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Field Museum of Natural History.

Publication 130.

Anthropological Series. Vol. VII, No. 3.

CATALOGUE OF BRONZES, ETC., IN FIELD
MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Reproduced from Originals
in the National Museum of Naples.

BY

F. B. Tarbell,

Professor of Classical Archaeology,

University of Chicago.

George A. Dorsey„
Curator of Department.

4*5197
Chicago, U. S. A.
June, 1 909.

PREFACE

The objects described in the following catalogue are reproduc-
tions, made by the firm of Sabatino De Angelis and Son, of originals

in tlif National .Museum of Naples. The material is bronze, except

where some other material is expressly mentioned. With a few
exceptions these objects constitute a fairly representative selection
from among the bronze utensils, instruments, and articles of furni-
ture in the great Neapolitan collection ; and while not exact in every
particular, they do, nevertheless, give a fairly correct idea of the
originals. Inasmuch, therefore, as a complete and scientific account
of the Naples bronzes has never been issued, it has seemed worth
while to prepare a somewhat detailed catalogue, with illustrations,
of these reproductions. It has, of course, been out of the question
to furnish particulars as to technical processes employed in manu-
facture, such as might be expected from a catalogue of originals.
And it has been equally impossible in most cases to make out to what
extent the originals have been repaired since their discovery, or to
what extent objects have been combined without proof. Some sus-
picious circumstances have, however, been noted under Nos. 70 and
73. The question would be an interesting one to follow up ; but even
if some liberties may have been taken in the past which a scrupulous
director of a museum would not take to-day, there is not the slight-
est reason xo suspect any essential falsification of the witness of these
objects to ancient life.

The great majority of the Neapolitan bronzes come from the
Campanian cities buried by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A. D.
These objects are designated in the following catalogue as Roman.
In regard to the precise sources of many of them, exhumed in the
earlier periods of excavation, great uncertainty prevails, and it is
not uncommon to find even the most reputable authorities disagree-
ing. An extreme instance is afforded by the candelabrum given
as No. 70 in this catalogue. This is assigned by the Antichith di
Ercolano to Herculaneum, by Ruggiero, Degli Scavi di Stabia, to
Stabiae, and by the new Guida illustrata del Museo Nazionale di Na-
poli (1907) to Pompeii. In view of this situation, it has seemed wise
to be sparing with indications of provenience. The statements under
this head made by the three works just cited have been repeated
when not in conflict with one another, and occasionally some other

93

94 Preface

presumably trustworthy authority has been followed. When no
such authority was available, I have preferred not to run the risk
of making confusion worse confounded. There is the more reason
for this reticence, as the question whether a given object came from
Herculaneum, Pompeii, or Stabiae is of very little consequence.

On the other hand, it is of the utmost importance to distinguish
from the homogeneous objects found in these buried cities other
objects of earlier date and style found in graves of southern Italy.
Of such objects the Museum of Naples possesses a considerable num-
ber, jumbled up in the exhibition rooms with the mass of things from
Herculaneum and Pompeii. Some of these earlier products are rep-
resented in the present collection, and these, so far as recognized,
have been grouped together under the category of "Pre-Roman
Objects." The task of distinction has not always been easy. In
one instance (No. 7) I have ventured to reject the explicit statement
of the official inventory of the Naples Museum, which I have con-
sulted on this point as on several others. I can only hope that in
this attempt at classification no serious mistakes have been made.

For purposes of identification it has seemed desirable to give for
each piece the inventory number attached to it in the Naples Museum.
In determining these, it has been necessary to rely on the indications,
not always self-consistent, afforded by De Angelis in his catalogue
and on the copper tags attached to his products, with such confirma-
tion and correction as could be obtained from books and photographs.
Whenever any reason has been discovered for doubting a number,
an interrogation mark has been used. Doubtless some errors have
•crept in, but they ought not to be numerous.

The attempt has not been made to give a complete list of the
places of publication of individual objects, but rather to refer to
the most important, as well as to the most accessible. Overbeck's
Pompeii is cited by its fourth edition (1884), and Mau's Pompeii,
translated by Kelsey, by its revised edition (1902).

Professor M. H. Morgan, of Harvard University, has given me
the benefit of his advice on two or three matters, and Mr. H. F.
De Cou has corrected and extended my notes at numerous points.
To both of these gentlemen I herewith express my thanks.

ABBREVIATIONS

Ant. di Erc.= Antichita di Ercolano.

C. I. L.= Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum.

Jahrb. des arch. Instituts = Jahrbuch des kaiserlich deutschen archdo-

logischen Instituts.
Mus. Borb.= Real Museo Borbonico.
Not. d. Scavi = Notizie degli scavi di antichita.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Pre-Roman Objects 99

Roman Objects

Chest 102

Couches 102

Tables and Stands 103

Folding Stools 104

Other Furniture 105

Lamps 105

Candelabra 107

Censer 112

Lamp-rests 112

Lanterns 113

Braziers 114

Water-heaters 115

Cooking-stove 117

Pails 118

Craters or Mixing Vessels 119

Amphoras 121

Ewers 124

Small Pitchers and the Like 126

Handles of Vessels 130

Basins 130

Oval Bowls 131

Fruit-dishes (?) 132

Strainers 133

Sauce-pans 133

Kettles 135

Molds 135

Other Kitchen Utensils 136

Miscellaneous Articles, Chiefly Domestic 136

Balance and Weights 138

Steelyards and the Like 139

Musical Instruments 141

Industrial Implements 141

Surgical Implements and the Like 142

97

PRE-ROMAN OBJECTS

1. (24101) Greek Hydria

Shape similar to that of the Attic earthenware hydria of the late sixth and
early fifth century B. C. {British Museum Catalogue of Vases, II, p. 5, Fig. 14),
but somewhat more slender. On the lip, bead and egg patterns. On the
shoulder, tongue pattern. Around the body, at the height of the lateral handles,
a guilloche between groups of incised lines. On the Lesbian cyma of the foot
a pattern consisting of leaves alternating with fractional palmettes( ?). The
lateral handles are edged with bead pattern, and each bears in relief two
identical nude male standing figures, placed head to head; the attach-
ments have the form of palmettes. The upright handle, forming a curve of
double flexure, is ornamented with three bead patterns; the lower attachment
has the form of a Gorgon's face and arms, with the addition of the foreparts
of two horses; at the upper termination of the handle is a lion's head, with
open mouth and protruding tongue, and with mane running back some distance
along the handle.

Naples 73144. Locri. Late s xth century B. C. _ Mus. Borb. Ill, lxii. For the Gorgoneion
see Furtwangler in Roscher, Lexikon der griech. u. rb'm. Mythologie, I, 1712. For the horses cf.
De Ridder, Bronzes de I'Acropole, Nos. 145-148, 197; for the nude male figures, ib. No. 168.

2. (24095) Greek Pitcher

Around the trifoliate lip, an egg pattern. On the shoulder and the lower
part of the body, tongue patterns, between which is a guilloche. The handle
is ribbed.

Naples 73047. Fifth (?) century B. C.

3. (24097) Greek Pitcher

Around the trifoliate lip, bead and egg patterns. On the shoulder, incised
encircling rings. On the body, tongue pattern. The lower attachment of the
ribbed handle has the form of a siren with recurved wings, her feet resting on
a palmette.

Naples 69046. Fifth century B. C.

4. (24091) Pitcher

The receptacle rests on a high support, which has a corrugated border, three
claw feet and pendent palmettes between the feet. On the shoulder is a tongue
pattern. The extravagantly elongated neck is encircled at two points with
collars, and the trefoil lip is corrugated vertically. The flat, three-ribbed
handle is supported by an openwork relief, representing a four-horse chariot and
charioteer in front view. Below the chariot is a lion's mask and at each side
the forepart of a snake. Long-stemmed palmettes connect the heads of the
outer horses with the handle. At each end of the upper attachment of the
handle is a disk ornamented with a rosette.

Naples 69089. Ruvo (according to Monaco, Handbook to the Naples Museum).

99

ioo Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

5. (24046) Pitcher

The lower attachment of the handle has the form of a palmette.

Naples 69156. Pitchers of the type represented by this and the following specimen are com-
mon in Italian tombs of the fifth century B. C. See Gsell, Fouilles de Vulci, p. 518.

6. (24047) Pitcher

The ribbed handle has a leaf-shaped attachment below.
Naples 69154. See preceding note.

7. (24098) ' Basin

The deep bowl is united to a support in the form of a fluted ring with three

claw feet. On the lip, an egg pattern. Each of the two fixed handles represents

two elongated lions, with an upright floral ornament between them, while the

attachments end in snakes' heads, broad and flat.

Naples 73549. Mus. Barb. VI, lxii, 2. Although ascribed in the inventory of the Naples
Museum to Herculaneum, this basin appears on the evidence of style to be of the sixth century B.
C, and probably Greek. Cf. the archaic basin from Lucania, Not. d. Scavi, 1897, p. 164, Fig. 10.

8. (24088) Basin

Deep, almost hemispherical, bowl without base or feet. On the convex
rim, a tongue pattern, interrupted at four equidistant points by palmettes and
encircled by a bead pattern. If there were handles originally, they have dis-
appeared.

Naples 73697. Fifth-fourth century B. C.

9. (24093) Basin

Shallow bowl without base or feet. Two plain handles, which play in
bobbin-like attachments.

Naples 76583. Fifth-fourth century B. C.

10. (24176) Corded Cista

The cylindrical vessel has nine horizontal rings. There are three low

cylindrical feet placed horizontally. The two bails are spirally grooved in

imitation of ropes for the greater part of their length; they swing in loops

formed by strips of bronze riveted to the vessel.

Naples 68881. Fifth century B. C. Found near Nocera in Campania. Bullettino archeo-
logico napolitano, N. S., V (1857), PI. III. On vessels of this type, called in Italian ciste a cordoni,
see Mau in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie, s. v. cista, and the authorities there cited.

11. (24262) Small Pail

The shoulder and the lower part of the body of the vessel have two similar
bands of ornaments, each consisting of two rows of leaf-shaped figures, the
points of the upper row directed downward, those of the lower row upward.
Between the two bands are two pairs of incised horizontal rings. The single
bail, made of stout wire, has a loop at the top. The attachments are in pal-
mette form.

Naples 68871. This pail is probably identical with one figured in the Bullettino archeo-
logico napolitano, N. S., V (1857), PI. III. In that case it was found near Nocera in Campania.

12. (24279) Pail

Around the lip, egg pattern. Two plain bails, whose attachments terminate
in palmettes below. The three feet spool-shaped.

Naples 68865. Mus. Borb. IV, xn, 2; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 241, d; Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii,
Fig. 204, d. For the shape compare the more elaborate specimen in the British Museum (Cat-a
loRue of Bronzes, No. 650, p. 107).

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. ioi

13. (24266) Pail

The vessel is without ornamentation. The single bail is of iron, and is
bent into a sort of loop at the top. The attachments end in dogs' (?) heads.
Naples 1 10740.

14. (24277) Pail

The unusually thin vessel is without ornamentation. The single bail was
of iron, now mostly corroded away.
Naples 68864.

15. (24250) Etruscan Candelabrum

Three claw-footed legs. Plain shaft encircled by two rings below and by
three and then two disks above. Four arms terminating in spikes for candles.
Surmounting the shaft is a rudely modeled cock.
Naples 73150.

16. (24258) Candelabrum

Base three-legged, with openwork ornament. Two sections of the shaft
are pentagonal and are ornamented with incised rosettes and other patterns.
The remainder of the shaft is cylindrical and horizontally corrugated. The
capital is quasi-Corinthian. From its top rises the candle holder, shaped some-
what like a flower on its stem. On the exterior of the holder are incised patterns;
within is an upright spike for a candle.

Naples 73195. Nocera. Quaranta, Di un candelabro di bronzo trovato nelle vicinanze dell'
anttca Nuceria Alfaterna; Daremberg et Saglio, Diclionnaire des antiquites, I, Fig. 1080.

17. (24220) Lamp

The shallow, cylindrical receptacle for oil is ornamented on the edge with
bead pattern and below that, with a tongue pattern. There are three equidis-
tant nozzles for wicks and a mask of Silenus, the hollow space behind which
does not communicate with the receptacle. In the center rises a quasi-Doric
column surmounted by a siren with folded wings. Above her head is a ring,
by which the lamp could be carried.

Naples 72198. Fifth century B. C. Mus. Borb. XV, xxii Weicker, Der Seelenvogel, p. 192.

ROMAN OBJECTS

CHEST

A well-to-do Roman needed a strong box in which valuables
could be kept. This often stood in the atrium of the house. Such
was the case with the original of the chest here exhibited.

18. (24283) Chest

The chest is of wood (?), sheathed with iron and finished with bronze trim-
mings. On the front are various heads and busts, as follows: in the lower
row a maenad, ivy-crowned, between two Cupids, one having an ivy- wreath
around his neck and the other a crown of grape clusters on his head; in the
upper row a boar's head between a Diana, characterized by her quiver, and
a maenad, wearing a fawn's skin; above the boar, a lion's (?) head. For
raising the lid there is a handle, formed of two palmettes. The fastenings of
the lid are at the two ends of the chest.

Naples 73021. Pompeii. De Longperier. Revue archeologique, 1868 2. PI. xx and p. 171;
Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, Fig. 1 20. [The boar's head is missing from this reproduction.)

COUCHES

The Romans reclined at dinner upon couches, which were sim-
ilar to their beds. The typical dining-room contained three couches,
each intended to accommodate three persons. The "upper" couch
(lectus summus) had a headboard, the "lower" (lectus imus) a foot-
board. See Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, pp. 263, 367, 368; Ransom, Stud-
ies in Ancient Furniture, p. 32. The three couches of a set would
naturally be of a similar pattern, and in particular the two pairs of
curved end-rests (fulcra) would correspond. The descriptions of
the four following objects have been written on the assumption that
these objects in their original form were dining couches rather than
bedsteads.

19. (24299) Couch

Parts of two or three couches, improperly restored as a single couch with
five legs.

