‘wcll HANAN oS - = 5 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/catalogueofcheloOObrituoft + CATALOGUE OF THE CHELONIANS, RHYNCHOCEPHALIANS, CROCODILES IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). NEW EDITION. BY GEORGE ALBERT BOULENGER. LONDON: PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES. 1889, re arta PEROT spt PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, Ub» ae 7 ae \4\Q A PREFACE. Tue collection of Tortoises and Crocodiles in the British Museum was that part of the herpetological series to which the late Dr. Gray paid special and unremitted attention. Besides numerous papers which appeared in various periodicals, he prepared the following Catalogues for publication by the Trustees :— ili Qn Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbeenians. 1844. 12° (pages 80). Catalogue of Shield Reptiles. Part I. Testudinata. 1855. 4° (pages 79, with 50 plates), Part Il. Emydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia, and Amphisbeenians. 1872. 4° (pages 41, with woodcuts). . Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles. Part I. Testudinata, with figures of the skulls of 86 genera. 1870. 4° (pages x and 120), Appendix to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles, Part I. Testu- dinata. 1872. 4° (pages 28). Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles. 1873. 8° (pages lv and 124), The collections made during the Transit of Venus Expedition and the opportune visits, in the year 1875, of British vessels to the Galapagos Islands furnished unequalled materials for the thorough examination of a group of Tortoises which previously had not been well understood. This examination was undertaken by myself, and the results were published by the Trustees in 6. The Gigantic Land-Tortoises (Living and Extinct). 1877. 4° (pages iv and 96, with 54 plates), 1v PREFACE. In these works, however, there is great divergence as to the classification and nomenclature of the specimens, Dr. Gray, especi- ally after he had commenced to study the configuration of the skulls, having introduced at successive periods numerous changes which cannot be maintained in the present state of our knowledge. Also the ‘ Hand-List’ of 1873 has become antiquated, not only on account of the additions of more recent years, but also in consequence of the elimination of numerous duplicates which were transferred to other public Museums. Thus it appeared desirable to prepare another issue of this ‘ Catalogue’ on the plan of the new series of descriptive Catalogues of the Zoological Collections. Numerous woodcuts have been introduced, chiefly with the object of illustrating the principles adopted in the classification; all are taken from specimens in the Museum, but many have already appeared in Dr. Gray’s papers in the ‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ and are reproduced here by the kind permission of the Council of that Society. ALBERT GUNTHER, Keeper of the Department of Zooloyy. British Museum (N. H.), January 13, 1889. INTRODUCTION. Iy striking contrast with what has occurred in other groups of lower Vertebrates, the increase of known species of Chelonians has been very slight within the last twenty years. In fact, the present volume records a considerably smaller number of species than did the last-published treatise, viz. Dr. Gray’s ‘‘ Supplement to the Catalogue of Shield Reptiles,’ in 1870. This decrease is of course due to the different views held by the writers as to what deserve to constitute specific characters, and also, I trust, to a better understanding, at the present day, of the amount of variation within given forms. But the fact that hardly 20 valid species have been discovered since the close of Dr. Gray’s labours shows that our knowledge of the existing Chelonians is far nearer completion than that of any other group of Reptiles, Crocodiles excepted. Though deficient in novelties,—not a single new species or genus is established,—I trust that the present account will prove of interest for the thorough revision which higher and lower groups have undergone, and for the information it contains on the osteological characters, which have hitherto been much neglected. Figures of the skulls and shells (stripped of the epidermal shields, and show- ing the arrangement of the latter as well as of the underlying bony plates*) are given for the principal genera. Although imperfect as regards the sutures and other details, the woodcuts of the skulls given by Dr. Gray in some of his papers are still useful to show the shape and general characters of the skulls, and therefore have been reproduced in the present volume. As to the original figures, which have been executed with great care, I hope they will prove welcome to paleontologists as well as to zoologists. * Orosses have been inserted in these figures to indicate the position of the axillary and inguinal buttresses of the plastron, which anchylose with the lower surface of the carapace, vl INTRODUCTION. The number of species of Cheloniaus, regarded as well established, amounts to 201. The Collection contains representatives of 176, the number of specimens being 1665. Gray’s ‘ Hand-list,’ issued in 18738, records 197 species and 1371 specimens. During the prepa- ration of this Catalogue the series of skeletous has been greatly enlarged. 23 species of Emydosaurians appear to be well established, 18 of which are represented in the Collection by 236 specimens. Since the publication of the ‘Hand-list,’ in which 23 species and 304 specimens are enumerated, a number of defective or duplicate specimens have been eliminated; this accounts for the decrease in the number of specimens, as well as the fact that, through over- sight, the same specimens were occasionally put down in the ‘ Hand-list’ under different specific headings, and extracted skulls or other detached portions of one and the same individual were reckoned as so many specimens. As in the other volumes of the Catalogues, the affixes to the names of Donors &c., in the third column of the list of specimens, may be explained as follows :—“[P.]” signifies “‘ Presented by”; ‘*[C.]” =‘ Collected by”; “[H.]” =“ Obtained in exchange.” / / / G. A. BOULENGER. Department of Zoology, December 17, 1888. SYSTEMATIC INDEX, RHYNCHOCEPHALIA. * Fam. 1. Harrerup2. Page 1, Sphenodon, Gray........ 2 x 1. punctatus, Gray ...... 2 CHELONIA. Subord. I. ATHEC 4. Fam. 1. SPHARGID®. 1. Dermochelys, Blainv. i Pecoriacea, Visecce%.. sa 2 10 | Subord. 1. THECOPHORA. Superfam. 1. CRypTopDIRa. x Fam. 2. CHELYDRID®. To Chelydra, Schto. 2.00. .0% 19 x 1. serpentina(ZJ)........ 20 2. rossignonii, Bocourt 23 2. Macroclemmys, Gray Se. 23 1. temminckii, Holbr. .... 25 Fam. 3. DERMATEMYDID®. 1, Dermatemys, Gray ...... Pal ils Tat GR0) coc cae 28 2. Staurotypus, Wagl. ...... 29 1. triporcatus, Wregm..... 31 2. salvinil, Gray easnthetees 32 Be Claudius, Cope 2.6 lee 32 1. angustatus, Cope ...... Do Fam. 4. CINOSTERNID®. 1. Cinosternum, Spiv ...... 35 1. odoratum, Daud....... 37 | 2. carinatum, Gray ...... 38 | 3. hirtipes, Wagl....... oe oO 4, pensylvanicum, Gm... 39 6. . Kachuga, Gray . Batagur, Gray . Morenia, Gray Kl ocellata, DS. B:...... sonoriense, Leconte ... 5. flavescens, Ag. ...... 6, henrici, Leconte ...... 7, SCOrpioides, Li. .i0. 2. a 8. integrum, Leconte 9. leucostomum, A. Dum. 10. berendtianum, Cope. . 11. cruentatum, A. Dum... ubogulare, Bocourt Fam. 5, PLATYSTERNID®. ; FAN Rate Gray 1, megacephalum, Gray. . X Fam. 6. TEsrupINIDz&. . lineata, Gray Pipa alanin JOD plo pane . dhongoka, Gray . smithii, Gray . sylhetensis, Jerd....... . intermedia, Blanf. .... . tectum, Gray Oe OOD O8n NI OD OU Co bo ; Callagur, Gr GUE occas 1. picta, Gray L: baskas Grays, ssc os. . Hardella, G LD es OIE 1. thurgi, Gray CHC ONO CIT 0 2 SPELEUSI 4 adeny 5 le 8 re) Chrysemys, Gray........ Ee picta, Sehns 3 ates = oak 2. cinerea, Bonn......... 5. reticulata, Daud. 4, troostii, Folbr. olivacea, Gray 5. hieroglyphica, Holby. : G. seripta, Schoepff Vill Page 7. dorbignyi, D. § B..... 80 S. ornate, "Gray: 5 dacs 80 9. grayi, Bocourt........ 82 10. coneinna, Leconte .... 83 11. rubriventris, Zeconte .. 84 12. mobiliensis, Holjr..... 85 i OCRMIBNIGTAY so \eaew ee 85 Jeiainensis, ‘Gray anes .. 173 33. elongata, Blyth........ 173 34, forstenii, Schl. § Mill. 174 35. marginata, Schoepff.... 174 So leithiinG sane ete 175 Si IDCLa La eee 17 dS. preeca, Uy... 25 cmeneenae 177 ~— bo . Chelone, Brongn. ........ . Thalassochelys, Fitz. .... SYSTEMATIC INDEX. ix Page 178 178 179 39. horsfieldii, Gray ...... 40. angulata, Schw. ...... 41. yniphora, Vaill. ...... Fam. 7. CHELONID®. 180 180 1285 184 Int 186 1, mydas, £..... 3 Serie JSUT DTICHLAs Los. eis cselss arses CATCH: 2 See oe ae : 2. kempil, Garm. a0 00 «iss Superfam. 2. PLruRODIRA, Fam. 8. PELOMEDUSID®. 1. Sternotherus, Bell, . Bree be 1, niger, D. & IB tai Petts: 194 2. sinuatus, fi 194 3. nigricans, Donnd....... 195 4. derbianus, Gray ...... 195 5. adansonii, D. § B. .... 196 6. gabonensis, A. Dum. 197 2. Pelomedusa, Wagl. ...... 197 1. galeata, Schoepff ...... 197 3. Podocnemis, Woagl, sccm. 200 Ii. dumeriliana, Schw. .... 202 2. lewyana, A. "Dum. .... 208 3. unifilis, Trosch.. . 203 4, expansa, Schw......... 204 5 sextuberculata, Corn. .. 204 6, madagascariensis, Grand. 205 Pe APMCAR OPT Fon wis. os 206 coutinhil, Goldi ..,... 200 Fam. 9. CHELYDID. feWhelys: Dien’. «62d. 0 207 le fimibriata, Schns 2... .. 209 2. Hydromedusa, Wag. 210 1. maximiliani, Mik. .... 210 De heetitern, COpe (2. x:x1a/\« 212 8. Chelodina, Fitz...... ede DAS 1. longicollis, Shaw......5 215 2. nove-guinex, Bligr..... 215 3. expansa, Gray .....+.. 216 4: oblonga, Gray .......» 216 4. Rhinemys, Wagl. ........ 217 Asta, ISCO: Sste eo vers 218 & Hydraspis, Bell ........-: 219 feontisrs DG Be «a5 .ehs 222 BD tnberosa, Lire. sco. 032 223 3. geoffroyana, Schw. .... 223 PEEL DOM SCID: . eass. aes 2 20D 2. aubryi, A. Dum. ...... 267 dn imyday Gray? ch. ak. s 267 1. granosa, Schoepff.. . . 269 PENMAN TERS son aa ene 270 . SCUGALA, UEEree eee e « . 270 6. Cyclanorbis, Gray..... we nl ]. senegalensis, D. & B... 271 2. elegans, (Gray :...2... 272 EMYDOSAURIA. A Fam. 1. Crocopiip2. TR VAREE: ORD y's :csa cuales on * 1. gangeticus, Gm. ...... 2. Tomistoma, S. Miill.... « 1. schlegelii, S. Mill. 38. Crocodilus, Law: cataphractus, Cur. .... . johnstonii, Avefft..... E . intermedius, Graves . americanus, Law". . Slamensis, Schn. ...... mBULOtCUS. Cement . porosus, Schn. ........ erpelusitiss 688. 6 cuchei x x OOD Ome toe . robustus, Vall. § Grand. 275 275 276 276 277 279 279 280 281 282 285 284 285 286 SYSTEMATIC INDEX, Page 10. rhombifer, Cur. ...... 287 11. moreletii, A. Dum. .... 287 planirostris, Graves .... 288 4, Osteolemus, Cope. . 288 ] tetraepis, (Cope cctavere an 288 5. Alligator, Cuv. .......... 289 % ]. mississippiensis, Daud.. 290 2. helois, Cope .....20s.+ 200 3. sinensis, RaUvel nee 291 6. Caiman, Spizv........ 1.1 2am GAR ANT e235 Bye) 7 a Pees cP 292 2. latirostris, Daud....... 293 x 3. sclerops, Schn. “ci 294 4. trigonatus, Schn....... 295 5. palpebrosus, Cups. ieee 296 Perosuchus, Cope ........ 297 TUSCUS, Cope sak -s,- “se 208 CATALOGUE CHELONIANS, RHYNCHOCHPH ALE ANS, EMYDOSAURIANS. Order RHYNCHOCEPHALIA. Rhynuchocephalia, Giinther, Phil. Trans. clvii. 1867. Quadrate bone immoyably united to cranial arches; two hori- zontal bony temporal arches. Dorsal ribs single-headed, articulating with the centrum and the neural arch. 2: a x j : Aa - 3 4 were AIL yo. ae Wes tes so: Seton So) af? Shell of Hardella thurgi. exceeds the length of the posterior lobe; the longest median suture is that between the abdominals ; suture between the gulars as long as or a little shorter (at least three fourths) than that between the humerals ; inguinal large, axillary smaller. Head moderate; snout short, obtuse; upper jaw notched mesially, serrated; lower jaw very strongly dentated, flat inferiorly, its width at the symphysis a little less than the diameter of the orbit. Limbs with transversely 66 TESTUDINIDZ. enlarged, band-like scales. Carapace dark brown or black ; plastron yellowish, with a large blackish spot occupying the greater part of each shield, or entirely black. Soft parts dark brown; a yellow band across the prefrontal region, extending on each side, through the eye, to above the ear; another from below each eye, passing below the nostrils. Length of shell 45 centim.( 9). Males much smaller. Northern India (Ganges and Indus systems). Fossil in the Pliocene Siwaliks. a. 9, stffd. Bengal. M. Peto [Cis b. Q, stfid. Bengal. R. McClelland, Esq. [C.]. ec. Yg., stfid. Bengal. d. 9, skel. Bengal. e. 9, shell. Bengal. T. C. Jerdon, Ksq. Vad Kg. 2, shells. Bengal. W. Theobald, Esq. | E.} A. Skull. Bengal. Prof. Oldham ret (Type of Kachuga oldhami.) 7. 9, shell. Indus. Dr. Leith [P. ]. (Type of Hardella indi.) 5. MORENIA. Emys, part., Dum. & Bibr. ii. p. 232 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 14 (1844); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 21 (1864). Batagur, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 35 (1855) ; Anders. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 729 (1879). Kachuga, part., Gray, l.¢., and Proc, Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 200. Clemmys, part., Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 28 (1862). Morenia, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 62 (1870); Anders. l. e. p. (ov. Neural plates hexagonal, short-sided in front. Plastron exten- sively united to the carapace by suture, with short axillary and- inguinal buttresses, just reaching the first and fifth costal plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces very broad, of upper jaw with a strong tuberculate median ridge; edge of jaws strongly toothed ; choans behind the level of the eyes. Upper surface of snout and crown covered with a single shield, behind which the skin is corrugated. Digits extensively webbed. Tail short, not longer in the young than in the adult. Northern India and Burma. 