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CATALOGUE

Ml. MUS. MAT. HIST.

v'

THE COLLECTION

OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

PART I.

placentada: and anomiada:.

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

LONDON, 1850.

CATALOGUE OF

placentadj: & anomiad^.

Family PLACENTAD.E.

Placentadae, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 201.

PlacuuidcB, Gray, Syn. B. M. 1842, 84, 92 ; Hermann. Ind, 279.
Placunoidse, Agassiz, Nomen. Zool. 1847 ; Hermann. Ind. 279.
Placiina, Lamk. Hist. 2 ed. vii. 269.

Ostrea, part Ferns. Tab. Syst. 40, 1821.

Pectiiiidae, part Fleming, Brit. Anim. 381, 1828.

Anomia, part Hermannsen, Ind. i. 61, 1846.

Lamarck describes three species of this f^eiius, depending on the
general outline and the waved or flat form of the shell, characters
which are liable to considerable variations, as may be found on the
mere inspection of any considerable number of specimens.

The hinge forms a more permanent character, and affords the
means of dividing the species into two sections, and furnishes cha-
racters which separate them from each other. The right valve is
the flattest, and bears the ridges of the hinge.

Chemnitz gives the best character for the species, and has ob-
served the character furnished by the hinge, which has been over-
looked by Lamarck, and by all recent authors.

Synopsis of the Genera.

a. Hinge-ridges linear, diverging, only slightly raised.

1. Placuna. Hinge-ridges of nearly equal length ; muscular scar

under centre of hinge.

2. Placenta. Hinge-ridges unequal, hinder much the longest ;

muscular scars rather in front of middle of hinge.

B

2

CATALOGUE OF

b. Hinge-ridge transverse, elevated on a broad and high process.

3. Hejiiplacuna. A small pit in front of the base of the hinge-
ridge. Fossil.

a. Hinge-ridges linear, diverging, only slightly raised.

1. PLACUNA.

Shell purplish, subopaque; hinge-ridges rapidly diverging from one
another at about the angle of 45 degrees, of nearly equal length.
Muscular scar under the centre of the hinge.

Placuna, iSo/auder, 1785, fide CAema. Conc’A. viii. 116; Humph. Mus.

Calonn. 1797 ; Lamk. Syst. 135, 1801.

Placuna, sp. Brug. E. M. t. 174, 175, 1792 ; Lamk. Hist. 2 ed. vii.
270.

Ephippium, Bolten, Mus. 1798, 2 ed. 116, 1819; Chemn. Conch.
vii. 116.

Placenta, j8., Schumacher, N. Syst. 113, 1817.

Placuna pectinoides, Lamk. Ency. Meth. t. 175, f. 1-4, is a species
of Plicatula, Desh. in Lamk. Hist. 2 ed. vii. 271.

1. Placuna Sella.

Shell flexuous, outline rather rhombic, being straight in front and
rather notched behind, rather thick, purple ; the ridges of the hinge
not longer than they are separate from each other at the base.
Anomia Sella, Gmelin, S. N. 3345, 1788 ; Dillw. R. S. i. 297.
Placuna Sella, Lamk. Hist. vii. 270, No. 1. *

Ephippium anglicanum maximum, Chemn. C. viii. t. 79, f. 714,
cop. E. M. t. 174, f. 1.

Placenta Ephippium, Retz. 1788.

Placenta Sella, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, 113.

a, h. Adult. Purple, flexuous. China.

c. Nearly adult. Flexuous. China. Mus. Cracherode.

d. Young. Single valve; flat, purplish. India. Presented
by Dr. Horsfield.

e. N. W. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Var. /3. Shell nearly flat, subquadrangular, notched before and
behind.

PLACENXADa;.

3

2. PLACtTNA PAP'S RACEA.

Shell rather four-sided, nearly flat, thin, hyaline, white and pur-
ple varied.

Placuna papyracea, Larnk. Hist. vii. n. 2.

Ephippium parvutn, Chemn. Conch, viii. 1. 79, f. 719, cop. E. M.
t. 174, f. 2.

Anomia Sella junior, DiUic. R. S. i. 297.

Placenta papyracea, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848.

a, b, c, d. Shell thin, slightly flexuous, more or less purple
varied. China.

e. Single valve; flat, thin, brown, transparent edges. India.
Presented by Dr. Horsfield.

f. Flat; front, and especially the hinder edge notched, thin.
Pale purple spotted. Australia. Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

Perhaps only the young of P. Sella.

3. Placuna Lixcolnii.

Shell flat, rather solid, subopaque, outline suborbicular, rounder
before and behind ; ridges of the hinge elongate, longer than they
are separate from each other at the base.

Placenta Lincolnii, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, 113; Moll. t. 3.

a. Australia; Mr. W. Davison. Presented by Abraham Lin-
coln, Esq.

This species is named after the late Mr. Abraham Lincoln, who
kindly presented the specimen here described, and who was well
known for his fondness I'or conchology and the liberality with which
he allowed persons to use his extensive collection.

2 PLACENTA.

Shell semitransparent, flat, outline suborbicular ; ridges of the
hinge very gradually diverging from each other, the hinder ridge
much the longest. Muscular scar rather in front of the middle
of the hinge.

Placenta, Retzius, Dissert. 15, 1788 (not Klein) ; Sclium. N. S.
113, 1817; Gray, P. Z. S. 1848.

Placuna sp. Solander, 1785, fide Chemn. Cab. viii. 116 ; Bruy. E.
M. t. 174, 175, 1792 ; Lamk. Hist. 2 ed. vii, 270.

4

CATALOGUE OF

1. Placenta obiculaeis

Shell colourless, semitransparent ; when young, pale purplish.
Placuna placenta, Solander, MSS.; Lamk. Hist. N. 3.

Anomia placenta, Linn. S. N. 1154 ; Ckemn. Conch, viii. t. 79, f.
176, cop. E. M. t. 173, f. 2; Dillw. R. S. i. 297 ; Lister, Conch.
t. 225, f. 60, t. 226, f. 61.

Placenta orbicularis, Retz. Dissert. 15, 1788 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1848.

a. Adult. China.

b, c. Adult. China. Mus. Broderip.

d. Nearly adult. India. Presented by Dr. Horsfield.

Half grown. China.

i,j. Small, rather thicker. N. E. coast of Australia or Port
Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

b. Hinge-ridge transverse, elevated on a broad, high, oblique process.

3. HEMIPLACUNA.

Shell free ; valves orbicular, Bat, external surface minutely laminar
and radiately striated, especially on the edge of the plates ; mus-
cular scar in each valve single, nearly central, circular ; the right
valve flat, with a large, oblong, elevated, transverse process for
the cartilage, having a very small concavity in the inner surface
in front of the cartilaged process representing the sinus in Ano-
mia ; the left valve rather more convex, with aii oblong, trans-
verse pit for the internal cartilage under the umbo.

Hemiplacuna, G. B. Sowerby, MSS. ; Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1849,
123.

Anomia or Placuna sp. Desh. in Lamk. Hist. 2 ed. vii. 270, note.

This shell has all the external characters of the flat species of
Placuna, and has the same muscular impression ; but instead of
having the two linear, diverging ridges and grooves to give attach-
ment to the cardinal cartilage, it has an oblong, elevated process in
the right valve, and an oblong cavity in the left, exactly similar to
those found in the genus Anomia ; and on the inner surface of the
right valve, just in front of the base of the process which supports
the cartilage, there is a small, shallow, roundish pit, with a short
furrow towards the centre of the shell, which is evidently a rudi-
mentary representation of the sinus found in the genus Anomia.
This rudimentary sinus is not visible on the outer surface of the
shell.

PLACENTAD^.

O

This shell forms the passage between the genus Anomia, or rather
Placunanomia, and Placuna. It shows the gradual change which
takes place between the three genera. In Anomia there are two
muscles for the purpose of attaching itself to marine bodies, which
form a plug which is free from the sinus of the shell. In Placu-
nanomia there is only a single muscle to perform the same office,
and in the more typical species of this genus the plug itself is fixed
into the surface of the shell, forming, as it were, part of its substance.
In Hemiplacuna and Placuna there is no muscle or plug for attach-
ment, and the shells are free; but in Hemiplacuna there is a rudi-
mentary development of the sinus through which the plug is usu-
ally emitted, and the ligament which connects the shell is of the
same form as that found in the genera Anomia and Placunanomia.

The name for the genus is not consistent with the Linnasan ca-
non ; but used rather than burthen the genus with two names.

1. Hemiplacuna Rozieei.

Placuna, .sp., Roziere, Description d’Egypte, Miniralogie, t. 11, f. 6.
Hemiplacuna Rozieri, G. B. Sotv. MSS. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1849,
124.

Anomia? or Placuna? Desk, in Lamk. Hist. vii. 270, note.

a. Fossil. Shore of the Red Sea ; Vallee de I’Egarement.
Purchased of Mr. Sowerby.

CATALOGUE OF ANOMIADi;.

Family ANOMIAD^.

Anomiadas, Gray, Syn. B. M. 1840, 1842, 82, 92 ; P. Z. S. 1848,
1849, 1 13.

Anomiea, part, Hermannsen, Ind. Gen. i. 61, 1846.

Anomia, sp., Linn. S. N. xii. 1150, &c., not Fab. Colonna, 1616.
Anomia, Muller, Zool. Dan. Prod. 31, 1776; Lamk. Syst. 137,
1801.

Ostvea, part Ferussac, Tahl. Syst. 1819.

Ostreadae, part Fleming, Brit. Anim. 381, 394, 1828.

Ecbion and Echionodenna, Poli, Test. Sicil.i. 34, 1791, ii. 225,
1795.

? Bursula, sp., Klein, Ost. 173, 1753.

Stola, part Klein, Ost. 173, 1753.

Cepa, Humph. Mus. Calonn. 1797.

Fenestella, Bolten, Mus. 1798, 2 ed. 134, 1819.

Anoinya, Agassiz.

The European species of Anomiadm have been much multiplied,
while on the other hand the exotic species have been almost en-
tirely neglected.

The form, substance, surface and colour of the shell, which have
been used to distinguish the species, were suspected by Montague
to he dependent on the age of the specimens and the locality in
which they happened to be found, and further researches have
proved the accuracy of these observations.

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Placunanomia. Shell not eared ; upper valve with two subcen-
tral muscular scars ; the anterior upper lobe of the notch agglu-
tinated to the cardinal edge ; plug shelly at the top and near
the body, to which it is attached, and with homy longitudinal
laminee below and internally.

8

CATALOGUE OF

2. Anomia. Shell not eared; upper valve with three subcentral

muscular scars ; the anterior upper lobe of the notch separated
from the cardinal edge ; the plug entirely shelly, and quite
free from the edge of the notch.

3. Limanomia. Shell eared on each side of the umbo ; sinus high

up near umbo. Muscular scars ? Fossil.

1. PLACUN ANOMIA.

Upper or dorsal valve with two subcentral muscular scars ; the up-
per scar radiately veined. Byssal notch distinct, converted into
a hole by the upper part of the anterior lobe of the notch being
soldered to and foiming part of the cardinal edge : the plug tri-
angular, gradually enlarging in size ; the apex and outer surface
next to the body to which it is attached, calcareous, longitudi-
nally striated ; the inner surface covered with horny, longitudinal,
parallel laminae, and more or less agglutinated to the edge of the
notch.

Anomia, /3., Schumacher, Essai, 1817.

Placunanomia, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, 29 ; Muller, Syn.
176; Desh.in Lamk. Hist. vii. 269; Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1849,
119.

Pododesmus (decipiens), Philippi, Wiegmann, Arch. i. 385, 1837.
Anomia, pars. Bluinv. Man. Mol. ; Montague ; Forbes ^ Hanley.
Ostrea, sp. Da Costa ; Montague.

Placunanomia, D'Orh. Amer. Merid.

Placunomia, Sivains. Malac. 3!), 1840.

Mr. Broderip, who established this genus, does not observe the
character furnished by the muscular impressions, or the lobe of the
notch ; he merely says, “ Impressio muscularis in utraque valva
subcentralis. In valva superiore organ! adhesionis impressio super-
addita.” And further, that “ the organ of adhesion, which in its
bony character (for it is more bone than shell) resembles that of
Anomia, does not perforate the lower valve directly, but is inserted
between the laminas of the internal surface of the lovver valve, above
the muscular impression and below the hinge, and passes out into
an external, irregular, somewhat longitudinal, superficial fissure or
cicatrix, which is narrowest at the hinge margin, and which it en-
tirely fills to a level with the surrounding surface.’’

This form is produced by the gradual increase of the size of the
plug and the simultaneous increase of the size of the shell.

Some have considered the “ plug” or “ stopper” of Anomia to be
a third valve, which is evidently a mistake. Phillippi {Moll. Sicil.

ANOMIAD^.

9

i. 92) considers it as the ossification of the tendon of the adductor
muscle. Mr. Broderip, in the passage quoted, regards it as a hone.
In Dr. DieSeubach’s Travels Mr. Gray has remarked ; “ The plug
is evidently only a modification of the kind of laminar beard formed
by the end of the foot of the arcs {area) ; for, like it, it is formed of
numerous, parallel, erect, longitudinal horny laminEe, placed side by
side, extending from the apex to the margin, and it is on these
plates that the calcareous matter is deposited when the attachment
assumes its shelly substance. The same structure is to be observed
in the plug of the European Anomia Ephippiuni {striata).’' — Voy.
New Zealand, ii. 261.

Messrs. Forbes and Hanley compare it to the byssus of Pecten,
and predict that when the very young Anomiae have been observed,
they will be found to be attached by threads, like that genus {Brit.
Moll.). The plug of a very small specimen of the genus is laminar,
like that of the adult shell.

M. Philippi, when describing Pododesmus, appears to have ob-
served only the upper of the two muscular scars, for he gives as the
generic character, “ Irnpressio muscularis unica, ovata,” and he only
figures the larger upper one on the plate.

The upper scar, which is usually of a larger size, and has its sur-
face covered with radiating veins, while the lower is generally
punctated, appears to be the one which gives rise to the muscle
that is attached to the inner surface of the plug.

The examination of the upper valve of a large series of specimens
of Placunanomia patelliformis has shown that the position of the
two muscles is liable to a slight variation ; in by far the larger num-
ber of specimens the small lower muscle is quite close to and con-
fluent with the scar of the upper larger muscle, but in a few speci-
mens it is separated from the upper larger one by a small interval
or space. Hence probably the three West Indian species of the
genus may prove, when a larger series of specimens have been col-
lected and compared, only varieties of the same species.

* Shell plicately folded. Perforation of loiver valve small, firmly
embracing the plug. Placunanomia.

1. Pi .ACUNANOJIIA CuMlNGII.

Shell depressed ; edge of the valves with three or four large an-
gular folds.

Placunanomia Cumingii, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, 29;

Sow. Genera, t. ; Manual, f. 189-191 ; Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1849,

121.

Hab. Central America ; Gulf of Dulce, Province of Costa Kico.
From Mr. Cuming’s collection.

10

CATALOGUE OF

** Shell ovate, radiately rihhed ; edge not plicated. Pei'foration
of lower valve modei'ote, firmly embracing and inclosing the plug.
American. Pododesmus.

Pododesmus, Philippi, Wiegm. Arch. i. 387, 1837 ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1849, 121.

2. Placunanomia rcdis.

White ; disk brown ; laminae smooth.

Upper valve with two rounded, separate scars of nearly equal
size, the hinder one rather more transverse.

Placunanomia rudis, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 2; Gray,
P. Z. S. 1849, 121.

Pododesmus decipiens, Philippi, Wiegmann, Arch. i. 1837, 387, t.
9, f. 1 (one scar left out).

Hah. East Indies? Broderip. Mus. Cuming. Havana; Phi-
lippi.

3. Placunanomia foliata.

White ; laminae smooth, with very slight, distant, radiated ribs ;
disk purple brown.

Upper valve with two nearly united scars ; the upper largest, and
rather elongated; lower small, rounded.

Placunanomia foliata, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. \QM,2\ Gray,
P. Z. S. 1849, 121.

P. echinata, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, 2.

“P. pectinata, Brod.” in Mus. Cuming.

a. Upper valve of young. St. Vincent. Jamaica. From the
Rev. L. Guilding’s collection.

h, c, d, e. Perfect. On Spondylus. West Indies. Mus.
Broderip.

The specimen of Placunanomia echinata, from the island of
Nevis, in Mr. Cuming’s collection, appears to be only an imperfect
specimen of this species. Mr. Broderip doubted if this might not
be the case, when he described it.

4. Placunanomia abnormalis.

White, radiated, ribbed. Upper valve with two scars, confluent
on the lower hinder edge; the upper one rather the largest.

“ Placunomia abnormalis, Soiv.” in Brit. Mus. ; Gray, P. Z. S.
1849, 121.
a. West Indies.

ANOMIAD^.

11

These three species are very nearly related to each other, and if
it were not for the difference in the position of the scars, might be
taken for one. The first is white, and the two last have a brown
blotch on the internal surface of the dorsal valve.

*** Shell ovale, not plicated ; radiately ribbed. Perforation of
lower valve large, only slightly embracing the large thin plug.
Monia.

Monia, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 121.

f American.

5. Placunanomia macbochisjia.

Upper valve with two scars, partly confluent on the lower hinder
edge ; the upper scar largest. Lower valve with an oval, oblique
scar, narrowed behind, rather in front of the plug.

Anomia macrochisma, Deshayes, Rev. Cuvier, Zool. 1839, 369;
Mag. de Zool. 1841, t. 34.

Placunanomia Broderipii, Gray, B. M. 1842, and Mus. Cuming.
Placunanomia macrochisma, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 121.

a, b. Kamtschatka.

M. Deshayes observes ; “ On sait que dans le plus grand nombre
des Anomies la perforation se reduit ordinairement en un simple
echancrure, parce que les deux parties du bord superieur ne se re-
joignent jamais. Ici au contraire le troa est complete, et la valve
est reellement perforee.’’ This character is common to all the spe-
cies of Placunanomia. M. Deshayes does not figure nor describe
the plug. The habitat, “Cagayan, Lucon,’’ assigned to this species
by Mr. G. B. Sowerby must be a mistake. It is the specimen refer-
red to by Mr. Broderip in the observations on the genus in the Pro-
ceedings of the Zoological Society.

6. Placunanomia cepio.

Scars two, far apart ; upper very large, ovate, longitudinal, cen-
tral ; lower smaller, oblong, oblique, rather behind the upper.

Plug large, flat, broad. Notch large, wide.

Placunanomia Cepio, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 121.

a. Adult, California. Presented by Lady Katherine Wigram.

12

CATALOGUE OF

7. Placunanomia ALOPE.

Upper valve flat, smooth, radiately striated. Scars two, well se-
parated, rounded, equal-sized.

Placunanomia alope. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 122.

a, h. California. Two upper valves. Presented by Lady Ka-
therine Wigram.

ft European.

8. Placunanojiia patelliformis.

Shell suborbicular, convex or quite flat, radiately striated ; inner
disk greenish. Apex rather within the dorsal margin.

The upper muscular scar of the dorsal valve very large, oblong;
the lower one small, roundish, on the lower part of the hinder mar-
gin of the upper one.

I’he peduncle of the cartilage with a triangular cavity in front,
under the tip, and continued in an oblong, rib-like ridge towards
the centre of the shell.

Anomia patelliformis, Linn. S. N. 1152; Nov. Act. Upsal. 1773,

i. 42, t. 5, f. 6, 7 ; Relzius, Nov. Gen. Test. ii. ; Sars, fide Mus.
Cuming ; Loren, Moll, Scund. 30 ; Forbes Hanley, Brit. Moll.
334, t. 56 ; Wood, Index Test. t. 10, f. 10, not Chemn.

Squama Magna, Chemn. Conch, vii. 87, t. 77, f. 697.

Anomia Squama, Gmelin, S. N. ; Schumacher, Essai.

Ostreum striatum. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 162, t. 11, f. 4.

Anomia undulatim striata, &c., Chemn. Conch, viii. 8, t. 77, f. 699.
Anomia undulata, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. i. 3346 ; Mont. Test. Brit.
157, t. 4, f . 6 ; Maton ^ Racket, Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 103 ;
Turlon, Conch. Diet. 4, Bivalves, 230, t. 18, f. 8, 9 ; Dillw. R.
S. i. 289 ; Wood, Didex, Test. t. 1 1 , f. 9.

Ostrea striata, Pulteney in Hist. Dorset, 36 ; Donovan, B. Shells,

ii. t. 45 ; Mont. T. B. 153, 580.

Anomia striata, Loven, Index Moll. Scand. 29 ; Forbes ^ Hanley,
Brit. Moll. 336, t. 55, f. 1,6, t. 53, f. 6.

Placunanomia patelliformis. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 122.

a, b, c, d. Adult and young. British shores. Mus. Montague.
e, f. Coast of Devonshire.

This species is easily known from the other European species of
the family by being generally thicker and regularly radiately rib-
bed, and greenish ; but the number and position of the muscular
scars at once separate it from all the multiform varieties of that
species. Some authors, overlooking the latter character, have been
inclined to regard it as a mere variety of Anomia ephippium.

ANOMIAD^.

13

fff Australian.

9. Placunanomia zealandica.

Suborbicular, white, smooth ; upper valve with distant, radiating
grooves ; internally dark green.

Upper valve with two confluent scars ; upper ohlong, longitudi-
nal, lower rather small and more transverse.

Anomia Zealandica, Gray, in Dieffenhach’s New Zealand, ii. 261,
1843.

Placunanomia Zealandica, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 123.

a. Adult specimen. New Zealand : on the inside of mussel
shells. Presented hy Dr. Stanger.

10. Placunanomia ione.

Shell white, laminar ; edge of the laminae with small, slender,
elongated processes ; internally green.

Lower muscular scars small, round, on the lower hinder edge of
the larger one ; sinus or perforations large.

Placunanomia ione. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 123.

a. A single dorsal valve. On rocks, Australian Seas. Van
Diemen’s Land. Presented hy Dr. A. Sinclair.

11. Placunanomia COLON.

Shell (upper valve) flat, with rather irregular, flat, radiating ribs ;
white, lower spotted ; upper valve with two separate scars ; the
upper one ohlong, longitudinal, the lower one much smaller, cir-
cular.

Placunanomia colon. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 123.

Hab. ?

Mr. Cuming’s collection (no. 10). Mr. Humphrey’s collection
a single upper valve of a rather young shell.

2. ANOMIA.

Upper valves with three suhcentral muscular scars; byssal notch
distinct ; the upper part of the anterior lobe of the notch separate
from and often partially overlapping the front of the cardinal
edge ; the plug thick, elongate, entirely shelly, and quite free
from the edge of the notch.

C

14

CATALOGUE OF

Anomia, Muller, 1776 ; Retzius, 1788 ; Lamk. 1801 ; Megerle,
1811 ; Grai/, P. Z. S. 1849, 114.

Anomia, pars, Linn, S. N.

Anomia, A. SchumacJi. Essai, 1817.

Echion and Echinonoderma, sp. Pali, Sicil. Test. i. 34, 1791, ii.
255, 1795.

Fenestrella, Bolten, Mus. 1798, 2 ed. 134, 1819.

Lampades, pars, Gevers, 1787.

“ jEnigma, Koch,’’ according to the cabinet of Mr. Cuming.

It is by no means certain that all the species here indicated are
distinct, or are to be distinguished by the characters assigned to
them, unassisted by the country which they inhabit : but they seem
distinct, and it appears to be desirable that they should be distin-
guished until we have the means of more completely investigating
them, and of examining and comparing the' animals which form
them.

* The upper scar in dorsal valve lurge ; two lowe7' scars smaller,
and nearly under the upper one. Shell suborbicular. Anomia.

Anomia, Gray, Proc. ZooL Soc. 1849, 114.

f European.

1. Anomia ephippium.

Shell white, yellow, rosy or red brown ; upper valve radiated ; in-
ternally pearly. The upper soar large, oblong, the two others ra-
ther smaller, subeqnal, one above the other ; the lowest of the two
rather more behind. Plug large, broad, short ; the sinus in lower
valve large.

Anomia Ephippium, Linn. S. N. 1150 ; Chemn. viii. 82, t. 76, f.
692, 693 ; Mont. T. B. 155 ; Lamk. Syst. 138 ; Dilhv. R. S. i.
286 ; Poll, Test. ii. 186, t. 20, f. 9, 10 ; Lamk. Hist. vi. 226, 2
ed. vii. 273, n. 1 ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 116.

Anomia Tunica Cepa, Dacosta, B. Conch. 166, t. 11, f. 3.

Anomia cepa, lAnn. S. N. 1151 ; Chemn. viii. 85, t. 76, f. 694,
695; Dillw. R. S. i. 287; Poli, Test. ii. 182, t. 30, f. 1-8;
Lamk. H. v. 227, 2 ed. vii. 274, n. 3.

Anomia violacea, Brug. Enc. Meth. 71.

Anomia plicata, Brooch. Conch. 665, t. 16, f. 9.

Anomia scabrella, Philippi, Sicil. i. 92, ii. 65, t. 18, f. 1.

Anomia polymorpha, Philippi, Sicil. i. 92, ii. 65.

Anomia costata, Brocchi, 463, t. 10, f. 9.

ANOMIAD^.

15

Anomia sulcata, Poli, Test. Sicil. t. 30, f. 12 ; Brooch, t. 10, f. 2.
Anomia radiata, Brocehi, t. 10, f. 10.

Anomia pectiniformis, Poli, Sicil. t. 30, f. 13, on a Pecten ; Phi-
lippi, Sicil. ii. 63, t. 18, f. 3.

Anomia margaritacea, Poli, Sicil. t. 30, f. 11 ; Philippi, Sicil. ii.
63.

Anomia electrica, Linn. S. N. 1151 ; Chemn. Conch, viii. t. 76, f.

691 ; Lamk. Hist. vi. 227, 2 ed. vii. 274, n. 4.

Anomia squamula, Linn. S. N. 1151 ; Chemn. Conch, viii. 86, t.

76, f. 696 ; Lamk. Hist. vi. 228, 2 ed. vii. 275, n. 8.

Anomia punctata, Chemn. Conch, viii. 88, t. 77, f. 698 ; Dillw. R.
S. ii. 288.

Anomia aculeata, Muller, Z. D. Prod. 249 ; Chemn. viii. 92, t. 77,
f. 702 ; Mont. T. B. 157, t. 4, f. 5 ; Dillw. R. S. i. 288.

Anomia scabra, Solander fide Dillwyn.

Anomia lens, Lamk. Hist. vi. 228, 2 ed. vii. 276, n. 9.

? Anomia aspera, Philippi, Sicil. ii. 65, t. 18, f. 4.

Anomia elegans, Philippi, Sicil. ii. 65, t. 18, f. 2.

Anomia patelliformis, Chemn. C. viii. 89, t. 77, f. 700 ; Dilbv. R.
S. i. 290.

Anomia striatula, Bruguiere, Enc. Meth. 74.

? Anomia bifida, Chemn. Conch, viii, 79, t. 76, f. 689, 690 ; Dillw.
R. S. 290.

Anomia cylindrica, Gmelin, S. N. 3349 ; Dillw. R. S. i. 291.
Anomia cymbiformis, Maton ^ Racket, Linn. Trans, viii. 104, t. 3
f. 6 ; Mont. Supp. 64.

Anomia coronata. Bean, Mag. N. Hist.

Anomia patellaris, Lamk. Hist. 2 ed. vii. 273, n. 2 ; Deles. Receuil,
t. 17, f. 3.

Anomia pyrifovmis, Lamk. Hist. vi. 227, 2 ed. vii. 175, u. 5 ; Deles.
Rec. t. 17, f. 4.

Anomia fornicata, Lamk. Hist. vi. 228, 2 ed. vii. 275, n. 6 = Enc.
M. t. 170, f. 45.

PAnomia membranacea, Lamk. Hist. vi. 228, 2 ed. vii. 275, n. 7
= Enc. Meth. t. 170, f. 1-3 ?

.^Anomia cucullata, Bruguiere, E. M. 70.

d, b, c, d. Adult. Europe.

e. Adult. From back of Pecten. JiOwer valve radiated. Eu-
rope.

/, g, h. Small, very convex. On Cerithium vulgatum. Malta.
Presented by Miss Emilie Attersoll.

i. Small, very convex, obliquely costated from a costated shell.
Malta. Presented by Miss E. Attersoll.

j. Shell thick, radiately striated. Coast of Africa. Presented

by Capt. Owen, R.N. C 2

16

CATALOGUE OF

ft Asialic.

2. Anomia amabsus.

Flat, white, smooth ; internally pearly, with a very thin disk.
Upper scar moderate ; lower scars two, rather large (nearly as
large as the upper one), confluent into a broad, oblong scar.
Anomia amabteus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 113.

Hab. Philippines, Island Buraas (Jackass Island) ; on stones,
sand, ten fathoms. Mr. Cuming’s collection.

3. Anomia CYT.ffiUM.

Shell suborbicular, smooth ; internally reddish. Upper muscular
scars very large, subcordate; lower two, suborbicular, smaller, nearly
equal-sized ; the upper in the notch of the upper one ; the lower
hinder close to lower hinder edge of the upper one ; sinus in lower
valve large.

Anomia cyteeum. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 115.

Hab. China, Eiver Zangtze Keang ; Fortune. Mr. Cuming’s
collection. Two specimens.

4. Anomia dryas.

Suborbicular, flat, white ; upper valve internally and radiately
lined. Upper scar large, oblong ; lower scars two, small, circular,
nearly confluent, placed side by side nearly on the same line.

Anomia Dryas, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 115.

Hab. Singapore. On dead shells, ten fathoms, in course sand
and gravel. One small specimen. Mr. Cuming’s collection.

5. Anomia ACHiEus.

Shell purplish, smooth ; umbo rather acute ; upper valve gene-
rally convex ; inside pui-plish white. Upper muscular scar large,
lower edge slightly arched ; lower scars two, small, nearly equal-
sized ; the hinder rather lower than the other.

Anomia achaeus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 115.

a, b, c, d, e,f. Dorsal valves only. Indian Ocean, Kurachee,
mouth of the Indus. Presented by Major Baker.

Major Baker sent to the Museum a very large series of the dor-
sal valves of this species, collected at Kurachee. They are ex-

anomiaDjE.

17

tremely variable in form, surface, colour and thickness, and they
also offer considerable variety in the disposition of the muscular
scar. In all the upper scar is largest, but variable in shape
from round to broad cordate. In most the two lower scars are close
together, but separate, and nearly on the same line. In others the
lower scar is rather lower than the middle one, and in a few (four)
specimens, which are mostly produced posteriorly, the lower scar is
much lower ; that is to say, in some the upper edge is parallel with
the lower edge of the middle one. In one specimen the two lower
scars are on the same line, and are confluent together, forming a
scar about the same size as the upper scar, yet showing that the
lower scar is formed by two muscles ; so that this valve cannot be
confounded with a Placunanomia.

The examination of this series of specimens from the same loca-
lity I think shows, that though the comparative size and disposition
of the scars may furnish good characters for the distinction of the
species, yet they are not to be relied on.

6. AnOMIA BELESIS.

White or red ; the upper jiart of the centre of the dorsal valve
white, externally radiately striated ; apex acute, at some distance
from the dorsal edge. Upper valve with three separate scars, the
upper one very large, oblong, and ratber transverse ; two lower
ones veiy small, nearly equal. sized, and nearly on the same line.

Anomia belesis. Gray, P. Z, S. 1849, 116, Moll. t. 4, f. 3, 4.

а. White, rather thick. Indian Ocean. Presented by Gene-
ral Hardwicke.

б, c. Red. Indian Ocean. Presented by General Hardwicke.
Specimen figured P. Z. S. 1849, t. 4, f. 3, 4.

-f-ff American.

7. Anomia acontes.

Yellowish white, suborbicular, flat, smooth ; disk pearly. Upper
scar moderate, subcircular ; lower scars smaller, distant, circular,
subequal, the lower one nearly on a line with the lower edge of
the middle one.

Anomia acontes. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 116.

Ifab. Jamaica. One small specimen in Mr. Cuming’s collection.

18

CATALOGUE OF

8. Anomia fidenas.

White, pearly, thin, flat, smooth externally, pearly within, with a
thick white disk. Upper scar large, elongate, arched below; lower
scars two, small, circular, far apart, the lower one considerably be-
low the other.

Anomia fidenas. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 117.

Hab. America, west coast. Panama ; on Pinna at low water.
Mus. Cuming, no. 2 ; three speeimens.

9. Anomia adamas.

Red, thick, with numerous, indistinct, radiating ribs, most dis-
tinct on the edge of the lamina ; internally red, pearly, with a small
white disk. Upper muscular scar oblong, arched below ; lower scars
subequal, separate, but close together, and nearly on the same line.

Anomia adamas. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 117.

Hab. Galapagos ; Lord Hood’s Island, attached to Avicula inar-
garitifera at nine fathoms. Mus. Cuming, no. 5 ; three specimens.

10. Anomia pacilus.

Red, with distinct radiating ribs ; internally reddish pearly, with
a thick white disk. Upper muscular scar oblong, broad, lower
edge arched ; lower scars two, rather smaller, nearly similar in
size, rather close together, but separate, the hinder one rather lower
than the other.

Anomia pacilus. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 117.

Hab. Peru ; Tumbez. Dredged from five fathoms in soft mud.
Mus. Cuming, no. 9.

11. Anomia labbas.

Shell white, smooth, lower valve pale green. Upper muscular
scar large ; lower scars two, nearly as large as, and close to, the
upper one, nearly equal, and nearly in a line.

Anomia larbas. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 117.

Hab. Coast of Peru, Payta. Mus. Cuming.

ANOMIAD^.

19

12. Anomia alectus.

Irregular, upper valves convex, reddish, internally pearly ; lower
valve green, internally green. Upper scar large, oblong; lower
scars two, large, rather smaller than the upper one, close together,
but not confluent ; the lowest one the largest.

Anomia alectus, G^ray, P. Z. S. 1849, 117.

a. Dorsal valve. Peru, Bay of Guayaquil. Presented by R.
B. Hinds, Esq.

b. Yellow, perfect. N. coast of America. Presented by Capt.
Sir Edward Belcher, C.B., R.N.

13. Anomia hajiillus.

Reddish, thin, sinuous. Dorsal valve with a triangular, white,
porcellaneous disk. Upper scar large, roundish ; lower scars two,
separate, close together, nearly equal-sized, small, and nearly on the
same line.

Anomia hamillus, Gray, P. Z. S, 1849, 117.

Hab. West Columbia, Bay of Canes. Mus. Cuming, no. 6.

14. Anomia lampe.

Shell yellowish gi-een, radiately costated ; internally green. Up-
per muscular scar large, squareish ; lower two rather smaller, sub-
equal, near together and to the upper scar, and nearly on the same
line ; sinus in lower valve very large.

Anomia lampe, Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 117.

a, b, c. Single valves, yellow and red. California. Presented
by Lady Katherine Wigram.

ffi-f- Fossil.

15. Anomia tenuisteiata.

Shell very variable in shape, regularly radiately striated ; sinus
of lower valve very large, ovate. Dorsal valve with three nearly
equal muscular scars very close together ; the two lower small,
placed close together side by side, just on the lower margin of the
upper scar, the hinder one being rather behind the hinder edge of
the upper one.

Ostrea anomialis, Lamk. Hist. An. sans Vert. vi. 220.

Anomia Ephippium, Defrance, Diet. Sci. Nat. ii.

20

CATALOGUE Of

Anomia striatula, Desk. Coq. Foss. Paris, t. 65, f. 7, 11.

Anotnia tenuistriata, Desk. Coq. Foss. Paris, i. 377, in Lamk. Hist.
vii. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 118.
a, b, c, d, e, ^c. Fossil, Grignon. From M. Deshayes collec-
tion.

The very characteristic scars of the dorsal valve are well shown
in M. Deshayes’ plate above referred to, but not mentioned in the
description.

Upper scar of dorsal valves large ; two loiver scars smaller, far
behind the upper one. Shell oblong, transverse. .^Inigma. Koch.
.Enigma, Koch, MSS, ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 118.

16. Anomia .enigmatica.

Shell elongate, transverse, oblong, purple or yellowish, with a
purple disk ; apex acute, considerably within the dorsal edge.

The upper scar large, suborbicular, subcentral ; lower scars two,
much more posterior, small, equal-sized, and nearly confluent.
Tellina senigmalica, Chemn. Conch, xi. t. 199, f 1949, 1950.
Anomia rosea. Gray, Ann. Philos. 1825, 5.

Anomia senigmatica, Alton in Wiegrnann, Arch. 1837, Verz. 21 ;
Reeve, Nomen. Conch. ; Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 118.

Hab. Indian Ocean.

Var. 1. Elongate, purplish brown, smooth, flat. Chemn. 1. c.
f. 1949, 1950.

Hab. Indian Ocean, on the surface of flat wooden piles. See.
a, b. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming’s collection.

Var. 2. Like former, but more elongated, and the sides folded to-
gether, from being on a concave surface.

Anomia naviformis, Jonas ; fide Mus. Cuming.
iEnigma, sp. Koch ; fide Mus. Cuming.

c, d. Bengal, on wood.

Var. 3. Flat, smooth ; like Var. 1, but yellow, with a dark pur-
ple brown, transverse ray.

e,f. Philippines. From Mr. Cuming’s collection.

Var. 4. Flat, purple ; like Var. 1, but often more ovate, and with
a few radiating ribs, ending in projections, making the edge sinu-
ous.

g. Singapore, on piles of wood forming the wharves. From
Mr. Argent’s collection.

ANOMIAD^.

21

*** Two upper scars small ; loiver one large. Shell suborbicular ;
sinus small. Patro.

Patro, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 118.

17. Anomia elyros.

White, lamellar, closely radiately striated. The disk of the upper
valve with three separate subcircular scars; the two upper scars
small, subequal, one under the other; the lower one large, nearly
circular, subcentral. Notch in lower valve very small. Plug small,
elongate, subcylindrical ; the notch small, with reflexed edges.

Anomia elyros. Gray, P. Z. S. 1849, 118 ; Moll. t. 4, f. 1, 2.

a, b, c, d. Adult, thick ; disk white, thick. Port Essington.

Presented by the Earl of Derby,
e,/. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.

g. Adult. Depuch Island. Presented by Capt. Wickham.

h. Adult, thin ; disk thin. Port Essington. Presented by
Capt. Sir Everard Home, Bart., E.N.

The small size of the upper scars in this species probably depends
on the small size and elongated form of the plug. The other spe-
cies, which have the upper scar the largest, have at the same time
a larger notch and a broader plug.

3. LIMANOMIA.

Shell adherent, longitudinal, subequivalve, inequilateral ; umbo
curved to the right, regularly curved on each side, cardinal edge
transverse, oblique, inclined to the right ; valves thin near umbo,
slightly radiately ribbed ; lower valve with a subtriangular
notch near the umbo, under the ear ; cartilage ridge ?

muscular scars ? Plug triangular, calcareous, with

a narrow, scalariform impression.

Limanomia, Bouchard, Chantereceux MSS. (in letter) 1850.

This fossil genus, which has the external form of a Lima and the
plug and habit of Anomia, has hitherto only been found in the De-
vonian limestone.

22

CATALOGUE OF ANOMIAD*.

* Shells adherent, sometimes aggregate.

1. Liman OMIA Geaviana.

Shell ovate, longitudinal, radiated and dichotomously ribbed ;
ribs of upper valve strong, under far apart, of lower valve flat,
broad and near together.

Limanomia Grayiana, Bouchard MSS. ^ figure.

Fossil. Devonian limestone, Boulogne.

See also Limanomia multicosta, and L. Lineolaria.

** Shell isolated, attached to Terebratula or Spinfer.

2. Limanomia gibba.

Shell orbicular, gibbous ; upper valve very concave, cancellated,
concentrically ribbed, and finely undulately radiated ; lower valve
smooth, concave in the centre.

Limanomia gibba, Bouchard MSS.

Fossil. Devonian limestone, Boulogne.

Printed by E. Newman, 9, Devonshire Street, Bishopsgate.

CATALOGUE

OF THE

MOLLUSCA

THE COLLECTION

OF THE

BRITISH MUSEUM.

PART IV.

BRACHIOPODA ANCYLOPOHA,

OR

LAMP SHELLS.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1853.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

The chief objects in forming the present Synoptical Cata-
logue have been, to exhibit at one view a complete list of all
the specimens of Brachiopodous Mollxjsca in the Bri-
tish Museum Collection, and to furnish such an account of
the species knovra to exist in other collections, but which
are at this time desiderata in the British Museum, as the
materials at hand would permit me to compile, in order to
enable travellers, collectors, and others, to assist in com-
pleting the national collection.

For this purpose, short descriptions have been given of
all the genera and species of recent Brachiopoda now known
to exist in the dilferent museums and private collections,
and of the better-known fossil species of the various fami-

IV

lies. At the end of each description is added the country,
or strata, and other peculiarities of each species mentioned.

Great attention has been paid to dates, and the generic
and specific names which appear to possess priority in this
respect have been adopted.

Keference has also been made to the works in which the
genera and species appear to have been first described or
noticed.

Mr. S. P. Woodward has kindly assisted in the pre-
paration of the Catalogue, especially as regards the fossil
species, and in dravring the illustrations, which have been
engraved by Miss Ann Waterhouse of the School of
Design.

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.

January 11th, 1853.