Naples 72985.

20. (24289) Couch

Parts of one or more couches improperly restored as a seat.

Naples in 764. There is probably no warrant for the curving form given in the restoration
to the two long sides.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 103

21. (24282) "Bisellium"

Parts of two or three couches, improperly restored as a seat. The two
fulcra in front end in horses' heads above and have busts of bearded, horned
satyrs on the medallions below. Those at the back end in heads of aquatic birds
above and have masks of Medusa below. The rails are inlaid with copper
and silver in alternating meanders and rosettes.

Naples 72988. Pompeii. Mus. Borb. II, xxxi. i; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 227.

22. (24306) "Bisellium"

Parts of two or three couches improperly restored as a seat. The two ful-
cra in front end above in mules' heads and have busts of bearded, horned satyrs,
ivy-crowned, on the medallions below. Those at the back end above in heads
of aquatic birds and have masks of Medusa on the medallions below. The rails
in front are inlaid with copper and silver in alternating meanders and rosettes.
Each foot has an inlaid garland and rosette, and there are still other inlaid
patterns on the legs.

Naples 72992. Pompeii. Mus. Borb. II, xxxi, 2; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 227. The illustra-
tion shows two satyrs, one of which is now missing.

TABLES AND STANDS

The light tables or stands represented in this collection were used
in Roman houses for supporting vases and other such objects. See
Overbeck, Pompeii, p. 429; Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, p. 369.

23. (24259) Round Table

Three claw-footed legs, resting on a low, three-armed, molded base. They
are ornamented with an elaborate pattern of scrolls, wings, palmettes, etc.,
in the midst of which is an archaistic head of Hercules, bearded and wearing
a lion's skin. They are united by three scrolls attached to an upright, molded
centerpiece. Higher up, the legs take the form of sphinxes, from between
whose wings rise floral stems. The circular top rests on a three-armed sup-
port attached to these stems. The high rim around the tray is adorned with
garlands of leaves and fruits suspended from ox-skulls.

Naples 72995. Perhaps from Herculaneum. Mus. Borb. IX, XIII ; Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii,
Fig. 191. Pernice, Jahrbuch des arch&ologischen Jnstituts, 1908, pp. 107 ff., argues that the round
tray did not originally belong to the tripod.

24. (24281) Round Table

Claw-footed legs rest on a triangular base, consisting of three molded, cylin-
drical supports, connected by crossbars. Near the top each leg takes the form
of the forepart of a hound springing upward from a group of leaves. A three-
armed brace connects the legs.

Naples 78613.

25. (24288) Rectangular Table

Four legs, each ending below in a hoof and having a horse's head near the
top. The legs are connected in such a way that the top can be raised or low-
ered. The frame of the top has inlaid rosettes in front.

Naples 1 1 1047. Pompeii. Not. d. Scavi, 1876, p. 27. According to this record there ap-
pears to have been evidence that the original top was of wood, as in this reproduction.

104 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

26. (24290) Rectangular Table

The four legs are connected in such a way that the top can be raised or
lowered. They end below in claw feet on round, molded bases. Above they
are encircled with acanthus and other leaves, from which emerge young satyrs,
each holding a rabbit under the left arm. The legs, below the acanthus
leaves, are ornamented with elaborate floral patterns, inlaid in silver (?),
while other less elaborate patterns are inlaid on the adjustable connecting
pieces and the frame of the marble top.

Naples 72994. Pompeii. Mus. Borb. XV, vi; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 230, c.

27. (24291) Stand

Four claw feet resting on round, molded bases support a rectangular pedes-
tal, on whose upper surface, at each corner, is an inlaid copper rosette. On
the center of this pedestal is a smaller, round pedestal, on which is a Victory
poised upon a sphere. With her right hand she supports against her shoulder
a trophy (cuirass, helmet, shield and sword, attached to a cross). In her left
hand there may have been a palm branch. On the sphere are a star and a cres-
cent of copper inlay. Behind the Victory is a rectangular pillar, unusually
elongated, but otherwise typical, surmounted by a bearded head representing
Hermes. Above the head the support assumes a vase-like form, upon which
is a four-armed rest.

Naples 72987. Pompeii. Fiorelli, Scavi di Pompeii dal 1861 al 1872, p. 163, No. 140. Ac-
cording to this notice there was a small square of marble on the four-armed rest. The whole
probably formed a stand for some light object, such as a small vase.

28. (24159, 24297) Tripod and Tray

The round tray has a 'flange, which rests upon the tripod, without being at-
tached to it. The tripod is adjustable. The legs are claw-footed and have
leaf and other ornaments, one of which appears to represent the head and part
of the body of a serpent. (?)

Naples 73950? Mus. Borb. V, lx, 4; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 230, b.

29. (24164) Tripod

The tripod is adjustable. The flat legs are claw-footed and have leaf-shaped
terminations above. These must have supported a round tray, like that of No.
28.

Naples 73952-

FOLDING STOOLS

The two folding stools which follow resemble in construction the
curule seat {sella curulis), which was used as a symbol of office by
Roman municipal magistrates, as well as by the higher magistrates
of Rome itself. Perhaps, as is commonly believed, these speci-
mens actually served as sellae curules; but possibly they were for
ordinary domestic use. See Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities, s. v. sella.

30. (24305)TFolding Stool <

The legs end below in the heads of animals, holding in their open mouths
transversely ribbed pieces, which rest upon the floor.
Naples 73153. Mus. Borb. VI, xxvni.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 105

31. (24300) Folding Stool

The legs end below in animals' heads, similar to those of No. 30, but fan-
tastically prolonged into a sort of proboscis, which rests upon the floor.

Naples 73152. Mus. Borb. VI, xxvm. The design of garlands on the modern wooden
frame is said in the text of the Museo Borbonico to be copied from the impression left by the origi-
nal ivory (?) frame.

OTHER FURNITURE

32. " (24162) Chair

Only the bronze portions are antique.
Naples 1 1 1050. Pompeii. Not. d. Scavi, 1876, p. 27.

33. (24284) Bench

The legs are set a good way in from the ends. They curve outward, and
each pair rest on a flat cross-bar.

Naples 73017. From the so-called Stabian Baths of Pompeii (?).

34. (24280) Basin

In the center of the basin are patterns of silver and copper inlay. Around

the edge is an egg-and-dart pattern. The basin rests upon a marble support,

which is decorated with downward-pointing leaves and fruit-stems.

Naples 72990. The statement of Monaco that this basin is from the Temple of Isis at Pompeii
appears to be without foundation. Probably it is from a private house, like the marble basin
shown in Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 236.

LAMPS

Candles of wax and of tallow were familiar to the ancient
Romans, but their use seems to have been confined to the poor.
Lamps, in which olive oil was burned, were in much more general
use. The cheaper ones, which have survived in immense numbers,
are of earthenware, but bronze lamps were not rare. They are
small, and have usually one, two, or three nozzles for wicks. The
aperture for filling the lamp is provided with a removable cover.
If the lamp was to be carried about, it has a handle, often of orna-
mental form. Many lamps are furnished with chains for suspension.

35. (24212, 24308) Lamp

Three nozzles. Handle formed of two curving stems, attached above to
a heart-shaped plate, which is ornamented at top and bottom with palmettes.
On the cover a dancing ( ?) youth, poised on his right foot and looking back-
ward. He is nude, except for a loin-cloth; on his head is a peaked cap; from
his right hand a pick-wick depends by ring and chain. The small pedestal to
which the foot of the statuette is attached is furnished with two projections
corresponding to two slots. Except when the statuette is so turned that the
projections slip through the slots, the lifting of the figure lifts the entire cover.

Naples 722S4. Ant. di Ere. VIII. xxvm; Mus. Borb. IV, lviii; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig.
231, o; Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii. Fig. 196.

106 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

36. (24237) Lamp

One nozzle. The handle resembles two stems, attached below by simple
leaves, drawn together at the middle by a band, and united above to a heart-
shaped member. To the point of this member the cover is attached by a
chain and rings. Towards the front are rosettes, one on each side, connected
by a stem passing underneath the lamp.

Naples 72221.

37. (24239) Lamp

This lamp resembles No. 36 in design, but is smaller and somewhat simpler.
The cover is missing.
Naples 72223.

38. (24257) Lamp

One nozzle. The handle is attached below by a mask of Silenus (?), and
its free upper end is modeled as a lion's head.

Naples 72327. Mus. Borb. VI, xlvii, 3 shows a similar handle.

39. (24213) Suspension Lamp

Three equi-distant arms end in nozzles for wicks. The body of the lamp
is ornamented with a festoon of leaves and ribbons and with three masks.

Naples 72180. Herculaneum. Ant. di Ere. VIII, li; Mus. Borb. VI, xlvii, 1; Overbeck,
Pompeii, Fig. 231, q; Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, Fig. 197.

40. (24255) Suspension Lamp

Two nozzles. On each side the forepart of a bull. Where the body of
the lamp begins to pass into the nozzle at either end there is a sort of stem,
going underneath and terminating above in a flower on each side. On the top
of the lamp are two ducks, their heads bent back to form rings for the suspension
chains. The inscription-plate gives the owner's name as Decius Junius Proculus.

Naples 72166. Pompeii. Mus. Borb. XVI. Frontispiece. The inscription {C. I. L. X.
8071, 41) reads: D • IVNI PROQVLI.

41. (24253) Suspension Lamp

Three nozzles. The body is adorned with a festoon of leaves and ribbons
and three differing masks, — one of them at least a theatric mask. The cover is
in the form of a fluted vase, its bottom perforated to permit the introduction
of oil into the lamp. This cover is so contrived that it cannot be removed
except in one position, which allows two projections to slip through two cor-
responding slots in the mouth of the lamp.

Naples 72181.

42. (24225) Lamp with Folding Handle

There is one nozzle, just behind which there passes under the lamp a sort
of stem, ending in rosettes above. The handle, hinged at the middle, is attached
to the lamp by two heads of aquatic birds.

Naples 72336. Stabiae. Ant. di Ere. VIII, lv. The illustration shows a cover, attached by
a chain to the inner end of the handle. This cover appears to be now missing.

43. (24218, 24023) Night Lamp and Saucer

The egg-shaped body of the lamp is loaded with lead in its lower part to
ensure stability. The cylindrical tube for the wick has a slit on one side to
provide contact with the oil. When the hinged cover was shut down, the flame
was largely concealed. There is a short flat handle. The shallow plate or
saucer, found with the lamp, may have been been used with it.

Naples 72298. Stabiae. Ant. di Ere. VIII, lv.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 107

CANDELABRA

The word candelabrum, originally signifying a candle holder
(cf. Nos. 15, 16), came to be applied to lamp standards, which resem-
bled in construction the candle holders. The essential parts of one of
these lamp standards are: (1) a three-footed base; (2) a shaft;
(3) a disk for a single lamp. Tall candelabra of this type stood
on the floor; short ones, like No. 66, on tables. The name candelabra
is further applied to other lamp holders of elaborate design, such as
Nos. 67-73. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities and
Daremberg et Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquites, s. v. candelabrum;
Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, p. 372.

44. (24241) Candelabrum

The horizontal portion of each leg ends in the head of some feline animal,
which grips in its jaws the claw foot. On the upper surface of the leg is a
leaf with recurved point. Between the legs are double palmettes with female
masks (Medusa?) at the center. The fluted shaft rises from an ornamented
socket or base. The vase-like top is ornamented with various patterns in relief.

Naples 73046.

45. (24238) Candelabrum

This candelabrum resembles No. 44 in structure and in ornamental details,
but is smaller.

Naples 73049. Ant. di Ere. VIII, lxxviii (?)

46. (24236) Candelabrum •
Between the claw-footed legs are open-work palmettes. Acanthus leaves,

starting from the base of the shaft, extend on to the upper surfaces of the
legs. The shaft is fluted. The vase-like top is ornamented with various
patterns in relief.
Naples 73032.

47. (24229) Candelabrum

The three legs have an unusual amount of curvature, and the claw feet
rest on rectangular molded bases. Between the legs are double palmettes.
The shaft, rising from an ornamented socket, is surrounded below by four rows
of leaves, and above these is fluted with alternately deep and shallow channels.
The vase-like top has comparatively little ornamentation.

Naples 73048.

48. (24228) Candelabrum

Between the claw-footed legs are relatively large tragic masks in horizontal
position. The shaft is fluted. The vase-like top is ornamented with patterns
in relief.

Naples 73050.

49. (24244) Candelabrum

Between the claw-footed legs are ornaments, each consisting of the head
of a horned and bearded satyr and of a system of palmettes. The transition

108 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

from legs to shaft is covered by three inverted acanthus leaves. The shaft,
which springs from a group of conventionalized leaves, is fluted with alternately
deep and shallow channels and is surmounted by a fantastic three-cornered
capital, whose angles are formed by the foreparts of winged monsters. Upon
this capital is a vase-like top, ornamented with patterns in relief.
Naples 73045-

50. (24245) Candelabrum

There are long leaf ornaments on the upper surfaces of the claw-footed
legs. The fluted shaft springs from a sort of calyx, and is surmounted by a
modified Ionic capital with diagonally placed volutes. Upon the capital is
a female head, and upon this the lamp-support, its disk edged with bead and
egg-and-dart ornaments.

Naples 73051. Ant: di Ere. VIII, lxxvii.

51. (24247) Candelabrum

The claw feet rest upon open-mouthed frogs. Between the legs are palm-
ettes. The lower part of the shaft is encircled with inverted leaves, three of
which extend on to the upper surfaces of the legs. The main portion of the
shaft is fluted and is surmounted by a bell-shaped capital. Upon this stands
a triple herm, — three male figures, modeled down to the loins and carrying
on their shoulders a he-goat, a calf (?) and a lamb (?). The one with the he-
goat is himself horned and probably represents the god Pan. From the center
of the triple herm rises a short stem, which expands into the lamp-support.
Naples 73°S5-

52. (24232) Candelabrum

The claw feet rest on round, molded pedestals. Between the legs are
leaf-like ornaments bearing palmettes on their upper surfaces. The socket
from which the fluted shaft rises is ornamented with tongue patterns. The
capital is bud-shaped, with heads of aquatic birds emerging from between the
sepals. Two rows of leaves encircle the base of the top. The disk for the
lamp is scalloped.

