CKyxy^C*>^ ficK^^ ^C?IJ^*^
CATALOGUE
This Volume (XXVII.) being ready first, is issued in
advance of Vols. XXIV., XXV., and XXVI., which
will be published in the course of next year.
December iiO, 18D5.
W. H. FLOWER,
Director,
VOLUME XXVII.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1895.
«l>w^ y V'^
^^-n
CATALOGUE
BIRDS
BHITISH MUSEUM
VOLUME XXVII.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY ORDER OP THE TRUSTEES.
1895,
CATALOGUE
OF THE
CHENOMORPH^
(PALAMEDE^, PHCEXICOPTERI, ANSERES),
CRYPTURI,
AND
RATITJ^
IN THE
COLLECTION
OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.
BY
T. SALVADORI.
LONDON :
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
SOLD BY
LONGMANS & Co., 39 PATERNOSTER ROW;
B. Ql'ARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY; DULAU & Co.. :J7 SOUO SQUARE, W.:
KEGA>' PAUL & Co., PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD;
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, S.W.
1895.
PEIKTED BY TATLOE AND FRANCIS.
RKD LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
PREFACE.
The numbers of the species of Birds treated of in this Volume, and
of the specimens at present in the Collection, are as follows :—
Species. Types. Specimens.
Chenomorphaj 205 31 5044
Crypturi 65 29 363
Eatitaj 26 7 134
In none of the preceding volumes has the number of desiderata
been so small as in the present ; only eight species of the Anseres,
seven of the Tinamous, and four of the Ratitce being entirely
unrepresented by specimens in the Museum. Beside the 67 types
of recognized species, the Collection contains 25 other typical
specimens which are now regarded as referable to species pre-
viously named and described.
The unrivalled collection of Tinamous formed by Messrs. Godman
and Salvin, and supplemented by the loan of numerous specimens
from Continental Museums, has enabled the author to discriminate
considerably more species than his predecessors were inclined to
admit.
The Hon. Walter Rothschild, whose collection of Apterj/.r far
surpasses that in the British Museum, has given most valuable
assistance in the preparation of this Catalogue by lending these as
well as other specimens to the author.
The present volume concludes the series of the ' Catalogue of
Birds.' Thanks to the energy with which Count Salvadori has
applied himself to the work, its publication precedes that of
Volumes 24, 25, and 26. However, it will be followed imme-
diately by Volume 25, which contains the Gulls and Petrels, while
it is a matter of regret that no such prospect can be held out as
regards the other two volumes. In a final volume it is intended
to give a supplementary list of the species described since the
publication of the several volumes, and an Index to the whole
work.
ALBERT GtJNTHER,
Keeper of the Department of Zoolo(jy.
British Museum (N. H.),
September 6, 1890.
INTRODUCTION.
The present volume contains the account of the Chenomorpha->
(Palamedeaj, Phceuicopteri, and Anscres), Crypturi, and Eatitje.
As to the Chenomorj^hce, the Palamedece and the Phcenicopteri
contain only a few species, the great bulk consisting of the
Anseres. The literature relating to these is very scattered, and
few works are specially devoted to them. The first attempt at a
complete account was Eyton's ' Monograph of the Anatidsp, or Duck
Tribe,' published in 1838,
Between 1845 and ISoO I)r. Reichenbaeh, in the ' Synopsis
Avium,' gave rather indifferent figures, mostly copies, of the ' Nata-
tores ' known in his time.
Prince Bonaparte, in 1856, published the " Conspectus Anserum
Systematicus " (Compt, Rend, xliii. pp. 648-ri52), with a nominal
list of 172 species known to him.
Schlegel, in 1866, published in the ' Museum des Pays-Bas ' an
account of the 'Anseres' contained in the Leyden Museum (pp. 122);
they numbered 1199 specimens, belonging to 140 species.
In 1869 Eyton published for private circulation a ' Synopsis of
the Anatida?,' by which our knowledge -was not advanced.
G. E. Gray, in 1871, in the 'Hand-list,' gave a nominal list of
all the species then known, about 183, of which some cannot be
maintained.
Although not of a general character, the "Revision of the
Neotropical Anatidae " (P.Z. S. 1876, pp. 358-412), published by
Sclater and Salviit, may be considered the best essay hitherto
written on tliis suborder. A very important contribution also is
Sclater's " List of tho certainly known Species of Anatidfe "
(P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 496-536) ; the species included in this paper
amount to 176.
Tho number of species recognized in the present Catalogue is 196,
Vni INTRODUCTION.
besides a few of a more doubtful character ; three are now described
for the first time.
In the Classification of the Anseres, I have closely followed
that proposed by Sclater and Salvin in 1876 (1. c), and by Sclater
in 1880, the only new feature in my arrangement being the institu-
tion of a new subfamily, Chenonettince, the members of which have
the external appearance of Geese, but the males have a larynx
furnished with a bulla ossea, as in Anatince.
Not much has hitherto been done in the systematic and descrip-
tive treatment of the order Crypturi.
Wagier published in 1827, with excellent latin descriptions.
Monographs of the genera Crypturus, Notlmra, and Ehynchotus,
containing all the species then known.
Gray, in 18G7, in the ' List of the Gallinae in the British Museum,'
gave an account, with descriptions of many new species, of the
whole group, numbering about 55 species. A nominal list of the
same appears in the ' Hand-list' (1871).
PinaUy Schlegel, in the ' Museum des Paj^s-Bas,' published in 1880
a Monograph of the ' Tinami,' pp. 1-57 ; the species mentioned by
him number 33, represented by 134 specimens.
The species recognized in the present volume amount to 65, of
which 14 are described as new.
In working out the Tinamous I have received much assistance
from Messrs. Salvin and Sclater ; the latter has put at my disposal
notes which he had prepared some time ago with the intention of
bringing out, in conjunction with Mr. Salvin, a Monograph of the
group.
The taxonomic characters of the Eatito' have been much less
studied than their morphology.
Prince Bonaparte, in the ' Comptes Rendua ' (xliii. p. 841, 1856),
gave a nominal ' Conspectus ' of the Struthious birds, with some
scattered notes ; but to Mr. Sclater we owe the first complete account
of them. In 1860 he read before the Zoological Society a paper
"On the Struthious Birds living in the Society's Menagerie," which
was published in 1862, in the 'Transactions of the Zoological
Society of London,' vol. iv. pp. 353-364, pis. Ixvii.a-lxxvi.
Schlegel, in 1873, puWished in the ' Museum des Pavs-Bas " a
INTRODtTCTION. IX
Monograph of the ' Aves Struthiones,' represented in that museum
by 37 specimens, belonging to 14 species. In 1877 J. de Rosenthal
and J. E. Harting published a volume on ' Ostriches and Ostrich
Farming,' which contains a useful resume of our knowledge of
Struthious Birds.
In working out these three groups of birds I have found that of
the Anseres most laborious, on account of the exceedingly great
number of references and of the many phases of plumage through
which these birds pass, aud which are not always easy to understand.
The study of the Tinamous is very difficult, especially as the limits
of variation seem wide and the species often ill-defined ; a very
extensive series of specimens is necessary in order to arrive at any
definite conclusion. Fortunately I have been helped by many
friends, either with suggestions or with the loan of rare and typical
specimens ; and I desire to express my thanks particularly to
Mr. Salvin, Mr. Sclater, Mr. Seebohm, the Hon. W. llothschild,
Mr. Hartert, Prof. A. Xewton. Dr. Oustalet, Dr. Dubois,
Dr. Reichenow, Graf von Berlepsch, Cauon Tristram, Dr. Forbes,
Mr. Ridgway, Mr. Allen, Dr. Hartlaub, Prof. Barboza du Socage,
Dr. Schauinsland, Dr. Stolzmann, and Prof. P. Godot.
T. SALVADORI.
Turin, Zoological Musetiin,
August, 1S95.
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Order XIX.
C II E N 0 M O K P ri .E.
Suborder I. TALAMEDE^.
Film. P A L A M E D E I D .T;.
Page
1. Palaraedea, Liini 2
1. cornuta, Linn 8
2. Chaiina, lUiy 4
1. chavaria [Linn.) 4
2. cristata {Sw.) 6
Suborder II. PIICENICOPTERL
Fum. Phcenicoptekid^.
1. PhoenicopteriLS, i/?i« 9
1. ruber, Linn 9
2. roseus, Pall 12
3. chilensis, Mol 16
2. Pbceniconaias, G. R. Gr. . 18
1. minor (Geofr.) ...... 18
3. Phoenicoparrus, Bp 21
1. audinus {I'hilijypi) .... 21
2.jamesi (7i'a/(?ne;-) .... 22
Suborder III. ANSERES.
Fam. .\ N A T I D 2E.
Subfam. I. Cygnixje.
1. Cygnus, Bechst 2.5
davidi, Swinh 25
1. musicus, Bechst 26
2. bewicki, Yarr 29
3. columbianus (Ord) . . 32
4. buccinator, liich 33
5. olor {Gni.) 'A-'i
6. melancoryphus {Mol.) . 39
Paee
2. Chenopis, War/l 41
1. atrata (Z«//(.) 41
3. Coscoroba, BcJinh 42
1. Candida ( Vieill.) 42
Subfam. II. Anseeanatinje.
4. Anseranas, Less 44
1. semipalmata {Lath.) . . 44
Subfam. III. Plecthopterin.e.
■'). Plectropteru8, Leach .... 46
1. riippelli, Sclat 47
2. gambensis {Limi.) .... 48
3. niger, Sclat 50
4. scioanus, Scdvad 51
0. Cairina, Flem 51
1. moscbata (Linn.) .... 51
7. Sarcidioruis, Eyt 54
1. melanonota (Penn.) . . 54
2. carunculiita {Illig.) . . 59
8. Asarcorni.s, Salvad 59
1. scutulata (S. Miill.) . . 60
9. Rbodonessa, Rchnb 61
1. caryophyllacea {Lath.). 61
10. Pteronetta, S(dvad '. 63
1. hartlaubi {Cass.) 63
11. Xettopus, Brandt 64
1. auritus (Bodd.) 65
2. pulcbellus, Gould .... 67
3. coromandelianus {Gin.) 68
4. albipennis, Goidd .... 72
12. ^x, Boie 72
1. spon?a (Linn.) 73
2. galericiilafa (Unn.) . . 76
Subfam. IV. Cereopsix^.
13. Cereopsis, Lath 79
1. Dovffi hoUandia?, Lath. . 79
Cnemioruis, Owen 81
1. calcitransj, Owen .... 81
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
SuMam. V. Anserine.
Page
14. Chen, Boie . . . 82
1. caerulescens {Linn.) . . 82
2. liypeiboreus (Pall.) . . 84
3. nivalis (Forst.) 86
4. rossi (Baird) 88
15. Anser, Briss 88
1. ferus, Schaeff. 89
2. rubrirostris, Hoilgs. . . 91
3. albifrons [Scojx) 92
4. gambeli, Havtl 95
5. erythropus (Linn.) .... 97
(i. fabalis (Lath.) 99
7. serrirostris, Gould .... 101
b. middendorffi, .) 509
2. nigricapillus {G.Ii.Gr.) 511
3. bonapartei {G. M. Gr.) 511
4. frantzii {Laior.) 512
5. intercedens, Salvad. . . 513
3. Crypturus, llliff 514
rubripes, Tacz 514
1. cinereus {Gm.) 517
2. obsoletus [Tenmi.) . . 519
3. cervimventris,-ScZ.>^5'a/. 620
4. griseiventris, Salvad.. . 521
o. castaneus {Sclat.) .... 521
6. pileatus {Bodd.) 522
7. tataupa ( Vieill.) 525
8. parvirostris, TVai/l. . . 526
9. uiidiilatus ( Temm.) . . 527
10. .scolopax {Bp.) 528
11. adspersus {Teimn.) . . 629
Page
12. simplex, Salvad 531
13. balstoni, Bartl 531
14. atricapillus, T.^ch 532
15. garleppi, Bed 533
16. strigulosus {Temm.) . . 533
17. erytbropus {Natt.) . . 534
18. variegatus {Lath.) .... 535
19. salvini, Salvad 537
20. brevirostris {Natt.) . . 538
21. bartletti, Scl. ^ Salv. . 538
22. iioctivagus ( Wied) . . 539
23. dissimiHs, Salvad. .... 541
24. cinnamomeus {Less.) . . 541
25. boucardi {Salle) 544
26. columbianus, Salvad,. . 545
27. mexicanus, Salvad. . . 545
28. occidentalis, Salvad. . . 546
29. transfasciatus, Scl. ^
Salv 546
4. Rbyncbotus, Spix 647
1. rufescens {Temm.) .... 548
2. maculicollis, G. B. Gr. 650
5. Notboprocta, Scl. ^ Salv. . 550
1. taczanowskii,*Sc/.^6'a^y. 561
2. cinerascens (Burin.) , . 552
3. perdicaria (Eitfl.) .... 563
4. coquimbica, Salvad. . . 554
5. pentlandi (6^. B. Gr.) . 555
6. curvirostris, Scl. Sf Salv. 566
7. ornata {G. B. Gr.) 557
8. branickii, Tacz 558
6. Notbura, B^ac/l 558
1. maculosa ( Tem7n.) .... 569
2. nigroguttata, Salvad. . . 560
3. boliviana, Salvad 561
4. marmorata, G. B. Gr. . 561
5. boraquira (Spix) .... 661
6. darwini, G. B. Gr. . . 662
7. media (S}nx) 563
7. Taoniscus, Gloger 564
1. nanus (TejJiWi.) 564
Subfam. II. Tinamotidin.^;.
8. Calopezus, Bidqtv 566
\. e\e^&ns(Geofr.S.-Hil.) 566
9. Tinamotis, Vigors 667
1. pentlandi, Vigors .... 508
2. ingoufi, Oust 669
Subclass 11. RATIT.ffi.
Order I. STRUTHIONES.
Fam. SxBUTHIONIDiE.
1. Strutbio, Linn 571
1. camelus, Linn 571
SYSTEMATIC INDEX.
Page
2. molybdophanes, Linn. . 674
3. australis, Gum 575
Order II. EIIE.E.
Fam. Rheid.*:.
1. Rhea, Lath
nana, Lydekk. . .
1. americana (Lmn.)
2. niacrorhyncha, Sclat.
8. darwini, Gould .
577
578
578
581
582
Order III. CASUARII.
Fam. I. Drom;eid;e.
I. DromjBus, T^ieill 585
1. novae liollandia2(ZrtS '^i-^ ^rr nQOA\
Riim. El. di Zoot. iii. S, „. 29 t 25 f 4 na-AI ' ,%. /%■ , i ' '
(18.50 , £„,■„,. ,w. f/,6,„. ra,ir. ft-o.. iii. p. .596 (856) ■ Bn
ComptIi,„d xl„,. p. 698, n.284 (1856); Hartl J f 0 iSil
Vog Zool. Gart p. 72 (1882) ; Sunder. Ibis, 18no p l-g f^^i"']
Anatomy: see Beddard & Mitchell, P. Z. S. 1894, pp. 536-557
b2
4 PALAMEDEIDJ;.
Adult male. Feathers of the top of the head black, mixed with
white ones ; neck and upper parts glossy black, feathers of the
lower part of the neck in front and on the sides grey, with a black
band at the tip ; breast black ; abdomen white; under tail- coverts
black ; wings glossy black, but the smaller wing-coverts white,
those near the median black edged with white; carpal edge
white ; base of the primaries, including the base of the shafts,
white ; under wing-coverts whitish ; tail black : " iris bright
orange : upper mandible dark brown-grey, lower mandible paler ;
frontal horn yellowish white ; legs and feet ashy grey " (Wied).
Total length about 34 inches, wing 22-5, tail 11, culmen 1'4,
tarsus 4*4.
Female. Similar to the male, but, according to Prince Neu-
wied, the grej' feathers of the neck are shorter, the anterior part
of the head and the upper neck more brownish ; a female in the
British Museum has the smaller wing-coverts buff.
Hab. Guiana, Venezuela, and Amazonia, west as far as Ecuador
and Eastern Peru.
a. Ad. sk. S. America.
b. 2 ad. sk. Upper Ucavali. E. Bartlett, Esq.
c. Ad. sk. Balzar Mts., Ecuador Salvin-Godmau Coll.
[Illhiffworth).
d. Right metacarpus.
2. CHAUNA.
Type.
Chauna, llliy. Prodr. Mamm. et Av. p. 25.3 (1811) .... C. cristata.
Chavaria, Rajinesque, Analyse, p. 70 (1815).
Opistholophus, J'ieill. Analyse, pp. 60, 70 (1816) C. cristata.
Ischyrornis, Rchnb. Av. Sijst. ^at. p. xxi (1852) C. chavaria.
Ischyornis, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 598, gen. 100 (1856).
Raneje. Confined to South America.
Key to the Species.
a. General plumage slate-black ; cheeks and throat
white, sharply defined from the black neck . . chavaria, p. 4.
b. General plumage dark grey : cheeks and throat
grey ; a naked ring round the neck cristata, p. 6.
1. Chaima chavaria.
Parra chavaria, Linn. S. N. i. p. 260, n. 8 (1766) (Carthagena,
Jacquin) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 709, n. 5 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.
ii. p. 264, n. 9 (1790).
Faithful Jacana, Lath. Syn. iii. 1, p. 246, n. 9 (1785).
Palamedea chavaria, Geoff r. Bull. Sc. Soc. Philom. i. 2, p. 50 (1797)
(Carthagena).
Chavaria, Soiin. in Buff. Hht. Nat. lix. p. 227 (an. xiii.).
Chauna chavaria, part., /%. Prodr. M. et A. p. 254 (1811) : Cm:
Z. CHAUNA.
lagn. An. i. p. 499 (part.) (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 272
(part.) (1824) ; Cha: Regn. An. 2nd ed. i. p. 536 (part.) (1829) ;
Sclat. P. Z. S. ]863, p. 377 (New Grenada) ; Ernst, Rev. Cient.
Univ. Centr. Venez. i. p. 43 (1887) (Venezuela).
Opistholophus chavaria, Vieill. Analyse, p. 60 (1816).
Opistholophu.s fidelis, part., Vieill. N. D. vi. p. 206 (1816).
Chauna fidelis, part., licmz. Elem. di Zool. iii. 8, p. 33 (1825).
Chauna derbiana, G. E. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 591, n. 2, pi. 160 (1846) ;
Salv. ^- Sclat. Ibis, 1800, p. 402 (Peten !) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 377, 1864, p. 75, 1865, p. 676 ; Moore, P. Z. S. 1866, pp. 368,
369; Sclat. ibid. pp. 369, 370, p. 417 (Trinidad); id. P. Z. S.
1871, p. 102 (Santa Martha) ; Sunder. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent.
p. 133 (1872) ; Sclat. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neofrop. p. 128 (1873)
(Colombia); Bodinus, J. f. 0. 1874, p. 94 (Zool. Gart.) ; Pckmv.
Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 39 ; id. Voi/. Zool. Gdrt. p. 7l (1882);
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 414 (1883) ; Ed. Ibis, 1888, p. 270
(Venezuela) ; A. Keict. Diet, of B. pt. iii. p. 820 (1894).
Ischyrornis derbvana, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xxi (1852) ; G. R.
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 71, n. 10543 (1871).
Ischyomi.s derbyana, Bp. Compt. Reiid. xliii. p. 698, n. 286 (1856).
Palamedea derbyana, Schleg. Be Dierent. p. 266 (1864) ; id. Mtis.
P.-B., Ralli, p. 72 (1805) (Bogota) ; Gieb. Thes. Oni. iii. p. 12
(1877). • ^
Chauna nigricollis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 75, pi. xi. (New fh-anada),
1865, p. 676, 1866, p. 369 ( ^derbyana).
? Palamedea cornuta, Leot. Ois. de I'isle de Trinid. p 488 (1866)
(=C. derbyana, cf. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 417).
Anatomy: .»'e Parker, P. Z. S. 186;3, pp. 511,518; id. Ann. & Mag.
N. II. (3) xiv. pp. 144-150 (1^64); Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 348,
1876, pp. L-9-200 {cut of the skull, p. 198), pis. xii., xiii., xiv., xv. ;
Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 307, 309, f. 1 (cloaca); id. Ibis, 1881,
pp. 11, 22; Beddard, P. Z. S. 1886, pp. 178, 181; Sclater, Ibis,
1886, p. 150, f. 2 (nianus).
Adult. General colour slate-black, upper parts glossy, underparts
paler ; upper ])art of the head dark grey ; occipital crest blackish
grey ; cheeks, sides of the head, and throat white, sharply defined
from the black, which forms a broad collar round the median part
of tho neck ; feathers of the lower jiart of the neck, of the under-
pays, and also the smaller wing-covorts, more or less with paler
edgings ; coverts of the car[)al edge broadly edged with white ;
primary-coverts slightly edged with white on the inner web; under
wing-coverts white ; primaries and tail-feathers slaty black : bill
and feet red (?). Total length about 28 inches, wing about 19, tail 9,
culmen lo, tarsus 4*4.
Hab. Venezuela and Colombia.
a- Ad. St. [Jamaica.] Zool. Soc.
b. Ad. St. Cartagena. Venezuela. Zool. Soc.
c. cJ ftd. sk. Cartagena (Zool. Soc). Salvin-Godman Coll.
d. (^ ad. skeleton. Cnrtag.na. Salvin-Godman Coll.
e. Bonee of the trunk. Zool. Soc.
PALAJIEDEIBJE.
2. Chauna cristata.
Chajd, UAzara, Ajmnt. i. p. 106, n. 341 (1805) ; id. Vuy. (ed. Sonn.)
iv. p. 179 (1809) ; Dumont, Diet. Sc. Nat. viii. p. 00 (part.) (1816).
Chauna chavaria, i%. Prodr. M. et A. p. 254 (part.) (1811) ; Ciiv.
Regn. An. i. p. 499 (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 272 (part.)
(1824) ; Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 287 (1828) ; Cuv. Regn. An. 2iid ed.
i p 536 (1829); Less. Comjjl. de Buff., Ois. vii. p. 503 (1836); id.
op. cit. 2ik1 ed. p. 252 (1838) ; Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 114 (1844) ;
G.R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 114 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 591,
n. 1, pi. IGO. f. 1 (head) (1846) ; Hartl. Ind. Azara's Apunt. p. 22,
n. 341 (1847) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av. Easores,t.l96. ff. 1134*-35 (1848) ;
id. Av. Syst. Nat. p. xxi (1852) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 88 (1854) ;
Bp. Comjjt. Rend, xliii. p. 598, n. 285 (1856) ; Burm. J. f. O. 1858,
p. 153 ; Crisp, P. Z. S. 1864, pp. 14-16 (anatomy) ; Sdat. P. Z. S.
1864, p. 75, 1866, p. 370 ; Sclat. Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 145 (Con-
ehitas) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 314, 458, Iviii (1870) (Cuyaba, Villa
Maria, Rio do Caba9al, Matogrosso, Rio Guapor4) ; G. R. Gr.
Hand-list, iii. p. 71, n. 10542 (1871); Sundev. Meth. nut. Av.
disp. Tent. p. 133 (1872) ; Sclat. P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 603 (Zool.
Gard.); Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 128 (1873);
Hudson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 108 ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 189,
190; Bumf. Hns, 1876, p. 162, 1877, p. 190 (egg and nest:
Buenos Ayres), 1878, p. 63 (Buencs Ayres) ; Gibson, Ibis, 1879,
pp. 415, 417, 1880, pp. 165-167 (habits : Buenos Ayres) ; Durnf.
Ibis, 1880, p. 425 ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 625 ; Rc/mw. Orn.
Centralbl. 1882, p. 39 ; id. Voq. Zool. Gart. p. 71 (1882) ; Sclat.
List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 414 (1883) ; Barrows, Auk, 1884, p. 272
(Entrerio.s) ; Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. Birds, p. 134 (1885) ;
Goodchild, ibid. p. 196 ; Neiot. Enc. Brit. 6th ed. xxi. p. 552 (1886) ;
Berl. J.f. O. 1887, p. 124; Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 119 (1889);
id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 586 (egg similar to that of the Geese) ; id. Ibis,
1890, pp. 425,427 (chick) ; Hein.u.Rchnw. Norn. Mus. Ilein. Orn.
p. 322 (Paraguay) (1890) ; Frenzel, J. f. O. 1891, p. 125 ; Ilartert,
Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 225(1891); Frenzel, J.f. 0. 1891, p. 125
(Cordoba); Kerr, Ibis, 1891, p. 270, 1892, p. 146 (Lower Pilco-
mayo) ; Holland, ibid. pp. 206, 208 ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200
^Uruguay); Lydekker, ibid. pp. 268, 209 (habits) ; A. Neivt. Diet.
of B. pt. iii. p. 819 (1894).
Opistholophus tidelis, part., Vieill. N. B. vi. p. 206 (1816) ; id. Enc.
Meth. iii. p. 1043 (1823) ; id. Gal. des Ois. ii. p. 156, pi. 262
(1825).
Palamedea chavaria, Temm. (nee Linn.) PI. Col. 219 (livr. 37,
1823); Wagl. Syst. Av., gen. Palamedea, sp. 2 (1827); Less. Tr.
d'Orn. p. 626, n. 2 (1831) ; Wied, Beifr. iv. p. 584 (1832) (Rio
Grande do Sul) ; Nitzsch, Pterylogr. p. 174 (1840) ; Hartl. J. f. O.
1854, p. 257 (Zool. Gard.) ; Burm. Syst. Uebers. Th. Bras. iii.
p. 397 (18.56) ; id. J. f. O. 1860, p. 262 (Parana, Uruguav) ; id.
La-Plata Reise, ii. p! 506 (Parana) (1861) ; Schleg. De Dierent.
p. 286 (1864) ; id. Mus. P.-B., Ralli,p. 72 (Chili !) (1865) : Nitzsch,
Pterylogr. Engl. ed. p. 121 (1867) ; Sternb. J.f. 0. 1869, pp. 277,
278 (habits : Buenos Ayres) ; Ludwiq, J.f. 0. 1870, p. 20 {'&%%) ;
Gieb. Thes. Orw. iii. p. 12 (1877); Helm, J. f. O. 1884, pp. 333,
352.
* Fig. 1134 with the underparts white!
Z. CHAUNA. /
Chauna fidelis, part., Itanz. Elem. di Zool. iii. 8, p. 33 (1825).
Palamedea cristata, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 351 (1837) {ex PI. Col. 219).
Palamedea lophyra, Natt. Cat. MS., teste Felz. Orn. Bras. p. 314
(1870).
Adult male. General colour dark grey ; upper parts glossy slate-
grey, underparts jjaler, belly whitish ; chin and cheeks whitish
grey ; middle part of the neck black, with a naked ring all round ;
occipital crest dark grey ; feathers of the brea.st slaty grey, paler on
the edges ; smaller wing-coverts along the cubit with pale edges ;
primary-coverts white on the inner edges, the innermost also on the
outer ; inner primaries white at the base ; under wing-coverts
white ; tail slaty black : bill (?) ; iris brown ; feet red. Total
length about 36 inches, wing 20-5, tail 9, culmen 1-5, tarsus 4-5.
Female. Similar.
Young in down. Of a yellow-brown colour ; head light rust-
colour, neck pale grey, back pale chocolate ; wings and breast grey :
iris wood-brown ; feet brick-red {Dia-nford).
Hub. Argentine Eepublic, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Southern
Brazil.
a, b. 2 ad. st. [Cayenne.] Purchased.
c. 2 ad. sk. Eio Guapor(5, July {Nat- Salviu-Godman Coll.
terer).
d. gna? girra, Jerd. Madr. Jovrn. xii. p. 218, n. 378 (1840).
DendrocVyna affinis, Jerd. op. cit. p. 219, n. 378 bis (winter dress)
(1840 r
Nettapus coromandelianus, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mns. iii. p. 129
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, u. 1 (part.) (1844); lichnb. 8yn.
Av, Natal ores, t. 96. ff. 933-35 (1845) ; G. R. Gr. Cat. Ilodgs.
Coil. B. M. p. 144 (1846); Bli/th, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 302,
n. 1766 (1841)); Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 136 (1852); Echnb. Av.
8yst. Nat. p. ix (1852); Lnyard, Ann. ^- May. N. H. (2) xiv.
p. 2(i9 (1854); Licht. Nomenct. Av. p. 10 (Sumatia) (1854); Bp.
Onnj^t. Eend. xliii. p. 649, n. 60 (18-")6) ; Jei-d. B. of Ind. iii.
p. 786 (1864) ; Peh. Eeise Noiara, Voy. p. 136 (Manila) (1865) ;
8chkq. Miis. P.-B., Anseres, p. 76 (Java) (1866) ; Blyth, Ibis,
1867," pp. 175, ••110: Bearnn, Ibis, 18(i8, p. 40] ; Eyt. 8yn. Anat.
11. NETTOPt'S. fi9
p. .S6 (ISOD); Da rid, N. Arch, du Mux, Hull. vii. Cat. n. 442
(China) (1S71): Lloi/d, Ibis, 187;3, p. 419 (]5ullol); Wald. Ihitf,
1874, p. 149 (Andainans); Ander^f. Ilns, 1h74, p. 22-' (egors,
breeding); i^/j/M, B. Burin, p. lU") (l'S75); JFrt/ri. Tr. Z. S. ix.
pp. 243, 252 (187,5) ; Butl. Str. Feath. iv. p. 27 (Guzerat) (187G) ;
Hume, ibid.; David i^ Ousr. Ois. Chine, p. 501 (1877): Rchruc.
J. f. O. 1877, p. 218 (Celebes); Hump ^- Davis. Str. Feath. vi.
p. 486 (Tenas.serini) (1878) ; Oules, Str. Feath. vii. p. 52 (1878) ;
Crijips, ibid. p. 311 (1878); Tiraut, Bull. Com. Ayr. Sf Indiistr.
Corhinch. i. 1 (1878), p. Mil (1879); Ler/i/e, B. of Ceifl. p. 100(3
(1880); Binyh. Str. Feath. ix. p. 198 '('l880) ;' Txwedd. Urn.
Works, pp. 2ii9, 404, 413 (1881); Wardl. Hams. ibid. p. 600
(1881); Simson, Ibis, 1882, p. 80 (E. Bengal) ; T'orderm. X. T.
N. I. xlii. p. 90 (.lava) (1882) ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 529
(1882); Kelham., Ibis. 1882, p. 198 (Perak) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burni.
ii. p. 272 (I88:i); Bias. J. f. O. 1883, pp. 121,122 (Celebes);
Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (Kiukiausr, E. China) ; Bias. J.f. 0. 1884,
p. 220 (S.E. Borneo) ; Switih. S,' Barn. Ibis, 1885, p. 137; Gra-
bincsln/, Ornis, 1885, p. 163; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) v.
p. (-.22 (Tena.sserini) (1888) ; Everett, J. Str. Br. As. Soc. 1889,
p. 192: 7'ri.str. Cat. Coll. B. p. 5] (1889); Sti/an, Ibis, 1889,
p. 446 ; Hnne, Nests Sf E(j(/s (Gates' ed.), iii. p. 280 (1890) ; Styan,
Ibis, 1891, pp. 317, 328, 495 (Yangtse); Hartert,J.f. 0.1889,
p. 436 ; id. Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 227 (1891); De La Touche, Ibis,
1892, p. 491 (Foochow); Styan, Ibis, 1893, p. 485 (Hainan);
Munn, Ibis, 1894, p. 71 (Calcutta).
Microcygna girra, Hodys. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 88, no. 796 (1844).
Is'ettapus corom-indeliciis, Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 150 (Tavov) ;
/;•/;//, Ibis, 1861, p. 248 (Oudh) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 96 (China) ;
Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 701 (part.) (1875): Hume, Nests i^- Eyys,
p. 6;)8 (1875); Hume if Marsh. Game-Birds of Ind. iii. pi. 14
(1880); Vorderm. N. T. N. I. xWi. p. 240 (1886), xlix. p. 419
(1889).
Anserella coromandelit-a, G. E. Gr. Cat. Hodys. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed.
p. 76 (1863) ; id. Hand-list, iii. p. 77, no 10594 (part, i") (1871) ;
Bchmv. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 22.
Anser (Nettapus) coromandelianus, v. Mart. J.f. O. 1866, p. 30.
Cheniscus coromandelicus. Sand. Meth. nat. Ar. disp. Tent. p. 146
(1872).
An.serella coroniandeliaiia, Holdsw. I'. Z. S. 1872, p. 479; Leyye^
Ibis, 1875, p. 407.
Nettapus kopschii, S^vinh. Ann. &• Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 16 (1873);
Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 501 (1875)'; Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 270
( = coroniandelianu.s).
Nettapus coromandus, Hume, Str. Fcafh. iii. |i. 192 (1875).
Nettopus coromandelianus, Bli/fh, B. Buruia. ]). 165 (1875); Hume,
Str. Feath. vii. p. 491 (1878), viii. p. 114, n. 451 (1879) ; Hume
cV Marsh. Game-Birds of Ind. iii. p. 101 (1880); Sclat. P. Z. S.
1880, p. 505; Oates, Str. Feath. x. p. 245 (Pegu) (lb82j.
Adult male in summer. Forehead, crown, and nape liair-brown,
the former darkest ; remainder of head, the whole neck, and
lower phimage white ; a broad collar round the neck black in front,
glossy green behind ; the white of tlie bicast produced round the
uci k and forming anollier collar below the black one; back, scapulars,
ro
rump, tertiaries, and Aving-coverts deep glossy green ; secondaries
glossy green, broadly tipped with Avhite ; primaries dark brown on the
basal halves, then white with the tip black ; under wing-coverts
greenish black ; upper tail-coverts white, freckled with brown ;
under tail-coverts dark brown, mottled with white ; sides of the
body vermiculated with brown : " bill black ; iris bright red ; legs,
toes, and webs black, the sides of the tarsus and toes dusky yellow ;
claws horny brown" (Oaies). Total length 13 inches, wing (r5,
tail 3, culmen 0''J2, tarsus 1.
Female. Forehead and a supercilium dirty white ; crown and
nape dark brown ; lores and a line through the eyes blackish ;
I'emainder of head, the whole neck, and upper breast dull white,
mottled with brown, the marks on the breast and liind neck
becoming well-defined wavy lines ; the lower plumage dull while,
streaked and indistinctly barred with brown ; the whole upper
surface, wings, and tail brown, the secondaries tipped with white,
and the inner primaries also more narrowly tipped with Avhite ;
upper tail-coverts white, freckled with brown ; under wing-coverts
broAvn, each feather maigiued with white : " bill brown above,
yellowish below ; iris brown ; legs and toes greenish yellow " (Oates).
Bize a trifle less than the male.
Male hi winter. Similar to the female, but al^vays retains the
conspicuous white patch on the primaries.
Younff. Similar to the female till the first spring (Oates).
Young in down. Upper parts, flanks, and under tail-coverts
blackish brown ; a broad superciliary stripe, cheeks, throat, front
neck, and breast white ; a brown line through the eyes ; tMo broad
white spots on each side of the back, one near the base of the
wings, and the other, much longer, on the sides of the rump ;
feathers of the tail blackish, very long and stifl'.
Hah. India, Ceylon, Andamans, Burmese Countries, China,
Philippines, Sunda Islands, and Celebes.
a. $ ad. St.
b, c. d ad. et c?
imm. St.
d. (S imm. sk.
e. cJ ad. sk.
/•. d ad. sk.
(/. 2 ad. sk.
h-k. d ad. sk.
l-n. 6 2 'id. sk.
0. (5 imni. sk.
India.
India.
No Incalitj'.
Capt. Johnstone [P.].
Purchased.
E. Newman, E^q.
[P.].
Madras. Tweeddale Coll.
Mirzanpore, Feb. (J. Davidson). Hume Coll.
;j. S ad. sk.
q,r. S 2 inmi. sk.
s. ih(M>).
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Capt. Stackhouse
Pin^vill [P.l.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P-]-
India Museum [P.l
India Mu.^eum [P.l.
India Museum [P.J.
H. T. Bellamy, Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Ilunie Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
E. W. Gates, Esq.
[C.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddalj Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Iluiue Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
M. St. Pierre [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
of N. kopsc/ii, Swiuh.)
Seebohm Coll.
/^ A.WJTD.E.
'^^ *'• rf 2 "*l-sk. Kiitkiaiig-, June, Jiilv. F. W. Styaii, Esq.
[P.].
/*. $ ad. sk. Malacca {Cantor). India Museum [P.].
jr*. cf nr. ad. sk. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[C.].
A', 8*. S ad. sk. Java (Dinrd). Salvin-Godman Coll.
k\ S nr. ad. sk. Manilla {Mmtland Herht). Tweeddale Coll.
I*. $ inini. sk. Philippine Islanda.
OT*. 2 inim.sk. Menado, N. Celebes. Tweeddale Coll.
n^. Sternum. Pegu. "W. E. Oate.s, Esq.
[P.].
4. Nettopus albipennis.
Nettapiis coromandelianus, Gould {nee Gm.), B. Austr. vii. pi. 6
^ (pt. vi., 1842) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, n. 1 (part.) (1844).
Nettapus albipennis, Gould, B. Auntr. vii. text to pi. -5 (1842) ; id.
B. Austr. i. Introd. p. xci (1848) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores,
t. 96. ff. 936^;37 (1845?) (e.v Goidd); Bp. i'ompt. Rend, xliii.
p. 649, n. 61 (1856); Gould, Hcmdh. B. Ansfr. ii. p. 359 (1865) ;
Sc/ile(;. Mus. P.-B. Anseres, p. 77 (1866) ; Blyth, lhi.% 1866,
p. ;350 (note); Finsch, Verh. z.-h. Ges. Jf7e//, 1872, p. 339; Pelz.
Ibis, 1873, p. 122; Remits. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 346; id. Pr. Li^m.
Sop. X. ,S. W. ii.p. 200, ii. 651 (1878) ; Sidr. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll.
p. 530, n. 2579 (1882) ; Rams. Tab. list, p. 22, n. 662 (1888).
Nettapus bicolor, Less. Echo du Monde Savatd, 1844, p. 127 (New
Holland).
Anserella albipennis, G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 77, n. 10596 (1871) ;
Rchnw. Orn. Cenfralbl. 1882, p. 22.
Nettapus coromandelicus, part., Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 701 (1875).
Nettopus albipennis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1 880, p. 505.
Nettapus coromandelianus albipennis, Marterf, Kat. Vor/ehamml.
p. 228, u. 3.375 (1891j.
Very similar to N. comwandelianvs, from which it is doubtfully
distinct, differing only in the larger size. Total length 18-5 inches,
Tving 7"o, tail 3'4, culmen 9, tarsus 1.
Ifah. Eastern Australia, from Kockingham Eay to New South
"Wales {Hamsai/).
a, b. cJ 5 ad. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll.
c. J ad.sk. Interior of Australia. Aug. Sir J. Mitchell [C.].
d. J ad. st. Clarence liiver, N. S. W. Sydney Museum [P.].
12. JEX.
Trpe.
AIx, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 329 JE. gale'riculata.
Dendronessa, >Sw. Faun. Bor.-A7n., Birds, p. 497
(1831) JE. galericulata.
Lainpronessa, Woffl. Jsis, 1832, p. 282 Al. sponsa.
Aia (errore), Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 35 (1838).
Cosiuouessa, Rchnb. {nee Kanp) Av. t'l/st. JS'at. p. x
(1852) JE. spoisa.
JEx, B. (). U. List Br. B. p. 123 (1883) { = A\x,Bvie).
Range. Confined to Northern America and Eastern Asia.
12. .Kjc. 73
Keij to the iS^iecies.
a. Basal portion of the upper mandible forms a very
deep aujile between the feathering of the fore-
head and that of the lores ; feathers on the sides of
the neck of the male normal ; inner terlials some-
wliat broad, but with the sliaft straight ; under
■wing-coverts and axillaries white spotted with
blackish both in mak' and female sponsa, p. 73.
h. Base of the upper mandible forms almost a straight
line from the forehead to the corner of the mouth ;
feathers ou the sides of the neck of the male
much elongated, forming a conspicuous ruff" of
narrow chestnut feathers striped with whitish ;
innermost tertial very broad and with the shaft
much bent downwards ; under wing-coverts and
axilhiries uniform brownish grey both in male
and female galericulata, p. 76.
1 . Mx sponsa.
Summer Duck, Cafexb. Canil. i. p. 07, pi. 97 ; Hdic. Birds, pi. 101 ;
Lath. Sj/n. iii. 2, p. i)4H, n. 8o (1785).
Anas festiva, Briss. Orn. \\. p. 352, pi. xxxii. f. 2 (1760).
Anas sponsa, Linn. S. N. i. p. 207, n. 43 (176ti) ; Grn. S. X. i.
2, p. 539, n. 43 (1788) : Lat/t. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 871, n. 97 (1790) ;
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 130, pi. 35. f. 1 (1790) ; Wih. Am. Orn.
viii. p. 97, pi. 70. f. 3 (1814); VieHl. X. I), v. p. 106 (1816);
Dum. Diet. Sc. Xat. vi. p. 382 (1817) ; Lichf. Verz. Douhl. p. 85
(1823); Sieph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 96 (1824); Bp. Obs. Wih.
n. 261 (1825); Yim-ell, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 35 (Dorking); Benn.
Gard. Sf Menaq. Zool. Soc, Birds, p. 281, with figure (1831);
Less. Tr. d'Or'u. p. 634 (1831); Xutt. Man. ii. p. 394 (1834);
And. Orn. Bioi/r. iii. p. 52 (1835), v. p. 618(1839); id. Si/n.
p. 280 (1839) ; 'Vif/oni, Zool. Beechey's Voi/. p. 30 (1839); D'Orb.
in La Sar/ra's Hist. Xat. Cuba, Ois. p. 288 (1840) ; Eei/s. S^- Bhs.
WirbeUh. Eur. p. Ixxxiv (1840); And. B. Am. vi. p. 271, pi. 391
(1843) ; Girand, B. Lonq Isl p. 312 (1844) ; De Kay, X. Y. Zool. ii.
p. 3.38 (1844); Deyl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 440 (1849); Wied,J.f. O.
1859, p. 170. pi. 2. ff. 1, 2; Sc/dflff. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 71
(1866); Gieh. Thes. Orn. i. p. 362 (1872).
Beau Canjird hupjie' de la Caroline, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. 980, 981
(rf $ ) ; I^"ff-_ It'^i- ^^"f- Ois. ix. p. 244 (1783).
Aix sponsa, Boie, L'iis, 1828, p. 329, u. 3 ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 57,
n. 380 (1838) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mu.^. iii. p. 133 (1844) ;
ul. Gen. B. iii. p. 614. n. 1 (1845) ; Gos-w, B. Jam. p. 408 (l.'^7) ;
Blyth, Cut. B. Mus. A. S. Ii. p. 305, u. 1783 (1849): Wood/i.
Sitf/r. K.).
0. (S ad. sk. Elizabeth, New Jersey, April
{Merriani).
(S ad. St. Princeton, Illinois, Oct.
J juv. sk. Pine, Indiana, Sept. {E. W.
JSekoti).
J ad. sk. Quantico, Virginia, Oct.
cJ ad. sk. San Antonio, Texas, April {H.
E. Dresser).
Pull. sk. Florida [Merriam).
u. c? .i^iv. sk. Jamaica.
V. Pull. St.
w, .V. Skeletons.
t/. Sternum.
P
t.
LordOdoKussell[P.].
Salvin-Godnian Coll.
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
N. America Boundary
Comm. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
E. S. Cameron, Esq.
[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Zoological Society.
2. Ms. galericTilata.
Mandarine Duck.
Chinese Teal, Ediv. Birds, i. p. 102, pi. 102 (1740).^
Querquedula sinensis, elegans, Edw. Birds, i. p. 128.
Querquedula sinensis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 450 (17(0).
Anas galericulata, Linn. S. N. i. p. 206, n. 42 (1760) ; Gm. S. N. i.
2, p. 539, n. 42 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 871, n. 98 (1790) ;
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 161, pi. 210. f. 1 (1790) ; Shine, Mm. Lev.
t. 10, t. 89 (1792-96); Yieill. N. D. v. p. 170 (1816); Bum.
Did. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 395 (1817); Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. 363
(1824); Stejj/i. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 94, pi. 47 (1824); Vieill Gal.
des Ois. ii. p. 217, pi. 287 (1825); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 635
(Philippines) (1831 ) ; Yarr. P. Z. S. 1833, p. 10 (moult) : Bennett,
Wander, in Aetv :South Wales, ii. p. 62 (1834) ; Temm. ^V Schlet/.
12. JEX. 77
Fauna , Tup., .4(rx, p. 127 (1850) ; Sehlci/. Mu-!. P.-B., An8ere3,p. 70
( l.soGj ; D/irid, iV. Arch. Mus., Bull. vii. Cat. n. 452 (1871) ; Gieb.
T/ics. Orn. i. p. 352 (1872) : SaeMi. B. Japan. Emp. p. 248 (1890).
Sarcelle de la Ohine, D' Auhcnl. PL Enl 805, 806 ( d' $ ) ; /?'#
Zffs<. iY«f. Oiii. ix. p. 270. pi. 19 (178:5).
Chinese Uncle, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 548, n. 86 (1785).
Ai.Y 2-filericulata, Boie, Ms, 1828, p. 329, n. 1 ; StricM. P. Z. S.
1842. p. 160; G. R. (it: LUt B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 133(1844);
id. Gtn. B. iii. p. 014, n. 2 (1845) ; Goukl, li. of Asia, vii. i)l. 09
(pt. iv., 1852); Licht. NoiumrL Av. p. 102 (1854); Bp. Compt.
Rend, xliii. p. 450, u. 122 (1856); ,Sdat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 200
(incubation); Hoinci/. J.f. O. 1859, p. 372 (Zool. Gart.) ; Swinh.
P. Z. S. 180'.. p. ;{24 (Central China); id. Ibis, 1866, p. 295
(Forrao«a!); P/~e2y. Toij. n. 196 (18(57); Whitehj, Ibis, 1867,
p. 207 (Ilaliodadi) ; Eyt. Si/n. Auat. p. 71 (1S69) ; Sclat. P. Z. 8.
1869, p. 629 (breeding'') ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10627
(1871); Swinh. P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 418; I'elz. Ibis, 1873, p. 123;
Garr. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 (carotids), p. 639 (muscles) ; Sivinh.
Ibis, 1875, pp. 137, 457 (llakodadi) ; iJyh. * Tacz. J. f. O. 1875,
p. 256 (Ussuri) ; Tacz. J. f. 0. 1870, p. 202; id. Bull. Soc. Zool.
Fr. ii. p. 45 (1877): David S, Oust. Ois. Chine, ^i. 601 (1877);
Blak. ^- Pri/cr, Ibis, 1878, p. 213 (Japan); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 513 ; Bofau, J.f. 0. 1881, p. 63, 1882, p. 340 ; lilal: .S" Pn/er,
Tr. As. Soc. Japan, x. p. 97 (1882) ; Juni/, Pr. U. S. Nat. Mm.
vi. p. 318 (1883) ; B., B., Sr R. Watcr-Birds N. Am. ii p. 9
(note) (1884); Ridqw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 99 (1887); Gii/l. >^-
Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 591 (Olo^a Bav) ; Sahad. .^- Gii/l. Mcjn.
R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. pp. "118, 131 (1888); Tacz. P. Z. 8.
1888, p. 400 (Corea); Dorrie.^, J.f. O. 1888, p. 92 (E. Siberia) ;
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (1889); Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 73;
Stiian, Ibis, 1891, pp. 328, 490 ; Hart erf, Kat. Vogehamml.^. 229
(1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteal. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii". p. 304 (1891) ;
De La Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 492 (China).
Cosnionessa fjalericiilata, A'aM/), Isis, 1829 (Jide Gould, B. nf Asia,
vii. text of pi. 69).
Lanipronessa galericulata, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282 ; Sund. Meth.
nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 (1872).
Dendrones.?a galericulata, is, 1863, p. 139 ; Tunib. B. E. Pa. 1869. p. 45 ; A. Neict.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. oS (ecrcr) ; Saund. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 519(Ireland) ;
Hartinq, Brit. B. p. 155 (1872) ; Blakist. ^- Pri/er, Ihis, 1878,
p. 218"(Tokio Bay); Sctat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 501; Ridffic. Pr.
Biul. Soc. Wash. 1884, p. 107 ( = hvperboreus. Pall.).
Chen albatus. Elliot, New S,- Unfig. 'B. N. Am. ii. pi. 42 (1867) ; G.
R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 75, n. 10572 (1871); Dress. B. Eur. vi.
p. 409. pi. 417. f. 2 (pt. xix., 1873) ; Rowl. Orn. Misc. ii. p. 93
pi. xlvii. (1876) ; B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 117 (1883) ; Newt. Did.
of B. p. 374 (pt. ii., 1893).
Anser livj)erboreus, var. albatus. Cones, Key N. Am. B. p. 282,
n. 480 a (1872) ; id. Clieck-list, n. 480 a (1873).
Anser hvperboreus h. albatu.*. Coues, B. N.- West, p. 549 (1874).
Chen hVperboreiis albatus. Ridyw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 202,
n. 591 a ; id. Norn. N. Am. '/>. n. 591 a (1881) ; Coues, Check-list
N.Am. B. 2nded. p. Ill, u. 696 (18^2); id. Key N. Am. B.
2nd ed. p. (•)86 (1884); Murd. E.rped. to Point Barrow, p. 116
(Alaska) (1885).
Anas hyperboreus, " Pall." Ridgw. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p. 107
(1884).
Adult. Uniform pure white, the head often stained with rusty ;
primaries black, becoming greyish basally, their coverts and the
alulfe ash-grey : bill purplish red, the nail whitish, and the inter-
tomial space black ; iris dark brown ; eyelids whitish ; feet purple-
or orange-red, the soles dingy yellow. Total length about 23-28
inches, wing 14-5-17, tail 6'30, culmen 1-95-2-3, tarsus 2-8-3-25.
Young. Head, neck, and upper parts pale greyish ; the head
more or less tinged with rusty, this deepest anteriorly ; the feathers
of the upper parts with whitish edges, and (especially wing-coverts
and tertials) striped medially with darker ; rump, upper tail-coverts,
tail, and lower parts plain white : bill blackish ; feet plumbeous ;
irides brown.
Hah. North-eastern Asia and Western Xorth America ; breeding
in Alaska, migrating south in winter to Japan in Asia, and in Ame-
rica to Southern California and the Mississippi Valley ; accidental
in Northern Europe.
a, h. Ad. et juv. YokoLania, Oct. (H. Pnjer). Seebohm Coll.
sk.
c. Ad.sk. Tokio Bay, Yokohama, Japan, Capt. Blakiston [P.].
March.
d. Ad. sk. W. side Rocky Mts. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
e-l. fT ? ad. et Corpus Cbristi, Texas, Oct., Salvin-Godman Coll.
$ juv. .sk. Nov., Dec. (F. B. Arm-
strong).
m. Juv. sk. Chicago, Illinois, Oct. {E. Salvin-Godman Coll.
W. Nelson).
3. Chen nivalis.
Anas nivalis, J\);v Ross, Ccuiad. Natural. (2)
ii. p. 151 (l.S62j ; ? id. Nat. Hist. Pev. vii. p. -266 (1862) ; Verr.
Pr. Pss. Put. iii. p. lo9 (Maine) (1862); Blnkist. Ibis, 1863,
p. 139 (Brit. N. Am.) : Bree, B. Pur. iv. p. 126, pi. — (18u3) ; .
Allen, Pr. Ess. Inst. iv. p. 87 (1864) ; Schleg. Miis. P.-B., Anseres,
p. 107 (part., Labrador) (1866) ; McPwr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 94
(Canada, West) (1866); ?Coites, ibid. p. 297 (1868) ; Later. Ann.
Lijc. N. Y. viii. p. 295 (1867); ? Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 425
(Vancouver I.); Ei/t. Syn. Anat. p. 40 ^1869) ; Gieh. Thes. Orn.
i. p. 371 (part.) (1872); Sound. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 520; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 501 (part.) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 (Hudson
Bav) (1889^ ; Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 238 (part.) (1891) ; ? Macfarl.
Pc." U.S. Nat. Mils. xiv. p. 423 (1891).
? Tadorna nivea, part., Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 996 ; id. Handb. Vorj.
Deutschl. p. 854 (part.) (1831).
Anser hyperboreas, part., Ej/t. Man. Anat. p. 91 (183S).
Chen bvperboreus, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 75, n. 10570 (excl.
svn.)"(1871); Coues, B. N.-West,^. 548 (part.) (1874) ; B., B., ^
it. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 439 (part.) (1884) ; Netot. Diet, of B.
p. 374 (pt. ii., 1893).
Chen hyperboreus nivalis, Ridgw. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p. 107
(1884) ; B., B., ^- R. Water-B. A'. ^?m. ii.p.440 (1884) ; A.O.U.
Code ofNomencl. S^ Check-list, p, 123, n, 169 a (1886) : ? Ma»farl.
Pr. U'.S. Nat. Mas. xiv. p. 423 (1891) ; Hartert, Eat. Vogelsamml.
p. 226, n. 3355 (1891).
Anser hyperboreus nivalis, Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 490 (1685).
Chen hvperborea nivalis, Ridgic. .Man. N. Am. B. p. 115 (1887) ;
Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 75 '(1892).
Similar to C. hyperboreus, but larger. Total length about 30-38
inches, wing 17'35-1 7-50, tail 6-50, culmen 2-55-2-70, tarsus 3-15-
3-50.
Mr. Ridgway gives as a distinctive character for this species the
culmen 2'55-2"70 against 1-95-2-30 for C. hyperboreus ; the four
specimens mentioned below have the culmen 2-30 inches long, so
that they would come under C. hyperboreus, but as they have the
bill decidedly larger than any of the birds mentioned in the previous
list, which certainly belong to C. hi/j^erhoreiis, and as at least the first
two, from the Arctic Overland Expedition and Eepulso Bay, from
their locality ought to belong to V. nivalis, I have kept all the four
under this species. But I must confess that it appears to me that
the distinction of an Eastern form from a Western one is not yet
satisfactorily established.
Hub. Eastern North America ; breeding-ground unknown, but
probably arctic regions east of Mackenzie River ; United States
(Mississippi Yalley to .^.tlantic coast) only during migrations and in
winter.
^ R. Waler-B. N. Am. i. p. 448 (1884) ; Turner,
Auk, 1885, p. 158.
Anser erythropus, Eyt. Mon. A^iut. p. 00 (part.) (1838); Baird
{tiec Linn.), Stcnisb. Rep. p. 321 (1852) ; Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. p. 102
(1853) ; Newb. Pr. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 101 (1857) ; Schleg. Mus.
P.-B., Anseres, p. 110 (part., America) (1866) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat.
p. 38 (1869).
Anser frontalis, Baird, B. N. Am. p. 562 (New Mexico, young)
(1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 666 (1859) ; Henry, Pr. Ac. Philad.
1859, p. 109 ; Mclhvr. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 94 (Canada) (1806) ;
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 25, n. 10567 (1871).
Anser albifrons gambeli, Ridgic. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1880, p. 203 ;
id. Nom. N. Am. Bii-ds, n. 543a (1881); Coues, Check-list, 2nd
ed. p. HI, n. 693 (1882) ; id. Key N. Am. B. p. 684, n. 693
(1884); Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. n. 29, pp. 145, 317, pi. vii.
f. 2 (head) (1885) ; Murdoch, Rep. Erp. Point Barrow, p. 593 a
(1885) ; Turner, Contr. N. H. of Alaska, p. 138 (1886) ; Bryant,
Bull. Calif. Ac. of Scietice, 1886, p. 279 (Guadalupe I.) ; Nelson,
Rep. N. H. Coll.' in Alaska, p. 83 (1887) ; SteJn. Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. X. p. 134 (Bering 1.) (1887) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 116
(1887); Maefarl. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 423 (1891) ; Hatch,
B. ofMinnes. p. 75 (1892).
?Anser brachyrhynchus, Swinh. (nee Baill.) Ibis, 1875, p.456(Hako-
dadi) ; Bldk. h Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212 ; iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap.
viii. p. 182 (1880), X. p. 95 (1882) ; Seebh. Ibis, 1883, p. 369; Blak.
Chrysanth. 1883, p. 27 ; id. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 33 (1884) ;
Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 236, note (1890).
15. ansi;r. 97
Scarcely diflfererit from A. albifrons ; on the average it is larger
and has a bigger bill. " Iris very dark brown ; biU milky white
(becoming tiesh-colour some time after death), the anterior part
and tomia with a very faint rosy tinge, the posterior part with a
hardly perceptible wash of bluish ; a square figure on culmen, edges
of nostrils, a small spot beneath them, and the basal two-thirds of
the lower half of the under mandible cadmium-yellow; naked skin
on mental angle and corner of mouth of the same colour, but paler ;
a stripe along the forehead pale brownish yellow ; tail cream-
coloured : naked eye-ring dark brownish grey ; feet vivid cadmium-
yellow ; webs somewhat paler and purer yellow ; nails horny
white " (Stejneger). Total length 29 inches, culmen 2"3.
Hah, Northern America (except Greenland), migrating south as
far as Mexico and Cuba, and along the E. Asiatic coast to Japan.
N. America. Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Arctic Auierica. Capt. Back [P.].
Arctic coast, E. of Ft. Ander- Salvin-Godman Coll.
sun, July (McFarlane).
Repulse Bay. Dr. Rae [P.].
Brownsville, Texas, Feb. {F. Salvin-Godman Coll.
B. Armstrong/).
British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.l.
N.W. America. Capt. CoUinson [P.J.
St. Michael's, Alaska, June, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Aug. (E. W. Nelson).
Japitn. Purchased.
Yokohama {H. Pi-ijer). Seebohra Coll.
llakodadi, April, Oct. (i>Va^t6-- Seebohm Coll.
ton).
5. Anser erythropus.
Anas erythropus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 197, n. 11 (part, et svn. emend.)
(1766).
Anser finmarchicus, Gunner, in Leemii de Lappon. Comm. notis,
p. 264 (1767); Rckmo. J.f. O. 1890, p. 81 ; Hein. u. Rchnw.
Norn. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 341 (1890).
Anas albifrons, part., G/n. .S. N. i. 2, p. 509, n. 64 (1788) ; Liifh. Ind.
Orn. ii. p. 842, n. 27 (1790) ; Vicill. N. D. xxiii. p. 344 (1818).
Anser albifrons, part., Bonn. Enc. Meth.'i. p. 114 (1790); Steph.
Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 25 (1824); Dum. Did. Sc. Nat. xxxv. p. 461
(1825) ; Wriffht (rwc Scop.), Finl. Fugl. p. 43 (1859) (cf. Ibis,
1861, p. 111).
? Anser erythropus, Pull. Zooyr. Rosso- As. ii. p. 225 (1811).*
Anser temiuinckii, Uoie, Isis, 1822, p. 882 (Hamburg) ; Schleg. Rev.
Crit. p. ex (1844); Midd. Reis. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 228, t. xx. f. 2
(pullus) (1851) (Taimvr R., Boganida) ; Pelz. u. Lor. Ann.k. tiaturh.
Hofmus. iii. p. 58 (1888).
Anser cineraceus, C. L. Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. eur. I'og. ii. p. 772
* Rostrum pallido rubicundum, pedes rubi-i (!).
VOL. XXVII. H
a.
2 ad. sk.
b.
Ad. St.
c.
Head.
d.
Ad. St.
e.
S ad. sk.
f.
Ad. sk.
9-
Ad. sk.
h
m. $imm., juv.,
et pull. sk.
n.
Ad. .St.
0.
Ad. sk.
P<
a. d ad. et juv.
sk.
98 ANATIDJJ.
(1824) ; id. Isis, 1830, p. 996 ; id. Hmidb. A'aturff. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 845 (1831) ; id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 297 ; id. Vogelf. p. 367
(1855)
A user bre\ irostris, Heckel (ubi ?) * ; Breltm, Isis, 1830, p. 996 (descr.
nulla) ; id. Nahirgesch. Vog. Deutschl. p. 844 (1831) ; G. R. Gr.
Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 5 (1844) ; Rchnh. Si/n- Av., Natatore?, 1. 103.
It: 398, 399, 361 (1845) ; C. L. Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p 297
(= minutus, Naum.) ; id. Vogelf. p. 367 (1855).
Anser brevirostvis, Koch (ubi ?), /ide Fritsch, Vog. Eur. p. 406,
Taf. 45. f. 3 (young), f. 7 (ad.) (1870).
Anser minutus, Nau7n. Vog. Deutschl. xi. p. 364, Taf. 290 (1842) ;
Nilss. Skand. Fauna, Fogl. ii. p. 404 (1844) ; Kjcerb. Damn. Fugle,
p. 355, Supiil pi. 24 (1852) ; Schleg. Vog. Nederl. pi. 283 (1854) ;
Licht. Noniencl. Av. p. 101 (1854) ; Seh/s, Xuumannia, 1855, p. 264 ;
Bp. Cornid. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 19 (1856) ; ? Antin. J.f. 0. 1858,
p. 484 (note, Smyrna) ; Schleg. Vog. Nederl. p. 519, pi. 283 fl858) ;
Bias, in Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xiii. 2, p. 293 (1860) ; ? Irhg. Ibis,
1861, p. 247 (Oudh) ; Nordm. J. f. O. 1864, p. 376 (Finland) ;
Schlet/. Mus. F.-B., Anseres, p. Ill (186ii) ; Free, B. Fur. iv.
p. 1.37, pi. — (1867) ; S7Mdev. Svenskn Fogl. pi. 57. f. 3 (1872) ;
Fi7i.ich, Ibis, 1877, p. 62 ; id. Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 260;
Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 114, no. 948 (1879) ; Seebh. B. Japan.
Emp. p. 238 (1890).
ilarilochen brevirostris, " Heckel,'' Rchnh. Av. Si/st.. Nat. p. ix
(1852).
Anser erythropus, Neiut. P. Z. S. 18(50, p. 341 ; id. Ibis, 18«J0,
p. 406 ; id. Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. (ser. 2) ii. p. 452 (1800) ;
Bivinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 323 (China) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 781
(Oudh) (1864) ; De(/l. S^- Gerhe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 486 (1867) ;
? Saund. Ibis, 1869, p. 395 (Italy) ; Malmgr. J. f. O. 1870, p. 295 ;
A. Newt. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1871, "pp. 99, 100 (breedino- in Lapland
and N. Rus«a) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 370 (1872) : Blak.^- Prijer,
Ibis, 1878, p. 212 (Tokio and Yezo) ; Seehh. Ibis, 1879, p. 22
(Tokio) ; Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 383 (pts. 75, 76, 1879) ; Hume
4- Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 78, pi. 11 (1880) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1880, p. 500 ; Rchmv. Vog. d. zool. Gart. p. 66 (1882) ; Sclat.
List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 418 (1883) ; Saund. Yarrell's Hist. Br.
B. iv. p. 263 (1884-85) ; Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 252, n. 350
(1886); Gigl. Icon. Avif. Ital. tav. 342 bis (pt. xxxv., 1887) ;
Ginqell, Sc. Goss. 1888, p. 69 (Somerset) ; Cecil Smith, ibid. p. 91 ;
id. Zoolog. 1888, pp. 227-229.
Marilochen ervthropus, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 75, n. 10568
(1871).
Anser pvgmfeus, Brehm (errore), Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 370 (in svn.
A.ergthropodis)(l872).
Anser albif'rons minutus, Seehh. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 505, pi. 62
(bo;^) (1885) ; id. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 420 (Holy Island).
Anser albifrons, var. ervthropus, Dub. Bull. Mus. R. d'Hist. Nat.
de Belg. iv. p. 19 (1885); id. Faun. Vert. Belg.. Ois. ii. p. 405
(1891).
Adult. Similar to A. albifrons, but much smaller, and with the
white of the forehead more extended, reaching a line between the
* Pelzeln and Lorenz (l. c.) quote "Isis, 1828, p. 844," which is wrong ; p. 844
is that of Brehm's ' Naturgeschichte.'
15. ANSKR.
99
eyes on the top of the head. Total length about 21 inches, wing 15,
tail 4-5, culmeii 1-27, tarsus 'J-4.
Fonole smaller than the male, wing about 133 inches.
Yoting hirds have no white on the forehead and no black marks
on the lower parts.
Hah. Lapland and eastwards, also Siberia ; it migrates south-
wards, and has been found in winter from W. Europe to Japan ; also
in Northern India.
a. Iium. .st.
b. .Juv. sk.
c. 2 ad. sk.
'/. Lnm. sk.
e. Juv. St.
f. Ad. sk.
g. h, i. (J 2 ad. sk.
A:. 2 fid. sk.
/. J ad. sk.
m. Ad. sk.
n. Skeleton.
N. of Europe.
Ob R. District, Aug.
Yenisei, June (H. S.).
D.imietta (Filippuni).
Caspian Sea.
Oudh.
Sultiinpur, Grurgaon, March
(W.N. Chill).
Shanghai, Nov. (li. Swinhoe).
Tokio, Jan. [Blakision).
Yokohama (//. Pryer).
Purchased.
Dr. Otto Finsch [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
Shelley Col!.
Purchased.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
6. Anser fabalis.
Bean Goo.se.
Anser sn Ivestris, Frtach, Vo^- 6 $ juv. sk. Lilford Aviaries, Aug.
Purchased.
Purchased.
Hume Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Hume Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll-
Feilden and Harvie-
Brown Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
J. H. Gurnev, Esq.
[P.].
Lord Lilford [P.].
7. Anser serrirostris.
a. serrirostris.
Anser segetum, Midd. (nee Gm.) Sibir. Eeise, ii. 2, p. 227 (var.
S.E. Siberia) (1851): Sckrenck, Beis. Amur-L. p. 463 (1860);
Stcinh. Ibis, 1860. p. 67. 1861, p. 344, 1862, p. 253; id. P. Z. S.
102 ANATICi;.
1863, p. .323 ; Radde, Reis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 350 (1863) ; Sivinh. Ibis,
1867, p. 392; Dyb. (^ Parrei; J. f. O. 1868, p. 338 (Dauria) ;
Swinh. Ibis, 187o, p. 456 (part.) ; Prjev. in Howl. Ont. Miscii.
p. 9-5 (1878) ; Blak. Sr Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 212 (part.); iid. Tr.
As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 182 (part.) (1880), x. p. 94 (part.) (188i!);
Blak. Cliiysanth. 1883, p. 27 (part.); id. Amend. List B. Jap.
p. 8 (1884) ; Severtz. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1887, p. 22 ; ? Taez.
P. Z. S. 1888, p. 460 (Corea) ; Seebh. B. Jap. Urn]}, ii. p. 2.36
(1890).
Auser serrirostris, Gould, MS. ; Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 269 (Central
China).
Anser segetum, var. serrirostris, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 417 (Chiua) ;
lJ:/b. J. f. O. 1873, p. 108 ; Tacz. Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir. p. 67
(1872) ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 42, n. 373 (1877).
Anser segetum serrirostris, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. uo. 29, p. 144
(note) (188.5); Seebh. Hist.' Br. B. iii. p. 494(Ea8t. form) (188.5) ;
id. B. Jap. Emp. ii. p. 236 (part.) (1890).
h. middendorffi.
Anser grandis, Midd. (nee Oni.) Bull. p)hys.-7nath. Ac. Petersb. iii.
no. 19, p. 298 (1844) ; id. Rei.se Sibir. ii. 2, p. 22.5, n. 162, Taf. xx.
f. 1 (head) (Boganida) (1851) ; Schrenck, Reis. Amur-L. i. p. 462
(I860); Radde, Reis. S.O.-Sibir. ii. p. 3.54 (1860); Schley.
P.-B., Anseres, p. 114 (1866); Dyb. ^ Parre.r, J. f. O. 1868,
p. 338; Gieh. Thes. Orn. i. p. 371 (part.) (1872) ; Ehoes, P. Z. S.
1873, p. 649; Tacz. J. f. O. 187.3, p. 108, 1874, p. 336, 1875,
p. 256 : ? Przew. Monq. et Pays des Tanq. ii. p. 1.50 (Lac Chanka)
(1876); Tacz. Orn. Faun. Vok. Sibir. p.* 67 (1877) ; id. Bull. Soc.
Zool. Fr. ii. p. 42, n. 42 (1877); Prjev. in Rowl. Orn. Misc. ii.
p. 96 (Lake Ilaiika) (1878) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii.
p. 343 (18.-^3) ; Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 269 : Hein. u. Rchnw. Norn.
Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 341 (E. Siberia) (1890).
.P Anser, sp., Bj). Extr. Conipt. Rend. t. xliii. p. 43 (note) (Lake
Baikal) (18^6).
Anser middendorffi, Severtz. Turkesf. Jevotn. pp. 70, 149 (1873) ; id.
J. f. O. 1874, p. 435, 1875, p. 184; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 416;
Severtz. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1887, pp. 22. 140 ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1880, p. 500.
Anser segetum, var. serrirostris, Tacz. (nee Swinh.) J. f. O. 1874,
p. 333 ; Pleske, Rev. Turkest. Ornis, p. .54 (1888).
Anser segetum, Swinh, Ibis, 1875, p. 45() (part.); Blak. ^- Pri/er,
Ibis, 1878, p. 212 (part.) ; iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 182 (part.)
(1880), X. p. 94 (part.) (1882); Blak. Chrysanth. 1883, p. 27
(part.) ; id. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 8 (part.) (1884).
Ani^er segetum middendorffi, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29,
pp. 141, 317, pi. vii. f. 1 (head) (1885) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x.
p. 134 (Bering I.) (1887).
An>^er segetum serrirostris, part., Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 494
(1885) ; id. B. Japan. Ejnp. p. 236 (part.) (1890).
Very similar to A.fahalis, but larger, and espeoiaUy remarkable
for its large beak and feet, the former measuring from the frontal
leathers to the tip from '2-4 to ;M5 inches ; in the first specimen
mentioned below, which is the largest, the colour of the head and
neck is huffish brown, whilst in the others, as in the western form
(A. fahalis), it is brownish grey.
15. AXSER.
103
It is quite possible that two distinct forms are includerl under
A. so-rirostris — one larp^er, with the culmcn 8-15 inohes long, and
with the head and neck huffish brown (.-1. middendorffi), and the other
smaller, much more like A. fahalix, hat larger and with the bill
much tliicker (A. serrirosiris). I have not seen a sufficient number
of specimens to make up my mind on the subject.
Jjab. Eastern Siberia, from Boganida eastwards; in winter China
and Japan.
a. J ad. sk. Tuuka, Anioor-land, May (G. Eadde).
b. .Ad. St. E. Siberia.
c. Ad. sk. ('hinkiaug, China, Feb.
d. (S ad. sk. Ningpo, Dec. (R. Swinhoe).
e. J ad. sk. Hakodadi, Oct. {Blakiston).
f. Ad. sk. Yokohama (//. Pryer).
8. Anser brachyrhynchus.
Seebohni Coll.
J. F. Brandt [P.].
F. W. Styan, Esq.
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Pink-footed Goose.
Anser brachvrhvuchus, Baill. Mem. Sue. K. d'Ahbev. 1833, p. 74 ; id.
Cat. p. 26", n."248 (183- .?) ; id. F. Z. 8. 1839, p. 134 ; Te7nm. Man.
d'Orn. 2nd ed. iv. p. 520 (1840) ; Rep. Coiinc. Z. S. 1841, p. 14;
Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 70, n. 421 (1842) ; Jardiw, Natur.
Libr. xxvii. p. 70 (1843) ; Yan: Hid. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 153
(1845); .SW*%. Rev. Crit. p. ex (1844); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii.
p. 007, n. 6 (1844) ; B/i/f/i, Cat. B. Miis. A. 8. B. p. 301, n. 1756
(Punjab !)(1849); Middend. Sibir. Reis.ii. 2, p. 227 (8t. Petersburg)
(1851) ; Schler/. Voff. Nedeii. i^h. 278,279(1854) ; id. ynumannia,
1855, pp. 254, 257 : 6Wys, Natnnnnnia, 1855, p. 262, u. 4 ; Yarr.
Hi.st. lirit. B. ;!rd ed. iii. p. 158 (\<'A\) ; Y Irby, Ibis, 18(;1, p. 247
(Alumbag, Oudh) : G. R. Gr. Cot. Brit. B. p. 187 (1863) ; Jerd.
B. of Ind. ill. p. 780 (1864) ; A. Neict. P. Z. S. 18(54, p. 498
(Spitsbergen) ; id. Ibis, 1864, p. 132 (Ireland), 1865, pp. 209, 613
(Spitsbergen) ; More, Ibix, 1865, p. 441 ; Deql. S( Gerbe, Orn. Eur.
ii. p. 482 (1861); Collett, Saersh. aft. of fid. Sehk. Fork. p. 175
(Xorwav) (1868); A. Newt. Ibis, 1869, p. 226; Ei/t. Si/n. Anat.
p. .38 (1869) ; Malmyr. J. f. O. 1870, p. 260 ; Heiiu'l. J. f. 0. 1871,
p. 104 (Spitsbergen); A. Neivt. Pr. Ac. Phi/ad. 1871, pp. 98, 99;
G. R. Gr. Hand-li.'it, iii. p. 74, n. 10564 (1871); Gould, B. Gr.
Brit. V. pi. 31 (pt. xi.x., 1871); Sundev. Svemk. Foql. pi. 82. f 1
(1872); Dress. B. Eur. vi. p. 369, pi. 413 (pts. 71, 72, 1878);
Hume, Str. Featfi. viii. p. 114, u. 94C) (1879) ; Hume ^- .Marsh.
Game B. iii. p. 71, pi. 9 (1880) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880. p. 500;
Elu-es, Ibi-', 1880, p. 314 (Jutland) ; Rclinw. VUg. zool. Gdrt. p. 66
(1882); Kordemk. Die [/m.<:ei/e/u»ff A.s. u. Eur. i. p. 109(1882);
B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 116 (1883) ; Bolau, J. f. O. 1883, p. 76,
^: foil, ((lermanv) ; Gar-ike, ibid. p. 80 (Heligoland) ; Sclat. List
Vert. An. 8tli ed'. p. 417 (1883) ; Teqetm. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 176 ;
Satind. yarreir.< Br. H. iv. p. 270(1884-85); Seebk. Hist. Dr.
B. iii. p. 498, pi. 60(1885): Collelt. Supjd. til ^Wf/es Fuyle, p. 7 ;
? McLeod, Str. Feath. x. p. 168 (Pinijab) (1887); Tristr. Cat.
Coll. B. p. 57 (18>i9) ; Sturb. CEfv. Ak. Fnr/i. 18s9, pp. 209-211
(Swedt'U); Seeb/i. /I Jap. Em/i.'n. p. 2-36 (note) (1899); Rchne.
J.f. (). 1>90, p. 81 ; Dub. Faun. Vert. Bel//.. Oi.<. ii. p. 401 (1,^91).
? Anser brevirostris, Thien. (nee Hcck^l), Fortp/l. J'of/. Eur. ])t. v.
p. 28 (1838)(egg !) ; A'. .V B. IVirbelth. Eur. p. ixxxiii'(note) (1840).
304
Anser phoenicopus, Bartl. P. Z. S. 1839, p. 3 : Yarr. Hist. Br. B.
iii. p. 64, with tig. (1843), i. Introd. p. xi (1843) ; Bartl. P. Z. S.
1801, p. 19.
Anser segetum, Naum. {nee Gm.) Vop. Ueutschl. xi. p. 287, t. 287 *
(1842) ; ? id. Naumannia, 1853, pp. 5-8, t. i. ff. D, E, F; Strickl.
Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. (3) iii. pp. 122, 124, pi. iv. ff. 2, 3 (1859) ;
Malmfir. (Efi\ K. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1863, p. 189 (Spitsbergen) ;
id. J. f. 0. 1863, p. 378 (Spitsbergen) ; Schlee/. Mus. P.-B., Anseres,
pp. 112, 113 (part.) (1866) ; Gieh. Thes. 'Orn. i. p. 373 (part.)
(1872).
Anser segetum a. bracbyrbjnclius, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648,
n. 13 a (1886).
Anser ferus, Evans ^ Sturge (nee auct.), Ibis, 1859, p. 172 (Spits-
bergen).
Anser cinereiis, Thorell (nee Meyer), Philos. Mag. Med. Kandid.
p. 61 (1859) ; Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1863, p. 115
(Spitsbergen).
Anser segetum v. brachvrhynchus, Malmgr. I. c. pp. 396, 412 ; id.
J.f. O. 1865, p. 210.
Anser rufescens, Palm, (nee Brehm), Finl. Fogl. ii. p. 339 (1872).
Very similar to A. fahalis (=segetinn), from which it differs in
being smaller and in having the bill shorter, the legs and feet
and middle portion of the bill pink, instead of orange. Wing about
16 inches, culmen 1-7, tarsus 2-2.
Ilab. Spitsbergen, where it nests, and probably also Franz Joseph
Land ; during the migration and in winter in N.W. Europe ; oc-
casionally it strays to Germany, Belgium, and France ; its alleged
occurrence in India requires further evidence.
a. Ad. St.
b, c, d. Ad. St.
e. 2 ad. sk.
/. 2 ad. sk.
(/. Ad. sk.
'k. Ad. St.
z-7«. c? 2 ad. sk.
n. cJ ad., skel.
o. Skeleton.
p. Sterna.
a. Sternum.
(/ireat Britain (A. D. Bartletf). Purchased.
(Probable type of Anser phce7iicopus, Bartl.)
Great Britain (Leadenhall
Market).
Edinburgh, Jan.
Wells, Norfolk, Oct.
Lincolnshire (J. H. Gurney) .
Lancashire.
Holland, Jan.
Holland.
England.
Purchased.
Hume Coll.
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
J. E. Harting, Esq.
[P.].
H. J. Pike, Esq. [P.].
H. J. Pike, Esq. [P.].
A. D. Bartlett, Esq.
[P.].
John Ray, Esq. [P.].
Subgen. EULABEIA.
Type.
Eulabeia, Rchnh. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852) A. indicus.
Eulabea, Bp. Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 648, gen. 7 (1856).
Eulabia, Neict. Diet, of Birds, p. 374 (pt. 2, 1893).
Bange. Confined to Central Asia and India.
Feet yellow !
15. ANSER. 105
!>. Anser indicns.
Barred-hoaded Goose, Lath. Sipi. SvppL i. p. 217 (1787).
Anas iudica, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 839, n. 20 (1790).
Anser undulata, Bonn. Enc. Melh. i. p. 114 (1790) (e.r Latham).
Anser melanocephalus, Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 332 (1818) ; Dum.
Diet. Sc. Sat. XXV. p. 460 (1825).
Anser indica, Steph. Gen. Znol. xii. 2, p. 36 (1824) ; Gould, Cent.
Him. B. pi. 80 (1831).
Anser indiciis, Sxjkes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 125 ; Et/t. Mon. Anat. p. 90
(1838) ; Tig. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 173; JmZ. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 217,
n. 375 (1840); Hod.js. in Grai/s Zool. Misc. p. 86, n. 593
(1844) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Ahi.s. iii. p. 130 (1844); id. Cat.
Ilodffs. Coil. B.M. p. 144 (1846) ; Licht. Xom. Ai\^. 101 (1854) ;
Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 782 (1864) ; Schley. Mm. P.-B., Anseres,
p. 114 (1866) ; Blyth, Ibi,^ 1867, p. 175; Bean. Ibis, 1868, p. 401
(Umballah); Ei/t. Syn. Anat. p. 37 (1869); Gieh. Thes. Orn. i.
p. 371 (1872); Hume, Str. Feath. 1878, p. 260; Adam, t. c.
p. 401 ; Hume, Nests ^- Eyys, p. 636 (1873) ; Butl. Sir. Feath. iv.
pp. 27, 40 (Sindh), p. 499 (1876) ; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. _419
(=skoruiakovi) ; Hume, Str. Feath. iv. p. 499 (juv ) (1876) ;
Przeiv. Monyolie, ii. pp. 151, 170, u. 256 (1876) ; Prjev. in Moid.
Orn. Misc. iii. p. 97 (Lake Koko-nor) (1878) ; Anders. West
Yunn. ii. p. 698 (1878) ; Hume, Str. Feath. vii. p. 491 (Calcutta)
(1879), Tiii. p. 114, n. 949 (1879) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 18S0, p. 500;
Hwne c5- Mar.^h. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 81, pi. 12 (1880) ; Bidd.
Ibis, 1881, p. 99; Echnw. Voy. d. Zool. Gtirt. p. 66 (1882); Salv.
Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 528 (1882) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8tb
ed. p. 418 (1883); Severtz. Ibis, 1883, p. 76 (Pamir range) ;
B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 116 (1883) ; Przetc. Reis. in Thibet,
pp. 64, 226 (1884) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 320 (breeding, Zool.
Gard. Rotterd.) ; Kimbery, Zool. Gart. 1886, p. 324 (Sbamin) ;
Pleske, Rev. Turkest. Ornis, p. 54 (1888) ; Tristr. Cat. B. p. 51
(1889); Hume, Nests &^- Eyys (Oates ed.), iii. p. 279 (1890);
Hartert, Kat. Voyelsamml. p. 227, no. 3359 (1891); Sharpe, Sec.
Turk. Miss., Aves, p. 128 (1891) ; Pleske, Mel. Biol. xiii. p. 298,
n. 107 (1892) ; Neu-t. Diet, of B. p. 373 (pt. 2, 1893) ; Oust. Nouv.
Arch. Mm. (3) vi. p. 97 (1894).
Bemicla indica, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, n. 15 (1844) ; Rchnb.
Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 101. ff. 951-52 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus.
A. S. B. p. 301, n. 1757 (1849); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 509
(Indus & Punjab).
Eulabeia indica, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852) ; G. R. Gr. Cat.
Hodqs. Coll. r>. M. 2nd ed. p. 76 (1863); id. Hand-list, iii.
p. 75, n. 10569 (1871) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. de Fr. ii. p. 43
(Lake Baikal) (1877) ; Hein. u. Rchinc. Norn. Mux. Hein. Orn.
p. 341 (1890).
Eulabsea indica, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 11 (1856).
An.ser skorniakovi, Severtz. Turkest. Jevoin. pp. 70, 149, pi. x. ff. 3,
(ad.) 4 (pull.) (Turkestan) (1873) ; id. J. f. 0. 1873. pp. 346, 377,
386, 1875, pp. 80, 100, 184 ; id. Zeitschr. 'yes. Orn. 1887, p. 137.
Eulabeia indicus, Ball, Str. Feath. 1874, p. 436.
Adult. Head white, with two horse-sboe blackish bars on the
occiput and nape; hind-neck brown-black ; a longitudinal white band
on the sides of the neck ; upper plumage very pale ashy, the feathers
106
edged with whitish and tinged with brown on the mantle and
scapulars ; sides of the rump and upper tail-coverts whitish ;
throat white, t'ore-neck brownish ashy, passing gradually into
cinereous on the breast, whitish on the abdomen ; vent and iinder
tail-coverts white ; feathers of the tlanks brown, rufous towards the
tips with pale edgings ; quills grey, dusky towards the tips, and
gradually becoming darker towards the secondaries ; tertials brownish
grey ; tail grey, white-tipped : " bill yellow ; irides brown ; legs
orange" (Jerdoti). Total length 27 inches, wing 17, tail (3, bill 2,
tarsus 2 "70.
Yowij/. Forehead brownish white, a little tinged with rusty ; a
dusky line through the lores to the eye ; whole crown, occiput, and
nape sooty or dusky black ; no trace of either the two distinct
black head-bars or the conspicuous white neck-streaks ; back of
neck wood-brown, sides and front of the lower part of the neck pale
dusky greyish, mottled with whitish ; most of the feathers of the
breast and abdomen have a ])ale rusty tinge towards the tips ; the
conspicuous dark banding of the flanks of the adults is almost
entirely wanting ; tail somewhat browner than in the adult.
Yoiiitg in down. Pale yellowish, top of the head and upper parts
pale brown.
Hah. Central
Asia and Northern India ;
rarely in Southern
India (Jerdon).
a, b. $ ad. sk.
Koko-nor, March {Prjeval-
H. Seebohm, Esq.
ski/).
[P.].
c. Ad. St.
N. India.
Col. Cobb's Coll.
d. Ad. St.
India.
Hardwicke Beq.
e,f. Ad. sk.
N.W. India.
Capt. S. Piiiwill [P.].
(/. Ad. sk.
Ladak (Strachey).
India Museum [P.].
'h. Ad. sk.
Kumaou {Stracheif).
India Museum [P.'.
i. $ ad. sk.
River Chenab, De"c. (A.O. II.).
Hume Coll.
k. Ad. sk.
Muidan, !Maich.
Hume Coll.
/. ? ad. sk.
Sanibhur (H. M. Adam).
Hume Coll
m-r. Ad. sk.
Gurgaon, Feb. ( W. N. Chill).
llunie Coll.
s. Ad. sk.
Delhi, Punjaiib, Feb.
Hume Coll.
t,u, V. Ad. sk.
Ftawah.
Hume Coll.
w,x. cJ 2 ad. sk.
Allahabad, Oct., Jan. {A.
0. H.).
Hume Coll.
y. Ad. sk.
Oudh.
Tweeddale Coll.
z,a'. Ad. sk.
Oudh, Jan., Feb.
Hume Coll.
b'. Ad. sk.
Nepal.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
c. Ad. sk.
Nepal (Hodc/so?!).
India Museum [P.].
d'. Ad. sk.
Int. of Native Sikhim, Mav
(Z. MmidelU).
Hume Coll.
e'. Juv. sk.
Native Sikhim, Nov. (i. Man-
delli).
Tlume Coll.
f',ff'. Ad. et
Thibet, May, June.
Hume Coll.
pull. sk.
h'. Ad. sk.
Dacca.
Hume Coll.
r. Skeleton.
J G. CTGNOPSIS. i07
10. CYGNOPSIS. T
Cygnopsis, Brandt, Bull. Ac. J'eter.sb. IbiiB, i. p. '>7 : id.
Descr. et Icon. Anim. lios.^. Nov. p. 5 ( IS^O) C. cygnoides.
Cvcnopsis, Hein. u. Rchmr. Nam. Mus. Hein. Orn.
'p. 342 (1890) {nom. emend.).
Range. Eastern Asia.
1. Cygnopsis cygnoides *.
Anas cvornoides, Linn. Fmm. Suec. p. 108 (1746) ; id. S. N. i. p. 194,
n. 2 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 502, n. 2 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.
ii. p. 837, n. 16 (1790); Less: Tr. d'Orn. p. 628, n. 17 (1831).
Anas cygnoides australis, Linn. S. X. ed. 10, gen. 61, sp. 2 (1758).
Anas cygnoides orientalis, Linn. I. c. sp. 2, var. 1 (1758) (domes-
ticated).
Auser moscoviticus, Briss. Orn. iv. p. 278 (1760).
Anser guineen.sis, Briss. I. c. p. 280 (1760); Eijt. Mon. Anat. p. 94
(1838) : id. Sijn. Anat. p. 42 (1869).
Anas cygnoides a. austriilis, lAyin. 6". N. i. p. 194 (1766).
Anas cygnoides j3. orientalis, Lin.n. ibid.
An.ser ivgnoide.^, Pall. Eeise, iii. p. 700, n. 32 (1776) ; Boiin. Enc.
Mcth.'\. p. 101, n. 5 (1790) : Pall. Zooqr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 218, tab.
l.xiv. (1811) ; Yieill. A. D. xxiii. p. 337 (1818) ; Dinnont, Diet. Sc.
Nat. XXXV. p. 466 (1825) ; Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 981 ; Lyt. Mon. Anat.
pi. 5 (skeleton), App. 1, 2 (1838) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. n. 607,
n. 8 (1844) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 306, n. 1754 (1849) ;
Tenim. S,- Schley. Faun. Japoii., Ave>>,-^. 125 (1850) ; Radde, Beitr.
z. Kemrt. Russ. Reich, xxxiii. p. 216 (18(51) ; Svinh. Ibis, 1861,
p. 344 : id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 323 (N. China) ; Schley. Mus. P.-B.,
Anseres, p. 106 (1866) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding);
Cab. V. d. Deck. Reis. iii. p. 51 (1869) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 176 ;
David, Nouv. Arch. Mus., Bull. vii. Cat. n. 439 (1871) ; Swinh.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 416 ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 370 (1872) ; Severtz.
Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ; Ehves, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 649 ;
* I have not been able to identify Batisfactorily the following species, which
may be the same as C. cyynoides in the wild state : —
Anser grandis.
Great Goose, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 670 (1785), Lath. Sun. iii. 2, p. 446,
n. 11 (1785).
Anas graudis, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 504, n. 53 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.
p. 837, n. 15 (1790).
Anser grandis. Bonn. Enc. Meih. i. p. 110 (1790) ; Pall. Zooyr. Ros^-As.
ii. p. 221 (1811 : Lenn, Camschatka, Anadyr Kiver) (ex Gmelin, Sen.) ;
Vicill. N. 1). xxiii. p. 345 (1818); Steph. Gin. Zool. xii. 2. p. 35
(1824); Duiit. Dk-t. Sc. Nat.j.x\Y. p. 473 (1825); Bp. Compt. Bend.
xliii. p. 648, n. 14 (1856) : G. R. Gr. Hand-list. iii. p. 74, n. 10552
(1871); Gich. Thrs. Orn. i. p. 31 (part.) (1872) ; Severtz. /Ws, 1876.
p. 417 ( = cygnoides).
Eeriiicla? grandis, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, n. 16(1844).
"Of a very large size; bill blaek, base tawny: body dusky, imderpart*
white : legs scarlet" {ex Pennant).
Hah. Siberia. *
108 ANATID^.
Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 418 ; David ^ Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 493
(1877) ; Prjev. in Bmoley's Orn. Misc. ii. p. 97 (1878) ; ? Finsch,
Verh. k. z.-h. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 258 (W. Siberia) ; Sclat. P. Z. 8.
1880, p. 501, n. 14 ; id. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 418, n. 953
(1883) ; Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 32 (Yokohama) ; Severtz. Zeitschr.
ges. Orn. 1887, p. 22 ; Seebh. B. Jap. JEmp. p. 285 { 1890) ; Shai-pe,
Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll. Surff. iii. p. 292 (1891) ; Brandt, J. f. 0.
1891, p. 267.
Oie de Cruin^e, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. 347 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix.
p. 72, pi. 3 (1783).
Chinese Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 447, n. 12 (1785).
Anas orientalis, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 503, n. 2/3 (1788).
Cygnus sinensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 22, pi. 40 (1824).
Cyp"uopsis cygnoides, Brandt, Bull. Ac. Petersb. 1836, i. p. 37 ; id.
Descr. ^ Ic. An. Boss. Nov., Aves, fasc. i. p. 5 (1836) ; G. R. Gr.
List Gen. B. p. 73 (1840) ; Bp. Cat. Met. TJcc. Eur. p. 59, n. 415
(1842) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 166 (Chinese) ; Hartl. Si/.%t.
Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 117 (1844) ; Bchnb. Syn. Av., Anseres, t. 105.
ff. 249-50 (1845) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p.'lOl (1854) ; Bp. Compt.
Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 9 (1850) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 75,
n. 10574 (1871); Sund. Met. nat. Av. disj). Tent. p. 145 (1872) ;
Dyb. J. f. O. 1873, p. 108 (E. Siberia), 1874, p. 336 ; Tacz. Bull.
Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 43 (1877) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. 3Ius. x. p. 136
(Bering I.) (1887) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 460 (Corea).
Anser cvgnoides ferus, Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japan., Aves, tab. 81
(1850).
Cygnopsis ferus, Rchnh. Syn. Av. n. iv. Novit. Natatores, t. cccliii.
f. 2773 {ex Faun. Jap.) (1850).
Cygnopsis guineensis, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (1852).
Cygnopsis cygnoides a. australis, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648
■(1856).
Anser (Cygnopsis) cygnoides, Schrenck, Vog. d. Am.-L. pp. 457-461,
Taf. XV. (1860) ; Radde, Reise S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 350 (1863).
Anser sinensis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 234 ; Rchnw. Voq. d. Zool.
Gcirt. p. 67 (1882).
Anser grandis, Finsch {nee Gm.), Ibis, 1877, p. 53.
Anser tuberculosus, Schuster, Gejied. Welt. 6 Jahrg. 1877, pp. 378-
379.
Cycnopsis cycnoides, Hein. <^- Rchnw. Norn. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 342
(1890).
Hybrid.
Anas cygnoides hvbrida, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nut., Anseres, t. 1 10.
f. 983 (1845).
Adult male. Eound the base of the })ill a rusty white band ;
upper part of the head and a band along the hind-ueciv dark brown,
cheeks and neck whitish ; a brown mark on the lower part of the
cheeks along the under mandible ; back and wings greyish brown,
with pale edgings to the feathers ; rump greyish brown ; longest
upper tail-coverts white ; breast huffish white, changing into white
on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; the feathers of the breast
with narrow rusty edges : flanks brown, with pale edgings to the
feathers ; anterior upper wing-coverts, base of the primaries, and
under wing-coverts grey ; tail brown-grey, with the feathers broadly
tipped and edged with white : bill black : feet orange ; irides
17. I'niLAtTB.
109
reddish brown. Total length about 36 inches, wing 17-5, tail 7,
bill 3-5, tarsus 2-9.
Female. Similar to the male.
In the domesticated state this Goose has the bill red, much shorter,
and with a large frontal knob.
Hah. Breeds in Eastern Siberia and winters in China ; apparently-
resident in Japan ; has been recorded from the Kurile Islands.
a. cS ad. sk.
b, c. 2 ad. sk.
d. S ad. sk.
e. Ad. sk.
/, g. Ad. st. et
pull. (doni.
var.).
h. Ad. St.
t. Skeleton
(dom. var.).
k. Skeleton
(dom. var.).
Amoorland, April {Radde).
Shanfrhai, March, Nov. {R.
Sioinhoe).
Shanghai, Nov. (R. Swinhoe).
Yokohama, Japan (Oivston).
Liphook, Hants (dom. var.).
Seehohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P-]-
Capt. Blakiston [P.].
Zool. Garden.
T. Butler, Esq. [P.].
Eyton Coll.
Hybrid C. cygnoides (dome.stica) X Bernicla canadensis.
/. Ad. sk.
Domestic.
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
17. PHILACTE.
Type.
Philaete, Bannister, Pr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phi/ad. 1870,
P- 131 p canagica.
Mange. .North-east Asia and North-west America.
1. Philaete canagica.
Anas canagica, Sevastianoff, Nova Acta Ac. St. Petersh. xiii. p 346
pi. X (1800). ■
Anser pictus, Pall, [nee Bonnaterre) Zoogr. Ross.-As. ii. p. 233
(syn. emend.), tab. G7 (1811); Schleg. Handl. Bierl: i. p. 458
(18-57) ; Nordensk. Vug. of the Vega, ii. p. 42 (Chuck Peninsula)
(1881) ; Palmen, Gt. Intern. Fish. Exh. Lond., Sweden, Spec. Cat.
p. 200 (1883). ^
Anser canagicus, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. PStersb. i. p. 37 (18.36) ; id.
F>escr. et Icon. Anim. Ross. i. p. 7, tab. 1 (18^6) ; Schleg. Dierent.
p. 278 with Kg. (1864) ; id. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 11.5 (1866) ;
Finsch, Ahh. Brem. Ver. iii. p. 66 (l.'^69); Gieh. T/ics Orn.'i
p. 370 (1872); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 601 ; Brandt, J.f. 0.1891,
p. 267.
Bernicla canagica, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 7 (1844) ; Rchnb.
Sgn. Ai\, Natatore.s t. 101. ff. 414-41.5 (1845) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av.
p. 100 ( 1854) ; iJegl. ^- Gerhc, Orn. Em: ii. p. 492 ( 1867 ) : Salvad.
Ibis, 1883, p. 348; Monthiz. Bidl. Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 16-5.
Chloephaga canagica, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 20 (1856) ■
Baird, B. N. Am. p. 768 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 573
ilO AXATID^.
(1859); Elliot, Illustr. Am. B. pi. 45 (1806); Eyt. Si/ii. Anal.
p. 25(1869); Dull ^- Bannist. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 296 (1869);
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 77, n. 18592 (1871) ; Cojies, Check-lid,
2nd ed. p. 112, n. 698 (1882) ; Dall, Notes Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal.
Eastio. p. 5 (1873) : Adams, Ibis, 1878, p. 429 (Michalaski) ;
mi?i. Sr Rchmo. JVotn. Mus. Hein. Oni. p. ^43 (1890).
Philacte canagica, Bannist. Fr. Acad.Philad. 1870, p. 131 ; Cones, Key,
p. 283, f. 183 (1872); id. Check^list, n. 482(1873); id.B.N.-West,
p. 558 (1874); Dall, Notes Avif . Aleut. Isl. West JJnal. p. 0 (1874) ;
Coues, Elliott, s Aff. Alaska, ^^A^Sd {\%iry); Ridgw. Norn. N.Am.
B. n. 698 (1882) ; Elliott, Mon. Seal Isl. p. 130 (1882); Nelson,
Cruise ' Corwm,' 1881, p. 95 (1883) ; B., B., S,- R. Water-Birds N.
Am. ii. p. 477 with tig. (1884) ; Cones, Kei/ N. Am. B. 2nd ed.
p. 689. with fig. p. 688^(1884) ; Murdoch, Exp. to Point Barrow,
p. 117 (1885); Turner, Auk, 1885, p. 168; A. O. U. Code of
Nomencl. ^- Check-list, p. 128, n. 170 (1886) ; Ridyiv. Man. N.
Am. B. p. 118 (1887) ; Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 142
(1887) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 135 (Behring I.) (1887) ;
Toivnsend, ibid. p. 196 (Humboldt Bay, California) (1887) ;
Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 89, pi. iv. (1887) ; Fannin,
Auk, 1895, p. 76 (Vancouver 1.).
Chen canagica. Newt. Enc. Brit. 9tli ed. x. p. 778 (1879) ; id. Diet.
o/^. p. 374 (pt. 2, 1893).
Adult. Head and nape white, the former frequently stained,
especially anteriorly, with rusty or orange rufous ; throat and neck,
frontally and laterally, brownish black or dusky greyish brown ;
tail slaty black, and white on terminal half ; prevailijig colour of
rest of plumage bluish ash, each feather variegated by a narrow
terminal bar of white and a broader subterminal crescent-shaped
one of black, these markings nearly obsolete on abdomen and
crissum ; greater coverts and secondaries slate-black, conspicuously
margined with white ; anterior lesser coverts, primaries and
primary-coverts jilain slaty grey : " lower mandible d;irk horn-
colour, with a white spot on each side of branching rami ; mem-
brane about nares livid blue, rest of upper mandible pale purplish,
with a fleshy-white wash ; edge of 2iail dark horn-colour, rest of
the nail horn-white ; iris hazel ; legs and feet bright orange-yellow "
(E. W. Nel . Lower parts greyish brown, abruptly
,,„ „,.*^'^<^"«''^ »^^i"f white of anal region. . occidentalis
o . \\ ing not more than 14-50 inches, usually
less • •
b . Head mostly wjnte ; the lores, occiput
neck, and chest black .^ .' l^^copsis, p
^. Upper tail-coverts very long, reachiuff the tip
of the tail-feathers; head entirely black,
e". Sides of the neck with two patches of white
streaks on each side, usually not meeting
in front; lower parts greyish, in con-
spicuous and abriijjt contrast with black
ot chest ; or dark brown, but sufliciently
.„ rr,/^'^''':f '''-"m/he black ot the chest . . .\ bernicla, p.
d . 1 he white patches on the .sides of the neck
constantly meeting in front, so as to form
p. 112.
),p.ll4.
[p. 116.
(?),
116.
. 117.
119.
112 ANATID^.
a broad white collar, interrupted only
behind ; breast and abdomen dark sooty
brown nigricans, p. 123.
6. Chest and a patch on the posterior part of the
sides of the head chestnut ruficollis, p. 124.
1. Brauta canadensis.*
Canada Goose, Edw. Birds, pi. 151 ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 450, n. 14
(1785).
Anser ferus canadensis, Edio. op. cit. iii. p. 246 (1750).
Anser canadensis sylvestris, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 272, pi. xxvi. (1760).
Anas canadensis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 198, n. 14 (1766) ; Forst. Phil.
Trans. Ixii. p. 414 (1772) ; Gm. S. N. i. p. 514, n. 14 (1788) ;
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 838, n. 17 (1790); Wih. Am. Orn. viii.
p. 52, pi. 67. f. 4 (1814).
Oie sauvage du Canada, D'Auhent. PL Enl. 346.
Oie a cravate, Bujf. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 82 (1783).
Anser canadensis, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 114, pi. 32. f. 2 (1790) ;
Vieill. N. D. xxiii, p. 335 (1818) ; Dum. Diet. 8c. Nat. xxxv.
p. 468 (1826) ; Flem. Br. An p. 128 (1828); Bp. Syn. p. 377
(1828) ; Sio. Sr Rich. F. B.-Am. ii. p. 468 (1831) ; Less. Trd'Orn.
p. 628, n. 16 (1831) ; Benn. Gard. ^- Me7iag. Zuol. Soc. del., Birds,
p. 201 (1831) ; Nurt. Man.ii.-p. 349 (18.34)"; Aiid. Orn. Biogr. iii.
p. 1 (1835), V. p. 607, pi. 201 (1839) ; Bp. C\nnp. List, p. 55 (1838) ;
Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 95 (1838); Atid. !^n. p. 270 (1839) ; K. Sr B.
Wirhelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxii, 223 (1840) ; And. B. Am. vi. p. 178,
pi. 376 (1843) ; DeKay, N. Y. Zool. ii. p. 348 (1844) ; Gir. B. Long
ZsZ.p. 289(1844); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847) ; Baird,Stansbury's
Hep. p. 321 (1852); Wied, J.f. 0. 18.^9, p. 164; Schleg. Mus.
P.-B., Anseres, p. 105 (1866) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 44 (1869) ; Gieb.
Thes. Orn. i. p. 369 (1872).
Cygnus canadensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 19 (1824) ; Jen. Man.
p. 227 (1835) ; Eyt. Cat. Br. Birds, p. 65 (1836).
Bernicla canadensis, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 981 ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B.
p.*;08, n. 12 (1844) ; Kchnb. Syn. At:, Natatores, t. 105. ff. 247-48
(1845); Woodh. Sif(/r. Rep. p. 102 (1853); Licht. Nomencl. Av.
p. 100 (1854) ; Bp'. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 28 (1856) ;
Netcb. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 100 (1857) ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 764
(1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 567 (1859) ; A. ^ E. Neivt. Ibis,
1859, p. 368 (St. Croix ?) ; Heerm. Rep. P. R. R. Rep. x. pt. vi.
p. 66 (1859); Murr. Edinb. New Philos. Journ. 1859, p. 225;
Coop. 8f Suckl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 250 (1860); Coues, Pr.
* Although I keep distinct the synonymy of the four forms admitted by
American ornithologists {B. canadensis, hutckinsi, occide7italis, and minima), and
have added to each the description given by Mr. Kidgway, I have not been
able to draw the line between them and to recognize more than two species —
one (-B. canadensis) extremely variable in size, and found nearly all over
N. America ; and a second, very much smaller and not very variable in size,
confined to Alaska during the breeding-season, but, according to the American
authors, extending to California in winter. Of the first species, besides other
specimens, there is in the British Museum a series of 7 specimens from Corpus
Christi (Texas), fully adult and young, whose beaks vary from 2'3 to l"!
inches, and all the other parts accordingly. They show such a perfect transition
from one to another, that their specific identity cannot be questioned for a
moment.
18. BKANTA. 113
Ac. Philad. 18G1, p. 238 ; Ross, Canad. Nat. 1862, p. 152 ; Hayd.
Hep. p. 175 (18G2) ; Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 153 (1862) ; Boardm.
Pr. L'ost. Soc. iv. p. 139 (1862) ; Plakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 9, 1863,
p. 141 ; Peinh. Vid. Med. f. 1864 (1805) p. 246 (Disco) ; March,
Pi: Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 70 (Jamaica) ; Hoy, Smiths. Rep. 1864,
p. 438 (Missouri); Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 42; Coues, Pr. Ac.
Philad. 1866, p. 98 ; Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 296 (1866) ;
Coues, Pr. Pss. Inst. vi. p. 298 (1868) ; Hincks, P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 211 ; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 425 (Vancouver Isl.) ; Ball ^ Bann.
Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 295 (Alaska) (1869) ; Stev. U.S. Gaol. Surv.
Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyoming); Coues, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1871,
p. 35 (N. Carolina) ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 (two carotids),
p. 639 (muscles) ; Snow, B. Kansas, p. 11 (1873) ; Sclat. 8r Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 128, n. 1 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 362 (part. ?) ; Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 317 ; Sclat. P. Z. S..
1880, p. 502 ; Ridyw. Nom. N. A7n. B. n. 594 (1881) ; Coues,
Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 112, n. 702 (1882) ; Sclat. List Vert. An.
8th ed. p. 419 (1883) ; B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 118 (1883) ;
Howley, Auk, i. pp. 309-313 (Newfoundland) (1884) ; B., B., J- R.
Water-B. N. Am. i. pp. 455, 456, 457, 460 (1884) ; Coues, Key
N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 688, n. 702 (1884) ; Saund. YarreWs Hist.
Br. B. iv. p. 295 (1884-85) ; Monti. Bull. Soc. Accl. 1886, p. 140,.
fig. p. 141 ; Newt. Diet. ofB. p. 376 (pt. 2, 1893).
Cygnopsis canadensis, Brandt, Descr. et Ic. An. Ross. Nov., Aves, i.
p. 5 (1836) ; Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 69, n. 416 (1842) ; G. R.
Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 130 (1844).
? Anser parvipes, Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1852, p. 187 (Vera Cruz);
id. U.S. Ei-pl. Exped., Mamm. S,- Orti. p. 336 (1858).
Bernicla (Leucoblepharon) canadensis, Baird, B. N. Am. p. xlix
(1858).
? Bernicla leucolaema, Murr. Edinb. New Phil. Journ. ix. p. 226
(var.) (1859).
? Bernicla barnstoni, Ross, Canad. Nat. vii. p. 152 (var.) (April 1862) ;
id. Nat. Hist. Rev. (2) ii. p. 28 (1862); Blakist. Ibis, 1863,
p. 143 ; B., B., ^ R. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 460 (1884).
Branta canadensis, Bann. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131 ; Coues, Key,
p. 283, f. 185 a (1872); id. Check-list, n. 485 (1873); id. B.
N- West, p. 554 (1874) ; Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i. p. 50
(1876) ; H. W. Elliott, Mon. Seal Isl. p. 130 (1881) ; A. O. U.
Code of Nomencl. Sf Check-list, p. 126, n. 172 (1886) ; Ridgio.
Man. N. Am. B. p. 117, n. 172 (1887) ; Macfarl. Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. xiv. p 424 (Mackenzie Basin) (1891) ; Hartert, Kat.
Voqelsamml.^.227, n. 3361 (1891); Hatch, B. of Minnes. -p. 77
(1892) ; MacKay, Auk, 1894, p. 226, 1895, p. 77 (Massachusetts).
Leucoblepharon canadense, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 76, n. 10578
(1871) ; Suud. Meth. nat. A v. disp. Tent. p. 145 (1872) ; Hein. ^^
Rchmv. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 342 (1890).
Anser (Brenthus) canadensis, Rchnw. Orn. CmtralU. 1882, p. 37 ;
id. Vog. zool. Gdrt.p. 66 (1882).
Adult. Head and nearly all the neck black ; chin and throat
white, extending upwards on the cheeks and ending in a point
behind the car-coverts ; back, wing-coverts, secondaries, and terlials
brown, the feathers, except those of the back, with lighter-coloured
edges; rump black; upper tail-coverts white; lower part of the
neck almost white, but rarely distinct; breast and belly pale
VOL. XXVII. I
114 ANATID^.
"brown, gradually fading into tlie white of the vent and under tail-
coverts ; primaries and tail-feathers black : bill black ; irides dark
brown ; legs, toes, and membranes dark lead-colour, almost black.
Total length 41-42 inches, wing 15-60-21, culmen 1-55-2-70,
tarsus 2'45-3'70. (Ridgivay.)
Female. Similar to the male, but smaller.
Young are much smaller, and have the white feathers of the
cheeks edged with black,
Hah. Temperate North America, breeding in the K^orthern
United States and British territory, migrating in winter southwards
to Mexico.
2. Branta hutchinsi,
Anser canadensis, Pall, (nee Linn.) Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 230
(Aleutian Islands) (1811).
Anas bemicla, rar. /3, Mich. App. Parry^s '2nd Voy. p. 368 (1825).
Anser hutchinsii, Rich, in Sw. ^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 470
(1831) ; mat. Man. ii. p. 362 (1834) ; Aud. Om. Biugr. iii. p. 226,
pi. 277 (1835) ; Bp. Co7np. List,^. 55 (1838) ; Eyt. Hon. Anat. p. 95
(1838) ; Aud. Syn. p. 271 (1839) ; id. B. Am. vi. p. 198, pi. 377
(1843); Linsl. Am. Journ. xliv. p. 249 (Connecticut) (1843);
Giraud, B. Long L p. 292 (1844) ; Peale, U.S. Expl. Exped. viii.
sp, 158 (1848) ; Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat, Natatores, Noviti(s, t. 104.
f. 2772 (ex Audubon ?) (1850) j Hartl. Wivgm. Arch. 1852, i.
p. 122 ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 664 (California) (1863) ; id.
Not. Coll. Delattre, p. 93 (1854) ; Putn. Pr. Ess. Imt. i. p. 219
(Massachusetts) (1856) ; Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 105
(=leucopareius, Brandt) (Mexico) (18G6); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 43
(1869) ; Gieb. Thes. Om. i, p. 371 (1872) ; Seebh. B. Jap. Emp.
p. 239 (1890).
Anser leucopareius, Brandt, Bull. Sc. Ac. Petersb. i. p. 37 (Aleutians)
(1836).
Anser (Bemicla) leucopareius, Brandt, Descr. et Leon. Anim. Ross
Nov., Aves, i. p. 13, pi. 2 (1836) ; id. J. f. O. 1891, p. 267.
Bemicla leucopareia, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 608, n. 13 (1844)
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 101. ff. 416, 954 (1845) ; Bp. Compt.
Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 29 (1856).
Bemicla hutchinsii, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii, p. 608, n. 14 (1844)
Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. p. 102 (California) (1853) ; Lieht. No7nencl.
Av. p. 100 (1854) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 30 (1856)
Neiob. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 101 (CaHfornia) (1857) ; Cass. U.S.
Expl. Exped., Mainm. ^ Om. p. 336 (1858); Baird, B. N. Am
pp. 763, 766 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 5G9 (1859) ; Heerm
P. R. R. Rep. X. pt. vi. p. 67 (1859) ; Mun: Edinb. Neiu Phil. Journ
ix. p. 228, pi. 4. f. 2 (1859) ; Coop. 8^ Suckl. N. R. Wash.Terr. p. 251
(1860) ; Ross, Canad. Natur. 1862, p. 152 ; Blakist. Lbis, 1863,
p. 143 ; Allm, Pr. Ess. Lnst. iv, p. 87 (Massachusetts) (1864) ; Coues,
Pr. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 98 (Colorado) ; Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
viii. p. 296 (1866) ; Hmcks, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 211 ; Coues, Pr.
Ess. Inst. V. p. 298 (1868) ; Tumb. B. E. Pa. p. 45 (1869) ;
Ball 8f Bann. Tr. aiic. Ac. i, p. 295 (Alaska) (1869) ; Finsch,
Abh. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 20 (1872) ; Snow, B. Fans. p. 11
(1873) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 502 ; Seebh. Lbis, 1882, p. 369-
(Japan) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 419 (1883) ; Blak. ^
Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 96 (1882) ; Blakist. Amend. List B.
18. BRANTA. 115
Jap. pp. 9, 33 (1884) ; Saund. YarreWs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 298
(1884-85) ; Montluz. Bull. Son. Accl. 1886, p. \^Z; Newt. Diet, of
B. p. 376 (pt. 2, 1893).
Bemicla (Leucoblepharon) butcliinsii, Baird, B. N. Am. p. xlix
(ISoS).
Branta hutehinsii, Bmith Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131.
Leucoblepharon hutcliin8ii, G. li. Gr. H(md-list, iii. p. 76, u. 10579
(1871).
Leucoblepharon leucopareia, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 76, n. 10580
(1871).
Branta canadensis, var. hutehinsii, Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 284,
n. 4856 (1872) ; Turner, Aid:, 1885, p. 158.
Anser (Branta) canadensis, var. hutehinsii, Bidgio. Ann. Lye. N.Y.
X. p. 388 (Illinois) (1874).
Branta canadensis, e. hutehinsii, Coues, B. N.- West, p. 6.54 (1874).
Bemicla leucoparia, B/ak. ^- Pri/er, Ibis, 1878, p. 212 (Japan) ; iid.
Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 183 (1880).
Bemicla canadensis hutehinsii, Bidgio. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mm. iii. p. 203
(1880); id. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 594 « (1882); Coues, Check-list,
2nd ed. p. 172, n. 704 (1882).
Anser (Brenthus) hutchinsi, Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 37 ;
id. Voff. zool. Gart. p. 65 (1882).
Branta leucopareia, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. \i. p. 70 (1883).
Bernicla canadensis, y. hutehinsii, B., B., ^- R. Water-B. N. Am. i.
pp. 455, 457, 458, 464 (1884).
Branta canadensis hutehinsii, Sfejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29,
p. 147 (1885) ; A. O. U. Code if Nomencl. ^- Check-list N. Am. B.
p. 127, n. 172 a (1886) ; Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 139
(1886) ; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 84 (1887) ; Bidgw.
Man. N. Am. B. p. 117, n. 172 a (1887) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. X. p. 135 (Bering I.) (1887) ; Shufeldt, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.
xi. pp. 248-251, ff. 27, 28, 29, 30 (osteology) (1888); ? Macfarl.
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 424 (1891) ; Hatch, B. of Minnes.
p. 80(1892).
" Similar to B. canadensis, but smaller (wing usually less than
16-00 inches; culmen usuall)- less than I'To). Length about
25-00-34-00, wing 14-75-17-75, culmen 1-20-1-90, tarsus 2-25-
3-20 " (Bldgway).
Hah. " Arctic and Subarctic America ; south in winter, through
United States, chiefly west of the Alleghanies ; I^orth-eastern Asia
(Japan to Eastern Siberia) " {Eidgway).
3. Branta occidentalis.
? Bemicla canadensis, Cass, (nee Linn.) U.S. E.vpl. Exped., Mamm.
^- Orn. p. 3.35 (1858) ; Harfl. J.f. O. 1883, p. 282 (Alaska).
Bernicla leucopareia, Baird (nee Brandt), B. N. Am. pp. xlix, 765
(1858) ; ?Neict. Diet, of B. p. 376 (pt. 2, 1893).
Bernicla occidentalis, Baird, op. cit. p. 766 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am.
B. n. 567 a (1859) ; Saund. YarreWs Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 298
(1884-85) ; Bidgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 22 (1885).
Bemicla canadensis, A-ar. occidentalis, Dull ^- Bann. Tr. Chic. Ac. i.
p. 295 (1869) ; Lawr. Mem. Best. Sac. N. H. ii. p. 363 (Durango)
(1874).
Bemicla canadensis, var. leucopareia, Coues, Key, p. 284 (1872).
i2
116
Branta canadensis, b. leucopareia, part., Coues, B. N.- West, p. 554
(1874).
Bernicla canadensis, part., Sclat. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 362
(Durango, Mexico).
Bernicla canadensis occidentalis, Ridgio. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii,
p. 203 (1880) ; id. Norn. N. Atn. B. n. 594 e (1881) ; Coues, Key
N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 688, n. 702a (1884).
Bernicla canadensis, j3. occidentalis, B., B., ^ R. Water-B. N. Am. i.
p. 455 (1884).
Branta canadensis occidentalis, Ridgiv. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii.
p. 365 (1885) ; A. 0. U. Code of Nomencl. ^ Check-list N Am. B.
p. 127, n. 172 b (1886) ; Nelsmi, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 85
(1887) ; Ridff2v. Man. N. Am. B. p. 117, n. 172 b (1887) ; Macfarl.
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiv. p. 424 (1891).
Adult. " Lower parts deep greyish brown or brownish grey
(often not conspicuously paler than upper parts), abruptly defined
against white of anal region ; white cheek-patches usually separated
by a black throat-stripe, or black mottling on throat ; white collar
round lower neck usually very distinct in winter plumage ; tail-
feathers usually 18- 00-20-00. Total length about 35 inches, wing
16-25-18'00, culmen 1-40-1-65, tarsus 3-05-3-25." (Eidr/iva;/.)
Hah. " North-west coast of America; north to Sitka; south in
winter to California " (Hidgway).
{Branta canadensis ; B. hutchinsi ; B.
a, b. Ad. st, N. America.
c, d. Ad. sk. Brit. Columbia (/. K. Lord).
e. Ad. sk.
f. Ad. sk.
g. h, i. $ ad. et
5 imm. sk.
k. $ ad. sk,
I, Head.
VI. Ad. St.
n. Ad. sk.
0. Ad. St.
p-v. cJ $ ad et
(S juv. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
X. Ad. sk.
y. Pull. sk.
z. Ad. sk.
a', V . Ad. St.
c'. Pull. St.
d'. Skeleton.
Fraser River, Brit. Columbia
(/. K. L.).
49tli Parallel {J. K. L.).
W. side Rocky Mts.
Fort Simpson, May {B. R. Ross).
Arctic America {R. MacFar-
lane).
North Land Exped.
Hudson Bay.
Repulse Bay, Hudson Bay.
Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov. {F.
B. Armstrong).
Yokohama [H. P-yer).
Hakodadi (Blakiston).
British Isles.
Dorsetshu-e.
Cumberland.
4. Branta minima.
occidentalis.)
Purchased.
N. America Boimdary
Comm. [P.].
N. America Boundary
Comm. [P.].
N. America Boundary
Comm. [PJ.
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
A. Murray, Esq. [?•]•
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sir G. Back [P.].
Capt. D. Herd [P.].
Dr. Rae [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
H.J.Elwes,Esq.rP.].
Mrs.E. Goolden[P.].
Purchased.
Purchased.
Bernicla leucopareia, Cass, {nee Brandt) III. B. Cal., Tex. ^-c. p. 272,
pi. 45 (1853) ; Baird, Cat. N Am. B. n. 568 (1859) ; ? Ball ^'
Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 295 (Alaska) (1869) ; Saund. Yan-eWs
Sist. Br. B. iv. p. 298 (1884-85).
18. BBANTA. 117
Branta canadensis, var. leucopareia, Coues in Elliot's Affairs in
Alaska, p. 190 (1875) (nee Key, 1872, p. 284, which = B. occiden-
talis, Baird) ; Coues, Check-list, n. 485 « (1873).
Bernicla canadensis leucopareia, Riclf/io. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 594 b
(1881) ; Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 112, n. 703 (part.) (1882) ;
id. Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 689 (1884).
Bernicla canadensis, S. leucopareia, B., B., Sf R. Water-B, N. Am. i.
pp. 4oG, 457, 4-59 (1884).
Branta minima, Ridgzc. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 22 (1885).
Branta canadensis minima, Ridgic. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355
(1885); A. O. U. Code of Nomencl. i^- Check-list N. Am. B.
p. 127, n. 172 c (1886); Townsend, Auk, 1887, p. 12 (breeding;
Kowak R., N. Alaska) ; Turner, Contr. N. H. of Alaska, p. 139
(1886) ; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 86 (1887) ; Ridgio.
Man. N. Am. B. p. 117 (1887).
Bernicla munroii, Rothsch. Ann. ^- May. N. H. (6) x. p. 108 (1892)
(Kauai, Sandwich Islands) (tyjie exainined=\mmva?i).
Similar to B. canadensis, but very much smaller. Lower parts
deep greyish brown or brownish grey (often not conspicuously paler
than the upper parts), abruptly defined against white of anal region ;
the feathers of the underparts have paler edges ; white cheek-
patches usually separated by a black stripe of spotting on the throat,
and lower part of neck encircled by a more or less distinct white
coUar ; tail-feathers usually 14— IG. Total length about 23-25
inches, wing 13-60-14'50, culmen 0-95-l"15, tarsus 2'40-2-75.
Hah. Pacific coast of North America, breeding chiefly about the
shores of Norton Sound and the Lower Yukon, but extending to
Kotzebue Sound and along the Arctic coast to the vicinity of Point
Barrow ; south in winter to California, and more rarely to Upper
Mississippi Valley (Wisconsin, &c.) ; it strays to the Sandwich
Islands.
«, b,c. c? 2 ad. St. Michael's, Alaska, June, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.
et pull. sk. {E. W. Nelson).
d. c? ad. sk. Kottik, mouth of Yukon R., Salvin-Godman Coll.
Alaska, May (E. W. Nelson).
e. 5 ad. sk. Gray's Harbour, Washington Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tenitory, Dec. (Henshaio).
5. Branta leucopsis.
The Barnacle or Bemacle Goose.
Bernicla, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 300 (1760).
Bernicla minor, Briss. op. cit. p. 302 (1760) (juv.).
Anas bernicla, part., Linn. S. N'. i. p. 198, n. 13 (1766).
? Anas hrota, O. F. 311111. Zool. Dan. Prodr. p. 14 (1776).
Bernache, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. 855 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 93
(1783).
Anas erythropus, Gm. (nee Linn.) S. N. i. 2, p. 512, n. 11 (1788) ;
Lath.'ind. Orn. ii. p. 843, n. 31 (1790).
Anas erythropus, 8, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 844 (1790).
Anserervthropus, Bonn, (nee Linn.) Enc. Mcth. i.p. 120, n. 28 (1790) ;
Less. Man. cVOrn. ii. p. 408 (1828) ; Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 4021(1849).
Anas leucopsis, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 424 (1803); Temin.
Man. p. 531 (1815) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 823 (1820).
118 ANATID^.
Anser leucopsis, Bechst. Gem. Naturg. Deutschl. 2nd ed. iv. p. 921
(1809) ; Vwill. N. D. xxiii. p. 329 (1818) ; Dumont, Diet. Sc. Nat,
XXXV. p. 462 (1825) ; £p. Syn. p. 377 (1828) : Less. Tr. d'Orn,
p. 627 (1831) ; Nutt. Man. Orn. ii. p. 355 (1834) ; Jen. Man,
p. 224 (1835) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 609, pi. 296 (1835) ; id.
Syn. p. 271 (1839) ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 55 (1838) ; Eyt. Mon.
Anat. p. 86 (1838) ; Keys. Sf Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxiii, 224
(1840) ; Nmim. Vog. Deutschl. xi. p. 378, Taf. 291 (1842) ; Aud.
B. Am. vi. p. 200, pi. 378 (1843) ; Schleq. Rev. Crit. p. 11 (1844) ;
Michlend. Beis. Sibir. ii. 2, p. 228 (Siberia?) (1851); Wallemjr.
Namnannia, 1854, p. 268 (Scandinavia) ; Thorell, Bidr. Spitzb.
MoUuskf. p. 60 (1859) ; Bias, in Naum. Voq. Deutschl. xiii. 2,
p. 296 (1863); Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fiirh. 1863, p. 106;
Stcinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 323 (e.r Midd.) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B.,
Anseres, p. 104 (1866) ; Latvr. Am. Nat. v. p. 10 (1871); Gieh,
Thes. Orn. i. p. 372 (1872) ; Nordensk. Voy. Vega, i. p. 126 (1881)
(Spitsbergen & Novaia Zemlia) ; Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 512,
pi. 60 (egg) (1885).
Anser bernicla, Pall, (nee Linn.) Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 230 (1811) ;
Leach, Cat. p. 37 (1816) ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 127 (1828).
Bemicla leucopsis, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563 ; Kaup, Skiz. Ent. ettr.
Thierw. p. 25 (1829) ; Brehm, Handb. Voq. Deutschl. p. 847 (1831) ;
Eyt. Cat. Br. B. p. 62 (1836) ; Macgilliv. Man. ii. p. 150 (1842) ;
Bp. Cat. Met. Uec. Eur. p. 70, n. 424 (1842) ; HaHl. Syst. Verz.
Ges. Mtis. p. 117 (1844) ; G. E. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 128
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 2 (1844) ; Rchib. Syn. A v.,
Natatores, t. 97. ff. 230-231 (1845); Bp. Cotnpt. Rend, xliii.
p. 048, n. 31 (1856); Baird, B. N. Am. p. 768 (1858); id. Cat.
N. Am. B. n. 572 (1859) ; id. Am. Nat. ii. p. 49 (Hudson Bay) ;
Beitih. Ibis, 1861, p. 12 (Greenland) ; G. R. Gr. List Br. B.
p. 184 (1863); Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fcirh. 1864, p. 395;
Neivt. Ibis, 1865, p. 513 ; ^DegL •$■ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 488
f. 1(1870) ; Heugl. J.f. 0. 1871, p. 104 (Rotjess-Fjell and Barents-
Land :-) ; La2Dr. Am. Nat. v. p. 283 (North Carolina) (1871);
Eaton, Zoologist, 1874, p. 3815 (Spitsbergen) ; Dress. B. Eur.
vi. p. 397, pi. 415. f. 1 (1878); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 501;
Freke, Zoologist, Sept. 1881, p. 372 ; Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B.
n. 597 (1882); Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 112, n. 699 (1882);
Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 529, n. 2574 (1882) ; Sclat. List Vert.
An. 8th ed. p. 419, n. 954 (1883) ; B. 0. U. List Br. B. p. 118
(1883) ; Saimd. YarreWs Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 286 (1884-85) ; Costa,
Bend. Ac. Nap. xxv. p. 106 (Italv) (1886) ; Montluz. Bull. Soc.
Accl. 1886, p. 143, fig. p. 144 ;' Lilford, Col. Fig. Br. Birds,
pt. xi. pi. — (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. Birds, p. 397 (1889) ;
Payton, Ibis, 1891, p. 297 (Marocco) ; Arrig. degli Oddi,Atti Soc.
Ital. xxxiv. pp. 117-121 (Venetian) (1892); Newt. Diet, of B.
p. 375 (pt. 2, 1893).
Bernicla erytbropus, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 49 (1824) ; Brehm,
Handb. Natiira. Vog. Deutschl. p. 848 (1831) ; Licht. Nomencl.
Av. p. 100 (1854). _
Leucopareia leucopsis, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852) ; G. R.
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 76, n. 10581 (1871) ; Hein. ^- Rchnw. Norn.
Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 342 (1890).
Chenalopex leucopsis, " Less.," Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 372 (in syn. A.
leucopsis) (1872).
18. BRANIA. IIQ*
Branta leucopsis, Bann. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1871, p. 131 ; Ccmes, Key,
p. 283 (1872); id. Check-list, n. 483 (1873); id. B. N.-West,
p. 558 (1874) ; B., B., i5e). Seebohm Coll.
w. Ad.sk., var.* Novaia Zemha, June. H. W. FeUden and
o,i.,£. Sterna. H. Bro.vn [C.].
h. Underj)arts dark grey or brown.
r. e ad. sk., var * Cookham, Xoy. ( W. Briggs). Tweeddale CoD.
s Ad. sk., yar.* Devonshire. Col. Monta^ rp.l
t, «^Imni. et juv. Maldon, Essex {Major Russell). Seebohm CoU. -
7. Branta nigricans.
Anas bernicla, Pemi. (nee Linn.) in ChokS Voy. Tacif. ii. p .366
(Kamtschatka) (1784). ^ ' ^' ^
Anser brenta V^rt.,Pan. Zoogr Rosso-As. ii. p. 229 (ea- America)
(1811) ; ? Swinh. P. Z. S. 186.3, p. .323 (China) '
Anser nigricans, Zawr Ann. Lye. K.Y. iv. p. 171, pi. xii. (1846);
ir«r^_/ A«.««,«,18o2,p. 2: Seehh. Hist. Br.B. iii. V 508
(IbSo) ; id. B. Jap. Emp. p. 240 (1890). ^
Bernicla nigricans, G. R. Gr. Gen. B., App. p. 07 n849^ • Cn^
p. 64fe, n. 34 (I806) ; Baird, B. X. Am. p. 767 (1858) • id Cat
p. 2oJ (I860); Blakisf. Lbis, 1863, p. 145; Later Ann L„r V V
vm. p. 296 (Long Isl.) (1867) ; hLcn, Bi'liml: iS'cVaf:
YarreU's Hist. Brit. B. iv. p/ 292^^ a884^.^) .^LrAlV^r^^
JSeict. Diet, of B. p. 375 (pt. 2, 1893) ^ '
Ana^ bernicla Kittl. (nee Linn.) Denkw. ii. p. 384 (1858)
Anser bernicla part., Schkg Mus. P-B., Anseres, p. 103 (1866);
Gieb. Thes. Orn. 1. p. 369 (part.) (187-^)
Branta nigricans, ^a««. p,-. ^f. PAeVarf. "1870, p. 131- G R Gr
^i^' ^- 4 "J^^'i if ^^^'•'^^•-/'^^ P- 1-^S. n. 174 (1886) ; Rid,,;.
Man. :S. Am. B. p. 118, n. 174 (188/) • Neh R^n X TT r,,// I,
^a 1.87 (1887^ ; ^^. p.. ir.S. 9at. m!^. ^:^o ^^t{^
•^ j^^' ^»{«CA''-/. Pr. l.S. Xat. Mus. xiv. p. 424 (Liverpool W
a°d FrankhnJ3gJ1891)^_g^^e^
* White patches of the neck nearly meetmg in front.
124 ANATID^.
Branta bernicla, var. nigricans, Coues, Key, p. 284, f. 184 6 (1872).
Branta bernicla, b. nigricans, Coues, B. N.- West, p. 557 (1874).
Bernicla torquata, Blakist. i^ Pryer (nee Bechst.), Ibis, 1878, p. 212
(Japan) ; iid. Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 183 (1880), x. p. 96 (1882).
Bernicla brenta nigricans, Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 112, n. 701
(1882) ; id. Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 688, n. 70, f. p. 687 (1884) ;
Chry, Auk, i. p. 96 (Massachusetts) (1884).
Anser (Brenthus) nigricans, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 37.
Bernicla brenta, var. nigricans, Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 32 (Yokohama).
Anser torquatus, Brandt {nee Frisch), J.f. 0. 1891, p. 267.
Similar to B. bernicla, but with a conspicuous collar of white
interrupted only on the nape, the white marks on each side of the
neck meeting together in front ; belly almost as black as the
breast : bill and feet deep black ; tarsi black (?). Total length
22-29 inches, wing 13-70-13-40, culmen 1-20-1-35, tarsus 2-20-
2-50.
Young. Similar to adult, but collar indistinct or obsolete, the
larger wing-coverts and secondaries broadly tipped with white, and
feathers of sides and flanks uniform brownish grey, without white
edgings.
Rah. Western Arctic America, and across Bering Straits as far
as the valley of the Lena (SeeloJim), migrating south in winter along
the Pacific coast to Lower California, and very rarely straggling to
the Atlantic coast (Long Island) ; along the Eastern Asiatic coast
it extends to Japan.
a. Ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan. F. Einger, Esq. [P.].
b, c, d. Ad. et Yokohama {H. Pryer). Seebohm Coll.
juv. sk.
e. Ad. sk. Yokohama [H. Pryer). Capt. Blakiston [P.].
/. Ad. st. St. Juan de Fuca, Vancouver Capt. Kellett and
Isl. Lieut. Wood [P.].
g. Ad. sk. Arctic Exped. Capt. Collinson [P.].
h. Ad. st. N.W. America. Capt. Collinson [P.].
i. cA«6. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852) . . . C. antarctica.
0?essocben>a««. Pr. Ac' Sc. Philad. 1870 p. 131 C. melanoptera.
Chloet^rophus, l^-^-J;- ^<;- f- ^^'^«'^; . '_'[''[ c. poUocephala.
CUoophaga", 'Sund. Metii. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 14-5
Tffinidiesthes, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orw.p. 342
(1890).
Ranc/e. Confined to South America.
Key to the Species.
a. Under tail-coverts white.
a'. General plumage white, with no barrmgs.
a". Upper scapulars white, each with a
black spot along the middle melanoptei-a, p. 129.
b". Scapulars like the rest of the plumage,
white ; in specimens not fully adult the
primaries are black towards the tip . . hybnda 6, P- i3U.
v. Plumage more or less barred.
c". Scapulars brown-black; breast with
deep black and white barrings; tail , , ., ^ ^_
entirely white hybnda $ , p. 130.
d". Scapulars grey ; head pale grey.
d'". Breast entirely white •_• • magellamca S, P- 132.
e'". Breast more or less barred with
\^\^(.\ inornata S > P- 134.
6. Under tail-coverts more or less blackish;
plumage distinctly barred with black and
c'.^Head distinctly rufous magellanica ? , p. 132.
d'. Head greyish, scarcely tinged with rufous, inornata J , p. 134.
c. linder tail-coverts rufous-cinnamon.
e'. Head rufous hke the middle of the
abdomen • • • • rubidiceps,^. 136.
f Head grey, middle of the breast and abdo-
■^ menwhite pohocephala, ■p. 137.
20. CHLoiii'UAGA. 12y
1. Chloephaga melanoptera.
? Otis chilensis, Mol. Suyy. Star. Nat. Chili, p. 200 (1782)
Anser me hmopterus, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 93 (1838) (Lake Titicaca) •
i 41 1809 '^r^r';?-'^>^^''^"'''P- 100(1866); Eyt. SyJAnai
p. -ii (Ibby); Gieb. Ihes. Om. i. p. 512 (I879) ^ ''
Anser montana 7'.eA. (nee Gm.) Wicym. Arch. 1843, i. p. 390 n -^1
Anser anticola, Tsch. op. cit. 1844, i. p. 315, n 342
« 'a ' nP" 7 '^ ^ ,^^]i -^'''■^^- ^""'"rtww"/, 1853, p. 222, sp 160-
Bibra, Denkschr. k. Ak. Wissensch. v. 2, p. 131 (1858) ■ irl TfO
p. 137 (1865) ; Sclat. P. ^.1^1867 pp^ tofIS "^39""^. 1
1869, p. I06 (Pitumarca) ; Sclat. P. Z. S 1871 nn 54^ 700 r/^.{
Gard.) ; Punn^ P. Z ^. ^872, p. 365 ; Sclat. ^ EAnZ^Jv
S.'&..l^:9^-n'-lif(\'89%^'' ^"^^^P'^^^^= ^'- •^~-^-
Bernicla anticola, &. i? &r. Gen. B. iii. p. G07, n. 11 (1844)
""""S^fv^t^r ^""'^'^^^'^^ ^'-^.i^-«Lp..;^...;-pp. 54,
Chloep]iaga melanoptera, Licht. Nomencl. At: p. 100 (1854) • Pn
i?Sr/^'T86iv'^'?v''?v"i1i^''*'Vo^^''«- ^« ^^«^«-^2:
11. p. olo (1851); >Se/«^. 76zs, 1864, p. 122; G. P Gr Hanr? /;J
P.Z -S.l8,4,p.554; Giyl. Viayy. May. ^.p. 946,957 (1876)
Oressochen melanopterus, i>'«««. Pr. Ac. PhiL. 1870, p 13 ^"
Anser (Brenthus melanopterus, Pc/mtr. Om. Centra ill. 1882, p 37-
id. Toy. zool. Gart. p. 65 (1882). ' P' '
Bran^a^ melanoptera, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 227, n. 3363
th^'Sr/'-no?^''' ''"''"r ^^^P^^I-^^^ith a brown spot along
tne middle; posterior scapulars brown with a greenish <-in<.P^
median greater wing-coverts dark green with a purpHloss fom'
"ig a speculum, tho innermost ones and tertials dark glo s '<- oen '
red' wi^h to n'; 1 T^= *'''^'' ^'''' ""^ membranes cinnabar-
Tot'aletS If Wack; ms grey-brown"' (P/.,Y. 4- Laadh.).
tarsus 3™ '°'^''' ^''""^ ^^'^^ *^^ « -'' '^'^^<^" ^'i
Rmuh. Similar to the male but smaller
side-"'n7/h""-^ '" '^"'"'- ^^^^^' *^« brown-grey bands on the
VOL xxvii''^'^'' ^ '^'" ^''^' ^^^ting'on'and extending
K
130
down the nape ; back brown-grey ; on the sides of the rump
two -white longitudinal bands ; scapulars grey with dark spots ;
tertials and tail-feathers dark glossy green ; iris dark brown ; feet
dark brown ; " beak black " (Eahmer).
Hah. Western South America, from Peru and Bolivia to Magellan
Strait; seen also at Punta Arenas {Giglioli).
a. Ad. St.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Ad. sk.
■d. Ad. sk.
■e. Ad. St.
/. Ad. St.
(J. Ad. st.
h. Ad. St.
i, k. S ad. et $
juv. sk.
I. S ad. sk.
m, n, 0. c? 2 ad.
et juv. sk.
p, q. Ad. et imm.
sk.
r. Ad. sk.
-s. PuU. sk.
t. Skeleton.
S. America.
Peru, June (Jelski).
Pitumarca, Peru, Aug. {I£.
Whitehj).
Chili.
Chili.
Chili.
Lake Titicaca, Chili.
Valparaiso.
Cueva Nigi'a, Prov. of Tara-
paca, Feb.
L. Huasco, Prov. of Tarapaca,
Jan.
Sacaya, March, May.
Central Chih.
Prov. Colchagua, Chili {Reed).
Pampas Argentinas (Lei/bold).
ChiU.
Purchased.
Warsaw Museum
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Eyton's Coll. [Oue of
the types of the
species.]
T. C. Bridges, Esq.
[C.].
Purchased.
M. Peutland, Esq.
[C.].
Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzroy [P.].
H. B. James, Esq.
[P.].
H. B. James, Esq.
[P.J.
H. B. James, Esq.
[P.].
H. B. James, Esq.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
2. Chloephaga hybrida.
Anas hybrida, Mol. Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 213 (1782) ; id. op. cit.
2nd ed. p. 198 (1810) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 502, n. 50 (1788) ; Lath.
Ind. Oni. ii. p. 835, n. 6 (1790).
Antarctic Goose, Forst. It. pp. 495, 518 ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 442,
u. 7 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. x. p. 228 (1824).
Anas magellanica, Sparrm. {nee Gm.) Mus. Carls, fasc. ii. t. 37 ( § )
(1787).
Anas antarctica, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 505, n. 57 (1788) ; Lath. Lid.
Orn. ii. p. 835, n. 8 (1790).
Anser hybridus, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 112 (1790) ; Vieill. N. D.
xxiii. p. 331 (1818) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 39 (1824) ; Dum.
Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxv. p. 471 (1825).
Oie a tete cendi'ee, Bonn. op. cit. p. 117, pi. 31. f. i. (1790).
Anser antarcticus, Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 328 (1818) ; Dum. Diet.
Sc. Nat. xxxv. p. 470 (1825) : Less. Voy. Coq. i. p. 331, pi. 50 ( 5 )
(1826) ; id. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 409 (1828) ; Licht. in Forst. Descn
An. pp. 334, 335 (note) (1844) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Auseres,
p. 98 (1866) ; Gieh. Thes. Orn. i. p. 369 (1872) ; Cab. ti. Rchm
J.f. O. 1876, p. 329.
20. CHLOErilAGA. 131
Bernicla antarctica, Stejih. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p, 59 (1824) ; Eyt. Mon.
Anat. p. 84 (syn. emend.), pi. ii. f. 5 (trachea) (1838) ; Darwin,
Vol/. Beayle, iii. p. 134 (1841) (Tierra del Fuego, Falkland
Islands) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 127 (1844) ; id.
Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 4 (1844) ; Ilartl. Syst. Verz. Ges. Mus.
p. 117 (1844); BcJmb. Sijn. ^y., Natatores, t. 98. ff". 397, 948
(1845); Des Murs in Gay, Hist, de C'lnle,\.\x 442(1848); Bibra,
Denkschr. k. Ak. Wissensch. v. 2, p. 131 (1853) ; id. J. f. 0. 1855,
p. 67 ; Cass. U.S. Astron. Exp. ii. p. 200, pi. xxiii. ( c? ? ) (1856)
(Coast of Chili) : Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 (egg) ; .Sclat. P. Z. S.