CATALOGUE

OF

BMCHIOPODA OE LAMP-SHELLS

IN

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

Class 11. BRACHIOPODA.

Shell inequivalve, equilateral, attached by a muscular peduncle,
or by the surface of one valve, or free ; valves applied to the
dorsal and ventral sides of the animal, imited by muscles and
mostly articulated by teeth ; dorsal valve* usually smallest, always
free, furnished internally wdth sockets for the hinge-teeth, and
with shelly processes t for the support of the animal ; ventral
valve usually largest, and with its umbo produced and perforated
for the passage of the peduncle, frequently attached by its outer
surface, and generally provided internally with two prominent
teeth j periostracum thick, sometimes developed into concentric
lamellae.

Animal furnished with elongated labial appendages, or oral
arms, which are free or united by membrane and variously folded,

* 'Vt'hat is here called the dorsal valve has often been called the lower
valve, being usually below when the animal is in its natural position
attached to marine bodies ; but it has been found to cover the back of
the animal.

t Sometimes termed an “ internal skeleton ” or “ apophysary
system.”

B

2

BRACHIOPODA.

being usually spiral, and having their outer margin fringed with
cirri ; mantle-lobes closely applied to the valves, fringed with
horny seta, and furnished with large branching veins ; digestive
organs occupying a small space near the umbones, separated by
a strong membrane from the general cavity of the shell in which
the ciiTated arms are expanded; respiration performed by the
vessels of the mantle ; circulation effected by two hearts, each
having an auricle and a ventricle ; sexes united ? ; ova developed
in vascular sinuses, or in the large veins.

Habit marine, ranging from low water to 100 fathoms ; in all
climates and seas {Woodward MS.).

Ostreacia; Subfam. Placunia, part., Rajinesque, Anal. 148, 1816.
Poleteria; Brachiopea, Rajinesque, Anal. 148, 1815.
Brachiopoda, Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. i. 44, & in Roissy, Moll. vi.
460, 1805.

Dumeril, Trait. 4lem. 1806.

Lamk. Phil. Zool. 1809, 317.

Latr. Fam. Nat. 1825.

Schweigg. Naturg. 689, 1820.

Rang, Man. 257. 1829.

Flem. Brit. An. 1828, 256, 377-
Menke, Syn. i. 95, 1836.

Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc. i. 22.

Gray, Syn. B. M. 1840; 1842, 85; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847,
202 ; Ann. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. ii. 435, 1848.

Anomia, part., Linn. S. Nat.

Criopus or Criopoderma, Poll, Test. Sicil. 1 792,

Branchiopoda, Risso, Hist. iv. 1826.

Swains. Malac. 1840.

Spirobrachiophora, Gray, Med. Repos. 1821,238.

Lingulacea, Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat. x. 1818.

Acephalophora palliobranehia, Blainville, Prodr. 1814.

Acephala Brachiopoda, Anton, Verz. Conch. 12, 1839.

Acephala Palliobranchiata or Brachiopoda, Forbes Sf Hanley,
Brit. Moll. ii. 339.

Conchiferes monomyaires. Sect. in. (Les Rudistes et Les Bra-
chiopodes), Lamk. Hist. vi. 229.

Conchiferes Brachiopodes, Lamk. Hist. vi. 241.

Mol. acephala testacea monomyaria (monomyaires), part., Lamk.
Hist. vi. 1, 2nd ed. vii. 1 .

Acephales testaces, Brachiopodes (and Ostracees, part.), Lamk.
Ext. du Cours, 104, 1812.

Rang, Man. Moll. 267.

Palliobranchiata or Palliobranches, Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxxii.
1824.

King, Ann. ^ Mag. N. H. xviii. 1846.

BRACHIOPODA.

3

Multivalves, part., Megerle, Berl. Mag. 1811.

Therozoa Braeliiopoda, Eichwald, Zool. Spec. i. 272, 1831.
Mollusques Agames Endocephales Brachiopodes, Lair. Fam. Nat.

1825.

Palliobranchiata seu Brachiopodes, Van der Hoev. Handb. der

Zool. 692, 1850.

In 1798 M. Cuvier (Legons d’ Anatomic Comparee, Ann.vii. i.
tab. 5) placed the Brachiopods with Hyalaa in the thu-d dmsiou
of the shell-bearing ace])halous mollusca, which he afterwards
named Brachiopodes. Thus ;

1. Terebratules. Terebratula, Calceola, Hyalsea.

2. Lingules. Lingula.

3. Orbicules. Orbicula.

In 1812 Lamarck {Extrait du Cours, 8vo, p. 105) regarded the
Brachiopods as part of the Acephales testaces.

§ 1. Les Brachiopodes. Lingule, Terebratule, Orbicule.

§ 2. Ostracees. Radiolite, Calceole, Cranie, Anomie, and other
bivalve shells.

In 1815 Rafinesque {Analyse de la Nature, 12mo, p. 148) di-
vided the present Brachiopodes between the family Ostreacia of
the Bivalvia, subfamily Placunea. 1. Calceolina = Calceola,
2. Cranicella= Crania.

Family Brachiopea of Poleteria. 1. Orbicula. 2. Terebra-
tula. 3. Lingula.

In 1817 M. Cuvier {Reg. Anim. ii. and ed. 2, 1829, iii, 122)
considered Les Brachiopodes as a class containing

1. Les Lingules.

2. Les Terebratules (Spiriferes, Thecidees).

3. Les Orbicules (Cranies, Diseines).

In 1818 Lamarck {Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertebres) re-
garded the Brachiopods as forming the gi-eater part of his third
section of the CoNCHiFkRES monomyaires,

1. Les Rudistes. 1. Spheruhte. 2. Radiolite. 3. Calceola.

4. Birostrite. 5. Discine. 6. Cranie.

2. Les Brachiopodes. 1. Orbicule. 2. Terebratule. 3. Lin-
gule.

In 1819 M. de Ferussac {Tabl. Syst. Moll. fol. 38) regarded
Les Brachiopodes as a class of the Acephales, and divided them
into

Fam. 1. Les Lingules. Lingule.

2. Les Terebratules. Terebratule, Magas.

3. Les Cranies. Orbicule, Cranie, Thecidee.

B2

4

BKACHIOPODA.

and placed Calceole in the family Rudiste of the class Lamelli-
branches.

In 1825 M. de Blainville [Manuel Malac. 8vo) divided the
class Acephalophores into four Orders ; the following contain what
are now considered Brachiopods.

Order 1. Palliobbanches.

1. Coquille symm&rique. Lingule, Terebratule, Thecidie,
Strophomene, Plagistome, Dianchore, Podopside.

2. Coquille non-symmetrique, irregulihre, constamment adM-
rente. Orbicule, Cranie.

Order 11. Rudistbs. Sphaerulite, Hippurite, Radiolite, Bi-
rostrite, Calceole.

In 1825 M. Latreille [Fam. Nat. Reg. Anim. 8vo, 196) divided
the Mollusques Agames Endocephales Brachiopodes into two
Orders and three Families, thus ;

1. Pedoncules. 1. Equivalves, lAngule. 2. Inequivahes,Te-
rebratule.

2. Sessiles. 1. Fixivalves, Orbicule, Cranie, Acarde, Sphseru-
lite. Placing the genus Calceole in the family Ostraces of Con-
chiferes.

In 1829 M. Rang [Manuel des Mollusques, 12mo, Paris, p. 257)
arranged the Acephales Testaces Brachiopodes thus :

I. Lingules. Lingule.

II. Terebratules. Terebratule, Strophomene, Thecidee, Cal-
ceole.

III. Cranies. Cranie, Orbicule.

In 1834 Leopold von Buch [Ueber die Terebrateln, Berlin,
4to) gives the following arrangement : —

A. Attached by the border.

* Between the two valves no hinge-line. 1. Lingula.

** At the border of the dorsal valve above the hinge.

t One valve perforated.

0. This perforation separated from the hinge-line by a delti-
dium. 2. Terebratula (Atrypa, Orthis, Strigocephalus, Uncites,
Pentamerus, Magas).

00. The perforation is triangular, open, of which the base
rests on the hinge-line, and the apex reaches to the apex of one
valve. 3. DeltJiyris (Spirifer, Cyrtia, Gypidia).

tt Neither valve perforated.

0, A large cardinal area. 4. Calceola.

00. No cardinal area. 6. Leptana (Producta, Strophomena).

B. Attached by the lower side.

a. Middle of the lower valve perforated for attachment.
6. Orhicula.

b. Lower valve entii-e, attached by its whole face. 7. Crania.

BRACHIOPODA.

5

In 1836 M. Deshayes {Lamk. Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert. vii.
309) proposed the following arrangement : —

Brachiopodes.

I. Valves articulees. — 1. Productes, Produetus. 2. Terebra-
tules, Terebratule. 3. Thecidees, Thecidee.

II. Valves libres. — 4. Lingules, Lingule. 5. Orbiculees, Or-
bicule. 6. Cranies, Calceola, Cranie.

Dr. Gray in 1840 {Synopsis Brit. Mus. 1840, i. f. 7) divided
the order thus

The family of Terebratulidee are regular, and somewhat like a
Grecian lamp in form, and have therefore been called Lamp-
shells. The valves are articulated together, and are attached by
means of a tendinous band, which passes out of the hole in the
apex of the upper valve as in Terehratula and Spirifer.

The Lingulida are attached by a tendinous tube, resembling
the stem of the Barnacles, which projects between the apices of
the gaping valves.

The Discinidw, on the other hand, have the tendon passing
out of a linear slit near the middle of the under valve.

And at p. 155 gives a list of the genera as follows ; —

1. Lingulidce, Lingula. 2. Terebratulidce, Terehratula, Spi-
rifer. 3. Productidce, Produetus, Calceola. 4. Thecideidee,
Thecidea. 5. Craniadm, Crania. 6. Discinidee, Discina.

In 1841 Mr. John Phillips {Figures and Descriptions of the
Paleeozoic Fossils, 8vo, p. 54) arranged the genera of Brachiopoda
thus : —

1. Valve free, attachment by exserted muscle.

A. Valves equal. 1. Lingula.

B. Valves unequal.

a. Larger valves imperforate, Athyridce; * no cardinal area,
Producta ; ** a cardinal area, Calceola.

b. Larger valve perforated in or under the beak.

Perforation reaching to the hinge-line, Delthyrida.

Cardinal area more or less common to both valves, Orthis.

Cardinal area confined to the large valve. * Internal plate of the
larger valves separate, Spirifera. ** Internal plates of the larger
valve united on the inside line of the shell, t Plate narrow,
Strigocephalus. ft Plates very narrow, Pentamerus.

Cardinal area obsolete, beak incm-ved over a minute perfora-
tion, which is often obtect, or merely serves to receive the beak
of the smaller valve, Cleiothyris.

Perforation not reaching to the hinge-line, Cyclothyridce.
* Beak truncate, perforate, Epithyris. ** Beak acute, the per-
foration below it, Hypothyris.

6

BRACHIOPODA.

In 1842 Dr. Gray {Synopsis Brit. Mus. 1842, 88) proposed
the following division for the class Brachiopoda : —

“ Some are attached by means of a tendinous cord, which
passes out between or in a groove in one of the valves. The
family of Lingulidce are attached by a tendinous tube, resembling
the stem of the Barnacles, which projects between the apices of
the gaping valves, as in Lingula.

“ The family of Terebratulidm are regular and somewhat
like a Grecian lamp in form, and have therefore been called
Lamp-shells. The valves are articulated together, and the
animals are attached by means of a tendinous hand, which passes
out of the hole in the apex of the upper valve, as in the Tere-
bratulae and Spirifer.

“ The family Discinidce, on the other hand, have the tendon
passing out of a linear slit near the middle of the under valve ;
the shell is suborbicular, and the upper valve conical, hke a
Patella, but more symmetrical — Discina.

“ Others are immediately attached by the outer surface of
their under shell.

“ The family of Craniadce are attached by their flat lower
valve, which has an obhque facet on the upper side ; the upper
valve is suborbicular, conical, with a subcentral apex like the
DiscincB : the muscular scars of the lower valves bear some re-
semblance to a face, hence the name of Crania.

“ The family of Thecideidce are fossil shells, very like the last,
but only attached by the apex of the lower valves, which is pro-
duced and somewhat lamp-hke, and the cavity is furnished with
a comphcated apparatus to support the internal organs, as in
TerebratulidcB — Thecidea.

“ The family of ProductidcB are fossils, probably aUied to the
latter ; one valve is concave, the other flat, or concave and pressed
into the cavity of the other ; the hinge-hne is straight and the
shell subs3Tnmetrical — Productus, Calceola.”

In 1846 Mr. W. King {Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. xviii. 1846, p. 28)
divided the genera of Palliobranchiata into the following fami-
lies : —

1. ObolidcB. 1. Obolus.

2. LingulidcB. 1. Lingula.

3. Orbiculida. 1. Orbicxda.

4. CraniidcB. 1. Crania. 2. Siphonotreta.

5. CalceolidcB. 1. Calceola.

6. Strophomenidw. 1. Strophomena. 2. Orthis. 3. Lep-
taena. 4. Chonetes.

7. ProductidcB. 1. Productus. 2. Strophalosia.

BRACHIOPODA.

8. Terebratulida. 1. Terebratula. 2. Hypothyris, 3. Pen-
tamerus. 4. Camerophoria. 5. Uncites.

9. Spiriferida. 1. Spirifer. 2. Atrypa. 3. Martinia. 4. Stri-
gocephalus.

10. ThecideidcB. 1. Thecidia.

In 1847 M. d’Orbigny {Ann. Sci. Nat. 1847 ; Paleont. Franc.
Terr. Cret. iv. and Cours Ele'mentaire de Paleontologie, 12mo.
p. 80, 1849) proposed the following arrangement : —

Order I. Beachiopodes bkachides (Brachidce).

1. Brachides propre.

Fam. 1. LingulidtB. 1. Lingula. 2. Obolus.

2. CalceolidcB. 1. Calceola.

3. Productidce. 1. Productus. 2. Chonetes. 3. Leptsena.

4. OrthisidcE. 1. Stropbomena. 2. Orthisina. 3. Orthis.

5. RhynchonellidcB. 1. Hemithyris. 2. Rhynchonella. 3. Stri-
gocepbalus. 4. Porambonites.

6. Uncitidce. 1. Uncites. 2. Atrypa. 3. Pentamerus.

2. Semibrachides.

1. SpiriferidcB. 1. Cyrtia. 2. Spirifer. 3. Spiriferina. 4. Spi-
rigerina. 5. Spirigera.

2. Magasidce. 1. Magas. 2. Terebratulina.

3. TerebratulidcB. 1. Terebratella. 2. Terebrii-ostra. 3. Fissi-
rostra.

4. Orbiculidce. 1. Siphon otreta. 2. Orbicella. 3. Orbicu-
loidea. 4. Orbicula.

6. CranidcB, 1. Crania.

Order II. Beachiopodes cirrides {Cirrhidce).

1. Thecidee. I. Megathiris. 2. Thecidea.

2. CaprinidcB. I. Hippurites. 2. Caprina. 3. Caprinula.
4. Caprinella.

3. Radiolidee. I. Radiolites. 2. Biradiolites. 3. Caprotina.

In 1848 Ur. Gray {Ann. §• Mag. N. H. 1848, ii. p. 435 ;
Translated Wiegm. Arch. 1849, 98, and Loven, Arsb. 1845-1849,
213) proposed the following arrangement : —

Brachiopoda. — Subclass 1. Ancylopoda.

The oral arms not extensile, or only at the tip ; on fixed
shelly supports, or in grooves in the under or ventral valves ; the
mantle is adherent to the shell, the substance of the shell being
pierced with numerous minute perforations, which are pervaded
by the processes of the mantle.

8

BRACHIOPODA.

Order I. Ancylobrachia.

The oral arms are attached to two shelly plates arising from
the hinder or cardinal edge of the ventral valves ; they are re-
curved and convolute on the inner side of the lamina. The animals
are generally attached to marine bodies by a tendinous peduncle,
which passes through a hole in the top of the umbo of the larger
or dorsal valve ; this peduncle and the hole are sometimes obli-
terated in the older specimens.

The order only contains a single family,

Fam. 1 . Terehratulidw,

which is nearly synonymous with the smooth Terebratula of
Sowerby, the perforated Terebratula of Carpenter, the genus
Epithyris of Philhps and Terebratula of King, the family Tere-
bratulida of M‘Coy, and Cyclothyridce of Phillips.

The animal has been described by Linnaeus, Pallas, Ow'en,
Blainville, Philippi, D’Orhigny and others. In some genera the
hoops are united together below by a transverse band which is
attached to medial longitudinal ridges of the ventral valve, as in
Terebratula of Retzius = the Terebratella of D’Orbigny, as T.
dorsata and Magas, Sow. In others the hoop forms a ring, and
is free from the ventral valve, as Gryphus, Megerle^ Terebratula,
D’Orb. and Terebratulina, D’Orbigny, for T. vitrea and T. caput
serpentis. D’Orbigny indicates other genera under the names of
Terebrirostra and Fissirostra.

Order II. The Cryptobrachia
have the oral arms entirely attached in the form of two or more
lobed processes sunk into the grooves in the disc of the ventral
valve. They are generally thick shells. This order also con-
sists of only a single family.

Fam. 1. Thecideadee.

The animals are described by Phihppi and D’Orhigny. The
genus Argiope, De Longchamps = Megathiris, D’Orb. {Tereb.
detruncata) is attached by a tendon passing out of a very large
perforation below the beak of the dorsal valves : Philippi con-
founds this genus with his Orthis, which is different from the
Orthis of Dalman. Thecidcea has the shell attached by the trun-
cated apex of the dorsal valve, or it is free w'hen the apex is pro-
duced and entire. De Longchamps, who estahhshed the genus
Argiope in 1839, pointed out the affinity of this genus to The-
cidcea.

Subclass 2. Helictopoda.

The oral arms are elongate, regularly spirally twisted when in
repose. The mantle-lobes are merely appfied to the inner surface

BRACHIOPODA.

9

of the shell, and the substance of the valves is not pierced with
minute perforations, though the sm-face is sometimes spinulose,
the spines being only formed on the edge of the shell while it is
being increased in size.

Order III. Sclerobrachia.

The oral arms support a shelly band arising from the hinder
or cardinal edge of the ventral valve.

Fam. 1. Spiriferida.

The oral arms very largely developed and supported the whole
of their length by a thin shelly ? or cartilaginous ? spirally twisted
plate.

These shells are only known in the fossil state, hut the spiral
supports of the arms are generally preserved, and may be dis-
covered by sections of the fossil, and are often to be seen in the
fractured specimens.

This family is equivalent to the genus Spirifer of J. Sowerby
the father, the family Delthyrida, M‘Coy, who gave some ex-
cellent illustrations of the structure and the Spiriferidee of King.
D’Orbigny proposed some genera under the names of Spiriferina,
Spirigera and Spirigerina, according to the direction of the axis
of the spiral cones, but it is douhtfid if these genera are only new
names to those already established.

The Spirifer of Sowerby, as reduced by M‘Coy, and the Mar-
tinia of M‘Coy, have the hinge as long or longer than the width
of the shell. In Atrypa, Dalman, and Athyris, M‘Coy, it is
shorter and the shells oblong, rounder behind.

According to the description of Mr. King, the genus Strigo-
cephalus would appear to form the passage between this and the
next family {Ann. Nat. Hist. xvui. 89).

Fam. 2. RhynchonellideB .

The oral arms are elongate, fleshy, supported at the base by
two short, hard, diverging shelly laminae arising from the hinge-
margin of the ventral valve.

They are easily known from the Terebratulidm by the cavity of
the shell being without shelly plates, its substance not perforated,
and its surface being generally radiately plaited.

Only one species, T. psittacea, is known in the recent state ;
its animal has been described by Professor Owen. The family
is equivalent to the plaited Terebratula of the elder James Sowerby
and Von Buch, the non-perforated Terebratula of Carpenter, the
genus Hypothyris of Phillips, and part of the family Terebratu-
lidce of King. It contains the genus Rhynchonella of Fischer and
D’Orbigny = Hypothyris of Phillips ; Camerophoria, King ;

10

BRACHIOPODA.

t/Hcifes, Defrance?; Tn^'owosemwSjKcEiiig; ilAywc^ora, Dalman ;
Pygope, Link ; Delthyridaa, M‘Coy ; Pentamerus, Sowerby.

Order IV. Sarcicobrachia.

The oral arms fleshy to the base and without any shelly sup-
port ; the lower valve without any processes on the hinge-margin
or disc, or except sometimes a shght medial longitudinal elevation.

Fam. 1. Productidee

consists entirely of fossil species, some much resembling those
of the former family, but the shells are generally spinose ; they
are only attached to marine bodies by the surface of the ventral
valve, as the genera Productus, Sow. ; Strophalosia, King ; Cho-
netes, Fischer; Leptmna and Orthis, Dalman; Strophomena,
Rafinesque ; and Calceola, Lamk. This family comprises Mr.
King’s ProductidcB, Strophomenida and Calceolide.

Fam. 2. Craniada.

Nearly allied to the last, but the upper valve is simply conic
like Patella, and the animal is attached by the outer surface of
the ventral valve.

The animal has been figured by Muller, Poli and others. It
includes the recent genus Crania of Retzius, including the Or-
bicula of Lamarck, Criopus of Poli. The lower valve of the only
recent species I am acquainted with varies greatly in thickness
and form according to the position and habitation of the animal.
This animal in many particulars is alhed to ThecidceadcB.

Fam. 3. Discinida.

The upper valve is conical and patelloid, the lower orbicular,
and is attached to marine bodies by a short tendinous peduncle,
which passes out through a slit in the hinder part of the disc of
the ventral valve.

The animal of this genus has been described by Mr, Owen
under the name of Orhicula, Mr. G. B. Sowerby having some
years ago confounded this shell nith that genus, which has caused
confusion, which has existed to this day. The shell was first de-
scribed by Schumacher as a section of the genus Crania. Mr.
King, probably misled by this mistake, does not include it in his
arrangement. This shell is peculiar, for being homy rather than
a shell texture, it is flexible when moist.

Fam. 4. Lingulidts.

The valves are nearly equal elongate, and supported by a thick
peduncle which comes out between the beaks of the two valves.
The shells are covered with a horny periostraca, and in some
species the shelly matter is so very thin that the shells are flexible

BRACHIOPODA.

il

and nearly entirely cartilaginous. The family consists only of a
single genus. Lingula.

Order V. Rudistes.

This Order has been placed by modern authors with the Bra-
chiopoda : the proofs of its belonging to this family are not very
evident ; but as there is no other to which they appear to be more
nearly allied, they may as well be retained in this position.

Lamarck, Cuvier, Ferussac, and some other authors have re-
garded some of the genera as belonging to Cephalopoda, and
others as Bivalves (Conchifera). Deshayes regards them as more
neai-ly allied to Chama, the character of the family having been
lost by the destruction of the inner coat of the shell during the
fossilization of the specimen.

M. d’Orbigny has properly united them into one group under
the name of Irregular Brachiopods or Rudistes, but he includes
with them the genus Crania, which is a true Brachiopod.

They form three very distinct families.

Fam. 1. Radiolitidce.

The lower valves more or less elongate-conical, fixed; the
upper valve conical or spiral, free ; the texture of the lower valve
cellular or fibrous.

The Radiolites has the upper valve flat or conical and cap-like.
The Caprina, D’Orb., has a spiral and produced upper valve.
The first of these genera has had many names applied to it, but
that given by Lamarck has the priority. It has been called
Sphmrulites, Ostracites and Acardo, and the cast of the interior
cavity has been considered as a genus, under the name of Biros-
tris and lodamia.

Fam. 2. Hippuritidm.

The lower valve is elongate, tapering sub-cyhndrical, of a solid
laminated texture ; the upper valve is nearly flat, and pierced
with pecuhar pores radiating to the circumference with branches
diverging to the upper surface.

This family contains only a single genus, Hippurites, Lamarck,
which has also had many other names applied to it, as Cornu-
copia, Orthoceratites, BatoKtes (or Batholites), Raphanister, and
Bitubulites.

Fam. 3. Caprotinidm.

The lower or fixed valve is conical and spirally twisted, and
marked internally with prominent ridges or transverse septa ; the
dorsal or free valve is oblique or sph-al. They differ from Ca-
prina in the valves not being of a cellular or fibrous texture.

This family contains two genera ; —

1. Caprotina, D’Orb., which has the cavity of the shell merely
marked with internal ridges.

12

BRACHIOPODA.

2. Ichthyosarcolites has the cavity of the large spiral or invo-
lute fixed valve divided transversely hy a number of oblique septa ;
the upper valve is probably like an operculum, but this genus is
very imperfectly knovrn.

In 1849 Dr. H. G. Bronn {Index Talesontologicus, 8vo, p. 210)
divided the Brachiopoda thus : — •

A. genuina. 1. Obolus. 2. Lingula. 3. Siphonotreta. 4. Te-
rehratula. 6. Magas. 6. Thecidea. 7- Atrypa. 8. Stringo-
cephalus. 9. Uncites. 10. Pentamerus. 11. Camerophoria.

12. Enteletes. 13. Spirifer. 14. Trigonotreta. 16. Delthyris.

16. Porambonites. 17. Orthis. 18. Pronites. 19. Hemipro-
nites. 20. Orthambonites. 21. Gonambonites. 22. Chonetes.

23. Leptsena. 24. Plectambonites. 25. Stropbonema. 26. Pro- 1
ductus 27. Calceola.

B. Rudistm. 28. Orbicula. 29. Crania. 30. Polyconites.

31. Hippurites. 32. Radiobtes. 33. Spbaerulites. 34. Diceras.

35. Ichthyosarcolithus. 36. Caprina. 37. Requienia. 38. Ca- 1
protina. 39. Plagioptychus. 40. Dipibdia. 41. Monopleura. '

In 1850 Dr. Van der Hoeven {Handbuch der Zoologie, Leipsic, ,
1850, 80. p. 692) divided the Palliobranchiata seu Brachiopoda
thus : —

I. Testa acardis. 1. Lingula. 2. Orbicula. 3. Crania.

II. Testa cardine instructa. 4. Calceola. 5. Thecidea. 6.
Terebratula. 7- Spirifer. 8. Productus.

Subclass 1. ANCYLOPODA.

The oral arms recurved and affixed to shelly appendages on the
disk of the dorsal valve. Shell minutely and closely punctate.
Aneylopoda, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H.n. 1848,436; Cat. Brit.
Moll. B. M. ; in Wiegm. Arch. 1849, 48. and p. 7-

Order I. ANCYLOBRACHIA.

Oral arms affixed to calcareous lamellae, forming a loop at-
tached to the hinge-margin of the dorsal valve, and more or less
prominent in its cavity.

Ancylohrachia, Gray, Ann. N. H. 2nd ser. ii. 435, 436, 1848 ;

Cat. Bivalves B. M. ; Wiegm. Arch. 1849, 98 (see p. 8).
Brachiopodes brachides (Brachidae) part., D’Orb., Cours Elhi.
Paleont. 80, 1849 (see p. 7).

BRACHIOPODA.

13

Fam. 1. TEREBRATULIDiE.

Shell minutely punctate, usually round or oval, and smooth
or striated ; ventral valve (fig. 2) largest, its umbo produced into
a beak with the apex truncated and perforated ; foramen [f) sepa-
rated from the hinge-line by a small triangular plate or deltidium
(d) composed of two pieces (deltidia) ; teeth {t) situated one on
each side of the deltidium, supported by plates ; dorsal valve
(fig. 1) with a depressed umbo; furnished interiorly with a pro-
minent cardinal process (j) between the sockets for the teeth (t’),
a hinge-plate (p) with four cavities and a central ridge or septum
(s) ; internal skeleton in the form of a slender shelly loop, at-
tached by its crura (c) to the hinge-plate, and furnished near its
origin with oral processes (c).

Fig. 2.

Fig.l.

Fig. 1. Dorsal valve cardinal process; dental sockets ; p, hinge-plate;
s. septum ; c. crura of the loop ; i. reflected portion of the loop ; m. quadruple
adductor-impression .

Fig. 2. Ventral valve:—/, foramen; d. deltidium; t, teeth; n. adductor-im-
pression; r. retractor impressions ; pedicle-muscles; anal muscles; v. posi-
tion of the vent ; z. attachments of peduncle-sheath.

Animal always attached by a peduncle ; furnished with cirrated
arms, united throughout by membrane, folded upon themselves,
and only spiral at their extremities ; muscles of three kinds, —
adductors, retractors, and those which go to the peduncle [byssal
or pedal muscles of ordinary bivalves). The adductors are at-
tached to four spots near the centre of the dorsal valve {m), and
to a single spot behind the centre of the opposite valve {a) ; the
retractors originate on each side of the adductor in the ventral
valve (r), and are attached to the cardinal process (j) of the dorsal
valve ; the hinge-teeth form the fulcrum on which the dorsal
valve turns ; of the pedicle muscles, two (p) originate outside the
adductor and behind the retractors in the ventral valve ; two

14

BRACHIOPODA.

Others, each with a double termination, are inserted in the hinge-
plate {p) of the dorsal valve ; the septum supports the visceral
membranes.

The position at which the intestine of Terehratula terminates,
namely just behind the adductor muscle (fig. 2, v), seems to
imply that it discharges through the byssal/oramew ; and as the
same arrangement exists in Terebratulina, Kraussia, Argiope, and
in the recent Rhynchonella nigricans, it becomes probable that
such is the general rule ; in those extinct genera which have the
foramen closed at an early age, there is always an opening be-
tween the deltidium and the umbo of the smaller valve (e. g. in
Uncites gryphus), which has been mistaken for a byssal notch.
The foramen in the hinge-plate of Athyris shows that the intes-
tine took the same course in the Spiriferidce as it is known to do
in the Rhynchonellida and Terebratulida *. ,

The following illustration (fig. 2*) is from a drawing by Mr.
Albany Hancock.

Fig. 2*. Waldheimia jlavescens.

Fig. 2*. a. adductors; r. retractors ; x. accessory retractors (anal muscles) ;
p.p. pedicle-muscles ; z. function uncertain ; o. mouth ; v. vent; 1. loop ; t. den-
tal socket.

* The muscular system of Ter. Jlavescens was correctly (though
diagramatically) represented and described by Mr. King in his Memoir
of the Permian Fossils, published by the Palaeontographical Society in
1850 ; the function of the retractor muscles was not stated, but must
have been understood. ( Woodward, MS.)

BRACHIOPODA.

15

Terebratuladffi, Leach, MSS. 1818, Ann. Mag. N. H. xx. 273.
Terebratulidae, Gray, Syn. B. M. 1840 ; 1842, 85, 92 ; Sow. Ann.
N. H. 2nd ser. ii. 436, 1848 ; Wiegm. Arch. 1849, 98.

M‘Coy, Curb. Foss. Ireland.

King, Ann. 8f Mag. Nat. Hist, xviii. 26.

Forbes ^ Hanley, Brit. Moll. ii. 343.

D'Orb. Cours Pale'ont. 80. 1849.

Terebratulacea, Menke, Syn. ed. 2. 95, 1830.

Terebratulacea, part., Anton, Verz. Conch. 12. 21.
Terebratulaceae, Menke, Syn. ed. 1. 56, 1828.

Les Terebratules, F^russ. Tab. Syst. 1821.

Rang, Man. Moll. 258.

Terebratulinae, Agass. Nomen. 1847.

Lingulae, part., Eichw. Zool. Spec. i. 275.

Thecididae, part. (Megathyris), D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv.
Cyclothyridae, Phillips, Pal. Foss. Cornwall.

Synopsis of Tribes and Genera.

A. Loop attached to the hinge-plate. — Terebratulanina.

1. Terebratula.

2. Terebratulina.

3. Waldheimia.

B. Loop attached to the septum in the middle of the dorsal
valve. — Magasina.

4. Terebratella.

5. Trigonosemus.

6. Magas.

7. Bouchardia.

8. Megerlia.

9. Morrisia.

10. Kraussia.

C. Loop attached to the surface of valve. — Argiopina.

11. Argiope.

Tribe 1. TEREBRATULANINA.

Shell usually oval, valves convex, margins even or only slightly
waved ; hinge-line curved ; beak of the larger valve perforated,
the foramen quite at the apex ; deltidium of two pieces, often
blended ; internal skeleton consisting of a slender shelly loop,
not attached in the middle to the valve.

6

BRACHIOPODA.

Animal with the oral arms united by membrane, forming a
3-lobed disc, the central lobe elongated and folded spirally
(figs. 3, 5, 6 and 7).

Concha anomia. Fab. Colonna, Tract, de Purp. 1616.
Terebratula, Llhwyd, Lith. Brit. 40, 1699.

Bruff, 1789, Enc. Meth. t. 6. p. xiv.

Muller, Zool. Dan. 1776.

Retzius, Dissert. 1788.

Lamk. Phil. Zool. 1809; Hist. vi. 243, ed. 2. vii. 319.
Lovm, Ind. Moll. Skand. 29.

Leach, Zool. Miscell. i. 76, 1814.

Schum. Ess. 133.

Fe'russ. Tab. Syst. 1821.

Rang, Man. 1829.

Gray, Lond. Med. Repos, xv. 1821; Syn. B. M. 1840;

1842, 92; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 202,

Menke, Syn. 1828 & 1830.

Forbes ^ Hanley, Brit. Moll. ii. 349.

Anomia, part, (animal), Linn. 1768, Syst. Nat.

Lampades, part., Gevers, 1787.

Lampas, Humph. 1797, Mus. Calon. (not Schum.).

Gryphus, Muhlfeldt, 1811, Berlin Mag. 64.

Gray, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. 1848, ii. p. 438 (see above, p. 8).
Epithyris, Phillips, 1844, Pal. Foss. p. 55.

Smooth Terebratulse (with a truncated beak), Morton, 1712,
History of Northampton.

Terebratula (restricted), Fischer, 1809, Foss. Nouv. Moscou.
Smooth Terebratulse, Sowerby, 1815, Min. Con. p. 189.
Terebratulae non-plicatae. Buck, 1834, uber Terebrateln.

Punctate Terebratulae, Morris, 1841, Min. Con. Suppl. No. 108,

p. 12.

Carpenter, 1844, Report Brit. Assoc, p. 18.

Epithyridae, Morris, 1846, Geol. Soc. Journ. p. 382.

Terebratula and Terebratulina, D’Orb. Paleont. Frang.

Criopus and Criopoderma, Poli, Test. Sicil.

Trigonosemus, Koenig, Icon. Sect. iv. 1825.

Terebratularius, Dumer. Zool. Anal. 168, 1806.

Apleurotis, Megorima, Trigonina, Diclisma, Obovites, Terebra-
tula, Rafin. Anal.

Terebratula A*, Blainv. Diet. Sci. Nat. liii. 145, 1828.

BRACHIOPODA.

17

1. TEREBRATULA.

Shell : — Valves convex, foramen complete ; loop short and
simple (fig. 3).

Terebratulae with short loops, Davidson, 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist.
p. 364 ; Mon. Cret. p. 45.

Epithyris (elongata). King, 1849, Permian Fossils, 81, 146 (not
Phillips).

Terebratulae Jugatae repandae, part.. Buck, 1834, uber Terebra-
teln.

Terebratulae carinatae sinuatae, part., Biich, 1. c. 1834.
Terebratulae biplicatae, Quenst. 1851, Handb. p. 471.

Grypbus (vitrea), Megerle, Berl. Mag. 1811, 64.

Fig. 3. Terebratula vitrea.

A. Dorsal valve, showing the small loop.

B. Dorsal valve with the animal ; the oesophagus passes through the opening of
the loop.

1. Terebratula vitrea. B.M.

Shell rounded-ovate, slightly truncated in fi-ont, ventricose,
smooth, translucent, milky, or pale horn-colour ; valves nearly
equal ; margins even ; beak short, recurved ; foramen small,
complete ; deltidium nearly concealed ; loop simple, one-fourth
the length of the shell. Lon. 17, lat. 14, alt. 11 lines.

Anomia terebratula, Linn. S. N. 1153.

Gmelin, S. N. 3344.

Da Costa, Ele'm. 292. t. 6. f. 3.

Anomia vitrea. Bom. Mus. 119. Vig. 116.

Gmelin, S. N. 3347.

Terebratula vitrea, Lamk. Sgst. A. s. V. 139, 1801 ; E. M. t. 239.
f. 1 ; Hist. vi. 245, ed. 2. vii. 329.

Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. 353. t. 70. f. 56-59.

Philippi, Moll. Sicil. i. 95. t. 6. f. 6 ; ii. 66.

18

BRACHIOPODA.

Kuster, Conch, vii. 21. t. 2. f. 11-13 ; t. 1. f. 13. 14.
Davidson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 364.

Terebratula (a) sub-vitrea {Leach), Blainv. Diet. Sci. Nat. liii.
135. 1828.

Terebratula euthyra, Phil. 1844, Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 68. 1. 18. f. 8 ?
Gryphus vitreus, Megerle, Berl. Mag. 181 1, 64.

Habitat. Mediterranean, in 90 to 250 fathoms, on nullipore
mud (Forbes).

Fossil. Pliocene. Sicily.

2. Terebratula sphenoidea.

Shell triangularly-ovate, truncated in front, smooth ; margins
even, obscurely bisinuated in front ; dorsal valve convex near the
umbo, depressed in front ; beak prominent, scarcely ciured,
foramen moderate, round ; deltidium conspicuous ; loop short,
simple. Lon. 12, lat. 10, alt. 6 lines.

Terebratula sphenoidea, Phil. 1844, Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 67. 1. 18. f. 6.

Bronn, Index, p. 1251.

Fossil. Pliocene. Sicily.

3. Terebratula sbptata.

Shell oval, subquadi-ate, venti-icose, smooth ; valves gibbous,
rather truncated in front, sides nearly parallel •, dorsal valve with
the front margin rather bent dowmvrards, beak prominent, thick ;
foramen moderate, round; deltidium sohd. Lon. 10, lat. 9, alt.
7 lines.

Terebratula septata, Phil. 1844, Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 68. t. 18. f. 7.

Bronn, Index, p. 1250.

Fossil. Pliocene. Sicily.

4? Terebratula uva.

Shell narrowly- oblong, gibbous, smooth, slightly translucent,
pale horn-colour ; margins even ; beak produced, truncated ;
foramen large, deltidium small, concave; loop short?. Lon. 13,
lat. 7, alt. 6 Unes.

Terebratula uva, Brod. 1833, Proc. Zool. Soc. 124.

G. B. Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. 353. t. 70. f. 53-55.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, ix. p. 364.

Hob. Gulf of Tehuantepec (Mus. Cuming).

5. Terebratula grandis. B.M.

Shell oval, ventricose, smooth, becoming very thick with age ;
front margin obscurely biplicate; beak produced, slightly re-
curved, lateral ridges indistinct; foramen large and round; del-

BRACHIOPODA.

19

ticlium narrow, concave, incomplete in the fry; loop simple, .one-
third as long as the dorsal valve. Lon. 4i\, lat. 3, alt. 2 inehes
(extreme size).

Terebratula grandis, Blum. 1803, Arch. Tell. t. 1. f. 4 ; Encycl.
Meth. p. 239. f. 2.

Broun, Index, p. 1237.

Phil. Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 67.

Danker, Paleeont. p. 129. t. 18. f. 4.

Terebratulites giganteus, Schl. 1813, Leonhard’s Min. Tasch. 7.
p. 104 ; Petref. p. 278. no. 48.

Buch, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, hi. p, 222 (not figured).
Terebratula spondylodes. Smith, 1817, Strat. Syst. p. 12.
Terebratula birostris, Val. 1819, in Lam. Hist. Nat. ; Dav. Ann.

Nat. Hist. June 1850, pi. 13. f. 23.

Terebratula variabihs. Sow. 1829, Min. Con. vi. p. 148. t. 576.
f. 2-5.

Galeotti, Mem. Geol. Brabant, p. 151.

Nyst, Coq. Foss. Anvers, p. 15. no. 37.

Terebratula perforans, Dujardin, 1837, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. p. 272.
Terebratula maxima, Charlesworth, 1837, Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 92.
f. 13, 14.

Terebratula Soworbii, Nyst, 1843, Coq. Belg. p. 335. pi. 27. f. 3.
Fossil. Miocene. England ; Belgium ; France.

6. ? Terebratula AMPULLA. B.M.

Shell roundish, inflated, smooth ; margins obscurely plaited in

front. Lon. 24, lat. 18 fines.

Anomia ampulla, Brocch. 1814, Conch, ii. 466. t. 10. f. 5.
Terebratula ampulla, Desh. F. M. hi. 1027.

Buch, Mon. Tereb. 111. n. 4.

Val. in Lamk. Hist. vii. 336.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1850.

Terebratula Pedemontana, Valenciennes, in Lam. Hist. no. 34.

See Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1850, pi. 14. f. 34.

Terebratula complanata, Brocchi, Conch, ii. p. 469. t. 10. f. 6 ?.
Fossil. Miocene. Turin ; Malta.

7. Terebratula bisinuata. B.M.

Shell oval, rather depressed, smooth, fragile; margins bipli-

cate in front ; beak produced, nearly straight ; foramen large,
circular; deltidia small, united. Lon. 22, lat. 19 fines.

Terebratula bisinuata, Valenc. 1819, in Lamk. Hist. vh. 339.
Desh. Foss. Paris, i. t. 65. f. 1, 2 ; F. M. hi. 1025.
Davidson, Ann. Nat. Hist. v. pi. 13. f. 32 ; Mon. Ter. Brach.
p. 19. pi. 1. f. 17.

