800, p. 124 ; id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 164 ; Hume, Ibis, 1870,
p. 438 ; id. Stray F. vii. pp. 442, 403 (1878), viii. p. 115 (1879) ;
Fiiisch ^- Hartl. Voy. Ost-Afr. p. 816 (1870) ; Giyl. Faun. Vert.
Oceano, p. 40 (1870); id. Viayy. ^Magenta' (^ee index) (1875);
Gurney in Anderss. Birds Damara-L. p. 353 (1872) ; Scl. 4" Sa.lv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873); Buller, Birds N. Zeal. p. 299
(1873), ed. 2, ii. p. 215 (1888) ; id. Ibis, 1874, p. 121 ; Finsch,
J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 373, 1874, p. 208 ; id. Ibis, 1888, p. 309 ; Salv.
Ibis, 1875, pp. 373, 376 ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 737 ; id. op. cit. 1883,
p. 432 ; id. Voy. ' ChalV, Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 144 (1881) ; id. Cat.
Strickl. Coll. p. 630 (1882); Cab. Sr Reichenow, J.f. Orn. 1870,
p. 329 ; Marti. Viig. Maday. p. 377 (1877) ; Moseley, Notes Nat.
• Chali: pp. 134, 137, 183, 229 (1879) ; Skarpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii.
p. 118 (1879 ) : id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12 ; id. ed. Layard's Birds S. Afr.
p. 767 (1884); Legge, Birds Ceylon,]). lOoO (1880) ; Ridrpv. Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 230 (1881) ; id. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 69
(1887) ; Bocuge, Orn. Anr/ola, p. 517 (1881) ; B. O. U. List Brit.
Birds, p. 199 (1883) ; Oates, Mandb. Birds Biirm. ii. p. 436 (1883) ;
Coppi/K/er, Cruise of the ' Alert,' p. 87 (1883) ; Baird, Brew., S(
Ridgio'. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 400 (1884) ; A. O. U. Check-l.
N. Am. Birds, p. 103 (1886) ; Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 4 (1887); Shufeldt,
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 378 (1887) ; Clieeseman, Tr. N. Zeal.
Inst, xxiii. p. 224 (1891) ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 212 ; Scl. Ibis, 1894,
p. 499.

Procellaria punctata, Ellman, Zoologist, 1861, p. 7473.

Cape Hen, Chapni. Trav. in S. Afr. ii. p. 425 (1868).

Fulmanis capen.^is, Gray, Mand-l. iii. p. 107 (1871).

Calopetes capen.sis, Sundev. Av. Meth. Tent. p. 142.

Daptium capense, Coues, Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 126 (1882) ;
id. Key N. Am. Birds, ed. 2, p. 779 (1884) ; Stearns, New
England Bird-Life, ii. p. 386 (1883) ; Saunders, in Yarr. Brit.
Birds, ed. 4, iv. p. 11 (1884) ; Meyer, Abbild. Vogel-Skel. pt. xi.
(1886) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1888, p. 309.

Daptrion capensis, Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 465 (1886).

Adult. Upper surface w^hite, each feather broadh" tipped with
dusky black, the feathers of the head and back of the neck black to
their bases, the lesser wing-coverts •wholly dusky, the median coverts
•with a white margin to the outer web ; quills outwardly black :
inner webs white nearly to the tip, the bases of the outer webs,
except the outermost primary, also wliite ; under surface white, the
chin dusky, and the feathers of the throat and the under tail-
coverts tipped with dusky; under wing-coverts white, margin of
the wing and tips of the axillaries dusky ; tail white, tipped with
dusky : bill and feet black. Total length about 16 inches, wing
10-5, tail ^-9, bill 1-7, tarsus 1"9, middle and outer toes 2-3, inner
toe 1-85.

Bab. Southern Seas generally, north to Ceylon, and to lat. 5° S.
on the coast of Peru.

430

rUFFlNID^.

a. Ad. sk.

l>. Ad. sk.

J c. Ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.

j^ e. c? ad. sk.

..- f-h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.

J. Ad. sk.

'^ k. Ad. sk.
*-^ /. c? ad. sk.

?«. 2 ad. sk.

■^ rt. Ad. sk.

o. Ad. sk.

<— ^p. 2 ad. sk.

l^ y. Ad. st.
/r ;•, s. Ad. sk.
t t, u. Ad. sk.

L V, tv. Ad. sk.
^ a;. Ad. sk.
^, y. Ad. sk.

•^ 3-6'. Ad. sk.

^ e'. Ad. sk.

•^ '^ d', e'. Ad. sk.
w /'. Ad. sk.

w' .9-2'. Ad. sk.
(^ /. Ad. sk.
c^ ^'. Ad. sk.

c^ /'. Ad. sk.
v m' . Ad. sk.
^' «'. d" ; 0'. $
ad. sk.

^', q' . Skeletons.
r' . Sternum.

South Atlantic Ocean off
Cape Conientes, Oct. 28,
1875.

South Atlantic Ocean, lat.
40° 43' S., long. 58° 04' W.

[Straits of Maprellan.]

Straits of Magellan.

South Pacific Ocean, off
Tres Montes, May 10, 1879
{Dr. Coppinger).

Valparaiso.

Valparaiso.

Juan Fernandez I. {E. C.

Reed).
Masafuera I. [Let/hold).
Off St. Ambrose"!., July 20,

1879 (Dr. Coppinger).
Off St. Ambrose I., July 20,

1879 {Dr. Coppinger).
W. coast of S. America, lat.

25°S., long.85°W.(Cai>i!.

A. H. Markham).
W. coast of S. America, lat.

20°S., long.71°W.(Cfyyi!.

A. H. Markham).
Coast of Peru off Pa via, lat.

5°5'S., long. 81° W., July

1883 {Lt. J.R. Macfarlam).
Cape of Good Hope.
Cape Seas.
Cape Seas.

Cape Seas.

Cape Seas {E. L. Layard).

Cape Seas, lat. 34° 37' S.,
long. 22° 29' E.

Southern Indian Ocean, lat.
2.3° 30' S., Aug. 27.

Between Ceylon and the
mainland of India {Theo-
bald).

Off Kerguelen Land.

Antarctic Seas, April 1874.

W. Australia.

Australian Seas {Cockerell).

At sea, between Australia
and New Zealand.

New Zealand.

New Zealand (J'. W.Hutton).

Foveaux Straits, New Zea-
land, May 25, 1875 (J: W.
Sutton).

H. Durnford, Esq. [C.].

H. Durnford, Esq. [C.].

Capt. King [P.].

Mrs. E. M. Eastwood

[P.].
Voy. H.M.S. Alert.

Capt. Brett [P.].

H. Berkeley James,Esq.

Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman CoU.
Voy. H.M.S.' Alert.'

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll. _ 'r

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Purchased.

Sir Andrew Smith [P.].

E. M. Langworthy, Esq .

[P.].
Capt. Harry [P.].
Shelley Coll.
0. Blewitt, Esq. [P.].

Earl of Crawford and

Balcarres [P.].
Hume Coll.

Antai'ctic Exped.
Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'
Sir G. Grey [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
E. Newman, Esq. [P.].

Colonial Mus.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Hume Coll.

12. HALOB^NA. 431

12. HALOB.ffiNA. ^^

Halobsena, Is. Geoff r. St.-Hilaire, '[SPjC,,Jide Up. Consp.
Av. ii. p. 193 (1850) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866,
p. 162 H. cserulea.

Zapriura, C'oues, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 34

(1875) H. cferulea.

Ratvje. Southern Ocean.

1. Halobaena caerulea.

Blue Petrel, Forster, Voy. i. p. 91 ; Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 415
(1785); id. Gen. Hist. Birds, x. p. 196 (1824).

Another Blue Peteril, Cook's Voy. i. p. 32.

Procellaria cferulea, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 560 ("1788) ; Lath.Ind. Orn.
ii. p. 827 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 421 (1817) ;
id. Enc. Meth. p. 81 (1823) ; id. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 232 (1825) ; Kuhl,
Beitr. p. 145 ( 1820) ; Grat/, Lid AnseresBrit. Mus. p. 105 (1844) ;
id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844); id. Ibis, 1802, p. 247; Gonld,
Birds Austr. \n. pi. 52 (1847) ; Peak, U.S. Expl.E.vp.ym. p. 338
(1848) ; Layard, Birds S. Afr. p. 361 (1867) ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 393,
1878, p. 264; Hutton, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 47 (1871); Bzdler,
Birds N. Zeal. p. 306 (1873) ; Finsch,J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 373, 1874,
p. 208 ; Finsch v.^- Hartl. Orn. Centralpol. p. 246 (1867).

Pachvptila c.-erulea, Illig. Prodr. p. 275 (1811) ; Steph. in Shavfs
Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 252 (1826).

Procellaria forsteri. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr. pi. 54 (1840).

Procellaria similis, Forst. Descr. An. p. 59 (1844).

Halobfeua cseralea, Bp. Compt. Bend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; id. Consp.
Av. ii. p. 193 (1856) ; Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 163, 171 ;
Goidd, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 457 (1865) : Coues 8c Kidder,
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 34 (1875) ; Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus. no. 3, p. 17 (1876) ; Moseley, Notes Nat. ' Chall' p. 181 (1879) ;
Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 141 (1879) ; id. Bayard's Birds
S. Afr. p. 768 (1884) ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal.ed. 2, ii. p. 214 (1888) ;
id. Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. xxv. p. 78 (1893).

Halobsena typica, Bj). Compt. Reiid. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; id. Consp.
Av. ii. p. 194 (1856).

Procellaria velox, Solander ? cf. Salv. in Rowley^ s Orn. Misc. i. p. 238.

Adult. Upper surface pale ashy-blue, darker on the crown, nape,
lesser wing-coverts, outer webs of outer primaries, and the scapulars,
the latter tipped with white ; feathers of the middle of the forehead
and anterior part of the crown widely tipped with white ; rest of
the forehead and whole under surface pure white, sides of the
breast ashy-blue, under wing-coverts, primaries beneath, and axil-
laries white ; outer rectrix white, the two next ashy, the base of
the inner web white, the three next ashy with white tips, widest
on the middle feather, a slightly darker sub terminal ashy band :
bill black, the edge of the mandible blue ; tarsi and toes blue, the
webs flesh-colour. Total length about 11 inches, wing 8-5, tail 3*6,
bill 1*4, tarsus 1-3, middle toe 1-6, outer toe a little shorter, inner
toe 1-3.

Hah. Southern Seas, between lat. 40° and 60° S.

432

PUFFINID^.

a. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Sir Andrew Smitli [P.].

(Type of P. forsteii, Smith.)

b. Ad. sk. Eoyal Sound, Kerguelen Land Transit of Venus

[Bev. A. E. Eaton). Exped.

c. Ad. sk. Pacific Ocean near Cape Horn, lat. Salvin-Godman Coll. :

50° S., long. 90° W., May 20,
1840 (/. Gould).

13. PRION.

Type.

Prion, Lacepede, Mem. Vltist. iii. p. .513 (1801) ; Bp.

Consp. Av. ii. p. 192 (1856) ; Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil.

1866, p. 167 ; Forbes, Voy. ^Chall.', Zool. iv.pt. xi.

p. 42 &c. (1882) P. vittatus.

PacLyptila, Illki. Prodr. p. 274 (1811 ) P. vittatus.

Vv'mm-^h.ws, Bajinesque, Anal. Tp. 72 {lS\b),Jide Bp.

Pseudoprion, Coties, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 164 .... P. desolatus.

Range. Southern Ocean.

Key to the Species.

a. Bill very wide, edges of tlie maxilla distinctly

convex ; lamellas distinctly visible when the

bill is shut vittatus, p. 432.

b. Bill naiTower, but the edges of the maxilla

distinctly convex; lamellje only visible near

the rictus of the closed bill bariksi, p. 434.

c. Bill still narrower, edges of the maxilla almost

straight ; lamellae invisible desolatus, p. 434,

d. Bill much smaller, more compressed, the unguis

large, sides of the maxilla straight, and the

head, &c., paler blue-grey ariel, p. 436.

1. Prion vittatus.

Vittated Petrel, Forst. Voy. i. p. 153; id. Observ. p. 199.

Blue Peteril, Cook, Voy. i. p. 29.

Petrel bleu. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. x. p. 155.

Broad-billed Petrel, Lath. Geti. %w. iii. pt. 2, p. 414 (1785).

Procellaria vittata, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 560 (1788) ; Kuhl, Beitr.

p. 149 (1820) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 16 (1863) ; Pollen

8f Van Dam, Faun. Maday., Ois. p. 144 (1868).
Procellaria forsteri, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 827 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet.

d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 421 (1817).
Priou vittatus, Lacep. ]\Jem. List. 1801, p. 514 ; Gould, Voy. 'Beaqh,^

ii. Birds, p. 141 (1841) ; id. Birds Austr. vii. pi. 55 (1844) ;' id.

Handb. Birds Austr. p. 474 (1865) ; Gray, List Anseres Brit,

Mus. p. 165 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 649 (1844) ; id. Voy.

' Ereb. ^ Terr.', Zool. i. p. 18 (1846) ; id. Lbis, 1862, p. 247 ; id.

Lland-list, iii. p. 108 (1871) ; Beich. Av. Syst. Nat., Natatores, pi. 15.

figs. 771-2 (1850) ; Bp. Compt. Berid. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; id. Consp.

Av. ii. p. 192 (1855) ; Layard, Ibis, 1862, p. 97, 1863, p. 249 ;

Lfutton, Lbis, 1865, p. 288, 1867, p. 189, 1872, p. 249; Coues, Pr.

Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 160, 172 ; Peh. Reise Novara, Zool. i. Vog.

p. 147 (1869) ; Hutton, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 48 (1871) ; Scl. ^

Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873) ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal.

?e

13. PKioN. 43a

3. 312 (1873) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, ii. p. 212 (1888) ; Finsch, J.f. Orn.

l870, p. 373, 1874, p. 211 ; Gitjl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 44 (1870) ;

id. Viagg. ^Magenta,' p. 963 (1875) ; Hartl. Vog. Madag. p. 376

(1877) ; Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 135 (1879) ; id. Layard's

Birds S. Afr. p. 769 (1884) ; Salv. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 631 (1882) ;

M.-Edw. %• Grandid. Hist. Madag., Ois. p. 671, pis. 293, 294

(1885) ; Hamilton, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xviii. p. 128 (1886) ; H. O.

Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 542 ; Sol. Ibis, 1894, p. 498.
Pachyptila vittata, Illig. Prodr. p. 275 (1811) ; Temm. PI. Col. 528 ;

Schinz, Naturg. Vog. p. 402, pi. 136 (1832) ; Burm. Syst. Ueb. Th.

Bras, iii.p. 444 (1856) ; Cab. ^- Reichenow, J.f. Orn. 1876, p. 328.
Procellaria latirostris, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 81 (1823).
Paclivptila forsteri, Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 251 (1826) ;

Jard. Sf Sell. III. Orn. pi. 47 (1828) : Swains. Class. Birds, ii. p. 374

(1837).
Prion forsteri, Reich. Av. Syst. Nat., Natatores, pi. 15. fig. 777

(1850) (?) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856j.
Prion magnii-ostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 125.
Prion australis. Potts, Tratis. N. Zeal. Inst. v. p. 205 ; id. Ibv^, 1878,

p. 85.

Adult male. Upper surface ashy-blue, darker on the head and
below the eye; small wing-coverts, ends of the long scapulars
(except their white tips), a band across the back, outer primaries
and tips of the central rectrices black ; lateral rectrices grey with
dark shafts ; a distinct superciliary stripe and whole under surface
white, flanks washed with pale ashy-blue, under wing-coverts and
axiUaries white ; under tail-coverts mottled with ashy-blue : bill
blue-black, the unguis yeUow ; tarsi and toes light blue. Total
length about 12 inches, wing 7"6 ; tail, central rectrices 3-8, lateral
rectrices 3-5 ; bill 1-5, width of bill 0-72-0-8, tarsus 1*3, middle
and outer toes 1*45, inner toe 1'25.

Hah. Southern Seas between lat. 40° and 60° S.

Obs. This species has the widest bill of all the Prions, and the
lamellae of the maxilla show plainly when the bill is closed.

4

cJ ad. sk. Marion I., Southern Ocean. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'

ib. 5 ad. sk. Ar sea near Crozette Is. {Lord Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-

Campbell) . lenger.'

"'"e. cJad.sk. St. Paiil's I., Indian Ocean, Jan. Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle-
1853 {J. Macgillivray). snake.'

d. cJad.sk. Eastern entrance to Bass's Strait, Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle-

Julv 1 1 , 1 847 (J! Macgillivray). snake. '

e. Ad. St. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P.].
'/. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Colonial Mus.

g. S ad. sk. Stewart's 1., New Zealand, Mar. Hume Coll.

1874 {F. W. Hutton).

h. Ad. sk. New Zealand. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.

[P.].

i. Ad. sk. New Zealand, Sept. 2, 1846. Salvin-Godman Coll.

j,^. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Salvin-Godman CoU.

/. Ad. sk. [New Zealand.] Gould Coll. (Type of

P. magnirostris, Gould.)
m. Skull.

VOL. XXV. 2 P

434 PUfFINID^.

2. Prion banksi.

Prion banksi, Gould, Ann. 8( Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 366 (1844); id.
Sandb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 474 (1865) ; Gray, List Anseres Brit.
Mils. p. 165 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 649 (1844) ; id. Ibis,
1862, p. 247; id. Hand-l. iii. p. 108 (1871) ; Reich. Av. Syst. Nat.,
Suppl. Longip. pi. x. fig. 776 (1850) ; Bp. Compt. Bend. xlii. p. 768
(1856) ; id. Cmisp. Av. ii. p. 193 (1856) ; Layard, Birds S. Afr.
p. 362 (1867) ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 460 ; Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano,
p. 44 (1870) ; id. Viagg. 'Magenta' (see index) (1875) ; Finsch ^
Hartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 815 (1870) ; Finsch, J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 373,
1874, p. 211; Hutto7i, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 48 (1871); Hartl.
Vog. Madag. p. 376 (1877) ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. p. 311 (1873) ;
id. op. cit. ed. 2, ii. p. 211 (1888) ; Salt: P. Z. S. 1878, p. 739; id.
Voy. 'ChaW, Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 146 (1881) ; Sandager, Trans. N.
Zeal. Inst. xxii. p. 293 (1890).

Pachyptila banksi. Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Birds, pi. 55 (1840).

Prion rossii, Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 165 (1844) ; Bp.
Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 193 (1856).

Procellaria banksi, Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 17 (1863) ; Pollen Si
Van Dam, Faun. Madag., Ois. ii. p. 145 (1868).

Pseudoprion banksi, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 166, 172.

Prion ?, IfMwe, Stray F. ii. p. 317 (1874); v. p. 304 (1877); viii.
p. 115 (1879).

Very similar in colour to P. viltatus, but the bill not so wide
{0-5 in.) ; the lamellae of the maxilla just visible near the rictus
when the bill is closed.

Hah. Southern Seas, usually between lat. 35° and 60^ S., but as
far north as the Equator in the Malay Archipelago.

a. .\d. sk. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35° Earl of Crawford and

20' S., long. 9° 43' W. Balcarres [P.].

■ b. S ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35° Voj'. H.M.S. 'Eattle-

S., long. Oi° E., Nov. 18, snake.' •

1852 (/. Macgillivray).

^ c. Ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35° Sir G. Grey [P.].

r S., long. 6° 15' E.

' d. Ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.].

(Type of P. banksi.)

'•-' €. S ad. sk. Cape Seas. Antarctic Exped. . .--

■ f. Ad. sk. Coast of Queensland. Salvin-Godman Coll.
g, h. Ad. st. & sk. Coast of Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

i. Ad. sk. New Hebrides. Salvin-Godman Coll.

V j, k. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P.].

I. Ad. sk. Auckland Is., Dec. 3, 1840. Dr.R.M'Cormick[P.].

ni. Ad. sk. , Auckland Is. Antarctic Exped.

n. Ad. St. ; o. Ad. Antarctic Seas. Antarctic Exped.
sk. , (Types of P. rossii, Grav.)

>'p. Ad. sk. [South Seas.] Gould Coll.

yq. Ad. sk. [South Seas.] Old Coll.

r. Skeleton. Menado, Celebes,

3. Prion desolatus.

Brown-banded Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. 2, p. 409 (1785).
Procellaria desolata. Gin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 562 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.

13. PRION. 435

ii. p. 825 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 419 (1817) ;
Kuhl, Beitr. p. 143 (1820) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648 (1844) ;
Swinh.P. Z. S. 1863, p. 330 (?).

Procellaria turtur, Banks, Icon. ined. no. 15 ; Kuhl, Beitr. p. 143
(1820) ; Smith, III. Zool. S. Afr., Birds, pi. 54 (1840) ; Gray, List
Anseres Brit. Miis. p. 105 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 648
(1844) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. ProceU. p. 17 (1863) ; Layard, Birds
S. Afr. p. 361 (1867).

Procellaria fasciata, Vieill. Enc. Meth. p. 79 (1823) ; ? Gray, Cat.
Birds Trop. Is. Pac. p. 56 (1859).

Daptiou desolatum, Stejoh. in Shmd's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 244 (1826).

Prion turtur, Gould, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 366 (1844) ; id.
Birds Austr. vii. pi. 54 (1844) ; id. Handb. Birds Ausfr. ii. p. 472
(1865) ; Reich. Av. Syst. Nat., Natatores, pi. 15. figs. 773-75 (1850) ;
Bp. Compt. Rend. xiii. p. 768 (1856) ; id. Consp. Av. ii. p. 193
(1856) ; Peh. Reise Novara, Zool. i. Voq. p. 147 (1869) ; Hutton,
Ibis, 1870, p. 396, 1872, p. 249 ; id. Cat. Birds N Zeal. p. 48
(1871) ; Gif/l. Faun. Vert.Oceano, p. 45 (1870) ; id. Viagq. '■Magenta''
(see index) (1875) ; Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 373, 1874, p. 212 ;
Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 108 (1871); SharjJe, Voy. ' Freb. ^- Terror,'
Birds, App. p. 34, pi. 29 (1875) ; Salv. in Roxvley's Orn. Misc. i.
p. 230 (1876) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 631 (1882) ; Hartl. Voy.
Madag. p. 377 (1877) ; Buller, Birds N Zeal. p. 309 (1873) ; id.
op. cit. ed. 2, ii. p. 209 (1888) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii.
p. 411 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. iii. p. 467 (1882) : Hamilton, Tr.
N. Zeal. Inst, xviii. p. 128 (1886); Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 1 (1887) ;
H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 542 ; Scl. Ibis, 1894, p. 498.

P^strelata desolata, iJ/j. Compt. Rend. xiii. p. 768 (1850); Coues,
Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 155.

Pseudoprion turtur, Coues, Pr.Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 166, 172; Gurney,
in Anderss. Birds Damara-L. p. 352 (1872).

Pseudoprion desolatus, Coues S,- Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2,
p. 32 (1875) ; Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 3, p. 16 (1876).

Pachyptila turtur, Cab. ^- Reichenow, J. f. Orn. 1876, p. 328.

Prion desolatus, Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. '738; id. Voy. 'Chall.', Zool.
ii. pt. viii. p. 145 (1881); Sharpe, Phd. Trans, clxviii. p. 137
(1879) ; id. Layard' s Birds S. Afr. p. 769 (1884) ; Moseley, Notes
Nat. 'ChalV p. 207 (1879) ; Saunders, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 165.

Similar to P. vittatus and P. banlsi, but with a still smaller bill
than the latter ; the sides of the maxilla are nearly straight, not
convex, and the lamellse are not visible near the rictus when the
bill is closed.

Hab. Southern Seas, usually between lat. 35° and 60° S., but even
as far south as the Ice Barrier, lat 66"" 30' S.

a. cJ ad. sli. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35° Earl of Crawford and

20' S., long-. 9° 43' E., Sept. 10, Balcarres [P.].

b. S ad.; c. $ ad. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 35° Gould Coll.
sk. 19' S., long. 10°32'E. {J.G.).

d. Ad. sk. Coast of Madagascar. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Southern Indian Ocean, lat. 36° Earl of Crawford and

57' S., long. 40= 41' E., Sept. 14. Balcarres [P.].
' j-h. <5 ad. ; i,j. Betsy Cove, Kerguelen Land. Voy. H.M.S. ' ChaJ-

2 ad. sk. lenger.'

'^. cJ? vix ad. sk. Roval Sound, Kerguelen Land Transit of Venus Exp.
(Rev. A. E. Faton).

2f2

436 PUFFFNID^.

/. 2 ad. sk. Ice Barrier, Feb. 14, 1874. Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-

lenger.'
m. Ad. sk. Coast of Australia, lat. 40|° S., Voy. H.M.S. 'Eattle-

123i° E., June 19, 1847 (J. snake.'

MacgilHvray).

n. Skeleton.
o-q. Skulls.

4. Prion arid.

Prion ariel, Goidd, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 366 (1844) (descr,

nulla) ; id. Handb. Birds Aicstr. ii. p. 473 (186.5) ; £p. Compt.

Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; Gigl. Fcmn. Vert. Oceano, p. 45 (1870) ;

id. Viagg. ^ Magenta,^ p. 843; Finsch, J.f. O. 1870; p. 374 ; Gray,

Hand-l. iii. p. 108 (1871) ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 213

(1888).
Prion brevirostris, Gould, P. Z. S. 1855, p. 88, pi. 93 ; Bp. Compt.

Bend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; id. Cotisp. Av. ii. p. 194 (1856).
Procellaria ariel, Gray, Ibis, 1862, p. 247 ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi.

Procell. p. 18 (1863).
Pseudoprion ariel, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 166, 172.
Pseudoprion brevirostris, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 167, 172.
Pachyptila ariel, Cab. ^ Reichenoiu, J.f. Orn. 1876, p. 328.

Adult. Similar in colour to the other species of Prion but with a
paler crown, hardly differing from the tint of the back; the spot
below the eye also paler and less conspicuous ; the terminal dark
band' of the tail wider : the bUl much narrower and more com-
pressed, though the unguis is as large as those of the other species ;
the sides of the mandible are nearly straight, and the lameUiB
feebly developed and quite invisible when the bill is closed.

Hab. Madeira (perhaps accidental), and the Southern Seas gene-
raUy, between lat. 35° and 60= S.

tx a. Ad. sk. Madeira. Gould CoU.

(Type of P. brevirostris, Goxdd.)
/ b. Ad. s^ Cape of Good Hope. Sir Andrew Smith

I c. Ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, Kergue- Antarctic Exped.

len Land, July 1840. . _

f/. (J ad. St. Southern Indian Ocean, lat. - V/i^ . Vv<ioAwVy>,y^f/>(4c/

40f ° S., long. 123i° E. - - - r-

Ad. sk. Bass's Strait, April 16, 1839. J. Gould.

(One of the types of P. ariel.)

•^ /. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.

^^ y, h. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Salvin-Godman Coll. .'

(^, i. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Colonial Museum.

j. Ad. sk. Pott's Island, New Zealand, Colonial Museum.
Dec. 1871.

/ k. Ad. sk. Dunedin, New Zealand {F. W. Hume Coll.
Huttori).

I. Ad. St. Cook's Strait, New Zealand. Dr. Lyall [P.].

m. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sii- Samuel Scott

[P.].

n. Ad. sk. Chatham Is., Dec. 1872. Salvin-Godman Coll.

