FOS Oe Hr tn tg Mee elem a = hie IR oe Pam ne pe ee os i-pmetethadae eae aay bhabtebd duce Fete Niele ate ie = ys pote hs arte ne mee bol ahve or Setathe ne fer mene Pn eee ahe te Sele eee meres oo oe : oa Pe bet oor eae Polina er nee oe AM NN Ot ee 5 Ae wren. na . o-earkemtae TN Ree eR AN Tera ke — See ote Pak een F A igen ween Sti sone celts crete epee goutcrantiee oe + en nantes ae 2 AGEN nl , Nd sive x *ouds Ns , : Le av 1 : F QL. a 2 CATALOGUE 287 aol “Tne (er OF THE BRITISH NON-PARASITICAL WORMS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM. BY GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D. Epin., FELLOW OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OF EDINBURGH ; AND LL.D. MARISCHAL COLLEGE, ABERDEEN, ETC. Ge wa > . ge - A> A801 2.6 3° BD C MAR 22 1884 LONDON: ; ‘ <* v Vy, iy PRINTED BY 1865. MAR 22 {853 LIBRARIES 2 PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, » RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE. Tae publication of this Catalogue of British Non-parasitical Worms has been delayed, owing to the lamented death of the author, Dr. Jouyston, while it was still in the Press. A Supplement, pre- pared by Dr. Baird, containing addenda, corrigenda, and a notice of additional species found since Dr. Johnston’s death, with a complete index, have been added, to render the work more complete. J. E. GRAY, Sth February, 1865, ae u ; NG fen’ Soieuinel slp ap griiyes ses Ay AWB ire hed Rte (a) Sit ee ee athe ty vedios 7 fi : ihigbevare / y . + ath ‘ ; ' es Pao x aS OEY ade Da RU at in 5 i af to. ot ; p 7 Mri Fe od Pasar ‘ a i - WOE AS ERE ELA ft PN Py F ia wad Gray ay hoe . harris (OE. Brae ay es GF eit re } n te 4 Z e , F ron i af Van tae a SW " j eh bret Bas ee ae Pa ae Sy ea ene : ‘ess i he ; mt Pm en jay ree = ag ; He Mae a aa ge ; ‘ Nie A CATALOGUE OF THE BRITISH NON-PARASITICAL WORMS. Tue Helmintha or Worms are invertebrate soft animals, symmetri- cally bilateral, or with the viscera arranged on the sides of a lon- gitudinal axis. They are never organically attached to foreign bodies or their own cases, and are capable of progression to a more or less extent. They move forwards, some by a continuous gliding, some by a succession of trails, some by undulations in the water, and others by means of soft appendages and bristles placed along the sides. Diesing’s definition of the class is as follows :—‘‘ Animalia evertebrata, inarticulata (7.e. extremitatibus articulatis nullis pre- dita), nune mollia aut elastica, ebranchiata, setis retractilibus nullis (Acheethelmintha) ; nune mollia, ebranchiata v. branchiis externis munita, setis retractilibus instructa (Chzethelmintha).” There are two kinds of Worms,—one which are found within the viscera of living animals, and which cannot maintain their existence in any other situation; and another which lead an exterior life, either entirely independent, or as the external parasites of some aquatic animals. These, however, the parasites can forsake at will, without incurring the penalty of death. It is the second kind of Worms to which this Catalogue is restricted ; and they may be con- veniently included in the following Orders :— A. Apropous: the body without bristles on the sides. = Apoda, Macleay. = Achethelmintha, Diesing. * Body exannular. I, Order. TURBELLARIA. The extremities of the body simple and continuous with it: no distinct head. B 4 TURBELLARIA. +t Eyes two. 6. Dalyellia. Mouth terminal. 7. Derostoma. Mouth ventral, anterior. (oe) . Mesostoma. Mouth ventral, subcentral. Suborder I]. TeretuLaria. The body cavernous, linear-elongate, subcylindrical or compressed, very contractile, sometimes breaking spontaneously into pieces, the surface even and smooth, or rarely wrinkled: head more or less distinct, the mouth a simple terminal or subterminal pore, with a very long included proboscis: intestine undivided, laid in the visceral cavity, with the vent situated well forwards, or posterior and ter- minal? There is a larger aperture below the head which leads to the common cavity. * Acephalous: the anterior end plain. 12. Astemma. Eyeless. 13. Cephalotrix. Eyes two, parallel. 14. Tetrastemma. Eyes four, in a square. ** Acephalous, with a furrow on each side of the front. 20. Serpentaria. Body flat, elongate, uniformly coloured, fragile. 19. Meckelia. Body linear-elongate, fragile, with paler annulations. Cephalous, the head indistinct, multocular, and mostly with a shallow furrow on each side. 15. Borlasia. Eyes in a submarginal series: cesophagus simple. 16. Omatoplea. Eyes clustered, irregular: the cesophagus with horny stylettes. 17. Stylus. Anal extremity armed with a long style. **** Onhiocephalous, with lateral furrows. 18. Lineus. I. TURBELLARIA. I, PLANARIEA. SANGSUES-LIMACES, Reaumur, Hist. Insect, vi. pref. lviii. Puanartia, Lam. An.s. Vert.ii.176. Schweig. Handb. 593. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ti. 96 & 125. PLANARIAD&, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 604. PLANARL&, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 577 ; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 227. PLANARIN&, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 436. ANEvorRMI (—), E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. vii. 105, 106 (1847); and viii. 119, 141 (1847). APOROCEPHAL&, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 143 (1847). PLANARIEA, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 41. Diesing (x), Syst. Helm. i.184. Ray Soc. Rep. Zool. 1847, 516. Aprocta, Schultze, Naturg. Turbell. 3. Fam. I. PLANOCERIDZ. CryptToca La, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 44. f.2. p. 12. Rep. Ray Soc. Zool. 1847, 517. Obs. The body is thin, flat, and laterally expanded, with a plain margin. The eyes, when present, are clustered. The oral aperture is usually closed and becomes almost indistinguishable, but the posi- tion of it, and of the proboscis, is marked by an oblong spot near the middle of the ventral surface. This is always paler than the dorsal, which is commonly beautifully coloured. The motion is slow. The food is soft, either the juices of avertebrate animals or the paren- chyma of decaying algze. All are marine, and propagate, probably, by naked ciliated ova, undergoing no metamorphosis. In decay, the body is diffuent ; and decomposition has far advanced before life is extinguished. 1. LEPTOPLANA, Hhrenberg, 1831 *. Leptoplana, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 48. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 194. Prosthiostomum, Quatrefages in Ann. des Sc. nat. iv. 133 (1845). Polycelis, Quatrefages in ibid. 132. Char. Body flat, entire, with a smooth dorsum: mouth subcen- tral: eyes in two or four clusters: genital pore behind the mouth. * When, as in this example, the name of the founder of the genus immediately follows the generic name, the date of the latter rests on the authority of Ayassiz’s Nomenclator Zoologicus. In these instances, | have not had an opportunity of consulting the original authority. 6 PLANOCERID. * Eyes in two clusters. 1. L. subauriculata, body lanceolate, very thm, obtuse in ‘front, of a yellowish-brown colour ; eyes numerous, in two clusters, with a clear circular spot to each cluster, and a clear intervening space. Length 6'"; breadth 2". Planaria subauriculata, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 16. f. 2. Leptoplana subauriculata, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 195. Planaria corniculata, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. 1. 101. pl. 14. f. 5. Hab. The shore between tide-marks. 2. L. tremellaris, body ovate, sinuous on the margin, yellowish, unspotted ; posterior eye-clusters on a pale spot, irregular, with a line from each running parallel forwards to a minute ocular spot. Length 8-11'"; breadth 3-5'". Fasciola tremellaris, Mull. Verm. i. 1. 72. Planaria tremellaris, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 223; Zool. Dan. 1. 36. t. 32. f. 1,2; copied by Blainv. Dict. des Sc.nat., Vers, Atlas, f. 14. Turt. Gmel. iv.67. Bosc, Vers,i.309. Lam- An. s. Vert. ni. 180; 2de edit. ii. 608. Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xv. 144. pl. 4. f. 14. Grube, Actin. 52. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 247. Leptoplana tremellaris, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 49. Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 198; Hab. In pools among the rocks between tide-marks, under stones. (a) Rothesay, Miss Macdonell. ** Eyes in four clusters. 3. L. flexilis, body very thin, ovato-lanceolate, widest and semi- circular in front, of a dull whitish or pale ash colour ; eye-clusters defined by a clear space. Length 7!; breadth 3. Planaria flexilis, Dalyell, Planar. 5. pl. 1. f. 1,2. Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix.17. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. li. 354. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 102. pl. 14. f. 17-26. Polycelis fallax, Quatrefages in Ann. des Sc. nat. iv. 135. pl. 3. f. 10. (1845). Leptoplana flexilis, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 194, Hab. Between tide-marks, generally half-buried in mud: grega- rious. 4. L. atomata, ovate, obtuse, only a little narrower behind, speckled brown ; eyes of the anterior clusters more scattered than of the pos- terior, not seated on a lighter ground. Length 6"; breadth 3!". Planaria punctata, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 2706. Planaria atomata, Mill. Zool. Dan. i. 37. tab. 32. £. 3,4. Turt. Gmel. iv.65. Bose, Vers,i.305. Fleming in Edin. Phil. Journ. vin. 297. LEPTOPLANA.—EURYLEPTA, 7 Leptoplana atomata, Oerst. Entw. Plattw. 49. f. 24 (the stylette). Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 197. Soe maculata (atomata?), Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 104, pl. 14. 27-32. Hab. Shores of Scotland, under stones between tide-marks. 5. L. ellipsis, oval, with an even margin, reddish, plain or speckled, with a dark mesial line; eye-clusters irregular. Length 5!"; breadth 3!"', Planaria ellipsis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 101. pl. 14. f. 9-16. Hab. Coast of Scotland, Dalyell. 2. EURYLEPTA, Lhrenberg, 183). Eurylepta, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 50. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 208. Proceros, Quatrefages in Ann, des Se. nat. iv. 137 (1845). Char. Body flat and broad, the front with two tentacula con- tinuous with the body: eyes many, clustered on the neck: mouth ventral, anterior. 1. E. cornuta, oblong, with a wavy margin, yellowish on the dorsal surface, paler underneath, and spotted with white ; tentacula elon- gate and filiform. Length 5-6; breadth 2, Planaria cornuta, Miill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 2681; Zool. Dan. i. 37. tab. 32. f. 5-7. Turt. Gmel. iv. 65. Bose, Vers, i. 305. Eurylepta cornuta, Oerst. Platiw. 50. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 208. Hab. The coralline region, rare. 2. E. Dalyellii, oval, with an even margin, from cream-yellow to ruddy orange, veined dendritically, or uniform ; tentacula submar- ginal, short, triangulate ; eyes numerous, clustered at the base of the tentacula. Length 5-15'"; breadth 2-4!" Planaria cornuta, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 97. pl. 14. f. 1-4, and pl. 15 (embryo). Hab. The coralline region. It lurks in the crevices of empty shells ; or, usually, hes buried in mud. Apparently not rare on the coast of Scotland, Dalyell. Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. 3. E. sanguinolenta, ovate or oval, reddish-brown, veimed, with a darker mesial line; tentacula marginal, short, triangular, acute ; eyes numerous, in two clusters, coalescent in front. Length 8-10!" ; breadth 5-6'"'. Planaria cornuta, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 344. f. 79. W. Thompson in Ann, Nat. Hist. xv. 320, and xviii. 392. Oersted, Entw. Platiw. 55. 8 PLANARIADZ. Proceros sanguinolentus, Quatrefages in Ann. des Se. nat. iv. 138.pl. 4. f. 4 (1845). Eurylepta sanguinolenta, Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 209. Hab. The coralline region. 4. KE. vittata, ovate, dilated in front, rounded behind, sinuous on the margin, yellowish, with ten or twelve parallel concentric dark lines, the centre white with a median black line; tentacula ear- like, triangulate, speckled with black dots. Length 2"; breadth 1". Planaria vittata, Montagu in Linn. Trans. xi. 25. pl. 5. f. 3. Lam. An. s. Vert. ii. 180; 2de edit. iii. 608. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 247, and xviii. 392. Harvey, Sea-Book, 157. fi g. Proceros cristatus, Quatrefages in Ann. des Sc. nat. iv. 139. pl. 3. f. 7. (1845). Eurylepta vittata, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 209. Eurylepta cristata, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 210. Hab. The coralline region. (a) Falmouth, J. Cranch. 3. PLANOCERA. Planocera, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 578 (1828). Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 47. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 217. Stylochus, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 215. Char. Body flat, with a smooth dorsal surface and an entire mar- gin: a pair of contractile tentacula on the back in front, with or without eyes at their base: mouth with a short proboscis lobed or crenate at the orifice. 1. Pl. folium, broadly ovate, yellowish-brown, veined and reticulate, with a linear-oblong pinnated mesial spot ; tentacula short, obtuse, with a small cluster of eyes near the base. Length 17!; breadth 1)", Stylochus folium, Grube, Actin. 51. f. 12 (1840). Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 216. Planocera folium, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 48. Hab. The coralline region. Berwick Bay. Obs. I have seen a single specimen of which a figure was made just when diffluence had begun; but the process had proceeded too far before leisure was afforded of making a description. The specimen agreed very well with Grube’s figure. Fam. II. PLANARIADZ. DenpDROcCa@LA, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 50. Ray Soc. Zool. Rep. 1847, 518. Obs. The body is oblong, flattish, with an entire margin. The POLYCELIS. 9 circular mouth is on the ventral surface near its centre; and the proboscis is often extruded when hunger presses, and food is prof- fered. The eyes are separate, either in a linear series or in pairs. The motion is quick and continuous. The food is derived from other soft animals or from the parenchyma of plants. They have great powers of repairmg wounds, and of reproducing amputated parts. They are not subject to diffluence in dying. They multiply both by self-division and by ova, which are included within a coloured capsule previous to their exclusion, and for some time afterwards. They pass through no metamorphosis. Lacustrine and marine. 4. POLYCELIS, Lhrenberg, 1831. Polycelis, Diesing, Syst. Helm.i.191. E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. vill. 271 (1847). Char. Body flattish, oblong, even and smooth, with a linear series of eyes around the anterior margin which is truncate: oral proboscis long and cylindrical, with a plain orifice. Lacustrine. 1. P. nigra, of a uniform velvet-black colour, the front sinuated with two marginal and a central projection. Length 5!; breadth 13", Res aquatiques noires, Trembley, Mem. Polyp. 127. pl. 7. f. 9 (1744). Fasciola nigra, Mull. Verm. i. ui. 54. Planaria nigra, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 221; Zool. Dan. iu. 48. tab. 109. f. 3, 4. Turt. Gmel. iv. 61. Turt. Brit. Faun. 128. Bosc, Vers, 1.297. Dalyell on Planaria, 23. f. 3-5, and 15. John- son in Phil. Trans. 1825, 254. pl. 16. f. 9-11. Lam. An. s. Vert. i. 178; 2de edit. 11.606. Duges in Ann. des Sc. nat. xv. 143. pl. 4. f. 10,15. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. 389. Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 54. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 122. pl. 15. f. 18, 19 (the ova). Hirudo nigra, Kirby in Linn. Trans. ii. 317. Planaria fusca, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 68 (1812). Polycelis nigra, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i, 191. Hab. Lakes, ditches and rivulets, in pure water, everywhere. It attains a greater size in stagnant than in running water. (a) The Whiteadder, Berwickshire, Dr. Johnston. 2. P. brunnea, dusky brown, with a dark mesial line; obtusely tri- angulate in front. Length 4-5'"; breadth 141". Fasciola brunnea, Mill. Verm. i. ii. 54. Planaria brunnea, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 221. Turt. Gmel. iv. 61. Bose, Vers, i. 298. Johnson in Phil. Trans, 1822, 438. pl. 49. f.3 & 12. Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xii. 706. tab. 33. f. 7. Planaria paniculata, Dalyell, Planar. 37. f. 6, 7. Polycelis nigra, var. brunnea, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 192. Hab. Ponds. 10 PLANARIADE. 3. P. felina, linear-oblong, minutely tricuspidate in front, of a uni- form dark brown, paler underneath. Length 8!"; breadth 13!" Planaria felina, Dalyell on Planarie, 42. f. 8 (1814). Planaria cornuta, Johnson in Phil. Trans. 1822, 437. pl. 49. f. 1, 7, 9, 10, 15 & 16; and lb. ibid. 1825, 249 & 251. pl. 16. f. 1, 2, 4-8. Planaria viganensis, Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xxi. 84, 91. pl. 2. f. 23 (1830). Polycelis nigra, var. viganensis, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 192. Hab. Stagnant waters in which aquatic vegetables abound: rarely in springs. Oés. Longer in proportion to its length than the preceding, and more decidedly auricled in front: in shape it is rather elliptical than oblong, tapering backwards from about the middle ; whereas in nigra and drunnea, the sides, a little sinuated behind the head, continue parallel until near the tail, which is narrowed and obtuse. 5. PLANARIA. Planaria, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. xxviii. (1776). Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 578. Oecersted, Entw. Plattw. 52. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 202. Char. Body narrow-oblong, flattish, the front truncate, more or less auricled on each side, the tail rounded: eyes two, placed on the anterior part of the back, parallel. * Freshwater. 1. P. lactea, white, roseate or brownish, with a milk-white mesial spot. Length 6-9'; breadth 13-2!". Fasciola lactea, Mill. Verm. i. 11. 61. Planaria lactea, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2687; Zool. Dan. iu. 47. tab. 109. f. 1,2. Turt. Gmel. iv. 64. Stew. Elem. 11. 355. Bose, Vers, i. 303. Rees’ Cyclop. xxvii. verb. Planaria. Blainv. Dict. des Se. nat. lvii. 578. Lam. An. s. Vert. mu. 179; 2de edit. iii. 607. Johnson in Phil. Trans. 