1860, p. 388; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 159; PL'S,- Landb. JVierpn.
Arch. 18G3, i. p. 199; iid. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 40 (1868) ; Sclat. Wis,
1864, pp. 121, 122 ; Pclz. Reise Novara, Tik/. p. 136 (1865) ; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 320, 334, 339; Cunningham, Ibis, 1868, p. 127 ;
Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 30 (1869) ; Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 366 ; Sclat.
S) Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 128 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 367, 1878, p. 436 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 310 (egg), 1880,
p. 504; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 13; Sclat. ^- Salv. Toy. aidl,
Birds, p. 106 (1881); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 422
(1883); Montluz. Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 153, fig. p. 154;
Burm. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 247 (1888) ; Tristr.
Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 (1889) ; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Spec. Coll. Surij.
iii. p. 293 (1891) ; B. James, New List Chil. B. p. 9,n. 146 (1892).
Chenelopex leucoptera, part.. Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 627 {S) (1831).
Chenelopex antarctica. Less. op. cit. p. 628 ( J ) (1831) ; id. Compl.
de Buff., Ois. 2nd ed. p. 717 (1838).
Aaas ofanta, Forst. Icon. ined. t. — ; id. Descr. An. (ed. Licht.) p. 336
(1844).
Taenidiestes antarctica, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852) ; Bann.
Pr.Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 132; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 76,
n. 10585 (1871).
Chloephaga antarctica, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 100 (1854) ; Bp.
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 23 (1856) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 527,
.529 (Falklands) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Port Otway),
1870, p. 499 (Goods Bay) ; Gi(/l. Viayg. Magenta, pp. 927, 938,
• 942, 944, 947 (1876) ; Newt. Diet, of B. p. 375 (pt. 2, 1893).
Bernicla hybrida, Ph. ^ Landb. Wiegm. Arch. 1863, i. p. 199
(note).
Anser (Brenthiis) antarcticus, Rchmo. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 36 ;
id. Viiy.zool. Gcirt. p. 64 (1882).
Taenidiesthes antarctica, Hein. u. Rchmo, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn.
p. 342 (1890).
Bernicla (Chloephaga) antai-ctica, Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, Ois.
p. 195 (1891).
Branta antarctica, HarteH, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 227, n. 3364
(1891).
Adult male. Entirely white : " bill black, with a yellow spot at the
base ; tarsus and feet yellow ; irides greyish brown " {Giglioli, MS.).
Length about 24 inches, wing 15, tail 5, culmen 1"5, tarsus 2-75.
• Female. Brown-black ; upper part of the head and nape brown ;
forehead, sides of the head, and neck black with narrow white
bands ; upper back, scapulars, and tertials brown-black ; lower back,
rump, upper tail-covcrts, lower abdomen, vent, under tail-coverts,
and tail pure white ; breast, abdomen, sides, and flanks deep black,
handsomely barred with white ; lower and median wing-coverts,
k2
132 AN\TLD^.
secondaries, and under wing-coverts white ; greater wing-coverts
metallic green, forming a speculum, tipped with white, and with a
black band before the tip ; primaries and their coverts black : " biU
flesh-colour ; tarsus and feet yellow ; irides greyish brown " ( Giglioli,
MS.). Total length 23 inches, wing 14, tail 5, culmen 1-4,
tarsus 2-2.
Hah. Patagonia, Straits of Magellan to Chiloe, Tierra del Fuego,
and Falkland Islands.
a. S ad. St. Antarctic Exp. Capt. King [C.].
h. Imm. st. Straits of Magellan, Zool. Soc.
c,d. c? 9 ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. Sir R. Murchison
[P.].
e, f. S 2 ad. sk. Port Henry, Str. of Magellan, Dr. Coppinger [C.].
Feb.
g. PuU. sk. Str. of Magellan, Nov. Dr. Coppinger [C.].
h, i. (S $ ad. sk. Hermite Is., Oct., Nov. McCormick Bequest.
k, I. (S ad. St., 5 Hermite Is., Sept. Antarctic Exp. [C.].
ad. sk.
m. S ad. sk. Cape Horn. Antarctic Exp. [C.].
n-q. c? 2 ad. et Penguin Is. Challenger Exp. [C],
juv. sk.
/•. 2 ad. sk. Falkland Is. Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzroy lP.].
s. S 5 ad. sk. Falkland Is. (Leconte). SaMn-Godman Coll.
t. 2ad.sk. Falkland Is. Challenger Exp. [&]•
u. 2 ad. St. E. Falkland. Antarctic Exp. [Cl
V. (5 nearly ad. st. St. Salvador Bay, Falklands. Antarctic Exp. [C],
'W. (5 ad. sk. Berkeley Sound, Falkland, McCormick Bequest,
Aug.
.%: Skeleton.
3. Chloephaga magellanica.
White-winged Antarctic Goose, Broicn, III. p. 100, pi. 40 (c?)
(1776) (Falkland Islands).
Oie des terres MageUaniques, D'Aubent. PL Enl. 1006 ( 2 ) ; Buff.
Sist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 68 (1783).
Oie des lies Malouiues, Biff. op. cif. p. 69 (1783).
Bustard Goose, Lath. Stjn. iii. 2, p. 440, n. 5 (178o).
Magellanic Goose, LatA. op. cit. p. 443, n. 8 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist.
X. p. 231 (1824).
Anas magellanica, G7n. S. N. i. 2, p. 505, n. 56 (1788) ( 2 ) ; Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 838, n. 11 (1790) ; Yari: P. Z. S. 1833, p. 3
(trachea).
Anas leucoptera, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 505, n. 59 (1788) (S) ; Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 835, n. 9 (1790) ; Du7n. Diet. So. Nat. xxxv. p. 469
(1825).
Anser leucopterus, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 113, n. 13, pi. 30. f. 1
(1790); Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 341 (1818); Lesx. Man. d'Orn. ii,
p. 410 (1828) ; Hartl. 8yst. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844).
Anser magellanicus, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 117, n. 23, pi. 29. f. 1
(1790) ; Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 346 (1818) ; Bum. Diet. So. Nat.
xxxv. p. 470 (1825) ; D'Orb. in Cuvier's E'egne An., Ois. pi. 96.
f. 3 (d") (18—?); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 99 (part.?)
(1866) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 372 (1872).
20. CHLOEPnAGA. 133
Bernicla magellanica, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 57 (1824) ; G. E.
Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. G07, n. 9 (1844) ; liclmh. Si/n. Av., Natatores,
t. 98. f. 949 (1845) ; Bes Mttrs in Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 443
(1S48) ; Sclat. Ibis, 1864, p. 122; Pek. 'liaise Novum, Vog. p. 136
(1805) ; Cunni7i!jh. m\ 1808, p. 127 ; Sclaf. ^f Sah: P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 363 ; Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 400 (Chuput) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 502: id. Lut Vert. An. 8tli ed. ]>. 420 (1883) ; Montluz. Bull.
Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 155, fig. p. 157 ; Tristi: Cat. Coll. B. p. 51
(1889).
Bernicla leucoptera, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 58 (1824) ; Ph. 4'
Landb. An. Tin. Chile, xxi. p. 427 (1862) ; iid. Wierjm. Arch. 1863,
i. p. 194.
Chenelopex leucoptera, part., Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 627 (1831).
Cliloephaga maarellauica, Bi/t. Mon. Anat. p. 82, pi. 1. ff. 1, 2
(tvachea) (1838) ; G. B. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 73 (1840) ; Darto.
Toy. ^Beagle,' iii. p. 134 (1841) (Tien-a del Fuego and Falkland
Isl!) ; Hartl. Syst. Verz. Ges. Mas. p. 117 (1844) ; G. B. Gr.
List B. Brit. Mus. p. 126 (1844) ; Hartl. Nuumannia, 1853,
p. 222 ; Licht. Nam. Av. p. 100 (1854); Bp. Compt. Bend, xliii.
p. 648, n. 22 (18.56) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 128, 1858, p. 289 ;
Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 {e^or) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 387
(syn. emend. ?) : Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 157 (Falkland Isl.) ; Sclat.
Ibis, 1864, p. 122 : Sclaf. ^- Sah. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Straits of
Magellan) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 18GS, pp. ,527, 529 (Falklands) ; Ph. S,-
Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 40 (1808) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629
(breedina) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 27 (1869) ; Sclat. S) Salv. Ibis, 1870,
pp. ^99, 500 (Elizabeth Isle) ; Bann. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131 ;
G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 77, u. 10586 (syn. emend. ?) (1871) ;
Sclat. i^- Salv. Xom. Av. Neotrop. p. 128, n. l" (part.) (1873) ; Giyl.
Viu'iy. Mayenta, p. 961 (1870) ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 198, f. 2
(skull); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 310 (eggs); Bnrm. Aiial. Mus.
Sac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 247 (1888) ; Boqeron, Bull. Soc. Accl. 1888,
pp. 12-21 ; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Spec. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 293 (1891) ;
Xeict. Diet, of B. p. 375 (pt. 2, 1893).
Anser (Rrentlius) magellanicus, Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 37;
id. VHy. zool. Giirt'.i^. 04 (1882).
Bernicla (Chloepbaga) magellanica, Ottst. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, Ois.
p. 187 (1891).
Branta magellanica, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 227, n. 3863
(1891).
Hybrids.
Bernicla dispar cJ X B. magellanica $ , Sclat. i^- Salo. P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 365, f. a (male), b (female) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8tli ed. p. 421,
f. a (male), b (female) (1883).
Adult male. "Wliite ; head and neck uniform ; sides and upper
part of the back with the lower part of the hind neck barred with
black ; lower back and rump greyish blaclc ; upper tail-coverts
white ; vent and under tail-coverts white, the latter edged with
blackish on the outer web ; scapulars, tertials, and primaries dark
grey ; smaller and median upper wing-coverts white, the greater
ones grey, on the outer web metallic green with a purple gloss,
forming a wing-speculum, and tipped with white ; secondaries and
under wing-coverts white ; lateral tail-feathers white, the four
middle ones greyish black : bill black ; irides brown-black ; feet
134
dark lead -colour. Total length about 20 inches, wing 16'3, tail
5*5, culmeu l-o, tarsus 3-8.
Female. Dift'ereut from the male. Head and neck greyish rufous ;
upper hack and breast pale rufous, with black bars ; abdomeu and
flanks almost black, with whitish bars ; lower back greyish brown,
rump and upper tail-coverts almost black ; vent and under tail-
coverts whitish, the latter stained with brown-black ; wing as in
the male ; tail black : bill black ; irides dark brown ; feet yellow.
Size a little smaller than the male.
Hah. Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, Magellan Straits, and
Patagonia.
a. 2 ad. sk.
b. S ad. St.
c. S ad. sk.
dr-h. c? § ad. sk.
at st.
i. S ad. st.
k, I. 2 ad. et iS
juv. sk.
m. 2 ad. sk.
n. (S ad. sk.
0. S ad. st.
i>-s. cJ 2 ad. sk.
t. c? variety.*
u. 2 ad. St.
V, w. Skeletons.
No locality.
Island of Chiloe.
Chuput, Patagonia, Sept.
Falkland Is., April (ii.j;
Smith).
Falkland Is.
Falklaud Is. (Lecoiite).
East Falklaud Is., July.
St. Salvador Bay, Falk-
laud Is., Jime.
Berkeley Sound, Falk-
laud Is.
Berkeley Sound, April,
May, Dec.
Falklaud Islands.
No localitv.
Sir W. Burnett & Capt.
Fitzrov [P.].
H. Duraford, Esq. [P.].
Antarctic Expedition.
Sir W. Bm-uett & Capt.
Fitzroy [P.].
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Voyage of H.M.S.
' liattlesuake.'
McCormick Bequest.
Antarctic Expedition.
McCormick Bequest.
Maidstone Museum [P.],
E. Cross, Esq. [P.].
4. Chloephaga inornata.
PPaiuted Goose, Lath. Sim. iii. 2, p. 443, no. 9 (Staatenlaud) (1785)
(e.r J. Bank's draioings).
? Anas picta, G^n. S. N. i. 2, p. 504, no. 55 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn,
ii. p. 836, n. 12 (1790) (? = magellanica) ; Forst. Icon. ined. t. 65 ;
id. Descr. An. (ed. Licht.) p. 333 (1844).
? Anser pictus, Bonn. Enc. Mcth. i. p. 117 (1790); Vieill. N. D.
xxiii. p. 343 (1818) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxv. p. 470 (1825).
PBemicla picta, Stejyh. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 60 (1824).
Anser iuornatus, 2 (0, -&^"'^, P- Z- ^- 1830-31, p. 15 (Straits of
Magellan).
Anas iuornatus, Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 527 (1837) ; id,
op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 718 (1838).
Chloephaga magellanica, Fraser {nee Gm.), P. Z. S. 1843, p. 118
(Chili) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 700 (Chili) ; Sclat. S,- Salv. Nom.
* Said to be a hybrid between C. antarctlca and C. viagellanica, but apparently
an albino variety.
20. CHLOiiPHAGA. 135
Av. Neotrop. p. 1:>8 (part.) (1873) ; Barroivs, Auk, 1884, p. 273
Beraicla magellanica, Bes Murs {nee Gm.) in Gay, Hist. Chile, i.
P-^f.-^/^f KChiloe); Cass. U.S. Astron. Rip. ii. p. 201, pi. xxiv.
*^^^''*i\(^i!^^!l; '^^^«^- ^■^■^'- 1872, p. 549 (Rio Negro , 1877,
pp. 8. ^ boO (Patagonia), 1879, p. 818, 1880, p. 704; icL Lilt Vert.
An. 8th ed. p. 420 (part.) (1883).
Bernicia inornata, Des Murs in Gay, Hist. Chile, i. p. 444 (1847) :
^ 7^\irf^- ^'^laa^'i- ^^''"' '''''■ P-436(18G2); iid. Wieffni.
Arch 1863, u p 199 ; Scat. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 367 (note) ;
Montluz. Bull. Soc. Accltm. 1886, p. 160 \ '^
Chloephaga picta, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 21 (1856) •
(1876) ■ ^'' ^'"^'"^' "^^'^' ^' ^"^ ' ^'^'- ^''''^•^- ^"'J'^'t^'V- y04
Chloephaga inornata, Bp. Compt. Rend. xUii. p. 648, u. 24 n856) •
7*7;// Sinn /^Tixv/ vt *>)0 /"lO/JnN . r^ Tt .^ ^-r^ 2 ■. . . ..A /'
pl. 30 (type; (1875).
Anas inornata, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 290 (? = magellanica).
Bernicia dispar. Ph. c^- Landd. An. Univ. Chile, xxi p 427 (\8Q'>\ ■
lid. niegm. Arch. 1863, i. p. 190 ; Schit. 7/y4-, 1864,p l^-)- Pej-
m nT'V ^^/ ^'-Pl (1^*^-5); ^'^"■^- ^- Landb. Cat. Av. Chil.
P; ^^ i^f^^) iSclat S- Salv. Ihis, 1870, p. .500 (=magel]amca) :
fTh^A f.iP' ?^r^^ ^^^^^'^^ Tinta, Eio Xegro); Sclat. [f
Salv P Z. S 18. 6, p. 364 ; 6'c/«f . P. Z. .S'. 1880, -p. .503 Monti J.
Bull. Soc. Acchm. 1886, p. 159; Burm.A71al.Mus.Nac.Buen
nZil^'\^r^'^' i^-^^*^l'. '^'^"^- ^'■'^'"^- ^'•'»- "■ P- 12;'^ (part.)
Act. Sue. Sc. Chdi, m. p. cxxii (1894). ^ ^ • >
Bernicia antarctica (e;vo;-e), i?M,-,«. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 514 (1861)
Chloephaga di.spar, Sclat. Ibis, 1864, p. 102- id p z S 1867
pp. 320, 334 (Chili); Eift. S;/n. Anat. p. 29 (1869); G.R Gr
Hand-list, 111. p. 77, n. 10.587 (1871).
Anser magellanicus part., Schleg. Mm. P.-B., Anseres, p. 99 (1866);
Gieh. Ihes. Orn. 1. p. 372 (part.) (1872).
Anser (Breuthus) dispar, Rchmo. Orn. Centralbl. 188-^ p 37- id
Toff. zool. Glirt. p. 60 (1882). ' ^' '
^Titon ^^^^°''^'^'^"^ '^'^^'''''' ^"'^' ^^^"'' '^''- ^"^ ■^'"■"' ^'^'- P- ^11
Bernicia (Chloephaga) inornata, Oust. op. cit. p. 313 (1891).
Ifyhrids.
Bernicia dispar d" X B. magollnuica $, Sclat S- Salv P Z S
m'cl^'/ff'nsSif'^^' *"'"'■ ^''^ ^'"■'- ^^"- ^^^ ^''^- P- ^-1'
Similar to C. niar/ellanica, but the m«/. has the breast aud
abcloincii much more banded with black.
The female has the head and upper part of the neck of a dull
grey almost without any of the reddish tinge so conspicuous in the
temale of C nuu/ellanica. Dr. Sclater, in the 'Argentine Ornitho-
logy describes the male with the rump (or upper tail-coverts ?) and
taU-feathers ashy black. I suppose that the description applies
136 ANATID^.
only to immature birds, as ia the original description of Philippi
and Landbeck the upper tail-coverts and lateral rectrices are said
to be white. A specimen in the Turin Museum, evideutlj^ moult-
ing, received from Messrs. Philippi and Landbeck, has the upper
tail-coverts partly black and partly white.
Young male. The black bands are more numerous, both on the
back and lower parts, but not so well-defined as in the adult bird ;
the specixlum is blackish, with no green lustre (Mus. Taui-in.).
Hah. Central and Southern Chili, and also Magellan Straits ;
Southern Argentine liepublic ; breeds on the Lakes of the Chilian
Cordilleras.
II. S ad. St. Chili.
i. cJad. sk. Ch\\\ {Lerjhold). Salvin-Godman Coll.
c, f [ c? ] 2 Chili {Reed). Purchased.
imui. sk.
e. 2 ad. sk. Chili {Reed). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. $ ad. sk. Santiago, Chili (Weisshaiqjt). Salvin-Godman Coll.
//. cJ imm. st. Straits of Magellan. Zool. Soc. (Type of
Anser inornatus, King.)
5. Chloephaga rubidiceps.
Chloephaga poliocephala, part., G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p. 127, specim. e, r/, e (1844).
Beruicla inornata, G. R. Gr. {nee King) Zool. Voy. Ereh. ^ Terror,
Birds, pi. 24 {nee Gen. of B., neque Kinc/) (1846) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av.,
Natatores, t. 98. f. 947 {ex Voy. Br eh. ^ Terr.) (18—?); Scl.
Guide to Gard. Z. 8. ed. 6 & 6, p. 16.
Chloepliaga rubidiceps, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 387, 415, pi. clxxiii.
(Falkland Islands), 1861, p. 46; Abbott, Ibis, 1861, p. 158 (Falk-
land Islands) ; Sclat. Ibis, 1864, p. 123 ; id. P. Z. ,S'. 1869, p. 629 ;
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 77, n. 10590 (1871) ; Sclat. List Vert.
An. Z. S. 1872, p. 245; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop.
p. 128, U.4 (1873) ; Sharpe, Zool. Ereb.Sf Terror, Birds, p. 37 (1875).
Anser rubidiceps, Sclilef/. Mm. P.-B., Anseres, p. 102 (1866) ; Gieb.
Thes. Orn.i. p.373('l872).
Chloephaga rubiniceps {errore), Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 26 (1869).
Chloetrophus rubidiceps, Bann. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131.
Bernicla rubidiceps, Sclat. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 367 ; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 603 ; id. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 422, n. 963
(1883) ; Montluz. Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 162 ; Burm. Anal.
Mus. Nae. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 247 (1888) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B.
p. 61 (1889) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1892, p. 472 (breeding).
Anser (Brenthus) rubidiceps, Rchmv. Orn. Centralhl. 1882, p. 36;
id. Vog. zool. Giirt. p. 64.
Bernicla (Chloephaga) rubidiceps. Oust. 3Iiss. Sc. Cap Horn, Ois.
p. 312 (1891).
Adult male. Head, upper part of the neck, middle of the
abdomen, and under tail-coverts of a cinnamon colour ; lower part
of the neck, mantle, breast, sides, and flanks rufous, banded with
black ; rump and upper tail-coverts glossy black ; smaller and
median upper wing-coverts and under wing-coverts white ; greater
20. cnLOi;PHAGA. 137
upper wing-coverts metallic green, tipped with white ; bastard-
wing, primaries, and primary-coverts black ; secondaries white ;
tertials and scapulars brown-grey ; tail black : bill black ; irides
almost black ; feet yellow, tinged with blackish exteriorly. Total
length about 2;} inches, wing 13-5, tail 4-5, cnlmen 1-5, bill from
the commissure 1-5, tarsus 2-5.
Female. Similar, but somewhat smaller.
Young birds of the first year assimilate in plumage to the adults,
except that the speculum of the wing is of dull black instead of
glossy green (Ahhott).
Hah. Falkland Islands.
«. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands {Leconfe). Salvin-Godman CoU.
b, c. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Tweeddale Coll.
d. S ad. sk. Falkland Islands, July. McConnick Bequest.
c. Ad. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Exped.
(Type of the species.)
/. Imm. sk. Falkland Islands. Antarctic Exped.
(/, h. cJ ad. sk. St. Salvador Bay, Falkland Antarctic Exped.
et ad. St. Is.
i. Skeleton. Falklands. Zool. Soc.
6. Chloephaga poliocephala.
Bernicla inornata, G. R. Gv. {nee Kinij) Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 6
(svn. emend.), pi. IGo (1844) ; Rchnb. Si/n. Av., Natatores, t. 98.
f.'040 (wee 947) (ex Grnij) (1845); Hcirtl. Erst. Xachlr. Vor/el-
samml. p. 19, n. 216 (1846) ; Cass. Tin. St. E.ipl. Exp., Mamm.
^- Orn. p. 337 (1858; (Tierra del Fuego & Falkland Isl.) ; Sclat.
Ibis, 1859, p. 327.
Chloephaga poliocephala, G. li. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 127
(part., specini. a, b) (1844) (descr. nulla): Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857,
p'. 128, 1858, p. 290 : G»,dd, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1859, p. 206 (incubation), 1861, p. 46 (Falkland Isl.) ; Abbntt,
Ibis, 1861, p. 159 ; Sclat. Ibis, 1864, p. 122 ; id. P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 335 ; Sclat. Sf Sale. Ibis, 1868, p. 189 (Oazy Harbour) ; Cunninc/h.
Ibis, 1869, p. 233; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 029 (breeding) ; Ei/t.
Si/n. Aiiat. p. 29 (1869) ; ,'Sclat. 4- Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Port
firappler) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. lf<71, p. 261 (note) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-
list, iii. p. 77, n. 105S9 (1871 ) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop.
p, 128,n. 2 (part.) (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 436 (Gray Harbour,
Tom Harbour) ; Giql. Viae/tj. Magent. i)p. 933, 937, 943, 946
(1876) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1881, p. 813 ; SImfeldt, Pr. U.S. Nat.
Mus. X. pp. 383-384 (skull) (1887).
? Anser leucopterus, Licht. (>iec Gm.) in Forst. Descr. An. p. 334
(1844).
? Chloephaga leucoptera, Held, (nee Gm.) Xom. Av. p. 100 (1854).
Chloephaga inornata, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 648, n. 24 (1856).
Bernicla polincejihala, iSV7«^ Ibis, 1859, p. 328 ; Pelz. Reise Nuvara,
Vof/. p. 13t) (1865) ; Burnt. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 366 (Bahia Blanca) ;
Seiat. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 549 (Uio Ne^ro) ; Sclat. S,- Sale. P. Z. S.
1876, p. 366; Burn ford. Ibis, 1878^ p. 400 (Centr. Patagonia);
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. -lOG ; Scl. .S' Sale. To,/. Chad., Birds, p. 107
(1881); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p'. 422, n. 962 (1883);
138 ANATID^.
Montluz. Bvll. Soc. Acclim. 1886, p. 160; Burm. Anal. Mtis.
Nac. JBueii. Aires, iii. p. 247 (1888) ; Sclaf. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 124
(1889) ; Tristr. Cat Coll. B. p. 51 (1889) (Puerto Bueno) ;
B. James, New List Cliil. B. p. 9, u. 145 (1892) ; ^clat. P. Z. S.
1892, p. 472 (breeding).
Bernicla chiloensis, Phil. ^- Landb. An. Univ. Chile, xxi. p. 427
(1862); iid. Wiegm. Arch. 1863,1. p. 149 (Chiloe); Sclat. Ibis,
1864, pp. 121, 122 (=poliocephala, Gr.) ; Phil. S; Landb. Cat. Av.
Chil. p. 40 (1868).
Anser poliocephalus, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 101 (1866) ;
Gieb. rhes. Orn. i. p. 373 (1872).
Chestuut-breasted Goose, Cunningh. Ibis, 1868, p. 127.
Chloetrophus poliocephalus, Bann. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1870, p. 131.
Anser (Brenthus) poliocephalus, i2cA?2W. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 36;
id. Fog. zool. Gitrt. p. 64 (1882).
Branta poliocephala, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsarrijnl. p. 227, n. 3369
(1891).
Bernicla (Chloephaga) poliocephala. Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, Ois.
p, 192 (1891).
Adult. Head and neck greyish plumbeous, paler on the upper
part of the head ; forehead and periophthalmic feathers whitish ;
long feathers of the nape tinged with rufous, especially the lower
ones ; breast and upper back rufous chestnut, the base of the feathers
white, banded with black ; these bands more or less showing
through ; lower back greyish ; rump and upper tail-coverts black ;
abdomen white ; sides white, regularly banded with black ; lower
flanks black ; under tail-coverts white, but the outer feathers rufous,
with the outer web black ; scapulars rufous grey, with narrow
transverse black bands ; lesser and median wing-coverts white ;
greater wiug-coverts glossy green, with coppery reflections on the
outer web, forming a distinct speculum, bordered with white
posteriorly ; tertials greyish brown with an olive cast ; primaries
and primary-coverts blackish ; under wing-coverts white ; tail
black : " iris orange ; beak black ; legs orange, upperside with a
line of black ; feet and claws black, the former with a little orange "
(Durnford). Total length about 24 inches, wing 13-5, tail 5,
culmen 1-15, tarsus 2*6.
Female. Similar.
Hah. Patagonia and Chiloe Island, where it breeds ; Southern
Chili and Southern Argentine in winter : rarely in the Palkland
Islands.
a. Ad. St. No locality. John Barrow, Esq.
LP-]-
b. S ad. sk. Chili {Legbold). Salvin-Godman Coll.
V. Ad. sk. S. Chili. H. B. Jones, Esq.
[P.].
d. Ad. sk. Island of Chiloe, W. Coast of Sir W. Burnett &
Chili. Capt.Fitzroy[P.].
(Type of the species.)
e. d" ad. sk. Piio Negro, April. Salvin-Godman Coll.
/. 2 ad. sk. Chupat, Patagonia, Sept. H. Durnford, Esq.
[P.].
21. CYANOCHEN. 139
g. 2 ad. sk. Alert Bay, W. Coast of Pata- Voyage of H.M.S.
gonia, Dec. {Dr.Coppinyer). ' Alert.'
h. 2 pull. sk. Port Henry, Dec. {Dr. Coi)- Voyage of H.M.S.
pinger). 'Alert.'
i. $ ad.sk. Neesham Cove, Str. of Magellan, Voyage of H.M.S.
Feb. {Dr. Coppinger). 'Alert.'
k. . S ? ad. St. Murray l^iver. Capt. Sir G. Grey [P.].
142
ANATID^.
Subfamily VII. ANATIN^.
Dendroctcna,
[p. 144.
Key to fJie Genera.
Lower portion of tarsus in front without
transverse scutellfB, but covered with
small rt?ticulate scales 23,
Lower portion of tarsus in front with a row
of transverse scutellte.
b\ Wing-speculum more or less conspicuous,
but always present.
b" . Outer web of tertials chestnut ; upper
wing-coverts white, except in Chennlo-
pex jubatus, which has them black ;
size rather large.
P. Edges of the bill with no prominent
lamellfe 24. Chenalopex,
e^. Edges of the bill with more or less [p. 166.
prominent lamellae,
c*. Bill broader towards the tip than
at the base ; culmen rather con-
cave ; lamellfe more developed
towards the tip of the upper man-
dible ; lower mandible with the
lamellfe not projecting outwardly ;
feet flesh-colour : sexes similar . . 25. Tadorna, p. 170.
d^. Bill not broader towards the tip
than at the base ; culmen almost
straight ; lamellfe equally deve-
loped along the inner edge of the
upper mandible ; lamellfe on the
edge of the lower mandible pro-
jecting outwardly ; bill and feet
dark : sexes dissimilar 26. Casaeca, p. 177.
c". Outer web of tertials not chestnut ;
tail-feathers not broad and not rounded
at the tip, but usually more or less
pointed; colouring of the plumage
more or less mottled, not in large
uniform patches, except on the ■sving-
coverts.
dP. Bill not spatulate.
e^. Upper wing-coverts not blue, but
of a more or less dark grey.
e". Tail moderate, -R^th the central
tail-feathers not very long.
e'^. BiU broad, about the length of
the head 27. Anas, p. 187.
/". Bill not very broad, more or
less compressed, and shorter
than the head.
f. Speculum generally with
metallic gloss, sometimes
black, or black and white.
ANAXIN.5;. 143
/'. Tertials or inner second-
aries sickle-shaped; up-
per and under tail-
coverts reaching- beyond
the tail; central tail-
feathers not lengthened
beyond the tip of the
lateral ones 28. Eunetta, p. 218.
(y. Tertials or inner second-
aries not sickle-shaped,
but straig-ht.
if. Bill not fringed with a
soft membrane near
the tip of the apical
portion.
g^". Lamellse of the upper
mandible quite pro-
minent; central tail-
feathers scarcely ex-
tending beyond the
lateral ones ; specu-
lum black out-
wardly, white in-
wardly 29. Chaulelas-mus,
h> . Lamellfe of the upper [p. 221.
maudible scarcely
prominent; central
tail-feathers more or
less acuminate and
extending some-
what beyond the
lateral ones.
A". Bill small, and
gradually taper-
ing towards the
tip m. JLabeca, p. 227.
e". Bill moderate, not
gradually tapering
towards the tip,
where it is more
rounded and com-
paratively broader
than in Marecn;
scapulars and ter-
tials longer and
narrower 31. Nettion, p. 2-38.
h\ Bill fringed on the
edges of the apical
portion of the upper
mandible with a nar-
row soft membrane.
i^". Lamella? extremely
developed ; wings [p. 287.
apt for flight 34. ti,ASMONETTA,
y°. Lamellfe moderate ;
wings very small, [p. 289.
useless for 'flight .. 3-5. Nesonetta,
144
f"\ Tail loDg, with the central
feathers very long and acumi-
nate.
f^. Culmen of the bill almost
straight ; speculum broader
than the light band at the tip
of the secondaries
g^. Culmen not quite straight, but
somewhat concave; speculum
very narrow, much narrower
than the rufescent band at
the tip of the secondaries . .
/'. Upper wing-coverts blue or bluish
. gi-«y
e^. Bill spatulate.
y^. No soft membrane on the sides of
the bill, towards its tip ; upper
wing-coverts blue
h^. Bill with a soft membrane on the
sides, towards the tip
. Speculum wanting, combined with general
colouring grey or greyish brown.
d". Tail normal, of moderate length ; biU
rather long, equal in length to the
head, not broader at the tip than at
the base ; culmen distinct!}' concave . .
e". Tail very short, bill broader towards
the tip than at the base.
f^. Bill longer than the head, at the
base much higher than broad, with
the culmen much concave and with
the nail bent backwards as in Eris-
inatura
y^. Bill about the length of the head,
nearly as high as broad at the base,
with the culmen not very concave,
and with the nail almost perpen-
dicular ; plumage like that of the
species of the genus Erismatura . .
32. Dafila, p. 270.
33. PCECILONETTA,
[p. 281.
36. QUEHQUEDULA,
[p. 290.
37. Spatula, p. 306.
38. Malacorhynchus,
[p. 319.
39. Mahmaronetta,
[p. 320.
40. Stictonetta,
[p. 324.
[p. 325.
41. Heteronetta,
23. DENDROCYCNA
Type.
Dendronessa, JVagl. Isis, 18.32, p. 281 {nee Sw. 1831) . . ? D. arcuata.
Dendrocygna, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 365 (1837) D. arcuata.
Leptotarsis, Gould, MS. ; Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 29 (1838). D. eytoni.
Dendrocycna, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 608 (nomen
emend.).
Range. Tropical regions of America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and
Polynesia, as far east as the Piji Islands.
* Cf. Sclater, P. L., "Note on the Geograpliical Distribution of the Ducks
of the Genus Dendrocygna'' (P. Z. S. 1864, pp. 299-301) ; " Additional Notes
on the Anatidce of the Genera Dendrocygna and Tadoma " (P. Z. S. 1866,
pp. 148-150).
23. DENDEOCTCNA. 145
Key to the Species.
a. Feathers of the flanks normal, viz. not very long ;
under wing-coverts uuifonn or nearly so.
a' . Smaller upper wing-coverts deep chestnut.
a". Anterior part of the head and throat white, viduata, p. 145.
b''. Anterior part of head not white.
b^. Upper tail-coverts whitish buff, uniform
or spotted with black.
b^. Breast uniform rufous-chestnut, with no
black markings fulva, p. 149.
c*. Breast rufous-chestnut, more or less
with black markings arcuata, p. 153.
e^. Upper tail-coverts chestnut javanica, p. 156.
b'. Smaller upper wing-coverts not deep chestnut.
c". Abdomen and sides uniform black, sharply
defined from the breast, or whitish with
naiTOw greyish bars ; quills basally white.
cP. Mantle chestnut, uniform with the
back autumnalis, p. 159,
e^' Mantle greyish brown, sharply defined
from the chestnut back discolor, p. 161.
d''. Abdomen and sides not uniform black, but,
like tlie breast, varied with white or black
spots ; quills not white basally.
f^. Upper tail-coverts uniform black ; larger,
wing 105 inches arborea, p. 162.
g^. Upper tail-coverts black, with white
spots or bars ; smaller, vring 8'5 inches. . guttata, p. 164.
b. Feathers of the flanks very long and acuminate ;
under wing-coverts banded ; wing with no
chestnut colour ; sides of the breast reddish,
barred with black eytoni, p. 165.
1 . Dendrocycna viduata.
Anas viduata, Linn. S. N. i. p. '205, n. 38 (1766) (Cartagena,
Jacquin) ; Jacquin, Beytr. i. p. 3, n. 2, t. 1 (1784) ; Gm. S. N.
i. 2, p. 536, n. 38 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Om. ii. p. 858, n. 65 (1790) ;
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 132 (1790) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 164 (1816) ;
Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 383 (1817) ; Wied, Beise nach Bras.
pp. 163, 168, 307 (1820), ii. p. 199 (1821) ; Licht. Verz. DaiM. p. 84
(1823) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 102 (1824) ; Less. Tr. d'Orn.
p. 634 (1831) ; Wied, Beitr.iv. p. 921 (Brazil) (1832) ; d'Orb. Voy.
1. p. 448 (1839) ; Tschudi, Consp. Av. Per. n. 345 {Wiegm. Arch.
1844, i. p. 315) ; Burm. Thiere Bras. iii. p. 434 (1856).
Canard du Maragnon, D'Auhent. PI. E/d. n. 808.
Canard a face blanche, Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 255 (1783) ;
B'Azara, Voy. (ed. So?in.) iv. p. 343 (1809).
Spanish Buck, part.. Lath. Si/n. iii. 2, p. 525, n. 69 (1785).
Anm viduata fi. Lath. Ind. dm. ii. p. 858, n. 65 ^ (1790).
Pato cara blanca, UAzara, Apunt. iii. p. 440, n. 435 (1805) (Para-
guay).
Anas leucopsis, Vietll. {nee Bechst.) N. D. v. p. 116 (1816).
Dendrocygna \-iduata, Eyt. Mon. Anat, p. 110 (1838) ; G. R. Gr.
TOL. xxvu. L
146
List B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 132 (Brazil) (1844) ; Sartl. Verz. Ges.
Mus. p. 118 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 5 (1845) ;
Bchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 89. ff. 173-74 (1845) ; Tsch. Faun.
Per., Aves, p. 64 (1845-46) ; Hartl. Ind. Azar. Aputit. p. 28, n. 435
(1847) ; Cab. in Scfiomb. Guiana, iii. p. 762 (1848) ; Blyfh, Cat B.
Mus. A. S. B. p. 301 (1849) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (South
Amer.) (1854) ; Bp. Compt. Betid, xliii. p. 649, n. 55 (1856) ;
Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. p. 274 (Cuba) (1860) ; Burm. J. f. O.
1860, p. 266 (Tucuman) ; id. La Plata-Beise, ii. p. 515 (Tucuman)
(1861); Alhrecht, J.f. 0. 1861, p. 214; Gundl. J. f. O. 1861,
p. 344, 1862, p. 179 (Cuba) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 299 (Guiana,
Brazil, Paraguay, etc.) ; Gundl. Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 388
(1866) ; Leot. Ois. Trin. p. 509 (Trinidad) (1866) ; Mat. <^- Salv.
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 200 (Ucayali) ; Schleff. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 90
(1866) ; Sclat. 8,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 160 (Rep. Arg.) ■ Eyt.
Stjn. Anat. p. 61 (1869) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 319, 459, Iviii
(1870); Reinh. Meddel. Fork. 1870, p. 21 (Brazil); G. R. Gr.
Hand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10613 (1871) ; Burm. P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 367 ; Sclat. <§• Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 304 (Ucayali) ; iid.
Nomencl. p. 129, n. o (1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 5o9 (1874);
Gundl. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 377 (Cuba) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 31
(1875) ; Sclat. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 376 ; Durnford, Ibis, 1878,
p. 64 (Buenos Ayres) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 509 ; Rchnw. Orn.
Centralbl. 1882, p. 22 ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 425 (1883) ;
B., B., ^ R. Water-Birds N. Am. i. p. 481 (1884) ; Cory, List B.
W. Ind. i. p. 30 (1885) ; Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 172 ; Tacz. Orn. Per.
iii. p. 471 (Peru) (1886) ; Ernst, Rev. Cient. Univ. Centr. Venez.
i. p. 43 (Venezuela) (1887) ; Berl. J. f. O. 1887, pp. 33, 124
(Paraguay) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 119 (1887) ; Cory, Auk,
1888, p. 60 ; id. B. W. Ind. p. 261 (1889) ; Feild. Ibis, 1889, p. 500
(Barbados) ; Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 128 (1889) ; Hartert, Kat.
VogeUamml. p. 228, n. 3384 (1891) ; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Lower
Pilcomayo) ; Berl. ^- Stolzm. P. Z. S. 1892, pp. 399, 408 (Peru) ;
Chapm. 'Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1894, p. 82 (Trinidad.)
Dendrocygnus viduata, Bretv. Pr. Bast. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (1860).
Dafila {err ore) viduata, Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 370.
Dendrocycna viduata, Rchmv. Vog. d. Zool. Gdrt. p. 58 (1882).
Africa.
Anas viduata, Denh. ^ Clappert. Travels, App. xxi. p. 205 (1826) ;
id. Raise (ed. Weimar, 1827, App. p. 688) ; Dub. Orn. Gal. p. 71,
pi. 44 (1839); Brehm, J.f. O. 1855, p. 484, 1856, p. 413, 1857,
pp.76, 377, 1858, pp.470, 471 ; Heugl. J.f. O. 1863, p. 6.
Dendi-ocygna viduata, G. R. Gr. List Spec. B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p. 132 (Africa) (1844); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 137, n. 489
(Abyssinia) (1845) ; Des Murs, in Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss., Ois.
p. 172 (1845); Strickl. P. Z. S. 1850, p. 221 (Kordofan); id.
Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. 1852, p. 349 (Kordofan) ; Lickt. Nomencl.
Av. p. 102 (Africa) (1854); HaHl. J.f. 0. 1854, p. 303 (Senegal,
Gambia, Senaar, Mossambique, Natal) ; Cab. ibid. p. 304 (note) ;
Hartl. J. f. O. 1855, p. 361 (Gold Coast) ; Brehm, Reisesk.
iii. p. 143 (1855) ; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. p. 66, n. 686 (1856) ;
Hartl. Orn. Westafr. p. 247 (1857) ; Gum. Ibis, 1859, p. 251
(Natal) ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 175 (Camma and
Ogobai) ; Heine, J. f. O. 1860, p. 203 ; Hartl. J. f. O. 1861,
p. 272 ; id. Orn. Beitr. Faun. Madag. p. 83 (Madagascar) (1861) ;
Gum. Ibis, 1862, p. 158 (Natal) ; Poll. N. T. D. i. p. 327 (1863);
23. DENDEOCTCNA. 14y
f£?^- '^■/nrV'^^\ P-T.^^^ = ^'"•^'"- '■*^>^- P- 403 ; Hard. PZS
ii.P-,i?^,(^^^'^^' E.Africa); 2iock .f K Newt Ibis 1863
p. 1/4 (Madagascar) ; £ ,A>,,^ .-^^V/. p. 452 i itiodLd in
Kdunion, Mayotte ; id. Mm. F-B Anseres n on 7l8«(r> 7" ^'
p. 6; ^e^%. I Poll, j^,,^_ j,^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^|0«,
B^'ff r, i/ ;V" /•"*'''' ^*>:^«'-^^- ^*/- Ost-Afr. p. 806 (1870)
J. Ji. Gr. Hand-hst, 111. p. 79, n. 10613 (part.) (1871) : J«r7«i
tat B.Stnckl. Coll p. 530 (Kordofan) 1882) ; Hoh7h l Pel-
3/.^/.^ p.729 pi eelxxv. f 5 (head) (1882); sLpe^La.ar^^
(NyaiiNyani)Vl88i? i'/"'/7'''^- ^''"•^?'^-' ^'"'- -^^'i- P- ^41
^Y^TV o^pW \ a' \'^"^^'"^- ^■nn. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. pp 042
(Shoa) 2.1, (Lake Ota) (1884) ; Bohm, J.f. O. 188-5, pp ^ii 'qo
Rou PwAr rf '■^- 612 (-^'lger-Benue); Dubois, Bidl. Mm.
J)eiidrocygnus viduatus, Brekm, J. f. O. 1855, p. 488
Dendrocygna viduata personata, ifc^nw. / / O. 1889 p 965
(Quibmaue) ; Harterf, Eat. Voyelsamml. p. 228, n 3385 ri801)
^^MUth. Naturh. Mus. k Hand,^. p'. 5 (Q^u/wi)'
from the Cape JI'Go'xl Hope :- """ " P™^""^^" '^''''''^"^^ ""^ P™''»'''>'
I^^petite SarceUe de I'isle de Lu^on, Sonn. Voy. Xouv. Gui„. p. 01, pi. 55
Manilla Teal, Lofh.St/n. iii. 2, p. 557, n. 96 (1785)
Anas manillensis, G,n. 6'. X i. p. 523. n. 91 (17S8); Lath. Ind. Orn ii
1.2
148 ANATID^.
Adult. Fore part of the head, chin, and spot on the middle of the
throat white ; back of the head and upper part of the neck black,
lower neck chestnut ; back and scapulars brown, the feathers of the
upper part of the back with narrow fulvous bars, the feathers of the
middle part of the back and the scapulars margined with fulvous ;
in the centre of the back a chestnut patch ; lower back, rump, and
upper tail-coverts black ; centre of the underparts, vent, and imder
tail-coverts black ; sides and flanks whitish buff, barred with black ;
lesser wing-coverts chestnut, remainder of the wing-coverts slaty
black, the median ones and the tertials with an olive tinge ; quills
brown-black ; tail black ; iris dark brown : " bill with nail black,
with a grey crescent-like band behind the nail ; tarsi and feet with
membranes lead-colour " ( Wied). Total length about 17"5 inches,
wing 9, tail 2'5, culmen 2, tarsus 1'9.
Female. Similar.
Immature birds have the middle of the abdomen whitish mixed
with black.
Young in down. Pale greyish brown above, whitish below and on
the sides of the head ; a dark band through the eyes from the
forehead backwards ; a white band across the occiput ; four whitish
spots on the sides of the back and two lower down on the sides of
the rump.
There is no tangible difference between the American and
African birds ; occasionally specimens from both localities have the
white of the head slightly tinged with fulvous, and the white spot
on the middle of the throat not separated by a black band from the
white of the chin.
Hah. West Indies, South America as far south as Argentine
Republic, Africa south of the Sahara, and Madagascar.
a. Ad. st. No locality. Zoological Society.
American specimens.
h. Ad. sk. Bogota. Salvin-Godman Coll.
c. Ad. sk. Brit. Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk
d,e. c? $ ad.sk. River Rupurumi, Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.
May {H. Whitely).
f. c? ad. sk. Lower Ucayale, May {E. H. J. Elwes, Esq.
Bartlett). [P.].
p. 876, n. 107 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 159, pi. 40. f. 4 (1791) ;
Vieill. N. D. v. p. 172 (1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 397 (1817).
Querqueclula maniUensis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 152 (1824).
Querquedula multicolor, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 10 (1845) ; Bp.
Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 650, n. 97 (1856); Wald. Tr. Z. S. ix.p. 242
(1875); Twccdd. Om. Works, p. 404 (1881); Wardl. Bams., Tweedd.
Orn. Works, p. 660 (1881).
Anas (Querquedula) maniUensis, v. Mart. J.f. 0. 1866, p. 31.
Nettapus pulchellus, part., Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 77 (1866).
Anserella coromandeUca, part.?, G. E. Gr, Hand-list, iii. p. 77, n. 10594
(1871).
23. DENDROCYCNA.
149
g. Ad.st.
Brazil.
Lord Stuart de Roth-
say [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
A, c? ad. sk.
Cuyaba, Brazil, March
(Natterer).
i, k. Ad. sk.
Bahia, Brazil ( Wucherer).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
I. (S ad. sk.
Buenos Ayres, Sept.
African specimens.
H. Dui-nford, Esq.
[P.].
m. Pull. St.
? W. Africa.
Purchased.
«. Ad. sk.
Gambia.
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
H. F.' BHssett, Esq.
[P.].
Shelley Coll.
o. Ad. sk.
Fantee.
p. Ad. sk.
Fantee ( Ussher).
j-f . S 2 ad. sk.
Accra, May (/. Smith).
SheUey OoU.
2<. Ad. sk.
Benue R.
Capt. Mochler Ferry-
man [P.].
Major Denham [P.].
V, IV. Ad. St. et
sk.
X. Ad. sk.
Lake Tchad.
Nyam-nyam.
F. Bohndorff. Esq.
[C.].
F. J. Jackson, Esq.
y. 5 ad.sk.
Lamu, Aug.
[P.].
2. Ad. sk.
Mamboio [Kirk).
Shelley Coll.
a'. Ad. sk.
Ugogo {Kirk).
Shelley Coll.
*', C, cl. cJ 2 ad.
Lake Shirwa, Nyassa-land,
H. H. Johnston, Esq.
sk.
Feb. ( Wliyte).
[P.].
e'. Ad. sk.
Lake Nyassa {Kirk).
Livingstone Exped.
/--(/'. Ad. sk.
Zambesi {Bradshaw),
Shelley CoU.
h'. Ad. sk.
Zambesi {Kirk),
Linngstone Exp.
i'. 2 ad. sk.
Potchefstroom, Nov. {J.
Taylor).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
A;'. Juv. sk.
No locality.
v. Ad. sk.
Madagascar.
Purchased.
m'. Ad. sk.
West of Antananarivo, Mada-
gascar, July {Deans Cowan).
Tweeddale CoU.
?e'. Ad. sk.
Madagascar.
Seehohm Coll.
o'. Skeleton.
2. Dendrocycna fulva.
Millouin du Mexique, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 390 (Mexico) (1760).
Penelope (!) mexicana, Briss. ibid.
Mexican Pochard, Lath. Si/n. iii. 2, p. 524 (1785).
Anas fulva, Gm. S. N. i. p. 530, n. 100 (1788) {e.v Brisson) ; Lath.
Lid. Orn. ii. p. 863, n. 79 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 1.37
(1790) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 127 (1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi.
p. 384 (1817) ; Wa(/l. Lis, 1831, p. .532 (Mexico) ; JVied, Beitr. iv.
p. 918 (1832) (Brazil) ; Biirm. Syst. Ueb. Thier. Bras. iii. p. 435
(1856).
Pato roxo y negro, Azara, Aprtnt. iii. p. 443, n. 436 (Paraguay)
(180.5) ; id. Toy., Sonn. ed. iv. p. 344 (1809).
Anas bicolor, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 136 (1816) {e.v Azara) ; id. Enc.
Meth. i. p. 355 (1823) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, u. 17 (1845),
App. p. 28 (1849); Hartl. Ltd. Azara, p. 28, n. 436 (1847);
Leot. Ois. Trin. p. 514 (Trinidad) (1866) ; Burm. P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 370 (Parana).
15a
Anas virgata, Wied, Reise Bras. i. p. 322 (1820).
Fuligula fulva, Ste2}h. Gen. Zool. xii. 1, p. 204 (1824).
Fuligula bicolor, Steph. I. c. p. 208 (1824).
Dendrouessa fulva, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282.
Nyroca fulva, G. It. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 7 (1844).
Anas sinuata, Licht. in Mtis. Berol. (Jide Bp.).
Anas coUaris, Merrem {nee Donov.) in Ersch u. Grub. Enc. sect. i.
vol. XXXV. p. 31 (1841) [ex Azara).
Dendi'ocygna fidva, Hartl. Si/st. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118, n. 3 (Brazil)
(1844) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (18o4) ; Bp. Compt. Rend.
xliii. p. 649, n. 58 (1856) ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 770 (California)
(1858) ; id. op. cit. ed. 1860, pi. 63. f. 1 ; id. Cat. N. Am. B.
n. 575 (1859) ; Xantus, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 192 (Fort Tejon) ;
Btirm. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 266 (Tucumau) ; id. La Plata-Reise, ii.
p. 514 (1861) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 301, 1866, p. 149 ; Dress.
Ibis, 1866, p. 42 (Texas) ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 98
(Arizona) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 87 (1866) ; Mooi-e, Am.
Nat. iv. p. 126 (1871) (Xew Orleans, Louisiana) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1867, p. 687 (Zool. Gard.) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 635
(Argentina) ; Blyth, Ilns, 1870, p. 176 ( = major) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras,
pp. 319, 459 (1870) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10616
(1871 ) ; Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 367 ; Coues, Key, p. 284 (1872) ; id.
Check-list, n. 486 (1873) ; Sclat. Sf Salv. No7nencl. p. 129 (1873) ;
Coues, B. N.- West, p. 558 (1874) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii.
p. 313 (1874); Gieb. Thes. Orn.n. p. 31(1875); Sclat. ^- Salv.
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 372 ; Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 63; Merrill, Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mm. i. p. 170 (1878) ; Rrhnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 22 ;
WJiite, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 625; Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 112,
n. 705 (1882); Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 427 (1883):
Coues, Key, 2nd ed. p. 089, n. 705 (1884) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii.
p. 470 (Mojobamba) (1886) ; A. 0. U. Code of Norn, and Check-
list, p. 129, n. 178 (1886) ; Ridt/w. Man. N. Am. B. p. 119 (1887) ;
Berl. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 124 ; 'Sclat. Arg. Orn. ii. p. 126 (1889) ;
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51 (W. Mexico) "(1889) ; Allen, Bull. Am.
Mus. N. H. ii. p. 209 (1889) ; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll.
Surg. iii. p. 297 (1891); Palacky, J.f. O. 1891, p. 400; Kerr,
Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Lower Pilcomavo) ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200
(Uruguay) ; Chapm. Bull. Am. Mus. N. H. 1894, p. 82 (Trinidad),
Dendrocvgna virgata, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 6 (1845) ;
Sclat.'P. Z. S. 1864, p. 301, 1866, p. 149 (= fulva).
Dafila {errore) fulva, Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 370.
Dendrocycna fulva, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 509 ; Ridgtv. Nam. N.
Am. B. n. 600 (1881) ; Rchmo. Vo(/. d. zool. Gdrt. p. 59 (1882) ;
B., B., 8,- R. Water-Birds N. Am. i. p. 484 (1884).
Africa.
Dendrocygna arcuata, Gr. R. Gr. [nee Cuv.) List B. Br. Mus. iii.
p. 131 (Lake Tschad) (1844); Heugl. Syst. Ueh. n. 687 (1856);
Roch ^- E. Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 175 (Madagascar) ; E. Netct. ibid.
p. 460 (Madagascar) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 300 (part.. Int. of
Africa) ; Heugl. Reise in d. Geb. des Weiss. Nil, p. 51 (1869).
Dendrocygna arcuata, var. africana, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649,
n. 53 e (1856) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 90 (1866) ; Grand.
Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1868, p. 6 (Madagascar).
Dendrocygna major, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 300 (Madagascar), 1866,
pp. 148, 149 (xMadagascar) ; A. Neivt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 837
(Madagascar) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 175 (Madagascar) ; Sclat.
23. DENDEOCTCNA. 151
P. Z. S. 1867, p. 1046 (Madagascar, Zool. Gard.) ; Schlei/. S,- Poll.
Heck. Faun. Maday. p. 161 (1868); \Btyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 176
( = fulva) ; HeuyL Oni. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1303 (1873) ; Gieb. Thes.
Orn. ii. p. 31 (Madagascar) (1875) ; Ilartl. Vog. Madag. p. 359
(1877) ; Sibree, Ibis, l'892, p. 1^70 (Madagascar).
Dendrocjgna africana, G. Ii. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10609 (1871) ;
Heuyl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1304 (1873); id. op. cit. Nachtr.
p. cxcix (1871).
Deiidrocvgna fulva, Finsch ^- Ilartl. Vog. Ost-Afr. p. 808 (Senaar ;
Kordofan) (1870) ; Heuyl. On,. N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 1301 (1873) ; id.
op. cit. Naclitr. p. cxcix (1871 !) ; Sclat. &i Salv. P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 372 (part.) (Madagascar); Hartl. Abh. Brem. 1882, p. 216
(Lado) ; Holub ^- Peh. Beitr. Orn. S.-Afr. p. 328 (1882) ; Salvad.
Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 243 (Shoa) (1884) ; Dtibois, Bull.
Mils. Roy. d'H. N. de Belg. iv. p. 149, n. 191 (188G) (Tanganyika) ;
Mchnw. J.f. O. 1887, p. 46 (Kagelii) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Gen. (2) vi. p. 320 (Shoa) (1888) ; Rchnw. Vog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr.
p. 27 (1894).
Dendrocycna major, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 510 (East Africa, Mada-
gascar).
Dendrocjgna arcuata, var. major, Milne-Edic. S)- Grand. Ois. Madag.
p. 731, pi. cclxxii. (bird), cclxxiii., cclxxiv. (osteology), cclxxv. a.
f. o (head) (1882).
India.
DendrocYgna major, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 218, n. 377 (1840);
id. III. hid. Orn. pi. 23 (1843) ; G. R. Gr. List Sjjec. B. Br. Mus.
iii. p. 131 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 2 (1845) ; Hartl. Frst.
Nachtr. Vogelsamml. p. 19, n. 218 (1840) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus.
A. S. B. p. 301, n. 1761 (1849) (Lower Bengal) ; Rchtib. Syn. Av.,
Natatores, t. 100. f. 2768 (ez Jerdon) (1850) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. iii.
p. 790 (syn. emend.) (1864) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 300 (India) ;
Bh/th, Ibis, 1865, p. 39 (India), 180C,, p. 140 (India) ; Schley. Mus.
P.'-B., Anseres, p. 90 (1866) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 175 ; Fyt. Syn.
Anat. p. 59 (svn. emend.) (1869) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79,
n. 10611 (1871') ; Hume, Nests and Eyys, p. 640 (1873) ; Gieb. Thes.
Orn. ii. p. 31 (India) (1875) ; Hume, Str. Feath. iii. p. 193 (Upper
Pegu) (1875) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z S. 1876, p. 373 ; Wardl. Rams.
Ibis, 1877, p. 472 ; Rrh7iw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 22 ; Sclat. List
Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 427 (1883).
Dendrocygna arcuata, var. major, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649,
n. 53 a (1856).
Dendrocygna fulva, Sclat. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 372 (India) ;
HumeU; Davis. Str. Feath. vi. p. 488 (1878) ; Hume, Str. Feath.
vii. p. 463 (1879), viii. p. 115, n. 953 (1879); Legge, B. of Ceyl.
p. 1069, Obs. (1880) ; Hume ^- Marsh. Game Birds, iii. p. 119,
pi. 16 (1880); Parker, Str. Feath. ix. p. 487 (1881); Gates, Str.
Feath. X. p. 245 (1882) ; id. B. Br. Burmah, ii. p. 274 (1883) ;
Hume, Nests .^- Eqqs (Gates' ed.), iii. p. 286 (1890) ; Hartert, Kat.
Voyelsamml. p. 228, n. 3386 (Calcutta) (1891).
Dendrocvcna major, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 510 (India) ; Rchnw.
Viig. d. zool. Giirt. p. 59 (1882) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 51
(Kurrachee) (1889).
Adult. Head, neck, and lower parts deep reddish ochraceous,
passing into cinnamon on the flanks, where the longer feathers have
152
a broad mesial stripe of pale ochraceous, bordered by dusky ; crown
ferruginous, nape witb a distinct brown-black stripe, commencing
at the occiput ; middle of the neck whitish, minutely streaked
with dusky on the edges of the feathers ; prevailing colour above
brownish black, the dorsal and scapular feathers broadly edged with
■cinnamon colour, giving a barred appearance ; lesser wing-coverts
chestnut ; upper and under tail-coverts buffy white ; quills and tail
dark brown : " bill bluish black, legs bright slaty blue " {Merrill) ;
*'irides brown" {White). Total length 18-20 inches, wing 8-10-
8-90, tail 2-2, culmen 1-66-1-95, tarsus 2-10-2-4, middle toe 2-30-
2-8.
Female similar.
Young birds have very little chestnut colour on the smaller upper
wing-coverts ; the underparts paler ; the upper tail-coverts narrowly
margined with brown.
Young in doivn. Upper parts greyish brown ; lower parts whitish ;
a white band across the occiput, interrupted by the brown band
which runs along the hind-neck ; a brown band from the ears to the
hind-neck ; no white patches on the sides of the back ; a whitish
band across the wing.
Hah. America (from Southern border of the United States to
Mexico), and then from Venezuela and Peru to Argentine Republic ;
Africa south of the Sahara, and Madagascar ; Asia, the greater
part of India and Burmah.
a. Ad. st.
b, S ad. sk.
c-h. S 2 ad. sk.
i. Juv. sk.
h-o. cS $ ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q, Juv. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
s. J juv. sk.
t. S ad. st.
u. Ad. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
to, X. Ad. sk.
y. Pull. St.
z. Ad. sk.
a'. Ad. sk.
No locality {Massena Coll.). E. "Wilson, Esq. [P.].
American specimeyis.
Galveston, Texas, June {H. E.
Dresser).
Corpus Christi, Texas, May,
June, Oct. {F. B. Arm-
strong).
Nueces Co., Texas, Oct. {F.
B. a:).
Brownsville, Texas, March,
April, Nov., Dec. {F. B.A.).
Washoe Lake, Nevada, winter
{H. G. Parker).
California.
San Diego, California, Dec.
San Francisco, California (2).
S. Bryant).
Mexico.
Valley of Mexico.
Near City of Mexico.
EI Salto, San Luis Potosi,
Mexico, July {W. B. Rich-
ardson).
Brazil.
Central Chili.
? Upper Parana.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Zool. Soc.
H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.]. ^
Salvin-Godman Coll. m
23. DENDROCTCNA.
153
b'. 2 ad. sk.
c', c? ad. sk.
d', e' . ^ 2ad.sk.
f-k'. d" 2 ad. sk.
/'. Ad. sk.
m'. Ad. sk.
n',o'. cJ 2 ad. sk.
p'. Juv. sk.
(/. d juv. sk.
>■'. Juv. sk.
s'. cJ ad. sk.
La Plata, Buenos Ayres, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(E. W. White).
African specimens.
Landana, Congo {L. Fettt).
Palombi R., Sliirwa Plains,
Aug. (A. Whtjte).
Lake Shirwa, Feb. {A. Whyte).
t'-n". S 9. ad.
et imm. sk.
o". S ad. sk.
/', q". S 2 ad.
sk.
r" . Skeleton.
Indian specimens.
Bengal.
Sindh, Dec, Jan.
Hj'drabad.
Bhawulpore, Dec.
Nepal {Hudyson) .
Calcutta, Ncv.
Calcutta, Nov., Dec, Jan.,
Feb., March {A. O. H.).
Tonghoo, July [R. G. W. R.).
Lower Pegu, July.
Shelley Coll.
IL H. Johnston, Esq.
[P.].
H. H. Johnston, Esq.
[P.].
Purchased.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
India Museum.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Col. J. Biddulph
[C.].
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
E. W. Gates, Esq.
[C.].
3. Dendrocycna arcuata.
Anas javanica, var. (3, Horsf. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 200 (1821)
(Java).
Anas arcuata, Cuv. in Mus. Paris * ; Horsf. Zool. Res. in Java,
pi. 65 (1822) (Java); Less. Tr. d'Oni. p. 634 (1831) (Java);
Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 183 (18Go) (Port Essington, Amboina,
Celebes, Java) ; Rosenb. Reist. naar Geelvinkb. p. 118 (1875).
Dendronessa arcuata, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282.
Dendi-ocvgna arcuata, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 365 (1837); ? Hartl.
Verz. 'Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 1
(1845) (excl. sjTi.) ; Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 14 (1846) ; Rchnh.
Voff. Neuholl. p. 521 (1851); ? Rosenb. N. T. N. I. xxv. p. 256,
n. 301 (1863) ; id. J. f. O. 1864, p. 138, n. 301 ; Rams. Ibis, 1865,
p. 87; Diggl. Orn. Austr. pi. 114. f. 2 (pt. xxi., 1870) ; Le.gqe, B.
of Ceijl. p. 1069 (1880) : Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Geti. xviii. p. 400,
n. 2 (1882) ; Bias. J.f. O. 1884, p. 219 (S.E. Borneo) ; ? Hartert,
Kat. Voqelsamml. p. 229(1891); Wiglesio. Aves Polynes. p. 69,
n. 346 (1891).
Anas badia, S. Mull. Verk. Land- en Volkenk. p. 159 (1839-44)
(Moluccas, descr. nulla).
Dendrocvgna vagans, Li/t. MS. ; G. R. Gr. List Spec. B. Brit. 3Ius.
iii. p. "131 (1844, :Mniiilla, descr. nulla); Fraser, Zool. Tt/p. pi. 68
(1849) (Manilla) ; Rc/nib. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. cclxxxvii. f. 2361
(e.v Fra.ser) (1850) ; G. R. Gr. P. Z. S. 1858, p. 198; id. Cat. B.
^'ew Gain. p. 63 (1859) ; id. Cat. B. Trap. Isl. p. 54 (Fiji) (1859) ;
Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 487 (Timor) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 300;
Bhjth, Ibis, 1865, pp. 38, 39 ; Pelz. Novara Reise, Vogel, p. 137
* LTnder the name of Anas arcuata , Cuv., there are six specimens in the Paris
Museum, two belonging to this species and four to D. javanica, all collected
by Leschenault ; evidently Cuvier, like Horsfield, did not distinguish the two
species.
154 ANATID^.
(1865) (Manilla) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 149 ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B.,
Anseres, p. 88(1866) ; Ely th, Ibis, 1867, p. 175 ; Hartl. ^- Finsch,
Fauna Ventralpolyn., Orn. p. 211 (1867) ; Pa}m. P. Z. S. 1868,
p. 388; Blyth, Ibis, 1870, p. 176 ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79,
n. 10610 (1871) ; Layard, Ibis, 1872, p. 99 ; Wald. Trans. Zool.
Soc. Tiii. p. 102 (1872) ; Tweedd. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. pp. 242,
252 (1875); Layard, P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 30, 440 (Viti-levu) ;
Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 31 (1875) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
ix. p. 49 (1876) (Bioto) ; Layard, Ibis, 1876, p. 393; Brilggern.
Abh. natunc. Ver. Brem. \. p. 98 (1876) ; Bams. Pr. Linn. Soc.
N. S. W. i. pp. 77, 195, 217, 386 (1876), ii. p. 200, d. 654 (1877) ;
D'Alb. Sydn. Mail, 1877, p. 248 ; id. Ann. Mtis. Civ. Gen. x.
pp. 19, 20 (1877) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 372 ; Shai-pe, Journ. Linn. Soc.
xiii. p. 505 (1877) ; Ticeedd. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 769, 834, 1878,
pp. 602, 712, 954 ; Swne, Str. Feath. vi. p. 488 (note) (1878) ;
Bams. Pr. Linn. Soc. K. S. W. iii. p. 301 (1878), iv. p. 102, n. 211
(1879) ; Bosenh. Malay. Archip. pp. 279 (Goram), 373 (Aru, Ke),
564 (New Guinea) (1878-79) ; D'Alb. ^- Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Gen. xiv. p. 134 (1879) (Fly Eiver) ; Meyer, Ibis, 1879, p. 144
(Celebes); DAlb. Nuova Guin. pp. 585, 588(1880); Legqe, B.
Ceyl. p. 1069 (observ.) (1880) ; Tiveedd. Orn. Works, pp. 201, 404,
543, 561, 602, 625, 645 (1881) ; Wardl. Bams. ibid. p. 660 (1881) ;
Bchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 23; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll.
p. 531, n. 2586 (1882); Bias. J. f. 0. 1883, p. 133 (Celebes);
Vorderm. N. T. N. I. xliii. p. 133 (Java) (1883), xlvi. pp. 222,
240, n. 452 (Bandjermassin) (1887), xlix. p. 419 (Sumatra?)
(1889) ; Rams. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 665 (1888) ; "t Everett, Journ.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 1889, p. 192 (1889) ; JVorth, Cat. Nests >^- Fgys
Austr. p. 339 (1889) ; TViglestc. Aves Pohjn. p. 69 (1891).
Dendrocvgna arcuata (australis), Rchjib. Syii. Av., ISatatores, t. 91.
ff. 2650-51 (1850) {ex Gould).
Dendrocvgna arcuata, var. gouldi, Bp. Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 649,
n. 53 c (1856).
Dendrocygna arcuata, var. vagans, Bp. ibid. n. 53 d (1856).
Dendrocvgna badia, G. R. Gr. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 366 (Moluccas).
Dendrocygna goiddi, Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 374 (1865) ;
Marie, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328 (1870) ; id. Ibis, 1877,
p. 363, n. 105 (Xew Caledonia) ; Bams. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 346 ;
Layard, Ibis, 1882, pp. 538, 542, 544.
Anas, sp., Jouan, Mem. Soc. Sc. Nat. Cherb. ix. p. 242 (1863) (N.
Caledonia).
Dendrocvgna javanica, Jerd. {nee Horsf.) B. of Bid. iii. p. 789
(1864).
Anas varans, Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 183 (1865).
Anas (Dendrocygna) vagans, Mart. J.f. 0. 1866, p. 30, n. 190.
Dendronessa arcuata, Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 147
(1872).
Dendrocvcna vagans, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 510 ; Tristr. Cat. Coll.
B. p. 61 (N. Australia) (1889).
Dendrocvcna arcuata, Salvad. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 385 (1882) ; id.
Ayg. p. 210 (1891) ; Meyer, J. f. O. 1892, p. 265 (Kaiser-Wil-
helm's-Land).
Dendrocvgna arcuata vagans, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 398
(1887).
Adult. Upper part of the head and a line down the back of the
neck brown-black ; sides of head and neck pale fulvous ; throat
23, DENDKOCYCNA.
155
almost -white ; back and scapulars black, with the edges bright
rufous-chestnut, on the upper back the black part of the feathers
with rufous spots or bars ; rump black ; median upper tail-coverts
black, the lateral ones buffy white, more or less spotted with black ;
breast pale rufous, each feather with black dots or crescent-like
spots in the middle, and shading into the bright rufous-chestnut
of the abdomen ; lower abdomen and the under tail-coverts whitish
buff, the latter uniform, but the abdomen with brown spots ; the
feathers of the flanks with broad mesial buffy white streaks, edged
with black ; lesser and median wing-coverts bright chestnut, the
greater ones, quills, and tail black : irides brown ; bill blackish or
dark ashy ; tarsi and feet dark ashy. Total length about 17 inches,
wing 8"5, tail 2-8, culmen 1*7, tarsus 1-85.
Femah similar.
Hab. Philippines, Celebes, Borneo, Java, Timor, Sumba, Moluccas,
New Guinea, Australia, Xew Caledonia, and Fiji Islands.
a, b. Ad. st.
c. 2 juv. sk.
d, e. c? ad. et
juT. sb.
/. cJ ad. sk.
g. h. cJ 2 ad. sk.
i, k, /. 2 ad. et
cJ 2 juv. sk.
7)1, n. c? ad. et
2 juv. sk.
0. 2 ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
J. cS ad. sk.
r, s. (S ad. sk.
t, u. cJ ad. sk.
V. cJ ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
.r. Ad. sk.
y. Ad. sk.
s. 2 ad. sk.
a', b', c'. Ad. et
juv. sk.
d', e. Ad. sk.
/', ff'. 2 ad. sk.
et ad. St.
h'. Ad. sk.
i', k'. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
Manilla, Philippine Is. Cuming Coll. (Type
of Dendrocygna vayuns, Eyton.)
Catbalogan, Samar, April. E. L. Moseley, Esq.
Twee'ddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
E. L. Moselev, Esq.
[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
E. L. Moselev, Esq.
[C.l.
Tweeddale Coll.
A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[P.].
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
India Museum [P.].
(Type of Ilorsfield's plate, Zool. Res. pi. 65.)
Java (Horsjfield). India Museum [P.].
(One of the tvpes oi Anas javanku, var. (i, Horsf.)
E. Timor (A. R.'W.). Tweeddale Coll.
E. Timor. A. R. Wallace, Esq.
[P.].
Australia. Salviu-Godman Coll.
Cebu, March, April {A. E.
Everett).
S. Leyte, Sept. (A. E. E.).
Amparo, July (A. E. E.).
N. Bohol, Oct., Nov. {A. E. E.).
Siquijor, Feb.
Zamboanga, April (A. E.E.).
N. Mindanao {A. E. E.).
Malimaui, Nov.
Menado, N. Celebes.
Makassar.
Makassar {A. R. Wallace).
Java (Horsfield).
Lawrence R., Australia {Irving').
Port Essinjrton.
New Caledonia.
Viti Levu, Fiji Is., Sept.
D. Macilonald).
{J.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
J. B. Jukes, Esq.
[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Voyage of H.M.S.
'Alert.'
Kandi, Fiji Is. {E. L. Layard). Seebohm Coll.
156
4. Dendrocycna javanica.
Anas javanica, Horsf. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 199 (Java) (1821).
Anas ai'cuata, part., Horsf. Zool. Res. in Java, text of pi. 65
(]822j ; Sykes (nee Cuv.), P. Z. S. 1831, p. 125.
Anas sp., Rciffi. Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 331 (Sumatra) (1822).
Mareca awsuree, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 168 (Diikhun) ; Less. Compl.
de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 534 (1837) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 721 (1838).
Dendrocygna arcuata, S^v. [nee Cuv.) Class. B. ii. p. 365 (Java)
(1837) ; Eyt. Man. Anat. p. 108 (1838) ; Hodgs. in Gray's Zool.
Misc. p. 86, n. 581 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. List Spec. B. Brit.
Mus. iii. p. 131 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 1 (syn.
emend.) (1845); id. Cat. Spec. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p. 144
(1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 301, n. 1762 (1849);
Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. -p. 136 (1852) (Ceylon); ? Licht. Nomencl.
Av. p. 102 (Bengala, Java) (1854) ; Layard, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H.
xiv. p. 269 (1854) ; G. R. Gr. Cat. Spec. Hodgs. Coll. B. M.
2nd ed. p. 76 (1863) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 224 (Banjer-
massing), 1864, p. 300 (part.) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1865, p. 39 ; Pelz.
Reise Novara, Vogel, p. 137 (Java) (1865) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B.,
Anseres, p. 89 (1866) ; Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 175 ; Eyt. Suppl.
Osteol. Av. pi. — (1862) ; id. Syn. Anat. p. GO (1869) ; G. R.
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10608 (1871) ; Hume, Str. Feath. i.
p. 260 (Sindh) (1872-73) ; Anders. Ibis, 1874, p. 222 ; Hume,
Nests and Eyqs, p. 639 (1873-74) ; Salvad. Ucc. Born. p. 362 (part.)
(1874) ; Hume, Str. Feath. ii. p. 315 (Nicobars) (1874) ; Ball,
ibid. p. 437 (1874) : Hume, ibid. p. 483 (Tenasserim) (1874) ; Blyth,
B. Burm. p. 165 (1875) ; Gieh. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 30 (part.) (1875) ;
Wardl. Rams. Ibis, 1877, p. 472 ; Gates, Str. Feath. v. p. 169
(1872) ; Rchmv. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 22 ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl.
Coll. p. 531, n. 2585 (1882) ; Vorderm. N. T. N. I. xliii. p. 194
(Java) (1883) ; ? Bias. J. f. O. 1884, p. 219 (Bangkau Lake) ;
Graboivsky, Ornis, 1885, p. 163 (Bangkau, S. E. Borneo) ; A.
Mii.ll. J. f. 0. 1885, p. 162 (Salanga); Vorderm. N. T. N. L
xlvi. p. 240, n. 451 (1886), xlix. p. 419, n. 481 (1899) ; Tristr. Cat.
Coll. B. p. 50 (1889).
Dendrocygna awsuree, Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 218, n. 376 (1840) ;
id. B. of hid. iii. p. 786 (1864) ; Simson, Ibis, 1882, p. 93 (E.
Bengal).
Anas carvophvllacea, Sundev. [nee Lath.) Physiog. Siillsk. Tidskr,
i. p. 210 (1837) ; id. Isis, 1842, p. 795 ; id. Ann. ^ Mag. N. H.
xix. p. 172 (1847).
Anas castanea, M7-m\ (S 2 ad.
sk.
Trinkut Is., Nicobars, Feb.,
March ( W. D.).
Hume Coll.
ra\ o\ S ad.
et
Trinkut Is., Jau. {R. J. W.).
Tweeddale Coll.
juv. sk.
p^. Ad. sk.
Prov. Wellesley [Br.
Cantor).
India Museum [P.].
q^-f. Ad. sk.
Pinang {Dr. Cantor).
India Museum [P.].
Capt. H. J. Kelsall
[P.].
m'. Ad. sk.
Pahang.
v\ Ad. sk.
Malacca {Dr. Maingay).
Tweeddale Coll.
?<;l Ad. sk.
Sumatra.
A. E. Wallace, Esq.
[C.].
.r^ Ad. sk.
Sumatra {Carl Bock).
Tweeddale Coll.
l/^. Ad. sk.
Java {Horgjield).
India Museum [P.].
(Type of the species.)
z". Ad. St.
Java (:' Hcrsfield).
India Museum [P.].
«*. 2 ad. sk.
Java (Diard).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
h\ Ad. St.
[Interior of Africa.]
[MaiorDenham[P.].]
5. Dendrocycna autumnalis.
Eed-billed Whistling Duck, Edw. Birds, iv. pi. 194 (West Indies)
(1743) ; Lath. St/n. iii. 2, p. 498, n. 47 (1785) ; id. Sujypl. i. p. 274
(1787).
Anas ti.stularis americana, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 4(X), pi. 38 (1760)
(Amerique septentrionale).
Anas autumnalis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 205, n. 39 (1766) ; Gm. S. K i. 2,
p. 537, n. 39 (part.) (1788); Latk. Itid. Orn. ii. p. 852, n. 52
(part.) (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 140 (part.) (1790) ; Vieill.
N. D. V. p. 153 (part.) (1816) (Cavenne) : Dum. Did. Sc. Nat. vi.
p. 369 (part.) (1817) ; Ste2)h. Gen. 'Zool. xii. 2, p. 99 (part.) (1824).
Slftleur a bee rouge et nai-ines jaunes, part., Bujf. Hist. Xat. Ois.
ix. p. 183 (1783).
Dendronessa autumnalis, Waffl. Isis, 1832, p. 282.
Dendrocj-gna autumnalis, Eyt. Man. Anat. p. 109 (18.38) ; G. R. Gr.
Gen. B. iii. p. 612, n. 3 (part.) (1845) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av.,
Natatores, t. 89. f. 175 (184-5); Gosse, B. Jam. p. 398 (1847);
Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1851, p. 117 ; Stansb. Rep. p. 3.34 (1852) ;
Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 57 (1856) ; Sclat. P. Z. ,S. 1858,
p. 360 (Honduras) ; Baird, B. X. Am. p. 770, pi. 03. f. 2 (Texas)
(1858) : id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 574 (1859) ; id. Me.v. B. Surv. ii.
2, p. 26, pi. 25 (Texas) (1859) ; Sclat. Sr Sain. Ibis, 1859, p. 231 ;
Tayl. Ihis, 1860, p. 315 ; Cass. Pr. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 197 (R.
Truando) ; Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, p. 266 (Jamaica) : Marc/i, Pr.
Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 70"; Tayl. Ibis, 1864, p. 172 (Porto Rico);
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 299 (part.) ; Sclat. 4" Salt: ibid. p. 372
(Panama) ; Salv. Ibis, 186-5, p. 193 (Guatemala) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye.
X. Y. vii. p. 13 (Panama) (1865) ; Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 42 (Texas) ;
Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 63 (Panama) (1866), ix. p. 143
(Costa Rica) (1863) ; Hyt. Syn. ^«rt;.p.61 (part.) (1869); Frantz.
J.f. O. 1869, p. 370 (Costa Rica) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 459 (1870) ;
160 ANATID^.
G. R. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10615 (part.) (1871) ; Gieb. Thes,
Orn. ii. p. 31 (1875) ; Coues, Key, p. 284 (1872) ; id. Check-list,
D. 487 (1873) ; Sclat. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 129, n. 2
(1873) ; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 558 (1874) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost.
Soc. N. H. ii. p. 313 (Mazatlan) (1874) ; Sclat. S,- Salv. P. Z. S.
1876, p. 375; Merrill, Fr. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 169 (1879);
A. \- E. Neivt. Handb. Jain. p. 112 (1881) ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl.
Coll. p. 530 (1882) ; Coues, Check-list, 2nded. p. 112, n. 706 (1882) ;
Bchmv. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 62; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed.
p. 426 (part.) (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2ud ed. p. 689, n. 706
(1884); Cory, List B. W. Ind. \). 30 (1885); A. O. U. Code of
Nom. and Check-list, p. 129, d. 177 (1886) ; Lloyd, Auk, 1887,
p. 185 (W. Texas) ; Eidgiv. Man. N. Am. B. p. 119, n. 177 (1887) ;
Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 60 (Jamaica) ; id. B. W. Ind. p. 261 (1889) ;
Salv. Ibis, 1889, p. 377, 1890, p. 89 (Cozumel I.) ; Richm. Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mas. xvi. p. 531 (Rio Frio) (1893).
Dendrocycna autumnalis, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 509; Ridgtv. Nom.
N Am. B. n. 599 (1881) ; Echniv. Vog. d. zool. Gdrt. p. 59 (1882) ;
B., B., ^- R. Water-Bivds N. Am. i. p. 481 (1884).
Adult. Pileum cinnamon-brown, pale in front, on the occiput
passing into black, which is continued in a narrow stripe down the
nape ; sides of the head and upper part of the neck pale ochreous
ashy ; remainder of the neck, back, scapulars, jugulum, and breast
cinnamon-brown, the dorsal region more rusty ; rump, upper tail-
coverts, abdomen, flanks, and under wing-coverts deep black,
abruptly defined against the cinnamon of the breast ; crissum
white, spotted with black ; lesser wing-coverts ochreous olive,
middle coverts ash-colour, the greater and primary-coverts greyish
white, the lower feathers of the latter dusky ; quUls and tail deep
black, but the quills pure white basally : "iris brown; bUl coral-
red, orange above, nail of bUl bluish ; legs and feet pinkish white "
(Merrill). Total length about 19 inches, wing 9-20-9-70, tail 3,
culmen 1-90-2-15, tarsus 2-25-2-60, middle toe 2-30-2-70.
Female. Similar to the male.
Young. Much like the adult, but pattern of coloration much less
distinct and colour duller ; the reddish brown replaced by dingy
greyish tinged with rusty ; the belly and flanks greyish white, with
dusky cross-bars ; biU and feet dusky.
Downy young. Above blackish brown, varied by large, sharply-
defined patches of sulphury buff — two on the sides of the back and
two on the sides of the rump : a sharply-defined superciliary stripe
and a band across the cheeks encircling the occiput safFrony buff;
a blackish-brown band from the cheeks to the nape ; lower parts
pale buffy yellow, the belly whitish.
Hah. Central America, from Rio Grande Valley in Texas to
Panama.
a-i. 6 2 ^d. sk. Brownsville, Texas, April, Salvin-Godman Coll.
May (F. B. Armstrong). >
k I m, c? 2 ad. sk. Hidalgo, Texas, April {F. Salvin-Godman Coll.
' ' ■ ^ B.A.). . L
n. Ad. sk. Tamaulipas, Mexico ( W. B. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Richardson).
0. 2 ad. sk.
p. $ ad. sk.
q. c? ad. sk.
J"? «■ 6 9- jii'^- sk.
t. Ad. sk.
w, V. S ad. et $
imm. sk.
w. 2 ad. sk.
x-i'. Ad. sk.
c'. Ad. sk.
d'. S ad. sk.
e'. Pull. sk.
y. Skeleton.
2i5. UEXDKOCYCNA.
Altamira, Tamaulipas, May
(W. B. It).
Tampico, Mexico, June ( W.
^ B. It).
Xalapa, Mexico, Nov.
{Ferrcir i-Perez).
\'ega del Casadero, Aera
Cruz, Dec. {M. Trujillo).
Mazatlaii, W. Mexico {A.
J. Grni/sun).
Presidio, W. Mexico, Jan.,
Feb. (A. Forrer).
Huamuchal, Guatemala,
Feb. (O. S.\.
Cozumel I., Yucatan {G. F.
Ga/nner).
Nicoya, Costa Rica, March
(E. Arce).
Lion Hill, Panama {Mc-
Leannan) .
Aqua dulce, Panama.
Mexico.
6. Dendrocycna discolor.
161
Salvin-Cxodman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman ColL
Canard siffleur de Cayenne, D'Aubent. PL Enl. 820.
Siflleur a bee rouge et narines jaunes, part., Buff. Hist. Xat. Ois. ix.
p. 183 (178.3).
Anas autumnalis, Jacquin (nee Linn.), Beytr. i. p. 6, n. 4 (New
Grenada) (1784): Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. .537, n. 39 (part.) (1788);
Lath. Lid. Om. ii. p. 852, n. 52 (part.) (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. M&th.
i. p. 140 (part.) (1790); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 153 (Cayenne,
Nouvelle Grenade) (1816) ; Bum. Diet. So. Nat. vi. p. 369
(part.) (1817) ; Lic/it. J'erz. Duuhl. p. 84 (Brazil) (1823) ; Steph.
Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 99 (part.) (1824) ; Less, (tiec Linn.) Tr. d'Orn,
p. 6.34, n. 68 (Cayenne) (1831) ; Burin. Syst. TJeb. Thiere Bras.
Vog. ii. p. 436 (piu-t.) (1856); Ern-^t, Rev. Cient. Univ. Centr.
Venez. i. p. 43 (^"enezuela) (1887).
Dendrocygua autumnalis, G. P. Gr. (nee Linn.) List Spec. B. Br.
Mus. iii. p. 131 (8. Amer., Guiana) (1844) ; Cab. in Schomb. Guian.
Reis. iii. p. 762 (1848); ? Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854):
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 299 (part.) ; Sclat. ^V 8alv. P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 200 (Ucayali); Leotaud, Ois. Trin. p. 507 (Trinidad) (1866);
Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 2 * (1866) : Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 61
(part.) (1869) : Pelz. Om. Bras. pp. 320, 459, Iviii (1870) ; Finsch
P. Z. S. 1870, p. 589 (Trinidad) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 79,
n. 10615 (part.) (1871) ; Gieb. Thes. Om. ii. p. 31 (part.) (1875) :
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 426 (part.) (1883) : Tristr. {nee
Linn.) Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (Para) (1889) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogel-
samml. p. 228, n. 3383 (S. America) (1891).
Dendrocv^.a di.scolor, Sclat. Sf Sale. Nomencl. A v. Neotrop. pp. 129,
161 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 375 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 506:
Rchnw. Om. Centralbl. 1882, p. 23 ; Sah: Cat. B. Strickl. Coll.
p. 530 (1882) : B., B., .V R. Water-Birds N. A. i. p. 482 (1884) :
* Schlegel mentions the skeleton of a specimen from Buenos Ayres.
TOt. XXVII. M
162 ANATID^.
Salv. Ibis, 1886, p. 172 ; Tacz. Orn. Fer. iii. p. 469 (1886) ; Ridgiv.
Man. N. Am. B. p. 119 (1887) ; Chapm. Bull. Mus. N. R. 1894,
p. 82 (Trinidad).
Dendrocygna autumnalis discolor, B., B., 8f R. Water-Birds N. A.
i. p. 480 (1884).
Similar to D. autumnalis, but differs in the lower hind-neck being
fulvons-grej', strongly and abruptly contrasted against the dark
chestnut-brown of the back ; also the breast is greyish, instead of
chestnut as in D. autumnalis. Wing 9- 10-9-30 inches, culmen
1-80-1-90, tarsus 2-20-2-25.
Hah. Colombia, Guiana, with Trinidad Island, Ecuador, Eastern
Peru, and Brazil.
n. Ad. St. S. America.
h, c. Ad. et juv. Balzar Mts., Ecuador (Illing- Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. worth),
d, e. Ad. st. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk
[P.].
fjff- d? ad.sk. R.Ilupurumi, British Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.
May {JI. Whitely).
h. Ad. sk. Maroni River, Surinam Salvin-Godman Coll.
{Kappler). (Type of the species.)
«. 2 ad. sk. Upper Ucavali, May {K H. J. Elwes, Esq.
Bartlett).' _ [P.].
7>-. 5 ad. sk. Rio Parana, Brazil, April Salvin-Godman Coll.
{Natterer).
7. Dendrocycna arborea.
Whistling Duck, Slocme, Jam. ii. p. 324, t. 272 (172G).
Black-biUed Whistling Duck, IJdw. Glean, pi. 193 (1743) (West
Indies) ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 499, n. 48 (1785).
Anas fistularis jamaicensis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 403 (1760).
Anas arborea, Linn. S. N. i. p. 207, n. 44 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2,
p. 540, n. 44 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 852, n. 53 (1790) ;
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 141, n. 42 (1790) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 152
(1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 368 (1817) ; Steijh. Gen. Zool.
xii. 2, p. 98 (1824) ; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 633 (1831) ; D'Oii. in La
Sagra^s Hist. Nat. Ctiba, i. p. 291 (1840) ; Burin. Thiere Bras. iii.
p. 436 (1856) ; Thienem. J. f. O. 1857, p. 157 (egg) ; Sundev. (Efv.
K. Vet.-Akad. Forh. 1869, p. 603.
Canard siffleur de la Jamaique, UAidjent. PI. Enl. 804.
Siffleur a bee noir. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 185 (1783).
.PSucc6, Jacquin, Beytr. i. p. 5, n. 3 (1784) (S. Domingo).
? Anas jacquini, Gm. 8. N. i. p. 536, n. 108 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.
ii. p. 863, n. 80 (1790) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 158 (1816) ; Dum. Diet.
Sc. Nat. vi. p. 385 (1817).
? Anas succ^, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 134, n. 29 (1790) {e.v Jacquin ;
San Domingo).
Dendronessa arborea, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282.
Dendrocygna arborea, Siv. Class. B. ii. p. 365 (1837) ; Eyt. Men.
Anat. p. 110 (1838) ; G. R. Gr. List Spec. B. Br. Mus. iii. p. 131
(Jamaica) (1844) ; id. Gen. B. p. 612, n. 4 (1845) ; Hartl. Erst.
Nachtr. Vogelsamml. p. 19, n. 219 (1846) ; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 395
23. DENDROCYCNA. 103
(1847) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Novitice, Natatores, t. 107. f. 2.3.59 {ex
Echo.) (1850) ; id. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (1852) ; Baird, Slansb. Rep.
p. 334 (1852) ; Bj). Compt. Itend. xliii. p. 649, n. 56 (18.56) ; Cab.
J.f. O. 1857, p. 227 ; A. ^- E. Newt. Ibis, 1859, p. 366 (St. Croix,
■W'ith fig. of the trachea) ; Bryant, Pi: Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 122
(Bahamas) (1859); Albr. J.f. O. 18G2, p. 206; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1864, p. 300 (Jamaica) ; March, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 70 : Bryant,
Pr. Bust. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 78 (Inagua) (1866) ; Schley. Mus. P.-B.,
Anseres, p. 84 (1866) ; Gutidl. Pep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 387
(1866); Ei/t. Syn. Anat. Y>- 62 (1869); Peh. Orn. Bras. p. 459
(1870); G. R. Gr. Ha^id-list, iii. p. 79, n. 10614 (1871) ; Gu7idl.
J.f. O. 1871, p. 273 (?); Bodin. J.f. 0. 1872, p. 72 (breeding) ;
Sclat. S,- Salv. Nomencl. Ar. Neotrop. p. 129 (1873) ; Coues, Birds
N.- West, p. 558 (1874) ; Gundl.J.f. 0. 1874, p. 314 (Porto Rico),
1875, p. 375 (Cuba) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 30 (1875) ; Sclat. li. Av.,
Natatores, t. 99. flf. 2357-58 {e.v Gould) (1850) ; Stanl. Sale-list
Enoivsley Men. p. 45 (1851) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 301 ; Gould,
Haridb. B. Austr. ii. p. 375 (1865) ; Schleq. Mus. P.-B., Anseres,
p. 87 (1866) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 686 (Zool. Gard.) ; Diggl. B.
Austr. ii. pi. 144. f. 1 (1870) ; Hutt. Cat. B. New Zeal. pp. 35, 77
(1871): Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 184; Purdie, Tr. N. Z. Inst.
1872, p. 213 (New Zealand) ; Hector, ibid., note ; Buller, Hist. B.
Neio Zeal. pp. xxi, 265 (1873) ; Finsch, J.f. 0. 1874, p. 201 ; Gieb.
Thes. Orn. ii. p. 31 ('1875) ; Sharpe, Zool. Ereb. ^- Terr., Birds,
App. p. 31 (1875) ; Casteln. :^- Rams. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i.
p. :]S6 (Norman lUver, Gulf of Carpentaria) (1877) ; Rc/imv. Orn.
Centralbl. 1882, p. 23 ; Buller, Man. B. New Zeal. p. 67 (1882) ;
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 427 (1883) ; Leqqe. Pr. R. Soc.
Ta.is, 1869, p. 377;
Cab. in v. cl. Deck. Reis. iii. p. 51 (1869) ; Fin-sch 4" Hartl. Vog.
Ost-Afr. p. 803 (1870) ; Landois, Zool. Gart. 1871, p. 251 (West-
phaUa) : Shell. B. of Fqypt, p. 279 (1872) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i.
p. 368 (1872) ; Anderss'. B. Dainara Land, p. 335 (1872) ; Heugl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1285 (1873); Boc. Jorn. Ac. Sc. Lisb.
1873, pp. 198, 289, 294, 1874, p. 45 ; id. J. f. O. 1876, p. 295
(Mossamedes, Humbe, Cunene, Kio Coroca) ; Rchnw. Vog. zool,
Gart. p. 63 (1882); Bocage, Orn. d'Ang. p. 497 (1882); Butt.,
.Feild., ^- Reid, Zoolog. 1882, p. 427 (Natal): Nathus. J.f. O.
1882, p. 305 (egg) : Bohm, Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 114; B. O. U.
List Brit. B. p. 114 (l.^N-!) : Fischer, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. 18.84,
p. 393 (Massailand) ; Bohm, J.f. O. 1885, pp. 62, 72; Fischer,
ibid. p. 115 ; Hartert, J. f. 0. 1886, p. 611 (Xiger-Beuue) ; Rchnw.
J.f. O. 1887, p. 46; Mcttschie, ibid. pp. 137, 144: Hartert, ibid.
p. 268 (Wesel) ; Emin, J. f. 0. 1891, pp. 339, 345; Hartert, Eat.
Vogelsamml. p. 227, n. 3372 (1891) ; Rchnw. J. f O. 1892, p. 6;
Salvad. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xliv. p. 564 (SomaU) (1894) ;
Rchnw. Vog. Deutsch- Ost-Afr. p. 28 (1894).
Bernicla tegyptiaca, Fyf. Cat. Br. B. pi. 65 (1836).
Chenalopex africanus, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 605, n. 2 (1845) ;
Rchnb. Si/n. ^i-., Natatores, t. 98. Ii'. 942-43 (1845); Gieb. Thes.
Orn. i. p." 368 (1872).
Chenalopex varius, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 369 (1855) ; id. Kaumannia,
1855, p. 297.
Anas segyptica {sic), Chapm. Trav. S. Afr., App. p. 421 (1868).
Casarca atricana, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10625 (1871).
Anser (Chenalopex) segyptiacus, David 4' Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 490
(Pekiu) (1877).
Alopochen segyptiaca, Stejn. Stand. Nat. Hist., Birds, p. 141, f. 66
(1885).
24. CHENALOPEX.
169
ILihrids.
Tadorna .negyptiacaX Anas bosclias, Leverk. J.f. O. 1890, p. 221.
Adult male. Feathers round the base of the bill, a patch rouTid
tlie eyes, back of the neck, and ring round lower part of the latter
rudd}' ; rest of the head and upper part of the neck greyish brown ;
mantle ruddy grey, finely lineated with dark grey ; lower back,
rump, and upper tail-coverts black ; lower neck, breast, and flanks
buff, finely lineated with grey ; on the middle of the breast a maroon
patch ; abdomen white ; under tail-coverts rudd)- ; scapulars aud
tertiaries ruddy ; upper wing-coverts white, with a narrow black
band near the tip of the greater ones ; secondaries shining green ;
primaries, their coverts, bastard-wing, and tail black ; inner under
wing-coverts and axillaries white : " iris dark yellow ; bill pink,
with tip, margins, and base black; tarsi and feet pink" (Ayres).
Total length 2S inches, wing 10, tail 9, bill 1*78, tarsus 3.
Female. Similar to the male, but smaller, and, according to
Dr. Finsch, paler, and with the pectoral maroon patch smaller.
Hab. Africa and Palestine.
a. Pull. St.
b. Ad. St.
c. 5 ad. St.
d. Ad. St.
e. Ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
(/. ^ ad. sk.
■/(. 2 ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
k, I, m. 2 ad. sk.
w, o. (5 ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
[Bred in captivity.]
Ochtertire, Stirlingshire.
River Tweed, April 4.
liiver Tweed.
Egypt.
Egypt.
Egypt.
Anseba Valley, Bogos, July o.
Waliko, July 25 ( W. Jesse).
Maragaz, July 28 ( W. Jesse).
Efat. Shoa, April (Sir W. C.
Harris).
Lake Naiwascha.
.\d. sk. Zambesi {/Jr. Urads/tciic).
Juv. St. South Africa.
t. (5 2 ad. sk. Humbe, K. Cunene, Jan.
(Anc/iicfa).
-z. Ad. et juv. sk. River Niger, Dec.
, Skeleton.
. Skeleton.
, d'. Sterna and scapular girdles.
II)/hrid hdiveen " Penguin Uuck " and C,
6 ad. st. Died in captivity.
A. D. Bartlett, Esq.
Sir D. Dundas [P.].
Purchased.
W. B. T. TurubuU,
Esq. [P.].
"\ ictor Ames, Esq.
[P.J.
Hume Coll.
W. T. Blanford, Esq.
[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
H. E. Dresser, Esq.
[P.].
India Museum.
A. G. Baxter, Esq.
[C.].
Shelley Coll.
Old Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Dr. Baikie [C.].
Zoological Society.
ajgyptiacus.
Zoological Society.
2. Chenalopex jubatus.
Anser jubatus, Spi.r, Av. Bras. ii. ]). S4. t. 108 (1825^ (nee Anas
jubata, Ldth. 1801) ; Biirm. Syst. Uehers. iii. p. 433 (1856).
170 ANATID^.
Anser polycomos, Cuv. Mus. Paris; Less. Tr. cTOrn. p. 627, n. 4
{\m\) { Pucher. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1850, p. 545 ( = jubatus,
Spiv) ; Hartl. J.f. O. 1855, p. 419; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres,
p. 95 (1866).
Chenalopex jubatus, Wagl. Ms, 1832, p. 1235, n. 2; G. R. Gr.
Gen. B. iii. p. 605, n. 4, pi. 164 (1845) ; Rchnh. Syn. Av., Nata-
tores, t. 102. fE. 234-235 (1845); J. E. Gr. Glean, from Knowsl.
Menay. pi. xv. (1846) ; Schomh. Guian. Reis. iii. p. 762 (1848) ;
Taylor, Ibis. 1864, p. 96 (Orinoco) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1866,
p. 200 (Lower Ucajali) ; Si/t. Syn. Aiiat. p. 53 (1869) ; Pelz. Orn.
Bras. pp. 319, 459, Iviii (1870) ; Sclat. <.y Salv. P. Z. S. 1873,
p. 304 ; Rchmc. Voq. zool. Giirt. p. 63 (1882) ; Salv. Ibis, 1886,
p. 172.
Chenalopex jubata, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mas. iii. p. 126 (1844) ;
Bi). Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. U (1856); Sclaf. S,- Salv.
Nomencl. Av. Neotroj). p. 128 (1873) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 369 ;
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 499 ; id. List Vert. Ati. 8th ed. p. 416
(1883) ; Tanz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 468 (1886) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B.
p. 5 (1889).
Anas poUicaris, Illig., unde
Anser poUicaris, Licht. in Mies. Berol. ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 373
(1872).
Chenalopex poUicaris, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854).
Chenonetta jubata, G. R. Gr. {jiec Brandt) Hand-list, iii. p. 74,
n. 10558 (1871) ; Simd. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 145 (1872) ;
Heiiie Si- Rchmc. Norn. Mus. Seiti. Orn. p. 341 (1890).
Adult. Head, neck, and breast dull whitish grey, darker on the
hind-neck ; upper mantle and scapulars ruddy ; lower mantle and
inner scapulars brown ; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and
wings black with a green gloss ; abdomen ruddy, whitish along the
middle, changing into blackish brown on the lower part ; under
tail-coverts white ; greater wing-coverts metallic green with a
purple gloss ; base of the secondaries white, forming a white specu-
lum : " bill black, irides brown " (Sjnx) : " tarsi and feet yellowish
flesh-colour " (Bitrmeister). Total length about 20 inches, wing
12-25, bill 1-45, tarsus 2-6.
Hah. Amazonia and Guiana ; apparently also Bolivia.
a, b, c. Ad. St. S. America. Sir R. Schomburgk (?) [C.]«
d. Ad. sk. Peruvian Amazons Salvin-Godman Coll.
{B. Bartlett).
e. Ad. sk. Bolivia. T. C. Bridges, Esq. [C.].
/. S ad. sk. Brazil (Natterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
y. Skeleton.
25. TADORNA. ^
Type.
Tadorna, Leach, MS. ; Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822). T. comuta.
Vulpanser, Keys. S,- Bias. Wirbelth. Bur. p. 84 (1840) . . T. comuta.
Radjah, Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. x (1852) T. radjah.
Genuffiochen, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. p. 343 (1890)
( = Radjah, Rchnb.).
Range. Palsearctie and Australian Regions.
25. TADORNA. 171
Key to the Species.
a. A promineut red knob at the base of the bill ; head
and upper part of the neck black, glossed with
greeu ; tail white, tipped with black cornuta, p. 171.
h. No knob at the base of the bill ; head and neck
entirely white ; tail black radjah, p. 175.
1. Tadorna cornuta.
The Common Sheld-duck ; Shieldrake.
Anas maritima, Gesn. Aves, p. 80.3 (1555).
Tadorna belonii, liai/, Syn. Av. j). 140 (1713).
Tadorna, liriss. Orn. vi. p. 314, pi. xxxiii. f. 2 (17fiO).
Anas tadorna, Linn. S. X. i. p. 195, n. 4 (17(!0) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2,
p. 50G, n. 4 (1788): Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 854, n. 56 (1790);
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 123, pi. 37. f. 2 (1790) ; Lnth. Tr. Linn.
Hoc. iv. p. 117, t. XV. tf. 8, 9 (trachea) (1798) ; Pall. Zooyr. Rosso-
As. ii. p. 239 (1811) ; Temm. Man. d'Oni. p. 539 (1815) ; Vieill.
N. D. V. p. 158 (1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 353 (1817) ;
Temm. Man. d'Orn. 2nd ed. ii. p. 833 (1820) ; Lic/tt. Verz. Boubl.
p. 84 (1823) ; Runz. Elem. di Zool. iii. 9, p. 97, t. 30. f. 1 (1826) ;
IVern. Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 38 (1828) ; Less. Man. d'Orn. ii.
p. 416 (1828) ; id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 633 (1831) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii.
p. 166 (1831) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. iv. p. 531 (1840) ; Naum.
Vny. Deutschl. xi. p. 534, t. 298 (1842) ; Schley. Rev. Crit. p. cxv
(1844) ; Temtn. i,- Schley. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 128 (1850) ; Kjiirb.
Orn. Ban. p. 363, Taf. 46, et Siq^jA. Taf. 25 (1852) ; Piissl. J.f. O.
1853, p. 243 (E. Finmark) ; A. Brehm, J. f. O. 1854, p. 84;
Vanyeroio, J.f. O. 1855, p. 345 (Xeumark) ; Midi. J.f. O. 1856,
p. 232 (Camargue) ; Buvry, J.f. 0. 1857, p. 123 (Algeria) ; Schley.
f'off. Xederl. p. 543, pis. 303, .304 (1858); Antin. J.f. O. 1858,
p. 484 (Smyrna) ; Bolle, ibid. p. 489 ; Quistorp, J. f O. 1860,
p. 78 ; Holland, ibid. p. 305 (Ostseestrand) ; Altum, J.f. 0. 1863,
p. 109; Schley. Bierent. f. p. 276 (1864) ; id. Mm. P.-iy., Anseres,
p. 67 (1866); Holtz, J.f. 0. 1868, p. 128 (Gottland 1.): Boie,
J.f. O. 1869, p. 97 ; Homey. J. f. O. 1870, p. 43 (E. Siberia) ;
Heuyl. J.f. O. 1871, pp. 10, 82 (Skoro, N. Europe); Gieb. Thei.
Orn. i. p. 363 (1872); Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873);
Kinb. in Si/nd. Svensk. Foyl. p. 1311, pi. Iviii. f. 1 (1886).
? Anas subterranea. Scop. Ann. I. Hi.st. Nat. p. G7, n. 83 (1769).
Anas cornuta, .S". G. Gmel. Reis. Russl. ii. p. 185, t. 19 (1774);
Collett, Nyf May.f Nat. 1877, p. 198.
Volpoca o Tadoruii, Ger. Stor. deyli Ucc. v. t. 576 (1776).
Tadorne, B'Aubent. PI. Enl. 53 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. Lx. p. 205,
pi. xiv. (178.3).
? Black-headed Duck, Shaw, Trav. p. 254.
Damietta Duck, Lafh. Syn. iii. 2, p. 487, n. 41 (1785).
Shieldrake, Lath. op. cit. p. 504, n. 51 (1785).
Anas damiatlca, (r)n. S. N. i. 2, p. 535, n. 106 (1788) {e.v Ha<-^elq.
It. p. 264, n. .35, 1757) : Lafh. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 850, n. 48 (17!tO) ;
Bonn. Enc. Mi-th. i. p. 131 (1790) ; Vieill. N. B. v. p. 119 (181(5) ;
Bum. Diet. Sc. JSat. vi. p. 379 (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2,
p. 108 (1824).
Tadorna tadorna, Flem. Phil, of Zwl. ii. p. 260 (1822); Licht.
Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (\>iol)i Hartert, Kat. Voyelsamml. p. 228
(1891) ; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 518 (E. Prussia).
172
Tadoma familiaiis, Boie, Isia, 1822, p. 564.
Tadorna bellonii, Sfej^k. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 72. pi. 45 (1824) ; Sw.
" Class. B. ii. p. 368 (18-36) ; Eyt. Mon. Afiat. p. 105, pi. 1. ff. 3, 4
(trachea), pi. 3 (sternum), pi. 8. f. 3 (cseca), pi. 9 (skeleton) (1838) ;
Hchnh. At: Si/sf. Kat. p. x (1852) ; Bp. Comjit. Bend, xliii. p. 649,
n. 52 (1856) ; Hartm. J. f. O. 1864, p. 235 : CoUett, Norq. Fuql.
p. 63 (1868) ; Eyt. Syn. A?iaf. p. 55 (1869) ; Culletf, Orn. Bemtirk.
1871, p. 53.
Tadorna vulpanser, Flem. Hist. Br. Anwi. p. 122 (1828) ; Gould,
P.Z.H. 1834, p. 51 (Trebizond): StricU. P. Z. S. 183(!, p. 102
(Smyrna) ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 357 (1837) ; Bj). Camp. List, p. 56,
n. 404 (1838) ; id. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 70, n. 429 (18-J2) : Hart I.
Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p. 132 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 613, n. 1 (1845) ; id. Cat. Hodys.
Coll. B. M. p. 144 (1846) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 93. ff. 432-
34 (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 303, n. 1769 (1849) ; A.
Brehm, J.f. O. 1855, p. 367 ; Cass. E.vp. Am. Squadr. China Seas
^- Japan, ii. p. 248 (Macao) (1856) (cf. J.f. 0. 1858, p. 450) ; Homey.
J.f. 0. 1859, p. 371 ; Swinh. Uis, 1860, p. 67 ( Amoy) ; Tristr. ibid.
p. 81 (Tngo-urt) : Pourys, ibid. p. 354 ( Ionian Isl.) ; Swinh. Jbis,
1861, p. 344 (N. China), 1863, p. 434 (Foni^osa) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863,
p. 324; G. B. Gr. Cat. Hodys. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 76 (1863) ;
Jerd. B. ofJnd. iii. p. 794 (l{j64) ; Allen, Ibis, 1864, p. 189 ; More,
Ibis, 1865, p. 442 (England) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding) ;
Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 11 (1869) ; Fritsch, Toq. Eur. Taf. 50.
f. 6 (1870) ; Ehoes ^- Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 339 (Turkey) ; Shell.
Ibis. 1871, p. 315 : Saund. ibid. p. 376 (Spain) : Shell. B. of Eqypt,
p. 281 (1872) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1874, p. 403 (N. Frisia) ; GulUv.
P.Z.S. 1875, p. 488; Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 317; Simson,
Ibis, 1882, p. 92 (E.Bengal) ; Sclat. List T'ert. An. Sth ed. p. 428
(1883); Leverk. J.f. O. 1887, p. 212; Styan, Ibis, 1891, p. 496
(Yangtse).
Tadorna gibbera, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 1 ; id. Viig. Deutschl.
p. 850 (1831) ; id. Vogelf. p. 370 (1855).
Tadorna littoralis, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 2 ; id. Voq. Deutschl.
p. 856 (1831) ; id. Voyelf p. 370 (1855).
Tadorna maritinia, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 3 ; id. Voy. Deutschl,
p. 858 (1831) ; id. Voyelf p. 370 (1855).
Vulpanser tadorna, K. *.y B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxiv, 225 (1840) ;
Moschler, Naumannia, 1853, p. 366 (Sarepta) ; Wallevyr. Nau-
mannia, 1854, p. 270 (Scandinavia) ; Heuyl. Syst. Uehers. no. 688
(1856); id.Peterm. Geoqr. Mitth. 1861, p. 311; Altum,J.f. O.
1863, p. 75 (Rottum I.) • Nordin. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 377 (Finnland) ;
V. Droste, J.f. O. 1864, p. 422, 1867, p. 69, 1868, p. 43; Meves,
CEfv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1868, p. 287 ; Droste, Borkum, p. 272
(1869) ; Heuql. Peterm. Geoqr. Mitth. 1869, p. 408 ; Goebel, J.f. O.
1870, p. 143 (Dje])er) ; Svnd. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146
(1872) ; Dqb. J. f. O. 1874, p. 326 ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii.
p. 44 (1877): Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 261 (W.
Siberia) ; Bchmv. Orn. Centralhl. 1882, p. 35 ; id. Voy. zool. Gdrt.
p. 62 (1882) ; Radde, Ornis Caiicas. p. 450 (1884) ; Heine Sf
Rchnw. Kom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 343 (1890).
Tadornabelonii, i?/(/?^,P. Z. S. 1842, p. 94: Antin. Cat. Descr. Ucc.
p. 113 (1864) ; Deql. S,- Gerbr, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 499 (1867) ; Smith,
Ibis, 1868, p. 456 (Portugal) ; David S)- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 497
(1877).
Tadorna schachv(inia.n, A. Brehjn, J.f. O. 1854, p. 84; id. J oyelf.
25. XADOKNA. 173
p. o70 (1855) ; L. Brclnit, Naumannia, 18o5, p. 291 ; A. Brchm,
J.f. O. 1855, p. aG7.
Anas (Vulpauser) tadorna, Radde, Meis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 360 (18G3).
Cheualopex tadorua, i\ Druate, J.f. 0. 1865, p. 353.
Anas vLilpauser, Datid, X. Avch. du Mus., Bull. vii. Cat. n. 444
(1871).
Tadorna cornuta, G. It. Gr. moid-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10618 (1871) ;
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 418 (China) ; Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 260
(1873); Htufjl. Ovn. X.O.-Afv. ii. 2, p. 1304 (1873); Danf. S,-
H. Brown, Ihia, 1875, p. 427 (^Transvlvauia) ; B., B., R. u. >S. J.f.
O. 1877, p. 336; Dress. Ibis, 187(5^ ]> . 419; Blak. S)- Fryer, Ibis,
1878, p. 213; Prjev. Rowl. Orn. Misc. iii. p. 100 (Mongolia)
(1878) ; Dress. B. Eur. vi. p. 451, pi. 420 (pts. 67, G8, 1878) ;
Gigl. Icon. Avif. Ital. fasc. ii. tav. 348 (1879) ; Hume, Sir. Feath.
vii. p. 492, viii. p. 115, n. 956 (1879) ; Hume ^- Marsh. Gaine B.
iii. p. 153, pi. 18 (1880) ; Mat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 511 ; Giyl. Ibis,
1881, p. 214; Seebh. Ibis,l8&2, p. 228 (Astrakhan); Salv. Cat. B.
Strickl. Coll. p. 531 (1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 122 (1883) ;
Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 175 (Nagaski) ; Saund. Yarrell's Hist. Br. B.
iv. p. 352 (1884) ; Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 520, pi. m (egg)
(1885) ; Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 256 (1886) ; Tuit, ibis, 1887,
p. 375 (Portugal); Wash. Mitth. orn. J'er. Wien, 1887, p. 182
(Styria) ; Kovniy, J. f. O. 1888, p. 296 (Tunis) ; Saunders, 3Ian.
Br. B. p. 407 (1889) ; Lilf. Ibis, 1889, p. 345 (Cyprus) ; Tristr.
Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (1889) ; Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 241 (1890) ;
Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 72 (breeding) ; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Spec. Coll.
Sury. iii. p. 299 (1891) ; Seebh. Ibis, 1892, p. 27 (Heligoland) ;
De la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 491 (Foochow and Swatow) ; Dubois,
Faun. Vert. Bely., Ois. ii. p. 423, pi. 251 (1892) ; Pears. ^ Bidw.
Ibis, 1894. p. 232 (N. Norway).
Vulpanser (Anas) tadorna, Barth. Nory. Fuylev. p. 49 (1881).
Tadorna daniiatica, Stejn. Pr. U.S. JS'at. Mus. 1882, p. 38 ; Schal,
J.f. O. 1890, pp. 5, 10, 39; Rchnw. J.f. O. 1890, p. 82; Floericke,
J.f O. 1891, pp. 171, 198, 291, 1892, p. 251.
Tadorna vulgaris, Seebh. Ibis, 1883, p. 33.
Ifyhrkh.
Tadorna vulpanser c? x Casarca caua 5, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859,
p. 442, pi. clviii*; id. Ibis, 1859, p. 474; id. List Vert. An. 8th
ed. p. 428 (1883).
Anas tadorna X Anas boschas, Mimter, J.f. O. 1853, p. 302.
Adult mule. Head and upper part of the neck dark glossy green ;
round the lower neck a broad white collar ; a band of rich chestnut
covers the upper part of the back, the space before the bei]d of the
wing, and the upper part of the breast ; remainder of the back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts white, scapulars black, except the inner ones,
which are white; a band along the middle of the breast and belly
dark brown ; sides and flanks white ; under tail-coverts rufous ;
wing-coverts white ; primaries very dark brown ; speculum on the
secondaries green ; long inner secondaries with rich chestnut outer
webs ; tail-feathers white, tipped with black : bill and knob at the
base bright red ; irides brown ; legs, toes, and their membranes
flesh-pink. Total length 24-26 inches, wing 13, tail 5-2, culmen
2*4, tarsus 2,
174
Female. Rather smaller than the raale ; less bright in colours,
and has no knob at the base of the bill.
Yo^mq birds " of the j'ear in August have the beak flesh-colour,
the head and neck brown, chin and front of the neck white ; inter-
scapulars brown ; wing-coverts white ; inner secondaries white,
edged with chestnut ; primaries black ; speculum becoming greeu ;
all the under surface white; legs flesh-colour" (Tarrell).
Nestlings in down are dark brown above and \\hite below : the
white on the underparts extending to the forehead, sides of the
head and neck, wings, scapulary region, and sides of the rump
{Seebohm).
Hub. British Islands, across Europe and South Siberia to Japan,
during the breeding-season ; Southern Europe, Northern Africa,
Western Asia, Northei'n India, Southern China, Formosa, and
Japan in winter.
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. sk.
c. Pull. sk.
d. Pull. sk.
e. Ad. st.
/. (S ad. sk.
(,, h. c? 2 juv. sk.
i, A-. Pull. St.
I. Pull. sk.
m,n.(S2 ad. sk.
0. 2 imm. sk.
p. cJ ad. sk.
q, r. Imm. sk.
s. 2 juv. sk.
t. Piill. St.
u. c? imm. sk.
V. Ad. sk.
w. Ad. sk.
.T. Imm. sk.
y-b'. Juv. sk.
c'. cJ imm. sk.
d'. Imm. sk.
e',f'. S ad. et
2 juv. sk.
g'. Ad. st.
A', i'. S imm. sk.
h'. S imm. sk.
I'. S ad. sk.
m'-p'. cJad. sk.
No locality.
No locality.
No locality.
No locality.
Gt. Britain.
North Uist, Hebrides,
July [H. J.E.).
St. Andrew's, N. Scot-
laud, Dec.
Kirkwall.
Knox I., Fame Is., June.
Norfolk, Jan.
Aldeburgh, Suffolk,
July.
Brighton, Feb. {E. V.
Seebohm).
Ilayhng I.
Havre, Dec. (F.P/wc/if).
Tunis.
Damietta, Egypt, Feb.
(PhilipjMm).
Alexandria, Egypt,
March (G. E. S.).
Belutchistan, Feb. ( W.
T. Bhmford).
Kattiawar, Dec.
AUygurh.
Bbeema, Etawah, Dec.
(v4. Anderson).
Etawah.
Oudh, Jan.
Nepal.
Sultanpur, Gurgaon,
Nov.C^F. A^. Chill).
Mohungunj, Jan. ((?.
Reid).
Calcutta, April.
Lobnoor, Turkestan,
March {Prjevalsky).
Mrs. Wakeling [P.].
W. T. Blanford, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Gould Coll.
Gould Coll.
H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.].
J. A. W. Cook, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
J. H. Gurney, Esq. [P.].
Colonel Irby [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
J. W. Tyndale, Esq. [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Fraser [C.].
SheUey CoU.
Shelley Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Flume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
25. TADOKNA. 175
q'. Ad. sk. Chiua {Tuckett). Tweeddale Coll.
r', s'. Ad. sk. et Shanghai, China. F. Webb, Esq. [P.].
St.
t'. Ad. sk. Shanghai, China Seebohm Coll.
(Mic/iie).
u'. Juv. sk. Amoj% China (R. Seebohm Coll.
SwinJioe).
v'. Jut. sk. Yokohama, Japan {J. Seebohm Coll.
Fri/er\.
7o'-a". S {id- et Nagasaki, Japan, Jan., F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
juv. sk. Nov.
b". Skeleton.
e"-f". Sterna.
2. Tadorna radjah.
Sarcelle des Malais, Gam. Voy. Coq., Zool. Aflas, pi. 49 (1826).
Anas radjah. Gam. Voi/. Coq., Zool. i. 2, p. 302 (1828) ; Less. Man.
(TOm. ii. p. 417 (1828) (Bouru) ; id. Tr. d'Om. p. 634 (1831) ;
id. Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. p. 530 (1837) ; id. ojj. cit. 2nd ed.
p. 719 (1838) ; Mail. T'er/i. Land- en Volkenk. p. 159 (1839-44) ;
Wall. Ami. 4- Ma(/. N. H. (2) xx. p. 478 (Aru) ^18.•37) ; Fin.^ch,
Neii-Gui7i. p. 183 (1865) ; Schleg. Mas. P.-B., Anseres, p. 69
(1866) ; Gieb. Thvs. Om. i. p. 360 (1872) ; Bosenb. Bcisf. naar
Geelvinkb. pp. 9 (Ternate), 84 (Andni), 118 (1875); id. M aha/.
Archil). VV- 324 (Ceram), 407, 564 (1878-79) ; Btittik. Not. Leyd.
Mm. viii. p. 68 (1886).
Tadoma radjah, Bi/f. Mon. Awd. ]). 106 (1838) ; Gould, B. Ai/sfr.
vii. pi. 8 (pt. xiv'., 1844) ; G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 132
(1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 613, n. 2 (1845); Bdinb. Syn. Av.,
Natat. t. liii. ff. 396, 435-36 (1845) ; Macqill. Narr. Voy. Rafflesn.
ii. p. 358 (1852) ; Lickt. Nomencl. Av. p! 101 (1854) ; G. B. Gr.
P. Z. S. 1858, p. 198 ; id. Cat. B. New Guin. p. 63 (1859) ; id.
P. Z. S. 1860, p. 365 (Batchian, Gilolo), 1861, p. 438 ; Wall.
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 36 (Bouiu, Moluccas, New Guinea) ; Bosetib. N.
T. N. L XXV. p. 256, u. 302 (1863) : id. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 138,
n. 302; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, pp. Ib9, 190 ■ Gmdd, Handb. B.
Austr. ii. p. 360 (1865) ; Bosenb. Beis naar Zuidoostereil. p. 54
(Aru) (1867); Eijt. Si/n. Anat. p. 56 (1869); Bams. Pr. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. i. pp. 194, 217, 386, 395 (Port Moresby) (1876), ii.
p. 200, n. 652 (1877) ; Mast. ibid. p. 276 (1877) : Bams. P. Z. S.
1877, p. 346 ; SkarjK, Jotirn. Linn. Soc. xiii. pp. 321, 505 (1877) ;
Salrad. Ann. 3fus. Cir. Gen. x. p. 166 (1877) ; Ze?«, J. f. O.
1877, p. 381 (Ceram) ; 7)i. 532 (1882) ;
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1883, pp. 52, 195, 200 (Larat, Timorlaut) : Finsch,
J'bf/. d. Siidsee, p. 29 (1884) ; 3feyer, Sitzb. u.Abh. Gesellsch. Isis,
1884, Abb. i. p. 57 ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1884, p. 434 ; Meyer, Zeitschr.
yes. Oi-n. i. p. 295 (1884) ; Pleske, Ball. Ac. Petersb. xxix. p. 538
(1884) ; Guille7)i. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 665 (Waigiou, Jobi ) ; Xo>-th, Pr.
Li7in. Soc. N.S. W. (2) ii. p. 416 (1887) : Ba777s. Tab. List, p. 22,
n. 663 (1888) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (1889) ; id. B>is, 1889,
p. 558 (Ins. Fergusson); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) s. p. 828
(1891) ; id. Ayy. 0/n. Pap. e Mol. p. 210 (1891) ; Hartez-t, Eat.
176 ANATID^.
Vofjelsamml. p. 228 (1891) ; Meyer, J. f. 0. 1892, p. 265; North,
Cat. Nests ii- JE(/(/s Austr. B. p. 338 (1889).
lladjali evtooi, Rchnb. Av. Si/st. Nat. p. x (1852) ; Bp. Comjd.
Rend, xlili. p. 649, u. 51 (18o6).
Anas leucomelas, Gam., Jide Bp. Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 649, in syu.
Radjah eytoni (1856) ; G. B. Gr. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 365, in syu.
Tadornse radjali.
Radjah radjali, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10619 (1871) ;
Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 (1872).
Vulpanser radjah, BcJmiv. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 36.
GenniBOchen radjah, Heine, Nomencl. Miis. Hein. Or7i. p. 343 (1890).
Adult male. Head, neck, breast, and abdomen white ; back,
scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts black ; the mantle vermi-
culatcd with narrow chestnut lines ; a chestnut pectoral band, with
narrow black lines ; under tail-coverts and lower flanks brown-
black, vermiculated with narrow white lines ; upper wing-coverts
white, with a black band near the tip of the greater ones ; bastard-
wing, primary-coverts, and primaries black ; a glossy green speculum
on the secondaries, edged with black posteriorly ; tips of the
secondaries broadly white ; inner secondaries or tertials brown-
black, rich chestnut on the outer web ; outer under wing-coverts
black, the inner ones white ; tail black : " eyelids yellow ; iris milk-
white ; bill and feet white ; claws dusky white ; nostrils blackish "'
{Wallace). Total length about 19 inches, wing 11, tail 5, culmen
1-75, tarsus 2 •12.
Female. Similar to the male.
Youwj birds have the upper part of the head and the nape dark
■reddish, the upper wing-coverts edged with blackish, the black band
near the tips of the greater wing-coverts broader, and the green
speculum duller.
Australian specimens are larger, and have the back much more
chestnut than those from the Moluccas and Papuan Islands.
Hal). Moluccas, Papuan Islands, and Australia.
a, h. Ad. et imm. sk. Gilolo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
c. Ad. sk. Mortv Is. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
d. Ad. sk. Morty Is. {A.B.W.). Tweeddale CoU.
e. f. 6 ad. sk. et ad. Batchian. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
St.
(/, h. S "cl- et imm. Bouru. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
i. Ad. sk. Oeram. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
k. J juv. sk. Isl. of Larat, Timor H. O. Forbes, Esq. [C.].
Laut, Aug.
/ 9 iuv sk. Isl. of Larat, Timor Tweeddale Coll.
Laut,Sept.(lf.0.i''.).
VI. S ad. sk. New Guinea. II. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.].
n. S ad. sk. Nekoora, S.E. New Tweeddale CoU.;
Guinea, Dec.
0 Ad st Australia. ]\[ajor-Gen. Hardwicke
[P.].
p. Ad. st. Australia. Lady Carringtou [P.].
q,r. Ad.sk. K\\siY&\\A {Cockerell i) Salviu-Godman CoU.
Thorjje).
26. CASARCA. 177
8, t. Ad. St. Port Essington. Capt. W. Chambers [P.].
M, i\ Ad. sk. Queensland. Hume Coll.
w. S ad. sk. Moreton Bay. E. Hargitt, Esq. [P.].
26. CASARCA. „
Type.
Casarca, Bp. Comjh List, p. 56 (1838) C. rutila.
Nettalope.x, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 343 (1890)
( = Casarca, Bp.).
Range. Confined to the Old World and Australian Ilegion.
Key to the Specie.s.
a. Under tail-coverts fulvous or chestnut.
a'. Under tail-coverts fulvous ; back and scapu-
lars uniform rufous; breast and abdomen
uniform cinnamon or rufous.
a". Head buff, deepening into cinnamon on
the neck; male with a black collar,
female without rutila, p. 177.
b". Head and neck ash-coloured, the anterior
part of the head white in the female. . . . cana, p. 182.
b'. Under tail-coverts chestnut ; back and
scapulars black, waved with grey lines ;
male with the head and neck glossy black :
female with the head and upper part of
the neck pure white variegata, p. 183.
b. Under tail-coverts black ; breast rufous ; male
with the head and upper part of the neck
black, with a green gloss ; female with the
head brown, and a white band of feathers
round the base of the bill tadornoides, p. 185.
1. Casarca rutila.
Ruddy Sheldrake.
Anas aurantia, Marsill. Danub. v. tab. 54 (1744).
Anas persica, Frisc/i, ^i'. t. 167 ( $ ) (1763).
Anas ferrugiuea, Cat. froey. Adumbr. p. 358.
Anas casarca, Linn. S. N. iii. App. p. 224 (1768) ; S. G. Gm. Reise,
ii. p. 182, t. 15 (1774) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 511, n. 46 (1788) ;
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 841, n. 24 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i,
p. 126, pi. 24. f. 2 (1790) ; Savigny, Descr. de V Egypt, Ois. pi. 10.
f. 1 (1809) ; Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. iii. p. 589 (1812) ; Temm.
Man. d'Orn. p. 635 (1815) ; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 633 (1831) ;
Temm. t^- Scklei/. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 128 (1850) ; Tobias, J.f. O.
1853, p. 217 (Oberlausitz) ; Pdssler, J.f. 0. 1854, p. 380 (Tauris) ;
Mail. J.f. O. 1856, p. 232 (Camargue) ; ■£«!,•/•»/, J.f O. 1857,
p. 123 (Algeria) ; Finsch, J. f O. 1859, p. 386 (Bulgaria) ;
Linderm. Voy. Griechenl. p. 159 (1860) ; Radde, Beitr. u. Keiint.
Buss, lieiches, xxxiii. p. 215 (1861) ; Kriiper, J.f O. 1862, p. 317
(Greece) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 155 (Malta) ; Schkg. Mus. P.-B.,
Anseres, p. 66 (1866); Wright, Ibis, 1870, p. 492 (Malta);
Homey. J. f. O. 1870, p. 431; Gieh. Thes. Or». i. p. 347 (1872);
Hurt/. Griech. Jiihresz. iii. p. 289 (1875).
Anas rutila. Pall. Nov. Comm. Petrop. xiv. 1, p. 579, tab. 22. f. 1
TOL. XXVII. N
178
(1770) ; id. Zoogr. Eosso-As. ii. p. 242 (1811) ; Temm. Man.
2nd ed. ii. p. 832 (1820) ; Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 84 (1823) ;
Werner, Atlas, Palmipedes, pi. 30 (1827) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii.
p. 168 (1831) _; Menetr. Cat. Eais. p. 57, n. 195 (Bakou : 1832) ;
Temm. Man. iv. p. 531 (1840) ; Nordjn. in Demid. Voij. iii. p. 286
(1840) ; Naum. Vog. Deutschl. xi. p. 564, Taf. 299 (1842) ; Yarr.
Brit. B. iii. p. 137 (1843) ; Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. cxvi (1844) ;
Kjterb. Orn. Dan. pi. 48 (1854) ; Sund. Sv. Fogl. pi. 83. f. 1
(1856) ; Costa, Fauna Regno di Nap., Ucc. pt. 2, p. 28, t. viii.
(1857) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ; Palmen, J. f. O.
1876, p. 56.
Germauo forestiero, Ger. Stor. degli Ucc. v. tav. 571 (1776).
Collared Duck, Gentlem. Mag. xlii. t. p. 161 ( ) (jide Latham).
Ruddy Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 456, n. 18 (1785) ; id. Suppl. i.
p. 273 (1787).
Anas cosarca, Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 377 (1817).
Anser casarca, Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 341 (1818) ; Dum. Diet. Sc.
Nat. XXXV. p. 462 (1825).
Tadorna rutila, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 364; Staph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2,
p. 71 (1824) ; Brehm, Sandb. Naturg. Vog. Deutschl. p. 859
(1831) ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 167, n. 215 (Dukhun, Guzerat) ;
Strickl. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 102 (SDiyrna) ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 358
(1837) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 122 (Erzeroum) ; Jerd.
Madr. Journ. xii. p. 220, n. 286 (1840) ; Blyth, P. Z. S. 1842,
p. 94 ; Tayl. Ibis, 1859, p. 54 ; Potvys, Ibis, 1860, p. 354 (Ionian
Is.) ; Scla't. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 190, 1866, p. 150 ; Taylor, Ibis,
1867, p. 71 (Egypt) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding) ;
Flw. Sr Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 339 (Dobrudscha) ; Shell. Ibis, 1871,
p. 315 ; Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 396 (S. Spain, breeding) ; Garrod,
P. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 (carotids), p. 639 (muscles) ; Irby, Orn. Str.
Gibr. p. 197 (1875) ; Danf. ^ R. Broun, Ibis, 1875, p. 426 (Transyl-
vania) ; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 419 ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 307,
312 (bursa Fabricii) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1878, p. 35 (Asia Minor) ;
Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 317 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 511 ;
Seebh. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 524, pi. 66 (egg) (1885) ; Tristr. Cat.
Coll. B. pp. 50, 270 (1889) ; Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 241 (1890) ;
Campb. Ibis, 1892, p. 245 (Corea) ; Elliot, Zool. 1892, p. 311
(Donegal).
Tadorna rubra, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997.
Casarca rutila, Bp. Comp. List, p. 56, n. 405 (1838) ; Eyt. Mon.
Anat. p. 106 (1838); Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 70, n. 430
(1842) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 132 (1844) ; id. Gen.
B. iii. p. 613, n. 1 (1845) ; Rch7ib. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 93.
ff. 426-427 (1845) ; Riipp. Syst. Ueb. p. 138, n. 490 (Egypt,
1845) ; G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodqs. Coll. B. M. p. 145 (1846) ; BlytA,
Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 303, n. 1768 (1849) ; Rch?ib. Av. Syst.
Nat. p. X (1852) ; Vierth. Naumannia, 1852, p. 44 ; Licht.
Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854) : Brehm, J.f. 0. 1855, pp. 367, 484 ;
id. Voyelf. p. 370 (1855) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 46
(1856) ; Heuql. Syst. Uebers. n. 689 (1856) ; Brehtn, J. f. O.
1857, pp. 78, 384 ; Loche, Cat. Manmi. et Ois. Alger, p. 140 (1858) ;
Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 509, 1859, p. 189 (Ladakh) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1859, p. 206 (breeding) ; Salv. Ibis, 1859, pp. 357, 362 (E.Atlas) ;
Sidnh. Ibis, 1860, p. 67 (Amoy) ; Tristr. ibid. p. 81 (N. Africa) ;
Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 344 (China) ; Heugl. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth.
1861, p. 311 ; Stvinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 434 (Formosa) ; id. P. Z. S.
1863, p. 324 ; G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 76
2G. CASARCA. 179
(1863) ; Hartm. J.f. O. 1863, pp. 234, 236 ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 453 (Palestine) ; Antin. Cat. Deser. Ucc.Tp. 113 (1864) (Egypt,
Asia Minor) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 791 (1864) ; Adams, Ibis,
1864, p. 34 ; id. J.f. O. 1864, p. 457 ; De Fil. Viagg. in Persia,
p. 342 (1865); Locke, E.rpl. Sc. Algir. ii. p. 366 (1867) ; Pelz.
Ibis, 1868, p. 321 (Pujra, Thibet); id. J.f. O. 1868, p. 37 (Puga) ;
Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine) ; Beavan, Ibis, 1868, p. 401
(India) ; Btjb. ^ Parrex, J. f. O. 1868, p. 339 (Dauria) ; Gould,
B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 12 (1869) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 56 (1869) ;
Heugl. Petcrm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 408; Tacz. J.f. O. 1870,
p. 55 (Constantine) ; Fritsch, Voq. Eur. pi. 47. f. 9 (1870) ; G. R.
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10621 (1871) ; Swink. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 418 (China) ; Fritsch, J.f. O. 1872, p. 369 (Bohemia) ; Sund.
Met. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 146 (1872) ; Salvad. Faun. Ital.,
Zrcc. p. 256 (1872) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1306 (1873) ;
Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 260 (1873) ; Adam, ibid. p. 401 (1873) ;
Htane Sr A?iders. Lahore to Yark. p. 296 (1873) ; Hume, Nests ^■
Eggs, p. 641 (1873); Tacz. ^- Dyb. J.f. O. 1873, p. 108 (Dauria) ;
Ball, Str. Feath. ii. p. 437 (1874) ; Hume, op. cit. iii. p. 193
(Upper Pecru) (1875) ; Blyth, B. Burm. p. 165 (Arakan, Bhamo)
(1875) ; Bull. Str. Feath. iv. p. 28 (1876) ; Seulh), ibid. p. 198
(E. Turkestan) (1876); Fairb. ibid. p. 264 (KhaAdala) ; Blanf.
East. Pers. ii. p. 303 (1876) ; Schal. J.f. O. 1876, p. 189 (Persia) ;
Tacz. Bull. Sue. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 44 (1877) ; Butl. Str. Feath. t.
p. 234 (1877) ; David Sr Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 497 (1877) ; Blak. ^^
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 213 ; Schal. Orn. Centralbl. 1878, pp. 12-13,
76; Bre/i7n, J. f. O. 1878, p. 365; Prjev. Bowl. Orn. Misc. iii.
p. 100 (Mongolia) (1878) ; Hume ^- Davis. Str. Feath. vi. p. 489
(Tenasserim, Kolan Island, Mergui Archip.) (1878) ; Hume, Str.
Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 054 (1879) ; Scully, ibid. p. 362 (Nepal) ;
Finsck, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 261 (W. Siberia) ; Hu7ne
Sr Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 123, pi. 17 (1880) ; Bidd. Ibis,
1881, p. 99 (Gilgit) ; Gigl. ibid. p. 214 (Italy) ; Schal. J. f O.
1881, p. 296 ; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 124 (Kandahar) ; Oates,
Str. F. X. p. 245 (Pegu) (1882); Bchniv. J.f. O. 1882, p. 122
(Hamburg) ; Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 257 (1886) ; Scully, J. A.
S. B. Ivi. p. 89 (1877) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 544
(Shoa) (1888) ; Koenig, J. f. O. 1888, p. 285 (Tunis) ; Sharpe, Tr.
Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. p. 191 (1889) ; Huet, Le Natur. xii. pp. 107,
108 (1890) : De la louche, Ibis, 1892, p. 491 (China).
Vulpanser rutila, K. i)- B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxiv, 225 (1844) ;
V. d. Miihle, Beitr. Orn. Griechenl. p. 122 (1844) ; Rchmo. Orn.
Centralbl. 1882, p. 36 (1882) ; id. Vbg. zool. Giirt. p. 62 (1882).
Tadorna casarca, Maegill. Man. Brit. Orn. ii. p. 163 (1842) ; Drake,
Ibis, 1867, p. 430 (Morocco) ; Degl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. 2nd ed.
ii. p. 501 (1867); Doderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 257 (1869); Dress. B.
Eur. vi. p. 461, pi. 421 (1875); Anders. Yunn. Erped. p. 699
(1879) ; Leg(/e, B. Ceyl. p. 1070 (note, Ceylon ?) (1881) ; Seebh.
Ibis, 1882, p. 228 (Astrakhan) ; Salo. Cat. B. Sfrickl. Coll. p. 532
(1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 122 (1883) ; Scl. List Vert. An.
8th ed. p. 428 (1883) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 277 (1883) ;
Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (Kiukiang) ; Saund. YarrelFs Hist. Br. B.
iv.p. 347 (1884-85) ; Swink. ^- Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 137 ; Lilford,
Ibis, 1889, p. 345 (Cyprus) ; Hume, Nests <$■ Eqgs (Oates ed.), iii.
p. 286 (1890); Pch7iw. J.f. O. 1890, p. 82 {'Evans, Ibis, 1891,
p. 72 (breeding) ; Dress, ibid. p. 369 (Erzeroum) ; Collett, Fork,
Sdsk. Chr. 1890 (1891), no. 4, pp. 17-19 (Norway) ; Sharpe, Sec.
v2
180 ANATID^.
Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 128 (1891) ; Li/ford, Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. xx.
(1891) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 228 (1891) ; Ogilvie, Zool.
1892, pp. 392-398 (Brit. Isl.) ; Ussher, t. e. pp. 334, 335 (Ireland) ;
Vanh. Verh. Ges. Erdk. Berl. xx. p. (Greenland) (1893).
Anas (Casarca) rutila, Brehm, J.f. O. 1854, p. 84 (Sudan).
Anas (Vulpanser) rutila, Radde, Meis. S. O.-Sibr. ii. p. 361, Taf,
xiv. f. 1 (pullus) (1863).
Vulpanser rutilus, Radde, Ornis Caucas. p. 351 (1884).
Cairina rutila, Tacs. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 611 (Corea) ; 1888, p.
(Corea).
Nettalopex rutila, Heine u. RcJmw. Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p.
(1890).
Hybrids.
Casarca rutila c? X C. cana $ , Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 442 ; id.
Ibis, 1869, p. 474.
Tadorna rutila X Chenalopex aegyptiaca, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 2.
Tadorna casarca X Querquedula falcata P, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1890, p. 1,
pi. 1 (Vladivostok, N.E. Asia).
Tadorna rutila xT. sgyptiaca, ieyerA-. J.f. 0. 1890, p. 221.
Adult male. Head, cheeks, and chin buff-colour, darkening to an
orange-brown at the lower part of the neck, which is surrounded
by a black ring ; back, scapulars, breast, and all the underparts
orange-brown or foxy-red ; rump fulvous, vermiculated with black ;
upper tail-coverts, tail, and quills black ; wing-coverts white ;
secondaries glossed with green and purple on the outer web, forming
a speculum ; tertials yellowish, tinged with foxy-red on the outer
web, and on the inner with grey : bill, legs, and feet blackish ; iris
brown-hazel. Total length about 24 inches, wing 14'5, tail 5"5,
culmen 1'75 ; tarsus 2*25.
Female. Similar to the male, but the head is whiter, the black
collar round the neck is wanting, and the coloration lighter.
According to Hume and others, the adult males also are without
the black collar during the months of December, January, and
February.
Young. Hesembles the female, but is duller in colour ; the
tertials and scapulars are brown, marked with yellowish red, and
the white on the wings is washed or soiled with grey (Dresser).
Nestling in doivn. Hesembles those of the Common Sheldrake,
but the brown of the upper parts is paler, and the white of the
underparts is suffused with brown on the breast and belly (SeehoJmi).
Hah. Southern and Eastern Europe (being rarer in the West),
North Africa as far south as Shoa, and through Western Asia,
Turkestan, and Mongolia to China and Japan ; winters in India,
Burma, and Formosa.
a. Pull. st. No locality. Purchased.
b. (S ad. St. Athens. C. L. W. Merlin, Esq.
[P.].
c. [ 2 ad.] sk. Egypt, Feb. {G. E. S.). Shelley Coll.
d. d ad. sk. Damietta, Egypt, Dec. Shelley Coll.
(Filipponi).
e. d ad. St. [Cape.] Dr. 0. Finsch [P.].
f. Juv. St. Northern Asia ? Purchased.
26. CASABCA.
181
g. Imm. sk.
h. Ad. sk.
i, k. S ii'd. sk.
I. S ad. sk.
m, w. c? 2 ad. sk.
0. 2 juv. sk.
p. d ad. sk.
q, r. (S ad. et ad.
sk.
s, t. cS ad. sk.
u. 2 ad. sk.
V. Ad. St.
w. c? ad. sk.
.r, y. Ad. St.
z-c'. c? ad. et juv.
d'. Ad. sk.
e'. 2 ad. sk.
/'. 2 ad. sk.
g'. Ad. sk.
A'-w'. c? 2 ad. et
S imoi. sk.
o',/'? y'- 6 ad. et
juv. sk.
r'-a". (S 2 ad. sk.
b", c", d". Ad. sk.
e". (S ad. sk.
/". 6 ad. sk.