0. Ad. sk. W. coast of S. America. Salvin-Godman Coll.

y.

Type.

PELECANOIDIDJE. 437

Family III. PELECANOIDID^.

1. PELECANOIDES.

Pelecanoides, LacepMe, Mem. Vlnst. iii. p. 513 (1801) •
Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1886, p. 188; Forbes, Foy. Chad
Zool. IV. pt. xi. p. 42 &c. (1882) ; Shufeldt, Pr. U.S
Nat. Mus. X. p. 380 (1887) P urinatrix

Haladroma, 7%. Prodr. p. 273 (1811) ; B/j. Consn. Av ii
p^_200 (1856) . . . . . . / ^. . . ;. ; P. urinatrix.

1 umnuria, Less. foy. ' Coqutlle,' i. p. 729, pi 46 (1826) •

id. Traite d^Orn. p. 614 a831) .....'.' P. urinatrix.

Range. Southern Oceans.

Key to the Sjjecies.
a. Smaller (wing about 47 in.).

a'. Throat, flanks, and under wing-coverts nearly

,, JP"''%^J^t«', ........ urinatrLv, p. 437.

0 . i iiroat, flanks, and under -wing-coverts more or

less banded with grey e.rsul, p. 438.

i. Larger (wing about 57 in.) ffarnoti, p. 439.

1. Pelecanoides urinatrix.

Diving Petrel, Forster, Voy. i. p. 189 ; Lath. Gen. Sun. iii. pt. 2
p. 413 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. Birds, x. p. 194 (1824)

Procellaria urinatrix, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 560 (1788) ; Lath. Lnd. Orn
11. p. 827 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d^Hist. Nat. xxv. p. 420 (1817) •
Id. Enc. Meth. p. 76 (1823) ; id. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 231 (1825) KuM,
Bettr. p. 145 (1820). v / > >

Pelecanoides urinatrix, Lacip. Mem. VInst. iii. p. 517 (1801) • Gray
List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 158 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii.' p. 646

Ip-,"^^' ol^'^^; '/'■'^- '^' ^''■'•' ^- ^"■^*' P- 17 (1846) ; id. Ibis,

o.vP;.^-,^'^' ''^- ^^>'^-'- "i- P- 103 (1871); Jerd. Birds lnd. iii.

?o^F <^^?-'^)'" ^''"^*' ^'■- ^'^- ^'''"■^- 1866, p. 190; Button, Ibis,

1869, p. 3o2, 1874, p. 41: Buller, Birds N. Zeal. p. 313 (1873) •

i- "i'- «^- ed. 2, ii. p. 207 a888) ; id. Ibis, 1874, p. lid-, HmnJ,

^^■ayF.vm. p. 115 (1879) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12 ; Oates,

I'Ao Vi^o'f* ^">'"'"> "• P- 440 (1883) ; Coppinger, Cruise 'Alert,'

p. 106 (1883) ; H. O. Porhes, Ibis, 1893, p. 541.

Haladroma urinatrix, /%. Prodr. p. 274 (1811); Steph. in Shaw's

Gen Zool. xiii. p. 257 (1826); Reich. Av. Si/st. Nat., Natatores,

pi. 14. figs. /62-3 (1850) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ;

/Vo?of^- ^'"- "• P- -°^ (l'^'^*^) ; '^''^'^- ^^««- P-B; vi. Procell. p. 37
(1863); Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 483 (1865); Sutton,
Cat Birds N. Zeal. p. 44 (1871) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 248 ; Finsch,

Lc 'c- ^^^^' P- ^^^' ''^- °P- "■'• 1874, p. 210; «W. Ibis, 1888,
p. ti09 ; Sandarjer, Trans. N. 7.. Inst. xxii. p. 289 (1889).
Procellarine b6rard, Quoy ^- Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool. p. 135 (1824)
Haladroma berardi, Teynm. Pi. Col. 517 (1831) ; Schinz, Nature/'
Vog ^.AQl, pi. 136 (1832); Reich. Av. S„st. Nat., Natatores,
p. U. fig. /64 (1850) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 769 (1856) ; id
Consp. Av. ii. p. 206 (1856) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 38
(1863); Hutton, Ibis, 1872, p. 248; Scl. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Av.
Neotr. p. 149 (1873) ; Finsch, J.f. Orn. 1874, p. 210.

438 PELECANOIDID^.

Pelecanoides berardi, Gould, Voy. ^Bemjle', ii. Birds, p. 138 (1841) ;
id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98; Graij, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 158
(1844); id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 646 (1844) ; id. Kand-l. iii. p. 102
(1871) ; Sd. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 390 ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 164 ; Coues,
Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 190 ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. p. 314 (1873) ;
id. op. cit. ed. 2, ii. p. 208 (1888) ; H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 542.

ProceLlaria tridactyla, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 149 (1844) ; Ellman,
Zool. 1861, p. 7473.

Puffinuria luinatrix, Gould, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 60(1844) ; Layard,
Ibis, 1867, p. 460.

Adult. Upper surface shining black, the inner scapulars grey on
the inner webs and edged with white ; under surface white, sides
of the neck greyish ; flanks nearly pure white ; under wing-coverts
white ; axillaries dusky grey : bill black, tarsi black (skin). Total
length about 8 inches, wing 4-7, tail 1-4, bill 0-9, tarsus 1, middle
and outer toes 1*2, inner toe 1.

Hub. Australian and Xew Zealand Seas ; also those of Cape
Horn and the Falkland Islands.

a. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. {Falkland I. Co.). Salvin-Godman Coll.

b. d; c. 2 ad.sk. Falkland Is. Salvin-Godman Coll.

d. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. Salvin-Godman Coll.

e. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. Sharpe Coll.

/, ff. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. Antarctic Exped.

h. 2 ad. sk. Cockle Cove, Straits of Magel- Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

Ian, Oct. 16, 1879 (Br. Cop-

jjinyer).

i. 2 ad. sk. "\^''oods liay, Straits of Magel- Salvin-Godman Coll.

Ian, AprU 19, 1869 {Dr. Cun-

ninffhatn).

j. $ ad. sk. AntonioIs.,Straits of Magellan, Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

Feb. 17, 1879 {Dr. Copiyinyer).

k. Jad. ; I. 2 ad. Cove Harbour, Messier Channel, Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-

sk. Straits of Magellan. lenger.'

m. Juv. sk. Stewart's I., New Zealand {F. Hume Coll.

W. Sutton),

n. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P.].

o. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Salvin-Godman CoU.

2^. Ad. sk. Auckland Is. Antarctic Exped.

q. Pull. St. Aucklaud Is. Antarctic Exped.

r. Juv. sk. ? Gould Coll.

(Type of Haladroma tenuirosiris, Eyton.)

2. Pelecanoides exsul.

Pelecanoides lU'inatrix, Coties >.y Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mtcs. no. 2,
p. 36 (1875) ; Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 3, p. 17 (1876) ;
Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 739 ; id. Toy. 'Chall.,'' Zool. iii. pt. viii. p. 146
(1888); Moseley, Notes Nat. 'C/xdl.' pp. 129,171, 208 (1879);
Sharpe, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 114 (1879).

Halodroma urinatrix, Cab. Sf Reich. J.f. Orn. 1876, p. 328.

Adult. Similar to P. urinatricc, but the feathers of the sides and
middle of the throat with a distinct subterminal grey bar ; flanks
mottled with grey, each feather with a grey shaft; under wing-
coverts also grey, with white edges and dark shafts.

Sexes alike.

1. PELECANOIDES.

439

Hal). Southern Indian Ocean, from the Crozette Islands to Ker-
guelen Land.

a. Ad. sk. Crozette Is.

b. Ad. sk. Crozette Is. {E. L. Layard).

c. Ad. sk. At sea off Kerguelen Land,

May 1840.

d. c? ; e. $ ad. sk. Kerguelen Land.
f. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Land.
ff. Ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, Kergue-
len Land.

Cliristmas Harb., June 8, 1840.
Christmas Harbour.

Shelley Coll.

H. Saunders, Esq. [P,].

Antarctic Exped.

Antarctic Exped.
Antarctic Exped.
Antarctic Exped.

h. Ad. sk.

i,j. (S ad. ; k, I.

ad. sk.
m. Pull. sk.

n, 0. (5 ad. sk.

p. (S ad. ; q. 2 ad.

sk.
r. Ad. sk.
5. Ad. St.
t, u. Skeletons.
V. Sternum.
10. Skull.

Christmas Harbour.

Betsy Cove, Kerguelen Land,

Jan. 1874.
Observatory Bay, Kerguelen

Land (A. E. JEaton).
New Zealand.
Auckland Is.

Dr.R.McCormick [P.].

Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'

Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'

Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'

Transit of Venus Exp.

Colonial Museum.
Lt. A. Smith [P.].

3. Pelecanoides garnoti.

Puffinuria garnoti, Less. Voy. Coquille, i. pt. 2, p. 730, pi. 46 (1826) ;

id. Man. Oni. ii. p. 394 ('l828) ; id. Traite d'Orn. p. 730 (1831) ;

Peale, U.S. Kipl. E.rjy. viii. p. .338 (1848).
Pelecanoides garnoti, Gould, Voy. ^Beayle,' ii. Birds, p. 139 (1841) ;

Gray, Lkt Anseres Brit. Mt(s. p. 1.58 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii.

p. 646 (1844) ; id. Hand-l. iii. p. 102 (1871) ; Tsch. Arch. f. Naturg.

1844, i. p. 315 ; Coue.^, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 190 ; Sharpe, Phil.

Trans, clxviii. p. 15 (1879) ; iialv. Cat. StricM. Coll. p. 631 (1882) ;

id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 739 ; id. op. cit. 1883, p. 432 ; id. Voy. 'ChalV,

Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 146 (1881).
Halodroma garnuti, Tsch. Faun. Per., Orn. p. 54 (1845) ; Reich. Av.

Syst. Nat., Nafatores, pi. 14. fig. 761 (1850) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., yi.

Procell. p. 37 (1863) ; Scl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 336 ; Scl. ^- Salt: Nomencl.

Av. Neotr. p. 149 (1873) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 465 (1886).

Adult. Similar to the preceding species but considerably larger ;
entire under surface pure white ; flanks and axillaries dusky grey ;
inner surface of the tarsi, middle and inner toes yellowish hazel :
outer side of the tarsus and outer toes darker. Total length about
9-5 inches, -wing 5-7, tail 1-65, bill 1-2, tarsus 1-35, middle toe 1*4,
outer toe a little shorter, inner toe 1*1.

Sexes alike.

Hah. West coast of South America, from Callao to Valparaiso.

a. Ad. sk.

b, c. Ad. St.

d. S ad. : e. $ ad.

sk.
/. c?"ad. sk.
g. Ad. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.

Valparaiso.

Coast of Chili.

Coquimbo Bar, Chili, Nov. 1881

(Capt. A. H. Markham).
Callao, Peru, Sept. 14, 1871.
Callao, Peru.

[W. coast of S. America.]
[W. coast of S. America.]

Capt. Brett [P.].
T. Bridges [C.].
Salvin-Godman CoU.

Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.

440 DIOMEDEID^.

Family IV. DIOMEDEID^.

Keij to the Qenera.

■a. Sides of the mandible without longitudinal
sulcus ; tail short, rounded.
a'. Base of the culminicorn wide, joining the

{)roximal end of the dorsal edge of the
atericorn 1. Diomedea, p. 440.

b'. Base of the culminicorn narrower, divided

hy membrane from the latericorn 2. Thalassogeron,

h. Sides of the mandible with a deep longitudinal [p. 449.

sulcus ; tail long, cuneate 3. Phcebetria, p. 453.

1. DIOMEDEA. ^

Type.

Diomedea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 214 (1766) ; Bjj.

Consp. Av. ii. p. 184 (1855) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil.

1866, p. 175 ; Forbes, Voy. 'Chali:, Zool. iv. pt.xi.

p. 42 &c. (1882) D. exulans.

Phoebastria, Reich. Syst. Av. p. v (1852) D. albatrus.

Thalassarche, Reich. Syst. Av. p. v (1852) D. melanophrys.

Range. Southern Ocean and North Pacific Ocean,

Key to the Species.

a. Larger : bill very strong ; interscapidar region
and middle of the back white.
a! . Head white.

a'. Upper back with narrow transverse dark
lines ; wing-coverts dark slaty-black, the
smaller coverts becoming nearly white
towards the edge of the wing ; exposed
portion of the primaries beneath black.

Young brown, the face white exulans, p. 441.

b" . Upper back without transverse dark lines ;
longer scapulars very irregularly marked
with dark grey ; wing-coverts dark grey,
irregularly mottled towards the edge
with white ; exposed portion of prima-
ries beneath black. Young white, from

the downy nestling regia, p. 443.

c". Upper back without transverse dark bands,
the scapulars alone faintly banded ; wing-
coverts nearly white, the middle coverts
only variegated with black ; exposed
portion of the primaries beneath with a
large white patch on the inner web .... chionoptera, p. 443.

b'. Head buff albatrus, p. 444.

h. Smaller ; bill more slender.

c'. Interscapular region and middle of the back
sooty-black or brown.
d". Abdomen dark, closely freckled with

white iri'orata, p. 445.

e" . Abdomen sooty-brown nigripes, p. 445.

/". Abdomen white immutabilis, p. 446.

1. DIOMEDEA. 441

d'. Iiitersciipular region and middle of the back
slaty-black.

y". Bill yellowish horn-colour melanophrys, p. 447.

h". Bill, culmen, and lower edge of the man-
dible yellowish horn-coloiir ; sides of the
bill slaty bulleri, p. 448.

1. Diomedea exulans.

The Man of War Bird, Albin, Birds, iii. p. 76, pi. 81 (1740) ; Edw.

Nat. Hist. Birds, ii. p. 88, pi. 88 (1747).
Brown or Chocolate Albatros, Cook, Itin. pp. 116, 1.50; Forst. Itin.

i. p. 258.
L'Albatros, Brtss. Orn. \i. p. 126 (17G0) ; Bvf. Hist. Nat. Ois. x.

p. 173(1786).
L'Albatros du Cap de Bonne Esperance, UAiih. PI. Enl. 237.
Wandering- Albatros, Pew??. Arctic Zool. ii. p. .506 (1785) ; Lath. Gen.

Sijn. iii. pt. i. p. 304 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. Birds, x. p. 48 (1824).
Chocolate Albatros, Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. pt. i. p. 308 (1785) ; id. Gen.

Hist. Birds, x. p. 52 (1824).
Diomedea exulans, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 214 (1766) ; Gm. Syst.

Nat. i. p. 566 ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 789 ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist.

Nat. i. p. 287 (1816) ; id. Gal. Ois. ii. p. 234, pi. 293 (1825) ; Stejjk.

in Shaiv's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 2.59, pi. 30 (1826) ; Schinz, Nature/.

Vog. p. 394, pi. 135 (1832) ; F. D. Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 78;

G. Bennett, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 151 ; Nutt. Man. Water-Birds,

p. 340 (1834) ; Viffors, Voy. 'Blossom,' Zool. p. .39 (1839) ; Gray,

List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 166 (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 650

(1844) ; id. Voy. 'Ereb. ^- Terr: i. Birds, p. 18 (1846) ; id. Birds

Trap. Is. Pac. p. 57 (1859) ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 247 ; id. Hand-l. iii.

p. 109 (1871) ; Gotdd, Birds Austr. vii. pi. .38 (1844) ; id. Handb.

Birds Austr. ii. p. 427 (1865) ; Sundev. Srensk. Foyl. pi. Ixxxi.

fig. 2 ; Peale, U.S. Eipl. Erp. viii. p. .337 (1848) ; Peich. Si/st.

Av., Natafores, pi. 27. fig. 2616, pi. 29. figs. 801, 802 (18.50) ;

Kjairb. Orn. Dan. Siqjpl. pi. 71. fig. 3 (1851) ; Brehm, Natmi. 1855,

p! 295 ; id. Voge/f. p. 355 ; Hartl. Orn. W.-Afr. p. 251 (1856) ;

Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 184 (1855) ; id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768

(1856) ; Grill, Zool. Anteckn. pp. 12, 57 (18-58) : Blasius S,- Bald.

Naum. Vd(/. Deutschl. xiii. pt. 2, p. 278 (1860) ; Laxor. Birds N.

Am. p. 821 (1860); Bree, Birds Eur. iv. p. 115, pi.— (186.3);

Layard, Ibis, 1862, p. 97, 1863, p. 248, 1867, p. 460 ; id. Birds S. Afr.

p. 363 (1867) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vl Procell.p. 31 (1863) ; Hufton,

Ibis, 1865, p. 278, 1867, p. 185, 1872, p. 248 ; id. Cat. Birds N.

Zeal. p. 43 (1871) : Saunders, Ibis, 1866, p. 124 ; id. P. Z. S. 1880,

p. 165 ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 175, 187 ; id. Auk, ii. p. .387

(1885) ; Dcgl. i,- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 366 (18()7) ; Scl. ^ Salv.

Ibis, 1869, p. 284; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148 (1873); Pelz.

Eeise Novara, Zool. i. Toy. p. 147 (1869) ; Gifjl. Faun. Vert. Oceana,

p. 49 (1870).; id. Viagg. 'Magenta ' (see index) (1875) ; Sperlijig, Ibis,

1872, p. 75 ; Gurney, in Anderss. Birds Damara-L. p. 355 (1872) ;

Pelz. Ibis, 1873, pp. 61 , 123 ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. p. 289 (1873) ;

id. op. cit. ed. 2, ii. p. 189 (1888) (partim) ; id. Trans. N. Zeal. Inst.

xxiv. p. 69 (1892) ; id. op. cit. xxv. p. 76 (1893) ; id. op. cit. xxvii.

p. 121 (1895) ; Finsch, J.f. Orn. 1870, p. 375, 1874, p. 206 ; Sah.

in Roioley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 237 (1876) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 6.32

(1882); Moseley, Notes Nat. Chall. pp. 1-34, 171, 180, 183, 254

(1879) ; Sharjte, Phil. Trans, clxviii. p. 45 (1879) (partim) ; id.

in Layard s Birds S. Afr. p. 770 (1884); Ridrpc. Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. iii. p. 238 (1881) ; id. Man. N. Amer. Birds, p. 51 (1887);
Baird, Brew., ^- Ridgic. Water-Birds N. A^n. ii. p. 347 (1884) ;

442 BIOMEDEID^.

Hamilton, Tr. N. Zeal. hist, xyiii. p. 128 (1886) ; Lucas, Auk, iv.

p. 1 (1887) ; Chapm. Auk, iv. p. 394 (1887) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii.

p. 461 (1886) ; Reischek, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xxi. p. 126 (1889) ;

Sa7iforcl, Zvol. 1889, p. 288 ; Cheeseman, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xxiii.

p. 224 (1891) ; H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 641 ; G. E. Verrill,

Trans. Connect. Ac. ix. p. 437 (1895).
Diomedea spadacea, Gin. tiyst. Nat. i. p. 568 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.

ii. p. 790 (1790) ; Vieill. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. ii. p. 287 (1816) ;

Steph. in S/iatvs Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 261 (1826) ; Less. Man. d'Orn.

ii. p. 351 (1828) ; Grat/, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 650 (1844).
Diomedea exliulans, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 350 (1828).
Diomedea epomophera, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 351 (1828) ; £p,

Consp. ii. p. 185 (]855).
Diomedea albatros, Furst. Descr, Anim. p. 27 (1844) {nee Pall.).
Diomedea adusta, Tsch. J. /. Orn. 1856, p. 157 ; Bj}. Consp. Av. ii.

p. 185 (1855).

Adult male. White, back from the base of the neck banded with
narrow transverse undulating dark lines (usually four lines on the
terminal fifth of each feather) ; scapulars more strongly banded, the
bands becoming broken up, and their general direction more parallel
with the margin of the feather, the tips of the longest feathers slaty-
black ; wings slaty-black, the lesser wing-coverts more or less
white on the inner webs, the white increasing towards the edge of
the wing ; middle and greater coverts narrowly edged with white,
the former towards the proximal end of the ulna becoming nearly
white with a few transverse dark lines ; primaries black, the con-
cealed portion of the shafts yellowish white ; under wing-coverts
and axillaries white, the concealed portion of the primaries also
white, the exposed portion black with light-coloured shafts ; tail
white, a few irregular dark marks on both webs near the tip : bill
yellowish horn-colour, the base of the culmen and the mandible orange f
legs and feet flesh-colour. Total length about 42 inches, wing (from
carpal joint to the tip of the longest primary) 25'5, tail 8-3, bill from
gape 7, from base of culmeu 6*7, tarsus 4-8, middle and outer toes
6*5, inner toe 5-8. (/. c? , New Zealand, Button; April 1875.)

Young. Above dark brown, paler on the neck, with a dark patch
on the crown and nape ; wings uniform darker brown ; forehead,
sides of the head, and upper portion of the throat white ; under
surface whitish, paler on the abdomen ; the flanks speckled ; the
under tail-coverts brown ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white.
{(J. New Zealand.)

Hah. Southern Ocean, Cape Seas, South Atlantic and South
Pacific Oceans to New Zealand.

a. Imm. sk. South Indian Ocean, lat. 39° Earl of Crawford and

40 'S., long. 32° 19' E., Oct. 12. Balcarres [P.].

i. Ad. st. Southern Ocean. F. C. Sturgeon, Esq. [P.].

c. Imm. sk. S. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

d. Imm. sk. N.W. Australia. Capt. Beckett [C.].

e. Imm. sk. N. S. Wales. Australian Mua.
J. cf ad. sk. New Zealand, April {F. W. Hume Coll.

Huttoti).

g. Imm. sk. New Zealand. New Zealand Co.

h. Vix ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 34° Earl of Crawford and

S., long. 4° 29' E., Sept. 16. Balcarres [P.].

1. DTOMEDEA.

44»

Cape Seas.

Cape Seas.
Cape Seas.
At sea, South Pacific Ocean,

Nov. 11, 1875.
Valparaiso.
[Soutli Seas.]

E. M. Laugworthy,

Esq. [P.].

Capt.R.T.HarryCP.].

Old Collection.

Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'

Capt. Brett [P.].

Old Collection.

i. Imm. sk.

j. Ad. st.
k. Imm. st.
I. d juv. sk,

m. Ad. sk.
n. Ad.; o. Imm.s
p. Skeleton.
g-s. Skeletons.
t-v. Skulls.

2. Diomedea regia.

Diomedea exulans, duller, Birch N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 189 (partim) ;

id. Tr. N. Zeal. Inst. xxii. p. 340 (1890) ; Reischek, Tr. N. Zed.

Inst. xxi. p. 126 (1889).
Diomedea regia, Btdler, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst, xxiii. p. 230 (1891) ;

id. op. cit. xxiv. p. C8 (1892) ; id. op. cit. xxv. p. 76 (1893) ; id. op,

cit. xxvii. p. 120 (1895).

Adult. Similar to D. e.vidans, but with the upper back destitute of
fine transverse dark lines, the scapulars alone being mottled irregu-
larly with dark grey ; lesser wing-coverts mottled with grey ; tail
pure white, without subterminal marks ; primaries dark beneath,
without white on the inner webs on the exposed portion. Total
length about 48 inches, wing25'o, tail 8-2, bill from gape 6-8, from
culmeu 6*6, tarsus 4"8, middle and outer toes 6'1, inner toe 5"5.

Young described as white, from the downy nestling.

Bab. New Zealand Seas.
a, b. Ad. sk.

c. Ad. sk.

Enderby I., Auckland Is.,

Nov. 30, 1840.
New Zealand, April 24, 1894.

Dr. II. McCormick [P.].
— SutcUffe, Esq. [P.].

3. Diomedea chionoptera.

Diomedea exulans, Reich. Si/st. Av., Natatores, pi. 26. fig. 344?;
Coxies 4" Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 19 (1875) ; Kidder,
Bull. U.S. Nat. J/i«. no. 3, p. 11 (1876) ; Cab. S,- Reich. J.f. Orn.
1876, p. 328 ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 740 ; id. Voy. 'Chall.\ Zool. ii.
pt. viii. p. 147 (1881).

Achdt male. Similar to D. e.vidans, but like D. regia destitute of
fine transverse lines on the upper surface, the scapulars even being
almost pure white ; lesser wing-coverts along the edge of the wing
and the proximal middle coverts nearly pure white, the upper
surface of the wing being much whiter than in either of the allied
forms ; primaries beneath with the white of the base extending ou
the inner web far beyond the margin of the concealed portion.
Total length about 48 inches, wing from carpal joint 25-5, tail 8"3,
bill from gape 7'3, from base of culmen 6"6, tarsus 5, middle and
outer toes 6*7, inner too 6. (Kerguclen Land, Jan. 1874.)

Hah. Southern Indian Ocean.

a. Yix ad. sk. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. 34°

S., long. 4° 29' E.

b. Ad. sk. Marion L, Dec. 1873.

c. cJ ad. sk. Kerguelen Land.

d. (S ad. sk. Iverguelen Land, Jan. 1874.

Earl of Crawford and
Balcarres [P.].

Voy. II.M.S. ♦ Chal-
lenger.'

Antarctic Exped.

Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenMr.'

444 DIOMEDEIDiE.

4. Diomedea albatrus.

Tohaiki, Steller, Hist. Camtsch. p. 1.54 (1774).

Albatros de la Chine, D'Aub. PI. Enl. 96.3.

Diomedea albatrus, Pall. Spic. Zool. v. p. 28(1780) ; id. Zoogr. Soss.-

As. ii. p. 308 (1811); Swmk. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 422; Bavid. ^

Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 516 (1877) ; Baird, Brew., Sr Ridgiu. Wat£r-

Birds N. Am. ii. p. 3-51 (1884) ; Turner, Auk, ii. p. 158 (1885) ;

id. Confr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 128 (1886) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N.

Am. Birds, p. 97 (1886) ; 8tejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mm. no. 29,

pp. 89, 316 (1885) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 125 (1887) ;

Bverm. Auk, iii. p. 89 (1886) ; Blakiston, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix.

p. 655 (1887) ; Eidffw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 51 (1887) ; id. Pr.

U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 663 (1893) ; Toions. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.

xiii. p. 142 (1890) ; Sceb. Ibis, 1890, p. 205 ; id. Birds Jap. Emp.

p. 261 (1890) ; 7acs. Mem. Ac. Imp. St. Petersb. xxxix. p. 1068

(1893) ; Loomis, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. ser. 2, xxir. p. 216 (1895).
Diomedea chinensis, Temm. Man. dCOrn. i. p. ex, ex D^Auh. PI. Enl.

963 (1820).
Diomedea spadacea, var. /3, Lath. Gen. Hist. B. x. p. 52 (1824).
Diomedea brachyura, Te7nm. PI. Col. livr. 79 (1829), et Pi. Col 554

(livr. 94, 1835) ; Peak, U.S. E.iyl. Exp. viii. pp. 290, 337 (1848) ;

Gould, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 39 (1848) ; id. Handb. Birds Austr. ii.

p. 433 (1865) ; Cassin, Birds Calif. <S" Te.ras, p. 289, pi. 50 (1862) ;

Beich. Syst. Av., Natatores, pi. 26. fig. 345 (18.50) ; Temm. ^ Schl.