1. Morenia ocellata. Emys ocellata, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 829, pl. xy. fig. 1 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 18 (1844) ; Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxii. p. 645 (1853) ; Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind, p. 22 (1864). Batagur ocellaia, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 36 (1855), and Proe. Zool. Soe, 1856, p. 182, pl. x. Clemmys ocellata, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 33 (1862). Emys berdmorei, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxvii. p. 281 (1858). a =a ote _ 5, MORENTA. 67 Batacur berdmorei, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc, Beng. xxxii. p. 82 (1863); Theob. Journ. Linn, Soc. x. p. 16 (1868), and Cat. Rept. As. Soc, Mus. p. 12, pl. —.(1868). Kachuga berdmorei, Gray, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1869, p. 204. Morenia berdmorei, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 62 (1870) ; Theob. Cat, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 17 (1876). Batagur (Morenia) ocellata, Anders. Zool. Res, Yunnan, p. 755, pls. Lx. & Lxi. (1879). Fig. 20. si spe” excvem ret iat ¢ mon Rt, eae y \ aes ‘ iy 3 N 3 f af +e i £ = % &, 3 é Shell of Morenia ocellata. Carapace moderately depressed, with a strong, interrupted, tuber- cular keel in the young, which becomes fainter i in the adult ; margin not serrated; nuchal narrow; first vertebral not or but little broader anteriorly than posteriorly, lateral borders usually sinuous ; second, third, and fourth vertebrals broader than long or as long as G 68 TESTUDINID. broad. narrower than the costals. Plastron large, angulated later- ally, truncate anteriorly, notched posteriorly ; the width of the bridge exceeds the length of the hind lobe; the longest median suture is that between the abdominals ; suture between the gulars as long as or shorter than that between the humerals; axillary and inguinal large. Head moderate; snout short, obhaser upper jaw notched mesially, denticulated; lower jaw strongly serrated, flat inferiorly, its width at the symphysis equalling the diameter of the orbit. Scales on limbs small; digits broadly webbed. Tail very short. Carapace brown, each shield of the disk with a large central blackish ocellus encircled with yellowish ; lower surface uniform yellow. Head olive, with yellow markings; a yellow streak running above the canthus rostralis, supraciliary edge, and temple, and another from behind the eye to above the ear. Length of shell: 9, 22 centim.; 3, 15. Burma. a-b. Yeg., spir. Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.]. c, d, e, oe g. 36 2 & yg., shells. Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. | C. |. h. 2, shell. Mergui, Prof. Oldham [P. }. i,k. SQ, skel. Burma. 2. Morenia petersii. Emys ocellata (non D. § B.), Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxvii. . 281 (1858). Beieus oan Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxii. p. 82 (1863) ; Theob. Cat. Rept. As. Soc. Mus. p. 15 (1868). Morenia ocellata, Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 18 (1876). Batagur (Morenia) petersi, Anders. Zool, Res. Yunnan, p. 761, pl. lix. (1879). Very closely allied to the preceding. Snout much more pointed and relatively longer *. Suture between the pectorals not shorter than that between the abdominals. Carapace black, each vertebral with a narrow yellowish mesial line; the four last vertebrals with a yellowish linear horseshoe mark with the ends directed forwards ; each costal with an ocellus placed rather low and formed by a narrow yellowish line, above which are some irregular looped lines of similar colour; the nuchal and each marginal with a vertical narrow yellowish mesial streak; plastron yellow. Three yellow streaks on each side of the head, the lower extending from below the nostril to the angle of the mouth. Length of shell: ¢, 125 millim.; 92, 200. Bengal. * The character derived from the connections of the axillary shield, indicated by Anderson, is not constant in our series of M. ocellata, and therefore cannot serve to distinguish the two species. 6, CHRYSPMYs. 69 6, CHRYSEMYS. Emys, part., Dum. Zool. Anal. p. 76 (1806); Dum. & Bibr. ii, p. 232 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 14 (1844), and Cat. Sh. Rept. 1, p. 19 (1855). Clemmys, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 136 (1830); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 28 (1862). Terrapene (non Merr.), part., Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Ed. d. R. A. p. 153 (1830), Chrysemys, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 27, and Sh. Rept. i. p. 82; Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 488 (1857), Pseudemys, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 33, and Suppl. i. p. 45 (1870). Ptychemys, Agassiz, 1. e. p. 431. Trachemys, Agassiz, 1. e. p. 434; Gray, Suppl. p. 47. Nectemys, Agassiz, op. cit. ii. p. 642. Deirochelys, Agass. 1. c. p. 441; Gray, Suppl. p. 39. Callichelys, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xii. p. 181 (1863), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 48. Redamia, Gray, Suppl. p. 35. Skull of Chrysemys scripta. (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1869.) Neural plates hexagonal, short-sided in front. Plastron exten- sively united to the carapace by suture, with short or moderately «2 70 TESTUDINIDE. long axillary and inguinal buttresses, the latter anchylosed to the fifth costal plates; entoplastron anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces broad, of upper jaw with a median ridge; choanze between the eyes. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits entirely webbed. ‘Tail short or moderate. North and Central America; Southern Brazil, Uruguay, Buenos Ayres, Fig. 22. a aa Oe 3 co Shell of Chrysemys scripta. Synopsis of the Species. I. Alveolar surface of upper jaw narrower at the symphysis than on the sides, the median ridge not or but finely denticulated : outer surface of mandible arched. A. Plastron as large as the opening of the shell, the width of the 6. CHRYSEMYS. 1. hind lobe more than two thirds the width of the carapace in the adult; carapace smooth, without trace of a keel, even in the young. Vertebrals 2 to 4 with the antero-lateral borders much shorter than the postero- PRCONalr ces ahs nee ato ashh shatate bela tat as 1. picta, p. 72. Vertebrals hexagonal, the antero-lateral and postero-lateral borders subequal in [LET Ra eRe Ao ROO PNG i ER 2. cinerea, p. 73. B. The width of the hind plastral bone not more than two thirds the width of the carapace ; latter keeled in the young. 1. Interorbital space hardly half the horizontal diameter of the orbit . 3. reticulata, p. 75. 2. Head very small; shell very much depressed, smooth or nearly so in the adult. Posterior border of carapace scarcely ser- FACE gets cia stay ciner ees cuss crate farses 4. troostii, p. 76. Posterior border of carapace serrated .... 5. hieroglyphica, p.76. 3. Head moderate or large. a. Snout short,-obtuse, feebly projecting ; nostrils terminal, Posterior border of carapace serrated, each marginal being notched ; dorsal shields longitudinally rugose in the adult .... 6. scripta, p. 77. Posterior marginals notched ; carapace nearly smooth in the adult ......... 7. dorbignyt, p. 80. Posterior marginals not notched; dorsal shields longitudinally rugose in the adult. 8. ornata, p. 80. b. Snout pointed, strongly project- ing, nostrils below the end of ChieyswOUbs bia, eerste: sieiehs ails 9. grayt, p, 82. Il. Alveolar surface of upper jaw very broad all round, with a strong, tuberculate or serrated median ridge; outer surface of mandible flat. Beak scarcely emarginate mesially ; edge of jaws not or but very slightly serrated .. 10. concinna, p. 83, Beak notched mesially, with a prominent cusp on each side; edge of both jaws Boronely serbated & oi. vaoce os cs 3+ 11. rubriventris, p. 84. Beak deeply notched mesially, with a pro- minent cusp on each side; edge of upper jaw finely serrated, of lower jaw more strongly and more coarsely .......... 12. mobiliensis, p. 85. ~y bo TESTUDINIDA, 1. Chrysemys picta. Testudo picta, Schneid. Schildkr. p. 348 (1783) ; Schoep , Testud. p. 20, pl. iv. (1792); Daud. Rept. ii. p. 164 (1802); Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. ¥. iii. p. 115 (1830). cinerea, Schneid. Schr. Ges. Naturf. Fr. x. p. 268 (1792). Emys picta, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 37 (1814); Say, Journ. Ac. Philad. iy. p. 211 (1825); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 297 (1835) ; Holbr. N, Am. Herp. i. p. 75, pl. x. (1842); Dekay, Faun. N. Y., Rept. p. 12, pl. v. fig. 10 (1842); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 27 (1844); Wied, N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. xxxii. i. p. 12 (1865). Terrapene picta, Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Ed. d. R. A. p. 158 (1830). - Chrysemys picta, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 382 (1855); Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U. 8. i. p. 488, pl. i. figs. 1-5, & pl. iii. fig. 4 (1857) ; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 89 (1870), and Ann. § Mag. N. H, (A) xi. p. 146 (1873). Clemmys picta, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 129 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 85 (1865). Carapace much depressed, quite smooth, without trace of a keel, even in the young; nuchal and anterior marginals elongate, with denticulated edge in the adult ; first vertebral shield much narrower, and usually shorter, than second, not or but little broader in front than behind; vertebrals 2 to 4 broader than long (second sometimes as long as broad), as broad as or broader than the costals, the antero-lateral borders much shorter than the postero-laterals ; posterior margin of carapace not serrated. Plastron very large, as large as the opening of the shell; front and hind lobes truncate, and sometimes finely denticulated at the end; the width of the hind lobe is more than two thirds the width of the carapace in the adult, and its length equals the width of the bridge; the largest shields are the abdominals, which are about twice as long as the pectorals; gulars and anals subequal in length; the shortest median suture is that between the humerals; inguinal and axillary large, latter largest. Head moderate; snout short, feebly pro- jecting ; upper jaw with a small median notch and a small cusp on each side, the edge not or but very slightly denticulated; alveolar surfaces moderately broad, with feeble median ridge; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is much less than the horizontal diameter of the eye. Digits webbed to the claws, which are very long in the adult, especially males*. ‘Tail one half to two thirds the length of the shell in the young, one third to two fifths in the males, less than one third in the females. Carapace dark brownish olive or blackish, with a yellow vertebral line and a broad yellow band on the anterior line of the vertebral and costal shields (exclusive of the first); this yellow border forms a continuous, nearly straight band across the carapace between marginals 7 ; marginals red, with black concentric or crescentic markings ; plastron yellow, usually uniform, sometimes with a small symmetrical blackish marking on the * Males may be distinguished by the position of the anus, which opens beyond the border of the carapace. a tYSEMYS. 73 median line, between pectorals and anals ; the greater portion of the plastral bridge red, with wavy black longitudinal bands. Soft parts dark brown or blackish, elegantly marked with yellow symmetrical lines and bands on the head, and red bands on the neck, limbs, and tail; the bands under the neck usually form three forks, one in the middle, with the base on the chin, and one on each side, the upper branch of which extends to below the eye; usually a large oblong yellow spot behind the eye, and one on each side of the occiput. Length of shell 15 centim. Eastern North America, from New Brunswick to Georgia. a-b. 2 & her., spi. New York. c-q. dQ, spir. N. America. Capt. J. Anderson [P. ]. kh. Ad., skel. N. America. Capt. J. Anderson | P. |. zt. 9, stfid. N. America. H. Doubleday, Esq. Bet k. Yg., spir. N. America. H. Doubleday, Esq. | P. |. Ll. Q, spir. N. America. Smithsonian Institution. m,n. 39, stftd. N. America. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. o. Hgr., spir. N. America. Lord Ampthill | P. |. p,q 3d, stttd. N. America, Fo Vg. dry. N. America. s, t. Ad., shells. N. America. 2. Chrysemys cinerea. Brown, Ill. Zool. p. 116, pl. xlviii. figs. 1 & 2 (1776). Testudo cinerea, Bonnaterre, Encyl. Méth., Erp. p.25 (1789) ; Schoepff, Testud. p. 18, pl. iii. fig. 3 (1792). Emys cinerea, Schweagg. Prodr. p. 87 (1814). picta, Gravenh. Delic. Mus. Vratisl. p. 10, pl. ii. (1829). Chrysemys picta, var. 2, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 83 (1855). marginata, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 459, pl. i. fig. 6, & pl. y. figs. L-4 (1857) ; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 89 (1870). — picta, part., Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (8) xii. p. 181 (1863). Clemmys picta, var. a, Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 84 (1865). Chrysemys pulchra, part., Gray, Aun. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 147 (1873). Very closely allied to the preceding. Vertebrals 2 to 4 hex- agonal, the antero-lateral and postero-lateral borders subequal in length and sinuous. Coloration very similar, but the yellow borders to the dorsal shields are narrower and do not form a band right across the back ; a large symmetrical blackish marking is usually present on the plastron and extends from the gulars to the anals, without producing any lateral branches anteriorly. Length of shell 17 centim. Wisconsin and Jowa to New York and Ohio. a. Yg., spir. Madras, New York. Smithsonian Institution. b. 2, spir. ares Wisconsin. Smithsonian Institution. c,d. 9, spir. N. America. | eh gh. 3 Q, stitd. N. America. ( (Types\of ©: pulchra. ) 1. ell, N. America. 