Naples 73042.

53. (24256) Candelabrum

The three legs imitate human right legs. Above them is a circular plate,
bearing on its center a molded base, from which rises the plain rectangular
shaft surmounted by two terminal busts. These seem to have each a pair of
small wings and may be intended for Cupid and Psyche. The smaller adjustable
shaft bears a vase-like top.

Naples 113417. Pompeii. Not.d. Scavi, 1880, p. 152.

54. (24230) Candelabrum

Feet and shaft are formed by three serpents twisted together. From
between their heads rises the vase-like top.
Naples 1 097 1 5.

55. (24233) Candelabrum

Legs and shaft imitate a reed-like plant, which divides above into three
branches, supporting the disk.

Naples 72172 (?) Ant. di Ere. VIII, lxxii (?).

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 109

56. (24242) Candelabrum

The three feet are connected by means of recurved leaves, volutes and
palmettes to the corners of a base, whose three sides are bordered with leaf-and-
dart patterns and whose edges bear bead patterns. The transition from base
to shaft is effected by three inverted palmette leaves. The fluted shaft is
apparently conceived as made up of separate rods, held together at one point
by a sort of ferule. From the shaft rises the vase-like top, decorated with
leaves.

Naples 73023.

57. (24231) Candelabrum

Above the three claw feet is a plate-like member, elaborately ornamented
with concentric patterns on its upper surface and its edges. From a socket on
the center of the plate rises the fluted shaft. Above the shaft transitional
members lead to the vase-like top, all profusely decorated with floral and other
patterns, even on the upper surface where the lamp rested.

Naples 73087. Mus. Borb. I. xi.

58. (24246) Candelabrum

Above the three claw feet is a 'plate-like member, decorated with a laurel
wreath and other patterns. From a socket on the center of the plate rises the
fluted shaft. Above the shaft transitional members lead to the vase-like top,
all profusely decorated with leaf and other patterns.

Naples 73090.

59. (24234) Candelabrum

Above the three claw feet is a plate-like member, decorated with various
concentric patterns. From a socket on the center of the plate rises the fluted
shaft. Above the shaft transitional members lead to the vase-like top, all
profusely decorated with floral and other patterns.

Naples 73091.

60. (24248) Candelabrum and Lamp

The three feet, which imitate no natural form, are constructed as if hinged at
the middle. Above them is a plain disk, convex on its upper face. From the
center of this, without any ornamental socket, rises the fluted shaft. Above
the shaft is a simple, unornamented top. Furthermore, this candelabrum car-
ries a lateral lamp-rest, which can be slid up and down the shaft and held in
place by a pin. On this rest is a single-wick lamp, with ring handle and with
bead pattern around the upper surface.

Naples 73151. Mus. Borb. XVI, Frontispiece.

61. (24249) Candelabrum

The comparatively inartistic feet do not imitate any natural form. Above
them is a circular plate, bearing on its center a molded base, from which rises
the plain rectangular shaft. Two terminal bearded heads surmount the
shaft, one with ram's horns and ivy wreath representing Ammon, the other with
broad head-band, probably Dionysus. The smaller adjustable shaft bears a top
in the form of a vase (crater), with handles of twisted wire.

Naples 73095. Ant. di Ere. VIII, lxx.

no Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

62. (24252) Candelabrum

The three legs in their lower parts imitate dolphins with small shells in their
mouths. Between the legs are scallop shells, partially joined to one another
and, above, to the central member. On this is a molded base, from which rises
the plain rectangular shaft, surmounted by two terminal female busts. One
of these has on a Phrygian cap, the other the skin of an elephant's head (?).
The smaller, adjustable shaft bears a vase-like top.

Naples 113424. Pompeii. Not. d. Scavi, 1883, p. 136.

63. (24251) Candelabrum

Cloven-footed legs, on whose horizontal parts are recurved leaves; between
them, broad, flat shells. From a molded base rises the rectangular shaft, sur-
mounted by two terminal heads representing Hercules and Omphale, the latter
having her head covered with a lion's skin. The smaller, adjustable shaft bears
a vase-like top.

Naples 1 20261. Pompeii. Not. d. Scavi, 1890, p. 221.

64. (24243) Candelabrum

The legs end in cloven hoofs. The horizontal portion of each leg is covered
by two long narrow leaves, the end of the one below rolled into a scroll, that of
the one above recurved. Heads of marine monsters project from the central
member and rest upon the legs. Between the legs are broad, flat shells. From
a molded base rises the rectangular shaft, surmounted by two terminal busts
representing a satyr and an ivy-crowned maenad. The smaller adjustable
shaft bears a vase-like top.

Naples 111228.

65. (24254) Candelabrum

The legs resemble those of No. 60. Above them is a circular plate, from
which rises the hollow cylindrical shaft, encircled at the top by four bands. The
smaller adjustable shaft bears a vase-like top.

Naples 72197.

66. (24235) Candelabrum

This specimen resembles No. 55, but on a much reduced scale.

Naples 72115.

67. (24223) Candelabrum

A Silenus is seated upon a rock and somewhat turned to the left. With
his left hand he grips the neck of a partially filled wine-skin, which hangs over
his left arm. The top of his head is bald; his hairy body is nude, except for
a single garment carelessly draped. Behind him is a twisted stalk, bearing
acanthus leaves at intervals and dividing into two branches, which support
each a lamp-rest.

Naples 72206. Mus. Borb. IV, lix, i; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 233, d.

68. (24222) Candelabrum

The three-stepped, rectangular pedestal is supported by claw feet resting
on low round bases. On the pedestal stands a drunken Silenus. He has thick-
soled shoes on his stumpy feet and a loose garment hanging from his shoulders.
To his back is attached a cluster of leaves, from which spring two diverging
branches carrying each a lamp-rest. In the crotch of the branches is perched
a parrot.

Naples 72199. Herculaneum. Ant. di Ere. VIII, lxiv; Mus. Borb. VII, xxx.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. hi

69. (24216) Candelabrum

Four claw feet are attached by volutes and palmettes to the rectangular
pedestal. At the front is a rectangular recess, with a semicircular projection
within the recess. On the back part of the main pedestal is a small square
pedestal, from which rises a fluted column, ending in a vase-like top. This
bears three arms, from each of which is suspended a lamp. Two of these are
single-wick lamps, closely similar in design, with handles ending above in
horses' heads. The third has two nozzles, has a lion's head on each side, and
rings, formed of birds' heads and necks, for the suspension chains. On the main
pedestal, in front of the column, is an octagonal altar with a pointed object on
top intended to represent flame. The vertical faces of the main pedestal, of
the lower part of the altar, and of the column pedestal are enriched with
palmette-and-lotus patterns and other patterns in relief.

Naples 72195. Mus. Borb. VIII, PL xxxi.

70. (24217) Candelabrum

Four claw feet resting on round, molded bases. Square pedestal, from
the center of which rises an Ionic column, the fantastic capital having a female
mask on each of its two principal faces. From the abacus of the capital spring
four scroll-shaped supports, each carrying a suspended lamp. Two of the
lamps (one of them accompanied by a 'pick- wick) are of similar design, each
having a curved handle ending above in a horse's head. One (with missing
cover) has a plain tablet, presumably intended for the owner's name (cf. No. 40).

Naples 72191. Ant. di Ere. VIII, PI. lxvii. The illustration shows only two lamps, which
are not identical with any two of the present four.

71. (24226) Candelabrum

Four claw feet connected by acanthus leaves to the rectangular, molded
pedestal. On the back part of the pedestal is a realistic tree-trunk, dividing
at the top into four branches. These, with a smaller, lateral branch, carry five
suspension lamps of varying designs. One of these has lions' heads and bird's
neck rings like one of No. 69. The lateral branch appears to have been
designed to carry two lamps, one of which is missing.

Naples 72231. Ant. di Ere. VIII, lxv; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 233, c; Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii,
Fig. 202.

72. (24227) Candelabrum

Four claw feet resting on round, molded bases are attached by volutes and
palmettes to a rectangular pedestal having a semicircular recess in front. The
moldings of the pedestal are ornamented with leaf-and-dart, egg and bead
patterns. On the upper surface of the pedestal near the edges, are vine
branches, the stems inlaid in copper, the leaves inlaid in silver, and the tendrils
and grapes engraved. On one side of the pedestal is a statuette of a she-
panther, on which rides a young Bacchus, nude, ivy-crowned and holding up a
drinking-horn in his right hand. On the other side is a rectangular altar, on
which are sticks laid cross-wise and burning. From the back part of the pedes-
tal rises a square pillar. Near the top of this, in front, is a female mask; at
the back an ox-skull. On each side of the nondescript capital is a flower in
relief, and on the top an upstanding, flower-like ornament. Four ornamental
curving arms diverge diagonally from the capital, each carrying a double-wick
suspension lamp. One of these has on each side an elephant's head and is
overarched by two dolphins, heads downward; another has above, near each

ii2 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

side, an eagle grasping a thunderbolt; another has on each side the forepart
of a bull; and the fourth is nearly plain.

Naples 73000. Pompeii. Mus. Borb. II. xm; Overbeck, Pompeii, Tig. 233, e; Mau-Kelsey,
Pompeii, Fig. 201.

73. (24219) Candelabrum

Four claw feet resting on round, molded bases. Square, molded pedestal,
having at the corners of its upper surface palmette patterns, inlaid in silver.
Near the back a smaller, cylindrical pedestal, from which rises a tree-like
support. This bears three branches, from each of which is suspended a single-
wick lamp. One is in the form of a snail shell, with the snail protruding; the
second, somewhat smaller, is in the form of a snail shell,; the third has a
crescent-shaped handle, with ring below.

Naples 72226. Pompeii. Ant. di Ere. VIII, lxvi; Mus. Borb. XVI, xxi. Inasmuch
as the illustrations cited do not show the third lamp, this must have been subsequently added in
the Museum of Naples.

CENSER

The following object, often classed with the candelabra, is evidently
better adapted for burning incense, the cup-like top serving to hold
charcoal.

74. (24240) Censer

Three-sided base with claw feet. On each side of the base a double palmette
ornament. The base is finished off above with Ionic volutes. The shaft has
at intervals projecting rings and disks, after the fashion of a wooden shaft
turned on a lathe. The cup-like top is in the form of a lotus flower.

Naples 72193. Blumner, Kunstgewerbe im Altertum, II, Fig. 39. As the illustration shows,
the Naples Museum has a pair of these objects as closely alike as possible.

LAMP-RESTS

These low lamp-rests were set upon tables. Each has a circular
top and seems to have been designed for a special lamp (Pernice, in
the Anzeiger of the Jahrbuch des archaologischen Instituts, 1900, pp.
181-2). Each is supported on three claw feet. The first seven of the
nine following specimens are essentially similar, consisting of disk,
legs, and depending ornaments between the legs.

75. (24081) Lamp-rest
Open-work ornaments between the legs.
Naples 72249. Mus. Borb. VI, xxx, i.

76. (24067) Lamp-rest
Open-work ornaments between the legs.

Naples 72246 (?). ^

77. (24084) Lamp-rest
Open-work ornaments between the legs.
Naples 72282 (?).

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 113

78. (24082) Lamp-rest
Palmettes between the legs.
Naples 72324.

79. (24073) Lamp-rest
Acanthus leaves between the legs.
Naples 1 1 0988.

80. (24009) Lamp-rest

Broad, notched leaves (acanthus ?) between the legs.
Naples 72270.

81. (24075) Lamp-rest

Palmettes and open scrolls between the legs.
Naples 72379 (?)•

82. (24076) Lamp-rest

No ornaments between the legs.
Naples 72373 (?)•

83. (24072) Lamp-rest

The lamp-disk, edged with egg ornament, is joined by a central stem to a
lower disk. Each of the claw-footed supports has the form above of the fore part
of a winged lion.

Naples 72387.

LANTERNS

A Roman lantern consists of a small oil lamp set in the middle of
a cylindrical frame, originally enclosed with some transparent sub-
stance, such as mica or horn. There is a perforated cover, which
could be lifted so as to get at the lamp. A handle for carrying is
connected by chains to the two upright pieces of the frame. Smith,
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, s. v. lanterna; Overbeck,
Pompeii, p. 448; Pernice, Jahrbuch des archdologischen Instituts,
Anzeiger, 1900, pp. 192-194.

84. (24214) Lantern

The lamp is provided with an extinguisher, which has a long tubular outlet
bent over at the top for convenience in handling.

Naples 72067. Herculaneum. Ant. di Ere. VIII, lvi; Mus. Borb. V, xn; Overbeck.
Pompeii, Fig. 246. The original has on the cover an inscription (C. I. L. X, 8071, 55): TIBVRTI-
GATIS, giving the name of the owner as Tiburtius Gates.

85. (24215) Lantern

Naples 72066.

86. (24224) Lantern

There is an extinguisher similar to that of No. 84.
Naples 72084.

87. (24221) Lantern

A pickwick is attached to the bottom, where it can hardly belong.
Naples 7207s.

ii4 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

BRAZIERS

The brazier, or open pan for burning charcoal, was the usual — in
Pompeii almost the only — means of furnishing artificial heat to the
living-rooms of Roman houses. Even for bathing establishments
there was no more efficient system until the invention, early in the
first century B. C, of the suspensura or hollow floor for the circulation
of hot air.

88. (24287) Large Rectangular Brazier

At the front corners the claw-footed legs are modeled above in the form of
busts of sphinxes emerging from clusters of leaves, while the legs at the back are
rectangular, but also claw- footed. The frame is battlemented, with open-work
palmettes at the corners. The heifer on the front of the frame stands for
Vaccula, the donor's cognomen. The fire-bed is missing.