20

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratula gigantea, var.. Buck, M6n. Soc. G^ol. France, iii.
p. 222. pi. 20. f. 3 (not Schl).

Terebratula succinea. Desk. 1824, i. p. 390. pi. 65. f. 3 (young).
Terebratula grandis, Broun, Index, p. 1237 (not Blum.).

Fossil. Eocene. France ; England.

8. Terebratula Montolearensis.

Shell oval, depressed and bi-sinuated in front, smooth ; beak
moderately prominent, slightly recurved ; foramen moderate, cir-
cular; deltidium triangular. Lon. 11-13, lat. 8-11, alt. 5-
lines.

Terebratula Montolearensis, Leymer. 1846, Mem. Soc. Geol.

France, t. 1. p. 362. pi. 15. f. 13, 14.

Fossil. Eocene. France.

9. Terebratula ^quilateralis.

Shell smooth, equilaterally triangular, rounded in front ; ven-
tral valve gibbous; beak large, curved, truncated by a round
foramen ; margins even. Lon. 28, lat. 28 lines.

Terebratula sequilateralis, Arch. 1846, Mdm. Soc. Gdol. France,
2nd ser. ii. p. 214. pi. 9. f. 7-
Fossil. Eocene. France.

10. Terebratula trilobata. B.M.

“ Shell oval, smooth, subantiquated, somewhat sinuated in
front ; beak produced, recurved ; foramen apical, minute.”
Lon. , lat. 10, alt. lines.

Burtin, 1784, Oryct. Brux. pi. 8. f. L. N. P.

Terebratula trilobata, Galeotti, 1837, Mem. Geog. Brabant. 1. 12.

p. 150. pi. 4. f. 16 (imperfect).

Terebratula laevis, Nyst, 1843, Belg. p. 334.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 395.

Terebratula Kickxii [Galeotti), Broun, Index, p. 1240.
Terebratula papilio, Kbnig, 1825, leones Foss. Sectiles, f. 220
(imperfect; no description).

Fossil. Eocene. Belgium.

11. ? Terebratula Kickxii.

“ Shell oval, attenuated in front, inflated, smooth, ornamented
with fine, regular, concentric lines of growth ; margins even ;
beak short, recurved, with a very minute apical foramen.” Lon.
and lat. 4i lines.

BRACHIOPODA.

21

TerebratulaKickxii,(GaZeo#^j) 1843, Belg. p. 336. pi. 29. f. 4.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 395.

Fossil. Eocene. Belgium.

12. Terebratula Wilmingtonensis.

Shell oblong, smooth ; margins nearly even ; beak produced,
nearly straight, truncated by a moderately large foramen ; delti-
dium rather long. Lon. 10, lat. 7 lines.

Terebratula Wilmingtonensis, G. Sow. 1845, Proc. Geol. Soc.
1845, p. 565.

Fossil. Eocene, N. Carolina.

I 13. Terebratula carnea. B.M.

i Shell depressed, smooth, obtusely five-sided, front edge short ;
valves equally convex, sbgbtly flattened along the middle, often
of a dull red colour ; margins even ; beak small ; foramen mi-
nute. Lon. 14, lat. 14, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula carnea. Sow. 1813, Min. Con. i. p. 47. pi. 15.f. 5, 6.
D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. t. 513. f. 5-8 ; Prod. ii. p. 258.
Quenstedt, Handb. p. 473. t. 38. f. 2.

Pusch, Polen.Pal. p. 18. t. 3. f. 12?.

Alth, Geog. Lemberg {in Haidinger’ s Abhandl. 1850), p. 258.
t. 13. f. 8.

Terebratula lens, Nilsson, Petref, Suec. p. 35. pi. 4. f. 6.
Dalman, Vet. Acad. p. 146.

I j3. Terebratula elongata. Sow. 1823, M. C. v. p. 49. t. 435. f. 1, 2.
■ Terebratrda ovata, Nilsson, Petr. Suec. p. 33. t. 4. f. 3 (not
Sow.}.

Dalman, Vet. Acad. p. 145.

Roemer, Kreid. p. 44.

I Terebratula minor, Nilsson, Petr. 1827, p- 34. t. 4. f. 4.

Roemer, Kreid. p. 44.

Terebratula plebeia, Dalman, 1828, Vet. Acad. p. 145. t. 4. f. 4.
‘ Fossil. Upper Chalk. England ; Belgium ; France ; Russia ;
Sw’eden.

14. Terebratula rhomboidalis.

I Shell rhomboidal, smooth, marked with a few concentric lines ;
1 margins sinuated in front ; dorsal valve gibbose, depressed at the
\ sides ; ventral valve curved, flattened along the centre, and
sbgbtly depressed in front ; beak short, curved ; foramen mode-
rate, round; deltidium distinct. Lon. 13, lat. 9i, alt. 7 bnes.

Terebratula rhomboidalis, Nilsson, 1827, Petr. Suec. p. 34.1.4. f.5.
Dalman, 1828, Vet. Acad. p. 146.

22

BRACHIOPODA.

?Terebratula collinaria, D’Orb. 1847, Ter, Cret. iv. p. 81. t. 507.
f. 6-10.

Fossil. U. Greensand. Sweden.

? Neocomian. France.

15. Terebratula Becksii. B.M.

Shell obovate, smooth, laterally compressed towards the beak ;

margins even; dorsal valve strongly cm’ved, gibbous near the
umbo, depressed and flattened in front ; ventral valve rather
straight ; beak short and thick, not recmwed ; foramen mode-
rate, round ; deltidium solid, concave. Lon. 10, lat. 8, alt. 6 lines.

Terebratula Becksii, Rcemer, 1840, Nord. Kreid. p. 44. t. 7. f. 14.

Broun, Index, p. 1229.

Fossil. Chalk {Planer). Ahaus, Westphalia.

16. Terebratula souamosa. B.M.

Shell orbicular, or oval ; valves nearly equally convex, marked

with squamose hues of growth and fine radiating punctate striae ;
margins even, or slightly bisinuated ; beak short, recurved ; fora-
men round ; deltidium solid. Long. 7, lat. 6, alt. 5| lines.
Terebratula squamosa, Mantell, 1822, Geol. Suss. p. 132.
Davidson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 254. pi. 18. f. 8.

D’Orb. Prod. u. p. 172.

Broun, Index, p. 1251.

Terebratula Robertoni, Viquesneli, Murchisoni et LeveiUei?,
D’Arch. 1847, Mm. Geol. Soc. France, 11. pt. 2.

Fossil. U. Greensand, Chalk-marl. England.

17. Terebratula Fittoni.

Shell small, oval, venti’icose, smooth, biplicate in front, orna-
mented with squamose hues of growth ; valves equally convex ;
beak recm'ved ; foramen large, roimd. Lon. 5, lat. 4, alt. 3|
hnes.

Terebratula Fittoni, Hag. 1842, Neues Jahrb. p. 542. t. 9. f. 6.

Broun, Index, p. 1236.

Fossil. Chalk. Riigen.

18. Terebratula capillata. B.M.

Shell oval, or somewhat pentangular, fi-ont margin shgbtly

waved ; dorsal valve shgbtly convex ; venti-al valve deep ; beak
short, rounded and recurved, truncated by a large circular fora-
men ; deltidium incomplete ; surface ornamented with minute,
radiating, w'avy striae, decussated by a few hnes of growth.
Lon. 13, lat. 11, alt. 8 hnes.

BRACHIOPODA.

23

Terebratula capillata, D’Arch. 1846, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. 2nd ser.
iii. p. 336 ; Mem. Soc. Geol. France, 2nd ser. ii. p. 323. pi. 20,
f. 1-3.

Davidson, Mon. Cret. p. 46. pi. 5. f. 12.

Terebratula linearis, Munster, in Cambridge Museum.

Spondylus undulatus, Geinitz ! (according to Koninck),

Fossil. Bed Chalk {Gault). Norfolk.

Tourtia {Greensand). Tournay, Belgium.

19. Terebratula longirostris. B.M.

Shell ovate-oblong, smooth, with long, straight and thick beak ;

foramen very large, round ; deltidium elongated, solid ; front
margin slightly bisinuated. Lon. 28-39, lat. 14-22, alt. 11-18
lines.

Anomites longirostris, Wahl. 1821, N. Acta Upsal. viii. p. 61 . t. 4.
f. 15, 16.

Terebratula longirostiis, Nilsson, Petr. Suec. p. 33. pi. 4. f. 1.
Dalman, 1828, Vet. Acad. p. 144.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 258.

Trigonosemus rustica, Kbnig, 1825, leones Foss. Sect. p. 4. f. 75.
Fossil. Chalk. Sweden.

20. Terebratula depressa. B.M.

Shell smooth, ohlong, transversely dilated, contracted towards
the beak, obtuse in front ; beak produced, straight, thick, trun-
cated by a large foramen ; deltidium large and sohd. Lon. 24,
lat. 19 lines.

Terebratula depressa, Val. in Lam, 1819, An. sans Vert. vi.
p. 249.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 172.

Davidson, 1850, Ann. Nat. Hist. June, pi. 13. f. 15.
Terebratula longnostris ?, Rcemer, 1839, Nordd. Ool. ii. p. 21.
t. 18. f. 13.

Bronn, Index Paleont. 1241.

Roemer, Kreid. p. 42.

Terebratula Nerviensis, D’Archiac, 1847, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. ii.

p. 313. pi. 17. f. 2-10.

Terebratula Viquesneli, D’Archiac, pi. 18.

Terebratula ovahs, Morris, Journ. Geol. Soc. 1846, p. 384. f. 1
(not Lamk.).

Fossil. U. Greensandl {Tourtia), Belgium.

21. Terebratula biplicata. B.M.

Shell oblong, smooth, gihhose ; margins bisinuated in front ;

valves convex, mai’ked with hnes of growth and obscurely striated

24

BRACHIOPODA.

at the sides j beak thick, rounded, reeurvedj foramen rather
large, round ; deltidium solid, ineonspicuous ; loop simple, short.
Lon. 13, lat. 10, alt. 8 hnes.

Anomia biplicata, BroccAi,1814, Conch. Foss.u. p. 419. pi. 10. f. 8.
Terebratula biplicata. Sow. 1815, Min. Con. i. p. 201. t. 90.

Defrance, 1828, Diet. Sc. Nat. 53. p. 151 ?.

Terebratula Dutempbana, D’Ori. 1847, Ter. Cret. p. 93. pi. 511.
f. 4-8.

Fossil. U. Greensand, Chalk. Tuscany ; England ; France.

22. Terebratula obtusa. B.M.

Shell oval, smooth, rather depressed, bisinuated in front ; lines

of growth becoming strong towards the margin; dorsal valve
much battened, sinuated only on the front of adult specimens ;
ventral valve with a thick, recurved beak ; foramen large and
round ; deltidium nearly concealed. Lon. 18, lat. 16, alt. 10 lines.

Terebratula obtusa. Sow. 1823 (andT. biplicata, part.), Min. Con.
V. p. 53. t. 437. f. 2-4.

Terebratula curvirostris, Nilsson, 1827, Petref. Suec. p. 33. t. 4.

f. 2.

Dalman, Vet. Acad. p. 144.

Ranter, Kreid. p. 42.

Fossil. U. Greensand (“ Gault ”). Cambridge ; Sweden.

Red Chalk {Gault). Hunstanton.

23. Terebratula Tornacensis. B.M.

Shell smooth, inflated, somewhat pentagonal, rounded at the

sides, truncated in front ; margins strongly bisinuated in front ;
beak produced, shghtly curved, rounded, thick, truncated by a
large foramen ; deltidium large and soUd. Lon. 17, lat. 14, alt. 9
lines.

Terebratula Tornacensis, D’Arch. 1847, Mdm. Soc. Ge'ol. Fr. ii.
p. 316. pi. 18. f. 3-5.

Terebratula Bouei, crassa, crassificata, rustica, Boubei, et Tchia-
tcheffei et Graves! ?, D’Arch. id.

Terebratula phaseolina, Val. in Lam. Hist. no. 29?. See Dav.

Ann. Nat. Hist. April 1852, pi. 13. f. 29.

Terebratula subundata, Ramer, Kreid. 1843, p. 42. t. 7- f- 15?
(not Sow.).

Fossil. Greensand (Tourtia). Belgium.

24. Terebratula Roissyi. B.M.

Shell subcircular, smooth, bisinuated in front; beak small,

rounded, recurved ; deltidium distinct ; foramen moderate. Lon.
10, lat. 10, alt. 5 lines.

BRACHIOPODA.

25

Terebratula B-oissyi, D’ Arch. 1847, M^. Soc.Geol.Fr. ii. p. 321.
pi. 19. f. 4.

Terebratula Virleti, Id. f. 6.

Terebratula revoluta. Id. f. 3.

Terebratula subpeetoralis. Id. f. 9.

! Terebratula gussignisensis. Id. f. 10.

; Fossil. Greensand {Tourtia). Belgium.

25. ? Terebratula lentoidea.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, smooth ; margins even, sbghtly
raised in front ; dorsal valve round, slightly convex ; beak small,
strongly cnrved, laterally keeled ; foramen small. Lon. 7h, lat. 7,
alt. 3 hnes.

Terebratula lentoidea, Leym. 1842, Mem. Geol. v. p. 12. t. 15.
f. 10.

Reuss, Rohm. Kreid. p. 53. pi. 26. f. 13.

Terebratula lentiformis, Leym. Mem. Geol. iv. p. 321.

Fossil. Greensand. France.

26. Terebratula parva.

Shell small, oval, inflated, smooth, with three rounded plaits
in front ; beak lai’ge, recmved, truncated by a large round fora-
men ; deltidium short. Lon. 3|, lat. 3, alt. 2 hnes.

Terebratvda parva, D’Arch. 1847, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. ii. p. 322.
pi. 19. f. 7.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 172.

' Terebratula parvula, D’Arch. id. pi. 19. f. 8.

. Fossil. U. Greensand. Belgium.

’ 27. Terebratula semiglobosa. B.M.

Shell nearly circular, gibbous, smooth ; ventral valve deepest,

I and uniformly gibbous ; front margin undulated, with two risings
in the dorsal valve ; beak thick, obtuse ; foramen moderate.
Lon. 15, lat. 13, alt. 11 hnes.

Terebratula semiglobosa. Sow. 1813, Min. Con. i. p. 48. pi. 15. f. 9.
Dalman, 1828, Vet. Acad. p. 145.

D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. 514. f. 1-4.

Reuss, Verst. Rohm. p. 51. pi. 26. f. 6-8.

Terebratida subrotunda. Sow. 1813 (part.), Min. Con. pi. 15. f. 1 .
Reuss, p. 50. pi. 41. f. 2.

Terebratula subundata, Sow. 1813, Min. Con. i. p. 47. pi. 15. f. 7-
Reuss, p. 50. t. 41. f. 7 •

Terebratula carnea, Reuss, p. 50. f. 9-11 (not Sow.).

’ Fossil. Chalk. England; Belgium; France.

C

!

2(i

BRACHIOPODA.

28. ?Terebratula incisa.

Shell oval, longer than wide ; dorsal valve convex near the
umbo, with a shallow sinus in front ; beak recurved ; foramen
minute ; deltidium distinct. Lon. 1-li inch.

Terebratula incisa {Munster), Schlotheim, Cat. p. 75. n. 71-

Buck, 1834, Terebrat. p. 95 ; M^m. Soc. Geol. Fr. iii. p. 204.
Broun, Index, p. 1238.

Pusch, Polens Pal. t. 3. f. 16. p. 19 ?.

Fossil. Chalk. Poland ; Faroe.

29. Terebratula obesa. B.M.

Shell oblong, ventricose, smooth ; front margin with a wide

and shallow central depression and two angular lateral depres-
sions ; sides obscurely striated ; beak short and thick, incurved,
truncated by a large round foramen ; deltidium concealed j loop
short and simple. Lon. 2i, lat. 2, alt. 1| inch.

Terebratula obesa. Sow. 1825, Min. Con. v. p. 54. t. 438. f. 1.
Brown, Illust. Conch, pi. 54. f. 28, 29.

D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 101. pi. 513. f. 1^.

Davidson, Mon. Cret. p. 33. pi. 5. f. 13-16.

Fossil. U. Chalk, U. Greensand. England; France.

30. Terebratula sulcifera. B.M.

Shell oval, inflated, smooth, ornamented with numerous im-
bricating lines of growth in regular series from the umbones to
the margin ; valves nearly equally ventricose ; margins sinuous,
elevated in front ; beak short, very thick, rounded and recurved ;
foramen large and round; deltidium concealed. Lon. 22, lat. 16,
alt. 16 lines.

Terebratula sulcifera, Morris ^ Dav. 1847, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1847,
p. 254. pi. 18. f. 7-
D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 172.

Terebratula ovoides, Raemer, 1843, ffreirf. p. 42 (not Sow.).

Alth, Geog. Lemberg (in Haid. Abhandl. 1850), p. 258.
1. 13. f. 5.

Geinitz, Petref. 1850, t. 8. f. 5.

Fossil. Chalk-Marl. England; Germany.

31. Terebratula albensis. B.M.

Shell oval, inflated, smooth, with obscure lines of growth, be-
coming more distinct towards the margin ; margins flexuous, the
front straight, wide, angularly elevated ; dorsal valve convex, cir-
cular in young specimens ; ventral valve gibbose ; beak thick,
rounded, recui-ved; foramen moderate, round; deltidium con-
cealed. Lon. 19, lat. 14, alt. 12 lines.

BRACHIOPODA. 27

Terebratula albensis, Leym. 1841, Mm. Geol. iv. 288, 289 ; v.
11, 29. t. 15. f. 2-4.

Terebratula bulla, J. Sow. 1850, Dixon’s Geol. Sussex, p. 346.
pi. 27. f. 11.

Terebratula semiglobosa, var. y, Broun, Index, p. 1250.

Reuss, Verst. Bdhm. Kreid. p. 51. pi. 26. f. 5.

Fossil. Lower Chalk. Sussex; Rouen.

32. Terebratula Harlani. B.M.

Shell oval, elongated, thick, smooth, with concentric hnes of
growth ; dorsal valve moderately convex, raised and flat in the
centre, depressed at the sides ; margins even, slightly elevated in
front ; ventral valve deep ; beak thick, recurved, slightly keeled
at the sides; foramen very large; deltidium nearly concealed.
Lon. 26, lat. 16, alt. 15 lines. (Lon. 36 lines, Morton.)

Terebratula Harlani, Morton, 1829, Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. p. 73.

pi. 3. f. 1 ; 1834, Syn. Cret. p. 70. pi. 3. f. 1.

Terebratula Camilla, Morton, Syn. Cret. pi. 9. f. 8, 9.
Terebratula perovalis ?, Morton, 1829, Journ. Philad. p. 77- pi. 3.

f. 7) 8 (not Sow.).

Fossil. Chalk. New Jersey, U.S.

33. Terebratula fragilis.

Shell elongated, oval, thin, fragile, smooth, strongly biplicated
in front; dorsal valve wdth two longitudinal ridges almost its
whole length ; ventral valve with a prominent central ridge, and
corresponding lateral depressions. Lon. 21, lat. 12 lines.
Terebratula fragilis, Morton, 1829, Journ. Acad. Philad. p. 75.

pi. 3. f. 3, 4; 1834, Syn. Cret. p. 70. pi. 3. f. 2 (not Schl.).
Terebratula subfragilis, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. ii. p. 258.

Fossil. Chalk. New Jersey, U.S.

34. ? Terebratula Toucasiana.

Shell like T. semiglobosa, but always more depressed, most
prominent at the front margin.

Terebratula Toucasiana, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. ii. p. 258.

Fossil. Chalk. France.

35. ? Terebratula Vendocinensis.

Shell small, globular, round, smooth ; front margins sinuated ;
dorsal valve scai-cely convex.

Terebratula Vendocinensis, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. ii. p. 258.

Fossil. Chalk. France.

C2

28

BRACHIOPODA.

36. Terebratula pr^longa. B.M.

Shell ovate, much elongated, gibbose ; front slightly elevated,

with a depression in its middle ; beak prominent, large ; surface
smooth. Lon. 14, lat. 7 hues. (Lon. 18, lat. 12, alt. 9 lines,
Morris.)

Terebratula prselonga, J. Sow. 1836, Geol. Trans, iv. 2. p. 339.
pi. 14. f. 14.

Fossil. Neocomian. England; France; Germany; Switzerland.

37. Terebratula acuta. B.M.

Shell oblong, elongated, somewhat pentagonal, sharply biph-
cate, depressed at the sides, smooth ; margins even, strongly bi-
sinuated in front; beak prominent, scarcely cmwed; foramen
rather large; deltidium elongated. Lon. 14, lat. 11, alt. 6 lines.

Terebratula biplicata-acuta, Buch, 1843, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. iii.

p. 220.

Terebratula prselonga, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 74. t. 506. f. 1-4.
Terebratula acuta, Quensi. 1851, Handb. p. 473. t. 38. f. 2.
Fossil. Neocomian. France; Switzerland.

38. Terebratula Sella. • B.M.

Shell subquadrangular, smooth; front considerably elevated,

narrow, sharply bisinuated ; sides depressed ; beak slightly re-
curved; foramen moderate, round ; deltidium rather large, solid.
Lon. 15, lat. 13, alt. 7 lines.

Terebratula Sella, Sow. M. C. 1823, v. p. 53. t. 437. f. 1.
D’Orb. Ter. Cret. 'vi. t. 510. f. 6-12.

Rcemer, Kreid. 1843, p. 43. t. 7- f- 17-
Terebratula Roemeri, D’Archiac, Mem. Geol. Soc. Fr. ii.
Terebratula undulata, Pusch, Polens Pal. p. 20. t. 4. f. 4.

Kner, Kreid. Lemberg (in Haid. Abhandl. 1850), p. 32.
Fossil. Neocomian, Gault, U. Greensand. England; France.

39. Terebratula Moutoniana. B.M.

Shell ovate, depressed, smooth, finely striated concentrically ;
dorsal valve rather flat, slightly raised in the centre in front ;
ventral valve convex ; beak recmwed ; foramen rather large ;
deltidium partly concealed. Lon. 20, lat. 13, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula Moutoniana, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 89. t. 510. f. 1-5;
Prod. 2. p. 108.

Terebratula perovalis, Rcemer, 1839 (not Sow.), Ool. t. 2. f. 3 ;
Kreid. p. 42.

Fossil. Neocomian. France ; Germany.

BRACHIOPODA.

29

40. Terebratula Carteroniana.

Shell roundly angukted, ventricose, smooth ; margins bisinu-
ated ; beak contracted, slightly cm-ved j foramen small, round ;
deltidium inconspicuous ; dorsal valve with two small, elevated
folds in front. Lon. 13, lat. 12, alt. 11 hnes.

Terebratula Carteroniana, D’Orb. Ter. Cref. iv.p. 80. t.507.f. 1-5;

Prod. 2. p. 85.

Fossil. Neocomian. France.

41. Terebratula arabilis.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, concentrically ploughed with
numerous regular shallow furrows ; front margins obscurely bi-
sinuated; beak recurved, truncated by a large foramen. Lon. 16,
lat. 14, alt. 7 lines.

Terebratula arabihs, Forbes, 1846, Trans. Geol. Soc. vii. pt. 3.
p. 138. pi. 18. f. 12.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p.258.

Fossd. Chalk. S. India.

42. Terebratula Inca. B.M.

Shell orbicular, depressed, smooth ; lines of growth very ob-
scure, except near the margin ; valves nearly equally convex,
slightly bisinuated in front ; beak short, recurved, obscurely
keeled at the sides ; foramen large and circular ; deltidium wide
and short. Lon. 21, lat. 20i, alt. 12 lines.

Terebratula Inca, Forbes, 1846, in Darwin’s Geol. S. Amer. p. 268.
pi. 5. f. 19, 20.

Fossil. Cretaceous limestone. Iquique, Peru.

43. Terebratula longa. B.M.

Shell elongated, elliptical, smooth ; margins even, shghtly
elevated in front ; dorsal valve depressed, pointed at the umbo,
slightly truncated in front ; ventral valve convex ; beak produced,
curved, keeled ; foramen rather large ; deltidium distinct, solid.
Lon. 16, lat. 9, alt. 7 lines.

Terebratula longa, Zieten, 1830, Petr. p. 52. pi. 39. f. J.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 344.

Terebratula biplicata, Bronn, Index, p. 1241 (not Sow.).
Terebratula lagenalis, (not Schl.).

Fossil. Coral Rag. Wurtemberg; Bavaria; Smtzerland.

44. Terebratula insignis. B.M.

Shell oval, smooth ; front margin angularly raised ; dorsal
valve much flattened from the umbo to the front margin ; beak

30

BRACHIOPODA.

produced, recurved; foramen large; deltidium distinct, in one
piece ; loop simple, short. Lon. 20, lat. 15, alt. 11 lines. (Max.
Ion. 3, lat. 2. unc.)

Terebratula insignis (Schubler), Zieten, 1830, Verst. Wiirt. p. 53.
pi. 40. f. 1.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 376.

Quenstedt, Flbz. Wiirt. p. 484.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 47- pi. 13. f. 1.

Quenst. Handb. p. 472. t. 38. f. 1.

Terebratula perovalis, Buch, Mem. Soc. G^ol. France.

Pusck, Polens Pal. p. 22. t. 4. f. 5, 7, 8 (not Sow.).
Terebratula biplicata, Bronn, Index, ii. p. 1239 (not Sow.).
Fossil. Coralline Oolite, Oxford Clay. England ; France ; Ger-
many.

45. Terebratula bisuffarcinata. B.M.

Shell oval, smooth ; margins bisinuated in front ; dorsal valve

convex, depressed at the sides ; beak thick, rounded and recvurved.
Lon. 22, lat. 16, alt. 12 bnes.

Terebratubtes bisuffarcinatus, Schl. 1820, Petr. no. 50. p. 279 ;
Enc. Meth. t. 239. f. 3.

Terebratula bisuffarcinata, Zieten,Verst. Wiirt. p. 53. pi. 40. f. 3.
Terebratubtes bicanabculatus, Schl. 1813, Min. Tasch. p. 104
(name only) ; 1820, Petref. p. 278. no. 49 ?

Terebratula bicanabculata, Zieten, p. 54. pi. 40. f . 5 ?

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 344 (excl. synonyms).

Terebratula ovabs, Val. 1819, in Lam. Hist. An. sans Vert.l
Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1850, pi. 13. f. 16.

Fossil. White Jura {Coral Rag). Germany; France; Italy;
India ?

46. ? Terebratula Repeliniana.

Shell oblong ; beak of the larger valve much produced.
Terebratula Repeliniana, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. u. p. 25.

Fossil. Coral Rag. France.

47. ? Terebratula suBSELLA. B.M.

Shell like T. perovalis, but broader, and more deeply plaited.

Terebratula subsella, Leymerie, 1846, Stat. de I’ Aube, pi. 10. f. 5.
Fossil. Kim. Clay and Coral Rag. France.

48. ? Terebratula eouestris.

Shell like T. subsella, but with the larger valve produced in
front, forming a single, prominent, obtuse angle.

BRACHIOPODA.

31

Terebratula equestris, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. ii. p. 24.

Fossil. Coral Rag. France.

49. ? Terebratula Baugieri.

“ Shell small, the size of a pea, oval, very globular, obtuse and
rounded in front, larger valve with two projections, not forming
points.”

Terebratula Baugieri, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. i. p. 377-
Fossil. Oxford Clay. France.

50. ? Terebratula Garantiana.

“ Like T. biplicata, but with the two plaits close together ; it
is also broader, and wants the radiating striae.”

Terebratula Garantiana, D’Orb. Prod. i. 1850, p. 287.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. France.

51. ? Terebratula Deschampsii.

“ Shell like T. biplicata, but with the middle plait so deep as
to form a notch (sillon) in the front of the larger valve.”

Terebratula Deschampsii, D’Orb. Prod. 1850, p. 287.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. France.

52. ? Terebratula Erina.

“ Like T. biplicata, but shorter, more ventricose, the anterior
fold narrower.”

Terebratula Erina, D’Orb. 1847, Prod. i. p. 240.

Fossil. Lias. Normandy.

53. ? Terebratula Maceana.

Shell small, globular, round, fru’nished with a deep sinus in
the small valve to receive the projection of the other.

Terebratula Maeeana, D’Orb. 1847, Prod. i. p. 221.

Fossil. Lias. Franee.

54. ? Terebratula orbiculata.

Shell orbicular, smooth ; dorsal valve rather flat ; ventral valve
convex ; beak short, thick ; foramen large and round ; deltidium
double, distinct. Lon. 12, lat. 12, alt. 6 hnes.

Terebratula orbiculata, Rcemer, 1836, Nordd. Ool. p. 52. t. 2. f. 6.
Fossil. Coral Rag. Saxony.

32

BRACHIOPODA.

55. Terebratula ventricosa.

Sftell oval, ventricose, depressed at the sides; valves ornamented
with fine radiating striae, erossed hy obscure lines of growth ;
margins even, raised, but not sinuated in front ; beak recm’ved ;
foramen small. Lon. 25, lat. 19, alt. 13 hnes.

Terebratula ventricosa {Hartmann), Zieten, 1830, p. 53. pi. 40.
f. 2 (not Gmelin).

Terebratula subventricosa, D’Orb. Prod. p. 287.

Terebratula perovalis, Kamer, Nordd. OoZ. t. 2. f. 3? (not Sow.).
Fossil. Inferior Oolite. Germany; France.

56. Terebratula intermedia. B.M.

Shell oval, smooth ; front with a central and two lateral indi-
stinct depressions ; beak short, rounded, recurved ; foramen rather
large ; deltidium nearly concealed ; loop simple, short. Lon. 23,
lat. 18, alt. 13 lines.

Terebratula intermedia. Sow. 1812, Min. Con. i. p. 48. t. 15.
f.8.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 52. pi. 11. f. 1-5.

Quenstedt, 1851, Handb. p. 472. t. 37- p. 50 (not of Buck
and Mantell).

Terebratula biplicata, Pusch, Polens Pal. p. 21. t. 4. f. 1 ?.
Fossil. Cornbrash. England ; France.

57. Terebratula maxillata. B.M.

Shell subquadi’angular, smooth ; valves strongly folded in
front ; dorsal valve broad and short, moderately conve.v, with one
central and two lateral depressions, increasing in depth with age ;
beak produced, recurved, with obtuse lateral ridges; foramen
large, oblique ; deltidium obtusely triangular ; loop simple, one-
third as long as the shell. Lon. 32, lat. 34, alt. l8 fines.

Terebratula minor subrubra, Llhwyd, Lith. Brit. Ichn. 1699,
pi. 11. f. 890.

Terebratula maxillata. Sow. 1825, Min. Con. p. 52. pi. 436. f. 4.
Morris §■ Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1847, pl- 19. f. 5.
Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 50. pl. 9. f. 1-9.

Terebratula biplicata, Bronn, Index (not Sow.).

Terebratula tetragona, Pusch, 1837, Polens Pal. p. 23. t. 4. f. 9 ?.
13. Terebratula submaxillata (Morris), Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 51.
pl. 9. f. 10-12.

Fossil. Great Oolite. England ; France, (B-) Inf. Oolite. Eng-
land.

BRACHIOPODA.

33

58. Terebratula globata. B.M.

Shell oval, ventricose, smooth ; front with a central and two

lateral depressions ; beak rounded, recurved ; foramen moderate,
round; deltidium concealed, small; loop simple, short. Lon. 13.
lat. 11, alt. 10 lines.

|3. Longer and less globular. Cotteswolde Hills.

Terebratida globata. Sow. 1825, Min. Can. p. 51. pi. 436. f. 1.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 54. pi. 13. f. 2-7.

Terebratula Kleinii, Morris, Desk., D’Orb., Bronn (not Lamarck).
Terebratula biplicata, Pusch, Polens Pal. p. 21. t. 4. f. 3?.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. S. of England ; France.

59. Terebratula Phillipsii. B.M.

Shell oblong, elongated, tapering towards the beak, smooth ;
front strongly biplicate ; beak produced ; foramen moderate,
round; deltidium large and distinct. Lon. 28, lat. 20, alt. 13
lines.

Terebratula Philhpsii, Mom’s, 1847, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 255. pi. 18.

f. 9.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 287.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 53. pi. 11. f. 6-8.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. England; France.

60. Terebratula perovalis. B.M.

Shell oval, elongated, smooth ; front margin with a central and

two lateral depressions, or with a nearly straight central elevation
and angular lateral depressions ; beak large, roimded, w ith indi-
stinct lateral ridges ; foramen large, enthe ; deltidium generally
concealed; loop simple, short. Lon. 33, lat. 28, alt. 23 hnes
(large specimen).

Terebratula perovalis, Sow. 1825,MiM. Con. v. p. 51. t. 436. f. 2, 3.
Buch, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. France, hi. p. 221. pi. 20. f. 2.
Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 51. pi. 10. f. 1-6.

Quenst. Handb. p. 471. t. 37. f. 49-51.

Terebratula ovoidea (of Collectors).

Terebratula Kleinii, Valenciennes 1, 1819.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. England ; France.

61. Terebratula Kleinii.

Shell oval, depressed, with two blunt projecting angles in front;
smooth, or with only fine lines of growth ; margins bisinuated in
front; beak large and thick, recurved, strongly keeled at the
sides; foramen large and round; deltidium nearly concealed.
Lon. 30, lat. 26 hnes.

C5

34

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratula Kleinii, Val. in Lam. 1819, An. sans Vert. vi. p. 252.
no. 33 (not of Morris’ Cat.).

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1850, June, pi. 13. f. 33.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. France.

62. Terebratula homalogaster. B.M.

Shell subcircular, depressed, smooth, with strong lines of growth

near the margin ; front margin slightly raised ; dorsal valve nearly
flat, circular ; ventral valve convex ; beak very thick, recurved,
obscurely keeled ; foramen very large ; deltidium solid. Lon. 18,
lat. 16, alt. 9 lines.

Terebratula omalogaster {Hehl.), Zieten, 1830, p. 54. pi. 40. f. 4
(deformed?, D’Orb.).

Terebratula perovahs, Bronn, Index, p. 1243.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. Germany.

63. Terebratula simplex. B.M.

Shell roundish, smooth ; margins even ; dorsal valve flattish,
a little concave in front ; larger valve ventricose ; beak rounded,
recurved ; foramen large and round ; deltidium nearly concealed.
Lon. 2j4^, lat. 2-^, alt. 1^ inches.

Terebratula triangularis maxima, Llhwyd, 1699, Lith. Brit. ed. 2.
t. 25. f. 870.

Terebratula simplex, Buckman, Geol. Chelt. pi. 7. f. 5-
Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 48. pi. 8. f. 1, 3.

Terebratula lata, D’Orb. (not Sow.).

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. England.

64. Terebratula ovoides. B.M.

Shell oval, smooth, ventricose ; margins even ; beak prominent,

slightly keeled ; foramen large and round ; deltidium distinct,
double. Lon. 2, lat. IH, alt. inches.

Terebratula ovoides, Sow. 1812, Min. Con. i. p. 227. t. 100.
Young Sf Bird, Geol. Yorks, pi. 8. f. 12.

Lam. ed. Desh. vii. p. 361.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 48. pi. 8. f. 4-9.

Terebratula lata, Sow. 1812, Min. Con. i. p. 227. t. 100.
Terebratula trdineata. Young Bird, Geol. Yorks. 1828, pi. 8.
f. 17 (internal cast).

Fossil. Lias, Inferior Oolite. England.

65? Terebratula Buckmanii. B.M.

Shell elongated, oval ; valves smooth, convex ; beak small,
lateral ridges indistinct j foramen round, large; deltidium con-

BRACHIOPODA.

35

cealed; front margin a little raised. Lon. 18, lat. 11, alt. 8
lines.

Terebratula Buckmanii, Dav. Mon. Ool. i. p. 44. pi. 7- f- 13, 16.
Fossil. Inferior Oolite. Cheltenham.

66. Terebratula punctata. B.M.

Shell oval, depressed, smooth ; small valve rather flat ; front
margin a little raised; beak small, slightly recurved, with evanes-
cent ridges ; foramen moderate ; deltidium double ; loop simple,
short, nearly half as long as the dorsal valve. Lon. 16, lat. 12,
alt. 7 lines.

Terebratula punctata. Sow. 1812, Min. Con. i. p. 46. t. 15. f. 4.
Morris, Catal. 136.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 45. pi. 6. f. 1-6.

Fossil. Lias. England.

67. ? Terebratula subpunctata. B.M.

Shell smooth, oval, ventricose ; margin slightly raised in front ;

beak roimded, recurved, with lateral ridges soon becoming indi-
stinct ; foramen rather large ; deltidium concealed ; loop a little
I more than one-third the length of the shell. Lon. 28, lat. 20,

[■ alt. 17 lines.

Terebratula subpunctata, Dav. Mon. Ool. p. 46. pi. 6. f. 7-10.

1 Fossil. Lias. Somerset ; France.

I 68. ? Terebratula indentata. B.M.

f Shell elliptical, smooth ; front margin sometimes notched when
adult ; valves nearly equally convex ; beak recurved, lateral ridges
soon lost ; foramen entire ; loop simple, short. Lon. 14, lat. 10,
alt. 9 lines (largest specimen).

Terebratula indentata. Sow. 1825, Min. Con. v. p. 65. t. 445.
Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 46. pi. 5. f. 25, 26.

' Terebratula digona, D’Orb. Prod. p. 315 (part.), not Sow.

Terebratula punctata, var. [Waterhouse, in Brit. Mus.).

I Fossil. Lias. England.

69. Terebratula Eugenii.

Shell oval, obtuse in front, tapering to the beak ; smooth, with
obscure radiating lines at the sides; dorsal valve ventricose,
especially near the umbo; ventral valve emwed, flattened and
furrowed in the middle ; beak long and pointed ; foramen mi-
nute; deltidium elongated, double. Lon. 16, lat. 11, alt. 8
lines.

36

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratula Eugenii (BmcA), Davidson, 1849, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr.

vii. p. 74. pi. 1. f. 16-20.

Fossil. Lias. Normandy.

70. Terebratula marsupialis.

Shell oblong, smooth, with obscure lines of growth; dorsal
valve convex, depressed at the sides; ventral valve depressed;
beak small, reeurved, keeled ; foramen minute. Lon. 12, lat. 8,
alt. 6 hnes.

Terebratuhtes marsupialis, Schl. 1820, Petr. p. 282?, Fnc. Metk.
t. 240. f. 3?.

Terebratula marsupialis, Zieten, 1830, Wiirt. p. 53. pi. 39. f. 9.
D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 221.

Terebratula lagenahs, Broun, Index, p. 1241 (not Schl.).

Fossil. Lias. Franee ; Wurtemberg.

Coral Raff 1. Bavaria.

71. Terebratula bullata. B.M.

Shell oblong, inflated, smooth ; margins obscurely bisinuated

in front ; valves nearly equally gibbose ; beak much inflated,
closely reeurved, keeled ; foramen small ; deltidium concealed ;
loop short, simple. Lon. 15, lat. 12, alt. 12 hnes.

Terebratula bullata, Soiv. 1825, Min. Con. v. p. 49. t. 435. f. 4.
Lam. ed. Desk. vii. p. 362.

Buch, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. hi. p. 195. pi. 18. f. 8.

Zieten, Verst. Wiirt. t. 40. f. 6.

Deslojiff. 1837, Soc. Lin. Normandie.

Morris, Cat. p. 132.

Bronn, Index, p. 1231 (excl. syn.).

Terebratula sphseroidalis, var., Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 56. pi. 11.
f. 10, 14-19.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. S. of England ; Germany ; France.

72. ? Terebratula Galliennei.

Like T. bullata, but more oval ; beak less cun'ed ; larger valve
advanced at tw'o distant points, without much projecting.

Terebratula Galliennei, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. i. p. 377-
Fossil. Oxford Clay. France.

73. Terebratula sph^eroidalis. B.M.

Shell subcireular, ventricose, smooth ; margins even, in the
young shell, usually erenulated in old specimens, especially in
front ; borders obtuse, or flattened ; beak rounded, eurved ; fora-

BRACHIOPODA.

37

men moderate ; deltidium triangular, concave ; loop short, simple.
Lon. 13, lat. 12, alt. 10 lines.

Terebratula spheeroidalis. Sow. 1825, Min. Con. v. p. 49. t. 435.
f. 3.

Deslong. 1837, Soc. Lin. Normand.

Morris, Cat. p. 136.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 287.

Dav. Mon. Ool. p. 56. pi. 11. f. 9, 11, 12, 13.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. England ; France ; Germany.

74. Terebratula fimbria. B.M.

Shell orbicular, smooth when young ; margins more or less

plaited when adult ; plications rounded, numerous, often sub-
divided ; beak short, recurved, nearly concealing the deltidium ;
foramen large and round ; loop simple, short. Lon. 20, lat. 18,
alt. 13 lines.

Terebratula fimbria, Sow. 1823, Min. Con. iv. p. 27. t.326.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 61. pi. 12. f. 6-12.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. Gloucestershire; France (Sarthe).

75. Terebratula plicata. B.M.

Shell elongated, oval, smooth when young ; margins more or
less plaited when adult ; plaits short, simple, rounded ; umbo of
dorsal valve gibbose ; larger valve with a short, scarcely recurved
beak ; foramen round ; deltidium small ; loop short, simple.
Lon. 33, lat. 22, alt. 17 lines.