74 TESTUDINIDE. Var. bellii. Emys bellii, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 31 (1831); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 302 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 27 (1844). oregoniensis, JZarlan, Amer. Journ, xxxi. p. 382, pl. — (1837); Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 107, pl. xvi. (1842); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 23; Wied, N. Acta Ac, Leop.-Carol. xxxii. i. p. 35 1865). sees bellii, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept, i. p. 33 (1855): Agassiz, Contr, N. H. U. 8. i. p. 439, pl. vi. figs. 8 & 9 (1857); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p.39 (1870), and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 147 (1873). oregonensis, Agassiz, 1. c. p. 440, pl. iii. figs. 1-3. nuttalii, Agassiz, op. eit. 1. p. 642 (1857), Clemmys oregoniensis, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 150 (1862). Chrysemys picta, part., Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (3) xii. p. 181 1863). Ona, picta, vars. b et ec, Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 84 (1865). Chrysemys pulchra, part., Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 147 (1873). Larger and less brilliantly coloured. The vertebral streak and the light border to the dorsal shields very narrow or absent ; irregular, vein-like yellow lines on the dark olive dorsal shields, which are also sometimes reticulated with black; each marginal shield above divided in the middle by a yellowish streak; lower surface of marginals yellow or red with black concentric markings or ocelli. Plastron ornamented all over with a large symmetrical blackish marking, formed of spots, lines, or vermiculations, produced into horizontal branches, and with or without detached spots. Length of shell 20 centim. United States, West of the Ohio and the Mississippi, British Columbia. a. d, stfid. British Columbia. G. M. Dawson, Esq. [C.]. British N. A. Boundary Comm. b, c. Ad., shells. British Columbia. J. K. Lord, Esq. [ P.-]. d. Yg., spir. Walla Walla, Bri- J. K. Lord, Esq. | P. }. tish Columbia. é. d, spir. Mississippi. (One of the types of C. pulchra.) TG, Spit. Mississippi. g-h, 2. 2 & yg., spire N. America. Var. dorsalis. Chrysemys dorsalis, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 440 (1857); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 39 (1870). picta, part., Gray, Ann. § May. N. H. (3) xii. p. 181 (1863), Clemmys picta, var. d, Strauch, Verth, Schildkr. p. 84 (1865), Vertebral shields very wide, as in the young of the allied forms. rly ° . . . The yellow median stripe along the carapace is broader than in any 6. CHRYSEMYS. 75 other species; the marginals are not so highly ornamented, the crescent-shaped figures occurring only on the lower surface, and quite pale ; plastron uniformly golden yellow. Mississippi and Louisiana. 3. Chrysemys reticulata. Testudo reticulata, Daud. Rept. ii. p. 144, pl. xxi. fig. 3 (1802) ; Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. p. 105 (1830). Emys reticulata, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 31 (1814); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 291 (1835) ; Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 59, pl. vii. (1842). Terrapene reticulata, Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Hd. d. R.A. p. 155 (1830). Emys reticularia, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 25 (1842), and Sh, Ltept.i. p. 27 (1855). Deirochelys reticulatata, Agass. Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 441, pl. i. figs. 14-16, & pl. i. figs. 1-3. Clemmys reticulata, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 32 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 78 (1865). Deirochelys reticularia, part., Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 39 (1870). Chrysemys reticulata, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 53 (1875). Carapace moderately depressed, regularly ovoid in outline, obtusely keeled in the young, smooth in the adult; posterior margin not serrated ; vertebral shields much broader than long, at least as broad as the costals; nuchal narrow. Plastron large, truncate anteriorly, feebly emarginate posteriorly ; the width of the hind lobe is less than two thirds that of the carapace ; the width of the bridge about equals the length of the hind lobe; the longest median suture is that between the abdominals, the shortest that between the humerals or the pectorals; suture between the anals a little longer than that between the femorals; axillary and inguinal shields large. Head moderate ; interorbital space very narrow; upper jaw not hooked, emarginate mesially; alveolar surface as in C, picta (?); the width of the mandible at the symphysis much less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Digits webbed to the claws. Tail one third or one fourth the length of the shell. Carapace dark olive-brown, with a narrow yellow border and a wide-meshed yellowish network ; plastron and lower surfaces of marginals yellow; one or two oval black spots on the bridge, and some others on the neighbouring marginals. Head and neck dark olive-brown, with yellowish lines, the two widest of which extend from the nostril to the lip, below the eye, and from below the eye to below the ear respectively ; limbs marbled with yellow. The shell reaches a length of 25 centim.; the specimen in the collection measures only 101. United States, east of the Mississippi, as far north as North Carolina. ; a. Hegr., stffd. N, America. 76 TESTUDINIDE. 4. Chrysemys troostii. Emys troostii, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 123, pl. xx. (1842); Gray, Cat, Tort. p. 42 (1844) ; A. Dum. Cat. Méth, Rept. p. 10 (1851) ; Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 28 (1855). Trachemys troostii, Agass. Contr. N. H. U. 8S. i. p. 435 (1857) ; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 48 (1870). Pseudemys troostii, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 53 (1875). Shell subround, much depressed, ecarimate and smooth in the adult, very slightly serrated behind; nuchal almost linear. Plastron slightly emarginate behind; the longest median suture is that between the abdominals, next comes that between the anals, shortest of all that between the humerals; axillary and inguinal shields present. Head small, oval, and pointed; jaws as in C. scripta. Digits broadly webbed, claws very long in the male. Tail nearly one third the length of the shell in the male. Carapace dusky, tinged with green; plastron brownish yellow, with a large, black blotch on each shield ; these spots are lable to become blended or altogether obsolete. Head dusky, with very obscure rays of brownish yellow ; no bands on the upper surface of the neck. Length of shell 20 centim. Missouri, Illinois, Tennessee, Mississippi. I should have regarded the single specimen, type of Gray’s £. olivacea, as belonging to this species, were it not that the plastron is ornamented all over with undulated dark bands somewhat as in C. oregonensis. It may perhaps be considered a variety of C. troostit. ? Chrysemys olivacea. Emys olivacea, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 50, pl. xii. ¢ (1855). Clemmys olivacea, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 82 (1862). Redamia olivacea, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 86 (1870), and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 54 (1872). a. Her. 6, stffd. —? Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. (Type.) 5. Chrysemys hieroglyphica. Emys hieroglyphica, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 111, pl. xvii. (1842) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 26 (1844) (not specimen); A. Dum. Cat. Meéth, Rept. p. 12 (1851). Pseudemys ? hieroglyphica, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 84 (1855), and Suppl. p. 47 (1870). Ptychemys hieroglyphica, Agass. Contr. N. H. U. 8S. i. p. 484 (1857). Clemmys hieroglyphica, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 33 (1862), and Verth, Schildkr. p. 86 (1865). Shell oval, much depressed, ecarinate and smooth in the adult, posterior border serrated; nuchal small, narrow; first vertebral shield urceolate. Plastron emarginate behind, the longest median 6. CHRYSEMYS. fi. suture is that between the abdominal shields, the shortest that between the humerals ; axillary and inguinal shields present. Head remarkably small and narrow, snout a little pointed; upper jaw slightly emarginate mesially. Digits very broadly webbed, claws extremely long in the male. Tail about one fourth the length of the shell in the male. Carapace olive-brown, tinged with green, subdivided by broad yellowish lines into spaces of various shapes and sizes, each space being occupied by narrower concentric lines of the same colour; plastron yellow, with a dusky blotch at the ex- ternal border of the pectoral and abdominal shields. Head, neck, and limbs dark brown, with yellow lines and bands. Length of shell 30 centim. Tennessee and Georgia. 6. Chrysemys scripta. Testudo scripta, Schoepff, Testud. p. 16, pl. ili. fig. 8 (1792); Daud. Rept. ii. p. 140 (1802). serrata, Daud. l. ec. p. 148, pl. xxi. figs. 1,2; Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. ¥. iii. p. 105 (1880). Emys seripta, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 23 (1814). serrata, Schweigg. le. p. 82; Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 267 (1835) ; Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 49, pl. v. (1842). Terrapene serrata, Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Ld. d. R. A. p. 155 (1830). Emys scripta, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 23 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 26 (1855). Trachemys scabra, Agassiz, Contr, N. IZ, U, 8.1. p. 454, pl. ii. figs. 13-15 (1857). Clemmys serrata, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 32 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 77 (1865). Trachemys scripta, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xii. p. 181 (1863), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 48 (1870). Pseudemys scabra, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 52 (1875). Carapace rather convex, keeled, serrated posteriorly, each posterior marginal being notched; shields with radiating ridges in the young, longitudinally rugose in the adult ; nuchal narrow; first vertebral not or but slightly broader in front than behind, usually with sinuous lateral borders; second and third vertebrals usually broader than long, narrower than costals. Plastron truncate anteriorly, openly emarginate posteriorly ; the width of the hind lebe at the utmost hardly one third the width of the carapace, its length equal, or not quite, to the width of the bridge ; the longest median suture is that between the abdominal shields, the shortest that between the humerals; axillary and inguinal large. Head moderate ; snout short, feebly projecting ; jaws not or but very slightly denticulated, upper with a small median notch ; alveolar surfaces of upper jaw broad, narrower in the middle than on the sides, with feeble median ridge; the width of the mandible at the symphysis a little less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Digits very broadly webbed; claws extremely long in the male. Tail short. Carapace of young with narrow dark olive lines close together on a light 78 TESTUDINIDZA. ground; these lines together may form a U-shaped figure on each of the costal shields, the extremity of each branch occupying one mar- ginal; of adult pale brownish or olive, with more or less distinct transverse darker lines on the costals, longitudinal sinuous ones on the vertebrals and concentric ones on the marginals, and some large transverse black blotches and transverse yellowish streaks on the costals; plastron and lower surfaces of marginals yellow, with a round black spot or an ocellus formed of concentric black lines on each of the latter shields ; usually two or three isolated round black spots or rings on the bridge, and one to four pairs on the plastron. Head dark olive-brown, ornamented with yellow lines and bands ; a t-shaped yellow marking on the crown ; the two broadest lateral bands usually unite behind the eye, forming a C or a large yellow blotch ; the yellow bands on the chin and throat wider than the interspaces between them in the young, similar to those of C. picta in the adult; limbs streaked with yellow. Length of shell 24 centim. Eastern United States, from Southern Virginia to Georgia. a-d. Yg., spir. N. America. Lord Ampthill [P.]. e, f. 9 and yg., stffd. N. America. Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. g, h. d, stttd. N. America, 4, You spi. N. America. k. 9, skel. N. America. l. Hegr., shell. N. America. m. Carapace. N. America. Var. elegans. Emys elegans, Wied, Reise d. N. Amer.i. p. 213 (1839), and N. Acta Ae, Leop.-Carol, xxxii. i. p. 37, pl. iv. (1865). cumberlandensis, Holbr, N. Am. Herp, i. p. 115, pl. xviii. (1842) ; A. Dum. Cat. Méth. Rept. p. 13 (1851). holbrookii, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 23 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 25, pl. xv. fig. 1 (1855). sanguinolenta, Gray, Sh. Rept. pl. xv. fig. 1. Trachemys elegans, Agass. Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 435, pl. iii. figs. 9-11 (1857). Clemmys elegans, Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p. 32 (1862), and Verth, Schildkr. p. 77 (1865). : Trachemys holbrookii, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (8) xii. p. 181 (1875), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 47 (1870). lineata, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 147 (1873). Pseudemys elegans, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 53 (1875). The typical C. elegans differs from C. scripta by a rather more elongate and more depressed carapace and in coloration ; but as the differences are slight, and besides not constant, specimens occurring which partake of the characters of the two forms, I think it prefer- able to regard C. elegans as a race of C. scripta. The broader bright bands on the sides of the head are separate throughout, and the upper, broadest, is red; each plastral shield usually with a large 6. CURYSEMYS. 