^". c? ad. sk.
h", i". Ad. et
imm. sk.
k", I". Ad. sk. et
imm. St.
m". Ad. sk.
«". Ad. sk.
o". 2 ad. sk.
J)". S ad. sk.
<".
2 ad. sk.
s". Ad. sk.
2 ad. sk.
d ad. sk.
cT ad. sk.
, x". Ad. sk.
Ad. sk.
z", a^. (S ad. et
ad. sk.
P. cJ ad. sk.
Aden.
Babylon (Jones).
Bagdad.
Bushire, Persian Gulf,
March.
Kandahar, March.
Yarkand, June (/. Scull)/).
Turkestan, May (Graf
Wahlburg).
Saiar Mts.
Lob-nor (Prjevalskg).
Chuan-ehe supr. [Prjeval-
sky).
India.
India.
N. India.
Ladak [Strachey).
Sukkur, Sindh.
Jheelum, Nov.
Chenab below Mooltan,Dec.
Murdan, March.
Gurofaon, Delhi, Jan., Feb.
( W. N. Chill).
Etawah.
Allahabad, Feb., March,
Nov. {A. O.H.).
Oudh.
Oudh, Jan.
Uuao, Jan. {G. Reid).
Sultanpore, Oudh, Feb.
Nepal.
Nepal.
Nepal {Hodgson).
Behar.
Interior of Nat. Sikhim,
May [L. Mandelli).
Native Sikhim, May
(Z. M.).
Sikhim, Oct. (Z. M.).
Calcutta, March.
liaipur, Feb.
Deccan (Si/kes).
Boulay, Upper Pegu, Nov.
Kiukiaug, China, Nov.
Kiukiang, China, Nov.
(F. W. Sty an).
Hankow, China.
Shanghai, China, Jan. (A.
Michie).
C. Chevalier, Esq. [P.],
India Museum [P.J.
Kenneth Loftus, Esq,
[P.].
W. D. Gumming, Esq,
[P.].
Colonel Swinhoe [P.],
Hume Coll.
Ur. 0. Finsch [P.].
St. G. Littledale, Esq.
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Major-Gen. Hardwicke
Bequest.
Purchased.
Col. Cobb [C.].
India Museum [P.].
India Museum [P.J.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Capt. Stackhouse Pin-
wiU [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
India Museum [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
E. W. Gates, Esq. [C],
F. W. Styan, Esq. [P,],
Seebohm Coll.
C. Maries, Esq. [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
182
ANATIBiE.
c'. 2 ad. sk.
Corea.
C. W. Campbell, Esq,
[P.l
Zool. Soc.
Brandt CoU.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
d\ Skeleton.
c'. Skeleton.
f^. Imperfect skel.
Volga.
Nepal.
Htbeibs.
o\ Ad. sk.
Casarca rutila X C.
cana.
Zool. Soc.
2. Casarca cana.
Grey-headed Duck, Broivn, III. pp. 102, 104, pis. 41, 42 (Cape of
Good Hope) (1776) ; Lath. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 273 (1787).
Oie Sauvage a tete grise de la Cote de Coromandel (!), So7m. Voy. aux
Ind. ii. p. 220 (1782).
Grey-headed Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 458, n. 19 (1785).
Anas cana, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 510, u. 66 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii.
p. 840, n. 22 (1790) ; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 633 (var.) (1831) ; Licht.
Forste7-'s Descr. An. p. 44 (note) (1844) ; Schley. Mus. P.-B.,
Anseres, p. 67 (1866) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 346 (syn. emend.)
(1872) ; Danf. ^ Harvie-Broim, Ibis, 1875, p. 430.
Anas ffigyptiaca /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 840 (part.) (1790).
Anser ferrugineus, Bonn, JEnc. MHh. i. p. 116, pi. 30. f. 2 (1790) {ex
Broivn).
Anser canus, Vieill. N. D. xxiii. p. 346 (1818).
Bernicla cana. Staph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 61 (1824).
Kasarka du Cap de Bonne Espi^rance, Lafr. May. de Zool.,Ois. 1834,
in the text of pi. 36.
Chenalopex cana, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 104 (1838) ; id. Syn. Anat.
p. 54 (1869).
Anas montana, Forst. (nee G7n. ?) Icon. ined. 69, 70 ; id. Descr. An,
{ed. Licht.), p. 44 (1844) (Cape of Good Hope).
Casarca rutila, part., G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. 3Ius. iii. p. 132 (1844);
Layard (nee Pall.), Birds S. A/r. p. 350 (1867) ; Holub, Beitr.
Orn. Siidafr. p. 329 (1882).
Bernicla inornata, part., G. It. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 607, n. 6 (1844).
Casarca cana, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xvii. p. 254 (1848) ; id. Cat. B.
Mus. A. S. B. p. 302, n. 1767 (1849) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. App.
p. 27 (1849) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854) ; 5;^ Compf.
Bend, xliii. p. 649, n. 49 (1856) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 442 ;
Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 362 ; Gum. Ibis, 1868, p. 262 : Ayres, Ibis, 1871,
p. 266 (Transvaal) ; G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10624 (1871) ;
Sharpe, Bayard's Birds S. Afr. p. 753 (1884) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1885,
p. 350 (Transvaal) ; Symonds, Ibis, 1887, p. 335 (Orange Free
State).
Tadorna cana, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 190, 1869, p. 629 (breeding),
1880, p. 512 ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 532 (1882) ; Sclat. List
Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 429 (1883) ; Hartert, Kat. Voyelsamml. p. 228
(1891).
Vulpanser cana, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 36 ; id. Fog. zool.
Gcirt. p. 62 (1882).
Tadorna rubida (errore), Sharpe, Layard s Birds S. Afr. p. 753 (in
the synonymy) (1884).
Nettalopex cana, Hein. ^ Rchmv. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 343
(1890).
1
26. CA8AECA. 183
Hybrids.
Tadorna vulpanser S X Casarca cana J , Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 442,
pi. clviii. ; id. Ibis, 1859, p. 414; id. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 428
(1883).
Tadorna vulpanser S X Tadorna cana $, A, Newt. Ibis, 1868,
p. 226.
Adult male. Head and neck ash-coloured ; a dark rufous collar
round the neck ; lower part of the neck and breast fulvous, changing
into cinnamon-colour on the upper back, scapulars, and underparts ;
the lower abdomen almost chestnut ; under tail-coverts bright
fulvous ; back and scapulars vermiculated with black ; lower back
blackish, with pale vermiculations ; upper tail-coverts and tail
black ; lower flanks blackish, with fulvous vermiculations ; upper
and under wing-coverts white ; primaries, bastard-wing, and
primary- coverts black, secondaries glossy green on the outer web,
forming a speculum ; inner secondaries cinnamon on the outer web,
dark grey on the inner one ; greater under wing-coverts blackish ;
beak and feet black. Total length about 22 inches, wing 14, tail
5"5, culmen 1*8, tarsus 2.
Female. Similar to the male, from which it differs in having the
anterior part of the head, the sides of the head above the ear-coverts,
and the throat white ; size somewhat smaller.
Young male. Paler and duller than the adult bird ; the head
and upper part of the neck dull greyish brown.
Hab. South Africa, as far north as Transvaal and Orange Free
State.
a, b. 2 ad. et juv. South Africa. Sir A. Smith [C.].
St.
c,d. -d. i^ Selby, III. Orn. ii. pi. Ixii. (1828) ; Lafr.
Mag. Zool., Ois. \S?>\, text to pi. 23; Less. Compl. tie Buff., Ois.
ix. p. 534 (1837) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 721 (1838) ; Schleg. Mus.
P.-B., Anseres,p. (Jo (1866); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 364 (1872).
Anas kasarkoides, Lafr. Mag. de Zool. 1834, text to pi. .36.
Casarka todornoides, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 107 (18.38) ; id. Syn. Anat.
11. 58 (1869).
Casarca tadornoides, Gould, B. Ausfr. v. pi. 7 (pt. xiv., 1844) ; G. B.
Gr. Lid B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 133 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 613,
n. 2 (1845) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 03. fl'. 428-430 (1845) ;
Licht. Noinencl. Av. p. 101 (1854) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii.p. 649,
n. 47 (1856); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 185; Gould, Handb. B.
Austr. ii. p. 3G1 (18G5) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 80, n. 10622
(1871) ; Rams. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. i. pp. 195, 219 (1876), ii.
p. 200, n. 653 (1878) ; id. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 6G4 (1888) ; Blaauw,
Ibis, 1894, p. 317 (double moult).
Tadorna tadornoides, ^ar,
p. 537, n. 112 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 852, n. 50 (1790) ;
192
Bonn. Ene. Meth. i. p. 144 (1790) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 107 (1816) ;
Du7n. Diet. So. Nat. vi. p. 365 (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2,
p. 93 (1824) ; Bchnb. Spi. Av., Natatores, t. 84. ff. 213-15 (1845),
Canard sauva^e, D'Aubetit. Pi. Enl. 776 {S), 777 ($) (1770);
Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 115, pis. 7, 8 (1783).
Anatra salvatica reale, Ger. Stor. degl. tlcc. v. t. 670 (c?) (1776).
Mallard, Penn. Zool. Arct. ii. p. 563 (1785) ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 489,
n. 43 (1785).
Curved-billed Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 496, n. 44 (1785).
Anas cirrhata, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 538 (1788) (var.).
Anas persica, Grn. ibid. (var.).
Anas major, Gm. t. c. p. 539 (var.).
Anas grisea, Gm. ibid. (var.).
Anas nasvia, Gm. ibid. (var.).
Anas nigra, Gm. ibid. (var.).
Anas boscas, Forst. Syn. Cat. Br. B. p. 35 (1817) ; Wharton, Ibis,
1879, p. 453 (nomen emend.) ; Hume 4* Marsh. Game B. of Ind.
iii. p. 161, pi. 21 (1880); Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 99 ; Scully, t.c.
p. 592 ; A. &• E. Newt. Handb.Jam. p. 113 (;i881) ; Ridcjio. Nam.
N. Am. B. n. 601 (1881): Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 113,
n. 707 (1882) ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 533 (1882) ; B. 0. U.
List Brit. B. p. 126 (1883) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 430
(1883) ; Coves, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 691 (1884); Saund.
Yarrell's Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 358 (1884-85) ; Giyl. lam. Avif.
Ital. fasc. xxix. tav. 349 (1886) ; Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 257
(1886); Lilf. Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. viii. pi. — (1888); Himie,
Nests 8f Eggs (Oates ed.), iii. p. 288 (1890) ; Pchmo. J.f. 0. 1890,
p. 82 ; Sharpe, Sec. York. Miss., Aves, p. 130 (1891) ; Dub. Faun.
Belg., Ois. ii. p. 432, pi. 253 (1892) ; Pleske, Mel. Biol. xiii. p. 298
(1892) ; A. Newt. Diet, of B. p. 168 (1893).
Anas archiboschas, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 1 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 862 (1831).
Anas subboschas, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 3 ; id. Vog. Deutschl,
p. 864 (1831).
Anas conboschas, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 4 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 865 (1831).
Anas (Boschas) domestica, Sxo. ^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 442
(1831) ; Nutt. Man. ii. p. 378 (1894).
Anas (Boschas) boschas, Jenyns, Man. p. 233 (1835).
Boschas domestica, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 367 (1837).
Penguin Duck, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 141 (1838) (var. dom.).
Anas boschas domestica, Rchib. Syn. Av. t. 84. ff. 206-212 (1845).
Boschas fera, Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 40.
Anas major, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 372 (1855) ; id. Naumannia, 1855,
p. 297 '(E. Asia).
Anas boschas, var. pallescens, Olph-Gall. Naumannia, 1855, p. 402.
Hybrids.
Anas breweri, Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. 302, pi. 338 (1838) (=A. bos-
chas X A. strepera ?) ; id. Syn. p. 277 (1839) ; id. B. Amer. vi.
p. 252, pi. 387 (1843) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 100. f. 2771
(ex Audubon) (1850); Coues, B. N.-West. p. 560 (1874) (=A.
boschas X A. strepera or F. vallisneria) ; B., B., ^ R. Water-B.
27. ANAS. 195
N. Amer. i. p. 491 ( = A. boschas (f in clianging- plumage?),
p. 49o ( = A. boschas X A. obscura?).
Auas auduboni, Bp. Comj). List, p. .'56, □. .374 (1838) ( = breweri).
Anas inoschato-budcbas, Rchnh. Sijn. Av., Nata tores, t. 84. f. 203
(184.5).
Anas fusco-boschas, Rchnb. ibid. ff. 204-205 (1845).
Anas maxima, 6rosse, B. Jam. p. 399 (1847) ( = A. boschas X Cairina
moschata) : Baird, B. N. Amer. p. 774 (1858) ; Sdat. P. Z. -S".
1859, p. 369 (Mexico).
Chaulelasmiis streperus a. breweri, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650
( = C. streperus X A. boschas!) (1856).
Anas boschas X Datihi acuta, Elliot, P. Z. S. 18-59, p. 437.
Anas boschas x Anas obscura, A. Newt. P. Z. S. 18(30, p. 337 ;
Schlet/. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 41, n. 31 (1866) ; Slade, Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. vii. p. 66 (1884).
Anas boschas x A. crecca, Cromm. N. T. D.'ii. p. 293 (1865);
Leverk. J.f. O. 1890, p. 227.
Anas boschas rf X Anas crecca 5 » Schlec/. Mus. P.-B., Anseres,
p. 41, n. 30 (1866).
Anas boschas (domestica) x A. clvpeata, Tschusi, Zeitschr. ges. Orn.
1885, p. .523.
? Anas boscas $ x A. superciliosa J , White, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst.
xviii. pp. 1.34, 135 (1885).
Anas [domestica] labradoria X Anas parva alba (?), Kemp. Mem.
Hoc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 109 (1890) ; Leverk. J.f. O. 1890, p. 227.
Anas boscas x A. strepera, W. L. Sclat. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 213.
Anas boscas c? X Mergus merganser $, Sc/diiter, Orn. Jahrb. ii.
pp. 109, 110 (1891) ; Tschusi, ibid. pp. 170, 171.
Anas boschas x Anas americana, Elliot, Auk, 1892, p. 160.
Anas boscas x Chaulelasmus streperus, Pavesi, Bull. Soc. Veneto-
Trent. di Sc. Nat. \. no. 3 (1893).
Adult male. Head and upper half of the neck rich glossj- green ;
below that a narrow ring of white, not quite meeting behind;
mantle and scapulars grey, more or less tinted with brown and
minutely barred with brown ; middle of the back dark umber-
brown ; rump, upper and under tail-coverts deep velvety black ;
upper breast deep chestnut : lower breast, sides, and abdomen
greyish white, waved with narrow dark lines ; wings ash-brown ;
wing-speculum on the secondaries glossy purj^le-blue, margined
anteriorly and posteriorly by a black and a white band, the last
row of the coverts having a subterminal white band and the tip
black, and the secondaries having a subterminal black band and the
tip white ; tcrtials partly dark brown on the outer web ; under
wing-coverts and axilla ries white ; four middle tail-feathers black
and recurved, remainder of the tail-feathers pale grey in the middle,
edged with white : bill yellowish green, black at the tip ; under
mandible reddish yellow at the base ; irides brown ; legs and feet
reddish orange. Total length about 24 inches, wing 10-50-11-50,
tail 4-4, culmen 2-2, tarsus I'So.
Adult female. General colour of the upper parts dark brown, each
feather having a brownish-buif margin ; the underparts are buflf
streaked with dark brown, except on the chin and throat, which
VOL. xxvn. 0
194
are immaculate ; wings as in the male ; tail browD, the edges of the
feathers pale whitish buff.
Young in first plumage closely resembles adult female, but the
male is somewhat darker in colour.
Adult male in moulting plumage resembles adult female, but is
somewhat darker in colour.
Young in down has the upper parts dark brown, with nearly
white spots on the wings, scapulars, and sides of the rump ; the
underparts are pale brown, palest on the belly, and shading into
buff on the throat ; it has a buff stripe over the eye, a dark brown
stripe through the eye, and a dark spot at the end of the ear-
coverts (iSeehohm).
Hah. Northern Hemisphere, rarely north of the Arctic Circle ;
in Africa, extending from the Azores, Madeira, and Canaries on the
West to jN^ubia and Abyssinia {Riippen) on the East ; in Asia, during
the winter found from Arabia, through Persia and jS^orth India,
to China and Japan ; in America, extending southwards to Mexico,
the West Indies, and Central America as far as Panama.
a. c? ad. St.
Europe.
Purchased.
b. Pull. St.
Orkneys, .Tune.
Purchased.
c. 5 ad. sk.
Firth of Forth, Nov. (R. G.
W. B.).
Tweeddale Coll.
d. Juv. sk.
England.
Tweeddale Coll.
e. Pull. sk.
England ?
Gould Coll.
/, g, h. 2 ad. et
Great Britain.
Purchased.
pull. st.
i-o. 5 ad. et tS
Merton Hall, Norfolk, Aug.,
Lord Walsingham
5 juv. sk.
Oct.
[P.].
p. cj ad. st.
Cambridgeshire.
Purchased.
q, r, s. (3" ad. et
Avington, Feb., May.
E. Bowdler Sharpe,
pull. sk. & St.
Esq. [P.].
t,u. (^ 2 ad. sk.
Devonshne.
Montagu Coll.
v-t/. S 2 ad. et
East Sutton Park, Kent, July.
W. Berry, Esq. [P.].
juv. sk.
z. cJ ad. sk.
Near Vienna.
E. Bowdler Shai"pe,
Esq. [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
«'. cJ ad. sk.
Arcachon, France, Nov.
i'. S ad. sk.
Sueca, Valencia, Spain, Dec.
(H. Saunders).
Seebohm Coll.
c'. S ad. sk.
Egypt (G. E. S.).
Shelley Coll.
d'. 2 ad. sk.
Mt. Lebanon.
S. Baroodv, Esq.
[P.].
W. D. Cummmg,
e' . S ad. [head].
Fao, Persian Gulf.
/'. 2 ad. sk.
Valley of the Yen-e-sai, lat.
58°, Siberia, Aug. {H.S.).
Esq. [P.l
Seebohm Coll.
g'. S ad. sk.
Kansu, Feb. (Prjevalskg).
Seebohm Coll.
h', i'. ^ ad. sk.
Kashgar (Bellew).
India Museum [P.].
k'. S ad. sk.
Yarkand.
E. Bowdler Sharpe,
Esq. [P.].
I'-p'. 6 2 ad.
sk.
q'-f. S 2 ad.
sk.
Ladak {Strachey).
India Museum [P.],
E. Jheelum, Nov. {A. 0. H.).
Hume Coll.
27. ANAS.
195
u'. (S ad. sk.
v'. 2 ad. sk.
w', .v'. (S 2 ad.
sk.
^', s'. c? ad. sk.
a". cJ ad. sk.
b". (S ad. sk.
c". $ ad. sk.
ip. Zool. ii.
p. 363 (Florida) (1871); ? A. ^- E. Newt. Handh. Jam. p. 113
(1881) ; ? Cory, Rev. List B. W. Ind. p. 30 (1886) ; id. Auk, 1888,
p. 61 (Cuba, Jamaica) ; ? id. B. W. Ind. p. 262 (1889).
Anas obscura, var. fulvigula, Ridgiv. Am. Nat. viii. p. Ill (Florida)
(1874) ; Coues, Check-list, App. n. 489 « (1874).
Anas obscura, h. fulvinula, Coues, B. N.-West, p. 561 (1874).
Anas fulvigula, liidi/w- Br. U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 251 (1878), iii.
p. 203, n. 603 (18W_)) ; id. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 603 (1881); B., B.,
^ R. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 503 (1884) ; ? Cory, List B. W. Ind.
p. 30 (1885) ; Ridgiv. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 173 (1886) ;
A. O. tl. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 115, n. 115 (1886) ; Ridgw.
Man. N. Am. B. p. 92 (1887) ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B.
(abridg. ed.) p. 14, n. 134 (1889) ; Cory, Auk, 1890, p. 204 (eggs) ;
? Breiost. ^- Chapm. Auk, 1891, p. 137 (Suwanee River) ; Scott,
Auk, 1892, p. 211 (Florida).
Anas obscura fulvigula, Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 113, n. 709
(1882) ; id. Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 692, n. 709 (1884).
Similar to A. obscura but much paler ; cheeks and throat plain
buff ; ochraceous or buff markings predominating in extent over the
darker markings ; lower basal angle of upper mandible with a
triangular black spot ; speculum usually bluish green ; about the
size of A. obscura. (Bidgtvay.)
According to Eidgway's Key, this species ought to have no white
bands on the wings, but. the only typical bird in the Museum and
others in Mr. Rothschild's collection have a distinct narrow white
band at the tip of the secondaries.
27. ANAS. 203
The last specimen iu the list below differs very conspicuously
from the other two : the speculum is black with a greenish gloss,
only one of the feathers shows a distinct bluish-greei: colour on
the outer web ; the upper part of the head is very darlc brown ;
there is a very distinct black band from the lores through the eyes ;
the cheeks are entirehj covered with blackish streaks ; throat huffish,
unspotted, I am not sure that it belongs to the present species.
It has the appearance of being not fully adult ; but in the collector's
note it is said that it was sitting on 13 eggs !
Hah. Plorida, and perhaps also the West Indies.
a. c? ad. sk. Florida (Henshaw Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
b. 5 ad. sk. Lake Plichpoochee, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll.
March {F. Menge).
c. 2 ad. ? sk. Lake Hichpoochee, Florida, Salvin-Godman Coll.
March (F. Menge).
7. Anas maculosa.
Anas obscura, part., Baird, B. N. Am. p. 775 (1858) ; Dresser, Ibis,
18G6, p. 42 (Texas) ; Coues, Key, p. 285 (part.) (1872) ; id. Check-
li.'it, n. 489 (part.) (1873) ; Siiou; B. Kans. p. 11 (1873) ; Ridgw.
Nom. N. Am. B. n. G02 (part.) (1881) ; Goss, Cat. B. Kans. p.—
(Kansas) (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 691 (part.)
(1884).
Anas fulvigula, Goss (nee Bidyu:), Aid; 188G, p. 113 (Kansas) ; id,
Bev. Cat. B. Kans. p. — (1886) : liidqw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 92
(part.) (1887) ; id. Anl; 1888, p. 108 (note) (Chihuahua).
Black Duck, Emmet {nee auct.), Auk, 1888, p. 108 (Chihuahua).
Florida Duck, Goss {nee Ridgic), Auk, 1888, p. 444.
Anas macidosa, Sennett, Auk, 1889, p. 263 (Texas) ; Goss, Auk,
ItOO, p. 88 (Kansas).
Anas fulvigula maculosa, A.O. U. Auk, 1890, p. 61 (Eastern Texas,
and north to Kansas).
In my opinion A. macidosa is scarcely different from A. fodvirpda,
but, according to Mr. Sennett, "' the most marked differences between
A. ntaodosa and A. fidvif/nla are that the checks of the former
are streaked with brown, while those of the latter are plain buff",
the speculum is purple instead of green ; the general effect of
the coloration, especially on the undersides, is mottled instead of
streaked ; the light colour everywhere is a pale buff or Isabella
colour instead of a rich, deep buff, and the tail-markings also are
different, as indicated."
Many of the specimens mentioned below have the throat immacu-
late, but several have it streaked with brown.
Hab. Eastern Texas and north to Kansas.
a. Ad. sk. San Antonio, Texas {H. E. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Dresser).
6-w. c? $ ad. sk. Corpus Christi, Texas, June, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Oct., Dec. {F. B. Armstrong),
n. Ad. sk. Texas {F. B. A.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
204 ANATXD^.
8. Anas diazi.
Anas diazi, Hidgw. Auk, 1888, p. 332 (Puebk, Mexicn) ; F.-Perez,
Pi: U.S. Nat. Mus. 1886, p. 171 ; Riclijiv. ibid. ; id. Man. N. Am.
B. p. 32 (1887) ; id. Auk, 1889, p. 264.
Male. Most like A. fulviguJa, llidgw., but last row of -wing-
coverts with a distinct subterminal band of white, and secondaries
-with a broad terminal bar of the same ; general colour much less
fulvous; cheeks streaked with dusky, and lower basal angle of
upper mandible without black spot. Wing 10 inches, tail 4, culmen
2"05, tarsus 1*60. (Eidrjwai/.)
Female. Similar, but somewhat smaller.
Hab. Mexico.
a. 2 ad. sk. Puebla, Maj' (Feirari-Perez). Salvin-Godman Coll.
9. Anas aberti.
.P Anas obsciira. Later, (nee Gtn.) Mem. Boxf. Soc JV. II. ii. p. 314
CTepie, W. Mexico) (1874).
Anas aberti, Ridgw. Pi: U.S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 2oO (Mazatlan,
Mexico) (1878) ; B., B., ^ P. Water-Birds N. Am. i. p. 490
ri884) ; Ridgw. Pi: U.S. Nat. Mm. ix. p. 173 (1886); id. Man.
N. Am. B. p. 92 (1887).
Adult female. " Size of Querquedula discors and ci/anojitera^hut in
coloration closelj' resembling A. fitlvir/nla. Prevailing colour ochra-
ceous buff, but this everywhere relieved by brownish-black spots
or streaks. Head, neck, and lower parts streaked, the streaks finest
on the neck and sides of the head, broadest on the jugulum and
crissum, which is somewhat tinged with rusty, and assuming the
form of oblong spots on the abdomen, thighs, and anal region ;
throat immaculate. Back, scapulars, and rump with the blackish
predominating ; the feathers bordered with ochreous ; those
of the back and the scapulars with irregular indentations and
occasional bars of the same ; lesser wing-coverts brownish-slate,
bordered with dull earthy -brown ; middle coverts with their ex-
posed portion velvety-black, forming a distinct bar. Secondaries
widely tipped with pure white (forming a conspicuous band about
•35 of an inch wide), this preceded bj' a velvety-black bar of about
equal width, the basal half or more (of the exposed portion) con-
sisting of a metallic speculum of dark grass-green, varying to blue
and violet in certain lights. Tertials ojJaque velvety-black exteriorly,
the inner webs brownish-slate ; primary-coverts and primaries
brownish-slate, the latter edged with lighter. Tail brownish
grey, the feathers edged and coarsely spotted with light buff.
Bill yellowish brown, darker on the culmen, the unguis dusky;
feet light yellowish (probably orange in life). Wing 8'50 inches,
tail 3-25, culmen 1-G5, greatest width of the bill -60, depth of
maxilla through the base -oO, tarsus 1-30, middle toe 1"70.
" Remarlcs. [This Duck] in its small size and, to a certain extent,
the narrow bill, is like the species of Querquedula, but its coloration
calls instantly to mind the Anas fulviyula from Florida ....
27. ANAS. 205
" In addition to the characters given above, it may be raentioued
that there is a distinct indication of a narrow, dusky, postocidar
streak, and of a wider and less distinct loral stripe, thus separating
a light superciliary stripe from the light colour of the cheeks. The
lining of the wing and the axillar are jjure white, the latter with a
segregation of dusky spots near the carpo-metacarpal joint."
(Ttidciwaij.)
Hah. Mazatlan, Mexico.
10. Anas luzonica.
Anas luzonica, Fraser, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 113 (Luzon) ; G. R. Gr. List
B. Bnt. Mm. m. p. 136 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. G16, n. 7 (1845) ;
Frase); Zool. Typ. pi. 67 (1849); Itchnh. Syn. At:, Natatores,
t. 94. f. 2.346 (18-50) {ex Fraser) ■ Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649,
n. 70 (18.56); Mart. J. f. O. 1866, p. 30; Schler/. Miis. P.-B
Anseres, p. 4:i (1866); Fyt. Si/n. Anat. p. 96 (1869); G. R. Gr
Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10626 (1871) ; Hartl. ^- Finsch, P. Z. S
1872, p. 108 ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 355 (1872) ; Wald. Tr. Zool
Sac. IX. p. 242 (1875) ; S/iar^je, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. i. p 354
(1876) ; Ticeedd. Orn. Works, p. 404 (1881) ; Wardl. Rams. op.
cit. p. 660 (1881) ; Kiitter, J. f. O. 1882, p. 178; Rch7iw. Orn.
Centralhl. 1882, p. 19; 8teere, List B. S, M. Philippines, p. 27
(Guimaras, Marinduque, .Siquijor) (1890); Grant, Ibis, 189-5,
p. 117.
Anas luconica, Finscli, J.f. O. 1870, p. 358.
Adult. General plumage brownish grey, almost uniform, without
any dark markings in the centre of the feathers : upper part of the
head aiid upper part of the nape blackish brown ; superciliary stripe,
sides of the head, throat, and sides of the upper part of the neck-
rufous ; a blackish-brown band runs across the eyes from the lores
to the occiput ; back dark grey, changing into brown on the rump
and upper tail-coverts ; speculum glossy green, bounded anteriorly
by a velvety-black band at the tip of the greater wing-coverts and
by a narrower white one at the tip of the last row of the median
upper wing-covorts ; posteriorly the speculum is bounded by a
velvctj'-black subapical band, and by a narrow apical white band ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; underparts brownish
grey, deepening into brown on the under tail-coverts ; tail brown :
colours of the bill and feet not recorded, but apparently dark
olive. Total length about 20 inches, wing 9-8, tail 4-5, culmen 2,
tarsus 1'7.
Youwi. Similar to the adults, only much paler on the head and
throat, which arc scarcely tinged with rufous; the speculum less
bright, and with some purple reflexions.
Hah. Philippines.
a. Ad. sk. Manilla. Evton Coll. (Type of
the species.)
6, c, d. Ad. et Manilla. Cuming Coll.
imm. St.
e. Ad. sk. Manilla (Maitland Heriot). Tweeddale Coll.
206
11. Anas superciliosa.
Supercilious Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 497 (1785) ; id. Gen. Hist. x.
p, 327 (1824).
Anas superciliosa, Gm. S. N. i. p. 537, n. Ill (178S) (Xova See-
landia) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 852, n. 51 (1790) : Bonyi. Enc.
Meth. i. p. 145 (1790); Bechst. Lath. Uehers. iii. p. 430 (1796),
iv. p. 512; Vieill. N. Diet. v. p. 120 (1816); Dum. Diet. So.
Nat. vi. p. 389 (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 108 (1824) ;
Less. Tr. cFOrn. p. 633 (1831) ; Eyt. 3Ion. Anat. p. 139 (1838) ;
Fraser, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 114; Milll. Verh. Land- en Volkenk.
pp. 159, 178 (1839-44) (Timor, Java) ; Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus.
p. 119 (1844) ; G. H. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 135 (1844) ;
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 4 (1845) ; Gould, B. Austr. vii. pi. 9
(pt. ix., 1845) ; Peale, Un. St. Expl. Exp. sp. 162 (1848) ; Rchnb.
Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 85. ff. 913-914 (1845), t. 94. f. 2347 (1850) ;
Bli/th, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 304, n. 1772 (1849) ; Echnh. Vorj.
Neuholl. n. 311 (1851) ; Hartl. Wie>/7n. Arch. 1852, i. pp. 122, 136;
Macqill. Narr. Voij. Rattlesn. p. 328 (1852); id. J. f. 0. 1854,
p. 169 ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854) ; Bp. Compt. Rend.
xliii. p. 649, n. 68 (excl. var. a) (1856) ; Cass. U.S. E.rpl. Exped.,
Mamm. 8; Orn. p. 339 (1858) ; G. R. Gr. F. Z. S. 1859, p. 166
(New Caledonia) ; Pelz. Sitzb. Ah. Wien, xli. p. 331 (Norfolk I.)
(1860) ; Ibis, 1860, p. 422 ; Verr. ^- Des Murs, R^v. et Mafj. Zool.
1860, p. 442 (New Caledonia) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 371 (Zool.
Gard.) ; G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 241 ; Neict. Ibis, 1862, p. 285 ;
Wall. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 487 (Timor^ ; Jouati, Mem. Soc. Oierb. ix.
p. 242 (1863) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864,' p. 9 (Hualieine) ; Woodhouse,
ibid. p. 11; Sclat. ibid. p. 487; Hartl. Ibis, 1864, p. 232 (Fiji
Isl.t ; Buller, Ess. Orn. N. Zeal. p. 18 (1865) ; Finsch, Neu-Guin.
p. 183 (1865) ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 363 (1865) ; Rams.
Ibis, 1866, p. 335 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 418 (Zool. Gard.) ;
Schleg. Mils. P.-B., Anseres, p. 42 (1866) ; Hector, New Zeal. Exp.
p. 277 (1866) ; Fimch, J. f. O. 1867, pp. 336, 337; Hutt. Ibis,
1867, p. 379; Hartl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 832; F. Sr S. Orn. Central-
polyn. p. 213 (1867) ; iid. P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 4,8, 118 (Pelew Isl.) ;
Miill. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280 ; Sclat. ibid. p. 659 (Pelew Isl.) ;
Erjt. Syn. Anat. p. 96 (1869) ; Hutt. Ibis, 1870, p. 395 ; F. ^- H.
J.f. O. 1870, p. 122 ; Fi>isch, ibid. pp. 357, 358 ; Griife, ibid. p. 403
(Samoa); Marie, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxvii. p. 328(1870); G.
R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10647 (1871); Trav. Tr. S,- Pr. N.
Z. Inst. iv. p. 207 (1871), v. p. 218 (1872) ; P H. ^- F. P. Z. S.
1872, pp. 90, 108 (Pelew); Hutt. Ibis, 1872, p. 247 (Chatham I.) ;
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 363 (1872) ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1872, pp. 33, 56,
185 ; Potts, Ibis, 1873, p. 85 ; Pelz. ibid. p. 123 ; Buller, B. Neio
Zeal. p. 245 (syn. emend.) (1873) ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1874, pp. 173,
202 ; Laijard, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 440 (Fiji), 1876, p. 497 (Navi-
gator Isl.), p. 503 (Friendly Isl.) ; id. Ibis, 1876, p. 393; Cab. S^
Rchniv. J. f. O. 1876, p. 329 (New Hanover) ; Rams. Pr. Linn.
Soc. N. S. W. i. pp. 77, 195, 216, 219 (1876), ii. p. 200, n. 657
(1877) ; Sharjx, journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 505 (Port Moresby)
(1877) ; Rams. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 346 ; Fiiisch, ibid. p. 737 (Kan-
davu), 776 (Euea), 785 (Ninafou) ; 3Iarie, Ibis, 1877, p. 363 ;
Lai/ard, Ibis, 1878, p. 266 (New Caledonia), pp. 279, 280 (New
Hebrides) ; Tristr. ibid. p. 279 (Aneitenm) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1878,
p. 350; Rains. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iii. p. 301 (1878), iv. p. 102,
27. ANAS.
207
p. 1U74 (1880) ; i^«n,c/,, 7 „y. CkalL, Birch, x> -52 (18S1) • Mei/er
r^ i r, . , ' P- ^^5 ''^^ ^%- ~ool. Giirt. V 50 ri880i.
Layard,ms,l862, pp. 537, o44 ; mine-Ed^oards^Ann. Scti '
^00/. (^^.) ^"v Art 4, p. 41 (1882); . ^.eaiana; (l»sy) ; Aorth, Cat. Nests ^- Eqqs, v 341 rissQ^
Tnstr. Cat. Colt. B p. 50 (Samoa and Iluaehiu^e lli) 889 .'
3/./ p 210) (1891) ; ? CheesLL, xiaL. ^' 1:^^, xSii^feo'
if;rj 9pi^ ' /^^'7^«*«^ flm- Polyn. p. 70 (1891) ; Meyer, JfQ
??• 'iSof^'owo'"'' ^^'*'' 1^^-^' P-5-i3 (Chatham U) THstr
Ibis 1894, p. 31 (Santa Cruz, Solomon Isl ) ' ' ^'^•
Ana-^leucophrys, Forst. (nee Vieill.) Bescr. An. (ed. Lioht) p. 93
Ana,s^sp^- G. R. &-. Gen. B. iii. p. 61G, n. 11 (1845) (.r S. Milll. Vorh.
^Timorf'"' ^^'- ^""^P'- ^''"^- ^"- P- •^^9' °- 69 (1856) (Java,
Anas superciliosa, var, G. R. Gr. Cat. B. Trap. Isl. p. 54 (1859^
. Anas supercihosa,Tar. pelewensis, Hartl. S^Finsch, P. Z 8 1872,
Anas pelewensis //. S>- F iMSS. ; Finsck, Journ. Mtis. GodeWr Hrff
■'XyXs;.'"' "*"■■' <""">> ■^''^"•''- "■''' i«>, p. ..33
Anas siiperciliosax Domestic Duck. ^iW/s/ Tran^ n 7 t *
1892, p. 107 (1893). -a^/^ys^ j;«wv iV. z. Inst. xxv.
W«7< »*«?<.. General plumage above and below brown the
feathers narrowly edged with ochreous buff; upper part of the hCd
and a band from the forehead through the eyes lo thJocciput brown-
Wack; superchary stripe and a band from the base ot^the iJ^ier
and I quite agree wi h Dr F u ch who 1 L J'"^ tj.e director Dr. Kraepelmt
bird, although smaUer, like tboslfrom Z V^^r'\'^%' the Pelew Island
A. mperciUosa. ^^ ^^J'- '« °°t different from the true
208
mandible through the cheeks, chin, and throat pale buiF immacu-
late ; a dark band formed of small blackish streaks runs from the
gape to the ear-coverts ; upper part of the sides of the neck pale
buif, minutely streaked Tvith brown ; a pale brown band along the
nape ; wings brown ; specidum on the secondaries glossy green,
bordered anteriorly by a black band at the tip of the greater wing-
coverts, and posteriorly by another black band with a narrow white
edge at the tip of the secondaries ; outer web of the outer tertials
black ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; rump and upper
tail-coverts blackish brown ; tail-feathers brown, with narrow pale
edges : bill plumbeous, with the nail black ; feet and toes yellowish
brown, the membrane dusky brown. Total length about 24 inches,
wing 10"75, tail 4-4, culmen 2-25, tarsus 1*G5.
Female. Similar to the male.
Specimens from Timor, Pelew, Fiji, and Samoa Islands are
decidedly smaller than those from Australia and New Zealand.
Hab. From Java and Timor to Southern New Guinea, Australia,
New Zealand subrcgion and Polynesia, including the Pelew
Islands.
a-f. Ad. sk.
ff, h, i. Ad. sk. et
St.
Jt. Ad. St.
/. Ad.sk.
m. (S ad. sk.
71, o. Ad. sk.
2). Ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. tripe from the lores through the eyes
to some distance behind them dark brown ; superciliarj- stripe, sides
of the head, and throat whitish ; from the gape towards the eyes a
slightly indicated dusky band, formed by dusky streaks ; upper
parts brown, the back and scapulars paler, with the edges of the
feathers pale greyish ; rump and upper tail-feathers uniform dark
brown ; lower part of the fore neck and upper breast dull whitish
buff, with the centres of the feathers dusky ; lower breast and
abdomen almost uniform brown, deepening into black- brown on
the under tail-coverts ; wings brown ; speculum glossy blue, more
or less with a green lustre, bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by
two velvety black bands ; the tip of the secondaries narrowly edged
■with white ; tertials brown, with only the apical part of the outer
web M'hite ; tail brown, the edges of the feathers whitish : bill
black, with the apical portion, except the tip of the nail, yellow,
no red spots at the base ; feet light bright red, the web slightly
dusky ; irides yellowish brown {IJolst). Total length about 2'6
inches, wing ll-(i, tail 4'S, culmen 2*2, tarsus 1-75.
Female. Smaller and paler, the feathers of tlie breast for a greater
extension than in the male having broader whitish edges.
Young. J*aler even than the lemale, with smaller dusky spots on
the underparts ; the edges of the upper wing-coverts pale ; a broad
p2
212 ANATID^.
subapieal white band across the greater wing-coverts, and the outer
web of the tertials for the greater part white.
Hah. China, Mongolia, and Eastern Siberia ; Japan and Kuriles.
a. Ad. sk. No locality. Tweeddale Coll.
h, c, d. Ad. sk. China ( Tuckett). Tweeddale Coll.
^j fid- d' ? fid. Shanohai, Cliina, March, Seebohm Coll. (Types
sk. Nov. {R. Sicinhoe). of the species.)
h. J ad. sk. Shanghai, Chioa, Nov. E. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.].
i. Ad. sk. Kiukiang, China, Feb. F. W. Styan, Esq. [P.].
/.-. Ad. sk. Canton, China. Tweeddale Coll.
/. 5 ad. sk. Nagasaki, Japan, Dec. F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
m. Ad.sk. Yokohama, Japan ( 7/. P/-yer). Seebohm Coll.
n. S ad. sk. Kechi village, Tsu-shinia, Seebohm Coll.
Feb. (P. A. Hoist).
0. Ad. St. Hakodadi, Japan. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
2}. Sternum. Hakodadi, Japan. II. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
14. Anas undulata.
Anas flavirostris. Smith {mc Vieill.), Cat. S. Afr. Mm. p. 36, n. 323
(1837) (descr. nulla) ; Eyt. Mon. Aimt. p. 141 (Cape of Good Hope)
(1838) ; Smith, III. Zoo'l. S. Afr., Birds, pi. 96 (1844) ; Z><>.y Miirs
in Lefebvre, Voy. Abi/ss.]). 171 (1845-o0) ; Bp. Compt. Betid, xliii.
p. 64'9, n. 65 (185(5) ; 'Heuffl. Si/st. Uebers. n. 697 (1856) ; id. J.f. O.
1862, pp. 293, 306, 1863, p. 4; Pet. Reise Novara, Vogel, p. 138
(Cape) (1866) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 352 (1867) ; Gum. Ibis, 1868,
p. 49 (Natal); Heuffl. Reise nach Abess. 1861-62, pp. 286,317
(1868) ; Ckapm. Trav. S. Afr., App. p. 422 (1868) ; Bocage,Jorn.
Ac. Sc. Lisb. 1868, p. 50 ; Heu'/l. Peterm. Geogr. Mitth. 1869,
p. 417; Eyt. St/n. Anat. p. 98 (1869); Blanf. Geol. 8f Zool.
Abyss, p. 437 (1870) ; Finsck, Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 329 (1870) ;
Bocm/e, Jorn. Ac. Sc. Lisb. 1870, p. 351 ; Buckl. Ibis, 1874,
p. 390 (Natal); Fischer, Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1884, p. -394 (Masailand).
Anas undulata, Dubois, Orn. Gall. p. 119, pi. 77 (Cape) (1839).
Anas xanthorhyncha, Forst. Icon. ined. t. 72 {nee t. 71) ; id. Descr.
Anim. (ed. Licht.) p. 45 {nee p. 342) (Cape of Good Hope) (1844) ;
G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 12 (1845) ; Rchnb. Si/n. Av.,
Natatores, t. 85. f. 917 (e.v Smith) (1845) ; Bolle, J.f. O. 1856,
p. 164 (Zool. Card.) ; Roch ^- E. Neivt. Ibis, 1863, p. 174 (Mada-
gascar) ; Schleq. Mus. P.-B., Auseres, p. 43 (1866) ; Schit. P. Z. S.
1869, p. 629 "(Zool. Gard.) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 82,
n. 10639 (1871) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 365 (1872) ; Gttrn. in
Anderss. B. Dam. Land, p. 342 (1872); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
ii. 2, p. 1346 (1873) ; Ayres, Ibis, 1874, p. 105 (Transvaal), 1880,
p. 273 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 518 ; Bocage, Orn. A7?gola, p. 500
(1881); Sharjje in Gates' Matab. Land, p. 327 (1881); Rchnw.
Oni. Centralbl. 1882, p. 18; id. Viiq. zovl. Gcirt. p. 51 (1882);
Shell. Ibis, 1882, p. 368 ; Holub, Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 329 (1882) ;
Bntl., Feild., l^ Reid, Zoohg. 1882, p. 437 (Natal) ; Sclat. List Vert.
An. 8th ed. p. 431 (1883) ; Sharpe, Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 755
(1884); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.' Gen. (2) i. p. 243 (1884);
Fischer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 115 (Lake Naiwascha) ; Rchmv. J. f. O.
1887, p. 46; Clifton, Ornis, 1888, p. 154 (Cape Colonv) ; Salvad.
Attn. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 320 (Shoa) (1888); Tristr. Cat.
Coll. B. p. 50 (1889) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 230 (1891) ;
27. ANAS. 213
Shell. Ibis, 1894, p. 478 (Palombi Itiver) ; llchnic. Vmj. Deuisch-
Ost-Afr. p. 2G (1894).
Auas capensis, Licht. (nee Gm.) Verz. Sdugeth. v. J'o;/. p. 20, n. 2r)l,
252 (Kafierl.) (1842) ; id. in Forst. Uesct: An. p. 45 (note) (1844) ;
? id. Noinencl. Ac. p. 101 (1854).
Anas rueppelli, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xiv. p. 26-3 (1856) ; id. Ibis, 18C7,
p. 17G ( = flaviiostris, Smith) ; Jerd. B. of Lid. iii. p. 800 (1864) ;
Gieb. Thfs. Orn. i. p. 361 (1872).
Querquedula xanthorhyncha, Sharps, Ibis, 1892, p. 541 (Machako).
Adult male. Dark brown above with narrow pale edges, below
the edges of the feathers arc broader and whiter ; head rather dark,
the light edges being very narrow ; also the upper wing-coverts
with narrow light edges ; wing-speculum very broad, of a metallic
green with a bluish gloss, bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by
two bands, one velvety black and the other white ; outer tertials
velvety black on the outer web; under wing-coverts whitish;
axillaries white ; tail-t'eathcrs dark brown, with narrow pale edges :
" irides chestnut ; bill yellow, with a long longitudinal patch on
the culmen, and the nail black ; feet black " (Antinori), " tinged
with yellow" (Aj/res). Total length about 20 inches, wing 10-75,
tail 4-5, culmen 2, tarsus 1"5.5.
Female. Similar to the male.
Halt. South Africa, Eastern Africa as far north as Abyssinia, and
"Western Africa as far north as Angola.
a. Ad. st. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith. (Type of
Aiii-f.'Jiacirostris,Smith.)
b, c. Ad. sk. Port Xatal (T. Ai/res). Shelley Coll.
d. Ad. sk. Movi R., Natal", May Shelley Coll.
{Buckle,/).
e. Ad. sk. Transvaal! II. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.].
/. Ad. St. Transvaal llepublic. A. Foresnian, Esq. [P.].
(/, A. c? $ ad. sk. Potchefstroom, Aug. (T. J. H. Gurney, E8q.[P.^.
Ai/res),
i,k. Ad. sk. Potchefstroom. F. A. Barratt, Esq. [P.].
/. 2 ad. sk. Near Pretoiia, June (F. W. E. & C. G. Gates,
Oates). Esqrs. [P.].
»M,w. (J 5 ad. Palombi R., Nyassa-land, H. II. Johnston, Esq., C. 11.
sk. Aug. {A. Whyte). [P.].
o. Ad. St. Shoa ( Harris). ludia ^luseum [P.].
p,q. (S ad. sk. Angolliilali,Mav (//i'//v7*-). India Museum [P.J.
/•. S ad. sk. Agula, Abyssin"ia, May. W. T. Bhmford, Esq. [C.J.
s. Pull. St. Zool. Soc.
Hybrid.
Anas iindulata X A. obsciira.
t. Ad. St. Zool. Soc.
15. Anas sparsa.
Anas sparsa, Smith, Cat. S. Afr. Mits. p. .36, n. 324 (1837) (descr.
nulla) ; Fyt. Mu>i. Anat. p. "l42 (S. Afr.) (1838) ; S/nith, III. Zool.
S. Afr., Birds, pi. 97 (pt. 21, 1844); G. E. Gr. Gen. B. iii.
p. 016, u. 9 (1845); Bchnb. Syn. Av. t. 110. ff. 911 («■.(• Smith),
214 ANATID.^.
979 (1845); Gum. Ibis, 1859, p. 251 (Natal); Heugl. J. f. O.
1862, p. 306; Kirk, Ibis, 1864, p. 336 (Zambesi); Layayd,'B. S.
Afr. p. 352 (1867) ; Chapm. Trav. in S. Afr. ii. App. p. 422 (1868) ;
Jleuffl. Heise nach Abess. 1861-62, pp. 296, 308 (1868) ; id. Peterm.
Geogr. Mitth. 1869, p. 417 ; Ei)t. Syn. Anat. p. 99 (1869) ; Finsch
ii- Hartl. Vbq. Osf-Afr. p. 809 (1870) ; G. M. Gr. Hand-lkt, iii.
p. 82, n. 10642 (1871) ; Anderss. B. Bamara Land,^. 341 (1872) ;
Hpmil. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii, 2, p. 1317 (1873); Ay res, Ibis, 1874,
p. 105 (Transvaal), 1876, p. 433, 1^80, p. 273 (Transvaal) ; Sclnt.
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 518; Rchnw. Orn. Centralhl. 1882, p. 19; Butl.,
Feild., ^ Reid, Zoolog. 1882, p. 427 (Natal) (1882) ; Koluh, Beitr.
Orn. Sildafr. p. 330 (1882); Hharpe, Bayard's B. 8. Afr. p. 756
(1884); Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 244 (Shoa) (1884),
vi. p. 321 (Shoa) (1888) ; Tristr. Cat. Coil. B. p. 49 (1889) ;
Hartert, Kat. Voyehamml. p. 230 (1891); Shell. Ibis, 1894, p. 28
(Zomba) ; Echmv. Vog. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 26 (1894).
Anas fiavirostris, G. It. Gr. (nee Smith), List B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p. 137, spec, a (1844).
Anas leucostigma, Biipp. Sysf. Uebers. pp. 130, 138, Taf. 48
(S.Abyssinia) (1845); Des Miirs in Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss., Ois.
p. 171 (1845); Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 265 (1855); Heuyl.
Syst. Uebers. n. 695 (1856); Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 176; Cab. in
V. d. Decken, Reisen, iii. p. 51 (1869).
Anas guttata, Licht. Nomencl. Av. Mus. Berol. p. 101 (CafTraria)
( 1854) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 66 (1856) ; Jerd. B. of
Ind. iii. p. 800 (1864) ; SMeg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 49 (1866) ;
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 353 (1872).
Adult male. General plumage dark sepia-brown, the head and
upper neck lighter, having the feathers edged with whitish ; the
feathers of tho underparts with narrow pale edges ; scapulars and
tertials with one, two, or three whitish-buff bars, interrupted by
the shaft ; wing-speculum metallic green with a blue gloss, bounded
anteriorly by two bands on the last row of the wing-coverts, one
white subtermiual, and the other on the tip velvety black ; poste-
riorly the speculum is bounded by a black subterminal band and
a terminal one white ; under wing-coverts white, mixed with black ;
axillaries white ; tail-feathers, upper and under tail-coverts almost
black, with whitish bars, oblique on the tail-feathers : " irides dark
chestnut ; bill yellow on the edges and at the base, broadly black ou
the culmen and on the nail ; feet orange, webs black " (Antinori,
liac/azzi). Total length about 21 inches, wing 10-5, tail 5-5, culmeu
1-85, tarsus 1-55.
Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller.
Hah. Southern and Eastern Afi-ica, as far north as S. Abj'ssinia,
a. Ad. St. S. Africa. Sir A. Smith [P.].
(Type of the species.)
b. Ad. st. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased.
c. (S juv. sk. Grahamstown, Jan. (Atmore). Shelley Coll.
d. e. Ad. sk. Natal (Ayres). Tweeddale Coll.
/. Ad. sk. Port Natal (Ayres). Shelley Coll.
g. 2 juv. sk, Pietermaritzberg, May (T. E. Shelley Coll.
Buckley),
27. ANAS. 215
fi, i. (S (id.et ad. Potr-liefstroom. March, April J. 11. Gurnev, Esq.
sk. _ (Ai/res). ' [P.].
k, I. Ad. et juv. Zomba, Nyassa-land, Oct. {A. Sir H. H. Johnston,
sk. Whyte). C.B. [P.].
16. Anas specularis.
Anas specularis, Kinr/, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 98 (Straits of Masellsn)
(1828) : Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 138 (183S) ; Jard. S^ Selb. III. Oin.
iv. pi. 40 (1840) ; Hartl.Verz. Ges. Mm. p. 119 (1844) ; G. E. Gr.
List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 13(3 (1844); iil. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 3
(1845); Des Murs, in Gay's HL4. (h Chile, i. p. 450 (1848);
Hchnh. Sijn. Av., Natatores, t. 94. f. 2349 {ex J. Sf S.) (1850) ;
Hartl. Naumantiia, 18.53, pp. 217, 222 (Chili); Cass. U.S. Astron.
Kiped., Zool. p. 202 (1856); Peh. JReise Xovara, Vny. p. 138
(Chili) (18(i5) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili) ; Phil. S; Landb.
Cat. Av. Chil. p. 42 (1868) ; Eyt. Si/n. Anat. p. 95 (svn. emend.)
(1869) ; Sclat. .y Sah. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 380; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880,
p. .519, 1881, p. 734 (Zool. Gard.); Pcfmio. Orn. Ceiitralbl. 1882,
p. 19; id. T'off. zool. Gtirt. p. 51; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed.
p. 432 (1883) ; Bunn. An. Mus. Kac. Biien. Air. iii. p. 248 (1888);
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889) ; Hartert, Eat. Voqehamml.
p. 230 (1891) ; Berkeley James, New List Chil. B. p. 9, n. 150
(1892).
Anas chalcoptera, Kittl. Mem. prSs. Acad. St. Petersh. ii. p. 47 1 ,
pi. 5 (1835) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Colchagua) : Echnh.
Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 100. ff. 2766-67 ( 1850) ; Licht. Komencl.
Av. p. 101 (18-54); Bp. Covtpt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, n. 74 (18.56) ;
Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 46 (Bolivia) (1866); G. B. Gr.
Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10650 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 347
(1872) ; Selat. %• Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 129 (1873).
Adult male. Head and neck brown, but a large spot on the sides
of the face, chin, and middle of the throat white, spreading on the
sides of the neck ; back glossy brown-black, with the edges of the
feathers pale brown ; lower back uniform glossy brown-black,
changing into olive-brown on the upper tail-coverts ; underparts
pale rufescent, more or less with obsolete brown bars or transverse
spots ; sides and tlanks with brown-black spots ; wings black with
a green lustre : speculum on the secondaries coppery red, bounded
posteriorly by a subtermiual velvety black band and by a white
apical band ; under wing-covcrts glossy black, the greater ones dark
grey ; axillaries white ; tail above brown-black, with a green lustre,
below greyish brown: "bill black; legs red" (King); "legs
yellow " (Sclater cj- Salvin). Total length about 21 inches, wing
10'5, tail 4-8, culmen 1-9, tarsus 1-6.).
Female. Similar to the male, but duller.
Younr/ in down. Upper parts brown ; underparts, sides of the
head, a band on the posterior edge of the wing, joining another on
the sides of the back, and a spot on each side of the rump whitish ;
a brown band from the eye to the occiput, and a second one across
the cheeks {M}is. Turin).
Hah. Central and Southern Chili, (Bolivia?), and Magellan
Straits.
216 ANATIDiE.
rt. 2 ad. sk. Cbili (E. C. Reed). Salvin-Godman'Coll.
b, c, d. Ad. sk. C. Chili. H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
e,f. S ad. sk. Rio Pilmacquen, Feb. H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
(J, h. Ad. St. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.].
i. Juv. St. Straits of Magellan. Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. FitzroyTP.].
k. Ad. sk. Straits of Magellan ( Weis- Salvin-Godman Coll.
haupt).
17. Anas cristata.
Crested Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 54.3, n. 81 (Staaten Land) (178.5).
Anas cristata, Gm. S. X. i. 2, p. 540, n. 114 (1758) iex Lathcivi) ;
Lath. Jnd. Oni. ii. p. 870, n. 93 (1790); Bonn. E7ic. Meth. i.
p. 143 (1790) ; rieill. N. D. \. p. 120 (1816) ; Bufn. Diet. Sc.
Nat. Ti. p. 3S3 (1817) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 136
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 6 (1845); Des Murs in Gay
Hist, de Chile, i. p. 449 (1848) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 (egg,
Falklands) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falklands) ; Abbott, Ibis,
1861, p. ICO (Falklands) ; Pet. Reise Xovara, Toy. p. 138 (Chili)
(1865) ; Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 39 (Bolivia, UOrbiyny)
(1866) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili) ; Sclat. Sf Salv.
I. c. p. 990 (Salinas, Peru), 1868, p. 570 ; Phil. ^- Landb. Cat.
Av. Chil. p. 41 (1868) ; Sclat. .y Salv. Ibis, 1870, p. 499
(Tue.sdav Bav) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10651 (1871);
Gieb. fhes. 'Orn. i. p. 349 (1872); Sclat. <^- Salt: Nomencl. Av.
Neotrop. p. 129 (1873) ; Peh. Ibis, 1873, p. 46 ; Tacz. P. Z. S.
1874, p. 554 (Juniu, Centr. Peru) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 381 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 519 ; Shccrpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 13 ;
Rchmc. Orn. Centrulbl. 1882, p. 19 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 473
(1886) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 401 (Tarapaca), 1887, p. 396
(Zool. Gard.) ; Philippi, Ornis, 1888, p. 160 (Pastos largos) ;
Burm. An. Mus. Xac. Buen. Air. iii. p. 248 (1888) ; Tristr. Cat,
Coll. B. p. 49 (Tilly Bay, Magellan) (1889); Omt. 3Iiss. Sc. Cap
Horn, vi. Ois. p. 199 (1891) ; Berkeley James, Ketv List Chil. B.
p. 9, n. 151 (1892).
Tadorna cristata, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 77 (1824).
Anas specularioides, Kiny, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 98 (Straits of Magel-
lan) (1828) ; Gibson, Pr. Phys. Soc. Edinb. iv. p. 186 (1878) (=
A. cristata).
Milouin des Malouines, Less. Tr. dOrn. p. 632, n. 42 (1831) ; Pucher.
Rev. et May. Zool. 1850, p. 636 ( = A. specularioides).
Anas pvnhogastra, Meyen, Nov. Act. xvi. St/ppl. p. 119 (Maipii,
Chili) (1833) ; Hartl. Nauwannia, 1853, p. 222.
Anas pvrrhogaster, Meyen, I. c. tab. xxv. (1833).
Dafila pyrogaster, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 113 (1838) ; Eraser, P. Z. S.
1844, p. 157 (Chili) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 65 (1869).
Anas lophvi'a, Forst. Icon. ined. t. 78; id. Descr. An. [ed. Licht.)
p. 340 (Magellan Straits) (1844).
Dalila pyrrhogastra, lichnb. Syn. ^i'.,Natatores, t. 88. f. 923 (1845).
Dafila cristata, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 114 (1856).
Daphila cristata, Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 14 (1875).
Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck dull greyish, mi-
nutely spotted with brown ; a large brown patch covers the occiput
217
and extends to the eyes ; nape with a long pendent crest ; chin and
throat whitish immaculate; back and scapulars brown, the feathers
of the back with pale edges, the scapulars darker towards the tip;
lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform olive-brown ;
breast and abdomen pale rufescent, the feathers of the breast with
a brown spot in the centre ; the abdomen with obsolete darker bars ;
longer under tail-coverts black ; wings olive brown-grej, speculum
on the secondaries coppery red with a green gloss, and bounded
posteriorly by a velvety black band, broader on the inner feathers,
and by a second white band at the tip of the secondaries : primaries
olive-brown ; under wing-coverts olive brown-grey, the greater
ones grey ; axillaries white ; tail brown-black, with a purple gloss :
"iris blood-red" or orange (Btrlcelei/ James) ; "legs dark grey, upper
mandible horn colour, lower one flesh-colour" (Coppinger). Total
length about 24 inches, wing 11-5, tail 6, culmen ISd, tarsus 1-75.
Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller, and the
crest shorter.
This species is not a yery typical member of the genus Anas.
Hah. Southern America, from S. Peru (and Bolivia ?) to Magellan
Straits, and also the Falklands.
a. Ad. sk.
/a d ad. St.
c. 2 ad. sk.
d. Ad. sk.
(', c? ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
.'/, ^-cJ $ad. sk.
i-o. (S 2 ad. sk.
J7-S. d 2 ad. sk.
t. Ad. sk.
u. c? ad. sk.
V. Ad. St.
If. 2 ad. sk.
.(•. 2 ad. sk.
y. J ad. sk.
z. 2 ad. sk.
a'. Ad. St.
b'. Ad. sk.
c. 2 ad. sk.
d'. Ad. sk.
e',f. Ad. sk.
!/'. (J ad. sk.
Salinas, Peru, 14,000 ft., July.
Salinas, Peru, 14,000 ft.. Julv
(H. Whitehi).
Tinta, Peru, June [H. W.\
Prov. Santiago, Chili {Ley-
bold).
Prov. of Tarapaca.
Lake Huasco, Tarapaca, Jan.
Sacaya, Jan., Feb.
Sitana, Jan.
Central Chili.
Straits of Magellan.
Straits of Magellan.
Cockle Cove, Straits of Magel-
lan, Feb.
Port Kosario, March.
North Bav, Heiiuit Is., Sept.
{It. McC).
North Harbour, Hermit Is.
Falkland Is.
Falkland Is.
Falkland Is.
Falkland Is. {Leconte).
Falkland Is.
Berkeley Sound, E. Falklands,
Mav.
E^■ton Coll.
11. Whitelv, Esq.
[C.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Salvin-Godnian Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Berkelev James,
E.^q. [P.].'
H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].'
H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
H. Berkelev James,
Esq. [P.:.-
11. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
The Admiralty [P.].
Dr. Coppinger [P.].
Dr. Coppinger [P.].
McCoruiick Bequest.
Antarctic Exp. [C.].
The Admiralty [P.J.
Eytou Coll.
Antarctic Exp. [C.].
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Antarctic Exp. [C.].
218 ANATID^.
28. EUNETTA. ^ ^^
Eunetta, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 659, gen. 35 (185l3) . . E. falcata.
Range. Eastern Palsearctic Region.
1. Eunetta falcata.
Anas falcata, Georgi, Reise Russ. Reichs, i. p. 167 (1775) ; Pall. Zoogr.
Rosso- As. ii. p. 259, tab. Ixx. (1811) ; Brandt, Descr. et Icon. An.
Ross. fasc. i. p. 21, t. 3 (1836) ; Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119
(1844): Midd. Sibir. Rels. ii. p. 231, Taf. xxi. f. 2 (voung d)
(1853) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 1025 (1856) ; Kittl. Denkiv. ii.
p. 307 (1858) ; Bias. u. Bald. NaumanrCs Yog. Deutschl. xiii. 2,
p. 300, Taf. 389. f. \ (6) (I860); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres,
p. 72 (1866) ; Byb. u. Parr. J. f. O. 1868, p. 338 (Dauria) ;
Przeto. Toy. n. 201 (1867-69) ; id. Putesch. Ussur. n. 201 (1870) ;
Homey. J. f. O. 1870, p. 432 ; Gleb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 350 (1872) ;
BlaU'st. Ibis, 1876, p. 335 (Kamtschatka) ; McLeod, Str. Feath. x.
p. 168 (Bhawulpore) (1881) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 458 (Corea) ;
Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 245 (1890) ; Brandt, J.f. O. 1891, p^268.
Anas falcaria, Pall. Reise Russ. Reichs, iii. p. 701, n. 34 (1776);
Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 521, n. 86, with var. (i (1788) ; Lath. Ind.
Orn. ii. p. 860, n. 70 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 147, pi. 36.
f. 5 (1790) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 105 (1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc.
Nat. vi. p. 397 (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 100 (1824) ;
Temm. Sf Schleg. Faun. Jap., Ares, p. 127 (Japan) (1850);
JVa/lengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 273 (Skandinavia) ; Sminh. Ibis,
1862, p. 254 ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 ; David, N. Arch, du Mus.,
Bull. vii. Cat. n. 450 (1871).
Sarcelle de Java, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. n. 930 (cJ); Buff. Hist. Nat.
Ois. i.x. p. 275 (1783).
Anas javana, Bodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. 55, n. 930 (1783) (ex PI. Enl).
Falcated Duck, Penn. Arct. Zool. i. p. 574, t. 23 (1785) ; Lath. Syn.
iii. 2, p. 516, n. 62 (1785).
Anas iavanensis, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 160, pi. 39. f. 3 (1791) {ex PL
Enl. 930).
Anas drepanopteros, Messerschm. MS., fide Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso- As.
ii. p. 259 (1811).
Querquednla major, Gmel. sen. MS., fide Pallas, I. c.
Anas drepanopteros torquata, Mus. Petrop. p. 407, n. 650, fide Pall.
I.e.
Anas falcaria, var., Vieill. N. D. v. p. 172 (1816) (ex PI. Enl. 930).
Aix falcaria, Buie, Isis, 1828, p. 329.
Querquedula falcaria, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 126 (1838); Strickl.
P. Z. S. 1842, p. 167 (China) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. p. 137
(1844); Rehnb. Syn. Av. t. 89. ff. 182 (S), 413 ($) (1845);
Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 345
(N. China) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 332 (N. Japan) ; Sivinh. Ibis,
1863, p. 434 (Formosa ?) ; Ei/t. Syn. Anat. p. 78 (1869).
Querquedula falcata, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. p. 616, n. 4 (1845) ; Bp.
Rev. Crit. pp. 103, 193 (Hungary) (1850) ; Gerbe ^ Degl. Orn. Eur.
ii. p. 526 (1867) ; Sharpe i^ Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 525, pi. 429
(Sweden) (pt. 2, 1871) ; Fritsch, J.f. 0.1872. p. 369 (Boehmia) ;
Dyb.J.f. 0.1873, p. 109: Sclat. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 152 (Zool.
Gard.) ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1874, p. 337, 1875, p. 257 (Ussuri) ; Hume,
Str. Feath. iv. p. 225 (Kurnal and Oudh) (1876) ; Tacz. Orn. Fatm.
28. EUNETTA. 219
Vosf. Sibir. p. 69 (1877) : id. Bull. Soc. Znol. Fr. ii. p. 4o (1877) ;
Blakist. ^ Fryer, Ibk, 1878, p. :^14 (Japan) ; Anders. Yiain. Exped.
ii. Birds, p. 701 (1878) ; Ihime, Sir. Feath. vii. p. 494 (Calcutta
market) (1879), viii. p. 115, n. 966 bis, p. 411 (India) (1879);
8clat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 521 ; Hume ^- Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii.
p. 2;]l,pl. 30 (1880); Blakist. S,- Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii.
p. 105 (1880), X. p. 98 (1882) ; Bolaii, J.f. O. 1882, p. 340 ; Tacz.
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 3-43 (Kamtscliatka) (1883j ; Sclat. List
T er^. ^w. 8th ed. p. 434 (1883); Blakist. Amend. List B. Jap.
p. 9 (1884) ; Madar. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i. p. 38 (Hungary)
(1884) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49^1889) ; S/iarpe, Tr. Li?in. Soc.
(2) Zwl. V. p. 91 (1889) ; id. Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll. Siiry.
iii. p. 301 (1891).
Querquedula javana, G. E. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 5 (1845).
Qiierqiiedula drepanopteros, Bp. Bev. Crit. p. 103 (1850).
Qiierquedula javanensis, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 96 (1850) ;
Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 74 (1869).
Eunetta falcata, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 108 (1856) ;
Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84,
n. 10671 (1871) ; Simdev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 147 (1872) ;
Sioinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 368, 1874, p. 164 (Hakodadi) : Heuyl. J.f. O.
1874, p. 462 ; Favid ^V Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 504 (1877); Prjer. in
Rou'l. Orn. 3lisc. iii. p. 104 (Monfjolia) (1878) ; Seehk. Ibii 1884,
p. 270 (C. China) ; Sfejn. Nature??, 1884, p. 9 ; id. Bull. U.S. Nat.
AIus. n. 29, p. 156 (Bering I.) (1885); id. Fr. U.S. Nat. Mm. x.
p. 136 (Bering I.) (1887) ; Giyl. ^- Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 591 ;
Salcad. ^- Gii/l. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 118 (1888) ;
Styan, Fns, 1891, pp. 328, 497 ; Schul. J.f. O. 1891, p. 268 ; Be la
Touche, ibis, 1892, p. 492.
Mareoa falcata, Cass. Kvp. Atn. Srptadr. China Seas and Jap. ii. p. 231
(1856) ; id. J.f. O. 1858, p. 448.
Querqiiediila multicolor, Swinli. (nee Scop.) Rjis, 1860, p. 67 (Amoy).
Auas (Querquedula) falcata, Schre»k, T'og. Am.-Land, p. 476 (1860) ;
Radde, Reis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 369 (18tj3) : Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl.
1882, p. 20; id. Viiy. znol. Giirt. p. 54 (1882).
Nettion falcatum, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. vi. p. 71 (1883).
Adult nude. Crown deep chestnut ; sides of the head bronze-
purple, greener posteriorly ; a long green mane on the back of the
nape ; throat and upper part of the neck white, intersected below
by a green collar ; mantle and upper scapuhirs with narrow
crescentic bands grey and blackish ; rump blackish ; basal uj)per
tail-coverts grey, verraiculated with black, the longer ones black
and entirely hiding the tail ; upper breast waved with alternate
cresci'iitic bars of black and white, producing a regular scaly
appearance ; lower breast wliitish, each feather with black bars,
one of which is subterminal ; sides, Hanks, and abdomen waved
with narrow black and greyish bands; under t;iil-coverts black,
very long, and reaching beyond the tail ; on each side of the
under tail-coverts a very distinct buff patch, the bases of the
feathers being black, showing a beautiful black bar, which separates
the butfy patch from another silky white band formed by the tip of
lowest Hank-feathers ; scapulars grey, narrowly waved with black,
and more or less distinctly whitish on the edges ; a black patch on
the outer scapulars ; wing-coverts grey, the last row whitish ;
220 ANATID^.
•wing-speculum on the secondaries dark glossy green, bounded below
by a narrow whitish band at the tip of the secondaries ; tertials
very long and narrow, sickle-shaped, with the shafts whitish, the
webs velvety glossy black, the edges and part of the inner webs
grey ; quills dark grey, almost blackish towards the tip ; under
wing-coverts white, bat the greater ones grey; axillaries white;
tail-feathers grey, with narrow white edges : bill greenish black ;
feet dull blue-grey, darker on the web ; iris brown. Total length
19 inches, wing 10, tail 3, culmen 1-8, tarsus 1-35.
Adult female. Head striped with blackish, each feather margined
with fulvous ; sides of the face and neck lighter, dotted with small
black points and stripes ; feathers of the back black, varied with
rufous V-shaped marks and edges ; rump blackish ; upper breast
and sides rufous, with black crescentic bars ; lower breast and
abdomen white, with black crescentic bars or spots, but almost
uniform in the middle ; under tail-coverts reddish, with blackish
marks ; upper wing-coverts dusky grey, the greater row whitish at
the tip ; wing-speculum black, faintly glossed with green ; primaries
greyish browu ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; tail-feathers
brown-grey, with reddish edges : bill, feet, and irides as in the male.
The female resembles that of CJicndelasmusstrejjenis, but differs in
having the visible portion of all the later secondaries black, with a
metallic green reflection, narrowly tipped with white, and the terminal
portion of their greater coverts, or last row of the wing-coverts,
whitish, while in the female Gadwall the entire visible portions of
the later secondaries are pure white, aiid the terminal portion of
their greater coverts black. Besides, the tail-feathers of E.falcata 2
are almost uniform brown-grey, except the reddish edges, while in
the female Gadwall the outer tail-feathers are whitish, with
irregular brown marks. Finally, the upper mandible of the female
E. falcata is uniformly dark coloured, whereas in the female
Gadwall it is only dark along the culmen and the remainder pale.
Hah. Eastern Asia and Japan ; it seldom straggles into the
Western Palsearctic Eegion.
(I. ,5 ad..sk.
Omsk, Siberia.
Old Coll.
b. cj ad. sk.
Bala Morghab {Dr.
A itch i-
Afghan Delimitation
son).
Commission [P.].
c. (5' ad. sk.
Abohur.
Maior Cumberland
[P.].
d,e. S 2 ad. sk.
Oudh.
Hume Coll.
/. cJ ad. sk.
Sultanpur, Gurgaon
( JV. N. Chill).
, Feb.
Hume Coll.
ff. c? ad. sk.
Calcutta, Jan.
Hume CoU.
h. cf ad. sk.
Kurnal.
Hume CoU.
i. 5 ad. sk.
Tapengk, Feb.
Dr. J. Anderson [C.].
k-o. cJ $ ad. St. et
China.
J. E. Reeves, Esq.
sk.
[P.l.
p, q. S ad. sk.
China (Tuckett).
Tweeddale CoU.
r. S ad. sk.
Shanghai, China, March.
R.Swinhoe,Esq.[P.].
s, t, u. (S 2 ad. sk.
Shanghai, March
Stvinhoe).
(R.
Seebohm CoU.
2d. CHIULELASJIUS.
221
V. (^ imm. sk. Shaughai, Feb.
w, .v,y. cS ? i^tl sli. Kiukiang, China, Feb.
2. cf juv. sk.
rt'. 2 ad. sk.
//. J ad. sk.
c'-/'- 2 ad. sk.
l<(/xht07l).
Nagasaki, Japan, Jan., F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
March.
Yokohama, Japan (//. Seebohm Coll.
Fri/er).
29. CHAULELASMUS.
Tspe.
I
Chauliodiis, Sir. Tai/n. Bnr.-Amrr., Ilirds, p. 440
(1831); id. Journ. Roy. List. ii. p. 19 (Ls31) («ee
Ulork, 1801).
Chaiiliodes, J^i/t. Mon. Anat. p. 43 (1838) {nee Latr.\19S) C. streperus.
Chaulelasmus, G. R. Or., fide Bp. Camp. List B. Eur.
i^- N. Amer. p. 56 (1838) (= Chauliodiis, Sw.) ; G. R.
Gr. Gen. B. iii. i.. 617 (184o).
Ktinorhynchus, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 137, preface, p. 2
(1838) C. streperus.
Ctenorhynchus, Ayass. Nomend. Zool., Ind. Univ. p. 198
(1846).
Chauliodous, Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ.
iv. p. 50 (1888).
Range. Confined to Xorthern Hemisphere.
Key to the Species.
a. Larger ; wing about 1 1 inches
b. Smaller ; wing 8 inches (only female known) . .
1. Chaulelasmus streperus.
streperus, p. 221.
couesi, I). 226.
Strepera, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 339, tab. xxxiii. f. 1 (1760).
Anas strepera, Linn. S. JS'. i. p. 200, n. 20 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2,
p. 520, n. 20 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 859, n. 69 (1790) ;
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 138 (1790); Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. Ill,
pi. 13. ff. 7, 8 (trachea) (1798) ; FalL Zooijr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 254
(1811) ; Wi/s. Am. Orn. viii. p. 120, pi. 71 (1814) ; Te}n)}i. Ma?!.
p. 539 (1815) ; Vieil/. N. D. v. p. 135 (1816) ; Dum. Diet. So. Kaf.
vi. p. 365 (1817) ; Temm. op. cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 837 (1820) ; Boie,
I.ns, 1822, p. 564 ; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 84 (1823) ; Steph. Gen.
Zool. xii. 2, p. 103 (1824) ; Bp. Obs. Wtls. n. 257 (1825) ; id. Si/n.
p. 383 (1828) : Flem. Brit. An. p. 124 (1828) ; Saii, Orn. Tec.
lii. p. 159 (1831); Brehm, T'oy. Deutschl. p. 870 (1831); Sykes,
P. Z. S. 1832, p. 168 (Dukhun); And. Orn. Bioyr. iv. p. 353,
pi. 348 (1838) ; id. Syn.y). 27^ (1839); id. B. Am. vi. p. 254,
pi. 388 (1843); K. Sr B. in>6e/C/^. 7w//-. pp. ixx.xv, 226 (1840) ;
Kaum. Viiq. Deutschl. xi. p. 659, pi. 302 (1842); Selys-L^., Faun.
Belli, i. p. 141 (1842) ; Schleq. Rev. Crit. p. 115 (1844) ; Giraud,
B. Lont,. Isl. p. 304 (1844) ;"Z>e Kay, N. Y. ZmI. ii. p. 343 (1844) ;
Deyl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 430 (1849) ; Temm. ^- Schley. Faun. Jap..
222
Aves, p. 128 (1850) ; Midd. Sibir. Heis. ii. p. 232 (1853) ; ? Pasuler,
J. f. O. 1853, pp. 242, 312 (Lapland ! breeding) ; Wallengr.
Naumannia, 1854, p. 272 (Scandinavia) ; Newb. P. R. P. Pep. vi.
p. 102 (1857); Jon., Wedd., ^- Hurdk, Nat. m Perm. p. 47
(Bermuda) (1859); Mart. J. f. O. 1859, p. 220; Fin-^ch, J.f. 0.
1859, p. 387 (Bulgaria) ; Preen, ibid. p. 463 (note) ; Powi/ts, Ibis,
1860, p. 353 (Ion. Isl.) : Simjjs. ibid. p. 394 (W. Greece) ; Stvinh.
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 (China) ; Kordin. J. f. O. 1864, p. 377 ;
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 48 (Cape of Good Hope !) (1866) ;
Przew. Vorj. n. 203 (1867) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine) ;
Ehoes 4" Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p, 340 (Macedonia) ; Homeyer, J.f. O.
1870, p. 432 ; Saunders, Ibis, 1871, p. 396 (S. Spain, breeiUng) ;
Tai/lor, Ibis, 1872, -p. 233 (Crimea): Shell. B. of E,/!/pt, p. 283
(1872) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 363 (1872) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn.
p. 70 (1873) ; Sclat. Sr Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 129 (1873) ;
Blyth, B. of Purina, p. 166 (Arakan) (1875) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1876,
p. 382; Planf. Past. Pers. u. -p. 300 (1876); Finsch, Verh. z.-h.
Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 262 ( W. Siberia) : A. Sj- F. Neu-t. Handb. Jam.
p. 113 (1881); C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 124; Pc/mw. Orn.
Centralbl. 1882, p. 19; id. Vog. zool. Giirt. p. 52 (1882);
Tristr. Faun. <§• Flor. Palest., Aves, p. 115 (1884); Sound.
Yarrell's Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 370 (1885) ; Seebk. Hist. Br. B. iii.
p. 530, pi. 64 (egg) (1855) ; Menzh. Ibis, 1885, p. 357; A. O. U.
Check-list, p. 115, n. 135 (1886); Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska,
p. 131 (1886) ; Scullt/, J. A. S. B. hi. p. 88 (1887) ; Pidgzc. Mem. N.
Am. B. p. 95 (1887) ; Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 61 (Cuba and Jamaica,
winter) ; id. Birds W. Ind. p. 262 (1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B.
p. 49 (Bermuda) (1889) ; Rchmo. J. f. O. 1890, p. 82 ; Lilf. Col.
Fig. Br. B. pt. xv. pi. — (1890) ; Seehh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 242
(1890); Hartert,Eat. Vogelsaynml.y,. 231 (1891); Hutch, B. of
3Ii>mes. p. 41 (1892) ; A. Newt. Diet, of Birds, pt. 1, p. 297
(1893).
Anas cinerea, in. Li/c. X.Y. viii. (1866), p. 297 (1867); Bear. Ibis, 1868,
p. 402 (India) ; Brown, ibid. p. 42<) (Vancouver) ; Dall i)- Bonn.
Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 298 (1869); Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 418
(China) ; Goebel, J. f. 0. 1871, p. 147 (Umanschen Kreise) ;
Gumll. J. f. O. 1871, pp. 292, 294 (Cuba) ; Fritsch, J. f. O.
1872, p. 369; Sunder. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 148 (1872);
3Ierr. U.S. Geol. Sun: Terr. p. 704 (Idaho) (1872) ; Allen, Bidl.
M. C. Z. iii. p. 183 (Colorado) (1872) ; Aiken, Pr. Bod. Soc. xv.
p. 240 (Colorado) (1872); Coues, Kei/, p. 286 (1872); id. Check-
list, n. 491 (1873) ; Alst. S^- H. Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 70 (.Arch-
anofel) ; Lloyd, ibid. p. 420 (Kattiawar) ; Snoic, B. Knns. p. 11
(1873) ; Hume ^- Henders. Lahore to Vark. p. 296 (1873) ; Dress.
B. Bur. vi. p. 487, pi. 424 (pt. xxiii., 1873) ; Ileutd. Orn. X.O.-
Afr. ii. 2, p. 1327 (1873) ; Coues, B. X.- West, p. 563 (1874) ; Lawr.
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 315 (1874) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1875,
p. 381 (Cuba) ; Dress Ibis, 1876, p. 419 ; David 4' Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 499 (1877); Prjev. in Rowl. Orn. Misc. iii. p. 105 (Mong-olia)
(1878) ; Blakist. 4- Pn/er, Ibis, 1878, p. 214 (Yokohama) ; Hume,
Str. Feuth. viii. p. llo, n. 961 (1879) ; Scully, ibid. p. 362 (Nepal)
(1879) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 519; Hume '4- Marsh. Game Birds,
iii. p. 181, pi. 24 (1880) ; Bidd. Ibis,l681, p. 100 (Gilsit) ; Rid. 91 (1889); id. Sec. Tark. E.vp., Ares,
p. 131 (1891) ; id. Cat. Osteal. Spedm. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 301 (18!)1) ;
SU/an, Ibis, 1891, pp. .328, 496 : Dub. Faun. Belq., Ois. ii. p. 438,
pi! 254 (1892) ; Oust. Ois. Turkest. etc. (Xouv. Arch. Mus. (3) vi.
Frtr. p. 99) (1894) ; Rickett, Ibis, 1894, p. 224 (China).
Ktiiiorhynchu.s streperu.s, Fyt. Man. Anat. p. 137 (1838).
Qnerquedula strepera, Macyill. Man. Orn. ii. p. l'J9 (1842) ; id. Hist.
Br.B. V. p. 59 (1852).
224 ANATID^.
Ktiuorliynchiis strepera, Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844).
Anas mail, Hodgs. Graijs Zool. Misc. p. 81, n. 500 ( 5 ) (1844).
Chaulelasmus strepera, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 92. ff. 165-167
(1845); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 100 (1854); Bo/le, J. f. O. 1855,
p. 314 (Spain) ; Beql. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 510 (1867) ; Gould,
B. Gh-eat Brit. v. pi. 19 (pt. xiii., 1868) ; Eiji. Syn. Anat. p. 93
(1869) ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1870, p. 55 ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84,
n. 10674 (1871) ; Byb. J.f. O. 1873, p. 110, 1874, p. 337 ; Tacz.
Bidl. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 46 (1877) ; Madar. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. i.
p. 39 (1884). _
Chaulelasmus cinereus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 373 (1855) ; id. Nau-
mannia, 1855, p. 297.
Chaulelasmus americanus, Grny (ubi ?),Jide Brehm, Vogelf. p. 374
(1855) ; id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 297.
Chaulelasmus streperus, 6. americanus, Bj). Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 050
(1856).
Anas strepera americana, Wied, J.f. O. 1859, p. 169.
Anas (Chauliodes) strepera, Badde, Beis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 370 (1863).
Anas streperus, Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 30 (1885).
Cliauliodous streperus, OljJhe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Fur. Oca. iv.
p. 50 (1888).
Adult male. Upper part of the head reddish brown, indistinctly
speckled with darker brown ; sides of the head and upper neck
whitish, the latter with a rusty tinge, both thickly speckled with
brown ; an indistinct brown band behind the eyes ; mantle and
scapulars grey, thickly waved with blackish ; lower back uniform
brown, changing into velvety black on the rump, upper and under
tail-coverts ; lower neck in front and on the sides and upper breast
with blackish and white crescent-like bars on each feather, producing
a scale-like appearance ; lower breast and upper part of the abdomen
white ; sides and flanks thickly waved with blackish and greyish
bands, which extend on the sides of the vent ; smaller wing-coverts
brownish grey, the median ones chestnut, the greater velvety black ;
wing-speculum velvety black outwardly, inwardly white ; primaries
brownish grey ; primarj'-coverts and tertiaries grey ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white ; tail-feathers greyish, with the tips
whitish: "bill lead-colour; irides hazel; legs, toes, and their
membranes dull orange " (Yarrell). Total length about 21 inches,
wing 11, tail 4, culmen 1"9, tarsus 1'5.
Female. General colour dark brown, each feather with a buff
margin, except the scapulars, the feathers of the rump, which are
brownish black, and the wings, which resemble those of the adult
male, except that the reddish chestnut is confined to a few of the
median wing-coverts. The general colour of the underparts is
white, suffused with rufescent on the breast and flanks, which,
together with the under tail-coverts, are spotted with dark brown.
Youny in first plumage. Closely resembles the adult female, but
there is no chestnut or black on the wings, the white on the
secondaries is dull, and the whole of the feathers of the underparts
have obscure, ill-defined, brown centres.
Males not quite in full clress have a very distinct reddish tinge on
the throat and lower part of the neck.
29. CnAULELASMTJS.
Young in down resemble those o£ the Mallard, " but there is a
more pronounced golden tinge on the throat and cheeks, the streak
through the eye is more defined, and there is a small dark spot at
the junction of the mandibles, which the Mallard has not"
{YarreV).
HaJ). Northern Hemisphere, breeding in subarctic regions of both
continents, extending south during winter as far as Abyssinia and
8hoa, but not as far as the Cape (?), Palestine, India, Arakan,
China, and Japan ; in America as far south as Mexico and Jamaica.
«, h, c. cJ 2 ad. St. Great Britain.
ih.
P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 (China) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 155 (Malta) ;
Nordm. J.f. O. 1864, p. 377 (Finland, Lapland) ; Blyth, B. of
Burma, p. 166 (Arakan, Hainan) (1865) ; Schleg. Mies. P.-B.,
Anseres,p.44 (1866) ; Przew. Voy. n. 199 (1867) ; Djjb. Sf Parr. J.f. O.
1868, p. 338 (Dauria) ; Miill. ^- Droste, J. f. 0. 1869, p. 346 (Faroe
Is.) ; Elwes Sj- Btickl. Ibis, 1870, p. 339 (Turkev) ; David, N. Arch,
du Mus., Bull. vii. Cat. n. 449 (1871) ; Gieb. Thes. Or?!, i. p. 359
(1872) ; Hevgl. Ibis, 1872, p. 64 (Waigats Is.) ; Tayl. ibid. p. 238
(Crimea) ; Fischer, J.f. 0. 1872, p. 390 (St. Petersburg) ; Severtz.
Turk. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. TVien, 1879,
p. 263 ; Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 639 (1885) ; Scully, J. A. S. B.
Ivi. p. 88 (1887) ; Bryant, For. ^- Str. xxvi. no. 22, p. 426 (Cali-
fornia) (1887) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 425 (1889) ; Rchnw.
J.f O. 1890, p. 82 : Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 247 (1890) ; Hartert,
Eat. Vogelsamml. p. 230 (1891).
? Anas me'lainira, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 516, n. 74 (1788) {e.v Scopoli) ;
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p, 861, n. 72 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 153
(1791) ; Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 453 (1803) ; Vieill. N. D. v.
p. 155 (1816) ; Dmn. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 369 (1817).
Anas penelope /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 861 (1790).
Canard Kogolka, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 142 (1790).
Mareca fistularis, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 131, pi. 50 (1824) ;
Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 168, Cat. n. 219 (Dukhun) ; Eyt. Mon.
Anat. p. 118 (1838) ; Jerd. Madr. Journ. xii. p. 219. n. 380 (1840) ;
Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 70 (1869).
? Mareca melanura, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 134 (1824).
Penelops penelops, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 31 (1829).
Anas kagolca, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 ; id. Handb. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 872 (1831).
Mareca penelope, Selby, Br. Orn. ii. p. 324 (1833) ; Jen. Man. p. 236
(1835; ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 102 (Smyrna) ; Gould, B. Eur.
30. 3IARECA. 229
pi. 359 (1837) ; Bp. Cotnp. List, p. 56 (1838) ; Strickl. P. Z. 8.
1842, p. 168 (China) ; Macr/ill. Man. ii. p. 174 (1842) ; Hartl.
Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 118 (1844) ; G. Ii. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p. 133 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 614, n. 1 (1845); Rilpp. Syst.
Uebers. p. 138 (Egypt, Aby.ssinia) (1845); Bchnb. Sipi. Ar.,
Natatores, t. 92. ff. 168, 1G9 (1845) ; G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll.
B. M. p. 145 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 305, n. 1778
(1849) ; Harcourt, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Madeira) ;■ Bchnb. Av.
Syst. Nat. p. ix (1852) ; Harcourt, Ann. ^- Maq. N. H. xii. p. 63
(Madeira) (1853); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854); Hartl.
J.f. O. 1854, p. 100 (Ceylou!)*; i?;j. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650,
n. 117 (1856) ; Cassin, Narr. Bxp. Am. Squadr. etc. ii. p. 231
(Hakodadi) (1856) ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 784 (1858) ; id. Cat. N.
Am. B. n. 586 (1859) ; Sah: Ibis, 1859, p. 364 ; Homey. J. f. O.
1859, p. 372 ; Finscli, ibid. p. 386 (Bulgaria) ; Royet, Rer. et 'Maq.
do Zool. 1859, p. 145, pi. 6 (var.) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 81 :
Poim/s, ibid. p. 353 (Ionian Isl.) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 345
(N. China), 1863, p. 434 (Formosa) ; G. R. Gr. List Br. B. p. 191
(1863) ; id. Cat. Ilodg.^. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 76 (1863) ; Tristr.
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 453 (Jordan) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 804 (1864\^
More, Ibis, 1865, p. 444 (Great Britain) ; Whitely, Ibis, 1867,
p. 207 (Halvodadi) ; Swinh. ibid. p. 399 ; Lawr. Ann. Lxjc. N. Y
viii. p. 297 (1867) ; Beyl. Sf Gerbe, Orn. Bur. ii. p. 512 (1867) :
Tristr. Ibis, 18G8, p. 328 (Palestine) ; Cones, Pr. Ess. List. v.
p. 299 (New England) (1868) ; Tacz. J. f. O. 1870, p. 55 (Con-
stantiua) ; Sivinh. Ibis, 1870, p. 366 ; id. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 418 ;
Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 397 (Spain) ; Goebel, J. f. O. 1871. pp. 21,
22, 23, 24, 148 ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 81, n. 10628 (1871) ;
Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 13 (1871) ; Sundev. Mefh. nat. Av.
disp. Tent. p. 147 (1872) ; Shell. B. of Eqqpt, p. 288 (1872) ;
Cones, Key, p. 268 (1872) ; id. Check-list, n. 492 (1873) : Dall,Avtf.
Aleut. Isi. Unal. eastw. p. 5 (1873) ; Hume, Str. Feath. i. p. 271
(Sindh) (1873) ; Alst. .y H. Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 71 (Archangel) :
Brooke, ibid. p. 343 (Sardinia) ; L)i/b. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 110; Heuyl.
Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1309 (1873); Coues, B. N.-West, p. 564
(1874) ; Tacz. J. f O. 1874, p. 337 ; Swinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 457
(Ilalvodadi); Coues in Lllioit's Affairs Alaska, p. 191 (1875):
Hiniinq, Fauna Prqlnl. Isl. p. 29 (1875) ; Butl. Str. Feath. iv. p,30
<1S7('))"; Hume, ibid.: B. IMiarton, Ibis, 1876, p. 28 (Corsica):
Dress. Ibis, 187G, p. 420; id. B. of. Eur. vi. p. 541, pis. 432, 433
(pt. 48, 1876) ; Blanf East. Pers' ii. p. 301 (1876) ; Sharpe, Ibis.
1877, p. 24 (Borneo) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 46 (1877) ;
id. Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir. p. 70 (1877) ; David Sj- Oust. Ois. Chine,
p. 499 (1877) ; Prjev. in Roicl. Orn. Misc. iii. p. 101 (Mongolia)
(1878) ; Blakist. .V Prqer, Ibis, 1878, p. 213 (Japan) ; Lawr. Bull.
Nutt. Orn. Club, iii. p. 98 (1878) ; Berier, op. cit. iv. p. 190 (N.
Carolina) (1879) ; Hume, Str. Feath. vii. p. 494 (Calcutta) (1879) ;
id. op. cit. viii. ]). 115, n. 963(1870) ; Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
V. p. 126 (N. Carolina, Virginia) (1880) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 574; Finsch, Ibis, 1880, pp. 332, 333 (Taluit, Marshall I.);
Hume Si- Marsh. Game-Birds of Ind. iii. p. 197, pi. 26 (1880);
Ridf/w. Xo7n. iV. Am. B. n. (iOG (1881) ; Cecil Smith. Zool. 1881,
p. 448 ; Hume, Str. Feath. x. p. 245 note (Pegu) (1882) ; C. Stcinh.
Ibis, 1882, p. 124 (Kandahar) ; Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 113,
Not mentioued in Legge's ' Birds of Cevlou.'
230
n. 712 (1882) ; Blakist. 8f P)-yer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 97 (1882) ;
JSlliotf, Moil. Seal-Isl. p. 130 (Prybilov Isl.) (1882) ; Salv. Cat. B.
Strickl. Coll. p. 532 (1882) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Ft: viii. p. 344
(Kamtschatka) (1883) ; B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 123 (1883) ; Sclat.
List Tert. An. Sth ed. p. 436 (1883) ; Nels. Cruise 'Corzvin,' p. 96
(1883) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burin, ii. p. 278 (1883) ; Blakist. Chrysanth.
1883, p. 27 ; id. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 9 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun.Sf
Flor. of Palest, p. 116 (1884) ; Radde, Ornis Caucus, p. 456 (1884) ;
B., B., ^ R. Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 517 (1884); Coues, Key N.
Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 694 (1884) ; Madar. Zeitsckr. d. ges. Orn. i.
p. 34 (1884) ; Finsch, Mitth. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 127 ;
Saund. YarrelVs Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 397 (1884-85) ; Chapm. Ibis,
1885, p. 169 (Lapland) ; Reid, ibid. p. 256 (Marocco) ; Stejn. Bull.
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 157 (Bering I.) (1885) ; Salvad. El. Ucc.
Ital. p. 259 (1886) : Tdit, Ibis, 1887, p. 377 (Portugal) ; SteJn. Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus. X. p. 136 (Commander I.) (1887) ; Ridgw. Man. N.
Am. B. p. 96 (1887) ; Nels. Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 67 (1887) ;
Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 640 (Corea) ; Gum. Ibis, 1888, pp. 228,230;
Koenig, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 296 (Tunis) ; Salvad. <$■ Giql. Mem. R. Ac.
Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 13 L (Japan) (1888) ; Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 346
(Cyprus) ; Tristr. Cat.Coll. B. p. 50 (1889) ; Everett, Journ. Str.Br.
R. As. Soc. 1889, p. 192 (Borneo) : Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v.
p. 92 (1889) ; id. Ibis, 1890, pp. 148, 285 (Borneo) ; Russell, Zoolog.
(3) xiv. pp. 02-69 (Essex) (1890) ; Lilf. Col.Fig.Br. B. pt. xv. pi. —
(1890) ; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 72 (incubation) ; Sharije, ibid. p. 116
(Fao) ; Styan, ibid. pp. 328, 496 ; Wiglesiv. Aves Polyn. p. 71
(Marshall Is.) (1891) ; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii.
p. 302 (1891) ; Dub. Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 441, pi. 225
(1892) : Be la ToucJte, Ibis, 1892, p. 492 ; Meade- Waldo, Ibis,
1893, p. 199 (Canaries).
Anas? vitticeps, Hodgs. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86, n. 677 ($)
(1844).
Fuligula ? chesnea, Hodgs. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86, n. 458 ( cJ )
(1844).
Mareca kagolka, Brehm, Naiimannia, 1855, p. 297 ; id. Vogelf. p. 373
(1855).
Mareca fistulans, Brehm, Nauniannia, 1855, p. 297 ; id. Vogelf. p. 373
(1855).
Anas (Mareca) penelope, Schrenck, Vog. d. Amur-Land, p. 471 (1860) ;
Radde, Reise S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 363 (1863) ; Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl.
1882, p. 19 ; id. Vog. zool. Gdrt. p. 53 (1882).
Marica fistularis, Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orn. Eur. Occ. fasc. iv.
p. 9 (1888).
Hybrids.
Anas boschas ? X Mareca penelope?, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 101.
Mareca penelope cJ x( Anas boschas feraxA. boscbas domestica) J,
A. Neiot. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 392.
Querquedula bimaculata, G. R. Gr. Cat. Brit. B. p. 194, specim. c
(1863).
Mareca penelope ? x QuerquediUa crecca, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 727 ;
id. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 430 (1883); Arrig. degli Oddi, Atti
Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. xxxiii. p. 17 (1890).
Wigeon d X Pintail 5 , Yarrelts Hist. Br. B. {Saund. ed.) iv. pp. 303
401 (1884-85).
30. IIARECA. 231
Anas penelope X A. acuta, Cromm. N. T. B. ii. p. 296 (1865) ; Leverk.
j;/. 0. 1890, pp. 210, 230.
Anas penelope X A. crecca, Leverk. J.f. 0. 1890, p. 230.
Adult male. Forehead and top of the head buff, rest of the head
and neck cinnamon, minutely spotted, especially round the eyes,
with bottle-green ; chin and throat more or less black ; mantle,
])ack, and scapulars grey, crossed with irregular zigzag lines of
black : central tail-feathers paler, almost whitish ; lateral tail-
feathers like the under taU-coverts, black ; lower fore neck and
sides of the breast yinaceous ; middle of the breast and abdomen
white ; sides, flanks, and under wing-coverts grey, with zigzag lines
like the back ; wing-coverts white, the largest tipped with black ;
primaries uniform dark brown ; outer webs of the secondaries green,
forming a speculum, edged with black ; black outer webs of the
secondaries broadly edged with white ; tail-feathers elongated,
pointed, and nearly black : irides dark brown ; biU bluish lead-
colour, tipped with black ; legs, toes, and their membranes dark
brown. Total length 18 inches, wing lO'o, tail 4-6, culmen 1'55,
tarsus 1*55.
Female. Head and neck pale reddish brown, speckled with
blackish ; upper parts brown, each feather with pale whitish edges,
the edges of the scapulars reddish brown ; breast and sides reddish
brown ; under surface white ; under tail-coverts white, with
irregular brown bars or spots ; primaries dark brown, secondaries
dull black, slightly tipped with white ; wing-coverts like the back,
but the larger ones tipped with white ; tail dull greyish brown :
irides brown ; bill bluish black.
Young male. Resembles more or less the female.
Nestling " may be distinguished by the warm rufous tint of the
cheeks and throat and the absence of any loral streak ; the upper
parts are, moreover, of an almost uniform brown, with hardly any
signs of bars on the pinions " (Tarrell).
Hall. PalffiarcticPicgion, breeding in thecolder regions from Iceland
to Kamtschatka, wintering in the more southern latitudes, in Africa
as far as Madeira and Abyssinia, in Persia, in Xorthern India,
Burma, China, Japan, Borneo, and even as a straggler in the
Marshall Islands ; also occasionally in Eastern North America, fre-
quently in Alaska ; it straggles even to California.
a. (S imm. sk. No locality. Zool. Soc.
b, c. cJ ad. et imm. Great Britain. Purchased,
sk.
d. c? ad. sk. Orkneys. H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
«,/• d2ad.sk. Sutherland, June. Col. Irbv & Capt.
Reid [P.].
ff. Imm. sk. St. Andrew's, Fifeshire (Ii. Tweeddale Coll.
G. W. R.).
h. 2 juv. sk. R. Can-on, Stirlingshire, Jan. Tweeddale Coll.
{J. A. Harvie- Brown).
i. S ad. St. Llandilo, Wales. H. Peel, Esq. [P.].
232
k,l. iS 2 ad. sk.
7n. $ imm. sk.
n. 5 ad. st.
o. (S imm. sk.
p. Juv. sk.
r. (S ad. sk.
■s, t, u. (S 2 ad. sk.
et c? imm. sk.
V, w. S ad. sk.
s, y, z. S ad. et
imm. sk.
a', c? imm. sk.
b'. cJ ad. sk.
c', (?', e'. (5 $ ad.
et c? juv. sk.
y. Juv. sk.
(/', h'. (5 ad. sk.
i'. c? jiiv. sk.
k', I'. cS ad. sk.
in', n'. (S $ ad. sk.
«'. 5 ad. sk.
p', q'. cT ? imm.
sk.
r', s'. (S ad. et 2
imm. sk.
t'. 2 juv. sk.
u', (5 ad. sk.
v'. (S ad. sk.
w', x' ^ 5 imm.
sk.
y'. 2 ad. sk.
z'-a". 2 ad. et (5"
juv. sk.
b"-e". cj 2 ad. sk.
/', g". c? ad. sk.
h", i". (f ad. sk.
k", I", (S 2 imm.
sk.
m". S imm. sk.
n"-q". c? ad. et
(5' imm. sk.
r"-io" . S 2 ad. et
imm. sl{.
.v",y",z". ouin Is., Oct,
(P. A. Hoist).
Bintulu, Borneo.
Newfoundland.
Nepal.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.]. (Type of
Anas vitticeps, Hodgs.)
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
J. K. Reeves, Esq.
[P.].
F. Webh, Esq. [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
F. W. Styan, Esq.
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
F. W. Styan, Esq.
[P.].
). Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
F. Punger, Esq. [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Purchased.
H. Reeks, Esq. [P.].
Zool. Soc.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
m^. Ad. St.
Uyrkid.
Marcca jwneJope x Anas hoscas ?
Great Britain. Hon. Grantley
Berkeley [P.].
2. Mareca americana.
Canard Jensen de la Louisiane, D'Aubvnt. PI. Enl. 955 ; Buff.
Hist. Nat. Ow. ix. p. 174 (1783).
American Wigeon, Pt'un. Arcf. Zool. ii. p. 567, n.502 (1785); Lath.
Si/n. iii. :.', p. 520, n. 05 (1785).
Anas americana, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 526, n. 97 (1788) ; Lath. Ind.
Oni. ii. p. 861, n. 74 (1790) ; Wils.Am. Orn. viii. p. 86, pi. 69.
f. 1 (1814) ; Vieill. X. D. v. p. 121 (1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi.
p. .385 (1817) : Bp. 0/>s. Xoiwncl. Wib. n. 529 (1825) ; id. Si/n. p. 384
• (1828); Less. Tr. d'Oni. p. 634 (Jamaica, Porto Rico) (1831):
(1844); Schle;/. Rev. Crit. p. cxiv (1844); BeKai/, N. Y. Zool. ii.
p. 345 (1844) ; Schlcr/. Miis. P.-B., Anseres, p. 45 "(1866) ; Sundev.
lEfu. K. Vvt.-Ak. Fiirh. 1869, p. 603 (Porto Rico) ; Gieb. Thes.
234
Orn. i. p. 344 (1872) ; Fi7isck, Abh. Brem. Ver. iii. p. 66 (Alaska)
(1872) ; Ada7ns, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 431 ( Michalaski) ; Turner, Auk,
1885, p. 158 (Nearer Islands) ; Seebh. Hist. Br. B. iii. p. 543, pi. 63
(egg) (1885) ; A.O.U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 116, n. 187 (1886) ;
Turner, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 131 (1886) ; Nels. Nat. Hist.
Coll. Alaska, p. 68 (1887) ; Padgic. Man. N. Am. B. p. 96 (1887) ;
Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 230 (1891) ; Hatch, B. of Minnes.
p. 43 (1892); Chapm. Bull. Am. Mus. N. H. 1894, p. 83
(Trinidad).
Anas wigeon, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 129, pi. 33. f. 4 (1790).
Mareca americana, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2. p. 135 (1824) ; Sw. Sf Rich.
Fauna Bor.-Am. ii. p. 445 (1831) ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 56 (1838) ;
Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 116 (1838) ; Blyth, Naturalist, iii. p. 417
(England) (18.38) ; Hartl. Verz. Ges. 3fi«.p. 118 (1844) ; G. R. Gr.
List B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 134 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 614, n. 2
(1845) ; Tliomjis. Ann. S,- Mag. N. H 1845, p. 310 (Ireland) ;
Rchnb. Si/n. Av., Natatores, t. 92. ff. 1-59-161 (1845) ; Denny, P. Z. S.
1847, p. 40 ; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847) ; Macgill. Hist. Br. B.
V. p. 90 (England) (1852); Baird, Stansbunjs Rep. p. 322 (1852) ;
Woodh. Sitgr. Rep. p. 102 (1853) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 664
(1854), xliii. p. 650, n. 118 (1856) ; Cab. ^ Gundl. J.f. O. 1857,
p. 227 (Cuba) ; Newh. P. R. R. Rep. vi p. 102 (1857) ; Cass. U.S.
Expl. Exp., Mamm. ^- Orn. p. 342 (1858) ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 783
(1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 585 (1859) ; id. Mex. Bound. .Sun:
ii. Birds, p. 27 (1859) ; Heen>i. P. R. R. Rep. x. pt. vi. p. 68 (1859) ;
Sclat. ^- Salv. Ibis,18o9,]). 231 (Guatemala); Murr.Edinb. N.Philos.
Jouni. 1859, p. 229 (Hudson Bay) ; Coop. S)- Suckl. N. H. Wash.
Terr. p. 256 (1860) ; Newt. Ibis, 1860 , p. 308 (St. Thomas) ; Breicer,
Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308 (Cuba) (1860) ; Gundl. J.f. 0. 1861,
p. 344 ; Ross, Canad. Nat. April 1862 (Mackenzie) ; Verr. Pr. Ess.
Inst. iii. p. 158 (1862) ; Hayd. Rep. 1862, p. 176; Albr. J.f. O.
1862, p. 207 (Jamaica) ; Blak. Ibis, 1863, p. 147 (Brit. N. Am.) ;
G. R. Gr. Cat. Br. B. p. 192 (1863) ; March, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1864,
p. 71 (Jamaica) ; A. Netvt. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 256 (egg) ; Salv. Ibis,
186.5, p. 193 (Pac. coast of Guat.) ; Gundl. Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba,\.
p. 388 (1866) ; Dress. Ibis, 186(i, p. 43 (Texas) ; Cones, Pr. Ac.
Philad. 1866, p. 99 (Arizona) : Leotaud, Ois. Trinid. p. 511 (1866) ;
A. Newt. P. Z.S. 1867, p. 167 {eo:g) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. viii.
p. 297 (1867) ; Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 514 (1867) ; Coties, Pr.
Ess. Inst. V. p. 299 (1868) ; Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 426 (Vancouver
I.); Dall S,- Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 298 (Yukon) (1869);
Baird, t. c. p. 783 (1869) ; Ei/t. Si/n. Anat. p. 68 (1869) ; Stev.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. p. 466 (Wyoming) (1870); G. R. Gr.
Hand-list, iii. i^ 81, n. 10629 (1871); Allen, Bull. M. C. Z. iii.
p. 183 (Utah) (1872); Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 286 (1872);
Hartinq, Handb. Br. Birds, p. 159 (Great Britain) (1872) ; Coues,
Check-list, n. 493 (1873) ; S7iow, B. Kans. p. 11 (1873) ; Sclat. Sf
Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 130(1873); Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc.
N. H. ii. p. 315 (Mexico) (1874) ; Coues, Birds N.-West, p. 564
(1874) ; Gundl. J. f. O. 1874, p. 314 (Borto Rico), 1875, p. 378
(Cuba) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 394 ; Gundl. Anal. Soc. Esp.
Hist. Nat. vii. p. 402 (Porto Rico) (1878) ; id. J.f. 0. 1878, p. 190 ;
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 514 ; A. ^- E. Newt. Handb. Jam. p. 113
(1881) ; Bean, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1882, p. 166 ; Salv. Cat. B.
Strickl. Coll. p. 5.33 (1882) ; Ridgw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 607
(1882) ; Coues, Check-list, 2ud ed. p. 113, n. 713 (1882) ; B. 0. U.
List Br. B. p. 124 (1883) ; Nelson, Cruise 'Corwi?i; p. 96 (1883) ;
30. MAEECA. 235
B., B., Sf H. Water-Birds N. Am. i. p. 520 (1884) ; Cozies, Key
N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 094 (1884) ; Yarrell, Hist. Br. B. {Sound,
ed.) iv. p. 403 (1884-85) ; Nchrl. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 146 (Illinois) ;
Matsch. Hf Ziemer, ibid. p. 191 ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29,
p. 158 (Berino- Isl.) (1885) ; Cory, 'List Birds W. Ind. p. 31 (1885) ;
Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 158 (Bering 1.) (1885) ; id.
Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 136 (Bering I.) (1887) ; Cory, Aul;, 1888,
p. 63 (W. Indies) ; id. B. W. Ind. p. 264 (1889) ; Trisfr. Cat. Coll.
B. p. 50 (1889^ ; Saunders, Jlan. Brit. B. p. 427 (1889) ; Sharpe,
Cat. Osteol. Specim. R. Coll. Surf/, iii. p. 303 (1891).
Anas (Boschas) americana, Nidt. JVhm. ii. p. 389 (1834).
Marica americana, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 366 (1837).
Cliaulelasmusamericanus,Z/c"/;^.^'o?«e?ic/. Av. p. 102(Mexico)(1854).
Mareca peuelope, j3. americana, Bias. List B. Eur. p. 21 (1862).
Anas (Mareca) americana, Rchmo. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 20.
Adult male. Forehead and top of the head whitish, almost
immaculate ; sides of the head and neck dull whitish, speckled with
black ; behind the eyes a dark patch, thickly speckled with metallic
green ; mantle, scapulars, back, and median upper tail-coverts grej-,
more or less tinted with reddish, finely undulated with black ; rump
almost black ; outer and longer upper tail-feathers black ; upper
breast and sides reddish vinaceous, the latter undulated with black ;
lower breast and abdomen white ; under tail-coverts velvety black ;
upper wing-coverts white, but those near the bend of the wing dark
grey ; primaries and primary-coverts dusky, the former with the
inner web paler ; secondaries black, some of the inner ones glossed
with green, forming a black and green speculum ; the longest upper
wing-coverts are broadly tipped with black ; outer tertial whitish
grey on the outer web, the inner ones very long, acuminate, dusky
grey on the inner web, velvety black, edged with white on the outer
web ; under wing-coverts grey : axillaries white ; tail dusky black :
" bill light greyish blue, the end black ; iris brown ; legs and feet
light bluish " (liidgwai/). Total length 18-21 inches, wing 10*25-
10-75, tail 4-5, culmeii 1-30-1-50, tarsus 1-50.
Adult female. Very similar to the female of M. penehpe, but the
head and neck much whiter, the light part of the feathers being
whitish instead of reddish brown.
Toiinrj male. Similar to the adult female, but the colours more
pronounced and the pattern better defined, especially on the wings
{Ridgway).
Younr/ ill down. " Above dark olive with a sepia tinge ; a spot of
pale greenish fulvous on the posterior half of the wing, one on each
side of the back, and one on each side of the rump ; lower parts,
including head and neck, pale fulvous ; a distinct blackish-olive
stripe from the bill to and back from the eye, with a wide and
conspicuous superciliary stripe of fulvous above it " {Ridgu-ay).
Hah. Xorth America, from the Arctic Ocean to Guatemala, and
occasionally the West Indies.
c? ad. St.
No locality.
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
$ ad. St.
N. America.
Audubon Coll.
cJ ad. sk.
N. America.
H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.].
236
d. (f juv. sk.
e. J ad. St.
f. cj. h. S ad. et S
juv. sk.
i. 2 3-d- sk.
k, I. c? ad. et juv.
sk.
on, n, 0. c? ad. et cJ
juv. sk.
P, q. c? ad. et $
juv. sk.
r. c? ad. sk.
s. cJ ad. sk.
t. 2 inim. sk.
u. c? ad. sk.
V. (S ad. sk.
u-a'. (5 ad. et cJ
juv. sk.
A', c'. c? 2 ad. sk.
<^'. (S ad. sk.
e')/'j 5''- d ad. et
c? $ juv. sk.
A', i', k'. (^ ad. et
S juv. sk.
r. 2 ad. sk.
m'. c? juv. sk.
>!'. d" juv. sk.
o'. Skeleton.
X.W. America.
3Iissouri Brakes,
April.
49tli Parallel.
British Columbia
Lord).
Vancouver Is,
Montana,
(J. E.
W. side of Eocky Mts.
Arctic Land Exp.
Canada.
Tirg:inia, March (R. Dean).
Xorfolk, Virginia, Feb. ( W.
Hrewster).
Chicago, Illinois (Nelson if-
Jencka).
Florida.
Corpus Christi, Texas, Nov.,
Dec, Jan. (J*. B. Ann-
struny).
Ventura, California, Nov.
Ilermosillo, State of Sonora,
Mexico, Dec. {F. Ferrari-
Perez).
Presidio, Mexico, Feb.,
March {A. Forrer).
Dueuas, Guatemala, Feb. (0.
.S.).
Dueuas, Guatemala (0. S.).
Dueuas, Guatemala (0. S.).
Chiapan, Guatemala (0. S.).
3. Mareca sibilatrix.
Purchased.
E. S. Cameron, Esq.
[P.].
X.America Boundary
Comm. [P.].
X.America Boundary
Comm. [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Sir G. Back [P.].
Government of
Canada [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
"W. B. Dismore, Esq.
[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
H. .T. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
Pato pico pequeno, Azara, Apiad. iii. p. 432, n. 432 (1805) (Buenos
AjTes).
Canard a petit bee, Sonmni, Voyage d' Azara, iv. p. 338 CI 809).
Anas viduata, part., Vieill. N. D. v. p. 164 (1816).
Anas sibilatrix, Toeppuj, Fror. Xof. xxxi. no. 529, p. 10 (Chili) (1829) ;
id. Hull. -Sc. Xat. xix. p. 103 (1829) ; Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois.
ix. p. 536 (1837) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 722 (1838).
Anas chiloensis, King, P. Z. S. 1830-31, p. 15 (Chiloe) ; Less.
Compl. de Buff., Ois. ix. p. .535 (1837) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 721
(1838) ; Burm. La Plata Peise, ii. p. 617 (Mendoza) (1861) ;
Sclileg. Mus. P.-B., Auseres, p. 46 (1866) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i.
p. 347 (1872) ; Harterf, Eat. Vogelsamml. p. 230 (1891).
Mareca chiloensis, Ei/t. Mon. Anat. p. 117, pi. 21 (1838) (Chiloe,
and Cayenne !) : Eraser, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 (Chili) ; G. P. Gr.
List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 134 (Falkland Isl.) (1844) ; id. Gen. B.
iii. p. 614, n. 3 (1845) ; Pchnb. Srjn. Av., Xatatores,t. 92. ff. 162-63
30. MARECA. 237
(1845) ; Hartl. Ind. Az. Apunt. p. 27, n. 432 (1847) ; Des Murs
in Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 447 (]848); Hartl. Naumannia, 1853,
p. 222 ; Bibra, Denkschr. Ak. JVien, v. p. 131 (1853) (Chili) : id.
J.f. 0. 1855, p. 57 ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 120 (1856) :
Cass. U.S. Astr. Exp. u. p. 201 (1856) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859,
p. 96 (Falklands) ; Sclat. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 389 (Falklands) ; Abbott,
iZfis, 1861, p. 160 (Falklands) ; Peh. Reise Kovara, Vog. \). 138
(1805) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili) ; P/iil. 4- Landb. Cat.
Av. CM. p. 41 (1868) : Sclat. Si Salt. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 635 (Rep.
Arg.) ; iid. Ibis, 1869, p. 284 (Grea-orv Bav) ; Eyt. Si/n. A?iat. p. 69
(1869); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 667' (Zool. C4ard.), 1871, p. 700
(Zool. Gard.); G. P. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 81, 11. 10630 (1871) :
Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 368 (Argentina) : Sclat. Sf- Salv. Xomencl.
Av. Neotrop. p. 130 (1873) ; Hvds. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 108; Bumf.
Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (Buenos Ayres) ; Milne-Edw. Rech. Faun. Req.
Austr. ch. ix. p. 45 (1882) ; White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 42 (La Plata) :
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 437 (1883) ; Bodinus,J.f. 0. 1885,
p. 21 (Zool. Gart.) ; Withinyt. Ibis, 1888, p. 471 (Lomas de
Zamora) ; Burm. An. Mas. Nac. Buen. Air. iii. pp. 247, 320 (1888).
Anas parvirostris, Men: in Ersch n. Grid). Enc. sect. i. vol. xxxt.
p. 43 (1841).
Sarkidiornis sibilatrix, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 605, n. 3 (1845).
Chaulelasmus chiloeusis, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 101 (1854).
Anas (Mareca) chiloensis, Burm. J.f. O. 1860, p. 267 (Mendoza).
Mareca sibilatrix, Sclat. ^- Salr. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 395 : Durnf. Ibis.
1877, p. 41 (Chuput), p. 192 (Buenos Ayres), 1878, p. 401 (Central
Patagonia) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 430 (Elizabeth I.) ;
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 514 ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Voi/. Chall, Birds.
p. 107 (1881) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 13 (Coqiiimbo) ; Barrows,
Auk, 1884, p. 274 (Bahia Blanca) ; B., B., S> R. Water-Birds N.
^Hi.i. p. 517 (1884); Berl. J. f. O. 1887, p. 133 (Parasuay.?) :
Sclat. Arc/ent. Orn. ii. p. 135 (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50
(1889) ; bust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn,yi. Ois. p. 210(1891) ; Holland,
Ibis, 1892, p. 208 (Argentina) ; Berkeley James, New List Chil. B.
p. 9, n. 159 (1892).
Anas (^lareca) sibilatrix, Rchmv. Orn. Ccntralhl. 1882, p. 20 ; id.
Voy. zool. Giirt. p. 53 (1882;.
Hybrids.
Mareca chiloensis xDafila spinicauda, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 1002:
id. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 437, spec. ^^ (1883).
Anjis chiloensis X A. spinicauda, Leverk. J.f. O. 1890, p. 229.
Adult male. Forehead and fore checks white, remainder of the
head and neck black ; behind the eyes a glossy green band meeting
on the nape ; lower neck with black and white bars ; back and
scapulars black, broadly edged with white ; lower back and rump
black ; upper tail-coverts, breast, and abdomen white ; sides, flanks,
and under tail-coverts rusty red ; wing-coverts white, except those
near the bend of the wing, which are dusky grey : primaries dusky
black ; tips of the greater wing-coverts and secondaries velvety
black, forming a speculum; tertials long and acuminate, black, more
or less broadly edged with white, especially on the outer web ;
under wing-coverts grevish, finely powdered with brown ; tail dusky
black : " bill and feet black ; irides chestnut-brown " (Mas. Tav.r.),
238 A>'ATID^.
Total length 20 inches, wing 10'6, tail 4-2, cnlmen 1-45,
tarsus l"o5.
Female. Similar, but not so bright in colour.
Young in down. Upper parts brown, with two white spots at the
base of the wings and two on the sides of the rump ; lower parts
white ; sides of the head bright rufous.
Hah. Southern part of S. America, Chili, Paraguay, Argentine,
Patagonia, Falkland Islands.
a. Ad. sk. Chili. Eyton Coll.
h. S ad. sk. Chili {E. C. Seed). Purchased,
e. c? ad. sk. Prov. of Santiago, Chili Salvin-Godmau Coll.
(Ley bold) .
d. c? f»d. sk. Santiago. H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
e. (S ad. sk. Rio Palmaiquen, March. II. Berkeley Jame.s,
Esq. [P.].-
/. c? ad. sk. Lake Llauque, Nov. H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
a, h. Ad. et imm. Central Chili. 11. Berkeley James,
sk. Esq. [P.].
i. Ad. St. I. of Chiloe. The Admiralty [P.!
h. S ad. sk. Straits of Magellan. Voyage of H.M.S.
' Challenger ' [P.].
I. 2 juv. sk. Coquimbo, June. Dr. Coppinger [C.].
7n. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. {Leconte). Salvin-Godman Coll.
n. Juv. sk. Falkland Is. Tweeddale Coll.
o. 2 imm. sk. Falldaud Is., Nov. Antarctic Exp. [P.].
p. 2 imm. sk. Buenos Ayres, Jime {F. Sclater CoU.
Withim/ton).
q. Ad. sk. Monte Video (Johnston). Salvin-Godman Coll,
r. Pull. sk. Bred in confinement. H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
s. Pull. St. Bred in confinement. A. D. Bartlett, Esq.
[P.].
31. NETTION. ,^
Type.
Nettion, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 95 (1829) N. crecca.
Querquedula, Eyton (nee Steph.), Mon. Anat. p. 37
(1838) N. crecca.
Virago, Neict. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 051 N. castaneum.
Range. Cosmopolitan.
Key to the Species.
a. Upper wing-coverts dark grey or slate-gTey.
a' . Head entirely or partly metallic green.
a". Head partly metallic gi'een.
a'". Top of the head black, cheeks whitish
butf,with a black band descending from
the eyes to the hind part of the throat:
female with a whitish round spot on
the anterior part of the cheeks, near
the base of the bill formosum, p. 240.
31. NETTION. 239
b'". Top of the head chestnut, like the
cheeks ; a broad metaUic-green band
from the eyes to the occiput.
b\ IS'o white crescentic band on each
side of the breast, in front of the
shoulder ; the lower scapulars
yellowish white, broadly edged on
the outer web with velvety black. . cvecca S , p. 243.
c'. A broad crescentic white band on
each side of the breast, in front
of the shoulder ; scapulars with no
white carolinense (S , p. 250.
h" . Head and upper part of the neck dark
metallic green , castaneum cJ , p. 252.
b' . Head with no metallic-gi'een colour.
e". A white band anteriorly to the speculum,
formed by the tips of the last row of
upper wing-coverts ; this white band
broader anteriorly and gradually dimin-
ishing in breadth posteriorly,
e'". Anterior secondaries entirely white :
female similai- to the male capense, p. 259.
d'". Anterior secondaries not entirely
white.
d*. Specidum velvety black, with a longi-
tudinal metallic gTeen band on the
7th, 8th, and 9th secondaries, leav-
ing a black portion also above.
d''. Cheeks dull gre3'ish, finely streaked
with black; no ring of white
feathers round the eyes ; usually
no white edge on the outer web , f q o-o
of the first secondary -j f,f, !-f. , ^t~?~"
e\ Cheeks brown, with indistinct ' "^ '-^ ''' *' P' ~'^ '
darker streaks ; a ring of white
feathers round the eyes ; the fir.st
secondary broadly white on the
outer web albiytdarv, p. 257.
e'. Speculum entirely velvety black, A\'itli
a green lustre in some lights, but
with no metaUic-gi-eeu band bernieri, p. 258.
d" . A narrow cinnamon band at the tip of
the last row of the upper wing-coverts ;
head and upper part of neck greyish
brown, thickly biu-red with narrow
black bands : sexes similar.
<'"'. Speculum velvety black, with a
metallic-green longitudinal band on
the upper part,
y. Bill yellow, with the culmen black.
p. Smaller, wing 8 to 8'25 inches ;
abdomen like the breast whitish,
each feather with a subterminal
black spot ; scapulars with large
black spots and narrow rufescent
edges Jlavirostre, p. 261.
240 ANATID^.
ff". Larger, -wing 8 70 inches ; ab-
domen iinspotted, and like the
under tail-coverts pale greyish
white ; scapulars with small black
spots and broad rufescent edges. . oxyptertim, p. 262.
g"^. Bill wholly dark, without any yellow, andkon, p. 263.
f". Speculum black, with no metallic-
green band (jeorgiciim, p. 264.
b. Upper wing- coverts not dark grey.
c . Upper wing-coverts brassy green : size small,
wing 6"20 inches pttnctcitum , p. 26-j.
d' . Upper wing-coverts velvety black.
e". Axillaries white; a white patch or broad
band at the tip of the secondaries .... hrasiliense, p. 266.
f. Axillaries black ; a white patch above
the tip of the anterior gi-eater wing-
coverts torquatum, p. 268.
1. Nettion formosum.
Anas formosa, Georgi, Reise Huss. Beich. p. 168 (177o) ; Gm. S. N.
1. 2, p. 523, n. 92 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Oni. ii. p. 876, n. 108 (1790) ;
VieUl. N. D. Y. p. 168 (1810) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 393
(1817) ; Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844) ; Sc/deg. Rev. Crit.
p. 109 (1844) ; Tennn. 4- Sclileg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 127, tab. 82 B
( d ), 82 C ( $ ) (1850) ; Schleg. Mm. P.-B., Anseres, p. 54 (1866)
(svn. emend.); Gieb.Th^s. Oni. i. p. 351 (1872) (svn. emend.); Seebk.
Ibis, 1888, p. 351 (Great Liakoff I.) ; Tacz. F. Z. S. 1888, p. 460
(Corea) ; Seebh. B. Jap. Emp. p. 244 (1890) ; id. Ibis, 1892, p. 96
(Tsusima) ; Campb. ibid. p. 245 (Corea).
Anas glocitans, Fall. Act. Stockh. xl. pp. 26, 33, t. 1 (1779) ; Gm.
S. N. i. 2, p. 526, n. 96 (1788) (svn. emend) ; Lat/i. Ltd. Orn. ii.
p. 862, n. 75 (1790) (svn. emend!) ; Bo7ui. Enc. Meth. i. p. 128,
pi. 36. f. 4 (1790) ; Fail. Zoogv. Rosso-As. ii. p. 261 (1811) ; Dum.
Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 375 (1817) ; Less. Compl. Buff., Ois. ix.
p. 536 (1837); id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 722 (pai-t.) (1838); 3Iidd.
Sibir. Reis. ii. p. 230, tab. xxiii. ii'. 1, 2 (eggs) (1853) ; Sivink.
F. Z. S. 1863, p. 324; id. Ibis, 1867, pp. 231, 394 (Amov) ;
Frzew. Voy. n. 200 (1867-69) ; Taez. J.f. 0. 1870, p. 312 (Dauria) ;
Homey, ibid. p. 431 ; A. David, N. Arcli. du Mus., Bull. vii. Cat.
n. 451 (1871).
Baikal Teal, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 557, n. 97 (1785).
Anas baikal, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 158 (1791).
Querquedula torquata, Messerschm. Orn. MS. viii. n. 196 {fide Fall.
Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 261) (1811).
Anas picta, Steller, Obs. MS. {fide Fallas, I.e.).
Querquedula formosa, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 151 (1824) ; Eyt.
Man. Anat. p. 124, pi. ii. f. 2 (trachea) (1838) ; Striekl. F. Z. S.
1842, p. 168; Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 71, n. 436 (Eur. Or.)
(1842) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. M?is. iii. p. 137 (1844) ; Bp. Rev.
Crit. Orn. Eur. p. 103 (1850) ; Gerbe, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854,
p. 12 (France) ; Selat. F. Z. S. 1867, p. 818 (Zool. Gard.) ; Degl. ^^
Gerbe, Orn. Eur.ii. p. 523 (France) (1SG7); Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 77
(1869) ; Sharpe Sf Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 521 (svn. emend.),
pi. 428 (pt. 1, 1871) ; Hume, Sir. Feath. vii. p. 494 (India) (1879),
Tui. p. 115, n. 966; p. 494 (Sidtanpore) (1879) ; Sclat. F. Z. S.
31. NETTION. 241
1880, p. 521 ; Hume ^ Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 225 (1880) :
Bolau, J.f. O. 1881, p. 64; Blak. ^- Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. 1,
p. 98 (1882) ; Salv. Cat. B. Sfrickl. Coll. p. 536 (1882) ; Fiori,
Zool. Anzeiff. 1882, p. 94; id. Atti Soc. Natur. di Mod. (3) i. p. 4
(1882) ; Gigl. Icon. Avif. Ital. sp. & tar. 354 bis (fasc. xxi.
1883) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 433 (1883) ; Sahad. El.
Ucc. Ital. p. 2G0 (1886) : Dorries, J.f. O. 1888, p. 94 (E. Siberia) ;
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889).
Qiierqueclula glocitans, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 329 ; G. B. Gr. Gen. B.
iii. p. 616, n. G (1845) : Bchnb. Syn. Av. t. 89. f. 412 ( c?) (1845),
t. 90^ fl'. 2338-40 (1850) ; Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 305.
n. 1779 (Lower Bengal) (1849) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102
(1854) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 344, 1863, p. 434 (Fomiosa); Jerd.
B. of Ind. iii. p. 808 (1864) ; Bi/f. Syn. Anat. p. 74 (part.) (1869) ;
Dyb. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 109; tacz. J.f. 0. 1874, p. 337, 1875,
p. 257 ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 45 (1877) ; Hume, Sfr.
Feath. viii. pp. 412, 494 (1879) ; Hume ^- Marsh. Game B. of Ind.
iii. pi. 29 (1880); Dyb. »*)• Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ix.p. 147
(Kamt.scliatka) (1884).
Anas perpulchra, Yarr. Report of Counc. Z. S. 1831, p. 22.
Anas (Boschas) fomiosa, Sjv. Jonrn. of the Roy. Inst, of Gr. Brit. ii.
p. 21 (1831).
Anas cucuUata, Fischer, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscoic, iii. p. 279 (Petro-
paiilski) (1831) ; id. Nouv. Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscot(, iii. p. Ill,
pi. ix. (1834) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 349 (1872) ; {cf. Stejn. Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus. X. p. 136, note, 1887).
Anas (Anas) alocitans, Brandt, Descr. et Icon. An. Ross. Nov. fasc. i.
p. 28, t. 4 (18.36).
Dafila ? cuciillata, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 3 (1845) {e.r
Fischer).
Eunetta fonnosa, Bp. Co)nj}t. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 109 (1856) ;
Stcinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 418 (China) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii..
p. 84, n. 10672 (1871) : Sidnh. Ibis, 1873, p. 368, 1875, p. 137
(Chefoo) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 147 (Japan) ; David 4'- Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 603 (1877) ; Seebh. Ibis, 1884, p. 270 (C. Chuia) ; Stejn.
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 136 (note) (1887); Sty an, Ibis, 1891,
pp. 328, 497 ; De la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 492.
Dafila acuta, a. cucuUata, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650 (1856)
(hybrid !).
Anas (Querquedida) formosa, Gerbe, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1854,
pi. 3 (France) ; Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 20 ; id. Vog. zool.
Giirt. p. 54 (1882).
Anas ( Querquedula) glocitans, Schrench, Tog. d. Amur-land, p. 474
(1860) ; Radde, Rei.s. in S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 368 (1863).
Aix fonnosa, " Brandt," Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 394.
Aix glocitans, Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 409.
Querquedula bimaculata, Fritsch (nee auct.), Vog. Eur. p. 418,
Taf. 47. f. 7 ( c? ), f. 11 ( 2 ) (1870).
Eunetta glocitans, Prjev. in Rowl. Orn. Misc. iii. p. 105 (Mongolia)
(1878).
Nettion formosa, Gigl. Avif. Ital. p. 312, n. 302 (1886).
Hybrid.
Anas formosa X A. penelope, Kemp. M6in. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 112
(1890) ; Leverk. J.f. O. 1890, p. 230.
Adult male. Crown of the head, back of the neck, entire throat,
vol. XXVII. B
242 AJTATID^.
and a band extending from the ej'e across the face to the throat,
black ; face and neck on the sides and under the throat buff,
the buff parts margined narrowly with white ; also the black
■crown from behind the ej-e is bordered on each side with a white
band which runs down the sides of the black nape, and spreads
on the sides of the neck ; from behind the eye a broad glossy
green band of a crescentic shape passes along the sides of the
head and inferiorly changes into black, between the buff colour
anteriorlj' and white baud posteriorly ; back and scapulars grey,
somewhat tinged with brown, minutely vermiculated with black ;
the inner scapulars elongated, lanceolate, on the outer web black,
edged with cinnnamon, silky buff, edged with brown on the inner
web ; lower back and rump greyish brown ; the upper tail-coverts
brown, edged with rufous ; lower neck and upper breast vinous,
-marked with small oval black spots ; on the sides of the breast, just
before the bend of the wing, a crescentic white band ; lower breast and
belly white ; flanks grey, minutely vermiculated with black ; under
tail-coverts black, but marked with bay on the sides, the longer ones
whitish buff at the tip, with slight vermiculation ; on the lower flanks,
just at the base of the tail a band of silky white, formed by the tip of
the feathers ; wings pale greyish brown ; the last row of the upper
wing-coverts tipped with cinnamon, forming a band which borders
anteriorly the wing-speculum : the latter is glossy green anteriorly,
with a subapieal velvety black band, and bordered by a white band at
the tip of the secondaries ; the longer tertials marked with velvety
black on the outer web ; quiUs pale bi'own ; under wing-coverts
brown-grey, the greater ones pale grey, the central ones and the
axillaries whitish, minutely spotted with brown-grey : bill dark bluish
brown ; feet light greyish blue, darker on the web ; irides chestnut-
brown. Total length 18 inches, wing 8*5, tail 4-2, culmen 1-5,
tarsus 1.
Female. Brown, the feathers with paler edges, more or less rufous;
at the base of the upper mandible near the gape a round huffy
white spot, above which on the lores there is a brown mark ; throat
and part of the lower cheeks buffy white, immaculate ; superciliary
stripe and cheeks buff'y, streaked and spotted with brown ; rump
greyish brown ; breast and flanks rufous, mottled with dark brown
marks more or less of a crescentic shape : abdomen and under tail-
coverts buffj' white, the latter with brown oval spots ; on the lower
flanks at tho base of tail a greyish patch, minutely vermiculated with
brown ; wing as in the male, but duller, and the band at the tip of the
secondaries buffy white. In size somewhat smaller than the male.
Hab. Eastern Siberia ; Southern China and Japan in winter ; it
straggles into India and very rarely into the Western Palsearctic
Eegion (France, Italy).
a. S imm. sk, Ghumanhora Jheel, 22 miles Hume Coll.
W. of Delhi, Nov. ( W. N.
Chill),
h, c,d. r? 2 ad. St. Siberia. Old Coll.
e. (S imm. st. Siberia. Zool. Soc.
31. NETTION. 243
y, q. (S ad. .'^k. et China. J. li. Reeves, Esq. [P.].
St.
h, i. (S $ ad. sk. China. Hume Coll.
k. S ad. .sk. China ( Tiickett). Tweeddale Coll.
l,m,n. c? 2ad.sk. Pa-Chow, Ichang, Dec. C. Pratt, Esq. [C.].
o. 2 ad. sk. Shanghai, March {li. Swin- Seebohm Coll.
hoe),
p. S ad. sk. Amov, China, Jan. (7?. .5'.). Seebohm Coll.
q, r. S ? ad. sk. Corea. C. W. Campbell, Esq.
[P.].
s, <, M. d" 5 ad. sk. "iokohama, Japan {H. Seebohm Coll.
Pn/er).
v-~. t5 2 ad. et tS Nagasaki, Japan, Dec. -Jan. F. Ilinger, Esq. [P.].
juv. sk.
«'. S ad. sk. Awomeri, Japan, April. Seebohm Coll.
6'. J ad. sk. Kobe (PP), Jan. {S. Chap. Tweeddale Coll.
c',d'. (S ^A. s\. Kechi village, Tsu-shima Seebohm Coll.
(P. A. Hoist).
e'. 2 skeleton. Zool. Soc.
2. Nettion crecca.
The Teal.
Querquediila minor, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 436, t. xl. f . 1 (1760).
Anas crecia {errore?), Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 45, n. 129 (1761).
Anas crecca, Linn. S. N. i. p. 204, n. 3-3 (1706) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2,
p. .532, n. 33 (1788); Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 872, n. 100 (1790);
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 1.54 (1791) ; Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 108,
pi. xiii. f. 1 (trachea) (1798) : Pall. Zooyr. Rosso- As. ii. p. 263
(Kurile I. and Kamtschatka) (1811) ; Temm. Man. p. -547 (181.5) :
Vieill. N. I). V. p. 173(1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 390 (1817) ;
Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 846 (1820) ; Lichf. Verz. Bouhl. p. 84
(1823) ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 125 (1828) ; Kittl. Isis, 1829, p. .529
(Kamtschatka) : Frankl. P. Z. S. 1831, p. 125; Savi, Orn. Tosc.
iii. p. 148 (1831); Brehm, Vog. Deutschl. p. 884 (1831); Menetr.
Cat. Pais. Cauc. p. 57 (Caspian) (1832) ; Jen. Man. p. 235 (183-5) ;
Temm. Man. 2nd ed. iv. p. 5;]9 (1840) ; Kei/s. Sc Bias. Wiruelth.
Eur. pp. Ixxxv. 227 (1840) ; Selys-L.,Faun. Bely. i. p. 142 (1842):
Naum. Vo,/. DeutseM. xi. p. 701, t. 304 (1842) ; Schlecj. Rev. Crit.
p. cxiii (1844) ; Ilartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844) ; Degl. Orn.
Eur. ii. p. 438 (1849) ; Temm. &i Schleq. Faun. Jap., Ares, p. 127
(1850) ; Hare. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 146 (Madeira) ; Midd. Sil,ir. Reis.
ii. p. 230 (1853) ; Waltengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 273 (Scandi-
navia) ; Bolle, J. f. O. 1855, p. 179 (Canaries) ; Kittl. Denkir. ii.
p. 292 (1858) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 (China) ; Jerd. B. of
Ind. iii. p. 806 (1864); Swinh. Ibis, 1865, p. 347 (Formosa);
Godm. Iljis, 1866, p. 102 (Azores) ; Schleg. Mm. P.-B., Anseres,
p. .52 (part.) (1866); Tristr. Ilns, lS6iS, p. 328 (Palestine);
P-zeu: Putesch. Ussur. n. 205 (1867-69) ; Byb. Sf Parr. J.f. 0. 1868,
p. 3-58 (Dauria); Droste, Voyelw. Borknm, p. 280 (1869) ; Swinh.
Ibis, 1870, p. 366 (Hainan) ; Gum. Ibis, 1871, p. 299 (Algeria) ;
Saund. ibid. p. 396 (S. Spain) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 349 (1872) ;
Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); Blyth, B. of Burma, p. 166
(1875); Blakist. Ibis, 18/0, p. -335 (Kamtschatka) ; Legye, B. of
Cei/l. p. 1083 (1880) ; Scully, Ibis, 1881, p. .593 (Gilgit) ; S^-ertz
Ibis, 1883, p. 76 (Pamir Kange) ; Tristr. Faun. 4- Flor. of Palest.
k2
244
p 116 (1884) ; Seebh. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 545, pi. 66 (egg) (1885) ;
Tvrne)-, Contr. N. H. Alasla, p. 132 L\ktha I.) (1886) ; A. O. U.
Check-list N. Am. B. p. 116 (1886) ; 'Sculh/, J. A. S. B. Ivi. p. 88
(1887) ; Seebh. B. Jap. Emjj. p. 244 (1890)': Bchmi: J. f. O. 1890,
p. 82 : Hartert, Kat. Vocielsamml. p. 231 (1891) ; Brandt, J.f. O.
1891, p. 267 t, Sitka).
Anatra querquedula minore, Ger. Stor. deyli Ucc. \. tt. 696, 597
(young), ,598 (S ad.) (1776).
Petite Sarcelle, D'Aubent. PL Enl. 947 : Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix,
p. 26.5, pis. 17, 18 (1783).
Common Teal, Lath. Si/n. iii. 2, p. 551, n. 88 (1785).
Querquedula crecca, Stejjh. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 146 (1824) ; Boie,
Isis, 1828, p. -329; Si/kes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 169, n. 222 (India) ;
Strickl. P. Z. S. 18.36, p. 102 (Sm^ina) : Gould, B. Eur. p. 362
(1837); Bp. Com]). List, p. 57 (18:38); Eyt. Mon. Ajiat. p. 123,
pi. 8. ff. 1, 2 (anatomy), pi. 10 (skeleton and trachea) (1838) ;
Macgill. Man. ii. p. 167 (1842) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p. 137 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 1 (184-5) : Riljyp. Syst.
Uebers. p. 138, n. 494 (Red Sea) (1845); Echnb. Syn. Av.,
Natatores, t. 89. ff. 186-187 (1845) ; G. M. Gr. Cat. Hodc/s. Coll.
B. M. p. 146 (Nepal) (1846); Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B.
p. 305, n. 1780 (India) (1849); Rchnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix
(1852) ; Kelaart, Prodr. Cat. p. 136 (Ceylon) (1854) ; Layard,Ann.
