= : ARGS HE SSCS = + i ve ‘ ‘ 7 we om " i oF . * A 7 5 Ss > RSNA Z oy) & y ¥ / = eeemntrn ee ~ Sa - ; eee ag os as Rey - — . ~ ~~ - te ih iota is Aoi we exe rm Cat 20 OG Ul OF CASTS OF FOSSILS, FROM THE PRINCIPAL MUSEUMS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA, WITH SHORT DESCRIPTIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS, HENRY A. WARD, A.M. F.G.S, Professor of the Natural Sciences, in the University of Rochester. ROCHESTER, N. Y: BENTON & ANDREWS, PRINTERS. 1866. “ Geology, although it cannot prove that other planets are filled with appre- priate races of living beings, has demonstrated the truth of conclusions scarcely less wonderful :—the existence on our own planet of so many habitable surfaces or worlds as they have been called, each distinct in time, and peopled wilh its peculiar races of aquatic and terrestrial beings.” Sir Caarues LYELL. ENTRODUCTION: No science has advanced with more rapid steps than Geology; nor is any other science daily attracting such an increasing share of attention from all classes of society. Its popularity is due to its wonderful revelations and its practical bearing on the felt wants of the people. The history of the past would be unknown but for the unlooked-for discoveries which Geology has lately achieved, while the advantages arising from a correct knowledge of the internal structure of our earth are so apparent that no one dares to question its utility. A science so profoundly practical and so intensely interesting,— rewarding research with its sublimest truths,—will never lack stu- dents. And it becomes a matter of no secondary importance to provide for their approaching the subject through the proper avenue. The peculiar nature of the study, as well as the high place which it is taking in our Institutions of learning, demands for it better and increased appliances for illustration. For it is clear that in Geology, not less than the other Natural Sciences, something more is needed than simple text-books or oral teaching. Visible, tangible objects can alone mcet this necessity, and give the student clear and correct views. ‘I have satisfied myself long ago, (says Agassiz,) that the grand and most elementary principles of our science are better un- derstood when illustrated from nature than when explained in a more abstract maner. In this way, each student is as it were, led to go himself over the road through which science itself has passed in its onward progress; and, far from protracting his course, he soon finds that he is brought without preamble into the very sanctuary of science.” Museums of najural objects are becoming more and more a recognized necessity. Geological cabinets are multiplying in numbers and increasing in size. In them the department of Paleontology is securing a prominent position, now that Geologists more fully appreciate the real value of fossil organisms, and regard them as ll INTRODUCTION. portions of the great life-history of our globe—essential links in the chain of Zoological series—instead of mere ‘‘ medals” for the identification of strata. Some of the greatest questions as to the past condition of the earth are to be answered only by the study of fossil in connection with living forms. But a Paleontological cabinet, in order to serve its end, must possess a certain completeness. To illustrate certain forms of pri- meval life in undue proportion, accumulating species under some few genera and leaving whole families, orders, and even classes of the fossil Zoological series entirely unrepresented, is to distort nature. This sort of exclusiveness is an unavoidable feature in the drawers of a Paleontologist who is working on a special fauna or some particular zoological division of fossils. But to accomplish the purposes of general instruction, a cabinet of fossils should be as complete as possible, covering the whole ground, and giving an unbroken view of ancient life. What our Colleges must have as the primary condition of their success in the Natural Sciences,— and yet that which, it must be said, they almost universally lack, —is a consistent and well-proportioned exhibition of all the classes in the several departments of nature. There are many difficulties in the way of attaining this com- pleteness in a Museum of Paleontology. One of these arises from the fact that such collections are usually the fruit of explorations in a limited area, and show only the forms belonging to a single geolcgical period and a single zoological province. Such a collection is of great value if earnestly and thoroughly studied in connection with the strata which furnished it, but it is utterly insufficient to give a correct idea of the broad features of ancient animal life at various times and over the entire globe. The Corals, Crinoids, Brachiopods and Trilobites, which unduly preponderate in cabinets made in the Paleozoic areas of our Northern, Middle and West- ern States, should be rounded out and symmetrized by suitable additions of higher and different forms from the Mesozoic and Ter- tiary rocks of other parts of the world. With methodic, intelligent effort, and a judicious expenditure of funds, this difficulty may be met and the desired variety obtained. But our Museum still has a defect which it is impossible to overcome other than in one way. Unless the funds to invest have been princely, and the facilities for securing choice material very great and ex- tended over a long period of years, we shall find that our specimens show but trivial portions of the larger and, in some sense, more interesting and important forms. Our Mastodon and Mammoth will INTRODUCTION. il be represented by—a tooth, a vertebra, or perchance a portion of a femur or a humerus. Similar fragments will represent our col- lections of Pachyderms, Ruminants and Cetaceans. Of Birds we shall have nothing; of the great Land-Saurians nothing. The 40 or 50 genera and more than 100 species of Marine Lizards will be represented by the paddle, or quite possibly by the entire skeleton of a young Ichthy- osaurus. While among Fishes, we shall have several scores of specimens, of which only half a dozen will be perfect. A similiar incom- pleteness, though to a somewhat less extent, will appear among many divisions of the Invertebrates. In a word, we may be able to show labels for a very full series of Fossils throughout the entire Zoological series, but the specimens themselves give the student a very faint idea of the animals for which they stand. Once more; there will be no representation whatever of scores of the most interesting forms which Geology has ever revealed. We have none of the Quad- rumana; none of the great Carnivores—such as Machairodus and Hyznodon; none of the Rodents; no Megatherium, Glyptodon, or other Hdentates; no Sivatherium, Dinotherium, Palzotherium, Rhi- noceros, Hippopotamus, Tapir or Toxodon; not even any perfect skulls with which to convey some exact idea of our own great Mastodons and Mammoths; no Marsupials, Cetaceans or Birds, no Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, Labyrinthodon, Mosasaurus, Pliosaurus, Pterodactyle, and many more gigantic Reptiles whose names are familiar to us all, but of which. for the very reason we are noting, the majority of our students and not a few teachers (not professionally men of science,) are strangers to any accurate idea. The same thing will be true in many important forms of Invertebrates,—although the greatest difficulty in this division will be that the state of the individual specimens secured will be such that they represent the genus or the species far more often than they will show the particular points by which these are characterized. A series of type-specimens of Am- monites, Crinoids, and Trilobites might be purchased, perhaps, for $50.00,—at least the labels would show most important generic names,— but $1.000. and a vast deal of labor would be a low price for perfect specimens of these same forms. The author of these pages has had considerable experience of the difficulties above mentioned, in his efforts during the last six years to give completeness to the Paleontological Cabinet of the University of Rochester. He has found that the only possible way to give this collection its desired symmetry was by the introduction, in the classifi. cation, of Plaster Copies of very many of these fossils, the originals of which are either unique specimens or are so very rare that it is iv INTRODUCTION. altogether impossible to obtain them. The series of extinet forms can by this plan be made substantially complete, and the Cabinet enriched by many specimens of great scientific value, and of great attractiveness to the general visitor The author has obtained these casts by the slow labor of years, seeking the copy of the best original wherever it was to be found. Many of the rarer and most noted _ specimens are from the British Museum, and the Garden of Plants at Paris. Others are from Royal Museums in Berlin, Vienna, Copen- hagen, St. Petersburg, Munich, Turin, Lyons, Darmstadt, Haarlem, &e. In America he has received generous assistance in the privilege of copying specimens from the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, the Boston Society of Natural History, the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, and from Professor T. R. Pynchon of Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. But by far the most important additions from American sources are copies of the most striking Ichnites—or fossil tracks—from the celebrated Ichnological Museum of Amherst College; and also a series of nearly 200 specimens (mainly of Trilobites and Crinoids) chosen throughout the unrivalled collection of American Paleozoic fossils of Professor James Hall, of Albany. The Ward Museum of the University of Rochester has also supplied originals of some choice and rare fossils in the Vertebrate division, and very many of the finest Invertebrate specimens, particularly among the Cephalopod Molluses, the Crinoids, and the Sponges. These casts are now—for the first time—offered to the Educational and Scientific Institutions of our Country, with the hope that their advantages in the illustration of the Science of Geology will be appreciated and be real. Those who examine the Catalogue here given, or glance at the Summary at its close, will see that the Zoological Series is very complete through nearly all its Classes and Orders, while the great Periods of Geological time are each well represented. Especial attention is, however, called to a few of the more prom- inent and interesting objects. Among MAMMALS, the Human skeleton from Guadaloupe is of peculiar and unique interest, and never before copied. The series of Ruminants and Palchyderms from the Sewalik Hills —ontliers of the Himmalaya—form a strange group, the history of which has been most dilligently aud ably worked out by Messrs. Fal- coner and Cautley in the publications of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. INTRODUCTION. V Many of these originals were formerly the property of the Kast India Company, but are now in the British Museum. In the same Museum are the huge, uncouth fossil Hdentates from the Pampas of South America,—the Megatherium, Scelidotherium, and Glyptodon,—which, like the Marsupial Diprotodon and Nototherium,—now copied for the first time,—furnished Owen the materials for some of his most masterly Monographs. The Paleeotherium, Anoplotherium, Anthra- cotherium, and other forms from the Gypsum beds of Montmartre, Paris, are of peculiar interest as being the identical specimens from which the great Cuvier first told Science of animals which once lived and are now extinct. The Miocene Tertiary of Central France, and of the still more northerly Rhine Valley, has yielded many specimens of Rhinoceros, Tapir, Hippopotamus, &c.,—genera now confined within the tropics. Finally the Colossal Mammoth and Mastodon have their anatomy well represented by a large series of bones from all parts of their skeleton from many localities in Asia, Europe and America. The Mammals are represented by over 100 species, some of them the largest fossils which have ever been cast. The class of BirDs, is illustrated by portions of some gigantic individuals from New Zealand and Madagascar, while the ‘“ Ornithichnites’’—copied from the finest slabs in the splendid series collected by the late Dr. Hitchcock for the Museum of Amherst College,—are most effective transcripts of the strange originals. Among REPTILES, the Lias of Lyme Regis, England, and of Boll, Wirtemberg, and the Oolite of Solenhofen, Bavaria, have furnished many celebrated forms among the Marine Saurians, Crocodileans, and Pterosaurians, while the Great Tortoise—over 8 feet long!— smaller Turtles from the “Bad Lands” of Nebraska, and the skulls and tracks of the Cheirotherium or Labyrinthodon—the great Trias Batrachian of England and Saxony —complete this class. The series of FIsHEs, from the Old Red Sandstone of Scotland, the Lithographic Limestone of - Solenhofen, the Chalk of England and the Tertiary of Monte Bolea and of Giningen, contains many finely preserved and interesting specimens. Among the ARTICULATES, there are quite a variety of Crabs and Lobsters of Mesozoic and Ter- tiary age which constitute a valuable complement to our American crustacean forms. They are accompanied by a fine suite of Trilobites, containing oyer 80 specimens, which are in part from Bohemia, Sweden, vi INTRODUCTION. and England, and in part American species from Prof. Hall’s rich col- lection. Among the Mo.uuuvscs, the Cephalopoda attract especial attention. The Dibranchiates are shown by some interesting Belemnites and Teuthidians, while the Ammonites,—mainly from the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester, and from the author’s private Cabinet,—illustrate the “types” of Von Buch and D’Orbigny, adding also many large and rare forms ; and are without question the most perfect series of these shells which has ever been copied. There are also many interesting speci- mens of the Nautilidee and Orthoceratidee from America and Kurope, and the Hippuritide and Mesozoic Brachiopoda from France, and Paleeozoic Brachiopoda from England and America, are worthy of espe- cial notice. ; Among the RADIATES, are 105 Kchinoidea, most of which are chosen from a series issued many years ago by Prof. Agassiz at the time of his important publications on this order. Also, a very rich series of Crinoidea,—some of the larger ones from European localities, but in the main Palaeozoic species from localities in New York and the Western States, and furnished by the Cabinet of Prof. Hall. Finally, the PROTOZOA, are represented by a series of 200 Foramenifera which—enlarged 50-75 diameters—illustrate beautifully the strange, bizarre forms of these minute animalisms. The division closes with a suite of Sponges, mainly of Cretaceous age, from Huropean localities, the originals of which are in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Many minor divisions are omitted in this short resumé. It is sufficient to say that the whole number of twelve hundred specimens, which are given in this assemblage, have been chosen for their individ- ual, scientific value. Some specimens have a traditional interest, as connected with the growth of Geological Science. Others—like the Megatherium and Iguanodon—are fossils of general celebrity. Others are chosen and made up into suites, to illustrate by chosen forms the natural sections in various Zoological groups. The student of Geology will find here a very large proportion of those genera and species which mark the several divisions of Geological time, and which are cited and figured in his text-books as ‘“ characteristic fossils’? ; while the investigator of fossil Zoology will also have posses- sion of many scores of extinct forms which will complete his cabinet- series. INTRODUCTION, vil These casts of fossils have the,great advantage that they are in almost every case copies of the most perfeet specimen of the object which has ever been found. This specimen, too, is often a unique one, the cast is the only representation of the form which can ever be ranged in the classification of a Cabinet, and yet no Cabinet can be complete in its series without it. Few of them are restored in any way, and when this is the case it is indicated. These casts are intended to be exact copies in form and detail of surface, of the originals, and such care is taken in their coloring that large numbers of them will hardly be detected, as casts, when ranged with original specimens on the Cabinet shelves.* Much care has been taken in coloring them, and in perfecting processes for making them light and strong, so that they can all save the very largest—be taken to the lecture-room for class purposes. The casts are adapted by their size and form for various positions in a collection. Most of them are suitable for the shelves of a Museum, a few are large slabs, and intended for a place upon the walls, while a small minority are huge objects calculated to stand on pedestals in the central parts of the room. The whole thus form very ornamental objects for a large Geological Hall. A handsome printed label accompanies cach specimen; giving in full the name of the fossil, the author of the species, its geological formation, the locality where it was found, and— in the case of the Vertebrates—the museums in which the original specimen is now deposited. A number on the label accords with the number under which the specimen is described in this catalogue. These casts are given on the eapress condition that the individual or Institution which purchases them will not copy them, nor allow them to be copied. The large sum of money which the writer has invested in the original procuring of these specimens makes such a restriction, for the present at least, an imperative one. HENRY A. WARD. University of Rochester, Sept. 1, 1866. *«< & fossil bone and a colored plaster-cast of it are not distinguishable at first sight, scarcely by sight atall. The artificial junction of a series of casts of the bones of an unique fossil skeleton, produces a result equivalent, for all the purposes of public exhibition, to the articulated skeleton itself. Thus every capital in Europe, the Public Museum of each civilized community, may show to the people the proportion of the creatures of former worlds that science has so restored. Requisite space for exhibition being provided, reciprocal interchange of casts would soon furnish such museums with the co-adjnsted frame-works of the most remarkable extinct animals that have hitherto been reconstructed.” OWEN on a National Museum of Natural History, page 69. Vill NOTICE IN“ OMe ai The Classification given in the following pages has been chosen as a convenient manner of throwing the specimens, with their descriptions, together. The large divisions of Cuvier have thus—in the main—been adopted as being more widely known,(although many of them are behind the present state of the Science) while the filling in of genera and species has usually been put, for convenience, in alphabetical form. The Wood- euts are, some of them, of very mediocre execution, they being intended as simple illustration of a price-list rather than for study, and thus being, for the sake of economy, transfers of figures found in various books. For more full information, and for convenience in estimating the space which they will occupy, the two greatest diameters of each specimen are given, except in the cases where these diameters are less than six inches. The prices of these casts have been put as low as the present cost of their manufacture will allow. Ten per cent. (the simple cost of material employed) should be added to the prices given, for packing. When the order is for an amount of $200.00, or over, the packing will not be charged for. Payment should in all cases accompany the order. Advice will, when desired, be given to those who wish to purchase for a given amount, as to what individual objects in the list best illustrate the kinds which they would obtain. H. “A. WARD, Rochester, N. Y. P. O. Box 1125. ii Ss) is KOEN Co DOM VERTEBRATA. The four great Classes of Cuvier, comprising this Province of the Animal Kingdom, have in common a general type of structure, clearly recognizable in all the members of the series. The grand characteris- tic is an interior jointed skeleton, made up of vertebra, which with their processes form two cavities —the upper enclosing the great nervous cord, the lower containing the viscera. The history of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Fishes, as a sub-king- dom, reaches back to the Upper Silurian Period. Their fossil bones and teeth, usually in a fragmentary state, have been found in every stage of alteration, from their present gelatinous state to that of com- plete petrifaction, and demonstrate the existence of numerous tribes of highly organized beings in the primeval age of the world, and the contin- uance of the same type of organization to the present day. The earliest evidence of a vertebrate animal, is of the cold-blooded, water-breathing class. The vertebrate type, however, did not start from the inferior Tishes, but from the higher forms—the Ganoids and Selachians; the species now swarming in river, lake and ocean, did not come into exist- ence until the Cretaceous Period. Reptiles were introduced in the Carboniferous — first Amphibious, then the typical forms. In the Rep- tilian Age come the first of Birds, and the first of Marsupials. The true Birds and Mammals had their full expansion in the Tertiary. i 2 VERTEBRATA. CLASS I.— MAMMALIA. The fossil relics of the Mammalia Class consist, for the most part, of single and displaced bones, or groups of bones and teeth, and the durable portions of the dermal integument. It is for this reason that Cuvier long ago remarked, that the determination of the remains of Quad- rupeds is beset with more difficulties than that of other fossils. For while shells are often found unbroken, and the skeletons or scaly cover- ings of Fishes occur more or less entire, the complete skeleton of a fossil Mammal is exceedingly rare. The earliest trace of a warm-blooded, air-breathing, viviparous animal, appears in the Upper Triassic —the Microlestes, a very small Insectivore, and probably a Marsupial, having been discovered in a bone-breccia at Diegerloch, Wirtemberg. Evidences of several quad- rupeds have been observed in strata of nearly the same antiquity, such as the tooth of the Dromatherium, from North Carolina; of the AmpAt- thertum, Amphilestes, Phascolotherium, and Stereognathus, from the Stonesfield Slates; and of the Spalacotherium, Triconodon, and Pla- giaulax, from the Lower Purbeck beds. Cetacean remains occur in the Greensand of New Jersey and England. A lapse of time inealculably vast, represented by the Wealden and Cretaceous Periods, intervened between the terrestrial Mammals just mentioned and the Coryphodon and Palz- ocyon —the first examples of Mammalian life in the Tertiary. From the EKocene to the present day, an extensive and varied Mammalian fauna has existed, and left remains in the beds of ancient estuaries, lakes and rivers, in peat bogs, marl pits, and especially caves, which served as lairs for predaceous species, and as charnel-houses to their prey. Under the hand of Cuvier the Eocene specimens became the opening chapter to the great volume of Paleeontological Science. OrpER 1 — BIMANA. This Order, which justly stands at the head of animated Nature, includes only one genus—Homo,—and but one well determined species —sapiens, or Man. He is the only animal truly bimanous and biped ; and he is the only living Mammal having no yacant space in the dental series of the jaw. In him the vertebrate type, which began during the Palzozoic age in the horizontal Fish, finally becomes erect. The Paleeontological history of Man, before it passes over to Ar- cheeology, is very brief. His creation must have been extremely modern, for his skeleton, more likely to become imbedded in lacustrine or subma- rine deposits than that of any other terrestrial Vertebrate, is found only, MAMMALIA. 3 and that rarely, in the most recent formations, in which nearly all the other fossil forms are referable to living species. The evidence that man existed in the early fluviatile Drift Period, is derived solely from ossifer- ous caverns. Human implements, however, have been discovered in dis- turbed Alluvium, associated with the remains of extinct Post-Glacial Mammals. No. 1. Homo. SKULL, discovered in 1857, in a lime- stone cave in the Neanderthal, near Diis- seldorf. The cranium (the part preserved, including the frontal bone, both parietals, part of the temporal, and the upper third of the occipital) is of unusual size and thickness, the forehead narrow and very low, and the projection of the superorbital ridges enormously great. In capacity it ‘ranks very nearly on a level with the mean of the two human extremes, and very far above the pithecoid maximum. Still, it is the most ape-like of all hu- man skulls, the brain-case being flattened to a degree unknown before. The conclusions of Prof. Huxley are: First, that the extraordinary form of the skull is due to a natural conformation, hitherto not known to exist even in the most barbarous races. Secondly, that it belongs to a period antecedent to the time of the Celts in Germany, and was in all probability derived from one of the wild races of Northwestern Europe. And, Thirdly, that it is beyond doubt traceable to a period at which the diluvium still existed. The original, now in posses- sion of Dr. Fuhlrott, of Elberfield, has lost much of its animal matter, and is covered with dendrites. [See Lyell’s Antiquity of Man.]| Size 8x6. Price, $1.50. No. 2. Homo. SKULL, discovered in 1834 in the Engis cavern, near Liége, on the left bank of the Meuse. It exhibits the frontal, parietal and occipital regions, as far as the middle of the foramen, and a part of the right temporal bone. It was found associated with the bones of extinct animals, yet approaches very near to the Caucasian type; while the Neanderthal skull, though having no such decided claims to antiquity, departs widely from the normal standard of the human race —the cerebral development falling as much below that of the Australian as that of the Engis exceeds it. The original is now in the Museum of the Uni- versity of Liége. Size,8x5. Price, $1.75. No. 3. Homo. LowER JAw, from the Cave at Arcy, Department of the Yonne, France. The original is in the Cabinet of the Marquis de Vibraye, Paris. Price, $0.60. 4 VERTEBRATA. SKELETON, found on the north-eastern coast of the main-land of Guadaloupe, in a bed of mod- ern concretionary limestone. The rock contains. the detritus of shells and corals of species now inhabiting the neighboring sea (some of the cora] still retaining the same red color now seen in reefs of living coral which surround the island), land-shells, fragments of pottery, stone arrow- heads, carved wooden ornaments, and detached human bones. The parts preserved in this speci- men are the spinal column, many of the ribs, the left arm, pelvis, thighs and legs. These bones still contain some animal matter, and the whole of their phosphate of lime. The original is in the British Museum; the skull is in the Medieal Col- lege of Charleston, S. C. Size, 4ft. 7 in. x 2ft. Price, $20.00. OrpDER 2 — QUADRUMANA. These Mammals, the most anthropoid of Brutes, are characterized by prehensile feet as well as hands. In all the genera above the Lemurs of Madagascar, the same number and kinds of teeth are present as in Man —the deviation being the disproportionate size of the canines and the concomitant break in the dental series. The skull of the Great Apes is distinguished by a prominent superorbital ridge. Cuvier held that the Quadrumana were scarcely, if at all, anterior to Manin order of creation. Lyell was the first (1830) to express a doubt of the total absence of fossil anthropomorphous tribes. In 1839 fragments of the lower jaw of a Monkey (Kopithecus) were discovered by Owen in the London Clay, on the banks of the Deben, Eng. Since then, remains have been found in the Sewalik Hills, India; in the Miocene strata of Southern France and of Greece, and in the Pliocene of France and Brazil. None of the Lemuridz have been discovered fossil. MAMMALIA. a No. 5. Dryopithecus Fontani, Lartet. LOWER JAW, with pedestal. Of this extinct Monkey, Sir Charles Lyell states “that in anatomical structure, as well as in SS stature, the D. came nearer to man than any quadrumanous species, living or fossil, before known to zodlogists.” Prof. Owen, however, arrives at a different conclusion ; and the generally received opinion is, that the D. stood intermediate between the Gib- bon and Semnopithecus. It was therefore far removed from the human type, for the Quadrumana recede from man in the following order, malsing cranial character the test : Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orang, Gibbon. The canines are less developed than in the Gorilla, and in this respect the D. makes a nearer approach to Man. The fore part of the coronoid process is slightly convex, as in the Gibbon ; in Man, the Gorilla and Chimpan- zee, itis concave. This interesting fossil was discovered by M. Fontan, in 1856, in the fresh water (upper) Miocene at Saint Gaudens, Southern France, and is preserved in the Museum of the Garden of Plants, Paris. Price, $2.25. ORDER 3 — CARNIVORA. All the. Carnivores have incisors, canines and molars — the canines being always longer than the other teeth, and showing at a glance the nature of their appointed food. The molars graduate from a trenchant (as in the Cat) to a tuberculate form (as in the Bear) in proportion as the food deviates from one strictly of flesh to one of a more miscellane- ous kind. The more the animal feeds on living prey, the less numerous the molars. The Felidx have 3 3 premolars, and 114 molars; the Ca- mide have p44,m 22; the Urside p44,m22. The molars of the Insectivores are studded with conical points; those of fruit-eating Bats have flattened crowns. Clavicles are generally rudimentary or wanting ; but Bats and Insectivores have them well developed, as also broad scap- ulz and keeled sternums, the former for flight, the latter for digging in the soil. The fossil bones of Carnivores are found principally in caves and fissures. The Digitigrades first appeared in the Eocene age,— the Palazxcyon from the Plastic Clay of England and France being one of the first of the whole order. A forerunner of the Plantigrades appeared in the Upper Eocene in the Amphicyon; but the Plantigrades proper did not exist prior to the Miocene Period. The amphibious Carnivores (Seals) have not been found below the Miocene. The earliest represen- 5 6 VERTEBRATA. tative of the Jnsectivores, so far as known, is a Hedgehog discovered in the Auvergne beds, between the Hocene and Miocene in age. The cav- erns and Pleistocene strata of Hngland afford numerous remains; but, with one exception, they offer no specifie difference from the common Mole, Hedgehog, and Shrew. None of the frugivorous Bats have been observed fossil. The species that have left remains in the ancient de- posits belong to the family Vespertilionidee, which first appeared in the Hocene. According to Owen, “no remains of Bats have hitherto been found which establish the former existence of any species not now known to exist.”’ No.6. Machairodus neogzeus, Kaup. HEAD, mounted. This, happily extinct and most formidable of Carni- vores, belonged to a genus which in Tertiary times ranged throughout South America, India and Europe. Professor Owen finds its nearest affinities in the Lion. It equalled the Bengal Tiger in size, and had upper canines of thrice the length—the crown alone measuring 7 inches. The canines of the M. are, in fact, the most remarkable of all the fossil teeth of large carnivorous Mammals that have been discovered ; they are long, curved, and compressed, and, provided with a double-cutting edge of serrated enamel, resemble trenchant sabres, whence the generic name. There is a depression on the outside of each ramus of the lower jaw to receive the upper canines when the mouth is closed. Both sets of teeth are finely preserved in the specimen. The specimen is identical with Hyena neogea of Lund, and Felis smilodon of Blainville. The original, discoy- ered in a bone cavern in Brazil, is in the Museum of the Garden of Plants, Paris. Size, 14x13. Price, $12.00. ¢ MAMMALIA. Ti No.7. Felis cristata, Falconer and Cautley. SxuLui. This Feline was near neighbor to the Tiger, but differed chiefly in having a more prominent occipital crest. The original specimen: was discovered by Falconer and Cautley in 1835, in the Sewalik Hills, India (Miocene), and is preserved in the British Museum. Size,10x 18. Price, $2.00. No. 8. Felis leptorhina, Bravard. SKULL AND LowER JAw. This species is distinguished by its elongated muzzle. The fossil was found in the Miocene of Auvergne, Central France, and is now in the Museum of the Garden of Plants. Size, 6x4. Price, $2.50, No.9. Felis palecotigris, Falc. and Caut. Sxuutu. The original, discovered in the Sewalik Hills, India (Miocene), is in the British Museum. Size, 11x6. Price, $1.75. No. 10. Hyzenarctos Sivalensis, Owen. SKULL. This genus, of which but a single species is known, was founded by Owen upon specimens found by Messrs. Falconer & Cautley in the Sewalik Hills, India. It has features in its dentition which give it an intermediate position be- tween the Hyena and the Bear. The original is in the British Museum. Size,8x 4. Price, $1.50. No. 11. Hyena eximia, Wagner. LowER JAW, LEFT RAMUS. This frag- 4, ment, found in a Pleistocene formation at Pikermi, Greece, shows two incisors, two molars, and a canine. The original is in the University Museum, Munich. No. 12. Hyeenodon brachyrhynchus, Blainville. HEAD. This Carnivore, which, judging by the character of its carnassial teeth, must have been more ferocious than modern wolves or tigers, is distin- guished by a large facial area, a very marked sagittal crest, and an extreme pro- longation backward of the palatal bones. Hach jaw has six small incisors, two large prehensile canines, four compressed, pointed premolars, and three molars. It was discovered in a Lower Miocene marl on the banks of the Tarn, near Robasteins, Southern France, and is preserved in the Museum of Toulouse. Size, 7x4. Price, $2.25. No. 13. Dinocyon Thenardi. Lower JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. The original, discovered in 1861, in the Lower Miocene near St. Alban, department of Isere, Southern France, is preserved in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons, France. Size, 6x4. Price, $1.50. 8 VERTEBRATA. No. 14. Galecynys Ciningensis, Owen. we ee HET SES " cgi eal f interesting and well i preserved fossil re- } warded the early Nee y Diya geological pursuits hy Ie iy 7 VG ) (1828) of the distin- \ bed vq | guished author of ——- } the “Silurian Sys- / tem.” The novel oc- | currence of an entire } carnivorous quadru- ped regularly imbed- 4 ed in stone, as well f N Q ad ya as some peculiarities in its anatomy, makes this a singularly unique specimen. VonMeyer first proposed the name of Canis palustris, and M. de Blainville called it Vulpes Gningensis ; but after careful examination Professor Owen gave it an intermediate position between the Polecat and Dog. The first premolar is smaller, and the third and fourth larger, than in the Fox, and all the teeth are more closely set than in the genus Canis, though the dental formula is the same. The general breadth of the feet, in proportion to their length, is greater than in any living canine species, and it is this robust character of the feet which indi- cates an affinity to the Viverrine group. The tail is longer in proportion than in the Dog, though not so long as in the Fox. The vertebra number the same as those of the Fox. The fossil was discovered in a lacustrine schist (Older Plio- cene) at Giningen, near Constance, and is now in the British Museum. Size, 3 ft.x 2 ft. Price, $7.00. No. 15. Amphicyon major, Lart. UprEerR JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. This large carnivore was a forerunner of the Plantigrade family, having the tuberculate molars of the Bear, but in every other respect retaining the dentition of the Dog. This species is identical with the A. giganteus of Laurillard. It had the general proportions of the Lion and the gait of the Bear. The fossil was found in the Miocene deposits at Sansans, Southern France, and is in the Mnseum of the Garden of Plants. Size,8x6. Price, $1.50. No. 16. Ursus spelaous, Blumenbach. SKULL. This “Great Cave Bear,” as it is often called, ac- A cording to Cuvier must have equalled a large Horse in size. It is distinguished by promi- nent frontal sinuses, a sudden sinking of the concave line leading forward to the nasal pones, long, high pointed crests, narrow zygomas, a wide interval between the formidable canine and the first molar, the complicated crown of the latter, and the great breadth of the MAMMALIA. 9 fourth molar. The little premolar situated just behind the canine in all living Bears except the Grisly, is always wanting ; and the animal probably had but thirty teeth in all. The Brown Bear approaches nearest to the gigantic fossil in the peculiar serpentine line of the profile, and the Black Bear, in the cranial crests. This specimen was found in that great depository of osseous remains— the cave of Gailenreuth, Bavaria, and is preserved in the Museum of the Garden of Plants. Size, 20x18. Price, $6.50. No. 17. Ursus spelzeus, Blum. sity of Rochester. No. 18. Ursus speleeus, Blum. CANINE. Original in the Ward Museum, Uni- versity of Rochester. Price, $0.40. No. 19. Gulo spelzeus, Goldfuss. SKULL AND LowEer JAw. The molars of this Glutton number five above and six below, and have cutting edges. The up- per carnassial tooth has a very small talon, and only one tubercle. The zygomatic § arch is slender and not very prominent. The original specimen was found by ¢ Soemmerring in the Cave of Gailenreuth, Bavaria, and is now in the University Museum at Bonn. ' Size,6x4. Price, $2.00. OrpER 4 — RopDENTIA. This Order contains the smallest of the Mammals, and the largest number of species. It is characterized by two long, incurved, rootless incisors in each jaw, enammelled only in front, and separated by a wide space from the molars. The molars have flat crowns with transverse enamelled ridges. The hind legs are generally much longer than the anterior pair; and excepting the Guinea Pig, Porcupine, Hare and Capybara, all have perfect clavicles. The skeleton is slight and feeble. The Beaver and Capybara are now the giants of the Order; but the Muride are the typical family. No unequivocal evidence has yet been obtained of remains of Rodents in strata more ancient than the Hocene Tertiary. The fossils are chiefly found in lacustrine marls (Miocene), Pleistocene formations, and bone- caves. 10 VERTEBRATA. No. 20. Trogontherium Cuvieri, Fisch. LowWER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS, “This magnificent relic of the gigantic Beaver,” as Owen calls it, was taken out of a lacus- trine deposit of clay and reddish sand (Pliocene) at Ostend, on the coast of Nor- folk, Eng. The chisel-crowned ineisor measures seven inches on the outer curve, and is larger and stronger in proportion than in the existing Beaver; the outer enamelled part is more convex, and the inner surface is concave, while in the existing and fossil Beavers it is flat. The three anterior molars are also repre- sented im sit. This fossil is preserved in the British Museum. Size, 8x6. Price, $2.00. No. 21. Castoroides Ohioensis, Foster. SKULL AND LowER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. This species is the most gigantic member of the order of Ro- dents hitherto discovered, whether recent or fossii. It is akin to the Beaver, but differs chiefly in a less development of the cerebrum, in more prominent though more slender, zygo- maticarches, and in itsdentition. The incisors are fluted, and the molars (numbering four in each ramus) con- sist of a series of elongated elliptical plates of enamel which include the dentine. The plates are directed obliquely across the crown. The C. differs from all other Rodents in the size and conformation of the pterygoid processes and fosse. All the processes and fossee of the lower jaw are remarkably develcped. The origi- nal specimen, supposed to belong to an animal nearly six feet in length, was found in 1841, in the Montezuma Marsh, near Clyde, N. Y., with shells of exist- ing species, and is preserved in the Cabinet of Geneva College, N. Y. Size, 10x 7. Price, $4.00. No. 22. Castoroides Ohioensis, Foster. LowER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. Size,8x4. Price, $1.50. OrpER 5 — EDENTATA. The Edentates include two genera (Myrmecophaga and Manis) which are devoid of teeth; the rest (with one rare exception) have molars simply, which have no true enamel, are never displaced by a second series, and are rarely implanted in the premaxillary bones. The Order is limited in the number of species (forming only 3th of living Mam- Qa ha A" =a — aN Hi Sioa \ i H | il = tia TR if iii nh inl tee i No. 23. MEGATHERIUM CUVIERI. Fic. 2, Brapypus TRIDACTYLUS [Scale 1-14, or about 1 inch to the fovt.] cn rid Baird ees iy - en < se till y ’ f nerd ' J | aa | ; ~ : sig - , | | . © mu { x ty | : | 1 : r = ; * 1 : | | | | F 2 & Ye. * oe ; Ti MAMMALIA. 11 mals), but it is far from being so in the variety of its forms. In the Sloths, the Zygoma is straight and trigonal; in the Armadillo and Orycterope, twisted; in the Pangolin, thin, deep, and exteriorly concave ; and in the Anteater, very small. South America is now, and has always been, the natural home of this Order. Edentates began with the Miocene Period, and attained their maxi- mum in the Pleistocene. Nearly all the fossil forms occur in the Pam- pean formation of South America. The only extinct Hdentate found in Europe, and at the same time the most ancient, is the gigantic Pango- lin—WMacrotherium. The Monotreme and Anteater have not been dis- covered fossil, unless the Myrmecophaga of Dr. Lund be a true deter- mination. No. 23. Megatherium Cuvieri, Desmarest. SKELETON. This gigantic fossil was first made known to the scientific world in 1789. It was discovered on the banks of the River Luxan, near the city of Buenos Ayres, and was subsequently transmitted to Madrid, where, for half a cen- tury, it excited the most lively speculations among all European naturalists, who were so fortunate as to see it. The original bones, of which this specimen is a copy, were found in the same Pampean deposit between the years 1831 and 1888, and belong partly to the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and partly to the British Museum. To give to the singular quadruped its proper position in the Animal Kingdom, was for many years a problem in comparative anatomy which the savans of Europe could not solve. Led astray by the huge carapace of the Glyptodon, found near it, the majority called it a mammoth Armadillo. Cuvier, who gave it its generic title, thought it combined the char- acters of the Sloth, Anteater and Armadillo. The merit of throwing a flood of light on the nature and structure of this most remarkable of all fossil mammals, was reserved for the.celebrated English Geologist, Professor OWEN. He conclu- sively proves that the Megatherium was a “Ground Sloth,” feeding on the foli- age of trees which it unprooted by its great strength. The extreme length of the mounted skeleton is seventeen feet and nine inches ; its height, from the pedestal to the top of the spinous process of the first dorsal vertebra, is seven feet. No other fossil so exceeds its modern representa- tive, as the lordly Megatherium surpasses the pigmy remnant of the Tardigrade race ; for the largest living Sloth does not exceed two feet in length. One is tempted to join the Spanish naturalist who objected to the place assigned to the Megatherium, because “all the other Edentates could dance in his carcase.” But that there is the closest affinity between it and the diminutive arboreal Sloth, is now undeniable. The number of the teeth, their deep insertion, equable breadth and thickness, deeply excavated base, inner structure and unlimited growth, and the absence of canines, are characters common to both. Both have the peculiar zygomatic arch to the skull; the alveoli of the jaws correspond in number, posi- tion and relative depth. There is the same anomalous shortness of face; a simi- lar development of air cells surrounding the cerebral cavity; the like scapula, clavicle, ossified sternal ribs ; the identically expanded ilia; the flattened femur ; 12 VERTEBRATA. and an equal number of sacral vertebrae. The part in which the Megatherium least resembles the Sloth, is the tail; and, as a general rule, in those modifica- tions of structure in which it differs from its living analogue, it approximates to the Anteater; e. g. in the number and structure of the true vertebre. The astragalus is the most characicristic single bone in the skeleton; its upper surface being so hollowed on one side, with a wide crescentic groove, as to throw the whole weight of the leg upon the inner side of the foot. The anchy- losis of the tibia and fibula is known among existing quadrupeds only in armor- bearing Hdentates. The head of the Megatherium is remarkable for its relatively small size, for the extraordinary depth of the lower jaw, and for the great size of the zygomatic processes. The length of the skull is thirty inches: three inches less than that of the Asiatic Hlephant. The formation of the muzzle indicates the possession of a short proboscis. The dental formula is 5_5 — 18. The teeth are pris- matic and slightly curved, and measure from eight to ten inches in length, and between two and three inches in breadth, In composition, a central axis of vas- cular dentine is inclosed by a wall of unvascular dentine, and this by one of cement. The spinal column consists of seven cervical, sixteen dorsal, three lumbar, five sacral and eighteen caudal vertebree, and measures fifteen feet in length, or three feet more than the Elephant’s. The circumference of the skeleton, at the eighth rib, is eleven feet. The Megatherium differs strikingly from existing quadrupeds of corres- ponding bulk, in the vast proportions of its anterior extremities. Its clavi- cle, fifteen inches long, is the longest known. The foreleg bespeaks enormous strength; with the foot, it is seven feet and four inches in length.. The posterior extremities are shorter than the anterior. The pelvis is the largest bone in any land animal, living or extinct; it is upwards of five feet broad. The rugged ilium and spinal crest show that it was the centre of muscu- lar bundles of enormous power, which diverged to act upon the trunk, the tail and the hindlegs. These muscles, judging from the size of the spinal cord, which in this region is four inches in diameter, must have been characterized by the extreme energy of their vital contractibility. The acetabulum is excavated in a very exceptional manner, its concavity facing directly downward. This gave increased strength for sustaining vertical pressure at the expense of rapid motion. The hindlegs appear more like columns for support than organs for locomo- tion, and, with the hindfeet, are models of massive organic masonry. The heel bone alone has the extraordinary length of seventeen inches, and a circumference of twenty-eight inches. The monster walked, like the Anteater, on the outside edge of its foot, on a marginal hooflike callosity. The middle toe of the hind- foot, and likewise the second, third and fourth digits of the forefoot, were armed with powerful claws. The magnitude of the tail fills the observer with wonder : when clothed with flesh, it must have been more than six feet around at the greater end. With the hindlegs, it formed a tripod upon which the animal rest- ed when obtaining its food. It would be interesting to know something of the daily life of the animal whose colossal size was united to such strange anatomy. As the brain of the Megatherium was less by nearly one-half than that of the Elephant, we infer that he was a creature of fewer instincts. Nevertheless, his cotemporary quad- MAMMALIA. 