Naples 73005. From the so-called Stabian Baths at Pompeii. The inscription (C. /. L. X,
8071, 48) is to be read: M. Nigidius Vaccula p(ecunia) s(ua) ; " Marcus Nigidius Vaccula (presented
this brazier) from his private means." The closely similar brazier presented by the same Vaccula
to the Baths near the Forum of Pompeii is figured in Mus. Borb. II, liv.

89. (24286) Rectangular Brazier

The feet are straight and plain. At .each end of the frame is a swinging
handle, its ends modeled as heads of aquatic birds. The ornamental openings
in the rim are of battlement form. The fire-bed is missing.

Naples 72984.

90. (24292) Rectangular Brazier

The claw feet rest on round, molded bases. On one long side of the frame is
a pattern of copper and silver inlay, — two scrolls of conventionalized vegetable
stems and flowers springing from a central clump of acanthus leaves. On the
other long side is a design, also of copper and silver inlay, consisting of a repeated
pattern of scrolls, palmettes and rosettes. On each of the short sides are two
ivy sprays of copper inlay. At the corners are upstanding palmettes. The
fire-bed is missing.

Naples 72989. Mus. Borb. V, xxvn, 2.

91. (24293) Rectangular Brazier

The claw feet, resting on round, molded bases, take above the form of lions'
heads, attached by recurved wings to the frame. The frame has a leaf-and-
dart pattern below and egg and bead patterns above. On each of the long sides
are three heads, a maenad ( ?) between two satyrs. On each of the ends are
two lions' heads. The rim of the frame is battlemented. The fire-bed is
missing.

Naples 72991. Mus. Borb. VI, xlv, 2, 3.

92. (24263) Rectangular Brazier

The four claw feet rest on round, molded bases. At each end of the frame
is a swinging handle. On each of the two longer sides~~are two comic masks and
between them a relief of a lion killing a bull. The rim is battlemented. The
fire-bed is of cement in an iron pan.

Naples 73014. Mus. Borb. II, xlvi, 2.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 115

93. (24261) Round Brazier

The three claw feet are finished off above with volutes and palmettes. On
the frame are a leaf-and-dart pattern below and an egg pattern higher up. The
fire-bed is of cement.

Naples 73010. Mus. Borb. V, xiv. 3.

94. (24295) Round Brazier

There are three claw feet, whose attachments are in the form of leaves and
palmettes. Around the lower part of the frame, on a Lesbian cyma, is a leaf-
and-flower pattern, with a bead pattern below it. Above on a convex ring is an
egg pattern with a bead pattern above it. The frame is finished off at the top
with rounded battlements. The fire-bed is missing.

Naples 7301 1. Mus. Borb. VI, xlv. i.

94a. (24260) Round Brazier

There are three claw feet, resting on round, molded pedestals and termi-
nating above in horned satyrs' heads between volutes. On the broad, flat band
of the frame, directly above the feet, are three tragic masks. Midway between
each two of these is a lion's head, carrying a swinging handle in its jaws, while
six disks are set between the lions' heads and the masks. The fire-bed is of
cement.

Naples 73009.

WATER-HEATERS

Hot water was sometimes used at a Roman dinner for mixing
with wine. The utensils for meeting this and perhaps some other
requirements are portable, and are generally provided with handles
The fuel was charcoal. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman
Antiquities, s. vv. authepsa, caldarium; Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, pp.
376-7-

95. (24187) Water-heater

The globular, twelve-lobed vessel is supported on three feet, which have the
form of lions' legs and paws, resting on low, molded pedestals. Within the
receptacle for water is a cylindrical fire-chamber, provided at the bottom with
a perforated pan for supporting the charcoal. There is a tall, fluted, hinged
cover, the raising of which gave the necessary draft for the fire-chamber. A
loose inner cover, shaped like a flat ring, fits over the boiler, but leaves the fire-
chamber open. This inner cover could be secured by means of two projecting
pins attached to the under surface and having handles above. (See the draw-
ing in the Museo Borbonico.) Water could be poured in at the top, or through
the vase-like attachment on one side. On the side of the vessel opposite to
this vase there was a faucet, now missing, and behind the faucet an upright tube
serving as a vent. The handles are of the volute type. Their fiat backs are
decorated with inlaid laurel (?) sprays; their margins with bead and leaf-and-
dart patterns. On the upper surface of the vessel, outside the conical cover,

n6 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

are bead and palmette-and-lotus patterns; on the lip, bead and leaf-and-dart

patterns. The vent tube is masked by three acanthus leaves. There are

palmettes where the legs join the body.

Naples 73880. Mus. Borb. Ill, lxiii; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 240; Mau-Keisey, Pompeit,
Fig. 206.

96. (24189) Water-heater

This heater has the form of an amphora supported by a tripod-ring. The
ring is ornamented with egg-ahd-dart. The feet have the form above of sirens
with outspread wings, and below of lions' paws resting on low molded pedestals.
The heater consists of a boiler and within this a fire-chamber having a round
opening in the side of the amphora for the introduction of charcoal and the
escape of fumes. The boiler was filled and emptied from the top, which is
covered with a hinged lid.

Naples 78673. Mus. Borb. XVI, Frontispiece; Guhl und Koner, Leben der Griechen und
Romer6, Fig. 917.

97. (24185) Water-heater

This heater resembles in form a small cask, resting on a ring supported by
three claw feet. The fire-chamber is cylindrical, and extends from bottom to
top of the boiler. The hinged lid covers only the receptacle for water, leaving
the fire-chamber open above for the necessary draft. The heated water was
drawn off through a faucet in the form of a human head, with a handle terminating
in a dog's head and surmounted by a Cupid bestriding a dolphin. The vase-
like attachment near the top communicates with the boiler by a small tube
serving as a vent; water could also be introduced through this tube. The heater
could be carried by means of a ring and three chains, each of whose attachments
represents a swan and, clasped by the swan's legs, a female mask (Venus?).
Around the lip of the vessel are a bead pattern and a flat egg pattern. The
cover was lifted by an upright handle somewhat resembling a vase.

Naples 1 1 1048.

98. (24182) Water-heater

This heater resembles the last in all important particulars of shape and
construction, but is smaller. The faucet is in the form of a lion's head; the
handle is missing The attachments for the chains are in the form of female
masks. The handle of the lid represents a dolphin.

Naples 73884.

99. (24179) Water-heater

This heater consists of a cylinder, supported on three claw feet, and a
removable vessel which fits into the cylinder above and fills the upper half of it.
The grating is missing. The handle for the door is in the form of the head of an
aquatic bird. The cylinder is provided with a bail, whose ends rudely imitate
birds' heads. There may have been originally a loose cover for the water- vessel.

Naples 73882. Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 237.

100. (24194) Large Water-heater

Three claw feet, resting on high molded pedestals and passing above into
leaves and volutes. The heater consists of a domical fire-chamber, and, around
and above this, a receptacle for water. In the original the two comic masks at
the back are said to have afforded the necessary draft, and the one above the
door to have communicated with the boiler, so as to permit the drawing off of

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 117

the heated water. The handle of the door in the form of a he-goat's head.
Two fixed lateral handles, consisting of fluted bars, bent upward, surmounted
by rosettes, and having attachments in the form of hands. Above, on a slightly
projecting rim, two pairs of naked wrestlers, their heads meeting. On the
hinged lid a handle in the form of a small boy holding a lyre and bestriding a
dolphin. Numerous bands of ornament; on the lid, tongue pattern and a
pattern of loops; on the upper part of the receptacle, egg pattern, leaf-and-
flower, and egg pattern again; at the base of the cylinder, bead pattern and a
leaf pattern; above the door, a short band of rosettes.

Naples 73018. Guhl und Koner, Leben der Griechen und Romer6, Fig. 92s.

101. (24307) Water-heater

This heater is of exceptionally complex construction. The fire must have
been made on the circular, concave plate, which forms an extension of the rec-
tangular iron pan. Partly surrounding the fire-space is a hollow jacket, which
communicates with a barrel-shaped receptacle. This has a hinged lid. Water
was poured in at the top of the "barrel" and was drawn off by a faucet in the
form of a man's head attached to the jacket. Near the top of the " barrel" is a
vent-hole ( ?) covered by a comic mask. The three claw-footed swans on the
top of the jacket may have served to support a dish which was to be kept hot.
The purpose of the rectangular pan is not clear. There are four feet, which
have the form of swans, passing below into lions' paws; these rest on low,
molded pedestals. There are five swinging handles. Evidently the object
could not have been carried by one person. At the top of the lid is a handle in
the form of a male bust (Mercury?). The attachment of the hinge to the lid
is a female mask. On the rim of the "barrel" are bead and egg patterns.

Naples 72986. Stabiae. Mus. Borb. V, xliv; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 239.

102. (24193) Small Water-heater

Considerable parts of this heater are missing, viz., the feet, the chains and
ring by which it was carried and most of the exterior wall of the boiler. The
heater is cylindrical, with a cylindrical fire-chamber. Water was apparently
introduced through the larger hole above, which may have been closed by a
plug, the smaller being left open for a vent. There may have been a faucet for
drawing off the heated water.

Naples 73883.

103. ( 4 qo) Small Water-heater (?)

This object consists of a small cylinder, supported on three claw feet and a
removable vessel which almost fills the cylinder. There is no grating or other
contrivance for securing a draft. The door is missing. There is a bail, whose
ends remotely suggest birds' heads, and whose attachments are in the form of
human masks.

Naples 73881.

104. (24285) Water-heater and Brazier

This has the form of a square, battlemented fortress, with a tower at each
corner. Each tower is covered by a hinged lid, on raising which water could be
poured into the hollow frame. There is a faucet on one side for drawing off
the heated water. There are four swinging handles, two on each of two opposite
sides. The fire-pan is of iron.

Naples 72983. Mus. Borb. II. xlvi, i; Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, Fig. 208.

n8 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

COOKING-STOVE

The Pompeian kitchen had regularly a hearth of masonry, on
which the cooking was done. (Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, pp. 266-7).
However, the present object is evidence that small, portable hearths
or open stoves were also in use for the same purpose. The fuel
used was charcoal.

105. (26145) Cooking-stove

Low, iron frame supporting a hearth of cement. Four movable cross-bars
for broiling. At one end two round frames to hold cooking vessels.
Naples 121321.

PAILS

Of the pails here represented some, as No. 106, may have been
intended for ornament rather than use. When the single bail is pro-
vided with a ring for a cord or chain, the pail may have been used
for dipping water from a cistern or for heating water over a fire.

106. (24278) Pail

Several bands of ornament in relief, with some silver incrustation, around
the upper part of the vessel. The broadest band consists of scrolls of con-
ventionalized leaves, interrupted by a long-necked bird, a griffin devouring a
bullock, the long-necked bird again, and a grazing stag. Above this band a
guilloche between two borders, each consisting of a bead pattern between two
rope patterns obliquely grooved in opposite directions. Below the band of
scrolls an egg pattern between two bead patterns. The projection at the bot-
tom of the vessel is encircled by a guilloche. The three feet have the form of
lion-headed griffins passing below into lions' paws, the transition being masked
by leaves; under the paws are low, round pedestals. Two bails, each orna-
mented with a guilloche. The attachments of the bails are ornamented with
rosettes, between each pair of which is a mask of Bacchus ( ?). On the inner side
of each bail is an incised inscription, signifying that the vessel was the property
of Cornelia Chelido.

Naples 68854. Mus. Borb. Ill, xiv; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 247. On the authority of De
Petra the inscriptions are given in C.I.L., X, 8071, 38 in the form: CORNELAS • CHELDON1 .
The owner was apparently a Greek woman, since Chelido is a Greek name (ytXldcav, a swallow).

107. (24272) Pail

Around the upper part of the vessel several bands of ornament in relief.
The broadest band consists of scrolls of conventionalized leaves and flowers
separated by animals, viz., two pairs of bulls drinking from basins and two
leaping stags. Above this band is a guilloche between two triple borders, like
those of No. 106, and above this group an egg pattern followed by a bead pattern.
Below the band of scrolls is another triple border, as above, followed by a leaf
pattern, a bead pattern and three plain bands. There are two bails, each
ornamented with a guilloche. The attachments of the" bails are ornamented
with rosettes, between which are upstanding palmettes. Three projections
from the bottom of the vessel serve as feet.

Naples 68866. Mus. Borb. XI, xliv.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 119

108. (24264) Pail

Around the upper part of the vessel several bands of ornament in relief.
The broadest band consists of zig-zag pattern and rosettes. Above this is a
guilloche between two triple borders like those of No. 106. Below the broad
band is another triple border as above. The bails and their attachments with
the upstanding palmettes, closely resemble those of No. 107. There are three
plain feet.

Naples 111751.

109. (24271) Pail

The vessel without ornament. The single bail ends in heads of aquatic
birds. The attachments take the form of a female head, flanked by stags'
heads. There are three plain feet.

Naples 68861. Mus. Borb. IV, xn, 4-

110. (24275) Pail

On the rim a bead ornament and a guilloche. The attachments of the single
bail are three-pointed below, and are ornamented with guilloches and leaves.
Naples 68857.

111. (24269) Pail

The vessel without ornament. There is a single bail, whose attachments
end in snakes' heads. The three claw feet take the form above of monsters,
horned and winged, but otherwise human.

Naples 68867.

112. (24273) Pail

Except for the molded foot the vessel is without ornament. The single
bail has a suspension ring flanked by heads of aquatic birds, and ends in similar
heads. The attachments end below in palmettes.

Naples 68873. Mus. Borb. VI, xxxi, 3.

113. (24014) Pail

The vessel without ornament. The single bail has a suspension ring
and ends in heads of aquatic birds. The attachments are in the form of female
masks, flanked by deer's heads.

Naples 68860.

114. (24276) Pail

The vessel without ornament. The single bail has a suspension ring and
ends in heads of aquatic birds.
Naples 68856.

115. (24274) Pail

The vessel without ornament except two grooves on the rim. The single
bail has a suspension ring and ends in heads of aquatic birds. Attachments
three-pointed below.

Naples 68855.