Terebratula plicata, BucJcman, 1845, Geol. Chelt. pi. 7. f. 6.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 60. pi. 12. f. 1-5 (not Lam.).
Terebratula subplieatella, D’Orb. 1849, Prod. i. p. 287.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. England; France.

76. Terebratula suborbicularis. B.M.

Shell oval, inflated, smooth at the umbones, rather sharply
plaited round the border; beak laterally compressed, thick, curved,
truncated by a rather large foramen. Lon. 8, lat. 6, alt. lines.

Terebratula suborbicularis, Miinst. 1841, Beitr. iv. p. 56. pi. 6.

f. 4.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.

Terebratula semiplicata, Klipstein, 1844, Beitr. p.214. pi. 15. f. 3.
Rhynchonella ! semiplicata, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 203.

Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

38

BRACHIOPODA.

77. Terebratula FLABELLUM. B.M.

Shell transversely oval, deeply plaited ; plaits 7-93 simple,
rounded, imbricated by lines of growth ; beak produced, foramen
round; deltidium obtusely triangular, double; loop short, simple?.
Lon. 5-6, lat. 5-8, alt. 3-4 lines.

Terebratula flabellum, Defr. 1828, Diet. Sc. Nat. liii. p. 160.
Morris 4" Daw. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 256. pi. 19. f. 2.
D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 316.

Dav. Mon. Ool. p. 62. pi. 12. f. 19-21.

Terebratula palmetta, Deslongchamps, 1837, Soc. Lin. Nor-
mandie.

Broun, Index, p. 1244.

Terebratula septemcostata, Munster, MS.

Fossil. Bath Oolite [Bradford Clay). England ; France.

78. Terebratula Moreana.

Shell trigonally ovate, depressed, smooth; margins sharply
sinuated ; beak prominent, laterally keeled ; foramen moderate,
round ; deltidium small, triangular ; dorsal valve with a sharp
central elevated fold and two obscure lateral ridges. Lon. 13,
lat. 11, alt. 7 lines.

Terebratula Moreana, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 79. t. 506. f. 13-16 ;
Prod. ii. p. 58.

Fossil. Neocomian. France.

79. Terebratula Bentleyi. B.M.

Shell somewhat pentagonal, smooth ; dorsal valve rather flat,

truncated or indented in front, with a central and tw'o lateral
elevations ; ventral valve deep, with beak prominent, recuiwed
and keeled; foramen moderate; deltidium double, distinct.
Lon. 16, lat. 18, alt. 11 mill.

Terebratula Bentley [Morris), Davidson, Mon. Ool. 1851, p. 58.
pi. 13. f. 9-11.

/3. Terebratula sub-Bentleji, Dav. Mon. Ool. 1851, p. 59. pi. 13.
f. 11.

Fossil. Cornbrash. Rushden, Northamptonshii’e (Griesbach).

Inferior Oolite. (/3.) Minchinhampton (Lycett) ; Ger-
many (Brit. Mus.).

80. Terebratula subcanalis.

Shell oval, somewhat pentagonal, smooth ; dorsal valve flat,
with two diverging furrows ; ventral valve convex, with a deep

BKACHIOPODA.

39

central furrow ; beak recurved, thick, rounded ; foramen mode-
rate. Lon. and lat. 6, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula subcanalis, Munster, in Cambridge Museum.

Fossil. Oxford Clay. Bavaria.

81. Terebratula coarctata. B.M.

Shell somewhat pentagonal, ornamented with radiating spinu-

lose striae, decussated by numerous lines of growth ; dorsal valve
cuiT'^ed, with an angular median ridge and more or less distinct
lateral furrows ; front straight or indented ; ventral valve deep,
with a prominent beak ; foramen moderate, round ; deltidium
distinct; loop short, simple. Lon. 12, lat. 11, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula coarctata. Park. 1811, Org. Rem. iii. pi. 16. f. 5.
Sow. 1823, Min. Con. iv. p. 7. t. 312. f. 1-4.

Bronn, Index, ii. p. 1232.

D'Orb. Prod. i. p. 316.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 59. pi. 12. f. 12-15.

Quenst. Handb. p. 465. t. 37. f. 21.

Terebratula reticulata. Smith, 1816, Org. Foss. p. 83. pi. 30. f. 10.
Sow. 1823, Min. Con. t. 312. f. 5-6 (et decussata).

Deslong. Soc. L. Norm.

Quenst. Handb. p. 464. t. 37. f- 20.

Terebratula decussata, Val. in Lam. 1819, An. sans Vert. vi.
no. 51 ; Enc. Me'th. t. 245. f. 4.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1850, pi. 14. f. 51.

Terebratula reticularis, Schloth. Petref. i. p. 269.

Buch, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. France, p. 185. pi. 17. f- 7-
Fossil. Bath Oolite {Bradford Clay). England ; France.

82. ? Terebratula Richardiana.

Like T. reticulata, but much naiTower, more elongated, and
more strongly reticulated.

Terebratula Richardiana, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. i. p. 377-
Fossil. Oxford Clay. France.

83. Terebratula Morierei.

Shell pentagonal, deeply indented in front ; valves ornamented
with concentric, imbricated ridges, both deeply fui-rowed in the
middle ; beak rather short, recurved, laterally keeled ; foramen
moderate, round ; deltidium distinct. Lon. 9, lat. 8, alt. 6 lines.
Terebratula Morierei {Deslongchamps, MS.), Davidson, April
1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. pi. 14. f. 3.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. Normandy.

40

BRACHIOPODA.

84. Terebratula antiplecta.

Shell obovate, ventricose, smooth ; margin strongly sinuated
in front ; dorsal valve convex, with two front and two lateral de-
pressions ; ventral valve with three depressions in front ; beak
not prominent ; foramen minute ; deltidium double, triangular.
Lon. 8, lat. 1 , alt. 5 lines.

Terebratula antiplecta, Buch, 1834, Ueber Ter. 80. t. 2. f. 39 ;
Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. 1838-39, t. 111. p. 187, ph 17- f. 8.
Broun, Index, p. 1229.

Quenst. 1851, Handb. p. 465.

Fossil. Jura (Alpenkalkl). Near Salzburg, Tyrol.

85. Terebratula inversa. B.M.

Shell pentagonal, deeply folded, smooth ; margins strongly
3-plaited ; dorsal valve flat near the umbo, with two deep angular
furrows in front j ventral valve with a central and two lateral
depressions ; beak small. Lon. & lat. 6, alt. 3^ lines.
Terebratula inversa, Quenstedt, 1851, Handb. p. 465. t. 37. f. 22.
Fossil. Trias {Alpenkalk). Hallstadt.

86. Terebratula rbflexa.

Shell small, subpentagonal, tumid, smooth ; dorsal valve much
depressed in front, with a small longitudinal ridge in the middle ;
ventral valve with two longitudinal rounded ridges divided by a
small central fuiTow, sides depressed ; beak small, curved ; aper-
tm’e minute ; area very wide. Lon. 4, lat. 4, alt. 2^ lines.

Terebratula reflexa, Koninck, 1844, Descr. p. 298. pi. 20. f. 4.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 151.

Fossil. Curb. Belgium.

87? Terebratula NUCLEATA. B.M.

Shell subcircular, smooth, with a deep, rounded sinus in the
centre of the dorsal valve in front ; ventral valve with a slight
dorsal ridge ; beak very prominent, inflated, recurved ; foramen
moderate; deltidium concealed; loop very small. Lon. 8, lat. 8,
alt. 6 lines.

Terebratula nucleata, Schlotheim, 1820, Petr. p. 281. *

Buch, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. iii. pi. 20. f. 10.

Zieten, 1830, Petref. p. 63. pi. 39. f. 10.

Quenst. Handb. p. 469. t. 37- f. 40-45.

Fossil. Coral Bag. Germany ; France.

BRACHIOPODA.

41

88. Terebratula triquetra. B.M.

Shell triangular, smooth, depressed, truncated in front, the
angles produeed and rounded ; sides nearly straight ; heak ohtuse,
recurved, keeled ; foramen moderate, round ; deltidium nearly
concealed. Lon. 17, lat. in front 18 hues.

Terebratula pileus, [Brug.) E. M. t. 241. f. 1. a, b, c.

Broun, Index, p. 1245.

Terebratula triquetra, Parkinson, 1811, Org. Rem. hi. pi. 16. f. 8.
D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 344.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1850, pi. 13. f. 21.

Terebratula triangulus, Val. 1819, in Lam. An. s. Vert. no. 21.
Terebratula mutica, Catullo, 1830, Geogn. Zool. x.xii. t. 2. f. 4.
Fossil. Kelloway Rockl. France (Gigondas).

89. Terebratula diphya. B.M.

Shell smooth, triangular, depressed, gibbose at the margins ;
when young two-lobed, the lobes coalescing in the adult, leaving
a roundish opening (about 3 lines in diameter) through the cen-
tre of both valves ; from this opening a sharp furrow passes to the
front margin of each valve ; margins even ; sides slightly hol-
lowed ; front indented in the middle ; angles rounded ; heak
rounded and recurved; foramen moderate, round ; loop ?. Lon.
19, lat. 20, alt. 9 lines.

Concha diphya, F. Colonna, 1606, Ecphras. Stirp. 36. 49.
Terebratula diphya. Buck, Ueber Terebrateln, p. 88. t. 1. f. 12 ;
Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. France, hi. p. 196. pi. 18. f. 9.

Pusch, Polens Pal. 15. t. 3. f. 13.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1850, pi. 13. f. 20.

Quenst. Handb. p. 4/0. t. 37. f. 46.

Terebratula deltoidea, Valenciennes, 1819, in Lam. Hist. Nat.

Brug. Enc. Meth. 1797, t. ii. pi. 240. f. 4.

Terebratula triquetra, Parkinson (pait.), Org. Rem. hi. 229. t. 16.
f. 4, 8.

Terebratula antinomia, Catullo, 1827, Cat. Zool. 169. t. 5 ;
Geogn. Zool. t. 2. f. 3.

Terebratula Duvalhi, Newman, 1844, Zoologist, p. 679 (figures).
Pygope diphya [Link), King, 1840, Permian Fossils, pp. 81, 144.
Fossil. Kelloway Rockl. France.

90. Terebratula diphyoides. B.M.

I Shell smooth, depressed, expanded, triangulai’, perforated in
the middle ; valves unequal, the ventral most convex ; beak
short, with two dorsal ridges ; foramen moderate, round. Lon.
'22, lat. 25, alt. 1 1 hues.

42

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratula diphyoides, D’Orb. 1847, Ter. Cr^t. iv. p. 87. t. 509 ;

Prod. ii. p. 108.

Fossil. Neocomian. France.

91. Terebratula ? QUADRiPLECTA *. B.M-

Shell pentagonal, with four prominent rounded ribs to each
valve ; ribs sometimes blending or becoming obsolete ; margins
strongly sinuated; dorsal valve prominent in the centre, de-
pressed at the sides, with two subcentral and two remote lateral
ribs, occasionally a small fifth rib in the mesial furrow, interior
furnished with a prominent cardinal process having a dental pit
on each side ; ventral valve with two distinct or blended sub-
central and two lateral ribs ; beak small, laterally compressed,
curved, truncated by a minute apical foramen ; area small, flat,
triangular, bounded by prominent beak-ridges ; deltidium an-
gular, sunk. Lon. 5, lat. 5, alt. 31 lines.

Terebratula quadriplecta, Munst. 1841, Beitr. Petref. iv. p. 58.
pi. 6. f. 9, 10.

Terebratula quadricostata, Braun, 1841, Id. pi. 9. f. 5.
Terebratula contraplecta, Braun, 1841, Id. pi. 9. f. 2 ?.
RhynchoneUa quadriplecta et contraplecta, D’Orb. 1849, Prod.
i. p. 203 (erroneous).

Spuigera quadricostata, D’Orb. Id. p. 204.

Fossil. Trias. St. Cassian, Tyrol.

92. Terebratula? tricostata. B.M.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, trilobed, smooth ; dorsal valve

with a prominent middle lobe bounded by shallow furrows ; ven-
tral valve with a deep central and obscure lateral furrow ; beak
small, acute ; foramen minute. Lon. 3, lat. 3, alt. H hne.
Terebratula tricostata, Miinst. 1841, Beitr. iv. p. 57. pi. 6. f. 7.
Terebratula tripleeta, Klipstein, 3IS.

Spirigera tricostata, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.

Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

93. Terebratula? bipartita. B.M.

Shell oval, smooth, depressed, with a longitudinal furrow in

the centre of each valve ; front slightly truncated, sides depressed ;
beak small, prominent, truncated by a small round foramen.
Lon. 7, lat. 5 lines {Munster).

* Most of the Triassic and Paleozoic Terebratulse were probably
furnished with internal spires, and belong to the genera Athyris, M'Coy,
and Retzia, King. (Woodward, MS.)

BRACHIOPODA.

43

Ferebratula bipartita^ Miinst. 1841, Beitr. iv. p. 60. pi. 6. f. 11.
Terebratula subbipartita, D’Or-&. Prod. i. p. 204.

Ferebratula Waterhousii, Klipstein, MS. (not Dav.).
jPossil. Trias. Tyrol.

94. Terebratula ? Bronnii. B.M.

[ SAeZZ small, broadly ovate, tumid, depressed at the sides, smooth ,

! mth a broad mesial fold, and three obscure lateral folds on each
side ; margins undulated ; beak prominent, rounded, recurved,
■with indications of an internal median septum. Lon. 4i, lat. 4,
alt. 3 Unes.

Terebratula Bronnii, Klipst. 1845, Beitr. p. 215. pi. 15. f. 13.
Terebratula Cassiana, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.
i Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

95. Terebratula ? WiSMANNi. B.M.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, smooth ; front margins slightly
elevated; beak inconspicuous, truncated by a small foramen.
Lon. 5, lat. 5, alt. 2i hnes.

Terebratula Wismanni, Miinst. 1841, Beitr. iv. p. 64. pi. 6. f. 18.
D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.

Terebratula Buchii, Klipst. 1844, Beitr. p. 218. pi. 15. f. 2.
Terebratula salinaria, D’Orb. 1849, Prod. i. p. 204.

Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

96. Terebratula ? SUBCURVATA. B.M.

I Shell suborbicular, trilobed, smooth ; dorsal valve with a pro-
minent mesial ridge and depressed sides ; ventral valve with a
longitudinal furrow, much depressed in front ; beak small, pro-
minent, truncated by a small foramen. Lon. and lat. 3^, alt. 2
hnes.

Terebratula subcurvata, Miinst. 1841, Beitr. iv. p. 63. pi. 6. f. 17.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.

Terebratula Buchii, var., Klipstein.

Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

97. Terebratula? Munsterii. B.M.

Shell oval, depressed, smooth, ■with numerous lines of growth
near the margin ; dorsal valve slightly trilobed, prominent in the
centre, depressed at the sides ; beak thick, rounded, recurved,
truncated by a rather large foramen. Lon. 10, lat. 9 lines.

Terebratula Miinsterii, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.

Terebratula vulgaris, Miinst. Beitr. iv. p. 61. pi. 6. f. 12 (not
Schl.).

44

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratulites complanatus, Schl. 1816, Denksch. Akad. Munch.

p. 27. t. 7- f. 12-14? (not Brocehi).

Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

98. Terebratula ? jEQualis. B.M.

Shell orbicular, smooth ; valves equally and regularly convex ;
margins even ; beak thick, prominent, rounded, recurved ; fora-
men moderate, round. Lon. 7, lat. 6i, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula sequalis, Klipst. Beitr. 1844, p. 223. pi. 15. f. 7-
D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.

Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

99. Terebratula? hemisph.®roidica. B.M.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, timncated in front, widest near
the hinge-line, smooth, with obscure lines of growth near the
margin ; dorsal valve convex near the umbo, depressed at the
sides ; margins even ; beak small, prominent, truncated by a small
foramen ; indications of a long internal septum in the ventral
valve. Lon. 4, lat. 4^, alt. 2i lines.

Terebratula hemisphaeroidica, Klipst. 1844, Beitr. p. 222. pi. 15.
f. 10.

Fossil. Trias. TjtoI.

100. Terebratula? Hastingsi^. B.M.

Shell small, oblong, ventricose, smooth; front margin very
slightly elevated ; beak small, prominent, recurved, rounded,
truncated by a minute foramen. Lon. 4, lat. 3, alt. 2i lines.

Terebratula Hastingsiae, Klipst. MS.

Fossil. Trias. St. Cassian.

101. Terebratula? pentagonalis.

Shell small, oblong, ventricose, smooth ; ventral valve slightly
sinuated in front ; beak small, recurved.

Terebratula pentagonahs, Klipstein, 1844, Beitr. p. 220. pi. 15.

f. 12, enlarged (not Phil.z=T. caput-serpentis\).

Terebratula subpentagonalis, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.

Terebratula Hastingsiae, Klipst. MS. ?

Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

102. Terebratula elongata. B.M.

Shell oblong, depressed, smooth, rather contracted and trun-
cated in front ; dorsal valve flattened longitudinally, much de-

BRACHIOPODA.

4o

pressed at the sides ; ventral valve with a shallow longitudinal
sinus ; beak prominent, slightly curved ; foramen moderate, com-
plete, round ; loop short and simple. Lon. 13, lat. 9, alt. 6 lines.
Tercbratulites elongatus, Schl. 1816, Denkschriften Akad. Munch.
vi. p. 27. pi. 7- f. 7-9.

Terebratula elongata. King, Permian Foss. p. 147. ph 6. f. 30-45.
Geinitz, Zech. p. 4. pi. 4. f. 27-36.

Vern. Russ. p. 66. pi. 9. f. 9.

Miinst. 1841, Beitr. iv. p. 62. pi. 6. f. 14?.

Buch,\834,Ueber Terebrateln, p. 100 ; 1838,ilfm. Soc. Ge'ol.
Fr. iii. p. 211. pi. 19. f. 10.

Terebratula plica, Kutorga, 1842, Ib. pi. 5. f. 11.

Terebratula canidea, Geinitz, 1846, Grundriss, p. 507.
Terebratula subelongata, D’Orb. 1847, Prod. i. p. 168.

Fossil. Permian. Germany ; England ; Russia.

Devonian. Boulonnais (Bouchard).

I

103. Terebratula Qualenii.

Shell elongated, depressed, widest in the middle, contracted at
each end, smooth’; dorsal valve with an elevated central ridge,
sides depressed ; ventral valve sinuated in front ; beak promi-
nent, rounded, recurved ; foramen small. Lon. 10, lat. 7, alt. 4
lines.

Terebratula Qualenii (Fisch.), Kutorga, 1842, Verh. Kaiserl.

Petersb. p. 26. pi. 6. f. 2.

, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 168.
i Fossil. Permian. Russia.

104. Terebratula sufflata. B.M.

Shell broadly ovate, obtuse or slightly indented in front, de-
pressed, smooth ; valves moderately conve.x ; margins even,
sinuated in front ; ventral valve with a medial sinus ; beak short,
rounded, recurved ; foramen moderate. Lon. 8, lat. 1 , alt. 44-
lines.

Terebratula sufflata, Schl. 1816, Akad. Munch, vi. p. 27. pi. 7-
f. 10, 11 ; Mem. Acad. Baviere, 1817, ph 7- f- 10.

Buch, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iii. p. 213. pi. 19. f. 12 bis.
j March. Geol. Russ. i. p. 222.

Munster, Beitr. iv. p. 63. pi. 6. f. 15 ?.

! King, Permian Fossils, p. 149. pi. 7. f- 1-9.

Terebratula inflata, Schl. Petref. p. 617-
Buch, Ueber Terebrateln, p. 102.

Terebratula subsufflata, D’Orb. 1849, Prod. i. p. 204?.

Fossil. Permian. Germany; England; Russia.

Triasl. Tyrol.

46

BRACHIOPODA.

105. Terebratula sacculus. B.M.

Shell oblong, with a straight or emarginate front, which is

sometimes elevated, and almost always defined by two broad,
obtuse ridges, proceeding a short distance on the shell, on each
side of a mesial broad shallow groove j beak prominent, incurved
Anomites sacculus, Martin, 1809, Petref. t. 46. f. 1, 2.
'Terebratula sacculus, Koninck, Descr. p. 293. pi. 20. f. 3.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 151.

Fossil. Carb. Britain; Belgium; Russia.

106. Terebratula hastata. B.M

Shell elhptical, subrhomboidal, rather depressed ; front trun-
cated and indented ; edges sharp ; beak thick, shghtly recurved :
foramen small; loop short, simple. Lon. 19, lat. 15, alt. 11
lines.

Terebratula hastata, Sow. 1824, Min. Con. v. p. 66. t. 446. f. 2, 3
Phil. Geol. Yorks, ii. pi. 12. f. 1 ; Pal. Foss. p. 91. pi. 35
f. 168?.

Hamer, Nordd. Ool. p. 48.

Fossil. Carb. Britain; Belgium.

107. Terebratula fusiformis.

Shell smooth, much elongated, fusiform, inflated, contractec
at each end ; valves equally convex ; margins even ; beak pointed
recurved; foramen small, apical ? ; deltidium distinct ?. Lon. 10
lat. Si, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula fusiformis, Vern. 1845, Russ. p. 65. pi. 9. f. 8.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 151.

Fossil. Carb. Russia.

108. Terebratula? lacryma.

Shell subglobose, smooth, oblong ; front straight, or shghth
waved, scarcely raised except at the edge, which is deeply si
nuated by the projection of the inferior valve, the central furro\
of which is broad, flat, and boimded by two sharpish ridges
beak not prominent. Lon. 5, lat. 4i, alt. 4 hnes.

Atrypa lacryma. Sow. Geol. Trans. 2nd ser. v. pi. 56. f. 9.
Fossil. Devonian. England.

109. Terebratula? juvenis. B.M

“ Shell broad ovate, depressed, smooth, contracted towai-d th
front ; larger valve remarkably incurved at the minute, lateral!
angulated beak. In full-grown specimens the side margins ar

BRACHIOPODA.

47

undulated, and the front is rather depressed in the middle.”
Lon. lat. 7j alt. 4 lines.

i Terebratula juvenis, Sowerby, Geol. Trans. 2nd ser. v. pi. 56. f. 8.
Phil. 1841, Pal. Foss. pi. 35. f. 165.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 100.

Fossil. Devonian. Britain.

110. Terebratula virgo.

Shell ovato-lanceolate, uniformly convex ; beak prominent ;
front margin contracted, nearly straight ; surface beautifully re-
ticulated, and marked by a few faint, longitudinal striae. Lon. 8,
lat. 51 lines.

Terebratula virgo, Phil. Pal. Foss. p. 91. pi. 35. f. 167.

Fossil. Devonian. England.

111. Terebratula cai'qua.

Shell much elongated, elliptical; valves equally ventricose,
smooth, or with a few striae of growth ; beak inflated, much re-
cmwed, and touching the other valve ; foramen round, mode-
rate; deltidium concealed ; front straight. Lon. 2-^, lat. 1-jL,
alt. It^j- unc.

Terebratula cai'qua, Vern. 8f Arch. 1842, Trans. Geol. Soc, 2nd ser.
vi. pi. 35. f. 1.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 100.

Terebratula amygdalina. Gold/. Bonn. Mus.

Fossil. Devonian. Pafirath, Prussia.

112. Terebratula Bordini.

Shell subpentagonal, smooth, very finely punctate ; edges
sharj); margins even; ventral valve rather more convex than the
dorsal ; beak recm’ved, its summit perforated by a small round
foramen ; deltidium distinct. Lon. 10, lat. 9, alt. 4 lines.
Terebratula Bordini, Vern. 1850, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. t. 7- p- 36.
pl.l.f. 8.

Fossil. Devonian. Spain.

113. Terebratula Schulzii.

Shell much elongated, smooth ; borders sharp ; front margins
quite even ; ventral valve most convex ; beak acute, perforated
by a small foramen, below which is an elongated deltidium.
Lon. 9, lat. 5, alt. 3 lines.

Terebratula Schulzii, Vern. 1850, Btdl. Soc. Geol. Fr. vii. p. 37.
phl.f. 7.

Fossil. Devonian. Spain.

48

BRACHIOPODA.

114. Terebbatula Abchiaci.

Shell subcircular, depressed, smooth; edges sharp; margins
even ; ventral valve rather more convex than dorsal ; beak slightly
curved; foramen apical, minute; deltidium triangular; interior
of dorsal valve with a cardinal process, dental pits, and elongated
adductor impressions. Lon. 26, lat. 25, alt. 9i lines.

Terebratula Archiaci, Verneuil, 1850, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. t. vii.

p. 40. pi. 2. f. 2.

Fossil. Devonian. Astm-ias.

115. Terebbatula Haimeana.

Shell circular, depressed, smooth, with obscure lines of growth ;
valves nearly equally convex ; margins even ; beak obtuse, late-
rally keeled, recurved, truncated by a small round foramen ; del-
tidium nearly concealed, solid. Lon. 28, lat. 30, alt. 16 lines.
Terebratula Haimeana, Dav. April 1852, Ann. Not. Hist. pi. 14.f. 1 .
Fossil. Devonian. Prussia.

2. TEREBRATULINA.

Shell finely striated ; valve auriculate ; beak straight ; delti-
dium usually rudimentary; foramen incomplete; loop short,
rendered annular by the union of the oral processes (fig. 4).
Terebratulae striatse, Morris, 1846, Journ. Geol. Soc. p. 385.
Terebratulinalcaput-serpentis),H’Or6. 1848, Sc. Nat.Vm. 67 .

Dav. 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 365; Mon. Cret. p. 34.
Terebratulse annuliferse, Quenstedt, 1851, Handbuch, p. 462.

Terebratulina caput-serpentis.

Fig. 4. Fig. 5.

Fig. 4. — Dorsal valve of a young specimen in which the oral processes are not
yet completely developed.

Fig. 5. — Shell with the animal ; the intestine is seen projecting above the oral
aperture and fringe. The oesophagus passes through the annular part of the loop.

BRACHIOPODA.

49

1. Terebratulina caput-serpentis. B.M.

Shell ovate, subpentagonal, tapering at the beak, slightly trun-
cated in front, vs’hitish, ornamented with fine, bifurcating, granu-
i lated ribs ; beak nearly straight ; foramen rather large, incom-
plete, oblique ; deltidia rudimentaiy, disunited ; valves eared ;
loop short, one-third the length of the shell, not reflected, oral
processes united. Lon. 12, lat. 10 lines.

Anomia caput-serpentis, Linn. 1/67, Syst. Nat. ed. 12. 1153.
Born, Mus. 119. t. 6. f. 13.

Chemnitz, viii. 103. t. 78. f. 712; xi. 248. t. 203. f. 2013,
2014.

Gmelin, S. N. 3344.

Dillw. Index Test. pi. 2. f. 22.

Poli, Test. Sicil. ii. 192. t. 30. f. 15 y.

Philippi, Moll. Sicil. i. 94. t. 6. f. 5 ; ii. 66.

Terebratuhna Caput serpentis, D’Orb. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1848, viii.
; 67. t. 7. f. 7, 8, 17.

Terebratuhna cornea, D’Orb. 1848, Ann. Sci. Nat. viii.t. 7- f. 9,

10.

Anomia pubescens, L. Syst. Nat. 1152 ; Gmelin, S. N. 3344.
Dillw. R. S. 293.

Schrbter, Einl. Conch, iii. p. 397. ph 9. f. 10.

Terebratula pubescens, Retz. N. Gen. 15 ?

Muller, Z. Dan. Prod. 249. no. 3007.

Terebratula, Lamk. E. M. t. 241. f. 2; “ t. 246. f. 7, opt.” Lamk.

Griindler, 1774, Naturforscher,p. 84. t. Ill, animal.
Anomia retusa, L. Syst. N. 12. p. 1151 ; Fauna Suecica, ed. 2.
p. 521.

Dillw. Recent Shells, i. p. 292.

Terebratula caput-serpentis, Lamk. Hist. vi. 247 ; Desk. vii.
332.

Sow. Gen. f. 2; Thes. Conch, vii. 343. t. 68. f. 1-4; t. 72.
f. 116.

Kuster, Conch. C. \fli. 22. t. 1. f. 15, 16; t. 2. f. 16, 17.
Blainv. D. S. N. liii. 139.

Phil. Moll. Sicil. i. p. 94. pi. 6. f. 4, 5.

Forbes 8f Hanley, Brit. Moll. pi. 56. f. 1-4.
j Delthyris spatula, Menke, Syn. ed. 2. 96.

Anomia aurita, Linn. S. N. 1151 ? Gmelin. 3342.

' Terebratxda aurita, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. p. 498. pi. 4. f. 5;
Brit. An. p. 369.

Terebratula costata, Lowe, Zool. Journ. ii. 105. t. 5. f. 8, 9.

Desh. in Lamk. Hist. ed. 2. vii. 351.

Terebratula striata, Leach, Brit. Moll. t. 13. f. 1,2.

D

50

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratula Gervillii, S. Wood, Mag. Nat. Hist. v. p. 253.

Hah. N. Britain; Norway; Mediterranean. At 10-50 fathoms.
Fossil. Miocene. Gibraltar (Jas. Smith, F.R.S.) ; Turin.
Pliocene. Suffolk (S. V. Wood).

2. Terebratulina septentrionalis.

Shell ovate, whitish, radiately costellated with very slender,
bifurcating, roughish ribs ; beak obtuse ; foramen large, incom-
plete ; deltidia rudimentary ; loop two-fifths the length of the
shell, anelhform. Lon. 9, lat. 7; alt. lines.

Terebratula septentrionalis, Couthovy.

G. B. Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vii. 344. t. 5/. f. 5, 6.

Hah. Massachusetts.

3. Terebratulina Japonica.

Shell oblong, thin, whitish, radiately striated ; striae numerous,
bifurcating ; sides rather fiattened near the hinge ; beak trun-
cated by a moderate, incomplete, very oblique foramen ; deltidium
obsolete ; loop small, anelliform. Lon. 13, lat. 9 lines.
Terebratula Japonica, G. B. Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vii. 344. t. 68.

f. 7, 8.

Adams Reeve, Zool. Samarang, p. 71- ph 21. f . 1 ?

Hnb. Japan. (Mus. Cuming.)

4. Terebratulina angusta.

Shell elongate-oval, slightly compressed, pellucid white, closely
and very finely costellated longitudinally ; ribs rough ; beak
truncated ; valves nearly equal, slightly fiuTowed in the middle ;
front margin a little suiuated. Lon. 1 1, lat. 7 lines.

Terebratula angusta, Adams <5r Reeve, 1850, Zool. Samarang.

p. 71. pi. 21. f. 2.

Terebratulina caput-serpentis, var. ?

Hah. Seas of Japan.

5. Terebratulina cancellata.

Shell ovate-oblong, ventricose, brownish ; striae verj^ slender,
close- set, decussated by fine hnes of growth ; dorsal valve rather
fiat ; ventral valve convex ; foramen large, complete ; deltidia
large, united ; loop short. Lon. 10, lat. 7, alt. 5 lines.

Terebratula cancellata, Koch.

Kuster, Conch. C. vii. t. 2 6. f. 11, 12, 13.

Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. 358. t. 71- f. 93.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)

BRACHIOPODA.

51

6. TeBEBRATULINA ABYSiSICOLA.

Shell oval-elongated, tapering to the beak and a little trun-
cated in front, pale Hesh-colour, radiated with obscure, bifurca-
ting strise ; beak produced ; foramen moderate, entire ; dorsal
valve with a slight central depression. Lon. 8, lat. 7 lines.
Terebratula abvssicola, Adams Reeve, 1850, Zool. Samarang,
p. 72. pi. 21.' f. 5.

Terebratuliua abyssicola, Dav. May 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 366.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope ; at 120 fathoms.

7. Terebratulina Cumingii.

Shell minute, somewhat pentagonal, gibbous, yellowish white,
ornamented with very numerous, minute, elevated, radiating and
intercalating striae ; valves with very small ears ; beak small,
obliquely tnincated by a round, incomplete foramen ; deltidia
separate ; margins slightly sinuated in front ; loop auelliform.
Lon. 3i, lat. 3, alt. 2 lines.

Terebratulina Cumingii, Dav. May 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 366 ;

Proc Zool. Soc. p. . pi. . f. 17-19.

Hab. Chinese Seas. (Mus. Cuming.)

8. Terebratulina striatula. B.M.

Shell oval, slightly produced at the beak, depressed, minutely
striated; stria; unequal, bifurcating and intercalating, 80-90 at
the margin ; margin slightly flexuous ; beak truncated by a mo-
derate, incomplete foramen ; deltidia small ; amdcles indistinct.
Lon. 10, lat. 8, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula striatula. Sow. 1829 (in part., not T. striatula, Mant.),
Min. Con. vi. p. 69. t. 536. f. 5 (not 3, 4).

Terebratulina striatula, Dav. Mon. Tertiary Brach. p. 14. pi. 1.
f. 16.

Fossil. Eocene. England.

9. Terebratulina tenuistriata.

Shell small, oval, depressed, ornamented with radiating, gra-
nulated striae ; beak prominent, acute ; foramen small, entire ;
deltidium double, complete. Lon. 5, lat. 4, alt. 2 lines.

Terebratula tenuistriata, Leym. 1846, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. France, i.
p. 363. pi. 15. f. 11.

D’Arch. Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. France, 2nd ser. t. ii. p. 214. pi. 7-
f. 14.

Terebratula Defrancii, Leym. id. pi. 15. f. 12 (not Brongn.).
Fossil. Eocene. France.

D2

52

BRACHIOPODA.

10. Terebratulina lacryma.

Shell tear-shaped ; valves convex, marked with delicate longi-
tudinal striae ; heak elongated ; foramen large. Lon. 6, lat. 4
lines.

Terehratvda lacryma, Morton, 1834, Syn. Cret. group, p. 72.
pi. 16. f. 6.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 396.

Fossil. Eocene. Alabama, U.S.

11. Terebratulina ? Venei.

Shell oval, gibbous, ornamented with concentric lines of growth
and radiately striated ; striae not numerous, regular, seldom bi-
furcating ; valves nearly equally convex ; beak prominent, curved ;
foramen small, round ; deltidium conspicuous, double. Lon. 6^,
lat. 4L alt. 3i lines.

Terebratula Venei, Leym. 1846, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. France, t. 1.

p. 362. pi. 15. f. 10.

Fossil. Eocene. France.

12. Terebr.atulina multistriata.

Shell ovate, subpentagonal, depressed; ornamented with ra-
diating striae crossed by numerous lines of growth ; margins even,
slightly arched in front ; dorsal valve rather flat, depressed at
the sides ; ventral valve convex ; beak large and thick, recurved,
truncated by a large round foramen ; deltidium triangrdar, solid.
Lon. 26, lat. 20, alt. 12 lines.

Terebratula multistriata, Dawier, l847,Beitr. p. 128. 1. 18. f. 1-3.
Fossil. Tertiary. Ravensberg.

13. Terebratulina striata. B.M.

Shell tear-shaped, slender, slightly truncated or notched in

front, ornamented with bifnrcating, granulated strise ; beak short
and tajiering, ears distinct, foramen moderate, deltidia disunited.
Lon. 11, lat. 8, alt. 4^ lines (Brit. sp.).

Anomites striata, Wahl. 1821, Petr. Suec. Nov. Act. R. S. Upsal.

viii. p. 61 (not of Brocchi, 1814).

Terebratulina striata, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 65. pi. 504. f. 9-17-
Dav. Mon. Cret. p. 35. pi. 2. f. 18-28.

Terebratula striatula, Mantell, 1822, Geol. Stiss. pi. 25. f. 7, 8, 12.
Phil. Geol. Yorks, i. pi. 2. f. 28.

Sow. Min. Con. vi. p. 69. pi. 336. f. 3, 4.

Buck, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. France, 1 ser. iii. p. 164. pi. 16. f. 8.

BRACHIOPODA.

53

Desk. Lam. ed. 2. vii. p. 360.

Geinitz, Petr. Kreid. pi. 16. f. 12.

D’Orb. in March. Russia, ii. p. 463. pi. 43. f. 18-20.

Reuss, Bokem. Kreid. p. 49. pi. 26. f. 2.

Dixon, Geol. Sussex, pi. 27. f. 21.

Rcemer, Kreid. p. 40.

Terebratula Defrancii, Brongn. 1822, Env. Paris, p. 383. pi. 3.

f. 6.

Nilsson, Petr. Suec. p. 35. pi. 4. f. 7*

Buck, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, p. 165. pi. 16. f. 8.
Hisinger, Leth. Suec. p. 78. t. 22. f. 10.

Rcemer, Nord. Kreid. j). 40.

Dalman, Vet. Acad. 1848, p. 136.

Terebratula scabra, FlscAer, 1830-7, Oryct.Moscow Sf Foss. Gouv.

Mosc. 1809, pi. 2. f. 1, 2 (indeterminable).

Terebratula pentagonalis, Phil. 1825, Geol. I'or^s. i. pi. 1. f. 17
(founded on a specimen partly imbedded in chalk).

Young —

Terebratula chrysalis, Schlotheim, 1813, in Leonhard’’ s Min.
Tasch. vol. vii. {ref. to Faujas, Mt. S. Pierre, Maestricht, jd. 26.
f. 7, 9.)

' Schl. Petref. 1820, p. 39.

Buch, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, pi. 16. f. 9.

Broun, Leth. Geog. p. 651. pi. 30. f. 6.

Reuss, Bohem. Kreid. p. 49. pi. 26. f. 3.

Dav.Lond. Geol. Journ. i. pi. 18. f. 18-20.

Danker, Paleeont. p. 56.

Rcemer, Kreid. p. 40.

Terebratula tenuissima, Schl. 1813, Leonh. Min. Tasch. vii.
Terebratula Gervillii, Defrance, 1828, Diet. Sc. Nat. liii. )). 157.

Woodward, Geol. Norf. t. 6. f. 14.

Terebratula Faujasii, Rcemer, Kreid. p. 40. t. 7- f- 8.

Reuss, Kreid. p. 50. pi. 26. f. 4.

Terebratula auriculata, Rcemer, Kreid. p. 39. t. 7- f- 9,

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 173.

Terebratulina microscopica, Alth, 1849, in Haid. Abliandl. 1850,
p. 257. t. 13. f. 7.

Fossil. Chalk, Upper Greensand, Speeton Clay. England ;
France ; Belgium ; Germany ; Russia.

14. Terebratulina Gish.

Shell minute, trigonal, rounded in front, with 11-15 sim])lc
rounded and granulated ribs j dorsal valve with large ears. Lon.
I j to 3 lines.

54

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratula Gisii, Hag. 1842, Neues Jahrbuch, p. 637.

Roemer, Kreid. p. 40.

Bronn, Index, p. 1237.

Fossil. Chalk, Riigen.

15. Terebratulina elegans.

Shell orbicular, depressed, radiately ribbed ; ribs curved, di-
chotomous, strongly granulated ; beak prominent ; ears conspi-
cuous. Lon. 2^ lines.

Terebratulina Dutempleana, D’Orb. 1847, Pale'ont. iv. p. 14.
pi. 504. f. 1-8.

Terebratulina elegans, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. ii. p. 258.
Terebratulina striata, Wahl, (young?)

Fossil. Chalk. France.

16. Terebratulina Guadalupe.

Shell small, ovate-orbicular, inflated, radiately striated ; striae
fine, smooth, close, bifurcated ; dorsal valve orbicular, convex,
eared ; ventral valve more convex ; beak prominent, rather re-
curved ; foramen large, complete. Lon. 4, lat. 3|-, alt. 2^ lines.
Terebratula Guadalupse, Rcemer, 1852, Kreid. Texas, p. 82. t. 6.
f.3.

Fossil. Chalk. Guadaloupe.

17. Terebratulina Campaniensis.

Shell ovate-oblong, depressed, triangular, radiately ribbed;
ribs granulated, entire, ■with smaller ribs disposed in their inter-
spaces ; beak angular ; front nearly straight ; ears short. Lon.
5 lines.

Terebratulina Campaniensis, D’Orb, 1847, Ter. Cret.iv. p. 60.
t. 602. f. 13.

Terebratulina striata, Wahl. var. ?

Fossil. Chalk-marl. Belgium ; France.

18. Terebratulina Martiniana.

Shell ovate, triangular, depressed, radiately ribbed ; ribs blunt,
simple, disposed in fasciculi ; beak angular; front obtusely trun-
cated; ears very small. Lon. lines.

Terebratulina Martiniana, D’Orb. 1847, Ter. Cre't. iv. p. 59.

t. 502. f. 8, 12; Prod. ii. p. 140.

Terebratulina striata, Wahl. var. ?

Fossil. Gault. France.

BRACHIOPODA.

65

19. Terebratulina biauriculata.

Shell angularly ovate, depressed, radiately ribbed ; ribs ele-
vated, angular, irregularly fasciculated ; beak tapering ; front
truncated ; ears short. Lon. 4 lines.

Terebratulina auriculata, D’Orh. 1847, Ter. Cret. iv. p. 58-
pi. 502. f. 3-7 (not Ramer).

Terebratulina biauriculata, D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 85.

Terebratulina striata, Wahl. var. ?

Fossil. Neocomian. France.

20. Terebratulina Floridana.

Shell subpentagonal, with obscure radiating strife ; valves
slightly biplicated ; beak produced, straight ; foramen small.
Lon. 7i, lat. 6| lines.