13 rupeds must have acknowledged him as the head of the Animal Kingdom. Tio the tongue of a Giraffe and the proboscis of a 'Tapir, there was added the power of rotating the bones of the forearm. These prehensile organs were suited toa leaffeeder. That the animal was not carnivorous, is settled by the structure of its molar teeth: it lacks incisors; therefore it was not a Ruminant. But if the great animal fed on foliage, how did it obtain it? The Elephant gathers its food with a long proboscis. The Giraffe, standing on stilt-like forelegs, and reaching out its attenuated neck, plucks the high branches with long flexible lips and muscular tongue. The Megatherium could imitate neither. Did it climb like the Sloth? Such was the conjecture of the Danish Naturalist, Dr. LunD; but the clumsy make and the immense bulk and weight of the creature forbid it. The structure of the forefeet, moreover, militates against the theory; for the outer digit is hooflike, as if made for terrestrial progression. 'The hindlegs, too, are much shorter than the forelegs; and the tail is too short and thick for pre- hensible purposes. The fossorial hypothesis, too, has no better foundation than the scansorial. In burrowing animals, as the Mole, the pelvis is remarkably slender, and the claws form a continuous plane with the palm of the foot; while in the Mega- therium the pelvis is remarkably large, and not one of the claws can be brought into a line with the metacarpus. The fore-arms were plainly formed for grasping, not climbing or digging: they were instruments of tremendous strength, evi- dence of which is furnished by the deep grooves and sharp ridges on the radius and ulna, the starting points of stout tendons and muscles. The moment we estimate this force, the colossal proportions of the hind-extremities lose their anomaly and harmonize with the front. The application of the fore-arms to the work of tearing down a tree would demand a corresponding fulcrum, such as we find in the heavy pelvis, the ponderous tail and the massive hind-legs. The Megatherium needed not agility for securing prey, for it was not carniv- orous; nor for flight, for its size alone must have been a protection against any living foe. Had we beheld it living on its native plains, its slow movement would have excited our wonder as much as its bulk. It was doubtless a solitary animal. The gathering together in herds was not required for self-defence : indeed, the necessities of the creature to obtain an enormous daily supply of food would not have allowed it, unless the vegetation of that day were far more dense than is the modern vegetation of the same region. When stripping the trees it had prostrated, its position was probably a reclining one ; and Professor AGASSIZ has ventured the opinion that this crouching attitude was constant to the ani- mal, and that it crept along with the full length of its fore-arm resting upon the ground. The Pampas, where the remains of the great fossil have been chiefly found, are vast plains, stretching from the mountains of Brazil to Tierra del Fuego. Palms grow at one end, while snow covers the other almost the entire year. The soilis chiefly a dull-reddish, slightly-indurated, argillaceous earth, with here and there calcareous concretions ; underneath are beds of stratified gravel and conglo- merate. These deposits constitute the Pampean formation, which varies in depth from twenty to one hundred feet. They were slowly formed at a time when the Atlantic reached far westward to the foot of the central mountain chain, down whose flanks the rivers brought the detritus and spread it beneath the waters in level layers at some distance from the shore.. Carcases of animals floated down 14 _ VERTEBRATA. upon the same streams, and, reaching the quiet waters, sank down in their muddy bed. The whole area has since been elevated; the estuary mud has been con- verted into wide and level plains, and the shores and submarine banks of a former sea now form low headlands along the present coast. It wasin this recent forma- tion—referable to the Pleistocene period, because most of its shells are still living in the ocean—that the Megatherium was entombed. Its bones are almost exclu- sively found in the cliffs and steep banks of rivers; thus far the Rivers Salado and Luxan. The race was not exterminated by some great cataclysm; for the small bones, like the kneecap, of a cotemporary mammal were discovered by Darwin in the same deposit, all lying in their proper relative position. Like the Aborigines of our own continent, like the Dodo of Mauritius, the Edentate giants perished one after another, in the lapse of infinite ages, by those changes of cir- cumstances in the organic and inorganic world which are always in progress. The Megatherium was buried in a hecatomb of extinct monsters. By its side we find the bones of the kindred Mylodon, Megalonyx and Scelidotherium, all of them Sloths; the Glyptodon and Schistopleurum, the Toxodon and Mastodon, the Machairodus and Macrauchenia. The Megatherium and its associates have been discovered in the Pleistocene deposits of the United States ; but South America was then, as it is now, the metropolis of the Edentates. This model consists of 124 different casts, representing more than 175 bones.* Price, packed but not painted, $250.00. No. 24. Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm. SKULL AND LOWER JAW. Size, 32x24, Price, mounted, $15,00. No. 25. Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm. LOWER JAW. Size, 27x20. Price, $5.00. No. 26. Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm. TooTH. Size, 7x2. Price, $0.60. No. 27. Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm. Riest ForE-Foor. Size, 16x18. Price, $5.00, No. 28. Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm. Rieut Hinp-Foot. Size, 80x10. Price, $6.50. No. 29. Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm. Rieut Hinp-Foot with Trsra. Size, 30x28, Price. $10.00. No. 30. Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm. Right Hinp-LeG witH Foor. Size, 41g ft.x 21g ft. Price, mounted, $25. No. 31. Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm. FEMUR. Size, 28x16. Price, $6.00. * For particulars about mounting the Megatherium, see Appendix A. MAMMALIA. 15 No. 32. Megatherium Cuvieri, Desm. Hinp-Craw.—Size, 11x6. | Price, $1.50. No. 34. Megalonyx Jeffersonii, Harlan. SkuLu. The remains of HE Pe Yo WU Up this huge terrestrial Sloth, so Uy ae y \ THAT \\\ Wi called from the ‘great size of . ia RS \ i‘ its claw, are found chiefly in TA i os ae » De ‘) lip ‘. the Upper Tertiary of Vir- } y ginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Mississippi, Alabama, and Texas. The genus was estab- lished by President JEFFER- SON in a communication read to the American, ee aeat Society, 1797, enti- tled “A Memoir on the Discovery of certain Bones of a Quadruped of the clawed kind in the Western Parts of Virginia.” 'The M. resembled the Megatherium in general form and habits, but was a third smaller. The fossil skull, of which this specimen is a cast, was discovered in a Pleistocene ferruginous sand and shell-bed near Henderson, Kentucky, and is now in the Cabinet of the late Professor D. D. OwEN, New Harmony, Indiana. It has lost its malar bones, the second molar on the left ramus, and the last on the right, but otherwise it is well preserved. The upper outline is nearly horizontal, and the cranium carries a prominent, rugged, sagittal crest. The zygomatic process projects outward and forward at an angle of about 45°. The face above is smooth and convex, and tapers forward. As in all the Sloth tribe, the teeth of the M. are long, fangless columns of uniform diameter, deeply excavated from the bottom for the reception of the dental pulp. The transverse diameter of the largest molar is one inch, and its length, five inches. The dental formula of the M. is m. 5_5—18; the first molars being separated from the rest two inches. Characteristic of the family to which the M. belongs, the teeth are entirely destitute of enamel.—Size, 14x 7. Price, $4.50. Yi) 16 VERTEBRATA, No. 33. Megalonyx Jeffersonii, Harlan. Two CLiaws. The orig- inals were found in a cave in Greenbriar County, West Virginia. Size, 7x4. Price $1.25. No. 36. Glyptodon CARAPACE, HEAD, TAIL AND Hinp-Lec. This gigantic fossil Edentate was a representative in Pleistocene times of the Armadillos of South America. It was furnished with a huge carapace or coat of mail, formed of hexagonal plates united by sutures, and constituting an impenetrable covering for the upper part of the body and part of the tail. The carapace differs from that of modern Armadillos in having no greaves or joints, for the purpose of contracting or roll- ing up its body. The head, also, was defended by a tesselated bony casque. The tail possessed an independent dermal sheath or cuirass made up of very promi- nent tubercles disposed in distinct whorls. This arrangement of the component parts of the sheath permitted a slight flexibility, and made the tail a formidable weapon. The bones of the leg and foot were perfectly adapted to bear the steady pressure of this enormous weight. The latter is admirably contrived to form the base of a column, and at the same time to allow a degree of motion required for the scratching and digging operations of Dasypoid animals. It is penta- dactylous, four of the digits being furnished with long flattened nails, similar to those of the Elephant. The teeth, numbering eight on each side of each jaw, are sculptured laterally by two wide and deep channels which divide the grinding surface into three portions. The generic name was derived from this fiutinge of the molars. The lower jaw is of singular shape, its angle being ele- vated to a level with the grinding surface of the teeth. But the most remarka- ble characteristic of the skull is the long, strong process descending from the base of the zygomatic process. The animal measured from snout to the end of the tail, following the curve of the back, eleven feet; the tesselated trunk- armor being six feet eight inches in length and nine feet across. The Glyptodons do not appear to have emigrated from the central regions of South America, but formed a local fauna of the highest interest which is now only faintly represented by the living Armadillos. The carapace of these Edentates probably weighed more than four thousand pounds. The original was found in 1846, near Monte- video, on the banks of the Luxan (Pleistocene). It was presented by order of the Dictator Rosas to Vice-Admiral Dupotet who gave it to the Museum of his native city—Dijon, France, where it is still preserved. Price of all the parts,with mountings, $150.00. . (Schistopleurum typus, Nodot.) ‘98 ON uopoydAT4) ‘qopon ‘sndAé} unsne,doystyog) ‘ | MK A ~~ ‘ill Wi | nn lI } SS Via rx Hee % Sees re 5a * ul MAMMALIA. a7 No. 87. Glyptodon SKULL AND LOWER JAW. Size, 18x12. Price, mounted, $15.00. , (Schistopleurum typus, Nodot.) No. 38. Glyptodon , (Schistopleurum typus, Nodot.) Tarn. Size, 3 ft. 9 in.x1ft.4in. Price, $15.00. No. 39. Glyptodon , (Schistopleurum typus, Nodot.) Lert Trsta, FrsuLA, AND Foot. The tibia and fibula { are soldered together, and, with the massive club-like foot, ( i formed a firm support while the creature used its forelegs. Size, 15x12. Price, with mountings, $7.00. No. 40. Glyptodon RESTORED, on reduced scale. Size, 24x11. Price, $12.00. , (Schistopleurum typus, Nodot.) No. 41. Glyptodon reticulatus, Owen. bre enclosed in an inflexible sheath composed of closely united dermal plates of various forms and sizes, but disposed in a regular and beautiful pattern. The armor is joined to the internal skeleton of the tail, and the larger plates increase in size as they approach the end of the tail, which is enclosed by a pair something like a bivalve shell. The relation of the endo- and exo-skeletons is finely shown in the specimen. The original, from the Pampas of Buenos Ayres, is in the British Museum. Size, 39x9. Price, $8.00. No. 42. Glyptodon tuberculatus, Owen. Tatu. The club-shaped tail of this species (the Hop- lophorus of Lund), was like- wise discovered in the Pam- & pean formation of Buenos Ayres, and is preserved in the Museum of the Normal School,, Paris. Size. 36x12. Price, $8.00. 2 18 VERTEBRATA. No. 43. Glyptodon clavipes, Owen. RESTORATION. This cast is a complete resto- ration of the animal on the scale of about two *» inches to the foot. H 3 v= Size, 24x11. Price, $12. No. 44. Scelidotherium Cuvieri, Owen. SKULL AND LowER JAw. This Hdentate closely resembled the Megatherium, but was inferior in size, and had a more slender head. It is particularly distin- guished for the enormous breadth of its thigh-bone, whence the generic name. This skull and lower jaw were found with remains of the other great terrestrial Sloths in the Pampas of Buenos Ayres (Pleistocene), and are preserved in the British Museum. Size, 18x12. Price, $12.00. OrpDER 6 — RUMINANTIA. The Ruminants are herbivorous, even-toed, and hoofed. Excepting the Camel tribe and Musk-deer, the males, and sometimes the females, are provided with two horns attached to the os frontis. In the Deer tribe, these horns are of bone, solid, and deciduous; the rest have hollow, corneous horns. The Camel only, has a pair of upper incisors ; the hornless Ruminants have canines. The crowns of the molars are marked off by two double crescents, whose convexity is turned inwards in the upper and outwards in the lower. The number of dorso-lumbar vertebre is generally nineteen. The clavicle and third trochanter are wanting. The specialized form of hoofed animal with cloven feet and ruminat- ing stomach did not appear till the Miocene Epoch; but there existed in the Eocene certain even-toed Ungulates, e. g. Anoplotherium, which in several important characters (hornless foreheads, upper incisors and divided cannon-bones) resembled the embryo of Ruminants, and were probably links connecting the true Ruminants with the Hippopotamus and Hog. They all disappeared during the Pliocene. Fossil species of the Camel, Camelopard, Deer and Antelope are found in the Miocene; the Bovine family first appeared along with the extinct Pachyderms of the older Pliocene; while the Sheep and Goat have been detected only in caverns and superficial deposits. No. 45. Camelus Sivalensis, Falc and Caut. SkuLL. This extinct Camel was related to the existing Bactrian species, but exceeded it by at least one-seventh in height. This fossil skull is in a fine state MAMMALIA. 19 of preservation, and was discovered in the Miocene deposits of the Sewalik Hills, India. It is preserved in the British Museum. Size, 10x7. Price, $3.50. No. 46. Megaceros Hibernicus, Owen. SKULL WITH ANT- ON fl LERS. This splendid \\ fossil, the most re- markable of the un- / questionably extinct \{) species of the Cervine family, and common- ly but erroneously called “The Great = ° Irish Elk,” is a true Deer, intermediate between the Fallow and Rein-Deer. Though most abundant in, it is not peculiar to, Ireland, many remains having been found in England and the Isle of Man. It was described so long ago as 1796, by Molyneux, who considered it a Moose. The top of the skull of this noble animal, when standing erect, was ten feet from the ground. The antlers, which far surpass those of any living Deer or Elk, have a span of about eight feet ; they are branched and palmate, and were undoubtedly shed and reproduced annually. The broad and massive subtriangular palm has a graceful oblique twist, and sends off seven branches. The skull closely conforms to that of the Rein-Deer, but there are no rudiments of upper canines. The vast weight of this antlered skull was supported by cervical vertebrae of extraordinary develop- ment. The M. was cotemporaneous with the Mammoth, but probably became extinct before the creation of Man. This skull belongs to a skeleton perfect in all its parts, and of unusually large dimension, which was discovered in the Pleistocene deposits of shell-marl that underlie the peat-bogs in the neighbor- hood of Limerick, Ireland, and is now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size of skull, 22x10. Price of skull with antlers, packed, $30.00 ; with mountings, $35.00, (Antlers in nine pieces unpainted.) No. 47. Megaceros Hibernicus, Owen. SKULL AND LowER Jaw. Size, 22x10. Price, $6.50. No. 48. Sivatherium giganteum, Falc. and Caut. SKULL (Male). This singular pachyder- moid Antelope exceeded the Rhinoceros in size. The head was very large, broad but short, and carried four horns: the first pair resembled those of the Cow, and was placed just between and above the orbits; behind these was the other pair, palmated and branch- ing, like those of the Elk. The posterior part of the cranium was enormously develop- ed and cellular as in the Elephant. The face was short; the eyes small and lateral; and the nasal bones were prolonged into a pointed arch, indicating a proboscis. The very inclin- ed direction of the front of the face, in rela- tion to the triturating surface of the teeth, 20 VERTEBRATA, impartsa peculiar physiognomy. The animal must have had a compound stomach, though the teeth seem fitted for bruising and crushing the branches and twigs of trees. The enamel is rugosely furrowed, and the inner crescent presents sinuous plaited flexures. This fossil was discovered in the Valley of Markanda, among the Sewalik Hills of India (supposed to be Miocene), and is now in the British Museum. Size, 21x20. Price, with mountings, $15.00. No. 49. Sivatherium giganteum, Fale. and Caut. SKULL AND LowkER JAW (Female). This skull is smaller than that of the male, and is hornless. Size, 19x16. Price, with mountings, $12.00. No. 50. Sivatherium giganteum, Fale. and Caut. ForE-LEGS. Size, 5 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. Price, with mountings, $15.00; without mountings, $10. No. 51. Bos (Bison) priscus, Bojanus. CRANIUM WITH Horn-corEs. This ancient Bovine is the most nearly repre- sented at the present day by the Aurochs of Lithuania. It is the Bison latifrons of Leidy. The forehead is slightly convex, and the horns are very feebly curved. This fossil was found in 1846, in a Pleistocene deposit, Department of Isére, France, and belongs to the Museum of Natural History in Lyons. Size, 3 ft.3in.x 15 in. Price, $8.00. MAMMALIA. 21 No. 52. Bos primigenius, Boja. CRANIUM WITH Horn-corEs. This species is supposed to be the same as the Urus mentioned by Julius Cesar in his Commentaries, which, he says, is not much inferior to the Elephant in size(!) Cuvier, Bell, and many other naturalists believe that our domestic cattle are the degenerate descendants of this great Ox. The forehead is concave ; and the horns originate at the ends of the ridge which divides the frontal and occipital regions, and describe a double curvature. This specimen was found in 1840, in the Pleistocene banks of the Seille, France, and is in the Museum of Natural History in Lyons. Size, 3 ft.10in x 18in. Price, $9.00- No. 53. Bos primigenius, Boja. re ———SS SKULL wiTH HorN-corRES. This remarkably fine specimen, represented in the accompanying engraving, was discovered in a peat-bog (Pleistocene) in Amiens, France, and is preserved in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 2 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. Price, $10.00. No. 54. Bootherium cavifrons, Leidy. CRANIUM WiTH HornN-corES. In this species, which is closely allied to the Musk-Ox, the frontal bone rises into a prominent process from the sides of which originate the horn-cores. The latter project outwards, downwards, and forwards. The original was found in a gravelly bluff (Pleistocene), near Fort Gibson, on the Arkansas River, and belongs to the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. i Size, 24x18. Price, $5.00. No. 55. Bootherium bombifrons, Leidy. CRANIUM WITH Horn- CORES. This species differs from the preceding chiefly in the less development of the frontal ridge, and in the shape of the process which rises gradually into a hump. The specimen was found in the Jj Pleistocene morasses of Big- i bone Lick, Kentucky, and is i | in the Academy of Natural << Sciences, Philadelphia. ize, 18x12. Price, $4.00. 92 VERTEBRATA. No. 56. Poebrotherium Wilsonii, Leidy. SKULL AND LowER JAW. This specimen belonged to an individual just reach- ing adult age. The form of the head, if restored, would probably most approach that of the existing Musks. The ramus of the lower jaw is remarkable for its breadth and for an angular apophysis as in the Camel, Carnivores and most Rodents. The P. had three molars and four premolars in each ramus of both jaws, and probably two upper canines and eight lower incisors. The original was discovered in 1847, in the Mauvaises Terres (Miocene or White River Group), Nebraska, and is preserved in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Z Price, $1.75. No. 57. Oreodon Culbertsonii, Leidy. 4 SKULL AND LowER Jaw. This re- Y markable Ungulate constitutes one ! of the links necessary to fill up the wide gap between existing Rumi_ nants and the extinct Anoplotheria. The form of the cranium pro- per approaches that of the Camel ; but generally the skull bears most resemblance to the Anoplotherium. It differs strikingly from the latter in the existence of post-orbital arches, in the greater size of the orbits, and in the presence of deep lachrymal depressions. The sagittal crest is prominent; and the forehead is convex. The molars have a ruminant character; while canines and incisors exist in both jaws and form with the molarsalmost unbroken rows. The dentition appears to char- acterize a ruminating Hog. This specimen was found in the Mauvaises Terres (Lower Miocene) of Nebraska, and is in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phil- adelphia. Size, 8x5. Price, $2.00. No. 58. Oreodon major, Leidy. Sxuuu. This species differs apparently only in size. It was found in the Mauvaises Terres (Lower Miocene) of Nebraska, and is in the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Size, 11x 7. Price, $2.00. No. 59. Anoplotherium commune, Cuvier. a HEAD ON SLAB. This two-toed Ru- minant was about the size of a Fallow- Deer. It hada long and strong tail, and EG ROS ie was probably of | BS) S i aquatic habits. It was hornless, and had separate meta- | carpal and metatar- ‘ sal bones. But it is ssJ chiefly remarkable MAMMALIA. 23 for the completeness and regularity of its teeth. It has the typical number 44,— neither canine nor any other tooth rising above the general level, and the series is unbroken, a character now manifested only by Man. The grinding surface of the molars retains the transitory and embryonic structure of the ruminant type. The generic name has reference to the absence of tusks, long canines, horns and claws. This very perfectly preserved head is from the Kocene Gypsum Beds of Montmartre, Paris, and is now in the Garden of Plants. Size, 15x9. Price, $5.50. No. 60. Anoplotherium commune, Cuv. Rigut Foru-Foot on SiaB. Size, 11x5. Price, $2.25. No. 61. Anoplotherium commune, Cuv. Lert Hinp-Foot on SLAB. Size, 12x4. Price, $2.25. No. 62. Merycopotamu sdissimilis, Fale. and Caut. LOWER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. The exact position of this extinct animal has not been determined, but it seems to stand on the border-line between Ruminants and Omnivores. The molars resemble those of the Oreodon, but the rest of the dentition approaches that of the Hippopotamus. The fossil was found in the Sewalik Hills (Miocene), and is preserved in the British Museum. Size, 14x4. Price, $1.75. OrnpER 7 — PACHYDERMATA. The Pachyderms are non-ruminant Herbivores. None have clavicles, nor more than forty-four teeth. All that are odd-toed behind have a third trochanter on the femur. Many of them by their size, cranial characters and life by the river and marsh, show an intermediate posi- tion between the aquatic and terrestrial Mammalia. There are three groups, each tending toward some other Order. The Proboscideans ap- proach the Rodents. They embrace the largest of all terrestrial crea- tures, and are characterized by a proboscis, tusks, the absence of canines, a few large, transversely ridged molars, and pentadactyle feet, indicated only by divisions of the hoof. The dorso-lumbar vertebrae number more than nineteen. The only living Proboscideans are two species of Llephas—Indicus and Africanus. The total number of teeth they develop is thirty-two: the two permanent incisors or tusks being pre- ceded by two deciduous one, and the number of molars (which succeed each other not vertically but from behind forwards) is finally reduced to one in each ramus. The African species most nearly approaches the Mammoth in the structure of its teeth and general proportions. The true Pachyderms approximate to the Ruminants. They have two, three 24 VERTEBRATA. or four toes on the hind foot, and their dentition is still more various. The Hog is one of the few existing quadrupeds which retain the typical number and kinds of teeth, the formula being : 7 3:3 ¢ tim = 44. The WSolidungulates also approach the Ruminants, particularly the Camel. The caninesare rudimentary or wanting in the females. The Pachyderms were created at the dawn of the Tertiary Period. The earliest of elephantoid mammals was the Mastodon, which appeared in the Miocene. It was one of the first fossil animals by whose remains naturalists were convinced of the possibility of extinct species. But the earliest Pachyderm introduced upon our planet was a porcine beast—the Cheropotamus. The hoofed Herbivore, Coryphodon, if numbered with the Pachyderms, would dispute this honor. None of the Hquine race appear to be older than the Miocene (Sewalik Hills). No. 63. Sus scrofa, Meyer. SKULL. This species was coter- ® porary with the Mammoth, and ca- not be distinguished from the preseat Wild Boar. The fossil was found ina cave at St. Didier, France, and is now in the Museum of Natural History in Lyons. Size, 16x 7. Price, $4.00- No. 64. Sus giganteus, Fale. and Caut. SKULL. This specimen, discovered in the Sewalik Hills, India (Miocene), is preserved in the British Museum. Size, 12x9. Price, $3.50. No. 65 Sus erymanthius, Wagn. PALATE AND TEETH. This specimen from a Pleistocene deposit in Piker- mui, Greece, is in the University Museum at Munich. Size, 9x4. Price, $2.25. No. 66. Sus scrofa, Meyer. Morar. This specimen shows the characteristic tuberculate surface formed by the wrinkled enamel. Price, $0.30. b© Or MAMMALIA. No. 67. Choeropotamus affinis, Gervais. UppPEer JAw of a young animal. The C. was the earliest form of the Hog- tribe introduced upon our planet. When adult, it must have resembled the Peccari, but was about one-third larger. “It presents an interesting example of one of those links, completing the chain of affinities, which the revolutions of the earth’s surface have interrupted, as it were, and for a time concealed from our view.” It had the typical dentition. This jaw, discovered in 1856 in the lignites (Eocene) of Débruge, France, is now in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. Size, 6x8. Price, $1.50. No. 68. Chceropotamus affinis, Gerv. Lower Jaw of a young animal. In the form and proportions of the lower canines, and the backward prolongation of the angle of the jaw, the C. manifests an approximation to the carnivorous type: no other hoofed Mammal presents the latter conformation. This specimen was found, and is preserved with the preced- ing. Size, 8x3. Price, $1.50. No. 69. Choeropotamus Parisiensis, Cuv. Skuuu. This fossil was discovered in the Hocene Gypsum beds of Mont martre, Paris, and is preserved in the Museum of the Garden of Plants. Size, 12x6. Price, $3.25. No. 70. Entelodon magnum, Aymard. LowER JAW, with pedestal. This Pachyderm is characterized by six subtri- angular incisors in each jaw, by canines slightly curved and turning outwards, by seven molars in each ramus, and by tetradactylous feet. Like the Chwropotamus, this animal had features allying it to the Hog on the one side, and to the Hippo- potamus on the other. This specimen was found in the Lower Miocene at Agen, Southern France, and is now in the Museum of the Garden of Plants. Size, 18x13. Price, $7.50. No. 71. Anthracotherium magnum, Cuv. PALATE AND LowER JAw. The complete skeleton of this Pachyderm has not yet been found; but so far as determined, the genus seems to stand between the Hog and Hippopotamus. Remains were first found in the Brown Coal of Piedmont; whence the name. These were discovered in the Miocene of Auvergne, France, and are now in the Garden of Plants. Size, 24x18. Price, $9.00. No. 72. Lophiocheerus splendens. UPPER AND LOWER JAWs, RIGHT RAMI, with pedestal. These specimens were discovered in 1861, in the Lower Miocene at St. Alban, France, and are in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. Size, 6x4. Price, $2.00. Mo. 73. Hippohyus Sivalensis, Falc. and Caut. SKULL. This Pachyderm, like the Chwropotamus and Anthracotherium, had the typical dental formula now preserved in the Hog. The skull was found in the Miocene formation, Sewalik Hills, India, and is in the British Museum. Size, 9x4. Price, $1.75. 26 ' VERTEBRATA. No. 74. Hexaprotodon Sivalensis, Fale. and Caut. _ SKULL AND FRAGMENT OF LOWER JAw. This animal was essentially a Hippopotamus with Six incisors, instead of four, in each jaw. A specific distinction is the shortness of the face. These AK remains were found in the Mio- cene of the Sewalik Hills, India, and belong to the British Museum. Size, 24x16. Price, $9.00. No. 75. Hexaprotodon Sivalensis, Fale. and Caut. FRAGMENT oF LOWER JAw. (The complement of No. 74.) Size, 11x10. Price, $3.00. No. 76. Tetraprotodon paleeindicus, Falc. and Caut. Sxuuu. This extinct Pachyderm closely resembles the living Hippopotamus. Its skull was found in the Sewalik Hills, India (Miocene), and is now in the Brit- ish Museum. Size, 19x16. Price, $6.50. No. 77. Hippopotamus Monar. The crown of the tooth is divided into two lobes by a wide transverse valley, and each lobe is sub- divided by a narrow antero-posterior cleft into. two half- cones with their flat sides next each other. The original is in the Museum at Darmstadt. Price, $0.50. No. 78. Hipsooormus major, Cuv. Ricut Tusk. This tusk, from me right ramus of the lower jaw, is of a size which marks it as belonging to an animal much larger than any H. of the present day Size, following curve of tooth, 17x 7. Price, $1.50. No. 79. Hippopotamus major, Cuv. Lert Hryp-Foor. From the Pliocene Tertiary beds of Auvergne. Remains of this interesting genus of Pachyderm animals have been found in England, and very widely distributed through both Hurope and Africa. It does not seem, however, in either of these continents to have frequented points as far to the North as did the Rhinoceros. The H. major had peculiarities in its dentition which distinguished it from the modern species, and it was also nearly twice as large. This foot is quite perfect in preservation. Size, 1 ft.9in.x11lin. Price, on pedestal, $3.75. No. 80. Hquus namadicus, Falc. and Caut. Sutu. This is one of the three new species of fossil Horse found by Fal- coner and Cautley in the Miocene deposits of the Sewalik Hills, India, associate¢. with gigantic Pachyderms, Ruminants, aud Carnivores. The specimen is in the British Museum. Size, 18x8. Price, $5.00. MAMMALIA. yA No. 81. Equus fossilis. Monar. Remains of the fossil Horse have been found in the y SA uppermost Tertiaries and the Quarternary of many parts of Eu. rope and America. These remains are in the main molar and i incisive teeth which are usually noted under the name of E. fossi- lis, although some authors undertake to distinguish several species. This specimen is from the Pliocene beds of Suffolk, England. Original in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $0.20. No. 82. Hippotherium gracile, Wagn. Lert Hinp-Lus, on pedestal. This extinct Soliped—the Zguus primigenius of Meyer—ranged from the Himalayas to the Alps, and existed from the Miocene period to the Diluvium. It was about as large as the Deer, and had remarkably long, slender legs. These remains, comprising the lower part of the tibia, tarsus, and principal metatarsais and phalanges, were found in the Pleistocene strata at Pikermi, Greece, and belong to the University Museum at Munich. Size, 21x9. Price, $5.50. No. 838. Hipparion elegans, Christol. Lert Hinp-Foot. This little equine quadruped was tridactyle ; for while the two splint-bones alone are retained in the Horse, Zebra and Ass, in the H. they terminated in small digits and hoofs. Such a foot was better adapted for swampy soil, as it would not sink so deep- ly. The hoofs dangled behind like the spurious hoofs of the Ox. The H. was a transitional form between the Upper Hocene Palxo- theres and the modern Horse. This specimen was found in the Lower Pliocene at Cucurron, France, and belongs to the Museum of Natural History in Lyons. Size, 14x18. Price, $2.25. No. 84. Hipparion primigenius. FRAGMENT OF PALATE WITH FoUR TEETH. From the Lower Pliocene of Cucurron, France. Museum of Natural History in Lyons. Price, $1.00 s 74 . . No. 8. Anchitherium Bairdii, Leidy. SKULL AND LowER Jaw. This odd-toed Ungulate resembles the Paleo- therium in its dental structure, but is very much like the Horse in its skeleton. The cranium has a short sagittal crest and a large, broad forehead ; the skull is relatively shorter than that of the Horse; each jaw contains six incisors, two canines, and seven molars. These remains were found in the Mauvaises Terres (Lower Miocene), Nebraska, and are preserved in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Size, 6x4. Price, $2.25 28 VERTEBRATA. No. 86. Anchitherium Aurelianense, Gerv. PALATE WITH DOUBLE RANGE OF TEETH. This species, the Palwotherium Aurelianense of Cuvier, was larger than the preceding. The specimen was found in an oolitic limestone at St. Alban, France (Upper Miocene), and belongs to the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. Price, $2.00. No. 87. Anchitherium Aurelianense, Gerv. LOWER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. This fossil was found in 1861 in the same lo- cality as the preceding, and is preserved in the same Museum. Size, 7x2. Price, $1.00. No. 88. Rhinoceros Etruscus, Fale. SKULL AND LowER JAw. Thisvery perfect specimen is from the Diluyium of the Val d’ Arno, Tuscany. The original is in the University Museum at Pisa. Size, 20x14. Price, mounted, $15.00. No. 89. Rhinoceros platyrhinus, Fale. and Caut. ‘ Yo 2 ae | Mii | f wy Cn YA. Ds Wy ~= SKuLL. This is one of the four new species brought to light by the researches of Falconer and Cautley in that sepulchre of gigantic Mammals—the Miocene deposits in the Sewalik Hills, India. This skull is now in the British Museum. Size, 30x18. Price, with mountings, $15.00. No. 90. Rhinoceros paleeindicus, Fale. and Caut. Sxubni. This specimen is from the same locality as the above, and is pre- served in the same Museum. Size, 18x10. Price, $6.00. No. 91. Rhinoceros pleuroceros, SxuLu. The original, discovered in the Miocene at Gannat, France, is in the Museum of the Garden of Plants. Size, 18x8. Price, $5.50. No. 92. Rhinoceros megarhinus, Chris. Sxkuuu. This relic of a Pliocene Rhinoceros was discovered in 1861, near Moras, France, and is now in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. Size, 25x11. Price, $10.00. Na) Ne) MAMMALIA. No. 93. Rhinoceros brachypus, Lart. Uprrer JAW, LEFT RAMUS. This fossil, which probably belongs to the R. brachypus, was found in 1861, in an oolitic, Lower Miocene formation, at St. Alban, France, and is in the Museum of Natural History in Lyons. Size, 12x7. Price, $3.25. No. 94. Rhinoceros insignis. LowER Jaw. This specimen was found in the Miocene at Gannat, France, and is in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. Size, 12x 5. Price, 3.50. No. 95. Rhinoceros pleuroceros. LowER JAW, PART OF LEFT RAMUS. From the same locality. Size, 8x4. Price, $1.25. No. 96. Rhinoceros Schleiermacheri, Kaup. LowER JAW, LEFT RAMUS. This specimen, from the Upper Miocene of Central France, is in the Garden of Plants. Size, 21x11. Price, $2.50. No. 97. Rhinoceros UPPER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. With seven molars. Size, 10x4. Price, $2.00. No. 98. Rhinoceros tichorinus? Cuv. Two MoLARS FROM UPPER JAW, showing the folds of the enamel. From the Diluvium of France. Originals in the Ward Museum, University of Roch- ester. ; Price, $0.60. No. 99. Rhinoceros Merkii, Kaup. Monar. This specimen—smaller and narrower than the preceding—shows the folding of the enamel and the resultant figure of the crown-surface in molars from the lower jaw. From a lacustrine deposit (Miocene) at Steinheim, Wirtem- berg. Original in Mr. Ward’s private Geological Cabinet. Price, $0.30. No. 100. Rhinoceros incisivus, Cuv. Upper Incisor. From Miocene beds of Steinheim, Germany. Price, $0.50. No. 101. Rhinoceros megarhinus, Chris. Lert Trsia. This specimen from the Upper Pliocene at Montpelier, France, is also in the Museum at Lyons. Size, 17x6. Price, $2.00. No. 102. Tapirus Arvernensis, Croiz. and Job. PALATE’ AND JAW. This extinct Pachyderm differed little from the Tapir of Sumatra. The molars show the same bi- lophodont or two-ridged type. The upper jaw, when full, contains seven molars, one canine, and three incisors. This specimen was found in the Pliocene of Auvergne, Central France, and is in the Garden of Plants. Size,9x12. Price, $2.50. 30 VERTEBRATA. No. 103. Tlapirus Arvernensis, Croiz. and Job. LowER Jaw. This contains six molars, and is from the same locality. Size, 11x6. Price, $2.25. No. 104. Lophiodon Parisiense, Gerv. LowErR JAw. This tapiroid Mammal, the Tapirotheriuim of De Blainville, is known only by imperfect fragments, though Cuvier established the genus so early as 1800. It has the same dental formula as the Tapir; but the premolars present a more simple structure, the lower series having the crown compressed and forming two cones, and the last two in the upper jaw having only one’ cone on the inner side. This jaw was found in the calcaire grossier (Middle Hocene) near Paris, and is in the Garden of Plants. Size, 18x6. Price, $4.00. No. 105. Pliolophus vulpiceps, Owen. SKULL AND LowER JAw. This odd-toed, hoofed Herbivore stood intermediate between the Tapir and Paleotherium. The skull has a straight upper contour like that of the Horse ; while that of the Paleotherium and Anoplo- therium is convex. As in the Hog and Paleo- therium, the greatest cerebral expansion is at the middle and toward the fore-part of the temporal fosse, with a contraction toward the occiput. The orbit is higher than in the Rhinoceros, and lower than in the Hog. The dentition is like that of nearly all Hocene quadrupeds, a type not ex- hibited by any later or existing Mammal, namely: three incisors, one canine, four premolars, and three molars in each ramus. This interesting fossil was dis- covered in the London Clay (Kocene) of England, and is now in the British Mu- seum, Price, $1.25. No. 106. Palesotherium crassum, Cuv. HEAD. The dis. covery of the P—one of the most character- istic Mammals of the Tertiary world—form- ed an epoch in the his- tory of fossils. The creature resembled the Tapir in the shape of the head and the possession of a short proboscis; but it had only three toes on the forefoot, and the mo- Z lars resembled in form A ERD SESOR SBT Re ARO REEL LAS Re LOD SL GLEBE ESIS Tit DOLCE EE those of the Rhino- ceros, though agreeing in number, kind, and general arrangement with the den- tition of the Pliolophus. The canines were longer than the other teeth, and there were consequently vacancies in the series for the lodgment of the crowns MAMMALIA. Si of the canines when the mouth was shut. The upper canine was placed in advance of the lower one as in the Oreodon,—an anomalous position. This species is characterized by a long nasal bone, and by short thick feet. The fossil head, now in the Museum of the Garden of Plants, was discovered in the Eocene Gypsum of Montmartre, Paris. Size, 18x10. Price, $5.50. No. 107. Palesotherium crassum, Cuv. SKULL SHOWING BRAIN. The cranial cavity was filled with mud which, on the decomposition of the skull, has left a stony cast of the brain with its con- volutions. The original isin the Garden of Plants. Size, 12x7. Price, $2.00. No. 108- Paleeotherium girondicum, Blainv. UPPER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. This specimen from the Lower Miocene of Grave (Dordogne), France, shows the seven molars and the canine, all in place. Original in the Garden of Plants. Size, 10x4. Price, on pedestal, $2.00. No. 109. Paleeotherium crassum, Cuv. LowER JAw. Original in the Garden of Plants.—Size, 10x6. Price, $3.50. No. 110. Palzeotherium velaunum, Cuv. LowER JAw. This species is founded on some peculiarities in the lower jaw. The specimen was found in the Eocene Gypsum of Puy de Dome, Central France, and is in the Garden of Plants. Size, 6x3. Price, $2.00. No. 111. Paleeotherium crassum, Cuv. LEFT Hinp-Foot.—Size, 18x 5. Price, $2.25, No. 112. Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup. SKULL AND LowER Jaw. This huge Pachyderm, though its teeth were dis- covered more than a century ago, has not yet found a resting-place in the classifi- cation of animals. Cuvier called it a gigantic Tapir; De Blainville and Pictet consider it an aquatic Herbivore, resembling the Dugong, and inhabiting the embouchures of great rivers; Kaup regards it as intermediate between the Tapir and Mastodon, and truly terrestrial; while Owen says, that, “in the general shape of the skull and aspect of the nostril, the D. most resembles the Manatee, but bones of the limb have been found so associated with teeth as to determine the D,to bea hoofed quadruped of probably aquatic habits, and transitional as it a2 VERTEBRATA. would seem between the large Lophiodons and the huger Proboscidians.” To complicate the matter still further, there has been discovered in the Department of the Haute-Garonne in Southern France, an immense fossil pelvis, supposed to belong to the D. [See American Journal of Science for November, 1864.] It is five feet eleven inches from one crest to the other of the iliac bones, and four feet three inches in a line cutting it vertically. In its lower portion are two subtri- angular depressions which are evidently articulating cavities, in which fitted Mh Ni yt il} | | i 1 i many ni sn pai ma | A Te | wal te ll ES Ge i a marsupial bones. It may be, therefore, that the D. was a marsupial ; although it is still as uncertain as before to what exact order of animal this didelphic feature was inthiscase added. The skull, scapula, femur and pelvis (?) are the only parts of the D. yet discovered. The scapula resembles that ofa Mole. The skullis char- acterized by a very flat occipital bone (approximating in form the occiput of Ce- tacea), large nasal aperture opening above, and large suborbital fossz, which, together with the form of the nose, seem to indicate the presence of a short pro- MAMMALIA. 33 boscis. The teeth, numbering five in each ramus, are all molars, and belong to the two-ridged type, as in the Tapir, Megatherium, Kangaroos, and Manatee. The first two answer to the third and fourth premolars. The enormous down-curving tusks are, in fact, two huge recurved incisors implanted in a prolongation of the symphysis of the lower jaw. They were retained in both sexes. “They were probably useful (says Ansted), as pickaxes, enabling the monster to dig for suc- culent vegetable food by day, while, perhaps, at night they could be attached like anchors to the banks of the river or lake in which the animal habitually dwelt.”’ Cuvier and Kaup calculated that the D. must have attained the extraordinary length of eighteen feet. Its body, doubtless, resembled that of the Hippopo- tamus, being little raised above the ground, although the huge columns which formed its legs are supposed to have been nearly ten feet in length. Remains of this genus have been found in the Miocene deposits of Germany, France, Bava- ria, Austria, America, and Perim Island, associated with the Hippopotamus, Horse, Ox, Antelope, Ape, Hog, Dog, Wolf, Cat, Lamantin, Morse, Sea-Calf and Dolphin—all of extinct species. This magnificent fossil, the head of the Dino- therium giganteum, was discovered by Dr. Klipstein, near Eppelsheim, Rhine Valley, in a bed of Miocene sand and marl, containing marine shells, and is now in the Museum at Darmstadt. Size, 4 ft. 8 in. x 4 feet. Price, with mountings, $80.00. No. 1138. Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup. SKULL AND LOWER JAW, REDUCED. Size, 16x16. Price, with pedestal and mountings, $15.00. No. 114. Dinotherium Cuvieri, Kaup. UPPER JAW, LEFT RAMUS. This fragment contains two molars. It was found in the Lower Miocene, near Blois, France, and is in the Museum of Natu- ral History at Lyons. Size, 6x5. Price, $1.25. No. 115. Dinotherium levius. UPPER JAW, LEFT RAMUS. This fragment contains the three anterior mo- lars. It was found in the Middle Miocene at St. Donat Drome, France, and belongs to the Museum at Lyons. Size, 11x6. Price, $2.25. No. 116. Dinotherium levius. Lower Jaw. This specimen was discovered in 1861, in the Lower Miocene, St. Albans, France, and belongs to the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. Size, 3 ft. 6 in. x2 ft.3in. Price, $25.00. No. 117. Dinotherium Americanum. LOWER JAw, on pedestal. This relic of a Dinothere that once lived by the Swamps and estuaries of the New World, belongs to the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. Size, 20x19. Price, $10.00. No. 118. Dinotherium levius. RANGE OF FIVE MOLARS, UPPER JAW, LEFT RAMUS. These were found in the Lower Miocene at St. Albans, France, and are in the Museum at Lyons. Size, 14x5. Price, $2.50. 