Faun. Jap. p. 132, pi. 87 (18-50) ; Laivr. Birds N. Ain. p. 822

(1860) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 32 (1863) ; Stoinh. P. Z. S.

1863, p. 329, 1871, p. 422 ; Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 56 (1870) ;

id. Viagg. ^Magenta' pp. 108, 536, 655, 716 (1875) ; Coues, Key

N. Am. Birds, p. 325 (1872) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, p. 775 (1884) ; id.

Orn. Prybilov Is. (1874) ; id. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 125 (1882) ;

Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. pp. 170, 173 (1882) ; H. W. Elliott,

Seal-Islands of Alaska, p. 131 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin,'

p. Ill (1883).
Diomedea derogata, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 786 ; id. Ihis, 1874, p. 165,

1875, p. 140; David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 516 (1877) ; Blakist. 8^

Pryer, Trans. As. Sac. Jap. x. p. 106 (1882) ; Blakist. Amended List

Birds Jap. pp. 21, 35 (1884) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mtis. ix. p. 6.55

Adult male. White, top of the head, nape, and back of the neck
strongly tinged with buff; longest scapulars, wings, and end of the
tail greyish black, smaller wing-coverts variegated with white, and
a large white patch over the vicinity of the distal end of the
humerus ; shafts of the primaries and of the tail yellowish white ;
under tail-coverts and axillaries pure white : bill yellowish horn-
colour ; legs and feet dark (in life bluish-white ?). Total length
about 37 inches, wing 22, tail 6-3, bill from gape 6-2, tarsus 3-9,
middle toe 5-5, outer toe 5'4, inner toe 4'7.

Yoking. Wholly sooty-brown, including the under surface of the
wings, chin rather paler.

Hab. North Pacific Ocean,

-«. c?ad.; b. Jad. sk. Amoy, China, April 1866 Seebohm Coll.

{R. Sioinhoe).
•c. <S ad.; d. Juv. sk. Chefoo, China, June 18, Seebohm Coll.

1873 {R. Sioinhoe). (Types of D. derogata,

Swinhoe.)

1, DIOMEDEA.

445

e, cJ ad. ; /. d'juv. Hakodate, Japan, April, July Seebohm Coll.

sk. 1888 {Blakiston).

ff. cj juv. sk. Hakodate, July (Blakiston). Seebohm Coll.

h, i. Ad. ; j, k. Inim. Liu Kiu Islands. Purchased.

/. Imm. sk.
m. Ad. sk.

n, 0. Skeletons.

Nagasaki, Japan.
Hamilton Is.

F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
A. G. Wildaj', Esq.

5. Diomedea irrorata. (Plate VIII.)

Diomedea irrorata, Salv. P. Z. /S. 1883, p. 430 ; Tacz. Om. Per. iii.
p. 461 (1886) ; Pid</w. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 52 (1887).

Adult male. Head and neck white, the nape and the back of the
latter slightly tinged with buff ; back, wings, and tail greyish
sooty brown ; the base of the neck, interscapular region, rump, and
upper tail-coverts freely mottled and banded -with white ; whole
abdomen and breast, under wing-coverts, axillaries, and under tail-
coverts sooty-brown, freely mottled and freckled with white : bill
yellowish, the tip of the mandible horn-colour ; feet dark. Total
length about 35 inches, wing 21, tail 5'5, bill 6"2, tarsus 3'8,
middle toe o'l, outer toe 5, inner toe 4-4.

Hah. West coast of Peru.

a. (S ad. sk.

Callao Bav, Coast of Peru, Dec.
1881 {Capt. A. H. Markham).

Salvin-Godman Coll.
(Type of the species.)

6. Diomedea nigripes.

Diomedea nigripes, Aud. Om. Biogr. v. p. 327 (1839) ; id. Birds Am
Svo ed. vii. p. 198 (1844) ; Graij, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 650 (1844)
Cassin, Birds Calif. 4' Te.vas, p. 210, pi. 39 (1862); ScM. Mm.
P.-B., vi. ProceU. p. 33 (1863); D. Walker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. .380;
Sivink. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 329, 1871, p. 422 ; Ball Sr Bann. Trans
Chic. Ac. i. p. 302 (1869) ; Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 57 (1870) ;
id. Viayg. 'Magenta,^ pp. 331, 332 (1875); Dull, Notes Avif. Aleut
Is. p. 8 (1874); David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 517 (1877); Coues,
Key N. Am. Birds, p. 325 (1872) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, p. 775 (1884) ;
id. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, 1882, p. 125 ; Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat. 3Ius.
V. pp. 169, 173 (1882) ; Nelson, Cruise ' Corwin,' p. Ill (1883) ;
Baird, Brew., S^ Ridgw. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 355 (1884) ;
Blakist. Ainended List Birds Jap. pp. 21, 35 (1884) ; id. Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. ix. p. 656 (1886) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 176, 1885, p. 363,
1891, p. 191 ; id. Birds Jap. Emp. p. 263 (1890) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 91 (1885) ; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska,
ii. p. 129 (1886) ; A. O. U. C/icck-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 97 (1886);
Pidgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 51 (1887) ; Towns. Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mm. xiii. p. 142 (1890) ; Loomis, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc. ser. 2, v. p. 215
(1895).

Diomedea brachyura, Gray, Oen. Birds, iii. p. 650 (1844) (nee Temm.) ;
Jac(]. 4" Puch. Voy. Pole Sud, iii. p. 139 (1853) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii.
p. 184 (1855) ; id. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (18.56) ; Ball, Trans.
Chic. Ac. Sc. i. p. 302 (1869) ; id. Notes Avif. Aleut. Is. p. 8 (1874) :
Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 740 ; id. op. cit. 1883", p. 430 ; id. Voy. Chad.,
Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 147 (1881) ; Finsch, Ibis, 1880, p. 76 ; Blakist.
^ Pryer, Trans. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 106 (1882) ; Bean, Pr. U.S.

446 DIOMEDEIDJJ.

Nat. Mus. V. pp. 170, 173 (1882) ; Blakist. Amended List Birds
Jap. pp. 10, 35 (1884) ; Shufeldt, Auk, ii. p. 175 (1889).
Diomedea chinensis (nee Temin.), Rothsch. Avif. of Laysan, SfC. p. 55,
pis. (1893).

Adult. Sooty-brown, darker on the nape, back of the neck, wings,
and tail ; a large triangular spot behind and below the eye, and the
feathers surrounding the base of the bill dirty-white ; front part of
the crown, sides of the head, neck, and abdomen paler sooty-brown ;
breast and flanks rather darker, lower abdomen white at the base
of the feathers ; tail white at the base ; under wing-coverts and
axillaries sooty-brown : bill dark reddish brown ; legs and feet
black. Total length about 28 inches, wing 18, tail 5-5, bill from
gape 4'6, tarsus 4-4, middle toe 4-3, outer toe 4-2, inner toe 3'8.

Young ? Similar to the adult, but with the crown and sides of
the bead Avhiter, rump and upper tail-coverts white, or sooty-brown
mixed with white feathers.

Hab. North Pacific Ocean.

The specimens with white rump and upper tail-coverts have usually
been considered adult, but the specimens before me show that they
must be considered young. Some examples are in full moult, and
new dark feathers are appearing amongst the old and pale ones.

Much confusion has arisen between this species and D. albatrus,
two very distinct birds, partly owing to the similarity between the
young of D. alhairus and the adiilt of D. nigripes. D'Aubentou's
rianche Enlumine, no. 963, upon which Temminck founded his
T). chinensis, and afterwards referred it to the young of his D. hra-
.chyura, certainly represents the young of D. albatrus, of which
D. bracliyura is a synonym.

a. Juv. ? sk. At sea, N. Pacific Ocean, Salvin-Godman Coll.

lat. 33°N., long. 119° \V.
[Capt. A. H. Markham).

b. Ad. sk. N. Pacific Ocean.

.c. c? ad.; d. $ ad.; At sea, N. Pacific Ocean, Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-

e, f. S jiv. ; g. April, June, July. lenger.'
5 juv. ? sk.

h. Juv. ? sk. [N. Pacific Ocean.] Purchased.

/. Ad. sk. Hakodatt5, Japan (ZTensow). Seebohm Coll.

j. 2 ad. sk. Amoy, China, April 1861 Seebohm Coll.
(-R. Swinhoe).

k. Skeleton.

I, m. Skulls.

7. Diomedea immutabilis.

Diomedea exulans?, Kittl. Mus. Senckenh. i. p. 120 (1834).

? Diomedea melanophrys, Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. pp. 170, 173

(1882).
Diomedea immutabilis, Rothsch. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, i. p. xlviii

(June 1893) ; id. Ibis, 1893, p. 448 ; id. op. cit. 1894, p. 548; id.

Avif. of Laysan, ^c. p. 57, pis. (1893).

Adult. Head, neck, rump, upper tail-coverts, and whole under
surface white, lores next the eye sooty-black ; back, wings, and end
of the tail dark sooty-brown, interscapular region paler, base of the

1. DIOMEnEA. 447

tail whitisli ; under wing-covcrts blackish brown and white, irre-
gularly mingled. " Bill grey, darker at the base, tip blackish
brown, base of the mandible pale yellow ; iris brown ; legs and feet
fleshy-pink (//. Palmer)" Total length about 32 inches, wing 18*5,
tail 5'8, bill from gape 4*6, tarsus 3-3, middle toe 4, outer toe 3"1J,
inner toe 3'5. {Mus. Rothschild.)

Young. Similar to the adult.

NestUiui. Covered with brown down.

Hah. Laysan and some of the neighbouring islands.

a. Ad. sk. Laysan Island {Palmer). Hon. W. Rothschild [P.].

(A typical specimen.)

8. Diomedea melanophrys.

Dioniedea melanophrys, Boie in Temni. PI. Col. 456 (1828) ; Schinz,
Naturg. Vog. p. 395, pi. 13o (1832) ; Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus.
p. 16G (1844) ; id. Gen. Birds, iii. p. 050 (1844) ; id. Hand-l. iii.
p. 109 (1871) ; Goidd, Birds Austr. vii. pi. 43 (1844j ; id. Handb.
Birds Austr. ii. p. 438 (1865) ; Reich. Av. Syst. Nat., Natatores,
pi. 26. fig. 346, pi. 28. figs. 797-8 (1850) ; Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 185
(1855) ; id. Compt. Bend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; Grill, Zool. Ayiteckn.
pp. 11, 57 (1858); Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 165; Layard, Ibis, 1862,
p. 97, 1863, pp. 245, 247, 1876, p. 393 ; id. Birds S. Afr. p. 364
(1867) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 33 (1863) ; I{utto?i, Ibis,
1865, p. 283, 1867, p. 185, 1872, p. 248, 1874, p. 41 ; Coucs, Pr.
Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 181, 188 ; Peh. Beise Novara, Zool. i. T oV/.
p. 148 (1869); Newton, Ibis, 1870, p. 503; Finsch, J.f. Orn. 1870,
p. 375 ; id. op. cit. 1874, p. 206 ; Hutton, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 44
(1871); Gurney in Anderss. Birds Damnra-L. p. 356 (1872);
Sperling, Ibis, 1872, p. 75 ; Buller, Ibis, 1874, p. 119 ; id. Birds N.
Zeal. p. 292 (1873) ; id. ed. 2, ii. p. 198 (1888) ; id. Tr. N. Zeal.
Inst, xxvii. p. 121 (1895) ; Scl. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotr. p. 148
(1873) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 740 ; id. op. cit. 1883, p. 430 ; id.
Voy. 'Chali:, Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 148 (1881) ; id. Cat. Strickl. Coll.
p. 632 (1882) ; id. Ibis, ]895, p. 273 ; Shar2x, Phil. Trans, clxviii.
p. 146 (1879) ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 12 ; id. ed. Layard's Birds S. Afr.
p. 772 (1884); Moseley, Notes Nat. 'ChalV p. 254 (1879); Milne-
Bdw. if Grand. Hist. Madag., Ois. p. 669 (1881) ; Baird, Brew., Sf
Ridgiv. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 357 (1884) ; Hamilton, Tr. N.
Zeal. Inst. p. 128 (1886) ; Ridyw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 52 (1887) ;
Lucas, At(k, iv. p. 3 (1887) ; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 82 ; Cheeseman,
Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xxiii. p. 224 (1891); Chapm. Auk, v. p. 394
(1892); H. O. Forbes, Ibis, 1893, p. 541; G. E. Verrill, Tr,
Connect. Ac. ix. p. 441 (1893) ; Harvie-Brown, Zool. 1894, p. 337 ;
Andersen, T'idensk. Medd. Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1894, p. 241.

Diomedea gilliana, Coues, Proc. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 181, 188; Ridgw.
Man. N. A7n. Birds, p. 52 (1887).

Thalassarche melanoplirys, Giyl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 57 (1870) ;
id. Viagg. 'Magenta^ (see index) (1875).

Adult, White, a short slaty-black band on either side of the eye ;
tack and wings brownish black ; the interscapular region cinereous,
shading into white at the base of the neck ; tail slate-grey, the
shafts of the rectriccs white ; under wing-coverts white, with a
wide greyish-black border along the edges of the wing : bill
yellowish horn-colour, the tip darker ; legs and feet yellow. Total

448

DIOMEDEID^.

length about 30 inches, wing 20, tail 7"3, bill from gape 5'2, tarsus
3'3, middle toe 4-8, outer toe -i'G, inner toe 4-1.

Hab. Southern Ocean, straying to N. Atlantic.

I have very little doubt that D. gilliana, Coues, was founded on.
a young specimen of D. melanoplirijs, as already suggested by
Mr. Eidgway.

a. (S ad. ; b. $ ad.

sk.
c. S sk-

d. Ad. sk.

e. Ad. St.
/. Ad. sk.
g. Ad. st.
h. Ad. sk.
i. Ad. sk.

j. Ad. sk.
k. (S ad. sk.

/, m. Ad. sk.
n. 5 ad.
0. Ad. sk.
2). S fid. sk.
a. Ad. sk.

Skull.
Trachea.

Christmas Harbour, Ker-

guelen Land.
Entrance to Bass's Strait,

July 11, 1847 (J. Mac-

gillivray).
South Seas.
South Seas.
[South Seas.]
Coast of Australia.
[South Seas.]
[South Seas.]
New Zealand.
At sea, July 8, 1874.

Valparaiso Bay.

Corral, Chili, Oct. 24, 1890.

Tarapaca, Chili.

Valparaiso. Aug. 1-3, 1879

{l)v. Copinnger).
Talcahuano Bay, Chili

(Capt. A. H. Markham).

9. Diomedea bulleri.

Voy. H.M.S. 'Chal-
lenger.'

Voy.H.M.S.' Rattle-
snake.'

Antarctic Exped.
Old Collection.
Sir E. Belcher [P.].

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Hume Coll.

Voy. H.M.S. ' Chal-
lenger.'

H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].

H. Berkeley James
Esq. [P.].

H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].

Voy. H.M.S. 'Alert.'

Salvin-Godman Coll.

Diomedea culminata, Buller, Birds N. Zeal. p. 29-5 (1873) ; id. op. cit.

ed. 2, ii. p. 201 (1888) ; Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1874, p. 206.
Diomedea bulleri, Rothsch. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cluh, i. p. Iviii (1893) ; id.

Ibis, 1893, p. 572 ; Bvller, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xxvii. p. 121 (1895).

Adult male. Similar to Tlialassogeron culminata so far as the colour
of its plumage is concerned. The bill is paler, the culminicorn at
the base wider, almost touching the upper edge of the latericorn,
and with a well-defined posterior margin ; whole of the culminicorn
yeUow ; under wing-coverts pure white ; legs and feet red. Total
length about 34 inches, wing 20-8, tail 7-7, bill from gape 5-1,
from base of culmen 4-7, tarsus 3-3, middle toe 4-7, outer toe 4-55,
inner toe 4.

Hah. New Zealand Seas.

This species is somewhat intermediate between Diomedea and
Thalassogeron, as the culminicorn does not expand at the base so
much as in more typical Diomedea, but there is no intervening skin,
between it and the latericorn, as in Thalassogeron.

Hon. W. Rothschild [P.]. I

Hon. ^Y. Rothschild [P.]. \

(Typical specimens.)

a. Ad, sk.

b. Ad. sk.

New Zealaud.
Snares Is.

2. THALASSOGERON. 449

2. THALASSOGERON *.

Type.

Thalassogeron, Ridgway in Ilnird, Brew., ^- liidyw.

Water-Birds N. Am. ii. pp. .'Mo, 357 (1884) T. culminatus.

Thalassarche, Forbes, Zool.Chall. E.vp. iv. pt. xi. p. 57

(1882) {tiec Reichenhach).
Diomedea, Reich. Syst. Av., Lonffip. pi. iii. (1852).

Range. Southern Oceans.

Key to tlie Species.

a. Culmen in adult bright yellow, sides of the

bill black.
a'. Culmiuicorn rounded posteriorly; loweredge

of the mandible yellow culminatus, p. 451.

b'. Culminicorn pointed posteriorly ; base of the

mandible yellow, but not the lower edge . chlurorhpichus, p. 451.

b. Bill generally pale, the sides not black, and the

culmen not distinctly yellow,
c'. Whole head and neck nearly pure white.

a". Bill very stout ; tarsi and toes longer. . cautua, p. 449.

b' '. Bill more slender ; tarsi and toes shorter layardi, p. 450.
d'. Whole head and neck (except the white

crown) grey salvini, p. 450.

1. Thalassogeron cautus.

Diomedea cauta, Gould, P. Z. S. 1840, p. 177 ; id. Ann. ^- Mag. N. H.
xiii. p. 360 (1844) ; id. Birds Austr. vii. pi. 40 (1844) ; id. Kandb.
Birds Austr. ii. p. 434 (1865) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. B-'iO
(1844) ; Reich. Av. Syst., Natatores, pi. 29. figs. 799-800 (1850) ;
Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 184 (1855); id. C'o7npt. Rend. xlii. p. 708
(18.56) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 34 (1863) ; Cones,
Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 183, 188 ; Cab. S,- Reichenow, J. f. Orn.
1876, p. 328 ; le Soiief, Ibis, 1895, p. 413.

Thalassarche cauta, Giql. Faun. Vert. Oceano,]). 58 (1870) ; id. Viang,
'Magenta; pp. 736,*800, 841 (1875).

Thalassogeron cautus, Ridyiv. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 53 (1887).

Adult male. Head, neck, lower back, upper tail-coverts, whole

* The following Albatros has recently been described by Mr. G. E. Verrill
from specimens obtained by Mr. Comer from Gough Island in the South
Atlantic Ocean : —

Thalassogeron eximius.
Thalassogeron exiuiius, G. E. Verrill, Tr. Connect. Ac. ix. p. 440, pi. 8.
figs. 1, 2 (1895).

" Sp. char. Similar in plumage to T. chlororhynchus, but the lower mandible
lacks completely the transverse yellow bar at its base, and is entirely black,
except at the extreme outer end, where it is slightly tipped with light liorn-
colour. The bright yellow of the culinen begins almost at its extreme base,
and gradually deepens and brightens into orange in the middle, and finally
into dull red on the unguis, growing paler towards the tip. Sides and back Jf
head pale ash-grey, forehead white. No dark spot behind tiie eye. Tarsus,
tail, and two outer toes longer than in T. chlororhynchus, and bill somewhat
deeper at the base. Wing 19'25 inches, tail S-.^, tarsus 305-307, culmen
4-40-4(>2, middle toe and claw 4'44-449, outer toe and claw 4.'}2-4'3o."
(G. B:. Verrill, I. s. c.)

Gough I., breeding.

In the paper the bird is described in greater detail.

VOL. XXV. 2 G

450 DIOMEDEID^.

under surface, under wing-coverts, and axillaries white ; a greyish-
black mark in front of the ej^e and extending over it, its edges not
sharply defined, but passing into pale grey, which spreads over the
face ; back, wings, and tail greyish brown, the interscapulary region
ashy : bill (skin) pale horn-colour ; legs and feet yellow. According
to Gould, the bill is " light vinous-grey or bluish horn-colour, except
on the culmen, where it is more yellow, particularly at the base ;
the mandible is surrounded at the base with a narrow belt of blacii,
which also extends on each side of the culmen to the nostrils ; base
of the mandible surrounded by a belt of rich orange, which extends
to the corners of the mouth ; feet bluish white ; irides brown."
Total length about 35 inches, wing 22, tail 9, biU from gape 6,
tarsus 3"7, middle toe 5*7, inner toe 4'9.

Hah. Coast of Tasmania.

The single specimen in the Collection is of larger dimensions than
either of those described by Gould and Ridgway.

a. (S ad. sk. Coast of Tasmania. Gould Coll. (One of the

types of the species.)

2. Thalassogeron salvini.

Diomedea cauta, Bnller, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. vi. p. 217 (1878) (nee
Gould) ; id. op. cit. xxiv. p. 67 (1892) ; id. op. cit. xxv. p. 76
(1893) ; id. Birds N. Zeal. ed. 2, ii. p. 203 (1888) ; Cheeseman,
Tr. N. Zeal. hist. xxi. p. 125 (1889).

Thalassogeron salvini, i?o^^«cA. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, i. p. Iviii (June
1893) ; id. Ibis, 1893, p. 572.

Diomedea salvini, Bidler, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xxvii. p. 122 (1895).

Adult. Similar to T. cautus, but the head, except the forehead
and crown, greyer, the upper edge of the loral patch more clearly
defined, and contrasting strongly with the white forehead and
crown ; the bill much more slender, less elevated at the base, and
of a leaden colour ; tarsi and toes shorter. Total length about 38
inches, wing from carpal joint 22, tail 8'6, bill from gape 5-9,
from base of culmen 5-5, tarsus 3'6, middle toe 5-3, outer toe a
trifle shorter, inner toe 4-5. (Mus. W. Rothschild.)

Hah. New Zealand Seas.

a. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Hon. W. Rothschild [P.].

(A typical specimen.)

3. Thalassogeron layardi.

Allied to T. cautus and T, salvini. From the former it differs in
its more slender bill, shorter tarsus, and smaller feet ; from the latter
in its slightly smaller and narrower bill, shorter tarsus and toes, and
also its much whiter head and neck. Total length about 39 inches,
wing 22, tail 8-5, bill from gape 6, from base of culmen 5-4, tarsus
3'5, middle toe 5'04, outer toe a trifle shorter, inner toe 4"4,

Hah. Cape Seas.

a. Ad. sk. Cape Seas (E. L. Layard). Shelley Coll.

(Type of species.)

'2. THALASSOGEUON. 451

4. Thalassogeron culminatus.

Diomedea cliLirorlivuehos (tiec Gni.), Andtib. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 326

(Ls;5U) ; id. lilnh' Am. 8vo ed. vii. p. 196 (1844) ; Lawr. Birds A.

A)H. p. 8-2-2 (18()0).
Diomedea culminata, Gould, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 361 (1844) ;

id. Birds Austr. vii. pi. 41 (1848) ; id. Ilandh. Birds Ausir. ii.

p. 436 (1865) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 6.W, pi. 179 (1844) ; id.

Hand-l. iii. p. 109" (1871); Peale, U.^. E.vpl. Exp. viii. p. 3:i7

(1848); Reich. A v. Si/st., Katatores, pi. 28. fig. 796 (18.50);

Bp. Consp. Av. ii. p. 185 (1855); id. Vompt. Rend. xlii. p. 768

(1856) ; ^c/(/. Miis. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 35 (1863) ; Coues, Br. Ac.

Phil. 1866, pp. 18.}, 188 ; Laijnrd, Birds S. Afr. p. 364 (1867) ;

Button, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 44 (1871) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges.

Wien, 1872, p. 270 ; Cab. ^- Reich. J. f. Orn. 1876, p. 328 ; Moselei/,

Nutes Nat. ' CkalV -p^^. 129, 183 (1879) ; Sharjx, Phil. 1 runs, clxviii.

p. 147 (1879) ; id. ed. Lagard's Birds S. Afr. p. 773 (1884) ; Salv. Voy.

' ChalW Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 149 (1881) : Ridc/w. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mas.

iii. p. 230 (]8-(l) ; A. 0. U. Check-l. N. Am. Birds, p. 98 (1886) ;

Lucas, Auk, iv. p. 3 (1887) ; Buller, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xxiv.

p. 68(1892).
Tlialassai'clie culminata, Gii/l. Faun. Vert. Oceana, p. 59 (1870) ; id.

Viang. ' Ma</en/n,' pp. 841, 842 (1875).
Thalassogeron culminatus, Baird, Brew., ^- Ridgw. Water-Birds N.

Am. ii. p. 358 (1884) ; Ridgio. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 52 (1887) ;

Chamberl. Auk, v. p. 107 (1888) ; Comeau, Auk, v. p. 318 (188S).

Adult. Upper surface dark sooty brown, paler on the inter-
scapular area ; rump and under surface wiiite ; head and neck
whitish grej', a dark patch in front of and above the eye : tail dark
greyish brown, the shafts white : bill blackish horn-colour, the
culmen paler and yellowish, the tip whitish, ventral edge of the
mandible yellowish : legs yellow. Total length about ;}6 inches,
wing 20, tail 7'7, bill 5-2, tarsus 3-25, middle toe 4"9, outer toe
4'7, inner toe 4*1.

Hah. Southern Oceans, ranging to the Pacific coasts of Central
America.

Hume Coll.
Old Collection.
Antarctic Exped.
J. C. Sturgeon, Esq.

[P.].
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
T. Bridges [C.].

5. Thalassogeron cMororhynchus.

Yellow-nosed Albatrns, Lath. Gen. Si/n. iii. pt. 2, p. 309, pi. 94
(1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. Birds, x. p. 52, pi. 169 (1824).

Diomedea clilororlivnchos, Gm. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 568 (1788) ; Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 790 (1790) ; j'ieiU. N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. p. 287
(1816) ; Steph. in Shaw's Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 262 (1826) ; Tcmm. PL
Col. 468 (1829); Schiiiz, Nutiirg. Viig. p. 395, pi. 135 (1832J;

a.

Ad. sk.

Iverguelen Land.

b.

Ad. St.

Indian Oi-ean.

c.

Ad. sk.

South Seas.

d.

Ad. sk.

South Seas.

e.

Imm. sk.

Coast of Tasmania, Aug. 18-39.

f.

Ad. sk.

Coast of Australia.

9-

Ad. sk.

Coast of .Australia (Cockercll).

h.

Ad. sk.

Coast of Panama.