^' Mag. N. H. xiv. p. 269 (1854) ; Licht. Norn. Av. p. 102 (Arabia)
(1854) ; Bolle, J. f. O. 1855, p. 314 (Spain) : Bp. Compt. Rend.
xliii. p. 650, n. 94"(1856) ; Brandt, Nordl. Ural etc. p. 70 (1856) ;
Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 510 ; Tristr. Lbis, 1860, p. 81 ; Sivinh.
Ibis, 1861, p. 345 (China), 1863, p. 4.34 (Formosa) ; Jerd. B. of
Ind. iii. p. 806 (1864) ; Goidd, B. Gr. Brit. \. pi. 16 (1865) ;
More, Ibis, 1865, p. 443 (England) ; Whitehj, Ibis, 1867, p. 207
(Hakodaki); Dei/l. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p." 521 (1867); Stvinh.
nis, 1867, p. 399 (Amoy) : Ei/t. Syn. Anat. p. 75 (1869) ; Elw. ^-
Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 340: Blanf. Geol. and Zool. Abyss, p. 438
(1870) : Finsch, Tr. Zool. Soc. yii. p. 329 (1870) ; Sharpe S,- Dress.
B. Eur. yi. p. 97, pi. 426 (pt. 1, 1871) : Stcinh. P. Z. S. 1871,
p. 418; Holdsu: P. Z. S. 1872, p. 479; Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 286
(1872) ; Coues, Key, p. 287 (1872) ; id. Check-list, n. 474 (1873) ;
Heuql. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1322 (1873) ; Hnme ^- Anders.
Lahore to Yark. p. 297 (1873) ; Dyb. J.f. 0. 1873. p. 110 ; Coues,
Birds N.- West, p. 566 (1874) ; Smne, Str. Feath. iii. p. 193 (Pegu)
(1875) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 301 (1876) ; Dress. HAs, 1876,
p. 419 ; Scully, Str. Feath. iy. p. 200 (1876) ; Seebh. 8j H. Brown,
Ibis, 1876, p. 443; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 46 (E. Siberia)
(1877) ; id. Orn. Faun. Vost. Sibir. p. 70 (1877) : Sxcinh. Ibis,
1877, p. 147 ; David 4'- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 502 (1877) ; Blakist.
§■ Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 213 (Japan) ; Anders. Yunn. Erped. p. 70O
(1878) ; Prjev. in Eoivl. Orn. Misc. iii. p. 104 (1878) ; Hume S^-
Davis. Str. Feath. yi. p. 489 (1878) ; Seebh. Ibis, 1879, p. 22
(Yesso) ; Fiiisch, Verh. k. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 263 (W. Si-
beria) ; Hume, Str. Feath. yiii. p. 115, u. 064 (1879) ; Scidly, ibid.
p. .363 (Nepal) (1879); Tirauf, Bull. Com. Ayr. 4- Industr.
Cochinchine, i. 1, 1878, p. 161 (1879) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 521;
Blakist. Sf Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. yiii. p. 184 (1880) ; Hnne ^■
Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 205, pi. 27 (1880) ; Bidd. Ibis,
1881, p. 100; Bolau, J. f 0. 1881, p. 64; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882,
p. 124: Blakist. S^- Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 97 (1882) ; Salv.
Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 635 (1882) : Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed.
31. NETTION. 24a
n. 714 (1882) ; Oatcs, Sir. Feath. x. p. 24-5 rPegii) (1882) ; id. B.
of Brit. Burm. ii. p. 28o (1883) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 127
(1883) ; Sclat. Lkt Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 433 (1883) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc.
Zool. Fr. viii. p. 343 (1883); Blakkt. Chri/smith. 1883, p. 27 ; id.
Amend. Liit B. Jap. p. 9 (1884) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
{•2) i. p. 246 (Sboa) (1884) ; liadde, Ornis Caucas. p. 457 (1884) ;
jDi/b. L^ Tacz. Bidl. Soc. Zool. Fr. ix. p. 147 (Commander Isl.)
(1884): Madar. Zeitschr. d. ges. Orn. i. p. 38 (1884); Saund.
Yarrelfs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 38 (1884-8o) ; Yerburij, Ibis, 1886,
p. 22 (Aden) ; Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 261 (1886) ; ScuUy, J. A.
S. B. Ivi. p. 88 (1887) ; Tail, Ibis, 1887, p. 376 (Portugal) ; Lilf.
■Cid. Fig. Brit. B. pt. \'iii. pi. — (1888) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ.
Gm. (2) vi. p. 321 (.Shoa) (1888); Salvad. S,- Giql. Mem. B. Ac.
Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 131 (Japan) (1888) ; Shar'pe, Tr. Linn. Soc.
{•2) Zool. V. p. 91 (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889):
Meyer, Abbild. Voyel-Skel. pt. xii. pi. cxiv. (1889); Saunders, Man.
Brit. B. p. 419 (1889) ; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 72 (incubation) ;
Sharpe, Sec. Turk. Miss., Aves, p. 130 (1891); Arrit/. deqli Oddi,
AftiSoc. Veti.-Trent. Sc. Xat. xii. pp. 142-144 (vai-.) (1891); De
la Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 491 (Cliina) ; Dub. Faun. Vert. Belg.,
Ois. ii. p. 452, pi. 258 (1892) : Barjies, Ibis, 1893, p. 174 (Aden) ;
Meade- Waldo, Ibis, 1893, p. 199 (Canaries) ; Pears. ^- Bidio. Ibis,
1894, p. 232 (X. Norway) ; Oust. Ois. Turkest. etc. {Nouv. Arch.
Mus. (3) vi. Extr. p. 98^ 1894).
Nettion crecca, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 95 (1829) ; Baird, B. N. Am.
p. 778 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 580 (1859) ; Copies, Pr. Ac.
Philad. 1861, p. 238 (Labrador) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 332 (N.
Japan) ; G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863) ;
Latvr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 297 (1867) ; Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst.
V. p. 298 (1868) ; G. P. Gr. Ha>id-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10661
(1871) ; Sund. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 147 (1872) ; Ridgiv.
Norn. N. Am. B. n. 611 (1881) ; B., B., S> P. Water-B. N.
Am. ii. p. 7 (1884) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus. no. 29, p. 15o
(Bering I., Kamt.^chatka) (1885) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 397
(Loo-choo I.) (1887) ; id. Zeitschr. ges. Oni. iv. p. 169 (Loo-
choo I.) (1887) ; Pidgw. Man. N. Amer. B. p. 94 (1887).
Qu.-rquedula subcrocca. Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998 ; id. Vog. Deidschl.
p. 885 (1831) ; id. Vogelf. p. 376 (1855).
Querquedula creccoides. Brehm (nee Kinq), Isis, 1830, p. 998 ; id.
Vdg. Deutschl. p. 886 (1831); id. Vogelf. p. 376 (1855).
Sai'celle rouge, Z^m. Tr.d'Orn. p. 634, n. 74 (1831) (t\^e examined);
Pncher. Pev. et Mai/, de Zool. 1850, p. 637 (Bengala = .4. crecca,
juv.) ; Ilartl. J.f. O. 1855, p. 420, n. 35.
Anjis rubens. Less, {nee Gm.) (ubi ?), fide Bp. Compt. Pend. xliii.
p. 650.
Boschas crecca, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 367 (1837) ; Jerd. Madr. Journ.
xii. p. 220, u. 384 (1840).
?Anas groMilandica, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 376 (18-55).
Querquedula crecca, a. rubens, Bp. Compt, Pend. xliii. p. 650 (Ben-
giila) (1856).
Anas (Querquedula) crecca, Schrenck, Viiq. d. Amur-Land, p. 474
(1860) ; Padde, Peis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 367 (1863) ; Pchnw. Om.
Centralbl. 1882, p. 20 ; id. Vbg. zool. Giirt. p. 54 (1882).
Querquedula (Nettion) crecca, t'oues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 695
(1884).
Pafila(!) crecca, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Xat. Mus. x. p. 136 (Commander
Isl.) (1887).
246
Hyhrids.
Bimaculated Duck, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 602, pi. C, n. 287 (Eng-
land) (177G) ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 521, n. 66 (part.) (1785) ; Mont.
Orn. Diet. i. (1802) ; Bewick, Brit. B. ii. p. 378 (1804) ; Fenn.
Brit. Zool. 2nd ed. ii. p. 274 (1812) ; MoiU. Orn. Bid. 2nd ed.
p. 34 (1831) ; Yarr. Brit. B. iii. p. 105, with fig. (1843) ; Tomes,
Zoologist, 1847, p. 1698 ; Sdat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 303 (= A. boschas
X Querquediila crecca) ; Hancock, N. H. Tr. Northumb. vi. p. 153
(1874) ( = Wigeon X Teal) ; Saund. YarreU's Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 386
(1884-85) (=Tealx Wigeon).
Anas glocitaus, if/^/i. (nee Pall.) Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. p. 297 (1787);
Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 526, n. 96 (part.) (1788); Vieill. N. D. v.
p. 118 (part.) (1816) ; Flem. (nee Pall.) Brit. An. p. 125 (1828) ;
Jen. Man. Brit. Vert. An. p.' 232 (1835) ; Tenim. Man. d'Orn.
2nd ed. iv. p. 533 (1840) ; Yarr. Hist. Brit. B. 2nd ed. iii. p. 260
(part.) ( 1845) ; Toines, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 121 ; Macg. Hist. Brit. B.
V. p. 42 (part.) (1852).
Mareca? glocitans, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 140 (1824).
Querquedula glocitans, Viq. {nee Pall.) Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 559
(1825) ; Eyt. Cat. Brit. 'B. p. 60 (1836) ; id. Mon. Anat. p. 122
(1838) ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 57, n. 414 (1838) ; Macgill. Man. N.
H., Orn. ii. p. 168 (1842) ; Hyt. Syn. Anat. p. 74 (part.) (1869).
Bimaculated Teal, Selhy, Brit. Orn. ii. p. 321, pis. 55 (d' ), 55* ( $ )
(1833) ; Gould, B. Eur. pi. 363 (1837) ; SwinJi. Ibis, 1867, p. 394.
Anas bimaculata, " Gm.,'' Bp. Comp. List, p. 57 (in syn. sp. 414)
(1838) ; E.SfB. Wirbelth. Eur. p. Ix-xxv (1840) ; Schley. Rev. Crit.
p. cxiii (1844) ; Tomes, Zoologist, 1847, p. 1698 (=A. boschas X
Querquedula crecca) ; Bp. Bev. Crit. Orn. Eur. p. 103 (1850) ;
Berkeley, Field, 1861, March 16 ( = A. boschas X Mareca penelope);
Newt. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 392 ( = A. boschas X Querquedula crecca) ;
Jerd. B. of Fid. iii. p. 809 (1864).
Querquedula bimaculata, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 71, n. 437
(1842); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 7 (1845); Bp. Rev. Crit.
Orn. Eur. p. 193 (1850) ; G. R. Gr. Cat. Brit. B. p. 194, specim.
« (d ), 6 ( $ ) (1863) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 127 (1883) (Tealx
Wild Duck).
Eunetta bimaculata, Bp). Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 110 (1856).
Anas formosa, part., Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 351 (1872).
Anas crecca X A. penelope, Kemp. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. Ill
(18!:»0) ; Leverk. J.f. 0. 1890, p. 230.
Anas boschas d X A. crecca $ , Leverk. J. f. O. 1890, p. 227.
Anas crecca X A. boschas, Leverk. J.f. O. 1890, p. 229.
Adult male. Head and upper neck chestnut ; a glossy green patch
on each side of the head from the eyes backward to upper nape ; a
narrow bufly line from the gape upwards along the base of the
upper mandible and from thence to the eye, bordering above and
below the anterior part of the green patch ; chin black ; hind-neck,
back, and scapulars with narrow grey and black wavy lines ; outer
scapulars buff, broadly edged with black on the outer web ; upper
tail-coverts black, edged with huffish brown ; on the middle of the
neck a collar of whitish and black cross lines ; breast and abdomen
white, the former with round subapical black spots ; sides and
flanks waved with narrow black lines ; central under tail-coverts
31. NETTION. 247
velvet-black, the lateral ones of a buff colour, with a band of black
at tlie ba.se ; upper wing-coverts lead-grey, the greater row whitish
buff, darker towards the inner ones ; wing-speculum on the secon-
daries velvety black, with a white apical band on the outer half,
glossy green on the inner half; the first tertial velvet-black on the
outer web ; primaries and tail-feathers greyish brown, the latter
with pale edges; under wing-coverts grey, edged with white, the
central ones and the asillaries wholly white : bill nearly black ; iris
hazel ; legs, toes, and membranes brownish grey. Total length
14*5 inches, wing 7-25, tail 3, cidmen 1"G, tarsus 14.
Fonale. General colour of the upper jmrts dark brown, each
feather with reddish -brown edges ; upper part of the head darker
than the sides, which are whitish, thickly speckled with black ; a
black line behind the eyes ; chin and throat whitish ; the feathers
of the back and scapulars with two narrow transverse bars of buffy
brown ; underparts whitish, with a reddish tinge on the breast,
each feather, except those of the belly, with obscure dark centres :
wiug as in the male, but somewhat duller.
Young in first plumage closely resembles the female, but the
wing-coverts have pale edgings, and the dark centres of the feathers
appear also on the belly.
Males in moulting plumage resemble the adult females.
''NestUnr/ is yellowishwhite on the underparts, buff on the forehead
and throat ; a dark brown streak from the forehead to the crown,
which, with the upper parts, is brown ; a dark loral streak, and two
other streaks from behind the eye to the nape, on each side"
(TarreU).
Hah. The Palaearctic Region, wintering in Northern Africa as
far south as Shoa, in Arabia, Persia, India, Ceylon, Burmah, China,
and Japan ; accidentally in Greenland, and along the Atlantic coast
of North America.
a, h. cJ 2 ad. st. Gt. Britain. Purchased,
c. S ad. sk. Gt. Britain. Yarrell Coll.
d-f/. 5 ad. et pull. Ku-kwall. Purchased.
"st.
h. (S ad. sk. N. Uist. H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
i. cJ ad. sk. Nairnshire, N.B., March. H. F. JRose, Esq. [P.].
k. 2 '^d. sk. St. Andrew's, Fifeshire, Aug. Tweeddale Coll.
(R. G. W. K).
I. S ad. -sk. R. Eden, St. Andrew s, Sept. Tweeddale Coll.
{11. a. w. JR.).
m. 2 ad. st. Carmarthen. Montagu Coll.
n. Ad. st. [isahel- Pembrokeshire. Earl of Cawdor [P.].
line var!\
o,p. (5 5 ad. St. Merton, Norfolk, Mav. Lord \Val:::iugham
[P.].
q, r. (S $ ad. st. Tring, Herts, Mav. Hon. ^V alter Eoth-
schild [P.^.
s,t. cS 2 ad. sk. Avington, Feb. {R. B. S. ^- R. I^owdler Sharpe,
G. £. Shelley). Esq. [P.].
248
u. S imm- sk.
V. S ad. sk.
tv. cJ juv. sk.
a: cJ ad. sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.
z. 5 ad. sk.
«', f)', c'. c? 5 ad.
sk.
d'. 2 ad. sk.
e',f. 2 ad. sk.
tj', h'. 2 ad. sk.
i'. cj ad. sk.
Ji'. cJ juv. sk.
/', m'. (S 2 ad. sk.
«'. c? ad. sk.
o'> P'j ?'• c? ? ad.
sk.
r'. 2 ad. sk.
s', t', u'. 2 ad. sk.
v'. (^ ad. sk.
«y', x'. c? $ ad. sk.
;(/'. c? ad. sk.
s', «". 2 ad. et c?
juv. sk.
b", c". 2 ad. et c?
juv. sk.
'". d $ad. etcj
imm. sk.
s"-w". S ad. sk.
.r". (5 ad. sk.
y". c? ad. sk.
z", a^. (S ad. sk.
P. c? ad. sk.
c\ 2 ad. sk.
Aboyne.
Ljolland, Denmark, March
(Benzon).
Hungary, Aug. (C JEcIe).
Valencia, Spain, Dec. (H,
Saunders).
Malaga, Spain, Oct. [H.
Saunders).
Biskra.
Egypt, March {G. E. S.).
Alexandria, Feb.
Socotra {Balfour).
Socotra {Balfour).
Bagdad.
Bonderjohan, Ob E,., Sept.
Valley of the Yen-e-sai, E.
Siberia, lat. 66i°, June
{H. S.).
Samarkand, March.
Kashgar (Bellew).
Shahidula, Oct. {Forsyth).
Ladak {Strachey).
Bala Morghab, Jan. (Aitchi-
son).
Kandahar, Dec.
Mekran Coast, Dec.
River Jhelum, Nov. {A.
O. H.).
Karachi, Oct., Dec. {E. A.
Butler).
Sambhur, Jan., Feb. {R. M.
Adam).
Gurgaon, Feb., May ( W. N.
Chill).
Delhi.
Dehra Dhoon, Feb. {G. King).
Near Koteghur, March.
Etawah, Nov.
Allahabad, Feb. {A. O. R.).
Oudh.
Beuegunge, Oudh, Jan. {A.
Anderson) .
Nepal.
Nepal {Hodgson).
Nepal.
R. Bowdler Sharpe,
Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hungarian National
Museum [P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Shelley Coll.
The British Associa-
tion [P.].
Kenneth Lof tus, Esq.
[P.].
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
India Museum [P.].
India Museum [P.].
India Museum [P.].
Afghan Delimitation
Comm. [P.].
Lt.-Colonel Swinhoe
[P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Capt. Stackhouse
Piuwill [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
India Museum [P.].
J. Scully, Esq. [P.].
.'51, NETTION.
249
d'-i^. S 2 ad. sk.
k\ $ ad. sk.
P. (5 ad. sk.
m'. (S ad. sk.
w', 0^, /j^. c? ad. sk.
'/, r^- 6 ? ad. sk.
s\ t\ 5 ad. sk.
u^. cS ad. sk.
f'', ?o'. c? 2 ad. sk.
.r'. 2 ad. sk.
y^. 2 ad. sk.
s'. 2 ad. sk.
«\ 2 ad. sk.
A^ 2 -
Acad. Philad. 1866, p. 98 (Arizona) ; Gundl. Rep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, i
p. 389 (Cuba) (1866) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 297 (1867) ;
Dall Sf Bann. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 297 (Alaska, breeding) (1869)
Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyoming) ; G. R. Gr
Hand-Ust, iii. p. 83, n. 10664 (1871); Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp
Zool. iii. ]>. 183 (Kansas and Utah) (1872) ; Trippe, Pr. Bost. Soc
N. H. XV. p. 241 (Iowa) (1872); Aiken, ibid. p. 210 (Colorado;
(1872) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 314 (Mexico) (1874)
Gundl. J.f. O. 1875, p. 381 (Cuba); Ridgw. Nom. N. Ain. B
n. 612 (1881) ; B., B., S,- R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 2 (1884) ;
Kehrl. J.f. 0. 1885, p. 147 ; Matsch. u. Zienier, ibid. p. 191.
Querquedula americana, Murr. Edinb. New Philos. Journ. ix. p. 230
(1859).
Nettion carolinense, Blahist. Ibis, 1862, p. 9, 1863, p. 147 (Brit. N.
Am.) ; Broivn, Ibis, 1868, p. 426 (Vancouver I.).
Querquedula (Nettion) carolinensis, Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 695,
f. 482 (1884).
Querquedula crecca, var. carolinensis, Dub. Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois.
ii. p. 453 (1892).
Adult male. Similar to that of N. crecca, but the whitish line
which surrounds the green patcli on the sides of the head, and passes
down to the base of the bill, is almost obsolete ; the scapulars are
uniform pale slate-grey, with no white, and there is a broad whitish
crescent on each side of the breast in fi'ont of the shoulder.
Female. Apparently indistinguishable from that of iV. crecca.
Hah. Northern America, from Alaska and Greenland, to Mexico,
Honduras, and the West Indies : accidentally in Europe.
n,h. (^2 ad. st. N. America. Audubou Coll.
c. (S inim. sk. N. America. H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P-]-
d. $ ad.sk. N.America. Capt.Kellett& Lieut.
Wood [P.].
«./• 6 ? ad. St. Arctic Land Exped. Sir G. Back [P.].
g, h. 2 ad. sk. W. side Rockv Mts. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
252
ANATID^.
i, k. $ ad. et (S
imm. ek.
/. c? «id- sk.
m. 5 jiiv. sk.
n. (S ad. sk.
0, 77. c? 9 ^cl' sk.
y, r. (J ad. sk.
s. c? ad. sk.
t. 2 ad. sk.
u. S ad. sk.
V. (S juv. sk.
?6^e'. (S 5 ad. sk.
/'. d .iuv. sk.
^'. $ ad. sk.
^'', «'■ c? 2 ad. sk.
k', I', 7)1. (5 2 ad.
British Columbia.
Washington, D.C.
Keewaken Val., Oregon,
Aug. {H. W. Henshmo).
Utah, Xov. (H. Tl\ H.).
49th Parallel.
Canada.
Repulse Bay.
Ontonagon, Michigan, Oct.
(A. J. Dayan).
Hudson R., Albany, New
York (J. H. Hurk).
Lyon's Falls, New York, Dec.
(A. J. D.).
Corpus Chiisti, Texas, Oct.,
Dec. {F. B. Armstrong).
Mexico.
Hermosillo, State of Sonora,
Mexico, Nov. {F. Ferrari-
Perez).
Presidio, Mexico, Jan. {A.
For re)').
Zacatecas, Mexico, Feb. ( If.
B. liichardson) .
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
N. American Bound.
Comm. [P.].
Governmt. of Canada
[P.].
Dr. J. Rae [P.].
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.
Sah-in-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
4. Nettion castaneum.
Anas punctata, Cur. in Mus, Paris {7iec Burch.) (cT, type examined) ;
Less. Tr. d'Or». p. 634 (Java!) (18.31); Gould, B. Austr. vii.
pi. 11 (pt. xix. 1845) : Pudier. Bev. et Mar;, de Zool. 1851, p. 549 :
Maajill. Narr. Voi/. Eattlesn. ii. p. 358 (1852) ; G. R. Gr. P. Z. S.
1858, p. 198 ; id. Cat. B. New Guiit. p. 63 (1859) ; Gould, Handb.
B. Austr. ii. p. 365 (1865) ; ? Sclat. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 861 (Zool.
Gard.) ; Schleff. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 47 (1866) : Ba7ns. Ibis,
1866, p. 235 ; Mail. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1870,
p. 900 ; Keiut. P. Z. 8. 1871, pp. 649, 050 (part.), f. 1 (sternum),
f. 2 (trachea, with bulla ossea) : Gieb. TIws. Orn. i. p. 360 (1872) ;
Batyis. Pr. Linn. Soc. K S.' W. i. pp. 195, 216, 219 (1876) ; id.
P. Z. S. 1877, p. .346; Bckmv. J. f. O. 1877, p. 218 (Celebes) ;
Bias. J.f. 0. 1883, pp. 116, 121 (Celebes) ; EcJmtv. ibid. p. 122 ( =
castanea, Eyton) (Celebes) ; Hartert, Kat. Vonelsanmil. p. 230
(1891).
Mareca castanea, Eyton, Mon. Anat. p. 119, pi. 22 (c?) (1838);
G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 614, n. 4 (1845) ; Bclmb. Syn. Av., Nata-
tores, t. 86. flf. 2330-31 (1850) [ex Gould) ; Eyton, S'ipi. Anat. p. 71
(1869).
Mareca punctata, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iv. p. 134 (1844) ;
Bj). Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 6-50, n. 119 (1856) ; G. R. Gr. Ha7id-list,
iii. p. 81, n. 10631 (1871) ; Meyer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1881,
p. 767 (Sumba).
Querquedida punctata, Liclit. Nometicl. Av. p. 102 (New Holland)
(1854).
31. NETiiox. 253
? Anas punctata, var., G. R. Gr. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 166 (New Caledonia) ;
{d. Cat. B. Trop. Isl. p. 55 (New Caledonia) (1859) ; ? Verr. ij- Des
Murs, JRei: ct May. rle Zool. 1860, p. 44:2 (New Caledonia) ; Jouan,
Mem. Soc. Cherb. ix. pp. 100, 1^42 (New Caledonia) (1863).
Anas castanea, A. Ncirf. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 049 (note) : Rams. Pr.
Linn. Soc. N. S. Jf. iii. pp. 38, 154 (bulla ossea only in male)
(1878) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, pp. 452, 518, 535, 1881, pp. 452,
454; Rchnw. Oni. Centralbl. 1882, 'p. 19; id. Vog. zool. Gdrt.
p. 51 (1882) ; Salvad. Orn. Pap. p. Mol. iii. p. 396 (1882) ; Salv.
Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 530 (1882) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed.
p. 432 (1883) ; Bias. Zeitschr. qes. Orn. ii. p. 326 (1885) ; Legqe, Pr.
R. Soc. Tasm. 1886, p. 244 (Tasmania) (1887) ; Rams. Tab. List,
p. 22, n. 069 (1888) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889) ; North, Cat.
Nests S,- Ei/i/s Ausfr. B. p. 341 (1889) ; Keartlaml, Vict. Nat. vii.
p. 46 (Australia) (1890).
Anas (Virago) castanea, part., Rams. Pr. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii.
p. 200, n. 058 (1877).
Virago castanea, Stejn. Kinysl. Stand. Nat. Ilist. iv. p. 145 (1885).
Adult mah'. Head and neck dark glossy green, with bronze re-
flections in some lights ; mantle and back black, each feather edged
with chestnut ; rump, upper and under tail-coverts deep black, with
a green gloss ; breast and abdomen chesfcppt, with round black spots,
tho?e on the sides and flanks larger ; oti the lower flanks u whitish-
buff" band bordering exteriorly the black under tail-coverts ; scapulars
and wings dark olive-brown, the former narrowly edged with
chestnut ; the last row of upper wing-coverts white, slightly tinged
with reddish ; wing-speculum on the secondaries velvety black, with
a metallic green band, glossed with coppery red, on the upper half ;
at the tip of the secondaries a reddish-white narrow band ; under
wing-coverts olive-brown, some of the inner ones white ; axillaries
white ; tail brown-black : " bill bluish lead-colour, nail and the
edges of the upper mandible black, the under mandible crossed near
the tip by a band of reddish flesh-colour ; irides hazel ; feet lead-
colour, with the membranes of a somewhat darker hue" (Gould).
Total length about IS'o inches, wing 9, tail 4'5, culmen 1"0,
tarsus 1-4.
Female. Upper part of the head dark brown, with some light
edges to the feathers, sides of the head paler, thickly streaked with
dusky ; chin and throat whitish, immaculate : upper parts brown,
the feathers edged with pale reddish or greyish ; lower back and
rump almost uniform brown ; the feathers of the underparts light
fulvous or rufescent-grcy on the margins, with obscure brown spots
in the centre, especially on the breast and sides, each feather having
a broad central mark of blackish brown ; sides and under tail-
coverts darker than the rest of the underparts ; wing-coverts uniform
dark greyish brown, with an olive lustre, the greater or last row
white, forming a liand broader outwardly than inwardly ; speculum
on the secondaries velvety black, tipped v\-ith a white band, but the
three middle secondaries metallic green on the outer web ; primaries
and tail-feathers dark brown ; under wing-coverts dark browu, the
greater ones dark grey and the innermost, with the axillaries, white.
254
Total length about 16 inches, wing 7*5, tail 3'5, culmen 1'4,
tarsus I'S.
Young in down. Upper parts brown, the upper part of the head
darker ; sides of the head, fore-neck, and lower parts whitish, with
a rufescent tinge ; ).
Anas flavirostris, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 107 (1816) {e.v Azara) ; id. Enc.
MM. i. p. 353 (1823) ; G. JR. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, u. 19 (184o) ;
Hartl. Ind. Azar. Apunt p. 28, n. 439 (1847) ; Echnb. Syn. Av.
t. 90. f. 2343 (18.10) : Burm. La Plata-Hfiise, ii. p. old (1801) ;
Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Auseres, p. r,'d (part.) (1866) ; Gieh. Thes. Orn.
i. p. 351 (svn. emend.) (1872) ; B., B., !^- R. Water-B. N. Am. ii.
p. 2 (note) (18S4) ; Frmz. J. f. 0. 1891, p. 125 (Cordova) ; Hartert,
Kat. Vogehamml.-p.-lSl (1891).
Anas creccoides, Kimj, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 99 (Straits of Magellan)
(1828).
Sarcelle a bee jaune et noir, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 634 (Malouines)
(1831).
Querquedula creccoides, Eyt. Man. Anat. p. 128 (1838): Fraser,
P. Z. S. 1843, p. lis ((Jhili) ; G. E. Gr. List B. Brit. Mas. iii.
p. 138 (syu. emend.) (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 610, n. 3 (syn.
emend.) (1845) ; Des Murs in Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 453 (Chili)
(1848) ; Darwin, Voy. 'Beagle,' iii. p. 13 (1848) ; Bp. Compt. Bend.
xliii. p. 650, n. 104 (syn. emend.) (1856) ; Cass. U.S. Astron. B.iped.
ii. p. 203, pi. xxvi. (Chili) (1856) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 96 (egg,
Falklands) ; .Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falklauds) ; Abbott,
Ibis, 1861, p. 160 (Falklands) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 ; Phil.
S,- Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 42 (1868) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 81
(1869) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 700 (Zool. Gard.) : Milne-Edw.
Peek. Faun. Peq. Austr. ch.ix. p. 46 (1882) ; Sclat. List VeH. An.
8th ed. p. 434 (1883).
Anas azarse, Merrem in Ersch u. Grub. Enc. sect. i. vol. xxxv. p. 26
? Canard innomine femelle, Less. I)escr. Mamm. et Ois. p. 247 (1847).
Qiierquedula oxvptera, Hartl. {nee Meye>i) 2\aumannia, 1853, pp. 217,
222 (Rio de Valdivia, Chili) ; ? Bibra, Denkschr. Ak. Wien, v. p. 131
(Chili) (1853) [qf. J. f. 0. 1855, p. 57) ; Licht. Nomencl. ,4y.p.l02
(part., Montevideo, nee Peru) (1854); ? Pelz. Peise Xovara, Vdf/.
p. 138 (Chili) (1865) ; Sharpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Port Gallant
and Cockle Cove) ; Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Morn, \i. Ois. p. 314
(1891).
Anas (Dafila) flavirostris, Burm. J.f. 0. 1860, p. 266 (Mendoza).
Querquedula flavirostris, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (part.) ; Sclat. Sf
Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 990, 991, 1868, p. 146 (Buenos Ayi-es) ;
Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 367 (Argentine) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl.
Av. Neotrop. p. 129 (1875) ; Huds. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 107 ; Sclat. ^•
Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 386 ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, pp. 41 (Chuput),
191 (Buenos Avres), 1878, pp. 65, 401 (Centr. Patatrouia) ; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1879," p. 310 (eggs), 1880, p. 522; id. Toy. Challeng.,
Birds, p. 150 (1881) ; White, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 42 (Cordova) : Bcrl.
u. Jlier. Zeitschr. ges. Orn. 1885, p. 175 (Taquara do Mundo Xovo,
S. Brazil) ; Berl. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 133 ; Cab. J.f. O. 188<<, p. 118 ;
Burm. Ann. Mu^. Xac. Buen. Air. iii. p. 247 (1888) ; Sclat. Argent.
Ora. ii. p. 131 (1889); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889); Oust.
Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, vi. Ois. p. 205 (1891) ; Holland, Ibis, 1892,
p. 207 (.\rgentine) ; Berk. James, New List Chil. B. p. 9, n. 153
(1892) ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 200 (Urusuav).
Nettion flavirostris, G. P. Gr. Hand-list^iu' -p. S3, n. 10605 (1871).
Anas (Querquedula) flavirostris, Pchnw. Orn. Ceutralbl. 1882, p. 21;
id. Vog. zool. Giirt. p. 55 (1882).
262 anatidj:.
Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck greyish brown,
thickly barred with narrow blackish bands ; mantle and anterior
scapulars greyish brown, with a black spot near the tip, and
margined with rufescent brown : lower back, wings, and upper tail-
coverts uniform greyish brown ; breast and underparts whitish,
the former more or less tinged with reddish, each feather has a
subterminal black spot and a blackish bar hidden and almost obsolete ;
the spots almost evanescent on the abdomen ; vent and under tail-
coverts whitish grey, unspotted ; upper wing-coverts brown-grey,
the tips of the greater row hazel, forming a band bordering an-
teriorly the wing-speculum, which is velvety black, only on the
outer web of the inner feathers being glossed with green ; tips of
the secondaries rufous white, forming a band ; tertials and longer
scapulars greyish brown, edged with reddish ; primaries dusky
grey ; under wing-coverts brown-grey, but the central ones and the
axillaries white ; tail brown-grey : " bill wax-yellow, with the
culmeu and nail black ; iris carmine (or wood-brown, Dvrnford) ;
feet grey-blue" {Philippi). Total length 15 to IG inches, wing 8
to 8"25, tail -i'To to 4-25, culmen 1-4, tarsus 1-12.
Female. (Similar, but somewhat duller and smaller.
Young. Duller, and the markings on the head and breast not so
distinct, especially on the latter. (Mus. Turin.)
Bab. Southern Brazil, Argentine, Chili, Patagonia, and Falklands,
a. c? ad. sk. Chili, March ( Weisskaupt). Salvin-Godman ColL
d. Ad. sk. Chili (Eeed). Salvin-Godman Coll.
c. 2 iuv. sk. Chili. H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
d. Imm. sk. Central Chili. H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
e. (S ad. sk. Port Gallant, W . coast of Dr. Coppinger [C.].
Patagonia, Feb.
/. Imm. st. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.].
ff, 2 ad. sk. Cockle Cove, Straits of Dr. Coppinger [0.].
Magellan, Oct.
h. $ ad. sk. St. Martin's Cove, Hermit Antarctic Exp. [C.].
Is., Oct.
/. c? ad. sk. St. Martin's Cove, Hennit McCormick Bequest.
Is., Sept.
A. /. d 2 ad. sk. Falkland Is. Antarctic Exp. [CI.
m. Ad. .«k. S. Salvador Bay, C. Falk- Antarctic Exp. [C.].
lands, July.
n. c? ad. sk. Conchitas, Buenos A vres, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Nov. (W.I£. Hudson).
10. Nettion oxypterum.
Anas oxyptera, Meyen, Nov. Act. xvi. Suppl. p. 121, t. 26 (Southern
Peru) (18.33) ; Tsch. Arch. f. Nntunj. 1844, i. p. 315.
Querquedula creccoides, part., G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. p. 138
(1844); id. Ge7i. B. iii. p. 616, n. 3 (part.) (1845): Bp. Compt.
Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 104 (part.) (1856).
Cyanopterus (?) oxypterus, Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (Peru)
(1844).
31. NETTION. 263
Quevquedula ox-^^tera, Tsch. Faun. Per., Aves, pp. 55, 309 (Sierra
retriou of Peru) (1844-4G) ; ? Bihra, Deiikschr. Ak. Wien, v. p. 131
(1853) (Uhili); Licht. Nommcl. Av. p. 102 (part., Pern) (1854) ;
Bihra, J. f. <). 1855, p. 57; Sclat. Sf Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 990
(Salinas, S. Peru), I8(i8, p. 570, 1809, p. 157 (Peru) ; tid. Nommcl.
At: Neotrop. p. 129 (1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 554 ( Junin, Centr.
Peru) ; Sclat. Sf Sal v. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 385; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 212 (Cutervo) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522, 1886, p. 401 (Tara-
paca) ; Tacz. Om. Per. iii. p. 476 (1886) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49
(1889); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 136 (Tarapaca) ; Berk. James,
New List Chil. B. p. 9, n. 155 (Tarapaca).
Dafila oxyptera, Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 92. f. 164 (e.v Met/en)
(1845).'
Querquedula an^ustirostris, Ph. ^- Landh. (nee Menetr.) An. Unii:
Chile, xxi. p. 439 (1862) ; iid. Wiegm. Arch. 1863, i. p. 202 (Tacna) :
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 395 ( = oxyptera, Meyeyi) ; Philippi, Ornis,
1888, p. 160 (Calalaste).
Anas flavirostris, part., Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 59 (1866) ;
Gieb. Thes. Om. i. p. 351 (part.) (1872).
Querquedula flavirostris, Sclat. (nen Vieill.) P. Z. S. 1807, p. 335.
Nettion oxyptera, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84, n. 10670 (1871).
Adult. Similar to iV. Jlavirostre, but larger, with longer bill ;
interseupular feathers paler, with the central spots less distinct ;
scapulars more rufescent and with smaller central black marks ;
dark spots on the lower parts smaller and confined to the breast ;
abdomen and under tail-coverts pale greyish white, the latter witli
a slight reddish tinge : bill yellow, culmen and tip black. Total
length 17*5 inches, wing 8-7, tail 4, culmen 1"45, tarsus 1'4.
Hah. Cordilleras of Peru and of j^forthern Chili.
a. (S ad. sk. Tinta, Peru, June. W. Whitely, Esq.
[0.1.
6. c? ad. .sk. Tinta, Peru, June (H. Tweeddale CoU.
Whitely).
c. c? ad. sk. Salinas, S.W. Peru, July Salvin-Godman Coll.
(H. miitely).
d,e. c? 2 ad. sk. Laguna de Lanjui, Feb. H. J. Elwes, Esq.
(//. Whitely). [P.|
f,g. c? $ fid. sk. L'ueva negra, Prov. of Ta- H. Berkeley James,
rapaca, Feb. E.sq. [P.].
h-m. S 2 ad. et Sacava, Tarapaca, Jan., H. Berkeley James.
juv. sk. Feb. ^ Esq. [P.]:
n. 2 ad. sk. Sitaui, Tarapaca, Jan. H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
0. 2 a^b sk. Iluasco, Tarapaca, Feb. H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
11. Nettion andium.
Pafila sp., Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 83 (Ecuador).
Querquedula andium, Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. pp. 129,
162 (Ecuador) (1873); iid. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 237 (Sierra Nevada
of Merida), 1876, p. 387, pi. xxxiv. ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522;
Tacz. Sf Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 119.
Adult. Similar to N. jlavirostre and N. oxijpterum, but darker ou
264 ANATIDJE.
the upper parts, with the interscapular feathers and scapulars less
reddish, having the pale edges narrower and more greyish ; blackish
spots on the breast larger than in i\^. OA-iipterum, but not so well-
defined as in N. flavirostre ; the upper part of the speculum bronze-
green ; the principal difference is in the bill, wholly dark, without
any yellow ; feet flesh-colour. Total length 16 to 17 inches, wing 9,
tail 3"5 to 4, eulmen 1"6G, tarsus I'o,
Hah. Andes of Ecuador and Venezuela.
«. Ad. sk. Ecuador, between Eio Bamha Sclater Coll.
and Mocha {Fraser). (Type of the species.)
h. Ad. sk. Sical, Ecuador ( Villrif/07nez). Salvin-Godmaii Coll.
c, d. Ad. et imm. llio Blanco, Ecuador (C. Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. Buckley).
e,f. Ad. sk. Ecuador. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(). (S juv. sk. Sierra Nevada of Merida, Salvin-Godman CoU.
Venezuela (A. Goerin-sutine) (1873) ; Sclat. S)- Salv. P. Z. S.
1876, p. 389 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522 ; Berl. J. f. O. 1887,
p. 124 ; Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 132 (1889) : Ajylin, Ibis, 1894,
p. 201 (Uruguay).
Anas rliodoptera, Dub. (errore), Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650 (in
syn. sp. 105) (1856).
? Querquedula leucophrys, Bp. I. c. n. 107 (1856).
Nettion torquata,G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10666 (1871).
Adult male. Crown and hind neck black, expanded below into a
half-collar; forehead dull grey, streaked with black ; cheeks, throat,
and sides of the neck dull whitish grey, with dusky streaks on the
former ; back greyish olive ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts deep black ; breast rosy red, each feather with a roundish
subapical black spot ; abdomen whitish, obsoletely barred with
grey ; flanks pure grey, waved with narrow black lines ; under
tail-coverts black, with a white blotch on each side at the base :
scapulars chestnut-red ; upper wing-coverts glossy black, with a
white patch on the anterior secondary-coverts ; secondaries bronzy
green on the outer web, forming the speculum ; tertiaries olive-
brown, primaries blackish brown ; under wing-coverts black, the
greater ones brown-black ; tail black : bill black (?) ; feet yeUow.
Total length 14 inches, wing 7"2, tail 2-5, culmen 1-48, tarsus 1"0S.
Female. Brown ; superciliary stripe, middle of the cheeks, throat,
and sides of the upper neck white ; back and scapulars olive-brown ;
rump and upper tail-coverts black ; beneath dull whitish, with
broad subapical pale brown bands, better defined on the flanks :
abdomen and under tail-coverts whitish, the latter powdered with
dusky ; wings as in the male ; tail brown : bill reddish brown ;
feet brown (or yellow ?).
Hah. Paraguay, I^ruguay, and Argentine ; wrongly stated to
inhabit Chili, Brazil, and San Domingo {Schlegd).
a. (S ad. St. S. America. Old Coll.
h. c? ad. sk. Hwenos, XyYes{W. H.Hudson). .Sal viu-Cxodman Coll.
c. 2 ad. St. Probably Bolivia {Bridges), Cuming Coll.
* Dr. H . O. Forbes has been so kind as to let mo examine one of the types
of Eyton's deseription, preserved in the Liverpool Museum.
270 ANATIDJ;.
•32. DAFILA.
Type.
Dafila, Leach, in Brit. Mus. ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2,
p. 126 (1824) D. acuta.
Trachelouetta, Eaup, Naficrl. Si/st. p. 11-5 (1829) D. acuta.
Phasianurus, Wciffl. Isis, 1832, p. 1225 D. acuta.
Dapbila (!), Sw.,Jide Coues, Birds N.-West, p. 562 (1874) ;
Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 14 (1875).
Range. Cosmopolitan, except Australia and New Zealand, but
one species has been found in the Phoenix Group.
Keii to the Spedes.
a. Tail-feathers not barred across.
«'. Central tail-feathers black, lateral ones
grey, ^^^th paler or whitish margins ;
head dark brown ; a narrow band at the
tip of the last row of wing-coverts
cinnamon.
a". Larger: culmen 1'85-2'15 inches ; an-
terior part and sides of neck, breast,
and middle of the abdomen white. . . . acuta tS ; P- -"0.
b" . Smaller : culmen 1'.35 inch : anterior
]mrt and sides of neck, breast, and
abdomen dull greyish ; the breast with
narrow brown streaks eatoni c? , p. 278.
b'. Central tail-feathers dark brown, a little
darker than the lateral ones; head
rufescent on the upper part, whitish on
the lower part, thickly dotted with
blackish ; band at the tip of the last row
of the wing-coverts, like the one at the
tip of the secondaries, buff spinicauda cJ $ , p. 279.
h. Tail-feathers blackish, barred across with
whitish or rufescent.
c'. Larger : culmen 1'85 inch acuta 2 , p. 270.
d' . Smaller : culmen 1-35 inch eatoni $ , p. 278.
1. Dafila acuta.
The Pintail.
Anas longicauda, Briss. Orn. vl p. 369, pi. 34. ff. 1 (^), 2 ( $ )
(1760) ; Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997, n. 2 ; id. Nature/. Viig. Deutschl.
p. 868 (1831).
Anas acuta, Linn. S. N. i. p. 202, n. 28 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2,
p. 528, n. 28 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 864, n. 81 (1790) ;
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 137, pi. 38. f. 3 (1790) ; Lath. Tr. Linn.
Soc. iv. p. 110, pi. xiii. f. 6 (trachea) (1798) ; Wils. Am. Orn. viii.
p. 72, pi. 63. f. 3 (1814) ; Tem?n. Man. d' Orn. p. 540 (1815);
Vieill. N. D. v. p. 133 (1816) ; Dam. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 369
(1817) ; Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 838 (1820) ; Boie, Isis, 1822,
p. .564 ; Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 84 (1823) (Eoypt, Nubia) ; Bp. Obs.
Wils. n. 528 (1825) ; id. Syn. p. 383, n. 325 (1828) ; Less. Man.
d'Orn. ii. p. 417 (1828); Flem. Brit. An. p. 124 (1828) ; Less. Tr.
d'Orn. p. 634 (1831); Brehm, Naturg. Viic/. Deutschl. p. 866
(1831); Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 532 (:Mexico) (= Anas tzitzihoa,
32. DAFILA, 271
Vieill.) ; Savi, Oni. Tosc. Hi. p. 156 (1831) ; Menetr. Cat. Mais.
Caiic. p. 57 (Caspian) (18.32) ; Aiul. Oni. Biogr. iii. p. 214 (1835) ;
Nordm. in Ennami's Terz. Th. I'Jl. p. 18 (1835) ; Aud. Orn.
Bioyr. V. p. 015, pi. 227 (1839) : id. Sijn. p. 279 (1839) ; Vig.
Zool. Beec/>ei/.s Voi/., Orn. p. 31 (1839) ; Temm. Man. 2nd e'd.
iv. p. 532 (1840) ; K. >.y B. Wirbi'lth. Ihir. pp. Ixxxv, 227 (1840) ;
Naum. Voff. Dcutschl. xi. p. 038, Taf. 301 (1842); Sehjs-Longch.
Faun. Belfj. i. p. 142 (1842) ; Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 206, pi. 390
(1843) ; Giravd, B. Lum; M. p. 310 (1844) : LeKay, N. Y. Zool.
ii. p. 341 (1844) ; ^cldeg. Eev. Crit. p. 115 (1844) ; Holholl, Faun.
Grocnl. p. 64 (1846) ; Begl. Oni. Eur. ii. p. 430 (1849) ; Lnnb.Av.
Cub. p. 113 (1850) ; Temm. ii)- Schleg. Fajin. Jap., Arcs, p. 128
(1850) ; Midd. Sib. Ecis. p. 233 (1853) ; Wallengr. Naumannia,
1854, p. 271 (Scandinavia) ; Layard, Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. xiv.
p. 269 (Cevlon) (1854); Adams, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 510; Eittl.
Bmkxv. ii. pp. 292, 343, 366 (1858) : Wied, J.f. O. 1859, p. 169 :
Martens, ibid. p. 220 (I3ermudas) ; Finsch, ibid. p. 386 (Bul"-aria) ;
Swi7ih. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 (Cliina) ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 453 (Palestine) ; Schleg. Miis. P.-B., Anseres, p. 37 (Senegal !,
Brazil, Burmeistev\) (1866); Przeic. Pxttesch. Ussiiri, n. 204
(1867-69) ; Daind, N. Arch, du Mus., Bull, yii.. Cat. no. 448
(1871) : Finsch, Abh. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 66 (Alaska) (1872) ; Gieb.
Thes. Orn. i. p. 343 (1872") ; Severfz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70
(lf<73) ; Blyfli, B. Burma, p. 166 (Arakan) (1875) ; Adams, Ibis,
1878, p. 431 (Alaska); Finsch, Verh.z.-b. Ges. W7ew,1879, p. 262;
Le: List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 134 (Jamaica)
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 1 (1845) ; id. Cat. Hodgs. Coll.
B. M. p. 145 (Nepal) (1846) ; Rchnb. 8yn. Av., Natatores, t. 88.
ff. 221-23 (1845) ; -^(V^^;. 8yst. Ueb. p. 1.38 (1845) ; Gosse, B. Jam.
p. 408 (1847) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. 8. B. p. 304, n. 1775
(1849) ; Echnb. Av. 8yst. Nat. p. ix (1852) ; Bnird, 8tansb. Bep.
p. 323 (1852) ; Woodh. 8itgr. Rep. p. 103 (New Mexico and
California) (1853) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (Arabia) (1854) ;
Bp. Conipt. Rend, xxxvii. p. 664 (1854) ; id. Compt. Rend, xliii.
p. 650, n. 112 (1856) ; Newb. P. R. R. Rep.xi. p. 102 (California,
Oregon) (1857) ; 8clat. P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 206 (Jalapa) ; Cab. <^
Gundl. J. f. O. 1857, p. 227 (Cuba) ; Cass. E.ip. Am. Squadr.
China Seas and Japan, ii. p. 231 (1851) ; id. U.S. B.rpl. Exp.,
Mamm. Sf Orn. p. 341 (1858) ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 776 (1858) ;
id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 578 (1859) ; Heerm. P. R. R. Rep. x.
pt. \i. p. 69 (California) (1859) ; Murr. Edinb. N. Phil. Journ.
1859, p. 229 ; Adams, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 190 ; Sclut. 8,- Salv. Ibis,
1859, p. 231 (Guatemala) ; Coop. ^- Suckl. N. H. Wash. Terr.
p. 252 (1860) ; Brewer, Pr. Bost. Sac. N. H. vii. p. 308 (Cuba)
(1860) ; L-by, Ibis, 1861, p. 250 (Oudli) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 345
(N. China) ; Alhrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, p. 207 (Jamaica) ; Hayd.
Rep. 1862, p. 175 (Nebraska); Blak. Ibis, 1862, p. 332; Ross,
Canad. Nat, vii. p. 152 (1862) ; id. Nat. Hist. Rev. (2) ii. p. 287
(1862); Verrill, Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 158 (1862); G. R. Gr.
List Br. B. p. 192 (1863) ; id. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed.
p. 77 (1863) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 434 (Formosa) ; Lawr. Ann.
Lvc. N. Y. viii. p. 13 (Panama) (1863) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. iii.
p." 803 (1864) ; March, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 71 (Jamaica) ;
More, Ibis, 1865, p. 443 (Great Britain) ; Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 43
(Texas) ; Gundl. Repert. Fis.-Nat. i. p. 388 (Cuba) (1866) ; Coues,
Pr. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 98 (Arizona) ; Laxvr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
viii. p. 297 (1867) ; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 207 ; Swinh. Ibis, 1867,
p. 399 (Amoy) ; Degl. 4" Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 515 (1867) ;
Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 298 (1868) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ix. p. 143 (Costa Rica) (1868) ; Frantz. J. f. 0. 1869, p. 378
(Costa Rica); Ball ^- Bann. Tr. Chic. Ac. i. p. 297 (Alaska,
breeding) (1869) ; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 18 (pt. xv., 1869) ;
Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyoming) ; Sivinh.
P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 418 (Formosa) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 81,
n. 10632 (1871); Holdsio. P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 479 (Ceylon); Shell.
B. of Egypt, p. 284 (1872) : Allen, Bull. Mus. C. Z. iii. p. 183
fUtah) (1872) ; Aiken, Pr. Bost. 8oc. xv. p. 210 (Colorado) (1872) ;
Trijjpe, ibid. p. 241 (Java) (1872) ; Merr. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr.
1872, p. 703 (Wyoming) ; Coues, Key, p. 286, f. 186 (1872) ; id.
Check-list, n. 490 (1873) ; Dress. B. Eur. vi. p. 531, pis. 430, 431
(pts. 19, 20, 1873) ; Hume, 8tr. Feath. i. p. 261 (India) (1873) ;
Snow, B. Fans. p. Ii (1873) ; Sclat. <$■ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop.
p. 130 (1873) ; Heiigl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1311 (1873) ; Di/h.
J. f. O. 1873, p. 109, 1874, p. 337 ; Coues, Birds N- West, p. 561
(1874) ; Laicr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 314 (Mexico) (1874) ;
32. DAKir,A. 273
Hume, Sir. F. iii. p. 193 (regu) (1875) ; Guvdl. J.f. 0. 1875, p. 378
(Cuba) ; Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 420; Sclat. S^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1876,
p. ;i'Jl ; lilanf. East. Persia, ii. p. 301 (1876) ; Butl. Sir. Feath.
iv. p. 29 (1876) ; Sculhj, ibid. p. 200 (E. Turkestan) (1876) ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 24 (Borneo) ; Swinh. ibid. p. 147 ; Tacz. Orn.
laun. Vost. Sibir. p. 69 (1877J ; id. Bull. IHoc. Zool. Fr. 1877,
p. 45 ; David et Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 498 (1877) ; Gtmdl. An. Soc.
Esp. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 442 (Porto Rico) (1878) ; Hume 4" Davis.
Str. Feath. vi. p. 489 (1878) ; Prj'ev. in Rowley's Orn. Misc. iii.
p. 101 (Mongolia) (1878) ; Blakist. l^- Pn/er, Ibis, 1878, p. 213 :
Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 22 ; Hume, Str. Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 962
(India) (1879); Sculli/, ibid. p. 362 (Nepal) (1879); R. Gray, Pr.
Pkys. Soc. Edinb. 1880, p. 301 (Outer Hebrides) ; Blakist. ^■
Pn/er, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 184 (1880) ; Schmidt, P. Z. S.
1880,' p. 318 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 515 ; Hume ^- Marsh. Game
B. of Ind. iii. p. 180, pi. 25 (1880) ; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 100
(Gilgit) ; Ridffw. Norn. N. Am. B. n. 605 (1881) ; A. ^- E. Newt.
Handb. Jam. p. 113 (1881) ; Blakist. ^- Pri/er, Tr. As. Soc. Jap.
X. p. 97 (1882) ; Cnues, Check-list, 2ud ed. p. 113, n. 710 (1882j ;
Salv. Cat. B. Sfrickl. Coll. p. 533 (1882) ; Oates, Str. Feath. x.
p. 245 (1882) ; id. Birds Br. Burm. ii. p. 278 (1883) ; B. O. U.
List Br. B. p. 124 (1883) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 434
(1883); Tacz. Ball. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1883, p. 343; Nets. Cruise
' Corivin,' p. 96 (1883) ; B., B., ^- R. Water-B. N. Ainer. i. p. 511
(1884) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 092, tig. 480 ; Radde, Ornis
Cauc. p. 455 (1884) ; Blakist. Amend. List B. Jap. p. 9 (1884) ;
Sttlvad. Ann. Miis. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 243 (Shoa) (1884) ; Saund.
YarrcWs Hist. Br. B. iv. p. 380 (1884-8o) ; Stejn. Bull U.S. Nat.
Mus.nQ.29,^. 153 (1885); A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 117,
n. 143 (1886) ; Turner, Contr. N. H. of Alaska, p. 133 (1886)
Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 259 (1886); Nels. Nat. Hist. Coll. m
Alaska, p. 69 (1887); Ridyw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 97 (1887);
Schier, MT. orn. T'er. Wicn, 1887, p. 23 (breeding in Bohemia) ;
Martin, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1887, p. 88 (breeding near Brenue) ;
Sfe/n. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1887, p. 136 (Commander I.), 1888, p. 97
(Hawaiian Isl.) ; Oates, Ibis, 1888, p. 73 (Bhamo) ; Tacz. P. Z. S.
1888, p. 460 (Corea) ; Sah-ad. Sf Girjl. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2)
x.\xix. p. 131 (Japan) (1888) ; Salrad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2)vi.
p. 320 (Shoa) (1888) ; Dorries, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 93 (E. Siberia) ; Cory,
Auk, 1888, p. 62 (Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico) ; id. B. W. Ind.
p. 263 (1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (1889) ; Everett, Journ.
Str. Br. R. As. Soc. 1889, p. 192 (Borneo) ; Saunders, Man. Brit.
B. p. 417 ; Lilford, Col. Fiy. Brit. B. pt. xiii. (1890) ; Steere, List
B. ^- M. of ike Philippines, p. 27 (Luzon) (1890) ; Eva7is, Ibis,
1891, p. 72 (incubation) ; Sharpe, ibid. p. 116 (Fao) ; Styan, ibid.
pp. 328, 496; Sharpe, Sec. Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 131 (1891);
Harterf, Fat. Vor/elsamml. p. 232 (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteol.
Spec. Coll. Sur(/. "iii. p. 302 (1891) ; Hatch, B. of Mi7ines. p. 40
(1892) ; Scoff U'ils. Aves Hawai. pt. iv. p. — (1893) ; Chapm. Ibis,
1894, p. 349 (W. Jutland, breeding) ; Oust. Ois. Turkest. etc.
{Nouv. Arch. Mas. (3) vi. p. 100. 1894).
Querquedula caudacuta, Macgill. Man. Orn. ii. p. 170 (1842).
Dafila longicauda, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 297.
Datila caudata, Brehm, ibid.
Uafila acuta a. americana, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650 (1856).
Anas (Ualila) acuta, Schrenck, Vocj. d. Amur-Landc, p. 481 (1860) ;
VOL. XXVII. T
274 AXATIDiE.
Madde, Reise S. O.-Sibii: ii. p. 371 (1863) ; Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl.
1882, p. 20 ; id. Vog. zool. Glirt. p. 63 (1882).
Daphila acuta, Gieb. Thes. Oin. ii. p. 14 (1875).
Daphila longicauda, Gieb. ibid.
Hybrids.
Dafila acuta X Ehyncliaspis clvpeata, Seli/s, Bp. Conipt. Mend, xliii.
p. 650 (1856).
Anas boschas x Daiila acuta, A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 338,
pi. clxviii.
Anas acuta X A. querquedula, Leadb. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 84.
Dafila acuta c? X Anas bosclias (domestica) $ , Bias, in Nauni. Vog.
Beutschl. xiii. 2, p. 308, Taf. 389. f. 3 (1860J ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1880, p. 515.
Pintail cS x Common Duck 2 , Yarrell, Hist. Brif. B. {^Saund. ed.),
iv. p. 383 (1884-85).
Adult male. Head and upper neck plain hair-brown, darker on
-crown, and faintly glossed on sides of occiput with purple ; upper
half of hind neck black, with a white stripe on each side, confluent
with the white of the lower neck and breast ; lower hind neck
greyish brown ; back, sides, and flanks waved with grey and dusky ;
upper tail-coverts black, the median broadly edged with grey ; longer
scapulars velvety black, edged ■s\-ith whitish ; wiug-coverts uniform
brownish grey, the last row broadly tipped with cinnamon, producing
a distinct bar ; primaries brownish grey, darker towards the tip ;
speculum varying from dull metallic green to bronzy purple, tipped
with white, and crossed by a subterminal bar of velvety black ; the
inner quill of the speculum velvety black, with a ■\^•hite band along
the inner part of the outer web ; tertials grey, marked with a velvety
black median stripe ; abdomen whitish, dusted with grey, lower
flanks with a buff tinge ; under tail-coverts black, the outer ones
white on the outer web ; central tail-feathers long, acuminate, and
black, remainder of the tail-feathers dusky grey, edged with whitish :
bill blackish, with the sides dull lead-blue ; feet greyish black ;
irides dark brown. Total length from 24 to 30 inches, wing 11,
middle tail-feathers 7'25-9-50, culmen 1-85-2-15, tarsus 1*55-
1-85.
Adult female. Above greyish dusky, varied with irregular bars of
yellowish white or pale ochraceous ; head and neck whitish buff,
each feather, except on throat, streaked with blackish ; lower parts
dingy white, the flanks, the abdomen, and under tail-coverts streaked
with dusky ; wings brown, smaller wing-coverts tipped with whitish ;
the greater wing-coverts and the secondaries are tipped with white,
forming two white bars across the wing, but the space between them
is dull brown, mottled with black, without any metallic gloss of
any kind (Seehohm) : tail brown, with oblique huffish spots or bars.
Total length 21-23-50 inches, wing 9-60-10-10, middle tail-feathers
4-50-5, culmen 1-80-2-10, tarsus 1-65.
Young in first plumage closely resemble adult females, but young
males may always be distinguished by having an alar speculum
{^SeeboJim).
Males in first nuptial plumage have pale margins to the wing-
32. DAFILA. 275
coverts, and most of the feathers of the rump are broadly barred,
instead of finely vermiculatcd, with white (tSeclohm).
Adult males in moultlnfj-plumafie maybe distinguished from adult
females by having an alar speculum, and being richer and darker in
colour (Seehohm).
TowKj in doiun have the same pale spots on the upper parts as
those of the Mallard, but the white on the throat and belly is slightly
suffused with grey instead of buff, and in addition to the dark line
"• passing through the eye, a second dark line passes from the lores
below the eye to the nape (Seehohiu).
According to some ornithologists, European specimens differ very
appreciably from North American in having a narrower speculum
(B., B., cj- R.), but I have failed to find that there is any appre-
ciable difference.
liah. Northern Hemisphere, breeding in the northern parts, and
migrating southward to Northern Africa, India, Ceylon, China, and
Japan, and in America as far as Panama and Cuba.*
a. 9 iuv. sk. Shetland, April. H. J. Elwes, Esq
[P.].
b. c? juv. st. Aldeburgh, Suffolk, Sept. Theodore Fisher,
Esq. [P.].
c. 2 ^^- St. Cambridgeshire. Purchased.
d. c? ad. sk. Kent. Montagu Coll.
e. c? ad. sk. Devonshire. Montagu Coll.
/. Pull. sk. Valkeuswiiard, Holland. Salvin-Godman Coll.
I/, h. S ad. et S Arcachon, Frauce, Jan., Nov. Seebohm CoU.
imm. sk. {E. J'. Seebohm).
i. c? ad. sk. S. Spain. Lord Lilford [P.].
/.;. (S ad. sk. Near Se^-ille, Spain, Feb. Tweeddale Coll.
{H. Saunders).
I. S ad. sk. Egypt, Feb. (G. E. S.). Shelley CoU.
m. $ ad. sk. Ea-ypt, March. Dr. Worthington
[P.J.
n. 2 ad. sk. AngoUala (Harris). India Museum [P.].
o. Pull. st. Archangel. R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
p. (S juv. sk. Nerimowskaja, Ob River, Dr. O. Finsch [P.].
Sept.
q,r. cJ $ ad. sk. Yen-e-sai, Siberia, Lat.GGp Seebohm Coll.
June.
«. S ad. sk. Omsk, May. St. G. Littledale,
Esq. [P.].
* Dafila .modesta.
Dafila modesta, Tristr. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 79, pi. rii. (Sydnev I., Phcenix
Group, Centr. Pacific); id. Cat Coll. B. p. 50 (1889); Lister, P. Z. S.
1891, pp. 289, 298, 300 ; Wiffksw. Aves Polyn. p. 71 (1891).
Canon Tristram has kindly sent me for inspection the types of his D. modt.-^ta :
the male is immature, has the right wing cut, and has been kept in confine-
ment; I cannot distinguish them from some specimens of D. acuta; still,
considering the locality whence they came, I do not think it quite safe, at least
for the present, to identify l). modesta with I), acuta,
t2
276
t-iv. S 2 ad. sk.
X. c? juv. sk.
y, s. c? ? ad. sk.
«', b', c'._ cJ 2 ad.
et cJ juv. sk.
<^'. 2 ad. sk.
e'. S ad. sk.
/'-i'. c? 2 ad. et
6 juv. sk.
A:', c? ad. sk.
I'. S ad. sk.
m'. S ad. sk.
n'. S ad. sk.
o'. c? ad. sk.
|j'. 2 ad. sk.
q'. S ad. sk.
r'-v'. (5' 2 ad. et
c? juv. sk.
eo'-e". c? 2 ad. et
juv. sk.
f'\ 2 ad. sk.
(/", h". (5 ad. sk.
i". c? ad. sk.
fc". (5 ad. sk.
Z"-o". cJ 2 ad. sk.
et (J juv. St.
p". 2 ad. sk.
q". J ad. sk.
/•". 2 ad. sk.
s". S ad. sk.
t". S imm. sk.
ti". 2 ad. sk.
v". 2 ad. sk.
w''. 2 ad. sk.
.r". 2 ad. sk.
»/". 2 ad. sk.
i". c? ad. st.
«^ &■'. c? 2 ad. sk.
c'. c? ad. sk.
fP. 2 juv. sk.
e^, Juv. sk.
/3. cJ ad. sk.
/, A'. cJ 2 ad. sk.
Lob-nor, Feb. {PrjevalsTcy)
Fao, Persian GuK, Oct.
H. Seebobm, Esq.
[P.].
W. D. Gumming,
Esq. [P.].
Babylon {Commander Jones). India Museum [P.].
Bagdad. Eennet]iLoftus,Esq.
[P.].
Kandahar, Feb. Lt.-Colonel Swinboe
[P.].
Kandahar, Feb. Hume Coll.
India. Purchased.
N. India.
Guibee Dehra. Larkhana,
Jan. (A. 0. if.).
Roree, Upper Sindh, Jan.
Roree, Feb.
Delhi.
Gurgaon, Delhi, Feb. ( W.
N. Chill).
Kumaon (Strachey).
Etawah, Nov.
Allahabad, March, Nov.,
Dec. {A. O.H.).
Oudb.
Oudh, Dec, Jan.
Sultanpur, Oudh, Feb.
Hurdui, Oudh, Feb. {A.
Anderso7i).
Nepal.
Nepal Dolaka, Jan.
Manoura, Nepal, April.
Native Sikhim, Oct. {L.
Mcindclli).
Bootan (Pemherton).
Bengal (Fcdconer).
Naudurbar, Feb.
Raipur.
Madras.
Tonghoo, Nov. (E. G.
W. R.).
Lower Pegu, Feb.
China.
China (Tuckett).
Amoy, China, Feb. {P. Sioin-
lioe).
Shanghai, China, March {P.
SwinJioe).
Kiukiang, China, Feb.
Nagasaki, Japan.
Awomeri, Japan, April.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Capt. Stackhouse
Pinwill [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq,
[P.].
Hume Coll.
J. Scully, Esq. [P.].
Hume Coll.
U
India Museum
India Museum
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume CoU.
Tweeddale Coll.
E. W. Gates, Esq.
J. R. Reeves, Esq.
[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
i
Seebohm Coll.
Esq.
F. W. Styan,
[P.].
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
Seebohm CoU.
32. DAFILA.
277
h^. 2 juv. sk.
P. (S jii^'- sk.
»«^. 2 juv. sk.
n^. 2 ad. st.
o-\ cf juv. sk.
P\ f- d juv. et
pull. sk.
r^, s'. cJ juv. sk.
<^ u\ (S ad. et cJ
juv. sk.
2)'. c? ad. sk.
zv^, (S ad. St.
x^. (S ad. sk.
2/^=1 c? ad. et c7
juv. sk.
a', cf ad. sk,
b^. c^ad. sk.
c'. 2 iuioi. sk.
(P. 2 ad. sk.
e'-pK S 2 'id. et
juv. sk.
q^-uK 2 ad. sk.
v^. (S ad. sk.
w*. 2 atJ. sk.
.I'*, 2 ad. sk.
y\ P,9- d 2 ad.
sk.
r-u. c? ad. et
c? 2 juv. sk.
''^-y- 6 2 ad. et
juv. sk.
z. Ad. sk.
a'. Juv. sk.
b'. cJ ad. sk.
c', d'. (5 2 imm.
sk.
e'. c? ad. sk.
/',
(1869).
Poecilonitta bahamensis, G. R. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 74 (1840).
Anas fimbriata, Merrem, Ersch u. Grub. Fnc. sect. i. vol. xxxv. p. 35
(1841) [ex Azara).
Dafila bahamensis, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 135 (1844) ;
id. Gen. B. iii. p. 615, n. 2 (1845) ; Hartl. Frst. Nachtr. p. 19,
n. 221 (1846) ; id. Ind. Azar. Apunt. p. 27, n. 433 (1847) ; Cah.
in Schomh. Guiana, iii. p. 763 (1848) ; DesMurs, in Gay's Faun.
Chit. i. p. 448 (1848) ; Hartl. Naumannia, 1853, p. 222; Licht.
Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854) ; Cass. U.S. Astron. Fip. ii. p. 203
(California!, Chili) (1856) ; id. U.S. Expl. Exp., Manim. ^ Oi-n.
33. PCECILONETTA. 283
p. 341 (1858); Baircl, B. N. Am. p. 77G (note) (1858); Pelz.
Reise Nomra, Vo'iah\ P. Z. S. 1870, p. 323 (Indefatigable
Island) ; Salv. Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. p. 499 (Galapagos) (1876) ;
Sclat. i,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 393 (part.) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1883,
p. 428 (Charles Isl.).
Pcecilonetta galapagensis, Ridnio. Pi: U.S. Nat. Miis. xii. p. 115
(1889).
Similar to P. bahamensis (Linn.), but white on sides of head
thickly speckled with brown, instead of being quite immaculate, and
top of head greyer brown ; under tail-coverts less rufescent and
more greyish ; axillaries white, usually with brown spots along the
middle. Total length about 14 inches, wing 7*5, tail 2-9, culmen
1*6, tarsus 1'3.
Hah. Galapagos Islands.
a. Ad. sk.
b, c, d. 2 ad. et
d juv. sk.
Charles I., Galapagos, Feb.
{Capt. A. H. Markham).
Indefatigable I., Galapagos,
Aug. {Dr. Habel).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
33. PCECILONETTA. 285
3. Pcecilonetta erythrorhyncha.
Crimson-billed Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 507, n. 52 (1785) (Cape of
Good Hope).
Anas erytlirorhyncha, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 517, n. 79 (1788) ; Lath.
Incl. Orn. ii. 'p. 855, n. 57 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 126
(1790) ; Diim. Diet. Sc. Kat. vi. p. 380 (1816) ; Burch. Travels,
i. p. 283 (1822), ii. p. 346 (1824) : G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 610,
n. 14 (1845) ; Sviith, 111. S. Afr. ZooL, Birds, pi. 104 (1845) ; Des
Murs in Lefehvre, Toy. Abyss., Ois. p. 172 (1845-1850) ; Licht.
Nomencl. Av. p. lOl" (1854); Blyth, J. A. S. B. xxiv. p. 265
(Abyssinia) (18.J5) ; Bolle, J.f.O. 1856, p. 165 (Zool. Gard.) ;
Hewjl. J. f. O. 1863, p. 4 ; I'elz. Eeise Nouara, Tor/el, p. 138
(Cape) (1865) ; Schley. 3Ius. P.-B., Anseres, p. 56 (I860) ; id.
P. Z. S. 1866, p. 426 (Madao^ascar) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 351
(1867) ; Harfl. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 827 (Zanzibar) ; HeNyl. 'lieise nach
Abessin. 1861-62, p. 266 (1868) ; Schleq. ^- Poll. Rech. Faun.
Maday. p. 141 (1868) ; Chaivn. Trav. in'S. Afr. ii. App. p. 422
(1868) ; Finsch Si- Marti. Vofj. Ost-Afr. p. 808 (1870) ; Gieb.
Thes. Orn. i. p. 350 (1872) ; Hartl. Toy. Maday. p. 362 (1877) :
Shell. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 310 (Mamboio) ; Milne-Fdw. ^- Graiid.
Ois. 3Iaday. p. 725, pi. 275. f. 4 (head) (1882) ; Fischer, Zeitschr.
yes. On?. "1884, p. 394 (Masai); Bohm, J. f. O. 1885, p. 62
(Karuma, C. Africa) ; Emin, J.f. O. 1891, p. 58 (Ugogo) ; Bchmv.
ibid. p. 141; Hartert, Kat. Voyelsamvil. p. 230 (l89l); Sihree,
Ibis, 1892, p. 270; Edmw. J.f. O. 1892, p. 6 (Bukoba, Uganda) :
id. Voy. Deutsch-Ost-Afr. p. 26 (1894).
Anas melanura, Vieill. (nee Gm.) W. D. v. p. 135 (??pe p. 155)
(1816).
Tadorna erythrorbynclia, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 75 (1824).
Querquedula erythrorbynclia, Smith, Cat. S.-Afr. Mas. p. 36, n. 325
(1837) ; Bp. 'Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 650, n. 100 (1856) ; Heuyl.
Orn. N. O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1325 (1873) ; Ifolieb, Beitr. Orn. Siid-
afr. p. 330 (1882) ; Bohm, J. f. 0. 1885, p. 02; Fischer, J. f. O.
1885, p. 115 (Galla); Dubois, Bull. Mus. Ray. d' H. N. de Bely.
iv. p. 149, n. 193 (1886) (Tanganyika) ; Matschie, J. f O. 1887,
pp. 137, 144.
Psecilonitta erythrorhyncha, Eyt. Mm. Anat. p. 115 (1838) ; G. R.
Gr. List B. ~Brit. Mus. iii. p. 134 (Abyssinia) (1844) ; Eyt. Syn.
Anat.YxfM (1869).
Mareca erythrorhyncha, Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844).
Anas ])vrrhorhyncha, Jo;-«<. Icon. ined. t. 73; id. Descr. An. (ed.
Licht.) p. 45"(1844).
Pcecilonitta erythrorhyncha, Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 138, n. 491
(Sennaar, Abyssinia) (1845); Shell. Ibis, 1885, p. 415 (Somali) :
id. P. Z. S. 1889, p. 371 (Kilimanjaro).
Anas ])unctata, Rchnb. {nee Burch.) Syn. Av., Natatores, t. (xlix.) 8.5.
ff. 915-916 (1845).
Anas pyrrhocephala, " Forst." (en-ore), Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B.
p. 304, in syn. n. 1776 (1849).
Dafila erylhrorhyncha, Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 304, n. 1776
(1849); Hartl. Orn. Beitr. Faun. Maday. p. 82 (1861); Pollen,
N. r. D. i. p. 327 (1863) ; Roeh .V E. Newt. Ibis, 1863, p. 174
(Madagascar); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 165; Verr. in Vin-^on's
Voy. a Maday., Ann. ]], p. 4 (1865) ; Grand. Rev. et May. de
Zo'ol. 1868. p. 5 (Madagascar) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 315; ButL,
Feild., Sf Reid, Natural. 1882, p. 427 (Natal) ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl.
286 ANATID^.
Coll. p. 533 (1882) ; Mat. List Vert. An. Stli ed. p. 436 (1883) :
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 50 (1889).
Pcecilouetta erythrorhyiiclia, Gum. Ibis, 1859, p. 251 (Natal), 1861,
p. 134, 1862, p. 158, 1868, p. 471 ; Boc. Jorn. Ac. Sc. Lish. 1867,
p. 329 ; Sdat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding) ; Boc. Jorn. Ac. Sc.
Lish. 1871, p. 277, 1872, p. 70 ; Anderss. B. Damara Land, p. 339
(Damara and Great Namaqua-land) (1872); Boc. J. f. 0. 1876,
p. 294 (Rio Coroca) ; Gttrn. ibid. ; Ayres, Ibis, 1880, p. 272
(Transvaal) ; Boc. Orn. Ancj. p. 501 (1881) ; S/uaj^e in Oates'
Matah.-Land, p. 328 (1881) ; id. Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 754
(1884) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i. p. 244 (Shoa) (1884),
Ti. p. 32 (Shoa) (1888) ; Shell. Ibis, 1888, p. 307 (Tang-ani), 1894,
T)p. 28, 478 (Lake Shirwa) ; Salvad. Mem. B. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2)
sliv. p. 564 (Somali) (1894).
Nettion erythrorhynclia, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84, n. 10668
(1871).
Dafila ervthrorliynclia, Gieb. Thes. Orn. li. p. 14 (18/5).
Querquedula pyrrliorhynclia, Holuh, Beitr. Orn. Siidafr. p. 330, in
syn. Q. erytiirorhynchfe (1882).
Anas (Dafila) erythrorlivncha, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 20 ;
id. V6(j. zool. Gcirt. p." 54 (1882).
Adult male. Upper half of the head, as far as the eyes, dark
brown, sharply defined from the whitish of the sides of the head
and throat ; neck greyish, mottled with blackish spots ; back and
scapulars brown, the feathers edged with reddish buff; uuder-
parts whitish, each feather with greyish-brown spots, larger on the
fiauks, darker and better defined on the under tail-coverts ; wings
slaty o'rey ; a narrow velvety -black speculum more or less with a
o-reeu lustre, edged anteriorly by a reddish-fawn band formed by
the tips of the last row of upper wing-coverts ; a very broad band
of the same colour on the apical half of the secondaries ; under wing-
coverts brown-grey, the greater ones paler and purer grey ; tail dark
brown, the edges of the feathers fawn-colour : " iris brown : legs,
toes, and webs blackish purple ; upper mandible dark purple, faintly
tino'ed Avith green upon the ridge, the remainder of the mandible
above the edge pinkish : lower mandible bluish pink " {Andersson) ;
but, according to T. Ayres, " iris light umber ; bill bright pink,
darkest towards base of upper mandible ; ridge dusky brown ; tarsi
and feet dark ash." Total length about 17 inches, wing 9, tail 3*8,
culmen 1-62, tarsus 1-42.
Female. Similar, or scarcely different.
Young ill doion. Similar to the same stage of P. hahamensls, hut
a shade'darker on the upper parts.
Hah. Africa, from the Cape to Angola on the West, and to
Abyssinia and Sennaar on the East ; Madagascar,
a. Ad. sk. No locality. Purchased.
b, c. Ad. St. Africa. Old Coll.
d. Ad. St. Abyssinia. Dr. Ptiippell [C.].
p 9 ad sk E. side of Kilimanjaro, June. II. C. V. Himter,
■ ^ ■ ■ Esq. [P.].
/■_,• rC 9 ad. sk. Lake Shirwa, Nyassa-land, May II. II. Johnston, Esq.,
-^ {A. Whyte). C.B. [P.].
34. ELASirOXETTA. 287
k. c? ad. sk. Lamu, Aug'. F. J. Jackson, Esq.
[P.].
/. Ad. sk. Mamboio (Ki'rk). SlieUey Coll.
^) "• d 2 ad. sk. Mapane Pan, Matabele, Nov. W. £. & C. G. Gates,
Esqrs. [P.].
"(i^- c5' ? ad. sk. Potchffstroom, Transvaal, J. H. Gurney, Esq.
March, June {T. Ayres). [P.].
q. Ad. sk. Potchefstroom. F. A. Barratt, Esq.
[P.].
r. Ad. sk. Grahamstown (E. L. Laijard). Shelley Coll.
s, t. Ad. sk. Madagascar. Purchased.
u. (S ad. sk. Central Madagascar. Shelley Coll.
V, to. Pull. St. Zool. Soc.
.r. *Ad. St. Zoological Gardens. Zool. Soc.
y. Skeleton. Zool. Soc.
34. ELASMONETTA. _,
Type.
Elasmonetta, Salvad. MS. E. chlorotis.
Bill compressed, soft on the edges of the apical part of the upper
mandihle ; lamellae extremely developed ; wings "well developed.
Ranrji\ Confined to Xcw Zealand subregion.
1. Elasmonetta chlorotis.
Anas chlorotis, G. R. Gr. Voy. Ereb. l^ Terr., Birds, p. 15, pi. 20
(1846) : Rchnb. Syn. Av., Xatatores, t. 85. f. 912 (ISJ^) (er I. c.) ;
G. R. Gr. Gen. B., App. p. 2^ (1849) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii.
p. G49, n. 71 (1856) ; G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 241 ; Peh. Reise
Novara, Viiqel, p. 138 (1865) ; BuUer, Ess. on the Orn. yew Zeal.
p. 18 (1865) ; Hector, New Zeal. E.vh. p. 277 (Otago) (1866) ;
Finsch, J.f. 0. 1867, p. 336 ; id. Tr. X. Z. Inst. i. p. 72 (1869) ;
? Trovers, Trans. N. Z. Inst. i. p. 178 (Chatham Isl. !) (1869) t ;
Ei/t. Syn. Anat. p. 93 (1869) : Potts, Tr. N. Z. Inst. ii. p. 72
(1870); Hutt. Ibis, 1870, p. 398 (.Auckland); Finsdi, J.f.O.
1870, p. 357 ; Hutt. Cat. B. New Zeal. p. 36 (1871) ; G. R. Gr.
Hand-list, iii. p. 82, n. 10648 (1871) ; Hutt. Ibis, 1872, p. 250
(Chatham Isl.:-') ; Gieb. T/ies. Orn.i.-p. 347 (1872) ; Finsch, J.f. O.
1872, p. 186 ; Biiller, Hist. B. X. Zeal. p. 248 (1873) ; Fi?isch,
J.f. 0. 1874, p. 202; Sharpe, Voy. Ereb. ^- Terr., Birds, p. 31
(1875); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 519; Finsc/i, Ibis, 1882, p. 397;
Bull. Man. B. Xew Zeal. p. 68 (1882) ; Rch7uc. Orn. Centralbl.
1882, p. 19; Milne-Edw. Rech. Faun. Rey. Austr. chap. ix. p. 41
(1882) ; Bull. Hist. B. Xeic Zeal. 2nd ed. ii. p. 257, pi. xlii. (upper
lis. 6) (1883) : Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889) ; Buller, Trans.
N. Z. Inst. XXV. 1892, p. 62 (1893).
Nesonetta aucklandica, Hector (riec G. R. Gr.), Kew Zeal. E.rh.
p. 277, n. 56 (1866) ; cf Finsch, J.f. 0. 1874, p. 202.
* Sent as a hybrid between P. bahamensis and Anas xanihorhyncha, but is
indistinguishable from P. erythrorhyncha.
+ I have not been able to find this reference, quoted by Hutton.
288 ANATIB^.
Hybrids.
? Anas chlorotis S (?) X Anas boscas $ , Bullev, B. Neiv Zeal. 2nd ed.
p. 259 (1883).
Adult male. Head and upper part of neck brown, the crown
glossy, with a chestnut tinge ; sides of the occiput and nape glossed
with metallic green ; throat more or less whitish ; upper parts
brown, the edges of the feathers paler, greyish brown ; on the inter-
scapular region the feathers are finely waved with black and rufous
lines ; the outer scapulars black on the outer web, waved with
black and chestnut lines on the inner one ; lateral upper tail-
coverts black, glossed with green on the outer webs ; a white collar,
more or less distinct, separates in front the brown of the upper from
the lower part of the fore neck, which is chestnut, shading into pale
reddish on the breast and abdomen ; these parts have numerous
black spots, almost round, on the lower fore neck, more transverse on
the breast and abdomen ; flanks waved with rufous and black lines ;
under tail-coverts black, at the base of them on each side a white
patch ; wings brown ; speculum black, metallic green on the upper
part, bounded anteriorly by a narrow cinnamon band at the tip of
the last row of the upper wing-coverts, and posteriorly by a rufes-
ceiit white band at the tip of the secondaries ; tertials edged with
rufescent ; under wing-coverts brown, the inner ones, with the
axillaries, white ; tail brown-black, with narrow rufescent edges to
the feathers : " irides black : bill bluish black ; the pectination of
the upper mandible yellowish brown ; feet dull slaty grey " (Bidler).
Total length about 18 inches, wing 8, tail 4, culmen 1-7, tarsus 1-5.
(Mus. Bothschild.)
Female. Head and upper portion of the neck brown, the crown
darker, each feather edged with rufous ; sides of the head and
throat with darker streaks ; lower part of neck behind and upper
surface dark brown, each feather margined with rufous ; lower
parts rufous-brown, each feather largely centred with brown ; abdo-
men paler; sides and under tail-coverts darker; wings as in the
male, but the upper wing-coverts with narrow rufous edges ; tail
brown : " bill greyish brown ; legs pale yellowish brown "' {Buller).
Total length about 17 inches, wing 7'7, culmen 1-7.
Immature male. Similar to the female, and has no white collar
in front of the neck and no gloss on the sides of the occiput and
nape.
Young. Very similar to the adult female. {Mus. EotliscMld.)
Young in down. " Covered with thick soft down, blackish brown,
with lighter markings on the upper surface ; chin and underparts
yellowish brown." (Buller.)
Sir W. Buller speaks of an apparently smaller form of this Duck,
brought from the "West Coast Sounds by Mr. Eeischek.
ffah. New Zealand, Chatham, and Auckland (?) Islands.
a, b, c. 2 ad. at New Zealand. P. Earl, Esq. [C.]. (Types
cJ imm. sk. of the species.)
35. NESONETTA. 289'
d, e, f. 2 ad. et New Zealand. Wellington Museum
djuv.sk. [E.].
g, h. (S imni. et New Zealand. Sir G. Grey [P.].
juv. sk.
i, k. S 2 ad. sk. FoveaiLx Straits, NewZealand. Capt. Stokes [P.].
I. Ad. sk. Chatham Is. Dr. H. 0. Forbes [0.].
35. NESONETTA. ^
Type.
Nesonetta, G. H. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 627 (1844) N. aucklandica.
Range. Confined to the Aucklands.
1. Nesonetta aucklandica.
Nesonetta aucklandica, G. Ji. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 627 (excl. syn.).
pi. 169. f. 4 (head, wing, and foot) (1844) ; id. List B. Brit. Mus.
iii. p. 191 (excl. syn.) (1844) ; id. Voy. Ereb. ^- Terr., Birds, p. 16.
pi. 17 (1846) ; id. Gen. B. Append, p. 28 (1849) ; lichnh. Syn. Av..
Natatores, t. 77. f. 891 (e.c Erebus Sf Terror) (184-?): id. Av.
Syst. Nat. p. ix, t. vii. (1852) ; Bp. Compt. Bend, sliii! p. 651.
n. lo4 (1856); G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 242; Fimch, J. f. O. 1870,
p. .358 ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10724 (1872) ; Sunder.
Meth. nat. Av. disjj. Tent. p. 150 (1872) ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1872,
p. 188 ; Rutt. Trans. N. Z. Inst. v. p. 2-38 (1873) ; Fi7isch, J.f. O
1844, p. 203; Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 700 (1875); Sharpe, Voy.
Ereb. .y Terr., Birds, p. 31 (1875) ; BuUer, Hist. B. New Zeal.
2nd ed. ii. p. 263, pi. xlii. (lower fig.) (1888) ; id. Trans. N. Z. Inst.
xxiv. 1891, p. 86 (1892) (young iu down).
Erismatura (Nesonetta) aucklandica, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882.
p. 4.
Adult male. Head and upper portion of the neck blackish brown
with a green gloss, especially on the nape ; upper parts brown,
with a green gloss and with brown-chestnut edges to the feathers ;
lower portion of hind neck, mantle, and scapulars waved with black
and rut'ous-brown lines ; lower part of fore neck and crop-region
chestnut, changing into whitish on the breast and abdomen ; on
the crop-region and breast the feathers are centred with blackish
round spots ; abdomen crossed with dusky and whitish bars ; sides
and flanks waved with black and rufous bars ; under tail-coverts
blackish, mingled with brown ; at the base of them, on each side,
a not very distinct paler patch, waved with rufous-grey and black
bars ; wings brown, the feathers with narrow brown edges ; second-
aries obscurely glossed with green, and tipped with reddish white,
forming a narrow apical band ; under wing-coverts brown, broadly
edged with white ; tail blackish brown, almost uniform : " bill
blackish brown ; tarsus and feet reddish brown ; irides dark hazel "
{Bxdlcr). Total length from 17 to 18 inches, wing o-o, tail 3"8,
culmen l-lJ, tarsus 1-25. (Boihschild Coll.)
Female. JIuch smaller than the male ; head brown, with no green
lustre; on the cheeks and throat the feathers edged with whitish;
general colour brown, with a dark green lustre on the back and
wings ; crop-region, sides, and flanks brown-chestnut ; on the flanks
VOL. XXVU. TT
290 ANATID^.
the feathers have brown marks before the edge, nearly hidden ;
middle of the abdomen huffish, the tips of the feathers being of that
colour, while the bases are dusky; wings browner than in the
male ; secondaries scarcely showing a green lustre, and with less
conspicuous reddish-white apical band. Total length about 14
inches, wing 5, culmen 1*35. {Eotliscldld Coll.)
Youncj in doivn. " The body is covered with thick down, with
long central filaments, especially on the upper parts. The general
colour is dark oHvaceous-brown, fading to pale fulvous-brown on
the throat and fore neck, and to dull fawn colour on the breast and
abdomen. There is a purer shade of dark brown passing through
the eyes and molting aw-ay behind. The rudimentary wings have
an outer fringe of yellowish brown ; the produced filaments on the
shoulders and mantle are of the same pale colour. The bill is dark
brown, with the terminal shield and feet olivaceous-brown, the
webs being darker ; claws yellowish brown." (Buller.)
This bird is very nearly related to Elasmonetta cJilorotis, having
the same markings and colours, but has very small wings, useless
for flight, and lamellae of the bill much less developed.
Hob. Aucklands.
a. 2 ad. sk. Auckland. Antarctic Exped. (Type
of species.)
h. S ? imm- sk. [New Zealand.] Sir G. Grey [P.].
e. Juv. St. Auckland Island. The Countess of Gallo-
way [P.].
d, e. cS 2 ad. sk. Auckland Island. Tlie Hon. Walter
Eothschild [P.].
36. aUERaUEDULA.
Type.
Querquedula, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 142 (1824) . . Q. circia.
Cyanopterus, Eijton, Mon. Anat. p. 38 (1838) {nee
Halid. 1835) Q. cyanoptera.
Pterocyanea, Bp. Icon. Faun. Ital., Ucc. Introd. p. 17
(1841) Q. circia.
Punauetta, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 649, gen. 28
(1856) Q. puna.
Adelonetta, Heine, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 346
(1890) (=Punanetta, Bp.).
Range. Northern Hemisphere and Neotropical Region.
Key to tlie Species.
«. Upper wing-coverts grey lead-colour ; upper tail-
coverts distinctly barred across ; sexes almost
similar (Punanetta).
a'. Smaller ; bill with a broad orange spot at the
base of the upper mandible ; rump like the
upper tail-coverts, with narrow white bars . . vei'sicolor, p. 291.
b'. Larger ; bill light blue, with the ridge black, in
dry skin uniform black ; rump uniform brown-
grey, with no white bars pima, p. 293.
3G. QUERQUEDTILA. 291
. Upper wing-coverts pale blue ; cheeks and sides
of the upper part of the neck brown-vinous,
streaked with white (male) circia, p. 293.
Upper wing-coverts bright smalt-blue.
c'. A crescent-like white band between the eyes
and the bill of the male ; smaller, bill usually
less than 1-G5 discors, p. 299.
d'. No crescent-like white band between the eyes
and the bill of the male, which has the sides
of the head, neck, breast, and sides bright
chestnut; larger, bill usually more than l'6o. ct/anoptera, p. 303.
1. Querquedula versicolor.
Pato pico de tres colores, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 450, n. 440 (Paraguay)
(1805).
Anas versicolor, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 109 (1816) (e.r Azara) ; id. Enc.
Meth. i. p. ;353 (1823) ; ScUer). Mm. P.-B., Anseres, p. 57 (1866) ;
IScIat. S,- Salo. Ibis, 1870, p. 499 (Sandy Point) ; Gieb. Thes. Oni.
i. p. 304 (1872) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsammi. p. 231 (llio Grande,
S. America) (1891).
Anas maculirostris, Licht. Verz. Donhl. p. 84 (Montevideo) (1823) ;
Sundev. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 126 (Galapagos!).
Anas fretensis, Eint/, P. Z. S. 1830, p. 15 (M:igellan Straits).
Cvanopterus fretensis, Ei/t. Mon. Anat. p. 131 (18-38) ; Jard. ^•
'Selb. 111. Om. iv. pi. 29"(1838); Fraser, P. Z. S. 1844, p. 157.
Anas muralis, Merrem in Ersch u. Gnch. Enc. sect. i. vol. xxxv.
p. 42 (1841).
Cyanopterus maculirostris, Harfl. J'erz. Ges. Mm. p. 119 (1844).
Querquediila maculirostris, G. H. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 138
(1844) ; Des Murs in Gai/, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 452 (1848) ; Sartl.
Naumannia, 1853, p. 222; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854);
Phil, c^- Landb. Cat. Av. Chil. p. 42 (1868) ; Burm. P. Z. S. 1872,
p. 367 ; id. An. 3fus. Nac. Buen. Air. iii. pp. 247, 320 (1888).
Pterocvanea maculirostiis, G.B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 017, n. 2 (1845) ;
Echiib. Si/n. Av.. Natatores, t. 89. f. 181 (1845) ; Hartl. Lid. Azar.
Apunt. p. 28, n. 440 (1847) ; Bchnb. Si/n. Av. t. 90. f. 2344 (1850)
(e.r Jard. ^- Selb.) ; Bibra, Denkschr. Akad. Wien, v. 2, p. 132
(1853) (Chili) ; id. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 57; Pelz. Bei.se Novara, Vog.
p. 139 (Chili) (1865) ; id. Om. Bras. p. 464 (1870).
Pterocyanea versicolor, Bp. Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 650, no. 91 (syn.
emend.) (1856).
Querquedula versicolor, Cass. U.S. Astron. E.vp. ii. p. 203 (Chili)
(1856) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 389 (Falklands) ; Abbott, Ibis, 1861,
p. 161 (Falklands) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 335 (Chili) ; Sclat. ^■
Salo. P. Z. S. 1868, p. 146 (Buenos Ayres) ; G. B. Gr. Sand-list,
iii. p. 83, n. 10659 (1871) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop.
p. 129 (1873) ; Salvin, Trans. 7moL Soc. iv. p. 499 (1876) ; Sclat.
.V Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 388 ; Bumf. Ibis, 1877, pp. 41 (Chuput),
191 (Buenos Avres), 1878, p. 401 (Centr. Patag., resident) ; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522 ; Milne-Edw. Reck. Faun. lUg. Austr. ch. ix.
p. 46 (1882) ; Barrotcs, Auk, 1884, p. 274 (Entrerios) ; Berl. J. f. O.
1887, p. 124 (Parairuav); Sclat. Arqent. Om. ii. p. 131 (1889);
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B^.t^.'AQ (1889); Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, vi.
Ois. p. 207 (1891) ; HoUand, Ibis, 1892, p. 207 (.^jgentina) ; Kerr,
Ibis, 1890, p. 358, 1892, p. 146 (Lower Pilcomayo) ; Berkel. Jatnes,
tj2
292 ANATID^.
Neiv List Ckil. B. p. 9, n. 154 (1892) ; Aplin, Ihis, 1894, p. 200
(Uruguay).
Anas (Pterocyanea) maculii-ostris, Burm. J. f. O. 1880, p. 266
(Mendoza) ; id. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 516 (1861).
Pterocyanea fretensis, Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 85 (18G9).
Adult male. Upper half of the head blackish brown ; sides of the
head and throat whitish buff; lower part of the neck huffish,
minutely spotted with black ; mantle and anterior scapulars black,
the feathers edged with ochreous, and with a narrow bar of the
same colour ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with narrow
white bars, which are more numerous on the latter ; breast huffish,
changing into white on the abdomen, each feather with a subapical
spot and a bar black ; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts white,
with black bars, very narrow on the vent and central under tail-
coverts ; longer feathers of the flanks with white and black bars ;
longer scapulars brown, with a central huffish stripe ; upper wing-
coverts greyish brown, the greater row white at the tip, forming a
white band anteriorly to the glossy green speculum on the second-
aries ; the speculum more or less changing into blue towards the
posterior half and bounded by a subapical black band, and by a
second white one at the tip of the secondaries ; longer tertials brown ;
primaries brown ; under wing-coverts greyish brown, the central
ones and the axillaries white ; tail brown-grey, freckled and waved
with irregular narrow white bands : bill black, with an orange patch
on each side at the base of the upper mandible; "legs and feet
green, webs black ; irides white " (Durnford). Total length about
16'5 inches, wing 7'5, tail 3'4, calmen 1'6, tarsus I'l.
Female. Similar, but smaller, colour duller, and wing-speculum
not so bright (Sclater).
Young. Speculum grey, with no metallic-green colour and no
subapical black band.
Hub. Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chili, Patagonia, and Falk-
lands ; also Galapagos Islands (?).
a, b. cj ad. et $ Province of Santiago, Chili Salvin-Godman Coll.
juv. sk. {Leybold).
c. c? ad. sk. Eio Bueno, Chili, Jan. H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
d. Ad. St. Maldonado. Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzroy [P.].
e. Ad. sk. Monte Video (Johnston). Salvin-Godman Col'.
/, cJ ad. sk. Buenos Ayres, May. H. Durnford,* Esq.
^. Ad. St. Straits of Magellan. The Admiralty [P.].
h. Juv. St. Straits of Magellan. Sir W. Burnett &
Capt. Fitzroy [P.].
i. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. Tweeddale Coll.
A;. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. Antarctic Exped.[C.].
I. Ad. sk." Falkland Is. E. A. Holmstead,
E.sq.rP.].
m. Ad. sk. Falkland Is. (Leconte). Salvin-Godman Coll.
36. QTTERQUEDULA. 293
2. Guerquedula puna.
Anas puna, Licht. Mus. Berol. ; Tsch. Arcli.f. Natun/. 1844, i. p. 315,
n. 347 (Pera) ; id. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 309 (1845-46) ; Hurm.
Si/st. Ueb. Thier. Bras. iii. p. 439 (1869) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i.
p. 360 (1872).
Quwquediila puna, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. p. 616, n. 14 (1845) ; Licht.
Nomencl. Au. p. 102 (1854); Ei/(on, Syn. Anat. p. 81 (1869);
Sclat. &,■ Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 157 (Tuugasuca) ; iid. Exot. Orn.
p. 197, pi. 99 (1869) ; iid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 129, n. 10
(1873) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 554 (.Tunin) : Sclat. Sf Salv. P. Z. S.
1876, p. 388 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522 (Andes of Peru and
Bolivia) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 478 (1886) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1886,
p. 401 (Tarapaca) ; P/iilipjn, Ornis, iv. p. 160 (Antofagasta) (1888) ;
Tridr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1891, p. 136
(Tarapaca) ; Berk. James, Neio List Chit. B. p. 9, n. 156 (Tarapaca)
(1892).
Punanetta leucogenys, " 7^se/t." (errore), Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii.
p. 649, n. 78 (1856).
Piiuanetta puna, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 84, u. 10873 (1871).
Adelonetta puna, Heine, Nomencl. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 346 (1890).
Similar to Q. versicolor, but much larger, -with longer and in dr)'
skins uniform black bill ; the upper half of the head deep black ;
cheeks and throat purer white ; the bars on the flauks much
narrower and less sharplj- defined ; the lower back uniform brown-
^rey, with no whitish narrow bars : " bill light blue, with the
ridge black ; eyes dark hazel ; legs and toes bluish lead-colour "
(WhiieJ'f). Total length 19-5 inches, wing 8-5, tail 3'S, culnien
1 •8-2- 15,' tarsus 1-3.
Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat smaller; the upper
half of the head dark brown ; the speculum less bright.
Yoking. Has the speculum grey, without any metallic green
colour.
Hab. Andes of Peru, Bolivia, and Northern Chili.
a, b. Ad. sk. Peru (Jelski). Warsaw Museum [E.].
c. cJ ad. sk. Yunoca, Peru, March {H. Salviu-Godmau Coll.
Whitehi).
d. 2 ad. sk. Laguna de Tungasuca, Peru, Salviu-Godmau CoU.
July (//. W.).
e. 2 ad. st. Laguna de Tungasuca, July. H. Whitely, Esq. [CI.
f. S ad. St. Laguna de Tangui, Peru. H. Whitely, Esq. [C.].
(j-t. Ad. et imm. Province of Tarapaca, Chili, H. Berkeley James, Esq.
sk. • Jan.-April. [P.].
3. Guerquedula circia.
The Garganev.
(iuerquedula,"i?m«. Orn. vi. p. 427, pi. .xxxix. tf. 1, 2 ( cJ ? ) (1760).
Querquedula ajstiva, Briss. op. cit. p. 445 (1760).
Anas querquedula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 20:!, n. 32 (17G6) ; Gm. S. N.
i. p. 531, u. 32 (1788) ; Lath. Iml. Orn. ii. p. 872, n. 99 (1790) ;
Bonn. Flic. .UC-th. i. p. 153, pi. 30. f. 1 (1791) ; Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc.
iv. p. 108, tab. xiii. ff. 2, 3 (trachea) (1798) ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-
294
As. ii. p. 264 (1811) ; Te7n7}i. Man. p. 545 (1815) ; Vieill. N. D.
T. p. 1(36 (1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. \i. p. 389 (1817) ; Temm.
Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 844 (1820) ; Boie, Ms, 18i>2, p. 504 ; Licht.
Verz. Douhl. p. 84 (1823) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 151 (1831) ; K. E.
Abbott, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 134 (Trebizond) ; Temm. 3Ia7i. 2nd ed.
iv. p. 539 (1840) ; K. S,- B. Wivhelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxiv, 226 (1840) ;
Naum. Voff. Deutschl. xi. p. 677, Taf. 303 (1842) ; Schleg. JRev. Crit.
p. cxiv (1844) ; Midd. Sibir. Reis. ii. p. 229 (1853) ; Wallemjr.
Naumannia, 1854, p. 272 (Scandinavia) ; Bolle, J. f. O. 1855,
p. 365 (Spain) ; Bhjth, Ibis, 1859, p. 464 (Lower Bengal) : Fiiisch,
J. f. O. 1859, p. 387 (Bulgaria) ; Bounjs, Ibis, 1860, p. 353
(Ionian Isls.) ; Simps, ibid. pp. 341, 394 (Greece) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S.
1863, p. 324 (China) ; Nord^n. J. f. O. 1804, p. 377 (Kuopio) ;
Droste, ibid. p. 428 (Borkuni) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 49
(Philippines) (1866) ; Przew. Votj. u. 202 (1867) ; Dyb. S( Pan:
J.f. 0. 1868, p. 338 (Dauria) ; Przetv. Putesch. Ussur. n. 202 (1870) ;
Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 396 (Southern Spain) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i.
p. 360 (1872) ; Tayl. Ibis, 1872, p. 233 (Crimea) ; Severtz. Turk.
Jevotn. p. 70 (1873) ; Rosenb. Reist. naar Geehinkb. p. 9 (Ternate!)
(1875) ; Blyth, B. of Burma, p. 166 (Arakan, Tenasserim) (1875) ;
Salvad. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 400 (Ternate ?) (1882) ; Rclmw.
J. f. 0. 1892, p. 82 ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 231 (Abyssinia)
(1891).
Anas circia, Linn. S. N. i. p. 204, n. 34 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 533,
n. 34 (1788) ; BonTi. Enc. Meth. i. p. 155 (1791 ) ; Vieill. N. D. v.
p. 166 (1816) ; Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. \i. p. 592 (1817) ; Less. Tr.
d:Orn. p. 034 (1831) ; Legge, B. of Ceyl. p. 1080 (1880); Scully,
Ibis, 1881, p. 593 ; Tristr. Faun. Hf Flor. of Palest, p. 116 (1884);
Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 551, pi. 66 (egg) (1885) ; Lilford, Col.
Fig. Brit. B. pt. xiii. pi. — (1890).
Garganey, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 604, n. 289, t. 101 (1776) ; Lath.
Syn. iii. 2, p. 550, n. 87 (1785).
Mestolone femmina {errore), Gerini, Star, degli Ucc. v. t. 573 (c?)
(1776).
Anatra querquedula, o Arzagola, Gerini, op. cit. t. 695 ($) (1776).
Sarcelle, DAubent. PI. Enl. 946 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 260
(1783).
Sarcelle d'et^. Buff. op. cit. p. 268 (1783).
Summer Teal, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 552, n. 89 (1785).
Anas balbul, G^n. S. N. i. p. 543, n. 124 (1788) {ex Forsk. Descr. An.
p. 4, n. 12, 1775).
Anas crecca, var. /3, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 873 (1790).
Anas crecca, var. b, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 874 (1790).
Querquedula circia, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 143, pi. 51 (1824) ; Boie,
Isis, 1828, p. 329 ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 169, n. 221 (Dukhun) ;
Go7ild, B. Eur. pi. 364 (1837); Dicks. ^ Ross, P. Z. S. 1839,
p. 134 (Erzeroom) ; Strickl. Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. viii. p. 545 (1842) ;
G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 137 (1844) ; Riipp. Syst. Uebers.
p. 138, n. 495 (Egypt) (1845) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mtis. A. S. B. p. 305,
n. 1781 (1849) ; Layard, Ann. i^- Mag. N. H. xiv. p. 269 (Ceylon)
(1854) ; Ada7)is, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 510 ; G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll.
B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 434 (Formosa) ;
Jerd. B. of hid. iii. p. 807 (1864) ; Goiild, B. of Great Brit. v.
pi. 17 (pt. viii., 1865) ; Deql. S^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 518 (1867) ;
Swinh. Ibis, 1867, p. 407 ( Amoy) ; id. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 427, 1871,
p. 418 (China, Formosa) ; Ebv. ^-Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 340 (Turkey);
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10656 (1871) ; Shai-pe Sf Dress.
I
36. QUERQUEDULA. 29&
B. Eur. vi. p. 513, pi. 429 (pt. 5, 1871) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1872, p. 296
(Pale.-'tine) ; Iloldsw. R Z. .S'. 1872, p. 479 (Ceylon) ; Wald. Tr.
Z. S. viii. p. 102 (Celebes) (1872) ; .Shell. B. of Eqijpt, p. 287 (1872) ;
Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1320 (1873)'; Hume, Nests ^- Egfj.j)s, Str.
Feath. \ii. p. 312 (E. Bengal) (1878) ; Htwie, Str. Feath. viii.
p. 115, n. 965 (1879) ; Scully, ibid. p. 363 (Nepal) ; Finsch, Verh.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 263 (W. Siberia) ; Tiraut, Bull. Com.
Agr. et Industr. i. 1 (1878), p. 161 (1879) ; Hume Sf Marsh. Game
B. oflnd. iii. p. 215, pi. 28 (1880) ; Biiigh. Str. Feath. ix. p. 198
(1880) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 520 ; Blak. Sf Pryer, Tr. As. Soc.
Jap. viii. p. 185 (1880), x. p. 98 (1882) ; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 100;
a Sivink. Ibis, 1882, p. 125 ; Oates, Str. Feath. x. p. 245 (Pegu i
(1882) ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 535 (1882) ; Severtz. Ibis.
1883, p. 76 (Pamir range) ; Nichols. Ibis, 1883, p. 86 (Borneo) :
B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 126 (188:!) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8tli ed.
p. 434 (1883) ; Oates, B. Brit. Burm. ii. p. 286 (1883) ; Blakist.
Amend. List B. Jap. p. 34 (1884); Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 175;
Stejn. Naturen, \Si-i, T^. Q : Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) i.
p. 247 (Shoa) (1884) ; Vorderm. N. T. N. I. xliv. p. 253 (Java)
(1884) ; Madar. Zeitschr. d. ges. Orn. i. p. 37 (1884) ; Saund.
Yarrell's Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 393 (1884-85) ; Bachet, Le Natural.
1885, p. 36 ; Menzb. Ibis, 1885, p. 358 ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1886, p. 493
(Fao) ; Bias. Zeitschr. d. r/es. Orn. iii. p. 171 (Celebes) (1886) :
Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 261 (1886) ; Vorderm. N. T. N. I. xlvi.
p. 240 (1886) ; Tail, Ibis, 1887, p. 372 (Portugal) ; Salmd. Ann.
Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 321 (Sboa) (1888) ; Salvad. ^- Giql. Mem.
R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 137 (China) (1888) ; Everett, .Tourn.
Str. Br. P. As. Soc. 1889, p. 192 (Borneo) : Tristr. Cat. Coll. B.
p. 49 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 423 (1889) ; Vorderm.
N. T. N. I xlix. p. 419 (1889) ; Hume, Nests .^- Eggs (Oates' ed.\
iii. p. 291 (1890) ; Sfeere, List Philipp. B. ^- M. p. 27 (Luzon)
(1890); Evans, Ibis, 1892, p. 73 (incubation); Shcape, Sec. Yark.
Miss., Aves,^. 131 (1891); Dela Touche, Ibis, 1892, p. 492 (China) ;
Dubois, Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 448, pi. 257 (1892) ; Barnes,
Ibis, 1893, p. 174 (Aden) ; Styan, ibid. p. 435 (Hainan) ; Salvad.
Mem. It. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xliv. p. 564 (Somali) (1894).
Querquedula glaucopterus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 ; id. Vogel
Dentschl. p. 882 (1831).
(Juerquedula scapularis, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 ; id. Vogel DeutsehL
p. 883 (1831).
Boschas circia, Siv. Class. B. ii. p. 367 (1837) ; Jerd. Madr. Journ.
xii. p. 220, n. 383 (1840).
Cyanopterus circia, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 130, pi. ii. f. 3 (ti-achea)
(1838); G. P. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. 3/.'p. 146 (1846).
Pterocyanea circia, Bp. Icon. Faun. Ital., Ucc. Introd. p. 17 (1841) ;
id. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 71 (1842) ; G. E. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 617,
n. 1 (1845) ; Pchnb. S,pi. Ar., Natatores, t. 89. ff. 183-185 (1845) :
id. Av. St/st. Nat. p. i.x (1852) ; Bolle, J. f. O. 1855, p. 314 (Albu-
fera) ; Salr. Ibi.% 1859, p. 363 (E. Atlas) : Ilarfm. J. f. O. 1863,
p. 309 (South of Dongola) ; More, Ibis, 1865, p. 443 (Great Brit.) ;
296 ANATID^.
Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 84 (1869); Tacz. J.f. O. 1870, p. 55 (Con-
stantina).
Anas (Querquedula) humeralis, S. Miill. Verh. Land- en Volkenh.
p. 169 (Java) (1839-44).
Querquedula vulgaris, Iludgs. in Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86, n. 767
(1844).
Cyanoptems querquedula, Haiil. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 119 (1844) ;
Heuql. Si/st. Uebers. n. 692 (1855) ; Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp.
Tent. p. 147 (1872) : v. Koch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 139; Alst. Sr H.-
Brown, Ibis, 1873, p. 71.
Querquedula humeralis, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 616, n. 13 (1845) ;
Bj). Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 616, n. 98 (1856).
Pterocvanea querquedula, Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854) ; Bp.
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 93 (1856) ; Dyb. J.f. 0. 1873, p. 110 ;
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 46 (1877); id. Orn. Faun. Vast.
Sibir. p. 70 (1877) ; Heuyl. Faun. Roth. Meer. n. 286 (1881) ;
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 343 (1883) ; I)yb. ^- Tacz. op. cit.
ix. p. 147 (Bering I.) (1884).
Pterocyanea glaucopteros, Brehn, Vogelf. p. 374 (1855) ; id. Nau-
mannia, 1855, p. 298.
Pterocyanea scapularis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 374 (1855) ; id. Naumannia,
1855, p. 298.
Anas glaucoptera, C. F. Bub. PI. Col. Ois. Belg. iii. p. 274 (I860).
Anas ( Cyanopterus) querquedula, Radde, Reis. S. O.-Sib. iii. p. 370
(1863).
Querquedula numeralis (errore), Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 808 (1864).
Querquedula querquedula, Baird, Am. Journ. of Sc. ^ Arts, xli.
p. 339 (1866) ; id. Ibis, 1867, p. 283; SteJ7i. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 29, p. 156 (Kamschatka) (1885) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x.
p. 136 (note) (1887).
Anas pterocyanea, Goeldlin, J.f. O. 1879, p. 382 (Scbaffhausen).
Anas (Querquedula) circia, Rchniv. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 20 ; id.
Vog. zool. Giirt. p. 55 (1882).
Cyanopterus querquedulus (!), Radde, Ornis Cauc. p. 457 (1884).
Adult male. Upper part of the head and occiput brown-hlack ;
from above the eyes, on each side of the head, a whitish band,
extending to the sides of the occiput ; sides of the head and upper
part of the neck chocolate-brown, streaked with white ; chin black ;
back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish, each feather edged
with greyish olive ; scapulars elongated and pointed, black, with a
central stripe of white ; breast with brown and black crescentic
bands, producing a scaly-like appearance ; lower breast white ;
abdomen, sides, and flanks white, waved with narrow black lines ;
longer feathers of the flanks bounded by a subapical white band,
and a bluish-grey band at the tip ; sides of the rump and under
tail-coverts whitish, with black spots ; upper wing-coverts and outer
scapulars bluish grey ; wing-speculum on the secondaries glossy
green, bounded anteriorly by a white band formed by the greater
wing-coverts, and posteriorly by another white band at the tip of
the secondaries ; primaries and tail-feathers brown, the latter edged
with whitish ; under wing-coverts dark grey, the central ones, like
the axillaries, white : bill black, irides hazel ; legs, toes, and their
membranes greyish brown. Total length about 16 inches, wing 7'7o,
tail 2-75, culmen 1-62, tarsus 1-2.
36. QTJEEQUEDULA.
297
Female. General colour of the upper parts dark brown, each
feather -with a pale margin ; broad superciliary stripe whitish ; a
dusky band behind the eyes ; sides of the head and neck whitish,
streaked with black ; chin and throat white ; feathers of the lower
fore neck blackish, with whitish edges ; breast and abdomen white;
sides, vent, and under tail-coverts white, with brown-black spots ;
wings greyish brown ; a dull metallic-green speculum, bounded
anteriorly and posteriorly by two white bands ; under wing-coverts
brown, margined with white, the greater ones pure grey, the central
ones, like the axiUaries, white. Size smaller than that of the male.
Younc/ in first plumage resemble the females, but are darker and
more suffused with rufous on the breast.
Adult males in moulting plumaye closely resemble adult females,
but are darker in colour, and may be distinguished by the brighter
alar speculum (Setbohm).
Doivny nestling resembles that of the Mallard, but it is smaller,
and has a broad unbroken buff streak above the eye, and a well-
defined dark streak through tlie eye (Yarrell).
Hah. Palocarctic Region, wintering in Xorthern Africa as far south
as 8hoa and 8omali-land, in Palestine, India with Ceylon, in Burmah,
China, Japan, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Celebes, Teruate, and Ceram.
a, b. (S 2 *id. sk.
c. c? ad. St.
d. S ad. .«k.
e. cJ ad. sk.
/. c? ad. sk.
ff. (? ad. sk.
h, i. S 2 ad. sk.
k-n. c? ad. sk.
0, p. d 2 ad. sk.
g, r. (S 2 ad. sk.
s~v. cS 2 ad. sk.
7C. (5 ad. sk.
■r, y- d 2 ad. sk.
s. c? ad. sk.
a'. 2 ad. sk.
b'. 2 ad. 8k.
c', d'. cJ 2 imm. st.
e. c( imm. sk.
/'. 2 ad.sk.
(j', h' . ^ ad. sk.
»■'-'•'• 6 2 ad. sk.
s' ,t' . d ad. etimm.
sk.
England, March.
Norfolk, Feb.
Rockland, Norfolk, Sept.
Norwich, March.
Suffolk.
Somersetshire.
Shoreham, Kent, March.
Egypt, April.
Bagdad.
Fao, Persian Gulf.
Omsk, May.
Pamir.
Yarkand.
Kandahar, March.
Gilgit, Sept.
Leli, Sept. {F. Sfoliczka).
India.
Ahmedabad, Dec.
Karachi, Dec. (E.A.Butler).
Sanibhur, ^larch, April {R.
M. Adam).
Guriraon, Delhi, April, May
( W. N. Chill).
Sultanpur, Gm-gaon, Jan.,
March, Dec.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Montagu Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
SheUey Coll.
Kenneth Loftus, Esq.
[P.].
W. D. Cummmg,
Esq. [P.].
St. George Littledale,
Esq. [P.].
Colonel J. Biddulph
[P.].
Dr. R. Bowdler
Sharpe [P.].
Lt.-Col. Swinhoe
[P.].
Colonel J. Biddulph
[P.J.
India Museum [P.].
Purchased.
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
298
m'. c? juv. sk.
EaijDur, C. Provinces.
Hume Coll.
f', w'. S imm. sk.
Etawali.
Hume Coll.
.7', ?/', s'. cJ ad. sk.
Futtehgurh, March, May {A.
Anderson).
Seebohm Coll.
a", r? imm. sk.
Kheree Dist, Feb. {A. A.).
Seehohm Coll.
b"-e". S ad. sk.
Allahabad, March {A. O.H.).
Hume Coll.
/". 2 ad. sk.
Oudh, Jan.
Hume Coll.
ff",h",i". S ? ad.
Oudh.
Capt. Stackhouse
sk.
Pinwill [P.].
A". 2 ad. sk.
Hills N. of Mussorie.
Hume Coll.
i"-r". S 2 ad. et
Nepal.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq,
juv. sk.
[P.]. '
s", t", m". S ?
Nepal {Hodgson).
India Museum [P.].
imm. et juv. sk.
v". S juv. sk.
Darjeelino-.
India Museum [P.].
iv"-a^. J 2 ad. et
Native Sikhim, March, Oct.
Hume Coll.
S juv. sk.
(i. Mandelli).
6\ 2 ad. sk.
Assam (McClelland).
India Museum [P.].
c\ c? ad. sk.
Manipur {A. 0. H.).
Hume Coll.
d\ e\ 2 ad. sk. et
Calcutta, Feb. [A. 0. H.).
Hume Coll.
semi-albino variety
P,f,h\ 6 ad. et
Deccan [Sykes).
India Museum [P.].
imm. sk.
i^. c? ad. sk.
Madras.
Tweeddale Coll.
li'~n\ ? 2 ad. sk.
Tonghoo, Oct., Dec. [R. G.
W. It.).
Tweeddale Coll.
o\ 2 ad. sk.
Pegu, Sept.
E. W. Oates, Esq
[C.].
E. W. Oates, Esq
y , 9^,_ ?-l c? ad. et
Lower Pegu, March, Oct.
2 imm. sk.
[0.].
s^-f. 2 ad. et S
Kadaikeglay, near Thatone,
Hume Coll.
juv. sk.
Dec. ( W. Davismi).
w', x^. c? ad. sk.
Cochin China.
M. St. Pierre [P.].
?/^. S ad. sk.
Lob-nor, March (Pijemlsky).
Seebohm Coll.
si c? ad. sk.
China.
J. Webb, Esq. [P.].
«*. 2 juv. sk.
China (Tuclcett).
Tweeddale Coll.
l\ 2 ad. sk.
Shanghai, China, April.
F. W. Styan, Esq
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
c'\ *. Skeleton.
England.
Purchased.
y*. Sternum.
England.
T. Ingall, Esq. [P.].
)•'. Sternum.
England.
.r. Ray, Esq. [P.].
s\ t\ Skulls.
uK c? St.
Hybrid.
Qiierquedula drcia x Spatula clypeata.
Kept in confinement. Zool. Soc.
I
36. QTJEKQTJEDULA. 299
4. Querquedula discors.
Querquediila americana variegata, Catesb. Carol, i. p. 100, 1. 100 (c?)
(1754).
Querquedula americana fusca, Catesb. Carol, i. p. 99, t. 99 ( 5 )
Querquedula americana, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 453 (1700).
Querquedula virginiana, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 455 (1700).
Anas discors, Linti. S. N. i. p. 205, n. 37 (1766) {e.r Catesby) ; Gm.
S. N. i. ■>, p. 535, n. 37 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 854, n. 55
(1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 156, pi. 41. f. 2 ( $ ) (1791) ; Wils.
Am. Orn. viii. p. 74, pi. G8. f. 4 (1814) ; Vieill. N. I), v. p. 175
(1816) ; Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 399 (1817) ; B]). Obs. Wils.
11.262 (1825); id. Syn. p. 385 (1828); Lickt. Preis-Verz. me.vic.
Voff. p. 3 (1830) ; Wayl. Isis, 1831, p. 532 (Mexico) ; Less. Tr.
d'Orn. p. 634 (Cayenne !) (1831) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. iv. p. Ill,
pi. 313 (1838); id. Syn. p. 282 (1839); UOrb. in La Sagras
Mist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 294 (1840) ; Aud. B. Am. vi. p. 287,
pi. 393 (1843) ; Giraud, B. Lony Isl. p. 315 (1844) : BeKay, N.
Y. Zool. ii. p. 339 (1844); Licht. J.f. O. 1863, p. 59 (Mexico) ;
Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 50 (1866); Sundcv. (Efv. K. Vet.-
Ak. Forh. 1869, p. 591 (St. Bartholomew), p. 603 (Porto Rico) ;
Tripjje, Pr. £ss. Inst. vi. p. 119 (Minnesota) (1871) ; Gieb. Thes.
Orn. i. p. 350 (1872); Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 551 (1885);
A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 116, n. 140 (1886) ; Turner,
Contr. N. H. of Alaska, p. 133 (1886) ; Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in
Alaska, p. 69" (1887) ; Bidyw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 93 (1887) :
Winye, Ornis, 1888, p. 412 (Siibv, Denmark) ; Hartert, Kat.
royelsa7nml. -p. 231 (1.^91); Hatch, B. of Miimes. p. 45 (1892);
Chapyn. Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. 1894, p". 83 (Trinidad).
Sarcelle de Cayenne, ditte la Soucrourou, D^Aubent. PL Enl. 966
(c?),403(2).
Sarcelle Soucrom-ou, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix.p. 279 fd") (1783).
Sin-Lelle Soucroiirette, Buff. op. cit. p. 280 ($ ) (1783).
White-faced Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 502, u. 50 (1785).
Querquedula discors, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 149 (1824) ; Boie^
Isis, 1828, p. 329 ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 138 (1844) ;
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 206 (Jalapa) ; Salle, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 237
(S. Domingo) ; Baird, B. N. Am. 'p. 779 (1858) ; id. Me.v. B.
Surv. p. 26 (1859) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 591 (1859) ; Bryant,
Pi: Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 122 (Bahamas) (1859) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1859, p. 393 (Oaxaca) ; Selnt. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 231 (Guate-
mala) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 254 (Orizaba) ; Coop. ^- Suckl. N.
H. Wash. Terr. p. 254 (1860) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 82
(Jamaica) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, p. 9 (Brit. X. Amer.) ; Boss,
Canad. Nat., April 1802; Terr. Pr. Bss. Inst. iii. p. 153 (1862) ;
Hayd. Pep. 1862, p. 176; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 146; March, Pr.
Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 71 (Jamaica) ; Lawr. Arm. Lye. N. Y. viii.
p. 101 (Sombrero) (1864), p. 297 (1866) ; Salv. IbL% 1865, p. 193
(Guatemala): Dresser, Fois, 1866, p. 43 (Texas, breeding) ; Gundl.
Pep. Fis.-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 389 (1866) ; Deyl. >.^- Gerbe, Orn. Fur.
ii. p. 520 (1807) ; Coues, Pr. Fss. Inst. v. p. 299 (1868) ; Sclat.
S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 252 (Valencia, Venezuela) ; Laicr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 143 (Costa Rica) (1868) ; Dall ^f Bonn.
Tr. Chic. Aead. i. p. 297 (Alaska, breeding) (1869) ; Pelz. Orn.
Bras. p. 460 (Brazil !) (1870) ; Salv. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 219 (Vera-
gua) ; G. Ii. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p^83, n. 10059 (1871) ; Allen, Bull.
Mtis. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 183 (Kansas) (1872) ; Aiken, Pr. Bost.
300
Soc. XV. p. 210 (Colorado) (1872) ; Trippe, ibid. p. 241 (Iowa)
(1872) ; Coues, Key, p. 287 (1872) ; id. Check-list, n. 496 (1873) ;
Snow, B. Kansas, p. 11 (1873) ; Sclat. ^ Scclv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop.
p. 129 (1873) ; Corns, Birds N.- West, p. 566 (1874) ; Lawr.
Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 314 (Mexico) (1874) ; Gmidl. J. f. O.
1874, p. 314 (Porto Rico), 1875, p. 380 (Cuba); Sclat. ^- 'Salv.
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 383 ; Gundl. An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 404
(Porto Pdeo) (1878) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z.S. 1879, p. 543 (Medel-
lin) ; Cory, B. Bahama I. p. 186 (1880) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 521 ; liidgiv. Nom. N. Am. B. n. 609 (1881) ; A. S,- E. Newt.
Handh. Jam. p. 113 (1881) ; Sah. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 535
(1882) ; Coties, Check-list, 2ud ed. n. 716 (1882) ; B. O. U. List
Brit. B. p. 126 (1883) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 696
(1884); B., B., ^- P., Water-B. N. Am. i. p. 531 (1884);
Saund. YarrelFs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 392 (1884) ; Matsch. <§•
Zie7ner, J. f. O. 1885, p. 191 ; Co7-y, B. Haiti and San Domingo,
p. 168 (1885) ; id. List Birds W. I. p. 31 (1885) ; Wells, List B.
Grenada, p. 10 (1886) ; Ernst, Rev. Cient. Univ. Centr. Venez. i.
p. 43 (Venezuela) (1887) ; Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 63 ; id. B. W. Ind.
p. 264 (1889); Salv. Ibis, 1889, p. 377 (Cozumel) ; Feild. ibid.
p. 590 (Barbados) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889).
Anas (Boschas) discors, Szv. Sf Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 444
(1831) ; Nidt. Man. ii. p. 397 (1834).
Boschas discors, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 367 (1837) ; Denny, P. Z. S.
1847, p. 40.
Cyanopterus discors, Eyt. Man. Anat. p. 131 (18.38) ; Bp. Comp. List,
p. 57 (1838) ; Gosse, B. Jam. p. 401 (1847) ; Cab. ^ Gundl. J.f. 0.
1857, p. 228 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 83 (Ecuador) ; Taylor, Ibis,
1860, p. 315 (Tigre Island) ; Bias. B. Eur. p. 21 (France) (1862) ;
Gundl. J.f. O. 1871, p. 289.
Pterocyanea discors, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 617, n. 3 (1845) ;
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 89. ff. 176-177 (1845) ; Bp. Compt.
Rend. xlii. p. 664 (Nicaragua) (1853) ; Woodh. Sityr. Rejj. p. 103
(1853) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854) ; Bp. Compt. Rend.
xliii. p. 650, n. 90 (1856) ; Neicb. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 103 (1857)
(California and Oregon, may rather refer to Q. cyanoptera) ; Bp.
Rev. et Ma(/. de Zool. 1857, p. 62 (Manche) ; Moore, P. Z. S.
1859, p. 64 (Ilondiu-as) ; Brew. Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308
(Cuba) (1S61) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 516 (1866) ; Ei/t. Syn. Anat.
p. 86 (1869); Frantz. J.f. O. 1869, p. 378 (Costa liica).
Cyanopterus inoruatus, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 402 ($) (1847); id.
Jamaica III. pi. cxi. (1849); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 82 (? =Q.
discors) ; Albrecht, J.f. 0. 1862, p. 206.
Pterocyanea inornata, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. App. p. 28 (1849) ; Rchnb.
Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 87. f. 2556 (1850) {ex Gosse, III.) ; Bp.
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 89 (1856) ; Eyt. Syti. Anat. p. 84
(1869).
Querquedula clypeata (errore), Albrecht, J. f. O. 1862, p. 207
(Jamaica).
Querquedula inornata, March, Pr.Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 71 (Jamaica) ;
A. ^ E. Neivt. Handb. Jam. p. 113 (1881).
Anas (Querquedula) discors, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. xi. p. 97
(San Dojiiingo) (1867) *.
* The following synonyms seem also to belong to Q. discors : —
Querquedula mexicana, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 458, n. 37 (17G6) {ex Toltecoloctli,
Hern. Hist. Nov. Hisp. p. 36, Cap. cv.).
3G. UUEEQUEDULA. 301
Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck dull plumbeous,
slightly glossed with grecu on the occiput and nape, and marked in
front of the eyes by a large crescentic band of white, extending
from the sides of the forehead to the sides of the throat ; pileum and
chin blackish ; back and anterior scapulars dusky, marked with
U-shaped bars of pale reddish buff; rump and upper tail-coverts
blackisli, with lighter edges; lower parts pale reddish, thickly spotted
with black ; under tail-covcrts black ; a white jjatch at the base of
the tail on each side ; longer scapulars black, with a central stripe
of buff : lesser wing-coverts and outer webs of some of the outer
scapulars pale blue ; greater coverts white, forming a bar anteriorly
to the wing-speculum on the secondaries, which is glossy green ; the
tips of the secondaries bluish black ; primaries and tail-feathers
blackish brown ; under wing-coverts dusky bluish, the central onea
and axillaries w^hite : bill uniform black ; iris brown ; feet yellowish.
Total length about 16 inches, wing 7'5, tail 3"25, culmen 1-75,
tarsus 1*2.
Female. Upper parts dusky, the feathers bordered with whitish
buff ; pileum blackish ; sides of the head and upper neck dull
whitish, minutely streaked with blackish, the streaks more dense
before and behind the eye, forming an indistinct dusky stripe ; the
throat almost immaculate ; feathers of the underparts dusk}', with
broad whitish edges and irregular bars, the bars more of a V-shape
on the flanks : no light stripes along the centre of the longer
scapulars ; wings as in the male, but the green sjjeculum much
duller, and the white band formed by the tip of the last row of
upper wing-coverts narrower.
Males moulting, similar to the females, but the wings of a brighter
colour, and the markings of the feathers better defined.
Young. Similar to the adult female, but whole belly immaculate,
and speculum dull greyish brown, without metallic gloss.
Hah. North America, but chiefly east of Rocky Mountains ; in
winter AVest Indies and ^Middle America, south to Columbia, Ecuador,
and Peru.
a. (S ad. sk. No locality. Purchased.
b. (S ad. sk. N. America. Capt. Kellett and
Lieut. Wood [P.].
c. (S ad. St. Repulse Bav. Dr. J. Rae [P.].
d. S ad. sk. \V. side of Rocky Mts. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
e. $ ad. sk. Hudson's River. Tweeddale Coll.
Sarcelle du Mexique, Buff. Hist. Kat. Ois. ix. p. 285 (1783).
Mexican Duck, Lafk. Si/n. iii. 2, p. 539, n. 78 (1785).
Anas no\se bispaiiise, Gm. S. A', i. p. 525, n. 94 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Oni. ii.
p. 868, n. 89 (1790); Bo7m. Em: Meth. i. p. 160 (1791); Vieitl. N. D.
V. p. 173 (1816); Bum. Bid. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 400 (1817); Wagl. Isis,
1831, p. 532( = discoi-s).
Qucrquedula \\o\x liispanire, Steph. Gen. Zoo/, xii. 2, p. 153 (1824).
Pterocyanea nova; hispani.T, G. B. Gr. Gen. i?. iii. p. 617, n. 5(1845) ; Bp.
Compt. Ecnd. xliii. p. 650, u. 88 (1856).
302
f-i. 6 2 ad. et
5 imm. sk.
k. (S juT. sk.
L cJ ad. St.
m, n. 2 ad. et
pull. sk.
o. 2 ad. sk.
/}. S ad. sk.
q. J juv. sk.
;•, s. Ad. sk.
f, u. S 2 ad. sk.
v-y. 2 ad. et ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 160
(Buenos Ayres) ; Stev. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyo-
ming) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 83, n. 10657 (1871) ; Merr.
U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1872, p. 703 (Idaho, breeding) ; Aiken, Pr.
Bost. Soc. XV. p. 210 (Colorado) (1872); Alle??, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. iii. p. 183 (Utah) (1872) ; Coues, Kexj, p. 288 (1872) ; id.
Check-list, n. 497 (1873); Sclat. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop.
p. 129 (1873) ; Latvr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H. v. p. 314 (Mexico)
(1874) ; Coues, Birds N.- West, p. 567 (1874) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874,
p. 554 (Centr. Peru) ; Sclat. $ Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 17, 384
(Peru) ; Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163, 1877, p. 41 (Chuput), p. 191
(Buenos Ayres) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 146 (W. Peru) ; Dur7if.
Ibis, 1878, p. 400 (Centr. Patagonia) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 522 ;
Skarpe, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 14 (Talcahuano) ; Ridffw. Norn. N. Am.
B. n. 610 (1881) ; Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 114, n. 717 (1882) ;
Milne-Edw. Reck. Faun. Reg. Austral, ch. ix. p. 46 (1882) ; Salv.
Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 536 (1882) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 625;
B., B., S)- R. Water-Birds N. Am. ii. p. 534 (1884) ; Barrows,
Auk, 1884, p. 273 (Pampas); Coues, Kexj N. Am. B. 2nd ed.
p. 696 (1884) ; Tacz. &; Berl. P. Z. S. 1885, p. 116 (Ecuador) ;
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1886, p. 401 (Tarapaca) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. ii. p. 474
(1886) ; Berl. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 133; Sclat. Artjeyit. Orn. ii. p. 130
(1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 49 (1889) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1891,
p. 136 (Tarapaca) ; Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, vi. Ois. p. 203
(1891) ; Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 146 (Lower Pilcomavo) ; Holland,
ibid. p. 206 (Argentina) ; Berl. S,- Stolzm. P. Z. S. '1892, p. 399 ;
Berk. James, Neio List Chil. B. p. 9, n. 152 (1892) ; Aplin, Ibis,
1894, p. 200 (Uruguay).
Anas (Pterocyanea) cojruleata, i??»-wi. J!/. O. 1860, p. 266 (Mendoza,
Parana).
Pterocyanea cyanoptera, Burm. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 368 (Argentina) :
id. An. Mus. Nac. Buen. Air. iii. p. 247 (1888).
Adult male. Head, neck, and lower parts uniform rich glossy
chestnut ; top of head blackish ; belly shaded with blackish ; under
tail-coverts black ; mantle, middle of the back, rump, and ui:)per
tail-coverts brown-black, with the edges of the feathers paler ;
scapulars chestnut, with black bands, the longer ones narrow,
pointed, black, with a central buff stripe ; wing-coverts and also
the outer web of some of the outer scapulars smalt-blue, the
greater row of the wing-coverts white, forming a white band
anteriorly to the glossy green wing-speculum on the secondaries ;
36. QUEKQUEDULA.
305
primaries, primarj'-coverts, and bastard-wing dark brown; under
wing-coverts brown, with a bluish shade, and tipped with white,
the inner ones, like the axillaries, white; tail-feathers brown, with
narrow pale edges : bill black ; feet yellow ; iris dark brown. Total
length about 18 inches, wing 7"9, tail 3-5, culmen 1'9, tarsus
1-25.
Female. Yery similar to that of Q. discors, but somewhat larger,
the bill especially ; culmen 1'65-1'85 ; the feathers of the back less
blackish, and with the pale greyish-brown edges broader and much
more conspicuous ; lower parts deeply tinged with light brown or
bufiF-brown.
Young. Similar to adult female, but markings of lower parts much
narrower, streak-like.
Young in down. " Above dark olivaceous, varied by a spot of deep
greenish buff on each side of back (behind wings) and a spot of
clearer yellowish on each side of rump, at base of tail ; top of head
and hind-neck similar to back, but darker ; forehead, broad super-
ciliary stripe, sides of head and neck, and lower parts generally,
deep buff-yellow, the sides of the head marked with a distinct
narrow stripe of dark brown." {Ridgway.)
Hah. Western America, from the Columbia River to Chili, Para-
guay, Argentine Eepublic, Patagonia and Falkland Islands ; casually
in the Missisippi Valley.
a. tS ad. sk.
b, c. c? ad. sk.
d, e,/. c? ad. s
(/. cj ad. sk.
//, ?. cJ ad. sk.
k-n. cJ ad. sk.
o,p. 2 ad. et c?
imm. sk.
q. (S ad. sk.
r. S ad. St.
s. (^ ad. sk.
t-z. d 2 ad. et
imm. sk.
a', b'. c? ad. sk.
c'-^'. cj 2 ad. et
cJ juv. sk.
/'. d ad. sk.
m', n'. (S 2 ad. sk.
o', p'. (S 2 ad. sk.
g'. c? ad. sk,
r'. (S ad. sk.
VOL. XXVII.
N. America.
Carson, Nevada.
California (I). S. Bryant).
California, Dec. {H. G. Par-
ker).
San Francisco, California.
Brownsville, Texas, Jan.,
:\Iarch, April (F. B. Arm-
strong).
Presidio, Mexico, Feb. {A.
Forrer).
Interior of New Granada
(Tri'd)ner).
Chili.
Chili.
Sacaya, Tarapaca, Jan., Feb.,
March.
Sitani, Tarapaca, Jan.
Central Chili.
Santiago, Chili (Let/hold) .
Colchagua, Chili, July.
Talcahuano, Chili, Sept.
Monte Video {Johnston).
Buenos Ayres, May.
Capt. Kellett&Lieut.
^Vood [P.].
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sidvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sah in-Godman Coll.
Lord Byron [P.].
Cuming Coll.
II. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
11. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
Dr. Coppinger [C.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
H. Dm-nford, Esq.
[P.].
306 ANATID^.
s'. 2 imm. sk. Straits of Magellan. Capt. King [C.].
t', u'. S 2 ad. sk. Falkland Is., August. Gould Coll.
«', w'. 2 ad. et Falkland Is. Tweeddale CoU.
cJ juT. sk.
37. SPATULA.
Type.
Spatula, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564 S. clypeata.
Ilh\jicha.STj)ia, Leach, MSS.; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 114
(1824) S. clvpeata.
Spatulea, Fle)7i. Brit. Anim. p. 123 (1828) S. ch-peata.
Clypeata (subgen.), Lexs. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 416 (1828) . . S. clypeata.
Clypeata, " Boie," Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 S. clypeata.
Anas, Sw. {rwc Linn.) Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 439 (1831). S. clypeata.
Range. Cosmopolitan.
Ki'n to tlie Species.
a. Longer scapulars with a white band along the
central part ; abdomen deep chestnut.
a' . Head and upper portion of the neck deep
glossy gi-eeu clypeata o , p. 306.
v. Head and upper portion of the neck bluish
lead-colour, with a white crescentic baud
between the base of the bill and the eyes,
extending to the throat rhynchotis cJ, p. 314.
c'. Head and neck light rufescent, minutely
dotted with black platalea ^ , p. 316.
b. Longer scapulars dark blue-gi-een, more bluish
on the outer web, with no white band
along the central part ; abdomen with no
chestnut colour capensis S , p. 318,
1. Spatula clypeata.
The Shoveler.
Anas americanus lato rostro, Catesb. Carol, i. t. 96 ( 2 ) (1754).
Anas fera sive Boschas mexicana, Briss. Orn. Vi. p. 327, n. 5 (1760)
(ex Hernayidez).
Anas clypeata, Briss. Oi-n. \i. p. 329, n. 6, tab. xxxii. f. 1 (1760).
Anas clypeata mexicana, Briss. op. cit. p. 337, n. 7 (1760) (e.r Hern.).
Anas clypeata, Linn. S. N. i. p. 200, n. 19 (1766) : Scoj). A?m. I.
Hist.' Nat. u. 70 (1769) ; id. Bemei-k. Naturg. p. 63 (1770) ; Gm.
S. N. i. p. 518, n. 19 (1788) ; Lath. hid. Orn. ii. p. 85U, n. 60
(1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 150 (1791) ; Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc.
iv. p. 109, pi. xiii. ff. 4, 5 (trachea) (1798) ; Illig. Prodr. p. 276
(1811) ; Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 282 (1811) ; Wils. Am. Orn.
viii. p. 65, pi. 67. f. 7 (1814) ; Temm. Man. Orn. p. 543 (1815) ;
rieilL K. D. v. p. 155 (1816) ; L)t(7n. Diet. Sc. Kat. vi. p. 370
(1817) ; Te7)im. op. cit. 2nd ed. ii. p. 842 (1820) : Brehm, Lehrb. Eur.
T'og. ii. p. 788 (1823) ; Licht. Verz. Boubl p. 84 (Egypt, Nubia)
(1823) ; Bp. Obs. Wilson, n. 255 (1825) ; id. Syn. p. ^82 (1828) ;
Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 416(1828); Licht. Preis-Verz. mexic.
Vog. p. 3 (]830); Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 532 (Mexico); Stv. ^
Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 439 (1831) ; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 632
Ol. SPATULA. 3Q17
I' %nSTP? ^i^ ^,^ ' -^««-^««- "• P- 375 (1834); Jen. Man.
(1840) i./yM P.Z.,S'. 1842, p. 220 (Calcutta) ; i\Wm. Vor,
2).«^.cA/ XI. p^/47, Taf. 306 (1842): And. B. Am. ii p. 093, pl.'gS
Zemb. Av. Cub. p. 115 (I806) ; Adams, P. Z. S 1858 d 510 ■
Rml Benkro^ np994(J858) ;>«,//. 7^;:., islofp 54'(E^4t) '
I860, p. 353/^^... IMS, Im^t^^^l \Pf:z'^
m \\ff^''.\'-^^-/-^- ^- 1^63, p. 59 (Mexico); M^M
(l;^b6); ^ndev^(Ef,.K. Vet.-Ahad. Fork. 1869, p^ 003 (Porto
Rico); ^0/., Pr.Bost. Soc. N. H. xii. p. 305 (1809) t AS
Tayl. Ilns\%j2, p 233 (Crimea) ; G/.6. Tlies. Orn. i. p 348 (sn."
lUs, 18.8, p. 432 (Michalaski) ; 7>o/., Hawk AhLn.{lh v'^^.