3 34 VERTEBRATA. No. 119. Dinotherium levius. Upper MoLars, FULL SET. From the same locality and Museum. Size,12x11. Price, $3.50. No. 120. Dinotherium levius. THREE ANTERIOR MoLARS, LOWER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. From the same locality and Museum. Size,6x2. Price, $1.50. No. 121. Dinotherium levius. THREE ANTERIOR MOLARS, UPPER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. From the same locality and Museum. Size, 6x2. $1.50. No. 122. Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup. Last Two Mouars. They were found in a Miocene deposit at Frohnstetten | Wirtemberg, and are in the University Museum of Munich. Size, 7x3. Price, $1.00. No. 123. Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup. FouRTH LOWER Moar, LEFT RAMUS. This was found in the Upper Mio- cene, near Lyons, France, and belongs to the Museum of Natural History in that city. Price, $0.50. No. 124. Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup. SECOND UPPER MoLAR, LEFT RAMUS. This tooth, from the Upper Miocene at St. Jean le 4 Vieux, France, is also in the Lyons Museum. Price, $0.60. No. 125. Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup. First UPPER MoLAR, LEFT RAMUS. This is from the same locality and Museum. Price, $0.60. No. 126. Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup. Mo.Lar. Price, $0.50. No. 127. Dinotherium giganteum, Kaup. Femur. This is the largest thigh-bone known to naturalists. The original was found at Epplesheim, and is in the Museum at Darmstadt. Size, 5 ft x15in. Price. $9.00. No. 128. Elephas Ganesa, Fale: and Caut. SKULL witH TusKs. This remarkable Asiatic Elephant, long ago extinct, is distinguished by a pair of tusks ten and a half feet in length, and twenty-six "esouey) SCUdSIM ‘SST ‘ON VEZ S Cyyyywmn:; yf V4, Kl! a Z LAD, ) ZY) Mfr = “Wy 4 IN jl Awe WOW iif! Yin eo Y, yi, | im a | ) } | | NG | ff \] \ \ \\ fj //// 7 Mf fi | \\ \ — 2 | —— BS Ate tELEE ; Lif FE. 2} MAMMALIA. 3 Or inches in circumference at the base. In consequence of their slight curvature, they project eight feet five inches in front of the head. The length of the skull is four feet two inches; width, twenty-nine inches. The apparent disproportion of the tusks to the size of the skull is truly extraordinary, and exemplifies the maxi- mization of dental development. By this great leverage they must have added to the skull of the living animal a weight of nearly two thousand pounds. The molars present seven or eight ridges, and the valleys between are filled with a large quantity of cement. The original, preserved in the British Museum, was discovered in that classical paleontological ground—the Sewalik Hills of India—in a Miocene deposit, consisting of concretionary grit, conglomerate, sandstone, and loam, and containing lignite, trunks of dicotyledonous trees, and land and fresh- water shells. Price, with mountings, and packed, $80.00. No. 129. Elephas bombifrons, Fale. and Caut. SKULL. From the same locality and Museum as Hiephas Ganesa. Size, 8 ft. x 1 ft.10in. Price, $22.00. No. 130. Elephas Hysudricus, Fale. and Caut. SKULL. This species is an intermediate form between Falconer’s subgenera— Loxodon and Huelephas. The specimen was found in the Miocene of the Sewalik Hills, India, and is in the British Museum. Size, 2 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft.2in. Price, $22.00. No. 131. Elephas meridionalis, Nesti. LOWER JAw. From Diluvium of the Val d’Arno, Tuscany. The origina] specimen is in the Museum of the University of Pisa. Size, 2 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. No. 132. Hlephas primigenius, Blum. LOWER JAW, YounG. This is the latest form of true Hlephant which lived in a temper- ate latitude, and is the best known of all the fossil species. The range of the animal was apparently between the 40th and 70th par- allels of latitude; and its remains are found chiefly, if not ‘exclusively, in Pleistocene de- posits. The inhabitants of Siberia call it Mammoth, or subterranean Mole, believing that it lived under ground. It is not a little singular that Darwin found a theory held by the people of the Pampas that the Mastodon was a burrowing animal. The primeval Ele- phant was over twice the weight of the lar- @ gest living species, and nearly a third taller. It had broader grinders, and narrower and more numerous and close-set transverse plates and ridges; a more parallel position of the right and left sockets of the grinders; a greater length of the sockets of the tusks; a larger and more promi- nent tubercle of the lachrymal bone; and more angular and relatively shorter zygomatic processes. Moreover, the outer contour of one ramus meets that of the other at a more open angle. In the structure of the molars, this species comes nearer the Indian Elephant than the African, the plates being disposed in nearly parallel lines. But the tusks have a bolder and more extensive curvature: some 36 VERTEBRATA. have been found which describe a circle, but the curve being oblique, they thus clear the head, and point outward, downward and backward. The cranium of the Elephas primigenius is elongated and the forehead concave, A lower molar can be distinguished from an upper one by the grinding surface being slightly concave in the direction of its longest diameter, that of the upper molar being in the same degree convex. Most of the molars of the New World Mammoth are character- ized by thinner and more numerous plates than those of England, but the differ- ence is not constant. The creature was covered with shaggy hair, so that it was fitted to live as near the pole as is compatible with the growth of hardy trees or shrubs. The sterile region in Northern Siberia, where the remains occur so abun- dantly, was, according to Murchison, beneath the sea at the period when the Mam- moth lived; the bones and carcases therefore must have drifted thither. It should be mentioned, however, that the remains are rarely rolled or water-worn. This lower jaw, belonging to a young animal, was disinterred from a Pleistocene deposit at Lippe, Rhenish Prussia, and is in the University Museum at Bonn, Rhine Val- ley. It is a very perfect specimen, and retains the molar teeth in place. Size, 12x12. Price, $3.00. No. 133. Hlephas primigenius, Blum. LowER JAw, younc. This specimen was found in 1835, in a Pleistocene de- posit in the Department of Ain, France, and is now in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. Size, 12x10. Price, $3.00. No. 134. Hlephas intermedius. LOWER JAw. This specimen is from the Pleistocene in the Parish of ee near Lyons, France, and is in. the Museum of that city. Size, 2 ft. 38 in. x 25in. Price, $8.00. No. 135. EKlephas intermedius. Lower Jaw. This jaw was found in the Pleistocene at Lyons, and is in the Museum of that city. Size, 21x17. Price, $6.00. No. 136. Klephas intermedius.’ SIXTH UPPER MoLAR, LEFT RAMUS. This grinder was found in the Pleis- Y tocene on the banks of the Saéne, France, » 2nd is in the Museum at Lyons. Size, 13x8. Price, $2.50. No. 187. Elephas intermedius. SrxTH LOWER MoLAR, LEFT RAMUS. This grinder was found in the Pleis- tocene at St. Germain, France, and is in the Museum at Lyons. Size, 11x6. Price, $2.00. No. 188. Elephas meridionalis, Nesti. FIrTH UPPER MOLAR, RIGHT RAMUS. This species is characterized by a very long symphysis to the lower jaw, and by molars similar to those of the Afri- can Elephant. This tooth was found in the Upper Pliocene, in the Lower Alps, France, and is in the Museum at Lyons. Size, 8x5. Price, $1.75. MAMMALIA. 37 No. 139. Elephas meridionalis, Nesti. Firte upPpER MoLAR, RIGHT RAMUS. This is from the Upper Pliocene» at Chagny, France, and is in the Museum at Lyons. Size,6x4. Price, $1.25. No. 140. Elephas primigenius, Blum. Sixru MoLaR, UPPER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. This was found in a Pleistocene stratum at Ranelle, France, and is in the Museum at Lyons. Size, 10x77. Price, $2.75. No. 141. Elephas primigenius, Blum. Mouar. This un- usually perfect and well preserved specimen shows well the distinc- tive structure of the mammoth grinder, and fy the inclination of the f plane of the triturating a \ surface to the vertical Kt lines of the enamel-plates, \ due to the oblique growth of the tooth from the al- veolar socket. The orig- inal weighs fourteen = === pounds, and belongs to the Ward Museum, in the University of Rochester. Size, 11x8. Price, $2.75. No. 142. Elephas Americanus, De Kay. Moniar. This Mammoth of the New World, similar to, if not identical with the #. primigenius of Europe and Asia, ranged from Canada to Georgia, Texas, and Mexico, on the South, and to Oregon and California on the West. It was evi- dently fitted for a warmer climate than the Old World species since the fossils are most abundant in the Mississippi valley. This grinder was found in the surface Alluvium at Homer, Cortland County, New York, and is in the Academy at Homer. Size, 12x6. Price, $2.25. No. 143. Elephas Americanus, De Kay. Moar. From the Pleistocene at St. Catherines, Canada West, and now |h in Burnet’s Museum, Table Rock, Nia- gara, Size, 7x5. Price, $1.75. No. 144. Hlephas primigenius, Blum. Lert Humerus. This specimen, from the Pleistocene formation in the De- partment of Isére, France, is in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. Size, 3 ft.4in.x 1 ft. Price, $7.00. 38 VERTEBRATA. No. 145. Elephas primigenius, Blum. Riewt Trera. From the same locality and Museum. Size, 25x10. Price, $4.50. No. 146. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. SKULL AND LOWER JAW. Masto- dont remains were first discovered at Albany, N. Y., and described by Dr. Mather in the Philosophical Transac- tions for 1712. The first specimens seen in Europe were found thirty years after, by Longueil, on the edge of a marsh near the Ohio River, and hence the French called the unknown creature, “the animal of the Ohio.” Bones have since been found as high as 70° N. But they mainly frequented a more tem- perate zone ; and we have no evidence that any species was specially fitted like the Mammoth to brave the rigors of an arctic winter. Humboldt found a tooth near the voleano of Imbaburra, at an elevation of 7,200 feet. The remains occur chiefly in the United States, Europe, and India. Mastodons were the earliest of elephantoid mammals. They are distinguished from the Elephants by their less complex molars; flatter cranium; smaller development of the frontal air-cells. presenting a less intelligent character; more elongated body, but not much, if any, higher; and limbs proportionately shorter and stronger. The teeth differed less from those of the older tapiroid Pachyderms than do the grinders of the true Elephants. The surface, instead of being cleft into numerous thin plates, was divided into wedge-shaped transverse ridges, and the summit of these were sub- divided into smaller cones, more or less resembling nipples, whence the name. When worn, the protuberances become truncated into a lozenge form. Bronn and Owen state that the Mastodon is characterized by lower incisors (tusks) and by molars which are replaced from back to front, excepting one or more milk-mo- lars; while in the Elephant there are no inferior incisors, and ad the molars are replaced in a horizontal direction. Falconer shows that these generic distinctions are neither absolute nor constant. He makes the Mastodons include all the ele- phantoid species which have the crowns of the molars comparatively simple and uniformly divided into two subequal divisions by a longitudinal cleft; the ridges limited to three or four in number, and invariably more or less concave across ; the enamel thick (in some specimens three times as thick as in the Mammoth), and in conical or compressed points; and the valleys between the ridges deep and empty, or with but a sparing quantity of cement. The Elephants, on the other hand, include all the Proboscideans which have the crowns of the molars more complex, and usually wanting in a longitudinal line of division ; the ridges more numerous and less definite, each being composed of a greater number of mamumillary points, which are most elevated in the middle, rendering the ridges convex across; the processes of enamel thinner, higher, and more divided ; and the deep narrow valleys entirely filled up with cement. The deciduous dental formula of the M. is: 7 1 or 1,¢9,m oii or 8; of the B. itis: 71,¢ 9m 3— 7. The persistent dental formula of the M. is: 7 Lorl,¢ 9, pm 2 or ¢, 3—8 -12; of the E. it is: 7 3b, ¢ 8, pm 2 or 2m 3=7-11. MAMMALIA. 39 The lower molars of the M. are narrower than the upper, and the grinding surface of the latter describe in their longitudinal direction aslight convexity, while the former have a corresponding concavity. In the upper molars the inner range of tubercles are most worn ; in the lower ones, the outer range. By these marks a detached grinder may be referred to the jaw and ramus supporting it.* The M. giganteus (M. Ohioticus of Blum.) is the most common species in the United States. The transverse ridges of its grinders are in shape more like those of the Dinotherium than in any other Mastodon. The penultimate and antepen- ultimate grinders are three-ridged, making it a Trilophodon in Falconer’s arrange- ment. The lower jaw has two tusks in the young of both sexes; these are soon shed in the female, but one of them (usually the right) is retained by the male. The upper tusks are retained in both sexes; they are elliptical, and are less obliquely curved than in the Elephant. This fossil head of a young animal was taken from a marsh (Pleistocene) near Newburg, N. Y., and is now in Dr. War- ren’s Museum, Boston. It contains two unworn molars in each ramus. Size, 28x 23° Price, with mountings, $20.00. No. 147. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. LowER Jaw of No. 146. Size, 24x14. Price $6.00. No. 148. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. ae ftp, | NS coe it} ei ey i SKULL. This, one of the largest elephantoid skulls that has ever been dis- covered, and known as the “Shawangunk Skull,” was disinterred from a Post- Glacial fluviatile deposit in Orange County, N. Y. Size, 3 ft.9in.x2ft.8in. Price, $30.00. 40 VERTEBRATA. No. 149. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. Lower JAw. This was found in St. Catherines, Canada West, and is pre- served in Burnet’s Museum, Table Rock, Niagara. Size, 3 ft.2in.x 2 ft. 7in. Price, $4.00. No. 150. Mastodon Borsoni, Hays. Lower JAw. This species was founded on the supposed absence of the longitudinal cleft along the summit of the molars. It is a “Trilophodon.” The specimen was found in the Upper Pliocene, Vialette, Department of Haute-Loire, France, and is in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. Size, 24x18. Price, $8.00. No. 151. Mastodon Arvernensis, Croizet and Jobert. Lower JAw. This lower jaw of the Auvergne Mastodon was found in the Pleistocene sands of Montachita, Italy. It lacks both condyles, but shows the nascent dentition of the third molar teeth. The original is in the Museum of the University of Pisa. Size, 15x14. Price, $5.00. No. 152. Mastodon longirostris, Kaup. LowER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS, FRAGMENT. This species is characterized by three narrow molars in each ramus, and especially by the prolongation of the lower jaw which carries a pair of tusks only slightly deflected from the line of ; the grinders. It is distinguished from M. angustidens, Cuv., by a more complex last molar tooth. It is a “Tetralophodon,” since the first and second true molars have four ridges. The remains are almost entirely confined to the Upper Miocene sands of Eppelsheim ; this specimen was found in the Middle Miocene near Lyons, France, and belongs to the Museum of Natural History in that city. It contains the deep sockets for the tusks. Size, 14x 8. Price, $3,00. No. 1538. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. LowkR JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. This fragment was found in Missouri, and is in the Royal Museum of Berlin. Size, 28x14. Price, $4.00. No. 154. Mastodon Andium, Cuv. LowkER JAW, LEFT RAMUS. This species has four-ridged molars (Tetra- lophodon), and one or two large inferior incisors. A distinctive feature of its tusks is a strip of enamel two inches broad, lengthwise along their outer side. The specimen was found in the Miocene strata of the Sewalik Hills, India, and is in the British Museum. Size, 30x14. Price, $5.00. No. 155. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. a) va i ‘il i | Has A Moar. This fine specimen was found at the celebrated locality of Big Bone Lick, Ky. (Pleistocene), and is now in the Ward Museum, University of M) Rochester. It shows in the unusual Me perfection the cusps, the alveolar line, —t i and the long, curved fangs of the tooth. The enamel is little worn, and is as bright as in the teeth of living animals. Size, 7x6. Price, $3.06. a MAMMALIA. °- 41 No. 156. Mastodon affinis. Firrn Uprer Morar, RIGHT RAMUS. This was found in the Lower Plio- cence, Department of Isére, France, and is in the Museum at Lyons. Price, $1.00. No. 157. Mastodon dissimilis. Friern Upper Moar, LEFT RAMUS. From the Upper Pliocene in the De- partment of Haute-Sadne, France, and now in the Museum at Lyons. Price, $1.00. No. 158. Mastodon dissimilis. Last Upper Monar, RIGHT RAMUS. This was discovered in 1827, in the Upper Pliocene, near Montpelier, France, and is in the Museum of Lyons. Price, $1.75. No. 159. Mastodon longirostris, Kaup. Last Upper MoLAR, RIGHT RAMUS. From the Mid- § dle Miocene, near Lyons, France, and is in the Museum of § Natural History of that city. Size, 7x7. Price, $1.50. ¥ No. 160. Mastodon dissimilis. Last UpPpER Moar, LEFT RAMUS. From the Upper Pliocene, near Lyons, and now in the Museum of that city, Size, 7x3. Price, $1.50. No. 161. Mastodon insignis. FourtH LowER MoLAR, LEFT RAMUS. From the Lower Pliocene, Depart- ment of Ain, France, and same Museum as above. Price, $0.60. No. 162. Mastodon insignis. Firta LowER MOLAR, LEFT RAMUS. Same locality and Museum as preced- ing. Price, $1.00. No. 163. Mastodon dissimilis. Last LowER Mouar, RIGHT RAMUS. From the Lower Pliocene, near Tour- nay, France, and now in the Museum at Lyons. Size, 9x3. Price, $1.25. No. 164. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. Monar. The original, from the Diluvium of St. Catharines, Canada West, is in Burnet’s Museum, Table Rock, Niagara. Size,8x7. Price, $2.00. No. 169. Mastodon elephantoides, Cleft. Moxar. The intermediate group of Proboscideans, from which the other 49 ‘ VEBTEBRATA. species diverge through their dental characters, on the one side into Mastodons. and on the other into the typical Elephants, is designated by Clift, 4 Hlephant- oides. Others, as Owen, call them transitional Mastodons; while Falconer regards them as more properly belonging to the Elephants, and corresponding to his sub-genus “Stegodon.” The ridges of the molars range from six to eight, and are more elevated than in the true Mastodons. Thus far, this extinct group has been found only in the Indian Tertiaries. This tooth, from the Miocene in Ava, belongs to the Garden of Plants. Size, 6x4. Price, $1.25. No. 166. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. Mit«x Tooru- This specimen is from the Pleistocene blue clay at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, and is in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phi- ladelphia. Size, 6x38. Price, $1.25. No. 167. Mastodon Mitk Tootru. Locality unknown. Price, $0.30. No. 168. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. Tusk. The original, discovered in the Diluvium at St. Catherines, Canada West, is preserved in Bur- net’s Museum, Table Rock, Niagara.—Size, 8 ft. 10 in. x 7in. Price, with mountings and pedestal, $10.00. No. 169. Mastodon longirostris, Kaup. TUSK OF LOWER JAW. From the Middle Miocene, near Lyons, France, and belongs to the Museum of Natural History in that city. Size, 20x38. Price, $2.00. No. 170. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. ATLAS. This specimen, from a Pleistocene deposit in North America, is in the Cabinet of William’s College, Mass. Size, 18x9. Price, $2.25. No. 171. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. DenTATUS. The original, from St. Catherines, Canada West (Pleistocene), is in Burnet’s Museum, Table Rock, Niagara. Size, 10x8. Price, $1.75. MAMMALIA. 43 No. 172. Mastodon giganteus, Cuv. First DorsAL VERTEBRA. ‘The original, from a Pleistocene formation in the State of New York, is in the Cabinet of William’s Collage, Mass. Size, 18x10. Price, $2.00. No. 173. Mastodon Borsoni, Hays. Ricut Femur. From the Upper Pliocene, Department of Haute-Sadéne, France. The original isin the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. * Size, 4 ft.6in.x1ft.5in. Price, $8.00. No. 174. Toxodon augustideus, Owen. LowER JAw. The Toxodon, although represented only by the skull and a few other fragments, has, from the earliest period of its discovery, greatly attract- ed the interest and attention of Naturalists. The dimensions of its skull show that it rivalled the largest quadrupeds in size, while its general proportions and peculiarities of form prove clearly that this extinct genus differed essentially from any other animal hitherto described. The T. appears to have united certain fea- tures allying it to both the Rodents, Pachyderms and Cetaceans. It had two incisors in each side of the upper jaw, and these presented the very anomalous feature of curving inwards from either side so as to form a sort of arch below the palate. It is from this curving of the teeth that the generic name has been taken. The T. was an herbivorous animal, and very probably fed upon the plants in riv- ers like the Dugong or the Manatee. This specimen was found in the Pampean formation (Pleistocene) of Buenos Ayres, and is in the British Museum. Size, 24x11. Price, $6.00. OrpER 8 — CETACEA. The members of this Order, formed for life in the ocean, have, in many respects, the external appearance of Fishes. By some authors they are called ‘‘ Mutilates,” because their hind limbs appear to have been amputated. The clavicle is wanting, and the pelvis is scarcely represented by two small rudimentary bones. The true Whales are characterized by the extremely long bones of the face, and by the nasal bones forming the very highest part of the skull. Teeth are entirely wanting in the adult. The caudal vertebre differ from those of Fishes in retaining the transverse processes. The true Dolphin has forty-seven sharp, conical, crooked teeth in each ramus. The Sirenia are vegetable feeders, sometimes crawling on shore to feed. Both jaws are armed with incisors, and molars with flat-ridged crowns. The cervical vertebre are not anchylosed as in the Whale. There is much in the organization of the Sirenians which indicates an affinity to the Pachyderms. The earliest Cetacean remains discovered are two species of Priscodelphinus (Lieidy) from the New Jersey cretaceous, and the 44 VERTEBRATA. Paleocetus from the Upper Greensand of Ely, Eng. With these ex- ceptions, the Order (according to our present knowledge) is confined to the Tertiary and Recent Periods. The most numerous fossil relics (teeth and ear-bones) have been found in the Red Crag, but evidently washed out of Hocene strata. In the Miocene Period, the Dugongs and Manatees were abundant and more widely distributed than now. Their fossil bones have the solid structure of those of living herbivorous mutilates. No. 175. Halitherium Schinzi, 0 tr SKULL, FEMUR, AND TootH. This herbivor- ous animal, related to the Dugong, lived by the sea-shore and the mouths of rivers. Remains have been found in every deposit above the Cal- caire Grossier (Middle Hocene). These specimens were discovered in the Miocene at Flonheim, Rhine Valley. Size, 8x8. Price, $5.00. No. 176. Zeuglodon cetoides, Owen. Two TrEeTH. This carnivorous whale typified a distinct family intermediate between Cetacea proper and Sirenia. Its teeth were first described by Scilla in 1747; in 1836 by Harlan under the names of Basilosaurus and Squalodon ; and in 1839 by Owen, who first determined the mammalian and cetacean na- ture of the animal. When full grown, it was probably seventy feet in length. The skull is long and narrow; the nostril single and look- ing upward. The jaws are armed with teeth of two kinds, set wide apart: the anterior have subcompressed, conical, slightly recurved, sharp, pointed crowns, and are implanted by a single root ; the posterior are larger with more compressed and longitudinally extended crowns conical, but with a more obtuse point, and with both front and hind borders strongly notched or serrated. The crown is contracted from side to side in the middle of its base, so as to give its transverse section an hour-glass form. The generic name refers to this structure. The root of the posterior teeth has two fangs. The mode of succession conforms to the general mammalian type more than any existing carnivorous Cetacean; i. e.:the decid- MAMMALIA. 45 uous tooth is displaced and succeeded vertically by a second molar. These fossil teeth, one anterior, the other posterior, were discovered in a marl deposit of the “ Jackson epoch” (Middle Eocene) in Claiborne, Alabama, and are now in the Ana- tomical Museum of Berlin. Size,6x4. Price, $1.00. tinctive feature of this species is this, that while in the Z. cetoides there is in the upper jaw a conical tooth having two roots which may pass for a canine or a premolar, in the Z. hydrarchus there are two such abnormal canines. So that its dental formula is: 2 3¢? 2m 5—19. This skull was found at the same locality as the preced- ing, and belongs to the Tylerian Museum at Haarlem. Size, 32x13. Price, $7.00. No. 178. Rhizoprion Schinzi. Heap, This Cetacean—some- what allied in form to the modern Porpoise—is from the Middle Terti- ary beds of Central France, and is preserved in the Museum of Natural History of Lyons. Size, 26x10. Price, $10.00. No. 179. Balzeenodon gibbosus, Owen. CETOTOLITES, two specimens. These fossil tympanic bones belong to a large, extinct Whale, which, probably like some contemporary quadrupeds, retained fully developed characters which are embryonic and transitory in existing Ceta- ceans. They were found in the Red Crag (Pliocene) of Suffolk, England; but as _ they are water-worn and rolled, and were doubtless washed out of previous strata. The original specimens belong to the Ward Museum in the University of Roches- ter. Price, $1.00. No. 180. Ccetus Emmonsi, Leidy. ToorH. This remarkable dental form, having a resemblance to the canine of the Hippopotamus, was found in the Older Miocene of White River, Upper Mis- souri region, Size, 9x4. Price, $1.25. OrpER 9 — MARSUPIALIA. The Marsupials possess a peculiar feature which places them lowest in the Mammalian series. This feature is the premature production of their young, which are matured in a pouch, supported by two peculiar 46 VERTEBRATA. bones attached to the pubis. These characteristic bones are found in all Marsupials—male as well as female, except the Thylacinus. The Order presents a remarkable diversity of structure, there being herbiy- orous, carnivorous and insectivorous species, and in fact representatives of many of the higher Orders of Mammals. In the herbivorous species, the canines are usually wanting. Excepting one American and one Ma- layan genus, Marsupials are now confined to Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea. Marsupials were the first of Mammals—the Microlestes having been discovered between the Lias and Keuper Sandstone near Stuttgardt, while the Dromatherium was found in the Triassic (or Liassic) coal-field of North Carolina. No. 181. Diprotodon Australis, Owen. SkvuLL AND LowER JAw. This gigantic Kangaroo—nearly equalling the Hippopotamus in size—was discovered in the Pleistocene beds at Darling Downs, Australia, and was therefore contemporary with the great Sloths of South Ameri- ca. Like the Megatherium, while retaining the dental formula of its living ho- mologue, it shows remarkable modifications of its limbs. The hind limbs were shorter and stronger, and the front limbs were longer and stronger than those of living Kangaroos; yet the ulna and radius were so articulated as to give the fore- 5 BF arog ee - 4-498) paw the rotatory action. The dental formula was 7 373,¢8,p yy, ™ ee The front upper incisors were very large and scalpriform, as in the Wombat ; the premolars were soon shed; and the molars had two ridges disposed as in the Tapir and Kangaroo, but more compressed and prominent. The D., in this last respect, approached the Pachyderms, furnishing, says Pictet, a new proof of par- AVES. 47 allelism existing between the monodelphs and didelphs. The original of this fine specimen is in the British Museum. A part of the right lower ramus is wanting. Size, 3 ft.5 in. x 1 ft.10in. Price, mounted. $40.00. No. 182. Nototherium Mitchelli, Owen. SKULL AND LowER Jaw. This quadruped, which probably rivalled the Rhinoceros in size, manifests pachyder- mal modifications of the marsupial type. It differs from the Diprotodon in the polished surface of the enamel as con- trasted with the punctate surface of the teeth of the latter, by the obliquity of the molar ridges, and by procumbent incisors of less relative size. There were three molars and two premolars in each ramus. From the great width of the zygomatic arches, it was formerly called Zygomaturus. This specimen, discover- ed in the alluvial deposits near the Condamine River, Australia, is in the Brit- ish Museum. Size, 20x18. Price, mounted, $12.00. No. 188. Thylacoleo carnifex, Owen. LowER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. This marsupial carnivore was about the size of the Lion. The fossil was found in the Pleistocene formation of Australia, and is preserved in the British Museum. Price, $0.60. CLASS It — AVES. The earliest evidences of Birds are footprints on the tidal shore of the Liassic Sea. The fossil bones are much more rare than those of other Vertebrates, excepting, perhaps, in the favored locality of New Zealand. “The powers of flight possessed by most Birds (says Lyell) would ensure them against perishing by numerous casualties to which quadrupeds are exposed during floods.” The length of time, also, during which the carcase of a Bird may float, exposes it the more to be devoured, and also to the wider dispersion of its remains. The greatest part of ornithic remains yet found are those of land Birds. Certain cylindrical bones from the Stonesfield Oolite, Wealden, and Chalk have turned out under the critical eye of Owen to be Pterodac- tylian. The oldest authentic ornitholites are the relics of a small Vul- ture (Iithornis vulturinus) found in the Eocene clay of the Isle of 48 VERTEBRATA, Sheppey. ‘Comparisons of the ornitholites of the Eocene Tertiaries (says Owen) show that the following ordinal modifications of this class of Birds were at that period represented: the raptorial, by species of the size of our ospreys, buzzards and smaller falcons, and most probably also by an owl; the insessorial, by species seemingly allied to the nut- hatch and the lark; the scansorial, by species as large as the cuckoo and king-fisher ; the rasorial, by a species of small quail; the cursorial, by a species as large as, but with thicker legs than, an ostrich; the grallatorial, by a curlew of the size of the ibis, and by species allied to Scolopax, Tringa and Pelidna, of the size of our woodcock, lapwings and sanderlings; and the natatorial, by species allied to the cormorant, but one of them of larger size, though less than the pelican; also, by a species akin to the Divers.” Ornithic remains become more abundant as we approach the present era, especially in the Miocene strata, so richly developed in France. Indications of every Order, except the great Cursores, have been ob- served in that formation,—those of Waders being most numerous. The Pliocene marls at Monte Bolca furnish impressions of feathers, and the Pleistocene clay of England has yielded a fossil humerus re- sembling that of the wild goose. But most of the ornitholites of the recent Tertiary are confined to bone-caverns. They belong to Birds resembling the faleon, wood-pigeon, lark, thrush and teal. The most extraordinary additions to the paleontology of this Class have been obtained from New Zealand—an island remarkable for pos- sessing but one indigenous land-mammal, and but a few diminutive rep- tiles. Colossal Birds, ranging from three to ten feet in height, akin to the Ostrich but tridactyle and tetradactyle, have left remains in the recent Alluvium. No. 184. Didus ineptus. 7 HEAD. The Dodo has been extirpated and become one of the extinct fossil forms, within the last 150 years. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, it abounded in Mauri- tius and adjacent islands. One was exhibited alive in London in 1638, as a great curiosity. Now the only known relics that remain are the head and foot of an individual in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England, the leg of another in the British Museum, and a skull in the Royal Museum at Copenhagen. It was an aberrant form of the Pigeon family, as determined by the researches of AVES. 49 einhardt, Strickland and Melville. “ As the Greenland Whale may be called a permanent suckling, the teeth never penetrating the gums, though in youth they are distinctly traceable in the dental groove of the jaws; as the Proteus is a per- manent tadpole, the Dodo was a permanent nestling, clothed with down instead of feathers, and with the wings and tail so short and feeble, as to be utterly unsub- servient for flight. We cannot form a better idea of it than by imagining a young Duck or Gosling enlarged to the dimensions of a Swan.” It was at first believed to belong to the Ostrich tribe, and Professor Owen placed it among the Vultures. It hada strong, predaceous bill hooked at the tip, and the face was covered with naked skin. The nearest living approach to the D. is the Didunculus of the Navi- gator’s Islands. Size, 9x5. Price, $1.75. No. 185. Didus ineptus. _ Riewt Foor. From the same locality and Museum. Size, 9x3. Price, $1.75. No. 186. AXpiornis maximus, St. Hilaire. METATARSALS AND Two Eaes. These remains indicate a three-toed cursorial Bird, which must have stood twelve feet high. They were discovered in 1850, in Madagascar, in allu- vial banks of streams, and belong to the Gar- den of Plants.—Size of the metatarsals, 8 x 5; of the eggs, 18 x9 and 12x10. One of these eggs is equal to 148 hen’s eggs, and will hold two gallons of water. Price of the metatar- sals and one egg with mounting, $4.50; of the metatarsals and two eggs with mountings, $8.00. No. 187. Palapteryx ingens, Owen. Rieut MeETaTArsAL. This gigantic struthious Bird, now extinct, was, so called from its resemblance to the living Apteryx of New Zealand, although it is more nearly related to the Hmeuw. According to the calculations of Professor Owen, it stood nine feet high. It is readily distinguished from the Dinornis (with which it was at first confounded) by being tetradactyle, as shown by a posterior articular depression for connexion with a hind-toe. The Dinornis is three-toed, and has besides an enormously developed occiput. The P. is also characterized by a remarkable development of the organs of smell. From the great width and solidity of the metatarsal, and the form and corresponding size and strength of the phalangeals, it is inferred that the feet of the P. were powerful instruments for scratching, digging and uprooting vegetable substances, which, judging from the structure of the cranium and beak, constituted the chief food of the colossal biped. The P. and Dinornis rivalled in size the Brontozoum of the ancient Con- necticut Valley. This relic of the P. was discovered in the menaccanite-sand de- posit (Pleistocene) at Waingongoro, New Zealand, and is in the British Museum. Size, 18x6. Price, $2.00. No. 188. Palapteryx ingens, Owen. Rieut Foor. Size, 21x16. Price, $3.50. 4 50 VERTEBRATA. Ornithichnites. pas~ The following celebrated Foot-prints, discovered and described by the late Dr. HK. Hircucock, of Amherst, Mass., are popularly known as Bird-tracks, and are therefore entered at this place. Geologists, how- ever, are not assured of their ornithic origin; many of them are prob- ably reptilian. No. 189. Brontozoum giganteum, Hitchcock. Four Tracks, on slab. These enormous birdlike foot-prints belong to a bipedal animal that lived by the shore of an estuary which deposited the sand- stones of the Connecticut Valley. Each track measures fifteen inches in length , every claw and phalange has left its mark, while the trifid termination of the metatarsal bone left three marks more—fifteen in all—the true ornithic number. The stride was thirty-eight inches, so that the same limb was carried out each step nearly seven feet. The animal went forward nearly on a straight line, so that its legs must have been very long. . Hitchcock estimates that it was twelve feet high, and weighed from four hundred to eight hundred pounds. (The Ostrich stands between seven and eight feet high, weighs sometimes one hundred. pounds, and its stride is twenty-six inches.) The substratum bent under the enormous weight, and the depth of the impression exceeds two inches. The Brontozoa were prob- ably Scansores like the Ostrich and Dinornis. From the fact that parallel rows of tracks are found a short distance from one another, we infer that they were accus- tomed to frequent in flocks the shores of the sea, to wade in its shallows in quest of mail-covered fishes of the ancient type and long extinct molluscs. These fea- thered giants flourished in the days of the Ichthyosaurus, or at least between the Coal and Jurassic periods. The age of the red sandstone, in which the tracks occur, has not been precisely determined, but it is supposed to be Liassic. This specimen was found near Turner’s Falls, Mass., and belongs to the Appleton Cabi- net of Amherst College. Size, 11 ft. 8in.x 2 ft. Price, $16.00. No. 199. Brontozoum giganteum, Hitch. Two TRACKS, on slab. Stride, nearly four feet. From the same locality and Museum as the preceding. Size, 5 ft.6in.x 15in. Price, $6.00. AVES. 51 No. 191. Brontozoum giganteum, Hitch. SINGLE TRACK (impres- sion and relief), on slab. This is the largest tridactyle impres” sion ever discovered. It meas- ures eighteen inches in length, embracing an area of thirteen inches square within its out- Way lines, and is capable of holding \ two quarts of water. The mid- dle and outer toes measure 12 and a half inches,—length of claw, 1.75 inch. The print is remarkably well defined, hav- ing all the fidelity of a plaster- cast. It was discovered by Dexter Marsh in the Liassic (?) Sandstone at Northampton, Mass., and belongs to the Bos- ton Society of Natural History, Size, 20x15. Price of either impression or relief, $4.00. TaN a NI l x it \ | ! ty : ut | MI | | ea lien (ibis TRACKS, on slab (relief). This specimen exhibits about fifty tracks with the 52, VERTEBRATA. phalangeal impressions and claws exceedingly distinct. The smaller tracks were made by the B. Sillimaniwm, and the larger by B. exsertum, Hk. The length of the middle and outer toes of the former is between four and five inches; of the foot about six inches; and of the step twenty-three inches. Width of the track- way, four and a half inches. The middle and outer toes of the latter measure six inches ; the foot nearly three inches; and the step thirty inches. The slab also contains the crooked trackway. of the Cunicularius retrahens, Hk., and mud- veins. The original was discovered in the micaceous sandstone (Lias ?) at Mid- dletown, Conn., and is in the Appleton Cabinet at Amherst. Size, 4 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft.1in. Price, $10.00. No. 198. Amblonyx giganteus, Hitch. TRACKS, on slab (relief). The two largest foot-prints in this specimen are those of the A. giganteus. The foot measures 11.25 inches, and the step 32 inches; width of trackway one foot. The other tracks belong to the Brontozoum validum, Hk. The step of this tridactyle animal is 33 inches in length, and the foot about 8 inches; width of trackway 6 inches. This slab was found by Dexter Marsh in the Lias (?) formation at Turner’s Falls, Mass., and is in the Appleton Cabinet at Amherst. Size, 8 ft. lin. x 4 ft.4in. Price, $20.00: No. 194. Gigantitherium caudatum, Hitch. TRAcKS on slab. This “ornithoid Lizard or Batrachian” had three clawed toes pointing forward, and one short posterior one ; the tracks are nearly in a right line, showing that the animal was bipedal and long-legged ; and there is the trace of a tail dragging behind, which passes through the middle of the tracks, except when the animal changed its course. The length of the foot from the tip of the middle toe to the end of the heel is 17.5 inches. On the same slab are also tracks of the “narrow-toed Bird,” Tridentipes uncus, Hk., and a pentadactylous Tortoise, Chelonoides incedens, Hk. This specimen was found in the Lias (?) sandstone, near Turner’s Falls, Mass., and is now in the Appleton Cabinet at Amherst. Size, 8 ft.8in.x 1ft.11in. Price, $10.00. No. 195. Anomoepus major, Hitch. TRACKS on slab. This singular ani- mal had tridactyle hind-feet with clawed toes, heels, and phalanges of a Bird ; but the fore-feet (not represented on this slab) had five toes, corresponding with those of the Kangaroo. From a fifth, heart-shap- ed, impression behind, it is inferred that the “ ornithoid, marsupialoid” quadruped (as Dr. Hitchcock defines it), possessed a stout caudal appendage. The length of the hind-foot is 1624 inches. The original was discovered in the red sand- stone (Lias ?) at Gill., Mass., and is in the Appleton Cabinet at Amherst. Size, 2 ft. 3in.x 19 in. Price, $5.00. Or co REPTILIA. No. 196. Polemarchus gigas, Hk. TRACK, on slab. This animal, a Lizard according to Hitchcock, has given no evidence of having had more than two feet. These are plantigrade, or even calci- grade, the heel sinking deeper than the toes. There are three long, slender toes, directed forward, and a fourth, like a spur, turned inward. The length of the foot is 14.8 inches, and the width of the heel, 3.9 inches. This print was found at Chicopee Falls, Mass., in the Lias (?) sandstone, and belongs to Amherst College. Size, 19x11. Price, $2.75. No. 197. Plectropterna minitans, Hk. TRACK, on slab. This animal was probably quadrupedal and _ lacertilian. This specimen is the track of a hind-foot, which bears four slender toes, three directed forward. It was found in the Lias (?) of Wethersfield, Conn., and is in the Museum of Amherst College. Size,4x 7. Price, $1.00. Hk, No. 198. Plectropterna TRACK, on slab. From the same locality and Museum. Size,4x 7. Price, $1.00. No. 199. Argozoum » Hk. TRACK, on slab.. This “ narrow-toed Bird” was tridactyle, the toes being curved, and digitigrade. The print was found in the Lias (?) of Chicopee Falls, Mass., and is in the Museum of Amherst College. Size, 11x 7%. Price, $1.50. CLASS III — REPTILIA, The history of fossil Reptiles exhibits a degradation in type. The genera first created were of the most highly organized types; while ‘those which maintain a persistent form of some of the embryonic stages do not appear until the Tertiary Period. Reptilian life culminated during the deposition of the Wealden. The first osseous remains are those of the Carboniferous Archegosaurus. (The Stagnolepis, formerly ranged by Agassiz among the Fishes, but decided by Huxley to be a Crocodilian, the Telerpeton and Hyperodapedon found at Elgin, are now considered Triassic, instead of Devonian.) All the species of that Period were Amphibian. If the Labyrinthodonts (as Owen thinks) are Saurians arrested in their development on the level of the Batrach- ians, we then have proof that representatives of a permanent larve con- dition existed among the loricated Reptiles of the ancient world, in like manner as the Sirens do among the recent Batrachians. 54 VERTEBRATA. OrprER 1— SAurRIA. The Saurians are distinguished by an elongate, rounded body densely covered with scales or plates; an elongate, tapering, usually scaly tail; four limbs (occasionally rudimentary); distinct ribs and sternum; one occipital condyle; and a mouth not dilatable. The Deinosaurians—the highest and most terrible of Reptiles— are distinguished by four well-developed, unguiculate limbs, a medullary cavity in the bones of the extremity, five anchylosed sacral vertebre, a twofold articulation of the ribs, broad coracoids, and long slender clav- icles. They first appear in the upper member of the Lower Lias, and are now extinct. The Enaliosaurians were those marine, air breathing, carnivorous Lizards that swarmed in such prodigious numbers during the Secondary epochs. In many respects they were intermediate between the Chelonia and Crocodilia ; but the skin was probably naked. The skeleton is dis- tinguished by the numerous biconcave vertebra, a single occipital con- dyle, the position of the nostrils at or near the summit of the head, large teeth set in a groove or in sockets, and the many short, flat finger- bones. The group began in the Muschelkalk. The Pterosaurians, or ‘‘ Pterodactyles,’ are among the strangest creatures brought to light by Geology. They had the claws and teeth of a Reptile ; the body and tail of a Mammal; beak, hollow bones and keeled sternum of a Bird; and a development of the forelimbs for wings like those of the Bat. They furnish the first example of the procoelian type of vertebree. The teeth are implanted in distinct sockets. The oldest Pterodactyles are from the Lower Lias; the largest occur in the Upper Greensand ; but the best, defined and most numerous specimens come from the Middle Oolite. ; The Crocodiles are covered with a cuirass of square plates placed in longitudinal lines; the jaws are united into a solid mass; the pre- maxillary is double; the teeth are set in sockets in a single row; the vertebra of Cretaceous, Tertiary and living species, are concavo-convex, of all others, either doubly flat, doubly concave or convexo-concave. In extinct species there are two nasal apertures ; in recent forms, only one. Crocodiles have existed since the Lias Period. The True Lizards have scales, one premaxillary, lower jaws united by asuture, teeth set in a groove (in certain extinct forms, in sockets), vertebrx concayo-convex, skull projecting in a ridge over the eyes, and two external nostrils. The earliest representation of the true lacertian type occurs in the Upper Oolite. But the Thecodont Reptiles, which agree in many respects with the amphiccelian Crocodiles, but combine REPTILIA. 5d a dinosaurian femur with lacertian teeth, and are usually reckoned among the “ Lacertilia,” are found as low as the Trias. The “ An- omedontia”’ (as the Rhynchosaurus) also belong to this group, and are Triassic. They have generally no teeth or only a pair of tusks, bicon- cave vertebre, a single condyle, long curved trunk ribs, a complete zy- gomatic arch, and ambulatory limbs. Dinosaurians. No. 200. Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer. LowER JAw. This great Dinosaurian was brought to light by Dr. Mantell in 1854. It was an oviparous, herbivorous, terrestrial quadruped, “a crocodile-lizard of the dry land.” It occupied in the Reptilian Age the same relative station in the scale of being, and fulfilled the same general purposes in & the economy of nature, as the Mastodons, f Mammoths, and Megatherioids of the Pleis- tocene Period, and the existing gigantic Pachyderms. Fragments of coniferous trees, arborescent ferns and cycadeous plants have been found with its remains, showing the nature of its food. Professor Owen estimates the length of the head at three feet, of the trunk at twelve feet, and of the tail at thirteen feet. The I. had large hollow limb-bones and unguiculate feet—the hind pair, at least, having only three well-developed toes. The vertebre, subconvex anteriorly in the neck but along the trunk subconcayve on both surfaces, were articulated by a ligamentous sub- stance asin Mammals. The dorsals are distinguished by their lofty and expanded neural arches; the sacrals by their unusual number (six) and complexity; and the caudals by neural spines of great height. The teeth differ in structure from those of every known Reptile. They are characterized by the prismatic, slightly curved form of the crown, the presence of from two to four longitudinal ridges on the enamelled face, and the serrated margins and summit. The teeth of the upper jaw are curved in the opposite direction to those of the lower, and have the convexity external. None of the teeth are fixed in distinct sockets, but are soldered by one side of the fang to the internal surface of the jaw. The cranium has not yet been discovered. This almost perfect specimen of the lower jaw is interesting, showing as it does that in the small extent of the symphysis the Iguanodon resembles the Lizards, and differs from the Crocodiles, while in the position of the symphysis and its sloping edentulous character the Jguanodon differs from all modern Reptiles. It was found in the Wealden strata, Sussex, England, and belongs to the British Museum. Size, 20x11. Price, $6.00. Ne. 201. Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer. LOWER JAW, LEFT RAMUS (young). This fragment was foundin the Tilgate Forest (Wealden), England, and is in the British Museum. Mantell ascribes it to the Regnosaurus Northamptoni, a small lacertian Reptile allied to the Jguanodon; 56 VERTEBRATA. Owen refers it to the Hyleeosaurus. It was first described (Philosophical Tran- sactions, 1841) as belonging to the Jguanodon Mantelli. Price, $1.00. No. 202. Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer. Six CAUDAL VERTEBR&, on slab. | This matchless specimen, from the Man- j tellian Collection in the British Museum, | shows the vertebre in natural sequence j and relative position, with their pro- cesses from thirteen to fifteen and a half f inches high. The height of these pro- s cessss shows the great vertical breadth 1 of the tail of the Iguanodon ; a feature § which argues aquatic habits for the ani- # mal. This fossil was found in the Wealden grit at Tilgate Forest, England. Size, 2 ft. 6 in. x 22 in. Price, $7.00. No. 203. Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer. ; LEFT Femur. This is the largest and most perfect Iguanodon femur in the - British Museum. It is remarkable from the combination of mammalian charac- ters which it presents in its well marked head and neck, three trochanters, large rounded condyles, and medullary cayity. The shaft is subquadrangular, and measures twenty-two inches round. It was dug up from the Wealden Clay in Sussex, England. Size, 3 ft.9in.x14in. Price, $7.00. No. 204. Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer. Two CLaws, Horn (?) AND TootH. The ungual bones are broad, flat and blunt. The third specimen, commonly considered after Mantell as the bony core of a median frontal horn, has been lowered by Owen from the forehead to the end of one of the toes! The tooth exhibits the peculiar dental characters of the Iguanodon. These specimens are from the same locality and Museum as the preceding. Price, $2.00. No. 205. Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer. TRACK, in relief. This huge tridactyle print, referred by early observers to gigantic birds, has been considered to have been made by the thick-footed, three- toed Iguanodon. This idea is supported by the occurrence of numerous bones of the Iguanodon and other Dinosaurians in the Wealden deposits, where this was found. The marks of the three toes are well defined, the middle one measuring eleven inches in total length. A cup-shaped impression behind is supposed to represent the heel of the Reptile. This track, found in Wealden strata at Hast- ings, Eng., is in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. Size, 3ft.7in.x1ft.10in. Price, $6.50. No. 206. Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer. TRACK, in high relief. From the same locality and Museum as the preced- ing. Size, 18x17. Price, $4.00. REPTILIA. 57 Enaliosaurians. No. 207. Ichthyosaurus intermedius, Conyb. SKELETON, on slab. The Ichthyosauri are distinguished by a long head, short neck, large abdomen, polydactylous paddles, and a powerful finned tail. They have a single occipital condyle, one vomer, thin biconcave, ossified vertebre, stout, conical, striated teeth implanted in a common alveolar groove, a large eye with a compound circle of overlapping sclerotic plates. The general form of the cranium resembles that of the Dolphin ; the essential difference lies in the small size of the cerebral cavity, in the vast depth and breadth of the zygomas, and in the dis- tinctness of the cranial bones. The mouth is very wide, and the jaws are armed with numerous teeth indicative of a predatory and carnivorous nature. The lower jaw is made up of twelve pieces. The scapular arch resembles that of the Ornithorhynchus, and gave great strength to the chest and paddles, permitting the animal to crawl on the sea-shore,—a thing impossible to the mammalian sea- monsters. The vertebree number over an hundred, and the end of the tail was flattened vertically, and lengthened out as in the Crocodiles. The very frequent displacement of the caudal vertebre, about one-fourth of the way from the ex- tremity, is owing to the perishable caudal fin falling over as the animal dies. The Ichthyosaurus was probably naked like the Whale, but carried a prominent ridge on the dorsal surface, like that of the male Pond-Newt. When full-grown, it may have reached the length of forty feet. Ofno extinct vertebrata are the ma- terials for a complete and exact restoration more abundant and satisfactory than of the Ichthyosauri. This species is the most common form, but has not been found over seven feet in length. It derives its specific name from the intermediate character of the teeth, which are more acutely conical than in J. communis, and the strie less prominent; but are less slender than in J. tenwirostris. The maxillary portion of the skull is relatively shorter, and converges more regularly to the snout than in I. communis ; and the teeth are longer, more slender and numerous. This splendid specimen, now in the British Museum, was discovered by Thomas Hawkins in the Lias at Street near Glastonbury, England. The cranium and jaws, spinal column gently arched, and the four entire paddles, are very per- fectly repreSented. According to Hawkins, there are one hundred and ten teeth in the upper jaw, and one hundred in the lower; one hundred and eleven vertebre ; thirty-nine ribs; ninety-five bones in the anterior paddle, and thirty- nine in the posterior. Size, 9 ft. Lin. x2ft.11in. Price, $20.00. No. 208. Ichthyosaurus intermedius, Conyb. PART OF THE SKULL with the eye and sclerotic plates deeply dissected out. It was found in the Lias at Lyme-Regis, England, and is in the Garden of Plants. Size, 10x8. Price, $3.50. 58 VERTEBRATA. No. 209. Ichthyosaurus intermedius, Conyb. HEAD, PART OF TRUNK, AND PADDLES. This specimen was discovered in the Lias at Boll, Wirtemberg, andis in the Museum at Halle. Size, 2 ft. 11 in.xi4in. Price, $6.00. No. 210. Ichthyosaurus intermedius, Conyb. RicgHt AND LEFT FoRE-PADDLES. From the Lias of Lyme-Regis, England, and now in the Museum at Halle. Size, 14x5. Price of both, $3.00. No. 211. Ichthyosaurus communis. Conyb. SKELETON on slab. Thisspecies was the most “common” when first discov- ered in 1824, but has since been surpassed in regard to the known number of individuals. With respect to size, itis second only to the [chthyosaurus platyodon. It is characterized by a skull wide behind and rapidly contracting to the base of the jaws, which are prolonged and sub-compressed. The teeth are relatively large, with expanded, deeply-grooved bases and round conical furrowed crowns ; the upper jaw contains from forty to fifty on each side, and the lower jaw, from twenty-five to thirty. The anterior paddles have one hundred more phalangeal bones than those of Lchthyosaurus intermedius, and are three times longer than the posterior pair. This specimen is from the Lias of Lyme-Regis, England, and is in the British Museum. Size, 7 ft. 1 in.x2 ft.2in. Price, $16.00. No. 212. Ichthyosaurus communis, Conyb. HEAD on pedestal. This is a fine specimen, having all the bones and teeth complete and in true position, and show- f ing well the sclerotic plates ! which defended the eye. Dis” covered in the Lias at Barrow-on-Soar, England, and now in the private Geologi- cal Museum of Mr Ward, at Rochester. Size, 2 ft.2in.x8in. Price, $5.00. No. 213. Ichthyosaurus communis, Conyb. SKULL, With jaws and teeth complete. It is from the Lias at Lyme-Regis, England, and is in the British Museum. Size,19x5. Price, $2.50. No. 214. Ichthyosaurus communis, Conyb. PappLe. From the Lias in Boll, Wirtemberg, and now in the Imperial Museum at Vienna. Size, 11x5. Price, $1.25. No. 215. Ichthyosaurus platyodon, Conyb. HEAD. This species is the most gigantic of Ichthyosauri, attaining the length of thirty feet. It derives its name from the crown of the tooth being more flattened than in other species. The bodies of the vertebre are also more compressed. The head is relatively larger than that of cAthyosaurus communis; the lower jaw is remarkably massive and powerful, and projects backwards beyond the joint, as far as it does in the Crocodile. The fore and hind paddles REPTILIA. 59 Ly are of equal size. This fossil head is one of the largest ever found belonging to an Enaliosaurian. The muzzle is entire, and armed with Bh teeth. The eye, seven and a half inches in diameter, is girt by a zone of sclerotic plates. The original was found in that ancient cemetery—the Lias beds of Lyme-Regis, England, and belongs to the Museum at Melbourne, Australia. Size, 5 ft. 1 in.x 1 ft.9in. Price, $15.00. No. 216. Ichthyosaurus platyodon, Conyb. HEAD, truncated. From the Lias at Lyme-Regis, England, and now in the British Museum. Size, 2 ft.6in.x1ft.9in. Price, $9.00. No. 217. Ichthyosaurus platyodon, Conyb. HEAD on slab. From the Lias in Glastonbury, England, and now in the Tylerian Museum at Haarlem, Holland. Size, 4 ft.9 in.x1ft.9 in. Price, $7.00. No. 218. Ichthyosaurus platyodon, Conyb. HeEAD. From the Lias of Lyme-Regis, England, and now in the British Museum. Size, 16x10. Price, $2.00. No. 219. Ichthyosaurus platyodon, Conyb. PADDLE. From the Lias at Glaston- bury, England, and is now in the Tyle- rian Museum at Haar- lem, Holland. Size, 3 ft. 7in.x14in. Price, $5.50. No. 220. Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris, Conyb. SKELETON on slab. This species is characterized by the great length and slenderness of the jaws. The intermaxillary and dentary bones are enormously prolonged. The cranium is flat, and the orbits very large. The teeth are slen- der—about sixty in each ramus, and the fore-paddles are much larger than the pos- terior pair. The animal attained the length of fourteen feet. This complete skeleton was discovered in the Lias at Boll, Wirtemberg, and belongs to M. De- four-Walderode of Prague. Size, 4 ft.4in.x13in. Price, $8.00. No. 221. Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris, Conyb. HEAD on slab. This fine head was found in Lias at Lyme-Regis, England, and is in the British Museum. Size, 87x12. Price, $3.00 60 VERTEBRATA. No. 222. Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris, Conyb. HEAD AND Neck. This specimen, from the Lias in Boll, Wirtemberg, is in the Cabinet of Dr. Gunther, Dresden. Size, 18x8. Price, $2.50. No. 223. Ichthyosaurus tenuriostris, Conyb. PADDLE AND ScapuLa. This beautiful fossil, figured by Cuvier, is from the Lias at Lyme-Regis, England, and is preserved in the Garden of Plants. Size, 10x 6. Price, $3.00. No. 224. Ichthyosaurus : VERTEBRA. The original, from the Lias at Lyme-Regis, England, is in the Ward Museum in the University of Rochester. Price, $0.50. SKELETON on slab. The Plesiosaurus was first discovered in 1823, by Cony- beare and De la Beche. Cuvier thought “its structure the most singular and its characters the most anomalous that had been found amid the ruins of a former world.” “'To the head of a Lizard (wrote Buckland) it united the teeth of a Crocodile, a neck of enormous length, resembling the body of a Serpent, a trunk and tail having the proportions of an ordinary quadruped, the ribs of a Chame- leon, and the paddles of a Whale.” The skull is three times longer than its breadth, and subcompressed. The cranium is quadrate; nostrils small and situ- ated near the eye; teeth slightly recurved, striated, sharp, long, and slender, lodged in distinct alveolii—the anterior being the longest. The swan-like neck consists of from twenty to forty vertebre, while living Reptiles have not over nine cervicals. The pectoral arch is remarkable for the greatly elongated and broad coracoid bones. The clavicle is united to the scapula as in Chelonia. Next to Turtles, the P. exhibits the greatest development of abdominal ribs. The ribs are articulated as in Lizards. The digits of the fore-paddle support respectively 8, 5-7,8 or 9, 8, and 5 or 6, phalanges; those of the hind-paddle have 3, 5, 8 or 9, 8, and 6. The P. differs from the Ichthyosaurus in being pentadactylous, in hav- ing a long neck, longer and more flexible paddles, a shorter tail, vertebra longer and nearly flat with two pits on the under-side, and more slender teeth. The lat- REPTILIA. 61 ter is generally found lying on the side; the former, extended on its back. The P. dolichodeirus is characterized by its extremely long neck and very small head. The proportion of the parts is nearly thus: taking the head as 1, the neck will be 5, the body 4, and the tail 3; the whole length being thirteen times that of the head. The four paddles are equal in size. This specimen from the British Mu- seum was discovered in the Lias at Glastonbury, England. Size, 6 ft.x2 ft.9in. Price, $18.00. No. 226. Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, Conyb. Lower Jaw. From the Lias at Glastonbury, England, and now in the Mu- seum of the Garden of Plants. Price, $1.90. No. 227. Plesiosaurus macrocephalus, Conyb. SKELETON on slab. This species is distinguished by the relatively larger size of the head and thicker neck. The neck is three times the length ef the head ; and the posterior paddles are longer than the anterior pair. In this very perfect specimen, belonging to the Earl of Enniskillen, Ireland, the vertebral column is thrown into an arched position : the cervicals and dorsals form a continuous series; the tail is imperfect. Three paddles are exposed, and the upper part of the cranium with the orbits and the jaws and teeth are clearly defined. The original was discovered in the Lias of Lyme-Regis, England, by Miss Mary Anning, and described by Dr. Buckland. Size, 2 ft. 9 in.x2 ft.6in. Price, $12.00. 62 - VERTEBRATA, No. 228. Plesiosaurus Cramptoni, Carte and Baily. SKELETON, on slab. This splendid Plesiosaurus—the largest ever discovered, was found in 1848 in the Lias, near Whitby, England, and adorns the Natural History Museum of the Royal Dublin Society. It lies in a prone position, resting upon the ventral surface with the head and neck slightly inclined to the right. The skull is almost entirely free from the matrix, and is very perfect, excepting the zygomas. In contour it is crocodilo-lacertian ; it is somewhat flattened in pro- portion to its length and width, tapering from the parietal crest to the snout. The orbits are obliquely placed and subtriangular in shape: the greatest diame- ter is five and a half inches. The nasal apertures are ovoid, and are situated just in front of the orbits. The anterior portion of the cranium is elongated and rounded at the muzzle.. The lower jaw is extremely massive, its greatest length being three feet six inches, and its greatest depth six inches. The teeth number over a hundred. They resemble those of the Crocodile in their irregular arrange- ment, and in being implanted in distinct cavities. The large teeth are situated in front. The length of the head is to that of the neck as five to eight, and to that of the whole skeleton as one to six. The vertebral column throughout has fallen over towards the right side, presenting a slightly irregular curve, thus exposing in the cervical series a side of the centrums with their large neurapophyses. The cervical vertebree number twenty-seven. There are thirty dorsals, having a unit- ed length of eight feet. The caudal portion is somewhat dislocated: the cen- trums with their spines and processes are, however, well exhibited. The verte- bree of this region number thirty-four. The ribs are well shown, being nearly in their original position. Excepting the left hind-paddle which is imperfect, the extremities are remarkably preserved. The carpal and tarsal bones are each six in number; the metacarpals and metatarsals, four. The humerus and femur are each twenty inches long. This cast is in eight pieces. Size, 22 ft. 8 in.x 12 ft. Gin. Price, painted, $150. No. 229. Plesiosaurus Cramptoni, Carte and Bailey. HEAD, of No. 228. Size, 3 ft. 6 in.x2 ft. Price, $15.00. No. 230. Plesiosaurus Cramptoni, Carte and Baily. Lerr ForRE-PADDLE, of No. 228. Size, 5 ft.4in.x14in. Price, $10.00. &. BALBWI/A) ROCHESTER Ni Ye ti | a | I i No. 228. PLESIOSAURUS CRAMPTONI. occ EE i (Size, 22 ft. 8 m. x 12 ft. 6 in.] REPTILIA. 63 No. 231. Pliosaurus brachydeirus, Owen. PADDLE. This big-head- ed, short-necked, amphicce- lian Reptile was more closely lacertilian than the Ichthy osaurus. With the excep- tion of the teeth, which are thicker and stronger, of the vertebra of the neck, which | iy Mf like those of thelchthyosaurus ||| are compressed, and of. the more massive proportions of the jaws and paddle-bones,the skeleton of the Pliosaurus resembles that of the Plesio- saurus. Some _ individuals attained the length of more than forty feet. The huge paddle was found in the Kim- meridgian bed (Upper Oolite) near Dorchester, England- and isin the Museum of that city.—Size, 7 ft. 2 in. x1 ft. 9 in. Price, $18.00. i No. 232. Pliosaurus grandis, Owen. SKULL AND LOWER JAw. This species very closely resembles the preced- ing. It was at first regarded by Owen as a Plesiosaurus. This specimen, the most interesting relic of the Pliosaurus yet discovered, was found in the Kim- meridge Clay (Upper Oolite) of Dorsetshire, England, and is now in the British Museum. The skull, which is over four and a half feet in length, is perfect in all except the posterior region ; the lower jaw measures 5 ft. 7 in. by 2 ft. Price, $40.00. No. 233. Pliosaurus grandis, Owen. TootH. This is the largest reptilian tooth among either actual or extinct forms, and rivals in size the teeth of the full grown Sperm-whale. This fine typi- cal specimen is from the same locality and Museum as the preceding. Size, 12x 3. Price, $1.50. No. 234. Pistosaurus grandzevus, Meyer. SKULL. In this saurian the facial part of the skull contracts abruptly in front 64 VERTEBRATA, of the orbits, so that, viewed from above, it resembles a lone-necked bottle. The orbits are situated in the posterior half of the skull, and the nostrils are lateral. This fossil was found in the Muschelkalk (Trias) at Bayreuth, Bavaria, and is in the Royal Anatomical Museum of Berlin. Size, 10x4. Price, $1.00. No. 235. Nothosaurus mirabilis, Miinst. SKULL. This Triassic sea-saurian had very large temporal, orbital and nasal cavities. The premaxillary teeth were unusually long, strong and sharp ; there were two similar teeth in each maxillary ; the remaining serial teeth were small but acute. All the teeth were inserted in distinct cavities. The animal attained the length of seven feet. This specimen is from the Muschelkalk at Bayreuth, Bavaria, and is in the Tylerian Museum of Haarlem. . Size, 15x6. Price, $2.00. No. 236. Nothosaurus mirabilis, Miinst. LOWER JAW, ANTERIOR HALF. From the Muschelkalk at Bayreuth, Bava- ria, and now in the University Museum of Munich. Size, 9x38. Price, $1.00. No. 237. Placodus gigas,” Agass. ES > SxuLu. This Reptile (formerly called y a Fish) was an Enaliosaurian, according to Owen, breathing the air like Cetaceans. No part, save the head has been found. The cranium is as broad as long, the figure viewed from above being that of a right- angled triangle with the corners rounded off. No other number of the class has such wide temporal fossee and strong zygomatic arches; the lower jaw, moreover, presents an excessive development of the coronoid process. These developments, for great size and power of action of the biting and grind- ing muscles, relate to a most extraordinary form and size of the teeth, which resemble paving stones, and were evidently adapted to crack and bruise shells and crusts of marine Invertebrates. The palatal teeth, three on each side, are of large size; the maxillary teeth, four in number, are much smaller; the premaxillary teeth, three in each ramus, are elongated and conical. The palatal are relatively larger than the teeth of any known animal, living or fossil. All these teeth are implanted in distinct sockets. This skull was found in the Muschelkalk (Trias) at Laineck, Bavaria, and belongs to the University Mu- seum of Munich. Size, 7x5. Price, $2.79. No. 238. Placodus gigas, Agass. LowER JAw. From the same locality and Museum.—Size, 7x4. Price, $1.50. No. 239. Placodus gigas, Agass. LOWER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. From the same locality and Museum. Price $0.70. REPTILIA. 65 No. 240. Placodus rostratus, Miinst. SxuLu. In this species, the first two palatal teeth are relatively small; all the teeth are rounded ; the maxillary and premaxillary series are nearer each other than in the P. gigas; and the premaxillary bone is prolonged to a beak. This specimen, from the Muschelkalk (Trias) in Bayreuth, Bavaria, is in the Bri- tish Museum. Size, 8x7. Price, $1.75. Pterosaurians, No. 241. Pterodactylus crassirostris, Goldf. SKELETON on slab. The Pterodactyle was one of the most extra- [il ay Se ordinary of all the creatures yet discover- } i ed in the ruins of a {j primeval world. Col- lini, in 1784, was the first to investigate the characters of this | strange animal; he con- | sidered it a Fish. Blu- menbach decided it was a Bird; S6mmer- || ing, a Mammal; Spix, that it was intermedi- ate between Monkeys } and Bats; Macleay, a link between Mammals ~ and Birds; and Agassiz, a strictly marine Reptile. Cuvier, in 1800, determined the place and name it now holds. The /. crassirostris is distinguished by a very large head, a comparatively short neck, and a dental formula of 11. According to the restoration of the ani- mal by Goldfuss, it would measure three feet from tip to tip of the wings. This specimen, which is the most perfect ever found, was discovered in the Litho- graphic limestone (Upper Oolite) at Solenhofen, Bavaria, associated with the remains of Dragon-flies, and is now in the University Museum at Bonn, Rhine Valley. Size, 10x 7. Price, $3.00. No. 242. Pterodactylus rhamphastinus, Wagener. SKELETON, on slab. This fossil was found in the Solenhofen quarries (Up- per Oolite) in Bavaria, and belongs to the Museum of the University of Munich. Size, 18x10. Price, $3.25. No. 243. Pterodactylus spectabilis, Meyer. SKELETON, on slab. (Impression and relief.) The original was found at the same locality as the preceding, and is in the Tylerian Museum, Haarlem, Hol- land. Size, 10x 6. Price, $2.50. 5 66 VERTEBRATA. Crocodilians. No, 244. Crocodilus Hastingsiee, Owen. SKULL AND LOWER Jaw. The true Crocodiles (Tertiary and Recent species) have vertebre concave in front and con- vex behind, (excepting the first caudal Z vertebra which is double-convex), and short, broad muzzles. The first tooth in the lower jaw perforates the palatal pro- cess where it is concealed when the mouth is shut; the fourth tooth in the same jaw is received into a notch exca- vated in the side of the alveolar border of the upper jaw, and is visible when the mouth is closed. These relics of the C. Hastingsia, distinguished for its large, blunt head, were found in the Middle Eocene at Hordwell Cliffs, England, along with a true Alligator, and not far from the remains of the Gavial-like C. Dizxeni, so that these three forms, now geographically restricted, were associated at near- ly the same period in rivers flowing over what now forms the south-coast of Eng- land. As in all true Crocodiles, there is a preponderance of teeth in the upper jaw. The specimens are in the British Museum. Size, 19x11. Price, with mountings, $12.00. No. 245. Crocodilus Champsoides, Owen. SkuLL. This species is distinguished for the large size of the temporal holes as compared with the orbits, for the regular and rapid diminution of the head towards the snout, and for the great length and slenderness of the muzzle com- pared with the @. biporcatus. This skull was found in the London Clay (Eocene) of the Isle of Sheppey, and is in the British Museum. Size,9x4. Price, $1.00. No. 246. Crocodilus toliapicus, Owen. Heap. This is probably identical with the C. Spenceri of Buckland. The teeth, numbering 84, are more uniform and more separated than in living Croco- diles. The remains of this species, in the hands of Cuvier, afforded the first cer- tain proof of the existence of a true Crocodile in the Eocene deposits of England. This specimen is remarkably fine,—both jaws and teeth being beautifully pre- served. It is from the same locality and Museum as the preceding. Size, 25x12. Price, $6.00. No. 247. Crocodilus biporcatus, Cuv. Heap. This Crocodile, much resembling the species of the same name now living in the Ganges, was discovered in the Sewalik Hills of India (Miocene), and isin the British Museum. Size, 18x10. Price, $3.50. REPTILIA. 67 No. 248. Crocodilus clavirostris, Morton. Sxunu. This is one of the first Crocodilians with cup and*ball vertebra that made their appearance. This specimen was found in the Lower Cretaceous beds of New Jersey, and is in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. Size, 25x13. Price, $7.50. No. 249. Crocodileimus robustus. SKELETON, on slab. Original from the Lithographic Limestone (Upper Oolite) in the Department of Ain, France, and now in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. Size, 18x10. Price, $4.50. No. 250. Alligatorium Meyeri. SKELETON, on slab. From the same locality and Museum as the preceding. Size, 12x9. Price, $2.00. No. 251. Alligatorellus Beaumontii. SKELETON, on slab. (Impression and relief.) From the same locality and Museum as above Size, 9x9. Price, $2.00. No. 252. Teleosaurus Chapmanni, Konic. SKELETON, on slab. This species has a square-shaped cranium, a narrow, depressed snout, sub-circular orbits directed upwards and outwards, sharp, slen- der teeth, of which 140 have been counted, 64. biconcave vertebre, 16 pairs of ribs, and dermal scutes arranged as in the Gavial, both in longitudinal and trans- verse series. This fine specimen, from the Whitby Lias, England, is in the Brit- ish Museum. Size, 6 ft. 1 in.x 3ft.9in. Price, $18.00. 68 VERTEBRATA. « No. 253. Teleosaurus Mandelslohi, Bronn. S SKELETON, on slab. The \ Teleosaurus (called Mystrios-. N curus by Kaup) was a large, \; amphibious, loricated Reptile, \ represented most nearly at the N present day by the long, slen- er-jawed Crocodile of the ‘Ganges—the “Gavial” of the \ Hindoos. Its name, given by \ St. Hilaire, has reference to his N belief that it formed one ex- A\treme (the earliest) of the cro- Nicodilian series, as this series N has been successively develop- ‘| ed in the course of time on our N planet. The jaws are armed | with numerous long, slender, | sharp-pointed, slightly curved Nl teeth. In the lower jaw, the \ teeth are alternately longer and Eishorter, counting from the t NP d fourth tooth ; in the upperjaw, hey are of equal size, except ‘ the first two, which are small, "SN and the third, which is very \ large. The nostrils are situ- Nated nearer the end of the N upper jaw than in the modern N Gavial ; the fore-limbs are short- N er, and the hind limbs are longer N and stronger, which indicates iN that the T. was a better swim- IN mer; the vertebra are united by slightly concave surfaces, whence it would seem that the T® lived more habitually in the water, and less seldom moved on dry land; and as its fossil i WELLE remains have been found only in the sedimentary deposits from the sea, it may be inferred — that it was more strictly marine than the Crocodile of the Ganges. This entire skeleton N of the 7. Mandelslohi was dis- IN covered in the Lias at Holzma- \ den, Wirtemberg, and belongs ss to Dr. Krantz, of Bonn. Size, 7 ft. 2 in. x2 ft.6in. Price, $18.00 Uitdde VIEL REPTILIA. 69 No. 254. Teleosaurus minimus, Quenst. SxuLt. This relic of the smallest Teleosaurus yet described, shows well the orbital sockets and the nasal fossze. It is from the Lias of Wirtemberg, and is now in the University Museum of Munich. Size,6x4. Price, $1.12. No. 255. Teleosaurus longipes, Bronn. SKELETON, on slab. Thisspecies is distinguished by the long symphysis of the lower jaw, by a cranium narrow towards the orbits, and by anterior limbs longer in proportion than those of other species. This skeleton was found in the Upper Lias at Boll, Wirtemberg, and is in the Imperial Cabinet of Vienna. Size, 4 ft.4in.x15in. Price, $8.00. No. 256. Teleosaurus Cadomensis, Geoff. VENTRAL SCALES, on slab. The scales of this Teleosaur are very thick» rectangular, very thick in the centre, thin towards the border, and disposed in regular series. The animal had 45 unequal teeth in eachramus. This specimen was found in the Lower Oolite limestone at Caen, France, and is in the Museum of that city. Size, 28x12. Price, $4.00. No. 257. Pelagosaurus typus, Bronn. SKULL, on slab. This saurian, the Steneosaurus of Laurillard, differs from the Teleosaurus by its widely separated eyes, the short symphysis of the lower jaw, and the relative shortness of the fore-limbs—they being only half as long as the hind pair. This specimen was found in the Upper Lias at Boll, Wirtemberg, and is in the Museum at Halle. Size, 18x5. Price, $1.25. No. 258. Pholidosaurus Schaumburgensis, Meyer. Dorsal Scaues. This saurian is known only by the vertebre, ribs and scales. The vertebre are double-concave. The dorsal plates are broader than they are long, and overlap each other; the ventral are rhomboidal, and only touch each other. These scales were discovered in the Wealden sand in the principal- ity of Lippe Schaumburg, Germany, and are in the Museum at Bicksburg. Size, 16x5. Price, $1.00. No. 259. Leptorhynchus giganteus, Fale. and Caut. MuvzzuE. This fossil was found in the Sewalik Hills, In- dia (Miocene), and is in the British Museum. Size, 2 ft.6in.x1lin. Price, $8.00. No. 260. Leptorhynchus Gangeticus, Falc. and Caut. HEAD, truncated. Original from the Miocene beds of the Sewalik Hills, India, and now in the British Museum. Size, 14x12. Price, $5.50. 70 VERTEBRATA. No. 261. Leptorhynchus Gangeticus, Fale. and Caut. HEAD, truncated. Original from the same locality and Museum as the pre- ceding. Size, 12x8. Priec, $3.50. Lacertilians. No. 262. Mosasaurus Hofimanni, Mantell. HEAD, on slab. This is the most re- markable and extreme modification of the la- BS A Ns = certian type in the eee seiepulcel It a} had large pointed =e W teeth, pyramidal and slightly recurved, ex- panding at the base, which was anchylosed to the top of the alveo- larridge. In the low- er jaw there were four- teen teeth on each side and in the upper, eleven; and Cuvier supposed that the intermaxillary bone which is wanting, contained three more. In addition to these, the gigantic Rep- tile had its pteryoid bone armed with teeth, like the Iguana. The vertebra were concavo-convex like those of living Crocodiles, Monitors, and Iguanas. The tail was flattened, and the feet were probably webbed. The length of this marine animal has been estimated at twenty-five feet. The remains have been found ex- clusively in the Chalk formation, This celebrated specimen, now in the Garden of Plants, was discovered in 1780 by Dr. Hoffmann, in the Upper Chalk, near Maestricht, Netherlands. It consists of both sides of the lower jaw, with the right ramus of the upper jaw in its natural position, and the left lying across the left ramus of the lower ; the pterygoid bones ; the left tympanic bone ; one of the metatarsal or metacarpal bones ; and some fragments. Size, 4 ft. 10 in.x3 ft. Price, $60.00. —=| = \ No. 263. Mosasaurus Hoffmanni, Mant. LoWER JAW, RIGHT RAMUS. Size, 3 ft. 1 in.x1ilin. Price, $7.00. No. 264. Mosasaurus Hoffmanni, Mant. FRAGMENT oF LOWER JAW, with old and young teeth. Size, 18x7. Price, $3.00. No. 265. Rhynchosaurus articeps, Owen. TRACKS, on slab. This edentulous Reptile had a skull resembling in gen- eral aspect that of a Bird or Turtle. The feet were of very nearly equal size, REPTILIA. 71 and measured from the extremity of the outermost toe to that of the innermost about one inch anda half. The toes all curved in one direction, and gradually decreased in size, and terminated with claws. The smaller and rounder prints on the slab are Chelonian tracks. This specimen was found near Liverpool, England, in the Trias (Keuper sandstone), and is in the Royal Institution of Liv- erpool. Size, 2 ft.11in.x10in. Price, $4.00. No. 266. Protorosaurus Spenceri, Meyer. VERTEBRA AND Riss. This “ fossil Monitor of Thuringia” was for a long time the earliest Reptile, known to Geologists. It was a powerful Lizard with a large head shaped like a long, slender, obtusely pointed cone; it had strong, straight jaws armed with sharp teeth—about 18 on each side of the’upper, and 16 on each side of the lower jaw implanted in distinct sockets. The vertebre were of large size and slightly concave at both ends. Both limbs were penta- dactyle. These vertebre and ribs were found in the bituminous copper-slate (Lower Permian) at Rothenburg, Germany, and are in the Paleontological Mu- seum of Berlin. Size, 9x6. Price, $1.25 No. 267. Homoeosaurus Maximiliani, Meyer. SKELETON, on slab. This little scaly Lizard had a relatively short body, long neck, and strong, blunt teeth. The specimen is from the lithographic slate (Upper Oolite) at Hichstadt, Bavaria, and is now in the Museum of the Univer- sity of Munich. Size, 10x 7. Price, $2.00. No. 268. Homoeosaurus Maximiliani, Meyer. SKELETON, on slab. ‘This specimen, belonging to the Tylerian Museum at Haarlem, Holland, was found at Kelheim, Bavaria, in the same formation as the preceding. Size, 9x5. Price, $2.00. No. 269. Homoeosaurus brevipes, Meyer. SKELETON, on slab. From the lithographic slate atHichstidt, Bavaria,and . now in the Museum of the University of Munich. Price, $1.00. No. 270. Sapheeosaurus laticeps, Meyer. SKELETON, on slab. The most marked departure from the lacertian type in this Reptile is the more uniform length of the phalanges of the forelimbs. It ‘closely resembles the Homeosaurus. This fossil was found in the lithographic slate at Kelheim, Bavaria, and belongs to the Tylerian Museum at Haarlem, Hol- land. Size, 15x 7. Price, $3.00. 271. Phytosaurus Kapffii, Meyer. SKULL AND LOWER JAw, & This so-called ilornivenous Reptile was formerly known under the generic title off a Belodon. It had a long, slender muzzle like the Ga- vial, and long, conical, curv- ed teeth which plainly point to a carnivorous nature. Pictet says that the place q2 VERTEBRATA. of the P. is not far from the crocodilian family. This skull was discovered in the Keuper sandstone (Upper Trias) at Stuttgardt, Wirtemberg, and is in the Royal Museum of that city. The lower jaw is in the British Museum. Size, 2 ft.6in.x18 inch. Price, with mountings, $8.00. No. 272. Phytosaurus Jeegeri. Front oF Lower JAw. From the same locality as the preceding, and in the Museum at Stuttgardt. Size, 6x3. Price, $0.75. No. 273. Acteosaurus Tommasinii, Meyer. SKELETON, on slab. This specimen is from the Lower Chalk at Comen, Austria, and is in the Museum at Trieste. The head is wanting. Size, 10x5. Price, $1.25. No. 274. Atoposaurus Oberndorferi, Meyer. SKELETON, on slab. This fossil, belonging to the Tylerian Museum at Haar- lem, Holland, is from the lithographic slate at Kelheim, Bavaria. Price, $1.25- No 275. Rutiodon Carolinensis, Emmons. HEAD. This Lacertian, found with the earliest of Mammals—the Droma- therium—in the Permian shales of North Carolina, has a nearly cylindrical upper jaw prolonged like that of the Teleosaurus, with a spoon-like enlargement at its end. ‘The premaxillary is of one solid piece. The nostrils, which are just ante- rior to the large eye-sockets, descend vertically like the blow-holes of a Cetacean. The original of this cast isin the State Cabinet at Raleigh, N. C. Size, 22x7. Price, $3.00. No. 276. Saurophidium Thollieri. SKELETON, onslab. From the lithographic limestone in the De- partment of Ain, France, and now in the Museum of Natural History at Lyons. Size, 2 ft. 7 in. x11 in. Price, $5.00. No. 277. Sauranodon incisivus. SKELETON, on slab. From the same locality and Museum as preceding. Size, 25x10. Price, $4.50. No. 278. Dicynodon lacerticeps, Owen. SKULL. This singular Reptile, hitherto found only in the Trias of South Africa, exhibits in the modi- \ fications of the skull characters of the Crocodile, Tortoise, and Liz- ard. It has the occipital of the ~ \ NW 7 a first, the short, round head of the second, and the separated nasal apertures of the last. The cranium i compressed in front as in the Liz- REPTILIA. 73 ard, and the occipital condyles have a similar form. The only teeth are two pointed tusks growing downwards from the upper jaw; the lower jaw was arm- ed, like the Tortoise, with a sheath of horn. This specimen, found near Fort Beaufort, Cape Colony, is in the Museum of the Geological Society of London. Size,6x 4. Price, $2.25. OrpER 2 — CHELONIA. e These Reptiles, according to Agassiz, are the highest members of this Class,—approaching in some points of internal organization the lower families of aquatic Birds. The main ordinal characteristic is the solid, immovable armor encasing the greater part of the body. The dorsal shield or carapax is least complete in marine Turtles, as the ribs extend beyond the costal plates, leaving unossified intervals. This fact affords an important aid in the discrimination of fossil Chelonians. In all, excepting the soft mud Tortoises, the whole armor is covered with dermal plates or ossified skin—homologues to the scutes of the Crocodile. The Order is also distinguished by a toothless horny beak and a single external nostril placed in the middle of the forepart of the skull. The lower jaw is one solidarch. The only movable vertebre are the cervical and caudal. Some of the cervicals are convexo-concave, others concavo- convex, one biconcave (usually the 8th). The caudals are procoelian. The sternum is broad in the land species, narrow in the marine. The land species furnish the first instance of real walking in the Vertebrate series, unless the running of some Toads be considered as such ; for Salamanders, Lizards and Crocodiles depend partly on the wriggling of - the spinal column. The feet of the marine Chelonians are fin-shaped ; of the fluviatile and marsh species, palmated; of the land species, club-shaped. The two shields, usually in fragments, are the chief evidence of extinct Chelonians. The beaks are sometimes found solitary in the Chalk. According to Agassiz, the first genuine Testudinata belong to the Oolitic series. The so-called Chelonian footprints on the Potsdam, Old Red, and Triassic Sandstones are very uncertain. The earliest species are Emydians from the Solenhofen quarries. 74 VEBTEBRATA. No. 279. Colossochelys atlas, Falc. and Caut. CARAPACE AND PLAsTRON, This gigantic Tortoise—the King of Chelonians Was a contemporary of the Sivatherium. The original cast, belonging to the British Museum, is a restoration from fragments discovered in the Miocene strata of the Sewalik Hills, India, and now in the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Size, 8 ft. 2in.x5 ft. 10 in. Price (in three pieces, unpainted), $150.00. No. 280. 'Testudo Nebrascensis, Leidy. CARAPACE AND PLAsTRON. This small, land-Tortoise had the general form of the Hiys, and was much depressed. It was found in the Mauvaises Terres of Nebraska (Lower Miocene), and is the Musenm of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences, Philadelphia. Size, 6x4. Price, $1.50. No. 281. Testudo hemispherica, Leiay. CARAPACE AND PLASTRON» The Carapace is more convex than that of the preceding,and the vertebral plates from the second to the eighth inclu- sive, are hexahedral. This specimen, found at the same locality as the 7. Nebrascensis, is in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Size, 9x7. Price, $3.00. No. 282. Testudo t CARAPACE AND PLAsTRON. This Tortoise was found in the Sewalik Hills, India (Miocene), and is in the British Museum. Size, 23x18. Price, $5.75. No. 233. Emys Hamiltonoides, Fale. and Caut. CARAPACE AND PLAsTRON. From the same locality and Museum as preceding. Size, 12x 8. Price, $4.00. CARAPACE, VENTRAL SURFACE, SHOWING HEAD AND EXTREMITIES. The form of this Chelonian approaches that of the fresh-water Turtles, but the limbs are comparatively short. The original is from the Lithographic Limestone (Up- per Oolite), Solenhofen, Bavaria, and is in the Museum of the University of Munich. Size, 18x12. Price, $2.75. No. 285. Pleurosternon ovatum, Owen. CARAPACE, on slab, showing ventral surface. This singularly modified genus is distinguished by the interposition of an additional pair of bones between the hyosternals and hyposternals. This fossil, one of the earliest evidences of Chelo- nian life, was found in the Purbeck Limestone (Upper Oolite) at Swanage, Dor- setshire, England, and is in the private Geological Museum of Mr. Ward, at Ro- chester. Size, 22x17. Price, $4.00. No. 279. Colossochelys atlas. Or REPTILIA. T No. 286. Chelonemys ovata. CARAPACE, ventral surface. From the Litho- graphic quarries (Upper Oolite) at Cirin, France, and now in the Museum of Natural History of Lyons. Size, 10x8. Price, $3.00. No. 287. Chelonemys plana. CARAPACE. ventral surface. From the same locality and Museum as preced- ing. Size,9x7. Price, $2.75. No. 288. Achelonia formosa, Meyer. Lert Hinp-Foot. This relic of an emydian Turtle was obtained from the Lithographic slate (Upper Oolite) at Hichstadt, Bavaria, and belongs to the 'Ty- lerian Museum at Haarlem, Holland. Price, $0.60. No. 289. Hydropelta Meyeri, D’Orbigny. CARAPACH, om slab, ventral surface. This fresh-water Turtle lived in’ the Upper Oolite period, this fossil having been found in the Lithographic slates at Cirin, France. The specimen is in the Museum of the Garden of Plants. Size, 11x8. Price, $3.00. No. 290. Chelichnites, (Actibatis Triassex, Jardine). TRACK, on slab. These tracks on the Permian sandstone are supposed to be the footprints of Chelonians. They are among the earliest indications of the existence of Reptiles on our planet. These ichnites were discovered in the Trias sandstone at Corncockle Muir, Scotland, and are in the Collection of Sir William Jardine of Annandale. Size, 4 ft.x1ft. Price, $5.00. ORDER 3 — OPHIDIA. These, the most numerous of living Reptiles, have vertebra: and ribs similar to those of the Lizards, only the ribs are hollow and begin at the third vertebra from the head. They have double nostrils and loosely united cranial bones. Sternum, sacrum, scapular arch and vis- ible limbs are wanting. But a pair of slender bones, often supporting a second bone armed with a claw, are sometimes found suspended in the flesh near the vent; and a minute sternum, clavicle, and scapula may also be detected beneath the skin. The vertebre articulate by eight joints in addition to that of the cup and ball on the centrum, and so interlock that even in the dead state the body cannot be 76 VERTEBRATA, twisted except in a series of side coils. The body, clothed with scales, is extremely elongated, chiefly by the multiplication of dorsal vertebree. There are no distinctive cervical and lumbar vertebree. All Ophidian fossils belong to the typical group ( Colubride). Their remains are vertebrx, eggs and fangs. The Hocene clay of Sheppey has yielded the earliest evidence of a Serpent,—the vertebrae of the Palaeophis toliapicus, Species of the constricting, colubrine, and venomous families existed before any of the living species of Mam- malia; and there was the same adaptation to a prone posture and a gliding movement with the belly in the dust as at the present day. OrpER 4 — AMPHIBIA. Amphibians, the lowest members of the Class, are distinguished by a skull depressed at the expense of the cranium, two occipital condyles (the Ganocephala have no condyles), ribs absent or rudimentary, and the body naked or very rarely (as in the ichthyoid species) covered with very small embedded scales. They have no fixed type of external form. The size, shape and number of teeth vary much; sometimes the teeth are wanting. The location of teeth on the vomerine bones is the only dental character in which Amphibians differ from other Reptiles. It is only in this Order among existing Reptiles that examples are found of two or more rows of teeth on the same bone, especially on the lower jaw. The vertebrae are concavo-convex (as in the Frog), or convexo-concave (as in the Pipa), or biconcave (as in the Siren). The snake-like Ce- cilians have no legs; the tailless Ranadze have four; and the tailed Salamandridz two or four. Of the Amphibious Reptiles, the scaly Ganocephala appeared first, the Archegosaurus having been found in the Coal Measures. The Labyrinthodonts were introduced in the same period, but did not attain their full development till the Trias. These two extinct groups char- acterize the transitional period between the Paleo and Mezo-zoic epochs. They lived along with the Ganoid Fishes. The soft-skinned Batrachians belong to the age when most Fishes have the flexible cy- cloid or ctenoid scales—namely, the Tertiary and Post-Tertiary. Frogs and Salamanders have been discovered as low as the Miocene; and Toads in the Pliocene. Tailed Batrachians are now on the decline; the tailless forms are most numerous and various to-day. REPTILIA. rT No. 291. Archegosaurus Decheni, Goldf. HEAD, on slab. This “ primeval lizard” disputes with the Sauropus of Lea for the honor of being the first of air-breathers. Goldfuss considered it a Saurian; Agassiz claims that even in its limbs—its most Reptilian feature— \X\ it is closely like Ganoid fishes of the Ni genus Polypterus; while the majority the of naturalists regard it as a Proteoid WN Salamandrian. It had sculptured bony plates on the head like Ganoid fishes ; and the greater part of the skeleton retain- ed its cartilage. The skull is depressed and triangular, and the lower jaw differs from that of Fishes in the great length of the angular pieces, but resembles it in simplicity. The teeth are conical and of labyrinthic structure, and implanted in sockets. This specimen was discovered in the coal-field of Saarbriick, Rhenish Prussia, and is in the Cabinet of the Natural History Society at Bonn. Size,8x5. Price, $2.00. No. 292. Labyrinthodon (Mastodonsaurus) Jzegeri, Owen. HeapD. This is the largest known Batrachian having labyrinthic teeth, i. e. a convergence of nu- merous inflected folds of the external layer of cement towards the pulp-cavity. The form of the animal was something between the Toad and Land- Salamander. The body, estimated at nine feet in length, was covered with scales. The head was triangular ; the nostrils very small ; and the orbits situated nearly halfway between the fore and back part of the skull. In this specimen the skull and lower jaw are firmly closed. It was found in the Upper Trias (Keuper) near Stuttgardt, Wirtem- berg, and is in the Museum of that city. Size, 2 ft.6 in. x 2ft. Price, $8.00. No. 293. Labyrinthodon (Mastodonsaurus) robustus, Meyer. HEAD. This species differs from the L. Jageri chiefly in having smaller orbi- tal cavities. It is the Capitosaurus of Mimster. This beautiful specimen is in two pieces, one showing both the upper and lower teeth in place, the other exhib- iting the cranial plates. It is from the same locality and Museum as the preced- ing. Size of the head, 24x16; of the armor, 25x14. Price of both, $19.00. 