452 DIOMEDEID^.

Gould, Birds Aiistr. vii. pi. 42 (1844) ; id. Handb. Birds Ausfr. ii.
p. 437 (1860); Gray, List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 166 (1844) ; id.
Hnnd-l. iii. p. 109" (1871); Reich. Av. Syst., Kofafores, pi. 2r..
fiy. 347, pi. 28. figs. 794-5 (1850) ; Kfa>rh. Orn. Dan. pi. 7. f. 4
(1851) ; Brehvi, Nauin. 1855, p. 295 ; Bj). Consp. Av. ii. p. 185
(1855) ; id. Compt. Bend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; Lai/ard, Ibis, 1862,
pp. 97, 254, 18G9, p. 377 ; id. Birds S. Afr. p. 364 (1867) : Schl.
Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 35 (1863) ; D. Walker, P. Z. S. 1863,
pp. 378, 379 ; Bree, Birds Bur. iv. p. 123 (1863) ; Verr. in Vinson's
Voy. Madag., Annexe B, p. 4 (1865) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866,
pp. 184, 188 ; Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur.n. p. 368 (1867) ; Pollen ^
Van Dam, Faun. Madag. ii. p. 145 (1868) ; Pelz. Beise Novara, Zool.
i. Viig. p. 149 ( 1 869) ; FAliot, Birds N. Am. ii. pi. 58 (1867) ; Hnsch,
J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 375 ; Button, Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 44 (1871) ;
Buller, Birds N. Zeal. p. 294 (1873) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, ii. p. 202
(1888); Cab. ^- Reichenoiv, J. f. Orn. 1876, p. 328; Salvin in
Roivley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (187G) ; JIartl. Vog. Madag. p. 378
(1877); Saund. P. Z.S. 1880, p. 165; Milne-Edw. ^ Grand. Hi.ot.
Madag., Ois. p. 608 (1881); Skarpe, ed. Layard's Birds S. Afr.
p. 772 (1884) ; Finsck, Ibis,' IS88, p. 309.

Diomedea chrysostoma, Forst. Descr. A^iim. p. 24 (1844).

Diomedea olivaceorhyncha, Gould, Ann. S)- Mag. N. H. xiii. p. 361
(184^) ; Gray, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 650 (1844).

Diomedea olivaceirostris, Bp. Consp). Av. ii. p. 185 (1855); Coues,
Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, pp. 186, 188.

Diomedea profuga, Solander, MS. ; Gray, Hand-l. iii. p. 109 (1871) ;
Salv. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876).

Thalassarche clilororliyncluis, Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceana, p. 59
(1870) ; id. Viagg. ' Magenta^ pp. 106. 725 (1875).

Thalassogeron chlororLynclius, Ridgw. Man. N. Am. Birds, p. 53
(1887).

Adult. Upper surface dark sooty-brown, the wings and scapulars
a little darker, the middle of the back tinged with grey ; rump and
whole under surface white ; the head and neck white slightly tinged
with grey ; an indistinct dark grey mark in front of the eye ; tail
dark grey, the shafts white, outer rectrix white next the shaft :
bill black, culmen yellow, passing into blood-orauge at the tip, base
of the mandible yellow, the tip also slightly yellow ; legs flesh-
colour. Total length about 33 inches, wing 18-8, tail 77, bill 5-2,
tarsus 3-1, middle toe 4-2, outer toe 4, inner toe 3-55.

Hah. Southern Oceans.

a. Ad. sk. Australia. Sir G. Grey [P.].

b. Ad. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll.

c. d. Ad. sk. Soiithern Indian Ocean, lat. Earl of Crawford and

34° 25' S., Sept. 14, and Balcarres [P.].

lat. 29° 45' S., long. 57° 39'

E., Oct. 24.
e. (J ad. St. South Atlantic Ocean, lat. Voy. H.M.S. ' Rattle-

23° 47' S., long. 5° 10' W. snake.'

{J. Macgillivray).
f-h. Skulls.

3. PH(EBErRiA. 453

3. PHffiBETRIA. t,

Phcebetria, Reich. Si/st. Av., Lomjxp. p. v (185:2) ; Cones,
Fr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 186; Forbes, Toy. ClialL, Zool.
iv. pt. xi. p. -42 &c. (^1882) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am.
Birds, p. 53 (1887) P. fuligiuosa.

Diomedea (partim), Bjj. Consp. Av. ii. p. 184 (1855).

Range. Southern Oceans.

1. Phcebetria fuliginosa.

Albatro.s with a AVhite Eyebrow, Cook, Voy. i. p. 88.

Sooty or Brown Albatros, Forster, Voy. i. p. 91 ; Lath. Gen. Syn. iii.
pt^ 1, p. 309 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. Birds, x. p. 54 (1824),

Great Black Petrel, Lath. Gen. Syn. ISuppl. ii. p. 333 (1802).

Uiomedea fuliginosa, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 568 (1788) ; Vieill. N. Diet.
d'Hist. iXat. i. p. 288 (1816) ; Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 351 (1828) ;
Steph. in Shaivs Gen. Zool. xiii. p. 263 (1826) ; Temm. PI. Col.
469 (1829); Schinz, Naturg. Vog. p. 395, pi. 135 (1832); Vigors,
Voy. ' Blossom,' Zool. p. 39 (1839) ; Grai/, Gen. Birds, iii. p. 650
(1844) ; id. List Anseres Brit. Mus. p. 166 (1844) ; id. Cat. B. Trop.
Lsl. Pac. p. 57 (1859) ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 247; id. FLand-l. iii. p. 109
(1871); Peale, U.S. Fupl. F.ip. viii. p. 337 (1848); Gould, Birds
Austr. vii. pi. 44 (1848) ; id. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 98 ; Reich. Ar. Syst.,
Natatores, pi. 27 (1850); Bj). Consp. Av. ii. p. 186 (1855); id.
Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) ; Laicr. Birds N. Am. p. 823
(1800) ; Layard, Ibis, 1862, p. 95, 1863, p. 245, 1867, p. 458 : id. Birds
S. Afr. p. 365 (1867) ; Schl. Mus. P.-B., vi. Procell. p. 35 (1863) ;
D. Walker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 378 ; Button, Ibis, I860, p. 284, 1867,
p. 186; id. Cat. Birds N. Zeal. p. 44 (1871); Pelz. Reise Kovara,
Zool i. Vog. p. 149 (1869) ; Finsch, J. f. Orn. 1870, p. 357; Coues,
Keg N. Am. Birds, p. 326 (1872) ; Buller, Birds N. Zeal. p. 296
(1873) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, ii. p. 205 (1888) ; id. Trans. K Zeal. Inst.
xxiii. p. 40 (1891); id. op. cit. xxiv. pp. 68, 84 (1892) ; id. op. cit.
XXV. p. 62 (1893) ; id. op. cit. xxvii. p. 121 (1895) ; Salv. in Rowley's
Orn. Misc. i. p. 238 (1876) ; id. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 740; id. Voy.
* Chall.,' Zool. ii. pt. viii. p. 148 (1881); Cab. ^- Reichenow,
J.f. Orn. 1876, p. 328; Kempen, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. xiv. p. 104;
Moseley, Notes Nat. 'Chall.' pp. 180, 183, 254 (1879) ; Sharpe, Phil.
Trans, clxviii. p. 148 (1879) ; id. ed. Layard's Birds S. Afr.
p. 773 (1884) ; Saund. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 165 ; id. Ibis, 1886, p. 124 ;
Lucas, Auk, iv. p. •"! (1887); Cheeseman, Tr. N. Zeal. Inst, xxiii.
p. 224 (1891) : Scl. Ibis, 1894, p. 498.

Uiomedea spadacea, Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 391 (1828) ; cf. Sharpe,
Phil. Trans.

Diomedea fusca, Audub. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 116 (1838) ; id. Birds N.
Am. vii. p. 200, pi. 454 (1844) ; Bji. Comp. List, p. 63 (1838).

Diomedea palpebrata, Forst. Descr. Anim. p. 55 (1844).

Plicebetria fulifrinosa, i?e!c^. Syst . Av., Longip.-^.v (1852) ; Bp. Compt.
Rend. xlii. p. 768 (1856) {Gould, Handb. Birds Austr. ii. p. 441
(1865) ; Cones, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866. pp. 186, 188 ; id. Key N. Am.
Birds, p. 326 (1872) ; id. op. cit. ed. 2, p. 776 (1884) : id. Check-l.
N. Ayn. Birds, p. 125 (1882) ; Gigl. Faun. Vert. Oceano, p. 60
(1870); id. J'iagq. 'Mac/enta' (see index) (1875) ; Coues 4' Kidder,
Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 2, p. 21 (1875); Kidder, Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus. no. 8, p. 12 (1876); Ridgiv. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. pp. 12,

454

DIOMEDEIDJC.

230 (1830) ; id. Man. N. Am. Birch, p. og (1887) ; Forbes, P. Z. S.

1882, p. 548 ; id. Vmf 'Chall.,' Zool. iv. pt. xi. p. 42 (1882) ; Scdv.

Cat. Strickl. Coll. p. 632 ( 1882) : Baird, Brew., Sf Ridgiv. Wuter-

Birds N. Am. ii. p. 359 (1884) ; A. O. U. Check-l. N. .4wi. Birds,

p. 98 (1886); Lucas, Atik, iv. ^. 3 {1887) ; Bidler, Tr. N. Zeal.

Inst. XXV. p. 76 (1893).
Diomedea fuliginosa, var cornicoides, Hutton, Ibis, 1867, pp. 186,

192.
Diomedea antarctica, Solander MS., cf. Salv. in Sowley's Orn. Misc.

i. p. 237 (1876).

Adult. Plumage generally soot}', a little paler on the interscapular
area and on the under surface, a white ring (broken in front) round
the eye : bill black, the groove on the mandible in life orange ; feet
dark hazel. Total length about 36 inches, wing 19*5 ; tail, central
rectrices IQ-o, lateral rectrices 7 ; bill 4"5, tarsus 3, middle toe 4*5,
outer toe a trifle shorter, inner toe 3"8.

Hah. Southern Oceans.

Individuals with a much greyer abdomen and back are not
uncommon mingled with the ordinaiy form. Capt. Hutton has
named them Diomedea fuUginosa var. cornicoides. If these birds
can be traced to a definite breeding-place where they alone are
found, it would be well to assign them specific rank.

a. Ad. sk. S. Indian Ocean, lat. 37° 39'

S., long. 29° 18' E., Oct. 10.

b. c? ad. sk. S. Indian Ocean, lat. 38° S.,

long. 30° E., April 15, 1847
{J. Mncyillivray).

c. Ad. sk. South Seas.

d. Ad. St. South Seas.

e. Ad. sk. South Seas.

/. Ad. sk. Christmas Harbour, Kergue-

len Land, May 25, 1840.

g. 2 ad. sk. Royal Sound, Kerguelen

Land.

h. Ad. sk. Kerguelen Land.

i. (S ad. sk. Ice Barrier, Feb. 10, 1874.

j. Ad. St. Coast of Australia.

A-. Ad. St. Coast of A ustralia.

/. Ad. sk. Coast of S. Australia.

m, n. Ad. sk. Coast of S. Australia,

o. Ad. sk. New Zealand.

p. Ad. sk. Antipodes I. {Sir P. A. Buck-
ley),

q. Ad. sk. South Pacific Ocean.
r-v. 5 skulls.

Earl of Crawford and
Balcarres [P.].

Voy. H.M.S. 'Rattle-
snake.'

Antarctic Exped.

Purchased.

J. C. Sturgeon, Esq.

[P.].
Dr. R. McCormick [P.].

Capt. Inglis.

Chal-

• Chal-

Voy. H.M.S.

lenger.'
Voy. H.M.S.

lencfer.'
Old Coll.
Sir G. Grey [P.].
Purchased.
Sir G. Grey [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Countess of Galloway

[P.].
Hume CoU.

455

APPENDIX TO TUBINARES.

Coutaining references to doubtful species which have not yet
been identified.

Procellaria brasiliana, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 564. — Probably not a

Petrel.
Procellaria melanopus, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 5G2. — Supposed by

some writers to belong to (Estrelata mollis (Gould), but this

identification is very questionable.
Procellaria gelida, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 564. — Perhaps the same

as Priojinus cinereus (Gm.).
Tlialassidroma fasciolata, Tsch. J. f. Orn. 1856, p. 180.
Thalassidroma dubia, Tsch. J. f. Orn. 1856, p. 190.
Puffinus bicolor, Tsch. J. f. Orn. 1856, p. 187.
Procellaria nigra, Tsch. J. f. Orn. 1856, p. 190.
Procellaria luguhris, Tsch. J. f. Orn. 1856, p. 185.
Procellaria maculata, Tsch. J. f. Orn. 1856, p. 185.
Diomedea gibbosa, Gould, Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1844, xiii. p. 361.
Diomedea leptorhijncha, Coues, Pr. Ac. Phil. 1866, p. 178.

ADDENDA.

j^^^ . Page 6. Hydrochelidon leucoptera

g". Ad. sk. Wady Haifa.

r"-t". 5 iuv.sk. Lake Sherwa, Nvasa-land,
Feb. 1894 (A. llhijte).

Sur^.-Major Penton

r.p.]- ,

H. H. Johnston, Esq.,
C.E. [P.].

u"-y". 6 2 ad.

Amur Bay, May.

H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

et vix ad. sk.

a". 2 juv. sk.

Amur Bay, Aug. 24.

H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

fl% 6'. $ ad. sk.

Persian Gulf, May.

W. D. Gumming, Esq.

[C.].

Add:—

Page 10. Hydrochelidon hybrida.

»»'. $ imra. sk.

Calcutta, Dec.

Hume Coll.

0*. Imni. sk.

Calcutta.

Col. H. H. Godwin-
Austen Coll.

jy". Juv. sk.

Sylhet.

Col. H. H. Godwin-
Austen Coll.

q''. Sternum $ .

Calcutta, Dec.

Hume Coll.

Add:—

Page 25. Gelochelidon

anglica.

0*. Imm. sk.

Aden.

Col. Yerbury [P.].

Add:—

Page 37. Seena aurantia.

/*. 2 ad. sk.

Sadia, Dec. SO.

Col. H. H. Godwin-
Austen Coll.

/, Ad. sk.

Sylhet.

Col. H. H. Godwin-
Austen Coll.

h\ Ad. sk.

Garo.

Col. H. H. Godwin -
Austen Coll.

i\ Ad. sk.

Miri.

Col. H. H. Godwin-
Austen Coll.

Td^. S imm- sk.

Manipur.

Col. H. H. Godwin-
Austen Coll.

Add:—

Page 43. Sterna melanogaster.

r"-t". Ad. sk.

Brahmaputra, Dec, Jan.

Col. H. H. Godwin-
Austen Coll.

^^^ . Page 51. Sterna vittata.

Hah. (p. 52). Bounty la., to S.E. of New Zealand {W. Rothschild,
Bull, Br. Orn. Club, no. xxvii. p. xxxvii, May 31st, 1895).

ADDKNDA. 457

A(]j . Page 54. Sterna fluviatilis.

Sterna fluviatilis tibetana, Bcrezoicski ^- Bianchi, A v. Exped. Pota-
nin. prov. Gan-su, p. 1 (l8'Jlj.

to'-z', «". S 2 Great Piton I., 20th-23rd Messrs. Baring & Grant
ad. sk. April, 1895. [C.].

6'°, c'". d' 2ad. Great Salvage I., 29th Messrs. Baring & Grant
sk. April, 189.1. [C.].

d'%e">. Ad.sk. Fao, Persian Gulf, April, W. D. Gumming, Esq.
May. [C.].

j^(j(j . Page 67. Sterna longipennis.

Sterna fluviatilis longipennis, Berezowski ^- Bianchi, Av. B.iped.
Potanin. prov. Gan-su, p. 1 (1891).

y, z-a. d $ ad. Amur Bay, April 19, 1894. H. Seebohm, Esq. [P.].

sk.

^(]^ . Page 97. Sterna frontalis.

ar, y. Ad. et imm. sk. New Zealand. Sir Samuel Scott [P.].

^(j^. Page 101. Sterna anasstheta.

/*. (5 imm. sk. St. Vincent, Lesser Antilles, Salvin-Godman Coll.
June 27 {W. D. Smith).

^j(j . Page 106. Sterna fuliginosa.

c*, <Z'. Juv. et Dromedary Is., Kerniadec Miss E. Eastwood
pull. sk. Group,"Marcb 23, 1894. [P.].

^^^. Page 116. Sterna minuta.

t*. Ad. sk. Fao, Persian Gulf. W.D.Cumming, Esq.

[C.].

j^^^ . Page 120. Sterna saundersi.

«'-<'. Vix ad. Fao, Persian Gulf. W. D. Gumming, Esq.

sk. [C.].

r, .■ Page 144. Micranous tenuirostris.

Correction : — °

Last line but one in synonymy of ^4((on* tenuirostris, for "p. 211

(1892: Polynesia)" redd p. 77,'&c. &c.

^ ,. Page 152. RHYNCHOPS.

Correction : — °

Second line of genera, for p. 223 read p. 228.

^^^ . Page 207. Larus ridibundus.

t*. Juv. sk. Galicia, N. Spain. Dr. V. Lopez-Seoane

k% r. cJ juv. sk. Aden, Feb. 10 & March 2. Col. Yerbury [P.].

458 ADDENDA.

?«^ d jiiv. sk. Dunsiri Mukh, Nov. 30. Col. H. H. Godwin-

Austen Coll.
w'-/-". (S $ ad. Amur Bay, March & Nov. H. Seebohm, Esq.

et juv. sk. [P.].

\(\^: Page 215. Larus brunneicephalus.

c^. Ad. sk. Eastern India, summer Col. H. H. Godwin-

plumage. Austen Coll.

d^. Ad. sk. Cliatak, winter plumage. Col. H. H. Godwin-

Austen Coll.

Add:— Page 227. Larus crassirostris.

p'-/- 6 $ ad. et Amur Bay, March & autumn. H. Seebohm, Esq.
juv. sk. [P.].

A.dd : Page 241. Larus marinus.

z'. Skeleton. Kyleakin, I. of Skye, Sept. J. E. R. Oldfield,

Esq. [P.].

Add : ^^o^ '^'^O- IJarus argentatus.

ic^. Sternum, J . Fseroes, Aug. (H. C. Milller). H. Saunders Coll.

Add : 'Sa.gQ 289. Larus glaucus.

a". Sternum, 5. Plymouth, winter (Gaico?«Je). II. Saunders Coll.

Add : P"*?^ 305. Rissa tridactyla.

h!'. J ad. sk. St. Bride's Bay, Wales, Hon. W. Edwardes

Nov. 22. [P.].

Add: Page 315. Megalestris catarrhactes.

o. Sternum, 2 . Eap.roes, July (H. C. Midler). II. Saunders Coll.

Add : ^Sigo 322. Stercorarius pomatorhinus.

f. Sternum, 5 Yarmouth, Norfolk, Nov. H. Saunders Coll.

juv. (J. E. Harting).

g". Sternum, 2 . Faeroes, Aug. 8 (//. C. H. Saunders Coll.
Muller).

Add ; Vage 327. Stercorarius crepidatus.

z\ Skeleton. Spitsbergen, August 1894. Col. H. W. Feilden

[P.].
a''-¥. Sterna, Faeroes, July (H. C. Muller). H. Saunders Coll.

c''. Juv. sk. Weils, Norfolk, Aug. 15, Col. H. W. Feilden

1895. [P.].

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Actocbelidon, 40.
<ieuilavida(Actochelidon),

78.
nouflavida (Sterna), 77.
aciifldvidus (Thalasseus),

77.
acuticauda (Sterna), 44.
acutiro.stris (Sterna), 52.
Adaiuastor, 390.
adauiastor (Procellaria),

391.
Adelarus, 169.
Adelolaniii, 169.
Adriatic Gull, 181.
adiista ( Diomedea), 442.
Aeipeto.'i, 392.
aequinoctialis (Fulmarus),

396.
aquinoetialis (Maja-

(|ueu8), 395, 396.
a;quinoctiali8 (Procel-
laria), 386, 395.
aequinoctiali.'* (PuiBniis),

395.
ajquorea (Procellaria),

363.
^strelata, 397.
afBnis (Gavia), 181.
atBnis (Qelochelidon), 28.
affinis (Lams), 172, 178,

2.54, 255, 259, 270.
afBnis (CEstrelata), 414.
affinis (Procellaria) 414.
afliuis (Sterna), 27, 86.
affinis (Sylochelidon), 87.
affinis (Thalasseus), 87.
affinis (Viralva), 27.
africana (Sterna), 75.
AtVican Tern, 75.
Agaiiaphron. 136.
agraria (Gelochelidon),

27.
alba (Gavia), 304.
alba (Gyffis'), 150.
alba kittlitzi (Gygis), 150.
alba (Procellaria), 412.
alba (Sterna), 112, 149.
.Mbatros, 441.

Albatros, Brown or Cho-
colate, 441.
Albatros, Chocolate, 441.
Albatros de la Chine,

441.
albatros (Diomedea),

442.
Albatros du Cap de

Bonne Esperance,

441.
Albatros, Sooty or Brown,

453.
Albatros, Wandering,

441.
Albatros with a white

eyebrow, 453,
Albatros, Yellow-nosed,

451.
albatrus (Diomedea), 440,

441.
albicoUis (Rhynchops),

153, 159.
albif'asciata (Thalassi-

droma), 345.
albifrons(Sterna), 24, 97.
albigena(Hydrocecropis),

69.
albigena (Hydrocheli-

don), 69.
albigena (Sterna), 42, 69.
albigularis (Cymodroma),

367.
albipennis (Larus), 204.
albirostris (Rhynchops),

158.
albistriata (Hydrocheli-

don), 48.
albistriata (Pelodes), 64.
albistriata (Sterna), 41,

48.
albivitta (Anous), 135.
albivitta (Procelsterna),

135.
albivittatus (Anous), 135.
albogularis (Fregetta),

367.
idbogularis (Thalassi-
(Iroina), 367.

album (Daption), 412.
albus (Fulmarus), 412.
albus (Laru.s), 173, 301,

302.
aleutica (Sterna), 43, 98,

99, 100.
amaurosouia (Nectris),

387.
aniaurosoma (Puffinus),

387.
americanus (Laroides),

263.
ansestheta (Ilaliplana),

103.
ana>stheta (Sterna), 43,

101. 103,457.
anssthetica (Sterna),

103.
aniesthetus (Hydrocheli-

don), 103.
ana?sthetus (Melano-

sterna"), 102.
aniesthetus (Onycho-

prion), 102.
andersonii (Gavia), 235.
andersonii (Gelastes),

235.
andersonii (Larus), 238.
aneiteumensis (Ful-

mnrus), 408.
anglica (Diomedea),

341.
anglica (Geloohelidon),

25, 27, 28, 456.
anglica (Laropis), 27.
anglica (Sterna), 25, 28.
anglica (Viralva), 27.
anglicus (Thalasseus),

27.
anglorum (Cymotomus),

378.
anglorum (Nectris), 376.
anglorum (Procellaria),

377.
anglorum (Puffinus), 368,

369, 377, 379.
anglorum (Thalassi-

droma), 378.

460

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

anjinho (Fiilmarus), 421.
anjiiiho (Procellaria),

420.
anostbstus (Ilydrocheli-

don), 103.
Anou8, 5, 13(i.
autarctica (Aeipetes),392.
aiitaretica (Oataracta),

320.
antarctica (Diomedea),

454.
antarctica (Hydrocheli-

don), 49.
antarctica (Lestris), 318,

319.
antarctica (Megalestris),

314, 319, 320.
antarctica (Priocella),

392.
antarctica (Procellaria),

392.
antarctica (Sterna), 48,

53, 102.
antarctica (Sterntila), 49.
antarctica (ThalasscEca),

392.
antarcticum (Daption),

392,
antarcticus (Buphagus),

320.
antarcticus (Fulmarus),

392, 393.
antarcticus (Lestris), 247.
antarcticus, var. chilensis

(Lestris), 318.
antarcticus(Stercorarius),

318, 319, 321.
antillarum (Sterna), 43,

122, 125.
antillaruui (Sternula),

122.
antipodum (Clupeilarus),

247.
antipodum (Larus), 247.
antipodus (Dominicanus),

247.
antipodus (Larus), 246.
arabica (Sterna), 87.
arabicus (Laru.s), 231.
aranea (Gelochelidon),

27.
aranea (Ilydroprogne),

aranea (Sterna), 27, 32,
aranea (Viralva), 28.
Arctic Gull, 327.
Arctic Tern, 62, 64.
arctica (Sterna), 63.
arcticus (Larus), 296.
arcticua (Leucus), 296.
arclicus (Puffiuus), 378.

Ardenna, 368,
argentacea (Sterna), 64.
argentaceus (Laroides),

263.
argentaceus (Larus),

262.
argentata (Einalia), 263.
argentata (Sterna), 64.
argentatoides (Glaucus),

263.
argentatoides (Laroides),

263.
argentatoides (Larus),

262, 267, 273,
argentatus (Qlaucus),

263.
argentatus (Laroides),

262, 263, 268.
argentatus (Larus), 169,

170, 172, 252, 257, 258,

260, 263, 267, 2(?9, 270.

271, 295, 458.
argentatus, var. cachin-

nans (Larus), 270.
argentatus, var. occiden-

talis (Larus), 257.
argentatus, var. vega

(Larus), 270.
argentatus smithsoni-

anus (Larus), 263,

264.
argentea (Sterna), 122,

124.
argentea (Sternula), 125.
argenteus (Laroides),

263.
argenteus (Larus), 262.
ariel (Pachyptila), 4.36.
ariel (Prion), 432, 436.
ariel (Procellaria), 436.
ariel (Pseudoprion), 436.
arminjoniana (jEstre-

lata), 413,
asiaticus (Stercorarius),

331,333.
assimilis (Laroides), 252.
assimilis (PufFinus), 370,

383.
astrolabx (Pbaetusa), 97.
aterrima (QSstrelata),

398, 401,
aterrima (Procellaria),

401.
aterrima (Pterodroma),

401.
atlantica (QJstrelata),

400.
atlantica (Procellaria),

399.
atlantica (Pterodroma),

400.

atlanticus (Fulmarus),

400.
Atricilla, 169,
atricilla (Chrcecoce-

phalus), 19(5,
atricilla (Chroicoce-

phalus), 192, 195.
atricilla (Gavia), 195.
atricilla (Larus), 34, 169,

170, 181, 183, 191, 194,

209, 271.
atricilla (Xema), 195.
atricilloides (Larus), 174.
atripes (Sterna), 97.
atrofasciata (Sterna), 64.
atrofuscus (A nous), 146.
audouinii (Gavia), 272.
audouini (Gavina), 272.
audouini (Glaucus),

272.
audouini (Laroides),

272.
audouini (Larus), 169,

172, 271, 280,
auduboni (PufHnus),

383.
aurantia(Hydroceeropis),

38.
aurantia (Potamocheli-

don), 37, 38.
aurantia (Seena), 37, 38,

456.
aurantia (Sterna), 37,
aurantia (Sylochelidon),

37.
auricularis (PulSnus),

369, 380.
australis (Planetis), 50.
australis (Prion), 433.
australis (Sterna), .50,
australis (Sternula), 122.
axillaris (CEstrelata), 399,

418.
azarie (Dominicanus),

247.
azarae (Larus), 247.

bailloni (Puffinus), 384.
bailloni (Sternula), 122.
balsenarum (Sterna), 43,

111, 120, 121,
balsenarum (Sternula),

111.
balthica (Gelocbelidon),

27.
balthica (Sylochelidon),

S4,
banksi (Pachyptila),

434.
banksi (Prion), 432, 434,

435.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

461

banksi (Procellaria), 434.
baiiksi (Pseudopriou),

434.
baroli (Puffimis), 379.
barrovianus (Lainis),

292.
bathyrhynclius (Gabi-

anus), 298.
bathyrhynclius (Lams),

298.
Bec-en-ciseaux, 153.
belfheri (Adelanis), 22(i.
beleheri (Blasipus), 222,

22."i
beleheri (Larus), 171,

226, 225, 228.
bengaleiisis (Thalasseus),

87.
bengalensis (Sterna), 87.
beuickenii (Lestris), 331.
benickii (Lestris), 330.
berard, Procellarine,

437.
berardi (Haladroma),

437.
berardi (Pelecanoides),

438.
bergeri (Sterna), 92.
bergii (Pelecanopus), 91.
bergii (Sterna), 40, 42,

81, 89, 97.
bergii (Sylochelidon), 91.
bergii (Thalasseus), 92.
bernsteini (Sterna), 42,

9(1
bernsteini (Thalasseus),

96.
bicolor (Larus), 54.
bicolor (PufEnus), 455.
bicuspis (Sterna), 72.
Blacipus. 169.
Black backed Gull, 245.
Black- headed Gull, 209.