1822, 438. pl. 49. f. 4,5, 11,15 & 17. Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xiii. 705. tab. 33. f.1, 2, 8-11 (1826). Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xv. 144. pl. 4. f. 12; Edin. Journ. Nat. and Geogr. Se. iii. 242 & 243. W. Thompson in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xvill. 3888. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. 1. 107. pl. 16. f. 5-9, and pl. 15. f. 4-6. Dies. Syst. Helm, 1. 203. Hirudo alba, Kirby in Linn. Trans. ii. 316. Planaria alba, Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Dendroccelum lacteum, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 52. Hab. In cold springs and lakes, not common: gregarious. Obs. The front is truncate and even, scarcely auricled. There are occasionally four eyes, when the anterior pair is very 1inute. Readily distinguished by its white colour. Dark individuals owe their taint to the substance they have been recently feeding upon ; and resume their natural fairness after a short abstinence. PLANARIA. ll 2. P. torva, cinereous or black on the dorsal, greyish on the ventral surface ; the front obtuse, rounded on the angles and projecting in the centre; eyes each with a white halo. Length 6"; breadth 13-2", Fasciola torva, Miill. Verm. i. ii. 62 (1773). Planaria torva, Miill. Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2688; Zool. Dan. iii. 48. tab. 109. f. 5,6. Turt. Gmel. iv.64. Bose, Vers, i. 303. pl. 8. f.9. Lam. An. s. Vert. 11. 179 ; 2de edit. 11.607. Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. Atlas Entomoz. pl. f. 11 (where it is given as a magnified figure of Polycelis nigra). Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xin. 705. tab. 33. f. 4-6 & 12-17. W. Thompson in Ann, § Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 389 ; zbid. ser. 2. vil. 502. Oecersted, Entw. Plattw. 54. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 205. Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. Hirud. 200. Thrudo alpina, Dana in Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. Hirud. 17 & 200, note 3. Planaria fusca, Rees’ Cyclop. xxvu. art. Planaria. Stew. Elem. ii. 355. Templeton in Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 239. Byerley, Faun. Liverp. 99. Planaria subtentaculata, Dugés in Ann. des Se. Nat. xv. 144. pl. 4. f. 13, 22-24, Hab. In lakes and runiets, more especially in those descending from elevated grounds, I believe rare. Obs. I can find no proof that P/. fusca of Pallas or of Dugés (for it is not certain that they are synonymous) is indigenous. Those authors who have introduced it mto their lists have not critically examined the genus. ‘The same remark may be made of Planaria stagnalis, Mill. Templeton has introduced it into his Irish list (Loud. Mag. N. Hist. ix. 239); but he gives no description, nor mentions any locality. 3. P. arethusa, truncate and auriculate in front, leaden or slate-grey, paler underneath ; a black eye on a white spot on each side of the medial line in front. Length 6'"; breadth 1'". Planaria arethusa, Dalyell, Planar. 85. f. 11-14. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vu. 502. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ui. BEL pli. f. 10-19: Planaria torva, Johnson in Phil. Trans. 1822, pl. 49. f. 2, 8, 14, and ibid. 1825, 251. Hab. In pure springs and rivulets: common. (a) Dods’-well, Berwick, Dr. Johnston. 4, P, edinensis, linear-oblong, rather narrowish forwards, pale car- nation; head obtuse, rose-colour; eyes nearly marginal in the rose-coloured part. Length 3; breadth 1!”. Planaria edinensis, Dalyell, Planar. 133. f. 18 (1814). Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 282. Dalyellia edinensis, Johnston in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 438. Hab. In pure springs: rare. 12 PLANARIADE. ** Marine. 5. P. ulve, of an olive mottled colour, with a pale abbreviated mesial line ; front truncate, distinctly auricled ; the tail truncate or more commonly emarginate. Length 5!; breadth 13/". Ane ulvee, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 53. f.5. Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. oUo. Hab. At the roots of the Laminariz between tide-marks. (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. 6. P. affinis, linear-oblong, rounded and slightly enlarged at the front, of a wood-brown colour, with an oblong white line on the posterior half; eyes a little behind the front, each in the centre of a white spot on the sides of the mesial line. Length 3!; breadth 2". Planaria affinis, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 54 (1844). Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 206. Planaria hebes, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. i. 107. pl. 16. f. 3, 4. Hab. Amongst algze between tide-marks. 7. P.? alba, linear-oblong, obtuse at both extremities, the anterior narrowest ; pure white; eyes black, placed backwards and wide apart. Length 3!; breadth 3!". Planaria alba, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. pl. 16. f. 21, 22. Hab. Shores of Scotland, Dalyell. Obs. Dalyell remarks that the intestinal canal is not pinnate. 8. P.? variegata, linear-oblong, a little bulged in the idle trun- cate in front, acuminated behind, fasciated across the back with black and yellow belts ; eyes two, black, considerably apart. Length 13!" breadth 3!". Planaria variegata, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 115. pl. 16. f. 20. Hab. Coast of Scotland, very rare, Dalyell. Obs. This may prove to be a species of the molluscous genus Limapontia. ‘This is a beautiful animal, plump and heavy, the belly flattened. In crawling up the side of a vessel, it is liable to drop to the bottom, but its descent seems to be retarded by an invi- sible thread.’ — Dalyell. The following are doubtful members of this family :— Planaria gracilis, body rather linear, acute behind, flattened, white ; eyes two, black, placed forwards. Length 1". Planaria gracilis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. u. 116. pl. 16. f. 23. Hab. Lochend, Dalyell. DALYELLID. 13 Obs. The mouth is apparently below, under the eyes. The motion is swift; and the creature can swim in the water. Planaria falcata, body flattened, thick and fleshy, linear-elongate, rounded and equal at both ends; eyes two, lateral, red. Length 1-2". Planaria falcata, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 117. pl. 16. f. 26-29. Hab. Lochend in autumn, Dalyell. Obs. ‘Two red crescents apart on the extremity of the head, in a circular position, but under considerable magnifiers, appearing red streaks, sometimes consisting of one or two confluent pair indistinctly seen. The mouth seems in front; and the intestine a longitudinal series of cavities, with some enlargement in their course. Crawls on the belly, or swims swiftly through the water.’’— Dalyell. Fam. IT. DALYELLIDZ. Ruaspoca.a, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 59. Ray Soc. Zool. Rep. 1847, 518. Schultze, Naturg. Turbeil. 5. GyRATRICINEA, Diesing, Syst. Helm. 1. 218. Obs. An artificial group, but associated by a general resemblance in form, and by similarity in habits. They are small animals, of a parenchymatous consistency, in which it is often difficult to trace any distinctly defined viscera, or their openings on the surface. The body is acephalous, and more or less contractile, with an entire margin. They are either marine or lacustrine; and the latter, in general, lay their eggs enclosed in a cocoon or capsule. Of the mode in which the marine genera are propagated, nothing appears to be known. 6. DALYELLIA. Dalyellia, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 605 (1822). Prostoma, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 62. Char. Body somewhat compressed vertically, elliptical ; the mouth terminal; eyes two, parallel, posterior to the mouth and dorsal. Ova capsulated. Lacustrine. 1. D. helluo, narrowed at both ends, most so posteriorly, of a uni- form grass-green colour with a transparent margin; eyes black. Length 1-13!". Fasciola helluo, Mill. Verm. i. ii. 64. Planaria helluo, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2692; Zool. Dan. iii. 39. tab. 105. f. 3. Turt. Gmel. iv. 65. Bosc, Vers, i. 304. Hirudo viridis, Shaw in Linn. Trans. i. 94. pl. 7. Johnson on Medic. Leech, 19. Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 268. Planaria viridis, Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Stew. Elem. ii. 355. Planaria graminea, Dalyell, Planar. 42. f.8; Pow. Creat. ii. 119. Dalyellia graminea, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 605. Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 438. 14 DALYELLIDA. Distigma? helluo, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 188. Vortex viridis?, Schultze, Naturg. Turbell. 47. Hab. Stagnant water. Obs. The cocoon is brown and oval, apparent near the posterior end: it contains from four to twelve ova. 2. D. exigua, ovate-oblong, broadest behind, reddish ; eyes black. Length 1", Planaria exigua, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 116. pl. 15. f. 13, 14. Hab. Ponds. Obs. When in motion, the form is that of a double cone. 7. DEROSTOMA. Derostoma (—), Dugés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xxi. 76 (1830). = Oerst. Entw. Plattw. 66 (1844). Char. Body linear-oblong, rounded at both ends, with two eyes or none: mouth pitcher-shaped, concealed, opening by a longitudinal fissure on the venter. 1. D. unipunctatum, plump, narrowed towards the anterior extre- mity, and obtuse behind, dingy yellow; eyes two, yellow. Length 3! breadth 1!". Derostoma unipunctatum, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 66. tab. 2. f. 25. Turbella unipunctata, Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 225. Planaria fodinee—the Quarry Planaria, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 110. pl. 15. f. 7-12. Hab. Ponds with a muddy bottom. Obs. The specific name is derived from the spot formed by the brown or yellow cocoon in a position behind the mouth. 2.D.? vorax, body round, obtuse in front, tapered backwards to a point, greenish ; eyes none. Length 13!"; breadth 3!". Planaria vorax, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 119. pl. 16. f. 33, 34. Hab. Freshwater marshes. Obs. When gorged with food resembles an inflated vesicle, tapered downwards. The food is seen to fill a capacious ovoidal stomach. There are, in the pregnant mother, from one to five brown cocoons lodged towards the posterior part. 8. MESOSTOMA*. Mesostoma, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 67. Mesostomum, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 219. Schultze, Naturg. der Turbell. 52. Schmidt, Neue Rhabdocel. 9. * Dugés is the author of the name, and the genus was probably founded in 1830, not earlier than 1828. Agassiz has not mentioned it, but he has Myozo- stoma of much later creation. OPISTOMUM.—TYPHLOPLANA. 15 Char. Body flattened; the mouth ventral, subcentral, encircled with a broad annular sphincter: eyes two, approximate, on the dor- sum behind the apex and anterior to the mouth. Lacustrine. The ova capsulated. 1. M. rostratum, elongate, elliptical, acuminate, and alike at both ends, whitish and pellucid or tainted a yellowish-red ; eyes reddish, approximate ; mouth central; egg-capsules dark brown. Length 3!; breadth 1", Fasciola rostrata, Mill. Verm. 1. i. 65. Planaria rostrata, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 222; Zool. Dan. ui. 40. tab. 105. f. 6. Turt. Gmel. iv. 65. Planaria velox, Dalyell, Planar. 127. f. 17. Derostoma rostratum, Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. xxi. 79. pl. 2. f. 16. Dalyellia velox, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 438. Mesostoma rostratum, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 69. pl. 2. f. 26, 37. Mesostomum rostratum, Dies, Syst. Helm. i. 219. Hab. Ponds. 9. OPISTOMUM, Schmidt. Opistomum, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 233, Schultze, Naturg. der Turbell. 40. Char. Body flattish, with an anterior subterminal mouth; the cesophagus pitcher-shaped, not protrusile: eyes none. Lacustrine. 1. Op. serpentina, tongue-shaped, dilated and rounded in front, lan- ceolate behind, white or grey. Length 2!". Planaria serpentina, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 122. pl. 15. f. 20, 21. Hab. Pools of fresh water. Desc. “‘ Length between one and two lines; body flattened ; head obtuse, enlarging towards each side, and somewhat depressed in the centre of the front, where there seems a circular orifice, probably the mouth. The interranea, occupymg much of the body, of a dark colour, and resembling curving or circular sacs. Colour of the animal white, or grey under the microscope. Motion smooth and gliding as that of other Planariz. No eyes visible.”’—Dalyell. 10. TYPHLOPLANA, Fhrenberg, 1831. Typhloplana, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 71. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 231. Char. Body linear-oblong, planaroid, the oral aperture ventral, near the middle or posterior to the middle of the body : eyes none. 1. T. foeecunda, nearly linear or a little swollen at the middle with obtusely rounded extremities, white. Length 1!" 16 DALYELLID. a> Planaria stagni, Dalyell, Bean Creat. ii. 118. pl. 16. f. 30. Planaria foecunda, Dalyell, ibid. pl. 16. f. 31. Hab. Ponds in autumn. Obs. The very slight difference on which Dalyell has founded the distinction of his species, depends, undoubtedly, on the more or less developed state of the ova. There are twelve or fourteen of these in some individuals, which occupy nearly the whole body. Fe 2. T. prasina, obtuse in front, tapering to a point behind, grass- green. Length 3!". Planaria prasina, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 121. pl. 15. f. 15. Hab. Ponds in autumn: gregarious. Desc. “Length of the largest about half a line; thickness about the fifth of the length. Body roundish; head obtuse ; tail tapering to a point. Colour beautifully grass-green. Motion active.’””—‘ One or two brown ova seemed to be in one or two specimens.”’— Dalyell. 3. T.? flustre, body convex above, flattened below, linear-elongate, rounded and equal at both ends, white, with a dark spot on the neck. Length 2!’; breadth 3". Planaria flustree, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 118. pl. 16. f. 32. Hab. ‘“ Dwells on the Flustra hispida, where it is not rare in July and August.’’—Dalyell. Obs. “Motion very swift. Apparently sustained by an invisible thread when falling through the water.’’— Dalyell. 11. CONVOLUTA. Convoluta, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 75 (1844). Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 218. Schmidt, Neue Rhabdocel. 5. Char. Body flat, obtuse in front and narrowed backwards, with the margin longitudinally involute : mouth minute, ventral, anterior : eyes none. Marine. 1. C, paradoxa. Planaria conyoluta, Abildgaard in Mill. Zool. Dan. iv. 26. tab. 142. f. 4-6. Convyoluta paradoxa, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 75. f. 33, 35, 36. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 218. Schmidt, Neue Rhabdocel. 5. pl. 1. f. 1. Planaria macrocephala, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, xvi. 437. pl. 15. f. 2a, 6. Convoluta Johnstoni, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 219. Planaria haustrum, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 106. pl. 14. f. 36, 37. Hab. Amongst confervze between tide-marks. Desc. Body 2", brown, oblong, truncate in front and paler coloured, narrowed posteriorly. The anterior extremity, in some positions, is marked with a pale subcireular spot (the mouth), while, in others, PLANARIA. 17 a light-coloured line runs down the centre, and the margins are folded so as to form almost a tube. There are two ventral pores, of which the anterior is oral, and the posterior genital. Very active. The following are doubtful species of this family :— Planaria cuneus, wedge-shaped, the front widest and_ truncate, greyish-brown. Length 1!’, Planaria cuneus, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ti. 121. pl. 15. f. 16, 17. Hab. Blackhall Pond, Dalyell. Desc. ‘‘ Head obtuse, the corners rounded as it advances, and the portion between them depressed. Body thick, flattened ; tail acute. Colour greyish-brown. No eyes visible.”’"—Dalyell. In the figure, however, a single eye in front, midway between its angles, is distinctly shown. The species is very like the Planaria truncata of Miiller, which has four eyes. Oersted considers the latter to be synonymous with his Vortex littoralis, which he describes and figures with two eyes (Entw. Plattw. 64). See also Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 229. Planoides fusca. Planoides fusca, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 123. pl. 16. f. 35, 36. Hab. The sea-shore. Desc, “Length a line and a half; breadth and thickness nearly half the length. Body compact, solid; the anterior extremity divided horizontally into two lips, wherein is perhaps the mouth. This extremity is fashioned somewhat as a scoop by the fold of a membranaceous edge, apparently reflected on the back. A dark red internal organ is situate towards the centre of the body. Neither eyes nor marginal specks have been discovered, nor any prominent parts of external organization. Colour brownish, speckled. Motion smooth and gliding.”’— Dalyell. Planaria hirudo, body linear, lengthened, brown, marked in front with a black point and line ; two pale spots above the circular tail. Length 4!". Planaria hirudo, Johnston in Ann. 8 Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 437. pl. 15. f. 3. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 473. Hab. The littoral region amongst conferve. Desc. The body is of a uniform light brown colour excepting the two pale spots near the tail, and, when fully stretched, is of a narrow linear figure, slightly tapered in front. There is a small black dot about half a line behind the anterior end, and a dark line runs from it forward to the tip. These are not formed by an eye, or a cluster of eyes, but the line seems rather to be produced by some internal tube, and the dot by some harder, perhaps horny, substance. Very active. Motion continuous.—Seems to be nearly related to the Pla- c 18 TERETULARIA. naria longiceps of Dugts (Ann. des Se. Nat. xxi. 83 (1830), pl. 2. f. 21; Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 207). “Prostoma? armatum?, translucent and gelatinous, with the cephalic points orange, and scattered irregularly. Prostoma armatum, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 236. f. 29a. Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 436. Hab. “Found among Conferva spiralis from a drain in the bog meadows,” near Belfast.—Templeton. Obs. The anterior end is rounded and almost orbicular ; the pos- terior oblong and obtuse. The eyes extend a good way down the body, which appears to be about 2 inches long; but it is probably represented considerably magnified. The species has no resemblance to the Prostoma armatum of Dugés; but it seems to be a member of the genus as now restricted. Cercaria. Cercaria, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 266. pl. 36. f. 9. Hab. Fresh water. Desc. “This is a minute animalculum, somewhat resembling a Planaria, with an annulated tapering tail. The mouth is an orifice in the centre of the anterior extremity. The body is of mutable form, the tail very extensile, when the rings are almost obliterated. Colonies of these animals, like white specks, dwell in fresh water.” — Dalyell. Il, TERETULARIA. TERETULARIA, Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. lv. 573 (1828). Nemerta, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 33 (1844). CrsToipINa, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 76 (1844). Ray Soe. Rep. Zool. 1847, 514. NeMERTINA, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 80. Lintn@, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 434 (1846). NeMERTEA, De Quatrefages, Voy. en Sicile, ii. 95. NeMERTINES, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 123 (1847). NEMERTINID&, T. Williams in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1851, 238; and in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. xii. 342 (1853). NEMERTINEA, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 238. RuyncHoca sa, S. Schultze, Beitr. Turhell. 3. Obs. In the present state of our knowledge of this suborder it cannot be advantageously divided into families. ‘The structure of many species has been demonstrated, but anatomists differ widely as to the function of the organs described ; and hence I have avoided their nomenclature, lest error should be thus continued. It may be considered as proved that the mouth is terminal; and, in many ASTEMMA.—CEPHALOTRIX. 19 species, it is the orifice through which a very long proboscis can be evolved. The intestine runs undivided through the length of the body ; and, it seems probable, that, in all, there is an anus. This has been demonstrated in a few species. It is found in some open- ing well forwards on the ventral surface, and in the posterior extremity in others. There is another, and much larger, aperture in front, behind and underneath the head. Long mistaken for the mouth, this has been usually described of late as genital, but the office is doubtful. In a few genera there are fissures on the sides of the anterior end, which are neither respiratory nor ovarian, as has been supposed.—All are marine, and are readily distinguished, in their order, by their length, which exceeds the breadth considerably, and, in many instances, “ far o’ersteps the modesty of nature.’ The ova are laid enveloped in a jelly. 12. ASTEMMA. Astemma, Oersted, Entw. Platiw. 82. Char. Acephalous, the body filiform, without eyes or fissures on the sides of the anterior extremity: mouth inferior, approximated to the front : anus terminal ? 1. A. rufifrons, yellowish, verging on rose-red anteriorly ; the front obtuse, dark red. Length 2-3"; breadth 1". Borlasia (Nemertes) rufifrons, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i, 538. pl. 18. f.4, 5. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 241. Astemma rufifrons, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 82. f. 13. Gordius gracilis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. u. 74. pl. 9. f. 8-11. Hab. Under stones, and amidst algze, between tide-marks. (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. 2. A. filiformis, white or cream-yellow, thickened in front. Length 2 Planaria filiformis, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iv. 56. Borlasia? filiformis, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 434. pl. 15. f. la,b. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 242. Hab. Under stones, in muddy places, between tide-marks. 13. CEPHALOTRIX. Cephalotrix, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 81. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 246. Char. Acephalous, the body filiform or flattish: mouth anterior, ventral: no lateral fissures: eyes two, placed in front on a parallel line. 1. C, lineatus, filiform, narrower at each end, dark-grey, ruddy in c 2 20 TERETULARIA. front ; eyes near the front, but not marginal. Length 13'; breadth scarcely 3/". Vermiculus lineatus, Dalyell, Pow, Creat. ii. 90. pl. 10. f. 19, 20. Hab. Coast of Scotland, Dalyell. 2. C.? flustre, filiform, acute at both ends, pellucid, dark-grey or brownish, with a darker line in front; eyes black, placed on a pellucid portion in front. Length 3!". Ascaris flustre, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 92. pl. 10. f. 27. Hab. Coast of Scotland amongst Flustree, Dalyell. 14, TETRASTEMMA, Ehrenberg, 1831. Tetrastemma, Oersted, Entw. Platitw. 84. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 256. Char. Acephalous, the body linear-elongate, flattish, with four eyes placed in a quadrangle in front: mouth terminal. . T. varicolor, body rounded in front, tapered at the tail; eyes in a square ; the front unspotted. Length 10-15"; breadth 1!". ah a, cream-yellow. Var. B. punctulated with black. Var. y. olivaceous. Planaria quadrioculata, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iv. 56. Nemertes quadrioculata, Johnston in Mag. Zool. § Bot.i. 535. pl. 17. f. 4. Prostoma quadrioculata, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 436. Polia quadrioculata, Quatrefages in Voy. en Sicile, ii. 128. pl. 16. f. 10. Tetrastemma varicolor, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 85. f, 41-44. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 257. Hab. The shore between tide-marks. 2. T. variegatum, cylindrical, rather obtuse at both ends, variegated red and white, with a white line down the back. Length 8'; breadth 3!"". Vermiculus variegatus, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. 11. 91. pl. 10. f. 25, 26. Hab. Shores of Scotland, rare, Dalyell. 3. T.? alge, linear-elongate, widest in front, siskin-green tending to yellow or to brown. Length 4!"; breadth $!"". Planaria alge, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 117. pl. 16. f. 24, 25. Hab. Among marine alge, Dalyell. Obs. The motion is very swift. TETRASTEMMA.—-BORLASIA, “ 15. BORLASIA*. Borlasia, Johnston in Mag. Zool. 8 Bot. i. 536. Nemertes, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 88. Char. Body linear-elongate, contractile, somewhat compressed, soft, even and continuous: head indistinctly defined, sometimes with a fissure on the sides: eyes four to sixteen, separate and submar- ginal: mouth terminal, the cesophagus unarmed with horny stylettes. 1. B, olivacea, linear-elongate, tapered posteriorly, of a dark olive colour with a red spot in front; eyes from four to eight. Length 3-6"; breadth 1!", Planaria bioculata, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iv. 56. Nemertes (Borlasia) olivacea, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 536. pl. 18. f. 1. Oecrsted, Entw. Plattw.89. Dies. Syst. Helm.i. 273. Borlasia olivacea, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi, 434. W. Thompson in lib. ibid. xvii. 388. Hab. Between tide-marks. 2. B. octoculata, of a uniform light reddish-brown colour; eyes six to eight, placed in opposite pairs on the sides of the head. Length 3"; breadth 13!". Planaria octoculata, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iv. 56. Nemertes (Borlasia) octoculata, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 537. pl., 18: £2: Borlasia octoculata, Johnston in Ann. & Mag, Nat. Hist. xvi. 434. W. Thompson in ibid. xviii. 388. Nemertes octoculata, Oersted, Entw, Plattw.91. Dies. Syst. Helm. i, 276. Hab. Under stones, between tide-marks. 3. B. purpurea, narrowed at both ends, of a uniform purplish-red colour, paler underneath; eyes six to eight, marginal. Length 2-3"; breadth 1!"', Nemertes (Borlasia) purpurea, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 537. pl. 18. f. 3. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 388. Nemertes purpurea, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 91. Dies. Syst. Helm. 1, 275. Borlasia purpurea, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 434. Hab. Between tide-marks, at the roots of algee and corallines. (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. 4. B. gesserensis, linear, obtuse at the ends, greenish, sometimes * This name was substituted for the Zineus of Simmons by Oken in 1815. It has been since used, in other applications, as a generic appellation, and ought, perhaps, to be discarded. Die, TERETULARIA. tending to brown or pale carnation ;:eyes six or more around the anterior margin. Length 33!; breadth 1!". Planaria gesserensis, “ elongata, viridis, pone caput rufa,” Miill. Zool. Dan. ii. 32. tab. 64. f. 5-8. Turt. Gmel. iv.67. Bosc, Vers, i. 308. Lam, An. s. Vert. ii. 179. Notospermus gesserensis, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 260. Gordius gesserensis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 73. pl. 10. f. 5. Hab. “Under stones on the shore,” Dalyell. Obés. “A slit below indicates the mouth. Colour universally different shades of green; sometimes tending to brown or pale car- nation. Numerous lighter narrow circles, at considerable intervals, with a minute pale speck on the side of each, environ the body, resembling faint annulations.”’ Dalyell.—Oersted conjectures that this species may be the same as our Borlasia olivacea (Entw. Plattw. 89). 5. B. striata, black, with many parallel whitish or cream-coloured lines extending from one extremity to the other. Length 1-4’; breadth 1!’ Borlasia striata, Rathke in Nov. Act. Nat. Curios. xx. 231. Nemertes striata, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 92. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 274. Hab. The littoral zone. ' Obs. The fragment in the collection is about 3 inches long. It closely resembles Lineus longissimus. The eyes are in a line, on a white space, on each side of the head, and are hence very visible. There are seven pale lines on the dorsal surface, one on each side, and three on the ventral surface. (a) Falmouth, W. C. Cocks. 16. OMATOPLEA. Prostoma (—), Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. xxi. 74 (1830); and in Edin. Journ. Nat. & Geogr. Se. iii. 379. Nemertes, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 534 (1837). Prostoma, Johnston in Ann. 8° Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 436. Polystemma, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 92 (1844). Omatoplea, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 248 (1850). Char. Body linear-elongate, contractile, somewhat compressed, soft and even: head continuous with the body, indistinctly defined, with or without a shallow fissure on each side, marked with two approximate spots on the dorsal aspect, and with several eyes, scat- tered or clustered: mouth terminal, the cesophagus armed with horny stylettes : anus anterior? 1. 0. gracilis, of a uniform olive colour, very long and linear, or a little narrowed posteriorly ; eyes numerous, arranged on the margins of the head. Length 20"; breadth 1!". OMATOPLEA. 23 Nemertes gracilis, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 534. pl. 17. f. 1. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 482. Prostoma gracilis, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435. Polystemma gracile, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 93. Omatoplea gracilis, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 250. Hab, Under stones near low-water mark. Obs. This is probably the “small and slender animal’’ described by Sir J. G. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 65. pl. 8. f. 3-6. 2. 0. rosea, linear-elongate, rounded at both ends, of a uniform cream-colour or roseate ; eyes many, in four clusters anterior to the reddish cardiac spots, the posterior clusters small. Length tks breadth 2!"', Fasciola rosea, Mill. Verm. 1. ii. 58. Planaria rosea, Miill. Zool. Dan, Prod. 221; Zool. Dan. ii. 31. tab. 64. f.1,2. W. Thompson in Ann. Nat. Hist. xv. 321. Turt. Gmel. iv. 62. Bosc, Vers, i. 299. Planaria lactiflorea, Johnston in Zool. Journ. ii. 489. Nemertes lactiflorea, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 535. pl. 17. f. 2,3. W. Thompson in Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 482. Prostoma lactiflorea, Johnston in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435. Prostoma? rosea, Johnston in ibid. 436. Polystemma roseum, Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 92. Omatoplea rosea, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 251. Gordius albicans, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 73. pl. 10. f. 5a, 6. Hab. Between tide-marks. (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. 3. 0. alba, whitish, with fourteen eyes anterior to the cardiac spots, “the first four on each side near the margin of the body disposed in a line, and at equal distances from each other; considerably behind them are three at each side disposed in a triangular manner, the base towards the head of the worm.” Length 2!; breadth 1!" Borlasia? alba, W. Thompson’s Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1843, 271; Ann. Nat. Hist. xv. 320. Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 434, Omatoplea alba, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 252. Hab. Under stones between tide-marks. 4. 0. melanocephala, linear-elongate, yellow or yellowish-green with a dark or black head ; eyes four, arranged in a quadrangle. Length 13"; breadth 3!"'. Nemertes melanocephala, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 535. pl. 17. f. 4, 5. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 387. Oersted, Entw. Plattw. 88. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 270. Prostoma candidum? Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. xxi. 74, pl. 2. f. 3. Prostoma melanocephala, Johnston in Ann. &§ Mag. Nat. Hist.xvi. 436. Vermiculus coluber, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 91. pl. 10. f, 22, 238, 24. Hab. Under stones between tide-marks, in wet sand. 24 TERETULARIA. Obs. The Tetrastemma obscurum of Dr. M. S. Schultze is nearly allied to this species; and Schultze has proved that his species is viviparous (Naturg. Turbell. 62. tab. 6. f. 2-10). (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. 5. 0. pulchra, linear-elliptical, rounded at both ends, of a flesh-red colour, with a series of scarlet spots along each side, or of a uniform aurora-red ; eyes numerous, clustered in front. Length 1-2". breadth 2-3", Nemertes pulchra, Johnston in Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. 536. pl. 17. f. 6. Prostoma pulchra, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 436. Polystemma pulchrum, Oersted, Entw. Platiw. 93. Omatoplea pulehra, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 252. Vermiculus rubens, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 89. pl. 10. f. 13-18. Hab. The coralline region. 17. STYLUS, Spinifer, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 77 (1853). Char. Body linear-elongate, flattish ; the head indistinctly defined, continuous with the body, oculate, and with a fissure on each side ; the posterior end terminated with a cartilaginous style. 1, S. viridis, uniform mountain-green; the nuchal grooves very distinct ; posterior extremity narrowed, with a style one-sixth the length of the body. Length 3"; breadth 13!" Gordius viridis spinifer, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 78. pl. 11. f. 1. Hab. Coast of Scotland, rare, Dalyell. 2. S. purpureus, of a deep red purple colour; head somewhat spa- thulate, obtuse, with a fissure on each side; posterior extremity narrowed and terminated with a roughish style. Length 8"; breadth 14!", Gordius purpureus spinifer, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 78. pl. 11. f. 2-4. Hab. Coast of Scotland, rare. 3. S. fragilis, of a uniform reddish-orange colour ; the front pointed. Length 33; breadth 2'"; anal style 6!’ Gordius fragilis spmifer, Dalyell, Pow, Creat. ii. 79. pl. 11. f. 5. Hab. Coast of Scotland, Dalyell. 4. §. fasciatus, semicylindrical, almost linear; the head obtuse, multocular ; the anal style long and flexible; orange or reddish- STYLUS.— LINEUS. 25 orange, with many white belts at regular intervals. Length 2-3"; breadth 2!"'; style 6". Gordius fasciatus spinifer, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii, 80. pl. 11. f. 6-9. Hab. Coast of Scotland, rare, Dalyell. 18. LINEUS. Lineus, Simmons in Sowerby’s Brit. Misc. 15. pl. 8 (1806). Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 605. Borlasia, Oken in Schweig. Handb. 591. Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. \ii. 575. Nemertes, Cuvier, Regn. Anim. iii. 259, Char. Body greatly elongated, subcylindrical, almost filiform or tapered slightly backwards: head spathulate, with a distinct fissure on each side: no eyes: mouth terminal, circular; the proboscis in- cluded but protrusile, very long and filiform, armed with horny stylettes: a large aperture underneath the head leading to the vis- ceral cavity: intestine simple, with a small anus opening on the anterior third: “aperture of the genital organs in a small tubercle situated on the rim” of the subcervical opening.—Blainville. 1. L. longissimus, of a uniform dark purple or black colour, with three faint white longitudinal lines, smooth and glistening ; head with a white line in front ; subcervical aperture large and elliptical. Length 8-15! or more; breadth 1-3", Lineus longissimus, T. W. Simmons in Sowerby’s Brit. Mise, 15. pl.8. Jameson in Wern. Mem.i. 557. Turt. Brit. Faun. 130. Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435. Williams in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1851, 244. f. 64. Gordius marinus, Montagu in Linn. Trans. vii. 72. Davies in ibid. x1. 292; reprinted in Lond. Med. § Phys. Journ. xxxvi. 207 (1816). Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 74 (1812); not of previous editions. Borlasia anghiz, Schweig. Handb.591. Quatrefages in Voy. en Sicile, i. 104. pl. 3. Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 575, Atlas Par- entomozoaires, tab. 1 a-d (opt.). Nemertes Borlasii, Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 259. W. Thompson in Charlesw. Mag. ii. 21. Griffith’s Cuvier, xu. 468. Oecersted, Entw. Plattw. 