78 VERTEBRATA. No. 294. Cheirotherium Barthi, Kaup. TRACK, on slab (relief), These remarkable footmarks strikingly: resemble the impression of the human hand, whence the generic title. The tracks of the hind-foot are about eight inches long and five wide. Less than two inches in advance of them are the prints of the fore-feet, which are only four inches long and three wide. The foot-prints follow one another in pairs, about fourteen inches apart. Dr. Kaup, who first de- scribed these ichnites, conjectur- ed that the animal might have been a large species of the Opos- sum; but in the didelphic quad- rupeds the thumb is on the inner side of the hind-foot. No certain remains of the Cheirotherium have been found; but bones of Labyrinthoden have been found in the same locality as the foot- prints; and it is highly probable that the Cheirotherian tracks are 2 those of Labyrinthodont Reptiles. MNS _— cs if aa This specimen, discovered in the New Red Sandstone (Lower Trias) at Jena, Germany, belongs to the Ward Mu- seum in the University of Rochester. Size, 6 ft.2in.x 18in. Price, $10.00. 1 No. 295. Cheirotherium Barthi, Kaup. TRACKS WITH MuD-CRACKS. : 7 From the Trias near Hildburg- : hausen, Saxony, and now in the Museum at Stuttgardt. Size, 2 ft.4in.x15in. Price, $4.00. No. 296. Cheirotherium ———. TRAcKS. From the New Red Sandstone at Cheshire, England. 3 Size, 3 ft.6 in. x1 ft.10 in. Price, $8.00. 7 REPTILIA. 79 No. 297. Andrias Scheuchzeri, Tschudi. SKELETON, on slab, This noted fossil—the Cryp- tobranchis of Van der Hoeven—was a Batrachian of the Salamander family. It was a large specimen of this extinct animal which was erroneously sup- posed by Scheuchzer to be a human skeleton, and was described by him nearly a century and a half ago as “ Homo diluvii testis.” Cuvier demonstrated its near affinities to the Water-Salamander (Menopoma) of the United States. This specimen consists of the crani-, } ——— = note um, vertebral column with ribs, the four extremities, and vestiges of the tail. It was obtained from the Miocene lacustrine deposits at Giningen, Switzerland, => and is in the British Museum. Size, 3 ft.x 8in. Price, $5.00. No. 298, Andrias Tschudi, Meyer. SKELETON, on slab. From the Brown Coal (Miocene) at Rott, Rhine Valley, and now in the Tylerian Museum at Haarlem, Holland. Size, 12x 5. Price, $1.00. No. 299. Rana diluviana, Goldf. Wi NX SKELETON, on slab. This specimen, now inf the Ward Museum of the University of Roches- ter, was found in the Tertiary lignite of the “ Sie- bengebirge,” near Bonn, Rhine Valley. Size, 7x5. Price, $1.00. No. 300. Rana dilnviana, Goldf. SKELETON, on slab. From the same locality and Museum as preceding. : Size,6x5. Price, $1.00. No. 301. Sauropus primzevus, Lea. mt TRACKS, on - slab. —— eee * These reptilian foot.prints F ———— formation of red shales, at the base of the Coal Meas- ures, near Pottsville,Penn. | The animal appears to}- ‘ == have had five toes on its === ——<——SSS————— COCO? fore-feet. and four toes on 2 the hind-pair ; longer legs F than the Crocodile, there == being no trace of the drag- — = ging of the feet; and a <--> 80 VERTEBRATA. slender tail which left a groove-like impression. The stride from toe to toe measures thirteen inches; and the feet are about three and a half inches long. The hind-feet stepped upon nearly the same spot as the fore-feet, causing some obliteration of the first impression. The original slab is in the private Cabinet of Isaac Lea, Esq., of Philadelphia, by which gentleman it was first dis- covered and described. Size, 26x17. Price, $4.50. No. 302-308. Restorations of Fossil Reptiles, Pterodactyle, Megalosaurus, Iguanodon, Labyrinthodon, Ichthyosaurus, Plesio- saurus dolichodeirus and P. macrocephalus. They are reduced (one inch to the foot) from the gigantic models in the Crystal Palace, London ; constructed to — = — No. 302. PTERODACTYLE No. 303. MEGALOSAURUS. scale by B. Waterhouse Hawkins, F.G.8., F. L. 8., from the form and proportions of the fossil remains, and in strict accordance with the scientific deductions of No. 304. IGuANoDON. _ No. 305. LABYRINTHODON. Professor Owen. Preliminary drawings, with careful measurements of the origi- nals in the Royal College of Surgeons, British Museum and Geological Society,” Nos. 306-8308. IcHTHYOSAURUS WITH PLESIOAURI. PISCES. SL were prepared, and sketch models made at a fraction of the natural size, and sub- mitted to the above high authority. Clay models were then made of the natural size. To give an idea of these monster Saurians, Mr. Hawkins states that the Iguanodon, as it now stands in the Crystal Palace, is composed of four iron col- umns, 9 feet long by 7 inches in diameter, 600 bricks, 1550 tiles, 38 casks of cement, 90 casks of broken stone, with 100 feet of iron hooping and 20 feet of cubic inch bar. It was modelled after the great Horsham specimen; and the mold was af- terward converted into a salle a manger, in which Prof. Owen, Prof. Forbes, and twenty other scientific gentlemen sat down to dinner. These beautiful restora- tions are faithful copies, in miniature, of the gigantic group in London. They are in five pieces : ICHTHYOSAURUS WITH PLESIOSAURI: Size, 22x14. Price, $10.00. MEGALOSAURUS : Size, 23x12. Price, $7.00. IGUANODON : Size, 19x14. Price, $5.00. - LABYRINTHODON : Size, 13x8. Price, $5.00. PTERODACTYLE : Size, 9x9. Price, $5.00. Price of the set, $30.00. CLASS IV.— PISCES. This Class is the most heterogeneous among Vertebrates. No an- imals, indeed, exhibit such extraordinary aberration of form or assume such peculiar shapes. They are every way inferior to the other mem- bers of the sub-kingdom,—falling behind in strength and compactness of structure, in intelligence and sensibility. They readily separate into the Osseous and Cartilayinous. The former include the common Fishes or Jeleosts, and rank lower than the Cartilaginous; they are, neverthe- less, the typical forms, and are the most numerous. Over fifteen hundred fossil species have been described. Sedi- mentary strata, composed of fine detritus, have been most favorable for the preservation of entire forms; but in coarse limestone and conglom- erate, the principal vestiges are detached teeth, scales and bones. The Fishes of the older formations differ most from existing species; the pectoral fins are smaller and invariably placed before the ventral. Above the Chalk, the ventrals approach nearer the head. The earliest evi- dences of a fossil vertebrate are the dorsal spine of a Shark and a buckler like that of a Placoganoid, both found in the Upper Ludlow by Murchison. (A Pteraspis Ludensis has since been discovered in the Lower Ludlow of Herefordshire, England, 1859.) We may infer the co-existence of some more powerful predatory Fish against whose 6 82 VERTEBRATA. attacks these primitive sharks were thus defended. An Ichthyolite has been discovered in Indiana, claimed to be Silurian, but more probably Devonian. According to Dana, the earliest fish remains in America occur in the Schoharie grit. As the Cartilaginous Fishes dwindled, the Teleosts took their place. They began in the Cretaceous, but abounded most in the Tertiary deposits. Respecting fossil Fishes, Agassiz says: “I have not yet found a single species which was _per- fectly identical with any marine existing Fish, except the little Capel- in (Mallotus villosus), which is found in the nodules of clay of un- known age in Greenland.” “The Scomberoids” (the Mackerel tribe), observes Owen, ‘“‘seem now to be at the head of the piscine modifi- cation of the Vertebrate series.” The ancient Placoids and Ganoids, however, were more highly organized than the modern Cycloids and -Ctenoids, and manifested a closer affinity to the air-breathing, cold- blooded Class. OrpER 1 — GANOIDS. The Ganoids have a partially ossified frame, rhomboidal or angular scales, and labyrinthoid teeth. No living Ganoid has been observed in the Southern Hemisphere. Of fossil Ganoids, 80 are found in the Devonian, 61 in the Carbon- iferous, 22 in the Magnesian Limestone, 23 in the Trias, 100 in the Lias, 154 in the Oolite, 36 in the Chalk, and 29 inthe Tertiary. After the Triassic Period, they lost the Paleozoic feature of heterocercal tails. The Devonian species have many reptilian characters ; they are often found in nodules of a flattened, elliptic form, such nodules being created by the oil of the decomposing Fish rendering the surrounding sand compact. The Placoganoids, which first appeared in the Upper Si- lurian, died out in the Carboniferous. The Lepidoganoids ranged from the Devonian to the Tertiary. Evidence of a true Sturgeon has not been met with below the Eocene clay of Sheppey. The Oolitic Fishes are generally homocercal Ganoids. PISCES. 83 No. 309. Holoptychins nobilissimus, Agass. . Bopy AND HEAD, on __ slab. The Holoptychians were Ganoid fishes be} longing to the Calacanthi, ; or hollow-spined, and are} characterized by the large >] covering the body, and the § . sculptured and granulated § plates defending the head. § The teeth are of two kinds —small serial teeth and large laniaries, the latter placed behind the former. The ventral fins are nearer the tail than in any other Ganoid. This splendid speci- men, one of the ornaments of the British Museum, was discovered in the Old Red Sandstone at Clashbinnie, Scotland, and is figured in Murchison’s “Silurian Sys- tem.” The creature lies on its back. “ The body (says Hugh Miller) measures a foot across by two feet and a half in length, exclusive of the tail, which is want- ing ; but the armor in which it is cased might have served a Crocodile or Alliga- tor of five times the size.” The head is short and obtuse; the lower jaw, the mouth, and the two branchial rays or plates are exposed. The scales are very large and deeply wrinkled. Size, 2ft.9in.x1ft.4in. Price, $5.50. No. 310. Holoptychius nobilissimus, Agass. Group, on slab. From the same locality as the preceding, and now in the private Geological Museum of Mr. Ward at Rochester. Size, 2ft.4in.x1 ft.2in. Price, $5.50. No. 311. Rhizodus Hibberti, Owen. LowER JAW, LEFT RAMUS. The generic term Rhizodus is applied to those Holoptychians of the Coal Measures which have stout serial teeth and slender laniaries. The great strength of the cephalic plates and of the jaws and teeth shows that this was a powerful carnivorous Fish. This fragment of the lower jaw was disinterred from the Carboniferous Limestone, near Edinburgh, and is in the British Museum. Size, 19x 7. Price, $2.25. No. 312. Undina striolaris, Mist. SKELETON, on slab. This hollow-spined, heterocercal Fish had pavement- like teeth, fitted to crush small testaceous and-crustaceous animals. This speci- men was found in the lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite) at Kelheim, Bavaria, and isin the Museum of the University of Munich. Size, 14x6. Price, $2.25. 84 VERTEBRATA, No. 3138. Cephalaspis Lyelli, Agass. ® Bopy AND HEAD, on slab. This well-known Devonian Fish is placed by Agassiz, Owen, and Pictet among the Placoganoids; but Huxley says it is uncertain whether the C. was a Ganoid or Teleost. The charac- teristic ganoin-layer is absent; the dorsal scales are | rhomboidal. The first specimen of this genus was | discovered by Hugh Miller. The most striking fea- ture is the enormous buckler (made up of plates usu- ally hexagonal), covering the head and prolonged backwards into lateral points. The head comprises fully one-third the creature’s entire length. The body was protected by plates arranged transversely, and the tail carried a heterocercal fin. The dentition is un- known ; but the mouth was probably placed beneath the head and suctorial, as in the Sturgeon. The eyes were placed closely together near the middle of the head. This fossil, now in the British Museum, was found in the Old Red Sandstone in Forfarshire, Scot- land. Size, 9x5. Price, $1.50. \ A No. 314. Sauropsis longimanus, Agass. Bopy AND HEAD, on slab. This homocercal Ganoid is distinguished by very short, numerous vertebra, scales slightly rhomboidal, small dorsal and well devel- oped pectoral fins. The specimen—somewhat doubtful and problematic in charac- ter—was found in the Lithographic slate (Upper Oolite) at Hichstadt, Bavaria, and belongs to the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward of Rochester. Size, 17x 7. Price, $2.00. No. 315. Lepidotus maximus Waen. ScaLEs, on slab. This Ganoid had highly polished, imbricated, rhomboid scales, a short dorsal fin opposite the anal, and ahomocercal tail. The vertebra were well ossified, and the teeth were blunt. This specimen, from the lithographic slate (Upper Oolite) at Solenhofen, Bavaria, is in the Museum of the University of Munich. Size, 20x15. Price, $3.50. No. 316. Lepidotus oblongus, Agass. POSTERIOR PART. This Fish had small scales, and a large tail, the inferior lobe of which is more developed than the upper one. The tail, says Agassiz, is very interesting, as it enables one to see how the inferior spinous apophyses are developed in the homocercal Ganoids, whose vertebral column is prolonged into the superior lobe. The original is from the Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite), Solenhofen, Bavaria, and belongs to the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 18x11. Price, $3.25. PISCES. 85 No. 317. Lepidotus minor, Agass. -Bopy AND HEAD, onslab. This fine specimen of another homo- cercal lepidoid—distinguished by its small, shining scales, and unusually perfect in allits parts —was discovered in the Purbeck Limestone (Upper Oolite) on the Isle of Portland, England, and isin the British Museum. Size, 17x10. Price, $3.00. No. 318. Caturus latus, Mist. SKELETON, on slab. This Fish belongs to the same family as the preceding, and in general shape approaches the Salmon. It has delicate scales, and fins of moderate size. It is probably only a variety of the C. furcatus, Agass. This specimen is from the Lithographic limestone of Hichstidt, Bavaria, and belongs to the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward. Size,8x3. Price, $1.25. No. 319. Aspidorhynchus speciosus, Agass. Bopy AND HEAD. amaammcse z on slab. This homo- CII LLL OC EC ROO SER OOO AO RT ROO OCT TT C RRA cercal Ganoid is characterized by a long body of nearly equal size through- out, by a pointed head, and by the disposition of the scales in unequal rows. The scales are wrinkled, and sometimes hexagonal, sometimes tetragonal. This speci- men belongs to Dr. Krantz of Bonn, and is from the same locality ias the preced- ing. Size, 2 ft.2in.x7in. Price, 2.75. No. 320. Microdon (Pycnodus) elegans, Agass. SKELETON, on slab. This beau- zg-— tiful Ganoid with homocercal tail and small, uniform teeth, is a true Pyenodus according to Wagner. The specimen is from the Litho- graphic limestone (Upper Oolite) of Kelheim, Bavaria, and is now SO SATIN RS 2S : —f W/Z! a \ = S in the Museum of the University of ; Munich. Size,10x10. Price, $2.25. ¢ Wh VL 86 VERTEBRATA. No. 321. Microdon (Pycnodus) notabilis, Miinst. SKELETON, on slab. From the same locality and Museum as the preceding.» Size, 11x5. Price, $2.00. No. 822. Microdon (Pyenodus) notabilis, Mimst. PALATAL TEETH, on slab. From the same locality and Museum as the pre- ceding. Price, $0.50. No. 823. Pycnodus platessus, Agass. SKELETON, on slab. This homocercal Ganoid was a deep-bodied Fish, char- acterized by large, round, flat-crowned teeth, covering the broad jaws as by a pavement of several rows. The profile of the head is nearly vertical. The pos- terior part of the body is slender in comparison with the anterior part. This complete skeleton was found in the Kocene limestone of Monte Bolca, Lombardy, and is in the Museum of the University of Munich. Size, 13x6. Price, $2.25. No. 824. Gyrodus circularis, Agass. SKELETON, on slab. This Fish has | the exterior form of | Pycnodus,and is also aGanoid. Theanal I and dorsal fins are jsustained by long j rays in front, and | diminish rapidly ; } the caudal is deep- ly notched. The yteeth are elliptical, and are characteriz- ed by a groove running round the summit. This fine specimen, from the Litho- graphic slates of Solenhofen, Bavaria, is in the Museum of the University of Munich: Size, 2 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 5 in. Price, $6.00. No. 325. Gyrodus hexagonus, Waen. SKELETON, on slab. This species is called Mierodon hexagonus by Agassiz. The specimen is from the same locality and Museum asthe preceding. Size, 8x7. Price, $1.75. No. 326. Gyrodus umbilicus, Agass. PALATAL TEETH, on slab. This species is characterized by a depression in the middle of the teeth. This fine series of palatal teeth was found in the Upper Oolite at Durrheim, Grand —— = 2 ————————— the preceding. Price, $1.00. PISCES 87 No. 327. Gyrodus umbilicus, Agass. PALATAL TEETH, on slab. From the same locality and Museum. Price, $0.75. No. 328. Megalurus lepidotus, Agass. SKELETON, on slab. This genus of homocercal Ganoids is distinguished by a large head with jaws armed with large and small teeth intermingled and by a large, round tail. The scales resemble those of the Carp. This complete skele- ton was found in the Lithographic slate (Upper Oolite) of Solenhofen, Bavaria, and is in the Museum of the University of Munich. Size,17x8. Price, $2.50. No. 329. Megalurus elegantissimus, Wagn. SKELETON, on slab. This small Ganoid Fish, with largely expanded, homo- cercal tail, is from the same locality and Museum as the preceding. Size 8x5. Price, $1.00. OrDER 2 — PLACOIDS. The Placoids (or Selachians as they are now more generally termed) have a purely cartilaginous skeleton and a rough skin, often composed of rhombic or angular plates, each rising into a point at the centre. The teeth are confined to the maxillary and mandibular bones. This Order Agassiz in his “ Contributions” elevates to a Class. The Placoids, being Cartilaginous, have left little behind save spines, teeth, and a few scales. The fossil spines are called Jchthyo- dorulites, and abound in the Secondary deposits. Agassiz enumerates in his “ Poissons Fossiles”’ about 70 species. Of extinct Placoids, 2 are known to be Silurian, 7 Devonian, 82 Carboniferous, 38 Permian, 25 Lias, 60 Oolite, 52 Chalk, and 86 Tertiary. The Cestracionts began in the Lower Devonian, and culminated in the Trias. The Squalodonts or True Sharks, began in the Jurassic and culminated in the Miocene. The Hybodonts began in the Trias and culminated in the Jurassic. The Rays appeared first in the Carboniferous and the Chimzroids in the Oolite. No. 330. Squatina acanthoderma, Fraas. Bopy AND HEAD, onslab. This extinct Placoid approached the Ray family, by the situation of the eyes on the dorsal face and by the development of the pectoral fins. The mouth was at the end of the muzzle. The contour and outer border of the body has left a full impression on the stone. This fine fossil was discovered in the Lithographic slate (Upper Oolite) at Hichstédt, Bavaria, and is in the Tylerian Museum at Haarlem, Holland. Size, 2 ft.5 in.x 1 ft. 8in. Price, $7.00. SS VERTEBRATA. No. 331. Thaumas alifer, Miinst. SKELETON, on slab. This Placoid has the essential characters of the Squa- tina, save certain modifications of the tail fins. This skeleton was found at the same locality as the preceding, and isin the Museum of the University of Munich. Size, 21x 9. Price, $3.00. No. 332.. Thaumas speciosus, Meyer. SKELETON, on slab. This species is also called by Meyer, Squatina speciosa. From the same locality and Museum as the preceding. : Size, 8x6. Price, $1.50. No. 333. Carcharias. Two TEETH. These teeth of a fossil Shark were found in the Chalk of Kent, England, and belong to the Ward Museum in the University of Roches- ter. Price of the pair, $1.25. No. 334. Squala ? VERTEBR®. These segments of the spinal column of a Shark were found in the Chalk of Kent, England, and are now in the British Museum. Price, $2.25. No. 335. Cochliodus contortus, Agass. PaLATAL TEETH. In this cestraciont Placoid, the large crushing dental plates appear to be welded into a single mass, and are admirably adapted to erack and bruise the shells of Mollusks and Crustaceans. This specimen was found in the Carboniferous limestone at Bristol, England, and belongs to the Brit- ish Museum. Price, $0.50. No. 3386. Acrodus nobilis, Agass. PaLaTaL TEETH. The teeth of this Placoid (allied to the Port Jackson - Shark), from the finely striated character and dark color of the grinding surface, are called by quarrymen “fossil leeches” ; and even the savans of a century ago regarded them as petrified worms. This specimen is from the Lias of Lyme- Regis, England, and is now in the British Museum. Price, $1.00. No. 337. Acrodus Anningiee, Agass. LowER Jaw. This remarkably fine specimen exhibits an almost com- plete series of teeth, re- taining the position they occupied during life. There are eight transverse rows on each side, with a central row at the junction of the two rami. The teeth of the posterior row are marked with the striz characteristic of the genus. The specimen was found in the Lower Lias, Lyme-Regis, England, and belongs to the Collection of E. C. H. Day, F. G. 8., Charmouth, England. Price, $1.50. PISCES. 89 No. 338. Ptychodus decurrens, Agass. Group oF TEETH. The teeth of this Cestraciont are of large size and of a more or less square form. The crown of the tooth is deeper than the root, and the summit is granulate at the margin. This specimen was found in the Chalk at Kent, England, and is in the British Museum. Size,6x3. Price, $2.00. No. 339. Ptychodus decurrens, Agass. Two TreEetH. From the same locality and Museum. Price, $1.25. No. 340. Ceratodus : Two TEETH. The teeth of this Cestraciont are puzzling from the variety of shapes they assume. They have in general an uneven or undulating upper sur- face of dentine and enamel, and an under-layer of reticulated osseous tissue. These specimens are from the Upper Trias (Keuper) at Stuttgardt, Wirtemberg, and are now in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Price, $0,80. No. 341. Notidanus eximius, Wagn. SKELETON, on slab. (Young). The teeth of this Shark, instead of having one conical point, have a series of unequal sharp points, resembling in this re- spect the lower jaw-teeth of the living “ Grisets.” This specimen was found in the lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite) at Hichstadt, Bavaria, and is in the Museum of the University of Munich. Size, 8x4. Prise, $1.00. No. 342. Mesturus verrucosus, Waen. SKELETON, on slab. This fine fossil Fish is from the same locality and Museum as the preceding. Size, 22x14. Price, $4.00 No. 343. Hdestes » Leidy. PorRTION oF DorsAL SPINE. This remarkable ichthyo- dorulite was discovered in the Coal Measures of Indiana, and is preserved in the Cabinet of Amherst College It is distinguish- ed for the large proportional size of the marginal teeth and their close resemblance to the jaw-teeth of Carcharias, their enamelled border being finely denticulate. Size, 9x3. Price, $1.50 No. 344. Ichthyodorulite. Foss, DorsAL SPINE, on slab. From the Lias of Lyme-Regis, England, and now in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester, Size, 14x4. Price, $2.00. No. 345. Ichthyodorulite. Fosstz DorsAnL SPINE, on slab. From the same lo- cality and Museum as the preceding. : Size, 20x 5: Price, $2.25. 90 VERTEBRATA. OrpER 3— CyYcLoIDs. These osseous Fishes are distinguished by their circular, imbricated, unenamelled scales with concentric markings. The dorsal fin is spiny, as in the Mackerel, or Soft-rayed, as in the Salmon. This Order is not represented by any species of older date than the Cretaceous epoch. The Chalk has yielded 21 species, and the Tertiary 154. Nearly all belong to extinct genera. OrpER 4 — CTENOIDS. This Order includes the Teleostian Fishes with comb-like scales, generally of a rounded or ovoid form, and spiny dorsal fin, like the Perch. They were ushered into being along with the Cycloids. Of the 195 fossil forms described, 11 are from the Chalk. No. 346. Beryx superbus, Dixon. Group, on slab. The genus Beryz, of which there are two existing species in the Australian seas, represented the Perch family during the Cretaceous period. The characteristics are a large, blunt head, one dorsal fin with several spinous rays in front of the soft ones, and large, round, —Jjpectinated scales. This specimen was found in the Lower Chalk at Lewes, England, and is in the private Cabinet of 8. H. Beckles, Esq., of Brighton, England. Size, 23x14. Price, $12.00. No. 347. Holocentrum pygzum, Agass. SKELETON, on slab. This genus, still represented in the Pacific Ocean, be- longs to the same family as Beryr. This species is shorter and stouter than the living one, with a larger head and smaller anal fin. The specimen is from the Middle Eocene beds of Monte Bolea, Italy, and is in the private Geological Cabi- net of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 6x38. Price, $1.50. No. 348. Cololites, Agass. These tortuous and convoluted intestinal-like masses and impressions have been called Lumbricaria, Minst., from the supposition that they were worm- casts. But Prof. Agassiz considers them the petrified intestines of Fishes or the contents of the intestines which have preserved the form of the tube, and have thus been fossilized. They are generally found isolated. This specimen is from the Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite) at Hichstadt, Bavaria, and is in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Price, $1.00. ron COND: oS ITN GD One falagulley YO 0l lysed wa, The Articulata—incomparably the most numerous division of the Ani- mal Kingdom—inelude all the Invertebrates having jointed bodies. The skeleton is external, the skin hardened in most cases into a bony crust, affording the necessary fulcra to the muscles of locomotion. This skele- ton is sometimes in the form of successive rings; these, in the higher Orders, are soldered together, so that only two or three divisions, or one solid shield, can be discovered. The jaws, when present, are lateral. “The most minute comparison (says Agassiz) does not lead to the dis- covery of a distinct plan of structure uniting all these animals into one natural primary group. What holds them together and keeps them at a distance from other groups, is not a common plan of structure, but a greater simplicity in their organization.” The Paleontological history of the Articulata is much behind that of the other divisions of the Animal Kingdom. So universally distributed and numerically abundant at the present day, they are least perfectly represented among the relics of a former world. Their manifold, com- plex organization, which in the recent state fits them so admirably for generic and specific comparisons, is fatal to their entire preservation, and the fossil examples are often so fragmentary as to admit of little more than the determination of their Class and Family. The number catalogued forms but a small proportion of those which have probably existed. Bronn enumerates 1551 fossil Insects, 181 Arachnoids, 894 Crustaceans, and 292 Annellids. Representations of each Class are found in the Palzeozoic rocks. 9? ARTICULATA. CLASS I.— CRUSTACEA. In this class the skeleton has the form of an external crust or shell, which covers even the antenne, hairs, jaws, and teeth. In the smaller species it is chitinous; in others it is hardened by the carbonate and phosphate of lime. The normal number of segments is 21, for the head, thorax, and abdomen, seven each. But most frequently the anterior segments form one piece called the cephalothorax, leaving the abdomen joined, terminated by a compound tail-piece, pygidium. This heteronamity, or thé having no generally equal number of body-rings, is the most essential class characteristic. All Crustaceans are organized for life in the water, though many live chiefly on land. The earliest forms were Trilobites. Nearly all the other fossil Crustaceans are Decapods. The oldest approach nearest to the existing tropical species ; while the more modern ones have a greater resemblance to temperate species. Those found fossil in the tropics are more akin to the Crustacea now found in the same latitude. In general we may say that the Paleozoic Trilobites are followed by Lobsters in the Jurassic Period, and by Crabs in the Terti- ary. ‘The Upper Oolite of Solenhofen opens like a book filled with com- pressed and wonderfully preserved Shrimps and Lobsters, while the London Clay of the Isle of Sheppey is a rich repository of short-tailed Crustaceans. The Articulates which came latest are the Cirripedes, whose lowest species (Pollipeds) appears in the Lias. The fossil forms (of which 69 have been described) belong chiefly to the sessile division. Sub-Class Hi.—Walacostraca. The section Malacostraca includes nearly all the large, and many of the smaller species with which we are most familiar. They have either ten or fourteen feet; their body is divided into thorax and abdomen with seven segments in each; the Decapods (Crabs, Lobsters and Shrimps) being the highest of the class. The Macrourans abound in the Oolite and Cretaceous strata, while the Brachyourans attain their maximum development in Tertiary beds and modern seas. No. 349. Lobocarcinus Paulo-Wurtemburgensis, Meyer. This interesting and well-preserved fossil Crab occcurs in considerable numbers in the Lower Ter- ‘tiary (Nummulitic) beds of the Gebel Mokattam in the suburbs of Cairo, Egypt. Original in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Size, 6x4in. Price, $1.50. CRUSTACEA. 93 No. 350. Macrophthalmus Latreillei, Edwards. This fossil Crab, closely allied to a living species, is found in beds of Newer Tertiary age in the Isle of Hainan, China. Original in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. ; Price, $0.75. No. 351, Paleeocorystes Stokesii, Mantell. . Two specimens, Carapace. A small Crustacean—intermediate in form be- tween the Brachyoura and Anomoura, and quite abundant in the Gault of Folkestone, England. Original in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $0.60. No. 852. Scapheus ancylochelis, Woodward. This beautiful and very perfect Crustacean from the Lias of Lyme-Regis, England, was a burrowing Decapod with long monodactylous forelimbs armed with spines. The cephalothorax was one-third longer than deep, and shorter than the abdomen ; the rostrum was prominent, curving upwards, and had a double row of conical, slightly curved spines; the tail was long, and the lobes were broad and spinous. Size, 10x 5. Price, $1.75. No. 353. Enoploclytea Sussexiensis, Mantell. Ciaw. This “armed Shrimp” is one of the largest forms of the Macroura —or “long-tailed” Decapod Crustacean,—which occur fossil. It is from the Lower Chalk of Lewes, England. Original in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. ~ Price, $0.80. No. 354. Eryon propinquus, Germar. This remarkable form of Crustacean bears a long, flattened shield with a round, fissured front. It is from the Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite) of Hichstidt, Bavaria. Size,6x5. Price, $1.50. 94 ARTICULATA. No. 355. Hryon Cuvieri, Desm. This is the Macrourites arctiformis of Schlotheim. From the same locality as the preceding. Original in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Size, 6x4. Price, $1.25. No. 856. Cancrinos latipes, Minster. CARAPACE. From the Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite) of Hichstadt, Bavaria. Size, 6x4. Price, $0.75. No. 357. Pseudoglyphea eximia, Oppel. From the Oxford Clay (Upper Oolite) of Wirtemberg. Price, $0.60. No. 358. Pemphyx Sueurii, Meyer. This long-tailed Decapod has a carapace divided into three parts, of which the anterior corresponds to the abdominal region, the middle to the heart and genital regions, and the posterior to the branchial. The specimen is from the Muschel- kalk (Middle Trias), Crailsheim, Wirtemberg. Original in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Size, 6x3. Price, $1.25. No. 359. Ager longirostris, Mist. A macrourous Decapod from the Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite) of Solenhofen, Bavaria. Size, 10x 7. Price, $1.50. No. 860. Megachirus locusta, Germar. This Decapod from the Lithographic limestone (Upper Oolite), Solenhofen, Bavaria, is the Locustrina marina of Bayer. It has a long tail, and a carapace prolonged in front into a beak. But it is chiefly remarkable for the extreme length of the anterior legs, which are clawless, and terminated with fin-like appendages. The original is in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 9x5. Price, $1.25. No. 861. Macrourites modestiformis, Schlot. The original, now in the Ward Museum of the Univer- sity of Rochester, is from the same locality as the preceding. Price, $0.60. No. 862. Macrourites 2 From the same locality and Cabinet as the preceding. Price, $0.60. CRUSTACEA. 95 Sub-Class Ii.—Emtomositraca. The Crustacean species which compose this division are usually small and covered, partially or wholly, by a thin horny shell of bivalyu- lar form. The absence of a series of abdominal appendages is the most persistent characteristic. A few of the fossil Entomostracans are of quite large size, but the majority are very minute and in such countless numbers that they assist by their multitudinous atoms in building up thick strata of the earth’s crust. The larger and more highly organized forms occur in the Palaeozoic Rocks. No. 363. Dithyrocaris Neptuni, Hall. CAUDAL SPINES. This large Phyllopodous Crustacean had a naked body, or only the head and thorax covered by the carapace ; foliaceous and gill-bearing limbs, serving as respiratory and natatory organs, and numerous feet. Its tail was armed by a very conspicuous trifid spine. Hamilton Group (Devonian), Otse- go Co., N. Y. No. 364. Limulus giganteus, Miinst. | This ancient “ King-Crab,” like those of the present //{ day, was covered by a cephalo-thoraxshield; the append-!” ages were all oral; and the eyes were sessile and placed in the upper surface of the shield. It belongs to the Crustacean order Peecillopod, or those which have the feet of different segments of the body applied to different uses. This fine specimen is from the Lithographic lime- stone (Upper Oolite) of Hichstédt, Bavaria. Size, 20x12. Price, $3.00. No. 365. Limulus Walchii, Desm. A slab which shows the specimen both in impression and in relief. From the same locality as the preceding, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 10x6. Price, $2.09. No. 366. Limulus Walchii, Desm. From the same locality as the preceding. Size, 7x5. Price, $0.60. No. 367. HKurypterus lacustris, Harlan. The genus Eurypterus—the Idotea of Scouler—was established by De Kay in 1825. The name is an allusion to the broad, oar-like, swimming feet. The body is composed of an anterior oval carapace, six thoracic and six abdominal segments, and a somewhat obtuse tail-spine. The eyes were on the surface of the carapace. There were five pairs of appendages, all oral, of which the hinder 96 ARTICULATA. pair were dilated into paddles. The basal joints of the first four performed the work of mastication as in the King-Crab. This specimen was found in the Wa- terlime Group (Upper Silurian), Williamsville, Hrie Co., N.Y. Size, 9x9. Price, $1.50. No. 368. HEurypterus lacustris, Harlan. This specimen, from the same locality, is of medium size, and lies with the dorsal side exposed. The carapace has been detached. The body is curved, and the tail directed forward. Size, 7x6. Price, $1.00 No. 369. Kurypterus remipes, De Kay. The carapace of this species is more attenuated, being about three-fourths as long as wide, and the tail-spine is somewhat slender and triangular in form. From the same locality as the two preceding. Size, 13x10. Price, $2.20. No. 370. Pterygotus acuminatus, Salter. This genus was established by Prof, Agassiz in 1844. It derives its name from the peculiar charac- ter of its foot-jaws, which, from their scalelike sculp- ture, were at first mistaken for the remains of a Fish. Like the Hurypterus, the P. may be described as a “lobster-like Crustacean,” since it has an elongated body composed of a cephalo-thorax, an abdomen with a dozen segments, and atail-plate. It differs from the Eurypterus, in having a less number of joints in the feet, in the eyes being marginal, and in the large size of the antenne. This fine specimen was discovered in the:Upper Silurian beds of Lesmahago, Lanark- shire, Wales. Size, 24x 13. Price, $3.75. No. 371. Pterygotus acuminatus, Salter. This specimen shows well the singularly square form of the head-shield and the marginal position of the eyes on its anterior border. From the same local- ity as the preceding. Original in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 6x6. Price, $0.60. No. 372. Pterygotus Anglicus, Agass. Bopy, SEGMENTS AND Tatu. This species—one of the forms upon which the genus was founded—is the largest of known Crustaceans, either living or extinct. A proportionate completion of the entire body would give an animal of from seven to eight feet in length! The original, from the Old Red Sandstone of Sidlaw Hills, Forforshire, Scotland, is in the Brit- ish Museum. Size, 2ft.7in. x 12in. Price, $3.20. CRUSTACEA. — 97 Trilobites. These extinct Crustaceans were the earliest members of the class, meeting us in the first formations in which we have any abundant forms ef marine life. They do not belong to any modern group. They resemble both the Entomostracans and Tetradecapods, but have an independent position. They have been likened to the larvee of the Horse-Shoe Crab. The structure of the tergal part only of their body is well known. The longitudinal division into three lobes is not always distinct; but the head, thorax and abdomen (or tail) are generally well-defined. The head is covered by a crescent-shaped shield or buckler : the thorax consists of from two to twenty segments; and the pygidium, or abdominal shield, is composed of a number of joints more or less anchylosed. The buckler is divided by a longitudinal depression into checks, or lateral areas and the glabella, or middle area. A suture running from the anterior and posterior sides of the eye outward is called the facial suture ; a prominent accessory piece on the under surface of the head, covering the mouth, is the hypostoma. The union of the head crust by sutures is a remarkable peculiarity of Trilobites,—not. being traceable in any other Crustaceans, and only found in true Insects of the present world. The genera of Trilobites are distinguished mainly by the form and markings of the head and tail, and by the eyes. Varia- tions in the length of the cephalic and caudal spines and in the promi- nence of the head-lobes, have been considered indications of difference: of sex. No antenne have been detected, nor any feet (save in one speci- men of Calymene): the latter are supposed to have been rudimentary or membranous. They probably lived gregariously in the shallow waters of bays and coasts, swimming on their backs; and fromthe form of the labrum of the mouth, it is inferred that they were carnivorous. The embryos are simple discs. Barrande has made out the probable eggs. More than 400 species of Trilobites are known, grouped in about 50 genera. Of these, 46 are Silurian, 22 Devonian, and 4 Carboniferous. According to Bronn, 18 genera are peculiarly Lower Silurian, 3 Upper Silurian, 1 Devonian, and 3 Lower Carboniferous. The spinous feature reached its maximum in the Devonian. Trilobites, incapable of rolling themselves up, are of more ancient geological date than those which can: they are chiefly found in the Lower Silurian. Those having the power of rolling themselves up, have larger and more projecting eyes, a tougher horny membrane, and a caudal shield resembling the buckler. Trilobites not granulated occur only in the most ancient and the newest _Palzeozoic strata; while the granulated species are found in the middle beds. 7 98 ARTICULATA. This large Trilobite, the Jsotelus gigas of De Kay and Jsotelus megistos of i Hi i N\ Locke, has an oval form and convex iin NININ\ surface; the head and tail nearly equal NIK, and both subtriangular; well devel- oped eyes ; eight body-segments ; and no glabella, nor any ribs on the tail. This i cast is a restoration by Professor Locke coir raeeiut from fragments discovered in the Tren- as Til jf} ton limestone (Lower Silurian), in Ad- (gira ams Co., Ohio. It is well adapted for lecture-purposes, exhibiting on a large scale the prominent parts of these an- cient Crustaceans. Size, 22x14. Price, $3.75. No. 374. Asaphus gigas, Dalm. A large specimen from the Hudson River Group (Lower Silurian), Cincinnati, Ohio. Size, 10x 7. Price, $2.00. No. 375. Asaphus gigas, Dalm. From the same locality as the preceding. Size, 10x 6. Price, $1.75. No. 376. Asaphus gigas, Dalm. This specimen shows well the long posterior processes of the cephalic shield. It is from the same locality as the preceding. Price, $0.60. No. 377. Asaphus gigas, Dalm. Hypostoma with a portion of the cephalic shield, and showing its position beneath the same. From the same locality as the preceding. Price, $0.30. No. 378. Asaphus gigas, Dalm. Hypostoma. From the Utica Slate (Lower Silurian), Mohawk Valley, N. Y. Price, $0.30. No. 379. Asaphus expansus, Dalm. From the Lower Silurian at Motala, Sweden. (Coiled.) Price, $0.20. No. 380. Asaphus expansus, Dalm. From the same locality as the preceding. Size, 10x 7. Price, $1.75. No. 881. Asaphus ingens, Barrande. From the Lower Silurian slate of Beraun, Bohemia. Size, 12x 7. Price, $1.25. CRUSTACEA. 99 No. 382. Asaphus tyrannus, Murchison. This species, one of the largest known, is peculiarly British, and is even restricted to Wales and the border counties. It is readily distinguished from the A. gigas by its more expanded form and strongly furrowed pygidium. The tail is longer and more convex than the head. It is the most highly ornamented of the Asaphide. This speci- men (with parts of the cephalic and caudal shields re- . stored) was found in the Llandeilo Flags (Lower Silurian), at Bishop’s Castle, Wales. Size, 10x 6. Price, $1.50. No. 383. Asaphus Barrandi, Hall. This specimen, the tail of which is wanting, shows the hypostoma through a fracture in the cephalic shield. From the Trenton Limestone (Lower Silurian), Platteville, Wisconsin. Size,7 x 6. Price, $1.75. No. 384. Asaphus Barrandi, Hall. From the same locality as the preceding. Size,6x 5. Price, $1.20° No. 885. Amphion Fischeri, Kichwald. This genus approaches the Calymene, but is distinguished by its nearly rec- tangular glabella and by its numerous (from 15 to 18) body-rings. This specimen, representing the animal coiled up, is from the Lower Silurian at Pulkowa, near St. Petersburg, Russia. : Price, $0.20. No. 386. Acidaspis Buchii, Barr. This Trilobite is distinguished generically by its eight small but strongly arched body-rings, and by the surface being cov- | ered regularly with tubercules. This specimen is from the Lower Silurian slate at Beraun, Bohemia. Price, $0.80. No. 387. Acidaspis mira, Beyrich. From the Upper Silurian at St. Iran, Bohemia. Price, $0.50. No. 388. Angelina ( Ogygia) Sedgwicki, McCoy. From the Lower Silurian at Garth, North Wales. Original in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $0.50 No. 389. Bathynotus holopygia, Hall. This new Trilobite has a semi-elliptical cephalic shield with spiny processes, prominent glabella, eleven articulations in the thorax, and a distinct, semi-oval pygidium. The specimen, which is an impression of the animal from which most of the shell has been removed, is from the Quebec group (Lower Silurian), Georgia, Vermont. Price, $0.50. 