79 blackish spot or concentric rings; the markings on the bridge usually confluent into a longitudinal figure. Kansas, Illinois, and Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico and the Rio Grande. a. 9, spir. Ohio. b. 9, spir. Washington, Miss. Smithsonian Inst. [P.]. e. Shell. Washington, Miss. Smithsonian Inst. | P. |. de. 6 & yg., stfid. Louisiana, J. Her. shell. Louisiana. (Type of Emys holbrookii.) ge kets Spite New Orleans. h. Yg., spir. Matamoros, Mexico. Smithsonian Inst. [P.]. t. Ye., spir. N. America. Dr. J. E. Gray [|P. |. (Type of Lmys sanguinolenta.) k. 2, spir. N. America. (Type of Trachemys lineata.) Lm, 2, 0, P, 9, 1,8 3,2, N. America. her., & yg. stftd. t. 9, skel. N. America. Var. rugosa. ? Testudo palustris, Gmel. S. N. i. p. 1041 (1789). Testudo rugosa, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 28, pl. iv. (1802). Emys decussata, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 28 (1851); Bell, Test. p. —, pls. — (1842); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 279 (1835) ; Cocteau, in Sagra, Hist. Cuba, Rept. p. 6, pl. i, (1843); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 24 (1884); Reinh. § Lith, Vid. Meddel. 1862, p. 290. +— rugosa, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 80; Dum. § Bibr. p. 284; Coct. le. p. 11, pl. ii.; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 24, and Sh. Rept. i. p. 31 (1855) ; Gundlach, Rep. fis.-nat. Cuba, ii. p. 104 (1868) ; Vilaro,t. ¢. p. 119; Sowerby § Lear, Tort. pls. xlii., xl. (1872). vermiculata, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 25, and Sh. Rept. i. pl. xii. D. Ptychemys decussata, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U. 8.1. p. 484 (1857). Clemmys decussata, Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p. 383 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 81 (1865). rugosa, Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 81. Emys jamao, Vilaré, 1. c. p. 121 (1868). Pseudemys decussata, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh, Rept. 1. p. 46 (1870). Trachemys rugosa, Gray, l. c, p. 48. In this form, which varies greatly as to the degree of convexity of the shell, the bright bands on the soft parts have a tendency to disappear, or disappear entirely and are replaced by black marblings. The carapace may be uniform brown or olive, or blotched or mar- bled with black, the blotches sometimes following the borders of the shields ; plastron yellowish, uniform or blotched or vermiculated with blackish, or with symmetrical sinuous or annulate dark markings ; in some specimens black bands follow the sutures between the shields. Length of shell 28 centim. West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica, San Domingo, Porto Rico, Guade- loupe, Martinique). a. 9, stffd. S. Domingo. 6. 3, skel. S. Domingo. ce. 9, skel. S. Domingo, Paris Museum [F.]. 80 TESTUDINID ©. d. 2, skel. Jamaica. e, f. d, spir. W. Indies. ’ h. d, stifd. W. Indies. Her., stffd. W. Indies. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. 3 Her., shell. W. Indies. T. Bell, Esq. [P.]. (Type of Emys decussata.) l, ¢, shell. W. Indies. (Type of Emys vermiculata.) d, shell. W. Indies. ©, skel. p O; Py Qs 7°) 8, t. 62, & —? her., shells, u. 3, shell. —-? Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. . Chrysemys a Emys ee Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 272 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 22 (1844); D'Orbigny, Voy. ou Ve a Rept. p. 6, plea. (1847); Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 32 (1855). Clemmys dorbignyi, Strauch, Chelon. ‘Stud. p-. 82 (1862). Very closely allied to C. scripta, and resembling the var. elegans in coloration. Differs in the following points :—Carapace less dis- tinctly rugose, almost smooth in the adult; head of adult larger ; the width of the interorbital space equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit, which also equals the width of the mandible at the symphysis. The coloration of the upper surface of the carapace and: of the soft parts agrees in every respect with that of C. elegans, but the underside of the shell is different. A large irregular dark brown or black blotch covers the greater part of the plastron ; bridge blackish, which colour extends as festoons to the lower surface of the marginals. Length of shell 21 centim. Southern Brazil, Uruguay, Buenos Ayres. a-b, c. 9 & hegr., spir. Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. v. Ihering [C.]. d. 9, skel. Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. v. Ihering | C. ]. e. Her., spir. Dept. of Soriano, Uruguay. A. Havers, Esq. 8. Chrysemys ornata. Emys ornata, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 30 (1831) ; Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 286 (1835) ; Gray, Zool. Beechey’s Voy. p. 93, pl. xxix. fig. 2 (1839), and Cat. Tort. p. 22 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p: 24 (1855) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 13, pl. iii. fig. 1 (1870) ; Sowerby § Lear, Tort. pl. xliv. (1872) ; Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p: 2, pl. i. (1885). venusta, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 24, pl. xii. A. ? Emys ventricosa, Gray, l. c. p. 28, pl. xiv. ? Emys valida, Leconte, Proc. Ac. Philad. 18 59, p. 7. me emmys ornata, Str auch, Chelon. Stud, p. 32 (1362). Callichelys ornata, Gray, ’ Ann. &§& Mag. N. H. (3) xii. p. 181 (1865), and Suppl. Cat. "Sh. Rept. i. p. 48 (1870). venusta, part., Gray, Ul. ec. pp. isl, 49, ? Pseudemys ‘ventricosa, Gray, Suppl. p. 46. 6. CHRYSEMYS. é 81 Pseudemys ornata, Cope, Journ, Ac. Philad. (2) viii. p. 153 (1876). Emys salvini, Giinth. l.c. p. 4, pls. ii, iii, Pseudemys salyi ini, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat, Mus. no. 32, p. 22 (1887). Carapace moderately depressed ; shields with radiating ridges in the young, longitudinally rugose in the adult; nuchal narrow ; first vertebral not or but slightly broader in front than behind, usually with sinuous lateral borders; second and third vertebrals about as long as broad in the adult, narrower than the costals. Hind lobe of plastron notched, its width at the utmost hardly one third the width of the carapace; its length about equals the width of the bridge ; the longest median suture is that between the abdominal shields, the shortest that between the humerals; axillary and inguinal large. Head moderate; snout short, feebly projecting ; upper jaw not or but very slightly denticulated, with a small median notch ; lower jaw coarsely denticulated in the adult ; alyeo- lar surface of upper jaw broad, narrower in the middle, with feeble median ridge; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is a little less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Digits very broadly webbed. ‘Tail short. Carapace clive or brown, each costal and marginal shield with a large ocellus formed by a round or oval blackish spot, and one or more concentric yellowish rings ; the centre of the ocelius situated in the postero-proximal part of the costal shield; vertebral shields with sinuous yellow longitu- dinal lines, sometimes forming an imperfect ring ; all these markings become indistinct in old specimens. Lower parts of shell yellowish ; plastron with a large symmetrical figure, formed of concentric dark lines, extending from the gulars to the anal; longitudinal dark lines across the bridge ; lower surface of marginals with blackish ocelli or concentric rings, the arrangement of which alternates with that of the shields ; these markings likewise disappearing with age. Head and limbs olive, with yellow or orange black-edged longitu- dinal streaks, of which a supratemporal is the broadest ; the bands on the chin mostly continuous with those on the throat, the median branching off into two. Length of shell 35 centim, Central America. a-b, Ye., spir. Mazatlan. A. Collie, Esq. ([P.]. (Types. ) c,d. 3, 2, stfid. Mazatlan. Mr, A;. Forrer [C:); 0; Salvin & F, D. God- man, Esqs. [ P. ]. e-f. Yg., spir. Presidio, Man eA. *Porrer’ Cri, 0: Salvin & F. D. God- man, Esgqs. [ P. ]. g. 2, stffd. Presidio, Mr, “A. Forrer [C:], 0. Salvin & F. D. God- man, Hsgqs. [ P.]. | h,t. 9, stffd. Honduras. (Types of mys venusta.) k. Q, stfid. Mexico. l. S, spir. Guatemala, O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]}. (Type of Emys salvini.) a2 TESTUDINIDE, . Yg., spir. Volcano of Chiriqui. Herbert Druce, Esq. [P.]. is Yc. ae Lord ‘Ampthill [P r,s, t. 9 & her,, stffd. u. Shell and skull. v. Ad. shell. w, vx. Ad. & hgr., shells. (Type of Emys ventricosa.) View ww Var. callirostris. Emys callirostris, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 25, pl. xii. B (1855). Callichelys callirostris, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xii. p. 181 (1863), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 49 (1870). Pseudemys callirostris, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 22 (1887). Differs from the typical form in having the yellow bands on the lips severed into round or oval spots surrounded by concentric black lines. Perhaps only an individual variation. a. Hgr., stffd. —? Haslar Hospital. (Type.) Var. cataspila. Emys ornata, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. pl. xii. (1855). cataspila, Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 4, pl. vi. fig. B (1885). Pseudemys cataspila, Cope, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus. no. 82, p, 22 (1887). The ocelli are smaller and situated on the hinder part of the costals, nearer the marginals than the vertebrals. a. 9, stuffd. Mexico. 3 b. Her., stffd. Mexico. | c. Yg., spir. Mexico. ~(Types.) d,e,f. 2, hgr., & yg., stfid. ig g. Ad., shell. —P Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. 9. Chrysemys grayi. Emys grayi, Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 13, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1870). Callichelys venusta, part., Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 49 (1870). erayi, Gray, l. c. concinna (zon Leconte), Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 148, xii. p. 110 (1873). Emys callirostris (non Gray), Bocourt, Journ. de Zool. vy. p. 887 (1876). umbra, Bocourt, in O’Shaughn. Zool. Rec. 1876, Rept. p. 6 (1878) ; Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 5, pls. iv., v., and vi. fig. A (1885). Callichelys callirostris, Swmichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 166. Pseudemys umbra, Cope, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 32, p. 22 (1887). Differs from C. ornata in the following points :—Head longer 6. CHRYSEMYS. 83 snout pointed and strongly projecting, the nostrils pierced below the end of the snout ; median ridge of upper alveolar surface stronger and denticulated. Carapace brown; an oval dark spot, surrounded by a light ring in the postero-proximal part of each costal shield, close to the vertebral; plastron marbled or blotched with dark brown; a broad dark brown band across the bridge. The longi- tudinal bands on the head less numerous and less distinct. West coast of Central America. a. 3, shell, andsoft Tapana, Tehuantepec. F. Sumichrast [C.]. 0. parts in spirit. Salvin & F. D. God- man, Esgqs. [P.]. b,e. Ad., shells, Tapana, Tehuantepec. F. Sumichrast [C.]. O. Salvin & F. D. God- man, Esqs. Sle d,e. 9, stffd. Sao Mateo, Tehuantepec. F. Sumichrast [C. }. ng , siud, Mexico. 10. Chrysemys concinna. Emys reticularia (non Daud.), Say, Journ, Ac. Philad. iv. p. 204 1825). Tosbuds floridana, Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. p. 100 (1850). concinna, Leconte, 1. c. p. 106. Terrapene floridana, Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Iid. d. Rt. A. p. 154 (1880). -— concinna, Bonap. f. e. p. 156. Emys annulifera, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 32 (1831), and Cat. Tort. p- 28 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 27 (1855). floridana, Dum. §& Bibr. ti. p. 285 (1835); Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 65, pl. vill. (1842); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 26, and Sh. Rept. i. p. 27. concinna, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 289; Holbr. lc. p. 119, pl. xix. ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 25. Pseudemys concinna, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 84, and Suppl. p. 47 (1870). Ptychemys concinna, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 432, pl. i, fie, 13, & pl. ii. figs. 4-6 (1857). Clemmys concinna, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 82 (1862), and Verth, Schildkr. p. 76 (1865). floridana, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 32. Emys orthonyx, Wied, N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. xxxii. i. p. 23, pl. iii. (1865). Trachemys annulifera, Gray, Hund-List Sh. Rept. p. 47 (18738). Carapace moderately depressed, unicarinate in the young, longi- tudinally rugose in the adult; nuchal narrow ; first vertebral with sinuous lateral borders, not broader in front than behind, and frequently narrower ; second and third vertebrals as long as broad, ora little longer than broad, in the adult, narrower than the costals ; posterior marginals not or but very slightly notched. Hind lobe of plastron notched, its width not one third that of the carapace ; its length about equals the width of the bridge; the longest median suture is that between the abdominal shields, the shortest that be- tween the humerals; inguinal and axillary large. Head moderate ; snout very short, not projecting ; upper jaw not distinctly notched I 84 TESTUDINIDA:, nor hooked, the edge not or but slightly denticulated ; alveolar surface of upper jaw very broad all round, with a very strong, tuberculate or coarsely serrated median ridge ; lower Jaw very flat, with a sharp point in front, the edge serrated ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is much iess than the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Digits very broadly webbed ; claws very long in the males. Tail short. Carapace olive or brown, variegated with yellowish dark-edged lines sometimes forming a reticulate pattern; plastron yellow, uniform or with a few dark spots or symmetrical markings. Head with orange or red streaks, the broadest of which runs from the upper border of the orbit to the neck; chin and throat with a few orange streaks, the median bifurcating behind the mandibular symphysis. Length of shell 40 centim. South-eastern North America, from Missouri and North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico. a. Yg., spir. Pilatka, Florida. Smithsonian Instit. b. ©, stffd. Louisiana. W. P. Smith [C.]