Sevevtz ^^«, 1883, p. 76 (Pamir) : fieeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii p^'oS'
pi. 63 {e^^) (1885) ; »/. ^. Jap. Emp. p. 242 (1890) ^' '
Anas cljpeata/3 (Anasmuscaria, fe«.), Linn. S. N. i. p. 200 (1766^
f}-f-}.-^^--^^V--}?S^7SS)-Lath.Ind. Orn. ii. p. 857 (1790) •'
I^/e(//. i\. Z>. V. p. 156 (1816). ^ (.a'»v; ,
Anatra mestolone, Genni, Stor. degli Ucc. v. tav. 572 (d) (1776)
''ts?:'i^'?:t^;tr-5? arS;' '• " ''' ^"^^^'"^'^ ^^'^^^ '
Mexican Shoveler, Z«^/,. Syn. iii. 2, p. 511, n. 56 (1785)
Anas rufagiister, Lath. Gen. Si/n. Suppl. i. p. 297 (1787)
nrcinV r-v/\^ ^' ' ^2(1/90); Bon7i. Enc. Meth. i. p. 145
iS. p 378 (T877f "■ PP- ^^' ^^ (^^^^^ ' ^""^- ^'■^^- *•- -^^'•
Anas clvpeata-mexicana, 7^o«;(. Enc. MWi. i. p. 1.51 (I79n
fepatulachp.eata Z?o,V,/./. 1822, p. 564, 182^ p.980r>V-. B. Gr.
^ffJ^rit. J/,« ni. p. 1.39 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 618, n 4
( IMo) (syn. emend.) ; Aa^er, P. Z. S. 1845, p. 13 : Bchnb Sm Av
. 4!(,(^.E Afr.) (1845); G. R. Gr. Cat Hod,,s. Coll. B. M
p. 146 (Nepa ) ( lS46) ; Blpth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. .-,03 n 1770
(syn. emend. (1849) ; Rchnb. Ac. 8yst. Xat. p. ix (185:.)t' wI^Ja.
308
Sitgr. Bep. p. 104 (1853) ; Layard, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. xiv. p. 270"
(Ceylon) (1854) ; Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 95 ; Hartl. Syst. Orn.
Westafr. p. 248 (Casamance) (1857) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1857, p. 228
(Cuba) ; Cass. U.S. Expl. Exp., Mam. Sf Orn. p. 343 (1858) ; Baird,
B. N. Am. p. 781 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 583 (1859) ; id.
Mex. B. Surv. p. 27 (1859); Heerm. P. R. R. Rep. x. pt. vi. p. 69
(1859) ; Sclat. ^ Sah. Ibis, 1859, p. 231 (Guatemala) ; Salv. ibid,
pp. 356, 363 (E. Atlas) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Trop. Isl. p. 55 (1859) ;
Coop. S^ SucM. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 255 (1860) ; Lamr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. Yii. p. 274 (Cuba) (1860) ; A. Newt. Ibis, I860, p. 308
(St. Tbomas) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 82 (Jamaica) ; Irby, Ibis,
1861, p. 249 (Oudh) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1862, pp. 9, 332 ; Sclat,
P. Z. S. 1862, p. 20 (Mexico) ; Hayd. Rep. 1862. p. 176 ; G. R. Gr.
List Br. B. p. 197 (1863) ; Ross, Canad. Nat., Api-Q 1862; Verr.
Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 158 (1862) ; Albrecht, J. f. 0. 1862, p. 207
(Jamaica) ; G. R. Gr. List Br. B. p. 197 (1863) ; id. Cat. Hodgs.
Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863); Blakist. Ibis, 1868, p. 146;
Swinh. ibid. p. 434 (Formosa) ; March, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1864, p. 71
(Jamaica) ; Jerd. B. of Ind. iii. p. 796 (1864) ; ? Gould, Handb,
B. Austr. ii. p. 370 (N. S. Wales!) (1865) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1865,
p. 618 (Hakodadi); More, Ibis, 1865, p. 442 (Great Brit.);
Gundl. Repert. Fis.-Nat. i. p. 389 (Cuba) (1866) ; Cones, Pr. Ac.
Philad. 1866, p. 99 (Arizona) ; Later. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii,
p. 297 (1866) ; Leot. Ois. Trin. p. 518 (1866) ; Degl. ^ Gerbe,
Orn. Eur. ii. p. 603 (1867); Whitehi, Ibis, 1867, p. 207; Coues,
Pr. Ess. Inst. y. p. 299 (1868); "Drake, Ibis, 1869, p. 154
(Morocco) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding) ; Goeb. J.f. O.
1869, p. 32 (Arcbangel); Frantz. J.f. 0. 1869, p. 378 (Costa Eica);
Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 90 (1869) ; Ball Sf Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i.
p. 297 (Alaska) (1869) ; Elwes 4' Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 3.39 (Turkey) ;
Finsch, Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 301 (Abyssinia) (1870) ; Stev. U.S,
Geol. Surv. Terr. 1870, p. 466 (Wyoming) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list,
iii. p. 85, n. 10676 (1871) ; S^vinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 418 (S. Cbina,
Formosa) ; Gotdd, B. Great Brit. \. pi. 14 (pt. xx., 1871) ; Allen,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. iii. p. 183 (Utah) (1872) : Holdsiv. P. Z. S.
1872, p. 479 (Ceylou) ; Sunder. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 148
(1872) ; Coues, Key, p. 288 (1872) ; id. Check-list, n. 498 (1873) ;
Layard, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 205 (Ceylon); Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr.
ii. 1, p. 1331 (1873) ; Snoiv, B. Kansas, p. 11 (1873) ; Dresser, B.
of Eur. vi. p. 497, pi. 425 (pt. xxi., 1873) ; Sclat. %■ Salv. Nomencl.
Av. Neotrop. p. 130 (1873) ; Coues, Birds N- West, p. 570 (1874) ;
Lawr. Mem. Post. Soc. N. H. ii. p. 314 (Mexico) (1874) ; Gundl.
J.f O. 1874, p. 314 (Porto Eico), 1875, p. 379 (Cuba) ; Sivinh.
Ibis, 1875, p. 457 (Hakodadi) ; Briu/gem. Zool. GaH. 1876, p. 195 ;
Blakist. Ibis, 1876, p. 235 (Kamt'schatka) ; Dress, ibid. p. 420
(Turkestan) ; Bla7tf. East. Persia, p. 301 (1876) ; Sclat. Sf Salv.
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 396 ; Seidly, Str. Feath. iv. p. 199 (E. Turkestan)
(1876) ; David ^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 500 (1877) ; P-jev. in Rowley's
Orn. Misc. iii. p. 105 (Mongolia) (1878) ; ? Rams. Pr. Linn. Soc.
N. S. W. ii. p. 200, n. 660 (1878) ; Blakist. ^- Pryer, Ibis, 1878,
p. 214 ; Gundl. An. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. vii. p. 404 (Porto Eico)
(1878) ; mi?ne. Sir. Feath. viii. p. 115, n. 957 (1879) ; Sclat. ^
Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 543 (MedeUin) ; Blakist. |- Pryer, Tr. As.
Soc. Jap. viii. p. 185 (1880); Legge, B. Ceylon, p. 1086 (1880);
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 523 ; Hume 4- 3Iarsh. Game B. of Ind. iii.
p. 142, pi. 19 (1880) ; Bidd. Ibis, 1881, p. 99 ; Sc^ilhj, ibid. p. 592;
A. Sf E. Neivt. Hatidb. Jam. p. 113 (1881) ; Ridgtv. Norn. N. Am.
37. SPATULA. 309
Birds, n. 608 (1881) ; C. Swinh. Ibis, 1882, p. 124 ; Coues, Check-
list, 2ncl ed. p. 114, u. 718 (1882) ; ^alv. Cat. B. Strickl. Cdl.
p. rm (1882) ; Blakist. ^- Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 98 (1882) ;
B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 128 (1883) ; Sclat. List Vert.An.Qtla. ed.
p. 437 (1883) ; Nelson, ^Cruise Coricin,'' p. 96 (1883); Coues, Key
JV. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 696 (1884) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen.
(2) i. p. 247 (Sboa) (1884) ; B., B., S,- R. Water-B. N. Am. i.
p. .526 (1884) ; Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor. Palest, p. 116 (1884) ; Saiuid.
in YarrelVs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 37-5 (1884-8-5) ; Cory, List B. W.
hid. p. 31 (188.5) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 1-59
(Bering I.) (188.5) ; Zaroudn. Ois. Transcasp.^. 72 (188.5) ; Sharpe,
Ibis, 1886, p. 493 (Fao) ; A.O.U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 117,
n. 142 (1886) ; Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 260 (1886); Newt. Ene. Brit.
9tli ed. xxi. p. 842 (1886) ; Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 133
(1886) ; Nelson, Nut. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 69 (1887) ; Stejn. Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus. X. p. 137 (Bering I.) (1887) ; Ridyio. Man. N. Am.
Birds, p. 97 (1887) : Tacz. P. Z. S. 1888, p. 460 (Corea) ; ? Rams.
Tab. List, p. 22, n.' 672 (New S. AVales) (1888) ; Shufeldt, Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus. 1888, pp. 2-30-248, ff. 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24,
2-5 (osteology) ; Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. (2) vi. p. 323 (Slioa)
(1888) ; Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 64 ( W. Indies) ; id. B. W. Ind. p. 26-5
(1889) ; Sharpe, Tr. Linn. Soc. (2) Zool. v. p. 91 (1889) ; Lilf.
Col. Fiq. Br. B. pt. x. pi. — (1889) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 48
(1889)"; Feild. Ibis, 1889, p. .500 (Barbados); North, Cat. Nests
\ Eqys Ausfr. B. p. 371 (1889) ; Saunders, Man. Brit. B. p. 41.5
(1889): Rvkmi: J. f. O. 1890, p. 82; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 73
(incubation) ; Styan, ibid. pp. 328, 497 ; Sharpe, Sec. Yurk. Miss.,
Aves,-p- 132 (1891); id. Cat. Osteal. Sixcim. Coll. Surr/. iii. p. 303
(1891); Harterf, Kat. Voyelsamml. p. 232 (1891); Hatch, B. of
Minnes. p. 47 (1892) ; Harveii, Ann. Scott. N. II. i. p. 1-"J8 (Orkney)
(1892j ; Battersbii, Zool. 1892, p. 311 (Westmeath) ; Dubois,
Faun. Vert. Behj., Ois. ii. p. 428, pi. 2.52 (1892) ; Be la Touche,
Ibis, 1892, p. 492 ; Fairbridqe, Ibis, 1893, p. 1-53 (Cape !) ; Meade-
Waldo, ibid. p. 199 (Canaries); Koeniy, J. f. 0. 1893, p. 104;
Chapm. Ibis, 1894, p. 342 (W. Jutland) ; Scott Wils. Aves Hanoi.
pt. iv. (1893) ; C/iajjm. Bull. Am. Mus. N. H. 1894, p. 83 (Trinidad) ;
Salvad. Mem. R.Ac. Sc. Tor.vl) xliy. p. 594 (Somali) (1894).
Khyncbaspis clypeata, Leach. MS.; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 11-5,
pi. 48 (1824) ; Strickl. P. Z. S. 1836, p. 102 (Smyrna) ; Ei/t. Cat.
Br. B. p. Gl (1836) ; Gould, B. of Eur. y. pi. 360 (1.^37) ; Ei/t.
Mon. Anat. p. 134, pi. 3. f. 7 (sternum) (1838) ; Bj^. Comp. List,
y. 57 (18.38) : Dicks. ^- Ross, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 134 (Erzeroum) ;
Vif/. Zool. Beacheifs Vol/, p. 31 (18-39); K. i,- B. Wirbelth. Eur.
pp." Lxxxy, 227 {\ii\Q) ;' Strickl. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 167 (China);
Macqill. Man. ii. p. 172 (1842); Seli/s-L. Faun. Bely. i. p. 143
(184":.') ; Ilartl. T'erz. Ges. Mus. p. *120 (1844) ; Gosse, B. Jam.
p. 408 (1847) ; Hartl. Arch. f. Natury. 18.52, i. pp. 136, 137
(Sand\yicli Isl.) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxyii. p. 664 (18.53) ;
Wallenyr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 270 (Scandinayia) ; Licht. Nomencl.
Av. p. 102 (18.54); Sclat. P. Z. S. 18-5.5, p. 164 (Bogota!); Bp.
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 82 (18-56) ; Netcb. P. R^ R. Rep. v'\.
p. 103 (1857) ; Cab. S,- Gundl. J.f. 0. 1857. p. 228 (Cuba) ; Loche,
Cat. Mamm. et Ois. Alt/, p. 141 (1858) ; Murr. Edinb. New Phil.
Jo«r«. 18-59, p. 229; Tristr. Ibis, 18.59, p. .37 (Palestine), 1860,
p. 81 (X.E. Afr.); Simpson, Ibis, 1860, p. 394; Breic. Pr. Bost.
Soc. N. H. yii. p. .308 (Cuba) (1860); Su-inh. Ibis, 18G1, p. o7
(Hongkong) ; Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 453 (Palestine) ; Swinh.
310 ANATID^.
Ihis, 1867, p. 388 ; Shelley, Ibis, 1871, p. 316 ; Saund. Ibis, 1871,
p. 396 (S. Spain) ; Shelley, B. of Eyifpt, p. 285 (1872) ; Tacz. J.f. O.
1873, p. 110, 1874, p. 337 ; id. Om. Vost. Sihir. p. 20 (1877) ; id.
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 46, 1883, p. 343 ; i?«rf(Ze, Ornis Caucus.
p. 458 (1884).
Rhynchaspis mexicana, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 118 (1824).
Spatulea clypeata, Flem. Biit. Anini. p. 123 (1828).
Clypeata macrorhyncLos, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 876 (1831).
Clypeata platvrhynchos, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 877 (1831)._
Clypeata pomarina, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 ; id. Vog. Detitschl.
p. 879 (1831).
Clypeata brachvrhTnclius, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 997 ; id. Vog.
Deutschl. p. 878 (1831).
Ehynchaspis virescens. Leach MSS.,Jide Sykcs, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 168,
n. 217 (Dulihnn).
RbyncLaspis niacrorhynclios, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 377 (1855).
Ehynchaspis platyrhynchos, Brehm, Voijelf. p. 378 (1855) ; id. Nau-
munnia, 1855, p. 298.
Rhyncliaspis pomarina, Brehm, Naumamiia, 1855, p. 298.
Rhynchaspis brachyrliynchos, Brehm, ibid.
Rliynchaspis platyuros, Brehm, ibid.
Rhynchaspis clypeata a. mexicana, B2). Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 650
(1856).
Anas (Rhynchaspis) clypeata, Schrenck, Beis. Amurl. i. p. 481
(1860) ; Radde, Beis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 373 (1863).
Rhynchaspis spathulata, C. F. Duh. PI. Col. Ois. Belg. iii. p. 27(>
(1860).
Rhyuchasmus (!) clypeata, Koenig, J.f. O. 1893, p. 104.
Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck dark glossy green ;
lower neck, breast, and the anterior scapulars white ; middle of the
back dark brown, the feathers with pale edges ; rump and upper
tail-coverts black glossed with green ; lower breast and abdomen
rich chestnut ; flanks, vent, and thighs paler, freckled with brown ;
under tail-coverts black, glossed with green ; a white patch on the
lower flanks at the base of the tail ; upper -wing-coverts and the
outer web of two of the longer scapulars pale blue ; remainder of
the scapulars black, all with a broad silky white stripe along the
middle ; last row of the wing-coverts tipped with white, forming a
band, which borders anteriorly the glossy green wihg-speculum :
the tip of the secondaries and the primaries brown ; under wing-
coverts and axillaries white ; tail mostly white, freckled with
brown-grey, the central feathers brown, edged with white : irides
yellow ; bill lead-colour ; feet reddish orange. Total length about
20 inches, wing 10-25, tail 3-75, culmen 2-75, tarsus 1*4.
Female. General colour of the upper parts brown, each feather
with a broad reddish margin ; throat reddish immaculate ; feathers
of the back and scapulars with reddish bars, more or less cres-
centic ; underparts reddish bufl', each feather brown in the central
part, especially those of the breast and flanks ; under tail-coverts
lighter ; the wings resemble those of the male, except that the blue
on the wing-coverts is very dull, and the S23eculum not so glossy ;
37. SPATULA.
311
tail-fenthcrs whitish, with brown marks : beak olive-brown, base of
the maxilla and the entire mandible orange ; irides hazel-brown ;
feet dull orange.
Male in first plumarie resembles the female, but the wings are
brighter coloured ; bill pale reddish brown ; legs and feet flesh-
colour.
Males in their first nujiticd pluinar/e have the white of the breast
with a few dark crescentic bands, the lower bell)* with dark bar.s,
and the rich black of the under tail-coverts mottled with chestnut
and white.
AdaJt male in inouUinij plumarie maybe distinguished from the
adult female by the greater brilliancy of the blue and metallic
green on the wing, the plain dark upper tail-coverts, and the
general darker colour of the entire plumage; the crown is dark
brown.
Yuunr/ in down resemble those of the Wigeou in having the upper
parts almost uniform, with indistinct pale spots, but they possess
the dark brown stripe through the eye as in the young MaUard.
The bill is not widened at the tip, but it grows very rapidly.
Hah. Northern hemisphere, breeding as far north as lat. 68° :
from the Palaearctic region in winter extends in Africa as far south
as Casamance on the West, and Somali-land on the East ; and in Asia
as far as Arabia, Persia, India, Ceylon, Formosa, Southern China,
and Japan ; in America as far as Colombia and the West Indies.
a,b. c? 2 ad. st.
c. 2 ^^- St.
d. 2 jiiv. sk.
e,f. 6 2 ad. St.
ff-l. (S 2 ad. et
juv. sk. et St.
7n. cJ ad. St.
n. .Tuv. sk.
0. cJ ad. st.
2h 9- S 2 ad. sk.
r-v. (S lul. et c? 2
juv. sk.
n: (S imin. sk.
r. )/, z. 2 !id- et
«'. cJ imni. sk.
b'. S ad. sk.
c'. c? ad. .sk.
(l. 2 ad. sk.
Great Britain.
Great Britain.
Loch Lomond, Scotland, Aug.
Merton, Norfolk, May.
Lincolnshire.
Essex.
Aldebiirgh, Suffolk, Aug.
Somersetshire.
Chi-istchurch, Hants.
Poole Harbom-, Dec., Jan., Feb.
Arcliangel, June.
lliddensee, Germany, June,
Nov.
HungaiT, Sept.
Galicia.
Sardinia, March (G. E. S.).
Eiiboea, Greek Archipelago,
Feb.
Purchased.
The Duke of Mont-
rose [P.].
Lord Walsingham
Cr.].
Montagu Coll.
Theo. Fisher, Esq.
Theo. Fisher, Esq.
Montagu Coll.
Barou A. von Hiigel
[P.].
Baron A. von Iliiarel
[P.].
Baron A. von Hiigel
[P.].
Baron A. von Hiigel
Hungarian National
Museum [P.l
Baron A. von Hiigel
[P.].
Shelley Coll.
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
312
■«\f\ 9'- 6 imm-
et juv. sk.
h'. 2 ad. sk.
i'. (S ad. sk.
k', I', d 2 ad. sk.
m, n', 0 . c? ad.
et § imm. sk.
_p'. $ juv. sk.
^'. 5 ad. sk.
;■'. $ ad. sk,
s', <'. c? 2 ad. sk.
u' , v'. S ad- et
irum. sk.
lu', S ad. sk.
.r'. Pull. sk.
y'. 2 imm. sk.
z , 5 juv. sk.
a". (S ad. sk.
I", c", d". S ?
imm. etc? juv.
e". tS ad. sk.
/". 2 ad. sk.
//". cj ad. sk.
/*", i". (S 2 ad.
sk.
k". c? ad. sk.
I". Ad. sk. (isa-
belline var.).
W. 2 ad. sk.
n". (S ad. sk.
o"-r". S 2 ad.
et (S imm.sk.
s". c? imm. sk.
t"-w". S 2 ad.
et imm. sk.
^■"-b\ d 2 ad.
et imm. sk.
«'. 2 ju^- ^^•
(P. S juv. sk.
^^/^^^c?$ad.
et (5' juv. sk.
A^. 2 juv. sk.
i', k^. c? ad. et
juv. sk.
ANATID^.
Egypt, Feb., April {G. E. S.).
Egypt.
Alexandria, Feb.
Senaf^, Abyssinia, April ( Wm.
Jesse).
Angollala (Harris).
Aden.
Bagdad.
Mesopotamia (Jones).
Fao, Persian Gulf.
Lenkoran.
Sarepta, April.
Kasan, June.
Omsk, May.
JN'arimskaja;, Ob R., Sept.
Valley of tbe Yen-e-say,
Siberia, Lat. 66^°, Jime
^ (H. S.).
Kasbgar (Bellew).
sk.
Panja, Yarkand, April (F. Sto-
liczka).
Ladak (Strachey).
Kalla-maur, Afghanistan, Marcb
{A{tchiso7i).
Kandahar, Feb., March.
Ranepoor, Sindh.
The Null, Kattiawar, Sindh, Feb.
(H. E. James).
Hamal Mehur, Jan. (A. O. H.).
Khandeish, March (J. Davidson) .
Sambhur, Dec, Jan. (E. M.
Adam).
Sirsa.
Gm-gaon, Feb., March (IF. N.
Chill).
Etawah.
Allahabad, Jan. (A. O. H.).
Oudh.
Oudh, Dec.
Muddapur, Jan.
Nepal.
Shelley Coll.
J. Bowring, Esq. [P.].
Shelley Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum [P.].
C, Chevalier, Esq.
[P.].
Kenneth Loftus, Esq.
[P.].
Euphrates Exped.
[C-]-
W. D. Cumming,
Esq. [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Baron A. von Hiiofel
[P.].
Baron A. von Hiigel
[P.].
St. George Littledale,
Esq. [P.].
Dr. O. Finsch [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
India Museum [P.].
India Museum [P.].
India Museum [P.].
Afghan Delimitation
Comm. [P.].
Xiieut.-Col. Swinhoe
[P.].
Gould Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll,
Hume Coll.
Capt. Stackhou se
PinwiU [P.].
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll. i
B. H. Hodgson, Es.'q.
[P.].
313
.P. 2 ad. sk.
m^. c? ad. sk.
n^. S ad. sk.
0^. cf ad. sk.
^■\ c? ad. sk.
i. B. iii. p. G18, n. 2 (part.) (184.j).
Datila csesioscapula, Itchnb. Si/n. Av., Natatores, t. li. (89) f. 180
(ia4.5).
Datila ciBsioscapulata, Bihra, Denkschr. Ak. Wwn, v. p. 131 (Chili)
(1853) ; id. J.f. O. 18.>5, p. 57.
Khvnchaspis mexicana, Licht. [nee Gm.) Komencl. Av. p. 102
(Montevideo, Chili) (1854).
Rhynchaspis platalea, Bj). Co7npt. Send, xliii. p. 6.50, n. 83 (18.56).
Spatula maculatus, Gould, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 95 (Peru ?, Bolivia ?) :
Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 89 (1869).
Spatula (Rhynchaspis) maculata, Pelz. Peis. Xovara, Von. p. 139
(Chili) (1865).
Adult male. General plumage reddish, thickly spotted -vyith black:
head and neck light rufescent, minutely dotted ■with black, chin
almost immaculate ; crown black, with pale edges to the feathers :
chest and abdomen chestnut ; shorter scapulars reddish, with black
spots like the back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts black,
with a golden gloss ; under tail-coverts black ; on the lower flanks,
at the base of the tail, a white patch ; longer scapulars glossy black,
with a central buff stripe along the middle, the superior ones edged
with rufous ; wing-coverts light blue, the last row white at the tip,
forming a band anteriorly to the wing-si^eculum, which is glossy
green, with a blue lustre towards the tip and on the inner second-
aries ; primary-coverts and primaries greyish brown, the latter
darker and with a green lustre towards the tip ; marginal under
wing-covert greyish brown, with a blue tinge, the remainder and
the axillars white ; tail greyish black, the outer feathers lighter,
all broadly edged with whitish on the outer webs: bill dark, almost
blackish ; feet yeUow ; irides white. Total length about 20 inches,
wing 9, tail 5'3, culmen 2"o, tarsus 1-4.
Female. Very similar to the female of S. ch/jnaia, so like that it
is very difficult to distinguish it, except by the bill, which is a little
shorter and in dry skin of a dusky colour, while in /$'. chipeata it
becomes yellowish.
Hah. Southern America, from the Falklands and Patagonia to
Peru on the "West, and Paraguay on the East : possibly also Bolivia.
a. (S ad. St. No locality. Lord Byron [P.].
h. 9 juv. sk. Tarapaca, X. Chili, Feb. H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.]."
c, d,e. c? 2 "fl- Central Chili. H. Berkeley James,
sk. Esq. [P.].
f. S ad. sk. Rio Bueno, Chili, Jan. H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
g, h. $ juv. sk. Rio Pilmaiquen, Chili, Feb. H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
i. (S ad. sk. Santiago, Chili {Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll.
k. $ imm. sk. Mendoza. II. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.].
318 AJ?ATID^.
/. c? ad. sk. Uruguay, Oct. Alan Peel, Esq. [C.].
tn. (S ad. sk. Couchitas, Buenos Ayres Salvin-Godman CoU.
(jr. H. Hudson),
n. (S sAsk. Moreno, Buenos Ayres, May. II. Durnford, Esq. [P.].
0. (S ad. sk. Sandy Point, Str. of ' Challenger ' Expea.
Magellan.
p. $ juv. sk. Falkland Is. (Leconte). Salvin-Godman Coll.
4. Spatula capensis.
Rhyncliaspis capensis, Smith, Cat. S. Afr. Mus. p. 36, no. 322 (1837)
(descr. nulla) ; Eijt. Mon. Anat. p. 135 (1838) ; Smith, III. S.
Afr. Zool., Birds, pi. 98 (1844) ; Bp. Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 650,
n. 84 (1850) ; Layard, B. S. Afr. p. 354 (1867) ; Boc. Jorn. Ac.
Sc. Lisb. 1867, p. 330 ; Gum. Ibis, 1868, p. 50 (Transvaal and
Natal) ; E. L. Layard, Ibis, 1869, p. 377 (eggs) ; Boc. Jorn. Ac.
Sc. Lisb. 1872, p. "70 ; Salvad. P. Z. S. 1884, p. 173 (note).
Spatula clypeata, part., G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 139,
specim.j (Cape) (1844).
Spatula capensis, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 618, n. 3 (1845) ; Bchnb.
Syti. Av., Natatores, t. L. (88) ff. 219-220 (1845) (e.r Smith) ;
? Des Murs, m Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss., Ois. p. 172 (1845-1850) ;
Gotdd, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 95 ; Byt. Syn. Anat. p. 91 (1869) ; G. R.
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 85, n. 10679 (1871) ; Andcrss. B. Damara
Land, p. 341 (1872) ; Boc. J. f. 0. 1876, p. 294 (llio Coroca) ;
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 523 ; Boc. Orn. Angola, p. 504 (Eio Coroca)
(1881) ; Bidl, FeUd., Sf Reid, Zoolog. 1882, p. 428 (Natal) ; Sharpe,
Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 759 (1884) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 48
(1889).
Anas clypeata, part., Schley. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, pp. .33, .34 (specim.
from S. Africa) (1866); Gieb. Thes.Orn. i. p. 348 (part.) (1872).
Anas capensis, part., Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 346 (1872).
Spatula smithii, Hartert, Kat. Voyelsamml. p. 331, note 447 (1891).
Adult male. Upper part of the head dark brown, with the edges
of the feathers dull greyish, producing a streaked appearance ; sides
of the head and upper part of the neck dull whitish grey, finely
mottled with dark brown streaks ; mantle and upper part of the
back brown, with irregular undulated narrow bars ; rump and
upper tail-coverts dark brown, with a green gloss ; lower parts
dull greyish brown, thickly mottled with brown irregular markings :
on the lower neck and crop-region the feathers are brown, with
U-shaped rufesceut bars ; flanks brown, with narrow pale reddish-
white irregular bars ; upper wing-coverts smalt-blue ; a white band
anteriorly to the speculum, broader outwardly than inwardly ;
speculum dark metallic green, with a blue tinge towards the tip
and on the outer edge of the secondaries ; tertials dark metallic
greenish blue, longer scapulars dark blue-green, more bluish on the
outer web ; under wing-coverts and axillaries white ; the marginal
under wing-covert brown, edged with white ; tail blackish with
a greenish tinge, the feathers with pale narrow edges : "iris lemon-
yellow ; biU deep reddish brown, almost black ; legs, toes, and webs
ochry yellow, but the latter are dusky towards the extremity "
{Andersson). Total length 20 to 21 inches, wing 9*5, tail 3-7,
culmen 2-35, tarsus 1-5.
38. MALACORnYNCHTJS. 319
Female. Similar to the female of S. chf^ieata, but easil^y distin-
guishable by the blue tinge of the speculum ; besides it has the tail
much darker brown, with irregular rufesceut bars ; the bill in dry
skin is dark brown.
Hah. South Africa, north to Angola on the West, and Transvaal
on the East ; according to Lefebvre also Abyssinia, but this locality
requires further proof.
a. 2 ad. sk. S. Africa. Shelley Coll.
b. cS ad. sk. Cape of Good Hope. Sir A. Smith [P.]. (Type
of species.)
c. 2 ad. St. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased.
d. c? ad. sk. Port Natal (At/res). Shelley Coll.
e. c? juv. sk. Rio Coroca, Angola, Jan. Shelley Coll.
{Aiichieta).
38. MALACORHYNCHUS.
Type.
Malacorhynchus, Sw. Jour/i. Hoy. Inst. ii. uo. iv.
p. 18 (1831) M. membranaceus.
Ranfje. Confined to Australia and Tasmania.
1. Malacorhynchus membranaceus.
New Holland Duck, Lath. Gen. Si/n., Suppl. ii. p. 359, n. .36 (1801).
Anas membranacea, Lath. Ind. Orn. Suppl. p. Ixix, n. 4 a (1801) ;
Vieill. N. B. v. p. 108 (1816) ; Bum. Bkt. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 388
(1817); Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 3-58 (1823); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i.
p. 357 (1872).
Anas fasciata, Shaic, Nat. Misc. xvii. pi. 697 (1790-1813) ; Less.
Tr. d^Orn. p. 632 (1831).
^Membranaceous Duck, Lath. Gen. Hist. x. p. .331 (1824).
Ivhynchaspis membranacea, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 124 (1824).
Malacorhynchus menibranaceus, Hw. Jourti. Ii. Inst. ii. no. iv, p. 18
(with tig. of head) (1831) ; G. H. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 74 (1840) ;
id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 94 (1841) ; Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120
(1844) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mas. iii. p. 139 (1844) ; id. Gen.
B. iii. p. 618 (184."j) ; Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 13 (pt.xviii., 1845) ;
Bchnb. Spi. Av., Natatores, t. 88. ff. 924^925 (1845) ; G. B. Gr.
6'm. 7?., App. p. 28 (1849); Bchnb. Si/n. yic, Natatores, t. 86.
ff. 2332-33 (e.v Gould) (1850) ; id. Av. Si/st. Aat. p. ix (1852);
Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xbii. p. 650,
81 (1856) ; Zuchold, J. f. O. 1858, p. 41 (Lynch River) ;
Meth. nat. Av. disj). Tent. p. 148 (1872) ; Rams. Pr. Linn. Sac.
N. S. W. i. pp. 195, 216, 219 (1876) ; Casteln. .S- Rams. ibid. p. 386
(Gulf of Carpentaria) (1876) ; Bifft/l. B. Austr. ii. pi. 113 (1877) ;
Rains. Br. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ii. p. 200, n. 6(U (1878) : Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 524 ; Rams. Pr. Linn. Soc. X. S. Tf. vii. p. 58
(1882); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll p. 537 (1882); Lepi/e, Pr. R.
Soc. Tasm. 1886, p. 244 (Tasmania) (1887) ; Rams. ^Tab. List,
p. 22, n. 673 (1888) ; North, Cat. Xests cS- Bf/r/s Au.it. Mon. Anat. p. 114 (1838) ; Bp. Comp. List,
p. 56, n. 410 (1838) ; id. Syn. Anat. p. iSQ (1869).
Querquedula angustirostris. Up. Comp. List, p. 57, n. 415 (1838) ;
Durazzo, Ucc. Li;/, p. 79 (Sardinia) (1840); Bp. Icon. Faun.
Ital. i. Ucc. tav. 47. If. 1, 2, Introd. p. 17 (1841) ; id. Atti Riun.
Sc. Ital. Firenze, 1841, p. 317; id. Cat. Met. tfcc. Eur. p. 71,
n. 435 (1842) ; id. Isis, 1843, pp. 403, 404; G. R. Gr. Gen. B.,
App. p. 28 (1849) ; IJeffl. Orn. Eur. p. 435, sp. 467 (1849) ; Bp.
Rec. Crit. pp. 104, 193 (1850) ; Rchnb. Syn. Ai\, Xatatores, t. 90.
ff. 2341-42 (e.i- Bp.), t. 91. f. 2652 {e.v Guuld) (1850) ; Vidal,
Mem. d. Madr. Ac. 1851, p. 196 (Spain) ; Brehm, J'ogelf. p. 375
(1855) ; Bolle, J. f. O. 1855, p. 314 (Spain) ; Salvad. Cat. Ucc.
Sard. p. 106 (1864) ; id. J.f. O. 1865, p. 323; Cara, Osserv. Cat.
Ucc. Sard. p. 121 (1866); De(, i. Ad. St.
k,l. d" 2 ad. sk.
m, n. Juv. sk.
0. Ad. sk.
p. 2 ad. sk.
q. Ad. sk.
r. Ad. sk.
s. 2 ^^- sk.
t. Ad. sk.
u-b' . S 2 ^^- sk.
c', fl, e'. (S 2 fid.
.. S ad. St. Chili. E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
h. 5 ad. St. Chili. Purchased.
i: k. S $ ad. sk. Santiacro, Chili {Leybold). Salvin-Godman Coll.
/, 7n. (S 2 ad. sk. Eio Pilmaiquen, ChiU, Feb. H. Berkeley James,
Esq. [P.].
Subfamily VIII. FULIGULIN^.
Key to the Genera,
a. Primaries not uniform dark brown, or
blackish, but partly -whitish, with the tip
brown ; the first three or four primaries
brown also on the outer web j bill rather
long, broad, and flat.
«'. Indentations of the upper mandible
prominent ; head of the male fully
crested 42. Netta, p. 327.
h'. Indentations of the upper mandible not
prominent.
b". Bill gibbous at the base; outline of
loral feathering straight, and inclined
backwards 43. Metopiana, p. 332.
c". Bill smooth, not gibbous at the base.
c'". Bill not distinctly wider near the
end than at the base, neither very
broad or short , . 44. Nyeoca, p. 334.
d' ". Bill somewhat wider near the end
than at the base, rather broad and
short, and much more rounded at
the tip than in Nyroca ; head in
adult males glossy black 45. Fuligula, p. 354.
b. Primaries uniform dark brown, or blackish.
c'. Central tail-feathers narrow, short and
cm'led up ; biU very strong ; wings very
short, often useless for flight 46. Tachyebes, p. 373.
d' . Central tail-feathers not curled up.
d". No stiff feathers on the head of the
adult males.
d'" . General plumage of the males not
black.
, Nafiirl. Syst. p. 102 (1829); Ridgw. Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. viii. p. 355 (1885) ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B.
p. 118, n. [145] (1886) ; Ridyw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 100 (1887).
Callichen ruficeps, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 1 (descr. nulla) ; id.
Vog. Detdschl. p. 922(1831).
Callichen rutinus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 2 ; id. Voy. Deutschl.
p. 924 (1831); Bp. Comp. List, p. 58 (18.38); id. Icon. Faun.
Ital. i. tav. 47. f. 3 (fasc. xxx., 1841) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii.
p. 651, n. 144 (18.56) ; Homey. J. f. O. 1862, p. 4.34 (Balearic Isl.) ;
Severtz. J. f. 0. 1873, p. 344.* 187o, p. 185 ; Radde, Omis Caucus.
p. i63 (1884) ; Salvad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 262 (1886).
Callichen subrufinus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 3 (descr. nulla) ;
id. Viig. Deutschl. p. 924 (1831).
Callichen niicropus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 4 (deacr. nulla) ;
id. Toy. Deutschl. p. 925 (1831).
? Fuligula, sp., Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 169 (Dukhun) ( $ ?).
Mergoides rufina, Eyt. Cat. Brit. B. p. 57 (1836) ; id. Hist. Rarer
Brit. B. p. 77 (1836) ; id. Syn. Anat. p. 17 (1869).
330 ANATID^.'
Callichen mfinum, Eyt. Man. Anat. p. 152 (1838).
Avthya rufina, MacgiU. Man. Brit. B. p. 191 (1842).
Tadcima ? pnoe, Hodffs. Gray's Zool. Misc. p. 86, n. 819 ( 2 ) (1844).
Callichen rufescens, Brehm, Voyelf. p. 379 (1855).
Callichen nifina, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 144 (1856) ;
Loche, Cat. M. et O. Alger, p. 144 (1858) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 81
(N. Africa) ; Sundev. Meth. not. Av. disp. Tent. p. 148 (1872).
Fuligula ruiicrista, C. F. Dubois, PI. Col. Ois. Belg. iii. p. 277
(1860).
Callichen rufa [errore?), Eoenig, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 285 (Tunis),
Hybrids.
Fuligula rufina X Metopiana peposaca, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 524.
Branta rufina c? X Anas boscas$, Martorelli, P. Z. S. 1891, p. 489.
Adnlt male. Head, throat, and sides of the upper neck reddish
chestnut ; the feathers on the top of the head much elongated,
forming a conspicuous crest of a reddish-buff colour ; back of the
neck above and lower neck brown-black, changing on the breast,
beUy, and under tail- coverts into glossy brown ; back greyish brown,
darker on the lower part, and changing into brown-black on the
rump and upper tail-coverts ; scapulars pale brown ; wing-coverts
and tertials greyish, secondaries white, forming the ^ving-speculum,
bordered near the tip by a grey-brown band ; primaries whitish,
but the tips and the outer webs of the first five greyish brown ;
under wing-coverts and axillaries white, the latter greyish at the
tip ; edge of the wing near the carpal joint white ; a white patch
almost hidden at the base of the scapulars ; sides and flanks white,
"with an evanescent pinkish tinge, more or less undulated with brown
lines anteriorly and posteriorly, the upper feathers brown-olive,
and also the longer ones at the tip : at the base of the tail on the
sides the feathers are black with a green gloss ; tail-feathers
greyish brown, the outer ones paler and more or less with lighter
edges : biU crimson or vermilion-red ; irides reddish brown ; legs
and toes vermilion-red, interdigital membrane blackish. Total
length about 22 inches, wing 10, tail 4, culmen 1*9, tarsus 1-5.
Female. General colour greyish, browner on the upper parts,
the rump blackish brown ; upper part of the head, including the
ocular region, brown ; cheeks, throat, and sides of the neck
greyish white ; point of the wing-speculum greyish white, primaries
grey, with the tip and outer webs brown ; beak and legs reddish
brown.
Young male similar to the female, but the darker centres of the
feathers of the underparts are brown instead of grey ; back and
breast darker brown ; and more indications of a crest (Seebohm).
Males in first nuptial dress have the underparts more suffused
with brown, the white not suffused with pink, and the bill much
paler {Seebohm).
Males in moulting plumage very closely resemble the adult
females, but may be distinguished by the brighter colour of their
42. NETTA.
331
bills and eyelids, by the greater development of their crest, by the
darker brown of the belly and under tail-coverts, and by the redder
colour of the feet.
Yotmr/ in down are described by Baldamus (J. f. 0. 1870, p. 280)
as having the upper parts dull olive-grey, with a buff spot on each
shoulder, and the underparts buff; a buff stripe passes over each
eye, and through the eye runs a dark stripe, which di^•ides into two
behind the eye.
Hah. Palsearctic Region, from the basin of the Mediterranean to
the Black and Caspian Seas, and from there to Turkestan in summer,
and India in winter ; accidental visitor in the Xorth of Europe ;
only once in N.E. America.
a. (^ ad. st.
b. (5 ad. St.
c-f. Pull. St. et
sk.
ff. (S ad. sk.
h, i. (S ad. et
juv. sk.
Tc,l. (S 2 ad. sk.
VI, n. cS 2 ad. sk.
0. cJ ad. sk.
p. c? ad. sk.
q. 2 ad. st.
r. (S imm. st.
s, t,u. (S ad., c?
imm., et$juv.
sk.
V. 2 ad. sk.
w» •^■, y- d 2 ad.
et c5 imm. sk.
s. c? ad. sk.
a', c? imm. sk.
b-e'. d 2 ad. et
juv. sk.
f'-m'. (S 2 ad.
et juv. sk.
n', (S ad. sk.
o', p. S 2 imm.
sk.
q'-u'. (S 2 ad. et
juv. sk.
v , w'. c7 ad. et
juv. sk.
.r', y'. cf ad. sk.
z'. (J ad. sk.
a". 2 ad. st.
Great Britain.
Milford Haven.
Duhvich (born in captivity).
Damietta, Egypt, Dec. {Filip-
poni).
Constantinople {T. Robson).
Lenkoran.
Bala Morgliab, Jan. {Aitchi-
son).
Kandahar, March.
India [Blayrave).
India.
India.
E. Jhelum, Sindh, Nov. {A.
O. H.).
Muncha, Sindh, Jan. (A.O.H.).
Sambhur, Dec, Jan., Feb. {R.
M. Adam).
Sivza.
Gurgaon, Feb. (A. O.H.).
Delhi, Punjaub, Jan.
Etawah, Jan.
Kheree District, Feb. {A. An-
derson).
Futtehgurh, Dec. {A. Ander-
son).
Oudh, Dec, Jan., Feb.
Oudh.
Nepal
Bengal (Falconer).
Behar.
Earl of Cawdor [P.].
li. Hoffmann, Escj.
[P.].
SheUey Coll.
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
Seebohm CoU.
Afghan Delimitation
Comm. [P.].
Lt.-Colonel Swinhoe
India Museum [P.].
Bartlett Coll.
Col. Cobb [P.].
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Capt. Stackhouse
Pinwill [P.^.
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
India ^luseum [P.].
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.
[P.].
332 ANATIDa:.
6". d'ad. sk. Sambulpore Distr., Central Pro- Hume Coll.
■vinces.
c". cJ imm. sk. Dinapore, Dec. Hume Coll.
d". c? ad. ak. Raipur, Jan. Hume Coll.
^'\f ",/• d 2 sd. sk. 49th Parallel. N. America Boundary
Commission [P.].
g. 2 ad.sk. Fort DufEerin. N. America Boundary
Commission [P.].
342 AICATID-5E.
h. S juv. sk. Warner Lake, Oregon, Sept. Salrin-Godman Coll.
i. S ad. sk. Chicago, Illiuois {Nelson ^ Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Jencks).
k. (S ad. sk. Neuces Co., Texas, Jan. (N. Salvin-Godman Coll.
£. Noakes).
Is. r? $ ad. et c? Corpus Christi, Texas, March, Salvin-Godman Coll.
juv. sk. Oct., Dec. {F. B. Ann-
stronr/).
t. cj imm. sk. Brownsville, Texas, April Salvin-Godman Coll.
{F. B. Armstrong),
u. i (1892).
Fuligula ferriigiut'a, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 205 (1824) ; Hurting,
Handb. Brit. B. p. 64 (1872).
Platypus leucophthalmus, Brehm, Lehrb. Nat. eur. Vbg. ii. p. 834
(1824) ; Piissler, J.f. O. 1856, p. 67 (Anhalt).
Avthva leucophthalmos, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999 ; id. Vbg. Deutschl.
■p. 917 (1831).
Nyroca leucophthalmos, Flem. Brit. An. p. 121 (1828) ; Eyt. Mon.
Anat. p. 160, pi. 13 (skeleton and tracheal (1838) ; Bolle, J.f. O.
1855, p. 315 (Spain) ; Bre/im, Vogelf. p. 380 (1855); Eijt. Syn.
Anat. p. 118 (1869) ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1870, p. 56 (Algeria) ; Gould,
B. Gt. Brit. V. pi. 21 (pt. xxi., 1872).
Fuligula leucophthalma, Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 368 (1837); C. Dub.
PI. Col. Ois. Belg. iii. p. 279 (1857) ; Severtz. Turkest. Jevotn.
p. 70 (1873); Rchnw. Orn. CentralU. 1882, p. 5; id. Vbg. zool.
Giirt. p. 46 (1882).
Nyroca leucophthalma, Bp. Comp. List, p. 58, n.423 (1838) ; id. Cat.
Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 73 (1842) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 4
(1844) ; Rchnb. Sun. Av., Natatores, t. 75. ff". 128-130 (1845) ;
G. R. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. p. 147 (1846) ; Rchrib. Av. Syst.
Nat. p. viii (1852) ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 138 (1850);
Loche, Cat. M. et O. Alger, p. 144 (1858) ; Salv. Ibis, 1859, p. 364
(E. Atlas); Adams, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 190 (Cashmere); Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 442 ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, p. 81 (N. Africa) ; G. R.
Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863); Pelz. J. f. O.
1864, pp. 73, 74 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 629 (breeding) ; Shell. Ibis,
1871, p. 316 (Egypt) ; id. B. of Egi/pt, p. 288 (1872) ; Fritsch,
J.f. O. 1872, p. 371 (Bohemia); Ga'rrod, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 479;
Eoenig, J.f. 0. 1888, p. 285 (Algeria) *.
Nyroca africana, G. R. Gr. Lust B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 144 (1844) ;
'Sah-ad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 263 (1886).
Nyroca obsoleta, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 380 (1855) ; id. Naumannia,
1855, p. 298.
Aethvia njToca, Goeb. J.f. O. 1870, p. 182 ; B., BL, R. 4' S. J. f. 0.
1877, p. 338; Goeb. J.f. 0. 1879, p. 272.
Fulix nyroca, Salvad. Faun, d'ltal., Ucc. p. 265 (1872) ; Gigl. Icon.
Avif'ltal. sp. 361, tav. 361 (1881) ; Gbldliii, J.f. 0. 1881, p. 190.
Nyroca ferruginea, Sharpe 4- Dress. B. Eur.xi. p. 581, pi. 438 (1872) ;
"^Dress. Ibis, 1876, p. 421; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 130 (1883);
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 441 (1883) ; Tristr. Faun, c^- Flor.
Palest, p. 117 (1884) ; Clarke, Ibis, 1884, p. 147 (Slavonia and
Hungary) ; C. Swinh. Sf Barnes, Ibis, 1885, p. 138 (C. India) ;
Df'ditiui. J.f. O. 1885, p. 206; Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 377 (Portugal) ;
Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 73 (incubation); Sharpe, Sec. Yark. Miss.,
Avvs, p. 132 (1891) ; id. Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 306
(1891) ; Pleske, Mel. Biol. xiii. p. 299, n. 173 (1892) ; Oust. Nouv.
Arch, du Mus. (3) vi. p. 102 (Turkestan) (1894).
» Quid Xi/rnra leucophthalma. Gosse, B. Jam. p. 408 (1847) : Albrecht, J. f. O.
1S(V2, p. 207; March. Pr. Philad. Acad. 18).
Fuligula capensis, Smith, Cat. South Afr. Mus. p. .36, n. .3.'^0 (1837)
(descr. nulla) ; Sch/rff. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 31 (1860) ; Sclat,
P. Z. S. 1880, p. 5l'6; Rrhnw. Orn. Cpntralh.'\9.S2, p. o; id. To:rey ; head, neck, and chest [p. 368.
in adult males black, glossed with purple, and
besides round the neck a more or less distinct
collar of chestnut collaris, p. 370.
1 . Fuligula marila.
The Scaup.
Fuligula gesneri, Ea;/, Si/>i. p. 142, A. 6 (1713).
(xlaucium minus striatum, Brisn. Orn. vi. p. 416 (1760).
Anas marila, Linn. S. N. i. p. 196, u. 8 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2,
p. 509, n. 8 (1788); Lnth. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 853, n. 54 (1790);
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 152 (1790) ; Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 115
tab. xiv. ff. 3, 4 (trachea) (1798) ; Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 248
(1811); Temm. Man. d'Om. p. 502 (1815); Leach, Cat. p. 39
(1816); Ficill. K D. V. p. 127 (1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi.
p. 374 (1817); Temm. Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 865 (1820); Licht.
Verz. Doubt, p. 85 (Iceland; Cyprus) (1823); Less. Tr. d'Om.
p. 632 (part.) (1831) ; Temm. Man. 2nd ed. iv. p. 545 (1840) ;
Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. c.xx (1844) ; Naum. Voq. Deutschl. xii. p. 88,
Taf. 311 (1844); Piissl. J. f. 0. 1853, p. 242 (Lapland); Brehm,
J.f. 0. 1854, p. 84 (Egypt) ; Midd. Sibir.Reis. ii. 2, p. 238 (1853) ;
Miill. J.f. O. 1855, p. 232 (Provence) ; Kriiper, Naumannia, 1857,
p. 44 (Iceland) ; Kittl. Denkw. ii. pp. 313, 378, 401 (1858); Bias.
in Naum. Voy. Deutschl. xiii. 2, p. 312 (I860;; Przew. Pufesch.
Ussur. n. 210 (1870) ; Honmier, J. f. O. 1870, p. 433 (E. Siberia) ;
Gieh. Thes. Orn. i. p. 356 (part.) (1872).
? Anas subterranea, Scop. Ann. I. Hist. Nat. p. 67, n. 83 (1769) *.
Scaup Duck, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 586, n. 275, pi. 100 (1776) •
Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 500, n. 49 (1785).
Millouinan, UAubent. PI. Enl. 1002; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois ix
p. 229 (1783).
Anas frenata, . xii. p. 88, note), who decidedly states that Scopoli's
name applies to A. tadorna juv.
•2 a ->
35(J
U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 160 (Bering I.) (188-5); id. Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. X. p. 137 (Bering I., and Copper I.) (1887).
Ana3 marina {errore ?), Drap. Diet. Class. H. N. iii. p. 135 (182.3).
Fuligiila marila, tsteph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 198 (1824) ; Savi, Orn.
Tosc. iii. p. 129 (1831) ; Jen. Man. p. 243 (1835) ; Gould, B. Eur.
V. pi. 371 (1837); Eyt. Man. Anat. p. 156 (1838); Bp. Comp.
List, p. 58, n. 425 (1838) ; Vig. Zool. Voy. Blossom, p. .37 (1839) ;
Keijs. 8f Bias. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxvii, 230 (1840); Selys-L.
Faun. Belg. p. 145 (1842) ; Macgilliv. Man. Orn. ii. p. 188 (1842) ;
Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mtis. p. 120 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Br. Mus.
iii. p. 143 (1844); id. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 3 (1S45) ; Rchnb.
Syn. ^y.,Natatores, t. 75. ff. 131-133 (1845) ; id. Cat. Hodgs. Coll.
B. M. p. 147 (Nepal) (1846) ; Dcql. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 453 (1849) ;
Blyth, Cat. B. Mm. A. S. B. p. 306, n. 1787 (1849); Licht.
Nomencl. Av. p. 102 (1854) ; WaUengr. Naumannia, 1854,
p. 274; Heugl. Syst. Uebers. n. 702 (Egypt) (1856); Sivinh.
This, 1860, p. 67 (China) : Poivys, ibid. p. 354 (Livitazza) ;
"^ Beinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 13 (Greenland); Stvinh. Ibis, 1861,
p. 345 (N. China), 1862, p. 254 (Foochow), 1863, p. 434 (Formosa) ;
id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. .324; G. R. Gr. List Br. B. p. 199 (1863);
id. Cat. Hodqs. Coll. B. M. 2nd ed. p. 77 (1863) ; Jerd. B. of Ind.
iii. p. 814 '(1864); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454 (Palestine);
Nordm. J. f. O. 1864, p. 379 (Finland and Lapland); Droste,
ibid. p. 428 (Borkum) ; Srhleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 26 (Japan)
(1866) ; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 208 (Hakodadi) ; Degl. Orn. Em:
ii. p. 536 (1867) ; Trisfr. Ibis. 1868, p. 328 (Palestine) ; Droste,
Voqehv. Borkum, p. 206 (1869) ; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. v. pi. 24
(pt! xvi., 1869): Droste, J. f. O. 1869, p. 347 (Faroe) ; Elires ^
Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 340 (Macedonia); G. R. Gr. Hand-list. iii.
p. 86, n. 10686 (part.) (1871) ; Shell. B. of Egyi^t, p. 290 (1872) ;
Coues, Key, p. 289 (1872) ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1873, p. 110 (Darasuu) ;
Coves, B^N.- West, p. 673 (part.) (1874); Blanf. East. Pers. ii.
p. 302 (Caspian) (1876); Seeb. ^ H.-Brown, Ibis. 1876, p. 445
(Petchora); Palmen, J. f. 0.1876, p. 60 (Finland); Tacz. ibid.
p. 202 (Ussuri) ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 47 (1877) ; id. Orn.
T'ost. Sibir. p. 70 (1877) ; Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. pp. 59, 60
(1878) ; Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 565, pi. 436 (pts. 65, 66, 1878) ;
Blakist. ^ Pri/er, Ibis, 1878, p. 214 (Japan); Finsch, Verh. z.-b.
Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 264 (W. Siberia); mmie. Sir. Fcath. viii.
p. 116, n. 970 (1879) ; Hume Sf Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 272,
pi. 36 (1880) ; Svlat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 525 (part.) ; Brandt, J. f. 0.
1880, p. 250 (St. Petersburg) ; Bolau, J.f. 0. 1881, p. 64 ; Blakist.
8r Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 186 (1880), x. p. 98 (1882) ;
Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 4 ; id. Voq. zool. Giirt. p. 45
(1882); B. O. U. List Br. B. p. 129 (1883) ; 'Sclat. List Vert. An.
8th ed. p. 440 (1883) : Tristr. Faun. 8^ Flor. Palest, p. 117 (1884) ;
Blakist. Amend. List B. Jiq). p. 9 (1884); Saund. YarreWs Hist.
Brit. B. iv. p. 423 (1884-85), and Man. Brit. B. p. 4.37 ; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1885, p. 246 (var.) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 579 (part.)
pi. 64 (e^?) (1886) ; Ne^vt. Enc. Brit. 9th ed. xxi. p. 378 (1886) ;
Salrad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 264 (1886); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 48
(1889); Rch7iw. J. f. O. 1890, pp. 83, 84; Seeb. B. Jap. Emp.
p. 256 (part.) (]8f6); Lilford, Col. Fiq. Brit. B. pt. xv. pi. —
(1890) ; Styan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 328, 497 ;" Campb. Ibis, 1892, p. 245
(Corea); Riha, Orn. Jahrb. iii. p. 261 (Bohemia) (1892); Seeh.
Ibis, 1892. p. 400 (Tsu-shima) ; Dubois, Faun. Vert. Belq., Ois.
ii. p. 468,' pi. 261 (1892); Collett, Mindre redr. Norges 'Fuqlef.
1881-92, p. 275 (1894) ; H. J. Sf C. E. Pearson, Ibis. 1859, p." 243
(Iceland).
4/5. Kir.iour.A. 3o7
Platypus niarilus, Brehm, Lehrb. Natunj. eur. Vog. ii. p. 830 (1824).
Avthva islandica, Brehm, Isin, 1830, p. 998, n. 1 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 911 (1831).
Aytliva leucouotos, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 3 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
■p. 913(1831).
Fuligula gesneri, Ei/t. Cat. Br. B. p. 58 (1836) ; Jard. Br. Birds, iv.
p. 138, pi. 5 (1837) ; Wright, Ibis, 1809, p. 2o4.
Fuligula marina, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 368 (1836).
Fuligula marilla, Ei/t. Mon. Anat. p. 156 (1838) ; id. Syn. Anat.
p. 114 (1869).
Platypus marila, Schilling, J. f. 0. 1853, p. 378.
Fuligula islaudica, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 381 (1855); id. Naumannin,
1855, p. 298.
Fuligula leuconotos, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 381 (1855) ; id. Naumannia,
1855, p. 298.
Marila freiiata, Bj). Compi. Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 135 (1856) ; Loche,
Cat. Mamm. et Oi^. Alger, p. 144 (Lake Halloula) (1858).
Fulix marila, Cass. Pr. Acad. Philad. 1802, p. 322 (Loo-choo I.) ;
Laicr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 297 (1806) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii.
p. 86, n. 10686 (part.) (1871 ) ; Sivinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419 (China
and Formosa) ; id. Ibis, 1873, p. 367, 1875, p. 457 (Hakodadi; ;
Heur/l. Dm. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1339 (1873); Swinh. Ibis, 1875,
p. 456 (Ilakodadi); David i^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 507 (1877);
Radde, Ornis Caucus, p. 462 (1884) ; Tacz. P. Z. 6". 1888, p. 460
(Corea) ; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 305 (1891).
Anas (Fuligula) marila, Radde, Reis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 375 (Baikal)
(1863).
Platypus marila, Dijb. .^- Parr. J.f. O. 1868, p. 339 (Dauria).
Hi/hricls.
Fuligula marila X N vroca leucophthalma, Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed.
p. 440 (1883).
Fuligula marila XF. nyroca, Leverk. J.f. O. 1890, p. 225.
Fuligula marila xClangula glaucion, Leverk. J.f. O. 1890, p. 225.
North America (F. ncarctica).
Fuligula marila, Bp. Ann. Li/c. N. Y. ii. p. 393 (part.) (1826) ; Bp.
Syn. p. 392 (1828) ; Sw. i^- Rich. Faun. Bar. -Am. ii. p. 453 (part.)
(i831j; Nutt. Man. ii. p. 437 (part.) (1834); Bp. Camp. List,
p. 58, n. 389 (part.) (1838); And. B. Am. vii. p. 355, pi. 498
(1843) ; Giraud, B. Lonq M. p. 321 (1844) ; De Kay, N. Y. Zool.
ii. p. .323 (1844); G.R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 143
(specim. A) (1844); Denny, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 40; "^ Cass. U.S.
Rvpl. F.rp., Mamm. ^- brn. p. 343 (Oregon) (1858); Wied,
J. f. O. 1859, p. 170 ; Ileertn. P. R. R. Rep. \. pt. iv. p. 70 (1859) ;
Wedd. c^- IIurdi.^\ Natural, in Berm. pp. 49, 86 (1859) ; ? Reinh.
Ibis, 1801, p. 13 (Greenland); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 86,
n. 10086 (part.) (1871); Cones, Key, p. 289 (1872); id. Check-
list, n. 500 (1873) ; id. Birds N- West, p. 573 (part.) ( 1874) ; Sclat.
Sc Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 399 (Mazatlan) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 525 (part.) ; Coues, Cheek-list, 2nd ed. p. 114, n. 720 (1882) ;
Brandt, J.f. O. 1891, p. 268 (Sitka).
Fulix marila, Baird, B N. Am. p. 791 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B.
n. 588 (1859) ; Bryant, Pr. Bast. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 122 (Bahamas)
(1859) ; Coop. ^- Suckl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 258 (1860) ; Ross,
Cunad. Natural. April 1862; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 147 (Brit. N.
Am.) ; Dress. Ibis, 1866, p. 43 (Texa.s) ; ?Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 426
358 ANATID^.
(Vancouver) ; Ball ^ Barin. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 298 (1869) ;
Allen, Bull. Mus. Cmnp. Zool. iii. p. 183 (Kansas and Utah) (1872) ;
Snoic, B. Kmis. p. 11 (1873) ; Lawr. Mem. Bost. Soc. N'. H. ii. p. 315
(Mazatlan) (1874) ; Ridgw. Numencl. N. Am. B. n. 614 (1881) ;
£.,B.,^ R. Wnter-B. N. Am. ii. p. 18 (part.) (1884); Coues,
Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 701, n. 720 (part.) (1884); Nehrl.
J.f. 0.1885, p. 147; Matschie ^ Ziemer,ibid. p. 191 (Bering Sea).
? Fuli^ula mariloides, Wied [nee Vig.),J.f. 0. 1859, p. 176 (Mis-
souri).
Anas marila, Mart. J. f. O. 1859, p. 221 (Bemiuda) ; Walker, Ibis,
1860, p. 166 (Godhavn, Greenland) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 356
(1872).
Aythva marila nearctica, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 161
(1885); A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 119, n. 148 (1886);
Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 133 (1886) ; Nelson, Nat. Hist.
Coll. in Alaska, p. 71 (1887) ; Ridgio. Man. N. Am. B. p. 103
(1887); Richmond, Auk, 1888, p. 19 (Mt. Vernon, Columbia);
Merrill, ibid. p. 142 f Oregon ) ; Schalow, J.f. 0. 1891, p. 268;
Hatch, B. of Minnes. p.' 58 (1892) ; Mackay, Auk, 1894, p. 225.
Fuligula marila nearctica, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 232 (1891).
Eastern Asia (F. mariloides).
Fuligula marila, Vig. Zool. Voy. 'Blo.ssotn,' p. 31 (1839).
Fuligula mariloides, Vig. Zool. Voy. '■Blossom,^ p. 31 (in text) (1839) ;
G. R. Or. Gen. B. iii. p. 621. n. 4 (part.) (1844) ; Cass. Pr. Ac.
Philad. 1862, p. 322 (Loo-cho'o I.) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 312
(Zool. Card.); Stvinh. Ibis, 1877, p. 147; David 4- Oust. Ois.
Chine, p. 608 (1877) ; Vian, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii. p. 61 (1878) ;
Blakist. ii- Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215 (Yezo) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880,
p. 525 ; Rchnw. Orn. Cmitralbl. 1882, p. 5 ; id. Voc/. zool. Gart.
p. 45 (1882); Sclat. List Vert An. 8th ed. p. 440 (1883); Sty an,
Ibis, 1891, p. 497.
Fulix mariloides, Swinh. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 412 (Ningpo) ; id. Ibis,
1875, p. 457 (Hakodadi) ; Blakist. ^ Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Japan, i.
p. 99 (1882).
Aythia affinis mariloides, Stejn. Bull. U.S. Kat. Mus. no. 29, p. 161
'(1885) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 103 (1887).
Fuligula marila, part., Seeb. B. Jap. Emp. p. 266 (1890).
Adult male. Head, neck, upper part of the breast and of the
back black ; sides of the head and upper neck glossed with green ;
rest of the back and scapulars white, narrowly barred with black ;
rump, upper and under tail-coverts black ; lower breast, abdomen,
and sides white -. the vent somewhat greyish : the sides with black
barrings ; upper wing-coverts blackish, finely vermiculated with
white ; secondaries white, forming the speculum, which is bounded
below by a blackish band, in some specimens more or less freckled
with white ; tertials blackish with a green gloss, the larger ones
more or less finely dusted with whitish ; primaries greyish brown,
from the fourth quill with a whitish area on the inner web, the tips
black ; the marginal under wing-coverts greyish brown, dusted with
white, the remainder, as well as the axillaries, white ; tail blackish :
bill and legs light lead-grey, webs and nail of the bill blackish ;
iris yellow. Total length about 18 inches, wing 9'25, tail 2-9,
culmen 1'8, tarsus 1*4.
Female. Fore part of the head and chin white ; rest of the head,
4o. KULKiULA. 359
neck, and breast brown ; upper parts dark brown, the back and
scapulars slightly vcrmiculated with white ; undcrparts white beloAv
the breast ; flanks brown, more or less vermiculated with white ;
vent and under tail-coverts dark brown, slightly vermiculated with
white ; wings duller and browner than in the male, the upper
wing-coverts much less vermiculated with white : bill and legs
darker than in the male. Size somewhat less.
Young male has the white at the base of the bill like the adult
female, but it is of a darker and richer colour.
Male in first nvptial dress has less green metallic gloss on Iho
head and neck ; the black breast-feathers have white margins ; the
black under tail-coverts are more or less vermiculated ; in the ver-
miculations of the lower mantle, scapulars, and wing-coverts the
dark brown predominates over the white.
Males in moultinri plumage closely resemble adult females.
Young in down closely resemble those of the Tufted Duck {See-
hohm) : " crown, nape, and upper parts uniform dark olive-brown ;
throat, sides of the head, and fore part of the neck yellowish white ;
a dull greyish band crosses the lower neck, rest of the underparts
dull yellowish, the flanks greyish yellow ; upper mandible blackish,
tooth of the beak yellowish ; under mandible yellow " (Dresser).
According to Dr. Stejneger, the American form (nearctica) has
the primaries, from the fourth quill, with a greyish — not white —
area on the inner web. I must confess that I have not been able
to appreciate the difl'erence. Also the Eastern Asiatic birds are
considered by the American ornithologists to belong to a distinct
form, allied to F. afiinis, but diftering in having the "six iuner
pi'imaries with a distinct white space on inner webs as in F. marila."
The Chinese and Jajianese birds examined by me, and among
them are those mentioned and described by Swinhoe as belonging
to F. mariloides, Vig., are not constantly smaller than the Western
birds {mania) ; sometimes they are intermediate between true
F. marila and F. affinis, not only in size, but also in the colour of
the head, which shows some purple reflections. Are these specimens
hybrids ?
Hub. Palaearctic Region, from Iceland to Kamtschatka, breeding
in the Arctic Region as far north as lat. 70° ; winters sparingly in
the basin of the Mediterranean, but (to my knowledge) not reaching
Abyssinia, as stated by Mr. Seebohm ; it winters also in the basins
of the Black Sea and Caspian ; rare in Northern India ; winters on
Lake Raikal, China. Formosa, and Japan.
The Scaup inhabits also the Nearctic Region, breeding far north-
ward ; southwards in winter to Guatemala.
cJ ad. sk.
No locality.
Tweeddale Coll.
2 ad. sk.
Tiree, Scotland, Au^.
Colonel Irbv [P.].
2 ad. sk.
Firth of Forth. Scotland,
Jan. (7i'. G. W. JR.)
Tweeddale toll.
cJ ad. St.
Yarmouth, Norfolk.
Clark Kenned v, E.-^a.
[c.i • -
Seebohm Coll.
S ad. sk.
Walbor.'^wich, Norfolk. Feb.
{ »'. Ti//er).
360
/. (S imin. sk.
i, k. tS 2 ^d. sk.
/. $ ad. St.
771. 5 S'd- St.
n. c? ad. sk.
0. c? ad. St.
p. cJ ad. sk.
q, r. c? 2 ad. St.
«. 2 ad. sk.
t. cJ ad. sk.
u. (^ juv. sk.
v-a! .(S 2ad.,imm.,
juv. sk.
b', c'. $ 2 ad. sk.
d', e . c? 2 ad. sk.
/'. 2 ad. sk.
g', h', i' . (S ad. sk.
k', r. (S 2 ad. sk.
m'-q. cS 2 iioni-
et pull. sk.
r'. 2 ad- sk.
s' . is ad. sk.
t'. 2 ad. sk.
u'. (S ad. sk.
v', w'. 2 ad. sk.
x'. c? juv. sk.
y', z'. Skeletons.
Beccles, Norfolk, Dec. (T.
E. Gunn).
Cambridge Market, Nov.
Cambridgeshire.
Milford Haven, Pembroke-
shire.
Somersetshire.
Hampshire.
Kingsbury Reservoir.
Langiorskaja, Ob, Sept.
India.
Gurgaon, Delhi, March ( W.
N. Chill).
Amoy, China. Jan (R. Stein
hoe).
Amoy, winter.
Ningpo, China, Oct. {R.
Swinhoe).
Hakodadi, .Japan, April,
May (Blakisfun).
Yokohama, Japan (H. Fryer)
Yokohama, Japan, Dec. (R.
Bergman).
Nagasaki, Japan, Feb.
N. America.
St. Michael's, Alaska, June,
Aug., Oct. (E. W. Nelson).
Brit. Columbia.
Vancouver's Island.
Canada.
Massachusetts, March [H.
W. Henshaio) .
Corpus Christi, Texas, Oct.
Dec. (F. B. Armstrong).
Florida.
England.
Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Purchased.
Earl of Cawdor [P.].
Montagu Coll.
Montagu Coll.
J. E. Harting, Esq.
[P.].
Dr. 0. Finsch [P.].
Old Coll.
Hume Coll.
- Seebohm Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
[P.].
Salvin-Godman CoU.
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Government of
Canada [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
W. B. Dlsmore,
^ Esq. [P.].
Zool. Soc.
2. Fuligula aflSnis.
Anas marila, Forst. (nee Lirm.) Phil. Trnns. Ixii. n. 44 (1772) ;
Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 84, pi. 69. f. 3 (1814).
Fuligula marila, Bp. A7in. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 392 (part.) (1826) ; Sw.
^ Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 453 (part.) (1831) ; Nutt. Man. ii.
p. 437 (part.) (1834 ; And. {nee Linn.) Orn. Biogr. iii. p. 226
(1835) ; Bj}. Comp. List, p. 58, n. 389 (part.) (1838) ; Aud. Orn.
Biogr. V. p. 614, pi. 229 (1839) ; id. Syn. p. 286 (1839); id. B.
Am. vi. p. 316, pi. 397 (1843), cf. vii. p. 355 (1844) ; ? G. R. Gr.
List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 143 (spec, h) (1844) ; Jard. Ann. H- Mag.
N. H. XX. p. 377 (Tobago) (1847); Bre^rer, Pr. Bosf. Soc. N. H.
vii. p. 308 (Cuba) (1860) ; LJot.Ois. Trinid. p. 522 (Trinidad)
(18C6) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 579 (part.) (1885).
Fuligula affinis, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 157 (1838) ; Gosse, B. Jam.
p. 408 (1847); Thomps. Nat. Hist, of Lrel, Birds, iii. p. 140
(1851) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Ibi.^, 1859, p. 231 (Guatemala) : Albrecht,
45. FCI.IGLI.A. 3G1
/. f. O. 1862, p. 207 (Jamaica) ; Schle(/. Mug. P.-B., Auseres, p. 28
(l'866) (accidental in Holland!); U'ec/l. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 588 (1807); Turnh. B. E. Pa. p. 36 (18(i!J) ; Salv. P. Z. S.
1870, p. 219 (Castillo, Vera); Chapm. Bull. Am. Mus. N. H. ri. p." 83 (Trinidad)
(1894) ; Mnckny, Auk, 1894, p. 225.
Fuligula luarila, var. af&nis, Dubois, Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii.
p. 468 (1892).
Hybrid.
Fuligula affinis X F. valisneria or F. americana, Elliot, P. Z. S. 1859,
p. 437; A. Newt. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 337.
Adult male. Similar to that of F. marila, but much smaller, the
black of head and neck glossed with purple instead of green ; the
back darker, the black markings on the white ground being coarser
and broader ; the upper wing-coverts much less verraiculated with
white ; the barring on the sides more distinct, and the longer
feathers of the flanks pale brown, vermiculated with black; the
under tail-coverts whitish, but the lateral ones with a rufous tinge,
all verraiculated with blackish bars ; primaries blackish, without
whitish on the inner web, the latter being only a trifle paler than
the rest of the quills : bill blue, nail black. Total length about 16
inches, wing 8"2, tail 2-5, culmen 1'75, tarsus 1"15.
Female. Similar to that of F. marila, but smaller, the white on
the fore part of the head and chin more restricted ; the white and
brown barrings on the back and scapulars coarser ; the pale brown
on the breast paler and not so distinctlj- defined from the white of
the underparts ; barrings on the sides and flanks coarser.
Hah. North America in general, breeding northward, south in
winter to Guatemala and West Indies.
a. c? ad. sk.
b. (J juv. sk.
c. S ad. sk.
d. c? ad. sk.
c. S ad. ak.
/. c? ad. sk.
ff. 2 ad. st.
h. S ad. sk.
i, k,l. J $ ad.sk.
m. (5 ad. st.
n. c? ad. sk.
o. J imm. sk.
p z. c? ? ad. et
juv. sk.
Vancouver's Island.
No locality.
N. America.
N. America?
N. America.
N. America {H. W. Hen-
shaid) .
North Land Exp.
Canada.
49th Parallel.
Rocky River, Ohio.
Riverdale, Illinois, March
{E. W. Nelson).
Weaverville, N. California,
April.
Corpus Christi, Texas, Jan.,
Oct., Dec. [F. B. Arm-
sir ony).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Earl of Derby [P.].
Eyton Coll. (Type
of the species.)
Hume Coll.
Lord Ampthill [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Capt. Sir G. Back
Government of
Canada [P.].
N. Amer. Boundary
Comm. [C.].
Prof. J. P. Kirtland
[P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salviu-Godmau Coll.
4."). lUMGULA. 'J^'i
«', b' , c . (J 5 ad. Tarpon Springs, Flurida. Salvin-Godman Cull.
etimm.sk. >ov., Dec. ( W. E. D.
Scott).
d', e'. 2 ad. sk. Zacatecas, Mexico, June ( W. Salvin-Godman Coll.
B. Richardson).
f',g'- c? imm. et Dueiias, Guatemala. Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.
S juv. sk. (O. -S'.).
h. 2 ad. sk. Duenas, Guatemala, March H. J. Elwes, Esq.
(O. .S-.). [P.].
i. 2 ad. sk. Castillo, \ eragua {ArcS). Salvin-Godman Coll.
3. Fuligula fuligula.
The Tufted Duck.
Anas cristata, Ray, Si/n. p. 142 (1713).
Glaucium, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 406, pi. xxxvi. f. 1 (c? juv.), 2(2)
(1760).
Glaucium minus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 411, pi. xxxvii. f. 1 (1760).
? Anas latirostra, Briiiin. Orn. Bor. p. 21, n. 91 (1764).
Anas fuligula, Linn. S. N. i. p. 207, n. 4o (1766) (ex Gesner) ; Scop.
Attn. I. Hist, ^\lt. n. 78 (1769) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 543, n. 45
(1788); Lath. Lul. Orn. ii. p. 869, n. 90 (1790); Bonn. Enc.
Meth. i. p. 150 (1791) ; Lath. Tr. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 117 (trachea)
(1798); Pall. Zongr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 265(1811); Temm. Man.
dOrn. p. 568 (1815) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 128 (1816) ; Bum. Diet.
Sc. Kat. vi. p. 374 (1817) ; Te}n7n. Man. d'Orn. 2iid ed. ii. p. 873
(1820); Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 85 (Siberia) (1823) ; Ranz. El. di
Zool. iii. pt. ix. p. 128 (1826) ; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 032 (1831) (syn.
emend.) ; Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cauc. p. 58 (Bakou) (1832); K. E.
Abbott, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 134 (Trebizond) ; Temm. Man. 2ud ed. iv.
p. 547 (1840); Schley. Rev. Crit. p. cxix (1844); Xaum. Vog.
Deutschl. xii. p. (54, Taf. 310 (1844) ; Temyn. ^- Schleg. Faun. Jap.,
Aves, p. 128 (1850) ; Jlidd. Sibir. Reis. ii. 2, p. 237 (1853) ; Pdssler,
J. f. O. 1853, pp. 242, 244, 318 (Lapland), 1854, p. 380 (Dauria) ;
B'vlle, J. f. 0. 1855, p. 305 (Spain), 1856, p. 232 (Provence) ;
Eittl. l)e7ikiL-vrd. ii. p. 313 (1858); ? Walker, Ibis, 1860, p. 166
(Godhavn) ; ITeuc/l. J. f. O. 1862, p. 287 ; Homey. J.f. O. 1870,
p. 433 (E. Siber.) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 352 (1872) ; Rowl. Dm.
Misc. iii. p. 229, pi. ex. (1878) ; Sieere, List B. Sr M. Philippines,
p. 27 (Basilan) (1890).
Anatra col ciuffo, Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. v. tav. 591, 592 (1776).
Anas clangula foem., Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. tav. 594 (1776).
Tufted Duck, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. n. 274 (1776) ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2,
p. 540, n. 79 (1785).
Anas leucoti-s, Herm. Tab. Aff. An. p. 161 (1783) ; id. Observ. Zool.
p. 144 (1804).
Morillon, IfAubent. PL Enl. 1001 ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.ix. pp. 227,
231, pi. 15(1783).
? Lapiuark Duck. Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 576 (1785).
Anas glaucion, Bonn, (nee Linn.) Enc. Meth. i. p. 149, pi. 33. f. 3
(1791) ; Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 375 (1817).
Anas colvmbi.s, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 266 (1811).
Anas cristata, Zfrtc/i (nee G7n.),Syst.Cat. M .S,- B. Br.Mus.vi.39 (1816).
Nvroca fuligula, Flem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 200 (1822) ; td. Brit. An.
■p. 122 (1828).
Avthva fuligula, Bote, Isis, 1822. p. 564 ; Brehn, Isis, 1830, p. 998;
'id.' Tog. Deutschl. p. 914 (18;31) ; Sfejn. Bull. U.S. Xat. Mus.
no. 29,' p. 160 (Kamtschatka, Bering I.) (1885) : Ridgic. Man. N.
364 AN.VTID-B.
Am. B. p. 103 (1887) ; Stejn. Pr. U.S. Aat. Mus. x. p. 137 (1887)
(Commander I.).
Fuligiila cristata, Steph. Get). Zoo?, xii. 2, p. 190 (1824) (syn.
emend.) ; Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 131 (1831) ; Sykes, P. Z. S. 1832,
p. 170, n. 22o (Dukkun) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 370 (1837) ; Exit.
Mon. Anat. p. 159 (syn. emend.), pi. 3. f. 5 (sternum) (1838) ; Bp.
Camp. List, p. 58 (1838); E. 4' B. Wirhelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxvii,
230 (1840) ; Jerd. Madr. Jonrn. xii. p. 222, n. 390 (1840) ; Ewer,
P. Z. S. 1842, p. 93; Bli/th, ibid. p. 94; Strickl. ibid. p. 167
(China); Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 73 (1842); Hmtl. Verz. Ges.
Mus. p. 121 (1844); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 621, n. 1 (syn.
emend.) (1844) ; id. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 142 (1844) ; Riwp.
Syst. Uebers. p. 138, n. 499 (Abyssinia) (1845) ; Bchnb. Syn. Av.,
Natatores, t. 76. ff. 119-123 (1845) ; G. li. Gr. Cat. Hodgs. Coll.
B. M. p. 147 (1846) ; Blyth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. ]i. 306,
n. 1788 (1849) (syn. emend.) ; Bc/inb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. viii (1852) ;
Wallengr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 275 ; Bolle, J. f. O. 1855, p. 314
(Spain) ; Bp. Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 651, n. 133 (1856) * ; Ifeugl.
Syst. Uebers. n. 703 (1856) ; Loche, Cat. M. et O. Alger, p. 143
(1858) ; Antin. J. f. O. 1858, p. 484 (Smyrna) ; Salv. Ibis, 1859,
p. 363 (Bizerta); Sivinh. Ibis, I860, p. 67 (Amoy) ; Tristr. Ihis,
1860, p. 81 (N.Africa) ; Powi/s, ibid. p. 354 (Ion. Is.) ; Sitnps. ibid.
p. 394 (W. Greece); ? lieink. Ibis, 1861, p. 14 (Greenland?);
Swinh. Ibis, 1801, p. 345 (N. China), 1862, p. 254 (Foochow) ;
1863, p. 434 (Formosa) ; id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 : G. R. Gr. Cat.
Hodgs. CoU. B. M. 2Dd ed. p. 77 (1863); Jerd. B. of Ind. iii.
p. 875 (India) (1864); Tristr. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454 (Palestine) ;
Nordtn. J. f. O. 1864, p. 379 (Finland, Lapland) ; Broste, ibid.
p. 428 (Borkum) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B.. Anseres, p. 28 (1866) ;
Degl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 533 (1867) ; Swi»/t. Ibis, 1867,
p 399 (Amov); Prz'w. Voy. n. 209 (1867); Hartl. S( Finsch,
P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 4, 9 (Pelew Isl.); Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328
(Palestine); Drake, Ihis, 1869, p. 15 (Morocco); Sclat. P. Z. S.
1869, p. 629 (breeding); Ebces S,- Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 340
(Macedonia) ; Blatif. Geol. S,- Zool. Abyss, p. 437 (1870) ; Finsch,
Tr. Zool. Soc. vii. p. 329 (1870) ; Przew. Putesch. Ussur. n. 209
(1870); Shell. Ibis, 1871, p. 310 (Egypt); Satmd. Ibis. 1871,
p. 397 (S. Spain) ; Gould, B. Gr. Brit. y. pi. 27 (pt. xx., 1871) ;
H. Sf F. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 90 (Pelew I.) ; Tayl. Ibi", 1872, p. 233
(Crimea) ; Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 290 (1872) ; 'Homey. J. f. O. 1872,
p. 338 (N. Germany) ; Fritsch, J. f. 0. 1872, p. 371 (JBohemia) ;
Salvad. Faun, d'ltdl, Ucc. p. 266 (1872) ; Sundev. Meth. nat. Av.
disp. Tent. p. 148 (1872) ; Garrod, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 467 (carotids),
p. 639 (muscles); Sivinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 367: Severtz. Turkest.
Jevotn. p. 70 (1873); Tacz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 110, 1874, p. 337;
Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godefr. Ileft viii. p. 40 (Pelew Is.) (1875);
Palmhi, J.f. O. 1876, p. 59 (Finland) ; Secb. ^- H.-Broum, Ibis,
1876, p. 445 (Petchora) ; Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 302 (Persia)
(1876) ; Tarz. Orn. Faun. Vost.'Sibir. p. 70 (1877) ; id. Bull. Soc.
Zool. Fr. 1877, p. 47 ; Blakist. '. $ juv. St.
9'. Pull. sk.
r'. 2 ad. sk.
a'. 5 ad. sk.
<'. c? ad. sk.
w'. c? ad. sk.
v'jw'. cJ $ ad. sk.
x' . J ad. sk.
y'. (S ad. sk.
2'. cJ ad. sk.
a". 2 ad. sk.
b", c". 2 ad. et
iuv. sk.
d' . cf ad. sk.
e",f". c? ad. sk.
g". J ad. sk.
h",i",k". (S ad. et
2 juv. sk.
l",m". S 2 "^iii-
sk.
n",o",p".S 2 ad.
sk.
9", r", .s". c? ad.
et 2 imni- sk.
<", m". (^ ad. at 2
juv. .fk.
Perthshire, Scotland, June.
^icklinf,^ Norfolk, Jan. (7". E.
Gmai).
Merton, Norfolk, June.
Liverpool, Jan.
Cambridfre Market, Nov.
Wiltshire.
Avington, Feb., Dec. {R. B. S.
4- G. E. Shelleii).
Avington, Dec. (G. E. S.).
Devonshire, Jan.
Tunis.
Favoom, Egypt, March (G.
E. S.).
Egypt.
Angollalah, May {Harris).
Mesopotamia {Jones).
Aden.
Lenkoran, Dec.
Langiorskaja, Ob, Sept.
Obdorsk, ^V. Siberia, Aug.
Ladak (Strachey).
Wooler Lake, Cashmere, Nov.
(6'. Henderson).
Kashgar {Bellew).
Afghanistan {Griffiths).
Kokeran, March.
Kokeran, March (Lt.-Col.
Swinhoe).
Kandahar, Feb.
Kandahar, Feb. {Lt.-Col.
Swi7ihoe).
Jubbee R. near Hassan Abdal,
March {R. W. Stoker).
Indus R. near Attock, Jan.
{R. ir. Stoker).
11. Jhelum, March.
Muucha Lake, Sind, Jan.
Sirza.
Gur?aon, .Jan., Feb., March
( jr. N. Chill).
Delhi, Jan.
Etawah.
Oudh, Dec, Jan., Feb.
Nepal.
C. S. H. Drummond
Moray, Esq. [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Lord Walsingham
[P.].
H. J. Elwes, Esq.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Montagu Coll.
Dr. R. Bowdler
Sharpe [P.].
Shelley Coll.
E. Reynolds, Esq.
[P.]-
Eraser Coll.
SheUey CoU.
J. Bowring, Esq.
[P.].
India Museum [P.].
Euphrates E.xp.
C. Chevalier, Esq.
[P.l.
Seebohm Coll.
Dr. 0. Finsch [CJ.
Dr. O. Finsch [C.].
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
India Museum [P.].
India Museum [P.].
Lt.-CoL Swinhoe
Seebohm Coll.
Lt.-Col. Swinhoe
Seebohm Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Dr. Aitchison [P.].
Hume Coll.
Ilume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
Hume Coll.
B. H. Hodg-oon. Esq.
368 ' ANATID^.
v" , w"j x". (J ad. Native Sikhim, March, April, Hume UoU.
et $ imm. sk. May (i. Mandelli).
y'' . (S ad. sk. Assam {McClellayid). India Museum [P.].
z", a^. S. N. 1. 2, p. 529, n. 29 (1788) : Bo7in. Enc. Meth. i. p. 134 (1790) ;
Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 393 (1817) ; ? Menetr. Cat. Rais. Cauc.
p. 58 (Bakou) (1832).
Anas glacialis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 203, n. 30 (1766) ; Forst. Linn. Trans.
Ixii. p. 418 (1772) ; Gtn. S. N. i. 2, p. 529, n. 30 (1788) ; Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 864, n. 82 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 129,
pi. 37. f. 4 (1790); Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 276 (1811);
Mont. Orn. Diet. SitppL, bef. pi. — . f. iii. (trachea) (1813) ;
Wils. Am. Orii. viii. pp. 93, 96, pi. 70. ff. 1 (c? ), 2 ( ? ) (1814) ;
Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 558 (1815) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 122 (1816) ;
Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 386 (1817) ; Sabine, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii.
p. 555, pi. 30. ff. 3, 4 (trachea) (1817); Teiinn. Man. 2nd ed. ii.
p. 860 (1820) ; Sabine, App. to Parry's \st Voy. p. ccviii (1821) ;
Licht. Verz. Doubl. p. 85 (1823) ; Rich. App. to Parry s 2nd Voy.
p. 373 (1825) ; Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 73, n. 259 (1827) : Less. Tr.
>fOrn. p. 631 (1831); Temm. Man. d'Orji. iv. p. .553 (1840);
SchJey. Rev. Crit. p. cxvii (1844) ; Naiitn. Voy. Deutschl. xii.
p. 210, pi. 319 (1844) ; Midd. Sibir. Reis. ii. 2, p. 236 (1853).
Sarcelle de I'isle Ferroe, DAubent. PL Enl. 999 ( $ ) (17— ?).
Canard de Miclon, D'Aubent. PL EnL 1008 (J) (17—?).
Canard a lonsjue queue de Terre-neuve, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix.
p. 202 (178.3).
Anas sawka, Lepech. Diner, iii. icon, bona (Jide Pall. Zoogr. R.-A. ii.
p. 276).
Anas miclonia, Bodd. TaU. PL Enl. p. 58, pi. 1008 (1783).
Anas brachyrhynchos, Beseke, Toy. Kurl. p. 50, pi. 6 (1792).
Anas leucocephala, Bechst. Taschenb. ii. Taf. 29 (juv.) (1803).
Anas lougicauda, Leach {nee Briss.), Cat. M. ^- B. Brit. 3Ius. p. 37
(1816).
Claugula glacialis, Leach, in Ross's Voy. Discov., App. p. xlviii (1819) ;
Flem. Philos. of ZooL ii. p. 260 (1822) ; Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 563,
n. 1 ; Brehm, 'Voy. Dentschl. p. 937 (1831) ; Holb. Faun. Gronl.
[Paulsen's transl.) p. 64 (1846).
Platypus glacialis, Brehm, Lehrb. eur. Voy. ii. p. 840 (1824) ; Faber,
Isis, 182G, p. 323 ; Schilliny, J. f. O. 1853, p. 378.
Platvpus faberi, Brehm, op. cit. p. 1004 (1824) ; Faber, Isis, 1826,
p."323.
Harelda p-lacialis, Steph. Gen. ZooL xii. 2, p. 175, pi. 58 (1824) ;
Sw. ii- Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 460 (1831) ; Jen. Man. p. 247
(laSS) ; Eyt. Cat. Brit. B. p. 59 (1836) ; Goidd, B. Eur. v. pi. 382
(1837) ; Ei/t. Mon. Anat. pp. 65, 162, pi. 14 (skeleton and trachea)
(1838) ; Bp. Comp. List, p. 59 (1838) ; K. ^ B. Wirbelth. Eur.
390
pp. Ixxxvii, 229 (1840) ; Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 74 (1842) ^
Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 121 (1844); G. R. Gr. List B. Brit.
Mm. iii. p. 145 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 622 (1844) ; Rchnb. Syn.
Av., Natatores, t. 76. ff. 112-115 (1845); Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus.
A. S. B. p. 307 (1849) ; Rchnh. A>k St/st. Nat. p. viii (1852) ;
Licht. No7nencl. Av. p. 103 (1854) ; Bjj. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 651,
n. 145 (1856) ; Newb. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 104 (1857) ; Baird, B.
N. Am. p. 800 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 597 (1859) ; Murr.
Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1859, p. 2.30 (;Hudson's Bay) ; Coop. ^
Svckl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 261 (1860) ; Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 14
(Greeuland) ; Ross, Canad. Natur. Apr. 1862 (Mackeuzie) ; Verr.
Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 153 (1862) ; Boardm. Pr. Bast. Soc. ix. p. 139
(1862) ; G. R. Gr. List Brit. B. p. 203 (1863) ; Blakist. Ibis,
1863, p. 149 (Brit. N. Am.) ; Stvinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 ;
Malmgr. (Efv. K. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1863, p. 108, 1864, p. 399 f
id. J. f. O. 1863, p. 379 (Spitsbergen) ; A. Neivt. Ibis, 1865,
p. 515 (Spitsbergen) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 297
(1866) ; Whitely, Ibis, 1867, p. 208 (Hakodadi) ; Deffl. Sr Gerbe,
Orn. Eur. ii. p. 549 (1867) ; Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 206
(1868); Brown, Ibis, 1868, p. 426 (Vancouver); Drosfe,J.f. O.
1868, p. 43 (Borkum), 1869, p. 347 (Faroe) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat.
p. 121 (1869); Ball ^ Bonn. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 298 (1869);
Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 309 (Nova-Zeiiilia) ; Gould, B. Great Brit.
V. pi. 33 (1870) ; Siuinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419 (Takoo) ; G. R. Gr.
Hand-list, iii. p. 87, n. 10701 (1871) ; Heugl. J. f.0. 1871, pp. 89,92,
105 (Spitsbergen) ; id. Ibis, 1872, p. 63 ; Finsch, Abh. Brem. Ver.
iii. p. 67 (1872) ; Heuyl. J. f. O. 1872, p. 122 (Novaja Semlja and
Wigatsch) ; Fritsch, J. f. O. 1872, p. 371 ; Coues, Key, p. 291
(1872) ; id. Check-list, n. 608 (1873) ; Finsch, Die Zweit'e deutsche
Nordpolarfahrt, ii. Viigel, p. 208 (1873) ; Ball, Avif. Aleut. Isl.
JJnal. eastio. p. 5 (1873) ; id. Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. west. p. 7
(1874) ; Ridyw. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 390 (Lake Michigan)
(1874) ; Coues, B. N.- West, p. 579 (1874) ; id. in Elliott's Af,
Alaska, p. 191 (1875) ; Dress. B. Eur. vi. p. 617, pis. 443 ( $ &
juv.), 444 (J ad.) (1875); Seeb. Sf Harvie Broimi, Ibis, 1876,
p. 445 (Petchora) ; Tacz. J.f. O. 1876, p. 202 (Ussuri) ; Homey.
J.f. O. 1876, p. 317 ; Tacz. Orn. Vast. Sibir. p. 71 (1877) ; id.
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 48 (1877) ; Swinh. Ibis, 1877, p. 147
(Hakodadi) ; Feild. P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 30, 31 (N. Polar Basin) ;
id. Ibis, 1877, p. 411 (Floeberg Beach, lat. 82=^ 27' N., Grinuel
Land) ; David i^- Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 506 (1877) ; Blakist ^ Pry er,
Ibis, 1878, p. 215 (Yezo) ; Adams, ibid. p. 433 (Michalaski) ;
Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 23; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ver. Wien, 1879,
p. 152 (W. Siberia) ; Blakist. Sf Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii.
p. 186 (1880) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 627 ; Ridyw. Noni. N. Am.
B. n. 623 (1881); El/iott, Mon. Seal-Isl. p. 130 (1881) ; Blakist.
8f Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 100 (1883) ; Coues, Check-list,
2nd ed. p. 115, n. 728 (1882) ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 539
(1882) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 133 (1883) ; Stearns, Pr. U.S.
Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 120 (Labrador) ; Nelson, Cruise ^Corivin', p. 99
(1883) ; Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 344 (Kamtschatka)
(1883) ; id. J. f. O. 1883, p. 73 (Pirano) ; Hartl. J. f. O. 1883,
p. 282 (Alaska) ; Radde, Ornis Cawas. p. 464 (1884) ; Coues,
Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 706, n. 728 (1884) ; Saund. Yarrell's
Brit. B. iv. p. 440 (1884-85) ; Murdoch, Rep. Exp. Point Barrow,
p. 118 (1885) ; Nehrl. J.f. O. 1885, p. 147 (Illinois) ; Salvad. El.
Ucc. Ital. p. 266 (1886) : Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 (1889) ;
I
48. HARELDA. 391
Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. Coll. Surg. iii. p. 307 (1891) ; Ogilvie,
Zooloq. 1892, p. 109 (Suffolk) ; Buh. Faim. Vert. Bely., Ois. ii.
p. 489, pi. 267 (1892) ; Pears. ^- Bidw. Ibu, 1894, p. 232 (N.
Norway) ; Collett, Mindre Medd. vedr. Norges Fuglef. 1881-82,
p. 276 "(1894).
Anas (Fuligula) glacialis, Bp. Obs. Nomencl. Wils. ii. 275 (1825).
Fuligiila glacialis, Bp. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. York, ii. p. 395
(1826) ; id. Ms, 1832, p. 1190'; Snvi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 140 (1831) :
Mont. Orn. Diet. 2nd ed. ii. p. 516, f. c, p. 515 (trachea) (1831) -,
Aud. Orn.Biogr. iv. p. 403, pi. 318 (1838) ; id. Sipi. p. 295 (1839) ;
id. B. Am. vi. p. 379, pi. 410 (1843) ; Selys-L. Faun. Belg. i.
p. 146 (1842) : Be Kay, N. Y. Zool. ii. p. 328 (1844) ; Girand, B.
Long Isl. p. 337 (1844) ; Begl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 447 (1844) ;
Wal/enqr. Naumannia, 1854, p. 275 ; Sch/eg. Mus. P.-i?., Anseres,
p. 23 (1866) ; David, N. ArCk. du Mus., Bull. vii. Cat. n. 456
(1871) ; Palmen, J.f. O. 1876, p. 59 (Finland) ; Brandt, J.f. 0.
1880, p. 249 (St. Petersburg) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 598,
pi. 66 (1885) ; id. Lbis, 1888, p. 351 (Liakoff Isl.) ; id. B. Jap.
Emp. p. 252 (N. Japan) (1890); Brandt, J.f. 0. 1891, p. 269
(Sitka).
Fuligula (Clangnla) glacialis, Bp. Syn. p. 395 (1828).
Pagonetta glacialis, Kaup, Natiirl. Syst. p. 66 (1829).
Clanorula liiemalis, Brehni, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 1 ; id. Vog. DeutscM.
p. 933 (1821).
Clangula faberi, Brekm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 2 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 935 (Greenland) (1831).
Clangula megauros, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 3 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 936 (1831).
Clangula nuisica, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. 4 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 937 (1831).
Clangula brachvrlivnclios, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 999, n. G; id. Vog.
Deutschl. p. 938 (1831).
Fuligula (Ilarelda) glacialis, Nutt. Man. ii. p. 453 (1834) ; Brandt,
Mhn. Ac. St. Petersb. (6) Sc. Nat. vi. 1-2, p. 8 (1848) ; Rchnw.
Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 17; id. Vog. zool. Giirt. p. 47 (1882).
Haralda glacialis, Ross, App. to Narr. of a sec. Vog., Nat. Hist. p. xl
(1835) ; Sic. Class. B. ii. p. 369 (1837).
Crinionessa glacialis, Muegill. Man. Brit. B. ii. p. 186 (1842).
Harelda liiemalis, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 386 (1855) ; id. Naumannia,
1855, p. 299.
Harelda faberi, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 380 (1855) ; id. Naumannia, 1855,
p. 299.
Ilarelda brachyrhynchos, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 386 (1855) ; id. Nau-
mannia, 1855, p. 299.
Harelda niegaceros, Brehm, Voqelf. p. 387 (1855) ; id. Naumannia,
1855, p. 299.
Harelda musica, Brehm, II. cc. (1855).
Anas (Harelda) glacialis, liadde, Reis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 374 (1863).
Melonetta glacialis, Smider. Meth. nat. Av. disp). Tent. p. 149 (1872) ;
.Meres, J.f O. 1875, pp. 433, 434.
Glauciou liveinalis, Severtz. J. f. O. 1875, p. 185.
Harelda livemalis, Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. v. p. 38 (1882) ; B., B.,
cV Ii. Water-Birds N. Ayn. ii. p. 57 (1884) ; Turner, Auk, 1885,
p. 158 ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 169 (1885).
Clangula hvenialis, ^. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 120, n. 154
(1886); 'Turner, Confr. Nat. Hist, of Alaska, p. 134 (1886);
Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 72 (1887) ; Ridgw. Man. N,
392 ANATID^.
A7n. B. p. 106 (1887) ; Stejn.Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 137 (1887)
(Beriug I.) ; Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 67 (1892).
Fuligula hyemalis, Rchnw. Si/st. Verz. Voq. DeutscM. p. 57 (1889) ;
id. J. f. b. 1890, pp. 83, 84 ; Mackay, Auk, 1892, pp. 330-337.
Clangula (Harelda) hvemalis, Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 233
(1891).
Adult male in winter and spring nuptial dress. Head and neck
white ; forehead and sides of the head pale sooty grey ; on each
side of the neck an oval patch, dark brown on the upper part, paler
brown on the lower part ; mantle, back, rump, and median upper
tail-coverts, breast and wings dark brown, almost black ; rest of
the lower parts, scapulars, and sides of the upper tail-coverts white ;
sides and flanks with a slight grey tinge ; secondai'ies paler brown
than the rest of the wing ; under wing-coverts brown-black ; central
tail-feathers very long and pointed, black, the next feathers blackish
brown edged with white, the white increases towards the outer
feathers, which are entirely white : nail and basal half of the bill
blackish lead-colour, the intermediate part pale pinkish orange :
irides reddish brown ; legs and feet lead-blue, with the webs and
joints blackish. Total length about 22 inches, wing 9, tail 3*5,
central rectrices from 7 to 8, culmen 1-15, tarsus l-2o.
Female. Forehead, crown, and back of the neck dark brown ;
lores, region behind the eyes, throat, and a ring round the neck
greyish white ; rest of the upper parts dark brown, with pale olive-
brown margins to the feathers of the rump, to the scapulars, wing-
coverts, and outer web of secondaries ; jugulum brown, changing
into white on the lower parts ; tail greyish brown, with the edges
of the feathers whitish ; tlie central feathers are not elongated.
Total length about 16 inches.
Young in first plumage resemble adult females, but the brown
parts are puler and the white ones less white.
Young males may be distinguished by the chestnut margins of
the scapulars, innermost secondaries, and wing-coverts, and the
white on the back of the neck is purer and more clearly defined.
Males in first nuptial dress differ from adults in having shorter
central tail-feathers, the dark parts browner, and ash-grey markings
on the feathers of the upper back and scapulars.
Males in summer plumage have the sides of the head white, the
rest of the head and neck, upper breast, upper back, and scapulars
dark brown, the feathers of the upper back and the scapulars
having broad, clearly defined chestnut margins ; underparts below
the breast white, as in nuptial plumage.
Young in down are dark brown on the upper parts and nearly
white on the underparts, but the white on the throat nearly meets
on the nape, and the brown below it extends in a narrow band
across the breast ; cheeks dark brown ; there is a white spot on the
lores, at the base of the upper mandible, and an obscure white mark
round the ej-e.
Hah. Arctic regions ; in winter rarely reaching the basin of the
Mediterranean in Europe ; it winters on the Caspian, and Lake
48. HAKELDA.
393
Baikal, in Northern Japan, and occasionally in China; on the
American continent it migrates in winter as far south as the
Northern States and the Great Lakes,
a. cJ ad. sk.
b, e. (S ad. st.
d. Juv. st.
e. (S ad. st.
/. $juv. 8k.
g. cJ ad. sk.
h. S ad. St.
i. 2 juv. sk.
k. (S ad. sk.
I. (S ad. sk.
rn. 5 ad. sk.
n. Juv. st.
o. 5 imm. sk.
p. ^ imm. sk.
q. cf ad. sk.
r. cJ ad. sk.
s. (5 ad. sk.
t, u. $ imm. s
V, 10. 2 ad. et pull.
X. 2 ad. sk.
No locality.
Great Ikitain.
Great Britain.
Orkneys.
Orkneys, winter {T. H.
Dunn).
Graemsay, Orkney, Sept.
(T. H. Dunn).
Shetland, winter.
Scotland, Oct.
Edinburp;h Market.
Wells, Norfolk, Jan.
Yarmouth, Norfolk, Jan.
{Qunn).
Devonshire.
Norway, June (H. S.).
Norway, July.
Bodo, Norway, May.
Alexievka, Petchora, June
{H. S.).
Petchora, June [H. S.).
Valley of the Yen-e-sav, E.
Siberia, lat. 69°, July
(H. S.).
Schlschutschja, July.
Baprdad ?
I
y. (S ad. sk. Yezo, Japan.
z, a'. (5 2 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, Jan.,
Feb. {Blakiston).
b'. cJ ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, March
{Henson).
c'. 5 ad. sk. Hakodadi, Japan, Jan.
(H. Whitely).
d', e' . cJ ad. sk. N. America {H. W. Hen-
shatc).
f. $ ad. St. W. side of Eoclry Mts.
g', h'. (S ad.* et imm. N. America (Dr. Lyall).
sk.
»■', k'. S ad. et cJ juv. sk. N.W. America.
/', m'. (S $ ad. sk. Point Barrow, June.
n'. 5 juv. sk. Kotzebue.
o'-x'. (S 2 ad. etjuv. St. Michael's, Alaska, June,
sk. Aug., and Oct. (JE. JV.
Nekon).
Dr. Robertson.
P. Meyer, Esq. [P.].
Sir P. Grey Egerton
[P.].
Old Coll.
H.J. Elwes, Esq. [P.].
Hargitt Coll.
Theodore Fisher,Esq.
[P.].
R. B. Sharpe, Esq.
[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Colonel Feilden [P.].
Seebohm Coll.
Montagu Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Salviu-Godraan Coll.
Salvin-Godman CoU.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Dr. 0. Finsch [C.].
Kenneth Loftus, Esq.
[P.].
Tweeddale Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
Tweeddale CoU.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Lord AmpthiU [P.].
Capt. CoUinson [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Capt.Kellett & Lieut.
Wood.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
* c? ad. Patch of black on the side of the neck mixed with white and very
little developed; cheeks anteriorly to the eyes almost entirely white.
394
y', z' . 2 ad, sk.
a". S sid. st.
b". (S ad. sk.
c". cJ ad. sk.
d". cJ ad. sk.
e",f". d ? ad. sk.
ff". Pull. sk.
A", i". c? 2 ad. sk.
k". 2 ad. sk.
Z", m". J ad. sk.
w". c? ad. sk.
o",p",9"- d 2 ad. sk.
r", s", <". c? ad. et
juv. sk.
u". d" ad. sk.
w". cJ ad. sk.
?{;". d" ad. sk.
.r"-c^. c? 2 ad. etjuv.
sk.
(P. J ad. sk.
e^. c? ad. sk.
f\ (S ad. sk.
^^. c? ad. sk.
/^^ i^ S $ ad. sk.
A;\ 2 ad. sk.
P. Skeleton,
m\ Skull.
n^. Sternum.
Stewart's Is., Alaska, June,
Sept. (E. W. Nelson).
Northern Expedition.
Vancouver Island.
Vancouver Island.
Repulse Bay.
Lat. 8i2° 26' 22", Sept.
(Feilden).
BellotIsland,Aug.(i^.
d". Loral feathering separated from nostrils
by a space much narrower than length
of nostril. Male with swollen lateral
base of upper mandible entirely feathered.
d" '. Lateral outlines of bill convex ; knob
of the male with anterior outline
sloping backwards ; plumage black,
but flauks olive-brown deglandi, p. 409.
e'". Lateral outlines of bill nearly parallel ;
knob of mcde very high, with anterior
outline concave and the upper one
horizontal, the top forming a con-
spicuous projection ; plumage black,
no olive-brown colour on flanks carbo, p. 411.
d'. Feathering of head advancing much farther
forward on forehead than on lores ; sides
of bill at base with swollen portion en-
tirely naked ; wing without speculum (Pe-
lionetta). Adtdt male : Uniform deep
black, but a patch on the top of the head
and another on the hind neck pure white
(one or the other of them occasionally
absent) ; bill reddish in life, the swollen
base, on each side, marked with a large
black spot. Adult female : Resembles
the females of tE. fusca, deglandi, and
carlo, but easily distinguished by the
difi"erent feathering on head, by the naked
swellings at the base of the sides of the
biU, and by the much darker black colour
of the upper part of the head perspicHlata, p. 412.
50. (EDEMIA, 401
1. (Edemia nigra.
Common Scoter.
Whilk, Lister, Phil. Trans, xv. p. 1160, n. 4 (1685).
Anas nigra, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 420, pi. xxxviii. f. 2 (1760).
Anas nigra, Lmn. 8. N. i. p. 196, n. 7 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 508,
n. 7 (1788) ; Latk. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 848, n. 43 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc.
Meth. i. p. 139, pi. 35. f. 4 (1790); Temm. Man. p. 554 (1815) ; Leach,
Cat. M. ^ B. Brit. Mus. p. 39 (1816) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 123
(1816) ; Dum. Diet. So. Nat. vi. p. 347 (1817) ; Tem?n. Man. 2nd
ed. ii. p. 856 (1820) ; Licht. Verz. Douhl. p. 85 (1823) ; Bp. Speech.
Comp. p. 72, n. 229 (1827) ; Less. Man. (VOrn. ii. p. 414 (1828) ;
id. Tr. (VOrn. p. 630, n. -ir) (part.) (1831) ; Temyn. Man. 2nd ed.
iv. p. 543 (part.) (1840) ; Eichw. Faun. Caspio-Cauc. p. 43 (1841);
Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. cxvii (1844) ; Naum. Viig. Detitschl. xii.
p. 108, Taf. 312 (1844) ; Middend. Sibir. Reis. ii. p. 236 (Boga-
nida) (1853); Martin, J.f. O. 18-53, p. 208; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i.
p. 358 (1872).
? Anas cinerea, S. G. Gmel. Reisen, ii. p. 184, tab. 17 (1774) ; Beehst.
Gem. Nat. Deutschl. ii. p. 660, no. 15 (1791).
Black Diver or Scoter, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 584, n. 273 (1776) :
Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 480, n. 36 (1785).
Macreuse, UAubent. PL Enl. 978 ( c? ) (17— ?) ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.
ix. p. 2.34, pi. 16 (1783).
Weissbaclceuento, Naum. Naturg. d. Ljand- n. Wasserv. iii. p. 374,
t. 70. ff. 91 ( 2 ), 92 (c? iuv.) (1799) ; Beehst. Taschenb. ii. p. 445
(Anm.) (1803), iv. p. 590 (1812).
Anas cinerascens, Beehst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 437 (1803) ; id.
Naturg. Deutschl. iv. p. 1025 (1809) ; Temin. Man. d'Orn. p. 555
(1815) ; Viei/l. N. D. v. p. 116 (1816) ; id. Enc. Meth. i. p. 358,
n. 107 (1825) (of. Naum. Vbg. Deutschl. xii. p. 108, 1844).
Anas atra. Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 247 (1811) (Caspian).
Oidemia nigra, Flein. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822) ; Sfe2}h. Gen.
Zool. xii. 2, p. 213 (1824) ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 119 (1828) ; Sw.
Class. B. ii. p. 368 (1837) ; Gould, B. Eur. v. pi. 378 (1837): Bjy.
Comp. List, p. 58, n. 421 (1838) ; K. ^- B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxvi,
228 (1840) ; Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (18-J4) ; G. R. Gr. List
B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 140 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 625, n. 1
(1844); Rchnb. Sijn. Av., Natatores, t. 81. ff. 141-144 (1845);
Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 307, n. 1792 (1849) ; Bolle, J.f. O.
1855, p. 315 (Spain) ; Bp. Conipt. Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 1.31
(1856) : Loche, Cat. Mamin. et Ois. Alger, p. 143 (1858); Poivys,
Ibis, 1860, p. 354 (Ionian Isl.) ; Gould, B. of Great Brit. v. pi. 28
(pt. 11, 1862) ; Nordm. J. f. 0. 1864, p. 3/'8 (Finland and Lap-
land) ; Degl. ^- Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. .560 (1867) ; G. R. Gr.
Hand-list^ m. p. 89, n. 10710 (1871) ; Sahad. Faun, d'ltal., Ucc.
p. 269 (1872) ; Frit.'^ch, J.f. O. 1872, p. 372 (Bohemia) ; Bogdan.
Siiugeth. u. J'og. der m. u. unt. Wolga (Russ.), p. 151 : Radde,
Omis Caucus, p. 459 (1884) (Caspian F) ; Dub. Faun. Vert. Belg.,
Ois. ii. p. 500, pi. 270 (1892) ; Collett, Nyt Mag.f. Naturiv. xxxv.
p. 294 (1894).
Melanitta nigra, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564, n. 395 : Brehm, Isis, 1830,
p. 998, n. 4 ; id. Vog. Deutschl. p. 903 (1831) ; Eyf. Mon. Anat.
p. 145, pi. 12. f. 1 (oesophagus, proventriculus, stomach, and
trachea), f. 2 (caeca) (1838) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 102(l,s69).
Platypus niger, Brehm, Lehrb. Naturg. eur. Viig. p. 820 (1824) ;
Schilling, J.f. O. 185.3, p. 377 ; Bock, J.f. O. 1854, p. 309.
VOL. XXVII. 2 D
40iJ
Fuligiila nigra, part, Bp. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. ii. p. 390
(1826) ; ^avi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 127 (1831) ; ? Nutt. Man. ii. p. 423
(Coast of United States) (1834) ; Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 470 (1849) :
Brandt, Nordl. Ural, etc. ii. p. 71 (Kara Sea) (1856) ; Schleg. Mu.':.
P.-B., Anseres, p. 18 (1866); Palmen, J. f. O. 1876, p. 57
(Finland) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 602, pi. 65 (egg) (1885) ;
Brandt, J.f. O. 1880, p. 249 (St. Petersburg).
Melanitta nigripes, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 1 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 901 (1831).
Melanitta megauros, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 2; id. Vog.
Deutschl. p. 902 (1831).
Melanitta gibljera, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 3 ; id. Vog. DeiUsehl.
p. 902 (1831).
(Edemia nigra, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 73, n. 448 (1842);
Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854) ; Brehm, Vogelf. p. 383 (1855) ;
More, Ibis, 1865, p. 445 (breeding in Scotland) ; Godm. Ibis, 1866,
p 102 (Azores?) : Droste, J. f. O. 1866, p. 390 (Borkum) ; Tristr.
ubis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine?); Smith, ibid. p. 456 (Portugal) ;
Godm. Nat. Hist. Azores, p. 37 (1870) ; ?Gillett, Ibis, 1870, p. 308
(Novava Zemlya ?) ; Eliv. 4" Buckl. ibid. p. 340 (Albania) ; Saund.
Ibis, 1871, p. 397 (S. Spain) ; Hevgl. Ibis, 1872, p. 64 (Nova
Zemlia and Waigatsch) ; id. J.f. O. 1872, p. 123; Sundev. Meth.
nat. Av. disi). Tent. p. 149 (1872) ; Alst. Sf H.-Broum, Ibis, 1873,
p. 71 ; Irbij, Orn. Str. Gibr. p. 205 (1875) ; Seeb. ^ H.-Broimi,
Ibis, 1876, p. 447 (Lower Petchora) ; Blatif. East. Pers. ii. p. 303
(1876) ; Dress. B. of Eur. \i. p. 663, pi. 449 (1877) ; Fi7isch, Ibis,
1877, pp 58, 59, 6l ; Seeb. Ibis, 1879, p. 160 (Siberia) ; Fimck,
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 153 (W. Siberia) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1880, p. 628 ; Gigl. Ibis, 1881, p. 215 (Italy) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1882, p. 134 (?) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882, p. 229 (Astrakhan) ; Salv. Cat.
B. Strickl. Coll. p. 540 (part.) (1882); Seeb. IbU, 1883, p. 35
(Caspian ?) ; Irby, ibid. p. 189 (Santander) ; B. O. U. List Brit.
B. p. 135 (1883) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8tli ed. p. 441 (1883) ;
Chapm. Ibis, 1884, p. 70 (Guadalquivir) ; ? Tristr. Faun. ^- Flor.
of Palest, p. 118 (1884) ; B., B., ^ E. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 88
(note) (1884) ; Saund. YarreWs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 472 (1884-85) ;
Chapm. Ibis, 1885, p. 173 (Lapland) ; Saliad. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 267
(1886) : Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 378 (Portugal) ; Ridyiv. Man. N. Am.
B. p. Ill (1887) ; ? Guillem. Ibis, 1889, p. 215 (Cyprus) ; Tristr.
Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 (1889); Lydekk. Ibis, 1891, p. 391 (? fossil) ;
Echmu. J. f. O. 1890, pp. 83, 84 ; Hartert, Kat. Voqelsamml.
p. 233, n. 3444 (Egvpt!) (1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteal s'pecim. iii.
p. 308 (1891) ; Ltiford, Col. Fig. Br. B. pt. xii. pi. — (1892) ;
Fozoler, Zoolog. 1892, p. 151 (nesting in Sussex) ; Saund. Ibis, 1893,
p. 256 ; Pea.'-s. ^ Bidw. Ibis, 1894, p. 233 (N. Norway).
Oideniia gibbera, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 383 (1855) ; id. Nawnannia,
1855, p. 298.
Oideraia nigripes, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 383 (1855) ; id. Naumannia.
1855, p. 298.
Oidemia megaurus, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 383 (1855) ; id. Naumannia,
1855, p. 298.
Somateria nigra, Selys-L. Patria Belg. i. p. 277 (1873).
Fuligula (Oedemia) nigra, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 17; id.
Vog. 7ool. Gart. p. 48 (1882).
Oidenia nigra, Olphe-Gall. Contr. Faun. Orii. Eur. Occ. fasc. iii. p. 22
(1888).
50. (EDEMU.
403
Adult female. Entire plumage velvety black, with a dark purple
glosR on head and neck and a f^reenish one on the back ; underparts
rather duller, with a brownish tinge ; bill black, except a yellow
patch on the culmen round the nostrils, the base swollen into a
roundish bulb ; iris dark brown ; legs and feet brownish black,
darkest on the webs. Total length about 20 inches, wing 9"5, tail
b'2, culmen 1"9, tarsus \-b.
Female. Dark brown, paler below, the feathers with lighter
edges ; sides of the head and of the upper part of the neck and throat
dull grey, with a brownish tinge ; bill without the bulb at the base,
only slightly swollen towards the base of the upper mandible, dull
black in colour.
Toimrj. Resembles the female, but it is duller and rather more
uniform in colour, and much more white on the abdomen.
A young male resembles the female, but has many black feathers.
Males in moulting-dress are unknown.
Toumj in down are unspotted dark brown on the upper parts and
across the breast ; throat white ; belly greyish brown ; bill blackish
plumbeous ; legs olivaceous.
Hah. iS^orthern parts of the Patearctic Region, east to the Taimyr
Peninsula ; winters in the Baltic and on the coasts of Western
Europe, occasionally straying as far south as the Azores and the
ilediterranean.
r
a. $ ad. St.
b. 1^ ad.sk.
c. 2 juv. sk.
d. e. rf" 2 ad. sk.
/. tS ad. sk.
g. c? ad. sk.
h. <5 juv. sk.
i. (S ad. St.
k. (S ad. St.
I, m. c? ad. St. et
2 juv. sk.
n. c? ad. St.
o,p. (S 2 'id. sk.
g. c? juv. sk.
r. 2 juv. sk.
s. 2 juv. sk.
t. Juv. sk.
u. 2 inim. sk,
V. 2 inim. sk.
w. 2 juv. sk.
X. cJ juv. sk.
y. 2 ^- sk.
Great Britain.
London Market, Feb.
Aberdeenshire ( W. C.
Angus).
Caithness, June.
Holkham Bav, Norfolk,
Feb.
Yamiouth, Norfolk, Dec.
Hickling, Norfolk, March.
Wales.
Somersetshire.
Somersetshire.
Kingsbury Reservoir.
Cambridge Market, Feb.,
Nov.
Devonshire, Jan.
Fowey, Cornwall, Au^.
Southampton Water, Jan.
Hythe, Nov.
Tangier.
Tangier (Olcessi).
Tunis.
Archangel.
Petchora.
Purchased.
Seebohm Coll.
H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.].
Colonel Irbv and Capt.
Reid [P.]'.
Capt. Feilden [P.J.
H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P.].
Baron A. von Hiigel
[P.].
Rev. A. Morgan [P.].
Hon. W. C. Fitz-
maurice [P.].
Montagu Coll.
J. E. Harting, Esq. [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
E. Revnolds, Esq. IT.].
Dr. Glinther [P.]. ^
R. E. Coles, Esq. [P.].
H. J. Elwes, Esq. [P].
F. J. Favier, Esq.
SheUev Coll.
L. Friser[C.l.
R. B. Sharoe,
[P.].
Seebohm Coll.
2d2
P.].
Esq.
404 ANATID^.
z, a', c? juv. et Petchora River. Colonel Feilden [P.].
pull. sk.
h', c'. 2 ad. et Schtschutschja, W. Si- Dr. 0. Finsch [0.].
pull. sk. beria, July.
2. (Edemia americana.
Anas nigra, Wils. {nee Linn.) Amer. Orn. viii. p. 135, pi. 72 (1814);^
Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 72, n. 249 (1827) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn.
2nd ed. iv. p. 543 (part., Japan) (1840).
Anas (Fuligula) nigra, Bp. Obs. Notnencl. Wils. n. 267 (1825).
Fuligula nigra, part., Bp. Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. ii. p. 390'
(1826) ; id. Syn. p. 390 (1828).
Petite JNIacreuse, Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 630, n. 26 (1831) (Newfound-
land) ; Pueher. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1850, p. 635 (=CE. ameri-
cana) ; Hartl. J.f. 0. 1855, p. 420.
Oideniia americana, Szu. ^- Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 450 (1831) ;
Bp. Com]}. List, p. 58, n. 388 (1838) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit.
Mus. iii. p. 140 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 625, n. 2 (1844) ;
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 81. f. 140 (1845) ; Bp. Compt. Rend.
xxxviii. p. 664 {Not. Coll. Delattre, p. 944) (1854) ; id. Compt.
Rend, xliii. p. 651, n. 132 (1856) ; Netvb. P. R. R. Rep. Yi. p. 104
(1857) ; Baird, B. N. Am. p. 807 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B,
n. 604 (1859) ; Miirr. Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. 1859, p. 231 ; Coop.
&i- Suckl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 263 (1860) ; Verr. Pr. Ess. Inst.
iii. p. 159 (1862) ; Blakist, Ibis, 1863, p. 149 (Hudson's Bay) ;
Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. p. 297 (1866) ; Deyl. Sf Gerbe, Orn.
Eur. ii. p. 662 (observ.) (1867) ; Ball S,- Bonn. Tr. Chic. Ac. Sc. L
p. .300 (1869) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 89, n. 10711 (1871) ;
Taez. Bull. Sac. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 344 (Kamtschatka) (1883) ;
Nehrl. J.f. O. 1885, p. 148 (Illinois) ; SteJ7i. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
no. 29, p. 174 (Commander Isl.) (1885) ; Turner, Contr. N. H. of
Alaska, p. 137 (1886) ; A. O. U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 123,
n. 163 (1886) ; Ridyic. Man. N. Am. B. p. Ill, n. 163 (1887) ;
Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. 80, pi. v. f. 4 (head) (1887) ;
Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 138 (1887) ; Mackay, Auk, 1891,
p. 279 ; Trumbull, Auk, 1892, p. 153 ; Hatch, B. of Minnes. p. 69
(1892).
Fuligula (Oidemia) americana, Ntitt. Man. ii. p. 422 (1834).
Melanitta americana, Eyt. Mon. Anat. p. 144 (1838) ; id. Syn. Anat.
p. 101 (1869).
Fuligula americana, Aud. Orn. Bioyr. v. p. 117, pi. 408 (1839); id.
Syn. p. 290 (1839) ; id. B. Am. vi. p. 343, pi. 403 (1843) ; DeKay,
N. Y. Zool. ii. p. 336 (1844) ; Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 330 (1844);
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 80. ff. 2761-62 (1850) {ex Audubon) ;
Schley. Mus. P.-B., iVnseres, p. 19 (1866) ; Seeb. B. Jap. Emp.
p. 248 (1890).
(Edemia americana, Pueher. Rev. et May. de Zool. 1850, p. 635 ;
Hartl. J.f. O. 1855, p. 420 ; Kirkby, cf. Ibis, 1862, p. 308 ; Swinh.
Ibis, 1863, p. 435 ( Yangtse) : id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 ; Brotun, Ibis,
1868, p. 426 (Vancouver I.) ; Coues, Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 201(1868) ;
id. Pr. Bost. Sac. N. H. xii. p. 125 (1868) : Turnb. Birds E. Pa.
p. 37 (1869) ; Swinh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419 ; Coues, Pr. Ac. Philad.
1871, p. 27; Finsch, Abh. Brem. Ver. iii. p. 68(1872); Coues,
Key, p. 293, n. 512 (1872) ; id. Check-list, n. 516 (1873) ; Szoink.
50. (EDEMIA. 405
Ibis, 1873, p. 367 (Aleutian Isl.) ; Ball, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unai.
eastio. p. ti (1873) ; Coims, B. N.- West, p. 581 (1874) ; Dress. B. of
Eur. vi. p. G67 (1877) ; Blakist. 4- Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215
(Japan) ; Adams, ibid. p. 432 (Michalaski) ; Sceb. Ibis, 1879,
p. 23 (Hakodate) ; Blakist. Sr Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 187
(1880) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 529 ; Ridc/io. Nom. N. Am. B.
n. 030 (1881) ; Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. 'p. 116, n. 737 (1882);
Blakist. S,- Pryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 100 (1882) (Kurile M.,
breeding) ; Stearns, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1883, p. 121 (Labrador) ;
Nelson, Cruise ' Coricin^ p. 102 (1883) ; Blakist. Amend. List B.
Jap. p. 9 (1884) ; B., B., ^ R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 89 (1884) :
Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 713, n. 737 (1884) ; Saund.
YarreWs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 474 (1884-85); Turner, Auk, 1885,
p. 158 (Nearer Isl., Alaska) ; Matschie ^- Ziemer, J. f. O. 1885,
p. 192 ; Salvad. 4- Giyl. Mem. R. Ac. So. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 131
(Yamada, Japan) (1888) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 (1889).
ffidemia nigra, part., Sioinh. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 324 (Japan) : Salv.
Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 540 (specim. a, Pennsylvania) (1882).
[Oidemia] minor, Less. Jide G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 89 {in syu.
O. americanaj) (1871).
Anas wilsoni, Gieb. Tkes. Orn. i. p. 365 (1872).
QCdemia nigra, var. americana, Ridgiv. Ann. Lye. N. Y. x. p. 390
(1874) (Lake Michigan) ; Dub. Faun. Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 500
(1892).
Fuligula (CEdemia) americana, Rcknw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 17.
Fidigula nigra americana, Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 602 (1885).
Similar to (E. nigra, but nail of bill distinctly arched and decidedly
hooked at the tip.
Adult male. Similar to the male of (E. nigra, but basal half of
upper mandible, including whole of knob, " light yellow or canary-
yellow, richly dyed at the sides with scarlet vermilion, deeply at
and near the nostrils, and lightly towards the base ; irides deep
brown ; feet dark brown, shaded with black, webs black" (Trum-
bull). Total length 17-21-50 inches, wing 8-75-9-50, culmen
1-65-1-80, tarsus 1-65-2-00.
Female. Above dusky greyish brown ; the feathers of the back
with paler tips ; lower parts paler greyish brown, the lighter tips
broader but wanting on the posterior portions ; lateral and under-
parts of head nearly uniform light greyish brown, in decided
contrast with dark brown of pileum and nape (Itidr/ivay) : " bill
black or blackish, irregularly marked with yellow; feet warm olive-
hrown, shaded with black on the inner side; webs black" (Truiu-
hull).
Young in autumn. Resembles the female, but light part of head
considerably lighter ; throat i)ale buff or dull whitish ; lower surface
of the body very pale, ajiproaching whitish, and faintly spotted
with the brown or greyish brown of the fore breast and posterior
region; bill greyish black (TnonbuU).
Young in down. Apparently indistinguishable from the same
stage of OS. nigra.
Hah. North America and North-eastern Asia ; in America
breeding in the north, in winter migrating south to New Jersey, the
406 ANATID^.
Great Lakes, and California ; in Asia breeding in the Kuriles, in
winter south to Japan.
a-d. cj $ ad. at N. America. Hudson's Bay Co.
imni. sk. etst. [•?•]•
e. c? ad. sk. Repulse Bay. Dr. J. Rae [P.].
f. J ad. sk. Nova Scotia. Capt. Blakiston [P.].
ff, A, i. (S 2 ad. Lyon's Falls, New York, Sept. Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk. {A. J. Dayan).
h. c? juv. sk. Branford, Connecticut, Nov. Salvin-Godman Coll.
{A. J. Dayan).
I. Juv. sk. Chicago, Illinois (if. W. Hen- Salvin-Godman Coll.
shaw).
m-v. (S $ ad., St. Michael's, Alaska, June, Salvin-Godman Coll.
juv., et pull. sk. Aug., Sept.,Oct.(£. W. Nekon).
w,.i: (S 2 ad. sk. Aleutiau Is. ( Vosnesmsky). Seebohm Coll.
y, z. S ad. sk. Hokodadi, Japan, Feb., March Seebohm Coll.
{Henson Sf Blakiston).
a',b'. S 9- ad.sk. Yokohama, Japan {H. Pryer). Seebohm Coll.
3. (Edemia fusca.
Velvet Scoter.
Anas nigra major, Briss. Oi-n. vi. p. 423 (1760).
Anas fusca, Linn. S. N. i. p. 196, n. 6 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. .507,
n. 6 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 848, n. 44 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc.
Meth. i. p. 140, pi. 36. f. \{6), pl 31. f. 4 ( J ) (1790) ; Lath. Tr.
Limi. Soc. iv. p. 119, t. xv. ti". 3-7 (trachea) (1798) ; Temm. Man.
aOrn. p. .5.52 (1815) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 124 (1816) ; Bum. Diet.
Sc. Nat. vi. p. 348 (1817); Tem7n. Man. d'Orn. 2ud ed. ii. p. 854
(1820) ; Bp. Speech. Co7np. p. 72, n. 228 (1827) ; Less. Man. d'Orn.
ii. p. 414 (1828) ; Tan: Tr. Linn. Soc. xvi. 2, p. 321, pl. xxi. fl. 2, 3
(trachea) (1830) ; Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 630 (1831) ; Tetnm. Man.
d'Orn. iv. p. 543 (1840) ; Schley. Bev. Crit. p. cxvii (1844) ; Nau7n.
Vog. Deutschl. xii. p. 123, Taf. 313 (1844) ; Schrader, J. f. O.
1853, pp. 242, 318 (Lapland ) ; Brehm, J.f. 0. 1854, p. 84 (Egvpt) ;
Midler, J.f. O. 1856, p. 232 (Provence); Holtz, J.f. O. 1868,
p. 129(Gottland), pp. 146, 160, 164 (Gottska-Sando) ; Gieb. Thes.
Orn. i. p. .3.52 (part.) (1872).
Velvet Duck, Penn. Brit. Zool. p. 583, n. 272, pl. 96 (1776) ; id.
Arct. Zool. ii. p. 55.5, n. 482 (1785) ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 482,
n. 37 (1785).
Grande Macreuse, D'Aubent. Pl. Enl. 956 (c?) (17—?).
Canard brun, D'Aube7it. Pl. Enl. 1007 ( $ ) (17— ?) ; Buff. Hist.
Nat. Ois. ix. p. 252 (1783).
Double Macreuse, Bvff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 242 (1783).
Anas notata, Bodd. Tabl. Pl. Enl. p. .58, n. 1007 (1783).
Anas fuliginosa, Bechst. Natiirg. Deutsehl. iv. p. 962, Taf. xxxvi. f. 1
(1809) ; cf. Naum. V. D. xii.p. 123 (note).
Anas carbo, part., Pall. Zoogr. Bosso-As. ii. p. 244 (1811).
Oidemia fusca, P/em. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 260 (1822) ; Steph. Gen.
Zool. xii. 2, p. 216 (1824) ; Flem. Brit. A71. p. 119 (1828); Thomps.
P. Z. S. 18-35, p. 79 (Ireland) ; Jeyi. Mem. p. 239(18.35) ; Eyt. Cat.
Brit. B. p. 58 (1836) ; Gould, B. E7ir. v. pl. 377 (1837) ; Bj). Co7np.
List, p. 67, n. 420 (1838) ; K. S,- B. Wi/-belth. Eur. pp. Ixxxvi,
228 (1840) ; Hartl. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 120 (1844) ; G. R. Gr.
I
50. (EDEMTA. 407
List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 141 (part.) (1844); id. Gen. B. iii.
p. 623, n. 3 (1844) ; Rchnh. Sijn. Av., Natatores, t. 81,
ff. 137-139 (1845) ; id. Ar. St/st. Nat. p. viii, t. viii. (18-52) ;
Bolle, J.f. 0. 1855, p. 315 (Spain) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 442
(Zool. Gai-d.) ; Nordm. J. f. O. 1864, p. 378 (Finland and Lap-
laud) ; Salvad. J. f. O. 1865, p. 326 (Sardinia) ; -De Fil. Viaggio
in Pars. p. 342 (1865) (Lake Gotksha) ; Gould, B. Great Brit,
V. pi. 29 (1867) ; Der/l. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 562 (1867) ;
Collett, Norg. Fugle, p. 67 ( 1808) : Miiller, J. f. O. 1S69, p. 347
(Faroe); Broste, Voqelw. Borkian's, p. 309 (1869); Cullett, Orn.
Bemarkn. 1871, p. 217 ; Mevex, (Bfv. K. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1871,.
p. 783 (Archangel) ; Salvad. Faun, d'ltal, Ucc. p. 269 (1872) ;
Frit.'ich, J.f. 0. 1872, p. 372 (Bohemia); Fischer, J.f. O. 1872,
p. 390 (St. Petersburg) ; Heugl. Orn. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1347
(1873) ; De Fil. J.f. O. 1876, p. 189 (Lake Gotksha) ; Reinh. Vid.
Med. Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1879-80, p. 7 (S. Greenland) ; Radde,
Ornis Caucas. p. 459(1884); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 233-
(1891) ; Collett, Mindre Medd. vedr. Norges Fuglef. 1881-92,
p. 293 (1894).
Melanitta fusca, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564, n. 396, 1826, p. 980 ; Brehm^
/sis, 1830, p. 998 ; id. Vog. Deidschl. p. 905 (1831); Fyt. Man.
ylwai. p. 147 (part.), pi. \. f. 2 (trachea) (1838) ; id. Syn. Anat.
p. 104 (1869) ; G. R. Gr. -Hand-list, iii. p. 89, n. 10714 (1871) ;
Garrod, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 154 (trachea), 1878, p. 479.
Platypus fiiscus, Brekm, Lehrh. Nafurr/. eur. Vog. ii. p. 822 (1824) ;
Schilling, J.f. O. 1853, p. 378 ; Schlitt, J.f 0. 1861, p. 239.
Fiiligula fusca, part., Bp. Ann. Lijc. N. Y. ii. p. 390 (1826) ; id.
Si/n. p. 390 (part.) (1828) ; Sari, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 126 (1831) ;
Bp. Isis, 1832, p. 1188 (part., Italy) ; Dei/l. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 472
(1849) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 16 (part.) (1866) : Severtz,
Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1870) ; Palmen, J. f. O. 1876, p. 58 (Fin-
land) ; Brandt, J. f O. 1880, p. 249 (St. Petersburg) ; Seeb.
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 605 (part.), pi. 65 (e^^) (1885) ; id. B. Japan.
Emp. p. 250 (part.), fig. p. 251 (head) (1890).
Melanitta hornschuchii, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 1 ; id, TUi/.
DeutsM. p. 904 (1831).
Melanitta megapus, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 3 ; id. Vog. Deutschl.
p. 906 (1831).
Melanitta platvrhynchos, Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 998, n. 4 ; id. Vog.
Deutschl. p."907 (1831).
Melanetta fusca, Bp. Icon. Avif Ital., Ucc. Introd. p. 17 (1841) ; id.
Co»i/3<. iie«(Z. xliii. p. 651, n. 129 (1856); Loche, Cat. M. et O.
Alger, p. 143 (1858) ; B., B., ^- R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. pp. 93,
97 (part.) (1884).
GEdemia fusca, Bp. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 73, n. 447 (1842) ; Rilpp.
Sgst. Uebers. p. 138, n. 500 (1845) (Egypt) ; Rep. Counc. Z. S.
1853, p. 16 (Zool. Gard.); Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854);
Bolle, J. f O. 1855, p. 315 (Spain) ; Heugl. Sg.it. Ueb. p. 67
(1856); Drosfe, J.f. O. 1866, p. 391 (Borkum) ; ? Tacz. J. f. O.
1870, p. 312 (Dauria); Goehel, J. f. O. 1871. p. 25 (X. Russia) ;
Heu(fl. Ibis, 1872, p. 64; id. J. f. 0. 1872, p. 123 (Novaja Seiulja
u. Wigatsch) ; Shell. B. of Egypt, p. 292 (1872) : AM. ^- H.-Broion,
Ibis, 1873, p. 71 ; Brooke, ibid. p. 345 (Sardinia) ; Danf. Sc
H.-Brown, Ibis, 1875, p. 428 (Transylvania) : Dress. Ibis, 1876,
p. 420; Seeb. S,- H.-Brown, Ibis, 1876, p. 448 (Lower Petchora) ;
Blanf. East. Pers. ii. p. 302 (1876) ; Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 657,
408 anatidjE.
pi. 448 (1877) ; Finsch, Ibis. 1877, pp. 58, 59, 61 ; id. Verh. z.-b.
Ges. JVien, 1879, p. 153 (W. Siberia) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1880, p. 194
(Yen-e-sai) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 529 ; Gi(/l. Ibis, 1881, p. 215
(Italy); Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 540 (1882); Seeb. Ibis,
1882, p. 229 (Astrakan), 1883, p. 189 (Caspian ?) ; Irhy, ibid.
p. 189 (Sautaiider) ; B. O. U. List Brit. B. p. 136 (1883) ; Saund.
in Yarrell's Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 476 (1884-85) : Salrad. El. dec.
Ital. p. 267 (1886) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 (1889) ; Bchmu.
J.f. O. 1890, pp. 83, 84; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. S^xcim. R. C. S.
iii. p. 308 (1891); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxii. pi. —
(1892).
ffidemia hornschucbii, Brehm, Vogelf. p. 383 (1855) ; id. Naumannia,
1855, p. 299.
Sil>ir. liei.s. ii. p. 230 (1853) (South coast of
Ochotsk sea); Kittl. Denhir. i. p. 260 (1858) (iSitka) ; Homey.
J.f. O. 1870, p. 432 (E. Siberia).
Oidemia deglaudi, part., Bp. Compt. Rend, xxxviii. p. 664 {Not. Coll,
Deldf/re, Tp. 94) (1854) (specim. from California:-'); iSteJn. (nee
Bp.) Orn. Expl. in the Covitii. Isl. cmd Kcnntschatka, p. 174 (1885)
(Kamtschatka, Bering I.) ; A. O. U. Check-list A. Am. B. p. 124
(1886) (partim ? specim. from California ?) ; " Turner, Contr. N.
H. of Alaska, p. 137 (1886) (Aleutian Islands, St. Michaels,
Unalaska); Y Nelson, Nat. Hist. Coll. in AUuka, p. 81 (1887)
(Alaska, Lower Yukon, Sitka) ; Gigl. 6f Halvad. P. Z. S. 1887,
p. 590 (Possiette Bay and Japan); Schal. J.f. O. 1891, p. 268
(Sitka).
? Oidemia carbo, Cass. U.S. Expl. Exped., Mamni. ^- Orn. p. 344 (1858)
(Oregon, California).
Anas (Oidemia) fusca, Radde, Eeis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 373 (1863)
(Mongolia, E. Mandshuria, Port May).
Melanetta velvetina, Blakist. Ibis, If-ilS, p. 149 (Yangtsze) ; Dall Sf.
Bann. (nee Cass.) Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 300 (1869) (Yukon, Sitka) ;
Dall, Avif. Aleut. Isl. Unal. eastw. p. 6 (1873) ; liidgiv. Pr. U.H.
Nat. Mus. vii, p. 68 (1884) (Alaska).
ffidemia americana, Sm?ih. (nee Siu.) Ibis, 1863, p. 435 (Yang-tsze) ;
id. P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 324, 1871, p. 419.
Fuligula fusca, part., Sehleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 16 (1866)
(specimens 14, 15 from Japan) ; Seeb. B. Jap. Emj'. p. 250 (part.)
(1890) ; Brandt, J.f. O. 1891, p. 268 (Sitka).
ffidemia fusca, iSwi?ih. (nee Linn.) P. Z. 8. 1863, p. 324 (Amoor-
laud) ; Whitebj (7iee Linn.), Ibis, 1867, p. 208 (Ilakodadi) ; Swinh.
P. Z. S. 1871, p. 419; Finsch, Abh. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 09 (1872) ;
Sicinh. Ibis, 1873, p. 367 (China) ; ? Dyb. J.f. O. 1873, p. 110 (E.
Siberia); Y llevyl. J.f. O. 1874, p. 402 (Shanghai) ; 8u-inh. Ibis,
1874, p. 424 (Chefoo), 1875, p. 457 (Ilakodadi); Tacz. Bull. Soc.
Zool. Pr. ii. p. 48 (1877) (E. Siberia) ; id. Om. Faun. Vost. Sibir.
p. 71 (1877) ; David Sf Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 504 (1877) ; Blakist. ^■
Pryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 25 (Yezo, Sendai) ; iid. Trans. As. 8oc. Jap.
X. p. 100 (1882) (Japan, Kuriles) ; Blakist. Chrysunth. 1883, p. 27;
Blaki.'it. A7nend. List B. Jap. p. 9, n. 52 (1884) ; 8tejn. Bull. U.8.
Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 176 (1885) ; Nelson, N. H Coll. in Alaska,
p. 23 (1887) (ef. Ibis, 1889, p. 249); 8tyan, Ibis, 1891, pp. 328,
497 (Nankin).
QSdemia velvetina, part., Finseh, Abh. Ver. Brem. iii. p. G8 (1872)
(Alexandrovsk) ; 8icinh. Ibis, 1875, p. 457 (Yang-tsze) ; Blakist.
^- Pryer, Tr. As. Sue. Jap, x. p. 101 (1882) (Yang-tsze) ; Styan,
Ibis,\891,Y>i). 328,498.
Melanetta fusca, Nel.ion (nee Linn.), Cruise ' Cor win,' -p. 102(1883)
(Bering Str., Kotzebue Sound); liidyu: Pr. F S. Nat. Mus. vii.
p. 68 (1884) (Alaska) ; B., B., ^- Ii. Water-B. N. Am. ii. pp. 93,
97 (part.) (1884) ; Matschie u. Zienier, J.f. O. If^So, p. 192 (Una-
laska, Norton Sound).
Oidemia stejnegeri, Ridyiv. Man. N. Am. B, p. 112 (1837) (Kamt-
412
schatka, Japan); Stejn. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. x. p. 138 (1887)
(Commander Islands); Giql. 4- Salvad. P. Z. S. 1887, p. 592 (note) ;
Sakad. S^- Giql. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxix. p. 119 (Pos8iette
Bay), p. i;!l'"(.Tapan) (1888).