100 ARTICULATA. No. 390. Bumastus (Illenus) Barriensis, Murch. This genus of Trilobites is characterized by the great breadth and convexity of the cephalic and caudal plates and the faint- 7 ness of the longitudinal, trilobate markings. The genus closely resembles Ilenus, and this species is only distinguished from 7 crassicauda by the fact that the broad axis is not strictly sepa- rated from the lateral lobes. The specimen is from the Niagara Group (Upper Silurian), New York. Price, $0.75. No. 391. Bumastus (Illenus ) Barriensis, Murch. This specimen, which shows well the broad expanded buckler, the ten body segments, and the caudal shield, is from the Upper Silurian at Dudley, England. Price, $1.00. No. 392. Bronteus Brongniarti, Barr. The ten-jointed Trilobites constituting this genus, have a short articulated caudal axis, and a very large circular caudal shield ; they are unable to roll them- -selves up. This species was found in the Upper Silurian at Tetin, Bohemia. Price, $0.50. Ne. 393. Bronteus planus, Barr. From the Upper Silurian at Beraun, Bohemia. Price, $0.30. No. 394. Calymene Blumenbachii, Brongniart. This well known genus derives its name from the obscurity which long hung over the real nature of these crustaceans. In this species, the cephalic shield is large, convex, rounded in front with a well- marked border, boldly three-lobed, and having promi- nent, but not very large eyes, set widely apart; the thoracic portion consists of thirteen segments; and the pygidium is small and nearly semi-circular. It is often found coiled up. This specimen is from the Upper Silurian at Dudley, England. The original is in the Ward Museum in the University of Rochester. Price, $1.00. No. 395. Calymene Blumenbachii, Brong. Two specimens, coiled. From the same locality as the preceding. Price, $0.50. No. 396. Calymene senaria, Conrad. The most obvious distinction between this and the preceding species consists in the slight but conspicuous tuberculation of the segments of the middle lobe of the thorax at their extremities. This fossil is from the Lower Silurian at Cin- cinnati, Ohio, and is in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Price, $0.80. No. 397. Calymene leviceps, Dalm. This specimen (coiled) is from the Lower Silurian at Motala, Sweden. Price, $0.20. CRUSTACEA, 101 No. 398. Ceraurus pleurexanthemus, Green. This genus is closely allied to the Acidas- pisof Murchison. In this species the buckler / Y is crescent form; the eyes small, distant, and granulated ; the glabella deeply furrowed on each side; the thorax has eleven articulations, and the caudal shield four. This specimen is a restoration by adjustment of fragments from different individuals discovered in the Trenton Limestone and Hudson River Group (Lower Silurian). Price, $1.25. No. 399. Ceraurus pleurexanthemus, Green. This specimen, showing the hypostoma on the lower side, was found in the Trenton Limestone (Lower Silurian) near Ottawa River, Canada. Price, $0.80. No 400. Chirurus claviger, Beyrich. Two specimens. These loosely built Trilobites resemble Phacops. The number of body-rings is eleven. The fragments of this species were discovered in the Lower Silurian at Wesela, Bohemia. Original of the glabella in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Price, $0.60. No. 401. Conocephalus Sulzeri, Schloth.. This Trilobite has a cephalic shield not unlike a half-moon, very small eyes, a glabella separated by deep furrows from the lateral lobes, and fourteen joints. The specimen is from the Lower Silurian at Ginetz, Bohemia, Price, $0.40. No. 402. Cychaspis Chrystyi, Hall. This Trilobite was found in the Niagara Group (Upper Silurian) at Waldron, Indiana. Price, $0.20. No. 403. Dalmania (Cryphzeus ) Boothii, Green. This genus is distinguished by an ovate oblong body, convex and trilobed ; a buckler with two reticulated tubercles ; aad a long, lobate tail. The head and upper part of the body closely resemble those of Calymene. This specimen is from the Devonian at Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. Price, $0.29. No. 404. Dalmania ( Cryphzeus) Boothii, Green. Showing the under-side of the tail. From the Hamilton Group (Devonian), Ontario Co., N. Y. Price, $0.25. No. 405. Dalmania (Crypheeus) calliteles, Green. Pygidium, showing the lobes more deeply cleft than in the preceding species. From the Hamilton Group, York, N. Y. Price, $0.25. 102 ARTICULATA. No. 406. Dalmania Hausmanni, Barr. This species is closely allied to, if not identical with the preceding. It is from the Lower Silurian at Dworetz, near Prague, Bohemia. Price, $0.50. No. 407. Dalmania (Phacops) limulurus, Green. This Trilobite, also called Asaphus limulurus, is one of the most common forms. It has a sublunate buckler, a lobed gla- Mi] bella, eyes of medium size, eleven body articulations, and fifteen : caudal. The body and caudal portion is more frequently found separated from the cephalic shield. This specimen is from the Niagara Group (Upper Silurian) at Lockport, N. Y. Price, 0.50 No. 408. Dalmania micrurus, Green. Pygidium, from the Lower Helderberg (Upper Silurian), Schoharie Co., N.Y. Price, $0.50. No. 409. Dalmania myrmecophora. PyGipruM ; impression and relief. This specimen shows the broad, mode- rately convex caudal shield with thirteen rings beautifully ornamented with a double row of nodes. No entire specimen of this species—“ the largest trilobite by far,” says Hall, “which occurs in the higher rocks of our system’’—has ever been found. From the Upper Helderberg Group (Devonian), Genesee Co., N.Y. Size,9x 8. Price, $3.00. No. 410. Dalmania nasutus, Conrad. ar oy Buckler, restored ; from the Lower Helderberg (Upper Silurian) in Schoharie County, N. Y. Size, 7x 6. Price, $1.75. y fey: Se rs NARS DAN iret \ y Nae \ \ i\i No. 411. Dalmania nasutus, Conrad. Buckler; two specimens; from the same locality as the preceding. Price, $1.75. No. 412. Dalmania nasutus, Conrad. Pygidium with spine; impression and relief. From the same locality as the preceding. Price, $1.20. CRUSTACEA. 103 No. 413. Dalmania nasutus, Conrad. Under side of the head ; from the same locality as the preceding. Price, $0.60- No. 414. Dalmania selenurus, Eaton. From the Upper Helderberg limestone (Devonian) at Auburn, N. Y. Price, $0.75 No. 415. Dalmania socialis, Barr. Two specimens ; from the Lower Silurian, Bohemia. Price, $0.75. No. 416. Dikelocephalus Minnesotensis, Owen. Central portion of the head with cheek, placed on the same slab with tail. The body segments are wanting in this specimen, and portions of the cheeks and tail are restored. This is one of the earliest of the Trilobite forms. From the Potsdam sandstone (Lower Silurian), Mazomania, Wisconsin. Size,9x8. Price, $1.75. No. 417. Dindymene Bohemica, Barr. In this Trilobite, the glabella is not lobed, the eyes and facial suture are not apparent, and the thorax has ten segments. It is from the Lower Silurian, Roky- can, Bohemia. Price, $0.20. No. 418. Dionide formosa, Barr. From the Lower Silurian at Beraun, Bohemia. Price, $0.30, No. 419. Enerinurus punctatus, Brinn. From the Upper Silurian (Wenlock), Dudley, England. Original in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $0.40. No, 420. Ellipsocephalus Hoffi, Schloth. From the Lower Silurian in Bohemia. Price, $0.25. 104 ARTICULATA. No. 421. Harpes ungula, Barr. HEAD. From the Upper Silurian limestone at Kronie- prus, Bohemia. The body-segments and tail are usually wanting, as is the case in this specimen. Original in the Ward Museum in the University of Rochester. Price, $0.30. No. 422. Harpides Grimmi, Barr. From the Lower Silurian at Przibram, Bohemia. Tail wanting. Price, $0.75. No. 423. Homalonotus delphinocephalus, Murch. This genus is sonamed because the three-lobed aspect so characteristic of the family is, in a great measure, obliterated, and the back appears smooth and uniform. The cephalic and caudal shields are hyperbolic; the rings number thir- teen. This species is characterized by the distinct trilobation of the tail in allits stages of growth, as well as by its slender body and acute caudal extremity. The specimen is from the Upper Silurian at Dudley, Eng. Size,7 x4. Price, $1.25. No. 424. Homalonotus Dekayi, Green. This species is from the Hamilton Group (Devonian), Madison Co., N. Y. Size, 7x 4. Price, $1.25. No. 425. Illeenus crassicauda, Dalm. This trilobite (coiled) shows finely the broad spherical buckler or cephalic shield. The original, from the Lower Silurian of Christiania, Norway, is in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $0.40. No. 426. Illenus giganteus, Brong. The general form of this species is variable from its contractility. It has ten articulations ; prominent eyes; and large, convex buckler and caudal shield. This specimen is from the Lower Silurian, Angers, France, and is in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Size, 7x7. Price, $1.00. No. 427. Illenus Taurus, Hall. This Trilobite (coiled) is from the Trenton Limestone (Lower Silurian), Min- eral Point, Wisconsin. Price, $0.50. CRUSTACEA. 105 No. 428. Lichas Boltoni, Green. This beautiful Trilobite, rarely found entire, is easily recognized by its peculiar scabrous sur- face, depressed body and head, and the free ex_ 4 tremities of the segments pointing backwards. It hi is from the Niagara Group (Upper Silurian), Lock- 4 i port, N. Y..- Size, 7x6. Price, $1.50. No. 429. Lichas (Tetraspis ) grandis, Hall. HEAD Portion. Thisis amost remarkable Trilobite form, by reason of the deep furrows, tuberculated surface, and high, elongated nodes which diversify and give a monstrous appearance to the cephalic buckler. From the Schoharie grit (Devonian), Schoharie Co., N. Y. Original in the Ward Museum of the Univer- sity of Rochester. Size, 7x 6. Price, $1.75. No. 430. Lichas (Tetraspis) grandis, Hall. Pyeipium. This specimen shows the reversed aspect of the caudal shield with the strong ribs which sustain it, and long projecting spines. From the same locality and the same Museum as the above. Size, 6x 6. Price, $1.50. No. 481. Lichas pustulosus, Hall. Pygidium ; from the Lower Helderberg (Lower Silurian), Schoharie Co. N. Y. Price, $0.60. No. 482. Lichas Trentonensis, Conrad. From the Hudson River Group (Lower Silurian), Cincinnati, O. Price, $0.30. No. 433. Ogygia Buchii, Goldf. This genus of trilobed crustaceans, so named in allu- sion to their being found in the earliest fossiliferous for- / mation, is distinguished by a flat, semi-circular cephalic I | shield, a very distinct facial suture, eight body segments b with free extremities, and a many-jointed caudal shield Ye with an axisas long as the body. It belongs to the Asa- 4 phida. This specimen is from the Llandeilo Flags (Low- er Silurian), South Wales. Prige, $0.60. 106 ARTICULATA. No. 434. Olenus Tessini, Dalm. This genus, long united to Paradowides, is distinguished by the enlareement of the caudal shield at the base, thus assuming a trilateral shape. It has four- teen body-rings. This specimen is from the Lower Silurian at Horrowitz, Bohe- mia. Size, 10x 4. Price, $1.00. p No. 435. Olenellus Vermontana, Hall. From the Quebec Group (Lower Silurian), Geor- gia, Vt. (Tail wanting.) Price, $0.30. No. 486. Olenellus Thompsoni, Hall. From the Quebec Group (Lower Silurian), Georgia, Vermont. Price, $1.75. No. 437. Paradoxides Bonemicus, Bock. Two specimens. This genus is distinguished by a broad club-shaped glabella, large head-spines, oblong eyes, from 17 to 20 flat body-rings, and a very small pygidium. It includes some of the largest Trilobites known. From the Lower Silurian at Ginetz, Bohemia. Size, 6x8. Price, $1.00. No. 488. Paradoxides Harlani, Green. This specimen, in which the tail is wanting, was found in the Quebec Group (Lower Silurian), Braintree, Massachusetts. Size, 12x 9. Price, $2.50. No. 439. Paradoxides Davidis, Salter. From the Lower Lingula Flags (Lower Silurian), St. Davids (Pembroke), South Wales. Size, 11x 9. Price, $2.00. No. 440. Parodoxides spinulosus, Broug. BoDy AND CAUDAL SEGMENTS. This specimen, showing well the backward prolongation of the ribs on the caudal portion, is from the Lower Silurian of Skrey, Bohemia, and is now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Ro-- chester. Price, $0.75 ORUSTACEA. 107 No. 441. Phacops bufo (var. rana), Green. Trilobites of the genus Phacops have very large, prominent, granulated eyes, forming a segment of a cone, distinct trilo- bation, and eleven body-rings. This species, the Calymene macrophthalma of Brongniart, and perhaps identical also with the Phacops latifrons of Bronn, has a very convex head, occu- pying one-third of the whole length, a tuberculated glabella, and the eleven pleuree bent down at the extremities. There | are 66 lenses in each eye. This specimon (coiled) is from the Hamilton Group (Devonian), Ontario Co., N. Y. Price, $0.40. No. 442. Phacops cephalotes, Corda. From the Upper Silurian Limestone at Tetin, Bohemia. Price, $0.60. No. 443. Phacops Logani, Hall. From the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg Group (Upper Silurian), New York. Price, $0.60. No. 444. Placoparia Zippei, Back. From the Lower Silurian, Rokycan, Bohemia. Price, $0.30. No. 445. Proetus longicaudus, Hall. In this genus, the eyes are of moderate size, very prom- inent, smooth, and joined rather closely to the glabella ; and the body has ten segments. This specimen (coiled) is from the Hamilton Group (Devonian), Iowa. Price, $0.25. No. 446. Staurocephalus Murchisoni, Barr. In this genus, the head is almost globular, glabella large ; eyes minutely facetted ; thorax of eleven joints, and tail of three segments. This species, which occurs in both hemispheres, was found in the Upper Silurian at Listice, Bohemia. Price, $0.25. No. 447. Spheerexochus mirus, Beyr. Two specimens. Thiscurious Trilobite has a globular head, projecting eyes, and ten pointed body-rings. It is from the Upper Silurian, Beraun, Bohemia. Price, $0.75. 108 ARTICULATA. No. 448. Trinucleus concentricus, Eaton. Group. In this genus, the pygidium is enlarged at the expense of the thorax. The former is triangular ; and the latter has only six rings. The animal is never (~ ‘le -o. found fully rolled up. This specimen is from the Hudson River Group (Lower Silurian), Loraine, N. Y. Price, $1.00. No, 449. Trinucleus concentricus, Eaton. Twospecimens. The originals of this cast are from the same locality as the preceding, and are now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward. Price, $0.60. Nos. 873—449. This entire series of Trilobites,—represented in 85 speci- mens, 36 genera and 61 species,—will be furnished, boxed, for $50.00. No. 450. Ichnites. TRACKS, on slab. These tracks appear to have been left by some crustacean animal. They are from the Clinton Group (Upper Silurian), in Herkimer Co., New York. Size. 9x6. Price, $0.80. CLASS II.— INSECTA. Insects are the most prolific of animals, and are essentially terrestrial or erial. The body is articulated and chitinous; the limbs articulated and provided with hooks. Arachnidans have only two divisions to their bodies, the cephalo- thorax and abdomen. They have eight legs (the most constant external character), and never more than eight smooth eyes. According to Agas- siz, Insects are superior to Spiders. Owen holds the contrary. Insects proper consist of three parts: the head, thorax, and abdo- men. They have thirteen rings; six legs; andtwoor four wings. The modifications of the last furnish the characters by which the Order is divided. Thr Myriapods are the only members of the class which have more than eight feet in the perfect state, and in which the abdomen is not dis- tinct from the thorax. The head, also, is not prominently distinct. They are all wingless; and metamorphic development exhausts itself in the successive acquisition of new segments and legs. They live and grow longer than other Insects. INSECTA. 109 The Class of Insects is represented in the Paleozoic age. Of Arach- nidans, the earliest is the fossil Scorpion from the Bohemian Coal-Meas- ures. Spiders are found in the Solenhofen-slates and in the Tertiary gypseous marls of Aix. The Carboniferous forests were not uncheered by the hum of Insects; for in the Lower Coal Measures are discovered fossils resembling the living Locust and Curculio. The Blattina venusta from Arkansas is the only Carboniferous Insect found in America, excepting perhaps the articulated fragments found by Dawson in the trunk of a Sigillaria. The principal Kuropean sources of fossil Insects are the slates of Solenhofen, the Tertiary deposits of Aix and (ningen, and the masses of amber from the northern coast of Prus- sia. About 100 Tertiary species of Ants are known; and these are either male or female: neuters are rare. Bees and Wasps are comparatively few. No. 451. Aischna eximia, Hagen. ey ~ fo (ii Si Mss ic Ca a <= ANS A Ps ES ae a = a SSSA Serie This beautiful fossil “ Dragon-Fly” was found in the Lithographic limestone (Middle Oolite), at Solenhofen, Bavaria. It is a neuropterous insect of the genus ischna, which differs from the Libellula proper only in the equal division of the lower lip. The eyes are large and close together, and the wings remain horizon- tal in the state of repose. In this specimen, the wings, both pairs of which are finely preserved, spread six inches. The original is in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward. : Size, 7x5. Price, $1.25: 110 ARTICULATA. No. 452. Locusta speciosa, Mist. This fossil Locust was discov- ered in the Lithographic lime- stone (Middle Oolite) at Hichstadt, Bavaria. Like the Dragon-Fly above, it was doubtless blown far out from the shore which border- ed the marine waters of the old Solenhofen Sea. The calcareous mud at the bottom of this sea was of the most impalpable fine- ness, and enveloped closely all or- ganisms which become imbedded in it, copying with beautiful ex- actness their most perishable por- SSG GGA ALAM IAMAAATTATIAPAY ¢2oas and most delicate linings. Size, 7x7. Price, $1.25. Yj joel, VM N N \ / \ N Ni : N Wa CLASS III.— ANNELIDA. Worms lie at the lowest step of the Articulate series. They are dis- tinguished by a soft, annulated body of a lengthened form, without any division into cephalo-thorax and abdomen, and by the possession of red blood—the only case among Invertebrates. According to Quatrefages) the Annelid fauna presents no division into zodlogie regions or centres of creation which in other classes are so well marked out; and moreover, on granite and schistose shores, the number of species and individuals is large, while on calcareous coasts it is correspondingly small. Worms have left traces in every deposit in the form of shelly cover- ings, burrows, or imprints. Worm-holes abound in the Potsdam sand- stones ; they were made at tide-level, vertically, and often in pairs. The most common kind is the Scolithus linearis. Hall, however, reckons this a Fucoid. The Nerets, the most perfect of living Annelids, is also found fossil in the Silurian, where it has left clear imprints of its cylin- drical body and of the tuft-like appendages thickly distributed—a pair to each segment—along its sides, and which served it both in respiration and in locomotion. Serpulites abounded most in the Oolitic seas. The regular Tentaculites and vesicular Cornulites of the Upper Silurian are supposed by Murchison and others to be Annelids. ANNELIDA. iat No. 453. Serpula : The Serpule derive their name from the tortu- ous and twisted tubes they inhabit. These tubes our sea-coasts incrusting stones, shells, driftwood, 4 sea-weed, &c. In the tropical waters, the shelly f& exuvie of living species form banks, resembling * Daten coral-reefs in their solidity and strength. The animal is fixed, and lower in rank than the naked Annelids. The original of this specimen, attached to a fragment of stone, is from the Raised beaches (Pleistocene) of the eastern shore of the Red Sea, and isin the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Price, $0.60 No. 454. Serpula ; A very large and singularly twisted and ornamented specimen from the Up- per Miocene beds of Asti, Piedmont. The original is in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size,6x 38. Price, $1.00. No. 455. Tentaculites elongatus, Hall. This fine specimen of the annulated shelly case of an ancient Pale- zoic worm is from the Lower Helderberg (Upper Silurian) beds of Schoharie Co., N. Y. Price, $0.30. THIRD SUB-KIN€GD OWE MOLLUSC A: This sub-kingdom ranks side by side with the preceding. The highest Molluscs are superior to the highest Articulates; while in both, the lowest are inferior to many Radiates. In Articulates, there is an advance manifested in the powers of locomotion and in the instincts; but in the Molluses, the energies are expended chiefly in the perfection of those organs concerned in the immediate preservation of the individ- ual and the species. Molluses have the centre of the nervous system scattered unsymmet- rically (whence Owen’s name of the Sub-kingdom— Heterogangliata) ; and this is often accompanied with an unsymmetrical form of the entire body. All have a complete alimentary canal, with mouth, stomach, in- testine and vent; a liver, but no absorbent system; a chambered heart propelling a colorless blood through a system of arteries and veins; and either lungs or gills. They are hermaphrodite or bisexual, oviparous or viviparous. Two-thirds of the species are aquatic; many are exclusively oceanic, some are restricted to the brackish water of estuaries; others live only in fresh water ; and some on land. Every region has its ap- propriate tribe; and so has each zone of depth in the sea, from the floating Pteropods to the Terebratulee sometimes found at 100 fathoms. Deep water shells are mostly small, and have a wide range and high antiquity. Asa general rule, the land Molluscs are biennial; the aquatic species, annual. In compensation for the low condition of the perceptive energies, the body of the Molluse is commonly protected by one or more plates or shells, variously adjusted upon the soft parts of the animal. Three-fourths of living species of Molluscs are univalves; the others are mostly bivalves. The bivalves are all aquatic. With rare exceptions, land, fresh water and littoral univalves have entire mouths and are CEPHALOPODA. 113 vegetarians ; while in marine shells, the mouth is interrupted by a notch or prolonged into a canal, and the animal is carnivorous. i Molluses are separable into the Cephalous and . Actinocrinus lobatus, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.35. . 876. Actinocrinus Lowei, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.40. 877. Actinocrinus longirostris, Hall. From the Burlington limestone (Carboniferous), Burlington, Iowa. Price, $0.15. 878. Actinocrinus liratus, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.30. . 879. Actinocrinus multiradiatus, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.15. 880. Actinocrinus Nashville, Troost. Body and stem. From the Keokuk limestone (Carboniferous), Warsaw, II. Price, $0.50. 881. Actinocrinus pernodosus, Hall. From the Keokuk limestone (Carboniferous), Warsaw, III. Price, $0.30° . 882. Actinocrinus regalis, Hall. From the Burlington limestone (Carboniferous), Burlington, Iowa. Price, $0.30. 883. Actinocrinus sSenarius, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.15. 884. Actinocrinus sinuosus, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.15. 885. Actinocrinus superlatus, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.25. . 886. Actinocrinus subumbrosus, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.25. . 887. Actinocrinus tenuiradiatus, Hall. Body and stem. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Size, 6x 3. Price, $0.60. . 888. Actinocrinus Thoas, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.85. . 889. Actinocrinus tenuisculptus, Mc Chesney. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.15. . 890. Actinocrinus umbrosus, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.25. ECHINODERMATA, 173 No. 891. Actinocrinus umbrosus, Hall, Another variety ; same formation and locality. Price, $0.20. No. 892. Actinocrinus verrucosus, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding. Price, $0.15. No. 893. Agaricocrinus tuberosus, Troost. This generic name was proposed by Dr. Troost in 1850, for certain mushroom- shaped Crinoids, which, in the number and arrangement of the body-plates, present considerable analogy with Actinocrinus. The typical species is A. Amer- icanus, Roemer, with which this is identical. From the Keokuk limestone (Car- boniferous), Warsaw, II. Price, $0.30. No. 894. Agaricocrinus Whitfieldi, Hall. From the same locality as the preceding. Price, $0.25. No. 895. Agaricocrinus Wortheni, Hall. With arms free. From the same locality as the preceding. Price, $0.50. No. 896. Agelocrinus Kaskaskiensis, Hall. This generic name was given by Vanuxem to include star-like Crinoids “clustering together so as to form one system.” It is now known that they are Cystideans of a very remarkable type, being destitute of a stem. The general form of the calyx is hemispherical. This specimen is from the Chester lime- stone (Carboniferous), Kaskaskia, II. Price, $0.30. No. 897. Ancyrocrinus spinosus, Hall. The Crinoids of this genus were probably free when adult. They have the form of a bulb or thickened column, with lateral ascending processes and a cen- tral ascending column. This specimen is from the limestone of the Upper Hel- derberg (Devonian), Falls of the Ohio. Price, $0.25. No. 898. Apiocrinus Parkinsoni, Schloth. Two bodies and two stems branching from one root; young. The “ Pear-encrinites ” have a complicated, expanded root, a long column composed of numerous ossicles, and a pyriform receptacle, with arms well devel- oped and regularly bifid. In this species, the stem is com- paratively short. This specimen is from the Great Oolite, Bradford, England, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 6x 3. Price, $1.25. | 174 RADIATA. No. 899. Apiocrinus Parkinsoni, Schloth. This specimen, representing body, stem and root, is from the Great Oolite, Bradford, England, and is now in the Ward Museum, University of Rochester. Size,9 x3. Price, $1.25. No. 900. Apiocrinus Parkinsoni, Schloth. The several hundred pieces of body and arms, dissected and spread out on a slab. From the same locality and Cabinet as the preceding. Size, 12x12. Price, $2.00. No. 901. Apiocrinus Parkinsoni, Schloth. An unusually large specimen, showing the body deeply excavated on its upper surface for the attachment of the arms. The root, also, has a great devel- opment. The stem is made up from several fragments, and is doubtless too short. From the same locality and Cabinet as the preceding. Size, 11x4. Price, $1.60. No. 902. Aspidocrinus digitatus, Hall. The specimens referred to this genus present themselves as broad scuttelli- form bases of Crinoids, or sometimes nearly hemispheric in shape. The radial plates and arms are unknown. From the Lower Helderberg (Devonian), Scho- harie Co., N. Y. Price, $0.25. No. 908. Astrios , Troost. This name, by an erroneons determination, was given by Troost to a silici- fied filling of an abnormal development of a portion of a Crinoid stem. From the Drift, near New Albany, Indianapolis. Price, $0.70. No. 904. Astrocoma Cirini, This beautiful Comatula, with its numerous arms gracefully spread out, is from the Lithographic limestone (Middle Oolite), Cirin, France. Size, 7x4. Price, $1.00. No. 905. Brachiocrinus nodosarius, Hall. Two specimens on slab. The body of this Crinoid is unknown. The arms are very long, and composed of numerous articulations arranged in single, conse- cutive series, with tentacles made up of bead like joints. From the Lower Hel- derberg (Upper Silurian), Schoharie, N. Y. Price, $0.60. No. 906. Brachiocrinus nodosarius, Hall. A specimen with tentacles more closely arranged than usual. From the same locality as the preceding. Price, $0.30. No. 907. Cacabocrinus sculptilis, Troost. Body. This genus (Dolatocrinus of Lyon) is characterized by a round column composed, near the body, of alternate large and small pieces, three basal plates, first, second and third radials, hexagonal, quadrangular and penta- gonal respectively, and ten arms tapering rapidly. From the Upper Helder- berg (Devonian), Stuart Co., Tennessee. Price, $0.30. ECHINODERMATA. 175 No. 908. Caryocrinus ornatus, Say. Body with column. The Caryocrinoids are called by Pictet, Cystideans ; but they are commonly ‘placed among the true Crinoids, though differing from them in having four pelvic and six costal plates. The column is round, composed near the body of larger and smaller joints alternating with each Oto The poe of this genus is derived from the nut-like shape of the body. This Speolanenn is from the Niagara group (Upper Silurian), Lockport, N. Y. Price $0.60. No. 909. Caryocrinus ornatus, Say. Very perfect specimen, beautifully marked. From the same locality as the preceding. Price, $0.40. No. 910. Cheirocrinus clarus, Hall. Body, arms and stem. The body of this Crinoid is a little flattened on the dorsal side below, and expands slightly above ; the column is short—the lower joints being longer than those above; and the basal plate is concave. This specimen is attached by a spreading root to the frag- ment of another Crinoid column. From the Hamilton group (Devonian), Ontario Co., N. Y. Price, $0.40. No. 911. Crotalocrinus rugOSUS, Miller. Body, stem and root, on pedestal. This ancient Crinoid is so called from its peculiar shape and structure. The sub-divisions of the arms begin at the very edge of the cup, and become so numerous as to form a perfect network in the shape of a convoluted funnel-like organism of the finest basket-work, instead of the rayed arrangement of the common Encrinite. The stem is made up of tu- berculated joints. From the Upper Silurian, Dudley, England. Size, 18x 2. Price, $1.50. No. 912. Cupellacrinus magnificus, Troost. This is a sub-genus of Platycrinus. It has three basal, and ten radial plates, and ten arms. From the Upper Helderberg (Devonian), Decatur Co. Tenn. Price, $0.30. No. 913. Cyathocrinus Hoveyi, Hall. The body of this Crinoid has three series of five plates, the last with five intercalated pieces. From the Keokuk limestone (Carboniferous), Crawfordsville, Ind. Price, $0.40. No. 914. Cyathocrinus muitibrachiatus, Lyon and Cassedy. From the same locality as the preceding. Price, $0.25. No. 915. Cyathocrinus ornatissimus, Hall. Several bodies on slab. From the Portage group (Devonian), shore of Lake Erie. N. Y. Price, $0.60. 176 RADIATA. No. 916. Dorycrinus Mississippiensis, Roemer. An Actinocrinoid, according to Shumard. This specimen, showing the body with five arms surrounding the central proboscis, is from the Keokuk limestone (Carboniferous), Warsaw, Ill. Price, $0.75. No. 917 Enecrinus liliiformis, Schlotb. Body and stem, on slab. This beautiful and well known Crinoid has a smooth body in the form of a depressed vase. Its base is composed of five plates, upon which rest three suc- cessive series of other plates, with the uppermost of which the arms articulate The stem is long and formed of numer- ous perforated round ossicles, articulated to each other by radiated grooved surfaces, and becoming somewhat pentangu- lar and alternately larger and smaller towards the summit. This specimen was found in the Muschelkalk (Middle Trias) of Brunswick, Germany, and is now in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Size, 8x2. Price, $1.00. No. 918. Encrinus liliiformis, Schioth. Body. From the same locality and Cabinet as the preceding. Price, $0.30. No. 919. Enerinus liliiformis, Schloth. This specimen, one of the finest ever discovered, is a slab containing seven bodies and stems. It is from the same locality as the preceding, and is now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 17x 9. Price, $3.00. No. 920. Enerinus liliiformis, Schloth. No. 921. EKucalyptocrinus crassus, Hall. This genus, created by Goldfuss, is characterized by an ovoid and very com- plicated body ; five hexagonal pelvic plates, succeeded by the same number of quadrangular costal plates and pentagonal scapular plates,—each scapular plate supporting a pair of arm-joints. The column is round, composed of thicker and - thinner joints alternating. This beautiful and perfect specimen—showing body, stem and root, is from the Niagara group (Upper Silurian), Waldron, Ind. Size, 8x3. Price, $0.30. No. 922. Hucalyptocrinus crassus, Hall. Two specimens. From the same locality as the preceding. Pric, $0.60 ECHINODERMATA. AG No. 923. Eucalyptocrinus crassus, Hall. Roots, forming the base of the stem. From the same locality as the preced- ing. Price, $0.40. No. 924. HKucalyptocrinus ovalis, Troost. Body and stem. From the same locality as the preceding. Price, $0.35. No. 925. Forbesiocrinus Agassizi, Hall. The Crinoids of this genus (or rather sub-genus of Taxocrinus) have three basal plates, and five sub-radials ; four radial plates for each ray, and numerous inter-radials. From the Burlington limestone (Carboniferous), Burlington, Lowa. Price, $0.50. No. 926. Forbesiocrinus ramulosus, Lyon and Cass. Specimen showing stem, body and branching arms. From the Keokuk limestone (Carboniferous), Crawfordsville, Ind. Price, $0.35. No. 927. Forbesiocrinus Wortheni, Hall. From the Keokuk limestone (Carboniferous), Keokuk, Iowa. Price, $0.50. No. 928. Glyptaster brachiatus, Hall. This genus is closely allied to Glyptocrinus. In this specimen, the arms are free, and spread out on the surface of the stone, showing their under side. From the Niagara limestone (Upper Silurian), Lockport, N. Y. Price, $0.40. No. 929. Glyptocrinus decadactylus, Hall. This Crinoid has a cup-shaped body with ten arms, which support twenty tentaculated fingers. There are five pentagonal basal and five heptagonal sub-radial plates, succeeded by five more sub-radials and as many radials. Strong radiating ridges mark the surface of all the plates below the fingers. The column is generally wanting. From the Hudson River group (Lower Silu- rian), Cincinnati, O. Price, $0.15. No. 930. Granatocrinus cidariformis, Troost. This type of the genus is the Pentremites granu- latus, Roemer. It is an elliptical Blastoidean, and has elongated radial plates and short inter-radials. From the Kaskaskia limestone (Carboniferous), Tennessee. Price, $0.25. No. 931. Holocystites cylindricus, Hall. This new Cystidean was found in the Niagara limestone (Upper Silurian), Racine, Wisconsin. Price, $0.25. 12 178 RADIATA. No. 932. Ichthyocrinus leevis, Conrad. This interesting fossil, related to Cycathocrinus, has five triangular basal plates, and a round, smooth, slender column, enlarging towards the cup. The body has an undeveloped tripetaloid base. This specimen, showing body and stem, is from the Niagara shale (Upper Silurian), Lockport, N.Y. Price, $0.40. No. 933. Ichthyocrinus leevis, Conrad. Body and arms; same locality. Price, $9.40. No 934. Lecanocrinus macropetalus, Hall. This Crinoid differs chiefly from Ichthyocrinus in having three basal plates instead of five. It may be a further development of the type first appearing in Ichthyocrinus. From the Niagara shale (Upper Silurian), Lockport, N. Y. Price, $0.20. No. 985. Lampterocrinus Tennesseensis, Roemer. This fossil, the Balanocrinus sculptus of Troost, unites the pear-shaped body of Apiscrinus with the stem of Pentacrinus. From the Niagara limestone (Up- per Silurian), Decatur County, Tennessee. Price, $0.28. No. 936. Lepadocrinus (Apiocystites ) Gebhardi, Conrad. This Cystidean has an oblong, oval body, compressed at the sides, four unequal basal plates, four arms, and a column of two distinct parts,—the upper being flexible, the lower, larger, long- er, andinflexible. This specimen, showing the body, with ashort stem, is from the Lower Helderberg (Upper Silurian), Schoharie County, N. Y. Price, $0.25. No. 937. Lyriocrinus (Rhodocrinus) dactylus, Hall. Body and arms. This species, allied to Cyathocrinus, has five pentagonal basal plates, five sub-radials, and five basals. The column is round, composed at the top of alternating largerand smaller joints. From the Niagara shale (Upper Silurian), Lockport, N. Y. Price, $0.30. No. 938. Mariacrinus nobilissimus, Hall. This species, constituting the type of this genus, is one of the largest and finest known Crinoids in the Silurian system. It bearsa general resemblance to Glyptocrinus ; but it has four basal plates, three pentagonal and one hexagonal The column is round, consisting of joints, gradually growing thinner towards the body. A remarkable feature is that the main arms give origin to armlets or fingers which bear the tentacles. This magnificent specimen of a nearly entire individual is from the Lower Helderberg (Upper Silurian), Litchfield, N. Y. Price, $0,75. No. 939. Megistocrinus Knappi, Lyon and Cass. A sub-genus of Actinocrinus. The body is large, broadly spreading, with de- pressed dome; the column is round, with unequal joints. From the Upper Hel- derberg (Devonian), Falls of Ohio. Price, $0.30. No. 940. Megistocrinus Ontario, Hall. Body and branching arms. From the Hamilton shales (Devonian), Western New York. Price, $0.50 ECHINODERMATA. 179 No. 941. Nucleocrinus Verneuili, Troost. This Blastoidean has an ovoid body, supported by a slender column, three minute basal plates, five radials, and six inter-radials. From the Upper Helder- berg (Devonian), Falls of Ohio. Price, $0.20. No. 942. Pentacrinus subangularis, Miller. \ 4 Body and stem, on slab. (Syn. P. fasciculosus, Schloth.) In the Pentacrinoids, the body-plates are firmly articulated together; the rays of the disc are fixed immediately to the summit of the column by special ossicles; and the stem is composed of angular pieces, generally pentagonal. The arms are very long, and thickly beset with side-arms and minute pinnee. This speci- men, of unusual size and perfection, is from the Lias, Boll, Wir- temberg. Size, 4ft.5in. x 1ft.6in. Price, $4.50. No. 943. Pentacrinus subangularis, Miller. Body and stem, on slab. From the Lias, Boll, Wirtemberg, and is now in the Ward Museum, University of Rochester. Size, 13x 12. Price, $1.75. No. 944. Pentacrinus basaltiformis, Miller. A slab covered with numerous segments of stems. These various segments of the stem of a typical species show well the pentagonal form of the stem and the star-like radiation of the inner structure displayed on the free ends. Price, $0.75. No. 945. Pentacrinus (Extracrinus ) Briareus, Miller. The Extracrinoids of Aus, tin are Pentacrinoids with un- equal radial plates. This slab, ere Hien: NY NTBI NN Hil Ay Wi containing a multitude of beau- ENV RE a AN ul Ne phe) tifully preserved bodies, is from NAO haga) \\y Ne ae, é L the Lias of Whitby, England, and is now in the Ward Mu- seum, University of Rochester. Size, 2 ft. 2 in. x1 ft. 10 in. Price, $7.00. a \ WA Gy VA Ai No. 946. Pentacrinus colligatus, Two heads on slab, each over two feet in diameter! From the Coral Rag (Middle Oolite), Streitberg, Germany. Size, 4 ft.x 3 ft.4in. Price, $8.00. 180 RADIATA. No. 947. Periechocrinus moniliformis, Miller. Body, arms and stem. This beautiful Actinocrinoid is from the Upper Silurian of Dudley, England, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 9x8. Prive, $1.50. No. 948. Periechocrinus moniliformis, Miller. Body, arms and stem ; same locality and Museum. Size, 9x7. Price, $1.50. No. 949. Pentremites pyriformis, Say. Body and column. This Blastoid has a body composed of polygonal plates, divided by five perforated grooves ; a short column, formed of cylindrical, perfo- rated ossicles with radiated surfaces ; and irregular side-arms. From the Ches- ter limestone (Carboniferous), Pope Co., Ill. Price, $0.20. No. 950. Pentremites pyriformis, Say. From the Chester limestone (Carboniferous), Sequatchie Valley, Tenn. Price, $0.20. No. 951. Pentremites cervinus, Hall. From the Chester limestone (Carboniferous), Chester, U1. Price, $0.15. No. 852, Platycrinus regalis, Hall. The typical Platycrinus have three basal plates, and sometimes terminate upwards in a long proboscis. This head, with branching arms, is from the Burlington limestone (Carboniferous), Burlington, Iowa. Price, $0.40. ° No. 953. Platycrinus Sarae, Hall. VIEL 7; 4 Body, arms andstem. From the St. Louis limestone (Carboniferous), St. Louis, Mo. Price, $0.50. No. 954. Pterocoma pinnata, Agass. This beautiful Crinoid (the Comatula pinnata of Goldfuss) is a fossil of very frequent occurrence in the fine limestone strata left by the ancient Solenhofen sea. It had no stem, but the younger specimens show certain faint traces of rootlets which perhaps anchored them in their early age. The body, or central disc, is almost nul, and absorbed, as it were, by the great development of the arms. These arms, of which there are usually ten, are very long and slender, and are bordered on either side by radiating, thread-like, side-arms or tentaculee which span the intervening space with a delicate fringe. The majority of the individ- uals found are much distorted, and their arms tangled and broken by the action of the waves before they were buried in themud. From the Lithographic Lime- stone (Middle Oolite) of Solenhofen, Bavaria, and now in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Size,9 x6. Price, $1.28. ECHINODERMATA. 181 No. 955. Seaphiocrinus equalis, Hall. Sub-genus of Poteriovrinus. Body and branching arms, from the Keokuk limestone (Carboniferous), Crawfordsville, Ind. Price, $0.25. No. 956. Scapniocrinus unicus, Hall. Body, with branching arms; same locality. Price, $ 0.25° No. 957. Trematocrinus tuberculosus, Hall. (Syn. Goniasteroidocrinus, Lyon and Cass., and sub-genus of Rhodocrinus.) From the Burlington limestone (Carboniferous), Burlington, Iowa. Price, 0.25. No. 958. Trematocrinus typus, Hall. From the same formation and locality as the preceding Price, $0.20. No. 959. Woodocrinus decadactylus, Koninck. This Crinoid closely resembles Cyathocrinus. This slab, with body and stem of one specimen, and other stems, is from the Carboniferous limestone, Yorkshire, England. Size, 14x8. Price, $1.50. No. 960. Woodocrinus decadactylus, Kon. Body and stem on slab. From the same locality as the preceding. Size, 18x 7%. Price, $1.25. No. 961. Zeacrinus elegans, Hall. Body and arms. From the Burlington limestone (Carboniferous), Burling- ton, Iowa, . Price, $0.25. The entire Suite of Crinoidea—Nos. 864-961,—includes 80 species and 40 genera, represented by 100 specimens. Price, packed, $70.00. Omitting the three largest specimens—Nos. 942, 945, and 946, the price will be, packed, Price, $50.00. 182 RADIATA. CLASS IL.—ACALEPH A. These soft, gelatinous Radiates, known as “ Jelly-fishes,”’ “Sea- nettles,’ ‘‘Sea-blubbers,’ ‘‘ Medusae,” etc., vary in size from an al- most invisible dot to a yard in diameter. Large ones often weigh 50 Ibs.; yet they are little more, as it were, than “coagulated water,” for when dried, nothing is left but a film of membrane, thin as gossamer, and weighing but a few grains. The animal is covered by a very delicate epidermis, under which are situated the nettling capsules. There is a distinct muscular system; but the only motion observed consists of an alternate contraction and dilatation of the disc, performed with great regularity about fifteen times a minute. Acalephs have left few traces in stratified deposits, owing to the ex- traordinary softness of their bodies. According to Agassiz, Favosites and Chetetes belong to this class; and it is quite possible, says Dana, that most of the so-called Graptolites are Acalephs. No. 962. Acalepha deperdita, Bey. Two specimens. The remains of this frail creature are circular imprints, composed of very regular concentric circles, on the borders of which are eight rays. These are the only sure remains of a true Acaleph which have been found fossil. From the Lithographic limestone (Middle Oolite\, Eichstaidt, Bavaria. Price, $0.75- No. 963. Graptolithus octobrachiatus, Hall. The Graptolites were first considered of vegetable origin ; subsequently they were re- garded as extremely slender Orthoceratites ; but Portlockhas pointed out their analogy with Sertularia or the lowest forms of Acalephs. They consist of sessile polype cells arranged in one or two rows on flexible, tubular stems which radiate from acentral disc. The speci- mens usually observed are fragments of stems in a fiattened condition, presenting only a serrated edge; they seldom preserve more of their substance than a carbonaceous or cor- neous film of extreme tenuity. Graptolites are exclusively and characteristically Silurian fossils, and prevail in argillaceous deposits. This specimen is an artificial representation (it being quite impossible to take a cast of the delicate original) of an eight-armed Grapto- lite from the Quebec group as figured by POLYPI. 183 Hall. The smaller specimens are individuals, probably of the same species, which have not their full development, nor even. (save in the one which still lacks a central disc) the full number of arms. The two smallest figures repre- sent the germs of two distinct species of Graptolites. Size, 7x6. Price, $0.60. CLASS IJI—POLYPI. These soft bodied, aquatic Zoéphytes, represented by the fresh-water Hydras and the Sea-Anemones and Corals of the ocean, have cylindrical, oval and oblong bodies, with an aperture at one end which is surrounded by a coronet of tentacles. From the inner surface project radiating partitions, leaving an open space in the centre. The Corals have the power of secreting a corrallum; and this secretion is as truly internal as the bones of the Vertebrates. It exactly copies the animal: the rays correspond to the partitions, and the tubular cavity to the spac® occupied by the stomach. Corals usually live in colonies, or as one com- pound body, attached by a common base to some support, and increase by budding. This physiological relation occasions remarkable grouping: hence the stupendous results in tropical seas, by which the life of the individual is combined with the life of the whole, and the nutriment prepared by each organism is made to contribute to the nourishment of the community of which it forms a part. True Coral animals of the sea (the Cyathophylloids chiefly) first appeared in the Trenton Period. The lamelliferous or stony Corals were perhaps most widely diffused and individually abundant in the Silurian age. There is a Paleozoic and a Neozoic type of Coral. In the former there is a quadripartite arrangement of the plates ; in the latter, the number is some multiple of six. The Secondary Corals more resemble living species of the tropics. Of the 1265 fossil Corals enu- merated by D’Orbigny, 1001 are Neozoic. The outer form of the Cor- ralum, or coral-stock, varies between very great extremes (of lengthen- ing, shortening, flatness, sphericity, &c.) in different individuals of the same genus and species. This fact, and the impossibility of well preserving the delicate, characterizing plates of their inner portions, displayed upon the upper surface, makes it dificult to give any satisfactory series of casts of them. HIE TEA SU B-KING DOae PAR) OAV OL7OmaY The division of Protozoa, created by Von Siebold in 1845, has been extensively adopted by naturalists as a convenient receptacle for many forms of animal life which do not fall into any one of the four great Sub-kingdoms established by Cuvier. Their bodies, composed of a peculiar semi-gelatinous substance called ‘‘sarcode,”’ possess neither mus- cular nor nervous tissue, and the circulatory and digestive systems are most feebly defined. A large proportion of these organisms consist simply of cells, single or agglomerated. Naturalists entertain many and widely diverse views as to the legiti- macy of the group, or its value, if allowed. Agassiz does not recognize the Protoza as a distinct branch of the Animal Kingdom; while Owen takes the bold step of creating for their reception a third primary diyi- sion of the organic world, intermediate between animals and plants. With the majority of comparative zoélogists, however, the group is gaining ground, although much has yet to be done towards the attain- ment of a perfect knowledge of their structure and development before their limits can be well defined, or a good classification can be attempted. The three more commonly recognized Classes are: Infusoria, Rhizopoda and Porifera. CLASS I.—INFUSORIA. These animalcules were first observed by Loewenhéck in 1675; and our present knowledge is chiefly due to the labors of Ehrenberg, Pritchard, Dujardin and Bailey. The later researches have tended to RHIZOPODA. 