CRATERS OR MIXING VESSELS

As the Romans, like the Greeks, were in the habit of mixing water
with their wine before serving, wide-mouthed vessels were required
in which the mixture could be made. Such vessels were called craters

120 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

(xpar^peq, craterae). The Greek metal crater often had a separate
stand, which in Roman specimens is often united into one piece with
the vessel, so that the distinction of crater and stand is only theoretical.
Two of the forms here represented are of Greek origin; viz., the
"crater with volute handles" {British Museum Catalogue of Vases,
Vol. Ill, p. 15, fig. 11) and the "calyx crater" (ib. p. 14, fig. 9). See
Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, s. v. crater.

115a. (24268) Pail

The vessel without ornament. The single bail has a suspension ring and
ends in heads of aquatic birds. Attachments in the form of a palmette bearing
a female mask and flanked by animals' heads.

Naples 68859.

116. (24086) Volute-handled Crater and Stand

The circular plate which forms the top of the stand is ornamented on its
convex edge with godroons. The vase itself is without ornament. The lower
attachments of the volute handles end in heads of aquatic birds.

Naples 73143-

117. (24040) Calyx Crater and Stand

Around the lip bead and egg patterns. Below these, on the Lesbian cyma,
a pattern of leaves and lotuses — a modification of the Greek leaf-and-dart.
The lower part of the vessel is godrooned. Above this is a modification of the
Greek palmette-and-lotus pattern, the palmette being replaced by a nondescript
flower. Each of the two handles is ornamented with a simple scroll of leaves
and flowers, and has at each attachment a pair of leaves and a bearded mask
(Silenus ?). On the foot a modification of the leaf-and-dart similar to that above.
The uppermost member of the stand is edged with a floral scroll. Farther
down another and different variation of the leaf-and-dart, flutings, and modi-
fied leaf-and-dart again. Square base with four feet, each having the form
above of a winged Silenus and passing below into a lion's paw.

Naples 73103. Pompeii. Mus. Borb. II, xxxn; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 248; Mau-Kelsey,
Pompeii, Fig. 205. Probably intended for ornament rather than use. The original has some silver
inlay in the ornaments.

118. (24064) Calyx Crater and Stand

Both crater and stand are without ornamental patterns. The attachments
of the handles bear winged, female heads, probably representing Medusa, with
knotted snakes ( ?) below the neck. The base is square. The claw feet, resting
on molded pedestals, are attached to the base by sphinxes, each split in two to
fit the corner.

Naples 73099.

119. (24065) Calyx Crater and Stand

The lip of the vessel has bead and egg patterns. The lower part is godrooned.
The attachments of the fluted handles bear masks of Silenus. The stand con-
sists of a square base without the additional member present in the previous
examples. The attachments of the claw feet have palmette ornaments.

Naples 73098.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 121

120. (24042) Calyx Crater and Stand

Neither vessel nor stand is ornamented. The attachments of the handles
bear masks of Medusa. The square base has claw feet.
Naples 73104.

121. (24041) Calyx Crater and Stand

The traditional Greek calyx crater is here modified as regards the form of
the handles. These are meaninglessly coiled, and are attached to the lip as
as well as to the lower part of the vessel. At the upper attachments are groups
of three acanthus leaves. The lower attachments bear ornaments of leaves.
Between the attachments on each side is a mask of a marine goddess. The
plain stand has a square base with claw feet.

Naples 109697. Guhl and Koner, Leben der Griechen und Romer6, Fig. 918. A crater from
Bosco Reale, now in Berlin (Jahrb. des arch. Instituts, Anzeiger, 1900, p. 182, Fig. 8) closely resembles
the present one except as regards the handles, which in the former specimen have the traditional
form. For the mask of a marine goddess, by some called a marine Medusa, see Engelmann,
Archdologische Zeitung, 1884, p. 27; Brit. Mus. Catalogue of Bronzes, No. 974.

122. (24066) Crater and Stand

The bowl has an approximately semi-elliptical profile. Around it, near
the top, run several bands of ornament, The broadest band consists of a series
of lozenges and oval figures, each oval bearing an identical pattern. Above and
below this band come bead pattern and a guilloche. The two handles are
placed near the top of the vessel. Each consists of two statuettes of barbarians,
probably Germans, in combat. They have long hair and beards, are naked
to the waist, wear tight-fitting trousers, and are barefoot. Around the neck
they wear a collar or necklace. Their weapons are short swords or daggers,
which they are apparently in the act of drawing from the scabbards. On
their extended left arms are long, narrow shields. The two combatants stand
on a ledge whose attachment is ornamented on its face with two shields, similar
to those above, and with two crossed spears, and ends below in an ox-skull.
On the foot of the crater and again on the stand are ornaments of lozenges and
ovals similar to the one above. The lowest member of the stand is circular.
The three claw feet rest on molded pedestals.

Naples 73146. Mus. Borb. VIII, xv, 1. One of the handles in Reinach, Repertoire de la
statuaire, II, p. 198, 6.

The three following wide-mouthed vessels may possibly have
served as craters.

123. (24267) Vessel without Handles

Encircling the upper part of the vessel are a guilloche and a modification
of the Greek leaf-and-dart, both edged with fine bead patterns. These bands
are interrupted, on opposite sides, by elaborate patterns, each consisting of
twisted stems, leaves and flowers, and a palmette. Three plain feet.

Naples 73 1 1 7. Mus. Borb. VI, xxxi, 5.

124. (24270) Vessel without Handles

Around the upper part of the vessel are several bands of ornament closely
resembling those of No. 108.

Naples 73 1 1 6. Mus. Borb. I, xxxvn, 3.

122 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

125. (24265) Vessel without Handles

Around the upper part of the vessel are several bands of ornament closely
resembling those of Nos. 108 and 124, the chief difference being in the guilloche.
Naples 109699.

AMPHORAS

An amphora is a jar with two vertical handles on opposite sides
of the neck. Such jars were commonly used for the storage of wine
and other products. The three large amphoras, Nos. 126-128, are of
the same type, having each an extra pair of vertical handles attached
to the lower part of the body. Nos. 129-134, tall and slender and
without ornament except on the handles, are of a type represented
by numerous specimens in Naples and elsewhere. Nos. 135-137 are
less slender. 138-140 have globular bodies and wide mouths.

126. (24085) Four-handled Amphora

No ornament on the vessel except two raised bands near the top. Below
the lower attachment of one of the upper handles is a mask of a female satyr,
crowned with ivy leaves and berries. The corresponding mask is missing
from the other side.

Naples 73113. Mus. Borb. VII, xxxi, 1, 4, 5.

127. (24102) Four-handled Amphora

In size, shape, and handles this vessel resembles the preceding. Below the
lower attachment of each of the upper handles is a mask of a female satyr,
crowned with leaves, fruits, and flowers of the grape(?).

Naples 73112.

128. (24022) Four-handled Amphora

On the Lesbian cyma of the foot is a leaf-and-flower pattern. Each of the
upper handles has on the back a spray of laurel leaves and berries; the upper
attachment ends in two goats' heads, the lower in a bust of Apollo, with a
swan below. The lower handles terminate above and below in birds' heads.

Naples 73145. For the upper handles cf No. 186.

129. (24207) Amphora

The back of each handle is divided by a vertical groove and decorated
with leaf ornaments. The lower attachment represents a mask of Pan or a
bearded satyr with pointed ears and long horns.

Naples 69632. A closely similar'amphora (Naples 69630) in Mus. Borb. V, xxvm, 3 ; Schreiber
Alexandrinische Toreutik, No. 128.

130. (24208) Amphora

Each handle is fluted vertically and has leaf ornaments above and below.
The lower attachment has small volutes above and a small palmette below;
between these a stork(?) with a snake in its bill, the bird being shown from
beneath and somewhat distorted to adapt it to its purpose.

Naples 69629.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 123

131. (24195) Amphora

Each handle ends below in the forepart of a dog-like marine monster, devour-
ing what may be intended for a frog. The idea of a marine monster is still
further carried out on the back of the handle, and the upper termination takes
the form of a fishy tail.

Naples 69628 (?).

132. (24209) Amphora

The lower attachment of each handle is leaf-shaped and bears a relief
resembling those of No. 131; but the simple ornamentation of the rest of the
handle has no marine suggestions.

Naples 69627 (?). Mus. Borb. VII, xxxi, 2, 6.

133. (24211) Amphora

The rounded handles have a little vegetable ornament just above the leaf-
shaped lower attachments.
Naples 69622.

134. (24210) Amphora

The rounded handles are without ornament.
Naples 69626.

135. (24200) Amphora

On the lip egg pattern. Each handle transversely banded above and below.
Volutes effect the transition to the circular lower attachment, which bears a
relief of a naked boy playing with a dog.

Naples 69635 (?).

136. (24204) Amphora

The flat back of each handle bears a herring-bone pattern. The lower
attachment is in the form of a comic mask between small volutes.
Naples 69636.

137. (24203) Amphora

The vase has three broad, low feet. The handles have simple leaf orna-
ments and end in palmettes below.
Naples 69634 (?).

138. (24083) Amphora

Each handle is decorated in relief with a satyr's head, Pan's pipes, a horn,
a herdsman's staff (lagobolon), a cylindrical box (cista), and upon its lower
attachment with a sphinx, pressing her left paw against her forehead.

Naples 69468. One of a pair. Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreutik, No. 122.

139. (24074) Amphora

Each handle is decorated with a female face in profile and a low, cylindrical
box (cista). On the lower attachment is a bust of Cybele, wearing a crown of
towers and holding in her right hand a horn of plenty and in her left a
tambourine.

Naples 69471. Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreutik, No. 123.

140. (24206) Amphora

Each handle is decorated with a spray of leaves and upon its lower attach-
ment with an ivy-crowned female bust (masnad?), wearing an animal's skin
fastened on her right shoulder.

Naples 109705. Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreutik, No. 124.

124 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

141. (24100) Amphora

No ornament on the vessel, except four incised lines encircling it near the
top. The handles, attached to shoulder and neck, are twisted in imitation of
ropes. Their lower attachments are in the form of bearded masks.

Naples 731 1 1.

142. (24059) Small Amphora

The vase is encircled by a guilloche, with silver globules. On the lower
attachment of each handle is a running Cupid holding some indistinct object
(cornucopia?). The notched ends of a broad ribbon are seen before and
behind him.

Naples 69644.

143. (24043) Small Pear-shaped Amphora
Both vessel and handles are without ornament.
Naples. 1 1 1502.

EWERS
The following vessels, each with a round mouth and a single
upright handle, were probably used for holding and pouring water.
Nos. 144 — 149 are of substantially the same shape; their handles also
are of the same general form, are attached at the rim with bird's-
head attachments, and have each a thumb-rest and a transverse
band. Nos. 150-158 are of varying shapes.

144. (24201) Ewer

On the back of the handle a scroll of leaves and flowers with edging of
bead pattern. The transverse band, apparently of copper, consists of two
rows of small leaves set base to base, with an astragal between them. Thumb-
rest in the form of a recurved leaf. The lower attachment bears a mask of a
marine goddess, with a notched growth on her cheeks, sea-monsters in her
hair, and similar monsters under her chin.

Naples 69493. One of a pair. Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreutik, No. 77, calls the mask
that of Triton. In the reproduction it appears to be female. For this see note to No. iai.

145. (24197) Ewer

On the back of the handle is a spray of leaves and flowers. Thumb-rest in
the form of a frog. The ends of the upper attachment of the handle have only
a rude resemblance to birds' heads. On the lower attachment is a mask of a
marine goddess, with sea-monsters in her hair.

Naples 69491. Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreutik, No. 74. For the marine goddess see note
to No. iai.

146. (24205) Ewer

On the back of the handle leaf ornaments. Thumb-rest in the form of
a frog.

Naples 69531 (?).

147. (24199) Ewer

On the back of the handle a leaf ornament. Thumb-rest in the form of a
recurved leaf. The lower attachment has a female bust.
Naples 69490. Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreutik, No. 90.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 125

148. (24202) Ewer

On the back of the handle a festoon, a satyr's head to left and below it
another head to right. Thumb-rest in the form of a thumb. On the lower
attachment a draped, youthful bust between volutes, with palmette below.

Naples 69494. One of a pair. Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreuiik, No. 91.

149. (24198) Ewer

On the back of the handle, between edgings of bead pattern, a festoon, a
female head to left, a basket of fruit, and a satyr's head to right, with Pan's
pipes behind him. Thumb-rest in the form of a head in a Phrygian cap. The
lower attachment bears a bust of the young Hercules wearing a wreath on his
head and a lion's skin on his body, two of the paws being tied over his right
shoulder. Below is a palmette.

Naples 109701. One of a pair. Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreutik. No. 86.

150. (24051) Ewer

Upper attachments of the handle in the form of birds' heads. Thumb-
rest in the form of a thumb. On the lower attachment, above a palmette
ornament, a mask of a female satyr, with short horns.
Naples 69412 (?).

151. (24053) Ewer

Thumb-rest in the form of a palmette. On the back of the handle various
objects, which seem to be partly inlaid in copper: a garland, a basket of fruit( ?),
an altar (?), and a herdsman's staff (lagobolon). The lower attachment repre-
sents the mask of a female satyr, ivy-crowned, with a small palmette below.

Naples 69452. Stabiffi.

152. (24004) Ewer

Thumb-rest in the form of a thumb. On the back of the handle leaves,
transverse bands, and a spray of leaves with edgings of bead pattern. On the
lower attachment a satyresque mask.

Naples 73449- Mus. Borb. I, xxxvi, 4; Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreutik, No. 119.

153. (24021) Ewer

Low thumb-rest. Upper attachments of handle in the form of birds'
heads. The lower attachment, in the form of a large corrugated leaf, bears a
satyresque mask. The vessel rests on three low feet, whose attachments are
in the form of palmettes.

Naples 69413. Mus. Borb. V, xxvm, 1 and a; Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreutik, No. 140.