92. Borlasia longissimus, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 236. Meckelia Borlasii, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 265. Gordius maximus, Dalyell, Pow. Creat, ui. 63, pl. 8. f. 1, 2 & 7-10, and pl. 9. f. 1 (the intestine). Borlasia nigra, Byerley, Faun. Liverp. 98. An ascarid or planarian worm, North Brit. Rev. no. xlii. 38. Kings- ley’s Glaucus, 104. Hab. The littoral zone near low water. (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. (0) Firth of Forth, Lieut. Thomas, R.N. (ce) South Devon, G. Montagu. (2) South Devon, G. Montagu. 26 TERETULARIA. 2. L. gracilis, cylindrical, tapering to the anal extremity, of a dark umber colour, with a few longitudinal white lines ; head continuous with the body, slightly quadrilobate; subcervical aperture small and rounded. Length 3" or more; breadth 4". pees ae Goodsir in Ann. &§ Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. 378 & 383. pl. 20. f. 3. Lineus gracilis, Johnston in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435, Meckelia gracilis, Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 268. Hab. The coralline region. 3. L, lineatus, cylindrical, tapered posteriorly, marked with faint circular wrinkles, of an olive colour, with several parallel equidistant pale lines along the body ; head small, semiovate, obscurely quadri- lobate, the mesial furrows indistinct, the lips white; subcervical aperture round. Length 6; breadth 2-3!" Hab. The sea- shore. Obs. There are at least six lines on the dorsal surface, and one or more on the ventral, which are sometimes almost imperceptible. The head is small, and may be almost entirely retracted. (a) South Devon, J. #. Gray. (6) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. 4. L. murenoides, flattish, closely wrinkled with rugose strize, nar- rowed posteriorly, of a blackish-green colour with a paler mesial line; head small, distinct, semiovate, obtuse, with a deep fissure on each side, and a shallow mesial groove on the dorsum and ventral side; rim of the mouth white; subcervical aperture large and ovate. Length 3-6"; breadth 6’; thickness 2". Puate I. Ophiocephalus murenoides, D. Chiaje, An. s. Vert. Nap. pl. 62.f. 6,7, & 13-15. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 277. Hab. The shore near low water. Obs. Larger than LZ. longissimus, and perhaps not inferior in length. It is less brittle. (a) Black-rocks, Leith, Dr. Greville. (4) Holy Island, Dr. Johnston. (c) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. (d) No locality. (e) Falmouth, W. C. Cocks. 5. L. fasciatus, flattish, wrinkled circularly with rugose strize, tapered posteriorly, of a yellowish-grey, with a dark fascia on each side and a mesial line on the space between them; ventral surface yellowish-grey unlineated ; head spathulate, narrow, depressed, with MECKELIA. Paz white lips, and a deep fissure on each side; subcervical aperture elliptical. Length 2"; breadth 3'". Puate II. Hab. The sea-shore. Obs. The lateral fascize are not marginal. The character is taken from a very fine specimen, but in others the fascize were obscurely marked. (a) Falmouth, W. C. Cocks. (6) Falmouth, W. C. Cocks. (c) Falmouth. 6. L. viridis, slender, linear-elongate, narrowed behind, of a uniform green colour paler beneath; head distinct, spathulate ; subcervical aperture longitudinal. Length 7-8"; breadth 1'". Gordius minor viridis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 72. pl. 9. f. 2-7. Hab. “ Under stones on the shore within the flowing tide,’ Dalyell. (a) Falmouth, W. C. Cocks. 7. L. albus, flattened, linear-elongate, rather acute at both ends, the head spathulate, with a groove on each side; of a very pale carna- tion or white. Length 3”; breadth 2!" Gordius albus, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 75. pl. 9. f. 12, 13. Hab. Coast of Scotland, rare, Dalyell. Obs. There is a slight red speckling on the upper surface of the head, but there are no eyes. This and the preceding species are Omatopleans in habit, but they possess the technical character of Lineus. 19. MECKELIA. Meckelia, Leuckart, 1828, sec. Agassiz, Nom. Zool. Verm. 8. Carinella, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 232 (1833). Char. Body linear-elongate, narrowed posteriorly, flattened, smooth ; the head continuous with the body, indistinctly defined, obtusely triangulate, with a shallow fissure on each side: mouth inferior, subterminal: eyes none: anus terminal ? 1. M. annulata, of a hyacinth-red colour, with four white lines, one down the middle of the dorsal and ventral surfaces, and ore along each side, crossed with numerous lines of the same colour, which encircle the body, and mark the number of its segments ; sides speckled with white dots; mouth margined with white. Length 12-30"; breadth 2'’. Gordius annulatus, Montagu in Linn. Trans. yi. 74. - Turt. Brit. Faun. 130. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 73 (1812). 28 TERETULARIA. Lineus annulatus, Montagu in Mus. Leach. Carinella trilineata, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 232. f. 24. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. 482. Meckelia trilineata, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435. Valencinia annulata, Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 244. Gordius anguis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 85. pl. 13, & pl. 10. f. 7-10. Hab. The coralline region. Lurks in the tubes of other worms, but can form for itself a sheath of dried gluten of considerable tenacity. (a) Firth of Forth, Mr. Jenner. (4) South Devon, G. Montagu. c) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. 3 Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. 2. M. tenia, dull reddish-brown or pale red, with a white longitu- dinal dorsal fascia divided by a dark mesial line; ventral surface paler ; head obtuse and white in front. Length 16"; breadth 1!". Gordius tenia = The Riband Gordius, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 70. pl. 10. f. 1, 2. Hab. Coast of Scotland: ‘not rare, but seldom seen above four inches long,” Dalyell. Lurks in the tubes of other worms. Obs. “The eolour of the back consists of five lines, the two ex- terior stripes being the broadest, having a white line within each, and the central dark line between them.’’—Dalyell. 20. SERPENTARIA. Serpentaria, H. D. S. Goodsir in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. 377. Char. Body linear-elongated, flat, smooth and even, acephalous and eyeless, breaking up readily in pieces; anterior end with or without fissures : mouth obscure and terminal, with a long protrusile proboscis ; a subnuchal aperture. 1. §. fragilis, of a uniform grey colour, with a lighter-coloured thin margin; head with a small point; subnuchal aperture elliptical. Length 15"; breadth 10"; thickness 1!’ Serpentaria fragilis, Goodsir in Ann. Nat. Hist. xv. 377. pl. 20. f.1, 2. Meckelia serpentaria, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 266. Gordius fragilis, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 55. pl. 6. f. 6, 7 & 7*. Hab. The coralline region. (a) Firth of Forth, Lieut. Thomas, R.N. 2. S. fusca, of an umber-brown colour, the ventral surface almost white ; anterior end obtuse, with a puckered mouth; subnuchal aperture round. Length 5-18"; breadth 4’; thickness 14! SERPENTARIA. 29 Planaria flaccida, Johnston in Zool. Journ. iii. 488. Borlasia? flaccida, Johnston in Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 435. Gordius fuscus, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 83. pl. 12. Hab. The coralline region. Obs. As the specific name flaccida was given to this fine species under the erroneous conclusion that it was the Planaria flaccida of Miller, the name has been dropped for one more appropriate. (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. (6) Firth of Forth, Lieut. Thomas, R.N. 30 Order II. BDELLOMORPHA. HIRUDINEA PLAN&RINA, Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. 386. PHYLLINID, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 438. BpELLomMorPH#, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 142 (1847), & xi. 275 (1849). Char. Body oblong, flattened, exannulose, smooth and lubricous, acephalous: no eyes: mouth sessile, edentulous and eproboscidean, in the front margin or underneath it, and, usually, with a small suc- torial dise (bothria) on each side: posterior extremity with a large circular disc or with six to eight small pedunculated dises. Intestine with an anal aperture at the posterior extremity of the body. Ner- vous system consisting of two lateral ganglionated cords originating in two cerebral centres placed widely apart. Moneecious or dice- cious ; the sexual apertures lateral and forwards. Marine parasites of fish and mollusca, infesting the outer surface, and sucking their fluids. The ova are capsulated when excluded, and are attached by a filiform peduncle. The development is unknown. No species is phosphorescent nor iridescent. The British genera may be arranged as follows :— Suborder I. Cryprocana. The intestine branched, planarian. Moncecious. * POLYCOTYLEA. Posterior sucker multipled. 1. Octobothrium. ** MONOCOTYLEA. Posterior sucker undivided. 2. Entobdella. Sucker granulous and armed with two bicuspidate hooks. 3. Capsala. Sucker radiate with a central disc. . Nitchia. Sucker crenulate on the rim with a central disc. . Udonella. Sucker plain, without appendage. oO Suborder IT. Ruasppoca@ta. The intestine undivided, cestoid. Dicecious. 6. Malacobdella. 31 Il. BDELLOMORPHA. I. CRYPTOCGLA. Fam. 1. ONCHOBOTHRIIDA,. OncHOBOTHRIID& (—), Baird, Entoz. Brit. Mus. 39. Potycory.La, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 569 (1828). Obs. The body is somewhat pear-shaped, but flat, and broadest at the posterior end, which is furnished with several small suckers in pairs on the margin. 1. OCTOBOTHRIUM, Leuckart, 1827. Octobothrium, Nordmann, Mikrograph. Beitr. i. 76; and in Lam. An. s. Vert. 2de edit. i. 599. Baird in Entoz. Brit. Mus. 40. Diclidophora, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 417. Char. Body somewhat oval or lanceolate, acephalous : mouth sub- terminal: suckers pedunculated, eight, separate, with four mobile membranous valves. 1. 0. palmatum, lanceolate, produced in front into a short neck ; suckers on a cylindrical pedicle, spreading in a palmate fashion. Length 7-12'"; breadth 2-23", Octobothrium digitatum, Rathke in Nov. Act. Nat. Curios. xx. 242 (1843), tab. 12. f. 12-15. Rep. Zool. Ray Soc. 1847, 472. Diclidophora palmata, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 417. Octodactylus inherens, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 262. pl. 36. f. 1, 2. Hab. “Infests the gills of the ling, to which it adheres with con- siderable tenacity.”’—Dalyell. Descr. “It is of a thin and flattened form, extending nine lines in extreme length, by about two in the broadest part. One extremity dilates into two portions, to the right and left, each composed of four tentacular-looking organs, a line in length. The remainder of the body tapers downwards, much like that of the common Pla- narize. A longitudinal internal cavity seems to consist of a larger and a smaller compartment ; besides which numerous pinnate organs also occupy the substance of the body. The colour of the whole is bluish-grey. The body bemg remarkably thin, soft, and flexible, it applies closely to its site, with some adhesion ; and the two anterior portions clasp the rib of the gills in their fold. They have little other motion than slightly extending and contracting.’ — Dalyell. 32 CAPSALID. Fam. 11. CAPSALIDZ. TRISTOMIENS, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 321 (1847). CapsaLiv&, Baird, Entoz. Brit. Mus. 41. Obs. The mouth is inferior and not terminal. On each side, and a little above it, there is a small sucker (bothria) ; and on the hinder extremity a large sucker with a ventral attachment and aspect. ‘The cerebral ganglions are placed a little in advance of the oral aperture. 2. ENTOBDELLA. Entobdella, Blainville in Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 295 (1818). Phylline, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 295. Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xiii. 674. Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. 391. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 426. Epibdella, Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. xlvii. 259, & lvii. 567. Char. Body obovate; the front subtriangular, with two oblique marginal linear bothria; the mouth inferior, with a semicircular thickened rim: sucker sessile, hemispherical, with a reflected mar- gin, the concave surface rough with rowed granules, and the centre armed with two horny four-hooked clasps. 1. E. hippoglossi. mie pediculorum species, Bast. Opusc. Subs. II. ii. 99. tab. 8. f. 11 (1765). Hirudo hippoglossi, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. no. 2669; Zool. Dan. ii. 18. tab. 54. f. 1-4; copied in Encyclop. Meth. pl. 52. f. 11-14. Fabr. Faun. Grenl. 322. no, 302. f.8. Turt. Gmel. iv. rae Ed in Nov. Act. Acad. Ces. Leop. Nat. Cur. xiii. 678. pl. 32. £ 5s'6: Phylline hippoglossi, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 295; 2de edit. v. 526. Stark, Elem. 1. 142. Johnston in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 431. pl. 15. f. 1-3. Ray Soc. Rep. Zool. 1847, 472. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii.482. Gould, Invert. Massachus. 343. Mogq.- Tandon, Monogr. 392. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 426. La Sangsue de l’ Hippoglosse, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 269. Epibdella hippoglossi, Blainville in lib. cit. lvii. 567, atlas, f. 8. Egidh, Blutelg. 134. £. 79. Tristoma hamatum, Rathke in Nov. Act. Acad. Ces. Leop. xx. 238. tab. 12. f. 9-11. Ray Soc. Rep. Zool. 1847, 472. Hab. The parasite of the Holibut (Hippoglossus vulgaris). Obs. Body ovate, flat, thin, lubricous and semitransparent, so as to permit the vessels and interranea to be seen distinctly ; and of these the most conspicuous are the testes, which form two large round white spots in the centre of the body. The sucker is very large and subpedicellate, rough, with tubercles excepting on the upper side which is smooth; and it is also armed with two pairs of elongate spinous teeth so placed as to form by their union a sort of oblong or horse-shoe-shaped space running from the inferior margin to the centre of the dise. CAPSALA.—NITSCHIA. 33 (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. (6) Ireland, Brit. Mus. (c) No locality nor name attached. 3. CAPSALA, Bosc, 1811. Capsala, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 568. Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. 395. Tristome, Cuv. Regn. Anim. ui. 265. Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xiii. 675. Tristomum, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 428. Char. Body suborbicular or oblong, flat: head with two subor- bicular marginal or frontal bothria: mouth anterior, between the bothria: sucker inferior, sessile, saucer-like, seven-radiated, with a small central disc: female aperture below the mouth: male organ filiform, behind the vulva on the left side of the body. 1. C. rudolphiana, suborbicular, emarginate behind, foveolate un- derneath ; bothria frontal, suborbicular ; sucker with a membranous plaited margin. Length 5-9’; breadth 5-10!". Tristoma coccineum, Rudolphi, Syn. Entoz. 123 & 428. tab. 1. f.7,8. Yarrell, Brit. Fish. i. 353; 2nd edit. 1. 468, vign. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. 175. Phylline coccinea, Schweig. Handb. 474. Capsala coccinea, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 569, Atlas, f. 11. Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 396. Tristoma mole, HE. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 326 (1847). Tristomum rudolphianum, Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 429. Hab. On the short Sun-fish (Orthagoriscus mola), not confined to the gills, on which I have not found them. They adhere to every part of the skin. 4. NITSCHIA. Nitzchia, Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xiii. 675 (1826). Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 425. Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 567. Nitschia, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. Hirud. 393. Char. Body oblong, flat: head continuous with the body and furnished with two oblique linear marginal bothria: mouth between the bothria, frontal: sucker sessile, cupped, with an inflected crenu- late rim and a small central disc: female aperture beneath the mouth: penis filiform, below the vulva. 1. N. elegans. Nitzchia elegans, Baer in Nov. Act. Nat. Curios. xiii. 660. tab. 32. f. 1-4. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 426. Blainv. lib. cit. lii. 568. Capsala elongata, Nordmann in Lam. An. s. Vert. 2de édit. iii. 602. Baird, Entoz. Brit. Mus. 42. D 34 MALACOBDELLID, Nitschia elongata, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 394. Tristoma sturionis, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 329 (1847). Hab, The gills of the Sturgeon. Found on Acipenser acutirostris, Parn., taken on the coast of Scotland by Dr. Melville. 5. UDONELLA. Udonella, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. viii. 498. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 427. Char. Body subcylindrical : head cuneate and truncate, with two oblique marginal oblong bothria: mouth between the bothria, with a short bell-shaped proboscis encircled at the orifice with a double series of papillee: sucker terminal, sessile, urceolate: sexual aper- tures ventral and forwards. 1. U. caligorum. Udonella caligorum, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vin. 497. f.45. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xv. 320. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 427. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 13, & i. pl. 66, f. 11. Hab. Payasitical on the Caligus of the Holibut. Il. RHABDOCGLA. Fam. 111. MALACOBDELLIDZ. BpELLOMORPHES, E. Blanchard in Ann. des Se. nat. xii. 275 (1849). Caar. Body flattened, exannulose, smooth, with a circular saucer- shaped sucker at the posterior extremity. Mouth anterior, marginal, edentulous, minutely papillose: intestinal canal simple, with a vent above the sucker. There is no heart, but the circulating system is well developed and copiously ramified. The respiration is cutaneous. The nervous system is bilateral. The sexes are separate; and the female is oviparous, 6. MALACOBDELLA. Malacobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. xvii. 270; ibid. lvii. 566; and in Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 217. Blanchard in Ann, des Sc. nat. iv. 373 (1845), and viii. 142 (1847). Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 445. Xenistum, H. Blanchard in lib. cit. 142. Char. Body oval or oblong: sexual orifices towards the front : mouth in a frontal emargination, villous internally: sucker attached at the centre, unarmed, large. MALACOBDELLA. 35 1. M. grossa, ovate, oblong, roughish with minute granules, flesh- colour ; front emarginate ; intestine flexuous throughout. Length 1-2"; breadth 6!". Hirudo grossa, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prod. no. 2668 ; Zool. Dan. i. 21. tab. 21. f. 1-5; copied in Encyclop. Méthod, pl. 52. f. 6-10. Turt. Gmel. iv. 70. Johnston’s Introd. Conchol. 381. Phylline grossa, Johnston in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. vu. 587. f. 67. Malacobdella grossa, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr, 388. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. viii. 143 (1847). Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 445. Monostoma Cyprine, Mus. Leach. Hab. In lamellibranchiate mollusca from the coralline region: e. g. Artemis exoleta, Cyprina islandica, and Cardium echinatum. (a) In Cyprina islandica, Plymouth.—Leach. 2. M. Valenciennzi, oblong, transparent, yellowish-white ; the front subsinuate ; the intestine flexuous on the lower half only. Length 16"; breadth 3—4!", Hirudo grossa, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 270. Malacobdella grossa, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 566, Atlas, f. 9. Xenistum Valenciennzi, Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. iv. 365 (1845). Malacobdella Valenciennzei, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 389. Blanchard in Ann. des Se. nat. iv. 373 (1845), viii. 143 (1847), and xii. 276. pl. 5. Cuw. Reg. Anim. illustr. Annel. pl. 23. f. 5. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 445. Hab. In Mya truncata, between the cloak and the body of its tenant. Firth of Forth. Obs. In the ‘Fauna of Liverpool,’ Mr. Byerley mentions ‘‘a marine suctorial species found between the branchial leaflets of Pholas eris- pata,” p. 99. This was probably M. Valenciennei. (a) Two specimens. They were in the same vial with the pre- ceding. 3. M. anceps, oblong, the front truncate, with two reddish spots on the vertex ; intestine flexuous. Hirudo anceps, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 11. pl. 1. f. 22-25. Hab. Scottish seas, Dalyell. Desc. ‘‘ Length, when extended, nine lines, breadth three ; body tapering slightly to the anterior extremity, which is obtuse. The posterior extremity terminates in a sucker of considerable diameter, colour wax-yellow. A waving intestine down the centre is percep- tible. Two dull red specks are indistinctly seen towards the ante- rior. The whole animal is of a very gelatinous aspect.’’— Dalyell. The Monopus medusicola of Gosse (Ann. § Mag. N. Hist. ser. 2. xy. 277. pl. 8B) is not a Leech, but a Trematode worm, allied to Distoma. o bo 36 Order II]. BDELLIDEA. Hirvupo, Linn. Syst. x. 649. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. 1. chap. 1. Les SanesuEs, Cuv. Rég. Anim. iu. 212. ANNELIDES HrrupInEsx, Savigny, Syst. des Annel. 6 & 105. Hirvupines, Savigny, Syst. 108. SANGUISUGAIRES, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 205 (1827). Hirupinega, Blainville in lid. cit. xvii. 205. Latr. Fam. Nat. 246. Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 279. Les Hirupin£Es, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 289. Hrrupina, Macleay in Murchison’s Silurian System, 11. 699 (1839) ; and in Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. 385. Bpe.uipEA, Blainville sec. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 415. My zocEPHALA MONOCOTYLA SEU BDELLAIRES, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 530, 555 & 556. ANNELIDES sucEuRS, Milne-Edwards, Elem. Zool. ii. 225. ANNELIDA SUCTORIA, Jones, Anim. Kingd. 189. ANNELIDES SUCEUSES, Audouin & M.-Edwards, Litt. de la France, n. 50. Discopuora, Grube, Fam. Annelid. 28. Char. Body elongated, depressed or subcylindrical, annular, the rings narrow, defined by continuous lines, apodous, determinate in number; the anterior conformed into a more or less distinct sucker, with the mouth in its centre or on its ventral side ; and the posterior forming a terminal circular cupped disc: mouth sessile, with or without denticles or jaws, or with a proboscis: eyes sometimes none, more commonly there are from two to ten on the anterior rigs in pairs, sessile and simple: sexual orifices single, anterior and ventral simple pores in the median line: vent opening on the dorsum above the posterior disc. Nervous system a single median ganglionated chain. No special organs of taste, smell, or hearing; the touch exquisite, diffused, but perhaps more concentrated in the dises. Circulation in vessels, the blood red or almost colourless. No special organs of respiration: intestinal canal chambered, sacculated, and furnished with czecal appendages more or less developed: herma- phroditical. In a more or less strict sense, the Bdellidea are all parasitical and aquatic. They suck the juices of other animals, but a few are zoophagous. They do not reproduce amputated portions of the body. They are oviparous, and protect the ova in horny capsules or in fibro-gelatinous cocoons. The young do not undergo a metamorphosis, and attain maturity slowly. None are phospho- BDELLIDEA. 5i// rescent; and the skin rarely* and feebly reflects the light. Pro- gression is effected by alternate fixations and loosenings of the suckers, and by corresponding contractions and extensions of the intermediate segments or rings. Many species can also swim in the water by undulatory eel-like movements of the extended body. The British genera may be arranged as follows :— Tribe I. Hrrupinacra, Grube. Mouth without a protrusile proboscis. * Oral sucker entire, exannular, strictured at its origin, with the mouth at the bottom of the cup on its ventral side. Family I. BRANCHELLIDZ. Branchizeform lobes on each side of the segments. 1. Branchellion. The only genus. Family II. PISCICOLIDZA. Segments not marginated. 2. Pontobdella. Segments distinct: eyes none. 3. Piscicola. Segments indistinct: eyes on the sucker. ** Oral sucker incomplete, continuous with the body, and formed by a moulding of the anterior rings. Family III. NEPHELID. Anus large: the gullet long. 4. Nephelis. Mouth edentulous: gullet with three plaits: eyes eight. 5. Trocheta. Jaws rudimentary, not denticulated: gullet with three plaits: eyes eight. 6. Aulastoma. Jaws three, minute: gullet with twelve plaits: eyes ten. Family IV. HIRUDINIDZ. Anus very small: the gullet short. 7. Hemopsis. Jaws three, not compressed, sparingly and bluntly denticulate: eyes ten. 8. Hirudo. Jaws three, compressed, multidentate: eyes ten. Tribe II. Cunpstnea, Grube. Mouth with a protrusile proboscis. Family V. GLOSSOPORIDA. The only family. 9. Glossophonia. The only genus. Ill. BDELLIDEA. I, HIRUDINACEA. Fam. I. BRANCHELLID. SANGSUES BRANCHELLIENNES, Savigny, Syst. Annelid. 106. Obs. The foliaceous lobes which margin and thicken the sides were described by Savigny as branchial organs, but Blainville assures us that they are not so. De Quatrefages has proved that they are branchial in a certain sense,—aérating the lymph and chyle previous to their admixture with the blood. 1. BRANCHELLION, Savigny, 1817. Branchellion, Savigny, Syst. Annel. 109. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. v. 529. Qde édit. Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 216. Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 281. Branchiobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 556. Char. Body elongate, flattened, coriaceous, annulated and mar- gined with a series of foliaceous lobes along each side, commencing on the fourteenth segment: oral sucker with a ventral] aspect, small, deeply cupped, with a broad entire rim, constricted at its insertion, and supported on a long cylindrical smooth neck issuing abruptly from the body: mouth with three obsolete jaws: anal sucker larger, cupped, terminal, with a ventral aspect, without a rim: vent very small, round: sexual male orifice at the base of the neck and anterior to the female, which is between the fifteenth and sixteenth rings. 1. Br. torpedinis, foliaceous appendages in five semicircular lobes. Branchellion torpedinis, Savig. Syst. Annel. 109. Risso, ? Europ. Meérid. iv. 432. Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 282. pl. 1. f. 1-10. M.- Edwards in Lam. An. s. Vert. 2nde édit. v. 530. Cuv. Regn. Anim. illustr. 51. pl. 23. f. 3. La Sangsue de Rodolphi, Blainv. Monogr. Hirud. 39. Branchiobdella torpedinis, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 556 ; Atlas, Hirud. f. 1. Branchiobdella Rudolphu, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 443. Le Branchellion, Quatrefages, Souv. d’un Naturaliste, ti. 326 & 527. Hab. On the Electric-Rays (Torpedo). Obs. The species is described as being of a dark-brown dotted with yellowish-white, but, in spirits, it becomes of a uniform sienna- yellow colour. The body is flattened; the dorsal surface a little PISCICOLID. 39 convex, obscurely annulate and smooth; the ventral surface flat, crossed with thirty-two raised equidistant plaits terminating by an enlargement on each side in the lateral appendages. These are foliaceous, with thin undulating broad lobes, veined with branching vessels so that they have the appearance of being branchial. The oral sucker is small, without eyes. The rings of the neck, which tapers from its origin upwards, are obsolete, and there is a sexual aperture at its base. The first segment of the body is rounded and circular. Anal sucker twice as large as the oral, with a granulous disc. Length 2"; breadth 4". (a) English: with Soles, 7. Z. Gray. Fam. II. PISCICOLIDZ. SANGSUES ALBIONIENNES, Savigny, Syst. Annel. 106. HirRUDINEA ALBIONEA, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 280. Obs. The parasites of fish on whose juices they feed ; and, as the mouth is edentulous, the fluid must be sucked through or from the soft skin. The intestine has no sacculated appendages. The blood is reddish or yellowish only. Some species communicate a strong tincture to spirits. The ova are included in horny capsules, which are attached to foreign bodies. 2. PONTOBDELLA, Leach, 1814. Pontobdella, Leach in Supp. Encyclop. Brit.i.451. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vy. 293. Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. xlvu. 241, & lvu. 557. Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 284. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 436. Albione, Savigny, Syst. des Annel. 106, 110. Char. Body elongate-cylindrical, narrowed forwards, coriaceous, distinctly and unequally annulated, with a complete circular sucker at each extremity: oral sucker of one segment, separate from the body, cupped, with an entire margin and an interior adnate cup, at the base of which, a little to the ventral side, is the small mouth furnished with three obsolete denticles : anal sucker cupped, terminal ; the anus a minute pore on the back behind it: sexual pores anterior, the male aperture posterior to the female. Parasites of sea fish. The egg-capsules are erect, attached by a broad base; and each capsule contains a single foetus. * With a clitellus formed of eight unequal narrower rings, and where the sexual pores open outwardly. 1. P. muricata, rings encircled with a series of subacute warts spi- nulose on the top; segment rings narrow, with small warts ; oral sucker with three marginal tubercles on each side. Length 4". 40 PISCICOLID. Sangsue de mer, Rondel. Poiss. ii. 77. fig. Hirudo marina, Gesner, Hist. Pisc. et Aquatil. iv. 513. fig. Aldrov. de Insect. lib. vii. 733. Johnst. de Insect. lib. iv. 206. tab. 25. Insectum marinum hirudini affine cornubiense, Rati Hist. Insect. 4. Hirudo muricata, Linn. Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506; Syst. 1080; Mus. Adolph. Freder. 93. tab. 8. f. 3, with the name Hirudo marina. [This is the original of the ‘‘ horned ” figure in Pennant, &c.] Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 38. pl. 20. f. 14; edit. 1812, iv. 71. pl. 21. f.4. Turt. Gmel. iv. 71; Brit. Faun. 130. Stew. Elem. 1. 357. Johnson on the Med. Leech, 38. Dalyell in Edin. New Phil. Journ. 1827, 391. Grant in Edin. Journ. of Science, no. 14. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 3. pl. 1. f. 1-15. Pontobdella spinulosa, Leach, Zool. Mise. ii. tab. 65; and in Supp. Encyclop. Brit. i. 451. pl. 26. Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 294; 2de édit. v. 525. Stark, Elem. ii. 142. Egidy, Bluteg. 106. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 437. . Pontobdella muricata, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. v. 293; 2de édit. v. 524. Stark, Elem. ii. 142. Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 236. Risso, ? Europ. Mérid. iv. 432. Grube, Actin. 60. Egidy, Bluteg. 106. tab. 4. f. 71. Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 285. pl. 1. f. 11, 12; pl. 2. f.1-9. Albione muricata, Savigny, Syst. Annel.110. D. Chiaje, An. s. Vert. Nap.i. 49. Cuv. Reg. An. illustr. 51. pl. 23. f. 2. La Sangsue épineuse, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 241. La S. spinuleuse, Blainv. ibid. 242. Hab. On the Skate, frequent. (a) Firth of Forth, Mus. Leach. (4) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. (c) Disp.? The locality is illegible. (d) Falmouth, J. Cranch (P. areolata). (e) Falmouth, J. Cranch. (f) Sandgate, Kent, Mus. Leach. (g) Sandgate, Rev. Ger. Smith. (4) Hastings. (7) No label. (7) Weymouth Bay. (4) Weymouth, W. Thompson. 2. P. verrucata, rings encircled with depressed or mammiform warts generally confluent and without a spinulose apex; segment rings less distinct, narrow; rim of the oral sucker without tuber- cles. Length 4". Hirudo piscium, Bast. Opuse. Subs. i. 82. tab. 10. f. 2. Hirudo verrucosa, Fleming in Wern. Mem. ii. 245. Johnson on the Med. Leech, 39. Pontobdella verrucata, Grube, Actin. 60. Mogq.-Tandon, Monogr. 288. pl. 2. f.10& 12. Egidy, Bluteg.106. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 438. Albione yerrucata, Savig. Syst. Annel. 111. La Sangsue verruqueuse, Blainv. Dict. cit. xlvii. 242. Hab. On the Skate, frequent; and hence our fishermen call this and the preceding, the Skate-leech or Skate-sucker. PONTOBDELLA. 41 Obs. I am inclined to believe that P. muricata and verrucata are distinet species, to be distinguished by the assigned characters in general readily, although I have seen a few specimens where some hesitation might exist as to their specific designation. When alive both are of a dull green colour. There are twelve rings between the oral sucker and the clitellus, and three of these are more prominent than the intervening ones. The clitellus is composed of eight un- equal narrower rigs. Behind the clitellus there are about forty-six rings, divided into sets of three each by the intervention of a nar- rower and less papillose ring. Sometimes from distension this divi- sion into rings becomes obliterated, or nearly so. (a) Berwick Bay, Dr. Johnston. (4) South coast of Devon, G. Montagu. (c) Abergsteyth, Rev. J. Henslow. (d) Falmouth, J. Cranch. (e) No locality. 3. P. areolata, body narrowed forwards into a taper annulated neck, smooth and even, indistinctly or obsoletely ringed; oral sucker small, one-half the size of the anal, the rim plain. Length 3"; breadth 5!’ Pontobdella areolata, Leach in Brit. Mus. Coll. Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. lvu. 557. Mogq.-Tandon, Monogr. 290. pl. 2. f.12. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 439. La Sangsue aréolée, Blainv. Dict. cit. xlvu. 242; Monogr. 40. Hab. The English coast: rare. Obs. The specimen labelled ‘ P. areolata”’ in the Mus. Coll. is one of P. muricata, and the specimen which I presume to be P. areolata has no name affixed to it. It is in bad condition, but from its flexibility and flatness it may be inferred that the leech is soft when living. It is at once seen that it differs from every variety of P. verrucata by the gradual manner in which the body tapers from below the middle to the head. There are no distinct rings excepting on the neck. Over the body generally there is an appearance as it were of subcutaneous depressed warts which give, in some partial spots, the areolated appearance whence the name has been derived. The colour, in spirits, is a dull yellowish-grey. It seems a distinct species. (a) Plymouth Sound, Charles Prideauzx. ** Segments and rings subequal, smooth: no clitellus. 4. P. levis, skin smooth, obsoletely annulated ; body narrowed for- wards ; anal sucker comparatively small, less than the oral or sub- equal. Length 4-6". Hirudo (Pontobdella) levis, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlyii. 248, Atlas Sangsues, f. 3. 42 PISCICOLID. Pontobdella levis, Blainv. Dict. cit. vii. 557. Egidy, Bluteg. 106. pl. 4. f. 72 (cop. from Blainv.). Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 290. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. 391. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 439, Hab. The coralline region: rare. Obs. Tinctures the spirits a beautiful scarlet colour. P. muri- cata, on the contrary, imparts an intense green colour to the fluid. 5. P. littoralis, body naked, wrinkled with the narrow rings, chest- nut-brown or variegated with rufous ; suckers with an oblique rim. Length 1-2"; breadth 2-3". - Piscicola marma, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 441. pl. 15. f. 4-62 W. Thompson in Rep. Irish Invert. 272. Ichthiobdella marina, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 442. Hirudo vittata, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 9. pl. 1. f. 16-21. Hab. Parasitical on littoral fish. Obs. In spirits the colour becomes a uniform wood-brown. The rings are obscurely marked, but are made evident by the series of minute crenulations on the margins. The capsules are sessile and nearly hemispherical. The specimen mentioned by Sir J. G. Dalyell, which was 8 or 9 inches long, belonged probably to P. levis. (a) Berwick Bay, on Aspidophorus cataphractus, Dr. Johnston. 6. P. campanulata, dark olive speckled with yellow, smooth, exan- nular; suckers pale, the anal very large comparatively. Length 13; breadth 3!"'. Hirudo eampanulata, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 12. pl. 1. f. 26, 27. Hab. Coast of Scotland, Dalyell. 3. PISCICOLA*. Piscicola, Blainville in Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 294 (1818); 2de édit. v. 525; im Dict. des Se. nat. xlvu. 244. Muell. de Hirud. Berol. 15. Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 293. Ichthyobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 244, & lvii. 557. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 439. Hemocharis, Savig. Syst. des Annel. 106 & 111; Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 11. Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 215. Char. Body elongate, subcylindrical, a little narrowed forwards, indistinctly annulated : oral sucker saucer-like, excentrically attached, strictured at its insertion: mouth small, inferior, edentulous: eyes in pairs on the dorsal side of the sucker: anal sucker larger than the oral, excentrically attached, somewhat elliptical, with a simple * Grube places this genus in the tribe Clepsinea, NEPHELID®. 43 thin margin: male orifice at the base of the neck, the female pos- terior to it: vent very small, and scarcely visible. Lacustrine. 1. P. geometra, eyes eight, in pairs congregate on a fuscous spot ; anal sucker rayed with fuscous, and marked between the rays with eight blackish dots. Length 8-12'; breadth 1-2!"’. Hirudo teres extremitatibus dilatatis, Linn. Faun. Suec. 365. Hirudo geometra, Linn. Syst. x. 650; xii. 1080; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 38. pl. 20. f.13. Turt. Gmel. iv. 70; Brit. Faun.129. Johnson on Med. Leech, 35. Brightwell in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 11. pl. 1. f. 1-8. The Great-tailed Leech, Hill, Hist. Anim. ii. 17. Hirudo piscium, Roésel, Insect. ii. 199. tab. 32. f. 1-8. Mill. Verm. i. 1.43; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 70 (1812), pl. 21. f.3. Stew. Elem. u. 357. Ray Soc. Rep. 1845, 286. Piscicola pisctum, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 294; 2de édit. v. 525. Stark, Elem. ii. 142. Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 294. Heemocharis piscium, Savig. Syst. Annel. 111. Ichthyobdella geometra, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 244, & lwu. 558. Gervais in Ann. des Se. nat. vii. 56 (1837). Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 440. Ichthyobdella piscium, Egidy, Bluteg. 107. pl. 4. f. 73. Piscicola geometra, Flem. Phil. Zool. i. 604. W. Thompson in Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 437. Hab. In lakes, infesting the fish. Obs. M. Gervais asserts that the ocular points on the anterior sucker, and the specks on the posterior sucker, are identical in structure ! 2. P. perce, anal sucker with fourteen dusky rays and as many black dots disposed circularly. Length 1'; breadth 2". Ichthyobdella perce, R. Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 236. f. 28. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 442. Piscicola percee, Johnston in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. 441. Hab. ‘Found on a perch brought from Lough Neagh by Miss Templeton.” Fam. Ill. NEPHELIDZ. Obs. The rudimentary condition of the jaws disables the members of this family from piercing the skin of animals. They are emi- nently carnivorous, preying on worms, mollusca, and insect larve, which they swallow entire. The intestinal canal follows the cha- racter which the nature of the food indicates ;—it is simple, without lateral prominent lobes; but in Aulostoma the stomach shows a tendency to be sacculated, and has a pair of long appendages. The species are lacustrine, but they leave the water often, and live under 44 NEPHELID&. stones on the wet shore. They swim with ease, and crawl in the usual manner along the ground. They deposit their eggs in multi- parous capsules. 4. NEPHELIS. Heluo, Oken in Schweigg. Handb. 593. Nephelis, Savig. Syst. Annel.107 & 117. Lam. An.s. Vert, 2de édit. v. 527. Mogqg.-Tandon, Monogr. 301. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 456. Erpobdella, Blainville in am. An. s. Vert. v. 296; Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 258, & Iv. 563. Mueller, Hirud. Berol. 11. Char. Body linear-elongate, widening a little and insensibly back- wards, flattened, of numerous equal rather indistinctly defined rings, acephalous: mouth large, with a semielliptical protrusile lip formed of three segments constituting a sort of sucker: eyes 8, in two sub- arcuate series on the first and third rings: sexual orifices, the male between the 3lst and 32nd, and the female between the 34th and 35th rings. Anal sucker obliquely terminal, centrally attached, of medium size: vent large, semilunar. Ova in a horny capsule affixed horizontally, and cemented to subaquatic bodies. 1. N. octoculata. Hirudo meas nigra abdomine’ subcinereo, Linn. Faun. Suec. 365. no. 1273. Hirudo octoculata, Linn. Syst. x. 649, xii.1079 ; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506. Blumenb. Elem. Nat. Hist. 244. Turt. Gmel.iv.69; Brit. Faun. 129. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 71 (1812). _Willdenow, Princip. Bot. 142. Hirudo vulgaris, Miill. Verm. i. ii. 40; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. no. 2661. Stew. Elem. 1. 356. Johnson on Medic. Leech, 33; Furth. Obs. 29, with a plate. Erpobdella vulgaris, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 296; 2de édit. v. 528. Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. xlvu. 259, lvii. 564. D. Chiaje, An. s. Vert. Nap.i. 49. LEgidy, Bluteg. 134. f. 64. Nephelis tessellata, Savig. Syst. 117. Nondescript Leech, Ure’s Rutherglen, 236. La Nephelis vulgaire, Dugés in Ann. des Se. nat. xv. 312 & 335 (1828), pl. 9. f. 8 (the cocoon). Nephelis vulgaris, Brightwell in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 13. pl. 1. f. 9-14. Dies. Syst. Helm. 1. 456. Nephelis octoculata, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 302. pl. 3, fig. omn. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii. 389. Hirudo octo-oculata seu vulgaris—The eight-eyed Leech, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 14. pl. 2. f. 1-19. Hab. Stagnant and still-running water. Obs. From 1 to 14 inch long, 2 lies broad. The margins are rather sharp and crenulate, and usually yellowish or fawn. The back is variously coloured,—reddish-brown, unicolorous or speckled with yellowish and black dots and lines, or prettily tessellated with NEPHELIS.—TROCHETA. 45 yellowish quadrangular spots arranged in a regular pattern. The ventral surface is olivaceous or reddish-brown, unspotted. At certain seasons there appears, on the anterior third of the body, a broad belt or clitellus, most apparent on the belly; and in the middle of it there is the orifice whence the ova are excluded. The young are greyish, with dusky interranea forming an ill-defined fascia along each side. Miller and Moquin-Tandon have characterized twelve varieties from the peculiar patterns on which the colours are disposed; and four of these Savigny has described as distinct species. I have found three of them in Coldingham Lough. (a) The Whiteadder, Berwickshire, Dr. Johnston. 5. TROCHETA. Trocheta, Moqg.-Tandon, Monogr. 308. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 459. Trochetia, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 291. Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 244. Cuv. Regn. Anim. ii. 215. Geobdella, Blainville in lib. cit. xlvii. 244, & lvii. 559. Char. Body elongate, flattish, smooth, acephalous, composed of numerous subequal narrow segments separated by a simply impressed line: mouth large, oblique, with the thick prominent obtuse upper lip curling over it: eyes 8, small, the front row lunate, the hinder one transverse: sexual orifices between the 32nd and 33rd, and be- tween the 37th and 38th rings: vent large, semilunate: anal sucker of medium size, attached in the centre, directed ventrally. Ova in coriaceous capsules, free, deposited in moist ground. 1. T. subviridis. Trochetia subviridis, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 292; 2de édit. v. 523. J. E. Gray in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vu. 429. Geobdella de Dutrochet, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 246, lvii. 559, Atlas pl. Hirudin. f. 6. Egidy, Bluteg. 109. Trocheta subviridis, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 309. pl. 4, fig.omn. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 459. Hab. Boggy ground, subterranean ditches and runlets. Feeds on the earth-worm. Obs. The specimen in the Museum was, when alive, more than 7 inches long. It is yet fully 6, and } an inch in diameter. The dorsal surface is of a uniform dull greenish-grey colour; the ventral a shade lighter, and more muscular. The rings are narrow, nearly equal, marked by a simply impressed separating line, and not crenu- late on the margins. The mouth is large, transverse, subtriangulate, with a thick muscular overlapping upper lip, which is somewhat crisped. There is a blackish fascia across the front above the lip, but I can detect no eyes; and Moquin-Tandon says that they are frequently difficult to be seen, and are sometimes absent. About an 46 NEPHELID2. inch and a half behind the mouth the female aperture is very distinct, but the male one is invisible. The vent is very large ; and the sucker is shallow with a thin rim. (a) Regent’s Park. Zoological Society. 6. AULOSTOMA. Aulostoma, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 312. Pseudobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 246 & lvii. 559. Aulostomum, Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 461. Char. Body elongate, narrowed forwards, depreszed, soft, acepha- lous, composed of many equal segments, the sexual orifices between the 24th and 25th, and the 29th and 20th: penis cylindrical: mouth oblique, suctorial, with the upper lip almost lanceolate and protruded in a semi-ellipse ; the gullet with twelve long plaits. Eyes 10, ina curved line: anal sucker rather small, centrally attached with a ven- tral aspect : vent large and semilunate, Ova in a free fibrous cocoon, multiparous. Lacustrine, often resident on the humid margin. Carnivorous. 1. A. gulo. Hirudo maxime apud nos vulgaris, The Horse-Leech or Blood-Sucker, Raii Hist. Insect. 3. Horsleech, Mouf. Theat. Insect. 323, fig. Hirudines venenatz, Horse-Leeches, Sibb. Scot. Illustr. 1. 3.34. Hill, Hist. Anim. 1. 16. Quekett in Zoologist, i. 17 & 88. Hirudo sanguisuga, Merret, Pinaz, 207. Miill. Verm. i. 1. 38; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 70. Turt. Gmel. iv. 68; Brit. Faun. 129. Stew. Elem. ii. 356. Watson, Diss. Inaug. de Hirud. 13. Johnson on the Medic. Leech, 30. Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 22. pl. 3. f. 1-10. Hirudo vorax, Johnson on the Med. Leech, 62. Heemopsis sanguisuga, Hardy in Tynes. Nat. Club Trans. i. 96. Hemopis nigra, Savig. Syst. Annel. 116. La Sangsue noire, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvi. 249, Pseudobdella nigra, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 560, Atlas Hirudin. f. 1. Egidy, Bluteg. 111. f. 66. Hemopsis sanguisorba, Brightwell in Ann. 8 Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 12. Aulostoma gulo, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 313. pl. 5. f. 1-6. Aulostoma nigrescens, Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 215. Walliams, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1851, 238. Aulostomum gulo, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 461. B. nigra, “ Hirudo elongata, per totum corpus nigerrima,” John- son, Med. Leech, 32. Hab. Stagnant waters: common. Oés. In extension about 4" in length ; when contracted somewhat granulous. Dorsal surface of a dark olive-green colour or almost black, ventral surface yellowish-green ; but the leech is variable in HIRUDINID. 47 depth of colouring, and is either prettily and thickly spotted, or spa- ringly spotted, or unspotted. Anterior pair of eyes approximate, the posterior widest asunder and apart. In some individuals the ventral surface is scarcely different in colour from the dorsal, and in these a yellow line runs along the edges. (a) Islington, J. F. Stephens. (4) Lough in Holy-Island, Dr. Johnston. (e) The Whiteadder, Berwickshire, Dr. Johnston. Fam. IV. HIRUDINIDA. Obs. This family is suctorial. Cutting into the skin they suck the blood of vertebrate animals, and only fall away when gorged. The alimentary canal is deeply incised and lobed, with the hinder pair of lobes elongated in an intestinal manner. In these the blood will often remain for days and weeks undigested. They endure long abstinence without any apparent loss of bulk. They are lacustrine, but willingly remain out of the water, where they seem to spend the greater portion of their summer life. They become hidden in winter. The ova are involved in a free sponge-like capsule. 7. HAMOPSIS. Hemopsis, Savig. Syst. Annelid. 107 & 115. Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 317. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 462. Hippobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. xlvii. 251, lvi. 560. Char. Body elongate, widening backwards, depressed, of numerous distinct segments, with the sexual orifices between the 24th and 25th, and the 29th and 30th: acephalous: mouth large, with the upper lip protruded and almost lanceolate: jaws 3, small, equal, oval, not compressed, with a few blunt denticles: eyes 10, on a curved line, six approximate on the first segment, two on the second, and two on the third: vent small and round: anal sucker large, obliquely terminal. Ova in a spongy cocoon. Lacustrine. 1. H. sanguisuga, greenish-black on the dorsal, and a yellowish- green on the ventral surface, marked with irregular spots: eyes indistinct. Length 4"; breadth 5'". Hirudo depressa fusca margine laterali flavo, Linn. Faun. Suec. 364. Sanguisuga, Petiv. Gazoph. 7. tab. 130. f. 7. Hirudo sanguisuga, Linn. Syst. x. 649, xii. 1079 ; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 505. Hirudo sanguisorba, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. v. 291; 2de édit. v. 521. Payraudeau, Annelid. & Mollusq. de Corse, 17. Hemopis sanguisorba, Savig. Annel. 115. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 462. La Sangsue des chevaux, Cuv. Reg. Anim. Illust. Annel. 49. A8 HIRUDINID. La Sangsue de cheval, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 252. Milne- Edwards, Elem. Zool. ii. 227. Hippobdella sanguisuga, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. lyii. 561. , Hippobdella sanguisorba, Blainv. Dict. Atlas Hirud. f. 2. Egidy, Bluteg. 134. f. 67. Hemopis sanguisuga, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 318. 8. fusca, body almost cylindrical, the back of a very deep brown, unbanded ; the margins of the same colour. Hirudo fusca, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 273. Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. 348. Hab. Lakes and ponds. Obs. The variety is a disputable worm. Blainville inquires if it may not be the Trocheta subviridis. Derheims says that it is found in the north of Scotland, and is rather terrestrial than aquatic in its habits. 8. HIRUDO. Hirudo, Linn. Syst. x. 649. Moquin-Tandon, Monogr. 326. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 465. Sanguisuga, Savig. Syst. Annel. 113. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. 2de édit. v. 520; Encyclop. Brit. xi. 225. Iatrobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 253 & lvii. 561. Char. Body elongate, insensibly widening backwards, plano-con- vex, composed of numerous narrow equal very distinct segments, margined: acephalous ; the oral sucker with an entire thick plaited rim, the upper hp prominent, obtusely lanceolate: mouth large, with three equal compressed jaws, multidenticulate on the cutting edge: eyes 10, on a curved line; six on the first segment, two on the third, and two on the sixth, remote from the others: anal sucker rather small, with a ventral aspect, radiatingly plaited : vent minute, round. Encloses the ova in a free spongy cocoon. 1. H. medicinalis, greenish-olive or very dark green or brown, with six interrupted yellowish fascize along the back, sometimes obsolete ; the marginal band straight. Length 4-7; breadth 6!". Hirudo major, Gesner, Hist. Pisc. 8° Aquatil. 503, cum fig. Hirudo, Aldrov. de Insect. lib. 7. 722, and the fig. p. 765. Willis in Act. Hafn. 1. 120, cum fig. rud. La Sangsue, Rondel. Poiss. ii. 169. Hirudo alia parvis tuberculis nonnihil aspera medicinalis, Raii Hist. Insect. 3. Hirudines innoxie vulgares, Sib. Scot. Illustr. ii. 3. 34. Hirudo depressa nigra abdomine subcinereo, Linn. Faun. Suec. 365. The Common Leech, Hill, Hist. Anim. iii. 16. pl. 2. the: Leech, Swammerd. Bib. Nat. i. 28. Rep. Ray Soc. Zool. 1847, Sli GLOSSOPORID. 49 Hirudo medicinalis, Linn. Syst. x. 649, xii. 1079 ; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 505. Weser in Amen. Acad. vii. 45. Mill. Verm.i. i. 37 ; Zool. Dan. Prod. 219. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.36. Turt. Gmel.iv.68. Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Stew. Elem. ii. 356. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 69 (1812). Watson, Disp. inaug. de Hirudine, 12. Blumenb. Man. 244. Johnson on the Med. Leech, 29. Bojanus in Journ. de Phy- sique, Ixxxviii. 468 (1819), pl. f. 1-5. Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 291; 2Qde édit. v.520. Stark, Elem. ii. 143. Leach in Supp. Encyclop. Brit. 1.451. pl. 26. Home, Comp. Anat. iv. pl. 39. £.3; ibid. 11. 70. Ephem. Acad. Leop. cent. viii. 338. tab. 5. f. 1-3. D. Chiaje, An. s. Vert. Nap.i. 47. Mogq.-Tandon, Monogr. 327. pl. 7-11. f. 1-18. Payraud. Annel. et Mollusq. de Corse, 17. Jones, An. Kingd. 191. Christison, Edin. Disp. 488. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 465. Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 26. pl. 3. f. 11. Sanguisuga medicinalis, Savig. Annel. 114. Encyclop. Brit. xi. 225. pl. 176. f. 14. Risso, ? Europ. Mérid. iv.428. Brightwell in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 13. La Sangsue, Lesser, Insect. Theol. ii. 181. Milne-Edwards, Elem. Zool. ii. 226. La Sangsue médicinale, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 254. Cuv. Reg. Anim. illustr. Annel. 49. Iatrobdella medicinalis, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lvii. 561, Atlas Hirudin. f. 4, et tab. sec. f. 1. Egidy, Bluteg. 