185 diminish the numbers of the so-called Infusoria ; many forms have been shown to be only larval worms, while whole genera (as Diatomaciz and Bacillariz) have assumed under the microscope a vegetable character. Siebold distinguishes them from Rhizopods by their having bodies of a definite form, and by moving chiefly by means of vibratile organs, instead of prolongations and digitations of the sarcode. Infusoria inhabit both fresh and salt waters, and are all recent,— the fossil organisms often called Infusorial being Foraminifers, Poly- cystins and Diatoms. CLASS IL.—RHIZOPODA. These Protozoans are mostly microscopic, and consist of one or more cells,—the compound kinds taking fanciful shapes. Hach cell is occu- pied by a separate animal or zooid (except in the Orbitolites), though they are organically connected. The animal is of the simplest form possible, having no permanent mouth, stomach or members. It is a gelatinous, fleshy, somewhat granular substance, without appreciable organization. From this body are thrown out at will long, delicate, con- tractile filaments, resembling roots (whence the name Rhizopod), which are used like the tentacles of the Polyp for locomotion, and for the in- troduction of food. The majority have the power of secreting a testa- ceous envelope, either siliceous or calcareous ; a few are naked; while fewer still are strengthened like the Sponge by spicula. The Class is divided by Carpenter, according to structural characters, into three orders : Lobosa, (as the changeful Amwbx), Radiolaria, (as the silicious- shielded Polycystinix—best known as the “ Fossil Infusoria of Bar- badoes,’””) and Reticulosa. The Protozoans of the last Order are gener- ally enclosed in calcareous shells, and constitute the interesting group of Foraminifera. The existence of these microzoa was first made known to naturalists by Beccarius nearly 150 years ago. They were first rank- ed as minute forms of Nautili, and even D’Orbigny, in his first memoir (1825), described them as Cephalopods. It was reserved for Dujardin, ten years after, to demonstrate their Rhizopod type of structure. Since then our knowledge has been greatly extended by the elaborate re- searches of Williamson and Carpenter. _ The Foraminifer is a marine animal, dwelling in a shell of extreme beauty, sometimes simple, but usually consisting of an aggregate of chambers which intercommunicate by minute apertures, whence the name. These chambers grow by successive gemmation from a primor- 186 PROTOZOA. dial segment, sometimes in a straight line, more commonly in a spiral or discoidal form. It is usually a sedentary organism, being fixed by the adhesion of the shell to the surface of Algz, Zodphytes. Molluses, ete. D’Orbigny’s classification, founded on the numerical increase of tho chambers, has been set aside. Carpenter divides the Order into two primary groups according as the envelope is perforated or imperforated. The former include a large proportion of the Foraminifers which come under general observation, namely, the three families, Lagenida, Glo- bigerinida, and Nummulinida. They are characterized by a calcareous shell perforated by tubular openings. The extraordinary multiplication of Nummulites in the Hocene gives the last family a place of no mean importance as a member of its fossil fauna. The impertorated Foramini- fers include the families, Gromida, Miliolida, and Lituolida, in which the nature of the envelope is membranous, porcellanous and arena@- ceous. The Miliola is now the most universally diffused Foraminifer ; its type can be traced back to the Lias. Upwards of 657 fossil species of Foraminifera, belonging to 73 genera, have been described. They commence in the Paleozoic age, increase in number and variety with each successive stratum, and attain their maximum in the present seas. Indeed, they are so abundant in the most common materials, as chalk for example, as to justify the ex- pression of Buffon, that the very dust had been alive. The caleaire grossier—the building stone of Paris, and the material of the Pyramids, are full of these minute chambered shells; while the deep-sea soundings of the Atlantic Telegraph Company show that the bed of the Ocean is composed of little else than the shells of Globigerinz and the shields of Polycystine. 1. Susp-Orper, FORAMINIFERA PERFORATA. Nummulinida. No. 964. Amphistegina Lessonii, D’orb. Living: Isle of France. No. 965. Amphistegina Quoyi, D’Orb. Living: Isle of Rawak, Pacific. No. 966. Amphistegina vulgaris, D’Orb. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. No. No. No. No. No. No. cay . 979. Operculina RHIZOPODA. 967. Cuneolina pavonia, D’Orb. Upper Greensand: Isle Madame, France. 968. Fusulina cylindrica, D’Orb. 2 Carboniferous: Russia, Belgium, Ohio, Nebraska. . 969. Heterostegina costata, D’Orb. Miocene: Nussdorf, Austria. 970. Heterostegina costata, D’Orb. (Variety.) Miocene: Nussdorf, Austria. 971. Heterostegina depressa, D’Orb. Living: St. Helena. 972. Nonionina communis, D’Orb. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. Living: Madagascar and Adriatic. . 973. Nonionina limba, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. . 974. Nonionina sphoeroides. Living. . 975. Nonionina umbilicata, D’Orb. Pliocene: Sienna, Italy, and Bordeaux, France. Living: Adriatic. . 976. Nummulina discoidalis, D’orb. Living: Isle of Rawak, Pacific. 77. Nummulina planulata, D‘Orb. Eocene : Cuisse Lamothe, France. 978. Operculina complanata, D’0rb. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. Living: Philippine Islands. . 680. Polystomella aculeata, D’Orb. Miocene: Baden, Austria. . 981. Polystomella crispa, Lam. Miocene: Vienna, Austria. Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. Living and Mediterranean. Globigerinida. . 982. Allomorphina cretacea, Reuss. Upper Greensand: Lemberg, Austria. : Bay of Bis- 188 PROTOZOA. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 983. Anomalina elegans, D’Orb. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. 984. Asterigerina planorbis, D’Orb. Pliocene: Nussdorf, Austria. . 985. Asterigerina rosacea, D’Orb. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. 986. Ataxophragmium variabile, D’Orb. Upper Chalk: Meudon, France. . 987. Ataxophragmium variabile, D’Orb. Upper Chalk: Meudon, France. . 988 Bigenerina nodosaria, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. . 989. Bolivina Beyrichi, Reuss. Lower Miocene: Austria. . 990. Bulimina caudigera, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. . 991. Bulimina elegans, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. 992. Bulimina Presli, Reuss. Chalk : Germany. . 993. Bulimina pupoides, D’Orb. Miocene: Baden, Austria. 994. Bulimina pyrula, D’Orb. Miocene: Vienna, Austria. 995. Calearina bisaculeata, D’Orb. Living: Mediterranean. . 996. Calearina calcar, D’Orb. Living: Madagascar and Antilles. . 997. Cassidulina crassa, Reuss. Living. . 998. Cassidulina levigata, D’orb. Living: Mediterranean. 999. Cassidulina serrata. Miocene: Austria. 1000. Chilostomella ovoidea, Reuss. Lower Miocene: Vienna, Austria. () (3) No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. RHIZOPODA. 189 . 1001. Chrysalidina gradata, D’Orb. Chalk : Isle Madame, France, . 1002. Clavulina communis, D’Orb. Pliocene: Nussdorf, Austria. 1003. Clavulina Parisiensis, D’Orb. Eocene: Mouchy-le-Chatel, France. 1004. Conulina conica, D’Orb. Living. 1005. Cyclolina cretacea, D’Orb. Upper Greensand: Isle Madame, France. 1006. Globigerina bulloides, D’Orb. (Young.) Miocene: Austria. Pliocene: Italy. Living: Adriatic. 1007. Globigerina bulloides, D’Orb. (Older.) Miocene: Austria. Pliocene: italy. Living: Adriatic. 1008. Globigerina bulloides, D’Orb. (Adult.) Miocene: Austria. Pliocene: Italy. Living: Adriatic. 1009. Justulina Austriaca, Reuss. Miocene: Austria. . 1010. Orbdulina universa, D’Orb. Miocene: Vienna, Austria. Living. . 1011 Ovulites elongata, Lam. Eocene: Grignon, France. . 1012. Ovulites margaritula, Lam. Kocene: Grignon, France. Miocene: St. Domingo. . 1018. Planorbulina Mediterranensis, D’Orb. Living: Mediterranean. 1014. Planorbulina nitida, D’orb. Living: Bay of Biscay. 1015. Proroporus complanatus, Reuss. Gault. . 1016. Pullenia bulloides, D’orb. Pliocene: Vienna, Austria. Living: Mediterranean. 1017. Pullenia leevis, D’Orb. Eocene: Mouchy-le-Chatel, France. 1018. Rotalia Ariminensis, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. 190 PROTOZOA. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 1019. Rotalia armata, D’Orb. Miocene: Chavagnes, France. Living: Cayenne and Martinique. 1020. Rotalia Beccarii, D’Orb. Living: Bay of Biscay and West Indies. . 1021. Rotalia Brongniarti, Dorb. Miocene: Castel-Arquato, Italy. Living. . 1022. Rotalia bulimoides, Reuss. Lower Miocene: Germany. . 1023. Rotalia corallinarum, D’Orb. Living: Bay of Biscay. 1024. Rotalia Gervillii, D’orb. Eocene: Valognes, France. 1025. Rotalia Girardana, Reuss. Lower Miocene: Germany. 1026. Rotalia globularis, D’Orb. Living: Bay of Biscay. . 1027. Rotalia Menardii, D’orb. Living: Adriatic. . 1028. Rotalia orbicularis, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. 1029. Rotalia Parisiensis, D’Orb. Eocene: Grignon, France. 1030. Rotalia pulchella, D’orb. Living: Adriatic. . 1031. Rotalia punctata, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. 1032. Rotalia rosea, D’Orb. Living: West Indies. 1033. Rotalia Soldanii, D’Orb. Miocene: Vienna, Austria. Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. Living: Adriatic. . 1034. Rotalia turbo, D’Orb. Eocene: Paris, France. 1035. Schizophora Neugeboreni, Reuss. Miocene : Germany. 1036. Siderolina calcitrapoides, Lam. (c) Chalk: Maestricht, Holland. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. RHIZOPODA. 191 1037. Siderolina calcitrapoides, Lam. (/) Chalk: Maestricht, Holland. . 1038. Siderolina leevigata, D’Orb. Chalk: Maestricht, Holland. . 1039. Siphonina reticulata, Reuss. Miocene: Germany, . 1040. Spheeroidina Austriacea, D’Orb. Miocene: Nussdorf, Austria. 1041. Spheeroidina bulloides, D’Orb. Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. Living: Adriatic. 1042. Textularia Capreolus, Defr. Living: Adriatic. . 1043. Textularia conulus, Reuss. Upper Chalk. . 1044. Textularia digitata, D’Orb. Living: Mediterranean. . 1045. Textularia gibbosa, D’Orb. Pliocene: Castel-Arquato, Italy. Living: Adriatic. . 1046. Textularia nodosaria, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. 1047. Textularia pupoides. Upper Chalk : Meudon, France. 1048. Textularia pygmea, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. . 1049. Textularia spinulosa, Reuss. Miocene: Germany. . 1050. Tritaxia tricarinata, Reuss. Chalk. 1051. Truncatulina refulgens, Montague. Living: Mediterranean and Madagascar. 1052. Truncatulina tuberculata, Soldani. Eocene: Paris, France. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. Pliocene: Castel- Arquato, Italy. Living: Mediterranean and Bay of Biscay. No. 1053. Uvigerina pygmea, D’Orb. Miocene: Nussdorf, Austria. Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. 192 No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. PROTOZOA. - 1054. Virgulina squammosa, D’Orb. (Adult.) Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. . 1055. Virgulina squammosa, D’Orb. (Young.) Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. 1056. Vulvulina gramen, pD’Orb. Living: Adriatic and Mediterranean. Lagenida. 1057. Amphimorphina Haueri, Neugeb. Miocene. 1058. Cristellaria cassis, Ficht. (Adult.) Pliocene: Baden, Austria. Living: Adriatic. 1059. Cristellaria cassis, Ficht. (Young.) Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. 1060. Cristellaria costata, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. 1061. Cristellaria cymba, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. . 1062. Cristellaria Italica, Defr. (Adult.) Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. Living: Adriatic. 1063. Cristellaria Italica, Defr. (Young.) Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. . 1064. Cristellaria Josephina, D’Orb. Miocene: Nussdorf, Austria. 1065. Cristellaria leevigata, D’Orb. Lower Oolite: Caen, France. 1066. Dentalina acuminata, Reuss. Upper Chalk. 1067. Dentalina Lorneana, D’Orb. Upper Chalk. 1068. Dentalina obliqua, D’Orb. Living : Adriatic. . 1069. Dentalinopsis semitriquetra, Reuss. Lower Greensand. . 1070. Dimorphina obliqua, D’Orb. Miocene: Baden, Austria. No. No. RUIZOPODA. 193 . 1071. Dimorphina tuberosa, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. . 1072. Fissurina carinata, Reuss. Kocene. . 1073. Flabellina rhomboidalis, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. . 1074. Frondicularia turgida. Reuss. Cretaceous): Bohemia. . 1075. Glandulina glans, D’orb. Living: Adriatic. 1076. Globulina eequalis, D’Orb. Pliocene: Nussdorf, Austria. 7 1077. Globulina gibba, D’Orb. Eocene: Grignon, France. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. Pliocene: Castel- Arquato, Italy. Living: Adriatic. No. 1078. Guttulina communis, D’Orb. Miocene: Nussdorf, Austria, and Bordeaux, France. Pliocene: Castel-Ar- guato, Italy. Living: Adriatic. No. No. No. 1079. Guttulina problema, pD’Orb. Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. . 1080. Lagena simplex, Reuss. Upper Chalk. . 1081. Lagena vulgaris, Williamson. Living. 1082. Lingulina costata, D’Orb. Miocene: Nussdorf, Austria. 1083. Lingulinopsis Bohemica, Reuss. Chalk : Bohemia. . 1084. Marginulina bullata, Rom. Upper Chalk. . 1085. Marginulina ensis, Reuss. Upper Chalk. . 1086. Marginulina glabra, D’Orb. Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. . 1087. Marginulina glabra, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. 15 194 PROTOZOA. No. 1088. Marginulina Raphanus, Linn. Pliocene: Castel-Arquato, Italy. Living: Adriatic. No. 1089. Nodosaria carinata. Pliocene and Living. No. 1090. Nodosaria cordata, Reuss. Chalk. No. 1091. Nodosaria deformis. Eocene. No. 1092. Nodosaria Goldfussi, Reuss. Chalk. No. 1093. Nodosaria hasta, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. No. 1094. Nodorsaria inflata, Reuss. Upper chalk. No. 1095. Nodosaria lanceola, Reuss. Chalk. No. 1096. Nodosaria lepida, Reuss. Upper Greensand. No. 1097. Nodosaria oblonga, Reuss. Eocene. No. 1098. Nodosaria radicula, Lam. Gault. No. 1099. Nodosaria rotulata, D’Orb. Chalk : Meudon, France. No. 1100. Nodosaria tetragona, Reuss. Upper Chalk. No. 1101. Orthocerina clavula, D’Orb. Eocene: Grignon, France. No. 1102. Orthocerina quadrilatera, D’Orb. Living: West Indies. No. 11038. Pleurostomella fusiformis, Reuss. Gault. No. 1104. Polymorphina Burdigalensis, D’Orb. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. No No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. RHIZOPODA. 195 . 1105. Polymorphina complanata, D’Orb. Miocene: Nussdorf, Austzia. 1106. Polymorphina Thouini, D’Orb. Kocene: Grignon, France. 1107. Psecadium ellipticum, Reuss. Miocene. 1108. Pyrulina gutta, D’Orb. Pliocene: Castel-Arquato, Italy. . 1109. Rhabdogonium acutangulum, Reuss. Lower Greensand. 1110. Rhabdogonium Martensi, Reuss. Lower Greensand. 1111. Rimulina glabra, D’Orb. Living : Adriatic. . 1112. Robulina cultrata, Montf. Miocene: Baden, Austria. Living: Adriatic. . 1118. Robulina virgata, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. . 1114. Sagrina pulchella, D’Orb. Living. 1115. Tinoporus baculatus, Montf. Living: Phiilipines. . 1116. Vaginulina Badenensis, D’Orb. Pliocene: Baden, Austria. 1117. Vaginulina cristellaroides, Reuss. Lower Greensand. . 1118. Vaginulina elegans, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. . 1119. Vaginulina transversalis, Reuss. Gault. 1120. Vaginulina tricarinata, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. 196 PROTOZOA. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. 2. Sus-OrpER, FORAMINIFERA IMPERFORATA. Lituolida. 1121. Haplostiche foedissima, Reuss. Upper Greensand. 1122. Haplophragmium inflatum, Reuss. Upper Greensand. 1123. Haplophragmium irregulare, Rom. Chalk. 1124. Lituola irregularis, D’Orb. Chalk. 1125. Valvulina triangularis, D’Orb. Eocene : Valognes, France. 1126. Valvulina triangularis, D’Orb. Larger Variety. Eocene: Valognes, France. Miliolida. 1127. Alveolina Boscii, D’orb. Eocene: Grignon, France. 1128. Adelosina striata, D’Orb. Pliocene: Castel-Arguato, Italy. Living: Adriatic. 1129. Biloculina aculeata, D’Orb. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. 1130. Biloculina bulloides, D’orb. Kocene: Grignon, France. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. Living: Adiiatic. 1131. Biloculina depressa, D’Orb: Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. Living: Adriatic. . 1182. Biloculina lunula, Dorp. Miocene: Baden, Austria. . 11383. Cornuspira involvens, Reuss. Miocene. . 1184. Dendritina arbuscula, D’orb. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. 1135. Fabularia discolithes, Deftr. Eocene: Parnes and Valognes, France. No. No. No. No. No. No. No. . 1149. Quinqueloculina RHIZOPODA. 19 1136. Miliola compressa. Miocene: Vienna, Austria. 1137. Orbiculina numismalis, Lam. Living: West Indies. . 1138. Orbitolites macropora, Lam. Chalk: Maestricht, Holland. 1139. Pavonina flabelliformis, D’Orb. (Variety.) Living: Madagascar. 1140. Peneroplis planulata, Ficht. (Variety.) Eocene: Paris, France. Living: Mediterranean and Red Sea. . 1141. Peneroplis planulata, Ficht. (Variety.) Eocene: Paris, France. Living: Mediterranean and Red Sea. . 1142. Peneroplis planulata, Ficht. (Variety.) Eocene: Paris, France. Living: Mediterranean and Red Sea. . 1143. Peneroplis puichella, D’Orb. Living. . 1144. Pavonina flabelliformis, D’Orb. Living : Madagascar. 1145. Quinquelcculina Ferussaci, D’Orb. Eocene: Parnes, France. 1146. Quinqueloculina lyra, D’Orb. Living: Adriatic. 1147. Quinqueloculina saxorum, D’Orb. Eocene: Paris, France. - 1148. Quinqueloculina secans, D’Orb. Living: Mediterranean. Living. . 1150. Spirolina cylindrica, Lam. Eocene: Paris, France. . 1151. Spiroloculina depressa, D'Orb. Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. Living: Mediterranean. . 1152. Spirolina Austriaca, D’Orb. Miocene ; Austria. . 1153. Spiroloculina dilatata, D’orb. Miocene: Baden, Austria. 198 PROTOZOA. No. 1154. Spirulina punctata, D’Orb. Tertiary and living. No. 1155. Triloculina oblonga, Montagu. Eocene: Grignon, France. Miocene: Bordeaux, France. Pliocene: Castel- Arquato, Italy, Living: Mediterranean, Bay of Biscay, West Indies. No. 1156. Triloculina tricarinata, D’Orb. Living: Red Sea. No. 1157. Triloculina gibba, D’Orb. Miocene: Nussdorf, Austria. Pliocene: Sienna, Italy. Living: Adriatic and South Pacific. No. 1158. .Triloculina trigonula, D’Orb. Eocene: Parnes, France. No. 1159. Uniloculina Indica, D’orb. Living: India. No. 1160. Vertebralina mucronata, D’Orb. Living: Antilles. No. 1161. Vertebralina nitida, Dorb. Eocene: Grignon, France. No. 1162. Vertebralina striata, D’Orb. Living: Mediterranean, Red Sea and Southern Ocoan. No. 1163. Vertebralina striata, D’Orb. (Broad Variety.) Living: Mediterranean, Red Sea and Southern Ocean. This series of Foramenifera consists of 200 specimens which are each pro- vided with a brass standard. Price, packed, $30.00. The same with blocks for mounting. Price, packed, $35.00. RHIZOPODA. 199 No. 1094. No. 968. & R i f g ~ y No. 1046. eS No. 1140. No. 1120. No. 1145. No. 1094. Nodosaria inflata. No. 1015. Proroporuscomplanatus. No. 968. Fusulina cylindrica. No. 1162. Vertebralina striata. No. 1046. Textularia nodosaria. No. 986. Ataxophragmium variabile. No. 1140. Peneroplis planu- lata. No. 1120. Vagulina tricarinata. No. 1145. Quinqueloculina Ferussaci. DOO PROTOZOA. No. 999. No. 1039. ea No. 996. No. 1049. No, 988. No. 1018. No. 999. Cassidulina serrata. No. 1039. Siphonia reticulata. No. 996, Calcearina calear. No. 1049. Textularia spinulosa. No, 998. Cassidulina levigata. No. 1018. Rotala Ariminensis. PORIFERA. 201 CLASS III.—PORIFERA. The Porifera or Sponges (called Amorphozoa by De Blainville, by reason of their diversity of forms), have a structnre which is a union of transparent pulpy matter (sarcode) with tough horny fibre. This latter forms a branching net-work or skeleton throughout the entire organism. In most Sponges the skeleton is further strengthened by cal- careous or siliceous spicula. Reproduction takes place by gemmules, and the young Sponge moyes about for a time as a free organism ; but after it attaches itself to some submarine rock, it shows no signs of movement or sensibility. The only evidences of life are its growth and the constant circulation of water—flowing in through the fine pores and discharged through the larger tubes. Hxcepting the fresh-water Spon- gilla, Sponges are natives of the sea. Pictet enumerates 47 genera and over 400 species of fossil Sponges, which he groups in the three families of Spongide, Clionide, and Petrospongide. The first includes the living forms with horny skeleton, and the sole evidences of their existence in geological times are myriads of minute siliceous spicula which largely pervade the mass of some rocks. They are first found in the Silurian, and many layers in the Cretaceous strata are almost entirely composed of them. The Clionidz are also Sponges of horny structure, which pierce the shells of Molluses and the stems of Corals, and dwell parasitically in the cavities which they have bored. These cavities and the silicified casts of the perforations called “‘Clionites,’ quite riddle the valves of some shells which lived in the Cretaceous age. The Petrospongidx had a reticulate stony frame-work without Spicula, pierced with pores and oscula as in the living Sponge. They have no representative at the present day, but abounded in the seas of all geological periods from the Silurian to the early Tertiary. No. 1164. Amorphospongia This undescribed specimen of a large and remarkable fossil sponge, with eleven beautifully radiating and recury- ed hollow branches. is from the Lower Silurian, Franklin Co., Ky. Size, 11x11. Price, $3.25. 202 PROTOZOA. Two specimens. These mushroomlike Sponges have the upper surface marked by pores in transverse lines, and the lower one rayed. From the Chalk, Haldem, Westphalia, and now in the Ward Museum of the Univer- sity of Rochester. Price, $1.25 No. 1166. Placoscyphia meandroides, Leymerie. This genus of irregular Sponges is characterized by thin plates in complica- ted windings, and pores disposed in lines through the little irregular furrows. From the Upper Greensand, Kent, England, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $0.70. No. 1167 Placoscyphia meandroides, Leym. From the same locality and Cabinet. Price, $0.60. No. 1168. Polypothecia dichotoma, Benett. This genus is allied to Scyphia. The species pre- sents considerable diversity of shape This beautiful speci- men shows several branches springing from one root. Upon breaking these stems transversely, sections of par- allel longitudinal tubes are exhibited as in Siphonia. From the Upper Greensand, Warminster, England, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Ro- chester. Size, 7x 4. Price, $1.00. No. 1169. Retispongia (Scyphia) Hoeninghausii, Goldf. This cup-shaped Sponge is provided on the outside with little branches which form irregularmeshes. It is related to Celoptychium. From the Chalk of Nor- thern Germany, and now in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Price, $0.80. No. 1170. Scyphia clathrata, Goldf, (Syn. Cribrospongia clathrata, D’'Orb.) The Sponges of this genus are of a tubular or cylindrical form, and terminate in a rounded pit ; they are either sim- ple or branched, and composed of a firm reticulated tissue. This specimen is from the Middle Oolite limestone at Bayreuth, Bavaria. Price, $0.60. No. 1171. Seyphia empleura, Minst. (Syn. Goniospongia empleura, D’Orb.) In this species, the filaments of the tissue cross one another at right angles. From the Middle Oolite, Heiburg, Wir- temberg, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $0.60. No. 1172. Seyphia polyommata (?) Goldf. This species is closely allied to S. clathrata. From the Middle Oolite, Streit- berg, Wirtemberg, and now in the Ward Museum of the University of Roches- ter. Size,9x 8. Price, $1.50. PORIFERA. 903 No. 1173. Scyphia propinqua, Miinst. (Syn. Hudea propingua, D’Orb.) From the Middle Oolite, Ghringen, Wir- temberg. Price, $0.40. No. 1174. Siphonia (Hallirhoa) costata, Lamouroux. (Syn. Polypothecia septemloba, Benett.) Two speci- mens. The fossil Porifera, belonging to this genus, have a comparatively symmetrical form. The body is bulbous and supported by a slender stem, which is 4 composed of very fine parallel longitudinal tubes, ter S$ minating on the surface of the central cavity. The base of the stem was fixed by root-like processes. From the Upper Greensand, Warminster, England, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. ss Ward, of Rochester. Size, $1.25. No. 1175. Siphonia Two specimens. From the Cretaceous (?), Germany, and now in the Ward Museum of the University of Rochester. Price $0.75. No. 1176. Siphonia radiata ? From the Jurassic, Wirtemberg, and now in the Ward Museum of the Uni- versity of Rochester. Price, $0.60. No. 1177. Siphonia pyriformis, Goldf. Two specimens. These pear shaped Sponges are from the Upper Greensand, Blackdown, England,( a locality which has furnished many very interesting and peculiar forms of Ponifera), and are now in the Ward Museum, of the University of Rochester. Price, $0.60. No. 1178. Spongia ramosa, Mant. This branched Sponge has cylindrical stems and branches, the terminations of the latter being rounded and full of pores. This specimen is completely in- crusted with flint, presenting a bizarre appearance. From the Chalk of Dover: England, and now in the Ward Museum, University of Rochester. Price, $0.40. No. 1179. Spongia : Two specimens; silicified. From the Upper Chalk, Bridlington, England, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $0.60. No. 1180. Spongia Silicified. From the same locality and Cabinet as the preceding. Size, 6x 2. Price, $0.60. Ae PROTOZOA. No. 1181. Spongia : Silicified. From the same locality and Cabinet as the preceding. Size,7x1. Price, $0.60. No. 1182. Spongia : Silicified. From the Upper Chalk, Bridlington, England, and now in the Ward Museum, University of Rochester. Size, 6 x 2. Price, $0.60. No. 11838. Spongites vagans ? Quenstedt. From the Middle Oolite, Wirtemberg, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $0.40. No. 1184. Tragos The Sponges of this genus are turbinated, and have rather large oscula, dis- posed irregularly on the inner surface. From the Middle Oolite, Wirtemberg, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $0.50. No. 1185. Ventriculites 5 The Ventriculites are the largest group of Cretaceous Sponges. They are shaped like amushroom or funnel, tapering to a point below, and attached by rootlets. The astonishing complication of their sur- face is shown by the fact, pointed out by Toulmin Smith, that in one specimen, only three inches high, nine millions of fibrils were found! # | From the Upper Chalk of Bridlington, England, and now in the Ward ('| Museum of the University of Rochester. Size, 10x 3. Price, $1.00. No. 1186. Ventriculites aleyonoides, Mant. From the Chalk of Kent, England, and in the same Museum as the preced- ing. Price, $0.60. No. 1187. Ventriculites radiatus, Mant. Two specimens. A broadly expanded, discoid Sponge with a small round stem. From the Upper Chalk, Bridlington, England, and now in the Ward Mu- seum, University of Rochester. Price, $1.50. No. 1188. Ventriculites radiatus, Mant. From the same locality and Museum as the preceding. Price, $0.40. No. 1189. Ventriculites From the same locality and Museum as the preceding. Price, $0.50. Or PORIFERA. 20 No. 1190. Wentriculites } A singular flower-like specimen from tbe Upper Chalk, Bridlington, England, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $1.50. No, 1191. Ventriculites z This specimen of a goblet-shaped fossil Sponge of most extraordinary size is from the Chalk beds of Moira in the North of Ire- land. It is the variety called “ Paramoudra”’ in the vernacular of the natives—a term which Dr. Buckland introduced into Geologi- cal Science. The original, which is of solid flint, is in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 24x 20. Price, $6.50. "i ii i AW I) if My J tM , No. 1192. Ventriculites 5 Coated by flint. From the Upper Chalk, Wiltshire, England, and now in the Ward Museum, University of Rochester. Size; 8 x 6. Price, $0.75. No. 1198. Ventriculites é Coated by flint. From the Upper Chalk, Wiltshire, England, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Price, $0.60. No. 1194. Ventriculites Coated by flint. From the same locality aud Cabinet as the preceding. Price, $0.60. No. 1195. Ventriculites From the Upper Chalk, Bridlington, England, and now in the Ward Mu- seum, University of Rochester. Price, $0.40. No. 1196. Ventriculites From the Upper Greensand, Warminster, England, and now in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 11x 5. Price, $1.00. No. 1197. Ventriculites From the same locality and Cabinet as the preceding. Size, 6x5. Price, €0.70. This entire Suite of Fossil Sponges, consisting of 40 specimens, will be fru nished, packed, for $380.00. 206 ADDENDA. ADDENDA No. 1198. Halitherium Schinzi, Kaup. SKULL AND LOWER Jaw. ‘The close relationship between this herbi- vorous cetacean and the living Dugong and Manatee is very clearly shown by all the bones of the skeleton, but espe- \\j cially so in the bones of the head. We have here the broad fiat frontal, the short, stout zygoma, and the suddenly down-curved premaxillaries, of the modern Siren representative. This specimen, from the Miocene beds of the Rhine Valley, is part of an entire skeleton in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 10 x 12. Price, mounted, $6.00. No. 1199. Bos (Bison) priscus, Boja. Cranium with Horn cores. This specimen is from the Alluvium of the Po in the Valley of Pavia, and is now in the Museum of Parma. The span ef the horns is 43 inches. Size, 48 x 13- Price, $8.50. No. 1200. Bos primigenius, Boja. Cranium with Horn-cores. From the same locality and Museum as the pre- ceding. The span of the horns is 39 inches. Size, 39 x 12. Price,$7.00 No. 1201. Coprolite, Buckl. This specimen is undoubtedly the fossil excrement of a Fish, according to Mantell, of the Ganoid Macropoma. It has a conical form and a convoluted appearance, arising from the fact that the intestinal canal was spirally twisted. The analy- sis of Prout shows these fecal remains to be composed chiefly of phosphate of lime. This coprolite was found in the Lower Chalk, Kent, England. Price, $0.25. No. 1202. Hoploparia (Astacus) longimana, Sow. This long-tailed Decapod resembles the Lobster. The cheeks are prolonged in the shape of semi-cylindrical horns; and the fore-arms are very long and une- qual. From the Greensand, Lyme-Regis, England, and now in the private Geol- ogical Cabinet of Mr. Ward) Rochester. Size, 10 x 3. Price, $1.25. No. 1203. Ammonites tornatus, Brown. This Ammonite belongs to the group “ Globosi,” characterized by being very closely coiled, umbilicus quite small or wanting, surface smooth or feebly striated and devoid of ribs and tubercles. It is from the Trias at Hallstadt, Austria, and is now in the Ward Museum, University of Rochester. Price, $0.60. Vertebrata, Articulata, Mollusca, Radiata, Protozoa, Post-Tertiary, Tertiary, - Cretaceous, Jurassic, - Trias, Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, ZOOLOGICAL SUMMARY. GEOLOGICAL SUMMARY. SUMMARY. - 189 genera ; 223 species. - 100 so « a ie} B07 “ - 490 genera. 964 species. 140 specimens. 262 i 186 ae 270 i 30 ss 4 & 90 y 78 SS 140 % 1200 specimens. MIS Chit ANF O Use No. 1204. Cycadoidea megalophylla, Buckl. (Syn. Mantellia nidiformis. Brongn.) This short, spheroidal trunk probably belonged to a Cycad,—a tropical plant related to the Conifers in structure and fructification, but totally different in habit. It supported a tuft of large, pin- nated, palm-like leaves; and the sur- face is covered with rhomboidal scars formed by the attachment of the leat stalks. Its shape has caused it to be named “ Crow’s Nest” by the quarrymen. Neither leaves nor fruit have been found. From the Purbeck beds (Wealden), Isle of Portland, England, and now in the Ward Museum, University of Rochester. Size, 12x12. Price, $2.50. No. 1205. Cycado0ides megalophylla, Buckl. A more compressed form of the preceding. The original is in the private Geological Cabinet of Mr. Ward, Rochester. Size, 15x 14. Price, $2.25. No. 1206 Dammarites , Sternb. A Conifer from the Inferior Oolite, Burton, Somerset, England. Size, 6x 6. Price, $0.75. No. 1207. Nipadites Burtini, Brong. This fossil palm-nut is so called from its resemblance to the fruit of the ex- isting Vipa of Bengal and the East Indies. The Nipza is allied to the cocoa-nut tribe on the one side, and on the other to the screw-pine. Itis a low-growing plant, luxuriating in marshy tracts at the mouths of great rivers. From the Hocene clay, Scherbeck, Belgium, and now in the Ward Museum, University of Rochester. Size, 8x 7. Price, $1.25. MISCELLANEOUS. 2OY No. 1209. Rain Prints. ae Pittings or depressions, made in ancient times by drops of rain on a surface of clay or half-dried mud, have been found on all the aqueous deposits as far back as the very earliest. They furnish us with evidence of the intensity and con- tinuance of the primeval shower, and even of the quarter whence the wind blew that drove them against the muddy flats of long since obliterated shores and estuaries. This slab is from the Lias (?) at Turner’s Falls, Mass. Size, 3 ft. 2in. x 22 in. Price, $4.00. No. 1210. Sun Cracks and Mud Veins. This slab is from the Lias (7) sandstone of the Connecticut Valley. Size, 26x17. Price, $2.50. No. 1211. Concretionary Cavities. This slab is covered with rounded polygonal cavities, arranged in somewhat regular rows. They were regarded by Hitchcock as the nests of ancient tadpoles. (Batrachoides nidificans, Hk.) It is more probable that they are the result of some crystallization of the ancient mud at the time of, or soon after, its deposi- tion. From the Lias (?) sandstone, South Hadley, Mass. | Size, 2 ft.6 in. x 1 ft.9 in. Price, $2.50. No. 1212. Gold Nugget. This is the celebrated ‘ Welcome Nugget,” the largest wx, Mass of Gold ever discovered. It was found at Ballarat, Australia, June 11, 1858, brought to England in June, - r> 1859, and melted Sept. 22,1859. The weight of the Nug- : =— get was 2166 ounces, of which 201937 ounces were fine gold, and the remainder stony matter. Value, $41,882.70. (This, like the fol- lowing is carefully gilded, and an exact fac-simile.) Size, 19x11. Price, $15.00. No. 1213. Gold Nugget. A large but thin, sheet-like specimen, weighing 145 pounds (Troy), found in 1857, in Melbourne, Australia. Size, 24x10. Price, $12.00. No. 1214. Gold Nugget. A mass, weighing nearly 100 pounds Troy, discovered in 1842 in the Valley of Taschku Targanka in the Urals, Siberia, and now in the Museum of the Royal School of Mines, St. Petersburg, Russia. Size, 14x 12. Price, $10.00. No. 1215. Gold Nugget. An irregular form from Oregon Canon, El Dorado Co., California, and, like the preceding, evidently filling a geodic cavity in quartz. Price, $2.25. No. 1216. Platinum Nugget. This is the largest known native mass of Platinum. It was discovered near Tagilsk, in the Ural, Siberia, in 1827, and weighs 21 pounds Troy. The original is now in Count Demidoff’s Cabinet, Russia. Price, $2.25. Meteorites. No. 1217. Fell Feb. 28, 1857, at Parnallee, Madras, India. Size, 19x14. Price, $3.50. No. 1218. Fell May 12, 1861, at Qutahar Bazaar, Butsura, India. Size, 14x 8. Price,2.50. 14 210 MISCELLANEOUS. No. 1219. Fell Dec. 15, 1795, at Wold Cottage, Yorkshire, England. Size, 11x10. Price, $2.25. No. 1220. Fell May 12, 1861, at Piprassi, Butsura, India. Size, 12 x5. Price, $1.50. No. 1221. Fell Feb. 18, 1815, at Durala, Putteala, India. Size, 11 x4. Price, $2.00. No. 1222. Found in 1861, at Breitenbach, Bohemia. Size, 10 x6. Price, $1.75. No, 1223. Fell July 14, 1847, at Brannau, Bohemia. Size, 10x9. Price, $3.00. No. 1224. Fell Jan. 23. 1852, at Nellore, Madras. Size, 10 x9. Price, $2.00. No. 1225. Fell May 12, 1861, at Chirega, Butsura, India. Size,9 x5. Price, $1.50. No. 1226. Fell March 6, 1863, at Seegowlee, Bengal. Size,9x6. Price, $1.50. No. 1227. Found in 1854, in Werchneudinsk, Eastern Siberia. Size, 12x 7. Price, $2.00. No. 1228. Fell April 18, 1858, at Akburpir. Saharanpir, India. Price, $1.00. No. 1229. Fell March 6, 1853, at Seegowlee, Bengal. (Part of No. 1226.) Price, $0.75. No. 1230. Fell March 6, 1853, at Seegowlee, Bengal. (Part of No. 1226.) Price, $1.00. No. 1231. Fell Nov. 30, 1822, at Bithoor, Cawnpore, India. Price, $0.50. ’ No. 1232. Fell March 28, 1860, at Kheragur, India. Price, $0.50. No. 1233. Fell May 12, 1861, at Bullooah, Butsura, India. Price, $0.50. No. 1234. Fell Dec. 2, 1852, at Butsee, Zyzabad, India. Price, $1.25. No. 1235. Fell March 6, 1853, at Seegowlee, Bengal. Price, $0.50. No. 1236. Fell May 1, 1860, in Guernsey Co., Ohio. Original in the Ward Mu- seum in the University of Rochester. Price, $0.50. Price of the set of 20 specimens, packed, $30.00. No. 1237. Rosetta Stone. This famous stone—the key to the Hieroglyphics of Egypt—was discovered by the French in 1799 at Rosetta (Raschid of the Arabs), a sea-port town of Low- er Egypt. The inscription is in three languages—Greek, Demotic and Hierogly- phic; and was made by order of Ptolemy V. surnamed Epiphanes, 198 B. C. This cast is a faithful copy of the original now in the British Museum. Size, 2 ft. Tin. x 2 ft.5in. Price, $12.00. No. 1238. Relief Map of Central France. The district of Auvergne, represented by this Map, lies on the tributaries of the Loire, about 212 miles south of Paris, and is of peculiar interest. We are presented, says Lyell, “ with the evidence of a series of events of astonishing magnitude and grandeur, by which the original form and features of the country have been greatly changed ; yet never so far obliterated but that they may still, in part at least, be restored in imagination. Great lakes have disappeared—lofty mountains have been formed, by the reiterated emission of lava, preceded and followed by showers of sand and scoriz ;—deep valleys have been subsequently furrowed out through masses of lacustrine and voleanic origin ;—at a still later MISCELLANEOUS. 211 date, new cones have been thrown up in these valleys,—new lakes have been formed by the damming up of rivers ;—and more than one creation of quadrupeds, birds and plants, Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene, have followed in succession ; yet the region has preserved from first to last its geographical identity ; and we ean still recall to our thoughts its external condition and physical structure before these wonderful vicissitudes began, or while a part only of the whole had been completed.” The whole region consists in large measure of granite and crystalline rocks, and is full of vestiges of most intense volcanic action—presenting multitudes of truncated cones of scorize and ashes, apparently quite fresh, trachytic domes, basaltic colonnades and plateaux of immense extent. Some of these volcanoes (as Puy de Déme and Puy de Sarcouy), are characteristic speci- mens of that class of mountains which, though volcanic, appear never to have been, properly speaking, in eruption. The material (trachyte, domite,.etc.) issued from the earth, apparently, in so imperfect a state of fluidity as not to run, but to form rounded masses. According to Lyell, these extinct volcanoes began their eruptions so called, in the Upper Eocene period, but were most active during the Miocene and Pliocene eras; the latest eruptions occurred at the close of the Newer Pliocene, if not in the Post Pliocene period. This region, displaying as it does so remarkably the grand succession of events in Central France since the last retreat of the sea, and illustrated by the masterly researches of Scrope, Lyell and Murchison, is perhaps the finest field in the world for the study of extinct volcanic action. This large Relief Map is a copy of the one made by G. Poulett Scrope, F. R. S. and deposited in the Rooms of the British Geological Survey, London. j Size, 5 ft.6 in. x4ft.9in. Price, $75.00. In glass-case, $100.00. No. 1239. Relief Map of Vesuvius. The Map shows a portion of the Bay of Naples, and the slope of the volcano on all sides from its crater to the plain. The steep, semi-circular escarpment of Monte Somma, and the modern cone of Vesuvius which it faces, rise in bold relief ; and the various lava currents which have been ejected—from that which overwhelmed Herculaneum to the eruption of 1820, are represented with their dates. Size, 2 ft.x2ft.6in. Price, $10.00. No. 1240. Relief Map of tna. This celebrated volcano—the loftiest in Europe—rises near the sea to the height of nearly 11.000 feet. The most striking and original feature in its physiognomy is the multitude of minor cones distributed over its flanks. They number about eighty, and throw out sulphurous vapors. The modern lavas overlie the ancient basaltic masses and sedimentary deposits of Mesozoic and Tertiary ages. Near the summit of Etna is the Val del Bove— a famous gorge of magnificent dimensions, a vast amphitheatre four or five miles in diameter, surrounded by nearly vertical precipices from 1,000 to 3,000 feet high. This very accurate map was modeled after the one constructed on the spot by Elie de Beaumont, the noted French Geologist. No. 1241. Relief Map of Teneriffe, This volcanic peak stands, says Von Buch, like a tower encircled by its fosse and bastion,—the bastion consisting of precipitous cliffs which, according to the theory of that geologist, were heaved up into their present position by a force Size. 17x16. Price, $6.00. 219, MISCELLANEOUS. exerted from below. We may consider Teneriffe, says Lyell, as having been from a remote period the principal and habitual vent of the volcanic Archipelago of the Canaries. This Map shows the whole island, the “Ownadas” and their relation to the modern lavas, the crater of Chahorra, and the snow-clad Peak of Teyde. Size, 2 ft. 3in.x2ft. Price, $10. 00. No. 1242. Relief Map of Palma. Palma is a type of Von Buch’s “ crater of elevation.” The Map represents the entire island, showing the two mountain masses of which it consists, the deep cavity —‘La Caldera’’—in the centre, and the great ravine or “barranco” leading to the sea. Size, 2ft.4in.x1ft.8in. Price, $10.00. No. 1243. Relief Map of Bourbon. This voleanic island, called Reunion by the French, is covered with mountains which are separated by narrow valleys. The Piton de Neiges is an extinct volcano, while Peton de la Fournaise is known to have been active, like Popocatapetl, for periods of 60 or even 150 years. This map shows the relation of ancient trachyte and basalt to volcanic rocks and craters of modern date, and to the coral reefs which fringe the island. Size,10x9. Price, $4.00. No. 1244. Relief Map of Mont Blanc. This celebrated mountain is the culminating point of the Alps and of all Europe. This relief Map, colored geologically, exhibits the mountain-monarch surrounded by its subordinate peaks, the various cols or passes, the magnificent glaciers—over 30 in nmmber, with their lateral and terminal moraines and the streams flowing from them. The higher granitic points are seen flanked by metamorphic rocks, and on all sides are signs of an intense development of plutonic action. Here, says Lyell, we find the most stupendous monuments of mechanical violence, by which strata thousands of feet thick have been bent, folded and overturned. Oolitic and Cretaceous formations have been upheaved | to the height of 12,000 feet ; some Eocene strata to elevations of 10,000 feet ; and even deposits of the Miocene era rival in height the loftiest mountains of Great Britain. The Pliocene beds are undisturbed. An explanatory list of about 200 names accompanies the Map, serving as a guide to the topography and geology of this interesting region. Size, 2 ft.3in.x1ft.11in, Price, $15.00. Busts of Distinguished Naturalists. No. 1245. Lrynzzus, (Charles Linneus.) Born, 1707. Died, 1778. Size,23 x 12. Price, white, $5.00; bronzed, $6.00. No. 1246. Burron, (George Louis Leclerc.) Born, 1707. Died, 1788. Size, 23x12. Price, white, $5.00; bronzed, $6.00. No. 1247. Cuvier, (George Cuvier.) Born, 1769. Died, 1832. Size, 23 x 12. Price, white, $5.00; bronzed, $6.00. No. 1248. Grorrroy, (Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.) Born, 1772. Died, 1844. Size, 23x12. Price, white $5.00,; bronzed, 6.00 ERRATA. 213 HR Ae AL. Minor errors which explain themselves are not mentioned. Generic and Specific names which are misspelled in the text, will be found correct in the Index. In the earlier pages, the Lithographic limestone of Bavaria was erroneously assigned to the Upper instead of Middle Oolite. Page 26, under No. ind 35, ce ce ee 40, “cc “ec “ iy ce 66 it 58, ce 66 6e 61, «ee “e « 70, “ce “cc “ec 74, ce 6e 75: for “complement,” read part. 181: 149: 192: 218: 226: 264: 285 : insert “ Price, $8.00.” for *‘ $4.00.” read $9.00. for “‘ giganteum,” read Stllimaniwm. for “skull,” read head. for “ $1.90,” read $1.00. for “ Lower Jaw,” read Upper Jaw. for ‘‘ ventral surface,” read dorsal surface. “ 92, line 22: for “ (Pollipeds)” read (Pollicipeds). “< 92, “ 24: for “ Sub-Class II,” read Swb-Class I. « 95, under No. 363: ‘3872 : 406: 431: 436: : dele “ in the Ward Museum,” &e. : for “ same locality,” read Lias of Whitby, England. : for “ Gratioloup,” read Grateloup.* : the cut with this No. belongs to No. 631. : for “value,” read valve. “ce 96, “c ““c ce 102, “a (73 “cc 105, 4 (73 UO Seen oa LEP ICA PISA 3 140, “cc (v3 i 143, “ee 66 insert Size, “8x8. Price, $1.25.” for “ Body, segments,” read Body-segments. for “ the preceding,” read Wo. 408. for “ Lower Silurian,” read Upper Silurian. insert “ Two specimens.” 214 APPENDIX. ACR IEY ENED axe A. page 14, The skeleton of the Megatherium is furnished to purchasers carefully boxed, and with Nos. on the ribs and vertebra which prevent confusion. Drawings of the Irons for mounting will be sent gratis, or the Irons themselves for the price of $45. Information willalso be given to those who wish to mount the skeleton themselves. Mr. Ward will send two experienced workmen to mount it for those who may desire. In these cases he will furnish the Irons and the Tree (see cut), and do the work—/leaving the specimen complete and painted, —for the sum of $350, and the railroad fare of the men.