. cd. 6& ye., stfid. Louisiana. €: eo epir: N. America. (Type of Emys annulifera.) f9,h, %. &, stéid. N. America. k. 9, skel. N, America. 11. Chrysemys rubriventris. Emys serrata (non Daud.), Say, Journ. Ac, Philad. iv. p. 204 (1825); Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 29 (1851), and Cat. Tort. p. 21 (1844). Testudo rubriventris, Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. p. 101 (1830). Terrapene rubriventris, Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Ed. R. A. p. 154 (1830). Emys irrigata, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 276 (1885). —— rubriventris, Dum. § Bibr.t. c. p. 281; Holbr. N. Am. Herp. ii. p. 55, pl. vi. (1842); Dekay, Faun. N. Y., Rept. p. 16, pl. vii. fig. 14 (1842). rivulata, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 22 (1844), and Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 27, pl. xi. (1855). rugosa, Leconte, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 189. Pseudemys serrata, Gray, Sh. Rept. i. p. 84, and Suppl. p. 46 (1870). Ptychemys rugosa, Agass. Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 481, pls. xxvi. & xxvii. (1857). Clemmys rugosa, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 83 (1862). rubriventris, Strauch, Verth, Schildkr. p. 86 (1865). Pseudemys rugosa, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 52 (1875). Very closely allied to the preceding, but carapace more elongate and somewhat constricted at the sides in the adult. Both jaws strongly and coarsely serrated, upper notched mesially, with a cusp on each side. Colour of carapace very variable, sometimes very similar to that of C. concinna, often reddish with a black network ; plastron yellow, with black blotches or symmetrical markings in the young, reddish or red in the adult. Length of shell 27 centim. 6. CHRYSEMYS.—7. OCADIA. 85 United States, east of Ohio, from New York and New Jersey to North Carolina. a. Hegr., spir. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Instit. b-d. Yg., spir. N. America. Lord Ampthill [ P.}. 6f,9 3,2, & ye, N. America. stftd. h,t,k. 3 9, skel. N. America. i. Shell. N, America. (Type of Emys rivulata.) 12, Chrysemys mobiliensis. Emys mobilensis, JZolbr, N. Am. Herp. i. p. 71, pl. ix. (1842) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 25 (1844); A. Dum. Cat. Méth. p. 11 (1851). Ptychemys mobiliensis, Agassiz, Contr. N. H, U.S. i. p. 458, pl. iii. figs. 14-16 (1857). Clemmys mobilensis, Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p. 52 (1862). Pseudemys mobiliensis, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. HH, (8) xii. p. 182 (1863). Distinguished from C. concinna and C. rubriventris, to which it is closely allied, by the greater elevation of the shell anteriorly ; from the former by having the beak notched and bicuspid as in the latter, from which it differs by having the upper jaw but very finely serrated. Borders of the Gulf of Mexico, from Florida to North Mexico. 7. OCADIA. Emys, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 14 (1844), and Sh. Rept.i. p. 19 (1855) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 21 (1864). Clemmys, part., Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 28 (1862). Ocadia, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 85 (1870). Neural plates hexagonal, sh ort-sided in front. Plastron exten- sively united to the carapace by suture, with strong axillary and inguinal buttresses, extending to halfway between the marginal and neural plates, the latter anchylosed between the fifth and sixth costal plates ; entoplastron intersected by the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch; alveolar surfaces broad, of upper jaw with a median ridge ; choane between the eyes. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits entirely webbed. Tail moderate. China. 1. Ocadia sinensis. Emys sinensis, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 53, and Cat. Tort. p. 17 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 20, pl. vil. (1855) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 27 (1864). bennettii, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 21, and Sh. Rept. i. p. 22, pl. x. Clemmys sinensis, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 32 (1862). bennettii, Strauch, l. c., and Verth. Schildkr. p. 72 (1865). Ocadia sinensis, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 85 (1870). H2 86 TESTUDINID®. Carapace moderately depressed, with three obtuse, interrupted keels in the young; the lateral keels usually disappearing 1 the adult ; the shields smooth or concentrically striated ; nuchal as broad as long, or longer than broad ; first vertebral broader anteriorly than posteriorly ; second and third yertebrals as long as broad, or broader Fig. 23. Skull of Ocadia sinensis. (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1878.) than long ; posterior margin not serrated. Hind lobe of plastron notched, narrower than the opening of the shell, as long as or a little shorter than the width of the bridge; the longest median suture is that between the abdominal shields, the shortest that between the humerals ; the length of the suture between the pectorals equals or exceeds that of the gulars and humerals together; inguinal and axillary large. Head rather small; snout obliquely truncate, rather strongly projecting; upper jaw not hooked, feebly notched mesially ; both jaws with finely denticulated edge ; alveolar surface of upper jaw broad all round, with a feeble, slightiy tuberculate median ridge; the width of the mandible at the symphysis much less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Digits broadly webbed. Tail about two thirds the length of the shell in the young, half in the males, two fifths in the females. Carapace olive-brown, — 7. OCADIA. 87 with a yellowish spot on each of the dorsal shields; plastron yellowish, each shield with a large dark brown blotch; four round dark spots on the bridge, the two largest on the pectoral and abdominal shields, the two others on the axillary and inguinal; lower surface of marginals yellowish, each shield with a round brown spot or ocellus. Head and neck with numerous narrow, light, black-edged longitudinal lines; similar lines and reticulations on the limbs, Length of shell 23 centim. Southern China (Formosa and Canton), Fig. 24. Shell of Ocadia sinensis. a. Her., stfid. S. China. J. ine Esq. [P.]- (Type.) b-g. Hgr., 5, 2, Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. vee yg: , spir. pEor:. ’ skel. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.}. t. Had shell. Formosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. he sf Ye., spir. Taiwanfoo, Formosa, Mm. 6 , stfid. Zoological Society. (Types of Emys bennettii.) n. Hgr., shell. —-? 8s TESTUDINIDE. 8. MALACOCLEMMYS. Emys, part., Dum. Zool. Anal. p. 76 (1806) ; Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 232 (1835). Clemmys, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 136 (1830) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 28 (1862). Terrapene (non Merr.), part., Bonap. Osserv. s. sec, Ed. d. R. A, p. 155 (1830). ; Malaclemys, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 283 (1844), and Sh, Rept. i. p. 37 (1855), and Suppl. p. 41 (1870). Graptemys, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 436 (1827); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 45. Malacoclemmys, Agassiz, 1. c. p. 437. Neural plates hexagonal, short-sided in front. Plastron exten- sively united to the carapace by suture, with feeble axillary and inguinal peduncles, the latter anchylosed to the fifth costal plate ; entoplastron anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a Fig. 25. Skull of Malacoclemmys terrapen. (From Gray, P. Z.S8. 1869.) bony temporal arch; alveolar surface very broad, without median ridge; choanz behind the level of the eyes. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits webbed. ‘Tail short. North America. 8. MALACOCLEMMYs. 89 Synopsis of the Species. Carapace much depressed; the length of the hind lobe of the plastron much ex- ceeds the width of the bridge ........ 1. terrapen, p. 89. Carapace tectiform, the vertebral keel obtuse and not tubercular; hind margin but moderately serrated ................ 2. geographica, p. 90. Carapace tectiform, with strong vertebral keel ending in a tubercle on each shield ; posterior margin very strongly serrated . 3. lesweurii, p. 91. 1. Malacoclemmys terrapen. Testudo terrapin, Schoepff, Test. p. 64, pl. xv. (1792). centrata, Daud. Rept. i. p. 153 (1802). concentrica, Shaw, Zool. iii. BE 45, pl. ix. (1802). Emys centrata, ‘Schweigg. Prodr. p. 32 (1814); Say, Journ, Ae. Philad. iv. p- 205 (1825). Testudo palustris (non Gmel.), Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. p. 115 (1830). Terrapene palustris, Bonap. Osserv. s. sec, Ed. d. R. A. p. 157 (1830). Emys concentrica, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 27 (1831) ; Bell, Mon. Test. pl. — (1854) ; ‘Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 261 (1835). terrapin, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 87, pl. xii. (1842) ; Dekay, Faun. N. Y., Rept. p. 11, pl. xxiii. fig. 68 (1842) ; Wied, N. Acta Ae, Leop.-Carol. XXxii. 1 p. 16 (1865). palustris, Dekay, l. c. p. 10, pl. iii. fig. 5. Malaciemys concentrica, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 28 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 37 (vars. concentrica, centrata, tuberculifera) (1855), and Suppl. p. 42 (1870). Emys macrocephala, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 26. Malacoclemmys palustris, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 437, pl. i. figs. 10-12 (1857). Clemmys Loe Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 152 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 90 (1865). Emys pileata, Wied, 1. ec. p. 17, pl. i. figs. 2 & 3, & pl. ii. figs. 1-4. Carapace much depressed, oval, posterior border sometimes dis- tinctly reverted, very rarely serrated ; a more or less strong, inter- rupted, vertebral keel or series of subconical tubercles; dorsal shields concentrically grooved, or smooth; nuchal moderate, as broad as long or a little broader than long; first vertebral broader anteriorly than posteriorly ; vertebrals 2 to 4 much broader than long, broader than costals. Plastron a little smaller than the opening of the shell, obtusely angulated laterally ; bridge rather narrow, its width considerably less than the length of the hind plastral lobe ; latter openly notched posteriorly ; relative proportions of the plastral shields very variable ; the suture between the abdo- minals and that between the anals are of equal length, or the latter is the shorter; pectorals usually much smaller than abdominals, sometimes very slightly smaller; axillary and inguinal rather small. Head large; snout short, more or less obtusely pointed ; upper beak 90 TESTUDINID A. pendent, not hooked, forming an open notch mesially ; alveolar surface of upper jaw narrowing towards the symphysis; the width of the mandible at the symphysis equals or a little exceeds the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Limbs stout, tubercular rather than scaly. The tail measures about two fifths the length of the carapace in the male, less in the female; a low dorsal crest of enlarged compressed scales on the postanal part of the tail. Cara- pace olive, with black concentric lines, or uniform blackish; plastron yellowish or reddish, blotched, speckled, or vermiculated with black, or with black concentric lines. Soft parts grey, spotted or vermi- culated with black. Length of shell 17 centim. Salt-marshes of Atlantic coast of North America, from New York to Texas. a. 3, spir. N. America. Smithsonian Institution. b,c. 3 QO, spir. N. America, d, e, f. Ad., stffd. N. America. Gen. Hardwicke [P. ]. g. Ad., stffd. N. America. Lord Derby [P.]. h,i,k. Ad., skels. N. America. “. Yg., shell. N. America. (Type of var. tuberculifera.) m,n, 0. Ad. & her., shell, N. America. 2. Malacoclemmys geographica. Testudo geographica, Lesweur, Journ. Ac. Philad. i. p. 86, pl. v. (1817); Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. ¥. iii. p. 108 (1830). Emys geographica, Say, Journ. Ac. Philad. iv. p. 204 (1825); Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 99, pl. xiv. (1842); Dekay, Faun. N. Y., Rept. p. 18, pl. iv. fig. 7 (1842); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 21 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 28 (1855). Tepe iene geographica, Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Ed. d. R. A. p. 156 (1830). Emys geographica, part., Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 256 (1835). megacephala, fHolbr. l. c. p. 76; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 21. labyrinthica, A. Dum. Cat. Méth. Rept. p. 13 (1851). Graptemys geographica, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 486, pl. ii. . Hse 7-9 Cok Grey, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 45 (1870). ‘lemmys geographica, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 33 2 Verth. Schiller p- 79 (1865). Pe a Malacoclemmys geographica, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 53 (1875). Carapace tectiform, the keel obtuse and not tubercular, widening posteriorly, the hind margin but moderately serrated, the posterior marginals not or but very indistinctly notched; nuchal usually longer than broad; vertebrals 2 to 4 much broader than long, as broad as or a little narrower than costals; shields smooth or feebly striated. Plastron obtusely angulated laterally ; the length of the hind lobe but little greater than the width of the bridge; the longest median suture is that between the abdominal shields, which nearly equals that between humerals and pectorals ; axillary and inguinal large. Head large; snout short and obtusely pointed; alveolar 8. MALACOCLEMMYS. 