Terebratula Floridana, Morton, 1834, %«. Cref.p.72. pi. IG. f. 7-
Terebratulina Floridana, D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 238.

Fossil. Chalk. Alabama, U.S.

21. Terebratulina gracilis.

Shell orbicular, striated ; dorsal valve flat or concave ; ventral
valve convex; beak small, recurved; foramen small; deltidium
rudimentary; ears small; striae fine, very variable in number
(18-50), granulated, augmenting in number by the intercalation
of smaller ribs towards the margin. Lon. 5^, lat. 5, alt. 2 lines,
Terebratulites gracilis, Schl. 1813, Leonh. Min. Tasch. vii. p. 1 1 2.

t. 3. f. 3 ; Petref. p. 270. no. 35, 1820.

Terebratula gracilis, Schl. 1832, Petref.

Buch, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, \st ser. hi. p. 167.pl. 16. f. 1 1.
Geinitz, Petref. Kreid. pi. 16. f. 13; GrundrissVerst .\i\. 21.
f. 10.

Reuss, Bohem. Kreid. p. 49. pi. 26. f. 1, pi. 42. f. 24.
Pur/gaard, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, vii. p, 634.

Quenst. Handh. p. 462. t. 37- f. 8, 9.

Terebratulina gracilis, D’Orb. inMurch. Russia, ii. p. 499. pi. 43.
f. 24-26 ; Ter. Crtd. iv. p. 61. t. 503. f. 1-6.

Dav. Mon. Cret. p. 38. pi. 2. f. 13-16.

Terebratula ornata, Ramer, 1840, Nord. Kreid. p. 40. no. 26
pi. 7. f. 10.

Terebratulina ornata, D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 258.

Terebratula rigida, Sowerby, 1829, Miw. CoM.vi. p. 69. pi. 536. f. 2.
Dav. Mon. Cret. pi. 2. f. 17-

Fossil. Chalk. England; Belgium; France; Germany; Russia.

22. Terebratulina? Bourgeoisii.

Shell minute, orbicular, depressed, radiately striated ; strife
smooth, curved, diverging towards the sides ; ventral valve con-

56

BRACHIOPODA.

vex ; dorsal valve flat ; beak small ; foramen minute ; loop — ?
Lon. 4, lat. 4 lines.

Terebratella Bourgeoisii, D’Or5. 1847, Ter. Cret. iv. p. 124. t. 518.
f. 10-16.

Terebratulina gracilis, Schl. var. ?

Fossil. Chalk. France.

23. Terebratulina? echinulata.

Shell ovate-oblong, depressed, closely radiately striated ; striae
slightly prickly ; margins bisinuated in front ; foramen round,
complete; deltidium solid, concave. Lon. 18, lat. 13, alt. 9
lines.

Terebratula echinulata, Dujardin, 1836, Mm. Soc. Geol. France,
ii. p. 223. f. 222.

Terebratulina echinulata, D’Orb. Ter. Orel. iv. 63. t. 503. f. 7-11.
Fossil. Chalk. France.

24. Terebratulina Santonensis.

Shell oval, depressed, radiately ribbed ; ribs granulose, curved,
diverging towards the sides; ventral valve convex; area very
small ; foramen small ; dorsal valve nearly flat. Lon. 9 lines.

Terebratula Santonensis, D’JrcA. 1837, Mem. Soc. Geol. Franco,
ii. p. 181. pi. 13. f. 14.

Terebratella Santonensis, D’Orb. 1847, Ter. Cret. iv. p. 123.

t. 518. f. 5-9.

Fossil. Chalk. France.

25. Terebratulina parracena.

Shell rounded ; not truncated in front.

Terebratulina parracena, (Talavignes) D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 308.
Fossil. U. Chalk. Fi-ance.

26. Terebratulina megatrema. Bristol Mus.

Shell “ moderately convex, transversely obovate, with a few'

distinct ribs ; the beak is large and produced, with a very large
perforation.” Lon. 3, lat. 3 lines.

Terebratula megatrema, J. Smv. 1836, Geol. Trans, iv. p. 242
& .343. pi. 18. f. 3.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 172.

Fossil. U. Greensand. England.

27. Terebratulina substriata. B.M.

Shell oval or subpentagonal, radiately striated ; striae unequal,

very fine, dichotomous, crossed by frequent lines of growth;

BRACHIOPODA.

57

front slightly elevated ; sides depressed ; beak short, tapering ;
foramen large, incomplete ; deltidia large, separate ; loop small,
annular. Lon. 10, lat. 10, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula substriata, Schl. 1820, Petr. p. 283.

Buck, Ter. 60.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 377-
Quenst. Handb.yt. 461. t. 37- f. 6, 7-
Terebratula striatula, Zieten, 1830, Wurt. p. 59. pi. 44. f. 2 (not
MantelT).

Terebratulina substriata, Davidson, Ann. Nat. Hist.

Fossil. Oxford Clay. France ; Germany.

3. WALDHEIMIA.

Shell ; foramen complete ; loop elongated and reflected ; me-
dian septum of the smaller valve elongated.

Waldheimia (australis), King, 1849, Permian Fossils, p. 81.
Terebratulae with long loops, Dav. 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 364.
Terebratulaj cinctse et carinatae (part.). Buck.

The extent of the septum may be readily ascertained in fossil
species by a little acid, without injuring the specimens.

The sections into which Waldheimia has been groujted depend
entirely upon modifications of external form.

Waldheimia favescens.

Fig. 6. — Interior of dorsal valve with the animal.

Fig. J. — Section of both valves with the animal ; the muscles of the peduncle arc
not represented.

a, n\ adductor muscle; /. retractor muscle; p. peduncle; /. cardinal p^oce^s
t. dental sockets ; m. mouth; r. position of intestine.

D 5

58

BRACHIOPOOA.

a. Beak round ; valves convex, smooth, or slightly plaited.

1. Waldheimia flavescens. B.M.

Shell oval, rather produced at the beak, gibbous, smooth when
young, border of the adult more or less strongly furrow'ed with
unequal, radiating folds ; front slightly truncated ; colour yel-
lowish, or horny brown ; beak short and thick, not much re-
cm-ved ; foramen rather large, complete ; deltidium large ; loop
elongated, reflected ; margins at first even, afterwards more or
less dentated. Lon. 17, lat. 14, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula flavescens, Lamk. Hist. 1819, ed. 2. vii. 330.
Terebratula australis. Quay Sf Gaim. 1834, Voy. Astrol. v. 551.
t. 85. f. 1-5.

Sow. Tkes. Conch, vii. 349. t. 69. f. 25-33.

Woodward, Manual, p. 8. f. 4, 5.

Terebratula dentata, Lamk. Hist. ed. 2. vii. 331.

Delessert, Icon. t. 18. f. 4.

Yar. Terebratula recurva, Quoy 8f Gaim.XSiAjVoy. Astrol. \. 552.

Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. 350. t. 69. f. 34, 35, 36.

Hab. Australia, Sydney, just below low-water-mark.

2. Waldheimia lenticularis. B.M.

Shell orbicular, smooth, red; margins even; beak small, re-
curved ; foramen small ; deltidium conspicuous ; loop elongated,
reflected. Lon. 24, lat. 22, alt. 14 lines.

Terebratula lenticularis, Deshayes, Mag. Zool. 1841, t. 41.

G. B. Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. 360. t. 72. f. 108, 109, 110.
Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. May 1852, p. 365.

Hab. New Zealand, Strait of Fauveau, at 15 fathoms.

Fossil. In a modern deposit of New Zealand.

3. Waldhei.mia cranium. B.M.

Shell ovate, front margin sometimes a little truncated, smooth,

jiale, translucent ; beak reflected ; foramen large, incomplete ;
(leltidiau plates narrow', widely separated ; loop reflected, tw o-
thirds as long as the shell. Lon. 24, lat. 19'5, alt. 14 mil.
Petiver, Gaz. t. 93. f. 19.

Anomia cranium, Gmelin, S. N. 3247.

Dillw. R. S. i. 294.

Anomia obsoleta, Solander, MSS.

Anomia vitrea, Chemnitz, viii. 97. t. 78. f. 707-709.

Terebratula cranium, Midler, Zool. Dan. Prod. 247.

Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. 354. t. 70. f. 60, 61, 62.

Lovin, Moll. Scand. p. 29.

Hab. Norwav ; Finmark ; eastward of Bressay, Zetland, in deep
water.

BRACHIOPODA. f)9

4. Waldheimia SEPTIGERA.

Shpll white, thin, suhpellucid, tumid, smooth, ovate-triangular,
truncated in front, and slightly hiplicate ; foramen large, round ;
deltidium entire ; loop reflected, rather long (three-quarters as
long as the shell); smaller valve with a raised median septum.
Lon. 28, lat. 21 ’5, alt. 17 mill.

Terebratula septigera, Lovm, 1846, Index Moll. Scand. p. 29.
Hab. Norw’ay ; Finmark.

5. Waldheimia globosa.

Shell ovate, ventricose, smooth, whitish ; margins even, slightly
sinuated in front ; beak thick, slightly reflected, truncated ; fora-
men large, nearly complete ; deltidia large, disunited ; dorsal
valve with a broad, indistinct mesial ridge ; loop reflected, two-
thirds the length of the shell {Sowerby). Lon. 20, lat. 16, alt.
1 1 lines.

Terebratula globosa, Lamk. Hist. 1819, ed. 2. vii. 330.

Blainv. Man. Maine, t. 52. f. 2.

Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. 359. t. 71- f- 99, 100, 101.
Terebratula, Lamk. E. M. t. 239. f. 2.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)

6. Waldheimia picta. B.M.

Shell ovate, rather narrowed in front and at the beak, smooth,

thin, orange-red, ornamented with irregular pale rays ; margins
even ; beak recurved ; foramen small, entire ; deltidia narrow,
united; loop elongated, recurved. Lon. 12, lat. 10, alt.? lines.

Anomia picta, Chemnitz, Conch. C. xi. 247. t. 203. f. 2011,2012.
Anomia cranium, var., Dillw. R. S. 295.

Terebratula picta. Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. 351. t. 70. f. 43, 44.
Var. Terebratula rubella, G. B. Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. 350. t. 69.

f. 40-42.

Hab. Java.

7. Waldheimia dilatata. B.M.

Shell suborbicular, gibbous, horny; margins even ; beak thick,

rather tapering, with obtuse lateral ridges ; foramen large, incom-
plete ; deltidia large, separate ; loop elongated, reflected. Lon.
19, lat. 18, alt.? lines.

Terebratula dilatata, Lamk. Hist. ed. 2. ''ii. .330.

Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. 352. t. 70. f. 48, 49.

Blainv. D. S. N. liii. 135. 1828.

Terebratula Gaudichaudi, Blainv. D. S. N. liii. 136, 1828.

Hah. Straits of Magellan.

60

BRACHIOPODA.

8. Waldheimia Califoknica. B.M.

Shell suborbicular, slightly tapering to the beak, gibbous,
smooth, brown ; margins obscurely sinuated in front ; beak re-
curved ; foramen minute, entire ; deltidium triangular ; loop
elongated, reflected. Lon. 25, lat. 23, alt. ? lines.

Terebratula Californica (Koch), Kuster, Nov. Ed. Martini, viii.
pi. 2 b. f. 21-23.

G. B. Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. 352. t. 70. f. 50, 51, 52.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. May 1852, p. 364.

Hub. California.

9. Waldheimia Patagonica. B.M.

Shell oval, smooth ; valves nearly equally convex ; beak of
ventral valve produced, slightly curved, thick, laterally keeled,
truncated by a large foramen ; deltidium large and solid ; loop
elongated and reflected. Lon. 16, lat. 13, alt. 9 lines.

Terebratula Patagonica, Sow. 1846, in Darwm’s S. America,
p. 252. pi. 2. f. 26, 27.

D’Orb. Prod. hi. p. 134.

Fossil. Miocene. Patagonia.

h. Beak laterally keeled valves convex, with corresponding ribs
or prominences.

Terebratulae cinctae. Buck.

Quenstedt (part.), Handb. p. 465.

10. Waldheimia aculeata. B.M.

Shell pentagonal, with four corresponding ridges to each valve ;
ridges very prominent, narrow, radiating from the umbones and
produced bevond the margins of the valves; interspaces orna-
mented with very fine radiating striae ; margins even, or slightly
arched in front ; beak truncated by a large round foramen ; del-
tidium usually incomj)lete; loop elongated, reflected; septum
very short. Lon. 16, lat. 15, alt. 9 lines.

Terebratula aculeata, Catullo, 1827, Zool. 119. t. 1. f. B.

Zieten, Verst. Wiirt. 1830, p. 58. t. 43. f. 3.

Terebratula Hceninghausii, Defr. 1828, Diet. Sc. Nat. liii. 152.
Terebratula trigonella, Buck, Ter. 83. t. 1. f. 8 (not Schlotheirn).

Quenst. Handb. p. 465. t. 37- f. 29, 30.

Terebratula Fleuriausa, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. ii. p. 25.

Fossil, Coral Rag. Germany ; France.

BRACHIOPODA.

61

11. Waldheimia multicostata. B.M.

Shell suborbicular, ornamented with 6-1 1 corresponding ribs ;
ribs radiating, prominent, rounded, projecting beyond the mar-
gin, five or six extending to the umbo, the rest intercalated ;
valves convex, margins straight ; beak short, scarcely curved,
truncated by a moderate-sized foramen. Lon. 6, lat. 6, alt. 4
lines.

Terebratula multicostata, Klipst. \844, Beitr. p. 216. pi. 15. f. 5.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.

Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

12. Waldheimia? auixauECosTAXA. B.M.

Shell trigonal, ornamented with five radiating, corresponding
ribs ; ribs very prominent, rounded, projecting beyond the mar-
gin ; interspaces narrow, fiat ; beak small, prominent, laterally
compressed. Lon. 3, lat. 2i lines {Munster).

Terebratula quinquecostata, Munst. 1841, Beitr. iv. p. 59. pi. 6.

f. 6.

Spirigera quinquecostata et crista-galli, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.
Terebratula crista-galli, Klipstein, 1844, Beitr. p. 217- pi. 15. f. 9.

(Dorsal valve only : Ion. 3i, lat. 4-| lines. j
Fossil. Trias. St. Cassian.

13. 'Waldheimia? flexuosa. B.M.

Shell obovate, depressed, smooth at the umbones, bordered
with numerous, unequal, corresponding ribs, those at the sides
diverging and projecting beyond the margin ; front obtuse or
slightly truncated ; beak prominent, laterally compressed ; area
small ; foramen round, apical. Lon. 5|, lat. 41, alt. 3 lines.

Terebratula flexuosa, Munst. 1841, Beitr. iv. p. 59. pi. 6. f. 8.
Klipstein, t. 15. f. 4.

Rhynchonella flexuosa, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 203.

Fossil. Trias. St. Cassian, Tyrol.

14. "Waldheimia celtica. B.M.

Shell oblong, elongated, smooth, slightly truncated in fi-ont ;
margins even ; dorsal valve inflated near the umbo, depressed in
front ; ventral valve convex ; beak slightly produced, not much
recurved, keeled ; foramen moderate ; deltidium obtusely trian-
gular, double ; loop elongated, reflected. Lon. 18, lat. 9, alt. 8
lines.

BRACHIOPODA.

(i2

Terebratula longa, Rcemer*, 183fi, Verst. Nordd. Ool. p. 50. ])1. 2.
f. 11 ; Kreid. p. 44 (not Rcemer, Ool. 1839).

Morris Sf Davidson, 184/, Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 2.55. pi. 19.
f. 1 (not Zieten).

Terebratula celtica, Morris, Cat. 2n(l ed.

Fossil. Lower Greensand. Kent ; I. of Wight.

Hilsthon. Germany.

15. WaLDHEIMIA ? CYMBULA. B.M.

Shell elongated, cylindrical, smooth, ornamented with very
numerous imbricating lines of growth ; margins even, sinuous ;
dorsal valve much deflected in front ; ventral valve deeply sinu-
ated in front ; beak thick, scarcely curved ; foramen large ; del-
tidium triangular. Lon. 14, lat. 8, alt. 9 lines.

Terebratula cymbula, Pusch, 1837, Polens Pal. p. 25. t. 4. f. 11 .
Terebratula longa, Rcemer, 1839, Nordd. Ool. ii. p. 22. t. 18. f. 12
(not Zieten or Rcemer, 1836).

Bronn, Index, p. 1241.

Terebratula longirostris, Munster, in Cambridge Museum (not
n’ahl.).

Fossil. U. Greensand ( ” Uebergangskalkstein ? ” ) . Poland ( Pusch ) ;
Belgium

Hilse. Elligser Brinkes, Saxony (Rcemer).

16. WaLDHEIMIA TAMARINDUS. B.M.

Shell “ oval, smooth ; margin very obtuse ; disk rather flat-
tened ; beak but little curved, with an angular, slightly promi-
nent rida,e on each side, passing down the sides of the valve.”
Lon. 7, lat. 6, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula tamarindus, J. Sow. Geol. Trans. 1836, iv. pt. 2.
p. 338. pi. 14. f. 8.

D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. t. 503. f. 1-10; Prod. ii. p. 85.

Fossil. Neocomian. England; France; Germany.

17. Waldheimia pseudo-jurensis. B.M.

Shell ovate-oblong, or subpentagonal, truncated in front,
smooth ; valves convex, both slightly furrowed in front ; edges
sharp ; margins quite even ; beak scarcely curved ; foramen mo-
derate, round ; deltidiura conspicuous ; loop elongated, reflected.
Lon. 11, lat. 7, alt. 6 lines.

* Terebratula longa, Rcemer, is perhaps a distinct species ; the beak
is more prominent, the sides nearly parallel, the front margin broader,
more truncated, and much depressed.

DRACHIOPODA.

63

Terebratula pseuclo-jurensis, Leym. 1841, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. Fr.
iv. p. 342 ; V. p. 12. pi. 15. f. 5, 6.

D’Orb. Ter. Cre't. iv. p. 74. t. 505. f. 11-16 ; Prod. ii. p. 85.
Fossil. Neocomian. France ; Switzerland.

18. Waldhei.mia pector.vlis.

Shell orbicular, somewhat pentagonal, smooth, with obscure
granulated rays ; dorsal valve rather flat ; ventral convex ; beak
depressed, keeled ; foramen small.

Terebratula pectoralis, Rcemer, 1840, Kreid. 42. t. 7- f- 19-
Reiiss, Rohm. Kreid. p. 52. t. 26. f. 12.

Fossil. Neocomian. Germany.

19. Waldheimia faba.

Shell elliptical, narrow, gibbose ; front indented, but not ele-
vated, very narrow; beak short, but prominent. Lon. 7, lat. 4,
alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula faba, J. Sow. 1836, Geol. Tr. iv. 2. p. 338. ])1. 14. f. 10.

D'Orb. Ter. Cre't. iv. t. 506. f. 8-12 ? ; Prod. ii. p. 85.
Fossil. l/ower Greensand. Between Folkestone and Sandgate
(Mus. Rev. G. E. Smith).

20. W.XLDHEIMIA DIGONA. B.M.

Shell oblong, triangular, smooth ; front margin straight, with
two prominent angles ; beak rather produced, with sh.ort lateral
ridges ; foramen small and round ; deltidium rather long ; loop
simple, elongated. Lon. 13, lat. 9, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula sacculus minor, Llhwyd, 1699, Lifh. Brit. Ichn. 1. 10.
f. 873.

Terebratula digona. Sow. Min. Con. 1812, i. p. 217. t. 96. f. 1-5;
Encycl. Meth. pi. 240. f. 5.

Smith, Strat. Syst. 1816.

Bach, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. France, iii. p. 194. pi. 17- f. 6.
Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 38. pi. 5. f. 18-24.

R(Bmer, Nordd. Ool. p. 49.

Quenst. Handb. p. 467. t. 37. f. 35.

Fossil. Bath Oolite [Bradford Clay). England ; France ; Ger-
many.

21. Waldheimia Arduennensis.

Shell subtrigonally inflated, wider than long, much enlarged
and truncated in front, and diminishing gradually to the beak.
Terebratula Arduennensis, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. i. p. 377-
Fossil. Oxford Clay. France.

64

BRACHIOPODA.

22. Waldheimia Royeriana.

Shell oval, inflated, smooth or marked (especially near the
border) with numerous lines of growth ; rounded and compressed
when young ; oblong and slightly truncated in front when old ;
beak obtuse, I’ecurved, keeled ; foramen small, round. Lon. 12,
lat. 8, alt. 7 lines.

Terebratula Royeriana, D’Orb. 1845.

Murch. Russia, ii. p. 484. pi. 42. f. 33, 34.

D’Orb. Prod. 1850, p. 344 & 377-
Terebratula vulgaris, Fischer, 1843, Bull. Nat. Moscow, xvi. p. 26
(not Schl.).

Terebratula ornithocephala. Id. p. 27. pi. 4. f. 1, 2 (not Sow.).
Fossil. Kelloway Rockl France.

Oxford Clay. Russia.

23. Waldheimia Strogonofii.

Shell oval, elongated, slightly truncated in front, ventricose,
smooth; margins even; ventral valve most convex; beak rounded,
recurved ; foramen moderate, circular ; deltidium nearly con-
cealed. Lon. 28, lat. 17, alt. 14 lines.

Terebratula Strogonofii, D’Orb. 1845, Murch. Russia, ii. p. 483.

pi. 42. f. 31, 32; Prod. i. p. 377-
Fossil. Oxford Clay. Russia.

24. Waldheimia obovata. B.M.

Shell oval, truncated in front, with obscure angles, smooth,
ventricose ; beak short, rather recurved, with short cmwed lateral
ridges ; deltidium more or less concealed ; loop simple, elongated.
Lon. 15, lat. 13, alt. 10 lines.

Terebratula obovata. Sow. 1812, Min. Con. i. p. 228. t. 101. f. 5.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 39. pi. 5. f. 14-17-
Fossil. Bath Oolite (Cornbrash). England; France.

25. Waldheimia lagenalis. B.M.

Shell smooth, ovate, elongated, ventricose, wide and straight
in front ; beak rounded, much recurved, wdth indistinct lateral
1‘idges ; foramen moderate ; deltidium concealed ; loop simple,
elongated. Lon. 22, lat. 12, alt. 11 lines.

Terebratula sacculus longissimus, Idhwyd, 1699, Lith. Brit. 1. 10.
f. 871.

Terebratula lagenalis, Schl. Petref. 1820, p. 284.

Lam. ed. Desk. vii.

Buch, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. France, iii. p. 194. pi. 18. f. 7-
Dav. Mon. Ool. p. 42. pi. 7- f- 1—4.

Quenst. Handb. p. 468. t. 37- f. 48.

BRACHIOPODA.

65

Terebratula umbonella, Val. 1819, in Lam. An. s. Vert.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1850, pi. 13. f. 18.

Fossil. Cornbrash. England; France; Germany.

26. Waldheimia sublagenalis. B.M.

Shell smooth, oblong, veiitricose ; front margin wide, trun-
cated, slightly indented ; beak rounded, recurved ; valves slightly
hollowed in the middle, in front, with rounded lateral ridges and
prominent angles. Lon. 15, lat. 8, alt. 9 lines.

Terebratula sublagenalis (jBcrmer?, 1836, Verst. Nordd. Ool. p.49),

Dav. Mon. Ool. Brack, p. 42. pi. 7. f- 14.

Fossil. Cornbrash. England ; France.

{Lias. Germany; Willershausen.)

27. Waldheimia ornithocephala.

Shell smooth, rhombic-ovate, becoming elongated and ventri-
cose with age, rather narrow and truncated in front ; beak
rounded and recurved ; foramen moderate ; deltidium concealed ;
loop simple, elongated. Lon. 16, lat. 11, alt. 10 lines.

Llhwyd, Lith. Brit. pi. 10. f. 873.

Terebratula ornithocephala. Sow. 1812, Min. Con. i. p. 227. 1. 101 .
f. 2, 3, 4.

Smith, Strut. Syst. 1816.

Lam. ed. Desk. vii. p. 361.

Phil. Geol. Yorks, i. t. 6. f. 7-
Zieten, W'drt. t. 39. f. 2.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 40. pi. 7. f. 6, 13, 23.

Raemer, Nordd. Ool. p. 51.

Pusch, Polens Pal. p. 19. t. 3. f. 17-
Terebratula lampas. Sow. Min. Con. p. 228 (cast).

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 2.39.

Terebratula subovalis et subovoides, Rcemer, Ool. pi. 2. f. 9, 10?
Terebratula triquetra, Sow. Min. Con. v. p. 65. t. 445. f. 1 (not
Rcemer, Nordd. Ool. p. 48).

Terebratula subtriquetra, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 216.

Fossil. Kelloway Rock — Fuller’s Earth. England ; France ;
Germany.

28. Waldheimia Ignaciana.

Shell oval-oblong, slightly convex, smooth, truncated in front ;
ventral valve deep ; beak short, recurved ; foramen moderate.
Lon. 16, lat. 11, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula Ignaciana, D’Orb. 1842, Pal. A»ier. Merid. p. 63.

pi. 22. f. 14, 15; Prod. i. p. 221.

Fossil. Lias. Chili,

BRACHIOPODA.

6G

29. Waldheimia bucculenta. B.M.

Shell oval, attenuated in front, smooth, ventricose ; margins
almost straight ; beak small, recurved ; foramen small ; deltidium
concealed. Lon. 13, lat. 12, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula bucculenta. Sow. 1825, Min. Con. v. p. 54. t. 438. f. 2.
D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 376, ii. p. 24.

? Zieten, Wurt. t. 39. f. 6.

Deslong. Soc. Lin. Normandie.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 55. pi. 13. f. 8.

Terebratula bullata, syn.. Buck, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iii.

p. 195.

Morris, Cat. p. 132.

Bronn, Index Pal. ii. p. 1231.

Fossil. Coralline Oolite. Malton, Yorkshire. (Mus. Sow.)

30. WaLDHEIMIA SUBOVOIDES.

Shell ovate, smooth ; valves convex, slightly truncated in
front ; beak small, recurved ; foramen small, round ; deltidium
distinct. Lon. 14, lat. 11, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula subovoides [Munster), Braun, Bair. p. 43.

Rwmer, Nordd. Ool. p. 50. t. 2. f. 9.

Bronn, Index, p. 1252.

Terebratula subovalis, Rwmer, 1836, Nordd. Ool. p. 50. t. 2. f. 10
(according to Bronn, Index, p. 1252).

Fossil. Lias. Germany.

31. ?Waldhei.mia Sarthacensis.

Terebratula Sarthacensis, D'Orb. Prod. 1850 (T. ornithocephala.
Sow. pi. 101. f. 5?).

Fossil. Lias [Upper). France.

32. Waldheimia Crithea.

“ An oval shell, resembling T. Sarthacensis, but with a large
foramen, and not truncated in front.”

Terebratula Crithea, D’Orb. Prod. 1850, p. 258.

Fossil. Lias [Upper). France.

33. Waldheimia Linneana.

Shell wide and short ; front straight, without inflections.
Terebratula Linneana, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. i. p. 344.

Fossil. Kelloway Rock ? France.

BRACHIOPODA.

67

34. Waldheimia numismalis. B.M.

Shell depressed, somewhat pentagonal, smooth, with distant
concentric striae ; both valves with a sinus in front ; beak short,
keeled; foramen minute ; deltidium wide and short ; loop elon-
gated, reflected. Lon. and lat. 11-13, alt. 4-6 lines.
Terebratula numismalis, Val. in Lamk. 1819, Hist. vii. 334. n. 1/.
Brug. Encyc. Me'th. t. 240. f. 1.

Buell, Mon. Tereb. 84. n. 4.

Desk. E. M. hi. 2028. n. 18.

Zieten, Petref. t. 39. f. 4.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 27. pi. 5. f. 1-3.

Ratmer, Nordd. Ool. p. 47.

Quenst. Handb. p. 467- 1. 37- f. 32, 33.

Terebratula orbicularis {Schlotheim), Zieten, Petref. Wiirt. t. 39.
f. 15.

Terebratula Cor, Val. in Lam. Hist. Nat.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist, June 1850, pi. 15. f. 22.

Terebratula pentagona, Munster, in Cambridge Museum ?
Terebratula quadrifida, Quenst. Handb. p. 467. t. 37- f. 28.
Fossil. Lias. Britain; France; Wurtemberg.

35. Waldheimia quadrifida. B.M.

Shell broader than long, somewhat pentagonal, depressed, pro-
duced into four angles in front ; valves with corresponding ridges
and depressions ; beak small, with acute lateral ridges ; foramen
moderate; deltidium double, obtuse ; loop elongated, reflected.
Lon. 14, lat. 18, alt. 7 lines.

Terebratula quadrifida, Val. in Lam. 1819, An. sansVert. vi. p. 35.
Buck, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, hi. p. 190. pi. 17. f. 3.
Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 28. pi. 3. f. 8-10; Ann. Nat. Hist.
June 1850, pi. 14. f. 35.

Fossil. Lias (Maidstone). England; France.

36. Waldheimi.\ Causoniaxa.

Allied to T. cornuta, but always much wider, and the two pro-
jections from the pallial region wider apart.

Terebratula Caiissonia, D’Orb. 1847, Prod. i. p. 221.

Fossil. Lias. France.

37. Waldheimia cornuta. B M.

Shell smooth and shining, irregularly pentagonal, longer than
wide ; valves equally convex, deeply indented in front, with cor-
responding projections and depressions ; beak large, recurved,
with strong lateral ridges ; foramen moderate ; deltidium double ;

68

BRACHIOPODA.

loop simple, nearly reaching the front margin. Lon. 20, lat. 13,
alt. 12 lines.

Terebratula cornuta, Sow. Min. Con. 1825, v.p. 66. pi. 446. f. 4.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 29. pi. 3. f. 11-18.

Terebratula vicinalis. Buck, 1838, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iii.
p. 192. pi. 17. f. 5 (not Schloth.).

Rcemer, Nordd. Ool. p. 47.

Fossil. Lias. England ; France ; Germany.

38. Waldheimia bidentata.

Shell small, oblong, ventricose, contracted and indented in
front ; valves smooth, each with a deep mesial furrow in front ;
dorsal valve inflated ; beak very small, keeled; foramen minute.
Lon. 7, lat. 4, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula bidentata, Zieten, 1830, p. 59. pi. 44. f. 3 {not His.).
Terebratula sub-bidentata, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 288.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. Germany.

39. Waldheimia vicinalis. B.M.

Shell trigonal or oval, truncated and indented in front, smooth ;

valves equally convex, each with a shallow sinus in front, between
very obtuse corresponding ridges ; edges thick, obtuse ; margins
quite even ; beak small, recurved, sharply keeled at the sides ;
foramen minute; loop elongated, reflected. Lon. 11, lat. 9,
alt. lines.

Terebratula vicinalis, Schl. 1820, Petref. p. 281*.

Buck, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iii. p. 192 (excl. plate).
Terebratula chgona, Zieten, pi. 39. f . 8 ? (not Sow.).

Terebratula cornuta, Rcemer (not Sow.).

Terebratula numismalis 8, Quenst. Handb. p. 467. t. 37. f. 26.
Fossil. Lias. Wurtemberg.

40. Waldheimia Rehmanni.

Shell widely ovate, or subpentagonal, truncated and slightly
indented in front, rounded at the sides, ventricose, smooth ; beak
small, recurved, sharply keeled ; foramen minute ; deltidium
triangular, solid. Lon. 10, lat. 9, alt. 6 lines.

Terebratula Rehmanni {Buck), Raemer, 1839, Nordd. Ool. p. 21.
1. 18. f. 11.

Fossil. Lias. Saxony.

* The reference made by Schlotheim to Parkinson, iii. 16. f. 4, shows
that he did not intend the shell afterwards named T. comula by
Sowerhy.

BRACHIOPODA.

6.9

41. Waldheimia Fischeriana. B.M.

Shell oblong, truncated and indented in front, smooth ; edges

very obtuse ; margins even ; ventral valve gibbose ; beak short,
recurved, laterally keeled; foramen small, round; deltidium
solid, triangular. Lon. 4 lines {D’Orb.). Lon. 11, lat. 8, alt. 6
lines (Brit. Mus.).

Terebratula Fischeriana, D’Orb. 1845, Murch. Russia, ii.p. 482.

pi. 42. f. 27-50 ; Prod. i. p. 377-
Terebratula digona, Zieten, H^iirt. p. 53. pi. 39. f. 8 {D’Orb.).

Fischer, Oryct. Moscow, pi. 23. f. 7 (not Sow.).

Terebratula indentata, Fischer, Bull. Moscow, xvi. p. 24. pi. 4.
f. 3, 4 (not Sow.).

Terebratula nucleata, Fischer, id. p. 25. pi. 4. f. 5, 6 (not Zieten).
Fossil. Oxford Clay. Russia.

Coral Rag. Germany.

42. Waldheimia lunaris.

Shell crescent-shaped, smooth ; valves gibbose, concave in
front ; margins even ; beak very small, dejiressed, keeled ; fo-
ramen minute. Lon. 5^, lat. 7, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula lunaris {Schtibler), Zieten, p. 59. pi. 44. f. 4.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 288.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. Germany.

43. Waldheimia plana. B.M.

Shell small, pentagonal, smooth ; front truncated ; margins

even; dorsal valve rather flat, slightly depressed centrally in
front, with indications of a long central septum ; ventral valve
convex, flattened in the centre, with two obscure ridges ; beak
recurved, laterally keeled ; foramen small, round ; deltidium in-
complete. Lon. 5, lat. 5, alt. 3 lines.

Terebratula plana, Munster in Cambridge Museum.

Terebratula pentahedra, id.

Terebratula pentahedra, minor, {Munster) Dr. Braun in British
Museum.

Terebratula nana, id.

Fossil. Oxfordian — Coral Rag. Bavaria.

44. Waldheimia Mari^.

Like T. cornuta, but shorter, truncated, and straight in front.
Terebratula Maria;, D’Orb. 1847, Prod. i. p. 240.

Fossil. lAas. France.

70 BRACHIOPODA.

45. Waldheimia Edwabdsii. B.M.

Shell ventricose, smooth, oval, truncated in front ; smaller

valve rather flat ; margins quite straight ; beak much recurved,
with distinct lateral ridges ; foramen small ; deltidium scarcely
visible ; loop simple, elongated. Lon. 15, lat. 13, alt. 10 lines.

Terebratula Edwardsii, Dav. Mon. Ool. Brack, p. 30. pi. 6. f. 11-15.
Fossil. Lias. England.

46. Waldheimia Lycettii. B.M.

Shell smooth, subcircular, ventricose ; beak rounded, lateral
ridges indistinct ; deltidium rudimentary, almost separated by
the foramen ; front margin slightly waved. Lon. 8, lat. 7, alt. 4
lines.

Terebratula Lycettii, Dav. Mon. Ool. Brack, p. 44. pi. 7- f. 17-22.
Terebratula numismalis, ovalis, Quenst. Handb. p. 467. t. 37-
f. 27?

Fossil. Lias. Somersetshire; Germany.

47. Waldheimia globulina. B.M.

Shell minute, circular, ventricose, smooth ; margins even ;

beak minute, recurved, with short and curved lateral ridges ;
loop simple, short. Lon. 2, lat. 2, alt. 1 line.

Terebratula globulina, Dav. 1847, Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. pi. 19.

f. 4 ; Mon. Ool. Brack, p. 67. pi. 11. f. 20, 21.

Fossil. U. Lias. Ilminster.

48. Waldheiimia communis. B.M.

Shell oval, depressed, smooth, ornamented with diverging co-
loured rays ; margins even, slightly raised in front ; dorsal valve
moderately convex, with a flattened, rounded ridge in front,
depressed at the umbo and sides, furnished internally with a long
central septum ; ventral valve convex ; beak not much curved,
keeled at the sides ; foramen moderate ; deltidium concave.
Lon. 16, lat. 14, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula communis, Bose. 1801, Bourguet, pi. 30. f. 194.
D’Orb. Frod. i. p. 177-

Terebratula vulgaris, Sckl. Petref. pi. 37- f. 5, 6.

Zieten, Wurt. pi. 39. f. 1.

Pusck, Polens Pal. p. 17. t. 3. £, 14, 15.

Quenst. Handb. p. 474. t. 5. f. 6.

Terebratula vulgaris, minor, Munster, Beitr. p. 62. t. 6. f. 13 ?
FossO. Muschelkalk. France; Wurtemberg; Poland.

Trias 1 Tyrol.

BRACHIOPODA.

71

c. Beak laterally keeled; dorsal valve with a longitudinal depres-
sion in the centre.

Terebratulae Carinatse aciitse. Buck.

Terebratulse Impressae, Quenst. 1851, Handb. p. 469.

49. Waldheimia impressa. B.M.

Shell subcircular, polished ; smaller valve flat, depressed in the
middle in front ; ventral valve convex ; beak recurved, with la-
teral ridges ; foramen minute ; deltidium double ; loop elongated,
reflected, lamella very broad ; septum nearlj^ as long as the
valve. Lon. 9 or 10, lat. 9, alt. 5 lines.

Terebratula impressa. Buck, 1832, Ueber Terebrateln, Me'rn. Soc.
Ge'ol. France, 1 ser. p. 226. pi. 20. f. 7, 1838.

Zieten, Wurt. Verst, p. 53. pi. 39. f. 11.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. Brack, p. 33. pi. 4.f. 8-10.

Quenst. Handb. p. 468. t. 37. f. 36, 37.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. Dorset; Cheltenham.

Oxford Clay. Huntingdonshire; Germany.

50. ? Waldheimia Bern'ardixa.

“ Shell hke T. pala, but oval-obround, truncated in front,
enlarged in the middle; small valve much depressed, with a
furrow in the middle.”

Terebratula Beruardina, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. i. p. 377-
Fossil. Oxford Clay. France.

51. ? Waldheimia labiata.

Shell smooth, round or oval, depressed, truncated in fr-ont, or
with the front of the little valve sunk, forming a deep sinus in
the larger valve.

Terebratula labiata, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. i. p. 377.

Fossil. Oxford Clay. France.

52. ? Waldheimia Chauvinian.x.

Shell oblong ; obtuse in front ; beak pointed ; small valve
nearly flat, the other ventricose.

Terebratula Chauviniana, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 344,

Fossil. Kelloway Rockl France.

72

BRACinOPODA.

53. ? Waldheimia Calloviensis.

Shell like T. Ckauviniana, but more inflated, especially the
little valve ; oval ; front very variable, squai’e or rounded, or even
bilobed ; small valve provided wdth a sinus.

Terebratula Calloviensis, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. i. p. 344.

Fossil. Kelloway Rockl France.

54. ?Waldheimia Ruppellensis.

Shell like T. resupinata, but with the small valve quite flat.
Terebratula Ruppellensis, D’Orb. 1850, Prod. ii. p. 24.

Fossil. Coral Rag. France.

55. Waldheimia resupinata. B.M.

Shell smooth, oval ; smaller valve with a deep longitudinal de-
pression ; beak small, incurved, with prominent lateral ridges ;
foramen minute ; deltidium wide, obtuse ; loop simple, elon-
gated. Lon. 16, lat. 14, alt. 12 lines.

Terebratula resupinata. Sow. Min. Con. 1818, ii. p. 116. t. 150.
f. 3, 4.

Phil. Geol. Yorks, pi. 13. f. 23.

Buch, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, p. 229. pi. 20. f. 11.

Dav. Mon. Ool. Brack, p. 31. pi. 4. f. 1-5.

Quenst. Handb. p. 469. t. 37. f. 38.

Torrubia, Hist. Nat. Hispan. 1773, t. 9. f. 3.

Fossil. Lias. Britain; France; German}'.

56. ? Waldheimia florella.

“ Like T. resupinata, but without any depression in the middle
of the smaller valve.”

Terebratula florella, D’Orb. Prod. 1850, p. 258.

Fossil. Lias {upper). France.

57. Waldheimia Moorei. B.M.

Shell oblong, ventricose, smooth, with numerous strong lines of

growth ; smaller valve with an obscure longitudinal depression ;
margins depressed in front ; beak small, laterally compressed
and keeled ; foramen minute ; loop simple, elongated. Lon. 18,
lat. 14, alt. 11 lines.

Terebratula Moorei, Dav. 1851, Mon. Ool. Brack, p. 33. pi. 4.
f. 6, 7.

Fossil. Lias. England.

BRACHIOPOnA.

73

58. ?\Valdheimia subresupinata.

“ Like T. resupinata, but with the small valve not ventricose,
and marked by a strong, medio-longitudinal impression.”
Terebratula subresupinata, D’Orb. Prod. 1850, p. 28/.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. France.

59. Waldheimia Bajocina.

“ Like T. subresupinata, but more oval, more attenuated in
front, and without the depression in the small valve.”

Terebratula Bajocina, D'Orb. 1850, Prod. i. p. 288.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. France.

60. Waldheimia carinata. B.M.

Shell oblong, smooth, narrow' and slightly truncated in front ;
smaller valve flat, with a central longitudinal dejiression ; ventral
valve convex, latei ally compressed ; beak slightly recurved,
keeled ; foramen moderate ; deltidium double, rather long ; looj)
simple, elongated. Lon. 13-20, lat. 9-17, alt. 5-10 lines.
Terebratula carinata, Val. 1819, in Lam. An. sans Vert. vi. p. 25.
Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 35. pi. 4.f. 11-17 ; Ann. Nat. Hist.
June 1850, pi. 13. f. 25.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. England ; Normandy.