Fuligula fusca stejnegeri, Seeh.'B. Jap. JEmp. pp. 250 (figure of the
head), 252 (1890).
Adult male. Similar to the male of (E. deglandi, but black of the
plumage usually much more intense, and white mark under the ej-e
more extended backwards on the temporal region ; knob on the
culmen much more elevated, and with anterior outline decidedly
concave, the top forming a more or less conspicuous projection ;
distance from frontal feathers along top of knob to anterior extre-
mity not less than 0'55 ; sides of biU bright red in life.
Female. Similar to the female of (E. deglandi, but the line of the
frontal feathering almost transverse, not forming an angle protruding
anteriorly ; in that respect resembles the female of CE. fusca, from
which it differs in the feathering of the loral region descending
lower than the nostril.
Hah. North-eastern Asia, south in winter to Japan and China ;
■? North-western America, south in winter to California.
(There are no adult specimens from Alaska in the British
Museum, so that I am unable to decide whether Alaskan birds
really belong to (E. earbo.)
et
a,b. cj 2 ad.
c. c? ad. sk.
d. (5' ad. St.
e-h. S 2 ad.
juv. sk.
i. Juv. sic.
k. Imm. sk.
l,m. c? 2 ad. sk
n, o. (J 2 imm.
sk.
p. iS ad. sk.
^- Eylinyton, Sportsm, in S. Afr.
p. 125 (note) (1893).
Erismatura leuconota, Mont. P. Z. S. 1865, p. 89 (Benguela).
Biziura leuconota, Schley. Mus. P.-B, Anseres, p. 8 (1866) ; Gieb.
Thes. Orn. i. p. 467 (1872).
Clangula leuconota, Chapm. Trav. in S. Afr. ii. App. p. 423 (1868).
Anas leuconotus, Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 355 (1872).
Erismatura (Thalassiornis) leuconota, Rchmv. Orn. Centralbl. 1S82,
p. 4.
Anas sp., Bohm, J.f. 0. 1885, p. ol, 1887, p. 157 ( = ? leuconota).
Adult male. Upper part of the head, nape, and throat black,
varied with jellow-ochreous ; a buflj'-white spot at the anterior
part of the cheeks just near the base of the bill, extending to below
the gape ; sides of the head ochreous yellow, with black roundish
spots ; sides and anterior part of the upper neck uniform bright
ochreous yellow ; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts with black and
rufous-ochreous bands ; rump white ; upper tail-coverts black, with
bull' bands ; underparts ochreous yellow, the jugulum, sides of the
breast, and flanks banded with black, the black bands broader on the
flanks ; centre of the breast uniform, unspotted ; abdomen and
under tail-covcrts dusky, the edges of the feathers buff; primaries
greyish brown, the secondaries spotted with rufous on the edges ;
«. Ad. St.
Africa.
b, c, d. Ad. et
S. Africa.
juv. St.
e. Juv. sk.
S. Africa.
/. Juv. sk.
S. Africa.
(/, h. S 3.d. sk.
Newcastle, Natal, Sept.
i. 2 ad. sk.
Newcastle, Natal, Sept.
k. S ad. sk.
KrooDstad, Orange Free
State, March {E. T.
Si/monds).
I. Ad. sk.
Transvaal (T. Ai/res).
m. Juv. sk.
Benguela.
438 ANATIDiE.
under -wing-coverts brown-grey, the marginal ones tinged with
buff ; axillaries buff, with a brown stripe along the middle ; tail-
feathers blackish brown, with narrow ochreous edges : " bill blue
and slate colour, lower mandible yellowish ; irides dark brown ;
feet dark brown " (Ayres). Total length 16-17 inches, wing 7,
tail 2-5, culmen 1'7, tarsus 1'3.
Female. Similar to the male.
Young. Similar to the adult, but less ochreous and more brown
on the abdomen.
Hah. Southern Africa, north to Loango on the western coast,
ind to Shoa on the eastern ; Madagascar.
E. Wilson, Esq. [P.].
Sir A. Smith [P.].
(Types of the species.)
Sir A. Smith [P.].
Eyton Coll.
Shelley Coll.
Capt. Savile Eeid [C.].
J. H. Gumey, Esq. [P.].
Shelley Coll.
J. Mouteiro [C.].
56. NOMONYX.
Type.
Nomonyx, Ridgio. Pr. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 15 (1880). N. dominicus.
Range. Tropical America, including the West Indies.
1. Nomonyx dominicus.
Querquedula dominicensis, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 472, pi. xli. f. 2 (1760)
(San Domingo et Mexico).
Anas dominica, Linn. S. N. i. p. 201, n. 22 (176G) {ex Brisson) ;
Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 521, n. 22 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 874,
n. 102 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 157, n. 80 (1791) ; Vieill.
N. p. V. p. 175 (1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 400 (1817) ;
Wied, Beschr. Beise nach Bras. ii. p. 199 (1821) (Brazil) ; Less.
Tr. d'Orn. p. 632 (1831) (Porto Rico) ; Wied, Beitr. iv. p. 938
(1832) (Bahia) ; Bunn. Si/st. Ueb. iii. p. 439 (1856) (Lakes of
S.E. Brazil) ; Sundev. (Efv. K. Vet.-Akad. Fork. 1869, p. 603 (Porto
Rico).
Sarcelle a queue 6pineuse, de Cayenne, D'Aubent. PL Enl. 967 ( J ) ;
Bjiff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 282 (1783).
Sarcelle de la Guadeloupe, L'Aubent. PL Enl. 968 (S)-
Sarcelle rousse a longue queue, Bvff. Hist. Nat. Ois. ix. p. 283 (1783).
St. Domiugo Teal, Lath. Si/n. iii. 2, p. 554, n. 91 (1785).
Spinous-tailed Duck, Lath. ,Sijn. iv. 2, p. 655, n. 92 (1785).
Anas spinosa, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 522, n. 87 (1788) (Cayenne et
Guiana) ; Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 874, n. 103 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc.
Meth. i. p. 157, n. 81, pi. 41. f. 3 (1791) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 175
(1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 400 (1817) ; D'Orb. in La
56. NOMONTX, 439
Sagra's Hist. Nat. Cuba, Ois. p. 297 (1840) (Cuba et Bolivia) ;
Burin. Syst. Uehers. iii. p. 440 (1856).
Fiilif,^!^ doiuinica, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 203 (1824).
Cerconectes spinosa, Wm/l. 7,sw, 1882, p. 282 (Para).
Erismatura dominica, Ei/f. Mon. Anat. p. 172 (1838) ; Hartl. Verz.
Ges. Mm. p. 121 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 146
(1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 627, n. 6 (1844) ; Rchnh. Syn. Av.,
Natatores, t. 78. tf. 900-901 (1848) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103
(1854) (Montevideo, ChiH) ; Bp. Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 625,
D. 162 (1856) ; Cab. ^ Gundl. J.f. 0. 1857, p. 231 (Cuba) ; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1857, p. 206 (Jalapa) ; Cabot, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. If. vi.
p. 375 (1858) (Lake Champlaiu) ; Baird, B. N. Ain. pp. 811, 925
(1858) (Lake Champlain) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 610 (1859) ; A.
8f E. Newt. Ibis, 1859, p. 367 (St. Croix) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860,
p. 254 (Orizaba); Baird, B. N. Am. ed. 1860, pi. 92; Gundl.
J.f. O. 1861, p. 346, 1862, p. 93 ; Ibis, 1862, p. 289 (Martinica )
Gundl. Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i. p. 391 (1866); Uot. Ois.
Trinid. p. 525 (1866) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat. -p. 132 (1869); Pelz. Orn.
Bras. pp. 320, 321 (trachea), 460, lix (1870) ; Reinh. Fugl. Bras.
Camp. p. 20 ( Vid. Medd. 1870) (Lagoa dos Pitos) ; Kumlien, Pr.
Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 154 (Wisconsin) (1871) ; Brewer, Am. Nat.
v. p. 441 (1871) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10723 (1871) ;
Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 295 (1872) ; id. Check-list, n. 520
(1873) ; Lee, Ibis, 1873, p. 137 (Entrerios, Arg-ent. Kep.) ; Sclat.
S)- Salo. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 131 (1873) ; Laicr. Mem. Bost.
Soc. N. H. ii. p. 316 (1874) (Mexico) ; Coues, B. N.-West, p. 583
(note) (1874) ; Gundl. J.f. O. 1874, p. 314 (Porto Rico), 1875,
p. 384 (Cuba) ; ? Durnf. Ibis, 1876, p. 163 (.\rgentine ?) ; Sclat. Sf
Salv. P. Z. S. 1876, pp. 405, 411 ; Gundl. Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist.
Nat. vii. p. 408 (1878) (Porto Rico) ; id. J.f. 0. 1878, pp. 162,
191 ; Sckit. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 530 ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll.
p. 541 (1882) ; Barroiv, Auk, 1884, p. 274 (Lower Uruguay) ;
Er7ist, Rev. Cient. Univ. Centr. Venez. i. p. 43 (Venezuela) (1887) ;
Berl. J.f. O. 1887, p. 133 (Paraguay).
Oxyura dominica, Eyt. Mon. Anat. pi. 24. f. 2 (head of the female)
(1838).
Erismatura spinosa, Gosse, B. Jam. p. 404 (1847) ; Albrecht, J.f. O.
1862, p. 207 (Jamaica).
Erismatura ortygoides, " Hill," Gosse, B. Jam. p. 406 (1847) ; Gosse,
Illu^tr. B. Jam. pi. 113 (1849) ; Rchnb. S)/n. Av., Natatores, t. 91.
f. 2653 (1850) (ex Gosse) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xUii. p. 652, n, 163
(1856).
Deudrocygnus spinosa. Brewer, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii. p. 308
(1860) (Cuba).
Biziura dominica, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Anseres, p. 9 (1866) ; Gieb.
Thes. Orn. i. p. 467 (1872).
Nomonvx dominicus, Ridgw. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 15 (1880) ;
id. Norn. N. Am. B. u. 635 (1881) ; B., B., Sf R. Water-B. N.
Am. ii. p. 109 (1884); Cory, List B. W. Ind. p. 31 (1885);
A. O.U. Check-list N. Am. B. p. 125, n. 168 (1886); Ridgw.
Man. N. Am. B. p. 114, n. 125 (1887); Cory, Auk, 1888, p. 68;
id. B. West Ind. p. 269 (1889) ; Sclat. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 138
(Cuba).
Momonyx (errore) dominicus, Ibis, 1880, p. 491 (Index).
440 ANATID^.
Nomonyx dominica, Coues, Check-list N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 117,
n. 742 (1882) ; id. Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p, 715, n. 742 (1884).
Adult male. Head black ; neck and breast bright rusty cinnamon,
shading into reddish white on the lower parts ; feathers of the back,
scapulars, and feathers of the flanks broadly centred with black,
the edges cinnamon ; wings brown, with a white band or speculum
formed by the tips of the anterior wing-coverts and by the basal
portion of the anterior secondaries ; some of the median wing-
coverts edged with rusty cinnamon ; under wing-coverts brown,
with narrow whitish edges ; tail black : " bill blue ; nail, tip of both
mandibles, and naked skin on chin black ; remainder of the lower
mandible reddish white ; outer aspect of tarsus and two outer toes
dark brown or black, the inner side of the tarsus, inner toe, and
membranes pale bi'own, spotted with black ; iris dark brown ;
naked skin round the eyes bluish " (GMnrf?af7i). Total length
about 15 inches, wing 5"7, tail 4, culmen 1'26, tarsus 1.
Female. Upper parts brown ; pileum uniform ; a narrow super-
ciliary stripe buff; a broader band, also buff colour, underneath the
eyes from the bill to the occiput ; two dark bands from the bill to
occiput, one through the eyes, the other lower down, starting from
the gape ; throat buff ; neck buff mottled with brown ; feathers of
the breast and flanks centred with brown, the edges buff ; abdomen
buff, the brown bases of the feathers more or less showing through ;
feathers of the back more or less edged and spotted with buff ;
wings brown ; wiug-specuium white as in the male ;■ tail blackish :
" bill horn-brown, with the tip black " (Gundlach). Size somewhat
smaller than the male.
Young, liesembles the female, but there are no distinct brown
centres to the feathers of the breast and flanks, and the whole of
the lower parts have the bases of the feathers much paler brown.
Young in doivn. Upper parts brown, with four white patches,
two on the sides of the back, behind the wings, and two on the
sides of the rump ; a whitish band on the posterior edge of the
-wings ; a whitish superciliary stripe, and a similar one below the
eyes ; a brown band through the eyes, and another across the
lower part of the cheeks ; lower parts whitish.
Bab. Tropical America in general, including the West Indies,
south to Chili and the Argentine Republic ; accidental in Eastern
North America (Wisconsin and Lake Champlain). M
a. 2 ad. sk. Jamaica. R. Redman, Esq. [P.]. fl
b. c? jiiv. st. Barbados. P. Gosse, Esq. [C^
c. (5 imm. sk. Guatemala. Salvin-Godman Coll
d. Juv. sk. Veragiia (Arce), Salvin-Godman Coll.
e. Ad. St. S. America. Old Coll.
f,g. c? $ ad. St. Cayenne. Purchased.
h. d ad. St. Rio Negro. Purchased.
i. 5 ad. sk. Sarayacu, Ecuador (Buckley). Salvin-Godman Coll
k. (S ad. sk. Lake Titacaca, Bolivia. Eyton Coll.
I. S ad. sk. Coast of Brazil. Dr. W. Barker [P.].
m. Sternum, with Jamaica. P. Gosse, Esq. [P.].
shoulder-girdle.
57. EEISMATTJEA. 441
57. ERISMATURA.
Type.
Oxyura (subgen.), Bp. Ann. Lye. N. 1 . ii. (1826),
p. 390 (1828) {nee Oxyurus, ISw. 1827) E. jamaicensis.
Erismatura, Bj). Sayg. Distr. Met., Ayg. e Corr.
p. 143 (1832) E. jamaicensis.
Cerconectes, Wayl. Jgis, 1832, p. 282 E. leucocepbala.
Gymnura (sub^ea.), Niitt. Ma?i. ii. p. 42G (1834) . . E. jamaicensis.
Undina, Gould, B. of Eur. v. pi. 383 (1837) E. leucocepbala.
Bythonessa, Gloyer, Hand- u. Hilfsh. p. 412 (1842). E. leucocephala.
Erimistura ierrore?), Deyl. >^- Gerbe, Or?i. Eur. ii.
p. 565 (1867).
Range. Almost cosmopolitan.
Key to the Sjoecies.
a. Breast, and usually also the back and flanks,
bright chestnut (Adult Males).
a'. Head partly white.
a". Head white, crown black leucocephala, p. 442.
d". Cheeks and chin white, upper part of the
head to the occiput black jamaicensis, p. 44-5.
b'. Head and upper part of the neck wholly
black.
c". Axillaries white maccoa, p. 448.
d''. Axillaries greyish brown, edged with
white.
a'". Chin white.
a*. Under tail-coverts rusty red ferruginea, p. 449.
b^. Under tail-coverts white cequatorialis, p. 450.
b'". Chin like the head black.
c^. Chestnut colour of the breast, flanks,
and upper parts lighter and
brighter vittata, p. 4-50.
d^. Chestnut colour of the breast, flanks,
and upper parts deeper aitstralis, p. 451.
b. Breast and upper parts not bright or deep
chestnut, always more or less freckled or
ban-ed with brown (Females and Youny).
c'. Upper mandible at base decidedly swollen on
the sides ; usually upper parts distinctly
tinged with chestnut-brown leucocephala, p. 442.
d'. Upper mandible not swollen basally on the
sides.
e". Cheeks not uniform with the upper part
of the head, but crossed below the eyes
by a whitish band from the biU to the
occiput.
c'". Under tail-coverts whitish, not
sharply defined from the remainder
of the abdomen maccoa, p. 448.
d'". Under tail-coverts pure white, sharply
defined from the remainder of the
abdomen,
e'. Bill across at broadest point O-SO-0-90
inch jamaicensis, p. 445.
442
/■*. Bill across at broadest point 0'75-0'80
inch vittata, p. 450.
f". Cheeks uniform with the upper part of
the head; no white band across the
e'". Cheeks dark brown, almost uniform . . {'' ^ . l-^' ,^f\
/•r/; m 1 J i £ 4.1 1 J (equator la lis, p. 4o(J.
/ . Cheeks and upper parts oi the head ' ^ '^
brown, freckled and mottled with
paler markings australis, p. 451.
1. Erismatura leucocephala.
? White-head, Shmv, Trav. p. 254 (1738).
Anas leucocephalus, Scop. Ann. 1. Hist. Nat. p. 65, n. 79 (1769) :
Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 51G, n. 72 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 858,
n. 64 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. MSth. i. p. 1.31 (1790) ; Bechst. Orn.
Taschenb. ii. p. 444, Taf. 28 ((^) (180.3); Bechst. Geni. Naturg.
Deutschl. iv. p. 982 (1809) ; Savirjny, Denser, de I'Egxjpt., Hist. Nat.
i. pt. 4, p. 315, pi. 10. f. 2 (1809) ; Temm. Man. d'Orn. p. 556
fl815); Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 397 (1817); Temm. op. cit.
2nd ed. ii. p. 859 (1820) ; Ranz. El. di Zool. iii. pt. ix. p. 137,
tav. 30. f. 3 ( $ ) (1826) ; Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 72, n. 230 (1827) ;
Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 630 (1831) ; Strickl. Ann. ^ Mac/. N. H. viii.
p. 545 (1842) ; Naum. Voq. Deutschl. xii. p. 149, Tafl 315 (1844) ;
Buvry, J.f. 0. 1857, p. 131 (Algeria).
Anas mersa. Pall. lieis. Buss. Beichs, ii. Anh. p. 713, n. 29, t. H
(1773) ; Falk, Beytr. z. Top. Kennt. Buss. Beichs. ii. p. 349, n. 75,
t, 23 (1786) ; &?h. S. N. i. 2, p. 520, n. 84 (marsa) (1788) ;
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 127, pi. 36. f. 6 ( J $ ) (1790) ; Ball. Zooyr.
Bosso-As. ii. p. 28.3, t, Isxiii. (1811); Vieill. N. D. v. p. 1.37
(1816) ; Dumont, Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 376 (marsa) (1817) ; Schley.
Bev. Crit. p. cxviii (1844) ; Badek. J.f. O. 1864, p. 370 (Volga) ;
Fcissler, ibid. p. 380 (Tauris) ; Buvry, J. /. 0. 1857, p. 123
(Algeria).
Anas hyberna, Gerini, Star. Ucc. v. t. 577 (1776).
Spanish Duck, Petm. Gen. Birds, p. 66, tab. xiii. (1781) ; Lath. Syn.
iii. 2, p. 625, n. 69 (part.) (1785).
Anas vindila {err.), Penn. Gen. Birds, p. 65, tab. xiii. (1781).
White-headed Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 478, n. 33 (1785).
Ural Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 514, n. 69 (1785).
Anas viduata, part.. Lath. Gen. Syn. iii. 2, p. 525, n. 69 (1785).
Anas ruthenica, Hollandre, Ahrege d'Hist. Nat. iv. Ois. p. 243
(1790).
Anas leucophela (err-ore), Vieill. N. D. v. p. 105 (1816).
Aythya mersa, Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564.
Oidemia leucocephala, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 218 (1824) ; Flem.
Brit. An. p. 119 (1828).
Platypus leucocephalus, Brehm, Lehrh. Naturg. eur. Vog. ii. p. 824
(1824).
Fiiligula leucocephala, Bp. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 391 (note) (1826) ;
id. Syn. p. 391 (1828); Savi, Orn. Tosc. iii. p. 142 (1831); Bp.
Isis, 1832, p. 1188.
Aythya leucocephala, Boie ; Brehm, Isis, 1830, p. 993 ; id. Naturg.
"Voyel Deutschl. p. 909 (1831).
Erismatura leucocephala, Bp. Sagy. Distr. Met., Agg. e Corr. p, 143
(1832); Egt. Mon- Anat. p. 170 (1838) ; iy^. Icon. Faun. Ital.,
57. .EEISMATTTRA. 443
Ucc. Introd. p. 17 (1841); id. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 73 (1842) ;
Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 75. ff. 1.34-1.36 (184-5) ; Blt/tk, Cat.
£. Mus. A. S. B. p. 308, n. 1796 (1849) ; id. Av. Syat. Nat. p. viii,
t. vii. (1852): Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854) ; Brekm, J.f. O.
1855, p. 369 (N.E. Africa); L. Brehm, Voydf. p. 382 (18-55) ; id.
Naumannia, 1855, p. 298, n. 1 ; Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 652,
n. 157 (1856) ; Loehe, Cat. M. et O. Alger, p. 145 (18-58) ; Schlefj.
Dierent. p. 274 (1864) ; Salmd. Cat. Ucc. Sard. p. 108 (1864) ; id.
J. f. 0. 1865, p. 324 (Sardinia); Boderl. Avif. Sicil. p. 269 (1869) ;
Ei/t. Syn. Anat. p. 129 (1869) ; Eltoes ^ Buckl. Ibis, 1870, p. 340
(Turkey); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10718 (1871); Shell.
B. of Egypt, p. 291, pi. xii. (1872); Salvad. Faun, d'ltal., Ucc.
p. 270 (1872) ; muql. Dm. N.O.-Afr. ii. 2, p. 1349 (1873) ;
Brooke, Ibis, 1873, p. 343 ; Irby, Orn. Str. Gihralt. p. 205 (1875)
(Cadiz, Tangier); Danf. Sf Harvie-Broton, Ibis, 1875, p. 427
(Transylvania) ; Wharton, Ibis, 1876, p. 28 (Corsica) ; Dress.
His, 1876, p. 421 (Turkestan) ; id. B. Eur. vi. p. 677, pi. 451
(1878) ; Brehm, J. f. O. 1879, p. 3-34 (Siebenburgen) ; Schalow,
■ibid. p. 335 ; Finsch, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1879, p. 153 (Omsk,
S. Siberia) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 5-30 ; Hume Sf Marsh. Game
B. of Ind. iii. p. 289 (Kandahar), p. 436 ( Punjab) ( 1880) ; Gigl. Ibis,
1881, p. 215 (Italy) ; Salo. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. -541 (1882) ;
Seeb. Ibis, 1884, p. 429 (Lenkoran) ; Tristr. Faun. Sf Flor. of
Palest, p. 118 (1884) ; Whiteh. Ibis, 1886, p. 46 (Corsica) ; Salvad.
El. Ucc. Ital. p. 268 (1886) ; St. John, Ibis, 1889, p. 179 (Kelat) ;
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47 (1889) ; Rchmo. J. f O. 1890, p. 84 ;
Dress. Ibis, 1891, p. 369 (Erzeroom) ; Floerike, J. f. O. 1891,
p. 170 (ScUesia); Hartert, Eat. Vogelsamml. p. 234 (1891);
Albarda, J.f. 0. 1892, p. 430 (Holland) ; Flower, Ibis, 1894, p. 359
Cerconectes mersa, Wagl. Isis, 1832, p. 282.
Undina leucocepliala, Goidd. B. Eur. v. pi. 383 (1837).
Oxyura unifasciata, Eyt. Mon. Anat. pi. 24. f. 1 (head of cJ juv.)
(18-38).
Erismatura mersa, Bp. Cotnp. List, p. 59, n. 431 (1838) ; G. R. Gr.
List Gen. B. p. 75 (1840) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 96 (1841) ; id.
List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 146 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 627, u. 1
(1844); Riipp. Syst. Uebers. p. 138. n. 501 (1845) (Egypt);
Brehm, Voyelf. p. 382 (1855) ; id. Naumannia, 1855, p. 298, n. 2;
Salv. Ibis, 1859, pp. 358, 364 (E. Atlas) ; Tristr. Ibis, 1860, pp. 82,
163, 372 (N. Africa) ; Powys, ibid. p. 354 (Ionian Isl.) ; Tristr.
P. Z. S. 1864, p. 454 (Galilee) ; id. Ibis, 1868, p. 329 (Palestine) ;
Shell. Ibis, 1871, p. 316 (Egypt) ; Sound, ibid. p. 397 (S. Spain) ;
Severtz. J. f. O. 1873, p. 344 (Turkestan), 187-5, p. 185; Lilford,
Ibis, 1875,' p. 16 ; Nathus. J. f. 0. 1879, p. 260 (egg ) ; Henke,
Zool. Gart. 1880, pp. 142-147 (Kirgis Steppes) ; Seeb. Ibis, 1882,
p. 229 (Astrakhan), 1883, p. 35 (Caucasus) ; Chap7n. Ibis, 1884,
p. 91 (Spain), 1888, p. 447.
Undiua mersa, K. ^- B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. kxxyi, 229 (1840);
Radde, Ornis Caucas. p. 4-59 (1884) (Caspian).
Bythonessa leucocephala, Gloyer, Gem, Hand- «. Hilfsb. i. p. 472
(1842).
Fuliffula mersa, Degl. Orn. Eur. ii. p. 476 (1849) ; Wright, Ibis,
1864, p. 291 (Malta) ; Serertz. Turkest. Jevotn. p. 70 (1870).
Erismatura unifasciata, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 652 (?) (1856) ;
Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 129 (Persia) (1869).
Biziura leucocephala, Schleg. Mus, P.-^., Anseres, p. 11 (1866) ; Gieb.
444 ANATLD^.
Thes. Orn. ii. p. 467 (1872) ; Crommel. Arch. Need. x. p. 175
(1875) (Netherlands).
Erimistura (errors?) leucocephala, Beffl. 8r Gerhe, Orn. Eur. ii.
p. 5G6 (1867).
Adult male. Crown black ; forehead, sides of the head, including
the space above the eye, chin and nape pure white; below this
white the neck aU round is black ; lower neck and breast chestnut-
red, with narrow blackish bars ; back, scapulars, sides, and flanks
reddish chestnut, more or less huffish, and finely and irregularly
vermiculated with blackish ; upper tail-coverts deep chestnut ;
underparts, below the breast, reddish huffy white ; wings brown-
grey, the wing-coverts and secondaries finely vermiculated with
huffy white ; under wing-coverts grey, the central ones whitish ;
axillaries white ; tail blackish : " biU blue ; iris dark brown ; feet
ashy brown, with the webs black" (Salvadori). Total length
about 18-5 inches, wing 6'o, tail 4-5, culmen 1*9, tarsus 1*3.
A specimen in the Museum of Tui-in from Sardinia, affected by
incipient albinism, is altogether much paler, has no black round the
neck, except on the nape, and has the white much more extended,
covering entirely the throat.
Female. Differs from the male in lacking the clear white on the
head and in being much more rufous, especially on the underparts ;
crown, nape, and cheeks brown-chestnut, with blackish bars ; a
white streak below the eye, from the base of the bill nearly to the
nape ; chin, throat, and sides of the neck just near the head
whitish, dotted or streaked with blackish on the sides of the neck ;
upper tail-coverts scarcely deeper chestnut than the remainder of the
upper parts : bill dull plumbeous ; iris dark brown ; legs plum-
beous black.
Young male. Very similar in plumage to the old female, only
somewhat more ruddy on the back.
Young in down. Brown-grey ; upper part of the head and cheeks
dark brown ; a streak below the eye, from the base of the bill to
the nape, throat, and sides of the upper part of the neck dull
greyish white undulated with dusky ; a whitish spot on each side
of the rump just below the wings ; edge of the wing and under
wing-coverts whitish (Sardinia, Mus. Turin).
Hah. From the basin of the Mediterranean to Turkestan ;
according to Finsch, also Southern Siberia ; North-western India
in winter ; accidental in Germany and Holland.
«-/. c? 2 ad. et No locality. Purchased.
pull. st.
y-l. 6 2 ad. sk. El Baheira, Tunis, March Salvin-Godman Coll.
(O. Salvin).
m. (S ad. sk. El Baheira, Tunis, March H. J. Elwes, Esq.
(O. S.). [P.].
n. S ad. sk. Alexandria, Egypt, March Shelley Coll.
(G. E. S.).
0. 5 ad. sk. Damietta, Egypt, Dec. Shelley Col.
[Filipponi),
57. EEISMATTTEA. 445
p. 5 ad. sk. Bosphoriis, winter {T. H. J. Elwes, Esq.
Eobson). [P.].
q. cJ ad. St. Odessa. Dr. Dowler [P.].
r, s. cj 2 ^d. sk. Lenkoran, Jan. Seebolim Coll.
t. (f juv. sk. Persia, Oct. Ejton Coll.
(Type of Oxyura unifasciata^ Eyton.)
w. S ad. sk. Kirghiz Steppes. Tweeddale Coll.
V. (S juv. sk. Khelat-i-Ghilzai, Kandahar, Hume Coll.
Oct. (Sir O. St. John),
w. cJ ad. sk. Peshawar, March. Brigadier-Gen. Kin-
loch [P.].
X. 2 ad. sk. Ludhiana, Oct. {F. Field). Hume Coll.
y. (^ juv. sk. Najafgarh .Thil, Delhi district, Hume Coll.
Jan. ( W. N. Chill).
2. . J 2 ad. et Lake Titicaca, Peru {Mes!t3 ) ; Goidd, Handb. B. Austr. ii.
p. 379 (18()r)) ; Br/t. Si/n. Anat. p. 131 (1809) ; G. B. Gr. Hand-
list, iii. p. 90, n. 10720 (1871) ; Rams. Br. Linn. Soc. JV. S. If. i.
pp. 190,220 (1870) (Melbourne), ii. p. 200, n. 663 (1878) (Vic-
toria, S. and \\'. Australia); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 530; Bani-
.wy. Tab. List, p. 22, n. 075 (1888) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 47
(1889) ; Xort/i, IJesrr. Cat. Nests and Bi/i/s B. Austr. p. 346 (1889) ;
A'. H. Bennett, Bns, 1891, pp. 143-145- Nort/i, Rec. Austr. Mm.
ii. p. 37 (1892) (Tasmania).
Biziura australis, iS'f/i/rr/. J/M.S. P.-B., Anseres, p. 11 (1866); Gieb.
Thes. Orn. i. p. 467 (syn. emend.) (1872).
Oxvura (Erismatura) australis, Bi/t. Suppl. to Osteal. Av. pi. 15 ($
skeleton) (1809).
2g2
452 ANATID.I.
Adult male. Head, throat, and neck black ; breast, back, and
flanks rich chestnut ; rump brownish black, freckled or barred with
irregular pale reddish lines ; upper tail-coverts tinged with chest-
nut ; belly and under tail-coverts brown, with the tips of the
feathers silvery rufous-whitc ; wings and tail dark brown; upper
wing-coverts and secondaries sprinkled with paler points ; under
wing-coverts and axillaries grey, edged with white : "iridesvery
dark brown : bill light blue ; front and inner side of the tarsi and
toes French-grey, outside of the tarsi and webs blackish grey "
(Gould). Total length about 16 inches, wing 6-2, tail 2-6, culmen
1-6, tarsus 1-25.
Female. Brown ; upper parts darker, marked with zigzag lines
and freckles of a pale buff- rufous colour ; lighter and more greyish
brown on the under surface, where the feathers have silvery
yellowish tips : " bill dark olive-green, the under mandible lighter
than the upper ; irides,legs, and feet as in the male " (Gould). Size
about the same as that of the male.
Bab. Southern and Western Australia and Tasmania.
a,b. (S 2 ad. st. W. Australia. Purchased.
r, d. cS 2 ad. st. New South Wales. Australian Museum [P.].
e. (S imm. sk. Australia. Salvin-Godman Coll.
58. BIZIURA*.
Type.
Biziura, Leach, MS.; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 221
(1824) B. lobata.
Hvdvobate?, Tem7n. Fl. Col. 400 (livr. C8, 182G) (nee
'Boie, 1822) B. lobata.
lianrje. Confined to Australia.
1. Biziura lobata.
Anas lobata, Shaw, Nat. Misc. viii. pi. 25-5 (1790); Dum. Diet. Sc.
Nat. vi. p. 387 (1817).
Lobated Duck, Lath. Gen. Syn. Siippl. ii. p. 349 (1801).
Anas carunculata, Vieill. (nee LUig.) N. D. v. p. 109 (1816) ; id.
Enc. Mith. i. p. 3-56, pi. 236. f. 2 (1823).
Biziura nova hollandia?, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 222 (1824).
Hydrobates lobatus, Temm. PI. Col. 406 (livr. 68, 1826) ; Less.
Man. d'Oni. ii. p. 414 (1828); id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 630 (1831);
Breton, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 19 (habits) ; Less. Compl. de Buff., Ois.
ix. p. 529 (1837) : id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 718 (1838).
Biziura lohzXa. Eyt. M on. Anat. p. 168 (1838) ; G. R. Gr. Lkt Gen.
B. p. 75 (1840) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 96 (1841) ; id. List B. Brit.
Mas. iii. p. 145 (1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 627 (1844) ; Gould, B.
Aiistr. vii. pi. 18 (pt. xvi., 1844) ; Bchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores,
t. 81. ft". 145-146 et 904 (1845); B/yth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B.
* Byton (Ann. & Mag. N. H. -pii. p. 177, 1841) has the following remarks
aljout B. lobata : — " There is a strong resemblance to the totipalmate division of
Water-birds; tra/:kca ]ike that of a Cormorant, and also furnished with tlie
same muscles of voice. Tongue and digestive organs resemble those of Clangida.
Melanctta, and Nyrocn. Skeleton resembles that of a Gannet, except the head.
Posterior margin of sternum like tliat of a Sula."
SS. liiziriiA. 4o3
p. 308, n. 1795 (1849); lichnb. A v. 8yst. Nat. p. vii, tab. vii.
(1852j; Licht. Nomvncl. Av. p. 103 (1854); Bp. Compt. Rend.
xliii. p. 652, n. 155 (1856): Pelz. Reise Novara, Vog. p. 139
(1865) ; Gould, Handh. li. Amtr. ii. p. 381 (1865); SchUg. Mus.
R.B., Anseres, p. 7 (1866); Rams. Ibis, 1867, p. 413, pi. viii.
f. 1 (egg); Mull. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 280 (Melbourne); i:gt.
Sgn. Anat. p. 127 (1369) ; id. Huppl. to Osteol. A v. pi. —
(c? 2) (1869); G. R. Gr. Hand-lkt, iii. p. 90, n. 10716 (1871);
Gieb. Thes. Om. i. p. 407 (1872); Sundev. Meth. nat. Av.
disp. Tent. p. 150 (1872); Dig8 (ana-
tomy); .S'rr/y. Cat. B. Utrickl. Coll. p. 540 (1882); Saund. Ibis,
1883, p. 351 ; Sclat. LUt Vert. An. 8tb ed. p. 442 (1883) ; Legge,
Pr. R. Soc. Tasm. 1886, p. 245 (Tasmania) (1887) ; Rains. Tab.
List, p. 22, n. 675 (1888); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 46 (1889);
North, Descr. Cat. Xests and Eqgs B. Austr. p. 346 (1889); K.
H. Bennett, Ibis, 1891, p. 145 ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 233
(1891) ; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. R. C. S. iii. p. 309 (1891).
Bizeura lobata, Eyt. Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. vii. p. 177 (1841).
Eri.smatura lobatt, Schleg. De Dierent. p. 275 (1864).
Erismatura (Biziura) lobata. Rchnic. Om. Centralbl. 1882, p. 4 ; id.
Vog. zool. GiiH. p. 44 (1882;.
Adult male. Upper part of the head and nape brownish black,
sprinkled with fine points of a lighter colour, scarcely visible ;
remainder of the upper surface, chest, and flanks blackish brown,
crossed by numerous narrow freckled bars of huffy white, in some
specimens almost obsolete ; sides of the head and neck lighter, the
pale and blackish bars broader ; underparts buffy white at the tip
of the feathers ; under tail-coverts dark brown, crossed with buffy-
white bands at the tip of the feathers ; quills and tail-feathers
blackish brown ; irides dark brown : " bill and large lobe beneath
the chin greenish black ; legs and feet dark leaden grey ; inside of
the tarsi greenish grey" (Goidd). Total length about 26 inches,
wing 9'25, tail 6, culmen 1*7, tarsus 1-55.
Female. Similar to the male in colour, but much smaller, and
also the lobe beneath the chin much smaller. Total length about
23 inches, wing 7"5, culmen 1"4.
Mr. Gould says that the female is sometimes destitute of the
lobe beneath the chin ; but 1 think that he was mistaken, as every
specimen in the collection, even the young in down, is furnished
with the lobe. •
Younri ill down. Upper parts, head, neck, upper part of the
breast, sides and flanks uniform dark brown, scarcely lighter round
the face, at the base of the bill ; lower breast, abdomen, and
under tail-coverts whitish.
Hah. Australia, e.\ccpt the northern ])art, and Tasmania.
a. S "d. sk. Australia. Gould Coll.
h. Ad. sk. Australia. Purchased.
c, d. Ad. .sk. Australia. Sah in-(iodman Coll.
e. $ ad. sk. Australia. Imperial lustitute [P.].
454
/-/. d" 2 «icl. et
pull. sk.
fc. 2 ad. sk.
/, »i. ^ 2 ad. sk.
w. 2 ad. sk.
o,p. S $ ad. sk.
ly. 2 ad. sk.
ANATID^.
S. Australia.
Lawrence Kiver
{Irving).
New South Wales.
New South Wales.
Tasmania.
Tasmania.
C. D. E. Fortnum, Esq.
rp.].
Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Australian Museum [P.].
Hume Coll.
Victorian Museum [P.].
Uould Coll.
Subfamily X. MERGANETTIN^.
Key to the Genera.
a. Upper mandible with prominent lamellae on
the edges ; edges ot the upper mandible
bent inwards towards the tip ; tail-feathers
moderately broad.
a'. Edges of the upper mandible at the tip [p. 454.
not soft; wings with a distinct speculum. 59. Salvadoeina,
b'. Edges of the upper mandible at the tip [p. 455.
soft ; no wing-speculum CO. Hywenol^jiijs,
b. Upper mandible with no prominent lamellae ;
edges of the upper mandible not bent
inwards towards tbe tip; tail-feathers very [p. 457.
stift' and with very narrow webs (U. Mf,hga>'Ktta,
59. SALVADORINA.
lype.
Ssdyadonna, liothsch. Sj- Hartert, Xuvit. Zool. i. p. 683
(1894) S. waigiuensis.
Kange. Confined to ^\"aigiou.
1. Salvadorina waigiuensis.
Salvadorina waigiuensis, lioihsch. ^- Hartert, Nuvit. Zool. i. p. 683
(1894) ; Jtothsch. op. cit. ii. p. 22, pi. iii. (1895).
Adult (?) male (type). Head and neck blackish brown, the feathers
with narrow pale-brown edges ; chin Avhite ; rest of upper parts
black, with a slight gloss, and barred with Avhite ; underparts buflfy
white, with round brown spots on the lower part of abdomen and
under tail-coverts : sides of body broadly barred with brownish
black ; upper wing-coverts black, barred with white ; speculum
velvety black, but glossy green on the outer web of the last two
secondaries ; a white band anteriorly to the speculum at the tip of
the last row of the upper wing-coverts ; a broad white band at the
tip of the secondaries, forming a second alar bar; primaries uniform
brown ; under wing-coverts black, edged with white, the central
ones broadly white at the tip, the greater ones dark grey; axillaries
white, spotted with brown along the shaft : bill in dry skin brownish
yellow, with the upper part darker, the nail yellowish; feet (in
skin) yellowish brown, webs brown. Total length about 17'50
()0. HYMFNOL.EMUS. 455
inches, wing 7'o, tail 4-8, outer tail-feathers 3-2, culmen 1-4, tarsus
1-5. (RothH-hild Coll.)
It seems to me that this extremely singular bird, wliicli Messrs.
Rothschild and Hartert have done me the honour of naming after
me, has its nearest ally in Ifi/menold'mus \ and for the present I
think they must both find their ])lace near Merganettit, although
it is quite possible that they belong to a distinct subfamily. The
species of the genera IIi/iitenohrniKs and Mciyanetla are all mountain-
stream Ducks, aud I believe it will also be found that Sulfadorlna
has the same habits.
JA(l>. ^^'aigiou.
(50. HYMENOLiEMUS.
Type.
Malacorliyuchus, Jl'd///. [nee Sit:) 7.s;'.s, 1832,
p. 12-'»5 11. malacorLyuchus.
liynienolaimus, G. li. Gr. Ann. is Mag. X K.
xi. p. 370 (1843) II. malacorhyncbus.
Hvmenolteinus, Ayass. J\'ci/«. Zoul., Ind. Univ.
p. 190 (1846).
Range. Confined to the Xew Zealandian subregion.
I. Hymenolaemus malacorhynchus.
Blue-grev Duck with a soft bill, Cook, I'oy. i. pp. 72,97; Forst. Voy.
i. p. 157 (1777).
Soft-billed Duck, Lath. 8yn. iii. 2, p. 522, u. 67 (1785).
Anas malacorhvnchos, Gm. . 400 (Alpine region) ;
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 441 (1883); id. P. Z. S. 1884,
p. 389 (Zool. Gard.) ; Buller, Hist. B. Xew Zeal. 2nd ed. p. 276,
456 anatid.t:,
pi. xlv. (upper figure) (1888) ; Trigti: Cat. Coll. B. p. 48 (1889) ;
Smith, Tr. N. Z. Inst. xxi. 1888, p. 221 (1889) ; Bull. Tr. N. Z.
Inst. xxiv. 1891, p. 86 (fledgliucr and young) (1892), xxv. 1892,
p. 82 (1893).
Hymenolaimus malacorhvnclios, G. R. Gr. Sand-list, iii. p. 88,
11. 10702 (1871).
Fuligula (Hvmenolsemus) malacoi-hynelia, Rchnw. Oni. Centralbl.
1882, p. 5; id. Vbg. zool. Giirt. p. 47 (1882).
Adult male. General plumage lead-blue ; the crown of the head
and nape with an olive wash, very faint on the rest of the upper
parts, the anterior part of the head darker than the rest ; breast
thickly spotted with chestnut ; no speculum on wing ; secondaries
with a narrow white band at the tip ; tertials edged with black on
the outer web : " irides bright yellow ; bill white horn-colour, the
tip and the lateral membrane black ; legs and feet dark brown "
(Buller). Total length about 19 inches, wing 9-5, tail 4-3, culmea
1-65, tarsus 1-95.
Female. " Slightly smaller than the male, but similar in plumage,
excepting that there is little or no olive tinge on the head and upper
surface, less chestnut on the breast, while there are chestnut spots
on the under tail-coverts."
Yoimg. " General plumage lighter, and the underparts whitish ;
the green gloss which pervades the plumage of the upper parts in
the adult almost entirely absent ; hind head and nape dull cinereous
brown ; breast obscurely spotted with dusky and brown, sometimes
barred with chestnut at the insertion of the wings ; under tail-coverts
dull rufous-brown " (Buller).
Fledffling. " The colours are those of the adult, but paler. The
long, soft, white down is still present on the throat and lower side
of the cheeks, whilst broken or irregular lines of the same proceed
from the frontal base and from the sides of the upper mandible, and
become scattered beyond the eyes. The dull olive-green down, with
long disunited filaments, still adheres to the crown and other portions
of the upper surface, being most pronounced immediately above the
tail. The bill is slaty brown (in the dried specimen), the terminal
points of both mandibles and the serrated edges being dull yellow "
(Buller).
Yotmgin down. " Bill horn-colour, lightest on the lower mandible,
unguis rosy at the point ; membranous appendage slaty black, well
overlapping the lower mandible, furnished with lamellae along its
basal half, which work against the finely-serrated sides of the com-
pressed basal half of the lower mandible : body covered with thick
down, longest on the back ; upper surface dull green, brightest on
the back ; over and behind the eye irregular streaks of white ;
under surface white ; wings and upper part of thighs brownish :
tail green above, at each side a patch of chestnut ; under surface of
the tail chestnut ; legs and feet yellowish flesh-colour " (Potts).
Hah. Mountain-streams of New Zealand.
a, h. Ad. sk. et st. New Zealand. New Zealand Co. [P.].
c. Ad. St. New Zealand. P. Earl, Esq. [P.].
ni. MEKOANEXrA. 457
d. Ad. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Sir G. Grey [P.].
c. S ad. sk. Uiiskv Bay, New Zealand, Capt. Stokes [P.].
Feb. (Z)/-. LyaU).
f, g. S ad. et imm. E^linton River, S. Island, Colonial Museum [P.].
sk. N. Zealand, Feb.
h. Skeleton. Otago, New Zealand. Otago Museum [P.].
CI. MERGANETTA. t,
Type.
Merganetta, Gould, P. Z. .V. INII, ]). 9o ]M. armata.
liapliipterus, Gay, Atlaa dc Id Hist. Jis. y poUt. de Chile,
pl. — (1844, fde Des Murs, Icon. Orn., genre Merga-
netta, p. 2, 184.5) M. armata.
Rha])hipterus, Des Miirs in Gay, Hist, de Chile, Zool. i.
p. 4.J9 (1848).
Range. Confined to the Andes.
Key to the Species.
a. Lower parts not uniform cinnamon or i-eddish
fulvous. [Males.)
a' . Anterior part of the cheeks below the eyes and
throat black, like the breast.
a" . White of the superciliary stripe separated
by a vertical black band from the triangular
white patch before the eyes franata, p. 4.58.
b" . White of the superciliary stripe continuous
with the white of the triangular patch
before the eyes armata, p. 4.58.
b' . Cheeks and throat white.
c" . Breast and flanks black : feathers of the
back edged with rufous-brown turneri, p. 460.
d". Breast and flanks not black, but whitish,
the feathers with dusky mesial spots or
stripes.
a". Feathers of the bock and scapulars edged
with greyish white, lower parts tinged
with pale reddish yarleppi, p. 460.
b'". Feathers of the back and scapulars edged
with olive-brown.
«'. Ground-colour of breast and abdomen
whitish with a slight rusty tinge .... leiicogenys, p. 461.
b\ Ground-colour of breast and abdomen
white Columbiana, p. 462.
b. Lower parts uniform cinnamon or reddish fulvous.
(Females),
c'. Hind part of the cheeks and sides of the neck
undulated with gi'ey and black narrow bands.
e" . L'nderparts of a deep cinnamon colour.
c'". Under wing-coverts uniform lead-grey . . armata, p. 458.
d'". Under wing-coverts lead-grey, undu-
lated with whitish ( Taczamncski) leucoyenys, p. 461.
f. Underparts of a cinnamon colour, lighter
than in the female of .M. armata turneri, p. 460.
d'. Hind part of the cheeks and sides of tiie neck
like the whole of the underparts, uniform ful-
vous Columbiana, p. 462.
458 ANATID^.
1. Merganetta frsenata, sp. n. (Plate V.)
Adult male. Similar to the male of M. armata, but differs in
having a black band over and before the eyes joining the black of
the pileum, so that on the lores, anteriorly, there is a triangular
white patch completely separated from the white superciliary stripe ;
the lower parts are of a paler reddish than in M. armata, and the
feathers with broader mesial black stripes ; lower abdomen and
under tail-coverts Idackcr. Total length about IS inches, wing 7,
tail 4'4, culmeu 1'2, tarsus I'G.
Female. Unknown.
Hah. Chili, but the exact locality unknown.
a. d ad. sk. Central Chili. H. Berkeley James, Esq. [P.].
(Type of the species.)
2. Merganetta armata.
Anas ?, Bridges, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 95 (Andes of Chili).
Merganetta armata, Gould, P. Z. S. 1841, p. Oo (Andes of Chili) ;
Frafier, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 119 ; G. P. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p. 148 (1844); Graij ^- Mitch. Gen. B. iii. p. 628, pi. 170 ( rj )
(1844) ; Rchnb. Si/n. Av., Natatores, t. 78. f. 897 (1845) (e.r Gr. Sr
Mitch.) ; Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pi. 48 ( $ , ChiH) (1847) ; G. R. Gr.
Gen. B., App. p. 28 (part.) (1849); Rchjib. .Sy«. ^4y., Natatores,
t. 79. ff. 3223-24 (1850) ; id. Av. 8yst. Nat. p. ix, tab. vi. (1852) ;
Cass. U.S. Astron. E.vped. ii. p. 204 (1856) : Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 340 ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Exot. Orn. p. 200 (1869) ; Eyt. Syn. Anat.
p. 140 (part.) (1869); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10725
(1871); Sclat. ^- Salv. Kotnencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 131 (1873); iid.
P. Z. S. 1876, p. 406 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 530 ; Crawford,
.icross the Pampas and Andes, pp. 235, 236 (1884) ; Berk. James,
Netv List Chil. B. p. 10, n. 163 (1892).
Rapbipterus chileusis, Gay, Atlas Hist. fs. y polit. de Chile, pi. —
(1844).
Merganetta chilensis, Des Murs, Icon. Orn. pi. 5 (c?) (1845) ; Eyt.
Syn. Anat. p. 141 (syn. emend.) (1869).
Rhaphipterus chilensis, Des Murs, in Gaifs Hist, de Chile, Zool. i.
p. 459 (1848) ; Phil. ^- Landh. Cat. Av.' Chile, p. 43 (1868).
Biziura armata, Schleg. Mas. P.-B., Auseres, p. 12 (svn. emend.)
(1866) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 467 (syn. emend.) (1872).
Rhaphipterus armatus, Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 150
(1872); Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 3; id. Vog. zool. Gdrt.
p. 42 (1882); Hein. S,- Rchnw. Norn. Mns. Hein. Orn. p. 350
(1890).
Adult male. Head and neck white ; crown, a stripe along the
middle of the hind neck, two bands starting behind the eyes and
running down on the sides of the hind neck, anterior part of the
cheeks, throat and breast deep black ; a superciliary stripe confluent
on the occiput and a triangular patch on the lores white ; feathers
of the back and scapulars long and narrow, black along the middle
01. JIKKCiA.VKTTA. 459
and broadly edged with white on botli webs : lower back and rump
of a lead-colour ; upper tail-coverts minutel}' banded with blackish
and whitish ; breast aud abdomen rufous, with black streaks along
the middle of the feathers; sides and flanks blackish, finely dotted
more or less with rufous ; under tail-coverts blackish, stained more
or less with rufous and grey ; wing-coverts bluish lead-colour ;
speculum ou the secondaries glossy green ; two white bands across
the wings, one at the tip of the greater coverts, the other at the tip
of the secondaries ; primaries brown ; tertials of a bluish lead-
colour ; under wing-coverts and axillaries greyish ; tail-feathers
greyish brown, with the shafts whitish above, pure white below :
bill yellow ; feet reddish ; " iride castanea " {Museo C'hileno). Total
leugth about 17 inches, wing 7'-5, tail o'25, culmen 1*4, tarsus I'ti.
Female. Upper part of the head and middle of the nape of a lead-
colour ; posterior half of the cheeks and sides of the neck with
narrow black and grey bands ; anterior part of the cheeks, throat,
breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts of a bright cinnamon-
colour ; feathers of the back and scapulars black along the middle,
edged with grey on both webs ; lower back, rump, upper tail-
coverts, wings, and tail as in the male. In size somewhat less than
the male.
Yoimg male. Upper parts almost the same as in the females, but
the upper part of the head of a dull brown-grey ; on the head many
black feathers, showing the transition from youth to adult stage ;
lower parts white ; sides barred with white and blackish brown ;
a few cinnamon feathers on the abdomen and uuder tail-coverts,
showing that young males also pass through the female plumage.
Younrj ill down. Upper parts pale brown, underparts white ;
sides of the head white, with a brown band from behiud the eye to
the occiput ; a white patch on the interscapular region ; two white
bands from the scapular region along the sides of the back and
rump to the sides of the base of the tail ; wings pale brown,
broadl}- edged with white on the posterior edge; tail-feathers much
developed, whitish, freckled with brown, and with a subapical brown
band and a white one at the tip [Mus. Turhi).
Hah. Elvers of the Chilian Andes.
a. S juv. ?k.
Chili.
Old Coll.
b,c.cS2 fid. St.
Chili.
T. Bridges, Esq. [C.].
(Tvpes of the species.)
d, e. S 2 ad. st.
Chili.
f. Bridges, E.>q. [C.].
/, ff. 9 imni. et
Chili.
Purchased.
V juv. St.
h-o. d" 2 ad. et
Central Chili.
II. Berkelev James,
c? juv. sk.
Esq. [P.]:
p. S ad. sk.
Colchagua, Chili, June ( IVeiss-
haupt).
Salvin-Liodman Coll.
q. ^ iinm. sk.
Chilian Andes (F. C. Heed).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
r-u. d 2 ad. et
Andes (of ChiU?) {Bridi/es).
Eyton Coll.
5 juv. sk.
V. ykeleton.
4 GO
3. Merganetta turneri.
Merganetta leucogenys, Sclat. i§- Salv. {nee Tsch.) P. Z. S. 1869,
p. 157 (S. Peru, Tinta, Elvers of the Cuzcan Andes).
Merganetta turneri, Sclaf. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 600 ; iid. E.rot.
Orn. p. 199, 1. 100 (1869) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 91, n. 10726
(1871) ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 131 (1873) ; iid.
P. Z. S. 1874, p. 679: iid. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 407 ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1880, p. 532 ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 488 (1886).
Biziura turneri, Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 468 (1872).
Rhaphipterus tmueri, Rchnw. Orn. Centralbl. 1882, p. 3.
Adult male. Neck and sides of the head white ; pileum black, the
black continued in a black nuchal band ; a narrow band surrounding
the bill, a spot before the ej-es, and a band from the eyes along the
sides of the neck black ; a broad superciliary band extending on both
sides of the back of the neck white ; lower part of the neck, upper
breast, and flanks black ; feathers of the back and scapulars black,
edged on both sides with rufous-brown ; rump lead-colour, sides of
the rump and upper tail-coverts undulated with narrow black and
white-grey lines ; lower breast and abdomen dark reddisb grey, the
feathers with broad mesial black streaks ; vent and under tail-
coverts almost entirely black, only some feathers partly undulated
with black and grey lines ; wings exactly as in M. armafa ; tail
brown, with the shaft paler above, white underneath. Total length
about 17 inches, wing 7-4 (not 6-4 as stated in the original de-
scription), tail 5, culmen 1-2, tarsus 1"6.
Female. Similar to the female of M. armata, only the cinnamon-
colour of the underparts paler.
Hah. Andes of Southern Peru.
a. c? ad. sk. Tinta, S. Peru {Turner).
b. 5 ad. sk. Tinta, S. Peru, July {H.
Whitely).
Salvin-Hodman Coll. |
Sidviu-Godnian Coll. )'
(Types of the species.)
4. Merganetta garleppi.
? Merganetta leucogenvs, Boeck, Mitth. orn. J'er. in Wien, 1884,
p. 164 (Bolivia) (Extract, p. 25).
Rhaphipterus leucogenys, part., Rchmv. Oni. Centralbl. 1882, p. 3
(Bolivia).
Merganetta garleppi, Perl. Orn. Monatsber. ii. p. 110 (1894)
(Bolivia and Tucunian).
Adult male (type). Very similar to the male of M. armata on
the upper parts, having the feathers of the back edged with white ;
but differs in having the edges of the scapulars not pure white, but
grey, sprinkled with black dots : no black band across the breast,
which is whitish, changing into pale reddish white on the lower
parts ; sides of the head white, with a small black spot anteriorly
to the eyes as in M. cohimhiana ; under wing-coverts uniform lead-
grey ; under tail-coverts blacker than in 31. columbiana, to which
perhai^s it is most nearly related. The wing-speculum apparently
61. MEUGANErXA. 461
broader than in tho allied species. Total length about 17 inches,
wing 7, tail -1'75, culiuen 1 ■!)(), tarsus 1*6 (Mus, Berlepsch).
Female. Unknown.
Hah. Bolivia and Tucuman.
a. (S ad. sk. No locality. Gould Coll.
(Compared with the type.)
5. Merganetta leucogenys.
Anas leucogenls (sic), Tsch. Wieym. Arch. 1843, i. p. 390 (.\i;des of
Peru); Gieb. Then. Orn. i. p. 3r,5 (1872).
Erlsiuatura leucogenys, Tsch. Wieym. Arch. 1844, i. p. 31G,
n. 348.
Merganetta leucogenys, Tsch. Fauna Per., Aves, pp. 5o, 311, t. x.txvi.
(1846); Rchnb. Si/n. An., Natatores, t. 79. f. 2325 (1850) (e.v
Tschudi); Up. Coiiipt. li-nd. xliii. p. 652, n. 165 (part.) (1856);
Sclat. Sf Salr. P. Z. S. lS(i!), p. 601 (part.) ; iid. Kntt. Orn. p. 200
(part.) (1869) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 91, ii. 10727 (part.)
(1871) ; !'. O. U. List B it. B. p. 137 (1883) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8tli ed.
p. 442 (1883) ; Trktr. Faun. 4'- Flor. of Palest, p. 118 (1884) ;
Sannd. YarrelCs Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 499 (1884-85) ; Sed). Hist.
Brit. B. p. 636, pi. 07 (eg?) (1885) ; Scully, J. A. S. B. hi. p. 89
(1887); Keid, Str. Feath. x. p. 8o (Lucknow) (1887); Diirries,
J. f. O. 1888, p. 95 (E. Siberia) ; Seeb. B. Jaj). Emj). p. 259
(1890); Rckmc. J. f. O. 1890, p. 84; Hartert, Kat. Voyelsamml
p. 234 (1891); Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xix. pi. — (1891);
Sharpe, Cat. Ost. Specim. R. C. S. iii. p. 312 (1891) ; Dub. Faun.
Vert. Behu, Ois. ii. p. 509, pi. 273 (1893) ; Wallemjr. J.f. O. 1893.
p. 168 (Swedeu).
Mergus miuutus, Linn. S. N. i. p. 209, n. 6 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i. 2,
p. 148, n. 0 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 832, n. 7 (1790) ; Bechst.
Orn. Tasehenb. ii. p. 400 (1803) ; Vicill. N. D. xiv. p. 233 (1817) ;
Dnm. Diet. Sc. Nat. xx. p. 296 (=albellus 2) (1821); Brehm,
Isis, 1830, p. 999, u. 2; id. Vog. Deutsckl. p. 942 (1831).
Mergus albuliis. Scop. Aym. i. Hist. Nat. p. 71, n. 91 (1709) ; v.
Paula Schrank, Faim. Boica, i. p. 237 (1798).
Mergus panuouicus, Scop. I. c. p. 72, n. 92 (1769).
Merganser ciuereus, Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. v. t. 511 (c? juv.) (177G).
Merganser minor, Gerini, op. cit. t. 513 ('^n I17m\ «- / ^
Prister, ^««e, i\ro,„. "if;,;; Hdn:Om. p'.SoO (isOO) '
Br^^^^Sl^LSr"' ''°^^'^™ '"^^^' ^--tic Region, S.E,
Typo.
M. castor.
M. castor.
M. brasilianus.
Key to the Species.
whtte ^'"''-""^''"^^ "^^ d"«ky 8-r«y edged with
""■ tXe/wtte"' *'° "^^'^' ^^^" *^^ >--
"'■ "']'''")■', f "^,''"'1^ ''''"t*^ = ™^l''s with the
head black glossed with green; females
with the head rufous-brown, and throat
conspicuously white.
«'. No conspicuous black band across the
wing at the base of the greater wino--
coverts. °
a\ Larger; culmen 2'20-2-40 inches:
leathers of the hind part of the head
very full, but not very long and not
torining a prominent crest ; head of
the females of a deep and brio-ht
cLGsttmt ^
h\ Smaller; culmen'l-oblo-io :' feather's '"'*"''' ^" ^'^^■
of the hind part of the head rather
thin and long, and forming decidedly
a prominent crest; liead of the female
ot a dull and pale rufous, and with
the antenor part of the crown tin"-ed
■with greyish .. . °
b\ A conspicuous black band 'acVo'ss " the '' ^^ ^'''-
wmg, at the base of the greater win^-
coverts . . ^ .
b\ Feathers of the' sides 'and flanks with con! '"'''"''"'''"'' ?• ^'^^
spicuous crescentic bands ; head above
brown-rufou.s, sides of the head and
tliroat paler; occipital crest very lono-
{male immature?) ^ °
b". Adistinct whitecollar round VhVn^ck ddine; ^'^"«'«"^"*' P" ^'^^
the black of the upper part from the reddish
breast, which ,s streaked with dusky
flanks waved with black and whitish zL'
zag hues ; head and upper part of the neck
black with a green gloss {males) ; throat of
the female not white but rufescent ,,,,„,„, 4^9
472 ANATID^.
b' . Flanks dark lead-grey, almost uniform ; under
tail-coverts dusky grey, edjjed with white;
head brown-rufous, apparently in both sexes . auatralis, p. 484. ^
h. Lower parts barred with white and blackish .... brasilkmus, p. 485.
1. Merganser castor.
The Goosander.
Merganser, Briss. Om. vi. p. 231, pi. xxii. (c?) (1760).
Merganser cinereus, Briss. op. cit. p 255, pi. xxv. ( $ ) (1760).
Mergus rubricapilla, Brunn. Om. Bor. p. 22, n. 93 (1764).
Mergus merganser, Linn. S. N. i. p. 208, n. 2 ( J ) (176G) ; Gin. S. N.
i. 2, p. 544, n. 2 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Om. ii. p. 828, n. 1 (1790) ;
Pall. Zooyr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 286 (1811) (Kurile I.) ; Tcmm. Man.
cFOm. p. 575 (1815); Vieill. N. D. xiv. p. 219 (1817); Temm.
Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 881 (1820) ; Dimi. Diet. Sc. Nat. xx. p. 292
(1821) ; Faber, Prodr. d. isl. Om. p. 64 (1822) ; Flem. Phil, of
Zool. ii. p. 261 (1822) ; Boie, Isis, 1822, p. 564; Licht. Verz. Douhl.
p. 85 (1823) ; Brehm, Lehrh. eur. Vog. p. 852 (1823) ; Yarr. Tr.
Linn. Sue. xv. p. 391, pi. xv. f. 9 (sternum), tf. a, e, h (trachea)
(1827) ; Bp. Speech. Comp. p. 74, n. 236 (1827) ; Flem. Brit. An.
p. 128 (1828) ; Less. Man. d Om. ii. p. 420 (1828) ; Brehm, Isis,
1830, p. 999, n. 1 (Iceland) ; id. Handb. Vog. BeutscU. p. 943
(18;)1) ; Less. Tr. d'Om. p. 635 (1831) ; Savi, Om. Tosc. iii. p. 122
(1831); Jen. Man. p. 249 (1835); Gould, B. of Fur. v. pi. 384
(1.^37) ; Fyt. Mo?i. Anat. p. 173 (1838); Temm. Man. iv. p. 556
(1840) (Japan) ; Strickl. Atin. Sr Mag. N. H. viii. p. 545 (1842) ;
Selys-L. Faun. Belg. i. p. 147 (1842) ; Schleg. Rev. Crit. p. exxi
(1844) ; Nau7n. Vb'g. Dentschl. xii. p. 3-56, t. 326 (1844) ; Hartl.
Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 121 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. List. B. Brit. Mm. iii.
p. 147 Cpart.) (1844) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Natatores, t.73. ff. 94, 95,
884 (1845) ; Less. Descr. Mamm.et Ois. p. 252 (1847) ; Degl. Om.
Eur. ii. p. 478 (1849) : Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 129
(1850) (Japan) ; Hansmajiti, Naumannia, 1852, Heft ii. p. 124 (Uu-
berow, breeding) ; Midd. Reis. Sibir. ii. 2, p. 238 (1853) ; Tobias,
J.f. O. 1853, p. 218 (Oberlausitz) ; Piissl. ibid. pp. 242, 323 (Lap-
land) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854) ; Vanger. J.f. 0. 1855,
p. 345 (Mark); 71/m;;. j;/.0.1856,p.232 (Provence); Kittl.Denkw.
ii. p. 248 (1858) ; Powys, Ibis, 1860, p. 354 (Ionian I.) ; Schrenck,
Vog. Amur-L. p. 485 (I860) ; Sioinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 344 (N. China) ;
id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 323 ; Radde, Reis. S. O.-Sibir. ii. p. 378 (1863) ;
Salvttd.J.f. 0. 1866, p. 326; Schley. Mus. P.-B. , Anseres, p. 2
(part.) (1866); Dei/l. ^ Gerbe, Om. Eur. ii. p. 569 (1867); Iloltz,
J.f. O. 1868, p. 127 ; S. Miill. J.f. 0. 1869, p. 349 (Faroe) ; Eyt.
Syn. Anat. p. 1.33 (1869) ; Przew. Voy. n. 212 (1867-69) ; id.
Putesch Ussur. n. 212 (1870) ; Elwes ^ Biiekl. Ibis, 1870, p. 340
(Bosphorus); Homey. J.f. O. 1870, p. 434 ; David, N. Arch, du
Mus., Bull. vii. Cat. n. 435 (1871) ; Saund. Ibis, 1871, p. 397
(Spain) ; Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 150 (1872) ; Gieb.
Thes. Om. ii. p. 570 (part.) (1875); Irby, Om. Str. of Gibralt.
p. 206 (Marocco) ; Dress. B. of Eur. vi. p. 685, pi. 452 (1875) ;
Pahnen, J. f.O. 1876, p. 62 (Finland) ; Tacz. Faun. Vost. Sibir.
p. 72 (1877) ; id. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 48 (1877) ; David ^
Oust. Ois. Chine, p. 510 (1877); Pleske, J.f. O. 1878, p. 94 ;
Gigl. Icon. Avif. Ital. fasc. iii. tav. 3(59 (1879) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1880, p. 631 ; Buehan. Pr. Phi/s. Soc. Edinb. v. pp. 189-193 (Scot-
land) (1880) ; Brandt, J. f. 6. 1880, p. 260; Bolau, J. f. 0. 1881,
64. MEEOANSEK. 473
p. (ifj (part.); Rchnw. Oni. Centralbl. 1882, p. 2 ; id. Vlig. zool.
Giirt. p. 41 ( 1882) ; Salv. Cat. B. Sfnc/d. Coll. p. nil (1882) ; B. O.
U. List Brit. B. ]). 13(5 ( 1883) ; Scluf. List Vert. An. 8tli cd. p. 442
(1883) ; Tmz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 344 (1883) (Kamtscliat-
ka); Dabrowsky, MT. orn. Vcr. Wien, 1884, pp. 84, 85 (ISosuia) ;
lindde, Ornis Caucus, p. 465 (1884); Snund. Yarrell's Ilist. Brit.
B. iv. p. 488 (1884-85) ; Seeb. Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 625, pi. 67
(eo-g) (1885) ; Salvud. El. Ucc. Ital. p. 2G9 (1886) ; Borries, J. f. 0.
1888, p. 95 (E. Siberia) ; Ilartwiij, J. f. 0. 18«9, p. 151 (North
Cape); Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 46 (part!) (1889); Seeb. B. Japan.
Emp. p. 257 (1890) ; Itclmw. J. f. 0. 1890, p. 85 ; Floericke, J.f. 0.
1891, p. 198 (Schleaia, breeding') ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml.
p. 234 (1891) ; S/iarpe, Cat. Osteol. Specim. li. C. S. iii. p. 311
(1891) ; Dubois, Faun. Vert. Belt/., Ois. ii. p. 513 (part.), pi. 274
(1893) ; Walle>ir/r. J. f. 0. 1893, p. 168 (Sweden).
Merg-us castor, Linn. S.'N. i. p. 209, n. 4 (J) (1766); Gm. S. N.
i. 2, p. 545 /3 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 829, n. 2 (1790) ;
£reh7n, Ids, 1830, p. 999, n. 2 ; id. Handb. Voy. Deutschl.
p. 944 (1831); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 629, n. 1 (syn. emend.)
(1844) ; Bhjth, Cat. B. Mus. A. S. B. p. 308, n. 1798 (part.)
(1849) ; Gould, B. Great Brit. v. pi. 34 (pt. x., 1866) ; Swinh.
F. Z. S. 1871, p. 416 (China) ; G. R. Gr. HamUist, iii. p. 91,
n. 10728 (syn. emend.) (1871); Stci7ih. Ibis, 1875, p. 456 (Hako-
dadi) ; Blcikist. i^ Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 215 (Japan) ; iid. Tr. As.
Soc. Jap. viii. p. 187 (1880), x. p. 101 (1882).
Mergus gulo, AScop. Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 69, n. 88 (1769).
? Merg-us ajthiops, &o;7. Ami. i. Hist. Nat. p. 70, n. 90 (1769).
Mergiis asiaticus, S. G. Gmel. Reise d. Russl. ii. p. 188, t. 20 (1774) ;
Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 548, n. 6^ (1787).
Mergo-Oca, Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. v. tt. 508, 512 (J ad.), 510 ( ?)
(1776).
Goosander, Penn. Brit. Zool. n. 260, t. 92. f. 1 (1776) ; id. Arct. Zool.
ii. p. 537, n. 465 (1785) ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 418, n. 1 (178-5).
Dun Diver or Sperling-Fowl, Fenn. Brit. Zool. ii. p. 557, t. 92. f. 2
( $ ) (1776) ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 420, n. 2 (1785).
liarle, D'Aubent. Fl. Enl. 051 (cJ), 952 ( $) ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.
viii. p. 267, pi. 33 (1781).
Mergus rubricapillus, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 545 y (1788).
Merganser raucodula, Schaef. Mus. Orn. p. 66, n. 210, t. 43 (1789).
Merganser castor, Schaeff. Mus. Orn. p. 67, n. 212 (1789) ; Bonn.
Enc. Mith. i. p. 103, n. 4 (?) (1790); Bp. Comp. List, p. 59,
n. 433 (18:58) ; id. Cat. Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 75 (1842) ; Macyill.
Mu7i. Orn. ii. p. 194 (1842) ; id. Hist. Brit. B. v. p. 207 (1852) ;
Bp. Cotnpt. Rend, xliii. p. 652, n. 166 (1856) ; Loche, Cat. M.et O.
Alger, p. 146 (1858).
Merganser aithiojis, Scharff. Mus. Orn. p. 67, n. 213 (1789).
Merganser ranceduhi (/cyf raucedula), Bonn. Enc. Mith. i. p. 101,
pi. 26. f. 4 (c?) (1790) {ex Gesner, Av. 133, 134).
? Merganser leucomelanus, Schraiik, Faun. lioic. i. p. 238 (1798).
Merganser raii. Leach, Cat. M. <<)• B. Brit. Mus. p. 36 (1816) ; Steph.
Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 161, pi. 53 ((5') (1824).
Merganser fjulo. Leach, I. c. (1816).
Mergus (^lerganscr) castor, part., K. ^- B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ixxxviii,
231 (1840).
Mergus orientalis, Goidd, P. Z.S. 1845, p. 1, part. (Amoy) ; Hein. Sf
Rchntv. Nam. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 350 (Japan) (1890).
Merganser aldrov.uidi, liehnb. Av. Syst. Nat. p. ix, tab. vii. (1862)
{c.r Ray).
474 ANATIDiE.
Merg'us major, C. F. Dubois, PL Col. Ois. Belg. iii. pi. et p. 268
(1860).
Mergus pusillus, Eyt. Syn. Anat. p. 138 (1869) (Amoy) (=orientalis,
Gould).
Merganser merganser, Stejn. Orn. Expl. Kamtsch. p. 176 (1885) ;
Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 88 (1887).
Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck black, glossed with
bottle-green ; the occipital feathers elongated, but not forming a
distinct crest, except when erected ; lower part of neck and
mantle white ; back and scapulars glossy black ; lower part of
the back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail ashy, the basal tail-
coverts paler, the longest with the shafts blackish, and the centre
darker ; underparts white, on the breast and abdomen, especially in
freshly killed specimens, delicate pale salmon-colour ; lower flanks
at the base of the tail and outer under tail- coverts finely vermicu-
lated with grej' ; iipper wing-coverts, median and inner secondaries
white, the latter edged with black on the outer web ; outer scapu-
lars white ; primaries, primary- coverts, and outer secondaries
brown-black, but the secondaries white at the tip ; marginal under
wing-coverts brown, edged with white, the remainder, with the
axillaries, white : bill deep vermilion-red, the ridge of the upper
mandible and the tooth blackish ; iris deep reddish brown ; legs
vermilion-red. Total length about 28 inches, wing 11*25, tail5-25,
culmen 2-45, tarsus 1*95.
Female. Head and upper neck deep rusty, duller on the crown
and anterior part of head ; throat conspicuously white ; the rusty
colour of the neck sharply defined below ; feathers of the crown and
nape much elongated, forming a crest when erected ; lower neck
grey, with the edges of the feathers whitish ; upper parts generally,
including the inner secondaries, scapulars, and wing-coverts, ashy
grey, many of the feathers with dark shafts ; primaries, primary-
coverts, and outer secondaries black, with a greyish tinge ; median
secondaries white, with only the concealed base of the feathers
blackish grey ; outer greater wing-coverts blackish, median white
with a dark grey band at the tip, the inner ones grey like the back ;
marginal under wing-coverts dark grey edged with white, the
greater ones uniform grey, the remainder like the axillaries white ;
tail grey like the back ; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts
white, the marginal ones of the latter with a V-shaped grey mark,
and the longest freckled with grey ; flanks grey, with the edges of
the feathers whitish ; soft parts as in the male, but not so brightly
coloured. Total length about 23 inches, wing 10-5, tail 5, culmen
1-9, tarsus 1-75.
Young in first jilumage closely resemble adult females, but have
shorter crests, and brown instead of grey markings on the breast
and flanks ; males may be distinguished by paler feathers on
the median wing-coverts and outer scapulars, and darker feathers
on the inner scapulars (SeeboJim).
Males in first nuptial dress have more grey on the shoulders than
adults.
G4. MEEGANSER.
475
Males in moulting plumage closely resemble adult females, but
have traces of a black ring round the neck, arc darker on the back
and shoulders, and show the whitish wing of the immature bird
{Seehohm).
Young in down. Similar to that of M. serrator, but perhaps not
so dark on the upper parts.
Hah. Northern jjarts of the Palcearctic region, from Western
Europe to Kamtschatka ; in winter extends from Southern Europe
and the basin of the Mediterranean to China and Japan.
et 6
et
a. (S ad. sk.
6. 2 ad. sk.
c, d. Pull, st
e. cS ad. St.
/. Juv. St.
(/. (S ad. St.
/i, i. d ad.
juv. sk.
A-. ■ 5 ad. sk.
/, m, n. J 5 ad. st.
o. 2 ad. St.
p, q. (S iuini
$ ad. sk.
r. 5 ad. St.
s. 2 ad. sk.
t. 2 ad.. St.
u. 2 ad. sk.
r, %v. 2 ad. et S
juv. sk.
.7-.'2 ad.sk.
y. 2 ad. sk.
z. 2 ad. sk.
a , b\ c . s, ibid. p. 348
(Dehing river); Sharpe, Sec. Yark. Miss., Aves, p. 133 (1891);
Oust. Ann. Sc. Nat., Zool. (7) xii. p. 318, d. 56 (1892) ; id. Nouv.
Arch. Mas. (3) vi. p. 103 (1894).
Similar to M. castor, but somewhat smaller, the feathers of the
crost thinner, narrower, and longer ; the bill usually shorter ; the
male has the black edges of the tertials broader, the lower back and
rump paler grey and usually much freckled with white : " bill deep
red, almost vermilion in some, a cinnabar or deep blood-red iu
others ; the nail and a stripe along the culmon, from the nail to the
forehead, black ; lower mandible wholly orange ; irides deep red ;
legs and feet bright vermilion " (Hume). Total length 25 to 27
inches, wing 10-95-11-8, tail from vent 4-80-5-9, culmen 1-90-2-10,
tarsias 1-C8-1-80.
The female differs from that of M. castor in having the head
lighter rufous chestnut, with a distinct greyish wash on the upper
part ; size somewhat smaller than that of the male.
Hah. Central Asia, with the Himalayas, where it breeds,
a. 2 ad. sk. Tanktzo, Afghanistan, Sept. India Museum [P.].
{F. Stoliczka).
b. cS juv. sk. Bala Morghab, Afghanistan, Afghan Delimitation
Jan. (Aitchison), Comm. [P.].
c. cJ ad. St. India. Old CoU.t
* Under the name of M. orientalis, Gould described a female from Amoy,
which I do not think different from M. castor ; at the same time he said, " I be-
lieve a male of this bird is in the British Museum." The latter bird is still in
the Museum, and no doubt it belongs to the Central Asiatic and Indian form.
t This is the male bird mentioned by Gould iu his description of M. orientalis,
P. Z. S. 1845, p. 2 ; the female from Amoy, belonging to M. castor, is to be taken
as the type of M. orientalis.
64. MEBOAN8ER.
477
d. 9 ad. sk.
e. $ ad. sk.
f-k.
I- 2
S 2 ad. sk.
ad. sk.
m-y. (5 2 fid. et
5 jUT. sk.
2. (5 ad. sk.
a'-h'. S 2 ad. et
6 jUT.sk.
»■'. 2 ad. sk.
A;', c? ad. sk.
/'. $ ad. sk.
m'. (5 ad. sk.
«'. d" ad. sk.
o'-y'. d" 2 ^fl- sk.
?o'. c? ad. sk.
.r'. Steruum.
India.
Indus River, Sept. (J. Bid-
dulph).
Nepal (Hodgson).
Native Sikhini, Jan. (L. Man-
delli.)
Native Sikhim, Nov. -Dec,
April (L. MandeUi).
Sikhim (i. MiindelH).
Sikliim, Feb. {L. MandeUi).
Sikhim, Dec.
Near Darjeeling:.
Suddya, Assam, Feb.
Bengal [Hardwicke) .
I>inapur.
]\lahanadi, Raipur Dist., Jan.
Kukii-noor {Prjevalsky).
Purchased.
Tweeddale Coll.
India Museum [P.].
Hume Coll. (Tj-pe
of the species.)
Hume Coll.
Hume CoU. (Type
of the species.)
Hume Coll.
J. Biddulph, Esq:
[P.].
Ilimie Coll.
Hume CoU.
India Museum [P.].
Capt. S. Pin-svUl [P.].
Hume Coll.
Seebohm Coll.
3. Merganser americanus.
Merpus merganser, Wils. (riec Linn.) Am. Orn. viii. p. 68, pi. 68 (1814) ;
Vieill. N. D. xiv. p. l'19 (part.) (1817) ; Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat. xx.
p. 292 (part.) (1821) ; Sp. Ohs. Wils. n. 248 (1825) ; id. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ii. p. 397, u. 347 (1826) ; id. Speeek. Ctnnp. p. 74, n. 2G0
(1827) ; /(/. Syn. p. 397 (1828) ; Douyhty, Cab. X. H. i. p. 109,
pi. 10 (18.30) ;■ Sic. S,-Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 461 (1831) ; Xidt.
Man. ii. p. 460 (1834) ; Eyt. Mem. Anat. p. 173 (part.) (1838)
(America, Peru !) ; Aud. Orn. Bioyr. iv. p. 261, pi. 331 (1838);
id. Syn. p. 297 (1838); id. £. Am. vi. p. 387, pi. 411 (1843);
G. B. Gr. List B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 147 (e, f) (1844) ; Giraud, B.
Lonq Isl. p. 339 (1844) ; Wied, J.f. O. 1859, p. 241 (N. America) ;
Sehky. Mns. P.-B., Anseres, p. 2 (part.) (1866) : Allen, Bull. Mus.
C. Z. iii. p. 183 (1872) ; Cones, Key, p. 296 (1872) ; id. Check-list,
n. 521 (1873) : id. B. N.-West, p. 583 (part.) (1874) ; Gieb. Thes.
Orn. ii. p. 570 (part.) (1875) ; Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 117,
n. 743 (1882) ; id. Key X. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 710, n. 743 (1884) ;
Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 46, specim. d (1889) ; Brandt, J. f. 0.
1891, p. 269 (Sitka).
Merganser castor, Bp. {nee Linn.) Comp. List, p. 59, n. 399 (1838).
Mergus americanus, Cass. Pr. Acad. Philad. 1853, p. 187 ; id. U.S.
Expl. E.vped., Orn. p. 345 (1858) (Oregon) ; Baird, B. X. Am.
p. 813 (1858) ; id. Cat. X. Am. B. n. 611 (1859) ; Coop. Sms. Orn. vi. p. 237, pi. xxiii. (c?) (1760);
Briinn. Om. Bor. p. 23, nn. 94, 95 (1764).
Merganser leucomelanus, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 250 (1760).
Merganser niger, Briss. Orn. vi. p. 251 (1760) {ex Gesner).
Mergus serratus, Briinn. Orn. Bor. p. 23, n. 96 (1764) ; Om. S. N. i.
2, p. 546/3 (1788).
Mergus serrator, Linn. S. N. i. p. 208, n. 3 (1760) ; Gtn. S. X. i. 2,
p. 546, n. 3 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 829, n. 4 (1790) ; id.
Trans. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 121, t. xvi. ff. 1, 2 (trachea) (1798) ; /%.
Prodr. J,. 278 (1811); Pall. Zoor/r. Rosso- As. ii. p. 287 (1811);
Wils. Am. Orn. viii. p. 81, pi. 60 (1814) ; Temm. Man. p. 579
(1815); Vieill. N. D. xiv. pp, 221, 223 (var.) (1817); Temm.
Man. 2nd ed. ii. p. 884 (1820); Bum. Did. Sc. Nat. xx. p. 294
(1821); Flem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 261 (1822) ; Boie, Lis, 1822,
p. 564 ; Lic/it. Verz. Doubt, p. 85 (1823) ; Sabine, Frankl. Journ.,
App. p. 702 (1823) ; Brehm, Lehrb. eiir. Viiy. p. 855 (1824) ; Bp.
Obs. Wik. n. 249 (1825) ; id. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. p. 397, n. .348
(1820) ; id. Speech. Co7)ij). p. 74 (1827) ; id. Spi. p. 397, n. 348
(1828); Flem. Brit. An. p. 129 (1828); Less. Man. d'Orn. ii.
p. 420 (1828) ; IJrehm, Isis, 1830, p. 1000, u. 1 ; id. Viig. Deutschl.
p. 945(1831); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 635 (1831); Savi, Orn. Tosc.
iii. p. 120 (1831) ; Su\ ^- Rich. Faun. Bor.-Am. ii. p. 462 (1831) ;
Nutt. Man. ii. p. 463 (1834) ; Jen. Man. p. 249 (1835); Gould, B.
Eur. V. pi. 385 (1837) ; Er/t. Mon. Atiat. p. 175, pLs. 16 (anatomy),
17 (skeleton and trachea) (1838) ; Aud. Orn. Biogr. v. p. 92,
pi. 401 (18.38); iV/. -SVw- P- 298 (1839); Temm. Man. iv. p. 5.50
(1840) (.Japan); K. ^- B. Wirbelth. Eur. pp. Ix.xxviii, 231 (1840);
Selys-L. Faun. Belg. i. p. 147 (1842) ; Macgill. Man. ii. p. 194
(1842) ; Hchley. Reo. Crit. p. cxxi (1844) ; Naum. Vik/. Deutschl.
xii. p. 333, Taf. 325 (1844) ; Harfl. Verz. Ges. 3L(S. p. 121 (1844);
G. R. Gr. List B. IJrit. 3/«s. p. 147 ( 1844) ; id. Gen. B. iii. p. 629,
n. 2 (1844); DeKa,/, N. 1'. Zool. ii. p. 319 (1844) ; Giraial, B.
Lom/ Isl. p. 342 (1844) ; Rchnb. Si/n. Av., Xatatores. t. 73. ff. 90-
93 \lS-io); Holb. Faun. Granl. ]■>'. 78 (1846) (Greenland); Dei;l.
Orn. Eur. ii. p. 480 (1849) ; Dli/th. Cat. B. Mas. A. S. B. p. 308,
u. 1799 (1849) ; Temm. ^- Schleg. Faun. Jap., Aves, p. 129 (1850)
480
(Japan); Rchnh. A v. Si/st. Nat. p. ix (1852); Micldefid. Reis.
Sibir. ii. 2, p. 238 (1853) (Ocliotsk) ; Tobias, J.f. O. 1853, p. 218 ;
Pdssl. ibid. pp. 242, 243, 322 (Lapland); Schill. ibid. p. 378;
Reinh. Vid. Medd. 1853, p. 84 (Grepnlaud) ; id. J. f. O. 1854,
p. 442 ; Licht. Nome7icl. Av. p. 103 (1854) ; Bolle, J. f. O. 1855,
p. 315 (Spain) ; Vanger. ibid. p. 345 ; Wiese, ibid. p. 509 ; Miill.
J. f. O. 1856, p. 232 (Provence) ; i?;j. Co7npt. Rend, xliii. p. G52,
n. 167 (1856) ; Neiub. P. R. R. Rep. vi. p. 104 (1857) ; Ruvri/,
J. f. O. 1857, p. 130 (Algeria) ; Piissl. J. f. O. 1857, p. 362 ;
Loche, Cat. M. et O. Alger, p. 146 (1858) ; Baird, B. N. Am.
p. 814 (1858) ; id. Cat. N. Am. B. n. 612 (1859) ; Murr. Edinb.
N. Phil. Joimi. 1859, p. 231; Wied, J. f. O. 1859, p. 242
(Indiana) ; Preen, J. f. O. 1859, p. 463 ; Holland, J. f. O. 1860,
p. 305 ; Schrenck, Vog. Amur-Lande, p. 486 (1860) (Amoor-land) ;
Coop. Sf Stickl. N. H. Wash. Terr. p. 264 (1860) ; Powi/s, Ibis,
1860, p. 354 (Ionian Isl.); Reinh. Ibis, 1861, p. 14 (Greenland) ;
Coues, Pr. Acad. Philad. 1861, p. 241 (S^dvador^ ; Hintz, J. f. O.
1861, p. 308; Gould, B. of Gr. Brit. v. pi. 35 (pt. ii., 1862) ;
Blnkist. Ibis, 1862, p. 332 (Japan) ; Ross, Canad. Natural., April
1862 (Mackenzie) ; Vcrr. Pr. Ess. Inst. iii. p. 153 (1862) ; Boardm.
Pr. Bast. Soc. N. H. ix. p. 140 (1862) ; Radde, Reis. S. O.-Sibir.
ii. p. 379 (1863) ; Blakist. Ibis, 1863, p. 150 (Hudson's Bay) ;
Sivinh. Ibis, 1863, p. 434 (Formosa); id. P.Z.S. 1863, p. 323
(China) ; G. R. Gr. List Brit. B. p. 209 (1863) ; Hintz, J. f. O.
1863, p. 430, 18G4, p. 191 ; Nordm. ibid. p. 779 (Finland and
Lapland) ; Wright, Ibis, 1864, p. 156 ; Holfz, J.f. O. 1865, p. 188
(nesting) ; Hintz, ibid. p. 242 ; Salvad. ibid. p. 326 (Sardinia) ;
Co7ies, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1866, p. 37 (Fort Macon) ; Droste, J. f. O.
1866, p. 391 (Borlaini) : Schleg. Mus.P.-B., Anseres, p. 3 (1866) ;
Laxor. Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 18(56, p. 298 (Long Isl.) (1867) ;
Degl. ^ Gerbe, Orn. Eur. ii. p. 570 (1867); Coues, Pr. Bost. Soc.
N. H.xu. p. 125 (1868); id. Pr. Ess. Inst. v. p. 201 (1868);
Tristr. Ibis, 1868, p. 328 (Palestine) ; Holtz, J. f. O. 1868, p. 127
(Gottland): I)i/b. ^ Parr. ibid. p. 339 (Daiuia); Boie, J. f. O.
1869, p. 97 (Lofoten and Vesteeraalen) ; Goebel, ibid. p. 320 (Arch-
angel) ; Droste, ibid. p. 349 (Faroe), p. 394 (C. Finmark) ; Colleff,
Norg. Fuqle, p. 68 (1868) ; Droste, Voqelw. d. Nordins. Borkum,
p. 315 (1869); Dall S( Bann. Tr. Chic. Acad. i. p. 201 (1869)
(Alaska) ; Ei/t. !Syn. Anat. p. 134 (1809) ; Przew. Voi/. {or Pufcsch
Ussur.), n. 213 (1870); Turnb. B. E. Pa. p. 37 (1869) ; S. Miill.
J. f. O. 1869, p. 349 (Faroe); Wyaft, Ibis, 1870, -p. 17 (Sinai);
Elw. ^ Buckl. ibid. p. 341 (Turkey) ; Homeij. J. f. O. 1870, p. 434
(E. Siberia) ; Sautid. Ibis, 1871, p. 397 (S. Spain) ; Meves, (Efv.
K. Vet.-Ak. Fork. 1871, p. 783 ; David, N. Arch, du Mm., BuU.
vii. Cat. n. 434 (1871); Srcinh. P.Z.S. 1871, p. 416 (China);
Cones, Pr. Acad. Philad. 1871, p. 27; Borggr. J. f. 0. 1871, pp. 217,
219 (N. Germany) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 91, n. 10729 (1871) ;
Heugl. Ibis, 1872, p. 64 (VVaigats I.) ; id. J. f. O. 1872, p. 123
(Waigats I.) ; Homey, ibid. p. 339 ; Fritsch, ibid. p. 372 (Bohemia) ;
Finsch, Abh. nat. Ver. Brem. iii. p. 72 (1872) (Alexandrovsk) ;
Coues, Key N. Am. B. p. 296 (1872) ; id. Check-list, n. 522 (1873) ;
Snoui, B. Kans. p. 11 (1873); Heugl. Orn.N.O.-Afi: ii. 2, p. 1351
(1873) (Egypt) ; Difb. J. f. 0. 1873, p. Ill, 1874, p. 337 ; Coues,
B. N.-West, p. 584 (1874) ; Dall, Pr. Ac. Calif, v. p. 276 (1874) ;
id. Extract Avif. Aleut. Isl. West Unal. p. 7 (1874) ; Dress. B. Eur.
vi. p. 093, pi. 453 (1874) ; Swi7ih. Ibis, 1875, p. 456 (Hakodadi) ;
Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii. p. 570, (1875) ; Palm. J. f. O. 1876, p. 60
64. MERGANSEK. 481
(Finland) ; Tacz. Orn. Faun. Vast. Sibir. p. 72 (1877) ; id.
Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. ii. p. 49 (1877) (E. Siberia) ; David i^ Oust.
Ois. Chine, -p. 511 (1877) ; Prjev. in liowlei/'s Orn. Misc. iii. p. 107
(1878) (Mongolia) ; Blakist ^- Fryer, Ibis, 1878, p. 216 (Japan) ;
Hume Sf Marsh. Game B. of Ind. iii. p. 30.5, pi. 20 (1882) ; Hume,
Str. Feath. ix. pp. 268-272 (1880) (Kurracliee) ; Sclat. P. Z. 8.
1880, p. 531 ; Brandt, J. f. 0. 1880, p. 250; Blakist. Sf Fryer, Tr.
As. Soc. Jap. viii. p. 187 (1880) ; Eidgw. Nom. N. Am. B. n. 637
(1881); Rchm. Orn. t'entralbl. 1882, p. 3; id. Vbg. zool. Gdri.
p. 41 (1882) ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 541 (1882) ; Blakist.
Si- Fryer, Tr. As. Soc. Jap. x. p. 101 (1882) (Japan and Kuriles) ;
Coues, Check-list, 2nd ed. p. 117, n. 744 (1882); B. O. U. List
Brit. B. p. 136 (1883) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 442 (1883) ;
Booth, Rough Notes, iii. pis. 82-84 ( c? , $ , and puUus) (1883) ;
Tacz. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. viii. p. 345 (1883) (Kamtschatka) ;
Hartl. J.f. O. 1883, p. 283 (Alaska) ; Nels. Cruise 'Corwin,' p. 103
(1883) ; Tristr. Faun. ^ Flor. of Falest. p. 118 (1884) ; Radde,
Ornis Caucus, p. 465 (1884) ; B., B., <|- R. Water-B. N. A7n. ii.
p. 116 (1884) ; Coues, Key N. Am. B. 2nd ed. p. 717, n. 744
(1884) ; Sound. Yarrell's Hist. Brit. B. iv. p. 494 (1884-85) ; Seeb.
Hist. Brit. B. iii. p. 629, pi. 67 (egg) (1885) ; Nehrl. J.f. 0. 1885,
p. 148 (Illiuois) ; Matsch. u. Ziemer, J.f. O. 1885, p. 192 ; Salvad.
El. Ucc. Ital. p. 270 (1887) ; Shufeklt, Fr. U. S. Nat. Mus. xi.
pp. 216-230, ff. 1-7, 9 (osteology) "(1888) ; Hartiv. J. f. O. 1889,
p. 151 (North Cape) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll. B. p. 46 (1889) ; Seeb.
B. Jap.Emj). p. 258 (1890) ; Rchnw. J.f O. 1890, p. 85; Bratidt,
J. f O. 1891, p. 269 (Sitka) ; Hartert, Fat. Vvyelsamml. p. 324
(1891); Sharpe, Cat. Osteal. Specim. R. C. S. iii. p. 311 (1891);
Lilford, Col. Fig. Brit. B. pt. xxi. pi. — (1892); Dubois, Faun.
Vert. Belg., Ois. ii. p. 518, pi. 275 (1893) ; Wallengr. J. f 0.
1893, p. 168 (Sweden) ; Szielasko, Orn. Monatsb. iii. pp. 53-58
(E. Prussia) (1895).
Mergus albellus, Scop, (nee Linn.) Arm. i. Hist. Nat. n. 89 (1769).
Merganser lougiroster cristatus, Gerini, Stor. degli Ucc. v. t. dix. ( J )
(1776).
Red-breasted Merganser, Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. n. 261, t. 93 (1776) ;
id. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 537, u. 466 (1785) ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 423,
n. 3 (1785).
Harle hupp(5, D'Aubent. PI. Enl. 207 ( d ) ; Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.
viii. p. 273 (1781).
Ilarle a manteau noir, Buff^. Hist. Nat. Ois. viii. p. 277 (1781).
Mergus leucomelas, (tH!. A iV. i. 2, p. 546,5 (1788); Brehm, Isis,
1830, p. 1000, n. 2 ; id. Voy. Deutschl. p. 947 (1831) ; id. Vogelf
p. 390 (1855).
Mergus niger, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 546, y (1788).
Merganser serrator, Schaffer, Mus. Orn. p. 66, n. 211, t. 44 (1769) ;
Botin. Fnc. Meth. i. p. 102, pi. 27. f. 1 ($) (1790) ; Bp. Comp.
List, p. 59, n. 434 (Europe), u. 400 (N. America) (1838) ; id. Cat.
Met. Ucc. Eur. p. 75 (1842) ; Macgill. Hist. Brit. B. v. p. 216
(1852) ; Selys, Patria Bely. i. p. 277 (1873) ; Turner, Auk, 1885,
p. 158 (Alaska) ; Stejn. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 29, p. 178 (1885)
(Bering I.) ; Turner, Contr. N. H. Alaska, p. 131 (1886); A. O. U.
Check-list N. Am. B. p. 114, n. 130 (1880) ; Nelson, Contr. Nat.
Hist. Coll. in Alaska, p. iM (1887) ; Ridgw. Man. N. Am. B. p. 89,
n. 130 (1887) ; Hatch, B. ofMiiines.ip. 35 (1892) ; Mackau,Auk,
1894, p. 225.
Merganser niger, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 104 (1790).
VOL. XXVII. 2 I
482 ANATID^.
Merganser cristatus, Leach, Sysl. Cat. M. ^ B. Br. Mus. p. 36 (1816).
Merganser serrata, Stcph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 165 (1824).
Mergus serratus, Swinh. Ibis, 1860, p. 62 (Amoy), 1861, p. 344
(N. China).
Mergus castor, Butler {nee Linn.), Str. Feath. v. p. 323 (Sindb)
(1877).
Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck black, with a green
gloss on the posterior half, the feathers of the crown and occiput
elongated ; middle of neck all round white, except a narrow line of
black descending from the occiput to the upper part of the back,
which, with the scapulars, is also black ; a narrow portion of the
upper back reddish brown marked with black ; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts finely vermiculated with grey and black,
longer upper tail-coverts brown, nearly uniform ; upper part of the
breast pale reddish brown, marked with blackish browm ; on the
sides of the breast a conspicuous patch of feathers black, with the
central part white ; sides and flanks grey, undulated with black ;
lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts pale delicate reddish
buff, which fades to white soon after death ; marginal wing-coverts
brown, with pale edging.s, the central ones white ; greater wing-
coverts broadly white on the apical half, the basal half black ;
primaries, primary-coverts, and outer secondaries brown-black; inner
secondaries white, with the base black ; tertials white, edged with
black on the outer web ; on the white patch of the wing two oblique
black bands formed by the bases of the greater coverts and of the
secondaries ; axillarics and under wing-coverts white, but the mar-
ginal ones of the latter more or less brown, edged with white ; tail
brown-grey, the outer feathers undulated with white and grey on
the outer web : bill bright vermilion, with the unguis black, the
ridge of the upper mandible dusky ; iris bright red ; feet bright
vermilion. Total length about 22 inches, wing 10- 1, tail 4, culmen
2-25, tarsus 1*6.
Female. Head and neck reddish brown, darkest on the crown ;
the occipital feathers elongated ; back, scapulars, and small wing-
coverts umber-brown, the edges of the feathers paler ; a white
patch or speculum on the wing, formed by the greater coverts and
secondaries, which end broadly with white, but have the bases black,
forming two black bands acro.ss the wing ; rump and upper tail-
coverts greyish brown ; underpaits white, the lower tore-neck
mottled with reddish and pale brown ; sides and flanks pale brown ;
primaries and primary-coverts brown-black, tertials greyish brown,
edged with black on the outer edges ; tail umber-brown ; soft parts
as in the male, but duller. Total length about 21 inches, wing 9*5,
tail 3-1, culmen 2-15, tarsus 1-5.
Young male. Closely resembles the adult female, but it is larger,
and has a shorter crest.
Males in first nuptial drei's have the lower back brown, and the
white round the neck streaked with brown.
Males in moulting dress closely resemble males in first plumage,
but have the dark markings on the breast and flanks slaty grey
instead of brown (SeeboJim).
G4. MERGANSER.
483
Tounrf hi down are dark brown on the upper paits, shading into
rcddisli brown on the head, and into chestnut on the sides of the
neck ; a white patch on each wing, one on each side of the upper
back, and one on each side of the rump ; underparts pure white, and
lores white, margined above and below with dark brown (Seebohm).
Hah. Northern portion of Xorthern Hemisphere, breeding north-
ward, south in winter to the basin of the Mediterranean, the Black
Sea, the Caspian, China and Japan in the Palaearctic liegion, and to
the United States in America,
a, h. Pull. St.
Orkneys.
Purchased.
c. I'uU. sk.
Orkneys (J. H. Dunn).
Hargitt Coll.
d. (S ad. sk.
Loch Stenhouse, Orknevs,
11. J. Elwes, Esq.
April {U. J. E.).
[Po-
e. \_(S juv.Jsk.
Stromness, Orkneys, April
ll. J. Elwes, Esq.
{U.J.E.).
[P.].
/, g. (S ad. et juv.
St.
h, i, k. Pull. St.
Great Britain.
Old CoU.
Great Britain.
Purchased.
I, m. (S imm. st.
North Uist.
T. Walker, Esq.
[P.].
n-u. S 2 ad. et
Colbost, Island of Skye,
Rev. H. A. Mac-
pull. St.
July.
phersou [P.].
V, w. (S ? ad. St.
Scotland.
Purchased.
■■^,1/,^- d juv. et
England.
Purchased.
pull. St.
a'. cJ juv. sk.
Beccles, Suffolk, Dec.
Seebohm Coll.
b', c'. S ? ad. sk.
Poole Harboui-, Dorset,
Baron A. von Hiigel
Nov.
[P.].
d'. 2 ad. sk.
Gloucestershire.
Montagu Coll.
e'. 2 ad. sk.
Tangiers (Olcese).
Shelley Coll.
/. 2 ad. sk.
R. Kishon, Palestine.
Canon Tristram [P.].
ff'. Imm. sk.
Jask, Persian Gulf.
W. D. Cumming,
Esq. [P.].
h', i! . S 2 ad. sk.
Yen-e-say, E. Siberia, lat.
^ 66i°, June (H. S.l
Seebohm Coll.
k'. Wings only.
Kurrachee (Major Yer/iun/).
Hume Coll.
v. 2 ad. sk.*
Manorah, Sind, Oct. (Capt.
Bishop).
Hume CoU.
in , n'. 2 ad. sk.
Fokien, China.
Gould Coll.
o', p', q'- d 2 ad.
Amoy, China, Feb., Dec.
Seebohm Coll.
sk. _
(li. Swinhoe).
?•'. c? juv. sk.
Amoy, China (R. Stcinhoe).
Salvin-Godman Coll.
s'. S juv. sk.
Amoy, China, Dec.
H. Saunders, Esq.
[P.].
A. G. Wildav, Esq.
t'. d" juv. sk.
Hamilton Island, Corea.
[R].
w', v'. cJ 2 ad. sk.
Ilakodadi, Japan (Blakiston).
Seebohm Coll.
id', a-', c? 2 ad.
Yokohama, Japan {I£.
Seebohm Coll.
sk.
Fn/er).
t/', z'. cf ad. sk.
Nagasaki, Japan, March.
F. Ringer, Esq. [P.].
a'', b". 2 ad. et
Nagasaki, Japan, Feb. {R.
Tweeddale Coll.
cJ juv. sk.
Bergman).
* Mentioned in ' Strav Feathers ' as M. castor.
2i2
484
ANATID^.
c". J j'lV. sk.
d".
/"■
5 ad. sk.
cj ad. sk.
cJ juv. sk.
!/". Pull. sk.
h". c? ad. sk.
i", k". (J imm. sk.
I". 2 ad. sk.
tn"-u". S ad., c?
imm., 2 juv. et
pull. sk.
v". (S ad. sk.
?«"-6l d 2 ad.
St., c?' 2 ad. et
imm. sk.
c' cT ad. sk.
d\ c? ad. sk.
/^, (f. S ad. sk.
A\ c? juv. sk.
t'-n'. 2 ad. et S
juv. sk.
ad.
Okiuawashima, Feb. (P. ^. Seebohm Coll.
Hoist).
Vancouver Island. J. K. Lord, Esq. [P.].
Vancouver Island. J. Wood, Esq. [P.].
Straits of San Juan de Fuca, Ur. Lyall [P.].
March.
British Columbia. Lord Russell [P.].
Eraser Eiver, Brit. Columbia. Old Coll.
Kotzebue Sound. Capt. KeUett [P.].
Stewart's Island, Alaska, Salvin-Godman Coll.
June (E. W. Nelson).
St. Michael's, Alaska, June- Salvin-Godman Coll.
Aug. {E. W. N.).
o'. c? ad. sk.
P\ q'- 6 5
sk.
r^. Juv. sk.
s'. Skeleton.
t^' Sternum.
M^. Sternum.
v^, iv^. Sterna with
shoulder-girdle.
x^. Sternum with
shoulder-girdle.
y^, z^. Sterna.
a*. Trachea with
bulla ossea.
Fort Simpson.
Canada.
Repulse Bay.
Musquash Cove, New Bruns-
wick, April {H. E.
Dresser) .
Massachusetts.
Nantucket, Massachusetts,
Jan. (H. TV. Heiishaw).
Wood's Hole, Massachusetts,
July (C. H. Merriam).
Corpus Cbristi, Texas, Jan.,
Oct., Dec. {F. B. Arm-
stroncj).
Greenland.
Greenland.
S. Greenland, Sept.
England.
England.
England.
Europe.
B. R. Ross, Esq.
[P.].
Hudson Bay Co.
Dr. J. Rae [P.].
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin-Godman Coll.
Tweeddale Coll.
Hume CoU.
Seebohm Coll.
J. Ray, Esq. [P.].
Purchased.
Yarrell Coll.
6. Merganser australis.
Mergus australis, Hombr. Sf Jacq. Aim. tSc. Nat. 1841, p. 320
(Aucklands) ; iid. Voy. Pole Siid, Ois. pi. 31. f. 2 (1846) ; G. R.
Gr. Ge?i. B. App. p. 28 (1849) ; Ruhib. Syn. Av., Natatores, t. 87.
f. 2554 (1850) (ex H. S( J.) ; Flicker. S,- Jacq. Voy. POle Sud, Zool.
iii. p. 152 (Aucklands) (1853) ; Sartl. J. f. 0. 1854, p. 1G7 ; Bp.
Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 652, n. 109 (1856); G. B. Gr. Ibis, 1862,
p. 242 ; Finsch, J. f. O. 1870, p. 358 ; G. R. Gr. Hmid-Ust, iii.
p. 91, n. 10731 (1871); Finsch, J.f. O. 1872, p. 188; Hutt. Trans.
& Fr. N. Z. Inst. v. p. 238 (1873) ; 'Fiyisch, J.f. O. 1874, p. 203;
I
64. MEKOANSER. 485
Gieb. Thes. Oni. ii. p. 509 (1875) ; v. Hilgel, Ibis, 1875, p. 392 ;
Buller, Man. N. Z. Birds, p. 73 (1882) ; id. Hist. B. New Zecd.
2nd ed. ii. p. 279 (1888) ; Bullei; Trans. N. Z. Inst. xxv. 1892,
p. 88 (youn^ in down) (1893).
Nesonetta aucklandica, part., G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. G27 (1844) ;
id. List B. Brit. Miis. iii. p. 191 (part.) (1844).
Type. Head and neck brown, with a rufous tinge on the throat
and lower neck ; feathers of the occiput rather long and narrow ;
upper parts, breast, and flanks dark grey ; feathers of the lower
parts dark grey, those of the breast with whitish edges, which
become broader on the abdomen and under tail-coverts ; a white
speculum on the wings, formed by a subapical white band on the
greater wing-coverts and by the median part of the outer web of
the inner secondaries ; inner under wing-coverts and inner second-
aries underneath edged with white ; axillaries white ; quills and
tail-feathers blackish grey : " bill reddish brown, changing to black
on the culmen and at the tips of both mandibles ; legs and feet
reddish brown" (Buller). Total length about 19 inches, wing 7*25,
tail 3"5, culmen 2*45, tarsus 1*4 (Paris Museum).
Young in doivn. " It is covered with thick, long, and somewhat
glossy down. The upper part and sides of the head, the hind neck,
and the entire upper surface and sides of the body dark olive-brown ;
throat and fore neck, and spot under each eye, bright rufous, fading
away towards the breast ; under surface yellowish white; wings
dark olive-brown, marked along the outer edge and longitudinally
on the under surface with yellowish white. Bill very dark olive,
shaded with brown on the ridge, the terminal shield on both
mandibles reddish brown, with a polished surface ; legs and feet
dull olive-brown, paler on the toes, the interdigital webs darker,
and the claws yellowish brown." (Buller.)
A specimen in the Cambridge Museum and a second in the British
Museum, considered by Buller to be male and female, have both a
conspicuous crest and crescentic grey and white markings on the
breast : these markings I take to ho distinctive of the adult bird.
Two specimens in the Tring Museum, marked male and female,
have no crescentic markings on the breast, shorter crest, and thi
middle of the lower breast and abdomen conspicuously white, with
very few dusky mottlings ; these I take to be immature birds.
llah. Aucklands.
a. Ad. sk. Auckland I., Dec. Caron v. Iliigel [P.].
7. Merganser brasilianus.
Mergus octosetaceus, Vivill. N. D. xiv. p. 222(1817) (Brazil) ; Dum.
Diet. So. A'at. xx. p. 296 (1821) ; Eanz. Elem. di Zool. iii. pt. ix.
p. 151 (note) (182(5) ; Sclat. ^- Salv. P. Z. S. 1876. p. 409 ; Sclat.
P.Z.S. 1880, p. 532; B., B., S,- R. Water-B. N. Am. ii. p. 120
(note) (1884) ; Schiiff, J.f. O. 1888, pp. 6, 7.
Mergus octosetalus, Vieill. Enc. Mcth. i. p. 351, pi. 236. f. 3 (1823).
Mergus fuscus, Licht. (nee Lath.) Verz. Doubl. p. So, n. 901 ((j)
486 ANATID^.
nec 902 (?) (1823) (San Paulo, Brazil); G. R. Gr. Gen. B.
App. p. 28 (1849).
Mergus brasilianus, Vieill. Gal. des Ois. ii. p. 209, pi. 283 (1825) *;
Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 635, n. 3 (1831) ; id. Compl. de Buf., Ois. ix.
p. 537 (1837) ; id. op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 722 (1838) ; Eyt. Mon. Anat.
p. 176 (1838) ; Bp. Compt. Bend, xliii. p. 652, n. 170 (1856) ; Bj/t.
Syn. Anat. p. 135 (1869).
Mergus octosetalus, Boie, Ms, 1826, p. 980.
Mergus trasiliensis, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 624, n. 4 (1844) ; id.
op. cit. App. p. 28 (1849) ; Licht. Nomencl. Av. p. 103 (1854) ;
Burm. Syst. Uebers. iii. p. 441 (1856); Schleg. Mm. P.-B.,
Anseres, p. 6 (1866); Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 322 (Rio Itarar^),
pp. 460, lix (1870); G. R. Gr. Rand-list, iii. p. 90, n. 10732
(1871); Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 131 (1873);
Berl. J. f. O. 1874, p. 281 (Santa Catharina) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. ii.
p. 569 (1875).
Mergus lophotes, Ctiv. Mvs. Paris ; Pucker. Rev. et Maq. de Zool.
1850, p. 551 (- M. octosetffilus = M. brasilianus) ; Ila'rtl. J.f. O.
1855, p. 420.
Mergus octosetosus (errore ?), Bj). Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 652, in syn.
M. brasiliaui (1856) ; ScMeyel, I. c. ; G. R. Gr. Ha7id-list, I. c. ;
Giebel, I. c.
Prister brasilianus, Heitie Sf RcJimv. N(m. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 350
(1890).
Adult male. Head and upper part of the neck glossy black, with
a green lustre ; anterior lower part of the neck, sides of the
breast, and flanks grey, minutely dotted and waved with whitish ;
upper back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and scapiilars glossy brown-
black ; breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts barred across with
white and brown-black, the bars on the under tail-coverts narrower ;
wings brown-black, the middle wing-coverts lighter or greyish
towards the tip ; speculum on the wing white, formed by the apical
half of the greater wing-coverts and of the secondaries, crossed by
two black bands, one anteriorly formed by the base of the greater
wing-coverts and the other by the black base of the secondaries
showing through ; under wing-coverts blackish brown, edged with
white ; tail black : " bill and feet greenish black ; irides brown "
(Burmeister). Total length about 19 inches, wing 7 "2, tail 4,
culmen 1'82, tarsus 1*5.
Female. Differs from the male in having the crown and the long
occipital feathers of a chocolate-brown.
Young. "Upper surface dull blackish brown, mixed with some
scattered pure brown-black feathers ; crown, sides of the head, and
crest (formed of long, narrow, occipital feathers) blackish, with a
slight green gloss ; also on the upper part of the ueck there are a
few black glossy-green feathers; the shorter secondaries and their
coverts on the outer web white, except on the base, which is black ;
therefore on the wing there are a broader and a narrower white
speculum, separated from each other by a black line, formed by the
* Vieillot himself gave up the name 31. octosctaceus as misleading, the bird
having many more than eight feathers on the occiput.
04. JIKUGANSEK. 487
black base of tho quills ; smaller upper wing-coverts (except the
smallest) tinged with whitish grey ou the outer web ; throat and
the whole of the fore neck to tho breast blackish, the feathers with
broadish whitish tips, so that the throat in particular appears very
light ; remainder of the under surface white, all the feathers crossed
with blackish bands, almost evanescent on the middle of the breast
and abdomen ; under wing-covcrts blackish, edged with white ;
under tail-coverts blackish, finely dotted with white-grey ; tail-
feathers partly black-brown ; feet and tarsus brown ; upper man-
dible blackish ; lower mandible paler." {Berlejjsch.)
Hab. South-eastern Erazil.
a. Ad. St. Zool. Soe.
h. $ ad. sk. Ytarare, Brazil, Aug. {Natterer). Salviu-Gudman Coll.
APPENDIX.
Containing references to doubtful species of Anseres, which have
not yet been identified.
1. Anas alexandeina.
Anas collaribus albis, Forsk. Descr. An. p. vi, n. 8 (1775) ( = Sau
Sarai).
Anas, Forsk. op. cit. p. 3, n. 8 (1775).
Anas alexandrina, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 542, n. 121 (1788) (ex Forskal,
Descr. An. p. 3, n. 8) ; Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 877, n. 114 (1790) ;
Vieill. N. D. v. p. 138 (1816) : Dtim. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 394
(1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2,p. 112 (1824).
Anas sau sarai, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 153 (1791).
" Rostrum totum nigrum ; collum cinereum, semicirculis albis ;
abdomen albidum, immaculatum ; uropygium subtus nigrum ; pedes
cinereo-flavi, membrana natatoria fusca." {Forskal.)
Locus. Alexandrise.
Perhaps the male of Chaulelasmus strejyerus.
2. Anas akabica.
Anas grisea, Forsk. Descr. An. p. vi, n. 7 (1775) ( = Scar chir).
Anas, Forsk. op. cit. p. 3, n. 7 (1775).
Anas arabica, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 542, n. 120 (1788) (ex Forsk. II. cc.) ;
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 877, n. 113 (1790) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 150
(1816) ; Dmn. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 394 (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool.
xii. 2, p. 111 (1824).
Anas scar chir, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 149 (1790).
Hah. Arabia.
Perhaps the female of Chaulelasmus streperus.
3. Anas balbul.
Anas nioro-viridi-rhcrabea, Forsk. Descr. An. p. vi, n. 12 (1775)
( = BrJbul).
Anas, Forsk. op. cit. p. 4, n. 12 (1775).
Anas balbul, Gm. S. N. I 2, p. 543, n. 124 (1788) {e.v Forsk. II. cc.) ;
Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 149 (1790) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 393
(1817).
Anas crecca, var. 5, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 874 (1790).
Anas balboul, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 168 (1816).
Hah. Egypt.
Possiblj' Qucrquedula circia.
appendix. 489
4. Anas bisInuata.
Anas bisinuata, Herm. Obg. Zool. p. 143 (1804).
5. Anas boeealis.
Gulaund Duck, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 572 (1785) (Iceland) ; Lath.
Syn. iii. 2, p. 465, n. 25 (1785).
Anas borealis, Om. S. N. i. 2, p. 512, n. 69 (Iceland) (1788) ; Lath.
Ind. Orn. ii. p. 843, n. 30 (1790) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. lOG
(1824). ^' /- 'F
Anser borealis, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 122 (1790) ; Tieill. N. D.
xxiii. p. 338 (1818).
Probably the same as Somaieria moUissima.
6. Anas cana.
Anas cana, Lazdr (nee Gm.), Erdehji Muz. Egilet Evhonyvei, i. pt. 2,
p. 73 (1860); id. Verhajidl. u. Mitth. d. siebenh. Ver. f. Natunc.
10 Jahrg. p. 246 (1859) ; Daw/. 8f Harvie Broun, Ibis, 1875, p. 430
(=A. marmorata?).
" Size of A. querqiiedida , but more plumpy and the head broader
head, neck, and upper parts of a grey colour (like that of the "Wild
Dove) ; the breast, abdomen, and the under surface of the wings
snow-white ; sj^eciduyn rjreen ; bill and feet black."
Hab. Coromandel and Transylvania (!).
Messrs. Dauford and Harvie Brown {h c.) think that the bird
described by Lazar may have been Anas marmorata, but the green
speculum is against such identification.
7. Anas chinganensis.
Anas chinganensis, Schjjerck, ' Bossii/a dailnayo vosfoJ>a ' {Zajn'ski of
the Imp. Buss. Gevyr. S'oc. St, Petersb. vol. xiv. 1885) {of. Ibis,
1887, p. 254) (descr. nulla).
8. Anas dominicana.
Canard Dominiquain du Cap de Bonne Esp^rance, Sonner. Voy. aux
/wf/. ii. p. 221 (1782).
Dominican Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 525, n. 70 (1785).
Anas dominicana, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 536, n. 109 (1788) ; Lath. Ind.
Orn. ii. p. 859, n. 66 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 133 (1790) ;
Vieill. A'. I). V. p. 112 (1816); Emn. Diet. Sc . Nat. vi. p. 379
(1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 109 (1824).
" Size of the Wild Duck ; beak black ; the face and throat are
white; from the beak, passing through thl eye, is a black streak,
ending in an angle behind ; the hind part of the head, the neck,
and the breast black ; the back and lesser wing-coverts are of a
deep ashy grey, barred with two bands of very pale grey ; the belly
and vent are pale grey ; the legs are black.
" Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope." (StepJiens.)
490
9. Anas fusca.
Anas fusca (Teal), Elhnan (nee Linn.), Zool. 1861, p. 7471 ; G. R. Gr.
Ibis, 1862, p. 241 (note).
Hah. New Zealand.
10. Anas fttscescens.
Brown Duck, Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 565, n. 499 (Newfoundland)
(1785) ; Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 486, n. 39 (1785).
Anas fuscescens, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 534, n. 104 (1788) ; Lath. Lid.
Orn. ii. p. 849, n. 46 (1790) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. 109 (1816) ; Dum.
Diet. So. Nat. vi. p. 385 (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 106
(1824) ; Men: in Ersch u. Grub. Encycl. sect. i. vol. xxxv. p. 37
(1841); Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 352 (1872).
" Length 16 inches ; beak large, stout at its base, bluish, with
its tip black; the nostrils are placed near the end (I); the head
and neck are very pale brown ; the lower part of the last, and the
breast the same ; the feathers edged with ferruginous ; the wings
ashy grey ; the speculum blue, tipped with white ; the tail and legs
dusky.
" Inhabits Newfoundland.'" {Stephens.)
11. Anas hina.
Anas chineusis, Osbeck, Voy. ii. p. 33.
Hina Teal, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 558, n. 98 (China) (1785).
Anas hina, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 523, n. 93 (1788) (e.v Latham) : Lath.
Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 876, u. 109 (1790) ; Bonn. Enc. Me'th. i. p. 158
(1791) ; Vieill. N. B. v. p. 120 (1816) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi.
p. 395 (1817).
Querquedula hina, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 152 (1824) (a doubtful
species); G. R. Gr. Gen. £. iii. p. 616, n. 11 (1845); B]^- i-'ompi.
Rend, xliii. p. 650, n. 95 ? (1856).
A Chinese Duck, which has been identified by Dumont with ALv
fjalerieulata, and by Gray with Nettion crecca !
12. Anas juncea.
Anas juncea seu graminea, i^/v'sc^. Toy. t. (xvi.) 173 (cJ) (1743-
1763).
Anas juncea, Bechst. Gem. Nat. Deutschl. iii. p. 669 (1791) ; id. Orn.
Taschenb. ii. p. 446 (1803) ; id. Voy. Deutschl. ii. 1, p. 415, iv. 2,
p. 1158 (1809).
Perhaps an imaginary bird, or an accidental variet of Nettion
crecca : the entire head and neck green ; breast chestnut , body grey ;
wings as in A. boscns.
I'd. Anas ltjkida.
Anas lurida, S. G. Gniel. Reise Russl. i. p. 70 (1770), ii. p. 182, t. 16
(1774) ; G?n. S. N. i. 2, p. 531, n. 101 (1788) ; Bomi. Ene. Meth.
i. p. 156 (1791) ; Dum. Diet. Sc. Nat. vi. p. 378 (1817).
APPENDIX. 491
Anas gmelini, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 876, n. Ill (1790) (=lurida,
Z' ^'^'■T}^ Uf.{ ^y""- ^''PP^- "• P- 356' D- 29 (1801) ; Vieill. N. D.
V. p. 11 i. (loiDJ.
Fuligula pmelini, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 209 (1824)
Anas lucida "^;«" (errore), Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 358, m sm.
A. nyrocae (1872). *^ ' ^
"Anas nigra, capite spadiceo, pectore Hneis rubris transversis ;
Lrecca maior. '
" Hub. in Mari Caspio ct reliqua Eussia australi."
1 erhaps tho same as Nyroca fcrina or N. afrkana.
14. Anas meditekeanea.
Anas mediterranea (Mountain Teal), Ellman, Zoolog. 1861, p. 7471
(New Zealand ?) ; G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 241 (note).
15. Anas Montana.
Berggans, Kulbe, Vorg. 2, p. 139.
Mountain Goose, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 458, n ^0 (1785)
Anas '^o^tana, G^m « iV^. i. 2, p. 510, n. 65 (1788) ; Lath. Lid. Orn.
n. p. 841, p. 25 (1/90).
Anser montanus, Bo7m. Enc. M6th. i. p. 122, n. 32 0790^ • Vioill TV
a82^f"- P- ^^^ ^^^^*^^' ^'""^^t>^^t'Sc. iV«/ xi^v p 467
Anser montana, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 37 (1824)
Chenalopex montanus, G. Ii. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 605, n. 3 (1845).
"Size larger than the Tame Goose. The wing-feathers and those
ot tho head ot a bright red, shining green.
^'InhaUts the Cape of Good Hope, where it keeps mostly on the
hiUs, and feeds on grass and herbs." {Latham ex Kolbe )
Doubtfully identified by lionaparto (Compt. Ileud. xliii. p G49)
with thcnalopex a'gyptiacus, but more likely = Casarca cana : and
u so, the original description quite wrong.
16. Anas nhotica.
Anasn^oticaHasselg It.r, p^;3(55, n. 36 (1757) : id. lieise (ed. Linn.),
p. 319 n. 3b (1/62) ; Gm. S. ^. i. 2, p. 508, n. ij-> (1788) • Lath
p 349 (1817) ''■ ^- ^ ^^'^^^' ^'"- ^''*- ^'- ^"'- "'
Nilotic Duck, Lath. Syn. iii. 2, p. 488, n 42 (1785)
Cairina nilotica, Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 81 (1824).
Perhaps the same as Chenalopex ccgyiitiacus.
17. Anas siesair.
'^"( = Shiaii-)'^*'°'''^"' ^'"■"^■- -^'''"■' ^'"''"- P- ^'' "■ ^1 (1"5)
Anas, Forak. op. cit. p. 3, n. 11 (1775).
492 ANSERES.
Anas sirsair, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 542, n. 123 (1788) {ex Forsk. II. cc.) ;
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 877, n. 116 (1790); Bonn. Enc. Meth. i.
p. 149 (1790) ; Vieill. N. D. v. p. loo (1816) ; Bum. Diet. Sc. Nat.
vi. p. 394 (1817) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. Ill (1824) ; ? Tsch.
J.f. O. 1856, p. 150 (Eurik).
Hah. Arabia.
Most probably the female of Nettion crecca.
18. Anas sp.
Canard a crete rounre, Cook, 2nd Voy. (New Zealand) ; cf. Vieill.
N. D. V. p. Ill (1816).
19. Anas sp.
Teal (with red on the wing), Travers, Tr. New Zeal. Inst. i. p. 178
(Chatham Islands) (18G9) ; 2nd ed. p. 125 (1875).
Querquedula sp., Finsch, J.f. O. 1870, p. 357.
Anas sp.?, Sutton, /6is, 1872, p. 247 (Chatham Islands) ; Finsch, J.
f. O. 1874, p. 223.
20. Anas tobeida.
Branta torrida, Scop. Ann. i. Hist. Nat. p. 68, n. 66 (1769).
Anas torrida, Gni. S. N. i. 2, p. 516, n. 75 (1788) ; Lath. Ind. Orn.
ii. p. 845, n. 33 (1790); Botin. Enc. Meth. i. p. 153 (1791);
Bechst. Orn. Tascheyib. ii. p. 4-54, n. 37 (1803) ; Dum. Diet. Sc.
Nat. vi. p. 380 (1817).
According to Bechstein, probably a hybrid between a Common
Duck and Oairina moschata.
21. Anas xalcuani.
Anas xalcuani, Vieill. N. D. v. p. 165 (Mexico) (1816) (e.r Her-
nandez) .
22. Chloephaga patagonica.
Chloephaga patagonica, Mosehy, Notes of a Natural, on the Chal-
lenger, p. 551 (Elizabeth Island) (1879).
The name used by Moseley had never been published before, and
I do not know to which species it refers ; perhaps to C. mcujellanica,
or to Tachyeres cinereus.
23. Daftla carib^a.
Dafila caiibfea, Wiirttemb. Naumannia, 1852, Heft 2, p. 56 (Haiti);
Hartl. ibid.
" Wesentlich verschieden yon D. americnna und nro2^hasiam(s ;
grosser wie beide " ( Wurttemherr/). " Sehr wahrscheinlich ueu "
{Rartlaub).
493
24. Mekgtjs c^ruleus.
WTiite-faced Duck, Lath. Stjn. iii. 2, p. 504, n. 50 a (1785).
Blue Merganser, Ftnn. Arct. Zool. ii. Suppl. p. 74 (Iludsoa's Bav)
(1787).
Mergus caeruleus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 833, n. 10 (1700); Dum.
Diet. So. Nnt. XX. p. 297 (1821); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 629,
n. 7 (P) (1844).
Merganser cteruleus, Staph. Gen. Zool. xii. 2, p. 171 (1824) ; Bp.
Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 025 (?) (1856).
25. Meegus cbistatus.
Mergus cristatus, Pall, {nee Briss.) Zoogr. Rosso-As. ii. p. 291 (1811)
(Ins. Oceani Orientalis) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 629, n. 5 (?)
(1844) ; Brandt, J. f. O. 1891, p. 269.
Mergus serrator a. pallasii, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 652 (1856).
A species incompletely described, possibly identical with Lopho-
dytes cucullatus (cf. Brandt, I. c).
26. Mergus imperialis.
Anitra imperiale, Cetti, Ucc. di Sard. p. 314 (1776) (Sardinia).
Mergus imperialis, Gyn. S. N. i. 2, p. 547, n. 4 (1788) (e.r Cetti) ;
Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 829, d. 3 (1790) ; Vieill. K. 1). xiv. p. 222
(1817) ( = albellus ?) ; Ranz. Elem. di Zool. iii. pt. ix. p. 151 (note)
(1826) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 629, n. 6 (?) (1844).
Merganser lur^BxiaWs, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 106 (1790) ; Steph. Gen.
Zool. xii. 2, p. 170 (1824); Bp. Compt. Roid. xliii. p. 652 (?)
(1856).
The description of the bill given by Cetti, in my opinion, is that
of a Goose, and most probably of Anser ferus.
27. Mergus nigeicollis.
Mergus nigricollis, Bechst. Orn. Taschenb. ii. p. 403 (1803).
28. Q^DEiiiA sp.
Oidemia, sp. ?, Boeck, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 167 (Extract,
p. 25) (Cochabamba, Bolivia).
" Einformig schwarz. Schnabel gclb, iris braun. Sehr selten "
{BoecJc).
29. QUEKQUEDULA Sp.
Querquedula, sp., Boeck, MT. orn. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 167 (Ex-
tract, p. 25) (Cochabamba, Bolivia).
"Fast jihnliche Zeichnung wie Dajila spinicmula, aber ausge-
zeichnet durch zwei lebhaft rothe Flecken auf den Wangen, eincn
orange-gclbcn Schnabel, mit schwarzem First. Fiisse roth " (Boeck-).
30. CaX.\RD INNOMlNi:.
Canai-d innomlnt5, femelle. Less. Descr. Maynin. et Ois. p. 247 (1847).
Possibly the same as I^^eition Jlavirostre.
494 CEYPTURI.
Order XX. CRYPTURI.
Tinamous have a superficial resemblance to Partridges. Their
bill, usually elongated, is as long as, or shorter than, the head ; the
culmen is nearly straight or slightly curved, flattened and covered
at the base with a membrane or cere, which also envelops the
nasal grooves ; the nostrils are large, basal, or even open in the
anterior half of the bill ; the wings short, concave, rounded, and
quinto-cubital ; the tail short, constantly pendent, and generally
hidden by the upper tail-coverts ; tarsi moderate and shielded in
front, or entirely covered with hexagonal scales ; the toes are mostly
four, but sometimes only three ; when present, the hind toe is
articulated higher than the anterior ones. Powder-down patches
are present among the feathers, and these in some have aftershafts.
Tinamous have a small head and slender neck, clothed with very
short feathers ; the plumage is generally inconspicuous ; some tint
of brown, ranging from rufous to slaty, and often more or less
closely barred with a darker shade of black, or even with pale buff,
is the prevailing coloration.
The newly hatched chicks, nidifugous or prcfcoces, are covered
with down, and more or less closely resemble the young of some of
the Ratitcp..
The male takes on himself the duty of incubation.
The eggs are very remarkable, curiously unlike those of other
birds, and the shell looks like highly burnished metal or glazed
porcelain, presenting also various colours, which seem to be constant
in the particular species, ranging from pale primrose to sage-green
or light indigo, or from chocolate-brown to pinkish orange.
Tinamous are peculiar to the Neotropical Eegion, a few species
only finding their way into Mexico, and none beyond. Some of
them inhabit forests and others the more open country or the rocky
mountains ; but, irrespective of size (which in this group varies
from that of a quail to that of a large common fowl), there is an
unmistakable uniformity of appearance among them as a whole.
(^A. Newton.)
The aflinities of the Tinamous have been much discussed.
Illiger in 1811 remarked the likeness of the Tinamou's bill to
that of Rhea. On the other hand, L'Herminier in 1827 saw
features in the Tinamou's sternum that in his judgment linked the
birds to the RaUicla'. In 1830 Wagler (Nat. Syst. Amphib. &c.
p. 127) placed the Tinamous in the same order as the Ostrich and
its allies. In 1862 the close afiinity of these groups was demon-
strated by Prof. Parker's researches (Trans. Zool. Soc. v. pp. 205-
232,236-328, pis. xxxix.-sli. ; Phil. Trans. 1866, pp. 174-178,
pi. XV.). Shortly after this Prof. Huxley (P. Z. S. 1867, pp. 425,
426) was enabled to place the whole matter in a clear light, urging
CEYPTDRI. 495
that the Tinamous formed a very distinct group of birds, which,
though not to be removed from the Carinatce, presented much
rcsembhmce to the Batitce. M. Alix also has, from an inde-
pendent investigation of the osteology and myology of Nothura
major, come to virtually the same conclusion (Journ. de Zool. iii.
pp. 1G9 and 252, pis. viii.-xi.). {A. Newton.)
Dr. Stejneger (Kingsl. Stand. Nat. Hist. iv. (Birds) p. 51, 1885)
has emphasized the many Struthious characters of the Tinamous.
Mr. Seebohm (Class. B. p. 43) says that " the Tinamous appear
to form a link betvreen the Gallhup and the Apteryges. The ster-
num is quite unique, but it approaches nearest to that of the Gallince
and is as far as possible from that oii\iG Ratitce. In their pterylosia
the Tinamous are Galline, and not in the least Struthionine. On
the other hand, the pelvis and the palate have certain characteristics
which are ouly to be found in the Struthioniformes."
Mr. E. B. Sharpe in 1891 ('lleview of liecent Attempts to Classify
Birds ') agrees with Seebohm's classification, and places the Tinamous
after the RatittB at the beginning of the Carinatce, just before the
GaJliformes.
One year later. Dr. Gadow (P. Z. S. 1892, p. 243) placed the
Cnii^turiformes, as he calls the Tinamous, immediately after the
Anseriformes and before the Galliformes, giving the following
diagnosis : —
" Neotropical. Nidifugous. Phytophagous.
" Schizognathous. Vomer fused with bones of palate. (Unique.)
" Basipterygoid processes present.
" Kbamphotheca compound. Nares impervious. Holorhinal.
" Sternum with very slender and long mesosternum and simple
posterior lateral processes. Procoracoid process rudimentary.
" With incisura ischiadica.
" Hypotarsus simple.
" Flexors of type II.
" Neck with lateral apteria.
" Aftcrshaft rudimentary.
" Oil-gland tufted. Quinto-cubital.
" Ten primaries.
" Plagioccclous, type V. Ceeca large. Crop globular."
In a more recent work (Broun's ' Klassen und Ordnungcn des
Thior-Iieichs,' vi. Viigcl, p. IGO) Dr. Gadow defines very shortly the
Tinamifor))u's as Nidifugous Carinatae with incisura ischiadica and
without pygostyle, and places them between the Falconiformes Q.)
and the GaUifomies.
Only one family.
496
Family TINAMIDiE.
Keij to the Genera.
a. With a liind toe. {Tinaminm.)
a . Tail-featheva teu, hidden by the upper tail-
coverts.
a" . Hiud aspect of the tarsus rough.
a'". Scales of the hiod aspect of the tarsus
with the upper margin prominent ; toes
short 1. TiNAMUS, p. 49G.
h'". Scales of the hind aspect of the tarsus
not prominent on the upper margin ; [p. 509.
toes, especially the middle one, long . . 2. Nothocercus,
b". Hind aspect of the tarsus smooth 3. Cbyptubus,
b'. Tail-feathers rudimentary, mixed with the [p. 514.
upper tail-coverts,
c". Bill rather long, curved and tapering to a
point,
c'". Hind toe rather long ; primaries uniform [p. 547.
rufous 4. Ehynchotus,
d'" . Hind toe short ; primaries not uniform [p. 550.
rufous 5. NOTHOPBOCTA,
d". Bill rather short, almost straight, not
gradually tapering to a point, but more bent
at the tip.
c'". Upper tail-coverts not very long ; sexes
similar , 6. Nothuba, p. 558.
f". Upper tail-coverts of the male extremely [p. 564.
long and abundant 7. Taoniscus,
b. Hind toe wanting. (Tinamotidince.) [p. 566.
c . Acrotarsi squamated, or with transverse scales. 8. Calopezus,
d'. Acrotarsi reticulated, or with hexagonal [p. 567.
scales 9. Tinamotis,
Subfamily I. TINAMIN^.
1. TINAMUS.
Type.
Tinamus, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 633 (1790) T. major.
Cryptura, Vieill. Analyse, p. 52 (1816) T. major.
Pezus, Spiv, Av. Bras. ii. p. 61 (1825) T. major.
Trachypelmus, Cab. in Schomh. Heis. in Br. Guian. iii.
p. 749 (1848)* T. major.
Trachypelma, Gieb. Thcs. Orn. iii. p. 648 (1877).
Range. Confiaed to the Neotropical llegion, from Mexico to Peru
and Paraguay.
* Or 1843 according to G. E. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 3.
I. ■riNA>fLM. 497
Ki'li to the tipecies *".
a. General colour very dark, olive and slaty
black ; breast slaty grey ; upper part of the
head black. Size very large tao, p. 497.
h. General colour of the upper parts olive, more
or less brown ; breast not slaty grey.
h'. Wings more than 8 inches.
b" . Upper part of head black, with no
chestnut-brown coloiu-.
b'" . Primaries, primary-coverts, andbastard-
wing greyish rohusius, p. 500.
c'". Primaries, primary -coverts, and bastard-
wing blackish fuscipennis, p. 500.
c". Upper part of head not entirely black.
d'". Upper part of head olive-brown ; two
longitudinal rufous-buff bands on the
sides of the nape snlitarius, p. 501.
e'". Upper part of the head partly or
entirely rufous-brown or chestnut.
e^. Occipital crest of pendent feathers
more or less distinct.
c'. Sides of the head bright rufous
or conspicuously rufescent ; ear-
coverts rufous major, p. 502.
f^. Sidesof the head dusky or blackish ;
ear-coverts blackish,
y". Slate-grey colour of the upper
part of the head confined to the
forehead subcristatus, p. 504.
g^. Slate-black colour of the upper
part of the head extended all
over the anterior half latifron:^, p. 506.
/■*. No distinct occipital crest.
g''. Sides of the head distinctly ru-
fous ; upper part of the head
uniform bright rufous or cinnamon, ruficeps, p. 50ti
A'. Sides of the head not distinctly
rufous ; upper part of the head
deep chestnut, blackish on the
forehead in .some specimens .... castaneicept p. 507.
c'. Wings 8 inche.«, conspicuously spotted with
whitish buff; size rather small ; upper
part of the head blackish guttatus, p. 508.
1. Tinamus tao.
Tinamus tao, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. iii. pp. 569, 749 (Para, Brazil)
(1815) ; Staph. Gen. Zool. xi. 2, p. 408 (1819) ; G. R. Or. Gen. B.
iii. p. 524, n. 1 (excl. syn.) (1844) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881,
* Tinamus intermedius.
Trachypelmvis intermedius, "Cah." Heine u. Rchtiw. Nomencl. Miis. Heiii.
Orii. p. oO;3, n. 4 (Bogota) (1889) (descr. nulla).
I am not aware of Cabanis having described a species of TitMmtts -Kith the
above name.
VOL. xxvil. 2r
498 TINAMID^.
11. 314 (excl. syn.) (1856) ; G. R. Gr. List GalUnce Brit. Mm. p. 96
(Venezuela) (1867) ; Pelz. Om. Bras. pp. 290, 453, Iv (Matogrosso,
Borba, Miranha) (1871) ; G. JR. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9857
(1871); Sclat. 8f Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 153, n. 2 (Amaz.,
Guiana, Venezuela, Columbia) (1873) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 638
(excl. syn.) (1877); Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 8 (1880);
Hartert, Kat. Vogehamml. p. 206, n. 3093 (Brazil) (1891).
Cryptura solitaria, part., Vieill. N. D. xxxiv. p. 106 {nee p. 105)
(1819).
Tinamus brasiliensis, part., Temm. PI. Col., genre Tinamou, sp. 6
(1826) ; Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 206 (1828).
Crypturus canus, Waffl. Isis, 1829, p. 746 ; G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii.
p. 524, n. 2 (1844).
Crypturus tao. Less. Tr. d^Orn. p. 511 (part.) (1831) ; ? Thienem.
Fortpjlanz. p. 22, t. v. f. 1 (egg) (1845).
Crypturus kleei, Tsch. Arch. f. Naturg. 1843, i. p. 387 (Rio Chan-
chamayo and Chuncbotambo), 1844, i. p. 308, n. 282 ; id. Faun.
Per., Aves, pp. 47, 284, t. xxxii. (1846) (type examined) *.
Tinamus kleesi [crrore), G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 16 (1844),
Append, p. 25 (1849).
Tinamus lileei, Rchnh. Syn. Av., Gallinaceas, t. 285. f. 156-3 (1848)
(ex Tschudi) ; G. R. Gr. List Gallince Brit. Mm. p. 101, n. 24
(1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9865 (1871); Tacz. P.Z. S.
1874, p. 503 (Monterico) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 8 (critical)
(1880) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 3 (N.E. Peru) ; id. Orn. Pir. iii.
p. 293, Tables, p. 106 (1886).
Tracbypelmus canus. Cab. in Schomb. Reise in Brit. Guian. iii. p. 749
(1848) ; Licht. Nom. Av. p. 87 (Para) (1854) ; Burm. Syst. Ueb.
Thier. Bras. iii. p. 326 (1856) ; Heine u. Rchniv. Nom. Mus. Hein.
Orn. p. 303 (Porto Cabello) (1890).
Tinamus weddellii, Bj). Cotnpt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 313 (Bolivia),
p. 954 (1856); id. Tabl. Parall. ordre Gallin. (extract) p. 12,
no. 314, p. 15 (1856) (descr. princeps) ; id. Compt. Rend, xliii.
p. 672 ( = canus) (1866).
Tinamua lileaei, Bp. Cotnpt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 315 (1856) ; Gieb.
Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877).
Tinamus canus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 316 (1856), xliii.
p. 572 (1860) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1857, p. 20 (Bogota, Lawrence
Coll.) ; G. R. Gr. List Gallincs Brit. Mus. p. 131, n. 23 (1867) ; id.
Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9866 (1871) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635
(1877).
Tinamus plumbeus, Natter. Cat. MS., teste Pelz. Orn. Bras, p. 290
(1871).
? Tracbypelmus tao, Nathus. J.f. O. 1879, p. 258.