* To render the great skeleton still more attractive, as well as to furnish the necessary pro- tection against injury from visitors, an iron railing has been prepared. It has ten square, ornamental, bronzed posts with two parallel, horizontal bars be- tween them, forming an enclosure. On the top of each of these posts is a bronzed statue of an Edentate animal—either living or fossil. These are, in the order in which they should stand,—the Pichiciego, Armadillo, Aard-vark, Sloth, Mylo- don, Little Ant-eater, Great Ant-eater, Phatagin—or long-tailed Manis,—Glypto- don, and Megalonyx. The price of this railing complete, with bronzed posts, each strongly boxed, is $175.00. The Megatherium, when well mounted and carefully colored, cannot be dis- tinguished (save on critical examination) from an actual skeleton,} and is the most graphic and imposing of the entire series of casts noticed in the Catalogue. It forms a very appropriate object to stand in the middle of a large Geological Hall. * The transportation of all the material, and the cost of the pedestal on which the skeleton stands, would be met by the purchaser. + “ The views of the entire skeleton (of the Megatherium) have been taken from the articulated casts, which are so beautifully exact, as, for all the essential purposes of science, to be of the same value and utility as the bones themselves would be, if so articulated together.” OWEN, Memoir on Megatherium, page 12. Gestimaninis. From the late PRESIDENT Hrrcncock, of Amherst College. Amherst, Nov. 21st, 1863. Prof. H. A. Ward, My dear Sir, I have just sent you four large boxes containing moulds of twelve of the more prominent slabs of tracks in our Ichnological Museum. The moulder whom you sent on, copied these with much skill and truth; and the casts which you take from them will certainly. be very close representations of the originals, and give their possessors an exact view of these wonders from the rocks of the Connecticut. I am delighted to see the excellent work which you are accomplishing in the matter of these plaster copies of the larger and rarer fossils. Is is no small thing thus to put into our hands, as it were, the wealth of the old European Museums, and to re-create for us, in actual, tangible forms, the huge and strange animals which walked our globe in the age of Reptiles and of Mammals, or swam and crawled through the muddy wastes of the Paleozoic seas. Hardly anything could be more fortunate to American students of Geo- logy than the appearance of these casts, of which you say that your Catalogue will enumerate over 1000. They will be invaluable adjuncts to the scientific department in every Academy, College or University in our country; and it would be folly for any one pretending to teach Geology not to make use of them. I believe that our men of science in America will fully appreciate, and be glad to profit by, your undertaking, and that you will have the satisfaction of seeing that your labour has not been in vain. Our College has obtained from you as many of these casts as our funds would permit, and we have much admired the care which you have expended in making their form and color exact copies of the original specimens. For the sake of Geological science, as well as for yourself, I wish you ample suc- cess in your enterprise, and expect that you will have it Truly yours, EDWARD HITCHCOCK. From the American Journal of Science and Arts, for July, 1866. Prof. Henry A. Ward’s Collection of Casts of Fossils, at Rochester, N. Y. Prof. Ward, in the course of his travels for the formation of his large Cabi- net at Rochester, has had occasion to make casts of numerous fossils, large and small, from the skeletons of Elephants, Mastodons, and the Guadaloupe Man to shells of Rhizopods; and he is consequently enabled to furnish copies 216 ‘TESTIMONIALS. of them to other Cabinets. He is now issuing an illustrated catalogue of 150 pages or more, which gives some idea of the extent of his collections. His casts have already reached a number of scientific cabinets in the country, among them those of Yale, Amherst, Cambridge, Vassar College, Albany, etc. ; and whereever they have gone they are admired for their excellance and per- ‘fection of finish. We would recommend to Colleges, Academies, and other institutions where science is taught in the land, to supply themselves, as far as they are able, with these casts. They enable the instructor to exhibit to students specimens of the rare fossil skeletons and other species from the rocks, many of which are seldom or never found in American collections. By means of them, series representing the principal types of different Families (as that of Trilobites, or of Ammonites, etc.) may be made complete or nearly so. The casts are light and strong, and thus are well-fitted for class purposes. They have been copied from the best specimens to be found in any collections, and are colored to correspond with the originals. They give, at comparatively small expense, wonderful effectiveness to a cabinet as a means of instruction. A gift of a collection of Mr. Ward’s casts from any patron of learning to an academy or college would render great service to the instructor, the pupils, and the institution. TN, DE, Acalepha (sea-netile), ....--------------- 182 deperdita (lost). Achelonia (turtle),....-.-.-------------- 75 formosa (beautiful). Acidaspis (point-shield),.....------------ 99 Buchii (proper name). mira (wonderful). Acrocidaris (summit-crown), ..--------- 158 nobilis (noted). Acrodus (hump-tooth),.....-.------------ 88 Anningiz (proper name). nobilis (noted). Acteosaurus (shore-lizard), Tommasinii (proper name). Actinocrinus (ray-lily), aequalis (symmetrical). aequibrachiatus (equal-armed). Agassizi (proper name). Althea (proper name). biturbinatus (doubly top-shaped). cornigerus (horn-bearing). formosus (beautiful). Fosteri (proper name). Gouldi (proper name). jugosus (yoked). liratus (furrowed). lobatus (lobed). longirostris (long-beaked). Lowei (proper name). multiradiatus (many-rayed). Nashvillae (of Nashville, Tenn.) pernodosnus (very knobby). proboscidalis ( proboscis-like). regalis (kingly). senarius (siz ?). sinuosus (sinwous). subumbrosus (somewhat shaded). superlatus (excessive). tenuiradiatus (slender-rayed). tenuisculptus (fine-curved). Thoas (mythological name). umbrosus (full of shade). yerrucosus (covered with warts). AE ger (proper name), ....-.--.-----2---.--- longirostris (long-beaked). 15 Adelosima (hidden), -.........2.--2222-- striata (striated) ZEpiornis (lofty blrd),..-.---....-.------ maximus (greatest). PRIS CEM Dy yacmese ae ene ee eximia (extraordinary). Agaricocrinus (fungus lily), tuberosus ( full of knobs). Whitfieldi (proper name). Wortheni ( proper name). Agelocrinus (herd-lily),....2..-.----.-. Kaskaskiensis (@f Kaskaskia, il). Alligatorellus (small alligator),.-...._- Beaumontii (proper name). Alligatoriumn (alligator),..........2..-. Meyeri (proper name). Allomorphina "(strange shape),-.--..- cretacea (cretaceous). Amblonyx (blunt claw),_.._....-.-2.---- giganteus (gigantic). Ambiypygus (blunt rump),...........-- Americanus (of America). Alveolina (hollow), Boscii (proper name). Ambonychia (raised clave), radiata (rayed). Ammonites (horn of Ammon),..-. 117 & 206 Aon (of Beolia ?) Astierianus (proper name). athletus (champion). Batesi (proper name). Bechei (proper name). bifrons (double-fronted). Birchii (proper name). bisulcatus (double-furrowed). Blagdeni (proper name). Brongniarti (proper name). communis (common). Comptoni ( proper name). concayus (concave). cordatus (heart-shaped). cornucopie (horn of plenty). coronatus (crowned). crassus (thick). fimbriatus (fringed). giganteus (gigantic). 218 INDEX. PAGE. PAGE. Ammonites .....-.--.-------... . 117 & 206 | Andrias (image of man),.....-.....------ 72 gigas (giant). : Scheuchzeri (proper name). Goliathus (proper name). Tschudi (proper name). Gowerianus ( proper name). Angelina (proper name), ----...--------- 99 Henleyi (proper name). Sedgwicki ( proper name). Herveyi (proper name). Anodonta (without teeth), ----.-------.-- 145 heterophyllus (trregular-leaved). Anomalina (without uniformity),....._. 18S Humphriesianus ( proper name). elegans (elegant). interruptus (interrupted). Anomoepus (wnlike foot), ....----------- 52 Jason (mythological name). Keenigi (proper name). laticostatus (broad-ribbed). Leopoldinus (proper name). linguiferus (torgue-bearing). Lyelli (proper name). macrocephalus (large-headed). mammilatus (mamimilated). Mantelli (proper name). margaritatus (pearly). Martinsii (proper name). Millesianus (proper name). modiolaris (bushel-shaped.) obtusus (blunt). Parkinsoni (proper name). peramplus (very full). perarmatus (/2zll-armed). planicostatus (smooth-ribbed). radiatus (rayed). raricostatus (with few ribs). refractus (bent back). Rhotomagensis (of Rouen, France). serpentinus (winding). Sowerbyi ( proper name). splendens (shining). tenuilobatus (slender-lobed). tornatus (turned). Woollgari (proper name). Amorphospongia (formless sponge),.. 201 Amphicyon (near to dog), major (greater). Amphimorphina (ox both sides, shape). 192 Haueri ( proper name). Amphion (mythological name), Fischeri (proper name). Amphistegina (double deck), Lessonii ( proper name). Quoyi (proper name). vulgaris (common). Ananehytes (not pressed), ovata (egg-shaped). Ancyloceras (curve horn), Andouli ( proper name). Emerici (proper name). gigas (giant). spinigerum (spine-bearing). Tabarelli (proper name). Anecyrocrinus (hook-lily), ----..22....- spinosus (covered with spines). Anchitheriumi (xcar to, beast),....2...- Aurelianense (of Aurillac, France). Bairdii (proper name). major (greater). Anoplotherium (weaponless beast),.--. commune (common). Anorthopyeus (without straight rump), 164 costellatus (faintly ribbed). 22 Anthracotherium (coal-beast), .------ 25 magnum (great). Apiocrinus (pear-lily),........--------- 173 Parkinsoni (proper name). Aptychus (ridgeless), ....-..------------- 128 lamellosus (of very thin plates). Archezocidaris (ancient crown), ...---. 158 Agassizi (proper name). Wortheni (proper name). Archegosaurus (ancient lizard),_.._..- 17 Decheni ( proper name). Archimedes (proper name), ....----.--- 154 Wortheni (proper name). Argozoum (giant-animal),........-..--- 53 Asaphus (obscure), .._...-..--.----.----- 98 Barrandi (proper name). expansus (spread out). gigas (giant). ingens (huge). Aspidocrinus (shield-lily),............. 174 digitatus (jingered). Aspidorhynchus (shield-beak),...._._- 85 speciosus (beautiful). Astrias) (star-jfish),_ 22 <3 ae 169 Asterigerima (star-bearer), ...___..--_-- 188 planorbis (plane-whorled). rosacea (rose-like). Aistrios: (vertebra?) jo 02a nee eee 74 Astrocoma (star-hair), ......---..--.--- 174 Cirini (of Cirin, France). Astropecten (star-comb), _...__......--- 169 Ataxophragmium (irregular fence),__ 188 variabile (variable). A thiyris (doorless) een - a ee 149 spiriferoides (spirifer-like). Atoposaurus (strange lizard),_._.___.-- 72 Oberndorferi (of Oberndorf, Wirtemburg). Awrteula (Gtilebird) ee 144 flabella ( fun-like). Baculites (stone staff),....-...-.-._.-.-. 129 anceps (doubtful). Balaendon (whale-tooth), -......-...-__. 45 gibbosus (humped ). Bathynoitus (hollowed), -.........- meace 399 holopygia (entire tail). Belemnites (dart), __..-...--._.__---.-- 114 acuarius (needle-like). Belemnites dilatatus (expanded). giganteus (gigantic). lateralis (lateral). Owenii ( proper name). subcostata (somewhat ribbed). Bellerophon (mythological name),....-- bicarinatus (dowble-keeled), Beryx (proper name), -.---.---. superbus (magnificent). Bigenerina (hibrid), nodosaria (covered with knobs). Biloculina (two compartments) aculeata (prickly). bulloides (bubble-like). depressa (depressed). Tunula (little moon). Bolivina (proper name), Beyrichi (proper name). Bootherium (bovine beast),__. bombifrons (bomb-fronted). cavifrons (hollow-fronted). Bos (02), primigenius (primitive). priscus (ancient). Botriopygus (grape vent), obovatus (egg-shaped). Brachyocrinus (arm-lily), nodosarius (knotty). Brissus ( proper name).....---- cylindricus (cylindrical). Bronteus (mythological name), Brongnuiarti (proper name). planus ( jlat). Brontozoumna (giant animat),- exsertum ( protruded)). giganteum (gigantic). Sillimanium (proper name). validum (strong). Bueania (trwmpet), _.--------- Chicagoensis (of Chicago, Ill.) expansa (expanded). Bulimina (0z-hunger),.__-._-- caudigera (tail-bearing). elegans (elegant). Presli (proper name). pupoides (doll-like). pyrula ( pear-like). Bumastus (bunch of grapes),_. Barriensis (of Barr, England). Cacabocerinus (kettle-lily),..._- sculptilis (carved). Calearimna (spur), -..---------. bisaculeata (doubly thorned). calcar (spu7). Caleceola (slipper),.__---.-....- sandalina (slipper-like). Calymene (obscure),__--.--.--- Blumenbachii ( proper name). leeviceps (smooth-headed). senaria (six ?) INDEX. 219 PAGE. PAGE. wtegt cosas 114} Camerinos (crab),-....-.--..-.-.-------- 94 latipes (broad-footed). Caprimna (goat), --) -e2s _seeaae nas eee 144 adversa (opposite). Capulus (little cup), --.---...---.-------- 140 elegans (elegant). 140 robustus (strong). Carcharias (shark), _.....-------------- 88 Depreen ata 90 | Cardiaster (heart-star),..-.-.-.----.---- 166 bicarinatus (dowble-keeled). pee 188 | Caryocrinus (nut-lily),........---.-.--- 175 ornatus (adorned). eee aoe 196 | Cassidulima (helmet),...-...-.-.-....-. 188 crassa (thick). laevigata (polished). serrata (serrate). Castoroides (beaver-like),....-.--------- 10 eit na bees 188 Ohioensis (Qf Ohio). Caturus (below, tail),...--.-.-.-.-------- 85 Sots 21 latus (broad). Cephalaspis (head-shield),..-.... ------ 84 Lyelli (proper name). Ceratites: (horn) soso 2.0. eee 129 nodosus (/nobby). Syriacus (of Syria). ee Seer 160 | Ceratodus (horn-tooth), ...----.--------- 89 Ceraurus (horn-tail),...-..--..---------- 101 tocceeeee- 174 pleurexanthemus (side tubercles). Cerithinumn (little horn), -.-.-.---------- 139 Betocesor 166 cornucopia (horn of plenty). giganteum (gigantic). woman nnnc 100)|' Getus (whale), 3.202. 1 seisStece ee eeeee 45 Emmonsi ( proper name). Cheirocrinus (hand-lily),_.-.-.....---- 175 Seals alaol as 50 cla: us (tllustrious). Cheirotherium (hand-beast), -.---..--- 78 Barthi (proper name). Chelichnites (tortoise-trachs), -.--.----- 75 Chelonemys (turtle-terrapin),-.-----~--- 75 ean ttaces 140 ovata (egg-shaped). plana (flat). Chelonoides (turtle-like),_..------..---- 52 anc cis 188 incedens (advancing). Chem nitzia (proper name),---.----.----- 138 Semanni ( proper name). Chilostomella (thick-lipped mouth), .... 188 ovoidea (egg-like). Chirurus (hand-tail), ......------------- 101 Saeosb Eas 100 claviger (club-bearing). Choeropotamus (river-hog), ----------. 25 Se Ea tS 174 affinis (adjoining). Parisiensis (of Paris, France). ae eye Se 188 | Chrysalidima (chrysalis-like), ....-.--.- 189 gradata (graduated). Cidamis) (c70wn) eee a 158 & Aiea as84 150 Blumenbachii ( proper name). clavigera (cleb-bearing). Beare acates 100 coronata (crowned). Drogiaca (of Druyes, France). filamentosa (full of threads). glandifera (gland-bearing). 220 _ INDEX. PAGE. | PAGE. pleuracantha (spine-thread). Cuneolina (small wedge),........2-.---- 187 subvesiculosa (somewhat vesicular). pavonina (peacock). Suevica (of Suevia, Ger.) Cunicularius (miner),-........._._.._- 52 venulosa (full of veins). retrahens (drawing back). Clavulima (little nail), -.-......22...--1-- 189} Cupellacrinus (cask-lily), -......._.__- 175 communis (common). magnificus (noble). Parisiensis (of Paris, France). Cyathoecrinus (cup-lily),.._._...-...-.- 175 Cly peaster (shield-star), -.._...--------- 163 Hoveyi ( proper name). altus (lofty). multibrachiatus (many-armed). grandiflorus (great-flowered). ornatissimus (highly adorned). umbrella (wmbrella-like). Cyeclolima (disc), -.--..-. ---.----...---- 189 Clypeus (shield), ---...-. 2222222222 2.22 162 cretacea (cretaceous). Davoustianus ( proper name). Cyphaspis (gibbous shield),’..........-.- 101 Plotii (proper name). Cochliodus (snail-tooth), contortus (twisted). Codechinus (poppy-head urchin), Tallavignesi (proper name). Celoptychiuma (hollow-/fold), agaricoides (mushroom-like). Collyrites (loa/),..---.--.-------------- 164 carinata (keeled). elliptica (oval). Cololites (intestine-stone),......-.------ »- 90 Colossochelys (colossal tortoise), ...___. 74 Atlas (mythological name). Congeria (heap),..-.-.------------------ 146 subglobosa (somewhat swollen). Conocephalus (cone-head), --_..-.----- 101 Sulzeri ( proper name). Conoclypus (cone-shield),__.....-------- 162 conoideus (cone-like). Leskei ( proper name). semiglobosus (hemispherical). Conularia (little cone),..-..----..-.----- 141 undulata (wavy). Conulima (little cone),..-.--..---.-.----- 189 conica (conical). Cornuspira (spire-horn),..---.-.---..---- 196 involvens (enwrapping). Crioceras (ram’s horn), bifurcatus (forked). Davalii (proper name). Cristelaria (little tuft), cassis (helmet). costata (ribbed). cymba (skiff). Italica (of Italy). Josephina ( proper name). leevigata ( polished). Crocodileimus (crocodile). robustus (strong). Crocodilus (crocodile), biporcatus. champsoides (gavial-like). clavirostris (clwb-beaked). Hastingsiz ( proper name). Toliapicus (of Isle of Sheppey). Crotalocrinus (rattle-lily), rugosus ( full of wrinkles). Chrystyi (proper name). Cypricardia (cowry-cockle),-......-...-. 145 recurva (curving back). Cypricardites (cowry-cockle), alta (lofty). Cyrtoceras (curve-horn), corbulatum (like a little basket). elongatum (lengthened). eugenium (noble). macrostomum (large-mouthed). Daimania (proper name), Boothii (proper name). calliteles ( fair end). Hausmanni ( proper name). limulurus (/imalus-tatled). micrurus (short-tatled). myrmecopaora (ant-bearing). nasutus (large-nosed). selenurus (crescent-tailed). socialis (living in groups). Dendritima (tree),...... -..-..-.-- e---. 196 arbuscula (shrub). Dentalina (ploughshare), ----. e acuminata (pointed). Lorneana ( proper name). obliqua (oblique). Dentalinopsis (ploughshare-shape), .... 192 semitriquetra (somewhat triangular). Dentaliur (ploughshare), ....-.-------- 140 Noe ( proper name). Dicynodon (two canine teeth), -.---..--- 72 lacerticeps (lizard-headed). Didws (proper name), -.-.--.------------- 48 ineptus (silly). Dikelocephalus ((wo bump-head),...-. 103 Minnesotensis (of Minnesota). Dimorphina (two shapes), .------------ 192 obliqua (oblique). tuberosa (covered with humps). Dindymene (mythological name), ..---.-. 103 Bohemica (of Bohemia). Dinocyon (terrible dog), ....------------ 5 Thenardi ( proper name). Dinotherium (terrible beast), ...------ 31 Americanum (of America). Cuvieri (proper name). giganteus (gigantic). INDEX, 291 PAGE ievius (smaller). Dionide (mythological name), .----------- 103 formosa (beautiful). Diprotodon (two front teeth), ..-.------ 46 Australis (of Australia). Miscima, (disc) oo! Hesse bees 153 ampla (full). Miscites,(@isc);.. S225: ssl seasteeees 133 ornatus (ornamented). Discoidea (disc-like),..-....----.-------- 164 cylindrica (cylindrical). Dithyrocaris (two-flap shrimp), -.------- 95 Neptuni (mythological name). Doryerinus (tree-lily),.-..-.------------ 176 Mississippiensis (of Mississippi R.) Dryopithecus (wood-ape), ----.-------- 5 Fontani ( proper name). Echinanthus ( jflower-wrchin), -.------- 162 Munsteri ( proper name). Echinobrissus (sea-wrchin), ..-.------- 162 clunicularis (/u:unch-like). Echinolampas (lantern-urchin), .-.---- 162 Beaumonti ( proper name). hemisplericus (hemispherical). Kleinii ( proper name). Echinoneus (urchin) ,..-.....---------- 164 cyclostomus (circle-mouthed) Edestes (devowrer), ..-....-.--..----.---- 89 Elephas (elephant),.-.-..-----.---------- 34 Americanus (of America). bombifrons (bomb-fronted). Ganesa (niythological name). Hysudricus (of River Hysudricus, India). intermedius (txtermediate). meridionalis (sovwthern). primigenius (original). Ellipsocephalus (defective head), ----- 103 Hoffi ( proper name). ME WIM YS (C07:t0USC) Mee ene nee 74 Hamiltonoides (Hamiltonia-like). Enerinurus (lily-tail), ...-.---.-------- 103 punctatus (dotted). Po mecrimus: @7ily), 2425-2 ee 176 liliiformis (lily-shaped). Endoceras (inside horn),_.--.------------ 185 proteiforme (of changeful form). Enoploclytea (armed shrimp),.--..----- 93 Sussexiensis (of Sussex, England). Entelodon (full teeth),....-.--.--------- 25 magnum ( great). ME quis, ((07se),.4- 235. .o 2k ess cee 26 fossilis (fossil). namadicus (nomad ?) Eryon (mythological name), ---.---------- 93 Cuvieri (proper name). propinguus (neighboring). Eucalyptocrinus (well-covered lily),.... 176 crassus (thick). ovalis (egg-shaped). Euomphalus (large navel), -...-......-- cyclostomus (ctrcle-mouthed). 16 PAGE, pentangulatus ( jiwe-angled). rugosus ( full of wrinkles). Eurypterus (broad jin), lacustris (lacustrine). remipes (oar-footed). Eurysternuma (broad sternum),....------ Wagleri (proper name). Exogyra (out whirl),.......-..------.-.- columba (dove-like). costata (ribbed). Fabularia (little bean),.....-...-.....--- 196 discolithes (disc-stone), WFaujasia (proper name),....--.---------- apicalis (sharp-pointed). Hielas (cat), oot ke oe. ee ke eee 7 cristata (crested). leptorhina (slender-nosed). paleotigris (ancient tiger). Wissarima (cleft),....-.-.....-.---------- carinata (keeled). Flabellima (fan),.........-..--.---.---- rhomboidalis (rhomb-shaped). Forbesiocrinus (forbes’ lily).....--...- Agassizi (proper name). ramulosus (full of branchlets). Wortheni ( proper name). Frondicularia (little leaf),.----....--.- turgida (swollen). Fusulima (spindle),.........----.-------- cylindrica (cylindrical). Buss (spindle); 22 5 pe ee eae nae antiquus (ancient). longzevus (old). Galecynus (weazel-dog),....-..---.--.--- 8 Gningensis (of Gningen, Switzerland). Galerites (helmet),.-.-.-.----------...-. albogalerus (white helmet). subspheroidalis (somewhat ball-like). Geoteuthis=_(earth-squid),__........-.---- Gervillia (proper nume),..-.-..---------- anceps (doubtful). Gigantitheriumn (giant-beast),......--- caudatum (tatled). Glandulima (little acorn), glans (acorn). Globigerina (ball-bearer),....--.-.-..--- bulloides (bubble-like). Globulina (Utile ball), eequalis (symmetrical). gibba (hemped). Gly ptaster (sculptured star), brachiatus (armed). Gly pticus (sculptured), Burgundiacus (of Burgundy, France). hieroglyphicus (hieroglyphic). Gly ptocrinus (scriptured lily),------.... decadactylus (ten-fingered). Gly ptodon (sculptured tooth),....---.---- clavipes (club-footed). reticulatus (net-like). tuberculatus (having tubercles). 922, INDEX. Gomphoceras (nail-horn),--..--...----- inflatum (swollen). serinium. Goniatites (angle), ....-...--.---------- expansus (spread out). Ixion (mythological name). Gonioceras.(angle-horn),....------------ anceps (doubtful) . Goniopygus (angle-rump),......-------- Mendardi (proper name). Gram msyia (proper name),.---.-------- Hamiltonensis (of Hamilton, N. ¥.) Granatocrinus (grained lily),.-----..-. cidariformis (crown-shape). Graptolithus (stone-writing),.------.--- octobrachiatus (etght-armed). Gryphea (griffin), ---.-----..-.--. ------ arcuata (arched). Gullo. (Glutton), 22 eee speleus (cave). Guttulina (little drop), ..----..-.--------- communis (common). problema (doubt). Gyroceras ‘(ring-horn),.----------------- Burlingtonense (of Burlington, Iowa). Kifelense (of Hifel, Rhine Valley). expansum (spread_out). Nereus (mythological name). trivolvis (thrice-turned). undulatum (wavy). Gyrodus (ring-tooth), ......-------2 2-22. circularis (circular). hexagounus (sta-cornered). umbilicus (navel-shaped). HMalitheriumn (sea-beast),. .---.-.... 44 & 206 Schinzi (proper name). Hiamnites (hook),...-...--.-..--..-------- Astierianus ( proper name). attenuatus (thin). cinctus (girded). Haplophragmiumn (simple fence), ..-- inflatum (swollen). irregulare (irregular). Haplostiche (simple row),.---_._.------ foedissima (most admirable). Efarpes (sickle), 2.22 22s o 5222 SEL 2t ungula (hook-like). Hiarpides (sickles),-........------------- Grimmi ( proper name). Hleliceceras (twist-horn),.-------------- rotundum (round). Hemiaster (halj-star),..-. -----.-------- bufo (toad). cubicus (cubic). Hemicidaris (half-crown), ....---------- Boloniensis (of Boulogne, France). crenularis (crinkled). diademata (crowned). intermedia (intermediate). mammosa (protuberant). Hemipatagus (hal/-clash),.....-....--. Hoffmanni (proper nane). 196 Hemipneustes (half blown up), see oT66 radiatus (radiated). Heterostegina (strange roof ),.--.------ 187 costata (ribbed). depressa (depressed) , Hexaprotodon (siz /ront-tceth), .--.___. 26 Sivalensis (of the Sewalik Hills, India). Hipparion (little horse),..-.-....---_---- 27 elegans (elegant). primigenius (original). Hippohyus (horn-hog), .-.--------------- 25 Sivalensis (of the Sewalik Hills, India). Hippopodiumn (horse-foot),....----.---- 145 ponderosum (/eavy). Hippopotamus (river-horse),..._...---- 26 major (greater). Hippotheriunmna (horse-beast),........---- 27 gracile (slender). Hip purites (horse [hoof-like] ),..-...--.-- 148 radiosa (radiated). Hlolaster (entire star),-.-.--....---------- 166 latissimus (very broad ). subglobosus (somewhat ball-like). Holocentrunma (whole centre),.-----..---- 90 pygeum (rump) ‘4 Hlolocystites (entire bladder),..-.---.---- 1i7 cylindricus (cylindrical). Holoparia (entire walls),..-...--------- 206 longimana (long-handed). Holoptychius (whole fold), -.-..--.----- 85 nobilissimus (most famous). Homalonotus (plane back), ....-------- 104 Dekayi ( proper name). delphinocephalus (dolphin-headed). Momo) (man); - soe ec ont one seeeen ee 3 Homeosaurus (similar lizard),....-..-- 71 brevipes (short-footed). Maximilliani (proper name). Hiyzena (yena), -...-.------------------- 7 eximia (remarkable). My znarctos (arctic hyena)...--.-.----- 7 Sivalensis (of the Sewalik Hills, India). Hyznodon (hyena tooth), --------.----- 7 brachyrhynchus (short-nosed). Hyboclypus (humped-shield), ..-.-.------ 165 sandalinus (slipper-like). Wydropelta (water-shield), .....--------- 79 Meyer i ( proper name). Rehmnites (track) oe ee eee 108 ichthyocrinus ( jfish-lily), .-------------- 178 laevis (smooth). ichthyodorulite ( jish-spine stone), -.---- 89 ichtinyosaurus (jish-lizard),.-----.-- 57 & 80 communis (commo7). intermedius (intermediate). platyodon (broad -toothed). tenuirostris (slender-beaked). iguanodon (iguana-tooth), ..-..----- 55 & 80 Mantelli ( proper name). Ul lemus (look about),.._-.-..----------- .-- 104 crassicauda (thick-tatled). giganteus (yigantic). INDEX. PAGE. PAGE. Taurus ( prope name). Lyriocrinus (lyre-lily),.......-.-------- 178 Enoceramnus (fibrous sicll),....--------- 145 dactylus (fingered). Cuvieri (proper name). Machaire dus (sabre-tooth),.-._.-..----- 6 Janira (mythological name),..-----.------ 143 neogeeus (of the New World). Neocomiensis (of Newfchatel, Switzerland). M acrocheilus (long lip),,-.-..-----.---. 138 Justulima (little arrow), .....-----.----- 189 arculatus (coffer-like). Austriaca (of Austria). primigenius (original). Labyrinthodon (labyrinth-tooth),..77 & 80 | Macrophthalmus (large eye),.-.-.---- 93 Jegeri (proper name). Latreillei ( proper name). robustus (stout). Macropneustes ( full-blown), .-----.-- 167 Laganumn (pan-cake), .........--2------ 163 brissoides (like Brissus). ellipticum (oval). Macrourites (tong tail), ...-.--.-------- 94 Lagema (bottle),.....-..---.-- VAR MES OS SIT 193 medestiformis (of moderate form). simplex (simple). Marginulima (border), -.......--.------ 193 vulgaris (common). bullata (inflated). Lampterocrinus (lamp-lily), ..--..--- 178 ensis (sword). Tennesseensis (af Tennessee). glabra (smooth). Lecanocrinus (pan-lily),...-........-- 178 raphanus (radish). macropetalus (large plate). Mariacrimus (sea-lily ), --.---.2..------ 178 Lepadocrinus (limpet-lily), ....-....--- 178 nobilissimus (most famous). Gebhardi ( proper name). WMastodom (nipple-tooth),.......--..--.-- 38 Lepidotus (scaled),.__.......-_.-2-----. 84 affinis (neighboring). maximus (greatest). Andium (of the Andes). minor (less). Arvernensis (of Auvergne, I’rance). oblongus (oblong). Borsoni (proper name). Leptorhynehius (slender beak),.....--- 69 dissimilis (wnlike). Gangeticus (of the Ganges). elephantoides (elephant-like). giganteus (gigantic). giganteus (gigantic). Leptoteuthis (slender squid),......2..-- 116 insignis (remarkable). gigas (giant). longirostris (long-snouted). Lichas (mythological name), ....-.-.--.+-- 105 | Mleg@aceros (great horn),_.-....---.------ 19 Boltoni (proper name). Hibernicus (of Ireland). grandis (grand). Miegachirus (great hand),.--._..-.----- o4 pustulosus (covered with blisters). locusta (locust). Trentonensis (of Trenton limestone). Megalodonm (great tooth),....--.- Saige ae 145 Rb as (file) os oe a owe as od 143 cucullatus (hooded). gigantea (gigantic). Megalomyx (great claw),........-_------ 15 Linmaulus (litle file), -.....22-2. -.222 eee 95 Jeffersoni (proper name). giganteus (gigantic). Wiegalosaurus (great lizard),__ -...-_-- 80 Walchii (proper name). Megalurus (great tail),--..---...------- 37 Lingulima (little tongue),....-.....--..-- 193 elegantissimus (most elegant). costata (vibbed). lepidotus (scaled). Lingulinopsis (tongue-shape),...-..---- 193 | Megambonia (large Ambonychia), ----.- 145 Bohemica (of Bohemia). cordiformis (heart-shaped). Linthia (proper name),_.......---------- 167 | Wegatheriumn (great beast), -.-----._--- 11 crucia (crossed). Cuvieri (proper name), Lituites (trumpet),....-..22 222222222. ee 133 | Megistocrimus (greatest lily),.----...-. 178 undatus (wavy). Knappi (proper name). Lituola (crooked RY(7 [1p Penton eam rene ed ly 196 Ontario (of Lake Ontario). irregularis (irregular). Wieristella (little divider), .-----....-.--- 149 Lobocarcinus (lobe-crab), Sia pal ite gapatain 92 elissa (turned about). Paulo-Wurtembergensis ( proper name). nasuta (lange-beaked). \ Merycopotamus (riverruminant),.---- 28 Wocusta) (locust) oe 110 Lint CLM eel HVE, snecieal equiva) dissimilis (Cane Westurus (full tail),..-....-.-+--------- 89 Lophiochoerus (crest-pig),_.....------- 25 verrucosus (full of warts). eplondens (ening) Wlicraster (small star),.......---.------- 167 Lophiodon (crest-tooth), warner es cen- ne 30 acutus (sharpened). Parisiensis (of Paris, France). cor-anguinum (srake-heart). Loxonema (wry thread),.....-.----.-.-- 188 | Wicrodom (small footh),..-.....-----. 85 & 145 desiderata (wished for). bellastriata (jinely striated). 224 INDEX. PAGE. | PAGE. elegans (elegant). Operculima (lid)..-..-.2224 222222222222. 187 notabilis (extraordinary). complanata (smoothed). Wiiliola (millet),..__.--.---.-..-- pees vic diek 197 | Ophioderma (snake-skin),.._.....-..--- 169 compressa (flattened). Egertoni (proper name). Modiola (little measure),....-.-...-----.. 146 | Orbiculima (little disc),.....--.-.-------- 197 plicata ( folded). numismalis (coin-like). Mosasaurus (Meuse-lizard), ....-------- 70 | Orbitolites (circular stone), .-....---.- -- 197 Hoffmanni (proper name). macropora (long-pored). Wurehisonia (proper name),......----- 140 Orbulina (SC), ~~~ 24 22---22nnne- anes 189 bellacincta (beautifully girded). universa (round). Natieca (Gump) 22s RAMOS BAU eesie 138 Oreodom (hillock-tooth),-..-...--..------- 22 pelops (dark-eyed) Culbertsonii (proper name). Naticella (little rwmp),---...--.---------- 13) ROARED) 25 tubicina (trumpeter). Ormoceras (necklace-horn)....---------- 135 Nautilus (sailor) 132 tenuifilum (slender thread). g NEN cae ie as cin Ss aU ke “| Ortlhis (straight),.........----------e----s 151 bidorsatus (double-backed). i we Bie Gis blepare (ley ane) eminens (distinguished). nee chee lynx (lyna-like). intermedius (inlermediate). | dda GALT latidorsatus (broad-backed). ee i HY hin 9 : Neocomiensis (of Neufchatel, Switzerland). | ¥ aa ‘ rn on i Mee y). pseudo-elegans (false elegant). | ees on GTO! semistriatus (hal/-striated) subcarinata (somewhat keeled). Nodosaria ( full of Inobs) UNIV ARLE cereale 1094 | Orthoceras (straight horn), se eee nnee + 184 innee (keeled) ; j amplicameratum (large chamber). cordata (heart-shaped). eselaatay Ce) deformis (misshaped). ipeapele (Cinequai) any ast Goldfussi (proper name). pseudo-calamiteum ( false weed). hasta (spear) Titan (mythological name). inflata (blown up). Orthocerima straight horn), ..-.-------- 194 lanceola (spear-shaped). GENTE CAH OGRAD) bie lepida (scales). quadrilatera ( four-sided). oblonga (oblong). Orthonota (straight back), ....-....----- 146 radicula (little root). undulatal(wany): | | Ostrea (oyster), 25. 6a ee 142 rotulata (vounded). tetragona ( four-cornered). Nonionina, --...-------..--- Seo Bes SH 187 comniunis (common). limba (border) spheroides (ball-shape). umbilicata (wmbilicated). Nothosaurus (basturd-lizard),....----- mirabilis (wonderful). Notidanus (kind of shark),.....----.-..- eximius (extraordinary). Nototheriumn (southern beast), Mitchelli ( proper name). Nucleocrinus (kernel-lily), -...-.-..---- 179 Verneuili ( proper name). Numimu lima (money), --.---....-.---.-- 187 discoidalis (disc-shape). planulata (somewhat flat). Ogyzgia (mythological name),.........----- 105 Buchii ( proper name). Olenellus (little elbow),............----.- 106 Thompsoni (proper name). Vermontana (of Vermont). @Olenus (elbow),.........-----......--.--- 106 Tessini ( proper name). Oncoceras (hook-horn), orcas. frons ( fronted). Marshii ( proper name). Santonensis (of Santon, France). Ovulites (little egg),.-..-.---..--------~-- 189 elongata (lengthened). margaritula (seed-pearl). Paleaster (ancient star), Palechinus (ancient urchin), multipora (with many pores). Palzxocorystes (old-armed),....-----.-- Stokesii ( proper name). Palzotherium (ancient beast), crassum (thick). Girondicum (of Gironde, France). Velaunum (of Baune, France Palapteryx (old wingless),_..-.---....-- ingens (huge). Panopea (mythological name), Faujassi (proper name). Paradoxides (wonder), Bohemicus (9f Bohemia). Davidis (of St. Davids, Wales). Harlani (proper name). spinulosus ( full of little spines). Pavonina ( peacock),..._.-..------------ flabelliformis ( fan-shaped). INDEX. 229 PAGE. PAGE Pelacosaurus (sea-lizard), ------------ 69 | Plesiosaurus (near to lizard),..-.--- 60 & 30 typus (typical). Cramptoni ( proper name). Pemphix (bubble), ...--..--------------- 94 dolichodeirus (long-necked). Suerii ( proper name). macrocephalus (large-headed). Meneroplis, ¢-----2- a mone eee ee 197 | Pleurosternon (rib beast-bone),_.-.---- 74 planulata (somewhat flat). ovatum (egg-shaped). pulchella (lovely). Pleurostomella (side mouth),.----._-- 194 Pentacrinus ( jive-lily), -.-.------------ 179 fusiformis (spindle-shaped). basaltiformis (basaltiform). Pleurotomaria (side notch), ------....- 139 Briareus (mythological name). armata (armed). colligatus (bound together). lenticularis (lenticular). subangularis (somewhat angular). Lucina (mythological name). Pentamerus ( jive-celled),....-.--------- 151 ornata (ornamented). galeatus (helmeted). tabulata ( floored). oblongus (oblong). Pliolophus (nearer to ridge),.---..-.--- 30 Pentremites (five oa7s),...-....-------- 180 vulpiceps ( foz-headed). cervinus (deer-like). Pliosaurus (nearer to lizard), ..-...--_- 63 pyriformis ( pear-shaped). Pericesmus (around the world),..-.--.-- 167 Edwardsii ( proper name). Periechocrinus (surround lily), moniliformis (necklace-like). Phacops (lens-eye), bufo (toad). cephalotes (headed). Logani ( proper name). Pholidosaurus (scute-bearer), 69 Schaumbergensis (of Lippe-Schaumberg, Ger.) Phragmoceras ( partition-horn),....--- 186 maximum ( greatest). Nestor (mythological name). subyentricosum (somewhat bulging). Phymosoma (swelled body), Beaumonti ( proper nanve). Keenigii (proper name). Phytosaurus (plant-lizard), Jegeri ( proper name). Kapfiii ( proper name). Pistosaurus (true lizard), grandzvus (old). Placodus ( plate-tooth), gigas (giant). rostratus (beaked). Placoparia ( plate-cheek), Zippei ( proper name). Placoseyphia (smooth cup), meandroides (like Meandrina). Planorbulina (little flat disc),........-. 189 Mediterranensis (of the Mediterranean). nitida (neat). Platyceras (flat horn), -----.------------ 140 nodosum ( full of knobs). ventricosum (bulging). 202 Platyerinus ( flat lily),..-.-.--.----.--- regalis (kingly). Sarae ( proper name). Piatyostoma ( flat mouth), ventricosum (bulging). Plectropterna (spurred heel),-......... 53 minitans (threatening). brachydeirus (short-necked). grandis (great). Poebrotherium (grass-eating beast), .... Wilsonii ( proper name). Polemarchus (leader-in-war), gigas (giant). Polymorphina (multiform), Burdigalensis (ef Bordeaux, France). complanata (smoothed). Thouini (of Thoué, France). Polypothecia (many-footed bor),..-..._. 202 dichotoma ( forked). Polystomella (many mouths), aculeata ( prickly). crispa (curled). Porcellia (little pig), crassinoda (with thick knobs), Posidenia (mythological name). ..._..-_- 145 alveata (hollowed). Productus (drawn out), costatus (ribbed). giganteus (gigantic). pyXidiformis (box-like). Wilberianus ( proper name). Proetus (mythological name), longicaudus (long-tailed). Proroporus ( prow-pore), complanaius (smoothed). Protorosaurus (jirst [described] lizard), 71 Speneri ( proper name). 22 oo = ee nee Psammechinus (sand-urchin),..-...-- 160 monilis (bead). Psecadiumn (crumb),--..-.-.----.------- 195 ellipticum (ovat). Pseudodiadema ( false Diadema),-...- 160 hemisphericum (hemispherical). Orbignianum ( proper name). Pseudoglyphea ( false sculptwie).---__- 94 eximia (extraordinary). Pterimea (winged),.. .----.-------------- 145 f radians (7ayed). | | Pterocoma ( feather-hair).....-..---..-- 180 | pinnata ( feathered). 226 INDEX. PAGE PAGE, Pterodactylus (wing-finger),---.--- 65 & 80} BRhizodus (root-tooth), ...........--.----- 83 crassirostris (thick-beaked). Hibberti ( proper name). rhamphastinus (crooked-beaked). BRhizoprion (root-saw),--.._.......-.--- 45 spectabilis (notable). Barriensis (of Barr, England). Pterygotus (wing-ear), --.--...--------- 96} Rhyneholites (beak-stone), _......--.--- 133 acuminatus ( pointed). Gaillardoti (proper name). Anglicus (of England). Rhynchonella (little beak),....._.._.-. 151 Ptychodus ( fold-tooth), .......-.-------- 89 Barrandi ( proper name). decurrens (extending). Deslongchampsi ( proper nume). - Pullemia (young), -.-.-------.-.--------- 189 Eatonia-formis (Hatonia-like). bulloides (bubble-like). increbescens (spreading). leevis (smooth). meridionalis (southern). Pyenoeodus (hump-tooth) .-----..-.-------- 86 oblata (oblate). platessus (like flat-fish). speciosa (beautiful). Pysgaster (rump-star),.------- ----.------ 165 | Whynchosaurus (beak-lizard), -..----- 70 semisulcatus (half-furrowed). articeps (narrow-headed). Pygorhychus (vent-beak),_._.---..----- 163 | eimulima (Iittle fissure),....--.--------- 195 Grignonensis (ef Grignon, France). glabra (smooth). Pygurus (vent-tail),..-..--.---.---------- 163} Robulina (Wittleoak) sos. eee 195 Blumenbachii (proper name). cultrata (knife-shaped). Davoustianus ( proper name). virgata (rod-like). lampas (lantern). Rostellaria (little beak), ......--.------- 138 Pyrula (little pear), SI COSC SCOTS ROSE 138 carinata (Kceeled). melongena (apple-bearing). Rotalia (little wheel), ..-.--.....--------- 189 Pyrulina (little pear), --.---------..----- 195 Ariminensis (of Rimini, Italy). gutta (drop). armata (armed). Quingueloculima (five cells), .----. -- 197 Becearii (proper name). Ferussaci (proper mame): Brongniarti ( proper name). lyra (lyre). bulimoides (like Bulimina). saxorum (of the rocks). corallinarum (coral-like). secans (cutting). Gervillii (proper name). Radiolites (rayed stone), ___...-----.__-- 14 Girardana (proper nome). crateriformis (goblet-shaped). globularis (globe-shaped). Heeninghausii ( proper name). Menardii ( proper name). Pama (70g) ee eee eens eee 79 orbicularis (discoid). diluviana (of the deluge). Parisiensis (of Paris). Rensselaeria ( proper name),...--..--- 150 pulchella (lovely). ovoides (egg-shaped). punctata (dotted). Retispongia (net-sponge), -----.-------- 202 rosea (rose-like). Heeninghausii ( proper name). Soldanii ( proper name). Retzia (proper name),-...--._-------+---- 149 turbo (fop). vera (trwe). Rutiodon (wrinkled teeth), ....---------- 72 Rhabdocidaris (r0d-crown), -_...----- 161 Parolnensis OMOERLE: x copeoides (chisel-shaped). Sagrina (proper ee ‘and NtOLERL LY ERAS ae nobilis (noted). pulchella (lovely). eH pe Saphzosaurus (manifest lizard),.----.- 71 Rhabdogonium (corner-rod),..-------- 195 laticeps (broad-headed). acutangulum (sharp-angled). Sauranodon (lizard-tooth), ....--------- 72 Martensi (proper name). incisivus (with incisors). Rhinoceros (nose-horn), --..-..---.----. 28 | Saurophidiumn (lizard-snake), .-------- 72 brachypus (short-footed). Tnollieri ( proper name). Etruscus (of Etruria, Jtaly). Sauropsis (lizard-like),-...-------------- 84 incisivus (with tncisors ). longimanus (long-handed). insignis (distinguished). Sauropus (lizard-foot),.....------------- 79 megarhinus (large-nosed). primevus ( primaeval) Merkii (proper name). Seapheus (boat), ....-------------------- 98 paleindicus (of ancient India). ancylochelis (with curved claws). platyrhinus (broad-nosed). Scaphiocrinus (basin-urchin),.--------- 181 pleuroceros (side-horn). zqualis (symmetrical). Schleiermacheri ( proper name). unicus (single). 9 tichorhinus ( partition-nosed). Scaphites (boat),.....----- Sebo crocnesose 13 INDEX. 227 PAGE. PAGE. eequalis (symmetrical). Spirulima (doughnut), ....-......-------- 198 binodosus (¢wo-knobbed). punctata (dotted). compressus ( flattened). Spomngia (sponge),......2...---.------.- =- 203 Ivanii ( proper name). ramosa (branching), Scelidotheriumna (limb-beast),..--.---.-- 18 | Spongites (sponge),...-......--.--------- 204 Cuvieri ( proper name). vagans (wandering). Schizaster (split star), ------..--.-..---- 167 | Squala (shark), ........-.---22222-2-22--- 88 ambulacrum (with walls). Sqnatina (monk-ish),..-.....-.-..------ 87 Scillz (of Scilla, Naples). acanthoderma (spine-skinned). vicinalis (neighboring). Staurocephalus (cross-headed),..-..._- 107 Schizopora (split pore),...-------.-----. 190 Murchisoni ( proper name). Neugeboreni ( proper name). Stirechinus,.._-....-..---------------- 161 Seutella (salver),255 2202) Sse ae 164 Scilla (of Scilla, Naples). disca (disc-like). Stomechinus (mouth-urchin), .....----- 161 Scyphia(gobict) a ee 202 Robinaldinus ( proper name): clathrata (latticed). Streptorhynchus (twisted beak), ..__-. 152 empleura ( fell-sided). hipparionyx (little horse-hoof ). polyommata (many-eyed). umbraculum (with walks)- propinqua (neighboring). Stringocephalus (owl-head),.......-..- 150 Serpula (little creeper), .....--------.----- 111 Burtini ( proper name). Siderolina (constellation), ........-.-.--- 190 | Strophodonta (twisted tooth)...---..._. 152 calcitrapoides (spur-shaped). magnifica (magnificent). levigata ( polished). vascularis (vascular). Siphonia (siphon).......-.-------.------ 203 | Strophostylus (twisted style), .....--.-- 181 costata (ribbed). cyclostomus (ctrcle-mout hed). pyriformis ( pear-shaped). Sus) (hog), 22250222 eo, Vee es 24 radiata (rayed). Erymanthius (of Erymanthus, Greece). Siphonina (siphon), .-..-..-.---.---..--- 191 giganteus (gigantic). reticulata (net-like). scrofa (sow-like). Sismondia (proper name),.....-..--.--- 164 Mapirus (apis), sss c ce eee ee ee 29 Costulata, (nz ed ribs). Arvernensis (of Auvergne, France). Sivatherium (Siva § beast),.-.---------- 19 Teleosaurus (end-lizard),---_.-.._...--- 67 giganteum (gigantic). 5 2 Cadomensis (9f Caen, France). Solaster (sun-star),--..-...- re BEE os 169 Moretonis ( proper name). Chapmanni ( proper name). : 4 longipes (long-footed). pd OCD ae ay Mandelslohi ( proper name). Pareti (of Pareto, Sardinia). art Sphzrexochus (round prominence),...-. 107 HE (rt) mirus (wonderful). Tentaculites (tentacle-stone),.......-.--- 11 Sphzroidina (sphere-shaped), .-.-....-- 191 elongatus (lengthened). Austriaca (of Austria). Terebratula (little borer),........------- 149 bulloides (bladder-like). conglobata (spherical). Spherulites (round stone), .-.--.....---- 144 cor (heart-like). Bournoni ( proper name). cornuta (horned). calceoloides (slipper-like). curvifrons (with curved front). Spirifer (spire-bearer), ....-..-.--.------- 148 Darwini (proper name). arenosus (sandy), Edwardsii ( proper name). cameratus (chambered). Eugenii (proper name). Grimesi ( proper name). grandis (great). Logani ( proper name). Guerangeri (proper name). macropleura (long-sided). indentata (¢ndented). oxypteris (sharp-winged). intermedia (inéermediate). pennatus ( feathered). Lycetti (proper name). pinguis ( plump). Mariae (proper name). striatus (striated). Moorei (proper name). Verneuili ( proper name). numismalis (coin-like) . Spirolina (little spire), -.....---.-------- 197 perovalis (very oval). Austriaca (of Austria). plicata (folded). cylindrica (cylindrical). quadrifida ( fowr-cleft). Spiroloculima (spire-casket), .......-.-- 197 resupinata (upside down). depressa (depressed). dilatata (spread out). Sarthacensis (of Sartha, France). subnumismalis (somewhat coin-ltke). 228 subovoides (somewhat oval). Teredina (little borer), personata (mask-like). Westudo (tortoise),....-------------- hemispherica (hemispherical). Nebrascensis (of Nebraska). Tetraprotodon ( jour front-teeth), paleindicus (of ancient India). Teuthopsis (cvitlejish-shape), oblonga (oblong). Textularia (little weaver), Capreolus (of Isle of Caprt). conulus (little cone). digitata ( fingered). gibbosa (humped). nodosaria (knobby). pupoides (doll-like). pygmea (pygmy). spinulosa (covered with little spines). Whaumas (wonder),.. ------------- alifer (winged). speciosus (beautiful). Whracia (Thrace, Greece), Thylacoalee (pouched lion),..-.----- carnifex (deadly). Winoporus ( pore-plant), baculatus (staff-like). Woxaster (bow-star),.....----------- amplus (full). complanatus (smoothed). Toxoceras (bow-horn), ..-.--------- moutonianum (like ram’s horn). obliquatum (oblique). Toxo dom (bow-tooth),.-----.-------- angustidens (narrow-toothed). Tragos (sponge), Wrematocrinus (/ole-lily),.-.--- .- INDEX. tuberculosus (covered with tubercles). typus (typical). Frematospire (ole-coil), multistriata (with many striae). TWridentipes (trident-joot), uncus (hooked). Wrigonia (three corners),...--------- caudata (tailed). clavellata (with little knobs). costata (ribbed). crenulata (crinkled). Triloculima (three cells),...-------- gibba (humped). oblonga (oblong). tricarinata (three-keeled). trigonula (triangular). Trinucleus (three kernels), concentricus (concentric). TWriplesia (triple ?) -...-..-..--.-...----- exstans (standing out). Writaxia (triple order), -.....---.-------- tricarinata (thiee-leeled). Trogontherium (gnawing beast), ...--- Cuvieri ( proper name). Trocholites (wheel-stone),_....-.--..---- 133 ammonius (horn-like). Truncatulima (little bit),...-.---....--- 191 refulgens (glistening). tuberculata (having tubercles). Turrilites (tower-stone),......-------.--. costatus (ribbed). polyplocus (many-folded). Undina (mythological name),...---------- 83 striolaris (striated). UWniloculina (one cell), Indica (ef the Indies). Wrsus (bea), 25. 22. 22) ee eee 8 speleeus (cave). Uvigerina (cluster-bearer), pygmea ( pygny). Vaginulima (husk),.-----.....--..------ Badenensis (of Baden, Germany). cristellaroides (crest-like). elegans (elegant). transversalis (transverse). tricarinata (three-keeled). Valvulina (pod),..-..........22--2.22.- triangularis (triangular). Ventriculites (litile belly),.._-...-....__- 204 alcyonoides (king-fisher-like). radiatus (rayed). Vertebralina (little vertebra), mucronata (dagger-lile). nitida (neat). striata (striated). Vulvulina (litile womb), gramen (g7'ass). W oedocrinus ( Wood’s lily), decadactylus (ten-fingered). Zeacrinos (barley-lily),.-..-----.-.....-- elegans (elegant). 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