61. Waldheimia pentahedra. B.M.

Shell pentagonal, depressed, smooth, with numerous imbrica-
ting lines of growth ; dorsal valve nearly flat, ventral convex ;
beak prominent, scarcely curved, keeled at the sides ; foramen
rather large, deltidium distinct. Lon. 8, lat. 7; alt. 5 lines.

Terebratula pentahedra, Munster, Beitrage, p. 109.

Bronn, Index, p. 1244 (not Ter. pentahedra minor, Miinst.).
Terebratula tetragona. Banner, 1836, Nordd. Ool. p. 52. t. 2. f. 13.
Fossil. Coral Rag. Saxony ; Bavaria.

Inferior Oolite. Stroud (Brit. Mus.).

62. W.^ldheimi.a subimpressa. B.M.

Shell diamond-shaped, depressed, smooth, with a few strongly
imbricated lines of growth ; edges square ; margins quite even ;
dorsal valve flat ; ventral valve rather prominent along the
centre ; beak prominent, straight, with strong lateral ridges ;
foramen round; deltidium narrow, solid. Lon. 10, lat. 8, alt. 4-1
lines.

Terebratula subimpressa, var. elougata, Munster in Cambridge
Museum.

E

74

BBACHIOPODA.

Terebratula bucciilenta? Zieten, p. 52. pi. 39. f. 6 (not Sow.).
Terebratula emarginata, Quenst. Handb. p. 471. t. 37.f. 52 (not
Sow.).

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. Bavaria.

63. Waldheimia emarginata. B.M.

Shell subrbombic, truncated and indented in front ; smaller
valve flat, sometimes longitutbnally depressed in front ; ventral
valve convex ; beak slightly recurved ; deltidium distinct ; fora-
men moderate; loop simple, elongated. Lon. 11, lat. 10, alt. 6
lines.

Terebratula emarginata. Sow. 1825, Min. Con. v. p. 50. pi. 435.

f. 5.

Deslong. 1837, Soc. Lin. Normandie.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 35. pi. 4. f. 18-21.

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. England; Normandy.

64. Waldheimia humeralis. B.M.

Shell obovately pentagonal, uddest above the centre, narrow

in front, depressed, smooth ; dorsal valve rather flat; ventral valve
convex, ndth an obtuse longitudinal ridge ; beak small, incurved,
keeled at the sides. Lon. 8, lat. 6|, alt. 4 lines (12^ : 10^ : 7h
Cambr.).

Terebratula humeralis, Roemer, 1839, Nordd. Ool. ii. p. 21. t. 18.
f. 14.

Bronn, Index, 'g. 1238.

Fossil. Portland Oolite. Germany.

65. Waldheimia Waterhousii. B.M.

Shell smooth, subquadrate, longer than wide ; small valve
concave in front ; beak small, uith acute lateral ridges ; delti-
dium double; loop simple, elongated. Lon. 9, lat. 7, alt. 6
lines.

Terebratula Waterhousii, Dav. 1851, Mon. Ool. p. 31. pi. 5.
f. 12, 13.

Fossil. Lias. England ; Wurtemburg.

66. Waldheimia Bakeri^. B.M.

Shell smooth, semicircular ; dorsal valve depressed in the mid-
dle in front ; wider than long ; ventral valve convex ; beak
small, with indistinct lateral ridges ; foramen entire, nearly
touching the umbo of dorsal valve. Lon. 4, lat. 5, alt. 2^ hues.

BRACHIOPODA.

76

Terebratula Bakeriae, Dav. Mon. Ool. Brack. 1851, p. 38. pi. 5.
f. 11.

Terebratula Heyseana, Dunker ?

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. Northampton (Brit. Mus.).

67. Waldheimia Heyseana. B.M.

Shell transverse, somewhat trigonal, winged, smooth ; dorsal
valve slightly convex, deeply depressed in the centre in front ;
ventral valve more convex, with a prominent central rounded
ridge ; beak depressed, ciu’ved, sharply keeled ; foramen minute ;
deltidium triangular. Lon. 5, lat. 6, alt. 3 lines.

Terebratula Heyseana, Dunker, 1847, Pal. i. p. 129. pi. 18. f. 5.

Quenst. Handb. p. 471. t. 37. f. 47.

Terebratula resupinata, Rcemer, 1836, Nordd. Ool. p. 55. t. 12.

f. 7 (not Sow.).

Fossil. Lias. Germany.

68. Waldheimia hemisph.erica. B.M.

Shell minute, hemispherical, striated ; dorsal valve flat, or
slightly concave ; ventral valve convex ; beak recurved, with
lateral ridges, forming a small flattened hinge-area ; foramen
rather large, round, incomplete ; deltidium plates disunited.
Lon. 4, lat. 3^, alt. 2 hnes.

Terebratula hemisphserica. Sow. 1829, Min. Con. vi. p. 69. t. 536.
f. 1.

Desk. 1837, Soc. Lin. Normandie.

Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 64. pi. 13. f. 17, 18.

Terebratella hemisphserica, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 316.

Fossil. Bath Oolite. England ; France.

69. Waldheimia pala. B.M.

Shell oval when young, afterwards elongated, and truncated

in front ; sides parallel, straight ; valves smooth, or wdth a few
lines of growth near the margin ; margins even ; dorsal valve
flat, with a longitudinal furrow, becoming wide and shallow in
front ; beak prominent, recurved, laterally keeled ; foramen mi-
nute ; deltidium wide, solid ; internal septum elongated, pro-
minent. Lon. 12, lat. 1 , alt. 6 lines.

Terebratula pala. Buck, 1843, uber Terebrateln, p. 115. t. 3.
f. 44 ; Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. iii. p. 228. pi. 20. f. 9.

Bronn, Index, p. 1244.

Quenst. Handb. p. 469. t. 37. f. 46.

Fossil. Alpenkalk. Tyrol.

E2

76

BRACHIOPODA.

70. Waldheimia Seatoniana.

Shell resembling T. pala.

Terebratula Seatoniana, Portlock, 1844, Proc. Geol. Soc. p. 357-
Fossil. Jurassic ? limestone. Corfu.

71. Waldheimia subangusta. B.M.

Shell small, oval, smooth, with a few' strong lines of grow'tb,

punctate ; dorsal valve circular, nearly fiat, with a medio-longi-
tudinal furrow, and indications of an internal median septum;
ventral valve convex ; beak prominent, rounded, recurved, trun-
cated by a small foramen. Lon. 5|, lat. alt. 3 lines.
Terebratula subangusta, Munst. 1841, Seitr. iv. p. 64. pi. 6. f. 16.
D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.

Terebratula preemarginata, Klipst. 1844, p. 222. pi. 15. f. 6.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.

Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

72. Waldheimia angusta.

Shell small, elongated, oval, smooth ; dorsal valve slightly
convex, impressed in the middle in front ; margins even ; beak
rounded, recurved ; foramen small. Lon. 5, lat. 3, alt. 2^ Unes.

Terebratula angusta, Schl. 1820, Petref. p. 285.

Buch, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. hi. p. 217. ph 20. f. 80.

Dunker Meyer, Paleeont. p. 285. pi. 34. f. \-A.

D’Orh. Prod. i. p. 177-
Fossil. Muschelkalk, Silesia.

73. Waldheimia? navicula. B.M.

Shell oval, boat-shaped, smooth ; dorsal valve concave, raised
at the sides, depressed in front, with a prominent longitudinal
septum inside ; ventral valve convex, w'ith a very prominent, ob-
tuse, longitudinal ridge ; beak prominent, closely recurved ; fora-
men minute, complete ; muscular impressions deep. Lon. 6,
lat. 4, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula navicula, J. Sow. 1839, in Murch. Silur. Syst. p. 611.
pi. 5.f. 17.

Barrande, Silur. Bbhm. p. 46. pi. 15. f. 4.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 43.

Ilemithyris navicula, M‘Coy, Pal. Foss. p. 204.

Fossil. Upper Silurian*. England ; Germany.

* Nearly all the Silurian “ Terebratute ” have been ascertained to
possess calcareous spires and must therefore be removed from the
family.

BRACHIOPODA.

//

74. WaLDHEIMIA ? UMBRA.

Shell orbicular, depressed, slightly truneated in front, smooth ;
dorsal valve with a deep longitudinal furrow becoming wider in
front ; margins evenly sinuated ; ventral valve with an obtuse
longitudinal ridge ; beak very small, recmwed. Lon. and lat. 7,
alt. 3 hnes.

Terebratula umbra, Barrande, 1847, in Haidinger’s Abhandl.
p.401. t. 17. f. 3.

Atiypa umbra, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 38.

Fossil. U. Silurian. Bohemia.

75. Waldheimia? upsilon. B.M.

Shell subpentagonal, truncated and indented in front, ventri-

cose, smooth ; margins even, slightly arched in front ; edges
thick, rounded; valves equally convex, each with two rounded
ridges, separated by a shallow sinus, in front ; beak small, late-
rally compressed, recurved. Lon. 11, lat. 10, alt. 7 lines.

Terebratula upsilon, Barrande, 1847, in Haidinger’s Abhandl.
p. 405. t. 15. f. 9.

Atrypa? upsilon, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 40.

Hemithyris upsilon, M‘Cog, Pal. Foss. p. 207-
Fossil. U. Silurian. Bohemia ; Wales.

76. Waldheimia? Juno.

Shell oval, uddely truncated in front, depressed, smooth ; mar-
gins even ; valves equally convex, shghtly sinuated in front ;
beak small, compressed. Lon. 8, lat. 7, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula Juno, Barrande, 1847, in Haidinger’s Abhandl.

p. 407. t. 15. f. 10.

Atrypa Juno, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 40.

Fossil. U. Silurian. Bohemia.

77. Waldheimia? canalis.

Shell oval or orbicular, smooth ; both valves with a deep medio-
longitudinal furrow ; margins even, deeply indented in front ;
beak small, recurved. Lon. 6, lat. 4^ hnes.

Terebratula canalis, J. Sowerby, 1839, in Murch. Silur. Syst.
p. 611. t. 5. f. 18.

Barr. Silur. Bohm. p. 410. t. 16. f. 13.

Atrypa canalis, D’Orb. Prod. i.p. 40.

Fossil. U. Silurian. England ; Bohemia.

78 BRACHIOFODA.

78. Waldheimia ? inelegans.

Shell orbicular, ventricose, smooth ; margins even ; valves
equally convex ; edges obtuse ; ventral valve with an obscure
longitudinal furrow; beak small, recurved. Lon. and lat. ,
alt. 4^ lines.

Terebratula inelegans, Barrande, 1847, in Haidinger’s Abhandl.
p. 408. t. 17. f. 1.

Atrypa inelegans, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 38.

Fossil. U. Silurian. Bohemia.

79. Waldheimia? ephemera.

Shell orbicular, smooth, slightly indented in front ; margins
even; valves equally convex, slightly sinuated in front; beak
small, reciuved. Lon. and lat. 5, alt. 3^ hues.

Terebratula ephemera, Barrande, 1847, in Haidinger’s Abhandl.
p. 408. t. 16. f. 11.

Atrypa? ephemera, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 38.

Fossil. U. Silurian. Bohemia.

80. Waldheimia? Hecate.

Shell orbicular, slightly pentagonal, smooth ; valves convex,
margins sinuous, slightly arched in front; beak small, promi-
nent, recurved. Lon. 9, lat. 10, alt. 6 hues.

Terebratula Hecate, Barrande, 1847, in Haidinger’s Abhandl.
p. 409. t. 16. f. 12.

Spirigera Hecate, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 43.

Fossil. U. Silurian. Bohemia.

81. Waldheimia? securis.

Shell trigonal, smooth, umhones convex ; margins even ; edges
sharp ; front very w’ide, and like the sides nearly straight ; beak
very small. Lon. 9, lat. 10, alt. 4^ lines.

Terebratula securis, Barrande, 1847, in Haidinger’s Abhandl.
p. 388. t. 16.f. 1.

Atrypa securis, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 39.

Fossil. U. Silurian. Bohemia.

82. Waldheimia? obolina.

Shell transversely oblong, smooth; valves equally convex;
mai-gins even ; edges sharp ; beak miuute. Lon. 7, lat. 8, alt.
4 hnes.

BRACHIOPODA. 79

Terebratula obolina, Barrande, 1847, in Haidinger’s Abhandl.
p. 404. t. 20. f. 9.

Atrypa obobna, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 40.

Fossil. U. Silurian. Bohemia.

83. Waldheimia? hamifera.

Shell orbicular, convex, smooth, with very obscure radiating
strife. Lon, 18, lat. 19 hnes.

Terebratula hamifera, Barrande, 1847, in Haidinger’s Abhandl.
p. 417. t. 20. f. 9.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 43.

Fossil. U. Silurian. Bohemia.

d. Beak round ; valves sharply plaited. Eudesia.

Terebratulae costatae, Morris, 1846, Journ. Geol. Soc. p. 385.
Eudesia (orbicularis). King, 1849, Permian Fossils, 81. 144.

84. Waldheimia Grayii. B.M.

Shell suborbicular, ornamented with numerous radiating ribs ;

ribs unequal, bifurcating and intercalating ; colour reddish yellow,
becoming deep red at the lines of growth ; dorsal valve rather
flat; ventral valve convex; beak obtuse, with distinct lateral
ridges ; foramen very large, incomplete ; deltidia disunited ; loop
elongated, reflected. Lon. 14, lat. 13, alt. 9 lines.

Terebratula Grayii, Davidson, May 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 365 ;

Zool. Proc. 1852, p. . pi. . f. 1-3.

Hab. Korea.

85. Waldheimia Beaumonti. B.M.

Shell oval, inflated, ornamented with 12-14 elevated, radiating

plaits, sometimes bifurcating, and crossed by numerous lines of
growth ; valves equally convex ; beak prominent, nearly straight,
pointed ; foramen small ; area concave ; deltidium large, trian-
gular. Lon. 6i, lat. 5, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula Beaumonti, D’Arch. 1847, MAn. Soc. G4ol. Fr. ii.
p. 331. pi. 21. f. 12-14.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 172.

Fossil. U. Greensand. Belgium.

86. Waldheimia Marcousana.

Shell orbicular, ventricose, with 18-20 sharp radiating plaits;
valves equally convex, margins dentated ; beak short, curved.

80

BRACHIOPODA.

truncated by a moderate, round foramen ; deltidium triangular,
distinct. Lon. 13, lat. 13, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula Marcousana, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 82. t. 507.

f. 11-14 ; Prod. ii. p. 85.

Fossil. Neocomian. France.

87. Waldheimia semistriata. B.M.

Shell angularly ovate or rounded, with 24-30 sharp radiating
plaits ; umbones smooth ; beak prominent ; foramen moderate ;
deltidium elongated; dorsal valve with two elevated ridges or
angles in front. Lon. 14, lat. 12, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula semistriata, Defrance, 1828, Diet. Sc. Nat. t. liii.
p. 156.

D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 83. t. 508. f. 1-11 ; Prod. ii. p. 85.
Terebratula suborbicularis, D’Arch. 1839, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr.
iii. p. 311.

Leym. 1842, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. v. p. 18. pi. 14. f. 2, 3.
Terebratula biangularis, (Desk.) Leym. 1842, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr.
V. p. 11. pi. 14. f. 4.

Reuss, Verst. Rohm. Kreid. p. 51.

Terebratula propinqua, Munster MS., Jura, Hildesheim.

Fossil. Neocomian. France ; Switzerland.

88. Waldheimia reticulata.

Shell oblong, inflated, partly smooth, or ornamented with ra-
diating dichotomous striae ; dorsal valve with a sharp central
elevation and two lateral folds ; beak prominent, curved, late-
rally keeled ; foramen moderate, round ; deltidium double, elon-
gated. Lon. 14, lat. 10, alt. 8 lines.

Terebratula reticulata, Pusch, 1837, Polens Pal. t. 3. f. 11 (not
Sow.).

Terebratula Puscheana, Roemer, 1841, Kreid. p. 114.no. 3. 1. 16.
f. 29.

Terebratella reticulata, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 1 12. t. 515. f. 1-6.
Fossil. Neocomian. France ; Poland ; Germany.

89. Waldheimia oblonga. B.M.

Shell oblong, sharply plaited ; plaits 20-40, simple or bifur-
cating, and becoming more numerous by intercalation; dorsal
valve rather flat when young, becoming more convex with age ;
beak rather produced, nearly straight, with well-defined lateral
ridges forming a flat area ; foramen entire, slightly truncating
the beak ; deltidium double, distinct. Lon. 12, lat. 9, alt. 7
lines.

BRACHIOPODA.

81

Terebratula oblonga, Sow. 1829, Min. Con. vi. p. 68. t. 535.
f. 4-6.

Buck, Mmi. Soc. Geol. Fr. iii. p. 359. pi. 16. f. 2.

Rosmer, Nordd. Ool. p. 46. t. 2. f. 23 ; Kreid. p. 39. no. 18.
Davidson, Mon. Cret. p. 51 . pi. 2. f. 29-32.

Terebratella oblonga, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 113. pi. 515. f. 7-19.
? Terebratula quadrata, J. Sow. Trans. Geol. Soc. iv. pi. 14. f. 9.

Fossil. Lower Greensand {Neocomian). England ; France j
Switzerland ; Germany.

90. Waldheimia Cardium. B.M.

Shell oval, strongly plaited; ribs broad and sharp, about

eighteen in number, simple or forked ; dorsal valve subcirculai-,
rather flat when young ; ventral valve deep, with a large, trun-
cated beak ; foramen large, round ; deltidium narrow, concave ;
loop simple, elongated. Lon. 16, lat. 12, alt. 11 lines.

Terebratula Cardium, FaZ.ire Lam. 1819,^471. sans Vert. vi. no. 47 ;
Encyc. Meth. pi. 141. f. 6.

Deslong. Soc. Lin. Normandie.

Davidson, Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1850; Mon. Ool. p. 43.
pi. 12. f. 13-18; Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1850, pi. 14. f. 47-
Terebratula orbicularis. Sow. 1829, Min. Con. vi. p. 68. t. 535.
f. 3.

Buck, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iii. ser. 1. p. 1 60. pi. 16. f. 3.
Raemer, Nordd. Ool. p. 46.

Bronn, Index Paleont. p. 1243.

D’Orb. Prod. p. 315.

Quenst. Handb. p. 466. t. 37. f. 31.

Terebratula furcata. Sow. Min. Con. vi. p. 67- t. 535. f. 2
(young).

Fossil. Bath Oolite {Bradford Clay). England; France.

91. Waldheimia ? Adrieni.

Shell suborbicular, rather depressed, ornamented with 17-20
shaiqi raibating plaits ; valves nearly equally conve.x ; beak
rounded, curved, truncated by a cu’cular foramen; deltidium
distinct. Lon. 9, lat. 8, alt. 5 lines.

Terebratula Adrieni, Vern. 8f Arch. 1845, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. ii.
pi. 14. f. 11.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 100.

Fossil. Devonian. Spain; Eifel.

E5

82

BRACHIOPODA,

92. Waldheimia? prominula.

Shell oblong, rather truncated in front, ornamented with
twenty-four sharp radiating ribs ; valves convex, shghtly flattened
along the centre ; margins dentate ; beak prominent, slightly
curved, truncated by a round foramen ; deltidium elongated, bor-
dered by a smooth space. Lon. 10, lat. 8, alt. 5 lines.

Terebratula prominula, Rcemer, Rhein. Ueberg. p. 66. pi. 5. f. 3.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 100.

Fossil. Devonian. Prussia.

93. Waldheimia? ulothrix.

Shell somewhat transverse, rounded, with 9-1 1 sharp radiating
plaits ; surface ornamented w'ith wavy, concentric hnes, espe-
cially near the margin ; beak small, recujved ; aperture rounded ;
area small, triangular, distinct. Lon. 6, lat. 7i, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula crispata, Koninck, Descr. p. 292 (not Sow.).
Terebratula ulothrix, Kon. 1844, id. pi. 19. f. 5, note.
Terebratula subcrispata, D’Orb. 184/, Prod. i. p. 151.

Fossil. Carboniferous. Belgium.

94. Waldheimia? trilatera.

Shell small, triangidar, elongated, laterally compressed, orna-
mented W'ith 18-22 sharp radiating plaits, each valve w'ith a
medio-longitudinal depression ; beak short, acute, straight ; fora-
men minute; area inconspicuous. Lon. 5i, lat. 4^, alt. 24 lines.

Terebratula trilatera, Koninck, 1844, Descr. p. 292. pi. 19. f. 7-
D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 151.

Fossil. Carboniferous. Belgium.

e. Beak elongated ; valves ornamented with rounded ribs. Lyra.

Lyra (Meadi), Cumberland, 1816, in Sow. Min. Con.
Trigonosemus, Kcenig, Icon. Sect, (part.) 1825.

? Rhynchora (costata), Dalman, 1828, Vetens. Acad. p. 136.
Hisinger, Lethcea Suecica.

Terebratulse rostratae, Morris, 1846, Journ. Geol. Soc. p. 385.
Rhynchoridae, King, Permian Fossils, 81, 141.

Terebru'ostra (lyra), D’Orbigny, 1848, Ann. Sc. Nat. Terr. Cret.
iv. t. 519.

Dav. 1852, Mon. Cret. p. 31.

BRACHIOPODA.

83

95. Waldheimia Davidsoniana.

Shell suborbicular, with a produced, tapering beak; valves tri-
lobed, ornamented with simple, radiating ribs, decussated by a
few marked lines of growth ; dorsal valve transverse, with a raised
central lobe ; ventral valve with a longitudinal furrow ; hinge-
line nearly as wide as the shell ; area triangular ; foramen oval,
small; deltidium elongated, triangular. Lon. 11, lat. 9, alt. 5
lines.

Terebrirostra Davidsoniana, RyciAoZf, 1852, Notice sur les genres
Nautilus, 8fc., p. 10. f. 4-7.

Fossil. U. Chalk. Ciply, Belgium.

96. Waldheimia pectinata. B.M.

Shell oblong, ventricose, truncated posteriorly, ornamented

with rugose, bifurcating ribs ; margins toothed, not sinuous ;
dorsal valve convex, with a wide and nearly straight hinge-line,
furnished inside with a very wide cardinal process, and a short,
prominent meihan septum ; crura slender, contiguous ; loop
doubly attached ? ; ventral valve deep, truncated by a very large
foramen* ; area and deltidium nearly obsolete ; teeth at the angles
of the hinge. Lon. 16, lat. 19, alt. 9 lines {Morris).

Anomia pectinata, Linn. 1767, Syst. Nat. iii. p. 1150.

Anomites costatus, Wahlenberg, 1821, Acta Upsal. viii. p. 62. t. 4.
f. 12-14.

Terebratula costata, Nilsson, Petref. Suec. p. 37. t. 3. f. 13.
Rhynchora costata, Dalman, 1828, Vet. Acad. p. 136.

Hisinger, Leth. Suec. t. 20.

Terebratula lyra, (not Sow.), Dalman ; Hisinger ; Bronn ;
Morris.

Terebratula pectinata, L. Appendix to Morris’s Catalogue, p. 216.
Fossil. U. Chalk. Sw'eden.

97. Waldheimia lyra. B.M.

Shell lyre-shaped, straight or slightly curved, striato-costate ;

beak about half as long as tbe shell, slender, tapering, truncated
by a small, transversely oval foramen ; deltidium narrow, as long
as tbe beak, bordered on each side by a narrow flat area ; dorsal
valve oval, obtuse in front ; ribs rounded, undulating, simple or
bifurcating, or intercalary. Lon. 27, lat. 1 0, alt. 7 hnes.

* The umbones of both valves are worn, as if by contact with the
rock, in all the examples in London cabinets {Woodward).

84

BRACHIOPODA.

Lyra Meadi, Cumberland (1816) in Sowerby’s Min. Con.
Terebratula lyra, Sowerby, 1816, Min. Con. ii. p. 87- t. 138. f. 2.
ham. An. sans Vert. vi. p. 255.

Smith, Strata Identified, f. 3,

Defr. Diet. Sc. Nat. liii. p. 160. pi. 62. f. 7-
Desk. Enc. Me'th. iii. p. 1029; in Lam. ed. 2. vii. p. 344.
Buck, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. France, iii. p. 173. pi. 16. f. 17.
Dujardin, Diet. Univ. Hist. Nat. pi. 9. f. 5, 6.
Trigonosemus lyra, Kbnig, leones, 1825, p. 4. pi. 6. f. 76, 77.

Broun, Illust. Conch- pi. 49. f. 5-13.

Terebrirostra Lyra, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. t. 519. f. 11-19; Prod.
ii. p. 173.

Davidson, Mon. Cret.p. 32. pi. 3. f. 17-28.

Fossil. U. Greensand. England ; France.

98. Waldheimia Arduennensis.

Shell elongated, depressed, radiately ribbed ; ribs dichotomous,
irregular, wavy ; beak very long, often curved ; deltidium chan-
nelled. Lon. 24, dorsal valve 13, lat. 8 lines.

Terebrirostra Arduennensis, D’ Orbigny, 1847, Ter. Cret. iv. p. 128.

t. 519. f. 6-10.

Terebratula lyra, var. ?

Fossil. Gault. France.

99. Waldheimia Bargesana. B.M.

Shell lyi-e-sbaped, ornamented with radiating, bifurcating ribs ;
dorsal valve oblong, slightly truncated and depressed in front ;
beak moderately produced, tapering, with a veiy small, apical
foramen; area level, triangular; deltidium tapering, trilineate.
Lon. 12, lat. 9, alt. 7 bnes.

Terebrirostra Bargesana, D’ Orbigny, 1851, Journ. de Conch, ii.
p. 225. pi. 4. f. 2-5.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. April 1852, pi. 14. f. 5.

Fossil. Greensand. Santander, N. Spain.

100. Waldheimia Neocomiensis.

Shell elongated, triangular, depressed, radiately ribbed ; ribs
dichotomous ; valves very unequal, the dorsal slightly convex,
the ventral with a straight, tapering beak ; foramen small ; del-
tidium elongated, triangular. Lon. 10 hnes.

BRACHIOPODA.

85

Terebrirostra neocoraiensis, D’Orb. 1847, Ter. Cret. iv. p. 127.
t. 519. f. 1-5; Prod. ii. p. 85.

Fossil. Neocomian. France.

101. Waldheimia? lyrata. B.M.

Shell orbicular, with a prominent beak ; valves convex, orna-
mented vvith nine radiating rounded ribs ; dorsal valve circular ;
beak produced, tapering, truncated by a minute foramen ; area
triangular, flat, sharply bordered; deltidium triangular, sunk.
Lon. 4, lat. 3i, alt. 2^ lines.

Terehratula Ijrata, Munster, 1841, Beitr. iv. p. 57. t. 6. f. 5 c.
Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

102. Waldheimia? Humboldtii. B.M.

Shell obovate, with nine radiating plaits, crossed hy a few im-
bricating lines of growth ; middle plait smaller than the next ;
dorsal valve transverse, depressed in the centre, indented in front;
beak elongated, tapering, truncated by a small round foramen ;
area triangular, flat, sharply bounded ; deltidium narrow, sunk.
Lon. , lat. , alt. lines.

Spirifer Humboldtii, Klipstein, 1844, Beitr. p. 233. t. 15. f. 17-
Terebratula lyrata (part.?), Munst. t. 6. f. 5 a, 5?

Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

103. Waldheimia? procerrima. B.M.

Shell oval, with a long slender beak ; valves ornamented with
12-13 radiating ribs; dorsal valve auriculate, with a small pro-
minent umbo ; central rib small, occupying a slight depression ;
hinge-line short and straight ; beak elongated, tapering, curved,
truncated by a minute foramen (or three foramina when broken) ;
area long and narrow, sharply bounded. Lon. 5, lat. 3, alt. 2i
lines.

Spirifer procerrimus, Klipstein, 1844, Beitr. p. 233. pi. 15. f. 8.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 204.

Fossil. Trias. Tyrol.

Tribe II. MAGASINA.

Shell smooth or radiately plaited ; dorsal valve with a longi-
tudinal depression ; hinge-line straight, or only slightly curved;
area usually distinct ; deltidium frequently incomplete ; loop at-
tached to the septum of the dorsal valve (fig. 8).

86

BRACHIOPODA.

Magas, Sow. Min. Conch. 1816, t. 119.

Terebratula, § C, Blainv. Diet. Sci. Nat. liii. 145, 1828.
Terebratulidee, § 2, Gray, Ann. ^ May. Nat. Hist. 1848, ii. 435.
Wiegm. Arch. 1849, 98.

Lovm, Arsb. 1848 and 1849, 213, & p. 8.

Terebratulidae, part., et Magasidee, part., D’Orb. Ann. Sci. Nat.
1847.

Terebratula, Retzius, Gen.

Mr. James Sowerby the elder gives a “ partial longitudinal
septum with appendages attached to the hinge within,” as the
character of the genus Magas, which is that of the whole tribe.
He first pointed out the advantage of studying the internal ap-
paratus, and observed in 1816, “ It is much to be washed that
some person w'ould publish an account of the curious internal
appendages of these shells.” — Mineral Conch, t. 119.

M. de |Blainville in 1828 (Diet. Sci. Nat. liii. 145) used the
form of the internal apparatus to divide the Terebratulee into six
divisions. Section A. “ Gripus, Megerle” = Terebratulinina.
B. = Terebratella. C. = Terebratulinina. D. = Megerlia.
E. = Bouchardia. F. = Argiope.

The genera into w'hich the Magasina have been divided depend
chiefly on modifications of the internal skeleton ; these do not
always correspond with the peculiarities of external form, or the
character of the foramen and deltidium.

4. TEREBRATELLA.

Loop elongated, reflected, doubly attached ; — to the hinge-
plate, and also to the longitudinal septum by processes given
off at right angles from the crura, near the centre of the valve.

Terebratella (chilensis), D’Orb. 1848, Ann. Sc. Nat. viii. 67-
King, 1849, Permian Fossils, 81, 144.

Dav. 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 366; Mon. Cret. p. 24.
Terebratulae loricatae, Buch, 1834, iiber Terebrateln.

Quenstedt, Handb. p. 463.

Terebratida (dorsata), Retzius.

Terebratella (dorsata), D’Orbigny, Paleont. Frang.

Delthyris (dorsata), Menke, Syn. ed. 2. p. 96.

BRACHIOPODA.

87

Fig. 8. Dorsal valve of Terebratella dorsata.

1. Terebratella dorsata. B.M.

Shell broadly ovate, somewhat trilobed, whitish, radiately

ridged, the lateral ridges more oblique than the mesial ; margins
denticulate ; dorsal valve with a broad and shallow central de-
pression ; beak short ; foramen very large, incomplete ; deltidia
small, triangular, sejiarate ; hinge-area large, rather flattened ;
loop elongated, reflected, attached to a central septum. Lon. 14,
lat. 14, alt. 6 lines.

Anomia dorsata, Gmelin, 1788, S. N. 3348.

Dillwyn, R. S. i. p. 295.

Anomia striata Magellanica, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. viii. p. 101.
t. 78. f. 710, 711.

Terebratula, Lamk. E. M. t. 242. f. 1.

D' Avila, i. t. 20. f. A. Da Costa, Elem. t. 6. f. 7-
Terebratula dorsata, Schum. N. S. p. 133.

Lamk. Hist. ed. 2. vh. p. 331.

Blainv. Man. Malac. t. 51. f. 1 ; D. S. N. liii. p. 137, 145.
Sow. Gen. Shells, f. 3 ; Thes. Conch, viii. p. 346. t. 68. f. 15,
16, 17.

Kiister, Conch. Cab- vii. p. 22. t. 1. f. 17; t. 2. f. 14, 15.
Delthyris dorsata. Menke, Syn. ed. 2. p. 96.

Hab. Straits of Magellan.

2. Terebratella flexuosa. B.M.

Shell wider than long, somewhat pentagonal, rather gibbous,
pale brown, with prominent, bifurcating, radiated i-idges ; mar-
gins sinuated and denticulated ; dorsal valve with a broad, indi-
stinct mesial groove ; ventral valve with a short beak and a wide,
flattened hinge-area; foramen large, incomplete; deltidia small,
separate; loop elongated, doubly attached. Lon. 15, lat. 16
lines.

Terebratula flexuosa, King, Zool. Journ. v. p. 337.

G. B. Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. p. 347. t. 69. f. 23, 24.

Hab. Straits of Magellan.

88

BRACHIOPODA.

3. Terebratella Chilensis.

Shell transversely oval, slightly gibbous, pale brown, with ra-
diating ridges ; margins crenulated ; dorsal valve with a smooth,
wide and shallow longitudinal groove in the centre ; beak obtuse;
hinge-area large and flattened ; foramen large, incomplete ; del-
tidia moderate, separate; loop elongated, doubly attached.
Lon. 14, lat. 16 lines.

Terebratula Chilensis, Broderip, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 134.

G. B. Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. p. 347. t. 68. f. 18, 19.
Terebratella Chilensis, D’Orb. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1848, viii. p. 67-
t. 7. f. 13.

King, Permian Fossils, p. 81, 1850.

Hah. Valparaiso, at 90 fathoms.

4. Terebratella Soverbii. B.M.

Shell rounded, trilohed, rusty brown, with obscure radiating
ribs ; margins sinuated in front ; dorsal valve with a broad, lon-
gitudinal, central depression ; hinge- area large and flattened ;
foramen large and incomplete ; deltidia small, disunited ; loop
elongated, doubly attached. Lon. 17, lat. 17, alt. lines.
Terebratula Soverbii, King, Zool. Journ. v. p. 338.

G. B. Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. p. 348. t. 68. f. 20, 21, 22.
Terebratella Soverbii, Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 367-
Hab. Straits of Magellan.

5. Terebratella Coreanica. B.M.

Shell quadrangular, smooth, pale brown with crimson rays ;
beak obtuse, with lateral ridges ; hinge-area large ; foramen
large, com])lete ; deltidia united ; dorsal valve flattish ; loop
elongated, doubly attached. Lon. 13, lat. 13| lines.

Terebratula Coreanica, Adams ^ Reeve, 1850, Zool. Samarang,
p. 71. pi. 21. f. 3.

Terebratella Coreanica, Dav. 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 367.

Hab. Corean Archipelago.

6. Terebratella Bouchardii.

Shell suborbicular, smooth, of a uniform light yellow colour ;
beak produced, recurved, furnished with lateral ridges, and trun-
cated by a large, circular and entire foramen; deltidia united ;
hinge-area slightly concave ; dorsal valve depressed in the centre
in front ; loop elongated, doubly attached. Lon. 14, lat. 13,
alt. 8 lines.

Terebratella Bouchardii, Davidson, 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 367 ;

Proc. Zool. Soc. p. . pi. . f. 4-6.

Hab. ? (Mus. Cuming.)

BRACHIOPODA.

89

7. Terebratella rubicunda. B.M.

Shell rounded, trilobed, gibbous, smooth, yellow-red, deeper

at the lines of growth ; margins sinuated in front ; dorsal valve
with a central, longitudinal furrow ; beak rather produced, blunt ;
foramen large, nearly complete; deltidia large, separate; loop
elongated, doubly attached. Lon. 12, lat. 1 1 lines.

Anomia rubieunda, Solander MSS. Mus. Banks.

Terebratula rubicunda, Donovan, Nat. Repos, t. 56. f. 2-4.

G. Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. p. 351. t. 70. f. 45-47.

Davidson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 367.

Terebratula ineonspieua, G. Sow, Thes. Conch, vii. p. 359. t. 71-
f. 102-104.

Hob. New Zealand.

8. Terebratella cruenta. B.M.

Shell rounded, veutrieose, ornamented with radiating, dicho-
tomous ribs, orange-red, deepest at the lines of growth ; margins
crenulated ; dorsal valve with a central, longitudinal depression ;
beak somewhat produced, lateral ridges distinct; area large,
rounded ; foramen large, complete ; deltidium large ; loop elon-
gated, doubly attached. Lon. 18, lat. 19, alt. 12 lines.

Lampas sanguineus. Humph. Calonne Cat. (not deseribed).
Anomia sanguinea, SoZanderMSS. (Humph. Cat.) (not Chemnitz).
Terebratula sanguinea, Leach, Zool. Misc. t. 76.

Lain. An. sans Vert. vi. p. 243.

Donovan, Nat. Repos, t. 34.

Anomia cruenta, Dillw. Syn. p. 295, 1817-
Terebratula rubra. Sow. Thes. Conch, pi. 68. f. 9-11.

Terebratula Zelandica, Deshayes, 1830, Mag. Zool. 1841, t. 42.

Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. p. 361. t. 72. f. 111-113.

Terebratella Zelandica, Davidson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 367.
Hab. Cook’s Straits, New Zealand, in 15 fathoms.

9. Terebratella tr.ansversa.

Shell transversely ovate, thin, smooth, slightly wrinkled by
lines of growth, pale horn-colour; margins Ilexuous; dorsal
valve deeply depressed in the centre in front ; ventral valve with
an obtuse beak, perforated by a large, incomplete foramen ; area
wide and flattened ; deltidia small, distant ; loop elongated,
doubly attached. Lon. 14, lat. 17 lines.

Terebratula transversa, G. Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vii. p. 361 . t. 72.
f. 114, 115.

Terebratella transversa, Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 368.

Hab. ? (Cab. Mr. Norris.)

90

BKACHIOPODA.

10. Terebratella rubella.

Shell oval, pointed at the beak and truncated in front, smooth,
red-yellow, with diverging rays of bright red ; dorsal valve with
a slight central depression in front ; beak recurved ; hinge-area
narrow ; foramen small ; deltidia large, united ; loop elongated,
doubly attached. Lon. 10, lat. 8, alt. 5 lines.

Terebratula rubella, G. Sowerby, 1846, Thes. Conch, vii. p. 350.
pi. 69. f. 10-12.

Terebratella rubella. Dm. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852.

Hob. Japan. (Mus. Norris, Cuming.)

11. Terebratella sanguinea.

Shell suborbicular, slightly notched in front, pale yeUowish,
with bright red, spotted rays ; margins slightly sinuated in front ;
dorsal valve rather depressed in front ; beak short, rather pointed,
with well-defined lateral ridges ; perforation moderate, complete ;
deltidia rather large, united ; area broad and well defined ; loop
elongated, doubly attached. Lon. 5, lat. 5i, alt. 2 lines.

Anomia sanguinea, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. viii. p. 96. t. 78.
f. 706.

Dillwyn, R. S. p. 293, 1817.

Anomia sanguinolenta, Gmelin, S. N. p. 3347.

Terebratula sanguinea. Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. p. 357. t. 71 •
f. 71, 73.

Anomia cruenta, Solander MS. in Mus. Banks.

Terebratula cruenta, Donovan, Nat. Repos, t. 56. f. 1.
Terebratula erythroleuca, Quoy 8f Gaim. Voy. Astrol. iii. p. 557-
t. 85. f. 8, 9.

Desh. in Lamk. Hist. ed. 2. vii. p. 350.

Terebratella sanguinea, Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 368.

Hab. Phihppines, attached to coral.

12. Terebratella frontalis.

“ Shell suborbicular, rather sohd, calcareous, rough, with irre-
gular lines of groudh and tessellated \rith microscopic dots, dirty
yellowish ; valves equally convex ; marginal hne straightish, en-
tire ; ventral valve produced posteriorly, slightly recurved, widely
truncated by a large foramen, cardinal area narrow ; dorsal valve
suborbicular or transversely oval, without any median furrow ;
loop elongated, doubly attached.”

Terebratula frontalis, Middendorff, 1849, Malac. Rossica, ii.

p. 518 {Mem. Acad. Petersb. Sc. Nat. vi.).

Hab. 8. coasts of Sea of Ochotsk.

BRACHIOPODA.

91

13. Terebratella Labradorensis. B.M.

Shell ovate, produced at the beak, w'hitisli, with obscure radia-
ting ribs ; dorsal valve nearly orbicular, flattish ; ventral valve
with a prominent beak, perforated by a large, entire foramen ;
deltidium rather large ; loop elongated, doubly attached. Lon. 7,
lat. 6, alt. bnes.

Terebratula Labradorensis, G. Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vu. p. 362.
t. 71. f 89, 90.

Terebratella Labradorensis, Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 368.
Hab. Labrador (Goodsir).

14. Terebratella Spitzbergensis.

Shell small, oval, elongated, smooth, pale horn-colour; valves
almost equally convex, margins even ; dorsal valve slightly de-
pressed in front; beak produced, recmwed, obscm-ely keeled;
foramen moderate, incomplete ; deltidium of two distinct elon-
gated plates ; loop elongated, reflected, attached near the extre-
mity of the prominent central septum. Lon. 4, lat. 3, alt. 2
bnes.

Terebratella Spitzbergensis, Davidson, 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Hab. Spitzbergen. (Mus. Cuming.)

15. Terebratella pusilla.

Shell small, thin, nearly eireular, depressed, smooth ; area
large ; foramen large, ineomplete ; deltidia rudimentary. Lon.
and lat. 24, alt. 1 bne.

Terebratula pusilla, Philippi, 1844, Foss. Tert. Allem. p. 17. pi. 2.
f. 15.

Terebratella pusilla, D’Orb. Prod. ui. p. 134.

Fossil. Miocene. Cassel.