Tinamus blasiusi (!), Dub. Mem. Soc. Zool.Fr. 1894, p. 404 ( = T.
kleei) (specimen examined) t-
* Thanks to Prof. Paul Godet, Director of the Museum of Neuchatel, I have
been able to examine the type of C. kleei, and to identify it with T. tao. The
dimensions (15 inches) given by Tschudi not agreeing with those of T. tao, are
evidently wrong.
t M. Dubois has identified with T. kleei a bird in the Brussels Museum
which appears to be the type of T. blasii, Bp. ; and no doubt he is right in
his identification of the specimen, which he has kindly sent me for inspection ;
but as it does not agree at all with Bonaparte's description, I was inclined to
suppose that the bird is not the real type. JI. Dubois, however, assures me
1. TINAMUS. 499
This large species is easily distinguished by the dark olive-slaty
tinge of its plumage.
Adult male. Upper part of the head and nape black; sides of the
head black, speckled with white ; from each side of the occiput
start two whitish bands mixed witli blackish, running on the sides
of the nape ; throat white, mottled with black ; lower part of the
neck and breast slaty grey, more or less waved with darker lines ;
upper parts greyish olive, waved with black lines and bars, broader
on the lower back and rump ; upper wing-coverts like the upper
back : flanks greyish, waved with irregular buff bands ; middle of
the abdomen buff ; under tail-coverts grey, rufescent along the
middle and more or less waved with irregular grey lines : primaries,
primary-covorts, and bastard-wing iiuiform slaty black ; under wing-
coverts slaty grey ; tail slaty black, the outer edges of the feathers
freckled with olive: "iris brown-red" (^Goeriny), "dark brown;
bill dark brown, with the lower mandible yellowish ; feet blackish
olive, with the nails yellow" {Taczanowslci). Total length about
21 inches, wing 11, tail 5, culmen 1-5, tarsus 3.
Hah. Amazons, Guiana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and
Bolivia.
a. Ad. St. Venezuela. Purchased.
b. J ad. sk. San Esteban, Venezuela Salvin-Godman Coll.
(Goerinr/).
c. Ad. sk. Vicinity of Bogota, New Salvin-Godman Coll.
trranada.
that there is no possible doubt about it. I add the synonymy and Bonaparte's
original description : —
TiNAMtS BLASn.
Tinamus [blasii] *, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 573 (1856) (Chili, Mus.
BruxeUes); G. R. Gr. LiM GalUnm Brit. Mus. p. 101, n. 22 (1867) ; id.
Hand-list, iii. p. 4, no. 9867 (1871) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877).
" Par la grosseur et la couleiir il se rapproche du T. major, s'en distinguant
par les plumes prolongies qui torment aussi une sorte de criuiere, eomrae dans
suhcristatus, soul, jusquVi present, A nous offrir ce caractere. Le sommef de la
tSte et la kiippc soul d'tcn brtin marron roiu/edfre hcaiKoup plus fonci- que chez
major ; le front, la partie anterieure de la tele et les paupieres, sont uoiratres.
La nuance predon)inante, sur les parties superieures, ne tend pas au vert
olivatre, oomme chez le ?n«/or, mais au brun olive roussiitre; presque toutes
les parties inferieures sont verniiculees d'une couleur plus foncte que dans le
major. Sa longueur est de 45 centimetres ; son bee est long de 5 centimetres,
ses ailes eu mesurent 28 ct ses tarees 7J. II porte la petite criniere rasee (en
brosse) de snheris/afii.'^, mais elle est entierement noiratre, ondulee et pointillee
de gris jaunatre ; les parties int'erieures, plus claires, sont entierement vermi-
cult-es de blanehatre ; les petits points sont tres-nombreus et serr^s sur la gorge,
qu'ils envahissent et couvreut coinpletement, traqant aussi deux lignea le long
de la partie posterieure du col." {Bonaparte.)
Hab. Chili ! {Mus. Bru.rellcs).
* Bonaparte, speaking of this species, said that he was dedicating it to
Dr. Blasius, but he did not actually give the name blasii.
.500 TINAMID.E.
2. Tinamus robustus.
Tinamua major ?, Moore (ncc Gm.), P. Z. S. 1859, p. 63 (Omoa) ;
Sclat. ibid, (probably different from vriajor) ; Sclat. 4" 8alx>. Ibis,
1859, p. 226 (Belize aud Omoa) ; Salv. Ibis, 1866, p. 204 (=ro-
bustusj.
Tinamus robustus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 253 (Mexico ; descr. nulla) ;
M. Oiven, Ibis, 1861, p. 59; Salv. Ibis, 1861, p. 355 (Yzabal) ;
Parker, P. Z. S. 1862, pp. 257, 259, 1863, p. 517 (sacral vertebrte) ;
Salv. Ibis, 1865, p. 195 ; Parker, Tr. Zool. Sac. v. pp. 205 et seq.
(1866) ; G. R. Gr. List of Gallince Brit. Mux. p. 97 (Mexico)
(1867) ; Huxley, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 425 (cut of the under view of
the skull) ; Sclat. ^- Snlv. Exot. Orn. p. 87 (part.), pi. xliv. (1868)
(descr. princeps) ; Sumichrast, Mem. Bost. Sac. N. H. i. p. 560
(1869); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii, p. 3, no. 9861 (part.) (1871);
Salv. ^ Sclat. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 4 (part.) (1873) ;
Sorby, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 361 (egg) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637
(1877); Schley. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 11 (part.) (1880); Suvii-
chrast. La Naturaleza, v. p. 229 (1881) (State of Vera Cruz) ; Pelz.
u. Lor. Ann. naturh. Hofmns. iii. p. 61 (1888).
Trachypelmus robustus, Heine u. Rchniv. Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn.
p. 303 (Playa Vicente) (1890).
Adult. Above olive-brown, irregularly barred with black ; upper
part of the head black, occiput with some rufous-brown markings,
which on the nape become rufescent narrow bars; sides of the head
varied with black and rufescent ; throat white ; lower parts pale
olive-grey, darker on the breast and sides, and more or less waved
with narrow dark lines ; flauks with broader brown irregular bars ;
lower abdomen in some specimens more or less rufescent ; under
tail- coverts buff, each feather more or less varied with olive on the
edges of both webs ; upper wing-coverts like the back, secondaries
usually browner; primaries arid bastard- wing uniform greyish
brown ; under wing-coverts greyish brown, the last row lighter
and pure grey; tail olive-brown ; irides unrecorded ; upper mandible
blackish olive, lower mandible whitish ; feet dark olive. Total length
about 16 inches, wing 9"50, tail 3'50, culmen 1*25, tarsus 2"60.
Bah. Mexico aud Central America, south to Guatemala and
British Honduras.
a. Ad. St. Mexico. Gould Coll.
b. Ad. sk. Choctum, Guatemala, Jan. (O. Salvin-Godman Coll.
Salvin). (Type of species figured in 'Exotic
Ornithology,' pi. xliv.).
c. 5 ad. sk. Sources of K. de la Pasion, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(O. Salvin).
d. Ad. sk. British Honduras (Blanca)ieaux). Salvin-Godman Coll.
3. Tinamus fuscipennis.
Tinamus robustus, Lawr. {nee Sclat.) Aim. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 140
(Costa Eica) (1868) ; Fra^itz. J.f. O. 1869, p. 374 (Costa Kica) ;
Salv. 8( Sclat. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 4 (part.) (1873) ; Salv.
Ibis, 1874, p. 329 (Veragua) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 12,
specim. 6 (Costa Rica) (1880) ; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa Rica, p. 29
(1882) ; id. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1885, p. 112, n. 596 (Costa Rica) ;
id. An. Mvs. Nac. Rep. Costa Rica, 1887, p. 128, n. 609 ; Richmond,
Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvi. p. 525 (Escondido, Nicaragua) (1893).
I
1. TINAJIUS. 501
Similar to T. rohu.s/tt^, but browner on the upper parts, more
olive on the breast, more reddish on the abdomen, and principally
differing in the much darker, nearly black primaries, primary-coverts,
and bastard-wing.
Hah. Central America : Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Veragua.
a. S ad. Escondido River, Nicaragua, Salvin-Godman Coll. ) Types
sk. Nov. (C. W. Richmond). I of the
b. $ ad. San Rafael, Nicaragua, Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll. 1 species,
sk. ( W. B. Richardson).
c. 2 ad. Veragua {Arce). .Salvin-Godman Coll.
sk.
4. Tinamus solitarius. (Plate VII.)
Mocoicogoe, Azar. Apunt. i. p. 57, u. 332 (1805) ; id. Vou. (Sonn.
ed.) iv. p. 154 (1809).
Tinamus tao, part., Temm. Pig. et Gallin. iii. pp. 569, 572, 749 (1815) ;
Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 511 (1831); G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524,
n. 1 (1844) ; Hart I. hid. Azar. Apunt. p. 21, n. 332 (1847) ; G.
R. Gr. Gen. B. Append, p. 25 (1849) ; Bp. Comjjt. Rend. xlii.
p. 881, n. 314 (part.) (1856), xliii. p. 572 (1856) ; id. Tahl. RaraU.
Gallin. p. 12, n. 313 (part.) (185G) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 2,
n. 9857 (1871) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 638 (part.) (1877).
Cryptura solitaria, Vieill. N. D. xxxiv. p. 105 (1819) {e.v Azara).
Tinamus solitarius, Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 373, n. 11 (1820); Pelz.
Orn. Bras. pp. 290, 453, Iv (Rio Janeiro, Mattodentro, Ypanema,
Ytarare) (1871) ; Sclat. Sf Sah. Nom. Av. Neotro]}. p. 152, n. 1
(Paraguay and Brazil) (1873) ; Berl. J.f. O. 1874, p. 251 (Sauta
Catharina) ; Sorb;/, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 361 (egg) ; Schle(/. Mus
P.-B., Tinami, p. 10 (1880) ; P Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 545
(1883) (Zool. Gard.) ; Bvrl. u. Jher. Zeitschr. yes. Orn. 1885,
p. 182 (Taquara do Mundo novo) ; Berl. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 126,
n. 349 ; Sclat. Lbis, 1890, p. 82 (quintocubital).
Crypturus tan, Licht. (nee Te?nm.) Verz. Doubl. p. 67, n. 701 (San
Paulo) (1823) ; Wat/l. Syst. Ai\, gen. Cryptiu-us, sp. 1 (1827) ; id.
Lsis, 1829, p. 745.
Pezus serratus, Spix, Av. Bras. ii. p. 61, t. 76 (Rio Negro) (1825)*.
Crypturus serratus, part., Wayl. St/st. Av., gen. Crypturus, sp. 2
(1827); id. lsis, 1829, p. 746; &f. Class. B. ii. p. .345 (1837).
Tinamus brasiliensis, Wied {nee Lath.) Reise nach Bras. i. -p-p 256,
262 (1820), ii. pp. 124, 135 (1821) ; Temm. PL Col., genre Tinamou,
sp. 6 (part.) (1826); Wied, Beitr. Xaturg. Bras. iv. p. 496, t. i.
f. 2 (larynx) (1832) ; Less. Compl. de Buf. 2ud ed. Ois. p. 238
(part.) (1838) ; Euler, J. f. O. 1867, pp. 19U, 196, 198.
Tinamus major, Rchnb. Syn. Av., GaUinacea-, t. 284. f. 1558 (1848)
(ex Spi.i) ; ? Reinhardt, Vid. Medd. naturh. Foren. Kjobenhat-n,
1870, p. 50 (Minas Geraes).
Trachypelmus tao, Cab. (7iec Temm.) in Schomb. Reise Brit. Guian.
iii. 'p. 749 (1848); Licht. Nom. Av. p. 87 (1854); Burm. Syst.
Uebers. Th. Bras. iii. p. 324 (1856).
Tinamus guttulatus, G. R. Gr. List Gallincc B. M. p. 9 (Brazil)
(1867) (immat.) ; id. Hand-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9860 (1871) ; Pelz.
Orn. Bras. p. 292 (note), pp. 453, Iv (1871) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii.
p. 636 (1875).
Spix's plate agrees exactJy with Rio Parana and Rio de Janeiro specimens.
502
TINAMID^.
Adult male. Similar to T. robustus but larger, •with the barrings
on the upper parts more regular and broader ; upper part of head
and nape olive-browD ; on the sides of occiput and nape two distinct
light buff longitudinal bands ; sides of head varied with olive-
brown and brown-black ; throat white, broad])' surrounded below
with rufescejit ; lower neck and breast grejish olive ; flanks
rufescent, barred with brown ; middle of the abdomen greyish
oHve ; under tail-coverts buff, varied with olive-brown on the
edges ; wings like the back, but browner, especially the secondaries,
which have a rufescent tinge ; primaries, primary-coverts, and
bastard-wing uniform slaty black ; under wing-coverts blackish,
edged with olive-brown, the last row uniform slate-grey; tail olive-
brown, irregularly freckled with black and with some rufescent-
browu markings : " iris reddish brown ; feet light plumbeous ; biU
bluish black" (D'Azara). Total length about 20 inches, wing 1 0-50,
tail 4'50, culmen 1*42, tarsus 2-9.
Female. Similar to the male.
Immature birds have the upper parts more or less dotted with
whitish small spots.
Young in down. Upper part of the head anteriorly pale brown-
buff, posteriorly golden buff-chestnut ; across the top of the head
a chestnut band, connected with a chestnut band on both sides of
the occiput ; sides of the head pale brown-buff ; a line through
the lores, another from the base of the lower mandible joined to a
patch on the auricular region, nape and sides of the neck deep
chestnut ; two snow-white patches on the sides of the nape ; inter-
scapular region greyish buff, with obsolete cross dusky bars, the
hairy tips of the feathers chestnut ; scapulars chestnut ; lower back
and rump pale greyish buif-brown, with the hidden part of the
feathers buif ; throat white, but the tips of the feathers, especially
on the lower parts, dusky ; lower fore neck and breast chestnut,
changing into dull whitish on the abdomen.
The bird figured on Plate VII. is one of the types of T. guttu-
latus, Gr.
Hah. Paraguay and Southern Brazil.
a. Ad. sk. Rio Parana, Brazil (^o^«-s). Salvin-Godman Coll.
h. 5 ad. sk. Sao Paulo, Brazil \joyner). Salvin-Godman Coll.
c-g- 6 2 ad., imm., Rio de Janeiro. A. Fry, Esq. [P.].
et pull. sk.
h, i. S 2 imm. st. Brazil (Leadbeater). Purchased.
(Types of T. guttulatus, Gr.)
5. Tinamus major.
PMacucagua, Marcgr. Hist. A v. Bras. p. 213: WUluahb. Orn.
p. 163, t. 26.
? Yambou, Marcyr. op. cit. p. 192.
PPerdix brasiliensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 227, n. 4 (1760).
PPerdix major brasiliensis, Briss. Orn. i. p. 227, n. 5 (1760).
Tinamou de Cayenne, DAubent. PI. Enl. 476.
]. TINAMUS. 503
Magoua, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv. p. 507, pi. 24 (1778).
Great Tiuamou, Lath. Syn. ii. '2, p. 724, n. 1 (1783).
Tetrao major, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 767, n. 03 (1788).
Tinamus brasiliensi.s, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 633, n. 1 (1790) ; Temm.
Piy. et Gallin. iii. pp. 562, 748 (1815) ; tsteph. Gen. Zool. xi. 2,
p. 406 (1810) ; Temm. PI. Col., genre Tinamou, sp. G (part.)
(1826) ; Less. Man. d' Orn. n. p. 200 (part.) (1828) ; id. Tr. d'Orn.
p. 512 (18.-'.1); id. Compl. de Buff. 2nrl ed. 0("s. p. 238 (1838) ;
Temm. PL Col. i. Tabl. Meth. p. 87 (1839); Pelz. Orn. Bras.
pp. 201, 453, Iv (Matogrosso, Guapore, Cachoeira da Bananeira,
Borba, Jlio Negro, Marabitanas, Barra do Rio Negro) (1871) ;
id. Lbis, 1873, p. 37.
? Tinamus bnisiliana, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 224, n. 1, pi. 89. f. 3
(1701).
Crypturus major, Illiy. Prodr. Mamm. et Av. p. 245 (1811).
Cryptura magoua, Vieill. N. D. xxsiv. p. 104 (1819).
Crypturus serratus, Wagl. Si/st. Av., gen. Crypturus, sp. 2 (part.)
(1827).
Tinamus major, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 3 (1844) ; Bp. Compt.
Bend. xlii. p. 881, n. 312 (1856), xliii. p. 573 (note) (1856) ; Salv.
Ibis, 1861, p. 356 {egg) ; G. P. Gr. List Gallimc Brit. Mm. p. 96
(syn., but not specim. a) (1867) ; id. Hand-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9858
(1871) ; Sclat. Sf Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 5 (1873) ;
Schkff. Mas. P.-B., Tinami, p. 13 (part.) (1880) ; Tristr. Cat. Coll.
B. p. 2 (1889) ; Hartert, Kat. Vogelsaminl. p. 206, n. 3092 (1891).
Crypturus brasiliensis, Thienem. Fortpflanz. p. 23, t. v. f. 2 (1845).
Trachj-pelmus major. Cab. in Schomb. Pels, in Brit. Guian.'m. p. 749
(1848); Licht. Nom. Av. p. 87 (1854); ? Heine u. Rchnw. Norn.
Mas. Hein. Orn. p. .303 (Brazil) (1890).
Tracliypelmus brasiliensis, Burm. Si/st. Ueb. iii. p. 325 (1856) ;
Nalhus. Zeifschr. tcissensch. Zool. xxi. pp. 352, 354, t. xxvi. ff. 17,
18 {tigg structure) (1871); id. J. f. O. 1879, p. 2.58; Mangels-
dorff, MB. dt'i/fsch. Ver. Schutze, 1890, pp. 155-164, pi. ii.
Tinamus subcristatus, Pelz. {nee Cab.) Orn. Bras. p. 291, note 3 (San
Joaquim and Barra do Rio Xegro) (1871).
Tinamus cristatellus, Xa/t. Cat. AlS., teste Pelzeln, I. c.
This species is to be recognized by the bright rufous-cinnamon
colour of the upper part of the head, tinged with greyish on the
forehead of the male, combined with the very light, mostly white
underparts.
Adult male. Upper parts olive, with irregular black bar-Like
marks ; upper part of the head and occipital crest rufous cinnamon ;
forehead, lores, and feathers behind tlie eyes greyish ; ear-coverts
chestnut-brown ; sides of the head and neck rufcscent, the sides of
the head and nape with narrow dusky bars, the sides of the neck
with dusky stripes along the middle of the feathers ; throat white,
fore neck and upper breast dull buff with undulated cross dusky
lines ; remainder of the lower parts buffy white, nearly uniform
along the middle of the breast and abdomen ; sides, Hanks, and
tibial feathers Avith irregular dusky bars ; under tail-coverts
rufesccnt, with irregular olive bars, and these with two narrow
irregular black cross lines, one anteriorly and the other posteriorly ;
upper wing-coverts like the back ; primaries uniform greyish ;
504 TINAMID^.
bastard-wing, primar)'-coverts, and secondaries olive-rufous, with
irregular black bar-like marks ; under wing-coverts olive-buff,
with irregular black lines, the greater ones uniform greyish ; tail
olive-brown, with irregular black lines, and rufous-buff marks on
the outer web : bill dusky above, paler (olive ?) below ; feet in the
dry skin pale olive. Total length about 17 inches, wing 9'4, tail
3*75, culmen 1'25, tarsus 2-56.
Female. Similar to the male, but somewhat larger, and whiter
below ; upper part of the head uniform rufous cinnamon ; no greyish
tinge on the forehead and sides of the head, which are uniform with
the pileum, only a shade lighter ; ear-coverts also rufous cinnamon ;
no conspicuous occipital crest ; fore neck and breast nearly uniform
greyish olive ; upper parts less marked with black ; secondaries
browner. Total length about 19 inches, wing 9-4, culmen 1-30,
tarsus 2-50.
Eoth the birds described belong to batterer's collection and are
from Hio Negro : they have been attributed by von Pelzeln to two
different birds, the male to T. suhcristatus * and the female to
T. brasiliensis ; but they are so much alike that I cannot believe
that they are specifically different, as it would be impossible that
two such allied forms should be found in the same region ; the
differences appear to me to be only sexual.
I am not quite certain as to the proper name of this species, the
description of the old authors being very unsatisfactory ; for the
present I have thought it best to retain the name major, although
it was applied to the bird from Cayenne, where I am not aware
that the species has been found in recent times. Marcgrave's and
Brisson's descriptions may apply to T. solitarius, to which I have no
doubt Pezus serratus, Spix, also belongs.
Bab. Central and Northern Brazil.
a. J ad. sk. S. Joaquim on the Rio Negro, Salvin-Godman Coll.
July (Natter er).
b. 5 ad. sk. Hio Negro, Dec. {Xatterer). Salvin-Godman Coll.
6. Tinamus suhcristatus.
Tinamus brasiliensis, part., G R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 52,
specim. a, b, d (1844).
Trachvpelmus subcristatus, Cab. in Schomb. Reis. Brit. Guian. iii.
p. ^49 (1848); Licht. Norn. Av. p. 87 (1854): Biirm. Syst. Ueb.
Thier. Bras. iii. p. 326 (1856) ; Heine u. Rchmv. Norn. Mus.
Hein. Orn. p. 303 (Guiana) (1890).
Tinamus ? subcristatus, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881 (1856), xliii.
p. 572 (1856) ; G. R. Gr. List Gallinee Brit. Mus. p. 96 (1867) ;
id. Hand-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9859 (1871) ; Sclat. ^ Salt. Norn. Av.
Neotroj}. p. 152, sp. 6 (Guiana) (1873) ; Salv. Cat.B. StricU. Coll.
* Von Pelzeln {I. c.) has a remark concerning the differences between the
specimens collected by Natterer and Cabauis's description of T. subcristatus.
J. T1NA51C9. 505
p. 640, n. 3110 (1882); id. Ibis, 1886, p. 181 (British Guiana) ;
W. L. Sclat. Ibis, 1887, p. 317.
Tinamus major, part., G. li. Gr. List Gallina; Brit. Mns. p. 96,
specim. a (1867) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 636 (part.) (1877); Schleg.
Mus. P.-B., Tinami, pp. 13-17, specim. 1, 5, 6 (1880).
Tinamus major subcristatus, Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. lo
(1880).
Adult male. Forehead and above the eyes greyish black, remainder
of the upper part of the head, with the occipital pendent crest,
chestnut; sides of the head anteriorly and the ear-coverts blackish,
posteriorly and the sides of the neck varied with rufous and
blackish, each feather having the centre blackish and the edges
rufous, so that those parts have a distinct scaly appearance ; throat
white ; lower neck pale olive-brown ; back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts olive-brown, the latter with some buflf edges and obsolete
bars ; wings olive, but the secondaries rufous olive-brown ; pri-
maries uniform greyish brown ; primary-coverts and bastard-wing
greyish brown, with a slight reddish-brown tinge ; under wing-
coverts greyish brown, distinctly edged with olive, the last row
pure grey ; tail olive rufous-brown ; lower parts pale olive-grej',
finely waved along the middle with dusky lines ; flanks bufF, broadly
and irregi;larly barred : bill in dry skin brown above, pale below ;
feet olive. Total length about 17 inches, ^ving 9-25, tail 3"25,
culmen 1*30, tarsus 2'60.
Female. Differs from the male in having the upper parts or back
and wings more or less with black transverse markings or
barrings.
Young. More reddish than the adult ; upper parts dotted with
paler rufous spots.
A young in down from Takutu (apparently belonging to this
species) has the forehead and temporal regions mixed with greyish
and chestnut ; a loral spot and an ear-patch chestnut ; a large patch
from the crown to the occiput brown-chestnut ; mantle greyish
brown, -with the hairy tips of the feathers chestnut : lower back and
rump yellowish, thickly dotted with brown ; scapulars, breast, and
sides chestnut ; throat and abdomen greyish ; sides of the rump
glossy chestnut ; wings greyish brown.
Ilah. Guiana.
a. Ad. St. S. America. Gen. T. Ilardwicke
[P.].
{T. major, Or., specim. a.)
b, c. Ad. St. & sk. Cayenne. Purchased.
(i,e. c? 2 ad. sk. Camacusa, Brit. Guiana, Feb., Salvin-Godmau Coll.
Sept. (U. Whitely).
f. 5 ad. sk. Bartica Grove, Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.
Sept. (H. Whitely).
y. eru (Jl. Whitcly). Salvin-Godman Coll.
(Described by Taczaiiowski, 1. c.)
2, NOTHOCERCUS.
Nothocercius, Bp. Compt. Hend. xlii. p. 957 (UnG) ^'^inUu,.
Ramje Confined to Central ximerica and northern Soutb America
tioni Losta Paca to \enezuela and Ecuador.
Keij to the Species.
a. Throat pure white.
a'. Upper part and sides of head rufous chestnut,
posteriorly brown in the majority of speci-
mens; back broadly barred with" black... jujiu, n .109
b. Lpper part of head entirely black; back " ' "
narrowly vermiculated with'black »»V/nr«/«7/«,s- p .-,11
b. Throat not pure white. '' ' -,p. ni.
c'. Throat bright rufous.
a". Greater or last row of the under wimr-
coverts greyish, barred with dull rufous, honapartei. p .111
0 . Greater or last row of the under wino-- i • •
coverts uuifonn greyish brown, with no
barrings; primaries not distinctly rufous
on the inner webs, but greyish freckled
;, rp, ^'^}^ "■'•egular rufous narrow bars frantzil, p. 512
a. Ihroat whitish, washed with rufous; pri-
niaries greyish, barred with rufous on the
inner webs ; greater or last row of the under
wing-coverts greyish, barred with dull
^■"''^"^ intercedens, p. 513.
1. Nothocercus Julius.
Tinamus Julius, ^yv. Compt. Bend, x.xxvii. p. 6ft3 (Columbia) HRnS^ ■
^d.^otesColl.lMattre, p^ 93 (note) (18^4); L.TjfoiSA
p. 410 (^ew Granada); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1855 p 163 IS-.8 ,.4?
!!!« Negro Ecuador) ; G. M. Gr. List Gad^ ^. "S^, \; ^^
18b/); Felz. Orn. Bras. p. 292 (note) (1871) ■ n;^h tT f\
iii. p. 636 (1877) ; miey. \m.s. Lb^'^, p.^sllS^O?' '''■"
ISothocercus juliu.s, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p 881 no 3S1 L q-.j
(18o0) G. It Gr Hand-li.'. 531.
h\ Sides of the head dark brown ;
upper tail-coverts olive-brown,
nearly uniform with the
,, ^ , ^f^ daktoni, p. 531.
/ . Breast rufous. ^
ff". Throat rufous ; breast bright rufous.
e'". Hind neck brown-black ; post-
^,„ ^^^'^1' superciliary stripe rufous . . atricapillus, p. 532.
/ . Hind neck rufous brown, freckled
with dusky bars ; no superciliary
A,' Ti^^T® ,■•••■••; 9arlep2n,^.52,3.
h . Ihroat pm-e white; breast pale
TTr TT ^'"fo'is .... mexkanus d , p. 545.
ILL Upper parts not strongly barred, neither
distinctly vermiculated, but upper tail-
coverts with black bars more or less dis-
tinct, and quite distinct whitish-buff'
bars.
/. Sides of the head with lores bright rufous
cinnamon.
ff'. Middle of the breast and abdomen
7 ' T^'''*^ ' *^'°f *. rufescent stHffulosus, p. 533.
/* . Breast and abdomen rufescent ; throat
white ...... enjthropus, p. 534,
g. Sides ot the head rufescent, not cinnamon ^ ' r
on the lores ; nape rufous vinous ; lower
fore neck and upper breast grey ; lower
breast rufescent dissimilis, p. 541.
3. CRYPTaRUS. 517
IV. Upper parts, especially the wings, strongly
barred.
h. Lower parts partly rufescent.
i' . Neck all round briglit rufous chestnut,
j". Upper part of the head black.
ij" . Feathers of tlie back and rump
and upper wing-coverts with
more than one rufous bar, and with
the black tips rather narrow .... variegatus, p. 535.
h!". Feathers of the back and rump
and upper wing-coverts with only
one rufous bar, and the black tips
rather broad salmni, p. 537.
k". Upper part of the head rusty red
( Von Pelzeln) brevirosfris, p, 538.
Ji'. Neck all round not entirely rufous
chestnut.
I". Nape brown, with no rufous tinge ;
breast pale ochreous bartlettt, p. 538.
w". Nape rufous, with a vinous tinge.
i". Lower fore neck and upper breast
grey.
i*. A broad superciliary stripe ru-
fescent noctivar/us, p. o39.
k'. No distinct superciliary stripe . . dissimilis 2 , p. 541.
k'" . Lower fore neck and breast ru-
fescent; seldom a grey tinge on
the former.
I*. Tarsus longer, 2"05 inches ; tail
regularly ban-ed across cinnamomms, p. 541.
m*. Tarsus shorter, 1"8-1'9 ; tail
barred only on the inner web
of the feathers me.ricanus 5 , p. 545.
n". Nape brown ; lower neck and breast
dark grey boucardi 2 , p. 544.
o". Nape rufous brown ; lower fore
neck and breast greyish brown,
washed with ochreous olive columhianus, p. 545.
i. Lower parts whitish, with no rufescent
tinge transfasciatus, p. 546.
1. Crypturus cinereus.
Tinamou cendre. Buff. Hid. Xat. Oi:<. iv. p. 510 (Cayenne) (1778).
Cinereous Tinamou, Lath. St/ti. ii. 2, p. 72(5, n. 2 (1783).
Tetrao cinereus, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 768, n. 64 (1788).
Tinamus cinereus, Laf/t. Iml. Oni. ii. p. 633, n. 2 (1790) ; Temm.
Fig. ct Oallin. iii. pp.574, 750 (1815); Steph. Gen. Zool. xi. 2,
p. 412 (1819) ; Temm. Pi. Col., r/enre Tinamou, sp. 8(1820) ; ic.v«.
Tr. d'Orn. p. 512 (1831) ; id. Compl. de Buf. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 238
(18.38) ; Temm. PL Col. i. Tabl. MM. p. S7 (1839) ; G. R. Gr. Gen.
B. iii. p. 524, n. 0 (1844) ; id. List B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 52 (1844) ;
Rehnb. S,/n. .4c., Gallinacoif, t. 285. f. 1-564 (1848); G. R. Gr.
ZiV G(dlin. p. 98 (Cayenne) (1S07) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras.
pp. 292, 4.53, Iv (1871) ; Gie/>. Tlu-g. On,, iii. p. 6-36 (1877).
Tinamus cinerea, Bonn. Enc. Meth. i. p. 225, n. 2 (1791).
518 TINAMID^,
Crypturus cinereus, Illig. Prodr. Mamm. et Av. p. 245 (1811) ^
JVaffl. Syst. Av., yen. Crypturus, sp. 5 (1827) ; id. Isi.s, 1829,
p. 746 (Surinam) ; TscL Arch. f. Natury. 1844, i. p. 307, n. 279
(Peru) ; id. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 46, n. 4, p. 283 (1846) ; Thienem.
Fortpflanz. p. 23, t. v. f. 3 (egg) (1845) ; Licht. Nom. Av. p. 87
(Brazil) (1864) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 317 (1856) ; Bp. Compt.
Bend. xlii. p. 881, n. 319 (1856) ; id. Tahl. Parall. Gallin. (Krtract),
p. 12, n. 317 (1856) ; G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9869 (1871) ;
Sclat. ^ Salv. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 310 (Chamicuros and Santa Cruz) ;
lid. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 152 (Guiana et Amazonia) (1873) ;
Schley. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 20 (1880) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii.
p. 300, Tables, p. 107 (1886) ; Heine u. Bchmv. Nom. Mus. Hein.
Orn. p. 303 (Surinam) (1890).
Cryptura cinerea, Tieill. N. D. xxxiv. p. 102 (1819).
? Tinamus cseruleus, " Lath.," Less. Man. ii. p. 206 (1828).
? Crypturus megapodius, Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 954 (Cayenne ?)
(1866) ; id. Tabl. Parall. Gallin. {Extract), p. 12, u. 318, p. 16
(1856) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, u. 9876 (1871).
Tinamus megapodius, G. B. Gr. List Gallinre Br. Mus. p. 101, n. 28
(1867) ; Gieh. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (1877).
[Crypturus] assimilis, Mus. I'indoh., fide Hcliley. Mus. P.-B., Tinami,
p. 20 (pale variety) (1880).
Adult. Greyish brown, nearly uniform, only the upper part of the
head, ear-coverts, and nape tinged with rufous brown ; throat grey-
ish ; shafts of the feathers of the sides of the head and throat white ;
under tail-coverts with obsolete dusky and rufous bars : " bill brown
horn-colour (in dry skin whitish underneath) ; feet yellowish brown ;
irides light hazel " ( Whitely). Total length 12-5 inches, wing 7-7'4,
tail 2, culmen 1, tarsus 2-2-2.
Female. Somewhat larger than the male.
Young. " Upper parts dark smoky brown, lower parts paler, with
the feathers slightly edged with fulvous ; abdomen with a few
narrow fulvous bars ; throat pale grej' ; the outer web of the
secondaries edged with triangular reddish spots ; under tail-coverts
with some reddish spots" (Taczanovski).
Some specimens have the under tail-coverts with broad creseentic
subapical black bars.
I have not seen Brazilian birds collected by Natterer, which,
according to von Pelzeln, are lighter and more reddish ; Schlegel
adds that this paler race bears the name of assimilis in the Vienna
Museum. Probably Eonaparte bestowed the name Crypturus
megapodius on the dark variety ; Dr. Oustalet writes to me that
the type specimen, mentioned by Bonaparte, is no longer in the
Paris Museum.
Sab. Northern S. America, from Guiana to Rio Madeira and
Eastern Peru on the Upper Amazons.
a. Ad. St. Cayenne. M. Cuoy Coll.
b. Ad. st. S. America (Cayenne). Old Coll.
c,d. S 2 ^^* ^^- Takutu River, Brit. Guiana, Salvin-Godman Coll.
March, April (H. Whitely).
e. 2 ^^' ^^- Yquitos, Upper Amazons, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.
(H. Whitely).
3. CRYPTUKUS. 519
f,k Neotrop. p. 152
(Brazil and Paraguav) (1873) ; ? Tacz. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 563 (Mon-
terico) ; Cab. J. f. O. 1874, p. 230 ; Sorbi/, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 361
(egg) ; Selaf. ^S' Sail). P. Z. S. 1879, p. 642 (Tilotilo, Bolivia) ;
tSchler/. Mus. P.-B., Tinanii, p. 22 (Brazil and New Granada ?)
(1880) ; Tacz. P. Z. S. 1882, p. 49 (Chirimoto, X.E. Peru) ; Salv.
Cat. B. Strickl. Coll.-p. 640, n. 3112 (1882) ; Sclat. List Vert. An.
8th ed. p. 545 (Zool. Gard.) (1883) ; Berl. u. Jher. Zeitschr. ges.
Orn. 1885, p. 184 (Taquara do Mundo Novo) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii.
p. 296, Tables, p. 106 (1886) ; Berl. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 126, n. 350;
Sclat. S; Iluds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 207 (18891 ; Heine u. Rchnw.
Nam. Mus. Hciii. Orn. p. :]03 (Pao Grande and Montevideo) (1890) ;
Hartert, Kut. Vogelsamml. p. 206, n. .3096 (1891).
Tinamus rufus, Mus. ParU fide Less. Tr. d' Orn. p. 513 (1831).
Crypturus variegatus?, Burm. {nee Gm.) J.f. O. 1853, p. 176 (egQ-).
Crvpturus obscurus, " Z«f/iY." (errore), Crieh. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637
(1877) ; Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 296 (1886) {in st/n. C. ob^oleti).
? Crypturus cinereus, White {nee Gm.), P. Z. S. 1882, p. 629 (Salta).
Adult male. Head and upper neck dusky grey, throat paler ash-
grey ; lower hind neck brown ; upper parts rufous brown, slightly
vermiculated with dusky ; lower parts rufous chestnut, abdomen
paler ; feathers of the lower flanks and abdomen with crescentic
brown bars, producing a scale-like appearance ; under tail-coverts
deep brown, variegated and edged with ochreous rufescent ; pri-
maries and under wing-coverts greyish, the greater under wing-
coverts j)aler grey ; tail rufous brown : " bill reddish brown ; iris
520 TINAMIDiE.
orange ; feet pale brown, or of a dead-leaf colour " (Azara) ; " bill
coral-red " ( Vieillot) ; " iris broWn, ochreous, I'ed, or red-brown "
(Jhei-ing) ; " feet greenish flesh-brown colour like the upper man-
dible " {Burmeister), Total length about 10"5 inches, wing 6"5,
culmen 0-95, tarsus 1"9.
Female. Similar to the male, only paler on the abdomen.
The larger specimens have the upper part of the head and nape
much darker, nearly black.
A young bird, apparently belonging to this species (Forest of
Itaborari, on the Rio Macocou, Mus. Turin), is duller, has the throat
paler greyish, the upper parts finely vermiculated and with a few
blackish and whitish buff dots, and the lower fore neck and the
breast distinctly barred with brown.
Taczauowski mentions two Peruvian races, both differing from
the Brazilian birds in having a darker grey throat and the bill
much smaller, and he gives the following diagnoses of them : —
First race (Central Peru). Upper parts darker and less rufescent,
middle of the abdomen broadly fulvous and paler, distinctly different
from the colour of the flanks, where the dark bars are less distinct ;
the smoky-grey colour of the sides of the head distinctly washed
with reddish ; iris orange.
Second race (Northern Peru). Upper parts paler and more rufes-
cent, abdomen brighter ; iris brown.
Hab. Paraguay, Argentine, Brazil, and, if the same species, Co-
lombia and also Peru. The Colombian birds mentioned by Schlegel
probably belong to C. castaneus.
ah: ^omcncl. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. a (1873).
Adult (tj-pe). Similar to C. obsoletus, but of a much brighter
•chestnut both above and below, and also on the lower i.art of the
hind neck ; scarcely any trace of vermiculations on the back ; upper
part of the head and nape smoky black ; forehead and sides of the
head dark grey ; throat paler grey ; feathers of the abdomen and
Hanks brown, with ochreous-butf apical bars: under tail-coverts
ochroous buff, centred with brown, some variegated with brown on the
outer webs ; quills dark greyish brown, tertials tinged with chestnut •
upper wing-coverts chestnut like the back, but (ho hidden base
brown; under wing-coverts greyish brown, the last row pale grey
iwk fL""! '''"'w\°^'^' '^"'•^^' '="' '^^°^™= upper 'mandible
.black, the lower whitish ; feet in dry skin reddish brown Total
522 TINAMID.E.
length about 10 inches (the dry skin only 8'5), wing 6, tail about 2,
culmen 0"9, tarsus I'O.
Only known from the type specimen.
Hah. Bogota (New Granada).
a. Ad. sk. Bogota. Sclater Coll.
(Type of species.)
6. Crypturus pileatus.
Soui ou Petit Tinamou de Cayenne, D'Auhent. PL Enl. 829.
Soui, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. iv.'p. 512 (1778).
Tetrao pileatus, Ilodd. Tabl. PI. Enl. p. 51, n. 829 (1783).
Little Tinamou, Lath. Si/n. ii. 2, p. 727, n. 4 (1783).
Tetrao sovi, Gm. S. N. i. 2, p. 768, n. 66 (1788).
Tinamus soui, Lath. Lid. Orn. ii. p. 634, n. 4 (1790) ; Bonti. Enc.
Meth. i. p. 225, pi. 90. f. 2 (1791) ; Temm. Pig. et Gallin. iii.
pp. 597,752 (1815) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xi. 2, p. 418 (1819) ; Temm.
PI. Col.,(/enre Tinamou, sp. 15 (1826) ; Less. Man. ii. p. 207 (1828) ;
id. Tr. d'Om. ]>. 512 (1831); id. Comjjl. de Btff. 2nd ed., Ois.
p. 240 (1838) ; Temm. PL CoL i., TabL Meth. p. 87 (1839).
Cryptura soui, VieiU. N. D. xxxiv. p. 107 (1819).
Crypturus sovi, Licht. Verz. DoubL p. 68, n. 705 (Bahia) (1823) ;
Wagl. Syst. Av.,gen. Crypturus, sp. 10 (1827) ; Thienem. Fortpjlanz.
p. 25, tab. V. f. 9 (1845) ; Cab. in Schomb. Eeis. Brit. Gidan. iii.
p. 748 (1848) ; Licht. Num. Av. p. 87 (1854) ; Bp. Compt. Bend.
xlii. p. 881, n. 328 (1856); id. TabL ParalL Gallin. (Extract),
p. 12, n. 327, p. 19 (1856) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 316 (1856).
Tinamus sovi, Wied, Beitr. iv. p. 522 (Eio Belmonte) (1832) ; Hartl.
Syst. Verz. Ges. Mus. p. 105 (1844) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 524,
n. 11 (1844) ; Leot. Ois. Trinid. p. 385 (1866) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn.
iii. p. 6.37 (1877).
Tinamus pileatus, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 53 (1844) ;
id. Gen. B., Append, p. 25 (1849) ; Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii.
p. 334 (Panama) (1862); G. R. Gr. List Gallince Br. Mus. p. 99,
n. 13 (1867) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. pp. 294, 458, hi (1871).
Tinamus parvirostris, G. R. Gr. (nee Way I.) List B. Brit. Mus. iii.
p. 53 (1844) ; id. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 99 (1867) ; SclaL ^'
Salv. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 764 (Chyavetas).
Tinamus meserythrus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1859, p. 392 ; Salv. Ibis, 1861,
p. 356 (egg, Central America) ; Sclat. Sr Salv. P. Z. S. 1864,
p. 371 (Panama) ; G. R. Gr. List Gallince Br. Mus. p. 99, n. 15
(1867) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 294 (note) (1871) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn.
iii. p. 636 (1877) ; Pelz. u. Lor. Ann. naturh. Hofmus. iii. p. 51
(1888).
? Tinamus sp., Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 289 (Babahoyo, Ecuador).
Crypturus meserythrus, Sclat. ^ Salv. E.rot. Orn. p. 93, pi. xlvii.
(1868) ; *S'«;y. P. Z. S. 1870, p. 218 (Veragua) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list,
iii. p. 4, n. 9875 (1871) ; Heine u. Rchnw. No7n. Mus. Hein. Orn.
p. 304 (Mexico) (1890).
Crypturus modestus. Cab. J.f. 0. 1869, p. 212 (Costa Rica) ; Frantz.
'ibid. p. 374 ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, u. 9877 (1871).
Crypturus pileatus, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9873 (1871) ;
Layard, Ibis, 1873, p. 396 (Para) ; Sclat. 8f Salv. P. Z. S. 1873,
p. 310 (Chyavetas) ; iid. No?n. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 4 (Mexico,
Am. Centr., et Amer. merid. ad Brasilia) (1873); Cab. J.f. O.
1874, p. 230 ; Sorby, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 361 ; SclaL Sf Salv. P. Z. S.
3. CKYI'TURUS. 523
1879, p. 548 (Canca, Aiitioquia) ; HchlcSteph. Gen. Z<>ol. xiv. 1, p. .'507 (1820) ; Temm. PL Col. 415,
genre Tiuamou, sp. 13 (1 820) ; Zp.s-.s. Man. ii. p. 207 (1828) ; id. Tr.
d'Orn. p. 513 (1831) ; Wied, Biitr. iv. p. 515 (1832) ; Leas. Compl.
deBvff. 2ud ed. Ois. p. 239 (1838); Temm. PL Col., i. Tubl. Meth.
p. 87 (1839) ; G. R. Gv. Gen. B. iii. p. 524, n. 13 (1844) ; id. List B.
Brit. Mus. iii. p. 53 (1844) ; Hartl. Ind. Azar., Append, p. 21, n. 329
(1847) ; Pc/mb. Syn. ^c, Gallinacere, tab. 285. tf. 1565-66 (1848)
{e.v Temm. ^- Swains.) ; G. M. Gr. Gen. B., Append, p. '2'^> (1849) ;
id. List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 98 (Bolivia) (18(57) ; Eider, J.f. O.
1867, pp. 185, 189, 190, 198 : Reinh. Yid. Med. naturh. Form.
1870, p. 49 (Minas Geraes) ; Peh. Orn. Bras. pp. 294, 454, Ivi
(Rio Janeiro, Sapitiba, Mattodentro, Ypanema, Engheno do Cap,
Gama) (1871); Gieh. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 6.38 (syn. emend.) (1877).
Cryptura tataupa, Vieill. N. B. xxxiv. p. lOS (1819).
Tinamus tataupa, var.. Swains. Zool. III. i. pi. 19 (1820-21).
Crypturus tataupa, Liclit. T'erz. Doubl. p. 68, n. 707 (San Paulo)
(1823) ; War/l. Si/st. Ai\, (/en. Ci-ypturus, sp. 12 (1827) ; id. Isis,
1829, p. 747 ; 7^;. Arch. f. Nature/. 1844, i. p. 307, n. 276
(Peru) ; id. Faun. Per., Aves, p. 40 (1846) ; Burm. J. f. O. 1853,
p. 176 (egg) ; id. Thier. Bras. iii. p. 314 (Neu-Freiburg and Lagoa
Santa) (1856) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 322 (1856) ; id.
Tabl. Parall. Galli7i. {Extract), p. 12, n. 323 (1856) ; Eider,
J. f. 0. 1867, p. 417 (e^o;) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9870
(1871) ; Svlat. Sf Salr. Aom. Ar. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 5 (S. Brazil
and Paraguay) (1873) ; Cab. J.f. O. 1874, p. 230 ; Forbes, P. Z. S.
1877, p. 307' (bursa Fabricii) ; Salt: Ibis, 1880, p. 364 (tSalta) ;
Schler/. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 21 (1880) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1881,
p. 359 (N.E. Brazil) ; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll. p. 040, n. 3113
(1882) ; White, P. Z. S. 1882, p. 629 (Oran, Salta) ; l> (1880) -» v ->"; ,
7f ff8i"rV?'*r^ Mus^Berol.; Ucht. Nom. Av. p. 87
p STiIso); ' "■ ^^"^^ ' '•^- *"''''''•'''• ^'''- ^-^■> Tinarni,
PCrypturus cervinus, Bj,. Chmpf. Bend. xlii. p. 881, u. 3-i3 « 954
n. .,24 ( = pallesceus, Licht.), p. 16, u. 10 (1856) >' V ~,
Tmamus cervmus G. 7?. Gr. List Gallince li. M. p! K)]. i,. 30 (18G7) •
«f/. Hand-list, 111. p. 4, 11. 9880 (1871 ) ( ^o"' ; .
Orvptums tataupa, part., Gieb. Thes. On,, iii. p. 6.38 (1877).
Similar to C. tataupa, but much smaller and paler, especially on
the wnigs ; the upper parts of a paler rufous chestnu ; breast pale
greyish ohve no distinctly grey : bill and feet red. the latter in
TlttZlt r"?1^'' f '^ ^" ''■ ^"'«"^'« they are dark greSsh
1-20-1 15 '" ' "^""^ ^■^' '"^™^" 0-«« r- iii „ -,•> „ •j-i n>jn-\ -^ Tr
(-So.m. ed.) iv. p. 153, u. ^31 (1809)^ ' '^^ ^^^^^^ ' ''^- ^'^^•
Tinamus undulatus, 7e„»«. P^. ^^ r,-«//,>,. iii. pp. .532, 751 ri815)
(Paraguay « Azara) ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xi. 2, p^^02 (no e) ( 819 •
Uaid.) Oieb. Thes. Orn. m. p. 638 (svu. emend.) (1877) • ^Sclat
List lert An. 8th ed. p. 546 (1883) (Zool. Gard ) "^ ' '
Cryptura sylvicola, Vieill. N. D. xxxiv. p. 207 (1819) (e.v Azara).
528 TINAMID^.
Tinamus sylvicola, Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 372 (1820).
Cryptui'iis undulatus, Wagl. Syst. Av., gen. Crypturus, sp. 8 (1827)'
(ex Azara) ; id. Ists, 1829, p. 746 (part.) ; Up. Com2)t. Rend. xlii.
p. 881, n. 324 (1856) ; id. Tahl. I'arall. Gallin. {E.vtract), p. 12,
n. 321 ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9871 (syn. emend.)
(1871) ; Berl. J.f. O. 1887, p. 126, n. 352 ; G. Kerr, Ibis, 1892,
p. 151 (Lower Pilcomayo) ; Sclat. t. c. pp. 151, 152.
Adult. Upper part of the head black, slightly mottled with rufous
brown on the occiput ; throat whitish ; neck with black and rufous
1)ars ; back similar, but the bars broader and better defined, the light
bars becoming greyish on the lower back, rump, and upper tail-
coverts ; upper wing-coverts greyish olive, vermiculated with black,,
the greater ones broadly barred with black and rufous grey ;
bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and primaries greyish black ; under
wing-coverts brown-black, the last row grey, the central ones
greyish ; lower fore neck and sides of breast greyish, with dusky
vermiculations ; middle of the breast whitish ; flanks buff, with
black bars ; under tail-coverts rufescent, with irregular black bars
and buff tips ; tail barred with black and rufescent : bill horny
black above, paler beneath ; feet in dry skin brown. Total length
about 12 inches, wing 7, tail 2'o, culmen I'l, tarsus 2-1.
The only specimen I have seen of this species is the one collected
on the Lower Pilcomayo by Graham Kerr ; D'Azara says he has
seen eight specimens in 24° 8. lat., about the same latitude as
the Lower Pilcomayo. It apppears to me that the specimen
examined is different from the Bolivian and Brazilian birds
(C. scoloj)ax=rculiatus). The principal diflerenccs are the much
darker colouring, the much broader barrings of the upper parts, the
upper part of the head almost entirely black, and the bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and primaries of a much darker greyish brown,
nearly black.
Hah. Paraguay and Argentine Republic along the Lower
Pilcomayo.
n. Ad. sk. Lower Pilcomayo. Graham Kerr, Esq. [P.].
10. Crypturus scolopax. (Plate XII.)
Nothocercus scolopax, Bp.* Tahl. Parall. Ordr. Gallin. (E.vtract),
p. 12, n. 335, p. 18, n. 13 (Santa Cruz, B'Orbiynxj) (1856) (type
examined) ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9894 (1871).
Tinamus radiatus, G. R. Gr. List Gallina Bi-it. Mus. p. 100
(Bolivia) (1867) ; Gieh. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637 (1877).
Tinamus undulatus, Peh. {nee Te^iun.) Orn. Bras. pp. 292, 293, 453,
Iv (part. Cujaba, Villa Maria, Barra do Jauru, Cai9ara, Engenho
do Cap. Gama, Matto Grosso) (1871).
Nothocercus radiatus, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 4, n. 9885 (1871).
Crypturus radiatus, Sclat. 8f Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 152,
n. 15 (1853) ; id. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 642 (Bolivia) ( = N. scolopax,
Sp. ?)■
* This name does not appear in the ' Comptes Eendus ' (xlii.) whence the
'Tableaux P.-iralleliques ' have been extracted, but only in the Extracts, where
many additions and alterations were made by the Author.
I
3. CKVl'TURUS. 529
Crypturus uiidulatus, i.Ai:, Gallinacea;, t. 284. ff. 1561-
62 (1848) (ex SpLv) ; id. J. f. O. 1853, E.vtrah. p. 41; G. R. Gr.
List Galli>i(e Brit. Mus. p. 101, u. 25 (1807) ; Eu/er, J. f. O. 1867,
pp. 189, 190, 198 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 293 (note), p. 4o3 (1871) ;
Gieb. T/ies. Orn. Hi. p. 637 (1877).
Pezus zabele, Sjji.r, Av. Bras. ii. p. 62, t. 77 (Catingha) (1825).
Crypturus noctivagus, Wagl. Si/st. Av.,gen. Crypturus, sp.6 (1827) :
T.'ich. Arch. f. Naturg. 1844, i. p. 307, n. 277 (Peru) ; Thienem.
Fortpjlanz. p. 27, t. v. f. 4 {q«^) (1845); Tscli. Faun. Per..
Aves, pp. 4ii, 283 (1846) ; Licht. Nom. Av. p. 87 (1854) :
Burm. Tit. Bras. iii. p. 320 (1856) ; Eider, J. f. O. 1867, p. 418
(egg) ; Ri'in/i. Vid. Mvdd. naturh. Furen. Kjiibenh. 1870, p. 47
(Lagoa dos Pitos, near Lagoa Santa) ; Sclat. ^y Salr. Norn.
Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 12 (Brazil) (1873); Cab. J.f. O. 1874,
p. 230; iSchleg. Mus. P.-H., Tinami, p. 33 (Montevideo, Mus.
Berol.x Baliia, Mus. Vienna) (1880); Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 360
((Jaranhuns, X.E. Brazil); ScJut. LAst Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 545
(Zool. (i;ird.) (1883) ; Berl. u.Jher. Zeifsc/ir. ges. Orn. 1885, p. 183
(Taquarado -Muudo novo) ; 6'«/c. //yiV, lb86,]). 181 (part., critical);
Tacz. Orn. Per. iii. p. 302, Tubles, p. 107 (1886); Sc/at. Ibis,
1890, p. 82 (quintocubital): Hurtert, Kat. Vuyelsamml. p. 206,
n. 3095 (1891).
540 TINAMID^.
Nothocercus nocthagiis, B2)- Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 334 (1856) ;
id. Tahl. Parall. Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 331 (1856) ; G. R. Gr.
Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9892 (1871) ; Heine u. Rchmv. Norn. Mus.
Hein. Orn. p. 304 (Rio Grande) (1890).
Advlt male. Anterior half of the crown slaty black, changing into
vinous brown on the posterior half and nape ; a broad rufescent
superciliarj' stripe extending down to the sides of the occiput ;
postocular region vinous brown ; cheeks and throat rufescent ;
mantle dusky brown, the hidden part of the feathers slaty grey ;
back brown, freckled with narrow dusky bars ; rump and upper
tail-coverts rufous-chestnut, barred with black, the bars narrower
than the intervening rufous-chestnut ones ; lower fore neck and
crop-region distinctly grey ; breast rufous, sides greyish, abdomen
buff : flanks rufescent, barred with grejish brown ; under tail-
coverts rufescent, freckled with irregular blackish lines ; upper
wing-coverts olive-brown, freckled with brown marks and irregular
rufescent bars and marks ; primaries greyish brown ; bastard-wing,
primary-coverts, and secondaries slaty grey, the latter tinged with
olive-brown and banded with bar-like rufescent bars on the outer
web ; marginal under wing-coverts greyish brown, the last row
light grey, the central ones white ; tail-feathers slate-grey at the
base, on the apical haK rufous freckled with irregular black lines :
" iris brown-yeUow ; bill dark grey-brown horn-colour, blackish
on the culmen, base of the lower mandible whitish ; legs pale dusky
ochreous yeUow " (Wied). Total length about 13 inches, wing 7*4,
tail 2"4, culmen 1*1, tarsus 2*2.
Female. Differs from the male in having the wings regularly and
distinctly barred with yellowish buff; the rump and upper tail-coverts
are more distinctly barred, the black bars being better defined and
broader than the intervening chestnut bars, besides on the upper
tail^coverts the light bands are paler, yellowish buff or rufescent ;
sides and flanks more distinctly barred with brown-black, the bars
not being confined to the flanks, but extending to the sides of the
breast. Total length about 13 inches, wing 8, tail 2-6, culmen 1-2,
tarsus 2-2.
Yoimg male. " The whole of the upper parts with pale rusty-
yellow dots, and between these with obsolete brown-black undulated
marks ; on the upper tail-coverts the yellowish extends on the edges
of the feathers ; lower parts pale brownish grey, washed with
yellowish brown, marked all over with darker grey-brown zigzag
obsolete cross-lines" (Wied).
Two specimens in the Turin Museum, which have been apparently
kept in confinement, have the superciliary stripes and cheeks very
pale, nearly whitish, the grey colour of the lower fore neck and
breast more or less tinged with rufous, and the bars on the upper
parts cover nearly the whole of the back. They are probably
females.
Hah. Eastern Brazil, north to Garanhuns, south to Rio Belmonte.
The localities Peru (TscJmdi) and Montevideo (Sclilegel) are open to
doubt.
ti. CRTPTUEUS.
541
oiiJ, JJrazil (7/. lioyers).
23. Crypturus dissimilis.
? Crypturus uoctivagus, Cab. (nee Wied) in Schomb. Heis Brit
^.?KZ<„.a?, Similar to the male of C. nootlvarjus, but smaUer
Olive especiallj the upper wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-
coverts ; the feathers of the rump olive-browu, wi h iiarrofbTacS h
™ tal'E i^'^-'=°^-'^%f-'. -ith incomplete black bat and
narroy pale buff bars uear the tip ; the breast of a paler rufoua
han in CnocHva.us. Total length about 12-5 inches w^^^ 7
tail 1-9, culmen 1, tarsus 1-9. ' ° '''
Female. Differs from the female of C. noctivcujus in wantin- the
pale supercihaiy stripe, in the paler rufous colour of the breast
in the rump and upper tail-coverts blacker, the black bars beS^^
bu"ttS To t/ the ■''* '"r" P^^i-^' ^^""°^ ^^' rufous-chestut:
ouc Dun, so tiiat they are much more distinct
f},r^^ '»«^^of;bis species is very similar also to the male of C erv-
throin^ whde the female is very much like that of C. ciananmZl
especially m the barnngs of the wings, rump, and upper S
Hah. British Guiana.
«-y. c?$ ad.sk. Q-i^^?-. British Guiana, Oct., Salvin-Godman CoU.
.Ad.sk. ^^^^§.^., ^JS^^^
iNo\. (ii. i*. im Thunn).
24. Crypturus cinuamomeus.
Tinamus fNothura) cinnamomea, Le/^s. Rev Zool IJU? n 9in ^t
Union, Centre Amerique) (type exaunned ' ^^ ^ ^^'
Iinamus ciimamomeus, G. H. 'a,-. Gm. JJ., App p 0.5 nRM\ . c.,,
Nothocepcus dclatttii, J)p. Comj,l. Send. xlii. p. ISSI, n 330 (-dm,.
r^'rV^TJes'e, ' r"y ."■ /■"i' -P"™''' ««'"■»■ (fe'-?)
p. i_, n. .i^y (Ib&b); G.R.Gr. Hand-list '\\\ u .5 n c)S>i-^nft7i(
542 XINAMID^.
Vicente) ; G. E. Taylor, Ibis, 1860, p. 312 (Honduras) ; Salv. Ibis,
1861, p. 356 (Chisec, errore), 1866, p. 296 (Pacific coast-region of
Guatemala) ; G. R. Gr. List GaHince Brit. Mus. p. 100 (Cordova,
Mexico; Honduras) (1867) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637 (1877);
Sumic/irast, La Nat. v. p. 229 (1881) (Vera Cruz & Teliuantepec) ;
Nehrk. J.f. O. 1881, p. 69 (egg, Yucatan) ; Rchmv. J.f. O. 1882,
p. 11 (Zool. Gart.).
Crypturus sallsei, Sclat. Si- Salv. Exot. Orn. p. 89, pi. xlv. (1868),
cf. Ibis, 1868, p. 337; Later . Ann. Lye. N. Y. ix. p. 141 (San Jos6)
(1869) ; Erantz. J.f. 0. 1869, p. 374 (Esparza, Costa Rica) ; Sclat.
(Sr Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 152, n. 11 (Mexico, Amer. Ceutr.,
Colombia et Venezuela) (1873) ; Salv. Ibis, 1874, p. 328 (Yucatan
and Guatemala) ; Sumichrast, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1876, p. 45 ;
Schley. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 31 (Bogota ! Landsberge : Surinam !)
(1880) ; Zeled. Cat. Av. Costa Rica, p. 29 (1882) ; Nutting, Pr.
U.S. Nat. Mus. V. p. 409 (1882) (La Palma, Costa Eica) ; Boucard,
P.Z.S. 1883, pp. 434, 462 (Yucatan) ; Zeled. Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus.
1885, p. 112 (Costa Rica) ; Ferarri, Pr. U.S. Nat. Mus. ix. p. 180
(1886) (Jalapa); Zeled. Ann. Mus. Nac. Rep. Costa Rica, 1887,
p. 128.
Crypturus strigulosus, Sclat. Sf Salv. (nee Temm.) P. Z. S. 1869,
pp. 252, 254 (Cerro Azul of Guigue, Venezuela).
Adult male. Upper part of the head anteriorly brown-black,
posteriorly brown-chestnut with obsolete blackish bars ; sides of
the head, including lores, and sides of the neck rufescent ; throat
white ; lower neck greyish olive-brown, with obsolete dusky linear
bars ; back olive-brown, with black undulated bars, very narrow in
the interscapular region, and gradually becoming broader on the
lower back and rump, very broad on the upper tail-coverts, which
are crossed also with pale yellowish-buff bars ; breast bright rufous,
abdomen paler; sides of the breast slightly waved with dusky
lines ; flanks barred with broader black bands and narrower pale
reddish bands ; tips of the feathers broadly yellowish buff ; under
tail-coverts basally black, buff nt the tip, the intermediate portion
buff with irregular oblique black lines ; smaller upper wing-coverts
like the back, the median and greater ones blackish brown, dis-
tinctly barred with yellowish buff; primaries, primary-coverts, and
bastard-wing uniform greyish brown, nearly black ; secondaries
marked with yellowish or olive on the outer web, tertials barred
with olive ; under wing-coverts greyish brown, the inner ones light
grey, tipped with pale rufescent, the last row uniform pale grey,
like the under surface of quills ; tail-feathers brown, tinged with
olive-brown on the outer web, and regularly crossed with several
narrow rufescent bars : " upper mandible brown, lower mandible
and feet yellow" {Sclater); " iris brown " (iV^it^nif/). Total length
about 12 inches, wing 6-75, tail 2, culmen l-O-l'l, tarsus 1'9.
Female. Differs from the male in the greater development of the
transverse markings, which in this sex cover the top of the head,
the front of the breast, and the whole of the sides of the body
below.
Young. Upper part of the head and nape with black and rufous-
brown bars ; upper parts greyish olive, but more greyish on the
3. CRYPTURtrs. 543
mantle, crossed with black irregular bars ; upper wiug-coverts with
broad black and narrow pale yellowish bars; throat white;
lower fore nock and breast olive, changing into ochreous on the
breast, paler on the abdomen, the feathers with black marks near
the tip, those of the flanks with broad black bars ; under tail-coverts
pale fulvous, varied with black.
Hah. Southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia?, and Vene-
iJuela.
a. Ad. sk.
b. Ad. St.
'■. S ad. sk.
(I, e. (S ad. sk.
/. Ad. sk.
g. 2 juv. sk.
h. Juv. sk.
i. Ad. sk.
k-n. 2 ad. et ad.
sk.
0. Ad. sk.
p. Ad. sk.
q. 2 ad, sk.
r. cJ ad. sk.
s. 2 ad. sk.
t, u, V. Ad. sk.
ic. c? ad. sk.
.r, y. S (ego-).
Nocthura perdicaria, Frasei; P. Z. S. 184.3, p. 115; Bridges, ibid. ;
id. P. Z. S. 1840, p. 9 (Chili).
Nothura perdicaria, G. Ti. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 5-3 (part.,
specim. b, c) (1S44) ; Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 53 (e'^g) ; Des
Miirs in Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 392 (1848) ; Hartl. Naumannia,
1853, p. 221 ; Cass. U.S. Expl. Kxped. ii. Birds, p. 192 (1856) ;
Hartl. J. f. 0. 1857, p. 39 ; Gerjn. Pr. Post. Soc. N. H. vii. 1860,
p. 312; Schleff. Mvs. P.-B., Tinami, p. 40 (1880).
Tinamus perdicarius, Hartl. Syst. J'erz. Gas. Mus. p. 105 (1844).
Rhyncliotus perdix, G. P. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, n. 2 (1844) ; Bp.
Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 318 (1856) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860,
p. U7 (part., Chili) ; Pelz. Reise Novara, Voy. p. 113 (1805).
Rhynchotis perdix, Rchnb. Si/n. Av., Gallinaceas, t. 287. 11'. 1581-82
(1848).
? Nothura punctulata, Des Murs in Gay, Hist, de Chile, i. p. 391
(1848) ; Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 955 (18.56) ; id. Tail. Parall.
Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 3-39, p. 26 (1856) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867,
p. 331 : of. Sclat. S,- Salv. P. Z. S. 1879, p. 642 ; Wattf/h Sf Lataste,
Act. Soc. Sc. Chili, iv. p. Ixxxviii, n. 28 (Penaflor) (1894).
Rhvnchotus perdicarius. Licht. Nom. Av. p. 87 (1854) ; Bp. Tabl.
Parall. Gallin. [Extract), p. 12, n. 337, p. 20 (18.56) ; G. R. Gr.
List Gallince Brit. Mus. p. 103, n. 4 (1867) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867,
pp. 331, 339 (Chili) ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 294 (note) (1871) ; G. R.
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 6, n. 9898 (1871) ; Nafhus. Zeitschr. tciss.
Zool. xxi. pp. .349-3.54, t. xxvi. ff. 14, 15, 16 (egg structure) (1871) :
Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th. ed. p. 547 (1883) (Zool. Gard.) ; Heine
II. Rchnir. Notn. Mus. Hein. Orn. p. 304 (Valparaiso) (1890).
Rhvnchotes perdicarius, Bp. Tabl. Parall. Gallin. p. 19 (generic
type) (18.-)6).
? Rhynchotus punctulatus, Srlat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 339 ; Philippi,
P. Z. S. 1868, p. 532 (var. of R. perdicarius).
Nothurus perdicarius, Sand. Meth. nat. Ar. disp. Tent. p. 119 (1872).
Nothoprocta perdicai-ia, Sclaf. ^- Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 153,
n. 1 (1873) : iid. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 080; Salv. Cat. B. Strickl. Coll.
p. 041, n. 3117 (1882) ; Sclaf. Ibis, 1890, p. 82 (quintociibital) ;
Hartert, Kat. Voyehamml. p. 200, n. 3100 (1891) ; Berk. James,
Netc Li.-S. 1879, p. 642 ;
Schleff. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 44 (Bohvia) (1880) ; Bias. J.f. O.
1885, p. 405.
Tinaraus marmoratus, Gieh. Thes. Om. iii. p. 636 (1877).
? Nothura maculosa, v. Boeck (ww Temm.), MT. orn. Ver. Wien,
1884, p. 165 (Cochabamba, Bolivia) ("? = marmorata) ; Bias. ibid. ;
id. J.f. O. 1885, p. 405.
Similar to N. maculosa, especially on the back ; the lower parts
much whiter, the brown spots almost confined to the neck ; upper
breast pale reddish vinous, the feathers with whitish edges and
usually with one brown spot in the middle : flanks with narrow
brown undulated bands ; axillaries fulvous, with brown-grey hands.
Total length 9-10 inches, wing 5-6-6, culmen 0-72-0-75, tarsus
1-4-1-46.
Hab. Bolivia.
a, h. Ad. St. Bolivia. T. Bridges, Esq. [C.].
(Types of species.)
5. Nothura boraquira.
Tinamus boraquira, Spiv, Aves Bras. ii. p. 63, t. 79 (1825) ; Tetntn.
PL Col., genre Tinaraou, .*p. 4 & footnote (1826): Less. Man. ii.
p. 205 (1828) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 6:« (1877).
VOL. XXVII. 1' 0
562 TIXAMIDJ5.
Nothura boraquira, Waql. Syst. Av., (jen. Notliura, sp. 1 (1827) ;
Les&. Tr. d'Oni. p. 613, n. 1 (1831) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525,
n. 1 (1844) , Rclinh. Syn. Av., Gallinaceae, t. 286. f. 1574 (1848)
{ex Snix); Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 337 (1856); id.
Tabl. Parall. Gallm. {Extract), p. 12, n. 338 (1856) ; Burm. T1,.
Bras. iii. p. 329 (1856) ; G. R. Gr. List Gallinee B. M. p. 105,
n. 6 (1867) ; Reinh. Vid. Medd. mdiirh. Foren. Kjobenh. 1870,
p. 51 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 295 (note), pp. 454, Ivi (1871) ; G. R.
Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 6, n. 9908 (1871) ; Sclat. ^ Salv. Nom. Av.
Neotrop. p. 153, u. 3 (Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentine) (1873) ;
lid. Ibis, 1878, p. 405 (note) ; Schlei/. Mus. P.-B^, Tinarai, p. 44
(1880) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1883, p. 74; Berl. J. f. 0. 1887, p. 127
{ex Sclater if Salvin).
Crypturus boraquira, Thienem. Fortpjlanz. p. 26, t. v. f. 10 (egg)
(1845).
Nothura maculosa, Burm. {nee Temm.) J. f. 0. 1858, p. 161
(Mendoza).
Similar to N. maculosa, but difl'ers in being smaller, in having the
fulvous colour of the lower parts paler, the upper parts greyer and
with finer vermiculations, the black parts of the feathers of the back
less prominent ; also the brown spots on the breast are paler, and
the feathers of the breast have whiter edges : bill dusky above,
pale below ; feet yellowish. Total length about 10 inches, wing 5"5,
culmen 0'8, tarsus 1-25.
Female. Scarcely larger.
Young. Similar to the adult, but the spots on the breast darker.
Hab. Brazil and Western Argentina near Mendoza.
a. 5 ad. sk. Mendoza, Argent. Rep., Feb. Salvin-Godman Coll.
( Weisshaupt).
b, c, d. cJ 2 fid. Vicinity of Mendoza {Ley- Salvin-Godman Coll.
et juv. sk. bold).
6. Nothura darwini. (Plate XIX.)
Nothura minor, Dariv. (nee Spix) Zool. Voy. '■Beagle^ iii. p. 119
(Bahia Blanca) (1841); Gould, Voy. of ' Beayle,'' Birds, p. 119
(1841).
Nothura darwini, G. R. Gr. List Gallinm B. M. p. 104 (Bahia
Blanca) (1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 5, no. 9905 (1871); Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1872, p. 547 (note, Rio Negro) ; Burm. Anal. Mus. Nac.
Buen. Aires, iii. p. 245 (1888) ; Sclat. 8f Huds. Argent. Orn. ii.
p. 213, pi. 20 (1889).
Perdiz chicho, Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 547 (Rio Negro, Patagonia).
Tinamus darwini, Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 636 (excl. syn.) (1877).
? Nothura maculosa, Sclat. ^ Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 547 (Rio
Negro) ; Salvin, Ibis, 1873, p. 131, note ; Durnf. Ibis, 1877, p. 45
(Chuput, Patagonia) ; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 44, specim. 4, 5
(Patagonia) (1883) ; Barroios, Atik, 1884, p. 318 (Bahia Blanca) ;
Burm. Anal. 31us. Nac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 245 (N. Patagonia)
(1888) ; Frenzel, J.f. O. 1891, p. 124 (Cordoba).
? Nothura perdicaria, Z'iJ/'w/. {nee Kittl.) Ibis, 1878, p. 405 ; Burnt.
Anal. Mus. Nac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 245 (1888).
Similar to N. boraquira, but of a browner tinge above, and the
6. NoinuRA. 563
breast more greyish, the greyish mesial portion of the feathers
being broader and the brown bars better defined.
Hub. Patagonia, and ajiparently also the Argentine llepublic,
near Cordova.
ISpecimens from Cordova require comparison.
a. Ad. sk. ]5ahia Blauca (C Danvin). Zool. Soc. (Type of
species.)
b,c. (5 $ ad. Rio Negro, Patagonia, April, Salvia-Godman Coll.
sk. Julv ( W. 11. Hudson).
d,e. $ ad.sk. Puo Negro, April, Oct. W. II. Hudson, Esq. [C.].
/. S ad.sk. Cosquin,Cordova. Argent. Rep., yalvin-Godman Coll.
June {E. A. White).
7. Nothura media.
Tinanuis medius, Spi.v, Av. Bra.s. ii. p. 6o, t. 81 flig. mala $?;
Tejuco) (1825) ; Temm. PI. Col., qenrv Tinamou, sp. 3 and foot-
note (182G) ; Less. Man. d'Om. ii. p. 20o (1828) ; id. Compl. de
Buff. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 237 (1838).
Tinamus minor, SpLc, Av. Bras. ii. p. Go, t. 82 (fig. malai^ ? ; Tejuco,
Minas Geraes) (1825) ; Temm. PL Col., genre Tinamou, sp. 5
(part.) (1826).
Tinamus brevipes. Natter. Mus. Vindob., fide Temm. PI. Col., genre
Tinamou, footnote (1820) ; cf. Pelz. Oni. Bras. p. 205 (1871).
Nothura medius, part., Wagl. Si/st. Av., (/en. Nothura, sp. 3 (1827) ;
Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 513, n. 3 (part.) (1831).
Nothura minor, If'affl. S'l/st. Av., gen. Nothura, sp. 4 (1827) ; id. Isis,
1829, p. 747 (not = N. nana, $); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 513, n. 4
(1831) ; G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, n. 4 (1844) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av.,
Gallinaceffi, t. 28(3. f. 1577 (1848) (e.v Spix) ; Bp. Compt. Rend.
xlii. p. 881, n. 340 (1856) ; id. Tabl. Parall. Gallin. {Extract), p. 12,
n. 342 (1856) ; Burm. Th. Bras. iii. p. 331, n. 3 (1856) ; G. R. Gr.
List Gallina B. M. p. 105, n. 7 (1867); id. Hand-list, iii. p. 6,
n. 9907 (1871) : Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Tinami, p. 45 (1880).
Nothura media, Wai/l. Isis, 1829, p. 747 ; Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 295
(Fazenda do Rio Verde, Ytarare, Irisanga), pp. 454, hi (1871) ;
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 5, n. 9904 (Brazil) (1871); Sclat. ^
Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 153, n. 4 (Brazil) (1873) ; Schleg. Mus.
P.-/?., Tinami, p. 45 (1880); Grant, Ibis, 1889, p. 449*; Allen,
Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H. p. 152 (Matto Grosso) (1893).
Nothurus minor, part., Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 345 (1837).
Tinanuis plmubeus (?), Mus. Paris, fide Less. Cumpl. de Buff". 2nded.,
Ois. p. 237 (note) (1838).
Nothura maculosa, part., G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, n. 3 (1844) ;
Hartl. Erst. Xaclitr. Verz. Ges. Mm. p. 17, n. 191 (1846) ; Rchnb.
[nee Temm.) Si/n. Av., Gallinacese, t. 286. f. 1576 (1848) (e.v
Spi.v) ; Bp. [uec Temm.) Comjyt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 339 (1856);
id. Tabl. Parall. Gallin. (Extract), p. 12, n. 341 (1856); Burm.
Th. Bras. iii. p. 330 (part.) (1856); LL-inh. fid. Medd. naturh.
Foren. Kjobenh. 1870, p. 52 (Curvelo).
* Mr. Ogilvie Grant says that Tiiniir variegatus, Vieill. (N. D. xxsv. p. 47 ;
Enc. Mi'th. i. p. o3(t, pi. 232. f. 4), is probably a Tinamou {Nothura media), but I
cannot find that cither the description or the plate agrees with the latter bird.
564 TINAMID^.
? Crvpturus minor, Thienem. Fortpfianz. p. 26, t. v. f. 12 (egg) (1845).
Nothura assimilis, G. R. Gr. List GallincR B. M. p. 105 (J 867) ; id.
Hand-list, iii. p. 6, n. 9906 (1871).
Tinamus assimilis, Gieb. T/ies. Orn. iii. p. 635 (1877).
? Nothura nana, Hartert {nee Temm.), Kat. Vvgelsamml. p. 206,
n. 3101 (1891) ( = minor, Spix).
Adult. Differs from all the other species in its smaller size
and decidedly rufous colour. Sides of the forehead and head,
neck, breast, and abdomen rufous, brighter on the abdomen and
thighs ; crown and back chestnut, vermiculated with black, the
feathers of the' back grej'ish on the edges, and with two buff lateral
stripes, more or less distinct ; sides of the head and neck with
brown stripes or marks ; throat whitish ; breast with brown marks,
broader on the sides, where the feathers are mesially chestnut ;
flanks barred with brown ; upper tail-coverts and tail greyish buff,
undulated with brown ; upper wing-coverts rufous with brown bars ;
primaries marked with brown and rufous on the outer web, brown
barred with rufous on the inner one ; secondaries barred with
rufous-cinnamon and brown ; under wing-coverts rufescent, the
last row greyish, more or less barred with rufous. Total length
about 7'o inches, wing 4-5, culmen 0"75, tarsus 1"2.
Female. Similar, onlj' somewhat larger. Total length about
8 inches, tarsus 1"25.
Although Spix's plates 81 and 82 scarcely agree with the types
of N. assimilis, Gr., still they seem referable to the present bird.
Hah. S. Brazil.
a. Ad St. S. America. Zool. Soc. (Type of
A'. assi)nilis. )
h. Ad. sk. No locality {Eyton Coll.). Salvin-Godman Coll.
c. $ ad. sk. Ytarare, Brazil, Febr. {Nat- Salvin-Godman Coll.
terer).
d. S ad.sk. Cbapada, Matto Grosso, Mav Salvin-Godman Coll.
(H. H. Smith).
7. TAONISCUS.
Type.
Taoniscus, Glog. Hand- u. Ililfsb. d. Naturg. p. 404 (1842). T. nanus.
Pavuncula, Bi). Comj}^ Bend. xUi. p. 881, geu. no. 100 (1856). T. nanus.
Range. Paraguay and S. Brazil.
1. Taoniscus nanus.
Inambu-carap6, Azara, Apvnt. iii. p. 45, n. 328 (1805) (Paraguay).
Tinamus nanus, Temm. Pig. et Gallin. iii. pp. 600, 733 (1815)
(Paraguav, ex Azara) ; 'Vieill. Enc. Meth. i. p. 371 (1823) ;
Temm. PL Col. 316 (San Paulo) (1824); id. PI. Col, genre
Tinamou, sp. 5 (1826) ; Less. 3Ian. ii. p. 205 (1828) ; id. Compl.
de Bvf. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 237 (1838) ; Teynm. PI. Col. i., Tabl.
Meth.'^. 87 (1838) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 637 (1877).
Cryptura nana, Vieill. N. D. xsxiv. p. 102 (1819) {ex Azara).
5G.3
Tinanuus minor part. Tenon. PL Col., yenrc Tinamou, sp. 5
( = nanus 5) (18JU). ^
Xothura na_na^ Wayl. 8yd. Ai'.,yrn. Nothura, sj). 5 (1827) ; id. Isis,
^°^i' P- ;-i/J ^^'■f • ^>: ,rOrn. p. -;1.3, n. 6 (1831) ; G. II. Gr. Gen.
^- '"• I'- '^r'^ "■ S (l«^-t,) ; ^/"''Z. /''rf. Azam Apunt. p. 21, n. 328
1'*'*^^.' i^c''"''- '^>J>i- ^Ic, Gallinacea-, t. 280. f. 1588 (1848) (ex
f !'!:"'"f^-''.,^'^^- ^'«'»- ^i'- P- 87 (1854) ; Bunn. Th. Bras. iii.
?? W ^ ?nr^ ' I'.f/-^- i^^^-"' P- 1<^1 ' ^'- ^- ^'■- List GallincB
B. M. p 105, n. 8 (18U/ ) ; Pelz. On,. Bras. p. 295 (Fazenda do S.
Loroneltorneiro,Jaguaraiba,Ytarare,Irisanga),pp.454,lvi(1871)-
Milry. Mas. B.-B., Tinami, p. 46 (note) (1880) ; ? Schrif. J. f. Q.
locSfti, p. b.
Nothuriis minor (part.), Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 345 (1837)
laomscus pavoniniis, Gloy. Hand- u. Hilfsb. d. Nat. p. 404 (184"^)
lavuncLila nana, Bp. Compt. Bend. xlii. p. &S1, n. 341 (1856) ■ id
labl. Barall. Gallin. {Extract), p. 12, n. 343 (1856)
1 inamus carape, Nutt. Cat. MS., teste Belz. Orn. Bras. p. 295 (1871)
iNothura (raoniscus) nana, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 6, n 9909
(18/1). ^
Taoni.?cus nanus, Sclat. .S' Salv. Norn. Ai: Keotrop. p. 153 (1873)-
Berl. J.f. 0. 1887, p. 127, n. 356. ^ ^ ^ ' '
Adult male. Upper part of the head greyish bjown, with the centres
ot the leathers blackish ; throat whitish ; upper parts blackish, with
narrow whitish bars, the edges of the feathers greyish ; neck and
breast dull whitish, with a few dusky stripes or spots; lower breast
and abdomen whitish, the flanks with regular brown-blackish bars •
upper tail-coverts very long, marked like the back ; upper win--
coverts greyish, with dusky and whitish margins ; primaries uniform
brown : bill dusky above, pale below ; feet vellow-orange. Total
length about 6 inch'es, wing 3-2, culmen 0-6, tarsus 0-62. (Mas
Pam.) ^"
Female. Upper parts rufous brown, the feathers broadly blackish in
the middle and vermieulated with brown ; upjicr tail-coverts like
the feathers of the back, but much shorter than in the male • sides
of the head whitish buff with dusky Hues ; throat, middle of the
lower breast, and abdomen whitish ; on the sides of the neck -md
on lower fore neck the feathers edged with brown ; sides of 'the
breast and flanks barred with brown, the bars broader on the flanks •
upper wmg-coverts barred with brown and whitish buff; primaries
uniform brown ; under wing-eoverts whitish with brown lines the
last row uniform grey : bill brown above, pale at the ba'^e of' the
lower mandible ; feet in dry skin yellow. Total length about 6
inches, wing '3, culmen 0-5, tarsus 0-6.
Mab. Paraguay and Brazil (Minas Geraes).
a. 2 ad. sk. Ytarare, Brazil, March (.V«^/,Tc,-). Salvin-Godman Coll.
566 TINAJIID^.
Subfamily II. TINAMOTIDIN^.
8. CALOPEZUS.
Type.
Eudromia, Is. Gvoffr., Mag. de Zool. 1832, CI. ii. text to
pi. 1 (1832) {uec Eudromias, Bote) C. elegan,s.
Calodromas, Sclat. ^- Salt. Num. Ac. Neotrop. pp. 153,
156 (1873) {nee Calodromus, Guerin, 1832) C. elegans.
Calopezus, Ridgio. Pi: Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p. 97 (1884)
( = Calodromas).
Range. Argentine Kepublic and Lower Uruguay.
1. Calopezus elegans.
Perdix martineta, Azara, Apunt. iii. p. 31 (1805) ; Bedd. Ibis, 1890,
p. 61.
Eudromia elegans, D'Orb. S,- Is. Geoffr. Mag. de Zool 1832, CI. ii.
text to pi. 1 (Patagonia) (1832) ; Lafr. Rev' Zool. viii. p. 87 ; D' Orb.
Toy. ii. p. 68 (note 1), p. 302, n. 11 (1835-38); Less. Cmnpl. de
Bvff. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 241, pi. — . f. 1 (1838) ; Fraser, P. Z. S. 1843,
p. 116; Bridges, ibid. (Mendoza) ; Hartl. Ind. Azar. Apimt. p. 21
(Anm.) (1847); Bp. Compt. Rend. xlii. p. 881, n. 342 (1856) ; id.
Tabl. Parall. Gallin. {E.ttract), p. 12, n. 344 (1856) ; Bunn. J.f. O.
1858, p. 161, 1860, p. 259; id. La Plafa-Rei.^e, ii. p. 498 '(Sa"
Luis, Mendoza) (1860); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 6, n. 9910
(1871) ; Huds. ^ Sclat. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 545, 549 (Rio Negro) ;
Leyb. E.vc. Pamp. Arje^it. p. — (1873) ; id. {v. Mart, traiisl.) J. f. O.
1875, p. 443 ; Schle'g. Mm. P.-B., Tinanii, p. 48 (Chili !) (1880) ;
Burm. Anal. Mus. Nac. Buen. Aires, iii. p. 245 (Patagonia) (1888),
p. 318 (1890).
Tinamotis elegans, G. R. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, n. 2 (1844) ; Bridges,
P. Z. S. 1847, p. 28 (Mendoza) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Gallinacese,
t. 287. f. 1583 (1848) (e.r D'Orb. et Is. Geofr.); G. R. Gr. List
Gallince B. M. p. 106 (Chili !, Bridges) (1867) ; Gieb. Thes. Orn.
iii. p. 635(1877).
Tinamus (Eudromia) elegans, Schleg. Handl. Dierk. i. p. 399 (1857).
Tinamus elegans, Schleg. Dierent. p. 233 (1804).
Calodromas elegans, Sclat. ^ Salv. Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 153
(Argentine) (1873) ; Sorby, P. Z. S. 1875, p. 361 {eg^) ; Diirnf.
Ibis, 1877, p. 45 (Chuput), 1878, p. 406 (Centr. Patag.) ; Sclat.
P. Z. S. 1879, p. 311 (eggs, Falkland?!); id. Zool. Voy. ChalL,
Birds, p. 162 (eggs) (1881) ; Barroivs, Auk, 1884, p. 318 (Bahia
Blanca, Lower LTrugnav) ; Sclat. c^ Huds. Argent. Orn. ii. p. 214
(1889) ; Bedd. Ibis, 1890, pp. 61-66, fl". 2, 3 (caeca) ; Sclat. Ibis,
1890, p. 82 (quintocnbital), p. 265; Frenzel, J.f. O. 1891, p. 124
(Cordoba) ; Sclat. Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. v. p. xxix ; id. Ibis,
1893, p. 256 ; Aplin, Ibis, 1894, p. 213 (not on the Uruguay) ; Sclat.
Ibis, 1894, p. 453.
Calopezus elegans, Ridgw. Pr. Biol. Soc. Wash. ii. p. 97 (1884).
Adult male. Above densely banded and spotted with black and
!). TINAJIOTIS. 567
pule fulvous ; the fulvous spots roundish and very couspicuous ;
head greyish, each feather witli a mesial black streak ; a long re-
curved vertical crest of black feathers, partly edged with cinereous ;
two whitish bands start from above the eyes and run along the
sides of the nape; another whitish baud starts from the base of the
upper mandible and crosses the cheeks under the eyes ; throat
whitish ; neck greyish, each feather with a mesial blackish stripe ;
the feathers of the lower neck with a mesial black stripe, two pale
lateral stripes, and numerous black cross bars ; remainder of the
lower parts huffish white, with numerous black bars, more or less
crescentic, the abdomen almost uniform ; primaries greyish black,
on the outer web regularly spotted, on the inner web regularly
barred with huffish white ; secondaries barred on both webs ; under
wing-coverts variegated with greyish brown and whitish, the last
row pale grey with whitish bars, irregularly crescentic ; tail barred
across with blackish and huffish white : " bill blackish ; feet bluish
grey " (ScJater) ; " iris dark " (Hudson). Total length about 14-5
inches, wing 8-5, tail 3-25, culmen 1"1, tarsus I'D.
Female. Similar to the male.
Young in down. Upper parts greyish brown, thickly dotted with
black at the tip of many downy feathers, while other feathers are
striped with white : a conspicuous brownish crest ; two white bands —
one from above the eyes, down the sides of the neck, the other from
the base of the upper mandible under the eyes ; throat and abdo-
men white ; lower fore neck and upper breast greyish, with some
dusky spots and white stripes.
Hah. Southern part of S. America, from S. Uruguay to Argentina
and Patagonia. Both Gray and Schlegel erroneously mention
specimens from Chili ! and Sclater mentions eggs collected in the
Falklands !
a, b, c. Ad. et juv. st. [Chih] I'robably Meudoza *. T. Bridges, Esq. [C.].
& sk. ■
d. Ad. St. Mendoza, Argent. Republic, Salvin-Godman Coll.
March (Burmeister).
e. 5 ad. St. Mendoza,Feb.( Wem/irt?/;;0- Salvin-Godman Coll.
f-h. Pull. sk. Vicinity cf Mendoza {Ley- Salvin-Godman Coll.
hold),
i. $ ad. sk. Rio Negro, Patagonia, Oct. Salvin-Godman Coll.
( W. H. Hudson),
k. Pull. sk. Gould Coll.
9. TINAMOTIS. I'yF-
Tinamotis, Viijors, P. Z. S. 183G, p. 79 T. peutlaudi.
Range. S. America from the Andes of Peru, and probably also of
Ecuador, to N. Chili, Bolivia, and also Patagonia.
» Cf. P. Z. S. 1847, p. 28.
568 riNAjiiDJi.
Kttj to the Species *.
a. Quills brown, tarred with rufescent on tlie outer
web pentlandi, p. 568.
b. Quills nearly uniform bright rufescent ingoiiji, p. 669.
1. Tinamotis pentlandi.
Eudromia andecolaf, UOrb. Voy. ii. p. 68 (note 2), p. 302, n. 12
(Bolivia) (1835-38;.
Tinamotis pentlandi, Vigors, P. Z. S. 1836, p. 79 (Andes) ; id. Land. Sf
Edinb. Fhilos. May. x. p. 289 (1837) ; id. Isis, 1838, p. 195; Less.
Compl. de Buff. 2nd ed. Ois. p. 241 (1838) ; G. R. Or. List Gen.
B. p. 63 (1840) ; id. oj). cit. 2nd ed. p. 82 (1841) ; G. R. Gr. 8f
Mitch. Gen. B. iii. p. 525, pi. 137 (1844) ; Tsch. Arch.f. Naturg.
1844, i. p. .308, u. 283 (Peru); id. Foun. Per., Aves, pp. 47, 286
(1846) ; Bridges, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 28 (Tapaquilcha) ; Rchnb. Syn.
^t)., Gallinacefe, t. 287. f. 1588 {ex Gr. 4- Mtfch.) (1848); Bp.
Compt. Re7id. xlii. p. 881, n. 343 (1856) ; id. Tabl. Parall. Gallin.
{Rrtrnct), p. 12, n. 345 (18.56); G. R. Gr. List GallincB B. M.
p. 105 (1867) ; Sclat. 1^ Salt: P. Z. S. 1867, p. 989 (Areqiupa),
1868, p. 570; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 6, no. 9911 (1871);
Sclat. l. Skeleton. Somali-land. Paris Museum [P.J.
c. Skull. Somali-land. Rowland Ward, Esq. [P.].
3. Struthio australis.
IJlack Ostrich, part., Broicn, Illustr. pp. -j", 38 (Cape of Good Hope)
(1776).
Ostrich, Luht. Reise in siidliclieji Africa, ii. p. 42 (1812).
Struthio camelus, G. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Miis. ii. p. .54 (part., Cape
of Good Hope) (1844); Tkienem. Fortpflanz. Gesch. der r/es. Vog.
p. 5, taf. 3 (ep-g) (1845) ; id. Rhea, i. pp. 16, 17, tig. 3 (structure of
the egg-shell) (1846); Trlstr. Ihis, 1860, p. 74 (part.); Layard,
Birds S. Afr. p. 281, n. 53i) (1867) ; G. R. Gr. Hatid-iist, iii.' p. 1,
n. 9841 (part.) (1871); Sc/tleff. J7i/j«. P.-S., Struthiones, p. 6 (part..
Cape of Good Hope) (1873) ; Xat/iKs. Zeitschr.f. wiss. Zuol. 1878,
p. 225, t. 14. ff. 10, 11, 12, t. 15. ff. 11, 14 (structure of egg-
shell) ; Shell. Ibis, 1882, p. 368 (S.E. Africa) ; Holub u. Pelz.
Beitr. Orn. S.-Afr. pp. 195-226 (1882).
The Ostrich, Anderss. Lake Xgami, p. 253, pi. 7 (1854).
Southern Ostrich, Barfl P. Z. S. 1860, p. 205 ; Sclat. Tr. Zool. Soc.
iv. p. 354 (1862).
Struthio camelus, var. meridioualis, Sclat. List Vert. Ati. 1862,
p. 71, specim. c, d (South Africa).
Struthio australis. Gum. Ihis, 1868, p. 253 (S. Africa) ; Anderss. B.
Bamara-Laiid, p. 251 (1.S72) ; Gum. ibid. pp. 254-257 (1872) ;
Buckl. Ibis, 1874, p. 391 (Matabili country) ; Hartinq ^- Moseiith.
Ostriches L*y- CMr. Farm. p. 1(! (1877) ; (htm. Ibis, 1884, p. 466;
Ilenke, Zeitschr. yes. Orn. 1884, p. 220, t. 12 {e^^, poster, tig.);
Shar2)e, Layard's B. S. Afr. p. 791 (1884); Bodi?ws, J. f.O.
1885, p. 13; Cub. ibid. p. 97; Kafhus. ibid. p. 166, t. 2.' f. 1,
t. 3. fl: 4-8 (structure of egg-shell) ; Rchnw. J. f. 0. 1886, p. 117 ;
Schal. J. f. O. 1888, p. 118; ? Rchm. ibid. p. 302 (west of Tan-
ganj'ika ?) ; Ost, Zeitschr. f. Ool. 1892, p. 34; Gadow, Bronn's
Thier-Reichs, vi. 4, p. 103 (1893); Schal. J. f. O. 1894, p. 9;
A. Newt. Diet, of B. p. 665 (pt. iii., 1894) ; Xolte, J. f. O. 1895,
pp. 48, 55 ; Kuschel, ibid. p. 81 {eg^).
Adult male. Head, neck, and legs lead-grey, sometimes in birds
kept ill confinement white-grey. Beak horn-colour surrounded with
red, reddish at the base of tlio upperniandible. during the breeding-
season entirely reddish : skin near the gape red, this colour extending
sometimes on the cheeks; iris brown. Vertex naked, but with no
horny shield as in >S. mohjhdophanes. No distinct white band at the
commencement of the feathering of the back, where, however, are
570
STRUTHIONID.T;.
scattered some whitish feathers ; feathers of the back deep black
as in >S'. moh/fn/ophanes ; quills and tail-feathers pure •white, but
sometimes mixed black and white ; upper wing-coverts black. The
shields on the tarsus are horn-colour, but during the breeding-
season thej' become bright red. Size of Ȥ. molyhdophanes.
Female. Similar to that of /S'. mohjhfhphames, but has no horny
shield on the vertex ; " colour of the feathers of the body from pale
grey to dark brown" {Nolle).
Egg-shell with numerous small, generally dark-coloured pores.
Hah. Southern Africa *.
n,h. (S 2 ad. st.
c-f. Pull. St.
g. Skeleton.
h. Skeleton.
i. Skeleton.
Hales Owen Farm, Cape
Colony.
Cape of Good Hope.
S. Africa {Sir George Grey).
S. Africa.
Cradock, Cape Colony.
Purchased.
Capt. Alexander [C.].
Zool. Soc. (Type of
species.)
Capt. W. Hume
Middlemass[P.].
* We do not know to which bird the following name refers. Dr. Sclater says
that he is not sure " that this name is intended for either the Northern or
Southern bird."
Stkuthio epoasticus.
Struthio epoasticus, Bp. Comft. Bend, xliii. p. 841, n. 1 a (1856); Sclat.
Ibi% 1860, p. 75 (note) ; id. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 210 (note) ; id. Tr. Zool.
Soc. iv. p. 355.
Prince Bonaparte, speaking of this supposed species, says : — " Une notable
difference anatomique dans les os du pied (s'il n'^tait pas possible quelle fiat le
r^sultat d'une ruonstruosite), la petitesse de la taille (dont je ne m'esagere pas
Timportance dans les oiseaiix du desert), la denudation plus etendue du tibia
(pour ne pas parler de la difference dans la texture des plumes si cliaiigeanles
par I'age et par d'autres circonstunces), et la non-incubation des oeuf's (variable
avec les conditions atmospheriques ?), autorisent-elles I'etablissement de oette
seconde Autruche ? "
The following references belong to a mythical bird established on an unpub-
lished and probably fanciful figure of Le Vaillant : —
Struthio bidactylu.s.
Petit Gralle bidactyle, Temm., ubi ?; G. R. Gr. List Gen. B. 2nded. p. 84
(note) (1841).
Autruchon (^Temm.), G. B. Gr. List Gen. B. 2nd ed. p. 84 (note) (1841);
Hartl. Ibis, 1859, p. 344 ; Sclat. Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 355 (1862).
Charadriua bidactylus, G. B. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 544, n. 46 (1847) (type
of Autruchon, Temm.).
Struthio bidactylus, Temm. fide Heiigl. Cm. N.O.-Afr. ii. 1, p. 935 (1873).
Didaetyle Ostrich, Hetigl. Ibis, 1859, p. 344 (south of Fazogloa, near Djebei
Dul).
Autruchon bidactylus, G. B. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 1, no. 9841 a (1871).
Dr. Sclater (/. c.) says; — " In the interior of Africa there is .said, by some of
the older writers, to exist a diminutive Ostrich {L'Au(ruchon). I have lately
577
Order II. RIIE^.
Three front toes present ; hallux absent ; middle phalanges
shortened.
Maxillo-palatines large, fenestrated, not touching the vomer.
Palatines short, articulating with the vomer.
Procoracoid process large. No clavicles.
Tibia without bony bridge.
Aftershaft absent. Quills very large. No tail-feathers.
Caeca large.
Syrinx tracheo-bronchial, with one pair of syringeal muscles.
Neotropical.
K.heas are smaller birds than Ostriches. Their external characters
are as follows : —
Bill moderate, depressed, and broad, with the culmen flattened
and curved at the tip, which overlaps that of the under mandible ;
the nostrils large, oval, and placed in the middle of the bill in a
large membranous groove ; the membrane extends over the base of
the culmen. Neck long, feathered. Wings short, imperfect, and
furnished with long soft feathers. Tail not apparent. Tarsi very
long, strong, and covered in front with broad transverse scutes.
Toes short, the lateral ones shorter than the middle one, and un-
equal, the inner the shortest ; the claws moderate, strong, and
compressed.
Only one family.
Family RHEIDiE.
1. RHEA.
Type.
Rhea, Lath. Lid. Orn. i. p. 005, gou. Ixiii. (1790) ;
liomi. Enc. Meth. i. Introd. p. xcii (1790) R. americana.
Toujou, Lacept'de, Mem. List. iii. p. 519, gen. 128
(1801) ( = llhea, Lath.).
received some information on this subject from Mr. J. Petbericb, H.B.M. Consul
for the Soudan, who tells me that his hunters have actually had this bird
alive ; and I have requested him to endeavour to procure further evidence on
the point."
Heuglin, from an independent source, nearly repeats the same thing: — "I
was told by a rather trustworthy man, a hunter, that south of Fazogloa, near
Djebel Dul, there existed a little didactylc Ostrich, not higher than Otis arahs,
but in figure and colour much like S. camelus" (!).
VOL. xxvn. 2 p
ilTS EHEID^.
Tujus, Rufinesque, Analyse, p. 70 (1815). Type.
Pterocnemia, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 2, subgen. 24G0
(1871) R. darwini.
Pterocnemys, Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop.
p. 154 (1873) ( = Pterocnemia, Gr.).
Range. Confined to South America.
\Cf. Gadow, H., "On the Anatomical DiflPerences in the three Species
of Rhea" (P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 308-321).]
Key to the Species.
a. Metatarsus with transverse scutes through its
length ; feathers greyish, more or less black-
ish on the head and neck, and with no white
tips.
a'. Generally lighter ; skull broader americana, p. 578.
h'. Generally darker, especially on the head ;
skull narrower macrorhyncha, p. 581 .
b. Metatarsus with transverse scutes on distal half
only, feathered in front on the upper parts ;
general plumage brown, most of the feathers
with white tips darwini, p. 582.
Note.— Rhea nana, much smaller than the other species, is
known at present only from the egg (P. Z. S. 1894, p. 654), and has
been described by Lydekker, Knowledge, xvii. 1894, p. 265 ; or in
' Eevista del Museo de la Plata,' vi. 1894, p. 103 (with fig. of egg).
— Patagonia.
1. Rhea americana.
Nhandu-gnacu brasiliensibus, Marcr/r. Hist. Nat. Bras. p. 190
(1648) ; Piso, Hist. Nat. Bras. p. 84, with fig. (1648).
Struthio camehis americanus, Ray, Syn. Av. p. 36 (1713).
Rhea, Moehr. Av. Gen. p. 55 (1752) ; Briss. Orn. v. p. 8 (syn. emend.)
(Guiana ! and Brazil) (1760).
Struthio americanus, Linn. S. N. (ed. 10) i. p. 155, n. 3 (America
Australi) (1758) {e.r Marcgrave and Piso); Hammer, Ann. du
Mus. xii. pp. 427-433 (1808).
Struthio rhea, Linn. S. N. (ed. 12) i. p. 266, n. 3 (syn. emend.)
(1766)* ; ? Molina, Sagyio Stor. nat. Chili, p. 232 (part.) (1782) ;
Gm. S. N. I. 2, p. 727, n. 3 (part.) (1788) ; Hammer, Arm. du
Mus. xii. pi. 39 (1808) ; Cuv. Regne An. i. p. 461 (1817) ; id. op.
cit. 2nd ed. i. p. 496 (1829) ; Haughton, Pr. R. Irish Acad. ix.
pp. 497-504 (myology) (1868).
* I am almost sure that Struthio americanus, Lmn., and S. rhea, Linn.,
founded on Marcgrave and Pise's descriptions, refer to the more northern species,
Rhea macrorhyncha, Sclat. ; but the change would now be rather too revolu-
tionary, and the creation of a new name for the Southern species perhaps
not very welcome ! The existence of the Southern form in South Brazil may
show that the more conservative ornithologists are right !
1. liiiEA. 679
Touyou, Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. i. p. 452 (1770).
Khea americana, Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 6t)''5, n. 1 (part.) (1790) ;
Vieill. N. D. xxii. p. 1'J9, pi. G 37 (1818) ; Steph. Gun. Zool. x\.
2, p. 436, pi. 28 (1819) ; ? Wied, lieke nach Bras. ii. pp. 187, 192
(part. !^)(1821) ; Ranz.El. diZool. iii. 1, p. 93 (1821) ; P Licht. Verz.
Douhl. p. 69, 11. 710 (San Paulo) (182:3); Vieill. Enc. Meth.m.
p. 10.30 (1823) ; id. Gal. des Ois. ii. p. 74, pi. 224 (1825) ; Drap.
Did. Class, d' Hist. Nat. xiv. p. 449 (Brazil, Chili, Peru, Magellan)
(1828); Less. Tr. d'Orn. p. 6, pi. i. f. 2 (1831); P Wied, Beitr.
Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 559 (part., Kio Grande do Sul) (1832) ; Martin,
P. Z. S. 1834, p. 9 ; D'Orb. Voy. ii.p. 303, n. 2 (note) (1835-38) ;
Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 346 (1837) ; Darwin, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 35
(La Plata, South to the Rio Negro) ; Twm. PI. Col. i., Tabl. Meth.
p. 88 (1838) ; Dane. Zool. Voy. Beagle, iii. p. 120 (1841) ; Gulliv.
P. Z. S. 1842, p. 141 (blood-corpuscles) ; G. M. Gr. Gen.B. iii. p. 527,
n. 1 (1844) ; id. List B. Brit. Mm. iii. p. 54 (1844) ; Thienem. Fort-
pflanz. {/es. Voq. Erst Heft, p. 4, t. ii. f. 1 {e^g) (1845) ; id.
Rhea, \. Heft, 'l846, p. 16, f. 2 (structure of egg-shell) ; J. E.
Gray, Knoicsl. Menag. pi. 12 (1846) ; Yarrell, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 54
i^^g) ; Harfl. Ind. Azar. Apimt. p. 22, n. 339 (1847) ; Pchnb.
Syn. Av., Gallinaceffi, t. 388. tf. 2194-95 (1848) ; id. Av. Syst. Nat.
p. XXX (1852) ; Harfl. J. f. O. 1854, p. 257 (in confinement) ;
Altum, ibid. p. xxvii ; Des Mtirs in Castebi. E.vp. Am. du Slid,
Ois. p. 94 (Rio Mandego, near Miranda) (1855) ; Bolle, J.f. 0.
1856, p. 169 (Zool. Gard.) ; Burni. Syst. Uebers. Thier. Bras. iii.
p. 352 (Sahara, St. Lucia, Lagoa Santa) (1856) ; Bp. Compt. Rend.
xliii. p. 841, n. 1 (1856) ; Wyman, Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H. vi. p. 127
(1857) ; Burm. J. f. O. 1858, p. 154 ; Homeyer, J. f. 0. 1859,
p. 365 (in confinefneut) ; Ed. Ibis, 1859, p. 115 (Zool. Gard.);
Sclat. P. Z. S. 18.59, p. 205 (incubation), 1860, pp. 207, 208, f. 2
(head), p. 210; id. Ann. S,- Mag. N. H. (3) vi. pp. 142, 143, f. 2
(head) (1860) ; Ed. Ibis, 1860, p. 310 (Zool. Gard.) ; Burm. J.f. 0.
1860, p. 260 (Mendoza); id. La Plata-Reise, ii. p. 500 (1861);
Sclat. Ri'2). Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc. for 1861-62, Misc. Comm. p. 158
(1862) ; id. Trans. Z. S. iv. 1860, p. 355, f. 1 (head), pi. Ixviii.
(1862); Crisp, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 137 (gaU-bladder) ; Sclat. P. Z. S.
1863, p. 234 ; Biicking, Arch. f. Naturg. 1863, i. pp. 213-241
(part.) ; id. De Rhea Americana, Diss. Zool. pp. 32 (1863) ; Ed.
Ibis, 1864, p. 123 ; Schleg. De Dierent. p. 236 (1864) ; Crisp, Rep.
Brit. Assoc. Adi\ Sc. for 1864, 1865, Misc. Comm. pp. 92, 93;
Parker, Phil. Trayis.'imQ, pp. 113-183; Schmidt, Zool. Gart.
1866, pp. 8-14 ; J. L. Fitzim/er, t. c. pp. 131-133 ; Hurley, P. Z. S.
1867, p. 421 , f. 2 (skull) ; Cunnim/h. Tin's, 1868, p. 126 (Patagonia) ;
Anon. Aus der Natur, sliv. oder n. F. xxxii. pp. 300-303, 315-
318, 329-333 (1868) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 628 ; Nathus. Zeitschr.
f.wiss.Zool. 1869, p. 322, t. 26. f. 1; Steniben/, J.f. O. 1869,
*p. 275; S[eno>ier], Zool. Gart. xi. pp. 34-35 '(1870) ; Holiz,
J.f. O. 1870, p. 24 (egg); ? Reinh. Vid. Medd. naturh. Foren.
Kjobenh. 1870, p. 46 (Lagoa Santa); ? Pelz. Orn. Bras. p. 295
(Ytaraie, Cuvaba, Cai(,"ara, Matto Grosso), pp. 354, hi (part.)
(1871): Cunriim/h. P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 105, 110, pis. vi. & vi.a
(osteology); GI R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 1, n. 9842 (1871);
Sperling, 'Ibis, 1872, p. 78 ; Hudson, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 535 ; Sundev.
Meth. nat. Av. disp. Tent. p. 152 (1872); Pelz. Ibis, 1873, p. 37;
Schleg. Mus. P.-Ii., Struthiones, p. 6 (1873); Garrod, P. Z. S.
1873J p. 644; Sclat. ^- Sale. Nomencl. Ar. Neotrnp. p. 154, n. I
'2v2
580
(1873) ; Leybold, Excurs. Pampas Arjent. p. 85 (18r3\ cf. v. Mart.
J.f. O. 1875, p. 444; Taiber, La Flafa Monafschr/ lS7i, p. 22 ;
Anon. Aus der Natur, Ixiv. oder u. F. lii. pp. 258, 259 (1874) ;
Gigl. Viaggio Magenta, pp. 70, 75, 82, 962 (1875) ; Gulliv. P. Z. S.
1875, pp. 478, 488 (blood-coi-puscles) ; Mivart, Trans. Z. S. x.
1874, pp. 1-52 (1877) ; Hartmg,Ostrich. Sj- Ostrich Farm. pp. 55-84,
fig. p. 56, pi. to face p. 58 (1877); Gieb. Thes. Orn. iii. p. 423
(1877) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 306, 307 (bursa Fabricii) ;
Gadow, J. f. O. 1877, pp. 186, 187, 188 (anatomical details) ;
Davis, Oologisf, iv. 1, jMarch 1878, pp. 5, 6 ; Bcerbohm, Wander, in
Patag. p. 52 (1879) ; id. Chicago Field, xi. no. 6, March 22, 1879,
p. 92 ; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 386 ; Gibson, Ibis, 1880, p. 167 (Buenos
Ayres) ; Durnf. ibid. p. 414 ; Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 315 ; Oudot,
Lerm. des Autr. p. 220 (1880) ; Reirionchainps, Bull. Ac. Belg. (2)
i. p. 115 (1880) ; id. Arch. Biol. i. p. 683, pi. xxxv. (glande
gastrique) (1880) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, p. 361 ; id. P. Z. S. 1881,
pp. 784, 785, figs. 7, 8 (trachea) ; Beinh. Vid. Medd. A at. For. i
Kjobenh. 1881, pp. 141-153; id. Ibis, 1882, pp. 322, 332 (fossil,
Brazil) ; Raveret- Wettel, Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1882, p. 04 ; Sclat.
List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 552, f. 59 (head) (1883) ; Emns, Ann.
N. H. (5) xi. p. 458 (the right carotid present in the young)
(1883) ; Mellier, Bull. Soc. Acclim. 1884, pp. Ill, 112, 916 (in
captivity) ; Berenger, ibid. p. 916 ; v. BoecJc, Mitth. orn. Ter. in
Wien, 1884, p. 16(5 (E. Bolivia and on the Cordilleras of Tacora
near Tacna), cf. Ibis, 1886, p. 366; Gibson, Ibis, 1885, p. 283
(Pavsandu, Uruguay); Gadov:, P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 308-322, ff. 1, 4
(skull) ; Claraz, P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 324-327 ; Beddard, t. c. p. 839 ;
A. Newt. Enc. Brit. 9th ed. xx. p. 505 (1886); Berl. J.f. O.
1887, p. 127 ; Zander, SB. Ges. Kd>iigsb. 1888, pp. 31, 32 ; Burm.
An. Mus. Nac. Buen. Air. iii. p. 245 (1888) ; Sclat. |- Hvds.
Arr/etit. Orn. ii. p. 216, with fig. of head (1889) ; Heine u. Mchmo.
Nom. Mu.s. Bein. Orn. p. 305 (1890) ; Evans. Ibis, 1891, pp. 53, 85
(incubation) ; Oust. Miss. Sc. Cap Horn, Ois. p. 323 (1891) ;
Frenzel, J.f. 0. 1891, p. 124; Ost, Zeitschr. Oologie, 1892, p. 34;
G. Kerr, Ibis, 1892, p. 151 (Gran Chaco) ; Holland, t. c. p. 214
(Estancia Espartilla, Argentine ; pure white varieties) ; Sclat.
P.Z.S. 1892, p. 472; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H. v. p. 162
(Matto Grosso) (1893) ; Gadow, Bronn's Thier-Reichs, vi. 4, Vm/el,
p. 103 (1893); Schal. J.f. O. 1894, p. 12 (oology); Aplin, Ibis,
1894, p. 214 (Uruguay) ; A. Newton, Diet, of B. pp. 787, 788, %,
in p. 786 (pt. 3, 1894).
American Rhea, Lath. Syn. Suppl. ii. p. 292, pi. 137 (1801).
Churi, Nandu, Avestruz, Azara, Apunt. i. p. 89, n. 339(1805);
id. Voy. (ed. So7in.) iv. p. 170, Atlas, pi. 25 (1809).
Rhea rhea, Illig. Prodr. Mamm. et Av. p. 247 (1811) ; Flem. Phil.
of Zool. ii. -p.' 257 (1822).
Autruche d'Anierique, D'' Ambournay, Prec. anal, des Trav.de VAcad.
roy. de Rouen, vi. (1771-1780) pp. 142-144 (1819).
Rhea nandu, Less. Man. d'Orti. ii. p. 208 (1828).
Rhea, Heron, P. Z. S. 1841, p. 79 (breeding in confinement) ; id.
Ann. Sr Mag. N. H. ix. pp. 344, 345 (1842) ; Derby, P. Z. S. 1842,
p. 147 (hatching in confinement).
Nandou, L. A. Gosse, Bull. Soc. Acclim. iii. pp. 295-297 (1866) ;
Vavasseur, op. cit. v. pp. 388-394 (1858) ; Martin, op. cit. vii.
pp. 182-186 (1860).
1. RHEA. o81
llijhr'id.
Rhea americana $ X li. macrorhyncha cj', iiclat. P. Z. S. 18t)3,
p. 234.
Alfn)io.
Ehea americana, Albino variety, Dancm, in Zool. of the 'Beagle,' iii.
p. 121 (note) (1841).
Rhea albescens, Arribalzaya S^- Hulmbery, El Naturalista Aryentino,
i. (1878) pp. 1-4 (sep. copy) (Carhu^, on Buenos Aires frontier ;
many examples).
Also Molina and some recent authors mention white rarieties of
R. americana.
Adult male. General plumage grey ; head blackish above ; neck
whitish, with the shafts of the feathers and a band along the nape
black ; the band spreads into a broad patch between the shoulders ;
base of the neck beneath black, whence arise two black lateral
crescents, one on each side of the upper breast ; rump, lower parts,
and the feathers of the legs whitish ; secondaries brown on the
apical half, some of the inner ones partly or even entirely white :
bill and feet yellowish horn-brown ; iris brown. Total length about
52 inches, bill from gape 4-5, tarsus 11-12.
The female is paler than the male.
Hah. Bolivia aud Matto Grosso, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentine
Republic ; apparently also Southern E. Brazil.
a. Ad. St. S. America. Sir Robert Harvey [P.].
b- Ad. St. S. .America. John Tyler, Esq. [P"].
c, d. PuU. St. S. America. Purchased.
e,f. Pull. St. S. America. Zool. Soc.
y. Ad. sk. Argentine Repubhe. II. Durnford, Esq. [C.].
h. Skeleton. Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. von Ihering [P.J.
i. Imperfect skeleton. Purchased.
k. Imperfect skeleton. Zool. Soc.
/. Imperfect skeleton Zool. Soc.
of young bird.
SkuU.
2, Rhea macrorhyncha.
? Nhandu-guacu brasiliensibus, Marcgr. Hist. Xat. Bras. p. 190
(1648) ; Piso, Hist. Xat. Bras. p. 84, with tig. (lt]48).
? Struthio camelus auiericanus, Hag, Sgn. Av. p. 36 (1713).
?I{hea, Muehr. At: Gen. p. oo (1752); Briss. Orn. v. p. 8 (syn.
emend.) (Guiana! and Brazil) (1760).
? Struthio amerieanus, Linn. S. K. (ed. 10) i. p. Lao, n. 3 (America
Australi) (1758) (e.v Marcgrave and Piso).
? Struthio rheu, Liiin. S. N. (ed. 12) i. p. 260, n. 3 (svn. emend.)
(1766).
? Tuyew or Emu, Stedman, Xarr. of an E.iiied. to Surinam (Eondon,
1806).
582 KHEIDJi.
Rhea americaua, Wied, Reise nach Bras. ii. pp. 187, 192 (part. ?)
(1821); Licht. T'erz. Doubl. p. 69, n. 710 (Sau Paulo) (1823);
Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras. iv. p. 559 (part., Campo Geral, Rio
San Francisco, Prov. Peruambuco) (1832) ; ? Licht. Nom. Av.
p. 88 (Brazil) (1854); Burm. Sysf. Uebers. Thier. Bras. iii. p. 352
(part.) (Campos, interior of Brazil) (1856): Reinh. Vid. Medd.
natnrh. Foren. Kjobenh. 1870, p. 46 (Rio San Francisco).
Rhea macrorhynclia, Sdat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 207, 208, f. 1 (head),
p. 210 (ex patria ig:nota) ; id. Arm. ^- Mag. N. H. (3) vi. pp. 142,
143, f. 1 (head) (186U) ; id. Ibis, 1860, p. 310 ; id. Rep. Brit. Assoc.
Adv. Sc. for 1861, Misc. Comrn. p. 158 (1862) ; id. Trans. Z. S.
iv. p. 356, f. 2, pi. Ixix. (1862) ; Cunnitigh. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 105 ;
G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 2, n. 9843 (1871) ; Sclat. ^ Salv.
Nom. Av. Neotrop. p. 154, n. 2 {ex loco ignoto) (1873) ; Hurting,
Ostriches ^ Ostr. Farm. pp. 92, 93, with fig. of the head (1877) ;
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1877, p. 160 (N.E. Brazil) ; Gieb. Tkes. Orn. iii.
p. 424 (1877) ; Forbes, Ibis, 1881, pp. 316, 325, 356, 360 (N.E
Brazil) ; id. P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 784, 786 (trachea) ; Parker, P. Z. S.
1883, pp. 141, 142 (respiratory organs); ScM. List Vert. An. 8th
ed. p. 553, f. 60 (head) (Maranham and Pernambuco) (1883) ;
Fimsch, Ibis, 1884, p. 353; Gadow, P. Z. S. 1885, pp. 308-322,
fiE. 2, 5 (skull), f. 9 (trachea); ? Claraz, t. c. pp. 324, 325
(eggs) ; Sclat. ibid. p. 327 ( = either R. americana or R. darwini) ;
Gadow, Bronn^s Thier-Reichs, vi. 4, Aves, p. 104 (1893) ; Schal.
J. f. O. 1894, p. 13; A. Newton, Diet, of B. pp. 787, 788 (pt. 3,
1894).
Ema, Burton, Highlands of Brazil, ii. p. 26 (Minas), p. 296 (Rio
San Francisco) (1869).
Very similar to R. americana, but is distinguishable by its
generally browner colouring, by the darker crown, which is nearly
black, and by its longer and narrower bill.
Immature birds have the plumage of a tawny brown (Forbes).
Hah. N.E. Brazil, principally the provinces of Pernambuco and
Bahia.
a, b. Ad. St. & skel., c?. Brazil. Zoological Society.
(Type of species.)
c. Ad. sk.
3. Ehea darwini.
Emu near to the Strait of Magellan, Dobrizhoffer, Account of the
Abipones (Engl, trausl.) i. p. 314 (1784).
Troisieme espece d'Autruche, UOrb. Bull. Sc. Nat. vol. xix. p. 221
(1829) ; id. Ann. Sc. Nat. xxi. Revue Bibliogr. p. 16 (1830).
Ilhui of the Patagonians, D'Orb. II. cc.
Cosquella of the Pampas, D'Orb. II. cc.
Rhea, n. sp., Darwin, Letters, p. 16 (1834) (c/. G. R. Gr. Gen. B.
iii. p. 627).
Rhea peunata, D'Orb. Voi/. Amir. Mer., Itin. ii. p. 67 (note),
p. 194 (note), pp. 212, 303, n. 3 (note) (1835-38) (descr. iucom-
pleta) ; id. Wieqm. Arch. 1839, i. p. 56; Wiepn. ibid. (note,=
Rh. darwinii) ;'(?. R. Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 64 (1844);
1. KUEA. 5S3
Jf^^'r^- f'ortpfanz. ,je.. Vo,,el, Er.t Heft, p. 4, t. ii f o /e<.,r)
Ilea daawinii. (7««/,/ V '/ a Isjq-7 .,.,:;: .• "•. P- '^^'^ •
97 niiit ^w^ f]' /S'"*- ^^^^^ ^''•' Gallinaee.-B, t. 388. ff. 2196-
xlili n sir ; . nc.-o?- -^^CAnin.) (1856); ^;,. Comnt. Rend.
Anl'KM A^^^^' PP- -^'' -f^^' -09, f. 3 (bead), p. >>10 • iW
/6ri86oTsm^V7^^i.^'- r- ^t-' 1^^' f-3 (head ?18ui); l'
JOw, IbfaO, p. 310; trf i^e/;. ^«f. yj^.o^. Adv. Sc.for 1861 186-^
^;^.^/)'P|;li^^' (\862); ?Leadb.P. Z. S. 1863, p 1 (e«.)^.' I/'iV*
Rvcurs^PampasArjent. p. 85 (1873), cf. McaAfotlhfut
S: &£'f ^^; rSl^^^iV^SlSfr-Tarapaea) :
7? ,^ 1 < .i-f /nn P' U^^'i; ±>erk. James, New List Chil
B. p. 14 n. i'o5 (Taiapacci) (1892) ; Sclat. P Z S \m^ I a->
(in captivity); Osf, /^-ifsc/u: f. Oohoie l89-^\\shf
P. Z. S. 1893, p. 5.32- .Sckal J fnikcii'-,^,- ,^\' ^'««««'.
__ Ne.to», Diet. o/b. pp! 78^188 (it.''3, igl)."' '' ^''''''^ ' ^•
has really the in-JityotvtMnlofG^^^^^^
noticepublished in 'The MagaSe of Sw/tt; P'"'c ^""T ^H ^""°"-'"g
ducted by Edward Charlesforr 1 "^ gu'"?' '^''^••.^^^^l'-''^^' '^°"-
observe by a letter which litelv nn,!r i P' ' ^^P'^^'ber 1837:— "We
journals, fhat M. Lorb Jn a InTlSt "f T' ° V'^^ ^""•'h scientific
brought ho.ne bv Mr DarwhT f rom S^^K a '"'"•'"^ ^'1 ^
nan,edafewm.^thsJnceTz^.^Z/ r?„.^'"'^"':t "'^.^.^^'''''^'^ ^^'- ^ould
specific appellation of T LZ7a'' 1 bl!^^'?^ ^^'^VP O'-^ig-i.T ^mve it the
jourual con'taining D'OrK-' le ter '"'' ^''" ''"' '" '^"'^ '^'^ French
584 RHEIDiE.
? Rhea americana, Tsch. {nee Linn.) Wiegm. Arch. 1844, i. p. 309
(Peru) ; id. Faun. Per., Aves, pp. 48, 593 (1846) ; Tacz. Orn. Per.
iii. p. 600 (1886).
Avestiuz petizo, L. A. Gosse, Bull. Soc. Acclim. iii. p. 297 (1856).
Rhea americana, subsp. darwinii. Booking, Arch.f. Naturg. 1863, i.
p. 213.
Struthio darwinii, Sternberg, J. f. O. 1869, p. 274.
Pterocnemia darwinii, G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 2, n. 9844 (1871).
Ostrich [from Patagonia], Chaworth-Masters, At Home with the
Patagonians, p. 76 (1872).
Pterocnemis darwinii, Sclat. ^ Salv. Nomencl. Av. Neotrop. p. 154
(1873).
Avestruz petise, Darw. Natural. Voy. round the World, pp. 92-94
(1882).
Adult. General plumage buff-brown, most of the feathers of the
back and of the quills with white tips ; beneath, throat and neck
buff-brown, rest of the under surface whitish ; front of tarsus
feathered on the upper part, then covered with small reticulate scutes,
and on the lower part with transverse scutes : bill horn-brown ; feet
yellowish ; iris brown. Total length about 36 inches, bill from
gape 3' 6, tarsus 11.
The plumage of the young is dusky grey, without white and
black feathers {Hudson).
The young are hatched with the legs feathered to the toes.
Hah. Patagonia, Argentine Republic, and Chili, as far north as
the Province of Tarapaca.
a-d. S ad. st. et [Chili.] T. Bridges, Esq. [C.].
juv. et pull. st.
e. Ad. st.
f, g. Juv. et pull. Zool. Soc.
St.
h-l. cJad. etjuv. Canchosa, Cliili, Feb., April. H. Berkelev James,
sk. Esq. [P.]:
m. Imperfect skeleton.
585
Order III. CASUARII.
Hallux absent. Three front toes, with claws ; middle phalanges
shortened.
Maxillo-palatiues large, fused with vomer and pnemaxilla.
Vomer long, articulating with palatines and pterygoids.
Procoracoid process small. Clavicles rudimentary. Tibia without
bony bridge.
Aftershaft very large, as long as the principal shaft.
Caeca small, functional.
Australasian.
Key to the Families.
a. No casque on the head ; bill broad . . 1. Dromseidse, p. 585.
h. A casque on the head ; bill narrow . . 2. Casuariidae, p. 590.
Family I. DROM^EID^.
The Dronueida', containing only one genus, Bromaus, have the
bill moderate and broad, with the culmen at the base elevated and
sloping to the tip, which overlaps that of the under mandible ; the
nostrils placed in a large membranous groove, with the opening
anteriorly and oblong oval. Wings rudimentary. Tail not appa-
rent. Tarsi very long, strong, and mostly covered in front with
reticulated scutes, except near the toes, where there are a few
transverse ones, and posteriorly with a series of rough scales.
Toes moderate, the lateral ones unequal, the inner one the shortest;
the claws moderate, strong and obtuse.
liauffe. Confined to Australia.
1. DROM^US.
lype.
Dromiceius (errore), Vieill. Analyse, p. 54(1810). . 1). iiovieln-lIaiiUiie.
Dromaliis, ]'ieill. op. cit. p. 20(1816): id. N. D.
X. p. 211 (1817).
Dromaeus, Itmiz. El. di Zool. iii. 1, p. 88 (18i']).
Tachea, Flem. Phil, of Zonl. ii. p. 2b7 (1822) I), iiovic hullandia;.
Dromiceus, Su: Class. B. ii. p. 34fi (18-'!7).
Dromeieus, A. Xeirhni, Diet, of Ii. p. 213 (iiolf)
(pt. I, IW).-!).
Knmje. Confined to Australia.
586 DROMiEIDj;.
Key to the Species.
a. Feathers of the body uniform greyish, with
the tips black.
a'. Larger : total length about 78 inches ;
feathers of the neck greyish, with the
tips black novm hollmidia, p. 586.
b'. Smaller : total length about 55 inches ;
feathers of the neck entirely black .... ater, p. 588.
b. Feathers of the body barred alternately with
silky white and darkish grey throughout
their length, terminating in a black tip,
margined posteriorly with rufous irroratus, p. 589.
1. Dromaeus novae hollandise.
New Holland Cassowary, Phillip, Bot. Bay, p. 271, c. fig. (1789);
White, Journ. Voy. N. S. Wales, p. 129, c, tig. (1790) ; Lath. Syn.
Suppl. ii. p. 290 (1801). . _ '
Casuarius novte holiandise. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. p. 665, n. 2 (1790) ;
Bonn. Erie. Meth. i. p. 5 (1790) ; 8haiv, Nat. Misc. iii. pi. 99
(1792); Illin. Prodr. Mamm. et Av. p. 247 (1811); Fremery,
Proqr. Spevim. zool. sistens obs. prcps. osteal, de Casuario Norm
Hollandio), pp. 1-86 (1819) ; Cuiu Reyn. An. 2nd ed. i. p. 497
(1829) ; Thienem. Fortpjl. yes. Yog. i. Heft, p. 3, t. i. f. 2 (egg)
(1845).
Struthio novae hollandise, Meyer, Syst.-Summar. Uebers. d. neust.
zool. E^it.d. in Neuholl. u. Afrika, p. 59 (1793) (Jide Ranzani).
Emu of New South Wales, Collin s Voy. ii. pi. iv. p. 307 (1802).
Dromiceius novse hollandiffi, Vieill. Analyse, p. 54 (1816) ; Steph.
Gen. Zool. xi. 2, p. 439 (1819) ; Less. Man. ii. p. 210 (1828).
Dromaius ater, part., Vieill. N. L). x. p. 212 (1817): Less. Tr. d'Orn.
p. 9 (part.), pi. 2. f. 2 (1831) ; Parker, P. Z. S. 1863, p. 517 (sacral
vertebr£e).
Dromaeus novae hoUandiae, Ranz. El. di Zool. iii. 1, p. 99 (1821) ;
Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p. 841, n. 4 (1856) ; Bartl. P. Z. S.
1859, p. 205, 1860, p. 205; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp. 211, 248,
372 ; Geofr. St.-Hil. Acclim. et Doinest. An. Utiles, 6d. iv.
p. 403 (1861) ; Sclat. Trans. Z. 8. iv. p. 3(J0, pi. Ixxv. (1862) ;
id. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 234 (incubation) ; Holland, J. f. O. 1864,
p. 199; Kaugldon, Pr. R. h-ish Acad. ix. pp. 487-497 (mus-
cular system) (1865) ; Ilartm. Zool. Gart. 1866, pp. 69-72
(breeding); Parker, Phil. Trans. 1866, pp. 113-183; Murie,
P. Z. 8. 1867, pp. 405-475 (tracheal pouch) ; Hu.vley, t. c. p. 422,
f. 3 (under view of the skull) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1869, p. 628 (breed-
ing) ; Sundev. Meth. nat. Av. disp. Te7it.^. 152 (1872) ; Covghtrey,
Pr. Liverp. Soc. 1872-73, pp. 293-299 ; id. Ann. ^ Mag. N. H.
(4) xii. p. 217 (1873) (tracheal pouch) ; id. Pr. Liverp. Soc. 1872-
73, pp. 327-333 (1873) (heart) ; Peh. Ibis, 1873, p. 120; Garrod,
I>. Z. S. 1873, p. 470 (both carotids), p. 644 (muscles) ; Gieb. Thes.
Orn. ii. p. 59 (part.) (1875) : Bodinus, J. f. 0. 1876, p. 341
(breeding) ; Harting |- Mosenth. Ostriches Sf Ostr. Farm. pp. 131-
144, tig. p. 132 (1877); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 314, f. 5 (vent) ;
Ed. Ibis, 1877, p. 237 (note) ; Gibson, Pr. Phys. Soc. Edinb. 1876-
78, p. 200 (reared in Scotland); Nathus. J.f. O. 1879, p. 246 ;
Malm, (Efv. Ak. Forh. 1880, pp. 33-43, pi. vi. (tracheal pouch) ;
i . DKOM.EUS. 587
Schmidt, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 315 (duration of life) ; Oudot, Ferm.
d'Autr. p. 241 (1880); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 784 (trachea) ;
Sclat. Lint Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 550 (part.) (188.-J) ; Haswell, Pr.
Linn. Soc. N. S. W. (2) ii. ]i]). 577-60(3, pis. viii.-xx., cuts (deve-
lopment) (1887) ; Gadoir, Zool. Jahrh. v. pp. 636-638, tt. xliii.,
xliv. (tracheal pouch) (1890) ; Evans, Ibis, 1891, p. 84 (incuba-
tion); Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. p. 249, n. 3610 (1891) (Van-
diemensland !) ; Ost, Zeitschr. f. Oologie, 1892, p. 34; Gadow,
Bronn's Thier-Beichs, vi. 4, Aves, p. 104 (1893) ; A. Newt. Diet,
of B. p. 213, with fig. p. 214 (pt. 1, 1893) (formerly in the
islands of Bass Strait and Tasmania) ; Schal. J.f. O. 1894, p. 15
(svn. emend.).
Tacliea nova hollandise, Flem. Phil, of Zool. ii. p. 257 (1822).
Van Diemen's Land Casscwarv, Lath. Gen. Hist. viii. p. 384, pi. 138
(1823).
Emeu, Wedemeyer, Fror. Not. ix. no. 177, pp. 7, 8 (1824) (musku-
losen Beutel) ; Cioniingh. Fror. Not. xviii. no. 387, p. 202 (1827);
Gruells, Bull. Soc. Imp. Acclim. 186] (reariup-, Eetiro).
Dromaius novae hollandise, Kno.v, Edinb. Phil. Joarn. x. pp. 132-137,
137-140 (anat. struct.) (1824) ; id. Fror. Not. Bd. vi. no. 127,
pp. 263,264 (trachea)' (1824): id. MecheVs Arch. f. Anat. 1832,
pp. 263-271, 271-273: G. R. Gr. List Gen. B. p. 63 (ls40) ; id.
op. cit. 2nd ed. p. 82 (1841) . Gullie. P. Z. S. 1842, p. 141
(blood-corpuscles) ; G. It. Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 528 (part.) (1844) ;
id. List B. Brit. Miis. iii. p. 54 (Van Diemen's Land) (1844) ;
Leichardt, Journal Overland E.vp. in Austr. p. 360 (1847) ;
Gould, B. Austr. vi. pi. 1 (pt. 33, 1848) ; Bchyib. Syn. Av.,
Gallinacefe, t. 390. ff. 2206-13 (1848); Sturt, Exped. Centr.
Austr. ii. Append, p. 47 (1849) ; Rchnb. Syn. Av., Noviti(S,t. 387.
ff. 2694-99 (1851) (e.v Gould) ; Licht. Nomenil. Av. p. 88 (1854) ;
Zncholdt, J.f. O. 1859, p. 40 ; Gould, Handb. B. Austr. ii. p. 200
(1865) ; Hartm. Zool. Gart. 1866, p. 69 ; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii,
p. 2, n. 9845 (1871); Duchcnnp, Ann. Sc. Nat. (5) xvii. art. 11,
pp. 1-12, pi. 22 (anatomv) (1S7.3) ; Schley. Mus. P.-B., Struthiones,
p. 7 (1873) ; Gulliv. P. Z. S. 1875, p. 488 (blood-corpuscles) ;
Rams. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 119 (N.E. Queensland) ; id. Pr. Linn. Soc.
N.S. W. ii. p. 196. n. 557 (1878); Masters, t. c. p. 275 (Port
Darwin !) (1878) ; Rams. Tab. List, p. 19, n. 569 (1888) ; North,
Descr. Cat. Nests ^- Eggs, p. 292 (1889).
Dromiceius emu, Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. 1, pi. 39 (1826).
Neuholhmdischer Casuar, If'agner in Heusinger's Zeitschr. f organ.
Phys. i. pp. 5it5-.596 (1827) (wing) ; id. in Feruss. Bull. Sc. Nat.
XV. pp. 152, 153 (1828).
New Holland O.strich, Macartney, Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc. Qth
Meet. 1836, Transact. Sect. p. 37 (1837) (organ of voice).
Dromiceus au.stralis, Sw. Class. B. ii. p. 346 (1837) ; Owen, P. Z. S.
1846, p. 124 (index).
Emu, Mitchell, Three Exped. into the Infer, of E. Atistr. ii. p. 280
(1838) ; Bennett, Gather, of a Natural, in Austr. p. 216 (1860) ;
Tegetmeier, Field, 12th Sept., 1868.
Dromaiu.s emeu, Homey. J.f. O. 1859, p. 365 (.e^e^s).
Dromt^e de la Nouvelle Hollande, Graells, Bull. Soc. Imp. Acclim.
1861, pp. 91-94: Touchard, op. cit. 1867, pp. 2-7 (breeding).
Emeu de la Nouvelle Hollande, Le Prestre, Bull. Soc. Imp. Acclim.
1870, pp. 104-127 (breeding and rearing).
Casoar d'Australie, Barrachin, Bull. Soc. Imp. Acclim. 1880, pp. 238,
230.
5S8 DEOM^IDiE.
Adult male. Feathers of the head and hind neck black, short,
hairy, and recurved ; naked skin of the sides of the head and throat
bhie ; feathers of the body greyish, with the tips black ; feathers
of the legs grey, with small black spots at the tip ; irides brown :
bill and feet blackish. Total length about 78*74 inches, tarsus 13*38,
culmen 2*44.
Female. Similar, but somewhat smaller.
Young. Darker than the adult.
Nestling. " Greyish white, with two stripes of black down the back,
and two others on each side, each subdivided by a narrow middle
line of white — these stripes being continued along the neck without
subdivision, and broken into irregular spots on the head ; two other
broken stripes pass down the fore part of the neck and breast, and
terminate in a broad band across the thighs " (Gould).
Hah. Eastern Australia, from Cape York, and perhaps also from
Port Essingtou, to Victoria ; formerly also Tasmania.
a. Ad. St. Australia. Rev. G. W. Keightley
b. Pull. sk. Port Lesclienault. W. E. Bates, Esq. [P.].
c. d. Pull. st.
e. Pull. St. Bred in confinement. Zool. Soc.
/. Pull, st Bred in confinement. G. E. Loder, Esq. [P.].
]
Key to tlie Species.
a. Casque compressed on the sides.
a'. Three wattles on the throat — one median,
small, lower down ; two on the sides,
longer and higher up tricarunculatns, p. 591.
b'. Only two wattles on the throat.
a". Wattles quite far apart on the sides of
the throat bicarnnculatus, p. 591.
h" . Wattles not far apart, but approached
one to the other.
a'" . Smaller : the casque not very high,
thicker above ; nail of the inner toe
shorter galeatus, p. 592.
V" . Larger : the casque very high,
thinner above; nail of the inner , . y cq^
toe longer ; wattles very large .... ^^^^.^^^^^-^ 595
c". Wattles joined together at the base, or, '" ' ^'
rather, one long wattle ou the throat
more or less deeply divided at the
tip beccarii, p. 596.
1. CASuAKirs. 591
h. C.xsqiio with tlio hind surface fiat, ratiier
broad and inclined forward.
C. A single pear-shaped wattle on the middle
of tlie fore neck, which with tlie lower
part of the neck is yellow.
d". Wattle larger ; head and iipjjcr part of fn 5<17
.■' ^lT^^^'^^ ••,■••;•■•; nmappendiculatm, ' '
e . Wattle smaller; head and upper part
of the neck blue, but on the occiput a
;, ,, ^'"'if, 3^ell°^ P"tcb occipitalis, p. 598.
rt . i\o wattles whatever on the fore neck.
/'. Head and neck varied with ditfereut
colours.
c'". Throat blue ; lower part of the
.,„ ^',°^ neck orange-red pnpvanns, p. .500
" li i'™^* '''''^; "'■'P^ ^^^^ picticollis, p. GOO.
ff . Head and neck nearly uniform blue . . hennetti, p. GOl.
1. Casuarius tricarunculatus.
Casuarius tricarunculatus B^cc. Aim. Mus. Cir. Gen vii b 717
(Uarbusi) (I87">); Sclat. Ibis, 1876, p. 24o ■ id P 7 's \r7r
p. 214;^/.^.., J^^/. O. 1878, p.204; Jw.i„„:.T^;,,;C^^^^
r!':P;otl^ (»f^p.420) (1878); Sclat. Ibis, 1879, p. 96; SalvZ
(1»H1) ; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 41.3, n. 1 (188-^) • id Orr,
Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 473 (1882j. y -i ^ «'• ^^n-
The type of this species was a lire young bird, bought by
Dr. Beccari at Monni, near Warbusi, on the west coast of Geelvink
^ay. Ihe bird is apparently lost, and described as being similar to
C. galeatus, but provided with three caruncles— two larc^cr hi<^her
up, and one smaller, median, lower down on the middle of the n'eck
Ifcih. West coast of Geelvink Bay, near Waibusi.
2. Casuarius bicarunculatus.
Casuarius bicarunculatus, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1860, pp on .943 oiq f ,
Q.^Vr.f*?'^^^^""/'!^';^- I^'^l I860, V-^lO;~id.'Ann.yMag.
I- f ^^ V- ?■• "'^ ^"°*- *' P- ^^-^ (^860) ; id. Ibis, 1861, p. :no.
Id Frans.Z.S.ix ^. 3.o.s f. fi, p. 364 (note), pi. Ixxiii. (1862];'
Crisp P^Z^S \m-2,j. 137 (gaU-bladder) ; Av!^%. Jaarb zoo
(^both carotids), p. G44 (muscles) V-Scfe^. PZS 1873 b^IP
imi)- Hartimj, Ostriches Sf Ostr. Farm. p. 110 (1877) ; Sal-ad
Ann. Mus Civ. Gen. xn p. 316 (ad. in Brem. Mus ) (1878):
Meyer J.f. O. 18/8, p. 20.3; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 96 • Eo^enb ^^J/^
Archip. p. .373 (1878-79) ; Sclat. Lis Vert In z. f Z 7th ed
592 CASTJARIIDJi:.
p. 472 (1879) ; Gould, B. New Guin. v. pi. 73 (pt. xii., 1881) ;
Salvad. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 185, t. i. f. 1 (head)
(1881) ; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 414, n. 2 (1882) ; id.
Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 475 (1882) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th ed.
p. 549 (1883) ; Schal. J.f. 0. 1894, p. 19.
PCasiiarius p^aleatus. Wall, (nee Vieill.) Ann. Sf Mar/. N. H. xx.
p. 477 (1857).
PCasuarius emeu, G. R. Gr. {nee Lath.) P. Z. S. 1858, p. 187
(sternum), p. 196 (part.) ; id. Cat. B. Neto Guin. pp. 60, 61 (part.)
(1859) ; Finsch, Neu-Guin. p. 180 (part.) (1865).
? Casuarius kaupi, G. R. Gr. (nee Rosenberr/, neqve Sclater). P. Z. S.