154. (24057) Ewer

On the lip of the pear-shaped vessel an egg pattern. The flat handle is
ornamented on the back with palmettes and lotuses; the upper attachment,
which is placed on the neck of the vessel, ends in birds' heads; the lower attach-
ment has the form of a female mask, slightly satyresque in appearance, with-
volutes at the sides and a small palmette below. At the top of the handle is a
rest in the form of a thumb.

Naples 6941 1.

155. (24055) Ewer

The handle of the pear-shaped vessel has the form of a standing female
figure of archaistic style, holding in her left hand a small pail and in her up-

126 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

raised right hand an end of the drapery which is drawn over her head; the
upper attachment is as in the last preceding number; the lower has the form
of a satyresque female face, with ivy berries in her hair, loose cloths ( ?) hanging
at the sides, and a palmette below. The head of the figure serves as a thumb-
rest.

Naples 109704.

156. (24045) Ewer

The vessel is pear-shaped. The flat handle is undecorated; its upper
attachment is as in the two preceding numbers; the lower is in the form of a
satyresque face.

Naples 69408.

157. (24020) Ewer

Large, pear-shaped vessel resting on three low, broad feet, each having,
within a framework formed by a bead pattern above and a scroll at right and left,
a crouching sphinx in low open-work relief. On the lip of the vessel bead,
cord, and egg-and-dart patterns. Handle in the form of a hermaphrodite,
resting his right hand on his head and holding up his drapery with his left
hand. He has a chain about his neck and shoes on his feet. Wings, which
do not ordinarily belong to a hermaphrodite in Greek and Roman art, are
added to serve as attachments for the handle. Under the hermaphrodite's
feet is a pedestal and below that the lower attachment, representing a bust of
Cupid clasping a duck to his breast. At the back of the hermaphrodite, between
his wings, is a female bust on a smaller scale, facing in the opposite direction.

Naples 73115. Mus. Borb. VIII, xv, 2.

158. (24061) Ewer

The upper attachment of the handle ends in birds' heads. The lower
attachment is in the form of a large disk with a projection below, representing
in part two birds' heads and necks. On the disk is a relief representing the
god Bacchus, holding in his right hand a drinking-cup (cantharus) upside down
above a leaping panther and resting his left arm about the neck of a satyr, who
carries a thyrsus. At the top of the handle is a projection, modeled as a finger
and extending nearly to the middle of the mouth of the vessel.

Naples 69430. Mus. Borb. VII, xm, 2. An example of this not very common type of vessel
from Bosco Reale is in this museum; another, also from Bosco Reale, is in Berlin: Jahrbuch des
archaologischen Inslituts, Anzeiger, 1900, p. 189.

SMALL PITCHERS AND THE LIKE

These small one-handled vessels were probably used for various
purposes in the kitchen and the dining-room. Some may have been
for wine, others for water, others for oil. Thus, the small necks and
narrow, trough-like spouts of Nos. 168-174 suggest that they were
intended to hold oil (Overbeck, Pompeii, p. 446). For the sake of
distinction Nos. 175-180, characterized by round mouths, are called
"jugs" in this catalogue. Nos. 181-185, here called "pouch-shaped
pitchers," have a form suggested by that of a skin bottle. On these
see Pernice, Jahrb. des arch. Instituts, Anzeiger, 1900, p. 185.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 127

159. (24013) Pitcher with Trefoil Mouth

On the lip, bead and egg pattern; on the shoulder, horizontal rings. The
ribbed handle has a lion's head above and a female mask between volutes below.
Naples 69019.

160. (24070) Pitcher with Trefoil Mouth

This pitcher is an almost exact duplicate of the preceding, except that the
lip is without ornament.
Naples 110582.

161. (24002) Pitcher with Trefoil Mouth

The vessel without ornament. The ribbed handle ends in a blunt thumb-
rest above and in a palmette below.
Naples 69039.

162. (24018) Pitcher with Trefoil Mouth

The vessel is closely similar to the last. The handle is also similar, but
with somewhat different attachments above and a mask of Silenus in place of a
palmette below.

Naples 69040. Mus. Borb. XIII, xliii, 3.

163. (24080) Pitcher with Trefoil Mouth

The vessel without ornament. The upper attachment of the handle ends
in paws, while the lower bears a mask, perhaps intended for a female satyr. At
the top of the handle is a child's head in high relief; further down a double band
and a spray of leaves.

Naples 69056 (?).

164. (24019) Pitcher with Trefoil Mouth

The vessel without ornament. The high handle has near the top a bird's
head, projecting downwards, and above this a recurved thumb-rest; on the
flat part are bead ornaments, and on the lower attachment an acanthus leaf
between small volutes.

Naples 69044.

165. (24011) Pitcher with Trefoil Mouth

No ornament on the vessel. The thumb-rest and upper attachments of the
handle appear to be suggested by the forepart of a frog, emerging from between
two leaves. On the back of the "frog" a conventionalized flower.

Naples 69043.

166. (24003) Pitcher with Trefoil Mouth

Around the body of the vessel, just below the shoulder, is an incised ivy
wreath. The handle, roundish in section and fluted, is ornamented with an
inlaid herring-bone pattern; The handle ends above in a female head and
below in a Silenus head between volutes.

Inv. 69048.

167. (24071) Pitcher with Trefoil Mouth

The vessel without ornament. The handle has a leaf-shaped thumb-rest
above and a female mask below.
Naples 69041.

128 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

168. (24012) Pitcher with Simple Spout

Semi-ellipsoidal body; tall neck. Upper attachment in the form of the
forepart of a hippocamp, whose fish-like body and tail are continued in low
relief on the back of the handle. The lower attachment has a mask of Medusa,
with wings in her hair and serpents knotted under her chin.

Naples 69081.

169. (24006) Pitcher with Simple Spout

Semi-ellipsoidal body; tall neck Upper attachment of handle in the
form of the forepart of a hippocamp, whose fish-like body and tail are continued,
though only after an interval, in low relief on the back of the handle. The lower
attachment has a mask of a marine goddess, with heads of dolphins in her hair;
below her chin is a palmette.

Naples 69082. For the marine goddess, see note to No. 121.

170. (24005) Pitcher with Simple Spout

Semi-ellipsoidal body; tall neck. Upper attachment of handle in the
form of the forepart of a lion. On the back of the handle a scroll of leaves.
Lower attachment in the form of a female mask.

Naples 69077. Mus. Borb. X, xxxn, 1.

171. (24078) Pitcher with Simple Spout

The handle has the form of a nude young satyr resting his fists on the semi-
circular upper attachment. The lower attachment shows a female mask on a
palmette.

Naples 69142.

172. (24068) Pitcher with Simple Spout

The middle part of the handle takes the form of the head and body of a
satyr holding a hare, the satyr's head serving as a thumb-rest. The lower
attachment shows a satyresque mask with long hair and pointed ears, and
with the face and paws of a panther's ( ?) skin below.

Naples 691 41.

173. (24049) Large Pitcher with Simple Spout

Globular body. The handle takes the form of a nude, ivy-crowned Silenus,
holding a drinking cup in his right hand and a wine-skin over his left shoulder.
The circular lower attachment has some indistinct objects in relief.

Naples (?).

174. (24063) Small Pitcher with Simple Spout

Plain vessel. The handle has a leaf-shaped thumb-rest above and a pal-
mette below.

Naples 691 1 7 (?).

175. (24089) Jug

The body is covered with a diaper pattern having rosettes and other similar
ornaments in intaglio. On the neck, floral sprays in relief. The coarsely exe-
cuted handle has bead patterns, a recurved thumb-rest above and a thumb-nail ( ?)
below; the upper attachment has palmette and floral patterns, while the lower
attachment is in palmette form.

Naples 11829s.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 129

176. (24079) Jug

The upper attachment of the handle in the form of two birds' heads. Be-
tween these' a diademed female head, serving as a thumb-rest. On the back
of the handle a spray of leaves, flowers and fruit. On the lower attachment
the mask of an ivy-crowned female satyr.

Naples 69317. Mus. Borb, XIII, xliii, a.

177. (24069) Jug

Recurved thumb-rest. Lower attachment of handle in the form of a comic
mask.

Naples 69307.

178. (24017) Jug

A cover, attached by a chain to the handle, fits just inside the circular rim
of the vessel. The handle has a recurved, leaf-like thumb-rest above, and a
palmette below.

Naples 69322.

179. (24077) Jug

Expansive body and small neck. The spool-shaped contrivance on the
handle, just above the lip of the vessel, was probably the hinge of a cover, now
missing. Thumb-rest at the highest part of the handle.

Naples 68936 (?).

180. (24015) Jug

The vessel is ornamented with incised horizontal rings, arranged in pairs.
Attached by a chain to the handle is a cover, which fits over the circular mouth
of the vessel. The flat, ribbed handle bends at an acute angle at the top and has
two arm-like projections attached to the neck of the vessel and a three-pointed
lower attachment. At the top of the handle is a human head.

Naples 68937.

181. (24048) Pouch-shaped Pitcher

On the lip are bead and egg patterns. The upper attachment of the handle
takes the form of a figure of Scylla, ending in acanthus leaves below the waist
and with dogs springing from her sides. On the curved back of the handle is
a long leaf. The lower attachment is in the form of a mask (maenad?), ivy-
crowned, with volutes at the sides and a palmette below.

Naples 691 71.

182. (24056) Pouch-shaped Pitcher

On the lip, bead and egg patterns; on the body, a guilloche, connecting
with the two ridges which run downward from the handle. On the highest
part of the handle is a parrot, serving as a thumb-rest. Lower down are two
projections in the form of bent strips of metal. The lower attachment has
a relief representing Cupid riding on a dolphin.

Naples 69168.

183. (24054) Pouch-shaped Pitcher

On the lip, bead and egg patterns. The upper attachment of the handle
ends in birds' heads; the lower has the form of a g**p«-leaf with volutes —
evidently a variation on the traditional palmette. On the back of the handle
are leaves bound together' by a ribbon.

Naples 69163.

130 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

184. (24044) Pouch-shaped Pitcher

On the flat part of the handle are leaves, and a double band about the
middle. The lower attachment resembles that of No. 183.
Naples 69167 (?).

185. (24060) Pouch-shaped Pitcher

On the lip, bead and egg patterns. The upper attachment of the handle ends
in two birds' heads; the lower has the form of a comic theatrical mask between
volutes. There is a leaf-shaped thumb-rest at the top of the handle and the
flat part of the handle is ornamented.

Naples 69165.

HANDLES OF VESSELS

186. (24168) Handle of Vessel

The lower attachment bears in relief a bust of the god Apollo with cithara
and plectrum. Below him is a swan with oustpread wings and head bent down.
On the handle is a spray of laurel with leaves and berries. At the top are
acanthus leaves with recurved ends. From between the acanthus leaves
emerges the upper part of a cithara, flanked on the left by a bow and on the
right by a quiver. The upper attachments end in heads of animals.

Naples 72637. Waldstein and Shoobridge, Herculaneum, PI. 43, at the left; Schreiber .
Alexandrinische Toreutik, No. 145; cf. No. 128 of this catalogue.

187. (24165) Handle of Vessel

The handle represents Atys, standing with crossed feet. The right arm
is broken off. The left arm is bent across the body and the loose garment is
drawn in by the left arm and left hand. The garment is buttoned over the
legs and secured by a brooch at the neck, but is otherwise open. The feet are
encased in shoes. On the head is a Phrygian cap. The lower attachment of
the handle is in the form of a bearded mask, with a band confining the long
hair (Dionysus?).

Naples 72592. Waldstein and Shoobridge, Herculaneum, PI. 43, in the middle.

BASINS

188. (24099) Basin

The bowl has a base ring. On the rim, bead and egg patterns. In the center,
a medallion representing a young man and a woman standing by a trophy.
The trophy, which occupies the middle of the field, is equipped with cuirass
and greaves and apparently with some drapery; at the foot of the trophy are
a helmet and two shields. The young man stands on the right, with a chlamys ( ?)
hanging on his left arm and holding in his right hand a club-like object, the
lower end of which touches the aforesaid helmet. The woman on the left,
her drapery wound about the lower part of her figure, has her right hand raised
to the cuirass of the trophy. Around the medallion is a bead pattern, followed
by a nondescript band. The fixed handles have snake-like attachments.

Naples 73613. ^

189. (24096) Basin

The bowl has a base ring. On the lip, delicately executed bead and egg
patterns. In the center, on a medallion, is a relief representing two winged
boys under a tree. The two fixed handles are ornamented at the middle with

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 131

knotted ribbons; farther down are acanthus leaves and other vegetable orna-
ments.

Naples 73S3S. Mus. Borb. VI, lxiii, 2, 3.

190. (24092) Basin

The plain bowl has a base-ring. The fixed handles have three horizontal
bands, edged with bead patterns and separated by grooves. At each end of the
handles, above the rim, is an object imitating the head of a large nail. From
the attachments spring crested snakes, their heads resting on the rim of the
basin.

Naples 73953-

191. (24094) Basin

The bowl has a base-ring. The handles are coiled, and are fixed to the
bowl by long pointed attachments, ornamented with floral scrolls.
Naples 73s 1 1. Mus. Borb. VI, lxii, i.

192. (24090) Basin

The bowl has a molded base. In the center of the bowl is a mask of Medusa
in relief. The fixed, vertical handles are ornamented on the back with scrolls
and palmettes. At the middle of each upper attachment, facing inward, is a
winged female figure (Victory ?) holding up her drapery with each hand. The
lower attachment shows a satyr's mask between two long leaves.

Naples 73508. Mus. Borb. IV, xxvm, 1-4.

193. (24001) Basin

Three supports in the form of lions' legs and paws resting on low, molded
pedestals.

Naples 73515-

194. (24007) Basin

Three claw feet, with pedestals beneath them. Two lateral, swinging
handles. In the center of the basin, on a medallion, is a relief representing a
marine monster swallowing some similar creature, with the head and neck of
a third monster below.

Naples 73516.