91 surface still broader than in M, terrapen; the width of the mandible at the symphysis exceeds the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Limbs broadly webbed, scaly. Tail of male nearly half the length of the carapace. Olive above, reticulated with yellowish ; plastron yellowish, uniform or with wavy dark lines. Head and neck dark olive or blackish, with numerous yellowish lines; a large triangular yellowish spot behind the eye, above the tympanum ; limbs and tail streaked or marbled with black and yellowish. Length of shell 22 centim. Mississippi Valley to Pennsylvania and New York. a. Her. 3, spir. Pennsylvania. b. Her., skel. Louisiana. e. Her., skel. N. America. Dr: J. E. Gray [P. |. d, Ad., skel. N. America. Smithsonian Institution. 3. Malacoclemmys lesueurii. Lesueur, Mém. Mus. Paris, xv. p. 267 (1827). Emys lesueurii, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 51 (1831). geographica, part., Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 256 (1835). pseudogeographica, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 105, pl. xv. (1842); Dekay, Faun. N. ¥., Rept. p. 19, pl. ii. fig. 8 (1842); A. Dum. Cat. Méth. Rept. p.9 (1851); Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 29 (1855) ; Wied, N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. xxxii. i. p. 31 (1865). Graptemys lesueurii, Ayass. Contr. N. H. U. S. i. p. 486, pl. il. fies. 10-12 (1857). Clemmys pseudogeographica, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 33 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 80 (1865). Graptemys pseudogeographica, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xii. p. 180 (1863), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 45 (1870). Malacoclemmys pseudogeographicus, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 53 (1875). lesueuri, True, in Yarrow, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 34 (1882). Allied to VW. geographica, but vertebral keel stronger, ending in a tubercle on each shield ; posterior border very strongly serrated, each marginal being notched ; anterior border often openly emarginate. Head smaller. Carapace brown or olive, with yellowish reticula- tions ; a large dark brown spot on each vertebral and costal shield; plastron yellowish, marbled with brown, or with broad dark vermi- culate bands. Head and neck with yellow lines; a crescentic or angulated, broader, yellow transverse streak behind the eye. Length of shell 24 centim. Mississippi Valley to Wisconsin and Ohio, a, b, c, d,e,f. Ad., hgr., & Louisiana. W. P. Smith [C.]. yg., stffd. g. Hgr., spir. Mississippl. h. Her., spir. N. America. Smithsonian Institution. 2. Ad., stffd. N. America. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.}. k. Ad., stffd. N. America. l, Ad., shell. N. America. Smithsonian Institution. 99 TESTUDINID.E. 9. DAMONTA. Emys, part., Dum. §& Bibr. ii. p. 232 (1839) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 14 (1844); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 21 (1864). int Geoclemmys, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 17 (1855). Clemmys, part., Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p. 28 (1862). Damonia, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 193, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 42 (1870). Neural plates hexagonal, short-sided in front. Plastron exten- sively united to the carapace by suture, with long axillary and Skull of Damonia subtrijuga. (From Gray, P.Z. 8. 1869.) inguinal peduncles; the latter anchylosed between the fifth and sixth, exceptionally fourth and fifth costal plates; entoplastron intersected by the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch; alveolar surfaces very broad, without median ridge ; choanz behind the level of the eyes. Skin of posterior part of head divided into small shields. Digits webbed. Tail short or moderate. Kast Indies, China, Japan. 9, DAMONTA, 93 Synopsis of the Species. I. Carapace tricarinate. A. Axillary and inguinal shields present. Keels interrupted, formed of a nodose promi- nence on each of the vertebral and costal BRIG Aven eed. ie WO ahhh Mie AUS ine an fd ase 1. hamiltoni, p. 93. Keels continuous, the laterals not extending to the fourth costal shields ............ 2. subtrijuga, p. 94. Keels continuous, the laterals extending to Ghertourihy costal ccm cts: a noes cess. oO TeevESiL, Pp. 95: B. Axillaryshield absent, inguinal minute; lateral keels very feeble .......... 4, mutica, p. 96. wn. Carapaceunicarimateé. . . 5... 2%5.6 a6 aes 5. nigricans, p. 97. 1. Damonia hamiltonii. Emys hamiltonii, Gray, Syn. Rept. pp. 21,72 (1851); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 315 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 19 (1844); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 32 (1864) ; Anders. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 751. picquotii, Less. Bull. Se. Nat. xxv. p. 120 (1851), and in Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or., Zool. p. 294 (1854). euttata (non Sehn.), Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. pl. Ixxvi. fig. 1 (1882). Geoclemmys hamiltonii, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 17 (1855). Clemmys hamiltonii, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 82 (1862). Damonia hamiltonii, Gray, Proce. Zool, Soc. 1869, p. 195, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 43 (1870) ; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 11 (1876). Melanochelys pictus, Murray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xiv. p. 107 (1884). Clemmys paleeindica, Lydekker, Pal. Ind. (10) iii. p. 178, pl. xxi. figs. 1 & 5 (1885). Carapace much elevated, with three interrupted keels or scries of nodose prominences corresponding with the vertebral and costal shields ; posterior border strongly serrated in the young, feebly in the adult; nuchal moderate, broader posteriorly than anteriorly ; first vertebral not or scarcely broader anteriorly than poste- riorly ; second and third vertebrals broader than long in the young, nearly as long as broad in the adult, narrower than the costals. Plastron large, angulated laterally, truncate anteriorly ; posterior lobe much narrower than the opening of the shell, nearly as long as the width of the bridge, deeply notched posteriorly ; the longest median sutures are those between the abdominals and between the humerals, the shortest those between the humerals and between the anals. Head rather large; snout very short, not projecting ; upper jaw emarginate mesially ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis nearly equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit; a large shield, sometimes divided into three, covers the upper surface 94 TESTUDINID&. of the snout and the crown; one round the upper jaw and one on each side between the eye and the ear. Digits webbed to the claws. Tail extremely short. Shell dark brown or blackish, elegantly marked with yellow spots and radiating streaks. Soft parts dark brown or blackish, with round yellow | spots, largest on the head and neck. Length of shell 22 centim. Bengal, Punjab, Upper Sind. Fossil in the Siwaliks of the Punjab. a. Ye., stffd. India. (Type.) b. Ad., shell & skull. Bengal. R. Lydekker, Esq. [ E.]. ee Yg., spir. ? Zoological Society. Yg., skel. —P 7 Yg., ’ shell & skull. ——? 2. Damonia subtrijuga. Emys trijuga (non Schweigg.), Schleg. Faun. Japon., Rept. p. 64 (1833). subtrijuga, Schleg. § Mill. in Temminck, Verh. Naturk. Nederl, Ind. p. 80 (1844) ; Hubrecht, Notes Leyd. Mus. iii. p. 48 (1881). Geoclemmys macrocephala, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 479, pl. xxi., and 1861, p. 189. Clemmys macrocephala, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 82 (1862). Emys nuchalis, Blyth, Journ, As. Soe, Beng. xxxii. p. 82 (1863). —— macrocephala (non Gray, 1844), Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 31 (1864). Damonia macrocephala, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 194, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 48 (1870). Bellia nuchalis, Gray, Suppl. p. 41. Damonia oblonga, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) viii. 1871, p. 367, and xi. 1873, p. 299. Carapace depressed, tricarinate, the lateral keels not extending to the fourth costal shields; posterior border not serrated; nuchal moderate, broadest behind ; vertebrals 2 to 4 a little broader than long, much narrower than the costals. Plastron smaller than the open.ng of the shell, flat in both sexes, angulated laterally, truncate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; the width of the bridge nearly equals the length of the hind lobe; the abdominal shields form the longest median suture; the suture between the gulars as long as or.shorter than that between the humerals ; axillary and inguinal present. Head very large; snout projecting ; upper jaw emarginate mesially ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis exceeds the horizontal diameter of the orbit; four large shields on the head—one round the upper jaw, another covering the snout and the crown, and one on each side between the eye and the ear. Digits webbed to the claws. ‘Tail extremely short, Shell brown above, with a more or less distinct black spot on each shield ; plas- tron yellow, each shield with a large black blotch. Soft parts dark brown ; a yellow streak from the end of the snout to the temple, following the canthus rostralis and the supraorbital edge; another S 9. DAMONIA. 95 from the loreal region to the angle of the mouth; two or four vertical yellow streaks below the nostrils; a V- or Y-shaped yellow marking on each side of the mandible ; sides of neck with yellow streaks. Length of shell 20 centim. Siam, Camboja, Java. a, b. Hgr., stfid. Siam. M. Mouhot [C.]. (Types of G. macrocephala.) e. Yg., dry. Siam. M. Mouhot [C. }. d. Ye., shell. Siam. M. Mouhot tet e. Yg., spir. Siam. W. H. Newman, Esq. [P. ]. fig. 2 & yg., stffd. Camboja. M. Mouhot [C. }. & Ye., shell. Camboja. z. 3, stttd. Batavia. (Type of D. oblonga.) k. Yg., spir. Batavia. Dr. Bleeker. (As Cistudo gibbosa.) l. Ye., spir. ? m. 9, skel.* —? (Specimen mentioned by Gray as Emys subtrijuga.) 2,0. 9 & her., skel. ——P 3. Damonia reevesii. Emys reevesii, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 73 (1831); Dum. § Bibr. i; p- 315 (1835) ; Gray. Cat. Tort. p. 18 (1844); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 29 (1864) ; Riitimeyer, Verh. Naturf. Ges. Basel, vi. p. 48 (1873). vulgaris picta, Schleg. Abbild. p. 127, pl. xlii. (1844). japonica, 4. Dum. Cat. Méth. Rept. p. 8 (1851), and Arch. Mus. vi. p. 220 (1852). Geoclemmys reevesii, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 18, pl. v. (1855). Clemmys reevesii, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 104 (1862). Damonia reeyesii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 194, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 44 (1870), and Ann. &§ Mag. N. H. (4) x1. p- 148 (1878). Carapace depressed, tricarinate, posterior border not serrated ; nuchal small, posterior border usually notched; vertebrals 2 to 4 broader than long, a little narrower than the costals. Plastron large, flat in both sexes, angulated laterally, posterior lobe narrower than the opening of the shell (especially in the male), nearly as long as the bridge is wide, deeply notched posteriorly ; the abdominal shields form the longest median suture; the suture between the gulars longer than that between the humerals; axillary and inguinal shields present. Head rather large; snout projecting; upper jaw scarcely emarginate mesially ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is a little less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit ; four large shields on the head—one round the upper jaw, one covering the snout and the crown, and one on each side between the eye and the ear. Digits webbed to the claws. Tail one third to half the length of theshell. Carapace brown: plastron yellowish, each shield with a large dark brown blotch, or dark brown with the * The skull attached to this specimen belongs to Nicoria trijuga! 96 TESTUDINIDA. sutures yellowish. Soft parts olive; sides of head with more or less distinct yellowish curved lines ; two or three yellowish streaks along each side of the neck ; throat and lower surface of neck spotted with yellowish. Length of shell 122 centim. China, Japan. a. Her., stffd. China. J. Reeves, Esq. pt} b. Her., shell. China. J. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. (Types.) ce. 9, spir. China. d. 9, stffd. Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C. ]. e-f. 32, spir. Shanghai. Rt. Swinhoe, Esq. | C.]. g. Yg.,spir.(with con- Kiu-Kiang. Dr. W. Lockart [P.]. fervoid growth). h. Yg.,spir.(withcon- Kiu-Kiang. Mr. F. W. Styan [C. ]. fervoid growth). 7-l. Q & yg., spir. Mountainsnorth Myr. Pratt [C. ]. of Kiu-Kiang. m. Yg.,spir.(withecon- Chi-Tsen, J. Walley, Esq. [P.]. feryoid growth). n. 9, spir. Foo-Choo. St. Petersburg Mus. [ E. }. o. 2, spir. Japan, Capt. H. C. St. John [P.]. p. d, shell. Japan. A. Adams, Esq. [C.]. q. Ugr., stffd. P r. 3, skel. —-P Var. unicolor. Damonia unicolor, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xii. p. 78 (1873). Clemmys unicolor, Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 517, pl. xliv. Uniform black. a-b. S, spir Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. c. 6, stfid. Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, ae C.]. > (Types.) d. 3, skel. Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Fea. C. 4, Damonia mutica. Emys mutica, Cantor, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. ix. p. 482 (1842) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 25 (1864). nigricans, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 20, pl. xv. fig. 2 (1855 Damonia nigricans, part., Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. "Rept. 1. p. 44 (1870), Carapace moderately depressed, tricarinate, the vertebral ridge strong, the laterals very feeble; nuchal small; vertebrals broader than long, a little narrower than the costals. Front and hind lobes narrowed, former truncate, latter deeply notched; sides obtusely angulated ; the width of the bridge equals the length of the hind lobe; the abdominal shields form the longest median suture, the gulars the shortest; no axillary shield, inguinal minute. Carapace brown; plastron yellowish, each shield with a large black blotch. Length 73 centim Southern China. a. Hgr., shell. Canton. Dr. Cantor. (Type.) 9, DAMONIA.—LO. BRLLIA. 97 5. Damonia nigricans. Kmys nigricans, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 53, and Cat. Tort. p-. 18 (1844) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 26 (1864). nigricans, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 20, pl. vi. (1855). Clemmys nigricans, Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p. 32 (1862), Damonia nigricans, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 195, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 44 (1870). Carapace tectiform, unicarinate, posterior border not serrated ; nuchal very small or absent ; vertebral shields broader than long, a little narrower than costals. Plastron not angulated laterally, flat in the male ; hind lobe narrower than the opening of the shell, nearly as long as the bridge is wide, deeply notched posteriorly ; the abdo- minal shields form the longest median suture, the humerals the shortest ; axillary and inguinal shields well developed. Head rather small ; snout projecting ; upper Jaw scarcely notched mesially. Digits webbed to the claws. Tail about two thirds the length of the shell. Carapace dark brown; plastron yellow, black-spotted, bridge black; marginals inferiorly half black, half yellow, the two colours forming a festooned pattern. Head and limbs blackish ; sides of head and neck with interrupted yellow streaks; throat yellow, varied with black. Length of shell 11 centim. Southern China. a. 9, shell, China. J. Reeves, Esq. [P.]. (Type.) b. S, stitd. P Zoological Society. d 10. BELLIA. Emys, part., Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 252 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 14 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 19 (1855); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p- 21 (1864). Clemmys, part., Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 28 (1862). Bellia, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 197, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 34 (1870). Orlitia, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 156 (1873). Heteroclemmys, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1874, p. 622. Neural plates hexagonal, short-sided in front. Plastron exten- sively united to the carapace by suture, with long axillary and inguinal buttresses, the latter anchylosed between the fifth and sixth costal plates ; entoplastron intersected by the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces without median ridge; choanz between the eyes. Skin of hinder part of head divided into small shields. Digits webbed. Tail very short, not longer in the young than in the adult. Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. QS TESTUDINIDE. 1. Bellia crassicollis. Emys crassicollis, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 21 (1831), and Ill. Ind. Zool. i. pl. Lxxvi. fig. 2 (1832) ; Dum. § Bibr, ii. p. 825 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 16 (1844); Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 3 (1847); Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 20 (1855); Gtinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p- 28, pl. iv. fig. H (1864). — spengleri, part., Schleg. Faun. Japon., Rept. p. 49 (1833). nigra, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc, Beng. xxiv. 1855, p. 713 (1856), and xxxii. 1863, p. 81. Clemmys erassicollis, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 32 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 69 (1865). Bellia crassicollis, Gray, Proe. Zool. Soe. 1869, p. 197, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 40 (1870). erassilabris, Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 10 (1876). Carapace moderately depressed, tricarinate in the young, the keels, especially the laterals, becoming indistinct in old specimens ; vertebral region flattened in the adult male; posterior border serrated ; nuchal small, broadest behind; posterior side of first Fig. 27. Skull of Bedlia crassicollis, (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1869.) vertebral not half the length of the shield in the adult ; vertebrals 2to 4 as long as broad or a little broader than Jong, much nar- rower than the costals, narrowly in contact with each other in old specimens ; in the latter the antero-lateral sides are conyex, the postero-lateral longer and concave. Plastron smaller than the opening of the shell, truncate anteriorly, angularly notched pos- teriorly, feebly concave in the males, strongly angulated laterally in young specimens, feebly in old ones; the width of the bridge about equals the length of the hind lobe; relative size of plastral shields very variable; abdominals usually forming the longest 10. BELLIA. 99 median suture, humerals the shortest ; axillary and inguinal shields present. Head rather large, snout very short, not prominent ; upper jaw strongly curved on each side, not hooked; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is a little less than the diameter of the orbit. Digits webbed to the claws; front of forearm and outer side of leg with large transverse band-like scales. Shell dark Fig. 28. ; | te i} > i o} Z Shell of Beldia crassicollis. brown or black, plastron usually with yellowish variegations, or bands following the sutures of the shields, or a broad band along each side. Soft parts dark brown or black; some large yellow spots on the head, viz. above the eye, above the ear, below the ear, and on each side of the mandible; these spots become indistinct in old specimens. Length of shell 17 centim. Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. a,b,c. $2 & her. Mergui. Prof, Oldham [P.]}. shells. d, e. Skulls. Mergui. Prof. Oldham { P.]. St. 9, shell. Tenasserim ? W. Theobald, Esq. [C.]. g. Hegr., stffd. Siam. M. Mouhot [C.]. h, Q, stffd. Malay Peninsula. Dr. Cantor. t. Her., shell. Sumatra. T. Bell, Esq. [P.]. (Type.) I 100 TESTUDINID. k. Her., spir. Sumatra. Leyden Museum. l. Yg., spir. Sumatra. | m,n. Her. & yg., Borneo. L. L. Dillwyn, Esq. [P.]. splr. o. Her., skel. Borneo, L. L. Dillwyn, Esq. [P.]. p,q. &, stitd. ig eM) —? 8. Her., stftd. —? 2. Bellia borneensis. Orlitia borneensis, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 157 (1873). Clemmys (Heteroclemmys) gibbera, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1874, p- 622, pl. 11. Carapace very convex, tectiform, with a single obtuse keel, dis- tinct only posteriorly ; posterior border serrated, the posterior mar- ginals very much smaller than the others ; shields slightly rugose ; nuchal rather large, a little broader than long; vertebrals broader than long, narrower than the costals, second and third hexagonal equilateral ; fourth costal not half as large as third. Plastron smaller than the opening of the shell, truncate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly, strongly angulated laterally; the width of the bridge much exceeds the length of the hind lobe ; pectoral, abdominal, and femoral shieids equal in length; the shortest median sutures formed by the anal and humeral shields; axillary and inguinal shields present. Head as in B. crassicollis. Digital webs very much developed. Uniform brown. Length of shell 8 centim. Borneo. a. Her. (?), stffd. Sistang. Dr. Bleeker. (Type.—Cistudo borneensis, Blky.) 11. CLEMMYS. Emys, part., Dumér. Zool. Anal. p. 76 (1806); Dum. §& Bibr. ii. p- 252 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 14 (1844), and Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 19 (1855). Chersine, part., Merrem, Tent. p. 29 (1820). Clemmys, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 186 (1880) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 23 (1862). Terrapene (non Merr.), part., Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Ed. d. R. A. p. 155 (1830). Chelopus, Rafin. Atlant. Journ. p. 64 (1832). eae part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 17 (1855), and Suppl. p. 26 (1870). Nanemys, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U. S. i. p. 442 (1857). Calemys, Agassiz, 1. c. p. 443. Glyptemys, Agassiz, l. c.; Gray, Suppl. p. 28. Actinemys, Agassiz, 1. c. p. 444. Chelopus, part., Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1865, p. 185. Mauremys, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 499, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 34, Sacalia, Gray, Suppl. p. 35. Emys, Gray, l. ¢. p. 36. Emmenia, Gray, 1. c. p..38. Eryma, Gray, 1. c. p. 44 11. cLemMMys. 101 Neural plates hexagonal, short-sided in front. Plastron exten- sively united to the carapace by suture, with short axillary and inguinal buttresses, just reaching the first and fifth costals respec- tively ; entoplastron intersected by the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar surfaces without median ridge ; choanz between the eyes. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits more or less distinctly webbed. Tail moderate in the adult, long in the young. South Europe, North-west Africa, South-western Asia, China, Japan, North America. Skull of Clemmys insculpta. (From Gray, P. Z.S. 1869.) Synopsis of the Species. I. The median suture between the anal shields shorter than that between the femorals. Upper jaw notched mesially, finely den- PUG M bE Cg Aicyeltoecplgs oan's 2c chs ain, 2 1. caspica, p. 103. Upper jaw notched mesially, not denticu- LNVEL te Seas OC eAS Ec (occ, co EE nea Ean 2. leprosa, p. 105. Upper jaw not notched .............. 3. japonica, p. 106. 12 102 TESTUDINID. II. The median suture between the anals longer than that between the femorals. A. The length of the median suture between the femoral and anal shields nearly equals the width of the bridge. 1. Digits webbed to the claws; upper jaw not NOLCHEU ss ee eee 4, bealii, p. 107. . Digits webbed at the base ; upper jaw notched in the middle, with a cusp on each side. Posterior border of carapace serrated .... 5. insculpta, p. 107. Posterior border of carapace not serrated. 6. muhlenbergu, p. 108. Fig. 30. a Ne APO ts ot hy 3 ev Ae etn ctmecmnccn Seo TOR cnet RI on Shell of Clemmys leprosa. B. The length of the median suture between the femoral and anal shields exceeds the width of the bridge ; upper jaw simply notched in the middle. Digits feebly webbed ................ 7. guttata, p. 109. Digits webbed to the claws ............ 8. marmorata, p. 110. 11. crpMnys. 1038 1. Clemmys caspica. Testudo caspica, Gmelin, Reise d. Russl. iii. p. 59, pls. x. & xi. 309%" Schneid. Schildkr, p. 344 (1783) ; Daud, Rept. ii. p. 124 02). —— greca (non L.), Pall. Zoogr. Ross.-As. iii. p. 17 (1811). Emys caspica, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 87 (1814) ; Hichw. Zool. Spee. iii. p- 196 (1831) ; Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 255 (1835). Clemmys caspica, Wagler, Icon. Amph. (1830) ; Eichw. Faun. Casp.- Caue. p. 45, pls. iii. & iv. (1841) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 117 (1862); Llanf. Zool. E. Persia, p. 309 (1876). Emys grayi, Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 504, pl. xxxviii. Emmenia grayi, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 88 (1870). Carapace rather strongly depressed, with an obtuse vertebral kee] and a more or less distinct costal keel in the young; in the half- grown, the lateral keels disappear, but a trace of the vertebral keel usually remains, even in old specimens ; posterior margin not at all serrated ; vertebral shields broader than long, nearly as broad as the costals ; nuchal of moderate size. Plastron large, flat or convex in the female, very slightly concaye in the male; truncate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; the width of the bridge a little less than the length of the hind lobe; the longest median sutures formed by the abdominal and femoral shields, which are either equal or the former is the longer; axillary and inguinal shields well developed, latter largest. Head moderate; upper jaw not hooked, notched in the middle ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit; edge of jaws finely denticulated in the halfgrown and adult. Digits webbed to the claws. ‘Tail about three fifths the length of the carapace in the young, half in the males, two fifths or one third in the females. Carapace olive or olive-brown above, with elegant curved yellowish streaks, which form a more or less regular @0 on each costal shield and a ring on each marginal; these markings most distinct in the young, especially after removal of the epidermic shields; lower surface of marginals constantly yellow, with the sutures black, and two oval black spots on marginals 3 to 7. Plastron yellow, with large black spots, which nearly cover the whole surface in the young, the border and the bridge remaining, however, constantly yellow, with black sutures. Head olive; a yellow line on the canthus rostralis and supraorbital border, two or three on each side of the snout, and four on each temple; no ocelli; neck with numerous yellow, finely black-edged streaks, three of which, along the nape, are broadest and extend to the occiput. Soft parts streaked and handsomely marbled with dark olive on a yow ground, Length of shell 18 centim. Southern borders of Caspian Sea to Persian Gulf, 104 TESTU DINID. a-b, Hgr. ¢,spir. Near Shiraz, Persia. W. T. Blanford, Esq. bet ce. 9, shell. fa Near Shiraz, Persia. | W.'T. Blanford, Esq. {C. }. d. Yg., shell. Basrah. Dr. Leith [P.]