113. f. 62, 63. Medicinal Leech, Kurzmann in Lond. Med. & Physic. Journ. xli. 312 (1819). Fremond in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2. vii. 431. Hab. Lakes and ponds. Obs. There is a series of granules, on a raised line, across the middle of every segment. Mr. Bowerbank has given an elaborate description of the cocoon in Ann. & Mag. N. H. xv. 301. pl. 18, fig.omn. The only British specimens I have seen are those in the Museum Collection ; and they may be referred to the variety chloro- gastra of Moquin-Tandon. The specimen (4) from Weymouth is manufactured I know not how. It has the shape of a Glossiphonia. When let fall in a plate the sound made is like that which a stone of the same size would produce, and suggests a passing suspicion that the body may be fossil. Its real character is disclosed by an exami- nation of the eyes more especially. (a) Christchurch, Hants, J. C. Dale. (2) Weymouth, W. Thompson. Tribe II. CLEPSINEA, Grube. Fam. V. GLOSSOPORIDA. Obs. These are small and neat leeches, usually so transparent as to permit the disposition of the viscera to be seen without any dis- section. They are further distinguished, Ist, by having a cylindrical proboscis capable of being extruded at will from the oral aperture ; 2nd, by being more strictly geometric in their mode of progression than other leeches, and capable of contracting the body into a ball E 50 GLOSSOPORID. when alarmed almost as completely as the wood-louse ; and 3rd, by carrying the young attached to the belly for a considerable time after their birth. The ova are not enclosed in a capsule. — 9. GLOSSIPHONIA. Glossiphonia, Johnson on the Med. Leech, 25 (1816). Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 352. Glossopora, Johnson’s Furth. Observ. 48. Clepsine, Savig. Syst. Annel. 118. Cuv. Reg. An. iii. 216. Mueller de Hirud. Berol. 13.17. De Filippi in Ray Soc. Rep. 1845, 286. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 446. Glossobdella, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 262, lvii. 564. Char. Body oval or pear-shaped, extensile, convex dorsally, flat on the ventral surface, crisp and firm or gelatinous, of many equal narrow rings, the sexual pores between the 20th and 21st, and between the 24th and 25th: oral sucker small, with a semi-elliptical protruded lip formed of three segments, the front segment obtuse : mouth circular, furnished with a cylindrical proboscis: eyes distinct, variable in number, in pairs on each side of the mesial line: segments ternate: anal sucker attached in the middle, proportionably small, inferior: vent round. Tenants of pure fresh waters. Incapable of swimming. Do not voluntarily leave the water. Oviparous, depo- siting the ova on the concave belly, or on subaquatic bodies. For an account of their development see Grube’s ‘‘ Untersuchungen iiber die Entwicklung der Anneliden.’’ Konigsberg, 1844. 1. G. tessellata, soft and gelatinous, widening posteriorly, greyish- green, with from two to six series of yellowish dots along the back ; head indistinctly defined ; eyes 8, in two series converging forwards. Length 18'"; breadth 5!" Hirudo tessulata, Mull. Verm. i. 1. 45; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. John- son, Med. Leech, 33. Fleming in Wern. Mem. iii. 400. Erpobdella tessulata, Flem. Phil. Zool. i. 604. W. Thompson in Ann. Nat. Hist. xii. 437. La Sangsue marquetée, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 261. Ichthyobdella tessellata, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 558. Erpobdella vulgaris, var. tessellata, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 564. Pee oee tessulata, Mueller, Hirud. Berol. 21. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 447. Glossiphonia tessellata, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 379. Hirudo tessellata—the chequered Leech, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 38. pl. 4. f. 24-30. Hab. Weedy ponds. Obs. A fine species remarkable for its gelatinous consistency. The dorsal surface is roughish, with minute sharp granules. The GLOSSIPHONTA. 5] margins are crenulate. When contracted the body is almost round, the head forming a short apiculus. Gregarious. (a) Holy-Island Lough, Dr. Johnston. 2. G. verrucata, subcartilaginous, ovato-elliptical, scarcely narrowed in front, the back with six rows of prominent granules ; acephalous ; eyes 6, in three parallel pairs; ventricular appendages seven pairs, the posterior terminating between the first and second pairs. Length 14", Clepsine verrucata, Mueller, Hirud. Berol. 23. Hab. Ponds. Oés. The original colour of the specimens is discharged by the spirits, and they have become ochre-yellow with pale brown lines, on which the whitish tubercles are placed. These are in six nearly equidistant rows, the granules of the middle rows being rather less than those of the dorsal and marginal. The eyes I cannot distin- guish: they have sunk from the contraction of the rmgs produced by the spirits in which they have been killed. (a) Cobham, Surrey, Mus. Leach. 3. G. granifera, subcartilaginous, dilated posteriorly, granulous on both surfaces, the sides thickened and marginate on the ventral aspect ; eyes 6, the anterior pair approximate. Length 10!". Hab. Ponds. Obs. Differs from every described species in having a thickened raised margin on each side which extends along about two-thirds of the body. The granules also are not disposed in longitudinal series, but cover the entire body, there being a series across each segment. The granules are rather less than those of G. verrucata. The eyes are distinct. (a) ? Mr. Joshua Alder, who does not recollect from what locality the specimen was procured. It is probably a native of the Northumberland lakes. 4. G. sexoculata, crisp and subcartilaginous, pear-shaped, greyish- green, lineated, and marked on each side of the mesial line with a dark fascia studded with equidistant whitish granules ; acephalous ; eyes 6, in two subparallel rows; six pairs of ventricular appen- dages, the posterior pair terminating between the second and third pairs. Length 8!; breadth 2-3!". A small sort of Leech, Baker, Employm. Micros. 415. Hirudo ecomplanata, Linn. Syst.x.650, xu.1079 ; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506. Mill. Verm. i. ii. 47; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. Turt. Gmel. iv. 69. Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Ure’s Rutherglen, 233. Stew. Elem. ii. 357. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 72 (1812). Dalyell, Pow. Creat. 11. 30. pl. 4. f. 1-16. E 2 52 GLOSSOPORID&. Hirudo crenata, Shaw in Linn. Trans. ii. 320. pl. 29*. Turt. Gmel. iv. 71. Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 71 (1812). Glossrphonia tuberculata, Johnson on Med. Leech, 25. Glossopora tuberculata, Johnson, Furth. Obs. 49. pl. 17. f. 1-10. Stark, Elem. ii. 142. W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vi. 482. Erpobdella complanata, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 296; 2de édit. v. 528. Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235. Clepsine complanata, Savig. Annel. 120. Risso, ? Europ. Mérid. i. 431. Muell. Hirud. Berol. 25. E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. iv. 377 (1845), pl. 18. £.9. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 452. Glossobdella complanata, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 263, lvii. 565, Atlas Hirud. f. 1. Glossopora complanata, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 604. Erpobdella crenata, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235. Clepsina complanata, Brightwell in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 14. pl. fee a9 Glossiphonia sexoculata, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 354. pl. 12, fig. omn. Hab. Lakes, ponds, and rivulets: common. (a) The Whiteadder, Berwickshire, Dr. Johnston. 5. G. heteroclita, subcartilagious, flattened, diaphanous, pear- shaped, acephalous, yellowish, the margins scarcely crenate ; eyes 6, the first pair approximate. Length 5!" Un Ver plat et blane, Trembley, Polyp. 147. pl. 7. f. 7. Hirudo heteroclita, Linn. Syst. xii. 1080; Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506. Johnson on the Med. Leech, 34. Hirudo hyalina, Mill. Verm. i. 1.49; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. Stew. Elem. 11. 357. Baer in Nov. Act. Curios. xiii. 728. tab. 32. f. 11. La Sangsue hyaline, Blainv. Dict. des Se. nat. xlvii. 263. Glossobdella hyalina, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 565. Clepsina hyalina, W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiii. 437. Brightwell in ibid. 1x. 15. pl. 1. f. 20. Clepsine hyalina, Mueller, Hirud. Berol. 27. Diesing, Syst. Helm. i. 453. Glossiphonia heteroclita, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 358. pl. 13. f. 1-6. Hab. In lakes, hiding in the leaves of aquatic plants. Obs. The back is sometimes speckled with blackish dots. Very sluggish. Attaches the ova to its own abdomen. Not the young of the preceding. 6. G. bioculata, subcartilaginous, oblong, narrower in front, ace- phalous, greyish-white with black specks; eyes 2. Length 8!"; breadth 2". Hirudo stagnalis, Linn. Faun. Suec. 2nd edit. 506; Syst. xii. 1079. Turt. Gmel. iv. 69. Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 71 (1812). Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 36. pl. 4. f. 17-23. * Kirby had G. dioculata in view in his description, which Shaw illustrated with a good figure of G. sexoculata. GLOSSIPHONIA. 53 Hirudo bioceulata, Mull. Verm. i. u. 41; Zool. Dan. Prod, 220. Stew. Elem. ii. 357. ~Ure’s Rutherglen, 234. Hirudo crenata, Kirby in Linn. Trans, ui. 318. Glossiphonia perata, Johnson on Med. Leech, 26. Glossopora punctata, Johnson, Furth. Obs. 50. pl. 17. f. 11-13. Erpobdella bioculata, Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 296; 2nd edit. v. 528. Clepsine bioculata, Savig. Annel. 119. Muell. Hirud. Berol. 31. Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 448. La Sangsue bioculée, Blainv. Dict. des Se. nat. xlvii. 265. La Sangsue pulligére, Blainv. lib. cit. 266. Glossobdella bioculata, Blainv. lib. cit. lvii. 565. Glossopora bioculata, Flem. Phil. Zool. 1. 604. Erpobdella stagnalis, Templeton in Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 235. Clepsina stagnalis, Brightwell in Ann. §& Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 14. Glossiphonia bioculata, Mog.-Tandon, Monogr. 366. pl. 13. f. 16-26. Hab. Lakes, ponds, and ditches : common. _(a) Holy-Island Lough, Dr. Johnston. Of the following species I have seen no specimens :— 7. G. flava, flattish, dilated backwards, yellow; the head lanceolate or “trout-shaped ;”’ eyes 2, black. Length 14!". ae Hel was Yellow Leech, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 45. pl. 5. Hab. Ponds: rare. Obs. ‘This is one of the few Leeches which we are enabled to distinguish by the form of the head.” Margins slightly crenated. The colour is either very vivid yellow or dusky, and there are some- times four rows of yellow spots down the back.—Dalyell. 8. G. circulans, oblong, narrowed forwards, the dorsal surface red- dish, flat and pale underneath ; eyes 2. Length 1". Hirudo circulans, Johnson on the Med. Leech, 27. Turt. Brit. Faun. 129. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 72 (1812). Glossiphonaia circulans, Moqg.-Tandon, Monogr, 384. Clepsine Sowerbyi, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 451. Hab. Ponds. 9. G, vitrina, nearly cylindrical, dark green, with two indistinct whitish longitudinal series of spots on the dorsum ; eyes 8, in two parallel series. Length 1. Nephelis tesselata?, Brightwell in Ann, 5; Mag. Nat. Hist. xui. pl. 1. f. 15-17. Hirudo vitrina, Dalyell, Pow. Creat. ii. 42. pl. 5. f. 20-23. Hab, Rare. In rivers and pools. Obs. “Like the tessulata, the substance is tremulous, though to a slighter degree than in that animal.” —Dalyell, 54 GLOSSOPORID®. 10. G. eachana, body oval; anterior portion not dilated into a distinctly-formed head; back smooth; margin slightly crenulate ; eyes 8; stomachal lobes 8, subpinnate; prevailing hue hyaline. Length 9!"; breadth 2’. Glossiphonia eachana, W. Thompson in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 390, fig. Hab. Lough Neagh, W. Thompson. 11. G.? lineata, elongate, greyish, the back marked in a longitu- dinal direction with four dark lines ; eyes 6, in two transverse series, the front larger than the hinder ones. Length 16'; breadth DLP Hirudo lineata, Mill. Verm. i. 1. 39; Zool. Dan. Prod. 220. John- son on Med. Leech, 34. Fleming in Wern. Mem. iii. 400. Blainv. Dict. des Sc. nat. xlvii. 264. Erpobdella lineata, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 604. Glossobdella lineata, Blainv. Dict. li. 565. Glossiphonia? lineata, Moq.-Tandon, Monogr. 381. Clepsine lineata, Dies. Syst. Helm. i. 455. Hab. Marshes: rare. Obs. This is placed by Diesing among the “ species inquirendee,”’ and is of uncertain genus. Order IV. SCOLOCES. ANNELIDES ABRANCHES SETIGERES, Cuv. Reg. Anim. iu. 209. ANNELIDES LUMBRICIN&, Savig. Syst. Annel. 99. LomsericinEs, Blainv. Princip. d’ Anat. Comp. i. tab. 7 (1822). LomsricinI, Latr. Fam. Nat. 246. Lumpricina, Macleay in Murchison’s Silurian System, 1. 699 (1839); and in Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. 385. ANNELIDES TERRICOLES, Audouin & Milne-Edwards, Litt. de la France, ii. 50; and in Lam. An. s. Vert. 2de édit. v. 513. ABRANCHIA SETIGERA, Fleming in Encyclop. Brit. 7th edit. xi. 222. ANNELIDA TERRICOLA, Jones, Anim. Kingd. 189. 201. ANNELIDES TERRICOLES OU ABRANCHES SETIGERES, Milne- Edwards, Elem. Zool. 2de édit. 11. 225. Sco.eipes, W.-Edwards sec. E. Blanchard in Ann. des Sc. nat. vin. 134 (1847). OuicocHaeta, Grube, Fam. Annelid. 27. Char. Body vermiform, distiuctly segmented, the segments with- out any soft appendage, but furnished with spines or spinets or seta- ceous bristles partially retractile: head either undefined or marked by its form, without any appendages: mouth inferior, emaxillary : no external organs of respiration : blood red, yellow, or rarely colour- less: anus terminal: sexual pores in pairs, placed forwards on the venter on each side of the mesial line. Terricolous, dwelling in moist earth or in mud saturated with water, which they swallow and from which they extract their food. Hermaphroditical. Oviparous or multiplying by spontaneous division. Capable of reproducing amputated portions. No metamorphosis. A few excrete a phos- phorescent fluid ; and the skin of a few is iridescent. The bristles are always simple, and solitary or fasciculate. The following is a synopsis of the British genera :— Tribe I. LumBRIcINA. Head indistinct : all the segments, excepting the first, armed with sete. Family I. LUMBRICIDA. Terrestrial or burrowing in the mud covered with fresh water. 1. Lumbricus. Setze single, § to each segment, quadriserial. a6 SCOLOCES. 2. Enchytreus. Setee quadriserial, 3-4 in a fascicle : blood colour- less. 3. Senuris. Setze quadriserial, 3-9 in a fascicle: blood red. Family II, LITTORELES. Littoreal, burrowing in wet mud mixed with sand. 4. Clitellio. Setee quadriserial, fasciculate: the body with a white clitellus. 5. Valla. Segments armed with setaceous bristles in four fasciculate series ; the 10th segment with strong spines. Tribe II. Narpina. Head distinct from the body, the first three or four segments without bristles. Family III. NAIDES. The only family. * The four front segments without superior sete. . Proto. Anal extremity with digitiform (branchial?) appen- dages. . Stylaria. Oral extremity produced into a style. . Serpentina. Ophiocephalous: anal extremity naked. . Nais. Head continuous with the body: oral extremity truncate, the anal rounded, obtuse. fr) mo an ** All the segments without superior sete. 10. Chetogaster. wr “NI IV. SCOLOCES. I. LUMBRICINA. Fam. I. LUMBRICIDA. Lumsricus, Linn. Syst. 1076. Mill. Verm. i. 1. 24. Les Lomprics, Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 209. Les Ecuturtes, Lam. An. s. Vert. v, 297. Lumprict, Savig. Syst. Annel. 100 & 103. Lumericina, Blainville in Dict. des Sc. nat. lv. 493. Eartu-Worms, Derham, Phys. Theol, 223 & 393, Obs. Oersted has separated the Lumbricidz into two families,— the Terricole and the Lumbricille. The Terricole embrace the larger and fleshier, and hence the comparatively opake, species, which are further distinguished by the spines being solitary in their insertion, short, straight, subulate, and only a little protruded. The Lumbricillee-are subpellucid, living in the wet mud of rivulets or on the sea-shore. The bristles are two or more in a common insertion, hooked or subulate, and protruded to a greater length. The Terri- cole burrow in the earth and trail with difficulty along the surface ; but the more vivacious Lumbricille partly creep and partly swim. On a first glance these characters seem distinctive enough; but, I believe, it will be found impossible to sustain the separation of the families in practice. In this tribe it seems necessary to distinguish three sorts of Bristles:—(1) the Spine distinguished by being tapered from an obtuse base to a point slightly bent (Woodcut No. I. fig. 1); (2) the Spinet by being slightly bent and pointed at both ends (fig. 2) ; and the Bristle proper (fig. 5) which is slender and setaceous like a hair. The latter are always fasciculate. 1. LUMBRICUS. Lumbricus, Linn. Syst. x. 647. Cuv. Reg. Anim. iti. 209. Lam. An. s. Vert. v. 298. Schweig. Handb. 590. Blainville in Dict. des Se. nat. lvu. 494, Leach in Supp. Encyclop. Brit. 1.451. Dugeés in Ann. des Sc. nat. xv. 289. Hoffmeister, Regenw. 4, Walliams in Rep. Brit, Assoc. 1851, 218. Enterion, Savig. Syst. Annel. 