195. (24010) Basin

Wide, shallow bowl without a foot. Two plain, lateral, fixed handles.
On the edge of the bowl, bead and egg patterns. In the center, surrounded by
bead and leaf patterns, a circular relief. A helmeted male figure faces to left,
supporting his left foot on a rock and resting his left elbow on his left thigh.
His one garment is thrown off; it passes around his left arm and falls on the
further side of his left leg. At his right side is his shield, resting on the ground.
His lance and sheathed sword must be thought of as grasped by his invisible
right hand. Facing him is a female figure seated on a rock. She wears a tunic
and mantle and holds some indistinct object (libation-bowl ?) on her knees.

Naples 73505. Mus. Borb. IV, xxvm, 5, 6. The Guida illustrate* del Museo Nazionale di
Napoli calls the two figures of the relief Mars and Venus.

196. (24016) Basin

The bowl rests on a base-ring. There are two lateral, fixed handles, each of
whose attachments represents the mask of a bearded satyr having horns and
pointed ears and crowned with ivy leaves and berries.

Naples 7354°.

132 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

OVAL BOWLS

Nos. 197-200, though of widely varying size, are of the same
type. The shape is oval, one end being more pointed than the
other. Around the edge is a flange, broader at the rounded end than
at the other and apparently intended for tilting the dish. On each
side is a hinged handle. Nos. 201, 202 are similar in shape to the pre-
ceding, but have a single, rigid handle, attached at the broader end
and the two sides of the dish. These bowls were probably for holding
some article of food, which was to be poured out from the end.

197. (24035) Oval Bowl

On the attachment of each handle are two reclining figures of nude boys,
probably young satyrs, with one hand on the head and the other grasping the
neck of a wine-skin. Between the two boys is an ape-like face, surmounted by
a floral knob.

Naples 109822.

198. (24027) Oval Bowl

The attachments of the handles end in dogs' heads. The vessel has three
feet in the form of spiral shells.
Naples 68763.

199. 200. (24033, 24034) Two Oval Bowls

These two dishes were evidently intended to form a pair, though one is
slightly larger than the other. The attachments of the handles, with a palmette
ornament in the middle, are identical.

Naples 68757, 68756.

201. (24062) Oval Bowl

Handle in the form of two stems with lanceolate leaves. At the top is a
parrot, serving as a thumb-rest. The lower attachment takes the form of a
female mask.

Naples 68797.

202. (24058) Oval Bowl

Handle in the form of two ivy-stems with leaves and berries. At the top,
a parrot, serving as a thumb-rest. At the lower attachment, a female mask.
Naples 68795.

FRUIT DISHES (?)

Dishes of the type of Nos. 203-205, fluted in imitation of a shell,
exist in considerable numbers both in silver and in bronze. They
have been commonly called pastry molds, but have been more plaus-
ibly explained as fruit dishes. (Pernice, Jahrb. des arch. Instituts,
Anzeiger, 1900, p. 186.) No. 206 may be classed with them.

203. (24031) Fruit Dish (?)

In the center is a mask of Medusa in relief. There are two swinging handles.
Naples 76299. Mus. Borb. VI, xliv, i, 2; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 241, s; Mau-Kelsey,
Pompeii, Fig. 204, s.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 133

204. (24039) Fruit Dish (?)
No handles.

Naples 76275.

205. (24298) Fruit Dish (?)

The curving handle ends above in a griffin's head.
Naples 76303.

206. (24028) Fruit Dish (?)

The bowl is fluted symmetrically. The three claw feet have palmette
ornaments above and rest on low, molded pedestals.
Naples 74000. Mus. Borb. V, xiv, i.

STRAINERS

Strainers were used in cooking and also for straining wine and
other liquids. The perforations were often arranged in. artistic
patterns. Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, s. v.
colum; Overbeck, Pompeii, p. 445 ; Bliimner, Kunstgewerbe im
Altertum II, pp. 104 ff.

207. (24188) Strainer

This strainer is bowl-shaped, with two lateral fixed handles. The perfora-
tions form in the center a rosette, around this a guilloche, and above this a
band of scrolls.

Naples 77608. Mus. Borb. II, lx.

208. (24192) Strainer

This strainer is bowl-shaped. If there were handles, they are now missing.
In the center is a relief representing a seated female figure (Venus ?), apparently
about to chastise a hovering Cupid, whose right wrist she grasps with her left
hand, while in her raised right hand she holds something which looks like a
doubled cord (sandal?). The perforations are arranged in concentric rings.
On the upper margin of the bowl, on the outside, is an egg pattern.

Naples 77609.

209. (24180) Strainer

This strainer has the form of a deep bowl, with a long, flat handle of one
piece with the bowl. The perforations form a central rosette and two sur-
rounding bands of leaves, with a pair of concentric rings between each two
patterns and at the top.

Naples 77610.

210. (24186) Cooking Utensil

This object has the form of a deep bowl with a short, flat handle of one
piece with the bowl. Near the end of the handle is a hole for suspension. In
the bowl, under the handle, is an irregular group of perforations.

Naples 73230.

SAUCEPANS

Shallow pans, such as Nos. 211-216, were used for cooking and
probably sometimes also for serving. Deeper vessels, such as Nos.

134 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

217-219, may have been used chiefly for heating water. Pernice,
Jahrb. des arch. Instituts, Anzeiger, 1900, pp. 191, 192.

211. (24036) Saucepan

In the center a mask (Medusa?), encircled by a gilt band. On the outside
an incised rectilinear pattern ending above in a series of points. The fluted
handle ends in a ram's head.

Naples 73455- As the mouth of Medusa is slightly open, this dish could hardly have been used
for cooking or serving anything liquid.

212. (24026) Saucepan

In the center a rosette, encircled by a pattern of tendrils and leaves, a bead
pattern and a guilloche ( ?) between bead patterns. On the edge a bead pattern.
The handle, flat above and rounded below, ends in a he-goat's head. On the
flat part of the handle is a vegetable pattern, and on the attachment another.

Naples 73440- v

213. (24032) Saucepan

The bowl is molded, but otherwise plain. The fluted handle ends in a head
of the young Hercules in a lion's skin, the paws tied under his neck. On the
attachment of the handle are two masks.

Naples 73438.

214. (24030) Saucepan

In the center a raised medallion, on which is a relief of a kneeling warrior
wearing a chiton ( ?) and armed with cuirass, helmet, shield and dagger.
Around the medallion concentric bands of ornament — egg, palmette-and-
lotus, herring-bone, and a sort of leaf pattern, the margins of the leaves appear-
ing in relief on the inside and in intaglio on the outside. On the lip, bead and
egg patterns. The handle is composed of two conventionalized plant stems,
banded together at the middle, with a mask (Medusa?) at the inner end; the
attachments have the form of dolphins, each with a spirally grooved object in
its mouth.

Naples 73439. Mus. Borb. VII, lxiii. Schreiber, Alexandrinische Toreutik, No. 25, interprets
the spirally grooved object as water issuing from the dolphin's mouth.

215. (24037) Saucepan

The bowl is plain, except for a molded band on the inside near the top-
The handle is composed of two conventionalized plant stems, the attachments
ending in birds' heads.

Naples 73456.

216. (24029) Saucepan

The bowl is molded, but otherwise plain. The handle is composed of two
snakes, twisted and knotted together. On the handle, at the inner end, is a
kneeling child, perhaps a young satyr. The attachment of the handle is a
rudely modeled lion's head.

Naples 73427.

217. (24184) Saucepan

The bowl has a base-ring. The slightly ornamented handle was apparent-
ly made separately and soldered on.
Naples 73387-

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 135

218. (24191) Saucepan

The short, flat handle, of one piece with the bowl, has a hole for suspension
near the end. Incised ornamental rings encircle the bowl horizontally.
Naples 73254-

219. (24183) Saucepan

This resembles No. 218 in all respects, but is slightly smaller.
Naples 73385. On the handle is an inscription (C. J. L. X, 8071, 28c): L- ANSI- EPHA-
PRODITI (sic), showing that the maker's name was Lucius Ansius Epaphroditus.

KETTLES

The four following vessels are cooking pots of similar shape, but
varying size. Each has a cover attached by a chain to the bail. The
first two have no base; the third has a flat bottom; the fourth,
a base-ring. All four, when in use for cooking, must have been set
on low trivets over a charcoal fire.

220. (24178) Large Kettle

The cover, which rises from circumference to center in a succession of steps,
fits inside the mouth of the kettle.
Naples 74766.

221. (24171) Kettle

The cover is similar to that of the preceding number, but flatter.
Naples 74806 (?). Mus. Borb. V, lviii, 6; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 241 a; Mau-Kelsey,
Pompeii, Fig. 204 a.

222. (24173) Kettle

The rings in which the bail plays are attached by rivets to a sort of collar
encircling the neck of the pot. The cover fits over the mouth.
Naples 74775 (?). Mus. Borb. V, lviii, 4.

223. (24172) Kettle

The bail ends in rudely modeled birds' heads. Its attachments and the
cover resemble those of the preceding number.
Naples 74813.

MOLDS

The three following utensils are evidently molds, in which some
article of food, such as pastry, was shaped. They imitate a pig, a
dressed hare, and a ham.

224. (24175) Mold

Naples 76352.

225. (24170) Mold

Naples 76355-

226. (24174) Mold

Naples 76354 (?)■

136 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

OTHER KITCHEN UTENSILS

227. (24024) Frying Pan

The round pan is provided with a spout. The broad, flat handle, of one
piece with the pan, has a suspension-hole at the end.

Naples 76371. Mus. Borb. V, lviii, 9; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 241 p; Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii,
Fig. 204 p.

228. (24038) Frying Pan

The oblong pan has a spout near the middle of one side. The slender handle,
made separately and attached, has a suspension-hole at the end.

Naples 76602. Mus. Borb. V, lviii, 8; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 241 o; Mau-Kelsey, Pom-
peii, Fig. 204 o.

229. (24177) Baking Pan (?)

The circular' pan has twenty- nine hemispherical depressions. There is an
encircling flange, but no handles.

Naples 76543. Mus. Borb. V, i,ix, 1; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig, 241 t; Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii,
Fig. 204 t. This pan has been commonly said to have been intended for cooking eggs. The
explanation of it as a baking pan for small cakes is due to Professor Mau.

230. (24181) Dipper

Each end of the long handle takes the form of a bird's head. The part of
the handle intended to be grasped by the hand is flat, with concave edges;
the rest is cylindrical. The bird's head next to the bowl holds in its bill a stout
wire, which is loosely fastened around the neck of the bowl, the two ends being
interlocked.

Naples 73832. Pompeii. Mus. Borb. XII, lix. A similar dipper, also said to be from Pom-
peii, is in Berlin: Friederichs, Kleinere Kunst und Industrie, No. 588. Two handles belonging to
such dippers were found at Priene: Wiegand and Schrader, Priene, Fig. 493. A similar dipper
from Nocera has a simpler handle: BulleUino archeologico napolitano. N. S. V. PI. iii.

MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES, CHIEFLY DOMESTIC

231. (24196) Jar

Plain, pear-shaped vessel, with small neck and round mouth. No handles.
Naples 69539.

232. (24087) Jar

Tall, plain vessel, supported on a foot. No handles.
Naples 111737.

233. (24294) Cylindrical Vessel

The plain vessel has a rounded bottom and at the top a projecting flange.
Naples 109714.

234. (24008) Oval Basin or Tray

The tray rests on a base-ring. There are two lateral fixed handles, on the
leaf-shaped attachments of which are reclining satyrs, -each putting one hand
to his head.

Naples 68781.

235. (24135) Small Oval Dish

Naples 76380.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 137

236. (24050) Ointment Vessel (?)

The small, globular vessel is of the shape used by athletes for the oil with
which they rubbed themselves. The cover, attached by a chain, rests loosely
on the top of the vessel.

Naples 69925 (?). For a Roman athlete's oil-flask see Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 251, Mau-Kelsey.
Pompeii, Fig. 209.

237. (24052) Ointment Vessel (?)

The small vessel has the form of a slender jar, without handles.
Naples 69911 (?).

Objects of the class represented by the following number are
commonly explained as used for burning incense.

238. (24134) Small Shovel

The handle is decorated with a palmette and with other vegetable orna-
ments. There are four small knobs on the under side of the shovel, one near
■each corner.

Naples 76623.

Roman spoons for table use are of two principal types. One,
the ligula, resembles the modern teaspoon; the other, the coclear, is
smaller, with round bowl and straight, pointed handle. The pointed
•end of the coclear was used in picking snails from their shells, while
the bowl was used for eating eggs. Spoons of this type may of course
have served other purposes.

239. (241 16) Spoon {coclear)

Naples 1 10088.

Several small gongs with clappers have been found at Pompeii.
It is supposed that these gongs were fastened on or near the street-
doors of houses and answered the purpose of modern door-bells.

240. (24133) Gong

The supporting frame is modern.

Naples 78622. Guhl und Koner, Leben der Griechen and Romer6, Fig. 933.

Objects of the class represented by the following number exist
in considerable numbers in the Naples Museum. They may
have served as seats.

241. (MIZZ) Cylindrical Seat (?)

The object is supported on three simple feet. The exterior of the cylinder
is encircled by horizontal raised bands and incised lines. There are two lateral,
swinging handles. The top is slightly concave, with a boss at the center.

Naples 68814.

138 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

Nos. 242, 243 and other similar objects are labeled "altars" in
the Naples Museum. Overbeck, Pompeii, pp. 425, 426, explains
them as seats — a purpose for which they seem too small and weak.
The horizontal pieces which connect the legs have open-work deco-
ration, more elaborate at the ends than at the front and back. The
top is concave.

242. (24161) Stool-shaped Object

The open-work decoration at each end, immediately under the top, con-
sists of conventionalized vegetable scrolls, with a mask of Jupiter Ammon in
the middle.

Naples 109506.

243. (24166) Stool-shaped Object

The open-work decoration at each end, immediately under the top, has in
the middle a pendent palmette.

Naples (?). Mus. Borb. IV, xxvn, 9, 10; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 226.

244. (24169) Dry Measure

The plain, cylindrical vessel has two lateral, fixed handles. Within is a
central upright rod, supporting a three-armed brace.