16. Terebratella Sayi. B.M.

Shell orbicular, depressed, ornamented with about eleven ra-
diating plaits, crossed by a few conspicuous lines of growth near
the mai’gin ; plaits strong, sometimes plicated near the edge ;
dorsal valve rather flat ; ventral convex; beak scarcely prominent;
area small and flat ; foramen small, incomplete ; deltidium rudi-
mentary. Lon. 9, lat. 9, alt. 5 lines.

Terebratula Sayi, Morton, 1829, Journ. Philad. p. 76. pi. 3. f. 5, 6 ;

1834, Syn. Cret. Group, p. 7L pb 3. f. 3, 4.

Terebratula plicata. Say, 1830, Amer. Journ. ii. p. 43.
Terebratella plicata, D’Orb. Prod. u. p. -259.

Fossil. Chalk. New Jersey, U.S.

92

BRACHIOPODA.

17- Terebratella Vanuxemiana.

Shell suborbicular, ornamented with unequal radiating ribs ;
each valve with a central furrow, bordered by more prominent
ribs ; beak not prominent ; area widely triangular ; foramen
large ; deltidium incomplete. Lon. 8, lat. 7j alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula Vanuxemiana, Forbes, 1844, Proc. Geol. Soc. p. 308
(figured).

Terebratella Vanuxemiana, D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 259.

Fossil. Chalk. New Jersey, U.S.

18. ? Terebratella Parisiensis.

Shell small, round, very inequivalve, ornamented with broad,
keeled, dichotomising ribs.

Terebratella Parisiensis, D’Orbigny, 1850, Prod. ii. p. 259.
Fossil. Chalk. France.

19. Terebratella spathulata. B.M.

Shell smooth, with concentric lines of growth ; ventral valve
semicircular, strongly curved, truneated at the hinge-line, toothed
at the angles ; dorsal valve nearly flat, smooth, oblong, rounded
in front ; hinge-line straight, as wide as the shell ; dental sockets
at the angles of the hinge-line ; cardinal process obtuse ; hinge-
plate broad, divided into four concave spaces ; median septum
narrow ; loop (indicated at the hinge and septum) doubly at-
tached. Lon. 10-15, lat. 10-12, alt. 8-10 lines.

Anomites spathulatus, Wahlenberg, 1821, Act. Ups. viii. p. 62.
t. 4. f. 10, 11.

Terebratula spathulata, Nilsson, Petr. Suec. p. 35. t. 3. f. 15.
Broun, Index, p. 1251.

Rhynchora spathulata, Dalman, 1828, Vet.Akad. p. 136.

Hisinger, Leth. Suecica, t. 20.

Fossil. Chalk. Sweden; Belgium.

20. Terebratella Davidsoniana. B.M.

SAeZZ wedge-shaped, semicircular, truncated at the hinge-line ;

surface ornamented with lines of growth and radiated with pro-
minent punctations; dorsal valve flat, with a narrow mesial fold;
hinge-line straight, bordered by a plate with four cavities (for
the pedicel-muscle) and with a small dental pit at each angle ; a
single prominent septum in the middle ; ventral valve a simple
bent plate, with a narrow mesial groove externally, a slight mus-
cular ridge inside, and a tooth at each angle of the hinge-hne.
Lon. 4, lat. 6 hnes.

BRACHIOPODA.

93

Rh\Tichora Davidsoniana, Koninck MS.

? Rhynchora minima, id.

Fossil. Chalk. Ciply, Belgium.

21. Terebratella pectita.

Shell subcircular, or somewhat pentagonal, plicato-striated ;
striae 30-60, increasing by intercalation ; dorsal valve slightly
convex, longitudinally depressed in the centre in front ; hinge-
line nearly as wide as the shell, almost straight ; area distinct,
flat, triangular ; foramen moderate ; deltidium double. Lon. 10,
hit. 9, alt. 6 hnes.

Terebratula pectita. Sow. Min. Con. 1818, ii. p. 87. t. 138. f. 1.
Lam. An. sans Vert. vi. p. 255. no. 46 ; ed. 2. vii. p. 343.
Brongn. Env. Paris, pi. 9. f. 3.

Defr. Diet. Sc. Nat. liii. p. 159.

Buck, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. Fr. iii. p. 168. pi. 16. f. 12.

Rcemer, Kreid. p. 40.

Terebratula pectinata. Smith, Strata identified, 1816, f. 4.
Terebratella pectita, D’Orb. Ter. Cre't. iv. p. 120. t. 517. f- 16-20.

Dav. Mon. Cret. p. 26. pi. 3. f. 29-33.

Fossil. U. Greensand. England ; France.

22. Terebratella Verneuilliana. B.M.

Shell eircular, ornamented with about 15 unequal, sharp,
radiating plaits ; valves nearly equally convex ; beak scarcely
curved ; area short, wide and flat ; foramen large, circular ; del-
tidium complete, double. Lon. 6, lat. 6k, alt. 3 hnes.

Terebratella Verneuilliana, Davidson, April 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist.
pi. 14. f. 4.

Fossil. Greensand. Santander.

23. Terebratella canaliculata. B.M.

Shell ovoid, ornamented with 12-14 radiating and bifurcating
plaits ; dorsal valve semicircular, convex ; ventral valve produced
into a long straight beak, truncated by a large foramen ; area
large and flat ; deltidium elongated ; loop refleeted and doubly
attached. Lon. 5, lat. 4, alt. 2k hnes.

Terebratula canahculata, Rcemer, 1840, Kreid. p. 41. no. 30. pi. 7-
f. 1.

D’Archiac, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. Fr. 2nd ser. u. p. 331. pi. 21.
f. 15.

Terebratella canahculata, D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 173.

Terebrirostra canahculata, D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 173.

Fossil. U. Greensand. Westphaha; Belgium.

94

BRACHIOPODA.

24. Terebratella Carantonensis.

Shell orbicular, depressed, ribbed ; ribs fine (about 58),
radiating, dichotomous ; ventral valve with a slight dorsal fur-
row ; area wide, foramen minute. Lon. 14, lat. 14, alt. 6 lines.

Terebratella Carantonensis, D’Orb. 1847, Ter. Cret. iv. p. 122.
t. 518. f. 1-4.

Fossil. U. Greensand. France.

25. Terebratella Moreana.

Shell transversely ovate, depressed, radiately ribbed ; ribs 10,
wide, nearly simple, angular ; ventral valve convex, with a deep
central furrow ; area wide, foramen small, deltidium large, double ;
dorsal valve rather flat. Lon. 6, lat. 6, alt. 3 lines.

Terebratella Moreana, D’Orb. 1847, Ter. Cret. iv. p. 117. t. 516.
f. 13-19.

Fossil. Gault. France.

26. Terebratella Menardi. B.M.

Shell subcircular, trilobed, truncated or obtusely angular at

the heak ; valves ornamented with sharp, bifurcating plaits, about
6 or 7 on the mesial fold and 6-12 on each side, decussated by
close imbricating lines of growth ; area triangular, well defined ;
foramen large ; deltidium small, indented ; cardinal fulcrum pro-
minent. Lon. 65, lat. 7, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratula Menardi, Valenciennes, 1819, in Lam. An. sans Vert.
vi. p. 256. no. 50.

Defr. Diet. Sc. Nat. liii. p. 160.

Buch, Mem. Soc. G^ol. Fr. hi. pi. 17. f. 6.

Morris, l846,Journ. Geol. Soc. p. 384. f. 2.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1850, pi. 14. f. 50.

Terebratella Menardi, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. t. 517. f- 1-15.

Dav. Mon. Cret. p. 24. pi. 3. f. 34-42.

Terebratula truncata. Sow. 1829, Min. Con. vi. p. 71. t. 537- f. 3
(not Lam.).

Forbes, Journ. Geol. Soc. 1845, p. 346.

Austen, Journ. Geol. Soc. vi. p. 454.

Terebratella Astieriana, D’Orb. 1847, Ter. Cret. iv. p. 116. pi. 516.
f. 6-12.

Fossil. U. Greensand-, Neocomian. England; France.

27. Terebratella Neocomiensis.

Shell orbicular, depressed, radiately ribbed ; ribs wide, oblique,
dichotomous ; valves nearly equal ; beak small, cm’ved, laterally

BRACHIOPODA.

95

keeled; foramen small, complete; deltidium double. Lon. 11,
lat. 10, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratella neocomiensis, D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 115. t. 516.
f. 1-5.

Fossil. Neocomian. France.

28. Terebratella pectunculoides. B.M.

Shell suborbicular, with seven broad and sharp radiating plaits ;
surface ornamented with lines more acutely angulated than tbe
lines of growth, which are regidar and distinct, especially near
the margin ; margins deeply dentated ; beak short, truncated by
a large round foramen ; deltidium incomplete ; area sharply
bordered ; loop elongated, doubly attached. Lon. 8, lat. 8, alt. 5
lines.

Terebratulites pectunculoides, Schlotheim, 1820, Petr. p. 271.
Terebratula pectunculoides. Buck, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. Fr. hi. p. 179.
pi. 17. f. 1.

Quenst. Handb. p. 464. pi. 37. f. 24, 25.

Terebratula tegulata, Schl. Petr. p. 269.

Zieten, Verst. Wiirt. p. 58. pi. 43. f. 4.

Terebratula plicata. Bars. 1825, Mem. Tor. xxix. p. 299. t. 1.

f. 17 (not Lam.).

Fossil. Coral Bag. Germany.

29. Terebratella loricata. B.M.

Shell trilobed, radiately plaited; plaits numerous, unequal,

fasciculated, imbricated by numerous lines of growth ; mesial
lobe prominent ; hinge-line as wide as the shell ; beak mode-
rately prominent, truncated by a large foramen ; area flat, sharply
bordered ; deltidium incomplete. Lon. 5, lat. 5, alt. 3 lines.

Terebratulites loricatus, Schlotheim, 1820, Petr. p. 270.
Terebratula loricata, Bitch, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. Fr. p. 183. pi. 17. f. 5.

Quenst. Handb. 464. pi. 37- f. 19.

Terebratula truncata, Zieten, Verst. W'drt. p. 58. pi. 43. f. 6
(not Sow.).

Fossil. Coral Rag. Germany.

30. Terebratella subpentagona.

Shell subquadrate, ornamented with 10-11 radiating plaits;
dorsal valve flattened, slightly depressed in front ; front trun-
cated ; hinge-line wide and rather straight ; beak short and
wide ; area flat ; foramen small ; deltidium double, complete.
Lon. 7-2-5 lat. 6, alt. 4 lines.

96

BRACHIOPODA.

Terebratella subpentagona, Koch, 1837, Beitr. zur Kenn. Ool.
p. 21. pi. 1. f. 8.

D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 221.

Fossil. Lower Lias. Germany.

5. TRIGONOSEMUS.

Shell plaited, beak produced, curved, uith a narrow apical
foramen ; area large, triangular, flat, marked by tbe outline of
the flat deltidium ; cardinal process very prominent.

Trigonosemus (elegans), Konig, 1822, leones Foss. p. 3. f. 73-
Davidson, 1852, Mon. Cret. p. 28.

Delthyridaea (pectiniformis), M‘Coy, 1845, Griffith's Irish Garb.
Fossils (unpublished).

Fissurirostra (recurva), D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 133. t. 520 ; Ann.
Sc. Nat. 1848.

Fissu’ostra, D’Orb. 1849, Cours Elem. Paleeont. p. 89.

1. Trigonosemus elegans. B.M.

Shell oval, striato-costate ; striae 30-40, often intercalated;

dorsal valve slightly convex, longitudinally depressed in front ;
beak much produced, rather recurved ; area very large, trian-
gular, nearly flat ; foramen small and narrow, apical ; loop elon-
gated, reflected, doubly attached ; cardinal process very promi-
nent. Lon. 11, lat. 9, alt. 5 lines.

Trigonosemus elegans, Konig, 1825, leones Foss. p. 3. pi. 6.
f. 73.

Davidson, Mon. Cret. p. 29. pi. 4. f. 1-4.

Terebratula elegans, Defr. 1828, Diet. Sc. Nat. hii. p. 157.
Terebratula recurva, id. p. 161.

Fissurirostra recurva, elegans, et pectita, D’Orb. 1847, Ter. Cret.
iv. p. 133-136. t. 520.

Fossil. Chalk. England (Norwich) ; Belgium (Ciply) ; France.

2. Trigonosemus pectiniformis. B.M.

Shell trapezoidal, depressed, radiately ribbed; ribs straight,

dichotomous ; ventral valve elevated in the middle, dejiressed at
the sides ; beak recurved ; area nearly as wide as the shell, deep,
sharply margined; deltidium triangular, flat; foramen minute,
apical ; dorsal valve triangular, depressed in the centre ; cardinal
jirocess prominent ; loop elongated, reflected, doubly attached.
Lon. 6, lat. 6, alt. 3 lines.

Terebratuhtes pectiniformis, Schlotheim, 1813, Taschb.vn. p. 113.

BRACHIOPODA.

97

Terebratula pectiniformis. Buck, Ter. p. 65. t. 3. f. 31.

Broun, Letk. p. 652. t. 30. f. 5.

Rcemer, Kreid. p. 41.

Quenst. Handb. p. 463. t. 37. f. 14 (not 12, 13).

Terebratula Hilseana, Rcemer, Ool. ii. p. 20. t. 18. f. 9 ; Kr. p. 41 .
Fossil. U. Chalk. Maestricht.

3. Trigonosemus Palissii. B.M.

Shell orbicular, depressed, radiately plaited ; jilaits numerous,
intercalating ; margins crenulated ; dorsal valve slightly concave,
sinuated in front ; hinge-line curved, narrower than the shell ;
cardinal process prominent ; loop doubly attached ; ventral valve
convex ; beak prominent, curved, with a minute apical foramen ;
hinge-area large, triangular, concave, sharply bordered; deltidium
large, triangular, flat. Lon. 7i, lat. 7, alt. 3 lines.

Terebratella Palissii, Woodward, 1852, Mus. Brit.

Trigonosemus pulchellus (not Nilsson), Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist.

June 1850, pi. 15. f. 4 (incorrect).

Terebratula pulehella (part.), Quenst. Handb. t. 37. f. 12, 13?
Fossil. Upper Chalk. Ciply, Belgium.

4. Trigonosemus pulchellus. B.M.

Shell suborbicular, depressed, radiately plaited ; plaits inter-
calating ; dorsal valve slightly concave, truncate^ at the hinge-
line ; ventral valve convex, with a prominent, incurved and sharp-
edged beak; hinge-area large, triangular, concave; foramen apical,
minute ; deltidium large, triangular, flat ; loop elongated, re-
flected, attached to a septum which reaches the opposite valve.
Lon. 7, lat. 6, alt. 2 lines.

Terebratula pulehella, Nilsson, 1827, Petref. Sues. p. 36. pi. 3.
f. 14.

Rcemer, Kreid. p. 41,

Dalman, Vet. Akad. p. 138.

Fossil. Upper Chalk. Sweden.

5. Trigonosemus incertus.

Shell elongated, oval, striated ; valves almost equally convex ;
beak produced, rounded, moderately recurved ; area triangular,
nearly flat, short ; foramen small, oval ; deltidinm bordering a
small portion of the foramen; striae about 34, frequently
intercalated, and decussated by numerous, fine, concentric lines
of growth. Lon. 4i, lat. 4, alt. 24 hnes.

Trigonosemus incertus, Davidson, Mon. Cret. p. 31. pi. 4. f. 5.
Fossil. Lower Chalk {Craie chloriUe). Chard, Somerset.

F

BRACHIOPODA,

6. MAGAS.

Shell with a reflected loop attached near the bend to a very
prominent central septum (figs. 9-12).

Magas, Sowerby, 1816, Min. Con. ii. p. 39. t. 119.

Dav. 1852, Mon. Cret. p. 19; Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 371.
D’Orh. Ter. Cret. 1847, iv. p. 54.

Terebratulee spiriferinse (part.), Quenst. Handh. p. 476.
Terebratula, E. 1, Blainv. Man. Malac. p. 512.

Figs. 9 & 10. Magas pumila.

Fig. 9. Fig. 10.

Fig. 9. — Interior of dorsal valve.

Fig. 10. — Section of both valves : s, septum ; 1. loop ; o. oral processes.

*rigs. 11 & 12. Magas Evansii.

Fig. 11. Fig. 12.

Fig. 11. — Section of dorsal valve. Fig. 12. — Front view of interior.

In ill. pumila the reflected portions of the loop are not united,
and the deltidium consists of two narrow plates bordering the
angular foramen.

1. Magas crenulata.

Shell suborbicular, pale hom-colour, with radiating ribs ; mar-
gins crenulated ; beak short, shghtly reflected ; hinge-area large
and flattened ; foramen large, nearly complete ; deltidia large.

BRACHIOPODA.

99

separate ; dorsal valve depressed in the centre ; loop elongated,
doubly attached ; central septum more or less elevated, some-
times touching the opposite valve. Lon. 7> lat. 7> alt. 4 lines.
Terebratula crenulata, G. Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vii. p. 358. t. 71 •
f. 96, 97, 98.

Terebratella crenulata, Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 368.

Hab. Santa Cruz.

2. Magas Evansii.

Shell subovate, uith a few unequal, bifurcating ribs, pale red ;
beak tapering, slightly recurved, with well-defined lateral ridges;
foramen incomplete ; deltidia small ; area flattened ; dorsal valve
rather flat ; loop elongated, doubly attached ; septum produced,
nearly touching the opposite valve. Lon. 4, lat. 3^, alt. 1^ lines
(figs. 11, 12).

Terebratella Evansii, Davidson, 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 368 ;

Proc. Zool. Soc. p. . pi. . f. 7-9.

Hab. New Zealand. (Mus. Cuming.)

3. Magas Cumingii.

Shell oval, thick, smooth, white, shghtly tinged with red ; beak
produced, tapering, slightly ciuved, grooved to the summit ; area
triangular, concave ; deltichum obsolete ; dorsal valve with a
prominent muscular fulcrum ; loop doubly attached ; sejjtum
elevated, reaching the ventral valve. Lon. 5, lat. 4, alt. 2i lines.

Terebratella Cumingii, Davidson, 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 368;

Proc. Zool. Soc. p. . pi. . f. 10-16.

Hab. New Zealand. (Mus. Cuming.)

4. Magas pumila. B.M.

Shell oval, smooth, ornamented with radiating coloured bands;
dorsal valve nearly flat, or slightly concave ; ventral valve deep,
w’ith a well-defined hinge-area ; beak recmwed ; foramen minute ;
deltidium rudimentary. Lon. 4, lat. 3, alt. lines (figs. 9, 10).
Magas pumila, Sowerby, 1818, iT/ire. Con. ii. p. 40. t. 119. f. 1-5.
Park. Org. Rem. p. 227. ph 7. L 14.

Brongn. Env. Paris, pi. 4. f. 9.

Defr. Diet. Sc. Nat. xxviii. p. 13. f. 1.

Bronn, Leth. Geog. p. 662. pi. 30. f. 1.

D’Orb. in March. Russia, ii. p. 495. pi. 43. f. 27-30; Ter.
Crdt. iv. p. 54. pi. 501.

Bouchard Sf Dav. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, v. 2nd ser. p. 139.
pi. 2. f. 1-11.

F2

*

100

BRACHIOPODA.

Magas putnila. Sow. Thes. vii. p. 62. pi. 1. f. 7-9.

Dm. Ann. Nat. Hist. v. pi. 15. f. 2, 1850.

Quenst. Handb. p. 476. t. 38. f. 15.

Magas truncata, Rose, in Woodw. Geol. Norf. t. 6. f. 9.

Magas magna et punctata, Woodw. Synopt. Table, p. 22.
Terebratula concava, Lamarck, 1819, An. sans Vert. vi. p. 251.
no. 26.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. v. Jime 1850.

Desk. Lam. ed. 2. vii. no. 26.

Terebratula (G.) magas, Blainv. Man. Malac. p. 512. t. 54. f. 1,
1825.

Terebratula pumila, Buck, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, iii. 1st ser.
p. 216.pl. 19. f. 5.

Fossil. Chalk. England; Belgium; France; Russia.

5. Magas orthiformis.

Shell semicircular, wedge-shaped, depressed, ornamented with
obscure, unequal radiating plaits, crossed by distinct lines of
growth ; hinge-line straight, nearly as wide as the shell ; dorsal
valve flat ; ventral valve convex, trimcated at the beak ; area
flat; foramen a wide, angular notch, bored by the deltidia.
Lon. 4, lat. 4^, alt. 3 lines.

Terebratula orthiformis, D’ Archiac, 1847, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr.

2 ser. p. 333. pi. 22. f. 4.

Terebratella orthiformis, D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 173.

Orthis millepunctata, Koninck.

Magas orthiformis, Dav. Monogr. Cret. Brach. p. 22.

Fossil. U. Greensand. Belgium.

7. BOUCHARDIA.

Shell with a minute foramen at the apex of the beak ; delti-
dium solid; apophysis anchor-shaped, the central septum being
furnished with two short lamellse.

Terebratula, § E, Blainv. D. S. N. liu. 145, 1828.

Bouchardia (rosea), Davidson, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 1849 ;
Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 372.

King, Permian Fossils, p. 81, 1850,

BRACHIOPODA.

101

Bouchardia tulipa.

Fig. 13. Fig. 14.

Fig. 13. — Interior of dorsal valve : 7. cardinal process ; p, hinge-plate; 1. loop;
s. septum.

Fig-. 14. — Interior of ventral valve: /. foramen; t. teeth; a, adductor scar; ,
p. peduncle scars ; r. retractor scars.

The great muscular impressions in Producta, which correspond
to these retractor scars, have been mistaken for points of attach-
ment of the peduncle.

1. Bouchardia tulipa. B.M.

Shell oblong-oval, rather depressed, thick, smooth, pale rose-
red, with darker rays; margins even; beak rather produced,
straight ; perforation very small, entire ; hinge-area rather wide ;
deltidia united ; dorsal valve oval, flattish ; cardinal fulcrum
(figs. 13, 14).

Terebratula tulipa, Blainv. Diet. Sci. Nat. liii. 144, 1828.
Terebratula rosea, Mawe, Introd. Conch, t. . f.

Sow. Gen. f. 4 ; Thes. Conch, vii. p. 357. t. 71. f. 7‘^-71 .
Desh. in Lamk. Hixt. ed. 2. vii. p. 350.

Kinff, Ann. 8f Mag. N. H. xviii. 34. 38. 1846.

PachjT’hynchus roseus, King, Permian Fossils, p. 70.

Bouchardia rosea, Davidson, Bull. Soc. Gdol. France, 1849, pi. ] ,
f. 1-6.

King, Permian Fossils, p. 81.

Hab. Brazil (Rio, 13 fathoms, J. M'Gillivray).

7*. WALTONIA?

Shell oval, smooth, punctate ; valves convex ; margins si-
nuated ; beak truncated by a large, incomplete foramen ; deltidia
separate ; loop reduced to two simple lamellfe, furnished witli
oral processes, and attached to a prominent centi'al septum.
Waltonia (Valenciennii), Dav. 1850, Ann. Nat. Hist. v. p. 475 ;
1852, p. 372.

102

BRACHIOPODA.

Waltonia differs from Terebratella in wanting the reflected
portion of the loop ; it may, possibly, have been broken away ;
only one minute specimen is known.

1. Waltonia Valenciennii.

Shell small, oval, red, smooth, with the margin fimbriated, the
plaits radiating in front, diverging at the sides ; dorsal valve
nearly flat ; ventral valve convex ; beak prominent ; foramen
large and incomplete ; deltidia disunited. Lon. 2i, lat. 2, alt.
1 line.

Waltonia Valenciennii, Davidson, 1850, Ann. Nat. Hist. pi. 15.

f. 1 ; 1852, p. 370.

Hab. New Zealand (Mus. Paris).

8. MEGERLIA.

Shell transversely oblong, with a wide and rather straight
hinge-line ; area distinct ; foramen incomplete ; loop rather short,
reflected, triply attached, — once to the hinge-plate, and twice to
the septum, by processes from the crura and also from the re-
flected portion of the loop (fig. 16).

Terebratula, § D, Blainv. Diet. Sci. Nat. liii. 145, 1828.
Megerlia (truncata). King, \850, Permian Fossils, 81. 145.

Dav. 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 369.

Ismenia (pectunculus), King, Perm. Foss. 81. 142, 1850.

Orthis, sp., Philippi, Moll. Sicil.

Kingena (lima), Davidson, 1852, Mon. Cret. p. 41. f. 5, 6.
Terebratulae expansse, Morris, 1846, Journ. Geol. Soc. p. 385.
Terebratulie annuhferae (part.), Quenst. Handb. p. 462.

Megerlia truncata.

Fig. 15-

Fig. 16.

Fig:. 15. — Interior of dorsal valve with the animal.
Fig. l6. — Ditto, showing the loop.

BRACHIOPODA.

103

The Megerlia often resemble Argiope in shape, and in having
corresponding ribs ; the denticulation of the internal margin of
the valves in some species may be compared with the larger mar-
ginal processes of the latter genus.

* Loop doubly attached. Megerlia.

1. Megerlia truncata. B.M.

Shell transversely oblong, or suborbicular, with a long straight
hinge-line, horn-coloured, with very fine radiating striae ; beak
truncated ; hinge-area flat and wide ; foramen large, incomplete ;
deltidia minute, separate; dorsal valve nearly flat, slightly de-
pressed in front ; interior of both valves spinulose ; loop short,
doubly attached, and giving off from its reflected portion two ad-
ditional processes to the central septum. Lon. 6, lat. U lines
(figs. 15, 16).

List. Conch, t. 462. f. 23.

Anomia truncata, Linn. S. N. 1152.

Born, Mas. 118. t. 6. f. 14.

Chemnitz, Conch. Cab. viii. 90. t. 77- f- 701.

Gmelin, S. N. 3343.

Dillw. R. S. i. p. 292.

Poli, Test. Sicil. p. 191. t. 30. f. 16, 17.

Pallas, Misc. Zool. t.

Terebratula, Lamk. E. M. t. 243. f. 2.

Terebratula truncata, Retz. Nov. Gen. p. 14.

Lamk. Hist. vi. p. 247 ; ed. 2. vii. p. 333.

Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. p. 354. t. 71. fr 64-67-
De Buck, Mem. p. 66.

Blainv. D. S. N. hii. p. 139.

Philippi, Moll. Sicil. i. p. 95. t. 6. f. 12.

Quenst. Handb. p. 462. t. 37. f. 10.

Terebratella truncata, D’Orb. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1848, viii. p. 66.
t. 7. f. 11, 12, 16, 37.

Terebratula monstrosa, Scacchi, Oss. Zool. ii. p. 1.

Anomia disculus, Pallas, Misc. Zool. p. 184. t. 14. f. 1 (1766).
Terebratula (D.) disculus, Blainv. D. S. N. liii. p. 138.

Orthis truncata, Philippi, Sicil. ii. p. 69.

Megerha truncata, King, 1850, Permian Fossils, 81. 145.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 369.

Terebratula oblita, Michelotti, Brach. p. 4.

Orthis oblita, Mich. Faun. Mioc. pi. 2. f. 21.

104

BRACHIOPODA.

Megathyris oblita, D’Orb. 1852, Prod. iii. p. 134.

Hab. Mediterranean, on corals, at 60-105 fathoms.

Fossil. Miocene, Turin ; Gibraltar ; Malta.

Terebratula irregularis, Blainv. D. S. N. liii. 140= ? Terebratula
ostracea, Blainv. D. S. N. liii. 146, is perhaps a variety.

** Loop trebly attacked. Ismenia.

2. Megerlia pulchella.

Shell oval, pointed at the beak, smooth, whitish, with a few
radiating red lines ; margins rather flexuous ; foramen large, in-
complete ; deltidia small, separate ; area indistinct ; dorsal valve
flattened ; loop small, trebly attached. Lon. 3, lat. 2, alt. 1
line.

Terebratula pulchella, G. Sowerby, Tkes. Conch, vii. p. 360. pi. 71 ■
f. 105-107.

Megerlia pulchella, Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 369.

Hab. Philippines; Cocos Island.

3. Megerlia pectunculus. B.M.

Shell pentagonal, with seven corresponding ribs to each valve ;
ribs unequal, projecting beyond the margin, four large and three
intermediate smaller ; both ribs and interspaces ornamented with
regular squamose lines of growth ; margins even ; beak short,
truncated by a large foramen ; deltidium incomplete ; loop small,
trebly attached. Lon. 6, lat. 7, alt. 4 lines.

Terebratulites pectunculus, Schlotheim, 1820, p. 272.

Terebratula pectunculus. Buck, Mem. Soc. Ge'ol. Fr. iii. p. 188.
pi. 17. f. 1*.

Quenst. Handb. p. 466. t. 37. f. 23, 25.

Terebratella pectunculus, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 377-
Ismenia pectunculus. King, Permian Foss. 81 . 142.

Fossil. Oxford Clay. France.

Coral Rag. Bavaria ; Wurtemburg.

4. Megerlia lima. B.M.

Shell orbicular or slightly pentagonal, smooth, or minutely

granulated ; dorsal valve nearly flat ; ventral deeply convex ;
beak short, recurved ; foramen moderate ; deltidium rudimentaiy,
concealed ; loop rather long, attached to the median septum by
crural processes and also by processes from the reflected and ex-
panded termination. Lon. 9, lat. 6, alt. 5 lines.

BRACHIOPODA.

105

Terebratula lima, Defrance, Diet. Sc. Nat. 1828, t. liii. p. 156.

D’Orb. Ter. Cret. iv. p. 98. pi. 512. f. 1-5.

Terebratula pentangulata. Woodward, Geol. Norf. 1833, pi. (i.
f. 10.

Terebratula ventro-plana, Rcemer, Nordd. Ool. p. 51. t. 2. f. 7-

Terebratula Hebertiana, D’Orb. 1847, Ter. Cret. pi. 514. f. 5, 11.

Terebratula spinulosa, Morris, 1847, Ann. Nat. Hist. xx. p. 253.
pi. 18. f. 6.

Terebratula sex-radiata, J. Sow. 1850, Dixon’s Geol. Sussex,
p. 348. pi. 27. f. 10.

Kingena lima, Davidson, Mon. Cret. p. 42. pi. 4. f. 15-28 ; pi. 5.
f. 1-4.

? Terebratula arenosa, Deshayesii, subconcava, et subarenosa,
D’Archiac, 1847, Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr. ii. pt. 2.

Fossil. Gault, Upper Greensand, Chalk. England ; France.

***■ Doubtful species.

5. Megerlia? Wacoensis.

Shell subpentagonal, ventricose, smooth ; margins even, front
straight ; dorsal valve convex, with inebcations of a long internal
septum ; ventral valve gibbose ; beak obtuse, recurved, laterally
keeled ; foramen small and round ; deltidium distinct. Lon. 9,
lat. 8, alt. 6^ lines.

Terebratula Wacoensis, Rcemer, 1852, Kreid. Texas, p. 81. t. 6.

f. 2.

Fossil. Chalk. Guadaloupe.

6. Megerlia? ovata. B.M.

Shell oval or elongated, depressed ; surface ornamented with
minute, wavy, spinulose strise ; dorsal valve nearly flat, with a
central depression in front, increasing with age ; ventral valve
convex ; beak produced, nearly straight, lateral ridges distinct ;
foramen moderate, circular; deltidium small, complete. Lon. 19,
lat. 13, alt. 11 lines (large specimen).

Terebratula ovata, Sowerby, 1812, Min. Con. i. p. 46. t. 15. f. 3.
Davidson, Mon. Cret. p. 47. t. 4. f. 6-13 (not Mantell, Geol.
S. Downs, 1822).

Terebratula lachrymosa, D’Orb. 1847, Ter. Cret. iv. p. 99. nl. 512
f. 6-11.

Terebratula Keyserlingi, D’Arch.

Fossil, Upper Greensand. England ; France.

F5

106

BRACHIOPODA.

7. MeGERLIA? ARCUATA.

Shell oval, attenuated posteriorly, slightly truncated in front,
ornamented with diverging spinulose striae ; dorsal valve gibbous
at the umbo, depressed in front ; beak pointed, foramen minute,
deltidium elongated, triangular, double. Lon. 5, lat. 3-2, alt. 3
lines.

Terebratula arcuata, Earner, 1840, Nordd. Kreid. p. 44. t. 7. f- 18.
Bronn, Index, p. 1229.

Fossil. Neocomian {Hilsconglomerate). Westphaha.

8. MeGERLIA ? RUGULOSA. B.M.

Shell oblong, front margin truncated or shghtly indented, sur-
face minutely wrinkled ; dorsal valve convex, sometimes de-
pressed in front ; ventral valve deep ; beak rather produced, la-
teral ridges obscure ; foramen large, cu’cular ; deltidium small ;
loop ? Lon. 11, lat. 8, alt. 7 lines.

Terebratula rugulosa, Morris 8f Davidson, 1847, Ann. Nat. Hist.
XX. p. 253. pi. 18. f. 5.

Dav. Mon. Cret. p. 49. pi. 4. f. 14.

Terebratula disparialis (part.), D’Orb. Ter. Crdt. 1847, iv.p. 100.

pi. 512. f. 12, 13 (not 16, 17, which represent T. squamosa).
Fossil. U. Greensand-, Chalk-marl. England; France.

9. Megerlia ? Verneuili.

Shell oval, elongated, depressed, ornamented with squamose
lines of growth and diverging spinulose striae; margins shghtly
flexuose in front ; beak produced, nearly straight, truncated by
a large circular foramen ; deltidium elongated. Lon. 5, lat. 3,
alt. 2 lines.

Terebratula Vemeuih, D’Arch. 1847, Mem. Geol. Soc. Fr. ii.
p. 326. pi. 20. f. 4.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 172.

Fossil. U. Greensand. Belgium.

10. Megerlia? nana. B.M.

Shell small, orbicular, depressed, smooth, with obscure radiating

furrows, and numerous lines of gi-owth near the margin ; punc-
tation conspicuous ; dorsal valve flat, with a strong internal me-
(han plate ; ventral valve convex; beak rounded, much recurved ;
foramen small ; deltidium concealed *. Lon. 6, lat. Si, alt. dj-
lines.

* Three species haring been sent with this name, by Dr. Braun, the
description is taken from the specimen to which the label was afiixed.

BRACHIOPODA.

107

Terebratula nana, Munster, Bair. p. 48.

Braun, Bair. p. 44.

Rwmer, Nordd. Ool. p. 52. t. 2. f. 20.

Broun, Index, p. 1242.

Fossil. Oxford Clay. Bavaria.

11. Megerlia? Deslongchampsii.

Shell small, oval, rather depressed, covered with minute tubu-
lar asperities, between which the punctations are visible ; mar-
gins even ; front truncated ; beak prominent ; foramen moderate,
incomplete ; deltidia separate. Lon. 3i, lat. 3, alt. li lines.

Terebratula Deslongchampsii, Davidson, June 1830, Ann. Nat.

Hist. pi. 15. f. 6.

Fossil. Lias. Normandy.

12. Megerlia? hippopus. B.M.

Shell ovate or rounded, inflated, smooth ; valves unequal, the
ventral largest, ventricose, with a short recurved umbo ; foramen
small ; deltidium triangular ; dorsal valve convex, with a deeji
medio-longitudinal depression. Lon. 14, lat. 14, alt. 10 lines.

Terebratula hippopus, Rcemer, 1841, Kreid. p. 114. t. 16. f. 28.
D’Orb, Ter. Cret. iv. p. 85. t. 508. f. 12-18.

Geinitz, Kreid. p. 87.

Terebratida resupinata, Pusch, Polens Pal. p. 23. t. 4. f. 6 (not
Sow.).

Fossil. Neocomian ; Chalk. France ; Belgium.

See also Terebratula irregularis, Blainv. D. S. N. liii. 140=Tere-
bratula ostracea, Blainv. D. S. N. liii. 146.

9. MORRISIA.

Shell with a large foramen, encroaching equally on both valves ;
ventral valve with a small, straight area; loop not reflected,
united to a small forked process in the centre of the valve ;
structure coarsely punctate (fig. 18).

Animal with sigmoid arms, destitute of spiral termination

(fig- 17).

Moi-risia (appressa), Dav. 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 371.

Orthis, sp., Philippi, 1844, Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 69.

108

BRACHIOPODA.

Morrisia anomioides.

Fig. 17.

Fig. 18.

Fig. 17. — Interior of the dorsal valve with the animal; 0. the orange-coloured
ovaries.

Fig. 18. — Ditto showing the loop : c. oral processes ; /. foramen.

1. Morrisia anomioides.

Shell minute, circular, depressed, smooth, olive-green, trans-
lucent ; foramen large and round, encroaching equally on both
valves ; area of ventral valve chiefly occupied by the foramen ;
deltidia rudimentary ; dorsal valve deeply notched at the umbo ;
loop consisting of two simple plates {crura) attached to the sides
of the umbonal notch, and to a central, bifurcated process. Lon.

1, lat. 1|, alt. 4 line (lat. 3 lines, Forbes) (figs. 17, 18).
Terebratula anomioides, Scacchi.

Philippi, Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 69. t. 18. f. 9, 1844.

Terebratula appressa, Forbes, 1844, Brit. Assoc. Report on Egean
Moll. p. 167, 193 (read 1843).

Morrisia seminulum, Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 371 (not
Ter. seminulum, Phil.).

Morrisia anomioides, Dav. 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. . pi.
f. 29.

Hab. Mediterranean, at 95 fathoms.

2. Morrisia lunifera.

Shell minute, subcordate, compressed, front margin slightly
indented ; area moderate ; internal skeleton consisting of a semi-
lunar plate in the centre of the dorsal valve. Lon. and lat. H
line.

Terebratula lunifera, Philippi, 1836, Moll. Sicil. i. p. 97. t. 6.
f. 16 (not Sow.).

Orthis lunifera, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 69.

Argiope Forbesii (syn.), Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. May 1852, p. 373.
Hab. Mediterranean.

BRACHIOPODA.

109

3. Morrisia? eusticta.

Shell small, orbicular, depressed, smooth, with a few obscure
lines of growth, densely punctate and ornamented with radiating
rows of minute points ; dorsal valve convex, with an obtuse lon-
gitudinal ridge ; beak not prominent ; foramen large, ineomplete ;
deltidium rudimentai-y. Lon. 5i, lat. 5 lines.

Terebratula eusticta, Phili2)pi, 1836, Moll. Sicil. i. p. 98. t. 6. f. 9.
Orthis eusticta, Phil. 1844, Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 70.

Fossil. Pliocene. Palermo.

10. KRAUSSIA,

Shell subcircular, vsith a nearly straight hinge-line ; beak
truncated; foramen large and round; deltidia small, disunited;
beak laterally keeled ; hinge-area flat ; dorsal valve longitudinally
depressed; internal skeleton consisting of a small forked pro-
cess arising from the septum, near the centre of the valve (fig. 19).
Kraussia (rubra), Davidson, 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 369.
Terebratulse annuliferse (part.), Quenst. Handb. p. 463.

Fig. 19. Kraussia rubra. Fig. 20. K. Lamarclciana.

Ffg. 19. — Interior of dorsal valve, showing the forked apophysis in the centre,
and the branching pallial vessels on each side.

Fig. 20. — Interior of dorsal valve with the animal, from a dry specimen in the
British Museum.

The brachial apparatus of Kraussia Lamarckiana (fig. 20) is
like that of Terebratula and Terebratella, but the arms are un-
usually small in the species examined, and their fringes do not
extend more than half way towards the border of the shell;
they are supported solely by the small forked process above
described, no other part of the apophysary system being calcified.

1. Kraussia rubra. B.M.

Shell suborbicular, ornamented with numerous, radiating ribs,
sometimes bifurcating, or augmenting by intercalation ; colom-
pale, with red rays and bands of growth ; dorsal valve (see fig. 19)
shghtly depressed in the centre, in front, furnished internally with

no

BRACHIOPODA.

a forked central process, expanded at the extremities; ventral
valve deep, simple ; hinge-area flat, encroached upon hy the large
irregular foramen ; deltidium small, incomplete. Lon. 11, lat. 13,
alt. 6 lines (flg. 19).

Anomia ruhra, Pallas, 1766, Misc. Zool. t. 14. f. 2, 11.

Anomia striata P. B. Spes, Chemnitz, 1785, viii. p. 94. t. 77. f. 703.
Anomia eapensis, Gmelin, 1788, S. iV. p. 3347.

Dillw. R. S. i. p. 292.

Terehratula ruhra, Blainv. D. S. N. liii. p. 138, 1828.

Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. t. 68. f. 10 (not 9 & 11).

Terehratula eapensis, Krauss, Sudafr. Moll. p. 32. t. 2. f. 10 (not
Adams).

Kraussia ruhra, Davidson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 370.

Hab. S. Africa.

2. Kraussia cognata. B.M.

Shell trapezoidal, rounded in front, pale hom-colour, with ob-
scure radiating striae ; heak ohtuse, reflected ; hinge-area small ;
perforation large, ineomplete ; deltidia small, triangular ; dorsal
valve flattish, with a longitudinal eentral depression ; apophysis
central, forked. Lon. 10, lat. 9, alt. 4 hnes.

Cognata Anomia craniolaris, Chemn. C. C. viii. p. 78. t. 76. f. 688.
Anomia craniolaris, var., Dillw. R. S. i. p. 285.

Terehratula cognata, G. Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vii. p. 346. t. 68.
f. 12, 13, 14.

Sow. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1847, p. 464.

Krauss, Sudafr. Moll. p. 33.

Kraussia cognata, Davidson, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 370.

Hab. S. Africa.