243.
Black Skimmer, 154,

1.56.
Black Tern, 17. 18.
Black-toed Gull, 327.
blasii (Sterna), 67.
Blasipus, 169.
boji (Lestris), 330.
bonapartii (Chroico-

cephalus), 186.
bonapartii (Gavia), 185.
bonapartii (Larus), 185,

189.
bonapartii (Xema), 185.
borealis (Glaucus), 270.
borealia (Laroides), 270.
borealis ( Larus), 225,
2i)9, 270.

borealis (Procellaria),

426.
borealis (PulTmus), 375.
borealis (Rhynchops),

1.54.
borealis (Rissa), 3(J8.
Bourgmestre, 292.
boysii (Sterna), 18, 75, 77.
brae hyp us (Hydroce-

cropis), 64.
brachypus (Sterna), 64.
brachyrhyncha (Ris.sa),

312.
brachyrhvnchus (Larus),

173,283,308,312,313.
brachyrhynchus (Le.stris),

337.
brachytarsa (Pagophila),

303.
brachytarsa (Sterna), 64.
brachytarsus (Larus),

303.
brachyura (Diomedea),

444, 445.
brasiliana (Procellaria),

455.
brehmi (Larus), 231.
brevicauda (Nectris), 389.
brevieaudatus (Puffinus),

389.
brevicaudus (Priofinus),

389.
brevicaudus (PufEnus),

388.
brevipes (OEstrelata), 398,

408.
brevipes (Procellaria),

408.
brevirostris (Larus). 312.
brevirostris (OEstrelata),

398, 409, 410.
brevirostris (Prion), 436.
brevirostris (Procellaria),

409.
brevirostris (Pseudo-

prion), 436.
brevirostris (Rissa), 305,

312, 313.
brevirostris (Rhynchops),

1.56.
brevirostris (Sterna), 23,

37.
breviunguis (Sterna), 49.
bridgesi (Blasipus), 224.
bridgesi (Larus), 224.
Brown Gull, 209, 327.
Brown-headed Gull, 207.

209.
Brown Tern, 106.
bruchi (Larus), 274.
Bruchigavia, 170.

brunneiceplialus (Chroi-

cooephalus), 211, 216.
brunueicephalus (Larus),

171, 215, 126, 211,

217,4.58.
brvuineicephalus (Xema),

216.
bruunicephala (Gavia),

21(i.
brunniceps (Ohroico-

cephalus), 216.
brunnichii (Rissa), 307.
buftbnii (Lestris), 335.
bufToni (Stercorarius),

335.
Buffon's Skua, 336.
bulleri (Diomedea), 441,

448.
bulleri (Larus), 171, 233,

234.
bulleri (Puffinus), 369.

371.
buUocki (Procellaria),

348.
bulweri (Bulweria), 420.
bulweri (Fuhuarus), 421.
bulweri (Qistrelata),

421.
bulweri (Procellaria),

420.
bulweri (Thalassidroma),

420.
Bulweria, 368, 420.
Buphagus, 314.
burgeri (Sterna), 92.

cachinnans (Clupeilarus),

255.
cachinnans (Domini-

canus), 255.
cachinnans (Laroides),

255, 268.
cachinnans (Larus), 172,

255, 258, 266, 270,

271.
c;erulea (Halobaena),

431.
Cffirulea (Pachyptila),

431.
cserulea (Procellaria),

408, 431.
caerulea (Procolsterna),

133.
cajrulea (Sterna), 133.
cieruleus (Anous), 134,

135.
caesia (Sterna), 21.
cahiriciis (Larus), 211.
cahirinus (Larus), 211.
Cahow, 382.

462

ALPHVEKTICAL TKDEX.

californicus (Laroides),

276.
californicus (Larus), 173,

276.
camtchatika (Hydroce-

cropis), 68.
camtschatica (Sterna),

67, 99.
camtschatkensis (Larus),

280.
candicans (Thalas.seus),

77.
Candida (Gygis), 149.
Candida (Procellaria),

419.
Candida (Sterna), 149.
Candidas (Larus), 302.
canescens (Laroides),

280.
caneseens (Larus), 209.
canescens (Sterna), 77.
canescens (Tbalasseus),

77.
caniceps (Chroicocepha-

lus), 181.
caniceps (Xema), 181.
cantiaca (Actochelidon),

77.
cantiaca (Sterna), 11, 40,

42,75,77,82.
cantiaca acuflavida

(Sterna), 77.
caiitiacus (Thalasseus),

77.
cantianus (Tbalasseus),

77.
canum (Xema), 280.
canus (Gavia), 280.
canus (Glaucus), 280.
canus (Laroides), 280.
canus (Larus), 169, 173,

273, 277, 280, 283.
canus major (Larus),

280.
canus, var. brachy-

rbyncbus (Larus), 283.
canus, var. major

(Larus), 280.
canus niveus (Larus),

280.
Cape Hen, 429.
capensis (Calopetes),

429.
capensis (Daption), 428,

429.
capensis (Fulmarus),

429.
capensis (Procellaria), 428
capistrata (Gavia), 210,

211.
capistrata (Xema). 210.

capistratus (Cbroecoce-

pbalus), 211.
cajjistratus (Cbroicoce-

phalus), 210.
capistratus (Larus), 185,

209, 211.
capistratus (Xema), 209,

210.
caribbjea (ffistrelata),

403.
caribbaea (Pterodroma),

403.
caribbaus (Fulmarus),

403.
carneipes (Nectris), 386.
carneipes (Priofinus),

386.
carneipes (Pufflnus), 370,

372, 386, 387.
caspia (Hydroprogne),

32, 34.
caspia (Sterna), 35, 89.
caspia, var. imperator

(Sterna), 35.
caspia (Sylocbelidon),

34.
caspia (Tbalasseus"), 35.
Caspian Tern, 32, .34, 89.
caspica (Sterna), 34.
caspica (Sylocbelidon),

35.
caspicus (Thalas.seus), 35.
caspius (Helopus), .35.
caspius (Tbalasseus), 34.
cassinii (Sterna), 53.
Cataractes, 314.
Catarracta, 314.
catarractes (Catarracta),

316, 318.
catarractes(Stercorarius),

325.
catarrbactes (Larus), 315,

319.
catarrbactes (Lestris),

31.5, 319.
catarrbactes (Megales-

tris), 314, 315, 316,

458.
catarrbactes (Sterco-

rarius), 316, 320.
jatarrbactes, var. antarc-

ticus (Stercorarius),

320.
catesban (Atricilla), 196.
catesbyi (Atricilla), 196.
Catbaracta, 314.
Catosparactes, 301.
caul a (Diomedea), 449,

450.
cautus (Tbalassogeron),

449.

eayana (Sterna), 35, 80.
cayanus (Tbalasseus), 81.
Cayenne Tern, 80.
ca^ennensis (Pbaetbusa),

85.
cayennensis (Sterna), 81,

85.
cayennensis (Sylocbeli-
don), 81.
cenieienta, Gabiota, 198,

200.
cepbus (Catarracta), 329.
cepbus (Lestris), 331,

336.
ceppbus(Catharacta),327.
cepphus (Lestris), 330.
ceppbus (Stercorarius),

331, 335.
cervicalis (CEstrelata),

398, 411.
Cetosparactes, 301.
cbalcopterus (Laroides),

287.
cbalcopterus (Larus),

285, 287, 296.
cbalcopterus (Leucus),

287.
Cbeimonea, 305.
Chema, 161.
cbilensis (Megalestris),

314,318.
cbilensis (Nectris), 387.
cbilensis (Stercorarius),

318.
cbinensis (Diomedea),

444, 445.
Cbinese Tern, 113.
chionoptera (Diomedea),

440, 443.
cbloripoda (Sterna), 23,

24.
cbloripoda (Tbalasseus),

24.
cbloropoda (Pbaetbusa),

130.
cblororbyncba (Procel-
laria), 372.
cblororbjncbus (Dio-
medea), 451.
chlororbyncbus (Puffi-

nus), 368, 369, 372.
chlororbyncbus (Tbalas-

sarcbe), 452.
chlororbyncbus (Tba-
lassogeron), 449, 4.52.
chlororhvnchiis (Tbiel-

liis), 372.
Chroeocephalus, 169.
Cbroicephalus, 169.
Cbroicocepbalus, 169.
Cbroocepbalus, 169.

ALPHABETICAL IXBEX.

463

chrysostoma (Diomedea),
451.

cinerarius (Larus), 207,

209, 230, 3()fi.
cinerascens (Ehynchops),

15(1.
cinerea (Nectris), 373,

375.
cinerea (Procellaria),

375, 390.
cinerea (Procelsterna),

13.3, 134, 135.
cinerea (Rissa), 307.
cinerea (Sterna), 6, 49,

135.
cinerea (Stolida), 133.
cinereocaudatus (Larus),

192.
Cinereous Fulmar, 390.
Cinereous Tern, 6.
cinereus (Adamastor),

391.
cinereus (Anous), 128,

134, 135.
cinereus (Larus), 252,

262, 279.
cinereus (Priofinus), 390,

455.
cinereus (PufRnus), 373,

375, 38fi, 390.
Cirrhocepbala, 169.
cirrhocephala (Gavia),

198.
cirrhocephalum (Chroi-

cocepbalus), 200.
cirrhocephalum (Xema),

188, 200, 201, 204.
cirrbocephalus (Ohroico-

cephalus), 198.
cirrbocephalus (Larus),

170,171,189,199,201,

203, 204, 240.
Cirrocephalus, 170.
citrirostris (Larus),

312.
Clupeilarus, 170.
cocci neirostris (Sterna),

64.
Coddy Moddy, 305.
coUaris (Larus), 162.
collaris (Xema), 163.
columbina (Bulweria),

420.
columbina (Sterna), 77.
columbinus (Gelastes),

231.
columbinus (Larus), 18,

55, 230.
columbinus (Procellaria),

420.
comata (Sterna), S4.

Common Gull, 279,

306.
Common Skua, 316.
Common Tern, 46.
conspicillata (Procella-
ria), 395.
conspicillatus(Fulmarus),

396.
conspicillatus (Maja-

queus), 396.
conspicillatus (PuiKnus),

396.
consul (Glaucus), 292.
consul (Larus), 292.
CDoki (Ollstrelata), 399,

408,417.
cooki (Fulmarus), 418.
cooki (Procellaria), 408,

416,417.
cooki (Rhantistes), 417.
Cookilaria, 397.
Coprotheres, 322.
coprotheres (Catbaracta),

327.
corallinus (Brucbigavia),

236.
corallinus (Gelastes),

235.
cornicoides (Diomedea),

454.
corouata (Hydroce-

cropis), 51.
coronata (Sterna), 51.
crassirostris (Adelolarus),

221.
crassirostris (Blasipus),

228.
crassirostris (Larus), 169,

171, 221, 227, 4.58.
cras,sirostrib (Xema), 221.
Creagrus, 161.
creatopus (Pulilmis), 369,

375.
crepidata (Lestris), 329,

335.
crepidatus (Larus), 322,

327.
crepidatus(Oceanu8"),334.
crepidatus (Stercorarius),

322, 327, 329, 468.
Crimson-billed Gull, 235.
eristata (Sterna), 81, 90.
cristatus (Pelecanopus),

92.
cristatus (Thalasseus),

81, 91.
cryptoleucura (Cymo-

chorea), 350.
cryptoleucura (Oceano-

droma), 347, 350.
oucviUata (Gavia), 192.

eueullatus (Cliroico-

cepbalus), 191.
eueullatus (Larus), 191.
culminata (Diomedea),

448, 451.
culminata (Thalas-

sarche), 451.
culminatus (Thalasso-

geron), 449, 451.
cuueatus (Puffinus), 369,

370.
curilicus (Puffinus), 389.
Cut Water, 163.
cyanorhyncbus (Larus),

279.
Cymatobulus, 39.5.
Oymochorea, 347.
Oymodroma, 3.58, 364.
Cymotouius, 368.

Damier, 428.

danica (Sternula), 118.

danubialis (Sternula),

118.
Daption, 422, 428.
decorata (Gygis), 128.
defilippiana (Qilstrelata),

399, 417.
delalaudii (Hydrocheli-

don), 13.
delamotta (Hydroce-

cropis), 12.
delamotta (Sterna), 11.
delamotte (Sterna), 11.
(lelamotti (Sternula), 12.
delawarensis (Larus), 172

273.
delawarensis, var. cali-

fornicus (Larus), 276.
derogata (Diomedea),

444.
desolata (.Estrelata), 408,

435.
desolata (Procellaria),

408, 434.
desolatum (Daption),

435.
desolatus (Prion), 431,

434. 435.
desolatus (Pseudoprion),

435.
Diablotin, 403.
diabolica (jEstrelata),

403.
diabolica (Procellaria),

402.
dicbrous (Puffinus). 382.
Diomedea, 440, 449, 452.
Diomedeida', 342.
discolor (Haliplana), 10.3.
Dominicunus, 169.

464

ALPHADETTCAL INDEX.

dominicanus (Lams),

172, 245, 246.
d'orbignyi (Larus), 175.
dougalli gracilis (Sterna),

72.
dougalli (Hydroce-

cropis), 72.
dougalli (Sterna), 40, 42,

57, 70.
douglasi (Sterna), 72.
dubia (Thalassidroma),

455.
Duck, Elue-Moimtain,

403.
Dusky Tern, 106.

eburnea (Gavia), 302.
eburnea (Pagophila), 301,

303, 304.
eburneus (Cetosparactes),

303.
eburneus (Larns), 302,

304.
Egg-Bird, 106.
Egyptian Tern, 25.
Einalia, 170.
elegans (Phaethusa) 84,

85.
elegans (Puffinus), 370,

385.
elegans (Sterna), 42, 82,

84, 85.
elegans (Tlialasseus), 84.
epargyrus (Larus), 268.
Epitelarus, 299.
Epitelolarus, 170.
epomopbera (Diomedea),

442.
Epouvantail, 17, 18.
erytbropus (Larus), 209.
erytbrorbynchos(Sterna),

81.
erythrorbyncbus (Sylo-

cbelidon), 81.
eur.vgnatba (Sterna), 42,

85.
exhulans (Diomedea),

442.
exilis (Sterna), 21, 126.
e.xiniius (Thalassogeron),

449.
exsul (Pelecanoides), 438.
externa (ffistrelata), 398,

411.
exulaus (Diomedea), 440,

441,443,446.

fabricii (Larus), 243.
faeroensis (Hydrobates),

245.
farroensis (Larus), 280.

fasciata (Procellaria),

435.
fasciolata (Tbalassi-

droma), 455.
fisheri ((Estrelata), 399,

41.5, 416.
fissipes (Hydrochelidon),

7, 19, 21.
fissipes (Sterna), 6, 18, 21.
fissipes (Sternula), 118.
flavipes (Larus), 246,

2.52.
flavirostris (Adamastor),

375.
flavirostris (CEstrelata),

375.
flavirostris (Procellaria),

375.
flavirostris (Rbyncbops),

153, 158.
fluviatilis (Hydrocbeli-

don), 12.
fluviatilis (Sterna), 42,53,

54, 56, 64, 65, 68, 69,

457.
forsteri (Pachyptila),

433.
forsteri (Prion), 433.
forsteri (Procellaria),

431,432.
forsteri (Sterna), 41, 46.
Fouquet des Philippines,

137.
franklini (Chroieoce-

phalus), 191, 192.
franklini (Gavia), 192.
franklini (Larus), 170.

191,192.
franklini (Melanolarus),

192.
franklini (Xema), 191.
frater (Auous), 139.
fregata (Pelagodroma),

363.
fregata (Procellaria), 363,

366.
fregata (Thalassidroma),

363.
fregatta (Pachyptila),

366.
fregatta (Procellaria),

364.
Fregetta, 364.
fregetta (Thalassidroma),

366.
frenata (Sterna), 21, 122.
frenata (Sternula), 122.
fritzei (Dominicanus),

247.
fritzei (Lanif), 247.
frobeenii (Larus), 227.

frobeenii (Sterna), 130.
frontalis (Larus), 297.
frontalis (Sterna) 42, 68,

97_, 4.57.
fuliginosa (Diomedea),

453.
fuliginosa (Haliplana),

108, 109.
fuliginosa, var. crissalis,

(Haliplana), 109.
fuliginosa (Hydroche-
lidon), 108.
fuliginosa (Nectris), 386,

387.
fuliginosa (Oceanodro-

ma), 347, 352.
fuliginosa (Qistrelata),

400.
fuliginosa (Phoebetria),

.353, 452, 453.
fuliginosa (Procellaria),

3o2, 395, 399.
fuliginosa (Pterodroma),

399.
fuliginosa (Sterna), 40,

43, 52, 102, 10(5, 1U9,

457.
fuliginosa (Thalassi-
droma), 352.
fuliginosum (Daption),

352.
fuliginosus (Anous), 109.
fuliginosus (Larus), 171,

222, 223, 224, 226.
fulitrinosus (Leueo-

phjcus), 222.
fuliginosus (Onycho-

prion), 108.
fuliginosus (Puflinus),

386.
fuligula (Sterna), 102.^,
Fulmar, 465. if- y. ^
Fulmarinse, 368.
Fulmarus, 422, 424.
fulva (Rhynchops), 154,

156.
furcata (Oceanodroma),

347, 357.
furcata (Pachyptila), .357.
furcata (Procellaria),

357.
furcata (Thalassidroma),

357.
furcata (Xema), 161, 164,

165.
furcatus (Larus), 165.
fusca (Catarraota), .315.
fusca (Diomedea), 453.
fusca (Lestris), 316.
fuscata (Sterna), 106.
fuscatus (Anous), 108.

fuscesceas (Dominica-

nus), 252, 268.
fuscescens (Oliipeilarus),

255.
fuscescens (Laroides),

252.
fuscescens (Larus), 258,

268.
fuBcus (Olupeilarus), 252.
fuscus (Uoiuinicaims),

252.
fuscus (Laroides), 252.
fuscus (Larus), 170, 172,

228, 246, 260, 254, 257,

262, 270.
fuscus (Lestris), 247, 320.
fuscus (Leuous), 252.
fuscus (Stereorarius), 316.

Gabianus, 161, 297.
Gabiota blanca, 200.
Gachet, 17.
galapagensis (Anous),

136, 143.
galericulata (Pbaetusa),

81.
galericulata (Sterna), 81,

84, 85, 92.
galericulata (Svlocheli-

don), 81.
galericulata (Tbalasseus),

84.
galericulatus (Tbalas-
seus), 82.
gama (Nectris), 372.
garnoti (Halodroma),

439.
garnoti (Pelecanoides),

439.
garnoti (Priocella), 393.
garnoti (Procellaria),

393.
garnoti (Puffinuria), 439.
Garrodia, 358, 361.
GaTia, 136, 169, 301,

305.
gavia (^strelata), 381.
gavia (Larus), 307.
gavia (Puffinus), 369,

380, 381.
Gavina, 169.
gayi (Sterna), 84.
Gelastes, 169.
gelast^s (Cbroicocepba-

lus), 230.
gelastes (Gavia), 230.
gelastes (Gelastes), 231.
gelastes (Lambruschinia),

23i.
gelastes (Larus), 169,
171, 230, 232.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

gelastes (Xema), 230.
gelida (Procellaria), 390,

455.
gelidus (Adaraastor), 391 .
gelidus (Fulmarus), 391.
gelidus (Puffinus), 391.
Gelocbelidon, 4, 25.
genei (Gelastes), 231.
genei (Larus), 230.
genei (Xema), 230.
georgi (Gabianus). 298.
georgii (Larus), 298.
gibbosa (Diomedea), 455.
gigantea(Ossifraga), 422,

423.
gigantea (Procellaria),

422.
giganteus (Fulmarus),

423.
giganteus (Larus), 243.
gilliana (Diomedea), 447.
gliicialis (Fulmarus ), 424,

425, 426, 428.
glacialis (Glaucus), 296.
glacialis (Laroides), 292,

296.
glacialis (Larus), 292.
glacialis (Procellaria),

426, 427.

glacialis, var. (3 (Procel-
laria), 393.
glacialis (Sterna), 68.
glacialoides (Fulmarus),

394.
glacialoides (Priocella),

393, 394.
glacialoides (Procellaria),

393.
glaucesoens (Glaucus),

285.
glaucescens (Laroides),

285.
glaucescens (Larus), 173,

284, 286, 287, 288,

293.
glaucescens (Leucus),

285.
glaucodes (Chroeocepba-

lus), 204.
glaucodes (Larus), 171,

201, 203, 204, 205.
glaucodes (Xema), 204.
glaucoides (Laroides),

296.
glaucoides (Larus), 296.
glaucopterus (Glaucus),

285.
glaucopterus (Laroides),

285.
glaucopterus (Larus),

284, 285.

465

glaucotes (Ohroicocepha-
lus). 204.

glaucotes (Gavia), 204.

glaucotes (Larus), 189.

glaucotis (Gavia), 204.

Glaucous Gull, 292.

Glaucus, 169.

glaucus (Laroides), 292.

glaucus (Larus), 169, 173,
262, 289, 296, 297, 458.

gliiucus (Leucus), 292.

glaucus (Plautus), 292.

glupischa (Fulmarus),
471.

Goeland a Manteau gris,
262. ^

Gotland a Manteau gris-
blanc, 292.

Gotland a Manteau gris-
brun, 292.

Gotland a Manteau noir,
243.

Goeland brun, 315.

Go<;iand vari6, 243.

Goiland blanc du Spitz-
berge, 302.

Goiland brun, 315.

Goiland cendr^, 260.

Goiland gris, 250.

Goiland noir, 241.

Goiland, Petit, 209.
Goiland varie, 260.
gouldi (vEstrelata), 400.
gouldi (Brucbigavia),

235.
goiddii (Gavia), 235.
gouldi (Gelastes), 235.
gouldii (Larus), 236.
gouldi (Miijaqueus), 400.
gouldi (Procellaria), 400.
gouldi (Sterna), 109, 118.
gracilis (Oceanites), 361.
gracilis (Procellaria),

361.
gracilis (Sterna), 72.
gracilis (Tbalassidroma),

361.
graellsii (Larus), 252.
grallaria (Cymodroma),

366.
grallaria (Fregetta), 366.
grallaria (Oceanites),

366.
grallaria (Procellaria),

364.
grallaria (Tbalassidro-
ma), .366.
gravis (Procellaria), 373,

381.
gravis (Puffinus), 368.

369, 373.

2h

466

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Great Gull. 177.
gregaria (Rissa), 308.
Grisard, 243, 260.
griaea (j3<]strelata), 410.
grisea (Hydrochelidon),

7.
grisea (ProceUaria), 386,

409,412.
grisea (Sterna), 6.
griseum (Uaption), 386.
griseus (Fulniariis), 410.
griseus (Puffinus), 370,

387.
Guifette, 18.
gularis (Qiatrelata), 399,

414,416.
gularis (ProceUaria), 414.
Gull, Adriatic, 181,
Gull, Arctic, 327.
Gull-billed Tern, 28.
Gull, Black-backed, 245.
Gull, Black-headed, 209,

243.
Gull, Black-toed, 327.
Gull, Brown, 209. 327.
Gull, Brown-headed, 207,

209.
Gull, Brown and Ferru-
ginous, 215.
Gull, Common, 279, 306.

Gull, Orim»on-billed,
235.

Gull, Glaucous, 292.

Gull, Great, 177.

Gull, Great Black-backed,
244.

Gull, Great Black and
White, 241.

Gull, Herring, 262.

Gull, Iceland, 292, 296.

Gull, Italian, 181.

Gull, Ivory, 302.

Gull, Kittiwake, 307.

Gull, Laughing, 194,209.

Gull, Lesser Black-
backed, 252.

Gull, Little, 174.

Gull, Masked, 210.

Gull, Pacific, 297.

Gull, Pewit, 209.

Gull, Red-legged, 209.

Gull, Sabine's, 163.

Gull, Silvery, 252.

Gull, Tarrock, 307.

Gull, Wagel, 243.

Gull, AVliite, 277.

Gull, Winter, 307.

guttata (Sterna), 108.

guttatus (Planetis), 108.

Gygis, 5, 149.

hsematorhynchuB (Ohroi-

cocephalus), 300.
h8ematorhyuchus(Larus),

299.
hseraatorhynchus (Leuco-

phffius), 300).
hssitata (QSstrelata),

391,397,398,402,403.
hsesitata (ProceUaria),

390, 402.
haesitatus (Fuhnarus),

403.
Haladroma, 437.
Haliplana, 41.
Halobaina, 422, 431.
Halocyptena, 343, 346.
hardyi (Lestris), 336.
hardyi (Stercorarius),

337.
harengorum (Laroides),

252.
hartlaubi (Gavia), 240.
hartlaubi (Gelastes),

240.
hartlaubi (Larus), 172,

199, 240.
Hati cabeza negra, 23.
Hati ceja blanca, 124.
Hati cogote obscuro, 23.
Hati pico corto, 23.
havelli (Gelochelidon),

47.
havelli (Sterna), 47.
huwaiiensis (Anous), 148.
hawaiiensis (Micranous),

143, 148.
heermanni (Adelarus),

225.
heermanni (Blasipus),

225.
heermanni(Epitelolarus),

225.
heermanni (Larus), 169,
170,171,222,225,299.
heermanni(Leucopha3us),

225.
heinei (Gavia), 280.
heinei (Larus), 280.
Helopus, 32.
hemprichii (Adelarus),

221.
hemprichi (Larus), 171,

221.
heraldica (ffistrelata),

399, 414.
Herring Gull, 262.
heuglini (Larus), 268.
hiemalis (ProceUaria),

426.
Hirondelle de Mer, 20,
55.

hirundinacea (Hydroce-

cropis), 52.
hirundinacea (Sterna),

41, 51, .02, 53.
hirundo (Hydrocecropis),

57.
hirundo (Larus), 42.
hirundo microptera

(Sterna), 58.
hirundo (Sterna), 40, 46,

52, 55, 62, 128.
homoc-hroa (Gymocho-

rea), 3.55.
homochroa (Oceanodro-

nia), 347, 355.
Hooded Tern, 117.
horubyi (Oceanodroma),

347, 356.
hornbyi (ProceUaria),

35(i.
hornbyi (Thalassidroma),

356.
hutohinsii (Larus), 292,

293.
hybernus (Larus), 279.
hybrida(Hydrochelidon),

5, 10, 11, 49, 456.
hybridus (Hydrocheli-
don), 8.
Hydrobates, 343.
Hydrocecropis, 40.
Hydrochelidon, 4, 5.
Hydrocoloeus, 169.
Hydroprogne, 4, 32.
hyperboreus (Larus),

292.
hypoleuea (Qistrelata),

398, 409.
hypoleuea (Thalassidro-
ma), 363.