103. Char. Body vermiform, distinctly annulated, with narrow nearly equal segments, the first (head) small, lobe-like, retractile within the 58 LUMBRICID&. second, and overlooking the wide circular mouth, which is furnished with a very short proboscis: segments furnished with eight spines and spinets in four pairs, two on each side and two on the venter : No. I. HE ROS EGe= PE Ss 4 = Es. antennee. In the subcephalous and acephalous tribes eyes are gene- rally absent. They are always sessile, simple, and immoveable. Antenne (figs. 8 a & 11 @) exist only in cephalous genera. They are soft, setaceous filaments, varying in number from one to five, and distinguished from the other appendages by arising directly from the head. They are usually jointed at the base, and are not retractile. Palpi (fig. 8 p) are seldom found. They are also soft filaments, en- tire or jointed, and originate externally from the sides of the oral orifice. Tentacula (figs. 8 ¢ & 9 ¢) are the soft setaceous or filiform non- retractile processes which arise from each side of the cephalic segments in pairs, and spread laterally. They are sometimes jointed ; often very long, and remarkably contractile in the acephalous genera. The Mouth (fig. 11 m) is underneath the head, and is a round or transverse entrance to the cesophagus and intestinal canal. It has usually a plain margin. In the acephalous genera it is terminal and emaxillary, but occasionally furnished with external tentacles. In the subcephalous it is subterminal or ventral; and in the cephalous nearly terminal, looking forwards horizontally. The Mouth in the cephalous tribe is almost always furnished with 78 ANNELIDES. a Proboscis, viz. the cesophagus, or upper portion of the intestinal canal, in a state of protrusion. It consists of one or two segments, and is evolved at pleasure by a process of evagination. It is often armed with horny jaws in opposite pairs; sometimes roughened on the surface with horny prickles ; sometimes villose with soft papillee ; sometimes encircled at the orifice with soft papillee or short tentacles ; and sometimes plain. These modifications of the organ afford im- portant characters in classification. The Thoracic Segments immediately succeed the cephalic or head. In the cephalous genera there is only one thoracic segment (fig. 8¢/) ; as is also the case in many of the subcephalous. From its position, I usually describe it as the post-occipital,_-a name to be preferred as implying no theory. It is remarkable for being naked,—that is, it has no soft appendages or setigerous feet, and constitutes, some- times, a sort of neck. In the acephalous genera, and less markedly in some others, the thoracic segments are distinguished by peculiarities in their structure and appendages ;—they are more fleshy and contain the primary organs of life; and to them the Branchie (fig. 10 2) are limited in many genera. ‘They are readily enough defined. The Abdominal Segments follow the thoracic and complete the body. They are more numerous than the cephalie and thoracic combined, more uniformly alike in their appendages, and liable to vary in their number, so that, as a character, number is here of no value, excepting in a few instances. They gradually lessen in size as they approach the posterior extremity ; and the last segment is called the anal. This has no setigerous feet, often no soft appendages, but more commonly a pair of soft filaments, called sty/es, project behind ; or a series of short papillee surround the vent, which is terminal and central. The Segments are furnished with various appendages, which are precisely similar on each side, but modified more or less on different segments. Of these appendages the Foot is the principal, and with it the others are commonly combined. The Foot is a papillary projection on the side of the segment for the insertion of the bristles. It also affords, in most worms, a basis of attachment to the Branchiz, and certain soft setaceous filaments called Cirri or tentacular cirri. The Brancui# are the breathing organs. In the cephalous and subcephalous families they are attached to the base of the foot on the upper or dorsal side, either restricted to a certain number of seg- ments, or found on all of them. They vary much in form. They are either arbuscular, or semipectinate, or flat and veined, when their function is indisputable ; or they are filamentary, or squamous, or lobe-like, or merely tubercular, when the ascription of the function becomes arbitrary, or a deduction from the theory of homologies and degradation of organism. In many acephalous genera the Branchize are placed on the crown in beautiful tufts (fig. 10); and in all acephalous worms the function of the organs is never doubtful. They often combine a tactile with the respiratory office. The Cirri are the tentacula of the body ; and we may call them, = ANNELIDES. 79 in some genera, tentacular cirri from their similarity to the tentacula on the sides of the head. They are simple, soft, tapered filaments or papillary processes attached to the dorsal and ventral lobes of the foot, at or near the base. Their office appears to be tactile. The Foot, properly so-called, is the papillary process, tubercle, or fold in which the Bristles are sheathed. When the process is single and undivided, the foot is said to be uniramous ; when it is divided into two lobes, it is d¢ramous (No. V. fig. 12). The upper division is called the dorsal branch, and the inferior the ven- tral branch. They are more or less apart,—sometimes so near as to coalesce, and not to be distin- guished-from the uniramous ex- cepting by the presence of two bundles of bristles, —sometimes so wide asunder that they seem to have no connexion. Of the latter the foot of the Nephthys is a good example (fig. 12). In thisfigure df is the dorsal branch, and vf the ventral branch armed with their long bristles ; 7 are the compressed lamellze attached to the foot; 47 are presumed to be the branchiee ; and ¢ is the inferior cirrus ; and, in this species (NV. longise- tosa), there is no superior cirrus. This interpretation of the organs appears to me erroneous. The function of the sickle-shaped process is entirely conjectural ; and surely the compressed lamellee are branchial, although undoubtedly the function is not confined to them. Bristles.—There are four kinds of bristles connected with the feet, viz. the Spine, the Spinet, the Bristles properly so called, and the Hooklets. Other bristles which belong to the body will be noticed under the genera in which they occur. 1. The Spine (Plate III. fig. 1) is subulate and straight, tapering insensibly from the base to the point. It is always associated with the bristles, there being one, or at most two, in the centre of each fascicle ; and it is readily distinguished by being stouter and dark- coloured. It is not protrusile. Audouin and Milne-Edwards say that the base is placed in the bowl of a little cup ; but certainly this is not usually the case. The basal portion is lighter-coloured than the upper. 2. The Spinet is not in general so stout as the spine, neither is it dark-coloured. It is found only on a few feet in some genera, and in most is absent. It is associated with the bristles, and is known by being stiffer and stouter, and different in shape. The apex is forcipate (Pl. III. fig. 2), or forked (figs. 3, 3*, 4, 5). 3. The Bristles are simple or compound. The simple Bristle is formed of a single continuous piece. It is always fasciculate. It varies much in strength and size and figure ; 80 ANNELIDES. and two or more kinds are often found coexistent on the same foot. The forms may, perhaps, be reduced to the following :— Capillary.—Slender, flexile and hair-like, as e.g. the coloured hairs of Aphrodita aculeata. Setaceous, slender and tapered insensibly from the root to a sharp point (PI. III. figs. 6, 7). Lanceolate, straight on the lower half, bulged about the middle, whence it tapers to a point sharp on both sides (figs. 10, 11, 13, 14). Ventricose.—When the shaft is enlarged on one side (figs. 8, 9). Tarsiform.—A stout bristle terminating in a point curved and sharp like a claw (figs. 17, 18, 19). This is common in the Aphro- ditaceze. It is somewhat grooved and denticulate on one side. Spinous.—A stout bristle resembling the spine or spinet, but distinguished by being fasciculate (figs. 21, 22). It is more or less flexuose or bent like the letter / (fig. 23) in many subcephalous anne- lids; and is dark-coloured and straight in Aphrodita aculeata. The compound Bristle is peculiar to the ‘‘ Annelida rapacia.”’ It is a bristle of which the shaft is broken into two halves by an imper- fect sort of joint. The lower portion is the shaft, and the upper the terminal piece. (See Pl. IV.) The intermediate joint may be simply oblique with the edges approximate (Pl. IV. fig. 1), or separate (figs. 4, 5), or with the shaft and terminal piece attached merely by a point (fig. 11). Or the two pieces may be connected by a mortise joint (fig. 7), or by a variously formed socket (figs. 2, 9, 13). The shaft is usually straight, smooth or serrulate, and a little enlarged towards the outer end. The terminal piece varies in shape like the simple bristle. It is acicular when it is straight and slender, and tapers to a very sharp point (PI. IV. fig. 7). Tarsiform.—When it is elongated and slightly bent, and brought to a point, like the hind claw of a small bird (Pl. IV. fig. 1). Falcate.—When the piece is short, and curved at the apex so as to resemble the mandible of a small bird (Pl. IV. figs. 2, 6, 12). The British species are divided into the following Tribes :— Tribe I. Rapacta. Animal-killers. Body with soft appendages, generally disposed on the whole length of the body. Feet distinct, armed with sete, which are sometimes hooked. Head generally distinct, provided with eyes, antenne, a retractile proboscis, and often with jaws. Living on marine animals. Tribe II. Limtvora. Mud-eaters. Body with the soft appendages collected together at the cephalic extremity. Feet of two kinds, generally deprived of cirrhi, and armed with hooked bristles. Head not distinct, without eye-ten- tacles. Protractile proboscis or jaws. Eating mud and the dead animals and vesicles it contains. 81 VI. ANNELIDES. I. RAPACIA. ScOLOPENDR& MARIN&, Jonst. de Insect. lib. iv. 205. SCOLOPENDRES DE MER, Rond. Hist. Poiss. ii. 74. NEREIDES VAG&, Pallas, Misc. Zool. 113. DorsiBRANCHES, Cuv. Regn. Anim. iii. 197. ANNELEIDES, Leach in Ann. Phil. xiv. 205 (1819). ANNELIDES ANTENNEES, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. vy. 302. NorosBrancuia, Latreille, Fam. Nat. 238. NereEIpINA, Macleay in Murchison’s Silur. Syst. ii. 699 ; and in Ann. Nat. Hist. iv. 385. ANN. ERRANTES, Aud. & M.-Edw, Litt. de la France, ii. 27. DorsiBRANCHIA, Griffith’s Cuvier, xiii. 7. DorsIBRANCHIATA, Griffith's Cuv. Syst. Ind. lix. Jones, Anim. Kingd. 189 & 212. ANNELIDES ERRANS OU DORSIBRANCHES, M.-Edwards, Elem. de Zoologie, 222. ANNELIDA ERRANTIA, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 32. ANNELIDES NEREIDE#, Savigny, Syst. Annel. 7. Marico.a#, Oersted, Ann. Dan. Consp. 2. Rapacta, Grube, Fam. Annel. 30. Char. ‘ Body with soft appendages (cirri, branchize or antennee), generally disposed over the whole length of the animal, and not collected towards the cephalic extremity. Feet generally very distinct, armed with sete or bristles, which have very rarely the form of hooks. Head generally distinct, and provided with eyes, antenne, and a retractile proboscis, often with jaws.” —Milne- Edwards. Obs. Organized for locomotion, this tribe of Annelides—the tyrants or the aristocracy of their race—wander abroad, and are in constant warfare with all around them. They crawl on the surface at a pace that varies in the species from extreme slowness to energetic activity. Many of them swim with ease; and others burrow in the wet sand of the shore. ne yp gy, r Fae he CATALOGUES OF THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION THE BRITISH MUSEUM I. VERTEBRATA. List of Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.L.S. &e. 1843. 2s. 6d. 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E.Gray, F.R.S. 1852. 5s. Catalogue of Conchifera. By M. Desuayes. Part 1. Veneride, &e. 12mo. 1853. 3s. Part 2. Petricolidz. 6d. List of British Mollusca and Shells; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. Part 1. Acephala and Brachiopoda. 12mo. 1851. 3s. 6d. Catalogue of Pulmonata. By Dr. Louis Preirrer and Dr. J. E.Gray, F.R.S. Part 1. 12mo. 1855. 2s. 6d. Catalogue of Auriculide, &e. By Dr. J. E.Gray, F.R.S. 12mo. 1857. ls. 9d. List of the Shells of the Canaries, described by M. D’OrsitGny. 12mo. 1854. Is. List of the Shells of Cuba, described by M. D’Orsieny, 12mo. 1854. Ls. List of the Shells of South America, described by M. D’OrBieGny. 12mo. 1854. 2s. List of the Mollusca and Shells collected and described by MM. Eypoux and SOULEYET. 1l2mo. 1855. 8d. Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells. By P. P. Carpenrer. 12mo. 1857. 8s. List of Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. Part 1. Volutidae. 12mo. 1858. 6d. Nomenclature of Mollusca. By Dr. W. Bairp, F.L.S. &c. Part 1. Cyclophoride. 12mo. 1851. 1s. 6d. 6 IV. RADIATA. Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa. By G. Busk, F.R.S., See. L.S. Part 1. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1852. 17s. With Plates. Part 2. Chilostoma. ]2mo. 1854. 15s. With Plates. List of British Radiata; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E, Gray, F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. 4s. List of British Sponges; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. 10d. Catalogue of the Recent Echmida. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. Part 1. Echinidairregularia. 1l2mo. 3s. 6d. With Plates. V. BRITISH ZOOLOGY. List of the British Animals; with Synonyma and references to figures. Part 1. Radiata. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 1848. 4s. Part 2. Sponges. “ By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 1848. 10d. Part 3. Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 1850. 4s. Part 4. Crustacea. By A. Wuire, F.L.S. 1850. Qs. 6d. Part 5. Pie ei By J. F. Sreruens, F.L.S. 1850. Ed. 2. 1856. s. 9d. Part 6. Hymenoptera. By F. Smiru, M.E.S. 1851. 2s. Part 7. Mollusca Acephala and Brachiopoda. By Dr. J. E. Gray, TERS: W851. Sse6a- Part 8. Fish. By A. Wuire, F.L.S. 1851. 3s. Part 9. Eggs of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 1852. 9s. 6d. Part 10. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. Srerpuens, F.L.S. R5 2k se Part 11. Anoplura or Parasitic Insects. By H. DENNY. (1s. Part 12. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. Srepuens, F.L.S. 1852.7 9a: Part 13. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By F. Smiru, M.E.S. 1853. ls. 4d. Part 14. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By A. Wuirs, F.L.S. 1853. 6d. Part 15. Nomenclature of Diptera. By A. Wuire, F.L.S. 1853. 1s. Part 16. Lepidoptera (completed). By H. T. Stainton, M.E.S. 1854, “3s: ; Part 17. Nomenclature of Anoplura. By H. Denny. 1855. 12mo. 8d. Catalogue of British Birds. By G.R.Gray, F.Z.S. 8yvo. 1863. Catalogue of British Hymenoptera. ByF.Smrru. 12mo. With Plates. Part 1. Bees. 1855. 6s. Part 2. Formicide, &e. 1858. 8s. Catalogue of British Ichneumonide. By Tuomas Desvienss, M.E.S. 12mo. 1856. Ils. 9d. List of British Bruchidz, Curculionide, &e. By JoHn Watton, F.L.S. 19mo. 18565, Ws: N.B.—These Catalogues can be obtained at the Secretary’s Office in the BririsH Museum; or through any Bookseller. “I VI. Books ILLUSTRATING OR DESCRIBING PARTS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS. The Illustrated Natural History. By the Rev.J.G. Woop, M.A., F.L.S. &e. New edition. l2mo. 1856. Illustrations of Indian Zoology, from the Collection of Major-General Thomas Hardwicke. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. Folio. 2 vols. 1830-1835. Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. Edited by CHARLES Darwin, F.R.S. dto. 1840-1844. Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.SS. Erebus and Terror. Edited by Sir JoHun Ricuarpson, M.D., F.R.S. &c., and Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1844-1845. British Museum—Historical and Descriptive. 12mo. 1855. Natural History of the Animal Kingdom. By W.S. Dauuas, F.L.S. &e. Post 8vo. 1855. Zoological Miscellany. By W. E. Leacu, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 3 vols. Spicilegia Zoologica. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1829-1830. Zoological Miscellany. By Dr. J. E.Gray,F.R.S. 8vo. 1831. Knowsley Menagerie. Part 2. Hoofed Animals. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. Folio. 1850. A Monograph of the Macropodide. By Joun Goutxp, F.R.S. Folio. 1841-1844. Mammals of Australia. By Jonn Gouup, F.R.S. Folio. 1845. Popular History of Mammalia. By A. Wuirs, F.L.S. Popular History of Birds. By A. Wurre, F.L.S. Genera of Birds. ByG.R. Gray, F.L.S. Illustrated by Plates by D. W. MITcHELL, See. Z.S. Folio. 3vols. 1844-1849. The Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse, F.R.S. 8vo. 1847. Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosss, F.R.S. 8vo. 1849. Monograph of Ramphastide. By JonNn Gouup, F.R.S. Folio. Birds of Australia. By Joun Gouup, F.R.S. Folio. 1848. Report on the Ichthyology of the Seas of Chima and Japan. By Sir Joun RicuHarpson, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1846. Fauna Boreali-Americana. The Fish. By Sir Jonn Ricuarpson, M.D. F.R.S. &c. 4to. 1836. With Plates. Synopsis Reptilium. Part 1. Cataphracta. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 8vo. 1831. Illustrations of British Entomology. By James F. Srrepuens, F.L.S. 10 vols. 8vo. 1827-1835. A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects. By J. F. SrerHens, F.L.S. 8vo. 1829. 8 The Nomenclature of British Insects. By J.F.Sreruens, F.L.S. 8vo. 1829 & 1833. A Manual of British Coleoptera. By J. F. Srepuens, F.L.S. 12mo. 1839. Insecta Britannica. Diptera. By F. WaLKer, F.L.S. S8vo. 1851-1856. Monographia Chaleiditum. By F.Wavker,F.L.S. 8vo. 1839. Entomology of Australia. Part 1. Phasmidze. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 4to. Synopsis of Species of Phasmide. ByG.R.Gray,F.L.S. 8vo. 1835. Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Epwarp Dovustepay, F.L.S., and J. O. Westwoop, F.L.S. Illustrated by W.C. Hewirson. 4to. 2 vols. 1846-1850. Monographia Anoplurorum Britanniz, or British species of Parasitic Insects. By Henry Denny, A.L.S. 8vo. With Plates. Fauna Boreali-Americana. The Insects. By W. Kirsy, F.R.S. 4to. 1837. With Coloured Plates. Insecta Maderensia. By T. VeRNon Wo .uaston, M.A., F.L.S. 4to. 1854. With Plates. Malacostraca Podophthalmia Britannie. By W. E. Leacu, M.D., F.R.S. 4to. 1817-1821. A Monograph of the Subclass Cirripedia. By CHARLES DARwIN, F.R.S. 8vo. 2vols. 1854. Natural History of the British Entomostraca. By W. Barrp, M.D., F.L.S. &e. S8vo. 1850. Figures of Molluscous Animals, for the use of Students. By Maria Emma Gray. Svols. 8vo. 1850-1857. A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain. By W. E. Leacn, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1852. Catalogue of the Land Shells of Jamaica. By C.B.Apams. 8vo. 1851. Catalogue of Testaceous Mollusca of the North-east Atlantic and neigh- bouring Seas. By R. MacAnprew, F.R.S. 8vo. 1850. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. By JoHn Puiuurps, F.R.S. 4to. 1836. A Monograph of the Crag Mollusca. By Seartes V. Woop, F.G.S. 4to. 1850. A History of British Starfishes. By Epwarp Forsss, F.R.S. 8vo. A History of the British Zoophytes. By Grorce Jonnston, M.D. Svo. U838.— de 2s)) Svyor. 1847. A History of British Sponges and Lithophytes. By Grorcr JoHnsTon, M.D. 8vo. 1842. Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Series 1 and 2. Transactions of the Entomological Society. December 1844. i 4 ps) ‘ f : ’ ) | ’ & J pe = i , § PL oa 1 9 T i t ‘of ’ / ¥ 2 ] i 0 bg i : ‘an a a, | 7 ‘ i \S ® is: ' 7 Ms Aa vi ip io ’ et a: as of ‘tA pat) ae ty ij ' A aul il .@) | | om, i ral 4g i Ant i, ! Mf \ fst hs a ony UN ee, ~ r | ‘ % %p iil oS s RS oO = ROLIN, SRLS M0. ‘ varie ; i py, | \ { by, x a | | | SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES ANITA 9088 00057 2867 3