1861, p. 438 ; Rosenb. N. T. N. I. xxv. p. 252 (wee p. 251) (1863) ;
id. J.f. O. 1864, p. 135 (nee p. 134).
Casuarius aruensis, Schleg. N. T. D. iii. p. 347 (1866).
Casuarius galeatus, Rosenb. (nee Vieill.) Reis naar Zuidoostereil.
p. 52 (1867).
? Casuarius sp., Mei/er, Zeitschr. d. ges. Orn. i. p. 296 (egg from Aru
Isl.) (1884) ; Salvad. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xlii. p. 213 (1891).
Adult. Feathers of the body blackish ; casque compressed on the
sides, not very high, with the base narrow ; head greenish blue ;
neck blue ; lower part of the nape vermilion ; caruncles far apart
on the sides of the neck, long, and purple-red.
Young. Feathers of the body brownish ; naked skin of the head
and neck bluish grey ; carancles brick-red.
Hub. Wammer and Kobroor, N. Aru Islands.
a. Imm. st. ' Zoological Society.
b. Imm. st. Zoological Society. (Type
of species.)
c. Skeleton.
d. Imperfect skeleton
of spec. a.
e. Bones of spec. b.
f. Sternum. Aru Islands. A. E. Wallace, Esq. [C.].
3. Casuarius galeatus.
Casuarius, Clear. Mus. 23, t. 13. f. 2; Alb. Av. 2. p. 56, t. 60;
Frisch, Av. t. 105; Briss. Orn. v. p. 10, pi. 1. f. 2 (1760).
Cela, Moehr. A v. Gen. 56.
Emeu, Dodart, 3ISm. 377 ; Ray, Av. 36 ; Clus. Kvot. 97, t. 98 ;
Bont. Jav. 71 ; Willughby, Orn. 105, t. 25; Jonst. Av. 172, t. 56;
Aldrov. Orn. iii. p. 541, t. 541.
Struthio casuarius, Linn. S. N. i. p. 265, n. 2 (1766) ; Gm. S. N. i.
p. 126, n. 2 (1788).
Casoar, Perr. S/- Duvern. Mem. Ac. Sc. depuis 1666-1699, iii. 2, p. 155,
pis. 56, 57 ; Buf. Hist. Nat. Ois. i. p. 464 (1770).
Casoar des Indes orieutales, D'Aiibent. PI. Enl. 313.
Galeated Cassowary, Lath. Sijn. iii. 1, p. 10, n. 1, pi. 72 (1785).
Casuarius emeu. Lath. Lnd. Orn. ii. p. 664, n. 1 (1790) ; Dum. Diet.
Sc. Nat. vii. p. 199 (Ceram) (1817) ; Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 209
(part., excl. Nova Guinea) (1828) ; id. Voy. Coq., Zool. i. pt. 2,
p. 711 (part.) (1828) ; id. Tr. d'Orn. p. 7, pi. 2. f. 1 (1831) (part.,
Ceram, Bouru) ; Temm. PI. Col. i. Tabl. Meth. p. 88 (1838) ; G. R.
Gr. Gen. B. iii. p. 528 (part.) (1844) ; id. List B. Brit. Mus. iii.
1. CAstJAiuus. 593
p. 54 (1844) ; Thiincm. Foi-tpjlanz. (/ex. J'oi/el, p. i', t. i. f. 1 (1845) ;
Gidliv. P. Z. S. 1S4S, p. :',7 ( bloiKl-coipii.scli'.s) ; />)>. Compf. Jiv/nl.
xliii. ]). 841, u. () (18o()) ; G. li. Gr. P. Z. S. isiiu, p. :',{)■> ; Fmsch,
A'cH-Guin. -p. 18U (part.) (186,')): G.It.Gr. lland-lUt, iii. p. 2,
n. 9848 (1871); Schley. Mas. P.-li., Slnithiones, p. 9 (ly?.".) ;
GulUc. P. Z. S. 187o, p. 488.
Ca.suiiriiis £,'aleatii.-, lionn. Eiic. Meth. i. p. 4, pi. 4. f. 2 (1790) ;
Vmll. N. 1). V. p. :Uo, pi. J} n. f. 1 (181G) : Mcwem, Abh. lU-rl.
Ak. 1819, p. 179 ; Steph. Gen. Zool. xiv. 2, p. 4:32, pi. 29 (1819) ;
lianz. Ek-m. di Zool. iii. pt. 1, p. 97 (1821) ; Vieill. Gal. des Ot'.s.
ii. p. 77, pi. 225 (1825j ; Merrem in Ersch u. Gniher's Encycl.
XV. p. 348 (1826) ; Altum, J. f. O. 1.S54, p. xxvi ; Gould, P. Z. S.
1857, p. 269; Benn. t. c. p. 720; Home'/. J. f. O. 1859, p. m.') ;
Sclat. Ibis, 1859, p. 115; id. P. Z. S. ItSdO, j/p. 210, 250 ; Blijth,
Ihi^, 1860, p. ;307 ; Sclat. t. c. p. .'510; id. Ana. c*)- Mn;/. X. 11. (.i)
vi. p. 145 (I860) ; BesMiD-s, Tr. d'Ooloyie, p. ;362 (IWJU) ; liosenb.
J.f. O. 1861, p. 45 ; Blyfh, Ibis, 1862, p. 75; Crkih i'- ^- *'■ 1862,
p. 137; Sclat. Trans. Z. >S. iv. p. 358, f. a, and p. 360 (note), pi. 71
(1862) ; Schley. Jaarb. zool. (ienoUch. \at. Art. May. 1862, p. 19f) ;
Sclat. P. Z. iS'." 1863, p. 234 : Schley. Dierent., Voyels, p. 238 (1864) ;
Sclat. P.Z.S. 18()6, p. 168; F.'Schlc(/. Zool. Gart. 1S66, p. 177;
Sclat. P. Z. S. 1867, p. 179 ; Miiller, t'.c. p. 252 ; Kreft, t. c. p. 4.s3 ;
Sclat. P. Z.S. 1868, p. 376, 1869, p. 628; Wall. Malay Archip.
ii. p. 156 (1869) ; lloicer, P. Z. S. 1871, pp. 32, 33, 34, 35 ; Sclat.
P.Z.S. 1872, pp. 150, 495; Gieb. Tkes. Orn. i. p. 595 (1872);
Garrod, P.Z.S. 1873, p. 644; Rostnb. J. f. O. 1873, p. 390;
Xafhus. J.f. O. 1874, p. JO; Sclat. P.Z.S. Is75, pp. 86, 87;
Hartiny, Ostriches ^- Ostr. Farm. p. 103, -with pi. (1877); Sclat.
P.Z.S. 1878, pp. 80, 214; Mei/er. J. f. O. 1878, p. 202; Aathit.<<.
J.f. O. 1879, p. 346; id. Ibis, 1879, p. 96; Pelz. t. c. p. 376;
liosenb. Malay. Archip. p. 323 (1879); Sclat. List Vert. An.
p. 472 (1879); id. P. Z. S. 1880, p. 315; id. Voy. Challenq.,
Birds, p. 64 (1881); Salvad. Mem. Ii. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxiv.
p. 188, tav. i. f. 2 (1881); id. Ann. Mas. Cic. Gen. xviii. p. 414,
u. 3 (1882) ; Pelz. Ibis, 1882, p. 608 : Salind. Orn. Pap. e Mot. iii.
p. 479 (1882); Sclat. Li.'^t i'ert. An. 8th ed. p. 548 (1883);
Thebaiilt, Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) iii. pp. 198-210 (1891) ; Emns,
Ibis, 1891, p. 84; Sharpe, Cat. Osteol. Spec. R. C. S. iii. p. 430
(1891); Salrad. Mem. B. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xlii. j). 213 (J 891);
Schal. Zcitschr.f. Ooloijie, 1892, p. 1 1 ; O.-)', ibid. pp. l'), 34 ; Schal.
J.f. O. 1894, p. 18.
Casuai-iii.s caauarius, Illiy. Prodr. Mam. et Ar. p. 247 (1811).
Ilippalectno iudieus, Gloyer, Hand- ii. Hil.-'fb. p. 452 (1(542^.
Casuarius orientalis, S. Miill. J'erh. Land- en Volkenk. p. 109 (part.,
Ceram only) (1839-44); I (art I. J.f. 0. 1^54, p. 257.
.lavaiu'se (!) Ca. (part., ex Nova Guinea)
(1839-44).
Casuarius beccarii, Sclat. F. Z. S. 1875, p. 87, ff. 1, 2 in p. 86 (Vo-
kan, Aru I.), p. 527, pi. Iviii. (S. New Guinea), and p. 533; id.
Nature, xii. p. 516 (1875); Salcad. Arm. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 717
(note) (1875) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1876, p. 414 (live specim.) ; Harting,
Ostriches ^- Ostr. Farm. p. 107 (1877) : Forhes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp.
307, 316 (cloaca and bursa Fabricii) ; Sharpe, Ibis, 1877, p. 325 ;
Sclat. Sf Salv. Ibis, 1877, p. 372 (note) : Oust. Assoc. Sc. de F'rance,
Bull. no. 539, p. 350 (1878) ; Meyer, J.f. O. 1878, pp. 202, 300 ;
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. pp. 421, 422 (1878) ; ScM. P. Z. S.
1878, p. 214 ; Sclat. ^- Salv. Ibis, 1878, p. 481, 1879, p. 96 ; D'Alb.
iS- Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xiv. pp. 186-145, ff. pp. 137, 139,
140, 141, 142, 143 a879); Hd. Ibis, 1879, p. 482; Sclat. List
Vert. An. p. 472 (1879); I)' Alb. Nuova Guin. pp. 494, 588
(1880); Sharpe, Ibis, 1881, p. 500; Sakad. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor.
(2) xxxiv. p. 197, tav. i. f 5 (1881) ; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii.
p. 414, n. 4 (1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 484 (1882) ; Sclat.
List Vert. An. 8th ed. p. 549 (1683) ; Schal. J.f. O. 1894, p. 21.
Casuarius bicarunculatus, Becc. (nee Sclat.) Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii.
p. 717 (1875).
Ca.suarius australis, D'Alh. (nee Wall) Sydn. Mail, 1877, p. 143;
id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. x. p. 19 (1877) ; id. Ibis, 1877, p. 372.
Casuarius sclaterii, Salvad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 422 (19th
July, 1878) ; Ibis, 1878, p. 481 ; Meyer, J. f. O. 1878, p. 300 ;
Sharpe, Ibis, 1879, p. 116 (type in the Brit. Mus.).
? Casuarius galeatus, Sclat. Zool. J'oy. ' Challenger,' Birds, p. 64
(1881).
r Casuarius, sp., Meyer, Zeitschr. d. qes. Orn. i. p. 296 {eg^ from Am
Isl.) (1884) ; Salvad. Mem. R. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xlii. p. 213 (1891).
Adult. Feathers of the body black ; casque compressed, thick on
the anterior and posterior edges, thinner on the middle, very high,
and with the upper edge rather thin ; the posterior edge usually
inclined backwards, sometimes almost perpendicular, shorter than
the anterior edge : head gre3--blue, a band from the base of the
lower mandible yellow, changing into red posteriorly ; throat and
sides of the neck blue ; nape red on the upper part, changing into
orange lower down, naked area on the lower part of the sides of the
neck flesh-colour ; on the anterior part of the neck a Tery long
caruncle, more or less divided into two at the tip, and of a flesh-
colour. Total length about 63 inches, bill from gape 5-50, tarsus 11,
nail of the inner toe 3-07.
1. CASUAHICS.
rm
Younrj. Feathers reddish brown ; cascjuc scarcely prominent ;
earimele small, with the two lobes divided nearly to the base.
(Mus. Genoa.)
Hah. Vokaii, Am Islnids, and S. Xew Guinea alouf^ the Fly
lliver.
a, b. Tnini. st,
c. Inim. St.
d. Ad. sk.
e. Inini. sk.
/. $ imui. sk.
(J. Skeleton tii'
specimen/.
Aru Islands *.
S.E. New Guinea. (Died
2nd Febr., 187l».)
Port Moresby, S.E. New
Guinea.
Fly River.
Coast of S.E. New Guinea
opposite Cornwallis Isl.
(Died "Jth Dec, 187G.)
' Clialleuger " Exped.
Zool. Soc.
A. Goldie [0.].
Purchased.
Zool. Soc. (Type of
CasuariKS sclateri,
Salvad.)
7. Casuarius uniappendiculatus.
Casuarius, n. sp., Blyth, Ibis, 1860, t>. 193 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1800,
p. 210 ; id. Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) vi. p. 145 (1860).
Casuarius uniappendiculatus, Bhjth, J. A. S. B. xxi.x. p. 112 (juv.)
(1860) ; id. Ann. S^- Ma;/. Nat. Hist. (3) vi. p. 113 (1860) ; Sclaf.
ibid, (note) : lili/th, Ibis, 1860, p. 307: Sclat. t. c. p. 310 ; Benm-tt,
t. c. p. 403, pi. 1-i ( juv.) : Sclat. ibid, et p. 420, 1861, p. 312 ; /;/////(,
J. A. >S. B. XXX. 'p. 185 (1861) ; Ibis, 1862, p. 78; Sc/at. Tr'an.^.
Zool. Soc. iv. p. 35i>, pi. 74 (juv.) (1862); Schle;/. Jaarh. zool.
Genotsch. Nat Art. Mag. 1862, p. 198, pi. ; id. Dierent., Voqels,
p. 239, f. p. 240, et tabula; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 225; Finsch, Neu-
Guin. p. 180 (1865) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1868, pp. 34, 168 : F. Sckleg.
Zool. Gart. 1866, p. 179 ; Schlcg. Ned. Tijdsc/ir. Dierk. iii. pp.250,
347 (1866); id. in Iio>icnb. Jids naar Znidoustereil, p. 52 (note)
(1867); Goidd, Sujijd. B. Austr. pis. 74, 75 (1869) ; Newt. Ibis,
1870. pp. Hi), 120; Schler/. Ned. Tijdsohr. Dierk. iv. p. 53 (1871) ;
G. R. Gr. Hund-li.st, iii.' p. 2, n. 9852 (1871); Gieb. Thes. Oni. i.
p. 595 (1872) ; Sclaf. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 147, 149, 1-50; Schleg.
Mas. P.-B., Strutliiones, p. 10 (1873) ; Rosenb. Jouru. f. Orn.
1873, p. 390; Mei/er, Sifzb. k.Ak. JFissensch. zu Wien, Ixix. p. 218
(1874) ; Schit. Ibis, 1874, p. 417 ; id. P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 247, 495;
id. P. Z. S. 1875, p. H-\ pi. xx. ff. 1.2 (juv.). pp. 87, 533 ; Rosenb.
Reist. naar Geelvinkb. pp. 17,69, 117 (1875); Becc. Ann. Mns.
Civ. Gen. vii. p. 717 (1875) ; Srib-ad. ibid. p. 719 (1875) ; .SV7«^
Ibis, 1876, p. 244; id. P. Z. S. 1876. pp. 244, 414 (speciui. alive) ;
Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 307, 31:5,314, .-iUi (bursa Fabricii) ; Srlat.
P. Z. S. 1877, p. 419 (specim. alive in Amsterdam) ; Hurting,
Ostriches Sf Osfr. Farm. p. 112 (1877); On.'^t. P. Z. S. 1878,
pp. 389, 390; Salrad. Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 346 (Soronij),
p. 424 (1878) ; Itds, 1878, p. 482 ; Meger, Journ. f. Orn. 18i'8,
p. 20.'! ; Rosenb. Malay. Archip. p. .■]9t> (cum fio;. capitis), pp. 481,
563 0^578-79) ; Ibis, 1879, p. 96; Oudot, Perm. d. Autr. p. 237
(1880); Salvad. Mem. R. Ac. So. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 205, tav. ii.
• Sclater mentions these birds a-s having been procured alive at Ternate.
598 CASUARllD^.
f. 6 (1881) ; id. Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 414, n. 5 (1882);
id. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 490 (1882) ; Sclat. List Vert. An. 8th
ed. p. 549 (1883) : Bedd. P. Z. S. 1886, pp. 145, 146 (air-sacs) ;
Meyer, Abh. Mux.Dresd. no. 3, taf. 2 (egg) (1893) ; Schal. J.f. O.
1894, p. 23 (egg).
Casuarius kaupi, Rosenb. Natuurh. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxiii. p. 43,
tab. (1861); id. Journ. f. Orn. 1861, p. 44, taf. i. ; Sclat. Ibis,
1861, p. 312; id. Trans. Zool. Soc. iv. p. 360 (note) (1862);
Schhff. Jaarb. zool. Genotsck. Nat. Art. Mar/. 1862, p. 199;
Jiosenb. Natimrk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. p. 251, n. 246 (1863) ;
id. Journ. f. Orn. 1864, p. 136, n. 246; Fmsch, Neu-Guinea, p. 181
(1865) ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1866, p. 168 ; F. Schleff. Zool. Gart. 1866,
p. 180 : Rosenb. Reis naar Zuidoosfereil, p. 52 (1867) ; Netcton,
Ibis, 1870, p. 120; Schleg. Mus. P.-B., Struthiones, p. 12 (1873) ;
Rosenb. Journ. f. Orn. 1873, p. 370 ; id. Malay. Archip. p. 563
(1878).
Casuarius, sp., Salrad. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. x. p. 167, sp. 180
(Sorong, juv.) (1877).
Adult. Feathers of the body black ; casque dark olive, of the
shape of a triangular jjyramid, -with the posterior surface nearly
oval ; head, throat, and hind neck blue ; lower part of the neck,
with the single, pear-shaped caruncle, yellow ; naked skin on the
lower part of the sides of the neck flesh-colour, surrounded with
yellow. Total length about 65 inches, bill from gape 5*22, tarsus 11,
nail of inner toe 3-30.
Young. Pale fulvous, with longitudinal brown bands on the
upper parts and on the thighs.
Hah. Salwatti and the opposite coast of N.W. New Guiuea.
a. Cast of the head of the Salwatti. Darmstadt Mus.
type of Casuariiis kaupi,
liosenb.
b. Inim. st. Salwatti. L. Laglaize [C.].
c. Imm. St. Western New Guinea. Zool. Soc.
d. Skeleton (imperfect) of
specimen e.
8. Casuarius occipitalis.
? Casuarius papuanus, part., Rosenb. Reist. naar Geelvinkb. p. 117
(Jobi) (1875) ; id. Malay. Archip. p. 563 (part.) (1875).
Casoar di Jubi, Beccari, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 718 (1875).
Casuarius occipitalis, Salvad. t. c. (note) (1875) ; Sclat. Ibis, 1876,
p. 245 (note) ; Salvad. Aun. Mus. Civ. Gen. xii. p. 423 (1878) ;
Ibis, 1878, p. 482 ; Meyer, J. f. O. 1878, pp. 203, 300 (note) ; Ibis,
1879, p. 96 ; Salvad. Mem. R.Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) xxxiv. p. 209, tav. ii.
f. 7 (head) (1881); id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 414, n. 6
(1882) ; id. Orn. Paj>. e Mol. iii. p. 494 (1882) ; 3Ieyer, Abh. Mus.
Dresd. no. 3, p. 29, taf. 2. f. 4 {e^g) (1893) ; Schal. J. f. O. 1894,
p. 22.
Casuarius westermanni, Rey {nee Sclat.), Zeitschr. f. Ool. 1892.
p. 19.
Casuarius laglaizli, Oust. Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) v. pp. 1-3 (juv., Jobi,
(1893).
1. cAsuARirs. 599
Very similar to C. uniappendiculatus, but differs iu having a
triangular yellow patch on the occiput, the posterior surface of the
casque narrower, tlie single caruncle smaller. The casque is pale
olive ; bill and feet dark olive. Total length G.i inches, bill from
gape 5-37, tarsus 11, nail of inner toelJ-75. (Tj-jjc, J/ms. Genoa.)
A very old bird in the Paris Museum differs from the type in
having the casque much higher, with the posterior part basally
narrow, and broadened into a tlat surface towards the tip ; the
anterior edge is decidedly more convex.
I have examined, in the Paris Museum, the type of C. IcKjlalzii,
which, in my opinion, is a smaU specimen of the present species.
Hah. J obi.
a. Juv. St. Ansu.i, Jobi. I.. Laglaize C.l
b. Pull. sk. Ansus, Febr. L. Laglaize [0.1.
r. Pull. St. Jobi. L. Ladaize (C.l.
9. Casuarius papuanus.
? Casuarius emeu, part., Jjess. Vvi/. Cor/, i. pt. 2, p. 717 (New Guinea)
(1828) ; id. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 201» (part.) (1828) ; id. Tr. d'Orn.
p. 7 (part.) (1831) ; Sclat. Jouni. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 168, sp. lo2
(1858); 6^. Ii. Or. P. Z. S. 18o8, p. 196 (part.) ; id. Cat. B. Nino
(?Mj/(. pp. 50, 61 (part.) (18o9| ; id. P. Z. S. 1861, p. 438; Finsch,
Neu-Guin. p. 180 (part.) (1865).
? Casuarius orientalis, S.Midi. J'er/i. Land- en Volkenk. p. 109 (part.)
(1839-44).
Casuarius beunettii, Scldec/. {nee Gould) Ned. Tijdschr. Dierk. iv.
n. 53 (New Guinea) (1871).
Casuarius papuanus, liosenb. in lift. ; Schleg. t. c. p. 54 (1871) (type
examined) ; id. Mas. P.-B., Struthiones, p. 11 (Andai) (1873) ;
Itosenh. J. f. O. 1873, pp. 390, 391 ; Meyer, Sitzh. k. Ak. lVi-, 1874, p. 417 : id.
P. Z. S. 1875, pp. 85, 87 ; liosenb. Peist. naar Geelvinkh. pp. >'4,
117, 144, pi. xvii. (1875); Becc. Ann. .Mas. Civ. Gen. vii. p. 717
(1875); Salvad. ibid. p. 796 (.\ndai) (1875); Srlat. Ibis, 1876,
p. 258; Hartiiif/, Ostriches S,- (Mr. Farm. p. 118 (1877); Owt.
P. Z. S. 1878, p.' 389 ; Meyer, J. f. O. 1878, pp. 200, 201, 203, 2'.'*'^^ ;
Ibis, 1878, p. 482, 1879, 'p. 96; Posenb. Malai/. Arcliip. pp. 5(i3,
595 (1879); Salvad. Metn. P. Ac. Sc. Tor. (2) .xxxiv. p. 210, tav. ii.
f . 8 (head) (1881); id. Ann. Mas. Civ. Gen. xviii. p. 414, n. 7
(1882) ; id. Orn. Pap. e Mol. iii. p. 495 (1882) ; Schal. J. f. O.
1894, p. 20 (>'crg).
Casuarius kaupi, Sclat. (}iec Posenb.) P. Z. S. 1871, p. 627 (Mansi-
nam), 1872, pp. 147, 149, 150, jil. ix. (.Mansinam), 1873, p. 474;
Meyer, Sifz. k. Ak. If'fks-. Ifien. Ixix. pp. 216, 217 (1874) ; Sclat.
Ilm, 1874, p. 417 (note) ; Oast. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 389.
Casuarius papuensi.'^, " Posenb.," Sclat. P. Z. S. 1872, pp. 149, 150.
Casuarius westermanni, Sclat. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 248 (tvpe examined ) ;
id. Ibis, 1874, p. 417 (note) ; id. P. Z. S. 1875, "pp. 85, 87, 380,
pi. xix.; id. Nature, xi. p. 516(1875); id. Ibis, 1876, pp. 245,
258; Harting, Ostriches Sf Ostr. Farm. p. 119 (1877) ; Sharpe, Ibi---,
1877, p. 325; Gould, B. of New Gain. v. pi. 15 (pt. v., 1877) ;
Meyer, J.f. 0. 1878, pp. 200, 201, 203, 299 ; Oust. P. Z. S. Is7s.
nOO castjariid.t:.
p. 389 ; IMs, 1878, p. 482, 1879, p. 96 ; SclaL List Vert. An. 7tli ed.
p. 473 (1879) ; id. op. cit. 8th ed. p. 549 (1883).
Casuarius, sp., Meyer, Sitzh. k. Ah. Wiss. Wien, Ixix. p. 216 (1874).
Casuariiis edwardsii, Oust. P. Z. S. 1878, p. 389, pi. xxi. (Dorei);
Salvad. Ann. Mus. Cic. Gen. xii. p. 425 ^878) ; Rchnw. J. f. O.
1878, p. 203 ; Meyer, J. f. 0. 1878, pp. 299, 303 ; Sclat. 4- Salv. Ibis,
1878, p. 482, 1879, p. 96.
Adult. Feathers of the body black ; the casque is blackish, and
has the shape of a triangular pyramid, with the posterior surface
flat and inclined forwards ; no caruncles whatever ; head, throat,
and fore neck blue ; occiput and auricular region greenish grey ;
hind neck orange, changing into flesh-colour on the naked area of
the lower part of the sides of the neck ; feet greenish grey ; iris
blackish. Total length about 55 inches, tarsus 10-22, bill from
gape 4'70, nail of inner toe 3'07.
I'oimi/. Brown, with the shafts of the feathers blackish.
Hab. Xorth-western New Guinea, from Dorei to Emberbaki.
a. Ad. St. New Guinea. Zool. Soc. (Received 20th Sept., 1871.)
(Tvi^e of C. westermaimi, Sjlat.)
1*1. Casuarius picticollis.
Casuarius picticollis, Sclat. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1874, p. 138 ; id. P. Z. S.
1875, pp. 83, 85, pi. xviii. (Milne Bay, S.E. Xew Guinea), p. 349
(young, Milne Bay) ; id. Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1875, p. 112 ; id. J.f. O.
1876, p. 258; id. P. Z. H. 1876, p. 414 (speeim. in coufiuement) ;
id. List Vert. An. 6th ed. p. 423 (1877) ; Gould, B. New Guin. v.
pi. 14 (pt. v., 1877); Forbes, P. Z. S. 1877, pp. 307, 315, 316
(cloacii) ; Hartin, tarsus 9-60, claw of inner toe 4-90,
Hah. South-eastern New Guinea.
a. Ad. St. Discovery Bay, S.E. Zool. Soc. (Rec. 27th May,
New Guinea.' 1874 : died 10th Oct. 1876.)
(Tvpe of species.)
b. Ad. St. S.E. New Guinea.
c. Pull. sk. Milne Bay, S.E. New H.M.S. ' Basilisk.' (P. Z.S.
Guinea.' 187.5, p. 349.)
(]. Skeleton (imperfect) of specimen a.
11. Casuarius bennetti.
The Mooruk.
Casuarius bennetti, r/o«W, P. Z. S. 18o7, p. :2C9, pi. c.wix. ; id. Ann.
^- Ma,/. X. 11. (3) i. J). 299 (1S.-;S) : J.E. Gray, 1'. Z. 6'. 1868, p. 271,
pi. cxliv. (egg) ; id. Ann. Sf Mm/. A'. //. (3) i'i. p. 469 (1858) ; Benn.
P. Z. *•. 1859, p. 32; 6chit. Uin, 1859, pp. 212, 335; Gou/d, B.
Austr. Siippl. pis. 72, 73 (pt. iii., 1859) ; Barf/. 1'. Z. S. 1860,
p. 205, pi. cl.xii. {tiir^^) : Sclat. P. Z. S. I860, p. 210 ; id. Ann. ^■
Ma;,. y.H. (3) vi. p. 145 (]800) ; id. Ibis, 1860, p. 310 ; Bennett,
Gather, of a Natural, in Australas. p. 243, pi. iv. (1860) ; Sclat.
Ibis, 1801. pj). 197, 512 ; id. Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. p. 359, pi. Ixii.
(1862) ; Bennett, P. Z. .S. 1862. p. 1 ; Sclat. P. Z. S. 1862, p. 324
(pulhis) ; Sc/ile(,. Jaarb. zool. Genotsck. Nat. Art. Ma'. Size larger, total length of male oO'o, of
female 33 inches ; upper mandible brown
horn-colour lauriji, p. 606.
h. General plumage greyish brown, barred across
with light bands.
c. Smaller, total length not more than 25 inches ;
paler and with narrower bars ; tarsi pale
brown ; claws whitish horn-colour.
c". Smaller, total length about 19 inches;
dark barring lighter .... oireni, p. 609.
d". Larger, total length about 23 inches ;
dark barrings heavier [Rothschild) occidentalis, p. 610.
d'. Larger, total length 25-27 inches; darker
and with broader hght bars ; tarsi dark
brown ; claws dark horn-colour haasti, p. 611.
1. Apteryx australis.
Apteryx australis, Shuic, Nat. Misc. xxiv. pis. 1057, 1058 (1813);
Temm. Man. (UOrn. 2nd ed. i. p. cxiv (1820); Hteph. Gen. Zool.
xiii. l,p. 71 (1826); Runz. Elem. oi ZooL m. Q, p. 295 (1826);
Less. Man. d'Orn. ii. p. 211 (1828) ; id. Vvy. Coq., Zool. i. p. 418
(1828) (Bay of Islands) ; Cuv. Ref/n. An. 2nd ed. i. p. 498 (note)
(1829); Less. Tr. d'Om. p. 12 (1831); Yarr. P. Z. S. 1833,
pp. 24,80; id. Trans. Zool. Soc. i. pp. 71-76, pi. x. (type) (1833) ;
MacLeay, P. Z. S. 1835, p. 61 ; Yarr. Ids, 1836, pp. 386-389 ;
Short, P. Z. S. 1837, p. 24 (li\ing specimens) ; Less. Compl.de Biif.
2nd ed. Ois. p. 71, pi. — (1838) ; Oiven, P. Z. S. 1838, pp. 48-
51, 71, 72, 105-110 (anatomy) ; Cunnini/h. P. Z. S. 1839, pp. 63,
65 (habits); id. Ann. ^- Mag. N. H. iv. pp. 312-314 (1840);
id.Fror. Notiz. xiv. pp. 177-179 (1840) ; Oicen, Trans. Zool. Sac.
ii. pp. 257-301, pis. 47-55 (1841) (anatomy); Gould, P. Z. S.
1841, p. 70; Ouem, P. Z. S. 1842, pp. 22-41 (myology); G. R.
Gr. List B. Brit. Mus. iii. p. 55 (1844) : Gray ^- Mitch. Gen.
B.'m. p. 530, pi. cxxxix. (1846); Oicen, P. Z. S. 1846, p. 49
(femur); id. Trans. Zool. Soc. lii. 1842, pp. 278-301, pis. xxxi.-
xxxiv. (myology), pi. xxxv. (female organs) ( 1849) ; Stravge, P. Z. 8.
1847, p. 51 ; Gov Id, t. c. yp. 93, 94; Rchnh. Syn. At., Gral-
latores, t. 143. if. 1015-16 (1845), Gallinacefe, t. 386. flf. 2191-
92 {e.v Yarrell), f. 2193 (e.r Gr. ^- Mitch.) (1848); Alantell,
P. Z. S. 18.:0, p. 211 ; Bartl. t. c. p. 275, pi. xxx. ff. 1, 2 (head and
wing), pi. xxxi. f. 1 (f"Ot) ; Rchnb. Av. Syst. JS'at. p. xxx (1852) ;
Dareste, Compt. Rend. xlii. pp. 861-863 (brain) (1856) ; id.
I7istitut, xxiv. p. 167 (1856) ; id. Ann. >Sc. Nat. (3) Zool. x. pp. 48-
50 (1856) ; Bp. Conipt. Rend, xliii. p. 841, n. 21 (1856) ; Sclat. ^■
Hdchst. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1861, p. 116; iid. Nat. Hist.
Rev. 1861, p. 504; G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 233 ; Parker, P. Z. &.
1. VITKRVX. 005
18G3, p. oil (sacral vertebrae); Hector, New Zeal. Eih. p. 270
(Otaiio) {\6m) ■ Hurh'i), P. Z. IS. 1867, p. 424 (under view of the
skull); lluad, J.f. O. 18(J8, p. 243; Fi.ff.f, Truns. N. Z. Inst. ii.
1809, p. OU (ypfiT) (^1670) ; Owen, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 334 ; id. Trans.
Z. S. vii. 1870, pp. 381-385, pis. 45, 40 (aiiatomicil details)
(1871); Fhmk, J.f. O. 1870, p. 337; G. R. Gr. Hand-list, m.
p. 3, n. 9853 (1871) ; Hutton. Cat. B. Neio Zeal. p. 23 (1871);
Potts, This, 1872, p. 36 (var.); Sclat. P. Z. S. 1872, p. 801 ; Gieb.
Tlies. Orn. i. p. 391 (1872); Fimch, J.f. O. 1872, p. 263 ; id.
Trans. N. Z. Inst. v. 1872, p. 211 (1873) ; .Sc/ile. Compt.
liend. xliii. p. 841, n. 22 (18.5(;); Ed. Ibis, 1859, p. 115; Sclaf.
P. Z. S. 1859, p. 530 {e^^), 1860, p. 194 (egg); Sclat. .V JIoc/i.<'t.
Pep. Brit. Js.ioc. Adv. Sc. 1861, p. 177 ; iid. Xaf. Hist. Bev. 186],
p. 505; G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 2.33; Layard, Ibis, 1863, p. 242;
Svlat. P. Z. S. 1863, p. 2.34 (N. Island), 1864, p. 374 (Auckland!
living specimen) ; Gould, Ilmidb. B. Austr. ii. p. 569 (1865) ;
Fitisc/i, J.f. O. 1867, pp. 329-331 ; Bowl. P. Z. S. 1867, ji. 894;
Fd. Ibis, 1868, pp. 251, 504 (incubation) ; Pott.f, Tr. X. Z. Iii.-^f. ii.
1869, p. 67 (eirg) (1870); Button, Ibis, 1870, p. 398 (Auckland);
Finsch, J. fO. 1870, pp. 337-339 ( = australis ?) ; Buller, Tr.
X. Z. Ith-- Compf. Send.
(1862/, Z;5/p.ilA'8^Pp-'f '. f f %^;"-- ,^-. *•-• P- 362
(1872);k/ii;i;.o'li^'p^068.\J/ ^l",''- ^'-^„0-- i- P- ^91
2ud ed p. 327 (part 'llvviirn«L^,"''\"';'^ ''r/^"'^' ^- -^>"' ^"^Z-
(pt. 2/ 1893) ; JtotiSmd, ^^uUh; On^lTl ^"'- ""^ ^^ ,?• ^^''^
Ixii (1893) ; .Vf. ii/., 1893, pj. 57? 574 '575 576°'' ^^ ^^^ '"' ^"^'
Ap^e^3^ owenni, ^V<.. P. Z. S. 1871, p. 479, 1872, p. 861 (Zool.
'tSSsBai'fwSf^'oaS-Tpe^^n^ ^-^^^ ^'^^- ^ P" ^^^
J, ' -^i- ^oast, tjpe m Dunedin Museum; (lt73j*.
2a
610 APTEEYGIDJi.
id Zool. (s. s.) 1874, p. 4014 ; Finsch, J. f. 0. 1874, p. 224 ;
A. Newt. Diet, of B. p. 490 (note) (pt. 2, 1893).
Apteryx fusciis, Rowl. [nee Potts) Orn. Misc. ii. p. 8 (1875) ( = oweni,
melanistic).
Adult male. Greyish, banded with whitish, the hands less promi-
nent or nearly obsolete on the head, throat, and neck ; irides black :
bill dark horn-colour; legs and feet pale brown, the claws [whitish]
horn-colour (BuJIcr). Total length about 12*5 inches ; bill along
the ridge 2-85, along the edge of lower mandible 3"4 ; tarsus 1-75.
Female. As a rule, somewhat paler than the male. Total length
20 inches ; bill along the ridge J3-5, along the edge of lower man-
dible 4 ; tarsus 2*5.
Yonng. " Plumage verj- soft, dull greyish brown, obscurely
mottled ; vertex, sides of the head, and throat greyish white ; the
light tips of the feathers very conspicuous, having the appearance of
small pencilled lines on a darker ground, the produced hair-like
filaments being entirely black : bill whitish horn-colour " (BuUer).
The light marks on the upper parts are V-shaped and are placed
on the apical portion of the feathers. {Rothschild Museum.^
" Very young state. A chick of this species, in the Kowley Col-
lection at Brighton, is of a uniform yellowish-brown colour, with
the tips of the feathers lighter " (Buller).
Bab. East coast of South Island.
a. Ad. St. New Zealand. Dr. Mantell [C.].
b, c. Ad. at juv. sk. New Zealand. Capt. Stokes [P.].
d-k. c? 2 hd. et New Zealand. Colonial Museum of
juv. sk. Wellington [P.].
i, k.* (S ad. et New Zealand. Colonial Museum of
ad. (?) sk. Wellington [P.].
/. Skeleton.
m. Skeleton. Salvin-Godman Coll.
5. Apteryx occidentalis.
Aptervx owenii, Finsch (nee Gould), J.f. 0. 1870, p. 339 (W. coast
of South Island); Btiller, Hist. B. Neiv Zeal. (2nd ed.) p. 327
(part.) (1888).
Aptei'vx occidentalis, JRothsch. Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. x. pp. lix, Ixi
(1803) ; id. Ibis, 1893, pp. 573, 570.
Apteryx oweni occidentalis, Hothseh. Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. x.
p. Ixii (1893) ; id. Ibis, 1893, p. 676.
Hybrid.
Apterj'x mantellixA. occidentalis, Rothseh. Bull. Br. Orn. Club,
no. xvii. p. xxxvi (1894) ; id. Ibis, 1894, p. 429.
Similar to A. oiueni, from which it differs " in its much larger
size (being quite as big as A. australis), in its comparatively very
* These specimens are somewbat darker, and have the light bands less
defined, than ordinarj' specimens of A. owcni.
1. APTERTX. 611
small bill, and in tlie heavy black bars on tho feathers " (Roth-
scfind). ^
Hah. " West coast of the South and ^orth Islands " (Rothschild)
1 have not examined the type of this species, which is still alive •
but three specimens from the BuUer district, west coast of the
bouth Island, identified by Mr. Eothscliild with A. occidentalls, and
sent to me for examination, show the same characters which are
given in the description.
6. Apteryx haasti.
? "Fireman," Gould, B. Amtr. vi., in letterpress to ^/;^e;-v.r «MS^-a/w
(pt. 11., 1841) ; Strauge, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 51 (Middle Island).
.''Aptery.t maxima, Vvrr. MS.*, Bp. Compt. Rend, xliii. p 841
n 20, p. 1026 (descr. nulla) (1856) ; Sclat. Sf Hochst. Nat. Hist.
Rev. 1861, p. 506 ;nd Rejj. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sc. 1861, p 177
(Middle Island) ; G. R. Gr. Ibis, 1862, p. 233 (excl. svn.) : Fiiisch
J. f. 0 1867, p. 330, 1870, p. 340 ; Hutt. Cat. B. New Zeal.
p. 2u (18/1); G. R. Gr. Hand-list, iii. p. 3, n. 9856 (1871);
Gieb. Thes. Orn. i. p. 391 (excl. syn.) (1872); Hector, P. Z. S.
18/4, p. 498 ; Rowl. Orn. Misc. i. p. 23 (1875) ; A. Newt. Diet,
of B. p. 496, note (pt. 2, 1893).
? Apteryx major, EUnmn, Zoologist, 1861, p. 7468; id. Ibis, 1861
p. 416. '
Apteryx australis, Haast {nee Sftaic), Topogr. ^- Geol. Expl. p. 139
(1861) (W. District of Nelson Prov.) ; id. Ibis, 1862, p. 104
(Nelson Prov.). ' > ><• -^"^
Apteryx haasti, 'Potts, Tr. N. Z. Inst. iv. 1871, p. 204 (1872) ; id.
Ibis, 1872, p. 35 (Okarito country, W. Coast of Middle Isl.) ;
Fimch, J.f. O. 1872, p. 271; Potts, Tr. N. Z. Inst. v. 1872
p. 195 (1873) ; Finsch, t. c. p. 212 (1873) ; Bull. Hist. B. New
Zeal. p. 371 (1873); Fiiuch, J.f. O. 1874, pp. 174,220; Potts,
Zoologist, 1874, pp. 4014, 4158; Rowl. P. Z. 6'. 1874, pp 497
^8 ; id. Orn. Misc. i. pp. 3-17, pi. i. (ad. female) (1875) ; Sclat.
P. Z.S. 1876, p. 1 (Zool. Gard.); Hartim/, Ostriches ^- Ostr. Far7n.
p. 178 (1877) ; Forbes, P. Z. S. 1881, pp. 781, 782 (trachea) ; BuU.
Man. B. ^ew Zeal. p. 46, n. 57, pi. xxii. (1882) ; Sclat. List Vert
An. 8th ed. p. 548, n. 1434 (1883) ; Smith, Tr. N. Z. Inst, xxi
1888, p. 224 (1889); Lydekk. Cat. Foss. B. p. 217 (1891) ; Bull
Tr N.Z. Inst. xxv. pp. 63, 87 (albino) (1893); Kingsleu, t. c.
p. 138 (young) (1893); A. Newt. Diet, of B. p. 496 (pt. 2, 1893) •
Rchmo. J.f. O. 1893, p. 116; Rothsch. Ann. S,- Mag. N. H (6)
XI. pp. 43, 44 (1893) ; Forbes, t. c. pp. 159-161 (1893) ; Rothsch
t c. pp. 299, 300 (1893); id. Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. x. pp. Ix'
1x11 (Central South Island and West of North Island) (1893) •
id. Ibis, 1893, pp. 573, 574, 575 ; id. Bull. B. Orn. Club, uo. xvii'
p. XXX vi (1894) ; id. Ibis, 1894, p. 429.
? Apteryx maximus, Rothsch. Bull. Br. Orn. Club, no. x. pp xli
xhi (1893) (South Island !) ; id. Ibis, 1893, pp. 574, 575, 576^ '
* It appears to me tli.at the name A. i)ia.rima was invented for the " Fire-
iii'in, but, uecordniir to Bon.i parte, it is ba.^ed on a description given bv native*
and on the inspection of an egg which J. Verreaux assured Prince Bonaparte
was preserved in the Museum of Philadelphia (!).
2r 2
612 APTERYtflD^.
Similar to A. oiueni and A. occidentalis, but mucli larger, of a
darker brown colour and with the light bands broader : " irides
black ; bill white horn-colour ; legs and feet dark brown, changing
to brownish black on the posterior aspect of the metatarsi and on the
soles ; claws dark horn-colour. Total length about 25 inches ;
bill along the ridge 4-75, along the edge of lower mandible 5-4 ;
tarsus 2-75." (Buller.)
The female, as in the other species, is larger than the male.
Total length 27 inches, culmen 5-4.
Chick. Similar to that of A. oiveni, but the brown portion of the
feathers a shade darker. (3Ius. Rothschild.)
Hah. Central South Island and West of North Island.
Ad. sk.
New Zealand.
Baron F. von Miiller [P.].
(5 ad. sk.
South Island.
Purchased.
(S ad. St.
South Island.
Purchased.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
aberti (Anas), 187, 204.
acuta (Anas), 231, 270.
acuta (Boschas), 272.
acuta (Daflla), 193, 270,
272, 274.
acuta a. americana (Da-
fila), 273.
acuta «. cucullata (Daflla),
241.
acuta (Querquedula),
271.
acuta (Trachelonetta),
271.
acutua (Phasianurus),
271.
Adelonetta, 290.
adspersa (CrypI ura), .529.
adspersus (Crypturus),
516, .528, .531."
adspersus (Tinamus),
529.
adunca (Anas), 191.
ojgyijtiaca (Alopochen),
KiS.
segyptiaea (Anas), 1G7,
182. 346.
segyptiaea (Bernicla), 168.
wgvptiaca (Chenalopex),
i67, 180.
SDgvptiara (Tadorna), 53,
168, 169, 180.
ajgyptiacus (Anser), 167.
SDgvptiacus (Chenalopex),
166, 167, 168.
ffineo-rufa (Anas>, .53.
a>quiitorialis (Erisnia-
tura), 441, 442, 450.
aestiva (Anas), 73.
sestiva (Querquedula),
293.
ictliiops (Merganser),
473.
a-thiops (Mergus), 473.
Aetliyia, 334.
Mn. 46, 72.
aflinis (Anas), 361.
afiinis (Aythya), 362.
affinis (Dendrocygna), 68.
affinis (Fuligula), 354,
360, 362, 371.
affinis (Fulix), 361.
affinis (Mirila), 361.
affinis (Nyroca), 362.
affinis mariloides (Ay-
thia), 3.58.
African Teal, 345.
africana (Anas), 345.
africana (Casarca), 168.
africana (Dendrocvgna),
151.
africana (Erismatura),
448.
africana (Nyroca), 335,
345, 347, 349, 368.
africana(Sarcidiornis),56.
africana (Sarkidiornis),
56.
africanus (Anser), 167.
africanus (Chenalopex),
168.
africanus (Sarcidiornis),
57.
africanus (Sarkidiornis),
56.
Aia, 72.
Aithya, 334.
Aithyia, 334.
Aix, 72.
alandica (Anas), 271.
albatus (.-Vnser), 85.
albatus (Chen), 8.5.
albelliis (Mergan.ser). 465.
albellus (Mcrgelhis), 465.
albellus (Mt^rgulus), 46(>.
albellus (Mergus), 464,
481.
albeola (Anas). 385.
albeola (Bucephala), 387.
albeola (Charitonetta),
387.
albeola (Clangula), 376,
385, 386.
albeola (Fuligula), 386.
albeola (Glauoion), 387.
albeola (Platypus), 386.
albescens (Rhea), 581.
albicans (Anas), 92.
albifrons (Anas), 92, 95,
97.
albifrons (Anser), 89, 92,
93, 95, 101.
albifrons (Branta), 92.
albifrons gambeli (Anser),
96.
albifrons minutus( Anser),
98.
albifrons pallipes(Anser),
94.
albifrons roseipes(Anser),
94.
albifrons, var. erythropns
(Anser), 98.
albifrons, var. gambeli
(Anser), 96.
albigulare (Nettion), 239,
257.
albipennis (Anas), 3-32.
albipennis (Anserella),
72.
albipennis (Fuligula),
332.
albipennis (Nettapus), 72.
albipennis (JJettopus),
64, 72.
albogularis (Mareca), 257.
albidus (Mergus\ 465.
aldrovandi (Merganser),
473.
alexandrina (Anas), 488.
Alopochen, 166.
altensteini (Somateria),
4:34.
altijugus (Casuarius),
595.
altumi (Cygnus), 31.
American Rhea, 580.
American Sciiup, 337.
American Teal, 250.
American Wigeon, 233.
americana (Aethyia), 341.
amerii-ana (Anas), 32,
193. 233, 250.
americana (Aythyia),
341.
614
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
americana (Boschas),
235.
americana (Bucephala),
380.
americana (Clangula),
380,381.
americana (Fuligula),
340,341,362,371,381,
404.
americana (Mareca), 227,
233, 234.
americana (Marica), 235.
americana (Melanitta),
404.
americana (Kyroca), 334,
340.
americana (Qidemia),
400,404,411.
americana (Oidemia),
404.
americana(Querquedu]a),
251, 299.
americana (Rhea), 578,
581, 582, 584.
americana fusca (Quer-
quedula), 299.
americana variegata
(Querquedula), 299.
americanus (Chaule-
lasmus), 224, 235.
americanus (Cygnus),
31, 32.
americanus (Merganser),
471, 477.
americanus (Mergus),
477.
americanus (Olor), 32.
americanus (Phoeni-
copterus), 9, 11.
americanus (Struthio),
578, 681.
Anas, 142, 187, 306.
Anas magna nigra & alba,
428.
Anas nigra major Freti
Hudsonis, 412.
Anas rostro incurvo, 189.
AnassuB, 187.
anatarius (Mergus), 379.
Anatid£e, 23.
Anatinae., 24, 142.
anatoides (Cygnus), 43.
Auatra canapiglia, 222.
Anatra col ciuffo, 303.
Anatra di coda lunga,
271.
Anatra marigiana, 227.
Anatra mestolone, 307.
Auatra querquedula, 294.
Anatra querquedula
minore, 244.
Anatra 8alTaticareale,192.
andamanensis (Ana8),257.
andamanensis (Kettion),
257.
andamanensis (Querque-
dula), 257.
andecola (Eudromia), 568.
andersoni (Phoenico-
pterus), 15.
andinuB (Lipocentrus),
21.
andinus (Phcenicoparra),
21.
andinus (Phoenicopar-
rus), 21.
andinus (Phoenicopte-
rus), 21, 22.
andium (Nettion), 240,
263.
andium (Querquedula),
263.
angu.stirostris (Anas),
321.
angustirostris (Chaule-
lasmus), 322.
angustirostris (Chau-
liodes), 322.
angustirostris (Clangula),
379.
angustirostris (Marmaro-
netta), 321.
angustirostris (Marmo-
netta), 322.
angustirostris (Querque-
dula), 263, 321.
Anhima, 2, 3.
Ania, 399.
Anitra imperiale, 493.
Auser, 81, 88.
anser (Anas), 89, 99.
anser (Anser), 90.
anser ferus (Anas), 89.
Anseranas, 44.
AnseranatinoB, 23, 44.
Anserella, 64.
Anseres, 1, 23.
Anseria, 88.
Anserinse, 24, 81.
Antarctic Goose, 130.
antarctica (Anas), 130.
antarctica (Bernicla), 131,
135.
antarctica (Branta), 131.
antarctica (Chenelopex),
131.
antarctica (Chloepbaga),
131.
antarctica (Querquedula),
264.
antarctica (Tsenidiestes),
131.
antarcticus (Anser), 130.
antarcticus (Breutbus),
131.
anticola (Anser), 129.
anticola (Bernicla), 129.
antiquorum (Phcenico-
pterus), 13, 19.
antiquus (Phcenicopte-
rus), 14.
Apternyx, 603.
Apterous Penguin, 605.
Apteryges, 571,603.
Apterygidee, 603.
Apteryx, 603.
arabica (Anas), 488.
arborea (Anas), 162.
arborea (Dendrocycna),
145, 162, 163.
arborea (Dendrocygna),
162.
arborea (Dendrocygnus),
163.
arborea (Dendronessa),
162.
archiboscbas (Anas), 192.
arctica (Anas), 365.
Arctonetta, 327, 422.
arcuata (Anas), 153, 156.
arcuata (Dendrocycna),
145, 153, 154, 156, 157,
165.
arcuata (Dendrocygna),
150, 153, 164, 165.
arcuata (Dendronessa),
153, 154.
arcuata australis (Den-
drocygna), 154.
arcuata vagans (Dendro-
cygna), 154.
arcuata, var. africana
(Dendrocygna), 150.
arcuata, var. gouldi
(Dendrocygna), 164.
arcuata, var. major (Den-
cb-ocygna), 151.
arcuata, var. minor (Den-
drocygna), 157.
arcuata, var. vagans
(Dendrocygna), 1,54.
Aristonetta, 334.
Arlequin Duck, 395.
armata (Biziura), 458,
461, 462.
armata (Merganetta),
457, 458,461, 462.
armatus (Khaj^hipterus),
458.
aruensis (Casuarius), 592.
arvensis (Anser), 100.
arvensis leuconyx (Anser),
100.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
615
Arzagola, 294.
Asarcornis, 46, 59.
asiaticus (Mergus), 473.
asitoi-i (Anas), 77.
a.ssiinili8 (Anas), 258, 260,
265.
assimilis (Crvpturus),
518.
assimilis (Nothura), 564.
assimilis (Tinaraus), .564.
ater (Dromajus), 586,
588.
ater (Dromaius), 586,
588.
atra (Anas), 369, 401.
at rata (Anas), 41.
atrata (Chenopis), 41.
atrata (Chenopsis), 41.
atratus (Chenopsis), 41.
atratus (Cygnus), 37, 41,
42.
atricapilla (Anas), 325.
atricapilla (Heteronetta),
325.
atricapiUus (Crypturus),
516, 532
atricapiUus (Nothocer-
cus), 532.
atricilla (Anas), 369.
atrociipillus (Tiuamus),
.532.
aucklanclica( E rismatu ra),
289.
aucklandica (Nesonetta),
287, 289, 485.
audiiboni (Anas), 193.
aurantia (Anas), 177.
auratus (Xettapus), 66.
aurita (Anas), 65.
aurita (Anserella), 66.
auritus (Nettapus), 65.
auritus (Nettopus), 64,
65, G6.
australis (Anas), 351.
australis (Apternyx), 605.
australis (Apteryx), 604,
607,611.
australis (Biziura), 451.
australis (Casuarius),
590, 594. 59(;.
australis (Cereopsis), 80.
australis (Dromiceius),
587.
australis (Erismatura),
441, 442, 451.
australis (Fuligula), 350.
australis (llionetta),
351.
australis (Merganser),
472, 484.
australis (Mergus), 482.
australis (Xyroea), 335,
350.
australis (Oxyura), 451.
australis (Struthio), 574,
575.
Autruche, 573.
Autruche d'Am^rique,
580.
Autruchon, 576.
autumnalis (Anas), 159,
161.
autumnalis (Dendro-
cyoua), 145, 1.59, 160.
autumnalis (Dendro-
cygna), 159, 161, 163.
autumnalis (Dendro-
nessa), 1.59.
autumnalis discolor (Den-
drocygna), 162.
Avestinz petizo, 584.
Avestruz, 580.
Avestruz petise, .584.
awsuree (Dendrocygna),
1.56.
awsuree (Mareca), 156.
Aythia, 334.
azane (Anas), 261.
badia (Anas), 153.
badia (Dendrocygna),
baeri (Anas), 344.
baeri( Fuligula). 344, 351.
baeri (Fulix), 344.
baeri (Nyroca), 335, 344.
babamensis (Anas), 282,
284.
babamensis (Daflla), 282,
284.
bahamensis(Mareca), 282.
babamensis (Psecilo-
nitta), 282.
babamensis (Pboenico-
pterus), 9, 10.
babamensis (Poecilo-
netta), 281, 282, 283,
284.
baika! (Anas), 240.
Baikal Teal, 240.
balboul (Anas), 488.
balbul (Anas), 294, 488.
balstoni (Crvpturus), 516,
531.
barnstoni (Bernicla), 113.
Barred - headed Goose,
105.
barrovi (Clangula), .383.
barrovii (Fuligula). 383.
barrovvii (Anas), .384.
barrowi (Platypus), 384.
bartletti (Crypturus),
517, 538.
bartletti (Tinamus), 538.
baueri (Fuligula), 344.
Bean Goose, 99.
Beau Canard huppe do la
Caroline, 73.
beccarii (Casuarius), 590,
593, 596, (iOO.
belloni (Tadorna), 172.
belonii (Tadorna), 171,
172.
bennetti (Casuarius), 591,
599,601.
Berggans, 491.
Bering Goose, 432.
beringi (Anas), 432.
beringii (Anser), 432.
Bernache, 117.
Bernicla, HI, 117.
bernicla (Anas), 114, 117,
119, 123.
bernicla (Anser), 118,
120, 123.
bernicla (Branta), 111,
119,120.
bernicla (Brenta), 121.
bernicla (Brenthus), 121.
bernieri (Anas), 258.
bernieri (Dafila), 258.
bernieri (Nettion), 239,
258.
bernieri (Querquedula),
258.
berwiekii (Cygnus), 30.
bewicki (Cygnus), 25, 29,
bewickii (Olor), 30.
bifarunculatus (Casua-
rius), .590, 591, 596.
bicolor (Anas), 53, 149.
bicolor (Fuligula), 150.
bicolor (Nettapus), 72.
bidaetylus (Autruchon),
576.
bidaetylus (Charadrius),
576.
bidaetylus (Struthio), 576.
bimaculata (Anas), 246.
bimaeulata (Eunetta),
246.
bimaculata (Fuligula),
■409.
bimaculata (Pelionetta),
410.
bimaculata (Querque-
dula), 230. 2U, 246.
bimaculata (Oidemia),
410.
Bimaculated Duck, 246.
Bimaculated Teal, 24(».
616
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
biniaculatus (Tinamus),
536.
bisinuata (Anas), 489.
bispinosa (Palaiiiedea), 3.
Biziura, 436, 452.
Black and white Goose,
44.
Black-backed Goose, 55.
Black -billed Whistling
Duck, 162.
Black Diver, 401.
Black Duck, 203, 413.
Black - headed Duck,
171.
Black-necked Swan, 39.
Black Ostrich, 573, 575.
Black Swan, 41, 42.
blasii (Tinamus), 499.
blasiusi (Tinamus), 498.
Blauhalsige Strauss, 574.
Blue-eyed Duck, 422.
Blue-grey Duck, 455.
Blue Merganser, 493.
Blue-winged Goose, 82.
blythi (Phcenicopterus),
19.
boliviana (Nothura), 558,
561.
bonapartei (Nothocercus),
509, 511, 512, 513.
bonapartei (Tinamus),
511.
boraquira (Crypturus),
562.
boraquira (Nothura), 659,
561.
boraquira (Tinamus),
561.
bore;ilis (Anas), 489.
borealis (Anser), 489.
borealis (Platypus), 428.
borealis (Somateria), 428.
boscas (Anas), 187, 189,
192,211, 288,330.
Boschas, 187.
boschas (Anas), 53, 74,
169, 173, 183, 196, 197,
199, 230, 246, 274, 338.
boschas, a. I'reycineti
(Anas), 189, 197.
boschas. Tar. melleri
(Anas), 199.
boschas, var. obscura
(Anas), 201.
boschas, var. pallescens
(Anas), 192.
boucardi (Crypturus),
515, 617, 644, 545.
boucardi (Nothocercus),
644.
boucardi (Tinamus), 544.
bourcieri (Nothocercus),
510.
brachyptera (Anas), 373.
brachypterus (Anser),
373.
brachypterus (Micropte-
rus), 373.
brachyptei-us(Tachyeres),
374.
brnchyrhynchos (Anas),
389.
brachyrhynchos (Clan-
gula), 391.
brachyrhynchos (Ha-
relda), 391.
brachyrhynchos (Ehyn-
chaspis), 310.
brachyrhynchus (Anser),
89, 96, 103.
brachyrhynchus (Clype-
ata), 310.
branickii (Nothoprocta),
561 558.
Brantk, 8l! 111,327.
brasiliana (Tinamus),
603.
brasilianus (Merganser),
472, 485.
brasilianus (Mergus),
486.
brasilianus (Prister), 486.
brasiliense (Nettion), 240,
266.
brasiliensis (Anas), 266.
brasiliensis (Crypturus),
503.
brasiliensis (Mareca), 267.
brasiliensis (Mergus), 486.
brasiliensis (Perdix), 502.
brasiliensis (Querque-
dula), 257.
brasiliensis (Tinamus),
498. 501, 5U3, 604.
brasiliensis (Trachypel-
mus), 503.
Brent Goose, 120.
Breuta, 119.
brenia (Anas), 120.
brenta (Anser), 120, 123.
brenta (Bernicia), 120.
brenta (Branta), 122.
brenta glaucogaster (An-
ser), 122.
brenta nigricans (Ber-
nicia), 124.
Brenthus, 111.
Brevipennes, 570.
brevipennis (Anas), 437.
brevipes (Tinamus), 563.
brevirostris (Anser), 98,
104.
brevirostris (Crypturus),
517,538.
brevirostris (Marilochen),
98.
brevirostris (Nothocer-
cus), 538.
brevirostris (Plectropfe-
rus), 47.
brevirostris (Tinamus),
538.
breweri (Anas), 192.
Brown Duck, 490.
Bi'own Merganser, 469.
bruchii (Anser), 94.
brunnea (Fuligula), 352.
brunnea (Nyroca), 335,
351.
buccinator (Cygnus), 25,
33.
buccinator (Olor), 34.
Bueephala, 376.
bucephala (Anas), 385.
bueephala (Olangula),
386.
Buffel's Head Duck, 385.
bulleri (Apteryx), 608.
Bustard Goose, 132.
Bythonessa, 441.
casrulata (Qucrquedula),
303.
cseruleata (Anas), 303.
cocruleata (Pterocyanea),
303.
c*rulescens (Anas), 82.
cairulescens (Anser), 82.
crerulescens (Chen), 82,
83.
crerulescens (Cryptura),
619.
cffirulescens (Tinamus),
619.
coeruleus (Merganser),
493.
coeruleus (Mergus), 493.
cajruleus (Tinamus), 618.
csesioscapula (Dafila),
317.
cKsioscapulata (Dafila),
317.
Oairina, 45, 51.
cairina (Anas), 61.
calcitrans (Cnemiornis),
81.
Callichen, 327.
Calodromas, 666.
Calopezus, 496, 666.
camelus (Struthio), 671,
572, 574, 575.
camelus americanus
(Struthio), 578, 581.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
617
camelus, var. meridion-
alis (Struthio), 575.
Cainptol:i;iinisi, 327, 416.
Caiiiptolaiiiuis, -110.
Caiiiptorhynchiia, 416.
cana (Anas), 182, 489.
cana (Bernicla), 182.
cana (Casarca), 173, 180,
182, 183.
cana (Cbenalopex), 182.
cana (Nettalopex), 182.
cana (Tadorna), 182, 183.
cana (Vulpanser), 182.
Canada Goose, 112.
cauadense (Leucoblepha-
ron), 113.
canadensis (Anser), 112.
canadensis (Bernicla), 37,
112, 116.
canadensis (Branta), 109,
111,112,114,11.5.
canadensis (Brenthus),
113.
canadensis (Cyguopsis),
113.
canadensis (Cygnus), 112.
canadensis fuscus macu-
latus (Anser), 95.
canadensis butchinsii
(Bernicla), 115.
canadensis hutchinsii
(Branta), 115.
canadensis leucopareia
(Bernicla), 117.
canadensis occidentalis
(Bernicla), 116.
canadensis occidentalis
(Branta), 116.
canadensis minima
(Branta), 117.
canadensis sylvestris
(Anser), 112.
canagica (Anas), 109.
canagica (Bernicla), 109.
canagica (Chen), 110.
canagica (Chloephaga),
109.
canagica (Philacte), 109.
canagicus (Anser), 109.
Canard a bee rouge et
plombe, 282.
Canard a bosse, 56.
Canard a collier de Terre-
neuve, 395.
Canard a crilte rouge, 492.
Canard a face blanche,
145.
Canard a longue queue,
271.
Canard a longue queue de
Terre-neuve, 389.
Canard a petit bee, 236.
Canard a teto grise, 432.
Canard a tete jasp6e,
303.
Canard a tete noire, 325.
Canard aux ailes bleues,
303.
Canard brun, 406.
Canard de Steller, 328.
Canard de Miclon, 389.
Canard Dominiquain du
Cap de Bonne Esp6-
rance, 489.
Canard du Maragnon,
145.
Canard innomine, 493.
Canard iunomine femeUe,
261.
Canard Jensen de la
Louisiane, 233.
Canard Kogolka, 228.
Canard Morillon, 366.
Canard masque, 52.
Canard saiivage, 192.
Canard siffleur, 227.
Canard siffleur de
Cayenne, 161.
Canard siffleur de la
Jamaique, 162.
Canard siffleur huppe,
328.
Candida (Ooscoroba), 42.
candidus (Anser), 43.
canorus (Cygnus), 26.
can us (Anser), 182.
canus (Crypturus), 498.
canus (Tinamus), 498.
eanus (Trachvpelmus),
498.
Canv.is-back Duck, 342.
Cape Wigeon, 259.
capense (Nettion), 239,
259.
capensis (Anas), 213, 258,
259, 318, 351.
capensis (Aythia), 352.
capensis (Chauliodus),
2C)0.
capensis (Fuligula), 351.
capensis (.Mareoa), 259.
capensis (Nyroca), 352.
capensis (Querquedula),
260.
capensis (Phoenicopterus),
19.
cajiensis (Khynchaspis),
318.
capensis (Spatula), 306,
318.
carap^ (Tinamus), 565.
carbo (Anas), 406, 411.
carbo (GEdcmia), 40U,
411.
carbo (Oidemia), 411.
cariba;a (Daflla), 492.
Carina, 51.
carolinense (Xettion),
2;W, 250.
carohnensis (Anas), 250.
carolinensis (Boschas),
251.
carolinensis (Nettion),
251.
carolinensis (Querque-
dula), 250, 385.
carunculata (Anas), 59,
452.
carunculata (Sarcidi-
ornis), 54, 59.
carvophyllacea (Anas),
61, 156.
caryophyllacea (FuU-
gula), 62.
caryophyllacea (Rbodo-
nessa), 61.
caryophyllacea(Tadorna),
62.
caryophyllaceum (Calli-
chen), 62.
Casarca, 142, 177.
casarca (Anas), 177.
casarca (Tadorna), 179,
180.
casarka (Anser), 92, 178.
Casoar, 592.
Casoar d'Australie, 587.
Casoar de la Nouvelle
HoUande, 588.
Casoar des Indes Orien-
tales, 592.
Casoar di Jobi, 598.
Cassowary from the So*^"-
mon Islands, 602.
castanea (Anas), 156, 253,
255, 267.
castanea (Casarka), 184.
castanea (Mareca), 252,
255.
castanea (Virago), 253,
255.
castaneiceps (Tinamus),
497, 507.
castaneum (Nettion), 239,
252.
castaneus (Crypturus),
514,521.
castaneus (Tinamus), 521.
castor (Merganser), 471,
472,477.
castor (Mergus), 473,476,
477,482.
Casuarii, 571, 585.
618
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
Casuariidse, 585, 590.
Casuarius, 590, 592.
casuarius (Casuarius),
593.
casuarius (Hippaleetryo),
693.
Casuarius (Struthio), 592.
caudata (Auas), 271.
caudata (Dafila), 273.
caudacuta (Anas), 271,
279.
caudacuta (Dafila), 271,
280.
caudacuta(Querquedula),
273.
Cela, 592.
Cerconectes, 441.
Cereopsin;E, 24, 79.
Cereopsis, 79.
cerviuiventris (Cryptu-
rus), 615, 520.
cerviniventris (Tinaaius),
520.
cerviuus (Crypturus),527.
cervinus (Tinaraus), 527.
Oliajci, 6.
chalcoptera (Anas), 215.
Oharitonetta, 37(3.
Chaulelasmus, 143, 221.
Chauliodes, 221.
Chauliodous, 221.
Chauliodus, 221.
Chauna, 2, 4.
Chavaria, 4.
chavaria (Chauna), 4, G.
chavaria (Opistholopbus),
5.
chavaria (Palamedea), 4,
6.
chavaria (Parra), 4.
Chen, 81, 82.
Chenalopex, 142, 166.
cheneros (Anas), 184.
Cbeniscus, 64.
Cheniskus, 64.
Chenomorphae, 1.
Chenonetta, 128, 140.
Chenonettiu.-p, 24, 128.
Chenopis, 24, 41.
Ohenopsis, 41.
chesnea (Fuligula), 230.
Chestnut-breasted Goose,
138.
chilensis (Merganetta),
458.
chilensis (Otis), 129.
chilensis (Phcenicopte-
rus), 9, 16.
chilensis (Rhaphipterus),
468.
Chili Flamingo, 17.
chiloensis (Anas), 236.
chiloensis (Bernicla),
138.
chiloensis (Chaulelas-
mus). 237.
chiloensis (Mareca), 236.
chinensis (Anas), 490.
Chinese Duck, 77.
Chinese Goose, 108.
Chinese Teal, 76.
chinganensis (Anas), 489.
chionis (Anas), 43.
chionis (Coscoroba), 43.
chionis (Cj'gnus), 43.
chiunis (Pseudolor), 43.
Chionochen, 82.
Ohipeau, 222.
Chlanijdochen, 140.
Chloephaga, 128.
Cbloethrophus, 128.
Chloophaga, 128.
chlorotis (Anas), 287,
288.
chlorotis (Elasmonetta),
287.
Choristopus, 44.
chrysophthalinus (Clan-
gula), 377, 380.
Cburi, 580.
eigne, 3.5.
eigne ehanteur, 28.
eigne noir, 41.
Cigno selvatico, 26.
cineraceus (Anser), 90,
97.
cinerascens (Ana.s), 401.
cinerascens (Notho-
procta), 551, 652.
cinerascens (Nothura),
552, 554.
cinerascens (Rhynchotus),
664.
cinerascens (Tinamus),
552.
cinerea (Anas), 90, 222,
328, 373, 401.
cinerea (Cereopsis), 80.
cinerea (Cryptura), 618.
cinerea (Fuligula), 374.
cinerea (Tinamus), 517.
Cinereous Tiuamou, 617.
cinereus (Anser), 28, 37,
38, 53 89, 91, 104,
373.
cinereus (Camptolaimus),
374.
cinereus (Cereopsis), 80.
cinereus (Chaulelasmus),
224.
ciuereu3(Crvpturus), 514,
517,519/
cinereus (Merganser),
465, 472.
cinereus (Micropterus),
374.
cinereus (Tachyeres),
373. 374.
cinereus (Tetrao), 517.
cinereus (Tinamus), 617.
cinereus rubrirostris
(Anser), 92.
cinereus subalbifrons
(Anser), 92.
cinnamomea (Nothura),
641.
cinnamomea (Tinamus),
641.
cinnamoraeus (Cryptu-
rus), 517, 541.
cinnamomeus (Tinamus),
541.
circia (Anas), 294.
circia (Boschas), 295.
circia (Cyanopterus), 295.
circia (Pterocyanea),
295.
circia (Querquedula),
291, 293, 296.
cirrhata (Anas), 192.
Cisne de cabeza negra,
39.
Clangula, 327, 376, 383,
388.
clangula (Anas), 363,
376, 380, 383.
clangula (Bucephala),
379, 380.
clangula (Bucephalus),
379.
clangula (Clangula), 377.
clangula (Fuligula), 377,
380.
clangula (Glaucion, 377.
clangula (Glaucionetta),
379.
clangula (Platypus), 319.
clangula americana(Glau-
cionetta), 380.
Clypeata, 3U6.
clypeata (Anas), 53, 74,
193, 306, 318.
clypeata (Querquedula),
"300.
clypeata (Rhynchasmus),
310.
clypeata (Rhynchaspis),
274, 309.
clypeata (Spatula), 306,
307, 318.
clypeata (Spatulea), 310
clypeata mexicaua(Anas),
306, 307.
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
019
clypeata mexicana(Rhyn-
cbaspis), 310.
Cnemiornis, 81.
cogolca (Anas), 227.
Collared Duck, 178.
coUaris (Anas), 150,370.
collaris (Aythya), 371.
collaris (Beruicla), 121.
collaris (Fuligula), 355,
370.371.
collaris (Fulix), 371.
collaris (Marila), 371.
collaris (Nyroca). 371.
Columbiana (Merga-
netta), 457, 461, 4(i2.
columbianus (Anas), 32.
columbianus (Crypturus),
517,545.
columbianus (Cygnus),
25, 32, 33.
columbianus (Olor), 33.
colymbis (Anas), 363.
comatus (Merganser),
471,475.
Common Scoter, 401.
Common Teal, 244.
conboscbas (Anas), 192.
coquimbica (Notho-
procta), 551, 554.
cornuta (Anas), 171.
cornuta (Anbima), 3.
cornuta (Palamedea), 3,
ft.
cornuta (Tadorna), 171,
173.
Coromandel Teal, 68.
coromandeliana (Anas),
G8.
coromandeliana (Anser),
68.
coromandeliana (Anser-
ella), 69.
coromandeliana (Ber-
nicla), 68.
coromandeliana (Cbena-
lopex), 68.
coromandeliana (Micro-
cygna), 68.
coromandelianus (Anser),
69.
coromandelianus (Che-
niscus), 68.
coromandelianus (Netta-
pus), ()6. 68, 72.
coromandelianus (Netto-
pus), 64, ()8.
coromandelianus albi-
pennis (Nettapus), 72.
coromandelica (.\nas), 68.
coromandelica (Anser-
ella), 69, 148.
coromandeliciis (Cben-
iscus), 69.
coromaudelicus (Netta-
pu.s), 69, 72.
coromaudus (Xcttopus),
69.
cosarca (Anas), 178.
Coscoroba, 24, 42.
coscoroba (Anas), 42.
coscoroba (Anser), 42.
coscoroba (Coscoroba),
43.
coscoroba (Cygnus), 43.
oo.^coroba (Olor), 43.
coscoroba (Pseudo-
cycnus), 43.
coscoroba (Pseudolor),
43.
Cosmonessa, 12, 394.
Cosmonetta, 327, 394.
Cosquella, 582.
couesi (Anas), 226.
couesi (Cbaulelasmus),
221, 226.
Cravant, 120.
crecca (Anas), 193, 231,
2 13, 24(i, 250, 294.
crecca (Boscbas), 245,
251.
crecca (Dafila), 245.
crecca (Nettion), 239,
243, 245.
crecca (Querquedula),
230, 244.
crecca americana (Bos-
cbas), 251.
crecca rubens (Querque-
dula), 245.
creccoides (Anas), 261.
creccoides (Querquedula),
245, 261, 262.
Crested Duck, 216.
Crimson-billed Duck,
285.
cristata (Ana.s), 188, 216,
363.
cristata (Aythya), 365.
cristata (Cbauua), 4, 6.
cristata (Dafila), 216.
cristata (Fuligula), 74,
338,348,364,366,371.
cristata (Fulix), 344, 365.
cristata (CEdeniia), 365.
cristata (Palamedea), 6.
cristata (Tadorna), 216.
cristatellus (Tinamus),
503.
cristatus (Anas), 468.
oristatus (Merganser),
479, 482.
cristatus (Mergus), 493.
cristatus minor (Mer-
ganser), 464.
Cryinonessa, 3S8.
Crvptura, 496.
Crypturi, 494.
Crypturus, 496, 514.
Ctenorbynchus, 221.
cucullata (Anas), 241.
cucuUata (Dalila), 241.
cucullatus (Lopbodytes),
4li8.
cucullatus (Merganser),
469.
cucullatus (Mergus), 381,
468.
cuprea (Anas), 63.
Cursores, 570.
Curved-billed Duck, 192.
curvirostra (Anas), 191.
curvirostra peruviana
(^N'othoprocta), 556.
curvirostris (Notbo-
procta), 551, 556.
curvirostris (Nothura),
555, 556.
curvirostris (Tinamus),
556.
Cutbbert Duck, 426.
cutbberti (Anas), 426,
430.
Cutbberfs Eider. 426.
Cvanaucben, 139.
Cyanocben, 128, 139.
cyanoptera (Anas), 63,
303.
cyanoptera (Bernicla),
139.
cyanoptera (Branta), 139.
cyanoptera (Ptero-
cyanea), 63, 304.
cyanoptera (Querque-
dula), 63, 291, 303.
Cyanopterus, 290.
cyanopterus (Anser). 139.
cyanopterus (Brenthus),
139.
cyanopterus (Cyanochen),
139.
cyanorhyncba( Anas), 4.50.
cyanorhyncba (Erisma-
tura),"450.
cyanorbynelia (Querque-
dula), 265.
cyanorostris (Anas), 445.
cycnoidcs (Ovgnopsis),
108.
Cycnopsis, 107.
CycnuB, 25.
Cygne. 35.
Cygne cendre, 79.
Cygne sauvage, 26.
620
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
cygnas (Anas), 35.
Cygninte, 23, 24.
cygnoides (Anas), 107.
cygnoides (Anser), 107.
cygnoides (Cygnopsis),
107.
cygnoides australis
(Anas), 107.
cygnoides australis (Cyg-
nopsis), 108.
cygnoides ferus (Anser),
108.
cygnoides hybrida (Cyg-
nopsis), 108.
cygnoides orientalis
(Anas). 107.
Cygnopsis, 81, 107.
Cygnus, 24, 25, 31, 35,
37.
cygnus (Anas), 26, 32,
35.
cygnus (Anser), 26, 35.
cygnus (Cygnus), 28.
cygnus (ferus) (Anas),
26.
cygnus (mansuetus)
(Anas), 35.
cypria (Anas), 322.
damiatica (Anas), 171.
damiatica (Tadorna),
173.
Dainietta Duck, 171.
Dafila, 144, 270.
danica (Soraateria), 427.
Daphila, 270.
darwini (Nothura), 559,
562.
darwini (Ehea), .578, 582.
darwini (Tinamus), 502.
darwinii (Pterocnemia),
584.
darwinii (Pterocnemia),
584.
darwinii (Struthio), 584.
davidi (Ooscoroba), 25.
davidi (Cygnus), 25, 31.
davidi (Koseoroba), 25.
deglandi (Qidemia), ]00,
409.
deglandi (Oidemia), 409,
411.
deglandi (Melanetta),
409.
delattrii (Nothocercus),
541.
delattrii (Tinamus), 541.
Dendi-ocycna, 142, 144.
Dendrocygna, 144.
Dendrocygnus, 146, 147.
Dendronessa, 72, 144.
derbiana (Chauna), 5.
derbyana (Ischyornis), 5.
derbyana (Ischyrornis),
5.
derbyana (Palaraedea), 5.
diazi (Anas), 188, L'04.
Didactyle Ostrich, 576.
dirccea (Anas), 37.
discolor (Dendroovcna),
145, 101.
discolor (Dendrocygna),
101.
discors (Anas), 299.
discors (Boschas), 300.
discors (Oyanopterus),
300.
discors (Pterocyanea),
300.
discors (Querquedula),
291, 299.
discors occidentalis (Bos-
chas), 303.
dispar (Anas), 419.
dispar (Anser), 135.
dispar (Bernicla), 133,
135.
dispar (Brenthus), 135.
dispar (Chloephaga),
1.35.
dispar (Fuligula), 419.
dispar (Heniconetta),
420.
dispar (Polysticta), 420.
dispar (Somateria), 420.
dispar (Stellaria), 419.
dispar (Stelleria), 420.
dissimilis (Crypturus),
510, 517, .541.
doeringi (Nothoprocta),
555.
doeringi (Nothura), 555.
doniestica (Anas), 74, 77,
189.
domestica (Boschas), 192.
domesticus (Anser), 28,
37, 89.
dominica (Anas), 438.
dominica (Biziura), 439.
dominica (Erisniatura),
439, 440.
dominica (Fuligula),
439.
dominica (Nomonyx),
440.
dominica (Osyura), 439.
Dominican Duck, 489.
dominicana (Anas), 489.
dominicensis (Querque-
dula), 438.
dominicus (Momonyx),
439.
dominicus (Nomunyx),
438.
Double Macreuse, 406.
Double Macreuse d'Auie-
rique, 409.
drepanopteros (Anas),
218.
drepanopteros (Querque-
dula), 219.
drepanopteros torquata
(Anas), 218.
dresseri (Somateria), 424.
Dromreus, 585.
Drom.iiuB, 585.
Dromee de la Nouvelle
Hollande, 587.
Dromeicus, 58,5.
Dromeidse, 585.
Droraiceius, 58,5.
Dromieeus, .585.
Dun Diver, 473.
Dusky and Spotted Duck,
395.
Dusky Duck, 200.
eatoni (Dafila), 270, 278.
eatoni (Querquedula),
2()4, 278.
Eder fuglens, 425.
edwardsii (Casuarius),
600.
Egyptian Goose, 167.
Elder, 425.
Eider Duck, 42.5.
Elasmonetta, 143, 287.
elegans (Calodromas),
560.
elegans (Calopezus), 566.
elegans (Eudromia), 566.
elegans (Tinamotis), 566.
elegans (Tinamus), 506.
Ema, 581.
Emeu, .587, 592.
emeu (Casuarius), 592,
599.
Emeu de la Nouvelle
Hollande, 587.
emeu (Dromaius), 587.
Emou Kiwikivi, 005.
Emu, 581, 587, 605.
Emu of'New South Wales,
580.
emu (Dromiccius), 587.
Eniconetta, 418. '
epoasticus (Struthio),
526.
Erimistura, 441.
Erionetta, 424.
Erismatura, 435, 441.
Erismaturinie, 24, 430.
ALPnABETlCAL INDEX.
621
erithacua (Phoenico-
pterus), 15.
erythacus (Phoenico-
pterus), 11. 14, 19.
erythrocepliala (Anas),
62, 33.5.
ervthrocephala (Aythya),
337, 340, 343.
erythruL-ephala (Fuli-
gula), 337.
ervthrocephala (Nyroca),
341.
erythrophthalma (Anas),
353.
erythrophthalma (Ny-
roca), 335, 553.
erythropus (Anas), 93,
97, 117.
erythropus (Anser), 89,
91,93,96,97,98,117.
erythropus (Beruicla),
118.
erythropus (Orypturus),
616, 532, 534.
erythropus (Marilochen),
98.
erythropus (Nothocer-
cus), 534.
erythropus (Tinamus),
534.
erythrorhyncha (Anas),
209, 285.
erythrorhyncha (Dafila),
199, 285.
erythrorhyncha(Mareca),
285.
erythrorhyncha(Nettion),
286.
erytbrorhyncha (Poecilo-
netta), 282, 285.
erythrorhyncha (Quer-
quedula), 267, 285.
crytlirorhyncha (Ta-
ilorna), 285.
Eudromia, 566.
Eulabea, 104.
Eulabeia, 104.
Eulabia, 104.
Euiietta, 143, 218.
europa;u9 (Phoenico-
pterus), 14.
eytoni (Dendrocycna),
145, 165.
eytoni (Deadrocygna),
165.
eytoni (Leptotarsis), 165.
eytoni (Kadjah), 176.
Exanthcniops, 82.
exiguua (Crypturus), 527.
fabalis (Auas), 99.
fabalis (Anser), 89, 99.
faberi (Clangula), 391.
faberi (Harelcla), 391.
faberi (Platypus), 389.
laeroeensis (Somateria),
427.
Faithful Jacana, 4.
falcaria (Ai.>c), 218.
falcaria (Anas), 218.
falcaria (Querquedula),
218.
falcata (Anas), 218.
falcata (Eunetta), 218,
219.
falcata (Mareca), 219.
falcuta (Querquedula),
180, 218.
Falcated Duck, 218.
falcatum (Nettion). 219.
familiaris (Tadorna),
172.
farnensis (Anas), 425.
fasciata (Anas), 319.
fasciata (Cryptura), 559.
fasciatus (Malacorhyn-
chus), 320.
fasciatus (Ehynchotus),
548.
fasciatus (Tinamus), 559.
Fenicottero, 12.
fera (Anas), 189, 306.
fera (Bosciaas), 192.
ferina (Anas), 335, 340,
346.
ferina (Aethyia), 337.
ferina (Aythya), 336,344.
ferina (Fuligula), 74, 33(),
338, 340, 366, 379.
ferina (Fulix), 337.
ferina (Marila), 337.
ferina (Nyroca), 334, 335,
340,368.
ferina americana (Fuli-
gula), 341.
ferina americana (Fulix),
341.
ferinoides ( Fuligula),
337.
feriuus (Platypus), .337.
fcrroensis (Querquedula),
389.
fcrruginea (Anas), 177,
345, 4.50.
ferrugiuea (Biziura), 450.
ferniginea (Erismatura),
441, 442, 446, 449,
450.
forruginea (Fuligula),
347.
ferruginea (Nyroca), 344,
347.
ferrugineus (Anser), 182.
Ferruginous Duck, 345.
ferus (Anser), 88, 89, 90,
91, 100, 101, 104.
ferus (Oygnopsis), 108.
ferus (Oygnus), 26, 27,
31,32,37.
ferus canadensis (Anser),
112.
fidelis (Cliauna), 5, 7.
fidelis (Opistholophus),
5,6.
fimbriata (Anas), 282.
finmarchicus (Anser), 97.
Fireman, 611.
fischeri (Anas), 422.
fischeri (Arctonetta), 422.
fischeri (Fuligula), 422.
fischeri (Lampronetta),
422.
fiscHeri (Somateria), 422.
Fischione col ciuffo, 328.
Fistione, 294.
flstulans (Mareca), 230.
fistulnris (Anas), 227.
fistularis (Mareca), 228.
fistularis (Marica), 230.
fistularis americana
(Anas), 159.
fistularis cristata (Anas),
328.
fistularis jamaicensis
(Anas), 162.
Flamant, 18.
Flamant d'Amerique,
16.
Flamenco, 17.
Flamingo, 11, 15, 19.
Flamingo with redbreast,
22.
Flammant, 10, 12. 19.
flavirostre (Nettion), 239,
261.
flavirostris (Anas), 196,
212,214,261,263.
flavirostris (Dafila), 261.
flavirostris (Querque-
dula), 261. 263.
Florida Duck, 203.
formosa (Ais), 241.
forniosa (Anas), 240,
246.
formosii (Boschas), 241.
formosa (Eunetta), 241.
formosa (Nettion), 241.
formosa (Querquedula),
240.
formosum (Nettion), 238,
240.
forsterorum (Malaco-
rhynchus), 455.
622
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
fraenata (Merganetta),
457, 458.
frantzii (Nothocercus),
609, 512.
freiiata (Anas), 3.55.
frenata (Marila), .357.
f'retensis (Anas), 291.
fretensis (Cyanopterus),
291.
fretensis (Pterocyanea),
292.
freti hudsonis (Anas),
432.
freti hudsonis (Querque-
dula), 395.
frontalis (Anser), 9(i.
fuliginosa (Anas), 40li.
Fuligula, 326, .334.
fuligula (Anas), 363, 370.
fuligula (Aythya), 363.
fuligula (Fuligula), 340,
349, 354, 363, 365,
368.
fuligula (FuUx), 36.5.
fuligula (Nyroca), 363.
fuligula (Platypus), 365.
FuliguliniE, 24, .326.
f uligulus (Platypusj, 365.
Fulix, 354.
fulva (Anas), 149.
fulva (Dafila), 150.
fulva (Deudrocycna),
145, 149.
fulva (Dendrocygna),
150, 151.
fulva (Dendronessa), 150.
fulva (Fuligula), 1.50.
fulva (Nyroca), 150.
fulvigula (Anas), 187,
202, 203.
fulvigula maculosa
(Anas), 203.
furcifer (Merganser),
465.
furcifer (Mergus), 465.
fusca (Anas), 406, 409,
411,490.
fusca (Apteryx), 605.
fusca (Fuligula), 407,
409,411.
fusca (Melanetta), 407,
411.
fusca (Melanitta), 407,
409.
fusca (Melanonetta), 408.
fusca (CEdemia), 400, 406,
408, 410, 411.
fusca (Oidemia), 406, 409,
411.
fusca stejnegeri (Fuli-
gula), 412.
fusca velvetina (Fuligula),
410.
fusca velvetina (Oide-
mia), 410.
fuscescens (Anas), 490.
fuscipennis (Tinamus),
497, 500.
fusco-boschas (Anas),
193.
fuscus (Apteryx), 610.
fuscus (Merganser), 469.
fuscus (Mergus), 469 ,
485.
fuscus (Platypus), 407.
Gadwall, 222.
galapagensis (Poecilo-
netta), 282, 284.
Galeated Cassowary, 592.
galeatus ( Casuarius), 590,
692, 596.
g-.ilericulata (Aia), 77.
galericulata (Aix), 73, 76,
77.
galericulata (Anas), 74,
76, 77.
galericulata (Cosmo-
nessa), 77.
galericulata (Dendro-
nessa), 77.
galericulata (Lampro-
nessa), 77.
gambeli (Anser), 89, 95,
96.
gambensis (Anas), 48.
gambensis (Anser), 47,
48.
gambensis (Cbenalopex),
49.
gambensis (Cygnus), 47.
gambensis (Plectro-
phanes), 49.
gambensis (Plectro-
pterus), 47, 48, 49, 60.
gambiensis (Plectro-
pterus), 48.
C4anso bianco, 43.
ganta (Anas), 131.
Ganza, 423.
Garganey, 293, 294.
gariepeusis (Anser,) 50.
garleppi (Crypturus),
616, 533.
garleppi (Merganetta),
457, 460.
Garrot, 377.
gattair (Anas), .346.
Gauza, 423.
Gennitochen, 170.
Georgia Duck, 264.
gcorgica (Anas), 264.
georgica (Ptecilonetta),
260.
georgica (Tadorna), 264.
georgicum (IS^ettion), 240,
264.
Germano forestiero, 178.
gesneri (Fuligula), 355,
357.
gibbera (Melanitta), 402.
gibbera (Oidemia), 402.
gibbera (Tadorna), 172.
gibberifrons (Anas), 254,
255.
gibberifrons (Mareea),
254, 257.
gibberifrons (Nettion),
239, 254.
gibberifrons (Querque-
dula), 254, 257, 258.
gibberifrons, var. bernieri
(Anas), 258.
gibbifrous (Anas), 255.
gibbosus (Cygnus), 36.
gibbus (Cygnus), 35.
girra (Anas), 68.
girra (Anser), 68.
girra (Dendrocj'gna),
68.
girra (Microcygna), 69.
glacialis (Anas), 389.
glacialis (Clangula), 389.
glacialis (Crymonessa),
391
glacialis (Fuligula), 391.
glacialis (Harekla), .389.
glacialis (Melonetta), 391.
glacialis (Mergus), 464.
glacialis (Pagonetta), 391.
glacialis (Platypus), 389.
glaucia minor (Anas),
345.
Glaucion, 376.
glaucion (Anas), 346, 363,
377.
glaucion (Clangula), 338,
357, 376, 377, 379, 380,
408.
glaucion americana (Fu-
ligula), 380.
glaucion (Platypus), 377.
Glaucionetta, 376.
Glaucium, 363.
glaucium (Clangula), 379,
380.
glaucium americana
(Clangula), 380.
glaucogaster (Bernicla),
121.
glaucoptera (Anas), 296.
glaucopteros (Pterocy-
anea), 296.
ALrHABKTlCAL INDEX.
623
glaucopteriis (Qiierque-
dula), 295.
glocitans (Aix), 241.
glocitana (Anas), 240,
24«.
glocitans (Eunetta), 241.
glocitans (Mai-eca), 241,
246.
glocitans (Querquedula),
241, 246.
glypborbjnebiis (Plicpni-
copterus), 11.
ginelini (Anas), 491.
gmelini (Fiiligula), 491.
godniaui (Nothoprocta),
551.
Golden-eye, 376, 377.
Goosander, 472, 473.
gouldi (Dendrocygua),
154.
gracilis (Anas), 255.
graminea (Anas), 490.
Grand Canard, 52.
Grande Macreuse, 406.
grandiuis (Anser), 84.
graudis (Anas), 107.
grandis (Anser) 102, 107,
108.
grandis (Bernicla), 107.
Great Black and White
Duck, 428.
Great Black Duck from
Hudson's Bay, 412.
Great Goose, 107.
Great Tinamou, .503.
Grey-beaded Duck, 182,
432.
Grev-beaded Goose, 182.
Grev Lag Goose, 89.
grisea (Anas), 192, 488.
grisea (Fuligula), 417.
griseiventris (Crypturus),
514, 521.
griseus (Anser), 80.
grccnlandica (Anas), 245.
grccnlaudica (Querque-
dida), 251.
guazu (Cryptura), 548.
guazu (Tinamus), 548.
gunieensis (Anser), 107.
giiineensis (Cvgnopsis),
108.
gujanensis (Pboeuico-
pterus), 9.
Gulaund Duck, 489.
gido (Merganser), 473.
gulo (Mergus), 473.
guttata (Anas), 164,
214.
guttata (Dcndrocycna),
145, 164.
guttata (Dendrocygna),
164.
gutfatus (Crypturus),
508.
guttatus (Tinamus), 497,
508.
guttulata (Anas), 164.
guitulata (Dendrocycna),
164.
guttulata (Dendrocygna),
164.
guttulatus (Tinamus),
501.
Gymnatbus, 51.
Gymnura, 441.
liaasti (Apteryx), 604,
611.
ITarelda, 327, 388.
Harle, 473.
Harle a manteau noir,
481.
Harle couronne, 469.
Harle etoile, 465.
Harle huppe, 481.
Harle buppe de Yirginie,
469.
Harlequin Duck, 395.
hartlaubi (Pteronetta),
63.
hartlaubi (Querquedula),
63.
bauaiensis (Anser), 127.
hawaiiensis (Anser), 127.
Hawkesbury Duck, 140.
Henioonetta, 327, 418.
Heteronetta, 144, 325.
biemalis (Clangula), 391.
biemalis (Harelda), 391.
hiua (Anas), 490.
hina (Querquedula), 490.
Hina Teal, 490.
Hippalectrio, 590.
bistrionica (Anas), 395.
histrionica (Bucepbala),
397.
bistrionica (Clangula),
395.
bistrionica (Cosmonetta),
395, 396.
bistrionica (Fuligula),
396.
bistrionica (Harelda),
396.
bistrionica (Pblyaco-
netta), 39().
Histrionicus, 394.
hislrionicus (Histrioni-
cus), 396.
histrionicus (Platypus),
396.
histrionis (Anas), 396.
Hooded Merganser,
469.
boraeyeri (Anas), 338.
houieyeri (Aytbya), 338.
homeyeri (Fuligula), 337.
Horned Streamer, 3.
Horned Wawey, 88.
bornscbucbii (Qidemia),
408.
bornschuchii (Melanitta),
407.
hottentota (Anas), 265.
hottentota (Nettion), 265.
hottentota (Querque-
dula), 265.
brota (Anas). 117.
bumeralis (Anas), 296.
buiiieralis (Querque-
dula), 296.
butchinsi (Anser), 114.
butcbinsi (Branta), 111,
114, 115.
hutchinsi (Brenthus),
11.5.
butcbinsii (Bernicla),
114.
hutcbiusii (Leuccble-
pbaron), 115.
brberna (Anas), 385,
"442.
bybrida (Anas), 130.
bybrida (Bernicla), 131.
bvbrida (Chloepbaga),
"128,130.
hybridus (Anser), 130.
Hydrobates, 452.
hyeniaUs (Anas), 377,
* 389.
hyemalis (Clangula), 379,
391.
hyemalis (Fuligula), 392.
hyemalis (Glaucion),391.
bvemalis (Harelda), 391,
" 392.
Hymenoliumus, 454, 455.
Hymenolaimus, 455.
Hyonetta, 51.
hVperborea (Anas), 83,
" 85, 86.
hyperborea (Chen), 83,
85.
hyperborea nivalis( Chen),
"87.
byperboreas (Anser), 83,
85, 87.
byperboreus (Anas), 86.
hyperboreus (Anser), 83,
84, 86.
hyperboreus (Chen), 82,
84, 85, 87.
624
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
hyperboreus (Ohenalo-
pex), 85.
byperboreus (Chiono-
chen), 85.
hyperboreus (Cygnus),
43.
hyperboreus albatus
(Chen), 85.
hyperboreus nivalis (An-
ser), 87.
hyperboreus nivalis
(Chen), 87.
hyperboreus, var. alba-
tus (Anser), 85.
Iceland Duck, 383.
ignipalliatus (Phcenico-
pterus), 11, 14, 17.
ilathera (Anas), 282.
Ilathera Duck, 282.
Ilhui, 582.
Ilyonetta, 334.
immutabilis (Cygnus),
37, 38.
iramutabilis (Olor), 37.
iinperialis (Merganser),
493.
imperialis (Mergus), 493.
Inambii azulado, 519.
Inambu-carape, 564.
Inanibu guazii, 548.
Inambu listado, 527.
Inambui, 559.
indica (Anas), 52, 106.
indica (Anser), 105.
indica (Bernicla), 105.
indica (Eulabaea), 105.
indica (Eulabeia), 105.
indicus (Anser), 89, 105.
indicus (Eulabeia), 105.
indicus (Hippalectryo),
593.
ingoufi (Tinaniotis), 568,
569.
innotata (Nyroca), 335,
356.
inornata (Anas), 135.
inornata (Bernicla), 135,
136, 137, 182.
inornata (Chloepbaga),
128, 134, 137.
inornafa (Pterocyanea),
300.
inornata (Querquedula),
300.
inornatus (Anas), 134.
inoi'natus (Anser), 134.
inornatus (Oyanopterus),
300.
intercedens (Nothocer-
cus), 5U9, 513.
intermedia (Anas), 338.
intermedius (Anser), 94.
intermedius (Tinamus),
497.
intermedius (Trachypel-
mus), 497.
iodotis (Anas), 320.
iodotis (Malacorhyn-
chus), 320.
iopareia (Anas), 53.
Ipecati-apoa, 59.
ipecutiri (Anas), 267.
ipecutiri (Querquedula),
267.
ipecuturi (Querquedula),
267.
irroratus (Dromseus),
586, 589.
irroratus (Dromaius),
589.
Ischyornis, 4.
Ischyrornis, 4.
islandica (Anas), 383.
islandica (Aytbya), 357.
islandica (Bucephala),
384.
islandica (Clangula), 376,
383.
islandica (Fuligula), 357,
383.
islandica (Qlaucionetta),
384.
islandica (Somateria),
427.
islandicum (Glau'cion),
384.
islandicus (Cygnus), 28,
30.
jacquini (Anas), 162.
Jamaica (Anas), 445.
Jamaica Shoveler, 445.
jamaicensis (Anas), 445.
jamaicensis (Erismatura),
441, 445.
jamaicensis (Rhynchas-
pis), 445.
jamesi (Phoenicoparrus),
21, 22.
jamesi (Pboenieopterus),
22.
japura (Pezus), 530.
jaspidea (Anas), 303.
javana (Anas), 218.
javana (Querquedula),
219.
javanensis (Anas), 218.
javanensis (Casuarius),
593.
javanensis (Querque-
dula), 219.
Javanese Cassowary, 593.
javanica (Anas), 153,
156.
javanica (Dendrocycna),
145, 156, 1.57.
javanica (Dendrocygna),
154, 156.
johnsonii (Casuarius),
594.
jubata (Anas), 140.
jubata (Bernicla), 140.
jubata (Branta), 141.
jubata (Chenalopex), 170.
jubata (Chenonetta),
140, 170.
jubata (Chlamydochen),
140.
jubata (Chloephaga),
141.
jubatus (Anser), 140,
169.
jubatus (Brenthus), 141.
jubatus (Chenalopex),
166, 169.
Julius (Nothocereus),
509.
Julius (Tinamus), 509.
juncea (Anas), 496.
kagolca (Anas), 228.
kagolka (Mareca), 230.
Kamichi, 3.
Kamptorhynchus, 416
Kasarka du Cap de
Bonne-Esperance, 182.
kasarkoides (Anas), 185.
kaupi (Casuarius), 592,
598, 599, 600.
kekuschka (Anas), 222.
kerguelensis (Querque-
dula), 278.
King Duck, 432.
Kiwi, 605, 607.
kleei (Crypturns), 498.
kleei (Tinamus), 498.
kleesi (Tinamus), 498.
Kleine Kaszarka, 125.
kogolca (Anas), 227.
kopschii (Nettapus), 69.
Ktiuorhynchus, 221.
Labrador Duck, 417.
labradora (Anas), 416.
labradora (Fuligula),
416.
labradora (Ehynchaspis),
416.
labradora (Somateria),
417.
labradoria (Anas), 193,
416.
ALPnABRTICAL IXDEX.
625
labradoria (Fuligiila),
417.
liibradoria (Soinnteria),
417.
labradorien, (Anas), 417.
labradorieus (Oaiiiji'o-
liuimis), 417.
labradorius (Campto-
la;iiius), 41(5.
labradorius (Campto-
laiunis), 417.
labradorus (Oampto-
laimiis), 417.
labrodiirus (Cainpto-
rhynclms), 417.
labradorus (Kampto-
rhynclius), 417.
laglaizii (C.isuariiis), fjQS.
Lainpronessa, 72.
Laiiipronetta, 422.
lanugiuosus (Anas), 42.5.
lanuginosus (Anser), 42().
Lapmark Duck, 34.5, 303.
larvata (Anas), 2(iO.
larvata (Querquedula),
2G0.
lateralis (Fuligula), 3.52.
latiCrons (Tinamus), 497,
506.
latirostra (Anas), 345,
3fi3.
latirostris (Anas), 413.
latirostris (Nyroca), 30,5.
lawrvi (Apterjx), 604,
606,
laysanensis (Anas), 187,
199.
leisleri (Platypus), 428.
leisleri (Somateria), 428.
lepidotus (Crypturus),
.52.5.
Leptotarsis, 144.
Leucoblepliaron, 111.
leucocepliala (Anas), 3S9.
leucocephala (Aythya),
442.
leucocephala (Biziura),
443.
leucocepbala (Bytho-
ncssa), 443.
leucoce]>liala (Erimis-
tura), 444.
leucocephala (Krisma-
tura), 441, 442.
leucoi-ephala (Fuligula),
442.
leucocephala (Oidemia),
442.
leucocephala (Uudina),
443.
Icucxjcephaln africana
(Erisniatura), 448.
VOL. iXVII.
lcucoc«pbalus (Anas),
442.
leucocephalug (Platypus),
442.
leucogenis (Anas), 461.
loucogenj's (Erismatura),
461.
leucogenys (Merganefta),
457, 461), 461, 462.
leucogenys (Punanelta),
293.
leucogenys (Rhaphi-
pterus"), 4()0, 461, 462.
leucoliema (Bernicla),
113.
leucomelanus (Mergan-
ser), 473, 479.
leucotnelas (Anas), 176.
leucomelas (Clangula),
378.
leucomelas (Mergus),
481.
leuconota (Biziura), 437.
leuconota (Clangula),
437.
leuconota (Erisniatura),
437.
leuconota (Thalassiornis),
43(5.
leuconotos (Aythya),
357.
leuconotos (Fuligula),
357.
leuconotus (Anas\ 437.
leuconotus (Clangula),
436, 437.
leuconotus (Thalassornis),
436.
leuconyx (Anser), 100.
Leucopareia, 111.
leucopareia (Bei-nicla),
114, 115, 116.
leucopareia (Branta), 115.
leucopareia (Leucoble-
pliaron), 115.
leucopareius (Anser),
114.
leucoparia (Bernicla),
115.
Icucophela (Anas), 442.
leucophrvs (Anas), 207,
268.
leucophrys (Querque-
dula), 269.
leucophthalnia (Fuli-
gula), 347.
Icucoplithaliua (Nvroca),
347, 357, 366.
leucoplithahiia a. dussu-
mieri (Nyroca), 344.
Icucophtlialnios (Anas),
344.
leucophthalmos (Aythya),
347.
leucophthalmos (Ny-
roca), 347.
leueophthalmus (Anas),
346.
leueophthalmus (Platy-
pus), 347.
leucopis (Anas), .346.
leucopis (Bernicla), 37.
loucopsis (Anas), 117,
145.
leucopsis (Anser). 118.
leucopsis (Bernicla), 118.
leucopsis (Branta), 111,
117,119.
leucopsis (Brenlhus), 119.
leucopsis (Chenalopex),
118.
leucopsis (Leucopareia),
118.
leucoptera (Anas), 60,
132.
leuco])tera (Bernicla),
133.
leucoptera (Casarca), 60.
leucoptera (Chenelopex),
131, 133.
leucoptera (Chloephaga),
137.
leucoptera (Fuligula),
337.
leucopterus (Anser), 132,
137.
leucopterus (Sarcidi-
ornis), ()0.
leucostigma (Anas), 214.
Icucotis (Anas), 363.
linntei (Cyguus), 28.
liunei (Fuligula), 365.
Lipocentrus, 21.
Little Black and WTiite
Duck, 385.
Little Brown and White
Duck, 395.
Little Brown Duck, 385.
Little Tinaraou, 522.
littoralis (Tadorna), 172.
lobata (Anas), 4.52.
lobata (Biziura), 452.
lobata (Erisniatura), 453.
Lobated Duck, 4.52.
lobatus (Ilydrobates),
4,52.
Loggerhead, 373.
longicauda (Anas), 270,
389.
longicauda (Dafila), 273.
longicauda islaudica
(Anas), 389.
longiro.ster cristatus
(Merganser). 481.
G26
ALPHABETICAL INBEX.
longirostria (Notho-
cercus), 534.
longirostris (Tiuamus),
534.
Long -tailed Duck from
Hudson's Bay, 389.
Long-tailed Duck from
New-Foundland, 389.
Lophodytes, 463, 468.
lophotes (Mergus), 486.
lopholus (Anser), 140.
lophotus (Chenalopex),
140.
lophotus (Chenonetta),
140.
lophyra (Anas), 216.
lophyra (Palaraedea), 7.
lucida (Anas), 491.
luconica (Anas), 205.
ludoviciana (Querque-
dula), 385.
lurida (Anas), 335, 490.
luzonica (Anas), 188,
205.
maccao (B'ziura), 448.
maccao (Erismatura),
448.
maccoa (Biziura), 448.
maecoa (Erismatura),
441, 448.
maccoa (Oxyura), 448.
Maceranas, 399.
Macreuse, 401.
Macreuse a large bee,
413.
macropterus (Micro-
pterus), 374.
Macropus, 418.
Macrorhampbus, 399.
macrorhyncha (Rhea),
578, 581.
macrorhyncbos (Cly-
peata), 310.
macrorhyncbos (Rbyu-
chaspis), 310.
Macucagua, 502.
maculata (Rhynchaspis),
317.
maculata (Spatula), 317.
maculatus (Mergus), 4()5.
maeulatus (Rhynchaspis),
316.
maculatus (Spatula),
317.
maculatus (Tiuamus),
559.
maculicollis (Rbyncho-
tus), 547, 550.
maculicollis (Tinamus),
550.
maculirostris (Anas), 291.
maculirostris (Cyano-
pterus), 291.
maculirostris (Ptero-
cyanea), 291.
maculirostris (Querque-
dula), 291.
maculosa (Anas), 187,
203.
maculosa (Nothura), 558,
559, 561, 5li2, 563.
maculosa (Tinamus),
560.
maculosus (Orypturus),
559.
maculosus (Nothurus),
559.
maculosus (Tinamus),
659.
Madagascar Teal, 65.
madagascariensis (Anas),
65.
madagascariensis (Ber-
nicla), 65.
madagascariensis (Chena-
lopex), 6.5.
madagascariensis (Che-
niscus), 65.
madagascariensis (Micro-
cygna), 66.
madagascariensis (Netta-
pus), 65.
madagascariensis (Netto-
pus), 66.
madagascariensis (Quer-
quedula), 265.
Magellanic Goose, 132.
magellanica (Anas), 130,
132.
magellanica (Bernicla),
133, 134.
magellanica (Branta),
133.
magellanica (Cbloe-
phaga), 128, 132, 134.
magellanicus (Anser),
132, 135.
magellanicus (Brenthus),
133.
Magoua, 503.
magoua (Cryptura), 503.
mail (Anas), 224.
major (Anas), 192.
major (Apteryx), 611.
major (Orypturus), 503.
major (Dendrocygna),
160, 151.
major (Mergus), 474.
major (Nothura), 559.
major (Phcenicopterus),
14.
major (Querquedula),
218.
major (Tetrao), 503.
major (Tinamus), 497,
500, 501. 502, 503, 606,
506, 507, 559.
major (Trachypelmus),
503.
major brasiliensis (Per-
dix), 502.
major ruficeps (Tinanuis),
506.
major subcristatus (Tina-
mus), 505.
malacorbyncha (Anas),
320, 465.
malacorbyncha (Fuli-
gula), 456.
malacorbynohos (Anas),
465.
raalacorhynchos (Rhyn-
chaspis), 455.
Malacorhyncbus, 144,
319, 45'5.
malacorhyncbus (Ilymo-
nolaimus), 455.
malacorhyncbus (Vlala-
eorhynchus), 320.
Mallard, 192.
Mandarine Duck, 76.
Manilla Teal, 147.
manillensis (Anas), 147.
manilleusis (Querque-
dula), 148, 269.
mansuetus (Cygnus), 35,
37.
mansuetus (Olor), ."6.
mantelli (Apteryx), 604,
607, 608, 609.
Marble Duck. 322.
Marbled Duck, 322.
Marehand, 413.
Marec, 282.
Mareca, 143, 227, 266,
282.
Mareca alia species, 266.
mareca (Anas), 267.
Mareca Duck, 266.
Marica, 227.
Marila, 334, 354.
marila (Anas), 337, 365,
3,57, 360, 361, 377.
marila (Aytbya), 355.
marila (Fuligula), 340,
341, 348, 354, 35.5, 356,
357, 360, 366, 379.
marila (Fulix), 357.
marila (Nyroca), 356.
marila (Platypus), 3.57.
marila americana (Anas),
361.
Marilochen, 88.
mariloides (Aytbya), 337,
361.
ALPnABETICAL INDEX.
627
mariloides (Fuligula),
337, 352, 358, 30 1.
mariloides (Fiilix), 358.
uiarilus (Platypus), 357.
marina (Anas), 3,5().
marina (Fulifrula), .'557.
niaritima (Anas), 171.
niaritiina (Tadorna), 172.
Marmaronetta, 144, 321).
Marmonetta, 320.
marmorata (Ana.s), 321,
489.
marmorata (Dafila), 321.
marmorata (Fuligula),
321.
marmorata (Marmaro-
netta), 322.
marmorata (Notliiira),
559, 661.
marmorata (Qucrque-
dula). 322.
marmoratus (Tinamus),
5G1.
mascarina (Anas), 199.
maxima (Anas), 53, 193.
maxima (Apterjx), 60(5,
fill,
maximus (Apteryx), Oil.
media (Nothiira), 559,
501, 5(i3.
mediterranea (Anas),
491.
medius (Anser), 90, 94.
medius (Nothura), 559,
5(i3.
medius (Tinamus), 503.
megapodius (Crypturus),
518.
megapodius (Tinamus),
518.
megapus (Melanitta),
407.
megapus (OJdemia), 408.
megarliynchus (Somate-
ria), 434.
mcgauros (Clangula),
391.
mcgauros (Ilarclda),
391.
megauros (Melanitta),
402.
megauros (Soniateria),
427.
megaurus (Oideuiia),
402.
Megistanes, 570.
melancoryplia (Anas), 39.
melani'orypha (SlLeue-
lidcs), 40.
nielancorvpbus (Anser),
39.
melanc'oryplnis (Cyg-
nus), 2.5, 39.
melaneoryphus (Stbene-
lus), 40.
Melanitta, 399.
melanocepliala (Anas),
39, 325, 377.
melanocepliala (Fuligu-
la), 32.5,301.
melanocephala (Hetero-
netta), 325.
melanocepliala (Nyroca),
325.
melanoceplialus (Anser),
105.
raeIanoceplialu8(Cygnus),
39.
melanocorypbus (Anas),
40.
nielanoleuca (Anas), 44.
melanoleuca (Anseranas),
44.
melanoleuca (Bernicla),
44.
melanoleucos (Ansera-
nas), 45.
melanoleucus (Anser),
44.
melanoleucus (Anser-
anas), 45.
melanoleucus (Ansera-
nus), 44.
melanoleucus (Clioristo-
pus), 45.
melanoleucus (Cygnus),
45.
Melanonetta, 399.
melanonota (Sarcidior-
nis), .54, ,50, 57, 59.
melanonotos (Anas),
55.
melanonotus (Anser), 55,
50.
melanonotus (Plectro-
pterus), 50.
melanonotus (Sarcidior-
nis), 55, 57.
mclanopsis (Bernicla),
121.
melauoptera (Bernicla),
129.
melanoptcra (Branta),
129.
melanoptcra (Cbloepba-
ga), 128, 129.
melaiiopterus (Anser),
129.
melanopterus (Brenthus),
129.
melanopterus (Oresso-
cben), 129.
melanorbinus (Cygnu.s),
30.
melanorlivncbus (Cyg-
nus), 27.
melauota (.inas), 55, .57.
melanota (Sarcidiornis),
55, .50.
nielanotis (Anas), 55.
melanotos (Anas), 55.
melanotos (.4nser), 55.
melanotos (Plectropte-
rus), 55.
melanotus(Ana8), 55, .56.
melanotus (Anser), 54,
.59.
melanotus (Sarcidiornis),
55, 66.
melanotus (Sarkidiornis),
57.
melauura (Anas), 227,
228, 2S5.
melanura (Mareca), 228.
melleri (Anas), 187,
199.
Melonetta, 388.
membranacea (Anas),
319.
membranacea (Ebynobas-
pis), 319.
Membranaceous Duck,
319.
membranaceus (Malaco-
rbyncbus), 319.
membrinaceus (Malaeo-
rliyuchus), 320, 4.55.
Merganetta, 4.54, 457.
MerganettinsB, 24, 454.
Merganser, 403, 471,
472.
merganser (Anas), 167.
merganser (Merganser),
474.
merganser (Mergus), 193,
472, 470, 477.
merganser aniericanus
(Mergus), 477.
Mergellus, 403.
mergiformis (Clangula),
381.
Merginse, 24, 463.
Mergoides, 327.
mergoides (Anas), 379.
mergoides (Clangida),
379.
Mergo-Oca, 473.
Mergus, 403, 471.
meriaua^ (Anas), 52.
meridionalis (Fuligula),
352.
nicrsa (Anas), 442.
mersa (.\ytbya), 442.
028
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
uiersa (Cei'conectes), 443.
mersa (Grismalura), 443.
iiiersa ( Fuligula), 443.
mersa (Undiiia), 443.
iiieserythrus (Crypturus),
522.
meserythrus (Tinamus),
522.
McBtolone, 294.
Metopiana, 326, 332.
Metopias, 332.
inetopias (Anas), 332.
metopias (Fuligula), 332.
Mexioau Duck, 301.
Mexican Pochard, 149.
Mexican Shoveler, 307.
mexicana (Anas), 307.
mexicana (Boschas), 30G.
mexicana (Penelope),
149.
mexicana (Querquedula),
3(X).
mexicana (E.hynchaspi.s),
310, 317.
mexicanus (Crypturus),
516, 517, 54,5.
miclonia (Anas), 389.
Microcygna, 64.
Micropterus, 373.
niicropus (Bernicla), 121.
micropus (Oallichen),
329.
middendorfB (Anser),
102.
migratoria (Anser), 2ri0.
Milouin a eou rose, 62.
Milouin des Malouines,
216.
Milouin en deuil, 332.
Millouin, 335.
Millouin du Mexiquc,
149.
Millouinan, 355.
minima (Branta), 111,
116.
minor (Bernicla), 117.
minor (Casarka), 125.
minor (Crypturus), 564.
minor (Cygnus), 30.
minor (Fullgula), 361.
minor (Holor), 31.
minor (Merganser), 465.
minor (Nothura), 562,
563.
minor (Notliurus), 565.
minor (Oidetuia), 405.
minor (Olor), 30.
minor (Phoeniconaias),
18.
minor (Pboeuicopterus),
15, 18.
minor (Querquedula),
243.
minor (Tinamus), 563,
5(;5.
minus (Glaucium), 363.
minus striatum (Glau-
cium), 355.
minuta (Auiis), 395.
minuta (Anser), 65.
Minute Merganser, 465.
miuutus (Anser), 98.
minutus (Histrionicus),
397.
minutus (Merganser),
465.
minutus (Mergellus), 466.
minutus (Mergus), 465.
minutus (PJatypus), 395.
moccoa (Erismatura),
448.
mocoa (Erismatura), 448.
Mocoicogoe, 501.
modesta (Dafila), 275.
modestus (Crypturus),
522.
modestus (Tinamus),
523.
moebiusi (Nothoprocta),
555.
mollis (Apteryx), 609.
mollissima (Anas), 424,
425, 428, 430, 432.
mollissima (Fuligula),
424, 425, 427, 428.
mollitsima (Soniateria),
424,425,426,428,431,
489.
mollissima borealis (So-
niateria), 428.
mollissima dresseri (So-
niateria), 425.
mollissimus (Anser), 426.
moUissimus (Platypus"),
427.
molybdopbanes (Stru-
tbio), 572, 574.
inonacba (Anas), 191.
monacbus (Anas), 120.
montana (Anas), 182,
491.
montana (Anser), 129,
491.
montanus (Anser), 491.
montanus (Cbenalopex),
491.
Mooruk, 601.
Moppelgans, 124.
morelii (Anas), 199.
Morillon, 363.
Morillon dcs Isles Mari-
annes, 365.
Moscba, 51.
mosebata (Anas), 51, 53,
60.
mosebata (Anser), 53.
moscliata (Branta), 52.
mosebata (Cairina), 51,
.52, 53.
moscbatu (Carina), 53.
mosebata (Gymnatbus),
53.
mosebata (Ilyonetta),
53.
moscbato - boscbas
(Anas), 193.
Moschatus, 51.
moscoviticus (Anser),
107.
Mountain Goose, 491.
Mountain Teal, 491.
miilleri (Anas), 207.
multicolor (Querque-
dula), 148, 219.
multicolor (Sterna), 147.
munroii (Bernicla), 117.
muralis (Anas), 291.
muscaria (Anas), .307.
Muscovy Duck, 52.
musica (Clangula), .391.
musica (Harelda), 391.
musicus (Cygnus), 25, 26,
28, 31, 32.
musicus (Holor), 28.
musicus (Olor), 28.
musicus minor (Cygnus),
30.
mustelinus (Mergus),465.
muta (Anas), 255.
Mute Swan, 35.
mutus (Cygnus), 35.
najvia (Anas), 192.
nffivosa (Anas), 324.
naivosa (Stictonetta), 324.
nffivosa (Tadorna), 324.
nana (Cryptura), 565.
nana (Nothura), 564,
665.
nana (Pavuncula), 565.
nana (Rhea), 578.
Nandou, 580.
Nandu, 580.
nandu (Rbea), 580.
nanus (Taoniscus), .564.
nanus (Tinamus), 564.
nation! (Fuligula), 353.
nationi (Nyroca), 335,
353
Nesochen, 81,126.
Xesonetta, 143, 289.
Netta, 326, 327.
Nettalopex, 177.
ALl'ir.VIlETICAL I.VDEX.
629
Nottapus, 04.
Nettiirion, ^54.
Nettion, 143, 238.
Ncttopus, 46, (54.
Ncuhollandischer Casuar,
587.
New Holland Cassowary,
586.
Kew Holland Cereopsis,
79.
New Holland Duck, 319.
New Holland Ostrich,
587.
New Holland Shieldrake,
185.
New Holland Shoveler,
314.
New Zealand Duck, 3C8.
Nhandu-gnacu, 578,
581.
niambu (Pezus), 52,5.
niger (Merganser), 479,
481.
niger (Mergiis), 481.
niger (Platypus), 401.
niger (Plectropterus), 47,
50, 51.
nigra (Anas), 192, 401,
404.
nigra (Fuligula), 402,
404.
nigra (Melanitta), 401.
nigra (CEdemia), 400,401,
405.
nigra (Oidemia), 401,
402.
nigra (Penelope), 335.
nigra (Soinateria), 402.
nigra aniericana (Fuli-
gula), 405.
nigra major (Anas), 406.
nigra, var. aniericana
(ffidemia), 405.
nigricans (Anser), 123.
nigricans (Bernicla), 123.
nigricans (Branta), 112,
123.
nigricans (Brenthus), 124.
nigricapillus (Nothoecr-
cus),509, 511.
nigricapillus (Tinamus),
511, 512, 513.
nigriccps (Anas), 325.
nigrieollls (Anas), 39.
nigrieoUis (Anser), 39.
nigricollis (Chauna), 5.
nigricollis (Cygnus), 39.
nigricollis (>Iergus), 493.
nii;ripcs (Melanitta),
402.
nigripes (Oidemia), 402.
nigroceps (Fuligida), 325.
uigroguttata (Nothura),
558, 660.
Nilotic Duck, 491.
uilotica (Anas), 491.
nilotica (Cairina), 491.
nivalis (Anas), 86.
nivalis (Chen), 82. 80.
nivea (Tadorna), 87.
niveus (Anser), 84.
noctivagus (Crypturus),
517, 539, 541.
noctivagus (Nothocer-
cus), 540.
noctivagus (Tinamus),
539.
Noctura, 550.
Nonionyx, 436, 438.
norwegica (Somateria),
427.
notata (Anas), 267, 364,
406.
Notbera, 558.
Nothocercus, 496, 509.
Nothoprocta, 49(5, 550.
Nothura, 496, 5,58.
Nothurus, 547, 558.
nova; hispaniii; (Anas),
301.
nova; hispanijE (Pterocv-
anea). 301.
novas hisjianire (Querque-
dula), 267, 301.
novse hollandice (Anser),
41.
novae hollandia; (Biziura),
452.
novae hollandia; (Casu-
arius), .586.
nova; hoUandire (Cereop-
sis), 79.
nov.-e hollandi.T (Dro-
m«us), 586, 589.
nova3 hoUandite (Dro-
niaius), 587.
nov;i! hollandia; (Dromi-
ceius), 586.
noTSE hollandia; (Stru-
thio), 586.
novic hollandia; (Tachea),
587.
novie seelandia; (Anas),
368.
novae seelandia; (Fulix),
369.
novae zealandisc (Anas),
368.
novae zealandiac (Fuli-
gula), 355, 3()8.
nov;r-zelandia; (Dromi-
ceius), 605.
novae zelandiac (Marila),
369.
nunieralis (Querquedula),
296.
nyraca (Anas), .346.
Nyroca, .'J2B, 3.34.
nyroca (Aetliyia), 347.
nyroca (Anas), 345.
nyroca (Aytliya), 340,
3.50.
nyroca (Fuligula), 74,
3.38, .344,346,348, 352,
357, 366.
nyroca (Fulix), 344, 347.
nyroca (Ilionetta), .348.
nyroca (Marila), 348.
nyroca (Nyroca), 346.
obesa (Anas), 378.
obscura (Anas), 187, 193,
200,202,203,204,213,
2G4, 338.
obscura (Boscbas), 201.
obscura fulvigula (Anas),
202.
obscura, var. fulvigida
(Anas), 202.
obscurus (Anser), 110.
obscurus (Crvj)turus),
519.
obsoleta (Nyroca), 347.
obsoletus (Crypturus)
515, 519.
obsoletus (Tinamus), 519,
521.
Oca colombaccio, 120.
Oca lombardella, 92.
Oca paglietaua, 89.
Oca salvatiea, 99.
occidentalis (Aptery.\),
604, 608, 610.
occidentalis (Bernicla),
115.
occidentalis (Branta),
111, 115.
occidentalis (Crypturus),
516, 546.
occidua (Anas), 419.
occipitalis (Casuarius),
591, 598.
ocellata (Ortygis), 568.
ocellata (Tinamotis),
568.
ocellata (Turuix). 568.
octosetaceus (Mergus),
485.
octosetrelus (Mergus),
485.
octosetalus (Mergus),
4n;.
octosctosus (Mergus), 486-
630
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
CEdemia, 327, 399.
Oidemia, 399.
Oie, 89.
Oie armee, 167.
Oie a cravate, 112.
Oie a duvet, 42fi.
Oie a tete cendree, 130.
Oie bronzee, 55.
Oie d'Bgypte, 167.
Oie de Guinee, 108.
Oie de la cote de Coro-
mandel, 55.
Oie de plain, 373.
Oie des Esqiiimaux, 82.
Oie des lies Malouines,
132.
Oie des Terres Magel-
laniques, 132.
Oie domestique, 28.
Oie sauvage, 99.
Oie sauvage a tete gvise
de Coromandel, 182.
Oie sauvage du Canada,
112.
Oiseau grise, 373.
Olor, 25.
olor (Anas), 35.
olor (Crgnus), 25, 28, 29,
35, 37.
olor imrautabilis (Cyg-
nus), 37.
Opistholophus, 4.
Oressochen, 128.
orientalis (Anas), 108.
orientalis (Casuarius),
593, 596, 599.
orientalis (Mergus), 473,
476.
ornata (Notboprocta),
551, 557.
ornatus (Rhynchotus),
657.
ornatus (Tinamus), 557.
ortygoides (Erismatura),
439.
Ostrich, 575.
oustaleti (Anas), 189.
oweni (Apteryx), C04,
609, 610.
Oivenni (Apteryx), 609.
oxyptera (Anas), 262.
oxyptera (Dafila), 263.
oxyptera (Querquedula),
261, 263.
oxvpterum (Nettion),
240, 262.
oxypterus (Cyanopterus),
262.
Oxyura, 441.
oxyura (Anas), 279.
oxyura (Dafila), 279.
Oye du Cap de Bonne
Esperance, 167.
Oye rieuse, 92.
Oye sauvage du Cap de
Bonne Esperance, 167.
Precilonitta, 281.
pa3cilorbyncba (Anas),
209.
Pagonetta, 388.
Painted Goose, 134.
Palaniedea, 2, 3.
Palamedea;, 1. 2.
Palamedeidae, 2.
pallescens (Crypturus),
527.
pallida (Berniola), 121.
pallidipes (Anser), 94.
pallipes (Anser), 94.
paludosus (Anser), 100.
palustris (Anser), 90,
101.
panuonicus (Mergus),
465.
panocicus (Mergus), 465.
papuanus (Casuarius),
591, 598, 599.
jiapuensis (Casuarius),
599.
paradoxus (Anser), 100.
Parrina of the Chilians,
21.
parvipes (Anser), 113.
parvirostris (Anas), 237.
parvirostris (Crypturus),
515, 523, 526.
parvirostris (Tinamus),
522.
parvulus (Dromceus),
588.
parvus (Phoenieopterus),
19.
passmori (Cygnus), 34.
passmorii (Olor), p. 34.
patachonica (Oidemia),
373.
patachonieus (Micro-
pterus), 373.
patagiata (Fuligula),
365.
patagonica (Chloephaga),
492.
Pato alas azulas, 303.
Pato cabeza negra, 325.
Pato cara blanca, 145.
Pato ceja blanca, 268.
Pato cola aguda, 279.
Pato collar negro, 268.
Pato crestudo, 59.
Pato de crista, 59.
Pato espatula, 316.
Pato grande, 52.
Pato ipecutiri, 267.
Pato negrisco ala blanca,
332.
Pato pico amarillo y
negro, 261.
Pato pico aplomado y
roxo, 282.
Pato pico de tres colores,
291.
Pato pico pequeno, 236.
Pato real, 52.
Pato roxo y negro, 149.
paturi (Anas), 267.
pavoninus (Taouiscus),
5(55.
Pavuncula, 664.
pectoralis (Somateria),
434.
pelewensis (Anas), 207.
Pelionetta, 399.
pelzelni (Cygnus), 37.
Penelope, 335.
peneloiDe (Anas), 228,
231,241,246,335.
penelope (Mareca), 227,
228, 233.
Penelops, 227.
penelops (Anas), 227.
penelops (Penelops), 228.
Penguin Duck, 192.
pennata (Rhea), 582.
pentlandii (Eudromia),
568.
pentlandi (Notboprocta),
551, 565.
pentlandi (Rhynchotus),
555.
pentlandi (Tinamotis),
568.
pentlandi (Tinamus),
555, 568.
peposaca (Anas), 332.
peposaca (Fuligula), 333.
peposaca (Metopiana),
330, 332, 333.
peposaca (Metopias),
333.
perdicaria (Nocthura),
653.
perdicaria (Notboprocta),
551, 553, 554.
perdicaria (Nothura),
653, 554, 562.
perdicarius (Crypturus),
553.
perdicarius (Nothurus),
553.
perdicarius (Rhyncbotes),
553.
ALPTIADETICAL INDEX.
631
perdicarius (Ehyndiotus),
653.
perdicarius (Tinamus),
553.
Perdix tnartineta, .^OG.
perdix (Rhynchotis), 553,
55().
perdix (Rliynchotus),
553.
perdix (Tetrao), 5.53.
perdix (Tinamus), .55.3.
Perdiz chicho, 5(52.
peregriua (Auas), 315,
377.
peregrina (Clangula),
378.
peregrinus (Anser), 124.
perpulchra (Anas), 241.
persica (Anas), 177,
192.
persouata (Deudrocygna),
147.
perspioillata (;Vnas), 412.
perspicillata (Fuligula),
413, 414.
perspicillata (Macro-
rhamphus), 413.
perspicillata (Melauitta),
413.
perspicillata (ffidemia),
400, 412.
perspicillata (Oideiiiia),
413.
perspicillata (Pelionetta),
413,414.
perspieillatus (Platypus),
413.
peruvianas (Tinamus),
506.
pesosaca (Anas), 332.
pesosaca (Fuligula), 332.
Petit Canard a grossc tcte,
380.
Petit Gralle bidactylo,
570.
Petit Tinamou do Cay-
enne, 522.
Petite Macreuse, -104.
Petite Sarcelle, 244.
Petite Sarcelle de i'islo do
Lu(;on, 147.
Pczus, 4'JC.
Phasiainirus, 270.
Plunicoptere, 10, 12.
Pbilaete, 81, 109.
Phlyaconetta, 394.
phceniceus (Plioenico-
pterus), 9.
Pliccniconaias, 8, 118.
Pliivnicoparra, 21.
Pliocnieoparrus, 8, 21.
Pbopuicopture du Cbili,
17.
Phcenieopteri, 1, 8.
PhcEuicopteridaj, 8.
Pbccuicopterus, 8, 9, 12,
20.
phtt'nicopus (Anser), 104.
Pboenicorodias, 9.
Pbylaconetta, 394.
picta (Anas), 134, 184,
240.
picta (Bernicl.i"), 134.
picta (Cblotipbaga), 13.5.
picticoUis (Casuarius),
591. 000.
piotus (Anser), 109, 134.
Pied Duck, 416.
Piette, 405.
pileata (Anas), 205.
pileata (Pterocyauea),
2()5.
pileata (Querquedula),
205.
pileatus (Crypturus"),
515, 522.
pileatus (Tetrao), 522.
pileatus (Tinamus), 522.
pileatus meserytlirus
(Crypturus), 523.
Pilet, 271.
Pink-footed Goose, 103.
Pink-beaded Duck, 01.
Pin-tail, 230, 27U, 271,
274.
planifrons (Somateria),
428.
platalea (Anas), 310.
platalea (Rbyucbaspis),
317.
platalea (Spatula), 300,
31(!.
Platypus, 354, 423.
platyrliyncbos (Cly-
peata), 310.
platyrbyncbos (Mela-
nitta, 4(J7.
platvrliynchos (Ocde-
uiia), 408.
platvrbvncbos (Rlivnch-
aspis), 310.
platyrbyncinis (Pba-ui-
copterus), 15.
platyuros (Anser), 100.
plutyuros (Bernicla), 121.
platyuros (Rbyncbaspis),
310.
platyuros (Somateria),
427.
Plectropbanes, 40.
Plectropterin.T, 23, 45.
Plectropterus, 45, 46.
plinii (Pboenicopterus),
12, 14.
plumbeus (Tinamus),
49S, 625, 503.
])lut<)nia (Anas), 41.
plutonius (Cygnus), 41.
]inoe (Tadorna), 330.
Pocbard, 335.
Pcecilonetta, 144, 281.
Poecilonitta, 281.
ptecilorbyncha (Anas),
188, 209, 211.
poecilorbvncba (Mareca),
209.
pfpcilorbyncba(Tadorna),
209.
pcekilorhyncba (Anas),
209.
poliooephala (Bernicla),
137.
poliocepbala (Branta),
138.
poliocepbala (Cbloe-
pbaga), 128, 1.30, 137.
poliocepbalus (Anser),
138.
poliooepbalu3(Brontlius),
138.
poliocepbalus (Cbloe-
tbropbus), 1.38.
Pulisb Swan, 37.
poUicaris (.\nas), 170.
jjollicaris (Anser), 170.
pollicaris (Cbenalopex),
170.
polycomos (Anser), 170.
Polystieta, 418.
pomarina (Clvpeata),
310.
pomarina (Rbyncbaspis),
310.
Proceres, 570.
Proceri, 570.
Prister, 471.
promissa (Aix), 74.
Pseudocycnus, 42.
Pseudolor, 42.
pteneros (Anas), 374.
Pterocneniia, 578.
Pterocuemys, 578.
Pterocyanea, 290.
pterocyanea (Anas), 290.
Pteronetta, 46, 03.
Ptocas, 111.
pulobella (Anserella), 07.
pulcbellus (NettapuB),
67, 148.
pulcbellus (Nettopus),
64, 07.
pulcbricollis (Anas), 125.
puna (Adeluuetta), 293.
632
ALPHABETICAL INDEX.
puna (Anas), 293.
puna (Punanetta), 293.
puna (Querqnedula), 290,
293.
Punanetta, 290.
punctata (Anas), 164,
2.'^2, 254, 255, 257, 265,
285.
punctata (Mareca), 252,
257.
punctata (Querquedula),
252, 265.
punctatiim (Nettion),
240, 265.
punctulata (Nothoproc-
ta), 553.
punctulata (Nothura),
553, 5.54.
punctulafus (Rhyncho-
tus), 553, 5.')5.
purpureo-vindis (Anas),
53.
pusillus (Mergus), 474.
pygmaeus (An^er). 98.
pyrogaster (Dafila), 216.
pVrrhocephala (Anas),
"285.
pyrrhoga?ter (Anas), 216.
pyrrhogasti-a (Anas),
"216.
pyrrbogastra (Dafila),
216.
pyrrViorbyncba (Anas),
285.
pyrrborhyncba (Quer-
quedula), 28G.
Querquedula, 144, 238,
290, 293.
querquedula (Anas), 74,
274, 293, 366.
querquedula (Cj-anopte-
rus), 296.
querquedula (Pterocya-
nea). 296.
querquedula (Querque-
dula), 296.
querquedulus (Cyanopte-
rus), 296.
Eace-borse Duck, 373.
radiatus (Crypturus),
528.
radiatus (Nothocercus),
528.
radiatus (Tinamus), 528.
Eadjab, 170.
radjah (Anas), 175.
radjab (Geuna;ochen),
176.
radjah (Radjab), 176.
radjah (Tadorua), 171,
17.5.
radjah (Vulpanser), 176.
rafflesii (Anas), 303.
rafllesii (Oyanopterus),
303.
rafflesii (Pterocyanea),
303.
raii (Merganser). 473.
rancedula (Merganser),
473.
Rbaphipterus 457.
Ratitre, 570.
raueedula (Merganser),
473.
recurvirostra (Anas),
445.
Red - billed Whisthng
Duck, 159.
Red-breasted Goosander,
479.
Red-breasted Goose, 125.
Red-breasted Merganser,
479, 481.
Red-breasted Shoveler,
307.
Red-crested Duck, 328.
Red Duck, 345.
Red Flamingo, 10, 12.
regalis (Casuarius), 594.
regia (Anas), 52.
regia (Cairina), 53, 59.
regia (Sarcidiornis), 57,
59.
regia (Sarkidiomis), 55,
56, 69.
regius (Sarkidiornis), 55,
59.
Rbaphipterus, 457.
Rhea, 577, 578, 580,
590.
rhea (Rhea), 580.
rbea (Strutbio), 578,581.
Rhea:, 570, 577.
Rheidffi, 577.
Rhodonessa, 46, 61.
rbodoptera (Anas), 2i)9.
rbodopus (Anas), 269.
Rhvncbaspis, 30(5.
Rbyncbotis, 547.
rhyncbotis (Anas), 314,
315.
rbyncbotis (Rhynebas-
pis), 314.
rbyncbotis (Spatula),
306. 314, 317.
Rliynebotus, 496, 547.
robustus (Tinamus), 497,
500, 507.
robustus (Trachvpelmus),
500.
roseus (Pboenicopterus),
9, 11, 12.
roseus, Tar. parva (Phoe-
nicopterus), 15.
rossi (Anser), 88.
rossi (Chen), 82, 88.
rossii (Exantbeniops). 88.
Round-crested Duck, 468.
rubens (Anas), 245, 307.
ruber (Phosnicopterus),
9, 12, 14, 17.
ruber (Phoenicorodias),
11.
ruber (Sarcidiornis), 57.
rubida (Anas), 445.
rubida (Biziura), -146.
rubida (Cerconectes),
445.
rubida (Erismatura),
445.
rubida (Fuligula), 445.
rubida (Gymnura), 445.
rubida (Oxyura), 445.
rubida (Rbyncbaspis),
445.
rubida (Tadorna), 182.
rubidiceps (Anser), 136.
rubidiceps (Bernicla),
136.
rubidiceps (Breutbus),
136.
rubidiceps (ChlotJpbaga),
128, 136.
rubidiceps (Cliloetro-
phus), 136.
rubidoptera (Anas), 269.
rubidus (Phoeuiconaias),
20.
rubidus (Pboenicopterus),
20.
rubiniceps (Cbloephaga),
136.
rubra (Tadorna), 178.
rubricapilla (Mergus),
472.
rubricapillus (Mergus),
473.
rubripes (Crvpturus),
514.
rubrirostris (Anas), 282.
rubrirostris (Anser), 88,
91.
Ruddy Goose, 178.
rueppelli (.Auas), 213.
rufa (Anas), 345.
rufa (Callichen), 3.30.
rufa (Fuligula), 337.
rufescens (Anser), 100,
104.
rufescens (Callichen),
330.
ALPHAHF.TICiT, INDEX.
633
rufeacens (Crvpturus),
648.
rufescens (Notburus),
548.
rufescens (Rliyncliotes),
549.
rufescens (Rliyiichotis),
549.
rufescens (Rhyncbotus),
547, 548.
rufescens (Tinamus), 548.
Rufibrenfa, 111.
ruficeps (Anas), .328.
rufieeps (Aythya), 337.
riifii-eps (Callicbeu), 329.
ruficeps (Tinamus). 499,
506, 607.
rufieollis (Anas), 125,
33.-..
rufii'nllis (Anser), 124.
nificiillis (Bernicla), 125.
rufieollis (Branta), 112,
124.
rufieollis (Brentbus),
126.
rufieollis (Leucopareia),
125.
rufieollis (Ptocas), 126.
ruficoUis (Rufibrenta),
125.
ruficrista (Fuligula), 330.
rufigaster (Anasl, 307.
rufina (Anas), 328.
rufina (Aytbya), 330.
rufina (Branta), 328,
330.
rufina (Callicben), 330.
rufina (Fuligula), 329,
330, 333.
rufina (Alergoidcs), 329.
rufina (Netta). 328.
rufinum (Callichen),
330.
rufinus (Callichen), 329.
rufinus (Platypus), 329.
rufitorques (Anas), 370.
rufitorques (Fuligula),
370.
Rufi>us-neeked Duck,
335.
rufus (Tinamus), 519.
riippelli (Anns). 48.
riippelli (Plectroplerus),
47, 49.
rusfica (Anas), 386.
rutbenica (Anas), 442.
rutila (Anas), 177, 34.'>.
rutila (Cairina), 180.
rutila (Casarca), 177,
178, 182.
rutila (Nettalopex), ISO.
vor-, XXVII.
rutila (Tadorna), 178,180.
rutila (Vulpanser), 179,
180.
sallici (Crypturus), 542.
salkci (Xotbocercus),
541.
sallaii (Tinamus), 542,
544.
salvadorii (Oasuarius),
590. 595.
Salvadorina, 4.")4.
salvini (Crypturus), 517,
537.
Sambe, 18.
sandvlceusis (Bernicla),
126.
sandyicensis (Brenthus),
127.
sandvieensis (Chloejiha-
ga), 127.
Bandvicensia (T^nidies-
tes), 127.
sandvichensis (Anser),
126.
sandvichensis(Nesocben),
126.
sandwicensis (Leuco-
pareia), 127.
sandwicbensis (Anas),
197.
sandwichensis (Bernicla),
127.
Sarcelle, 294.
Sarcelle a bee jaune et
noir. 261.
Sarcelle a queue cpineuse
de Cayenne, 438.
Sarcelle blancbe et noire,
38{).
Sarcelle brune et blanche,
395.
Sarcelle de Cayenne, 299.
Sarcelle de Coroinandel,
68.
Sarcelle d'Egypte, 345.
Sarcelle d'etei 294.
Sarcelle de Java, 218.
Sarcelle de la Caroline,
3(56, :386.
Sarcelle de la Chine, 77.
Sarcelle de la Guade-
loupe, 4.'58.
Sarcelle de la Louisiana,
386.
Sarcelle de I'isle Ferroe,
389.
Sarcelle de Madagascar,
65, 2.t8.
Sarcelle des ^[alais, 175.
Sarcelle du Me.xique, 301 .
Sarcelle male de Mada-
gascar, 65.
Sarcelle rouge, 245.
SarceUe rousse a longue
queue, 438.
Sarcelle Soucrourette,
299.
Sarcelle Soucrourou, 299.
Sarcidiornis, 46, 54.
Sarkidiornis, 54.
sau sarai (Anas). 483.
sawka (Anas), 389.
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