Iceland Gull, 292, 296.
icelandicus (Larus), 296.
ichthyaetum (Xema),

177.
Ichthyaetus, 169.
ichthyaetus (Chroicoce-

phalus), 178.
ichthyaetus (Gravia), 178.
ichthyfetus (Kroikoce-

phalua), 178.
ichthyaetus (Larus), 170,

176, 270.
ichthyaetus minor

(Larus), 178.
ichthyaetus (Xema) 178.
ichtyceus (Larus), 177.
immutabilis (Diomedea),

440, 446.
imperator (Thalasaeus),

35.

ALPHAIiKnCAI. INDEX.

467

Inca, 132.
inca (Anoiis), 132.
inca (Larosterna), 132.
inca (Nainia), 132.
inca (Noddi), 132.
inca (Sterna), 132.
incerta (QCstrelata), 398,

405.
incerta (Procellaria), 405.
inconspicua (Sterna), 114.
indiea (Hydrochelidon),

13.
indiea (Pelodes), 13.
indiea (Viralva), 11.
inexpectata (CEstrelata),

405.
inexpectata (Procellaria),

414.
infuscata (Haliplana),

108.
infuscata (Hydrocheli-
don), 103, 109.
infuscata (Sterna), 103,

107.
infuscata (Thalassipora),

108.
innominatus (Larus),

178.
innotata (Sterna), 13.
intercedens (Rhynchops),

153, 155, 156.
irrorata ( Diomedea), 440,

445.
islaiidicus (Larus), 280,

292, 290.
Italian Gull, 181.
Ivory Gull, 302.

jamaicensis (CEstrelata),

398, 403.
jamaicensis (Procellaria),

403.
jamesonii (Bruchigavia),

236.
jatnesoui, var. gouldi

(Bruchigavia), 236.
jameaoni (Ohroicocepha-

lus), 235.
jamesonii (Gavia), 235.
jaraesoni (Gelastes), 235.
jamesoni (Larus), 235,

238.
jamesonii (Xema), 235.
javanica(IIydrocheUdon),

8, 13, 44.
javanica (Pelodes), 13,

44.
javanica (Sterna), 11, 16,

44.
javanica (Sternula), 12.
jerdoni (Sternula), 44.

kamtchatchensis (Qavi-

na), 280.
kamtschatchensis( Larus),

280.
keeask (Larus), 322.
keri (Haliplana), 102.
kidderi (^Estrelata), 410.
kitlitzii (Ohroicocepha-

lus), 191.
kitlitzii (Gavia), 192.
Kittiwake Gull, 307.
kittlitzi (Gavia), 183.
kittlitzii (Chroicocepha-

lus), 183.
kittlitzii (Gygis), 150.
kittlitzii (Xema), 1S4.
knudseni (PutBnus),

371.
korustes (Sternula), 72,

74.
kotzebui (Rissa), 308,

310, 313.
Kroieocephalus, 109.
kroicocophalus (Larus),

178.
kuhli (Procellaria), 375.
kuhli (PutHnus), 369,

375,391.
kumlieni (Larus), 173,

287, 288, 289, 290.
Kutgeghef, 300.

Labbe, 328.

Labbe a tongue queue,

334.
Labbus, 322.
lacrimosus (Laroides),

280.
lacrymosus (Gavina),

216.
lacrymosus (Glaucus),

280.
lacrymosus (Larus), 216.
Lagopis, 25.
lambruschini (Gelastes),

230.
lambruschini (Larus),

231.
Larabruschinia, 170.
lambruschinii (Xema),

230.
lariformis (Hydrocheli-
don), 21.
lariformis surinamensis

(Hydrochelidon), 21.
lariformis (Rallus), 17.
Laroides, 169.
Larosterna, 132.
Laru.s, 161, 169.
latirostris (Procellaria),

433.

Laughing Gull, 194. 209.

lawrencii (Fregetta),
306.

layardi (Thalassogeron),
450.

leaclii (Procellaria), 348.

leachi (Thalassidroma),
348.

leptorhyncha(Diomedea),
455.

Lesser Sea Swallow, 17.

Lesser Tern, 116.

lessoni (Fulmarus), 402.

lessoiii (CEstrelata), 398,
401, 402.

lessoni (Lestris), 336.

lessoni (Procellaria), 401.

lessoni (Puflinus), 401.

lessoni (Rhantistes), 401.

lessoni (Stercorarius),
336.

Lestris, 314, 322.

leuceretes (Larus), 292.

leucocapillus (Anous),
145, 140.

leucocapillus (Micr-
anous), 143, 145, 148.

leucocephala (vEstrelata),
401.

leucocephala (Procella-
ria), 401.

leucocephala (Sterna),
146.

leucocephalus (Anoua),
140.

leucocephalus (Gelastes),
231.

leucocephalus (Larus),
230.

leucoceps (Anous), 139.

leucoct'ps (Gavia), 137.

leucogaster (Thalassi-
droma), 306.

leucogaster (Oceanites),
30(i.

leucogenys (Hydrocecro-
pis), 12.

leucogenvs (Hydrocheli-
don), 13.

leucomelas (Larus), 177,
298.

leucomelas (Procellaria),
370

leucomelas (Puffiuus),
369, 370.

leucomelas (Thiellus),
370.

loucopareia (Hydrocheli-
don), 11.

leiicopareia (Pelodes),
11.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

leucopareia (Sterna), 10.
leucopareia (Viralva),

11.
leucopareius (Hydroche-

lidon), 13.
LeucophjEua, 161, 169,

299.
leucophffius (Qlaucus),

268.
leucophaus (Laroides),

268.
leucophjeus (Larus), 255,

267.
leucophrys (CEstrelata),

412.
leucopbthalma (Xema),

219.
leucophthalmum (Xema),

219.
leucophthalmus (Ade-

larus),219.
leucophthalmus (Adelo-

larus), 219.
leucophthalmuB(Chroico-

cephaluB), 219.
leucophthalmus (Larus),

169, 171, 181, 219.
leucoptera (Cookilaria),

416.
leucoptera (Hydrocheli-

don), 5, 6, 456.
leucoptera (Qistrelata),

408, 416.
leucoptera (Procellaria),

414, 416.
leucoptera (Sterna), 6, 11.
leucoptera (Viralva), 7.
leucopterum (Hydroche-

lidon), 7.
leucopterus (Glaucus),

296.
leucopterus (Larus), 173,

295, 289, 292, 296,

297.
leucopterus (Leucus),

296.
leucorrhoa (Oceanodro-

ma), 347, 348.
leucorrhoa (Procellaria),

848.
leucorrhoa (Thalassi-

droma), 348.
leucourus (Hydrocheli-

don), 7.
Leucus, 169.
I'herminieri (Anous),

108.
lineata (Oceanites), 364.
lineata, (Pelea), 364.
lineata (Thalassidroma),

364.

litoreus (Dominicanus),

247.
Little Gull, 174.
littoreus (Larus), 246,

254.
longecaudatus (Catar-

actes), 336.
longicauda (Lestris),

331, 337.
longicauda(Stercorarius),

334.
longicaudata (Lestris),

336.
longicaudatus (Stercora-

rius), 337.
longipennis (Hydroce-

cropis), 68.
longipennis (Sterna), 42,

64, 67, 68, 97. 100, 457.
longirostris (jEstrelata),

418.
longirostris (Bruchiga-

via), 236.
longirostris (Larus), 236.
longirostris (CEstrelata),

399.
longirostris (Sterna), 91.
lorata (Sterna), 43, 126.
loricata (Sterna), 126.
lugens (Procellaria), 409.
lugubris (Procellaria),

345, 455.
lunata (Haliplana), 100.
lunata (Hydrochelidon),

100.
lunata (Sterna), 43, 100.
lunatus (Onychoprion),

100.

maccormicki (Megales-
tris), 314, 321.

maccormicki (Stercora-
rius), 321.

macdougalli (Sterna), 72.

maegillivrayi(j3istrelata),
621.

macgillivrayi (Bulweria),
420, 421.

macgillivrayi(Fulmaru8),
421.

macgillivrayi (Procella-
ria), 421.

macgillivrayi (Thalassi-
droma), 421.

macrodactyla (Oceano-
droma), 347, 351.

macrodactyla (Sterna),
57.

macroptera (Atrieilla),
196.

macroptera (CEstrelata),

398, 399, 400.
macroptera (Procellaria),

399.
macroptera (Pterodro-

ma), 400, 410.
macroptera (Sterna), 57.
macropteros (Lestris),

330.
macropterus (Fulraarus),

400.
macrorhyncha (Nectris),

375.
macrorhyncha (Syloche-

lidon), 35.
macrotarsa (Gelocheli-

don), 28.
macrotarsa (Sterna), 27.
macroura (Hydrocecro-

pis), 64.
macroura (Sterna), 13,

64.
macrura (Sterna), 42,

50, 51, 62, 68, 99.
maculata (Procellaria),

455.
maculata (Sterna), 124.
maculatuB (Larus), 243,

279.
maculipennis (Chroico-

cephalus), 201.
maculipennis (Gavia),

201.
maculipennis (Larus),

171, 198, 200, 201, 202,

203, 206.
madagascariensis (Sterco-

rarius), 320.
madraspatanus CRhyn-

chops), 159.
niagentiB (CEstrelata),

398, 407.
magnirostris (Phaethusa) ,

23.
magnirostris (Prion),

433.
magnirostris (Sterna),

23.
magnirostris (Sylocheli-

don), 24.
magnirostris (Thalas-

sites), 24.
Majaqueus, 368, 395.
major (Cirrhocephalus),

198.
major (Laroides), 262.
major (Procellaria), 373.
major (Puffinus), 373,

375, 387.
major (Sterna), 35, 58.
manchado, Hati, 124.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

469

marginata (Hydrocheli-

don), 13.
marginata (Sterna), 127.
marina (Pachyptila),

362.
marina (Pelagodroma),

362.
marina (Procellaria),

362.
marina (Sterna), 57.
marina iThalassidroma),

362.
marinus (Dominicanus),

244.
marinus (Larus), 169, 172,

241, 245, 255, 258, 260,

262,263,268,297,458.
marinus schistisagus

(Larus), 259.
marinus (Leucus), 243.
marinus (Oceanites), 362.
markhami (Oymochorea),

354.
markhami (Oceanodro-

ma), 347, 354.
masauanus (Larus), 219.
Masked Gull, 210.
maxima (Pbaethusa), 82.
maxima (Sterna), 42, 80,

84, 96.
maximus (Larus), 243,

292.
maximus (Thalasseus), 82.
maxuriensis (Sterna), 87.
maxuriensis (Thalasseus),

87.
mayor, Gabiota, 246.
media (Actochelidon), 87.
media (Sterna), 42, 86,

112.
medius (Larus), 252, 292.
medius (Pelecanopus),

87.
medius (Thalasseus), 87.
Megalestris, 314.
Megalopterus, 136.
megalopterus (AtriciUa),

19(5.
megarhjTichos (Sterna),

34.
Melagavia, 169.
melanauchen (Gygis),

127.
melanauchen (Onjcho-

prion), 177.
melanauchen (Sterna),

43, 70, 126.
melanauchen (Sternula),

127.
melania (Cymochorea),
353.

melania (Oceanodroma),
347, 353.

melania (Procellaria),
353, 354.

melauia (Thalassidroma),
353, 355.

melanocephala (Gavia),
181.

melanocephala (Mela-
gavia), 181.

melanocephala (Xema),
181.

melanocephalon (Xema),
181.

melauocephalus (Chroico-
cephalus), 181.

melunocephalus (Ohroo-
cephalus), 181.

melauocephalus (Hydro-
cokeus), 181.

melanOL'ephalus (Larus),
170, 180, 182.

melanocephalus (Mela-
gavia), 181.

melanocephalus (Melano-
larus), 181.

melanocephalus (Xema),
181.

melanogaster (Cymodro-
ma), 364, 365.

melanogaster (Fregetta),
365.

melanogaster (Procel-
laria), 366.

melanogaster (Sterna),
41, 43, 456.

melanogaster (Sternula),
44.

melanogaster (Thalassi-
droma), 365.

melanogastra (Hydro-
chelidon), 44.

melanogastra (Procel-
laria), 365.

melanogastra (Sterna),
13.

melanogastra (Sternula),
44.

melanogenys (Anous),
139, 145, 148.

Melanolarus, 170.

melanophrys (Diomedea),
441, 446, 447.

melanops (Anous),

144.
melauoptera (Hydroce-

cropis). 102.
melanoptera (Sterna), 51,

102.
melanopus (Procellaria),
406, 410, 455.

melanorhyncha (Sterna),

51, 68, 72, 97.
melanorhyncha (Ster-
nula), 122.
melanorhynchus (Bruchi-

gavia), 233.
melanorhynchus (Larus),

185, 233.
Melanosterna, 40.
uielanotis (Sterna), 35.
melanotis (Sylochelidon),

35.
melanotis (Thalassites),

35.
melanotus (Laroides),

252.
melanura (Procellaria),

390.
melanura (Khynchops),

153, 155, 156.
melanura (Sterna), 108.
melanurus (Adelarus),

228.
melanurus (Larus), 226,

228.
melanurus (Priofinus),

391.
melitensis (Procellaria),

345.
melitensis (Thalassidro-
ma), 345.
meridionalis (Fulmarus),

403.
meridionabs (Gelocheli-

don), 27.
meridionalis (Hydro-

chelidon), 13.
meridionalis (Procel-
laria), 402.
meridionalis (Sterna), 27,

50, 53.
meridionalis (Sternula),

118.
merulinus (Larus), 17.
metopoleucos (Sterna),

117.
Mew, Winter, 279.
michahellesii (Glaucus),

268.
michahellesii (Laroides),

268.
michahellesi (Larus),

188.
miehahellii (Larus), 268.
Micranous, 5, 143.
micropterus (Atricilla),

196.
microrhyncha (Gygis),

149, 152.
raicrorhynchos (Lestris),
336.

470

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

microsoma (Halocyp-

tena), 346.
minor (Atricilla), 196.
minor (Cataracta), 316.
minor (Oliroicocephalus),

211.
minor (Cirrliocephalug),

198.
minor (Fulmarus), 426.
minor (Laroides), 3U7.
minor (Larus), 296.
minor (Leucus), 296.
minor (Procellaria), 345,

419, 426.
minor (Rissa), 308.
minor (Thalassidroma),

345.
minuta (Gavia), 175.
minuta (Hydrochelidon),

118.
minuta (Sterna), 19, 40,

43, 52, 112, 116, 120,

122, 457.
minuta (Sternula), 44,

114, 118, 12U.
minuta americana (Ster-
na), 123.
minutus (Anous), 145.
minutus (Chroicocepha-

lus), 17.5.
minutus (Chroocephalus),

175.
minutus (Hydrocoloeus),

175.
minutus (Larus), 163, 170,

173, 185.
minutus(Xema), 174, 175.
modestus (Cbroicocepha-

lus), 224.
modestus (Epitelolarus),

224.
modestus (Larus), 169,

171, 223.
mcestissima (Cjmodro-

ma), 367.
mcestissima (Fregetta),

367.
mollis (Fulmarus), 406.
mollis (CEstrelata), 398,

406,412,413,455.
mollis (Procellaria), 406,

410,412,414.
mollis (Rbantistes), 406.
moltke (Larus), 296.
monorbis (Oceauodro-

ma), 347, 356.
monorbis (Procellaria),

356.
monorbis (Tbalassidro-

ma), 356.
Mouette blancbe, 302.

Mouette brune, 136.
Mouette cendree, 207.
Mouette cendree, Grande,

277.
Mouette cendree tachetee,

305.
Mouette d'biver, 305.
Mouette grise. Petite,

207.
Mouette rieuse, 194, 209.
Mouette tacbetee, 306.
Mouton, 422.
miilleri (Larus), 243.
mystacalis (Inca), 132.

NiBnia, 4, 132.
navia (Pagodroma), 419.
noevia (Sterna), 6, 17.
HKvius (Larus), 209, 243,

306.
napoleonis (Gygis), 1.50.
natalensis (Sterna), 120.
nativitatis (PufRnus), 370,

389.
Nectris, 368.
neglecta (CEstrelata), 399,

412.
neglecta (Procellaria),

412.
neglectus (Epitelarus),

300.
neglectus (Procellarus),

300.
nelsoni (Larus), 173, 284,

287, 288, 296.
neptunus (Adelarus),

222.
nereis (Garrodia), 361.
nereis (Oceanites), 361.
nereis (Procellaria), 361.
nereis (Sterna), 43, 112.
nereis (Sternula), 112.
nereis (Tbalassidroma),

361.
niger (Anoiis), 137.
niger (Hydrocbelidon), 8.
niger (Kbynebops), 154,

158.
nigra ( Hydrocbelidon),

5, 8, 13, 17, 18, 21.
nigra (Procellaria), 396,

455.
nigra (Rbincops), 154.
nigra (Rhvnchops), 152,

153, 155, 156, 160.
nigra (Sterna), 8, 17, 20.
nigra surinainensis (Hy-
drocbelidon), 21.
nigra (Viralva), 19.
nigricans (Hydrocbeli-
don), 19.

nigrifrons (Sterna), 72.
nigripallus (Larus). 244.
nigripennis (CEstrelata),

398, 409.
nigripennis (Pelecano-

pus), 91.
nigripes (Diomedea), 440,

445.
nigrodorsalis (Laroides"),

252.
nigrotis (Larus), 175.
nigrum (Hydrocbelidon),

19,21.
nilotica (Gelocbelidon),

28.
nilotica (Hydrocbelidon),

13, 28.
nilotica (Sterna), 25, 28,

57.
nitzscbii (Sterna), 57.
nivea (Gavia), 303.
nivea (Pagodroma), 419.
nivea (Pagopbila), 304.
nivea (Procellaria), 419.
nivea (Rissa), 280, 312.
nivea (Sterna), 150.
niveum (Daption), 419.
niveus (Fulmarus), 419.
niveus (Larus), 279, 302,

308.
Noddy, 136, 137.
Noddy Tern, 139.
Noir Manteau, 243.
noviB-georgica (Pago-
droma), 419.
novse-bollandise (Gelas-

tes), 236.
novae-bollandise (Larus),

170, 171, 235, 236,

238.
novse-bollandise (Sterna),

90.
noTte-bollaudise (Xema),

236.
nubilosa (Sterna), 18, 103.
nugax (Puffinus), 384.
nuttalli (Hydrocecropis),

28.
nuttalli (Sterna), 27.

oahuensis (Sterna), 108.
obscura (Hydrocbelidon),

19.
obscura (Nectris), 382.
obscura (Procellaria), 382.
obscurus (Puffinus), 369,

382, 384.
occidentalis (Glaucus),

257.
occidentalis (Laroides),

257, 274.

AT,PnABETICAL INDEX.

471

occidentalis (Larus), 172,

255, 267, 270.
ocean i (Sterna), 64.
oceanica (Proeellaria),

358, 361, 364, 366.
ooeanica(Thalassidroma),

359.
oceanicus (Oceanites),

358, 359.
Oceanites, 35S.
Ooeanitinae, 343, 358.
Oceanodroma, 343, 347.
Oceanus, 322.
CEstrelata, 368, 397.
Oiseau da Tempete, 344.
olivaeeorbjnchus (Dio-

medea), 452.
olivaceorostris (Diome-

dea), 452.
Onychoprion, 40.
opisthomelas (PufEnus),

369, 380, 383.
orientalis (Proeellaria),

357.
orientalis (Rhvncbops),

158.
orientalis (Sternula), 118.
Ossifraga, 422.
ossifraga (Proeellaria),

423.

Pachrptila, 432.
Pacific Gidl, 297.
pacifica (Proeellaria),

427.
paoifioa (Sterna), 150.
pacificus (Fidmarus),

427.
pacificus (Gabianus), 297,

298.
pacificus (Larus), 247,

297.
pacificus (Puffinus), 399.
paeocepbalus (Larus),

240.
Pagodroma, 368, 419.
Pagopbila, 161, 301.
pallasi (Ichtbyaiitus),

178.
pallida (Hydrocbelidon),

19.
pallida (Xema), 210.
palpebrata (Diomedea),

453.
palustris (Gelocbelidon),

28.
panaja (Haliplana), 103.
panaya (Onycboprion),

102.
panaya (Sterna), 102.

Paaayan Tern, 101.
panayana (Sterna), 103.
panayensis (Haliplana),

102.
panayensis (Hydroce-

cropis), 102.
panayensis (Onycho-
prion), 103.
panayensis (Sterna), 102.
paradisea (Sterna), 72.
paradis;ea (Sterna), 62.
parasita, var. camtschat-

ica (Catarracta), 32.3.
parasita (Catarractes),

334.
parasita (Lestris), .337.
parasitica (Catharacta),

334.
parasitica (Lestris), 323,

329, 330, 334.
parasiticus (Cataractes),

330.
parasiticus (Larus), 322,

328, 334.
parasiticus, var. copro-

tberes (Lestris"), 331.
parasiticus (Oceanus),

329.
parasiticus (Stercorarius),
320, 322, 328, 334,
336.
parkinsoni (Fulmarus),

397.
parkinsoni (Majaqueus),

395, 397.
parkinsoni (Proeellaria),

397.
parkinsoni (PufSnus),

397.
parva (Sterna), 112.
parvirostris (Q<)strelata),

398, 405.
parvirostris (Proeellaria),

405.
parvirostris (Rhantistes),

405,
parvulus (Anous), 133.
pauli de wurteuiberg

(Tbalasseus), 77.
payraudei (Larus), 272.
pelagica (Proeellaria),
343, 344, 346, 348,
358.
pelagica (Thalassidroma),

344.
pelagicus (Dotninicanus),

246.
pelagicus (Hydrobates),

344.
pelagicus (Larus), 247,
259.

pelagina (Proeellaria),

344.
Pelagodrouia, 358, S62.
Pelea, 358, 364.
Pelecanoides, 437.
pelecanoides (Pelecano-

pus), 91, 135.
pelecanoides (Sterna), 91,

93.
peleeanoides(Tbalasseus ),

91.
Pelecanoididse, 342, 437.
Pelecanopus, 40.
Pelodes, 5.
per.<!icu8 (Puffiuus), 369,

381.
personata (Gavia), 189.
person atus (Chroicoce-

pbalus), 189.
persouatus (Larus), 189.
Peterel, 343.
Peteril, Antarctic, 392.
Peteril, Blue, 431, 432.
Peteril, Great Black, 395.
Peteril, Little, 343.
Petrel, 343.

Petrel antarctique, 392.
Petrel, Black, 395.
Petrel blanc et noir, 428.
Petrel blanc ou de neige,

419.
Petrel bleu, 432.
Petrel, Blue, 431.
Petrel, Bi oad-billed, 432.
Petrel, Brown-banded,

434.
Petrel, Bulwer's, 421.
Petrel cendre, 390, 425.
Petrel chlororhynque,

372.
Petrel, Cinereous, 390.
Petrel, Diving, 437.
Petrel, Dusk.y, 382.

Petrel, Fork-tailed, 356.

Petrel, Frigate, 362.

Petrel, Fulmar. 425.

Petrel, Giant, 422.

Petrel, Great Black, 453.

Petrel, Grey, 386.

Petrel, Kuril, 386.

Petrel, Norfolk Island,
412.

Petrel, Osprey, 422.

Petrel, Pintado, 428.

Petrel-Puffin brun, 395.

Petrel, Shearwater, 376.

Petrel, Snowy, 419.

Petrel, Sootyi 352.

Petrel de St. Kilda, 425.

Petrel, Stormy, 344.

Petrel tachete. 428.

472

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Petrel tres-grand, 422.
Petrel, Vittated, 432.
Petrel, White and Black-
spotted, 428.
Petrel, White-breasted,

412.
Petrel, White-faced, 373.
Petrel, Wilson's, 359. -
Petterill, the larger dark,

403.
Pewit' Gull, 209.
phajocephala (Xema),

198.
phaeocephalus (Larus),

198.
phseopygia (CEstrelata),

398, 407.
Phaethusa, 4, 23.
Philadelphia (Chrceoce-

phalus), 186.
Philadelphia (Larus),

170, 185, 186, 187.
Philadelphia (Sterna"),

185.
philadelphicus (Larus),

186.
philippina (Sterna), 137.
philippina (Thalasseus),

139.
phillipi (Fulmarus), 414.
phillipi ((Estrelata), 406,

412.
phillipi (Procellaria),

412.
Phoebastria, 440.
Phcebetria, 453.
Pierre- garin, 55.
pikei (Sterna), 64.
pileata (Sterna), 137.
pileatum (Xema), 210.
pileatus (Anous), 139.
pileatus (Ohloirocepha-

lus), 211.
pileatus (Ohroicocepha-

lus), 211.
pipixcan (Gavia), 192.
pipixcan (Larus), 191.
pipixcan (Xema), 191.
placens (Sternula), 112,

114.
Planetis, 40.
Plautus, 169.
plumbea (Anous), 21.
plumbea (Hydrocheli-

don), 21.
plumbea (Sterna), 20.
plumbeigularis (Anous),

139, 141.
plumbeu8(Megalopt6ruB),

133.
plumbiceps (Cirrhocepha-

lus), 198.

plumbiceps (Hydroco-

Ifflus), 181.
plumbiceps (Larus), 181,

195.
plumiceps (Xema), 181.
poeocephalus (Larus),

198.
poiocephala (Xema), 198.
poiocephalus (Cirrhoce-

phalus), 198.
poiocephalus (Larus),

198, 240.
polaris (Thalas8CEca),393,

394.
poliocephalus (Larus),

198, 199.
poliocerca (Sterna), 91,

92, 93.
poliocerca (Sylochelidon),

91.
poliocerca (Thalasseus),

91,92.
poliocercus (Pelecano-

pus), 91.
polionotus (Larus), 198.
polios (Larus), 224.
poUicaris (Rissa), 309,

310, 313.
polo-condor (Larus), 70.
polo-condor (Rissa), 72.
pomare (Bruchigavia),

235.
pomare (G^via), 233.
pomare (Gelastes), 235.
pomare (Larus), 233.
pomarhinus (Lestris),

324.
pomariua (Catarracta),

324.
pomarina (Lestris), 323,

330.
pomarina (Sterna), 57.
pomarina (Sternula),

118.
pomarinus (Cataractes),

324.
pomarinus (Coprotheres),

324.
pomarinus (Stercorarius),

316, 324, 325.
pomarre (Gavia), 235.
pomatorhinus (Copro-
theres), 325.
pomatorhinus (Lestris),

324.
pomatorhinus (Sterco-
rarius), 322, 324, 458.
Pomerine Skua, 324.
pomerinus (Lestris), 324.
Port Egmont Hen, 319.
portlandica (Sterna), 64,

65.