Naples 74601. A similar, but smaller, measure from Herculaneum in the Naples Museum
(No. 74600) bears the inscription (C /. L. X, 8067, 4) :

D- D- P- P
HERC
i. e., D(ecreto) d(ecurionum) p(ecunia) p(ublica) Herc(ulanenses) , showing that the measure was an
officially certified standard.

BALANCE AND WEIGHTS

The equal-armed balance is the earliest contrivance for weighing.
The example here shown is small and of the simplest construction,
being without a tongue to indicate the exact equivalence of the weight
in one scale with the article in the other. Some of the weights bear
witness that much larger balances were also in use. Smith, Dictionary
of Greek and Roman Antiquities, s. v. libra; Baumeister, Denkmaler ,
s. v. Wage.

~Ae ,24136 241^0 v ^ TTT

245. ( — *- ,) Balance and Weights

2 2, 3

The pans are bowl-shaped; the chains missing.

Naples 116438. Pompeii. Not. d. Scavi, 1887, pp. 413, 414. The original series of weights
consists of seven pieces, five square and two round. The square weights bear each a Greek letter,
standing for the numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, 10. Of the round weights one has a single dot inlaid in silver,
while the other has two such dots. As this balance was found associated with surgical instru-
ments, it was probably used for weighing drugs.

(p 246-251. (24126, 24132, 24137, 24139, 24151, 24153) Six Weights
Each weight represents a reclining goat on a rectangular pedestal.

Naples 74308-74313, Pompeii. Fiorelli, Scavi di Pompeii dal 186 1 al 1872, p. 90. Fiorelh
suggests that these weights were used in selling goat's milk (?). On the ends of the pedestals are

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 139

the inscriptions (C. I, L. X, 8067, 14): PI, P II. PHI, P IIII, P V, P X, signifying that the
weights are 1. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 lbs. respectively. The two-pound weight has also the inscription :
P- STALLI- FELIC, giving the name of the maker (?) as Publius Stallius Felix. [In the series
of facsimiles in Chicago the two-pound weight is omitted and the five-pound weight duplicated.]

7 252-255. (24123-24125, 24127) Four Weights

One weight, which is in the form of a sow, is hollow, having originally been
filled with lead. Two others represent knuckle-bones. The fourth may
represent a cheese; its handle is in the form of two thumbs.

Naples 74390-74393. On one side of the sow are the letters (C. I. L. X, 8067, 88): P C
(i. e. pondera centum), signifying that the weight is 100 lbs.

STEELYARDS AND THE LIKE

The steelyard, a less ancient instrument than the equal-armed
balance, was in common use among the Romans. It regularly
consists of (1) a graduated beam or yard; (2) a hanging weight,
which may be moved along the beam; (3) a suspension hook, or
commonly two alternative hooks on opposite sides of the beam; and
(4) a pan, attached by four chains to the end of the beam, or in place
of the pan, a hook or hooks, for supporting the article to be weighed.
Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, s. v. statera (with
incorrect explanation of the two suspension-hooks and double grad-
uation) ; Baumeister, Denkmdler, s. v. Wage; Overbeck, Pompeii,
pp. 447, 448.

N. B. In these reproductions the weights are sometimes too
light or too heavy.

256. (24131) Steelyard

Weight in the form of the bust of a warrior, wearing cuirass and helmet.
On the cuirass a mask of Medusa. On each side of the crested helmet a bull
in relief.

When suspended as at present this steelyard can weigh up to twelve pounds,
the numbers 1-5 and 10 being indicated by the regular signs (I, II, III, IIII,
V, X) and the remaining numbers by single marks, with S (i. e., semis, y£) at
the half-way points. When suspended by the other hook it can weigh from
ten to forty pounds, the regular signs, (X, XX, XXX, XXXX) being used for
ten and its multiples, and the half-way points marked by a V.

Naples 74056. Stabiae. Mus. Borb. I, lv, i. On the flat part of the beam is an inscription
(C. / L. X, 8067. 3). as follows:

IMP- VESP- AVG- ITX-

T- IMP- AVG- F- VT- CoS

EX ACTA- IN- CAPITO
Imp(eratore) Vesp(asiano) Aug(usto) II X T(ito) imp(eratore) Aug(usti) f(ilio) VI co(n)s(ulibus),
exacta in Capito(lio). This signifies that in the year 77 A. D. this steelyard was tested by com-
parison with standard weights preserved on the Capitoline hill at Rome.

257. (24128) Steelyard

Weight in the form of the bust of a boy.

When suspended as at present, this steelyard can weigh up to fourteen

140 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

pounds, the signs being, I, II, III, IIII, V, VI, VII, VIII, Villi, X, I, II, III,
IIII, with S, the sign for %, at the half-way points. When suspended by the
other hook, it can weigh from thirteen to fifty pounds, the signs reading XIII,

V, XX, V, XXX, V, XXXX, V.

Naples 74039. Herculaneum. On the flat part of the beam is an inscription (C. /. L. X,
8067, 2), as follows:

TI- CLAUD CAES //// VITEL-
III- COS- EX ACTA AD- ARTIC-
CVRA- AEDIL

Ti(berio) Claud(,io) Caes(are) ViteKJio) III co{n)s(ulibus), exacta ad Artic(uleiana),

cura aedil(ium). The Articuleiana were standard weights deposited in Rome in the year 47 A. D.
by the aediles, Articuleius and his colleague. The present steelyard had been tested by com-
parison with these weights.

258. (24138) Steelyard

Weight in the form of a bust of Mercury, wearing on his head an ivy wreath,
fastened behind by ribbons, and a winged hat. The four chains by which the
pan is suspended are attached to the bent necks of swans, whose flattened
bodies are soldered to the under side of the pan. There are, as usual, two sets
of graduation marks and numerals.

Naples 74066 (?).

259. (24130) Steelyard

Weight in the form of a female bust. When suspended as at present, this
steelyard can weigh up to eight pounds, the signs being I, II, III, IIII, V,

VI, VII, VIII. When suspended by the other hook it can weigh from ten to
thirty-three pounds, the tens being marked by the signs X, XX, XXX, the
fives by a V, and the other pounds by single upright lines.

Naples 74069.

260. (24122) Steelyard

Weight in the form of a female bust, the head ivy-crowned and covered with
a cloth, the right arm bent upward so that the fore-finger touches the cheek.
In place of the more usual pan this instrument has two hooks for holding the
object to be weighed.

When suspended as at present, this steelyard can weigh up to twelve pounds,
the first ten numbers being indicated by the usual numerals and the last two
by single upright marks. When suspended by the other hook it can weigh
from thirteen to forty-six pounds, the signs reading XIII, XX, V, XXX, V,
XXXX, V, I.

Naples 1 1 7693. Pompeii, Not. d. Scavi, 1888, p. 524.

261. (24129) Balance

This instrument combines the principle of the equal-armed balance with
that of the steelyard. One arm of the balance is graduated, and along this
arm slides a small weight in the form of an acorn.

Naples 74060. Mus. Borb. I, lv, 3.

262. (24025) Vessel for Weighing Liquids

The flat handle, of one piece with the bowl, has a slot, alongside of which is
a graduated scale. A hook, which could be supported by the finger or other-
wise, is connected by a chain and ring to a guard, which slides in the slot.
There must originally have been a weight attached to the ring at the ehd of
the handle.

Naples 74165.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 141

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

263. (24140) Pair of Cymbals

Naples 76941.

264. (24160) Clarinet

The ivory tube has ten ( ?) finger-holes and is covered with perforated
metal bands, which can be turned so as to open or close the holes. The missing
mouth-piece was inserted into the flaring end of the tube when the instrument
was in use.

Naples 76892. Pompeii. Howard, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, IV, PI. II, 2 and
p. 49; also note on p. 55 in regard to the inexactness of the reproduction.

265. (24141) SlSTRUM

The handle consists of a figure of the god Bes on a pedestal, surmounted by
a double-faced head. Within the opening of the instrument is a small dog( ?)
and upon the top another small animal (dog ?).

Naples (?).

266. (24163) Trumpet (?)

This is a long, straight, conical tube of thin bronze, open at both ends.
Naples 76886.

267. (24167) Tube

This is a heavy tube of conical bore, closed at the smaller end and open at
the larger end. Near the smaller end are three small holes on one side and
three, not quite opposite to them, on the other. Purpose unknown.

Naples 76888.

INDUSTRIAL IMPLEMENTS

268. (24146) Compasses

Naples 76686.

269. (24147) Compasses

Naples 76681.

270. (241 11) Compasses

Naples 109673.

271. (24110) Compasses

The legs are curved at the top and cross each other.
Naples 76683.

272. (24149) Outside Calipers

The two curving arms are inlaid in silver, one on one side, the other on
the other, each with an ivy spray.
Naples 115630.

273. (24143) Inside Calipers

The ends of the straight legs are bent so as to be at right angles to the
shafts and parallel to each other.
Naples 76685.

142 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

274. (24144) Inside Calipers

The ends of the flat straight legs are bent so as to be at right angles to
the shafts and parallel to each other.
Naples 76671 (?).

275. (24158) Foot Rule

The rule is hinged in the middle, so that it may be folded upon itself.
When open, it is held in position by a movable guard, the two notches of which
fit under the heads of two pins. On one side it is divided by points into sixteen
equal parts {digiti), with double points instead of single to mark the quarters
of the foot; and on one edge it is similarly divided by single points into twelve
equal parts (unciae).

Naples 76624c?). Mus. Borb. VI, xv, 8; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 237.

276. C-^y1^) Plummet

The knob at the top is perforated for a string.
Naples 76658. Mus. Borb. VI, xv, 1.

277. (24148) Carpenter's Square
The two ends have an ornamental outline.
Naples 76689.

SURGICAL IMPLEMENTS AND THE LIKE

While some of the following objects are unmistakably for surgical
or medical use, others may equally well have served some ordinary
domestic or toilet purpose. For fuller particulars see the excellent
work of Dr. J. G. Milne, Surgical Instruments in Greek and Roman
Times.

278. (24119) Scalpel

The handle is of bronze, the blade of steel.
Naples 77684. Milne, p. 28 and PI. V, 4(F).

279. (24113) Sharp Hook
The handle is molded.
Naples 78040. Cf. Milne, pp. 85-87.

280. (24120) Shears

Like Greek and Roman shears generally, this instrument resembles in
construction modern garden shears.

Naples 78005. Pompeii. Milne, pp. 49, 50 and PI. X, 5

281. (24157) Needle

This may have been used for sewing bandages or for ordinary domestic
purposes. ^.

Naples (?). Cf. Milne, p. 76. -

282. (24104) Needle

The head of the needle is flat and roughly diamond-shaped.
Naples 78122. Cf. preceding note.

June, 1909. Reproductions of Bronzes in Naples. 143

283. (24105) Small Spoon

The small disk-shaped end is set at an obtuse angle with the shaft.

Naples 78044. This instrument has the form of the Roman toilet article used for clearing
the ears of wax. It may also have served for extracting ointment from tubes and for similar
purposes. Cf. Milne, pp. 77, 78 and PI. XVIII, 5 and 8.

284. (24108) Probe (?) and Spoon

The spoon is very small and only slightly hollowed. It may have served as
an ear scoop.

Naples 77803. Cf. Milne, pp. 63s.

285. (24107) Probe and Spatula

Naples 77719.

286. (24109) Probe and Spoon

The shaft of the original is ornamented with a spiral silver wire wound
around it.

Naples 78146. Milne, p. 61 and PI. XIV, 1.

287. (24106) Probe and Spoon

Naples 77765.

288. (241 18) Probe and Spoon

The spoon has been accidentally split down the middle.
Naples 78121. Milne, p. 62 and PI. XV, 3.

289. (241 1 5) Double Spatula

Naples 77733. Milne, p. 79 and PI. XX, 1.

290. (24114) Tongue Depressor (?)

Straight, flat handle; broad, flat end of rounded outline.
Naples 78012 (?). Cf. Milne, p. 79.

291. (24112) Forceps

Naples 77978. Milne, p. 92 and PI. XXVI, 1.

292. (24117) Forceps

Naples 78151. Mus. Borb. XV, xxm, 3; Milne, PI. XXVI, 6.

293. (24156) Bleeding Cup

The shape is the usual one. There is a ring attached at the top.
Naples 77991. Milne, p. 103 and PI. XXXV.

294. (24145) Male Catheter

The instrument has two contrary curves and thus resembles an elongated S.
Naples 78026. Mus. Borb. XV, xxm, 1; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 258, h; Milne, p. 144 and
PI. XLV, x.

295. (24121) Female Catheter

Naples 78027. Milne, p. 14s and PI. XLV, 2.

296. (24152) Female Catheter

Around the middle of the instrument are molded rings.
Naples 78020.

144 Field Museum of Natural History — Anth., Vol. VII.

297. (24154) Rectal Speculum
The two halves work on a hinge.

Naples 78031. Pompeii. Mus. Borb. XIV, xxxvi, Fig. Ill; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 258 e;
Milne, pp. 149, 150.

298. (24155) Vaginal Speculum

By turning the screw the three blades were made to diverge. There is a
leaf ornamentation on the handle of the screw.

Naples 78030. Pompeii. Mus. Borb. XIV, xxxvi, Figs. I, II; Overbeck, Pompeii, Fig. 258 a;
Milne, p. 151 and PI. XL VII.

299. (24103) Vaginal Speculum

By turning the screw to the right the four blades were made to diverge.
There is an ornament in the form of a ram's head at each end of the cross-bar.
Naples 1 13264. Pompeii. Not. d. Scavi, 1882, p. 420; Milne, p. 152 and PI. XLIX.

300. (24142) Box for Drugs

There is a sliding cover, which can be held in place by means of a guard on
the end of the box. The box is divided into six compartments, two of which
are provided with lids Working on pins and lifted by means of ring-handles.
The original still contains medicaments.

Naples 78200. Milne, pp. 172. 173 and PI. LIV.

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

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