3. Kraussia pisum. B.M.

Shell transversely ovate, trilohed, ivith obscure radiating ribs,
slightly reddish ; margins minutely crenulated, deeply sinuated
in front ; beak slightly produced, obtuse ; foramen large, incom-
plete ; deltidia small ; hinge-area small ; dorsal valve with a
rather straight hinge-line and a deep central longitudinal furrow ;
apophysis central, forked. Lon. 4i, lat. 5, alt. 3 hnes.
Terehratula pisum, Valenciennes, in Lamarck, Hist. 1819, ed. 2.
vii. p. 330.

G. B. Sow. Thes. Conch. lii. p. 345. t. 69. f. 37, 38, 39.
Kraussia pisum, Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 370.

Terehratula Natalensis, Krauss, Sudafr. Moll. p. 33. t. 2. f. 11.
Kiister, Neue Conch, vii. p. 1. 1. 2. f. 4-7.

Quenst. Handb. p. 463. t. 37. f. 11.

Hab. S. Africa (not Sydney).

BRACHIOPODA.

Ill

4. Kraussia Algoensis. B.M.

“ Shell suborbicular, slightly acuminated behind, rather lobed
in front, whitish, radiately striated ; mesial ridge distinct, round-
ish ; perforation large, incomplete ; margin very minutely cre-
nulated.” Lon. 5i, lat. 5 lines.

Terebratula Algoensis, G. Sowerby, Thes. Conch, vii. p. 362. t. 91.
f. 91, 92.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852.

Hab. Algoa Bay (Bowerbank).

(Founded on a single ventral valve, which is scarcely different
from T. pisum.)

5. Kraussia Lamarckiana. B.M.

Shell suborbieular, striated with fine, bifurcating ridges, light
yellow ; hinge-area well-defined, flat ; foramen large, incomplete ;
deltidia small ; dorsal valve with central longitudinal groove ;
apophysis central, bifurcating ; margins of the valves thickened
internally and spinulose. Lon. 3, lat. 3, alt. H lines (fig. 20).

Terebratella LatDarckiAna,Z)aviclson,1852,Ann.Nat.Hist. p. 370;

Proc. Zool. Soc. p. . pi. . f. 22, 23.

Hab. Sydney, AustraUa ; New Zealand.

6. Kraussia Deshayesii.

Shell suborbicular, radiately ribbed, reddish brown, with six
red rays ; beak rather produced ; foramen moderate, incomplete ;
deltidia separate ; dorsal valve depressed in the centre ; apophy-
sis central, forked. Lon. 6, lat. 6i lines.

Terebratula Capensis, Adams, 1850, Zool. Samarang, p. 7\. pi. 21.
f. 4 (not Gmelin).

Kraussia Deshayesii, Davidson, 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 370.
Hab. Cape of Good Hope, at 120 fathoms.

Order II. CRYPTOBRACHIA.

Oral arms sunk into grooves in the convex centre of the inner
surface of the ventral valve.

Cryptobrachia, Gray, Ann. Sf Mag. N. H. ii. 1848, p. 435 ; in
Wiegm. Arch. 1849, p. 98; and this Cat. p. 8.

Brachiopodes cirrides (Cirrhidae), part., D’Orb. Cour. Elem. Pa-
leont. p. 80, 1849.

112

BBACHIOPODA.

ARGIOPE

Shell transversely oblong, or semicireular, smooth, or orna-
mented with corresponding ribs, strongly punctate ; hinge-line
wide ; margins even ; dorsal valve depressed ; ventral valve trun-
cated at the beak ; area flat ; foramen large, rounded ; deltidium
rudimentary ; interior of dorsal valve furnished with one or more
prominent, submarginal septa (fig. 21-23) ; loop originating at
the base of the dental sockets, and folded into two or more lobes
occupying the interspaces of the radiating septa, to which they
adhere on their inner sides. ,

Animal with oral arms united by membrane, forming a disk,
and folded so as to fonn two or four lobes ; mantle extending
to the margin of the valve and closely adherent (fig. 21).

Terebratula, § F. (& D. part.), Blainv. D. S. N. liii. 145, 1828.
Gray, P. Z. Soc. 1847.

Argiope (decollata), Desl. 1842, Mi™. Soc. Lin. Normand. viii.

Dav. 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist. p. 372.

Megathyris (decollata), Z)’Or5. 1848, Ann. Sc. Nat.

Forbes Sf Hanley, Brit. Moll.

Orthis, sp., Philippi, Moll. Sicil.

Hagenow, Neues Jahrb.

Terebratula, sp., Lamarck.

Argiopidse, King, Permian Foss. 81. 142.

Fig. 21. Argiope decollata.

Fig. 21 . — Dorsal valve with the animal, highly magnified, from a specimen in the
cabinet of Thomas Davidson, Esq. The oral aperture is seen in the centre of the
fringed brachial disk.

BRACHIOPODA.

113

Fig. 22. A. decollata.

Fig. 23.' A. Neapolitana.

hoop four-lobed. Argiope.

1. Argiope decollata.

B.M.

Shell transversely semicircular, with a few, smooth, obtuse,
radiating ribs, which correspond in each valve; colour pale
brown ; margins thickened internally ; hinge-line straight, as
vvdde as the shell ; ventral valve deep, truncated by the wide and
flat hinge-area ; foramen a wide and deep notch, bordered by the
rudimentary deltidia ; dorsal valve furnished interiorly with three
or five radiating septa, and a four-lobed loop attached to the
septa, and sometimes blending with the shell in their inter-
spaces. Lon. 4, lat. 2\, alt. H hnes (figs. 21, 22).

Anomia decollata, Chemnitz, Conch. C. viii. p. 96. t. 78. f. 705.

Dillw. R. S. i. p. 292.

Anomia detruncata, Gmelin, S. N. p. 3347.

Terebratula, Lamk. E. M. t. 243. f. 10.

Terebratula decollata, De^A. in Lamk. Hist. ed. 2. vii.p. 351.

Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. p. 355. t. 71- f- 68, 69, 70.
Terebratula detruncata, Blainv. D. S. N. liii. p. 141, 1828.

Philippi, Moll. Sicil. i. p. 96. t. 6. f. 14 a-h.

Megathiris detruncata, D’Orh. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1848.

Terebratula aperta, Blainv. Diet. Sci. Nat. hii. 144, 1828.
Terebratula dimidiata, Scacchi, Oss. Zool. ii. p. 17.

Terebratula cardita, Risso, E. Merid. f. 180? 1826.

Terebratula urna antiqua, Risso, Eur. Mer. f. 177, 1826.
Terebratula squamata, {Eichw.) Bronn, Leth. 1837, p. 908.

Eichwald, 1852, Leth. Ross. p. 54. t. 3. f. 12 (incorrectly
figured?).

Orthis detruncata, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 69, 70.

Argiope detruncata, Deslong champs, Mem. Lin. Soc. Normand.
vii. p. 1, 1839.

Argiope decollata, Dav. Artn. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 373.

Hab. Mediterranean, on corals, 45-105 fathoms.

Fossil. Pliocene. Calabria.

Miocene. Gibraltar (James Smith, F.R.S.).

114

BRACHIOPODA.

** Loop two-lobed. Cistella {Gray).

2. Argiope cuneata.

Shell very small, transversely subquadrate, with a few obseure
radiating ribs ; colour pale, with the interspaces of the ribs bright
red ; interior of dorsal valve with a single, central septum and a
two-lobed loop. Lon. 2, lat. 2i lines.

Terebratula cuneata, Risso, Eur. Merid. f. 179, 1826.

Blainv. D. S. N. liii. 146.

Philippi, Moll. Sicil. i. p. 96. t. 6. f. 13.

Sow. Thes. Conch, p. 355. t. /L f- 83, 84.

Anomia Pera, Miihlfeldt, Berlin Gesell. i. p. 205, 1829.

Orthis Pera, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 69.

Terebratula Soldaniana, Risso, Eur. Merid. f. 178, 1826.

Blainv. D. S. N. liii. 146.

Terebratula detruncata, Scacchi, Catal. p. 17 (not Gmel.).
Argiope cuneata, Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 373.

Hab. Mediterranean, 28-69 fathoms.

3. Argiope Neapolitana. B.M.

Shell minute, pale brown, translucent, smooth, or obscurely

ribbed ; beak produced and pointed ; area narrow ; foramen deep,
bordered by the deltidia ; dorsal valve subquadrate, slightly lobed
in front ; margins thickened internally ; septum single, central ;
loop two-lobed. Lon. 2, lat. 2 lines (fig. 23).

Terebratula Neapolitana, Scacchi, Oss. Zool. h- p. 18, 1833.
Orthis Neapolitana, Philippi, Moll. Sicil. ii. p. 69.

Terebratula seminulum, Phil. Moll. Sicil. i. p. 97. t, 6. f. 15 (bad).

G. B. Sow. Thes. Conch, vii. p. 356. t. 71- f- 87, 88.
Terebratula lunifera, G. Sow. Thes. Conch, t. 71- f- 85, 86 (not
Phil.).

Argiope Forbesii, Davidson, Ann. Nat. Hist. May 1852, p. 373.
Argiope Neapolitana, Dav. June 1852, Proc. Zool. Soc. p.
pi. . f. 24, 25.

Hab. Mediterranean, in deep water (60-105 fathoms).

Fossil. Pliocene. Tarentum.

4. Argiope cistellula.

Shell minute, smooth, horn-coloured, globidar, ti’uncated or
slightly indented in front ; beak prominent ; foramen large ; del-
tidia narrow ; interior of dorsal valve with a single median sep-
tum and a two-lobed loop. Lon. 1, lat. 1, alt. i line.
Terebratula cistellula, Searles Wood, 1840, Ann. Nat. Hist. 5.
Megathyris cistellula, Forbes ^Hanley, Brit.Mollusca, pi. 57. f. 9.

BRACHIOPODA.

115

Argiope cisteUula, Dav. Mon. Tertiary Brack, part 1. p. 10. pi. 1.
f. 13; Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 373; Proc. Zool. Soc. p.
pi. . f. 28.

Hub. Zetland, in 40 fathoms (M‘Andrew).

Fossil. Miocene. Suffolk (Searles Wood).

5. Argiope? pusilla.

Shell minute, obtusely subtriangular, depressed, smooth; dorsal
valve transversely oblong, depressed in front ; ventral valve with
a prominent beak; hinge-line straight, nearly as wide as the
shell (area flat; deltidium large, triangular, striated transversely;
foramen minute, apical ? ?). Lon. 1 line.

Terehratula pusilla, Eichwald, 1852, Leth. Ross. p. 55. t. 3. f. 13.

Bronn, Index, p. 1247 (not Sow. or Philippi).

Terehratula pygmsea, (Eichw.) Bronn, Leth. p. 908 (not Schl.).
Fossil. Miocene. Volhynia.

Argiope cistellula, variety of?

6. Argiope decemcostata. B.M.

Shell minute, somewhat pentagonal, ornamented wdth about
ten corresponding ribs ; larger valve deep ; area as wide as the
shell, deep, triangular; foramen large; deltidia narrow', rudi-
mentary ; dorsal valve rather flat, furnished internally with a
single elevated, central septum (and a very fragile two-lobed
loop. Suess). Lon. 1, lat. 1, alt. i hne.

Terehratula decemcostata, Rcemer, 1840, Nord. Kreid. p. 41. t. 7-
f. 13.

Bronn, Index Pal. p. 1234.

Argiope decemcostata, Dav. Mon. Cret. p. 16. pi. 3. f. 1-13.
Terehratula Duvalii, Dav. 1847, Charlesworth’s Journal, p. 113.
pi. 18. f. 15-18.

Megathiris cuneiformis, D’Orb. 1847, Ter. Cret. p. 147. ph 521.
f. 1-11 ; Prod. ii. p. 259.

Fossil. Chalk. Sweden; England; Belgium; Germany; France;
Transylvania.

7. Argiope Bronni.

Shell minute, cuneiform, depressed, with eight corresponding
ribs to each valve ; area wide and distinct ; foramen large.
Lon. 2, lat. 3, alt. 1 lines.

Orthis Bronni, Hagenow, 1842, Neues Jahrbuch, p. 543. t. 9. f. 7-
Terehratula Bronni, Rcemer, Kreid. p. 41.

Bronn, Index, p. 1231.

Fossil. Chalk. Riigen, Baltic.

116

BRACHIOPODA.

8. Argiope Buchii.

Shell minute, transverse, subquadrate, depressed ; valves orna-
mented with six corresponding ribs ; hinge-line wide as the
shell, straight; area narrow; foramen small. Lon. and lat. l-^
line.

Ortliis Buchii, Hagenow, 1842, Neues Jahrb. p. 544. t. 9. f. 8.
Terebratula Buchii, Bronn, Index, p. 1231.

Fossil. Chalk. Riigen.

9. ? Argiope depressa.

Shell transverse, depressed, radiately 10-ribhed ; ribs straight,
naiTOw ; valves unequal, the ventral convex, the dorsal flat ; area
triangular, nan-ow. Lon. 2, lat. 3 lines.

Megathyris depressa, D’Orbigny, 1847, Ter. Cr^t. iv. p. 149.

t. 521. f. 12-16.

Fossil. Chalk. France.

10. Argiope hirundo.

Shell minute, quadi’ate, depressed, side and front deeply in-
dented; valves with two diverging ribs; beak small; foramen
large. Lon. and lat. 1 line.

Orthis hirundo, Hagenow, 1842, Neues Jahrb. p. 545. t. 9. f. 9.
Terebratula hirundo, Bronn, Index, p. 1238.

Fossil. Chalk. Riigen.

Fam. 2. THECIDEIDiE.

Shell thick, punctate, rounded or oval, more or less regular,
attached by the umbo of the ventral valve, or free : ventral valve
(fig. 25) with the umbo rather produced and perforated by a
minute apical foramen (/) usually closed at an early age ; hinge-
area flat, triangular; deltidium {d) triangular, scarcely distinct
from the area ; interior deeply concave, furnished with tnm pro-
minent cardinal teeth {t) ; surface striated, with smooth depres-
sions indicating the points of attachment of the adductor (a), re-
tractor (r), and pedicel muscles (p) ; dorsal valve (fig. 24) small,
rounded, opercular, furnished interiorly with a prominent car-
dinal process (j) between the dental sockets ; oral processes
united, forming a bridge over the small and deep visceral cavity
and separating the anterior (oral) from the posterior (anal)
orifice ; disc grooved for the reception of the loop, the grooves
separated by branches from a central septum ; loop often un-
symmetrical, divided into two or more lobes, united more or less
intimately vritb the sides of the grooves.

BRACHIOPODA.

117

Animal : — Mantle extending to the margin of the valves,
closely adherent ; oral arms elongated, folded upon themselves,
fringed with long cirri on their outer margins, and supported by
a complicated shelly loop (fig. 26).

Craniaceae (part.), Menke, Syn. ed. 1. p. 56, 1828.

Craniacea (part.), Menke, Syn. ed. 2. p. 96, 1830.

Craniae (Les Cranies), part., F&uss. Tabl. Syst. p. 38, 1821.
Thecideidse, Gray, Syn. B. M. 1842, 85. 92.

Thecidaeidse, King, Permian Fossils, 81. 142.

Thecidiae, D’Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1848.

Cryptobrachia, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1848, \di. p. 435.
Ancylobrachia (part.), Permian Fossils, 81. 142.

Thecideae (Thecidees), Desk. Ency. Meth. iii. t. , 1836.
Thecidiodae, Agassiz, Nomen. 1847.

1. THECIDIUM.

Char, of Fam.

Thecidium pumilum.

Fig. 24. Fig. 25.

Fig. 24. Dorsal valve :—j. cardinal process.

Fig. 25. Ventral valve:—/, foramen (closed); d. deltidium; t* teeth; a. ad-
ductor impressions ; r. retractors ; p, pedicel-muscles.

118

BRACHIOPODA.

Fig. 26. Thecidium Mediterraneum.

Fig. 26. — Interior ot the dorsal valve, from a specimen in the cabinet of Thomas
Davidson, Esq.

Thecidea (radiata), Defr. in Fer. Tail. Syst.38, 1821.

Blainv. Man. Malac, 516. 629, 1825; Diet. Sci. Nat. liii.
p. 434, 1828.

Risso, Europ. Merid. 393, 1826.

Thecidium, G. B. Sowerby, Gen. xx. 1844 ; Thes. Conch, vii. 1846.
Terebratula, Faujas, Mont St. Pierre, t. 27. f. 8.

Terebratula, sp., Lamk. Hist.

1. Thecidium Mediterraneum.

Shell small, pale yellow, smooth, subquadrate, slightly bilobed
in front, attached by the produced and pointed beak ; hinge-area
triangular, smooth ; margins thickened and granulated inter-
nally; brachial septum' 3-lobed; loop rudimentarj-, 4-lobed.
Lon. 5, lat. 4i lines (fig. 26).

Thecidea Mediterranea, Blainv. Man. Malac, 629, 1825; Diet.
Sci. Nat. liii. p. 434, 1828.

Desh. in Lamk. Hist. ed. 2. vii. p. 348 ; Ency. Meth. iii.
p. 135.

Risso, Eur. Merid. iv. f. 183 (bad).

Philippi, Moll. Sicil. i. p. 99. t. 6. f. 17 ; ii. p. 70-
Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1852, p. 374.

Thecidium Mediterraneum, Sow. Gen. f. 6, 7 ; Thes. Conch, vii.
p. 371. t. 73. f. 30-32.

Thecidea testudinaria, Michelotti, Brach. p. 5 ; Prec. Faun. Mioc.
pi. 2. f. 26.

Thecidsea spondylea, Scacchi, Cat. 8. f. 7-10.

Hah. Mediterranean, attached to corals.

Fossil. Miocene. Tmin.

BRACHIOPODA.

119

2. Thecidium Wetherelli. B.M.

Shell somewhat pentagonal, slightly indented in front, smooth,

attached by the beak or whole surface of the ventral valve ; hinge-
area narrow ; deltidium large, triangular-, elongated ; interior of
larger valve furrowed by close, granular, longitudinal striae; dorsal
valve with a single deep curved sinus on each side ; cardinal pro-
cess large; margin minutely granulated. Lon. lat.

Thecidea Wetherelli, Morris, 1851, Ann. Nat. Hist. pi. 14. f. 1-3.

Davidson, Mon. Cret. Brack, p. 14. pi. l.f. 15-26.

Fossil. Chalk. England (attached to shells and Echinidae).

3. Thecidium pumilum. B.M.

Shell nearly circular, free, ornamented with diverging, inter-
rupted, granular ribs ; dorsal valve circular, flat, furnished in-
ternally w-ith a broad granular border ; loop 5-7-lobed, the lobes
augmenting regularly from the centre outwards ; central process
granulated ; ventral valve with a produced uncinate beak. Lon.

4. lat. 3'|, alt. 1 line (figs. 24, 25).

Terebratulites papillatus, Schlotheim,\‘i\3,Min. TascA. vii.p. 113.
(name only).

Terebratula pumila, Valenc. in Lamk. 1819, Hist. Nat. 58.

Dav. Ann. Nat. Hist. June 1850, pi. 14. f. 58 (not Sow).
Thecidea radians, Brongn. 1825, Env. Paris, p. 325.

Thecidee rayonnante, Def ranee, 1828, Diet. Sei. Nat. liii. p. 434.
t. 80. f. 1.

Thecidea radiata. Desk. Ene. Meth. iii. p. 1035.

Lamk. Hist. ed. 2. vii. p. 346.

Gold/. Petr. Germ. p. 289. pi. 161. f. 2.

Thecidea papillata, Bronn, 1837, Leth. Geog. p. 633. t. 30. f. 3.

D’Orb. Ter. Cret. p. 154. pi. 523. f. 18.

Thecidea reeurvirostra, D'Orb. Ter. Cret. p. 156 (exclud. synon.).

pi. 523. f. 9-17 ; Prod. ii. p. 260 (not Gerv.).

Fossil. Chalk. Belgium ; France.

4. Thecidium recurvirostre. B.M.

Shell regular, oval, smooth, or only marked with concentric
lines of growth ; free, or attached when young by tbe exti-emity
of the beak ; beak pointed, thick, rounded and recurved ; del-
tichum nan-ow, raised; dorsal valve deeply concave, furnished
internally with a wide border, radiately striated ; loop unsym-
metrical, 5-lobed, grooves deep, parallel with the margin. Lon.
3, lat. 2, alt. I4 lines.

Thecidea recurvirostris, Gerville, MSS.

Defr. 1828, Diet. Se. Nat. liii. p. 435,

120

BRACHIOPODA.

Thecidium curvirostre, Sow. Genera, f. 4, 5.

Desk. ed. Lam. vii. p. 349.

Fossil. U. Chalk. France.

'5. Thecidium hippocrepis. B.M.

Shell ovate-orbicular, smooth, attached by the truncated
umbo ; dorsal valve concave ; interior with broad striated mar-
gin, impressions curved, slightly digitated on their inner sides,
separated by a wide space. Lon. 3^, lat. 3 lines.

Thecidea hippocrepis, Goldfuss, Petr. ii. p. 289. t. 161. f. 4.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 260.

Thecidea vermicularis, Broun, Index, p. 1267.

Terebratuhtes vermicularis, Schl. Taschb. 1813, vii. 1. 113.

? Thecidea prisca, Munster MS. Jura, Thurnau.

Fossil. Chalk. Maestricht; Essen.

6. Thecidium hieroglyphicum. B.M.

Shell ovate-orbicular, smooth, attached by the truncated apex

of the produced umbo ; interior of ventral valve exhibiting two
reniform vascular impressions in front of the retractor scars;
dorsal valve flat; intenially with a broad striated border; bra-
chial impression palmate, 6-lobed, converging. Lon. 5, lat. 4i
lines.

Thecidea hieroglyphica, Defrance, Diet. Sc. Nat. liii. 435.

Gold/. Petr. ii. p. 290. t. 161. f. 6.

Terebratula hieroglyphica, Kefst. Natg. ii. p. 680.

Thecidium pumilum, G. Sow. Genera of Shells, f. 1, 2 (not Ter.

pumila, Lamk.).

Fossil. Chalk. Maestricht.

7. Thecidium digitatum. B.M.

Shell irregular, smooth, attached by the truncated apex of the
ventral valve ; cavity of the ventral valve striated; retractor im-
pressions large, deep and smooth ; dorsal valve transversely oval,
with a wide hinge-line ; internally with a broad margin, and two
diverging, symmetrical, palmated and 5-lobed impressions. Lon.
5, lat. 6 lines.

Thecidium digitatum, G. Sowerby, Genera, no. 20. f. 3.

Thecidea digitata, Broun, Lethcea, p. 664. t. 30. f. 4.

Gold/. Petr. ii. p. 290. t. 161. f. 6.

Thecidea Essensis, Rcemer, Kreid. p. 36.

D’Orb. Prod. ii. p. 173.

Fossil. U. Greensand. Westphaha.

BRACHIOPODA.

121

8. Thecidium rugosum.

Shell irregular, attached by the truncated apex of the ventral
valve ; ventral valve striated lengthwise and squamose with lines
of growth ; dorsal valve round, slightly truncated by the hinge-
line, smooth, furnished internally with a granulated margin and
two 3-lobed impressions, the lobes straight and diminishing in
length inwards. Lon. 2^ hnes.

Thecidea rugosa, D'Orbigny, 1847, Ter. Cre't. p. 15.3 (“ T. hippo-
crepis ”) pi. 522. f. 8-14.

Fossil. U. Greensand. Franc^

9. Thecidium tetragonum.

Shell roundish, attached by the truncated apex of the ventral
valve, smooth, with obscure lines of growth ; hinge-line wide ;
ventral valve with two, nearly symmetrical palmate, 4-lohed im-
pressions, the right side largest. Lon. lines.

Thecidea tetragona, Ramer, 1839, Ool. t. 18. f. 4.

D'Orb. Ter. Cre't. iv. p. 152. t. 522. f. 1-/.

Fossil. Neocomian. Hanover; France.

10. Thecidium Moreanum.

Shell minute, rounded, trigonal, equilateral, with an acute
ajiex ; dorsal valve convex, concentrically substriated, tubercu-
lated near the front margin ; ventral valve attached by its whole
bi’eadth, area triangular, interior with a longitudinal ridge. Lon.
and lat. i line.

Thecidea Moreana, Buvignier, 1852, Ge'ol. de la Meuse, p. 26.

pi. 20. f. 30-32.

Fossil. Coral Rag. France.

10*. ? Thecidium Corallinum.

Shell like T. antiqua, hut triangular, and much narrower at
the hinge-line.

Thecidea Corallina, D’Orbigny, 1850, Prod. ii. p. 25.

Fossil. Coral Rag. France.

11. ?TheCIDIUM CORDIFORjME.

Shell oval ; beak pointed ; front hilobed.

Thecidea cordiformis, D'Orbigny, 1850, Prod. i. p. .344.

Fossil. Kelloway Rock ? France ; attached to Ammonites.

G

]22

BRACHIOPODA.

12. Thecidium Dickinsonii.

Shell minute, transversely oval, smooth ; dorsal valve convex ;
ventral valve attached by its whole surface ; area nearly as wide
as the shell, straight. Lon. 1^, lat. 2^ hnes.

Thecidea Dickinsonii, [Moore) Davidson, Mon. Ool. p. 14.
Fossil. Inferior Oolite. Somersetshire, attached to Terebratulce.

13. ? Thecidium dubium.

Thecidea dubia, D’Orb. Prod. i. p. 288 (undescr.).

Fossil. Inferior Oolite. France<i

14. Thecidium triangulare.

Shell triangular, slightly bilobed, smooth, gibbose ; hinge-area
triangular, high and narrow ; deltidium distinct. Lon. 1, lat. 1
line.

Thecidea triangularis, Davidson, 1851, Mon. Ool. p. 14. pi. 1.
f. 11, 12; Ann. Nat. Hist. April 1852, pi. 14. f. 13.

D’Orb. MS. 1849, Prod. i. p. 316? not described.

Thecidea Virdunensis, Buvignier, 1852, Geol. de la Meuse, p. 27.
pi. 20. f. 33-35.

Thecidea Davidsoni, Buv. id. p. 26. pi. 20. f. 36-38.

Fossil. Lias [Marlstone). Somerset (Moore).

Inferior Oolite. Cheltenham (Wright).

Bath Oolite. Caen (D’Orb.) ?

15. Thecidium rusticum.

Shell minute, squarish, slightly convex, smooth ; interior of
dorsal valve with a prominent muscular fulcrum ; internal margin
thickened and granulated ; apophysary ridge simple, parallel
with the margin, and a little within it, deeply bilobed. Lon. 1,
lat. 1 line.

Thecidea rustica, [Moore) Davidson, 1851, p. 15. pi. 1. f. 14.
Fossil. Upper Lias. Ilminster.

16. Thecidium Bouchardii.

Shell transversely elongated, smooth, attached by the whole
surface of the ventral valve ; hinge-area long and narrow ; del-
tidium broad, short and elevated ; dorsal valve convex ; margin
shelving. Lon. 3, lat. 4 lines.

Tliecidea Bouchardii, Dav. Mon. Ool. 1851, p. 14. pi. 1. f. 15,
16; Ann. Nat. Hist. April 1852, pi. 14. f. 10-12.

Fossil. Lias [Marlstone). Ilminster, attached to i?/)y«cAone/Zffi;
France.

BRACHIOPODA.

123

17. Thecidium Moorei.

Shell subquadrate, smooth, attached by the whole surface of
the ventral valve ; valves slightly indented in front ; front
margins much thickened, steep ; dorsal valve almost flat ; lower
valve with a well-defined triangular area ; deltidium large, ele-
vated. Lon. 2, lat. 2, alt. 1 line.

Thecidea Moorei, Davidson, 1851, 2Ion. Ool. Brack, p. 13. pi. 1.
f. 10.

Fossil. Lias (Marlstone). Ilminster, attached to Rhynckonellte.

18. Thecidium Deslongchampsii.

Shell u-regulai'ly oblong, smooth, attached by the truncated
beak of the ventral valve ; ventral valve deep ; area wide, short
and irregular ; deltidium indistinct ; dorsal valve subcircular,
slightly convex, its- interior sm’face surrounded by a broad, gra-
nulated border ; a single central septum divides the brachial ca-
vities, in each of which there is a granulated lobe. Lon. 2,
lat. H, alt. 1^ lines.

Thecidea Deslongchampsii, Davidson, 1852, Ann. Nat. Hist.

April, pi. 14. f. 6-9.

Fossil. Lias. Normandy.

INDEX

abyssicola, 51.
aculeata, 60.
acuta, 28.

Adrieni, 81.
aequalis, 44.
aequilateralis, 20.
Albensis, 26.
Algoensis, 111.
Ampulla, 19.
angusta, 50, 76.
anomioides, 108.
antinomia, 41,
antiplecta, 40.
amygdalina, 47.
aperta, 113.
appressa, 108.
Archiaci, 48.
arcuata, 106.
Arduennensis, 63, 84.
arenosa, 105.

Argiope, 112.
arabilis, 29.
Astieriana, 94.
auriculata, 53, 55.
aurita, 49.
australis, 58.

Bakeriae, 74.

Bajocina, 73.
Bargesana, 84.
Baugieri, 31.
Beaumonti, 79.
Becksii, 22.

Bentleyi, 38.
Bernardina, 71.

biangularis, 80.
bicaiialiculata, 30, 55.
bidentata, 68.
bipartita, 42.
biplicata, 23, 28, 29,
30, 32.
birostris, 19.
bisinuata, 19.
bisuffarcinata, 30.
Boubei, 24.

Bouei, 24.

Bordini, 47.
Bouchardia, 100.
Bouchardii, 88, 122.
Bourgeoisii, 55.
Bronni, 42, 115.
bucculenta, 66, 74.
Buchii, 43, 116.
Buckruanni, 34.
bulla, 27.
bullata, 36, 66.
caiqua, 47.

Californica, 60.
Calloviensis, 72.
Camilla, 27.
Campaniensis, 54.
canaliculata, 93.
canalis, 77.
cancellata, 50.
Canidea, 45.
capensis, 110, 111.
capillata, 22.
caput-serpeiitis, 49.
Carantonensis, 94.

cardita, 113.
Cardium, 81.
carnea, 21, 25.
carinata, 73.
Carteroniana, 29.
Carriana, 43.
Causoniana, 67.
celtica, 61.
Chauviniana, 71.
Chilensis, 88.
chrysalis, 53.
cistellula, 114.
coarctata, 39.
collinaria, 22.
communis, 70.
complanata, 19, 44.
concava, 100.
contraplecta, 42.
cognata, 110.

Cor, 67.

corallinum, 121.
cordiforme, 121.
Coreauica, 88.
cornea, 49.
cornuta, 67, 68.
costata, 48, 49, 83.
crassa, 24.
craniolaris, 110.
cranium, 58.
crassiplicata, 24.
crenulata, 98.
crispata, 82.
crista-galli, 61.
Crithea, 66.

126

INDEX.

cruenta, 89, 90.
Cumingii, 51, 99.
cuiieata, 114.
cuneifonnis, 118.
curvirostris, 24, 120.
cymbula, 62.
Davidsoni, 122.
Davidsoniana, 92.
decemcostata, 115.
decoUata, 113.
decussata, 39.
Defrancii, 53.
Delthyridsea, 96.
deltoidea, 41.
dentata, 58.
depressa, 23, 116.
Deshayesii, 105, 111.
Deschampsii, 31.
Deslongchampsii, 123.
detruncata, 113, 114.
Dickinsonii, 122.
digitatum, 120.
digona, 3.5, 63, 68, 69.
dilatata, 59.
dimidiata, 113.
diphya, 41.
diphyoides, 41.
disculus, 103.
disparialis, 106.
dorsata, 87.
dubium, 122.
Dutempliana, 24, 54.
Duvalii, 115.

Duvallii, 41.
echinulata, 56.
Edwardsii, 70.
elegans, 54, 96.
elongata, 21, 44.
emarginata, 74.
ephemera, 78.
equestris, 30,

Erina, 31.
erythroleuca, 90.
Essensis, 120.

Eudesia, 79.
eusticta, 109.
euthyra, 18.

Eugenii, 35.

Evansii, 99.
faba, 63.

Faujasii, 53.
fimbria, 37.
Fischeriana, 69.
Fissurirostra, 96.
Fissirostra, 96.
Fittoni, 22.
flabellum, 38.
flavescens, 58.
Fleuriausa, 60.
flexuosa, 61, 87.
florella, 72.
Floridana, 55.
Forbesii, 108, 114.
fragilis, 27.
frontalis, 90.
furcata, 81.
fusiformis, 46.
Galliennei, 36.
Garantiana, 31.
Gaudichaudi, 59.
Gervillii, 50, 53.
giganteus, 19, 20.
Gisii, 53.
globulina, 70.
globata, 33.
globosa, 59.
gracilis, 55.
grandis, 18, 20.
Graves!, 24.

Grayii, 79.
Guadalupae, 54.
Gussignigensis, 25.
Haimeana, 48.
hamifera, 79.

Harlani, 27.
hastata, 46.
Hastingsiae, 44.
Hebertiana, 105.
Hecate, 78.
hemisphaerica, 75.
hemispbseroidica, 44.
Heyseana, 75.
hieroglyphicum, 120.
Hilseana, 97.
hippocrepis, 120.
hirundo, 116.
Hoeninghausii, 60.
homalogaster, 34.
Humboldtii, 85.
humeralis, 74.

I Ignaciana, 65.
impressa, 71.

Inca, 29.
incertum, 97.
incisa, 26.
indentata, 35, 69.
inelegans, 78.
inflata, 45.
insignis, 29.
intermedia, 32.
inversa, 40.

Ismenia, 102.
Japonica, 50.

Juno, 77.
juvenis, 46.
Keyserlingi, 105.
Kickxii, 20.

Kingena, 102.
Kleinii, 33.

Kraussia, 109.
labiata, 71.
Labradorensis, 91.
lachrymosa, 105.
lacryma, 46, 52.
Imvis, 20.

lagenaUs, 29, 36, 64.
Lamarckiana, 111.
lampas, 65.
lata, 34.
lens, 21.
lenticularis, 58.
lentiformis, 25.
lentoidea, 25.
LeveiUei, 22.
lima, 104.
linearis, 23.
Linneana, 66.
longa, 29, 62.
longirostris, 23, 62.
loricata, 95.
lunaris, 69.
lunifera, 108, 114.
Lycettii, 70.

L)Ta, 82, 83.
lyrata, 85.

Maceana, 31.

Magas, 98.
magellanica, 87.
magna, 100.
Marcousana, 79.

INDEX.

Mariae, 69.
marsupialis, 36.
Martiniana, 54.
maxiUata, 32.
maxima, 19, 34.
Meadi, 84.

Mediterraneum, 118.
megatrema, 56.
Megathyris, 112.
Megerlia, 102.
Menardi, 94.
millepunctata, 100.
microscopica, 53.
minima, 93.
minor, 21, 32.
monstrosa, 103.
Montolearensis, 20.
Montoniana, 28.
Moreaua, 38, 94.
Moreanum, 121.
Moorei, 72, 123.”
Morierei, 39.

Morrisia, 107.
multicostata, 61.
multistriata, 52.
Munsterii, 43.
Murchisoni, 22.
mutica, 41.
nana, 69, 106.
Natalensis, 110.
iiavicula, 76.
Neapolitana, 111.
Neocomiensis, 84, 94.
Nerviensis, 23.
nucleata, 40, 69.
numismalis, 67, 68,
70.

obesa, 26.
oblita, 103.
oblonga, 80.
oboliiia, 78.
obovata, 64.
obsoleta, 58.
oljtusa, 24.
omalogaster, 34.
orbiculata, 31.
orbicularis, 76, 81.
ornata, 55.

ornithocephala, 64, 65.
Ortbis, 107, 112.

l-'7

ortbiformis, 100.
ovalis, 23, 30.
ovata, 21, 105.
ovoidea, 33.
ovoides, 26, 34.
pala, 75.
palmetta, 38.

Palissii, 97.
papillata, 119.
papilio, 20.
Parisiensis, 92.
Parracena, 56.
parva, 25.
parvula, 25.
Patagonica, 60.
pbaseolina, 24.
Pbillipsii, 33.
pectinata, 83, 93.
pectiniformis, 96.
pectita, 93, 96.
pectoralis, 63.
pectunculoides, 95.
pectunculus, 104.
Pedemontaiia, 19.
pentagona, 67.
pentagonalis, 44, 53.
pentahedra, 69, 73.
pentaugulata, 105.
pera, 114.
perforans, 19.
perovalis, 27, 28, 30,
32, 33, 34.
picta, 59.
pileus, 41.
procerrima, 85.
pisum, 110.
plana, 69.
plebeia, 21.
plica, 45.

plicata, 37, 91, 95.
prEcmarginata, 76.
prisca, 120.
prominula, 82.
propinqua, 80.
pseudo-jurensis, 62.
pubescens, 49.
pulcbella, 97, 104.
pumilum, 119.
pumila, 99.
pumilus, 120.

punctata, 35, 100.
Puscheana, 80.
pusilla, 91, 115.
praelonga, 28.
pygmaea, 115.

Pygope, 41.
quadrata, 81.
quadricostata, 42.
quadrifida, 67.
quadriplecta, 42.
Qualenii, 45.
quinquecostata, 61.
radians, 119.
radiata, 119.
recurva, 58, 96.
recurvirostra, 119.
reflexa, 40.

Rebmanni, 68.
Repeliniana, 30.
resupinata, 72, 75,107.
reticularis, 39.
reticulata, 39, 80.
retusa, 49.
revoluta, 25.
rhomboidalis, 21.
Rbyncbora, 83.
Ricbardiana, 39.
Roemeri, 28.
rigida, 55.

Robertoni, 22.

Roissyi, 24.
rosea, 101.

Royeriana, 64.
rubella, 59, 90.
rubicunda, 89.
rubra, 89, 109.
rugosum, 121.
rugulosa, 106.
Ruppellensis, 72.
rustica, 23, 24.
rusticum, 122.
Sacculus, 46.
salinaria, 43.
sanguinea, 89, 90.
sanguinolenta, 90.
Santonensis, 56.
Sartbacensis, 66.

Sayi, 91.
scabra, 53.

Scatoniana, 76.

128

INDEX.

Schulzii, 47.
securis, 78.

Sella, 28.

semiglobosa, 25, 27.
seminulum, 108, 114.
semiplicata, 37.
semistriata, 80.
septata, 18.
septemcostata, 38.
septentrionalis, 50.
septigera, 59.
sex-radiata, 105.
simplex, 34.
Soldaniana, 114.
Sowerbii, 19, 88.
spatbulata, 92.
spatula, 49.
sphaeroidalis, 36.
sphenoidea, 18.
spinulosa, 105.
Spitzbergensis, 91.
spondylea, 118.
spondylodes, 19.
squaraata, 113.
squamosa, 22.
striata, 49, 52, 110.
striatula, 51, 52, 57.
Strogonofii, 64.
subarenosa, 105.
subangusta, 76.
sub-Beutleyi, 38.
sub-bidentata, 68.
sub-bipartita, 43.
subcanabs, 38.
subconcava, 105.
subcrispata, 82.
subcurvata, 43.
subelongata, 45.
subfragilis, 27.
subimpressa, 73.
sublagenalis, 65.
submaxillata, 32.

suborbicularis, 37, 80.
subovalis, 65, 66.
subovoides, 65, 66.
subpentagona, 95.
subpentagonalis, 44.
subpectoraUs, 25.
subpbcateUa, 37.
subpunctata, 35.
subresupinata, 73.
subrotunda, 25.
subrubra, 32.
subsella, 30.
substriata, 56.
subsufflata, 45.
subtriquetra, 65.
subundata, 24, 25.
subventricosa, 32.
subvitrea, 18.
succinea, 20.
sufflata, 45.
sulcifera, 26.
tamarindus, 62.
TcbiatchefFei, 24.
tegulata, 95.
tenuissima, 53.
tenuistriata, 51.
Terebratella, 86.
Terebratula, 17.
Terebratulina, 48.
Terebrirostra, 82.
testudinaria, 118.
tetragona, 32, 73.
tetragonum, 121.
Thecidea, 118.
Thecidium, 117.
Toncariana, 27.
Tornaceusis, 24.
transversa, 89.
triangularis, 34.
triangulare, 122.
triangiilus, 41.
tricostata, 42.

trigonella, 60.
Trigonosemus,82, 96.
trilobata, 20.
trilatera, 82.
trilineata, 54.
triplecta, 42.
triquetra, 41, 65.
truncata, 94, 95, 100,
103.

tubpa, 101.
ulothrix, 82.
umbonella, 65.
umbra, 77.
undulata, 28.
upsilon, 77.
urna, 113.
uva, 18.

Valenciennei, 102.
Vanuxemiana, 92.
variabilis, 19.
VendOcinensis, 27.
Venei, 52.
ventricosa, 32.
ventro-plana, 105.
vermicularis, 120.
VerneuiUiana, 93.
Verneuilli, 106.
Viquesneli, 22, 23.
Virdunensis, 122.
virgo, 47.

Virleti, 25.
vitrea, 17, 58.
vulgaris, 43, 64, 71.
Wacoensis, 105.
Waldbeimia, 57.
Waltonia, 101.
Waterbousii, 43, 74.
Wetherelli, 119.
Wilmingtonensis, 21.
Wismanni, 43.
Zelandica, 89.

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