Prsedatrix, 322.
Priamphus, 432.
Priocella, 368, 393.
Priofinus, 368, 390.
Prion, 422, 432.
Procellaria, 343.
Procellariidaj, 342, 343.
Procellariinse, 343.
Procellarus, 299.
procellosus (Laroides),

280.
procellosus (Larus), 279.
Procelstema, 4, 133.
Proedatrix, 329.
profuga (Diomedea), 452.
Pseudoprion, 432.
Pterodroma, 397.
Puffin, 375, 390.
Puffin cendre, 375, 390.
Puffin, Cinereous, 376.
Puffin du Cap de Bonne

Esp^rance, 395.
Puffin of Isle of Man,

377.
Puffin Petrel, 377.
PuffinidsB, 342, 368.
Puffinina;, 368.
Puffinuria, 437.
Puffinus, 368.
puffinus (Nectris); 378.
puffinus (Procellaria),

375, 376.
puffinus (Puffinus), 368,

378.
pulo-condor (Larus), 70.
punctata (Procellaria), J

428.
pusilla (Sterna), 114.
pusilla (Sternula), 114.
pygmjeus (Larus), 175.

quadricolor (Larus), 271.
Quebrantahuesos, 422.

raoulensis (Procellaria),

412.
raoulensis (Rhantistes),

412.
Rayador, 155.
rectirostris (Sterna), 91.
Red-legged Gull, 209.
regia (Diomedea), 440,

443.
regia (Phatusa), 81.
regia (Sterna), 81, 82.
regius (Thalasseus), 81,

82.
Rhodostethia, 161, 167.
Rhynchops, 152,457.
Rhynchopsalia, 152.
richardsoni (Larus), 167.
richardsoni (Lestris), 330.

ALPHABETICAL IXDEX.

473

richardsoni (Stercora-

rius), 331.
richardsonii (Cataractes),

331.
Richardson's Skua, 331.
ridibunda (Gavia), 209,

211.
ridibunda phsenicopos

(Gavia), 17(>.
ridibunda (Xema), 210.
ridibundum (Xema),

210.
ridibundus (Chroeocepha-

lus), 211.
ridibundus fChroicoce-

phalus), 210, 211.
ridibundua (Chroocepha-

lus), 211.
ridibundus (Hydroco-

leeus), 211.
ridibundus (Larus), 169,

171, 195, 204, 207,

211,212,240,457.
ridibundus minor(Larus),

210.
ridibundus (Xema), 209.
riga (Larus), 307.
risoria (Sterna), 27.
Rissa. 161, 305.
rissa (Laroides), 307.
rissa (Larus), 305.
rodgersi (Fulmarus), 424,

427, 428.
rosea (Rhodostethia),

163, 167.
rosea (Rossia), 167.
roseata (Sterna), 37.
Roseate Tern, 70, 72.
roseiventris (Gavia), 204.
roseiventrls (Larus),

204.
roseus (Larus), 167.
Rossia, 167.
rossii (Larus), 167.
rossii (Prion), 436.
rossi (Rhodostethia),

167.
rostrata (CEstrelata), 398,

404.
rostrata (Procellaria),

404.
rostrata (Rhantistes),

404.
rousseaui (Anous), 139.
rubritarsi (Procellaria),

402.
rubriveutris (Gelastes),

230.
rufescens (Larus), 255.
Rygehopsalia, 152.

VOL. XXV.

Sabine's Gull, 163.
sabini (Gavia), 163.
sabinii (Chema), 163.
sabinii (Larus), 162.
sabinii (Xema), 161, 162.
salvini (Tbalassogeron),

450.
sancti-pauli (Sterna), 51.
sandaUata (Procellaria),

413.
sandaliata (Rhantistes),

413.
sandvicensis (Actocheli-

dou) 78.
sandvicensis (Sterna), 75.
sandvicensis acuflavida

(Sterna), 77.
Sandwich Tern, 75.
sandwiehensis (.tEstre-

lata), 407.
saundersi (Chroicocepha-

lus), 184.
saundersi (Larus), 170,

183, 184.
saundersi (Sterna), 43,

112, 120,121,457.
scalaris (CEstrelata), 399,

416.
scapulata (Thalassidro-

ma), 348, 353.
schillingi (Sterna), .34.
schilling! (Sylochelidon),

35.
schimperi (Chroicoce-

phalus), 191.
schimperi (Larus), 183.
schistisagus (Larus), 172,

258, 259, 270.
schleepi (Lestris), 330.
scopulinus (Larus), 171,

238,239.
scopulinus (Lestris), 238.
scopulinus major (Larus),

236.
scopulinus, var. major

(Larus), 235.
scoresbii (Larus), 299.
scoresbii (Leucophaeus),

299, 300.
Sea SvFallow, Greater,

54.
Sea Swallow, Lesser,

17.
Seena, 4, 37.
seeua (Sterna), 37.
seena (Sylochelidon), 38.
segethi (Oceanitis), 366.
segethi (Thalassidroma),

366.
sellovii (Pliaetu.sa), 130.
semi-alba (.Sterna), 149.

senegalensis (Hydroce-

cropis), 57.
senegalensis (Sterna), 57,

64, 69.
senex (Anous), 139, 144,

146.
senex (Sterna), 137.
septentrionalis (Rissa),

283.
sericea (CEstrelata), 401.
sericeus (Adamastor),

401.
sericeus (PufBnus), 401.
serrana (Gavia), 189.
serranus (Ohroicocepha-

lus), 191.
serranus (Larus), 170,

188, 189, 201.
serrata (Haliplana), 108.
serrata (Sterna), 108, 109.
serratus (Onychoprion),

108, 109.
Shearwater, 369,376,403.
Shearwater, Greater, 376.
Shearwater, Mans, 376,

378.
Shearwater, var. A, 373.
Silvery Gull, 252.
similis (Hydrocecropis),

12.
similis (Hydrochelidon),

13.
similis (Procellaria), 431.
similis (Sterna), 11, 15.
Simple Tern, 23, 106.
simples (Sterna), 23.
simplex (Viralva), 23.
sinensis (Sterna), 4.3, 113.
sinensis (Sternula), 114.
sinensis (Viralva), 114.
Skimmer, Black, 154,

156.
skua antarcticus (Bupha-

gus), 320.
Skua, ButFon's, 336.
skua (Buphagus), 316.

317.
skua (Cataracta), 315.
skua (Cataractes), 316.
skua (Cutharacta), 315.
Skua, Common, 316.
Skua Gull, 315.
skua ( Lestris), 315.
skua (Megalestris), 317.
Skua, Pomerine, 324.
Skua. Richardson's, 331.
skua (Stercorarius), 316,

317.
smithi (Procellaria), 394.
smithsonianus (Larus),

263.

474

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

socorroensis (Oceanoclro-

ma), 347, 352.
solanclri(Cookilaria),410.
solandri (Fulmarus), 410.
solandri (CEstrelata), 398,

410.
solandri (Procellaria),

410.
solandri (Pterodroma),

410.
somalensis (Hydrocheli-

don), 109.
Sooty Tern, 106.
Southern Tern, 60.
spadaeea(Diomedea),442,

453.
spadacea,var.(Dioinedea),

444.
spadicea (Anoiis), 108.
spadicea (Sterna), 107.
spaeriuros (Lestris), 324.
speculifera (Sterna), 23.
speculifera (Sylocheli-

don), 24.
sphseriuros (Lestris), 324.
sphenura (Procellaria),

372.
sphenurus (Majaqueus),

372.
sphenurus (Thiellus),

372.
spinicauda (Lestris), 331 .
spinicauda(Stercorarius).

331.
Stereoraire, 328.
Stercoraire a longue

queue, 334.
Stercorarius, 314, 322.
Sterna, 4, 40.
sterna (Larus), 54.
Sternolophota, 132.
Sternula, 40.
Stolida, 136.

stolida (Sterna), 132, 13fi.
stolidiis (Anous), 136,

137, 143.
stolidus (Megalopterus),

137, 143.
Storm-fink, 343.
strenua (Sylochelidon),

35.
strenuus (Sylochelidon),

35.
striata (Gygis), 97.
.striata (Sterna), 97.
Striated Tern, 97.
striatus (Lestris), 324.
striatus (Stercorarius).

325.
stricklandi (Puffin us),.387.
stubberica (Sterna), 77.

subleucoptera (Hydro-

chelidon), 8.
subleucopterus (Laroi-

des), 2915.
subroseus (Larus), 231.
subulirostris (Chroicoce-

phalus), 186.
.suckleyi (Larus), 280,283.
sumatrana (Sterna), 114,

120, 128.
sumatranus (Onycho-

prion), 128.
superciliaris (Sterna), 43,

123, 124.
superciliaris antillarum

(Sterna), 123.
superciliaris (Sternula),

122, 125.
superciliosus( Anous), 139,

141.
Surinam Tern, 20.
surinameiisis (HTdroche-

lidon), 5, 20, 21.
surinamensis (Pelodes),

21.
surinamensis (Sterna). 20,

126.
Sylochelidon, 32.

Tarrock, 306, 307.

tenebrosus (Puffinus),382.

tenuirostris (Anous), 139,
144, 146, 148.

tenuirostris (Fulmarus),
394.

tenuirostris . (Gelastes'),
231.

tenuirostris (Hydroeecro-
pis), 144.

tenuirostris (Larus), 230.

tenuirostris (Megalopte-
rus), 137, 144, 146.

tenuirostris (Micranous),

143, 144, 148, 457.
tenuirostris (Nectris), 389.
tenuirostris (Priocella).

389, 394.
tenuirostris (Procellaria),

388, 393.
tenuirostris (Puffinus),

370, 388.
tenuirostris (Sterna), 72,

144, 145.
tenuirostris (Thalassi-

droma), 345.
tenuirostris (Thalassoeca),

393.
tephras (Stercorarius),

331.
tephrodes (Anous), 134.
tereticollis (Anous), 133.

tereticollis(Procelsterna),

133.
teretirostris (Sterna), 133.
Tern, African, 75.
Tern, Arctic, 62, 64.
Tern, Black, 17, 18.
Tern, Brown, 106.
Tern, Caspian, 32, 34, 89.
Tern, Cayenne, 80.
Tern, Chinese, 113.
Tern, Cinereous, 6.
Tern, Common, 46, 54,

55.
Tern, Dusky, 106.
Tern, Egyptian, 25.
Tern, Greater, 54.
Tern, Gull-billed, 28.
Tern, Hooded, 117.
Tern, Lesser, 116.
Tern, New Holland, 90.
Tern, Noddy, 139.
Tern, Pan ay an, 101.
Tern, Eoseate, 70, 72.
Tern, Sandwich, 75.
Tern, Simple, 23, 106.
Tern, Sooty, 106.
Tern, Southern, 50.
Tern, Striated, 97.
Tern, Surinam, 20.
Tern, Whiskered, 12.
Tern, White, 149.
Tern, Wreathed, 51.
tethys (Procellaria), 343.

346.
ThalassfBa, 40.
Thalassarche, 440, 449.
Thalasssus, 32, 40.
Thalassidroma, 343.
Thalassipora, 40.
Thalassites, 23.
Thalassceca, 368. 392,

393.
Thalassogeron, 449.
Thiellus, 368.
thuliaca (Lestris), 331.
Thyellas, 378.
Thyellodroma, 369.
t ibetana (Sterna), 58, 457.
tibetanus (Chroieocepha-

lus), 216.
tibetanus (Larus), 216.
Tohaiki, 444.
torquata (aistrelata),408.
torquata (Procellaria'),

367, 408.
torquatus ("Larus), 307.
torresi (Pelecanopus), 87.
torresii (Sterna), 87.
torresii (Thalasseus), 87.
townsendi (Oceanodro-

ma), 353.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

475

tridactyla (Cheimonea^,

307."
tridactyla pollicaris (Eis-

sa), 309, 310.
tridactyla (Procellaria).

438.
tridactyla (Rissa), 305,

307,"308, 313, 458.
tridactyla kotzebui (Ris-
sa), 309.
tridactyluiu (Xema), 308.
tridactylus (Gavia), 307.
tridactylus (Laroides),

307."
tridactylus (Larus), 305,

308."
tridactylus, yar. kotzebui

(Larus), 309.
trinitatis (CEstrelata), 399,

413.
tristis (PufTmus), 386.
tristrami (Oceanodroma),

347, 354.
tropica (Cymodroma),

367.
tropica (Oceanites), 365.
tropica (Procellaria), 365,

367.
tropica (Thalassidroma),

365.
trudeaiti (Gelochelidon),

130.
trudeauii (Phoetusa),

130.
trudeaui (Sterna), 43,

130.
trudeaui (Thalasseus),

130.
tschegraya (Sterna), 34.
Tubinares, 340.
turtur (Pachyptila), 435.
turtur (Prion), 435.
turtur (Procellaria), 435.

turtur (Pseudoprion).

435.
typica (Halobii'na), 431.
typus (Adamastor), 391.

ungax (Procellaria). 384.
unicolor (Anous), 139.
unicolor(Rbamistes),410.
uuii'olor (Sterna), 137.
urinatrix (Halodroma),

437, 438.
urinatrix (Pelecanoides),

437, 438.
urinatrix (Procellaria),

437.
urinatrix (PulEnuriaJ,

438.

yagabunda (Procellaria),

401.
yariegata (Procellaria),

412.
varius (Larus), 262.
yeg« (Larus), 172, 269,

270.
yelox (Cookilaria), 417.
velox (Gelochelidon), 28.
velox (Pelecanopus), 91.
yelox (Procellaria), 418,

431.
yelox (Rhantistes), 418.
velox (Sterna), 90, 97.
velox (Sylochelidon), 91.
velox (Tbalasseus), 91.
verreauxi (Clupeilarus),

247.
verreauxi (Dominicanus"),

247.
verreauxii (Larus), 247.
vetula (Dominicanus),

247.
vetula (Larus), 247.
Viralya, 5.

virgata (Sterna), 41, 50,

51,53.
yittata (Hydrocecropis),

51.
vittata (Pachyptila), 433.
yittata (Procellaria), 432.
yittata (Sterna), 41, 50,

51, 4.56.
yittatus (Prion), 432, 435.
vocif'erus (Dominicanus),

247.
vociferus (Larus), 247.
vulgaris (Oataractes), 316.

Wagel Gull, 243.
warnecki (Larus), 312.
Whiskered Tern, 12.
White Gull, 277.
White Tern, 149.
wilsoni (Hydrocecropis),

.57. ^
wilsoni (Oceanites), 359.
wilsoni (Procellaria), 358.
wilsoni (Sterna), 53, 57.
wilsoni (Thalassidroma).

359, 361.
Winter Gull, 307.
Winter Mew, 279.
Wreathed Tern, 51.

Xema, 161, 169.

yelkouan (Procellaria i,

379.
yelkouan (PuiBnus), 379.
yelkuanus (Puffinus), 369,

379.

Zalias, 369.
Zaprium, 431.
zealanicus (PufBnus),371.
zonorhynchus (Larus),
273, 274.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED T.ION COURT, FLEET STREET.

LIST OF PLATES.

Megalestris inaccormicki, p. 321 PI. I.

Oceanodroma monorhis, p, 356 PI. II.

Oceanodroma hornbyi, p. 35G PI. III.

Puffiuus persicus, p. 381 PI. IV.

Majaqueus parkinsoni, p. 3t)7 PL V.

(Estrelata cervicalis, p. 411 PI. VI.

CEstrelata axillaris, p. 418 PI. VII.

Diomedea irrorata, p. 445 PI. VIII.

f^

^f

f

^i^^'^^. ^''r- >

r

-I

d

Si.

^.A.

p

'■ ^

3

2l

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w

--^i''"^^

i

( -,.

5«? JAW 1898

LIST OF THE CURRENT

NATUML HISTORY PUBLICATIONS

OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

The following publications can be purchased through the Agency of
Messrs. Longmans & Co., 39, Paternoster Row ,- Mr. Quaritch,
15, Piccadilli/ ; Messrs. Keg an PAirL, Trench, Truhnhr &
Co., Paternoster House, Cliarhu/ Ctoss Bead; and Mes.trs.
DuLAU & Co., 37, Soho Square ; or at the Natural History
Mu.sEUBi, Cromwell Road, London, S. IF.

Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals, Birds,
Reptiles, and Fishes of Nopal and Tibet. Presented by B. H.'
Hodgson, Esq., to th(! British Museum. 2nd edition By
John Edward Gray. Pp. xii., 90. [With an account of the
Collection by Mr. Hodgson.] 1.SG3, 12mo. 2s. 3d.
Report on tlie Zoological Collections made in the Indo-Paoific
Ocean during the voyage of H. M.S. "Alert," 1881-2. Pp.
XXV., 684. 54 Plates. 1884, 8vo.

Summary of the Voyage - By Dr. R. W. Coppinger.

Mammalia - . - „ O. Tiiomas.

Aves - - - - „ R. B. Sharpe.

Reptdia, Batrachia, Pisces - „ A. Giinther.

Mollusca - - . ,, E. A. Smith.

Echinodermata - - „ P. J. Bell.

Crustacea - „ E. J. Miers.

Coleoptera - - . ,, C. O. Waterhouse.

Lepidoptera - - - „ A. G. Butler.

Alcyonaria and Spougiida - „ S. O. Ridley.

MAMMALS.

II. ]().«

List of the Specimens of ^Mammalia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. Pp. xxviii.,
216. [With Systematic List of the" Genera of Mamnudia]
Index of Donations, and Alphabetical Index.] 184.3, 12mo!
2*-. 6(7.

List df the Qsteological Specimens in the Collection of the
British Mu.seum. By .Tohn Edward Gray. Pp. xxv., I47.
[With Systematic Index and Appendix.] 1847, 12 mo. 2s.
o 89533. 3000.— 12/95. Wt. 16346. E. & S. A

2 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF. THE

Catalogue of the Bones of Mammalia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Edward Garrard. Pp. iv., 296. 1862,
8vo. 5«.

Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,
&c. Pp. viii., 137. 21 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 4s.

Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate Mam-
malia in the British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S.,
&c. Pp. vii., 398. 47 Woodcuts. 1869, 8vo. 6s. 6d.

Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum. By John
Edward Gray, F.E.S., &c. 2nd edition. Pp. vii., 402. 101
Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8s.

• Supplement. By John Edward Gray, F.E.S., &c. Pp. vi,,

103. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. Gd.

List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Department of
the British Museum. By William Henry Flower, LL.D.,
F.R.S, &c. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
Pp. iv., 36. 1885, 8vo.'ls. 6rf.

Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia {JPecora, Linnteus) in the
British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R-S., &c. Pp.
viii., 102. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. 3s. 6^.

Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Oldfield Thomas. Pp. xiii., 401.
4 coloured and 24 plain Plates. [With Systematic .and Alph:i-
betical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 1/. 8s.

BIRDS,

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum : —

Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds
in the Collection of the British Muauem. Cichlomorplue :
Part III., containing the first portion of the family Timeliidte
(Babbling Tiirushes). By R. Bowdler Sharpo. Pp. xiii.,
420. Woodcuts and IS coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1881, 8vo. \l.
Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morphce : Part IV., containing the concluding portion of
the family Timeliidie (Babbling Thrushes). By R.
Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 698. Woodcuts and 15
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 1/. 6s.
Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Cichlo-
morphcB : Part V., containing the families Paridae and
Laniidas (Titmice and Shrikes) ; and Certhiomorpha
(Creepers and Nuthatches). By Hans Gadow, M.A., Ph.D.
Pp. xiii., 386. Woodcuts and 9 coloured Plates. [With
•Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1883, Svo. 17s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATLTKAL HISTOKY). 3

Catalogue of the Biitls in the British Museum — continued.

Vol. IX. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds,
in the Collection of the British Museum. Cinnyriviorphce,
containing the families Nectariniidai and Meliphagida*
(Sun Birds and Honey-eut^rs). By Hans Gadow, M.A.,
Ph.D. Pp. xii., 310, Woodcuts and 7 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1884,
8vo. 14«.

Vol. X. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds,
in the Collection of the British Museum. Friugilliformes :
Part I., containing the families Dicieidse, Hirundinidie,
Ampelidffi, Mniotiltidai, and Motacillidae. By R. Bowdler
Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 682. Woodcuts and 12 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885,
8vo. II. 2s.

Vol. XI. Catalogue of the Passeriformei;, or Perciiing Birds,
in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes :
Part II., containing the families Cucrebidse, Tanagridfe,
and IcteridsB. By Pliilip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S.
Pp. xvii., 431. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates. 1886,
8vo. 1/.

Vol. XII. Catalogue of the Ptisseiriforme.s, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilli-
formes : Part III., containing the family Fringillidae. By
R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xv., 871. Woodcuts and 16
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 1/. 8«.

Vol. XIII. Catidogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Sturni-
formes, containing the families Artamidae, Sturnida;,
Ploceidag, and Alaudidte. Also the families Atrichiidie
and Menuridai. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 701.
Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo., 1/. 8a-.

Vol. XIV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Oligo-
inyodce, or the families Tyranuida?, Oxyrhamphidae,Piprid;e,
Cotingidifi, Phytotomidae, Philepittid*, Pittidae, Xenicidie,
and Eurylsemidai. By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A.,
F.R.S. Pp. xix., 494. Woodcuts and 26 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888,
8vo. 1/. 4*.

Vol. XV, Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Traclieo-
phoncE, or the families Dendrocolaptidas, Formicariidoi,
Conopophagida;, and Pteroptochidas. By Philip Lutley
Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii., 371, Woodcuts and 20
coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 1/.

A 2

4 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum — continued.

Vol. XVI. Catalogue of the Picarias in the Collection of the
British Museum. Upupce and Trochili, by Osbert Salvin.
Coraciee, of the families Cypselidas, Capiiraulgidse, Podar-
gidsB, and Steatornithidse, by Ernst Hartert. Pp. xvi.,
703. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1892, 8vo. 1/, 16*.

Vol. XVII. Catalogue of the Picaria; in the Collection of
the British Museum. CoracicB (contin.) and Haley ones,
with the families Leptosomatidfe, Coraciidae, Meropidae,
Alcedinidae, Momotidse, Totidse, and Coliida), by E.. Bowdler
Sharpe. Bucerotes and Trogones, by W. R. Ogilvie
Grant. Pp. xi., 522. Woodcuts and 17 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1892,
8vo. 1/. 10s.

Vol. XVIII. Catalogue of the Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores, containing the family
Picida;. By Edward Hargitt. Pp. xv., 597. Woodcuts
and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 1/. 6*.

Vol. XIX. Catalogue of thfe Picariae in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores and Coccyges: contain-
ing the families Bhamphastidfe, Galbulidffi, and Bucconidse,
by P. L. Sclater; and the families Indicatoridae, Capitonidte,
Cluculidse, and Musophagidie, by G. E. Shelley. Pp. xii.,
484 : 13 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 1/. 5s.

Vol. XX. Cataloj^ue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 658 : -woodcuts and 18 coloured' Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 1/. 10*.

Vol. XXI. Catalogue of the Columbse, or Pigeons, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 676 : 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 1/. 10s.

Vol. XXII. Catalogue of the Game Birds (Pterocletes,
Gallince, Opisthocomi, Hemipodii) in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. R. Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xvi.,
585 : 8 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 1/. 6s.

Vol. XXIII. Catalogue of the Fulicaria (Rallidse and
Heliornithidae) and Alectorides (Arjimidse, Eurypygidae,
Mesitidge, Rhinochetidfe, Gruida>, Psophiidae, and Otididae)
in the Collection of the British Museum. By R. Bowdler
Sharpe. Pp. xiii, 353 : 9 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1894. 8vo. 20s.
List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray : —

Part III., Section I. Ramphastidae. Pp. 16. [With
Index.] 1855, 12mo. 6d.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 5

List of Specimens of Birds in ihn British Mtiseum — continued.
Part III., Section II. Psittacidae. Pp.110. [With Index.]
1859, 12mo. 2s.

Part III., Sections III. and IV. CapitonidES and PicidjB.
Pp. 137. [With Index.] 1868, 12mo. Is. 6d.

PartlV. Columbse. Pp.73. [With Index.] 1856, 12mo.
Is. 9d.

Part V. Gallina). Pp. iv., 120. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1867, 12rao. 1*. 6d.

Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific
Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. By George
Robert Gray, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 72. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1859, 8vo. \s. 6d.

REPTILES.

Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbajniaus in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii., 80. [With an Alphabetical Index.]

1844, 12mo. 1*.

Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British
Museum. Bv John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. : —
Appendix.' Pp. 28. 1872, 4to. 2s. 6d.

Part II. Eniydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphis-
bsenians. Pp. vi., 41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to. 3*. 6c?.

Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British
Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv.,
124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1873, 8vo. 4*.

Catalogue of the Cheloniaus, Rhynchocephalinns, and Crocodiles
in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition. By
George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311. 73 Woodcuts and 6
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1889,
8vo. 15*.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Lizards in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. xxviii.,
289. [With Geogra[)hic, Sy.stematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.]

1845, 12mo. 3*. 6c?.

Catalogue of the Lizards in the Briti.sh ^Museum (Natural His-
tory), Second Edition. By George Albert Boulenger : —
Vol.1. Geckonidte, Eublepnarid^, Uroplatidce, Pygopodidse,
AgamidiP. Pp. xii., 436. 32 Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1 S&5, 8vo. 20.?.
Vol. II. Iguanid;e, Xenosaurida;, ZonuridsE, Anguidae,
Anniellidas, Helodermatidae, Varanidae, Xantusiida;, Teiidae,
Amphisbiienida?. Pp. xiii., 497. 24 Platr-s. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20.v.

6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum — continued.

Vol, III. Lacertidse, GerrhosauridaR, • Scincidse, Anelytro-

pidse, Dibamidffi, Chamseleontidaj. Pp. xii., 575. 40

Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical

Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. \l. Qs.

Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History),

By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. : —

Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopida;, Glauconiidas,

Boidae, Ilysiidaj, Uropeltidc^, Xenopeltidae, and Colubrida;

aglyiihai, part. Pp. xiii., 448: 26 Woodcuts and 28

Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]

1893, 8vo. ]/. 1*.

Vol. II., containing the conclusion of the Colubridae uglyphjE.

Pp. xi., 382: 25 Woodcuts and 20 Plates. [With

Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1894, 8vo. 17«. M.

Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British

Museum. By Dr. Albert Giiuther. Pp. xvi., 281. [With

Geogi-aphic, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1858,

12mo. 4*.

BATRACHIANS.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salienlia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 160. 12
Plates. [With Systematic, Geographic, and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1858, 8vo. 6.s.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia, s. Caudata, and Batrachia
Apoda in the Collection of the British Museum. Second
Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. viii., 127. 9
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.} 1882,
8vo. 95.

FISHES.

Catalogue of the Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum.
By Dr. Albert Guntl.er, F.R.S., &c. :—

Vol. VII. Physostomi (Heterophygii, Cyprinidas, Gono-
rhynchidse, Hyodontidffi, Osteoglo-ssidae, Clupeidse, Chiro-
centridaj, Alepocephalidre, Notopterida^, Halosauridae).
Pp. XX., 512. Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1868, 8vo. 8*.
Vol. VIII. Physostomi (Gymnotidae, Symbranchidse, Murse-
nidae, Pegasidae), Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi,
Ganoidei, Chondropterygii, Cyclostomata, Leptocardii.
Pp. XXV., 549. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 8.9. 6rf,

BHITISU MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 7

Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Second edition.
Vol. J. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the British
Museum. Vol. I. containing the Centrarchidae, Percidje, and
SerranidjE (part). By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. Pp.
xix., 394. Woodcuts and 15 plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo. 15*.

List of the Specimens of Fish in the ColU^ition of the British
Museum. Part J. Chondropterygii. By .1. E. Gray. Pp. x.,
160. 2 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes 1
1851, 12mo. 3*. ■-■

Catiilogue of Fish collected and de.scribed by Laurence Theodore
Grouow, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii., 11)6. [With a
Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3*. 6rf. '

Cataloguff of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. By J. J. Kaup, Ph.D., &c. Pp. iv., 80. 4 Plates
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.

MOLLUSC A.

Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the British
Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph D F R S
&c. Pp. xii., 230. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s. ' ' " ''

List of the Shells of the Canaries in the Collection of the British
Museum, collected by MM. Webb and Bertlielot. Described
and figured by Prof. Alcide D'Orbigny in the " Histoire
Natureile des lies Canaries." Pp. 32. 1854, 12mo, Is.

List of the Shells of Cuba in the Collection of the British Museum
collected by M. Kamon de la Sagra. Described by Prof Alcide
d'Orbigny in the " Histoire de Pile de Cuba." Pp. 48. 1854
12mo, Is. '

List of the Shells of South America in the Collection of the British
Museum. Collected and described by M. Alcide D'Orbigny in
the " Voyage dans rAmeriqne Mendionale." Pp. 89. "1854
l2iuo. 2.9. ' '

Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British
Museum, collected by Frederick Reigen. Described by Philip
P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi., 552. 1857, 12mo. 8s.

List of Mollusca and Shells in the Collection of the British
Museum, collected and described by MM. Eydoux and Souleyet
in the '• Voyage autour du Monde, execute pendant les annees
" 1836 et 1837, sur la Corvette 'La Bouite,'" and in the
« Histoire naturelle dos Molluscpies Pteropodes," Par MM
P. C. A. L. Ranget Sonleyet. Pp. iv., 27. l,So5. 12mo Hd.'

Catalogue of the Phaneropneuniona, or Terrestrial Operculaled
:Mollusca, in the Collection of the British Museum Bv Dr I
Pfeiffer. Pp. 324. [With an Alphabetical Index.]' 1852*
12mo. OS. -' ■.

8 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Nomenclature of Molluscous Animals and Shells in the Collection
of the British Museum. Part T. Cyclophorids. Pp. 69. [With
an Index.] 1850, l2mo. [s. 6d.

Catalogue of Pnlnionata, or Air Breathing Mollusca, in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
Pp. iv., 192. Woodcuts. 1855, 12rao. 2s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Auriculidje, Proserpiuidaj, and Truucatellidte in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer.
Pp. iv., 150. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. 1*. 9f/.

List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum. By
John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &c.

Part I. Volutid*. Pp. 23. 1855, 12mo. 6d.
PartlL Olivida;. Pp.41. 1865, 12mo. Is.

Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the Collection
of the British Museum. By M. Deshayes : —

Part I. Veneridas, Cyprinidae, Glauconomidse, and Petri-

colada}. Pp. iv., 216. 1853, )2mo. S*.
Part II. Petrictiladas (concluded) ; Corbiculadse. Pp.
217-292. [With an Aljihabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. 6d.

BRACHIOPODA.

Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the
Collection of the Biitish Museum. [Issued as " Catalogue of
the Mollusca, Part TV."] Pp. iv., 128. 25 Woodcuts. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3*.

POLYZOA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part III. Cyclostomata. By George Busk, F.RS.
Pp. viii., .39. 38 Plates. [With a Systematic Index.] 1875,
8vo. 5s.

CRUSTACEA.

Catalogue of Crustacea in the Collection of tlie British Museum.

Part^'l. Leucosiada;. By Thomas Bell, V.P.R.S., Pres. L.S.,

&c. Pp. iv., 24. 1855, 8vo. 6d.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in the

Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate, F.R.S.,

.^';c. Pd, iv., 399. 58 Plates. [With aii Alphabetical Index.]

1862, Svo. ]/. 5*.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). y

ARAGHNTDA.

Descriptive Catalogue of the Spiders of Burma, based upon the
Co'loction made by Eugene W. Oat(!S and preserv-ed in the
British Museum. By T. Tliorell. Pp. xxxvi., 4()6. [With
Systematic List .iiul Alphiibctical Index.] 1895, 8vo. 10«. 6(/.

MYRIOPODA.

Catalogue of the Myriapoda iu' the Collection of the British
Musum. By George Newport, F.R.S., P.E.S., &c. Part I
Chilopoda. Pp. W., 96. [Witli an Alphabetical Index 1
18.56, 12mo. 1*. 9</. -'

INSECTS.

Coleopterous Insects.

Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum : —

Part IV. Clerid-e. By Adam White. Pp. 68 fWith

Index.] 1849, l2mo. 1*. Sd.
Part V. Cucujida?, &e. By Frederick Smith. [Also issued
as "List of the Coleopterous Insects. Part]"] Pd '>5
1851, 12mo. 6rf. J .— •

Part VI. Passalidffi. By Frederick Smith. Pp iv 93
1 Plate [With Index.] 1852, 12mo. 8d. '' " '

Part VII. Longicornia, I. Bv Adam Wliile. Pp iv 174
4 Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. 6d. 1 » •

Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp 237
6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 35. 6d.

Part IX. Cassidida;. By Charles H. Boheman, Professor of
Natural History, Stockholm. Pp. 225. [With Index 1
1856, 12mo. i}s. "-'

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera in the Collection
of tiie British Museum Part I. Lycida?. By Charles Owen
Waterhouse. Pp. x., 83. 18 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 16«.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the Collection
of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M. A., F.L S
Pp. xvi., 234 : 1 Plate. [With a Topographical Catalogue and
an Alphabetical Index.] 1857, 8vo. 3*.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By T. Vernon Wollaston, M.A.
F.L.S. Pp. xiii., 648. [With 'topographical and Alphabetical
Indexes,] 1864, 8vo. 10*. 6d.

Catalogue of HaUicida- in the Collection of the British Museum
By the Rev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S. Physapodes and
CEdipudcs. Part I. Pp. xii., 301. Frontispiece and 9 Plates
1860, 8vo. 7*.

10 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Cutalo^uo of Hispida; in the Collection of the British Mu&fum.
By Joseph S. Baly, M.E.S., &c. Part I. Pp. x., 172. 9
Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 8vo. 6*.

Hymenopterous Insects.

List of the Specimens of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. F.L.S.: —

Part II. Chalcidites. Additional Species, Appendix.
Pp.iv., 99-237. 1848, l2mo. 2s.
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo. : —

Part I. Andrenida? and Apida>. Pp. 197. 6 Plates. 1853,

2s. 6d.
Part II. Apida3. Pp. 199-465. 6 Plates. [With an

Alphabetical Index.] 1854, 6s.
Part III. Mutillidaj and Pompilidii^. Pp. 206. 6 Plates.

1855, 6s.
Part IV. S[)hegida3, Larridee, and Crabronidaj. Pp. 207-
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856,

6.9.

Part V. Vespidii>. Pp. 147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1857, 6s.
Part VI. Formicida-,. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an

Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 6s.

Part VII. D(>rylida3 and Thynnida>,. Pp. 76. 3 Plates.

[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 2s.

Descriptions of New Species of Hymeuo]itera in the Collection

of the British Museum. By Frederick Smith. Pp. xxi., 240.

[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1879, 8vo. 10s.

List of Ilyinenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the Typical
Specimens in the British Museum. Vol. I., Tenthredinid^ and
Siricida3. By W. F. Kirby, Pp. xxviii., 450. 16 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882,
8vo. 1/. 18s.

Dipterous Insects.

List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. 12mo. : —
Part IV. Pp. 689-1172. [With an Index to the four parts,

and an Index of Donors.] 1849. 6s,
Part VII. Supplement III. Asilidaj. Pp. ii.. 507-775.
1855. 3.V. Gd.

Lepidopterous Insects.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Hcteroccra in
the Collection of the British Museum : —

Part III. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xviii., 82.
41-60 Coloured Phiies. [With a Systenjatic Index.]
1879,4to. 2/. 10s.

BRITISH MUSEUAl (xVATUKAL HISTUKV). 11

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera
— continued.
Part V. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xii., 74.
78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1881, 4to. 2/. 10*.

Part VI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89.
101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1886, 4to. 21. As.

Part VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124.
121-1.38 Coloured Plates, [With a Systematic List.]
1889, 4to. 21.

Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri
District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iv., 144.
139-156 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1891, 4to. 21.

Part IX. The Macrolepidoptera Heterocera of Ceylon. By

George Francis Hampson. Pp. v., 182. 157-176.

Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of

Species collected in, or recorded from, Cevlon.j 1893,

4to. 21. 2s.

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the family Satyridse in the

C'oUection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,

F.L.S., &c. Pp. vi., 211. .5 Plates. [With an Alphabetical

Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5«. Qd.

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner Butler,
F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 303. 3 Plates. " 1869, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

Specimen of a Catalogue of Lycenid.np in the British Museum. By
W. C. Hewitson. Pp. 15. 8 Coloured Plates. 1862, 4to. II. Is.

List of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the Briti.sh
Museum. Part I. Papilionidfe. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
Pp. 106. [With an Alphabetical IndexJ 1856, 12mo. 2s.

List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection
of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mo. : —

Part VI. Lepidoptera Heterocera. Pp. 1258-1507. 1855,
3*. 6c?.

Part X. Noctuidc-e. Pp. 253-191. 1856, 3*. 6d.

Part XII. Pp. 765-982. 1857, 3s. 6d.

Part XIIL Pp. 983-1236. 1857, 3*. 6d.

Part XIV. Pp. 1237-1519. 1858, 4s. 6d.

Part XV. Pp. 1520-1888. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts IX.-XV.] 1858, 4*. 6c?.

Part XVI. Deltoides. Pp. 253. 1858, 3*. Gd.

Part XIX. Pyralides. Pp. 799-1036. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XVI.-XIX.] 1859, 3.v. 6d.

Part XXI. Geometrites. I 'p. 277-498. 1860, 3s.

Part XXII. Pp. 499-755. 1861, 3s. 6d.

PartXXTII. Pp. 756-1020. 1861, 3.v. 6d.

12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

List of Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects — continued.

Part XXIV. Pp. 1021-1280. 1862, 35. Qd.

Part XXV. Pp. 1281-1477. 1862,3*.

Part XXVI. Pp. 1478-1796. [With an

Alphabetical Index to Parts XX.-XXVI.] 1862, 4*. 6c?.

Part XX VII. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286.
1863, 4.?.

Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287-561.
1863. 4*.

Part XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864, 4*.

Part XXX. Pp. 836-1096. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Psirts XXVII.-XXX.] 1864, As.

Part XXXI. Supplement. Pp. 1-321. 1864, 5s.

Part XXXII. Part 2. Pp. 322-706. 1865,

5s.

Part XXXIII. Part 3. Pp. 707-1120. 1865,

6*.

Part XXXIV. Part 4. Pp. 1121-1533. 1865,

5*. 6rf.

Part XXXV. Part 5. Pp. 1534-2040. [With

an Alphabetical Index to Parts XXXI.-XXXV.] 1866,
7*.

Neuropterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By Francis Walker. 12mo. : —
Part I. Phrygauides— Perlides. Pp. iv., 192. 1852, 2s. 6d.
Part II. Sialidae— Nemopterides. Pp. ii., 193-476. 1853,

3*. 6d.
Part III. Termitidae— Ephemeridse. Pp. ii., 477-585. 1853,
Is. 6d.
Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the Col-
lection of the British Museum. By Dr. H. Hagen. Part I.
Termitina. Pp. 34. 1858, 12mo. 6d.

Orthopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Phasmidae. By John Obadiah Westwoofl,
F.L.S., &c. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1859, 4to. 3/.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattaria; in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 239.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5*. Qd.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria [Part I.]
and Supplement to the Blattarise in the Collection of the British
Museum. Gryllidae. Blattariai. Locustida;. By Francis
Walker, F.L.S., &c. Pp. 224. [With an Alphabeticallndex.]
1869, 8vo, 5.V.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 13

Catalogue of the Specimens of Derraiiptera Saltiitoria ia the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.L.S., Ac-
Part II. Locustidai (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With aa

Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d.
Part III. Locustidse (continued). — Acrididffi. Pp. 42.5-604.

[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 4*.
Part IV. Acridida? (continued). Pp. 60o-8()9. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.

Part V. Tettigidse. — Supplement to the Catalogue of Blat-
taria;. — Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Saltaton'a (with remarks on the Geoirraphical Distribution
of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-8.50; 4.3 f 1 16. [With Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 6*.

Hemipterous Insects,

List of the Specimens of Hemipterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. S. Dall;is, F.L.S. Part II. Pp.
369-590. Plates 12-15. 1852, 12mo. 4s.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S. ,
&C. 8vo. :—

Part I. Scutata. Pp. 240. 1867. 5*.
Part II. Scutata (continued). Pp. 241-417. 1867. 4*.
Part III. Pp. 418-599. [With an Alphabetical Index to
Parts I., IL, III., and a Summary of Geographical
Distribution of the Species mentioned.] 1868. 4.v. Of/.
Part IV. Pp.211. [Alphabetical Index.] 1871. 6s.

Part V. Pp. 202. 1872. bs.

Part VI. Pp. 210. 1873. os.

Part VII. Pp. 213. 1873. 6*.

Part VIII. Pp. 220. ■ 1873. 6*. 6(7.

Tlomopterous Insects.

List of the Specimens of Homopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Mu.seum. B}' Francis Walker. Su[)plement. Pp.
ii., 369. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858, J2mo. 4*. 6^/.

VERMES.

Catalogue of the Species of Eniozoa, or Intestinal Worms, con-
tained in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Baird,
Pp. IV., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of the Animals in
which the Entozoa mentioned in the Catalogue are found ; and
an Index of Genera and Species.] 1853, 12mo. 2s.

ANTHOZOA.

Catalogue of Serf-pens or PennatnlariidiP in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.Ii.S., &c. Pp. iv., 40.
2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 1*. 6</.

14! LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv., 51.
14 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3*.

Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British Museum
(Natural History). Vol. I. The Genus Madrepora. By
George Brook. Pp. xi., 212. 35 Collotype Plates. [With
Systematic aud Alphabetical Indexes, Explanation of Plates,
and a Preface by Dr. Giinther.] 1893, 4to. 1/. 4s.

BRITISH ANIMALS.

Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. Pp.
xii., 248. [AYith a List of Species.] 1863, 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the British
Museum. Second edition. Part I. Audrenidaj and Apidaj.
By Frederick Smith, M.E.S. New Issue, Pp. xi., 236. 11
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
8vo. 6*.

Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicidte, and
Vespidse in the Collection of the British Museum. By Frederick
Smith, V.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1858, 12mo. (is.

A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the Collec-
tion of the British Museum. By George Johnston, M.D., Edin.,
P.R.C.L. Ed., Ll.D. Marischal Coll. Aberdeen, &c. Pp. 365.
Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.]
1865, 8vo. 7s.

Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in tlie British Museum
(Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii., 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 coloured). [AV^ith Table of Con-
tents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index, Description
of the Plates, &c.j 1892, 8vo. 12s. 6d.

List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection of the
British Museum; with Syuonynui and References to figures.
12mo. :—

Pait I. Centroniae or Radiated Animals. By Dr. J. E.
Gi-ay. Pp. xiii., 173. 1848, 4.y.

Part IV. Crustacea. By A. White. Pp. iv., 141. (With
an Index.) 1850, 2s. 6cL

Part V. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 2nd Edition.

By H. T. Stainton and E. Shepherd. Pp. iv., 224. 1856,

Is. 9d.
Part VI. Hymenoptera. By F. Smith, fp. 134. 1851,

2s.
Part VIl. MoUusca, Acephala, and Brachiopoda. By Dr.

J. E. Gray. Pp. iv., 107. 1851, 3s. 6(J.

BUITISll MUSEUM (NATUUAL lllSTOllY). 16

List of the Specimens of British Animals — continued.

Part VIII. Fish. By Adam White. Pp. xxiii., 164.
(With Index and List of Donors.) 1851, 3.s. 6d.

Part IX. Eggs of British Birds. By George Robert Gray.
Pp. 143. 1852, 2s. Gd.

Part XI. Anoplura or Parasitic Insects. By H. Dennv.

Pp. iv., 51. 1852, \s.

Part XII. Lepidoptera (continued.) By James F. Stephens.
Pp. iv., 54. 1852, 9rf.

Part XIII. Xomeuc'lature of Hymenoptera. By Frederick
Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853, 1*. 4^7.

Part XIV. Nomenclature of Xeuroptera. By Adam White.
Pp. iv., 16. 1853, 6d.

Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, I. Bv Adam White.
Pp. iv., 42. 1853, h.

Part XVI. Lepidoptera (completed). By H. T. Stjiiuton.

Pp. 199. [With an Index.] 1854, 3*.
Part XVII. Xomenclature of Anoplura, Euplexoptera, and

Orthoptera. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 17. 1855, iid.

PLANTS.
A Monograph of Lichens found in Britain : being a Descriptive
Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the British
Museum. By the Eev. James M. Crombie, M.A., F.L.S.,
F.G.S., &c. Part I. Pp. viii., 519: 74 Woodcuts. [With
Glossary, Synopsis, Tabular Conspectus, and Index.] 1894, 8vo.
16*.

A Monograph of the Mycetozoa ; being a Descriptive Catalogue
of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum. By
Arthur Lister, F.L.S. Pp. 224. 78 Plates and 51 Woodcuts,
[With Synopsis of Genera and List of Species, and Index.]
1894, 8vo. 15*.

List of Briti.sh Diatomaceajiu the Collection of the British Museum.
By the Rev. W. Smith, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., do. 1859, 12mo. \s.

FOSSILS.

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum (Nattmil
History). By Richard Lydokkcr, B.A., F.G.S. :—

l^art I. Containing the Orders Primates, Cliiroptera, Insec-
tivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx., 268. 33
Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1885, 8vo. 5s.

Part II. Containing the Order L^ngulata, Suborder Artio-
dactyla. Pp. xxii., 324. 39 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 6*.

Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders Peris-
sodaetyla, Toxodoutia, Coudylarthra, and Amblyp.j<la. Pp.

16 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia — continued.

xvi., 186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1886, Svo. 4s.
Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Probos-
cidea. Pp. xxiv., 235. 32 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, Svo. 6s.
Part V. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders Si-
renia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata, and
Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 345. 55 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Specie.-J, including Synonyms.] 1887, 8vo. 6s.
Catalogue of the Fossil P.irds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368. 75
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1891, Svo. 10s. 6rf.
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Mu.seura (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,
F.G.S.: —

Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Croeodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria.
Fp. xxviii.,309. 69 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
vSynonyms.] 1888, 8vo. 7*. 6rf.
Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and Sau-
ropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodcuts. [With Syste-
matic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7*. 6rf.
Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii., 239.
53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1889,
Svo. Is. 6d.
Part IV. Containing the Orders Auomodontia, Ecaudata,
Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia ; and Supplement. Pp.
xxiii., 295. 66 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species
to the entire work.] 1890, Svo. 7*. Gd.
Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natui-al
History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, F.G.S., F.Z.S. :—
Part I. Containing the Elasmobrauchii. Pp. xlvii., 474. 13
Woodcuts and 17 Plates, [^^'ith Alphabetical Index, and
Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1889, Svo. 2ls.
Part II. Containing the Elasmobrauchii (Acanthodii), Holo-
cephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi, anil Teleo-
stomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean Actinopterygii).
Pp. xliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and J 6 Plates. [With
Alphabetical Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and
Species.] 1891, Svo. 21*.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISfORY;. 17

PLAXTS.
A Monograph of Lichens found in Britain : beicg a Descriptive
Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the British
Museum. By the Rev. James M. Crombie, ISI.A., F.L.S.,
F.G.S., &c. Part I. Pp. viii., 519: 74 Woodcuts. [\Yith
Glossary, Synopsis, Tabular Conspectus, and Index.] 1894, 8vo.
16a.

A Monograph of the Mycetozoa ; being a Descriptise Catalogue
of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum. By
Arthur Lister, F.L.S. Pp. 224. 78 Plates and 51 Woodcuts.
[With Synopsis of Genera and List of Species, and Index.]
1894, 8vo. los.

List of British Diatomaceffiiu the Collection of the British Museum.
By the Eev, W, Smith, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 65. 1859, 12mo. Is.

FOSSILS.

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia iu the British Museum (Xatural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.G.S. :—

Part I. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptera, Insec-
tivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx., 268. 33
AVoodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1885, 8vo. 5*.
Part 11. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Artio-
dactyla. Pp. xxii., 324. 39 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
aud Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. Gs.
Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders Peris-
sodactyla, Toxodoutia, Condylarthra, and Amblypuda. Pp.
xvi., 186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 4*.
Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder Probos-
cidea. Pp. xxiv., 235. 32 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, Bvo. 5s.
Part V. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders Si-
renia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremata, aud
Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 345. 55 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1«87, 8?o. 6s.
Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368. 75
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1891, 8vo. lOs. Gd,
Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museum (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A.,
F.G.S.: —

Part I. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Proterosauria.
Pp. xxviii., 309. 69 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
o 84158 B

18 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia — continued.

and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1888, Svo. 7^. 6d.
Part II. Containing the Orders Ichfhyopterygia and Sau-
ropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodcuts. [With Syste-
matic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and
Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, Svo. 7^'. 6d.
Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii., 239.
53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1889,
Svo. 7*. 6d.
Fart IV. Containing the Orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata,
Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia ; and Supplement. Pp.
xxiii., 295. 66 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index,
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species
to the entire work.] 1890, Svo. 7-i. 6d.
Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, F.G.S., F.Z.S. :— ■
Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii., 474. 13
Woodcuts and 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and
Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1889, Svo. 21.?.
Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii), Holo-
cephali, Ichthyodorulites, O.stracodermi, Dipnoi, and Teleo-
stomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean Actinopterygii).
Pp. xliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and 16 Plates. [With
Alphabetical Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and
Species.] 1891, Svo. 21*.
Systematic List of the Edwards Collection of British Oligocene and
Eocene Mullusca in the British Museum (Natural History),
with references to the type-specimens from similar horizons
contained in other collections belonging to the Geological
Department of the Museum. By Richard BuUen Newton,
F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 365. [With table of Families and Genera,
Bibliography, Correlation-table, Appendix, and Alphabetical
Index.] 1891, Svo. 6*.
Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. :—

Part I. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con-
sisting of the families Orthoceratidae, Endoceratidse, Actino-
ceratidiE, Goinphoceratidas, Ascoceratidae, Poterioceratidae,
Cyrtoceratidae, and Supplement. Pp. xxxi., 344. 51
Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.]
1888, Svo. 10*. Gd.
Part II. Containing the remainder of the Suborder Nauti-
loidea, consisting of the families Lituitidae, Trochoceratidae,
Nautilidaj, and Supplement. Pp. xxviii., 407. 86 Wood-
cuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index
of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1891, Svo. 15.?.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 19

A Catalogue of Briti.sli Fossil Crustacea, witli tlioir Synouyins and
the Kange in Time of each Genus and Order. By Henry
Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii., 155. [With an Alpliabeticai
Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of the
Brirish Museum (Natural History), with an account of the
mor|)hology and systematic position of the group, and a re\ision
of the genera and species. ]}y Kobert Etheridge, jun., of the
Department of Geology, British Museum (Natural History),
and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc,, F.R.S., F.L.S. (of Eton
College). [With Preface by Dr. H. Woodward, Table of
Contents, General Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.] Pp.
XV., 322. 20 Plates. 188G, 4 to. 25s.

(Catalogue of the Fossil Sponges in the Geological Department of
the British Museum (Natural History). With descriptions of
new and little known species. By George Jennings Hinde,
Ph.D., F.G.S. Pp. viii., 248. 38 Plates. [With a Tabular
List of Species, arranged in Zoological and Stratigraphical
sequence, and an Alphabetical Index.] 1883, 4to. 1/. 105.

Catalogue of the Fossil Foraminifera in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Professor T. Rupert Jones, F.R.S. ,
&c. Pp. xxiv., 100. [With Geographical and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1882, Svo. 5.?.

Catalogue of the Palosozoic Plants in the Department of Geology
and Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural History). By
Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. viii., 288. [With a list of works
quoted, and an Index.] 1886, 8vo. 55.

Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of Geology,
British Museum (Natural History). The Wealden Flora.
Part I. Thallophyta-Pteridophyta. By A. C. Seward, M.A.,
F.G.S., Xlnivcrsity Lecturer in Botany, Cambridge. Pp. xxxviii.
179: 17 Woodcuts and 11 Plates. [With Preface by
Dr. Woodward, Alphabetical Index of Genera, Species, &c.,
Explanations of the Plates, &c.] 1894, Svo. 10s.

GUIDE-BOOKS.

{To be obtained only at the 3tuseum.)

A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [By W, H. Flower.] With 2
Plans, 2 views of the building, and an illustrated cover. Pp. 78.
1893, 8to. 2d.

Guide to the Galleries of jNIammalia (Man\malian-Osteological,
Cetacean) in the Department of Zoology of the British Museum
(Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 5th Edition. Pp.126.
57 Woodcuts and 2 Plans. Index. 1894, Svo. 6d.

Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Department of
Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History). [By A.
Giinther.] 3rd Edition. Pp. iv., 119. 101 Woodcuts and 1
Plan. Index. 1893, Svo. 6c?.

20 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS.

Guifle to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (MoUusca, Echinoder-
mata, Vermes), in the Department of Zoology of the British
Museum (Natural History). [By A. Giinther.] 2nd Edition.
Pp. iv., 7i. 51 Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1888, 8vo. id.

A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the Department of Geology

and Palreontology in the British Museum (Xatural History),

Cromwell Road, London, S.W. [New Edition. By Henry

Woodward.] — ^

Part I. Fossil Mammals and Birds. Pp. xii., 103. 119

Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1890, 8vo. Gd.
Part II. Fossil Reptiles, FLshes, and Invertebrates. Pp.
xii,, 109. 9i Woodcuts and 1 Plan. 1890,-8vo. M.

Guide to the Collection of Fossil Fishes in the Department of
Geology and Palaeontology, British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, South Kensington. [By Henry Woodward.]
2nd Edition. Pp. 51. 81 Woodcuts. Index. 1888, 8vo. 4rf.

Guide to Sowerby's Models of British Fungi in the Department of
Botany, Britisli Museum (Natural History). By AVorthingtou
G. Smith, F.L.S. Pp. 82. 93 Woodcuts. With Table of
Diagnostic Characters and Index. 1893, 8vo. -id.

A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural
History). [By L. Fletcher.] Pp.32. Plan. 1894, 8vo. Irf.

An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to the
Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural History),
Cromwell Road, S.W. [By L. Fletcher.] Pp. 120. With
numerous Diagrams, a Plan of the Mineral Gallery, and an
Index. 1894, 8vo. 6d.

The Student's Index to the Collection of Minerals, British Museum
(Natural History), New Edition. Pp. 32. With a Plan of
the Mineral Gallery. 1893, 8vo. 2f7.

An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of the
Meteorites represented in the Collection. [By L. Fletcher.]
Pp. 94. [VVitha Plan of tlie Mineral Gallery, and an Index to
the Meteorites represented in the Collection.] 1894, 8vo. 6d.

W. H. FLOWER,

Director.

British Museum

(Natural History),
Cromwell Road,
London, S.W,

Deceiuber 1st, 1894.