. (Type of ‘ E. grayi.) e-g. 9 & yg.,spir. Basrah. Zoological Society. ve, spir. - Fao, Head of Persian W. D. Cuming, Esq. [P.]. Gulf. t. Yg., spir. Euphrates Expedition. Var. rivulata. Clemmys caspica, Michah. Isis, 1829, p. 1295 ; Wagl. Icon. Amph. pl. xxiv. (1830); Strauch, l. e. (part.). Emys caspica, Michah. Isis, 1830, p. 816; Bibr. § Bory, Expéd. Se. Morée, Zool. p. 57 (1833) ; Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 255 (part.) (1838) ; Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 22 (part.) (1855); Schreeb. Herp. Eur. p. 528 (1875); Lortet, Arch. Mus. Lyon, iv. p. 21, pl. vil. (1887). rivulata, Valence. in Bory, op. eit. pl. ix. fig. 2 (1880 ?). Terrapene caspica, Bonap. Saggio Distr. Metod. p. 28 (1832), and Icon. Faun. Ital. (1856). > Emys tristrami, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 190, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 86 (1870). —— caspica, var. arabica, Gray, Suppl. p. 36. pannonica, Gray, l. ¢. arabica, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 298 (1878). ; Clemmys caspica orientalis, Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. lvi. p. 335 (1882). Lateral dorsal keels are very distinct in the young, and traces of them may usually be seen in the adults. Dorsal shields elegantly marked, in the young, with flexuous yellowish lines; large oval - dark brown spots alternating with the arrangement of the mar- ginals inferiorly ; plastron dark brown, with a small yellowish spot on the outer side of each shield; all these markings becoming indistinct or disappearing in the adult. Plastral bridge constantly dark brown. Head with a few very fine yellow lines, but no ocelli ; neck with yellow lines arranged as in the typical form ; soft parts olive, with yellow streaks, the dark ground-colour predominating. Length of shell 18 centim. Dalmatia, Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, Syria. a, Yg., shell. §. Europe. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.}. b. &, stffd. S. Europe. e. Yg., spir. Valley of the Meinder. R. McAndrew, Esq. ) a) (wes. | (Types of d. Yg.,spir. Xanthus. Sir C. Fellows [P.]. > E. pan- e. Yg., spir. Asia Minor. A. Christie, ae monica.) Pea S-g. Yg., spit. Cyprus. pe @ uillemard [C.]. Lord Lilford [ P.]. h. 2, shell & Yarmuk River. Canon Tristram [C. }. skull, (Type of L. tristrami.) ik, Her. & Mt. Carmel. Canon Tristram [C.}. yg, spir. (Types of 2. arabica.) m,n. Q, Syria. stffd, 11. cLEMMys. 105 2. Clemmys leprosa. Emys leprosa, Schweigg. Prodr, p. 29 (1814); Strauch, Erp. Alg. . 18 (1862). ? Emys marmorea, Spia, Test. Bras. p. 13, pl. x. (1824); Dum. § Bibr. ii, p. 248 (1835). Clemmys sigriz, Michah, Isis, 1829, p. 1295. Emys vulgaris, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 24, pl. iv. (1831). Terrapene sigriz, Bonap. Saggio Distr. Metod. p. 29 (1832). Emys lutaria (non L.), Bell, Mon. Test. pls. xxxi. & xxxii. (1835). sigriz, Dum. § Bibr, ii. p. 240 (1835); Hichw. Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose, (2) ix. p. 415 (1854); Lortet, Arch. Mus. Lyon, iv. p. 19, pl. vii. (1887). caspica, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 19 (1844), and Sh, Rept. i. p. 22 (1855); Schrevb. Herp. Eur. p. 528 (1875). laticeps, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1852, p. 154 (1853), and Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 23, pl. ix. —— fuliginosa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 223, pl. xxx. Clemmys marmorea, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 32 (1862). laticeps, Strauch, 1. e. leprosa, Strauch, l. ec. p. 122, and Verth. Schildkr. p. 74 (1865). Mauremys laniaria, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 499, pl. xxxvii. ; fuliginosa, Gray, 1. c. p. 500, and Suppl. Cat, Sh. Rept. i. p. 35 (1870). Emys flavipes, Gray, ll. ec. p. 643, pl. 1., and p. 87; Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soe, 1872, p. 603. fraseri, Gray, ll. ce. p. 648, and p. 36, and Ann, & Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 146 (1873). laniaria, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 37. Eryma laticeps, Gray, /. ¢. p. 45. Emys caspia, var. leprosa, Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. ix. p. 126 (1874). pas caspica sigriz, Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose, lvi. p. 340 (1882). Very closely allied to C. caspica, but unquestionably a distinct species. Head larger, the difference conspicuous in halfgrown as well as adult specimens ; in old specimens the head becomes very massive, short and broad, with very strong jaws with broad alveolar surfaces, the width of the mandible at the symphysis nearly equalling the horizontal diameter of the orbit; edge of jaws never denti- culated. Lateral dorsal keels distinct in newly-born specimens only. Carapace dark olive in the young, with an oval orange spot or short longitudinal streak on each shield ; uniform pale olive in the adult. Plastron dark brown in the young, with a yellowish border, yel- lowish or pale olive in the adult. Head olive; sides with orange or yellow streaks or vermiculations, and a round orange spot between the eye and the ear and a more or less defined ring of the same colour round the latter ; neck with orange or yellow streaks, three or four on each side ; limbs streaked olive and yellow or orange, either the one or the other colour predominating; these bright markings become very indistinct in old specimens. Length of shell 20 centim. South of Spain and Portugal, Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Sene- gambia. 106 TESTUDINIDA, a, Yg., spir. Minas de 8. Domingo, Dr. Gadow [C.]. Alemtejo. b,c. Yg., skel. Santa Marta (Murcia?), Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. d, Her., shell. Europe. T. Bell, at Pal ef. Yg., spir. N. Africa. Mr. Fraser [C.]. (Types of E. fraserv.) g-h. Yg., spir. ‘Tangiers. M. H. Vaucher [C.]. w-k. 9, spir. Morocco, Zoological Society. lm. 3oQ,stfid. Algeria. n. Yg., spir. Algeria. KE. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. o-s. ¢ 9, stfid. Gambia. (Types of Zi. laticeps.) t-u. Hegr., spir. P Zoological Soc. (Types of LE. laniaria.) »,w, 2. Hgr.& yg.. ——? Zoological Soe. (Types of spir. E, flavipes.) y. Her., stffd. — Zoological Soc. (Type of E. fuliginosa.) z,a. 9, skel. —? Zoological Soe. B. Q, stfid. —? Dr. J. BE. Gray [P.]. y. 2, spir. —? Lord A. Russell [P.]. 3. Clemmys japonica. Emys vulgaris japonica, Schleg. Faun. Japon., Rept. p. 58, pls. viil., ix. (1838), and Abbild. p. 126, pl. xli. (1844). japonica, Gray, Cat. Tort. p..19 (1844); Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 22 (1855), and Suppl. p. 86 (1870). caspica, var. japonica, 4. Dum. Cat. Méth. Rept. p. 8 (1851), and Arch. Mus. vi. p. 219 (1862). Clemmys japonica, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 32 (1862). Carapace rather strongly depressed, with an obtuse keel; pos- terior margin serrated ; each posterior marginal, in the young, bicuspid ; vertebral shields much broader than long, nearly as broad as the costals in the adult; nuchal of moderate size. Plastron large, scarcely concave in the male, truncate or openly emarginate anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; the width of the bridge equals the length of the hind lobe; the longest median suture is that between the abdominal shields, the shortest that between the humerals; axillary and inguinal shields well developed, latter largest. Head rather small; upper jaw neither hooked nor notched ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is less than the hori- zontal diameter of the orbit. Digits webbed to the claws. ‘Tail about as long as the carapace in the young, half as long in the adult. Shell dark brown above, black inferiorly ; in the young the anterior and posterior plastral lobes narrowly margined with yellowish ; soft parts olive-brown or blackish ; a pale brown streak along the outer border of the limbs and a broad pale brown band along the upper surface of the tail. Length of shell 14 centim. Japan. a-b. 3 & hegr., spir. Japan. Leyden Museum. ce. Her., spir. Japan. d. Yg., spit. Kobe. H.M.S. ‘ Challenger.’ e-h. Yg., spir. Yokohama. H.M.S. ‘Challenger.’ See SK _ 11. cLemmys. 107 4, Clemmys bealii. Cistuda bealii, Gray, Syn. Rept. p: 71 (1831). Emys bealii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 54; Dum. & Bibr. ii. p- 823 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 17 (1844), and Cat. Sh. Rept. 1, p. 21, pl. viii. (1855); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 23 (1864). Clemmys bealii, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 32 (1862). Sacalia bealii, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh, Rept. i. p. 85 (1870). Carapace moderately depressed, obtusely keeled behind, rather elongate, smooth; posterior margin not serrated; vertebral shields much broader than long, as broad as the costals; nuchal narrow. Plastron large, truncate anteriorly, openly emarginate posteriorly ; the width of the bridge equals the length of the hind lobe; abdo- minal shields much larger than the pectorals; the longest median suture is that between the abdominals, the shortest that between the gulars or the humerals ; the suture between the anals longer than that between the femorals; axillary small, inguinal minute or absent. Head moderate ; upper jaw neither hooked nor notched; the width of the mandible at the symphysis equals the diameter of the orbit. Digits webbed to the claws. Tail about one fourth the length of the shell in the female. Carapace yellowish brown, closely speckled and lanceolated with black; plastron yellowish, dotted or spotted with black; head yellowish brown, speckled with black ; a black, yellow-edged ocellus on each side of the occiput; upper and lower jaw vertically lineolated with black; neck with light longitudinal streaks, three on the upper surface. Length of shell 14 centim. China. a. 9, stfid. China. J. Reeves, Esq. [P.1. | b. Her., shell. China. Ji Reeves, Esq. [P.}. { (Types.) 5. Clemmys insculpta. Emys pulchella (non Schoepff), Schweigg. Prodr. p. 84 (1814) ; Dum. & Bibr. ii. p. 251 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 20 (1844). - scabra (non L.), Say, Journ. Ac, Philad, iv. p. 204 (1825), Terrapene scabra, Bonap. Osserv. s. Sec. Hd. d. R. A. p. 157 (1830), Testudo insculpta, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. p. 112 (1830). Emys speciosa, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 26 (1831). insculpta, Harlan, Med. Phys. Res. p. 152 (1885) ; Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 93, pl. xiii. (1842); Dekay, Faun. N. York, Rept. p. 14, pl. iv. fig. 8 (1842); Wied, N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. xxxii, i. p- 11 (1865). Geoclemmys pulchella, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 18 (1865). Glyptemys inseulpta, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 448 (1857). Clemmys insculpta, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 104 (1862), and Verth, Schildkr. p. 66 (1865). Glyptemys pulchella, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 196, and Suppl. Cat. Sh, Rept. i, p. 28 (1870). Chelopus insculptus, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 53 (1875). Carapace rather strongly depressed, flattened on the vertebral 108 TESTUDINIDZ. region, with a permanent obtuse keel; posterior border serrated ; shields with strong radiating and concentric strie ; nuchal very narrow, almost linear; first vertebral not broader in front than behind; vertebrals 2 to 4 as broad as or a little narrower than the costals. Plastron large, concave in the male, angularly emarginate posteriorly ; the width of the bridge but little less than the length of the hind lobe; abdominal shields larger than pectorals; the longest median suture is that between the abdominals, which, how- ever, may be equalled by that between the anals; the shortest that between the humerals; axillary small, inguinal often absent. Head moderate; snout not prominent; upper jaw bicuspid and notched in the middle; the width of the mandible at the symphysis nearly equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Digits short, shortly webbed. Tail about one third the length of the shell in the female. Carapace blackish, with radiating yellow lines; plastron and lower surface of marginals yellow, each shield with a large black blotch. Soft parts dark brown or olive, sides of head speckled with red. Length of shell 18 centim. N.E. United States, from Maine to Pensylvania and N. Jersey. a. 9, stffd. Pensylvania. be. 3 9, skel. Pensylvania. d. Q, spir. N. America. Capt. J. Anderson [P.]. e, f. db, skel. N. America. g. 2, shell. N. America. 6. Clemmys muhlenbergii. Testudo muhlenbergii, Schoepff, Test, p. 152, pl. xxxi. (1792) ; Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. p. 119 (1830). Emys muhlenbergii, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 41 (1814) ; Dum. & Bibr. it, p. 304 (1835); Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 45, pl. iv. (1842) ; Dekay, Faun. N. Y., Rept. p. 17, pl. viii. fig. 15 (1842); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 20 (1844). biguttata, Say, Journ. Ae. Philad. iv. p. 212 (1824). Terrapene muhlenbergii, Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Ed. d. R. A, p. 160 (1830). Geoclemys muhlenbergii, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 19 (1855), and Suppl. p. 27 (1870). Calemys muhlenbergii, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 443 (1857). Clemmys muhlenbergii, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 32 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 67 (1865). Chelopus muhlenbergii, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p. 53 (1875). Closely allied to the preceding, but shell more convex, often with distinct areolations in the adult; vertebral shields 2 to 4 as broad as or a little broader than the costals; plastral bridge a little broader, as long as the longitudinal suture between the femoral and anal shields. Upper jaw with a cusp on each side of the median notch. Digits and claws very short; web very indistinct. Cara- pace dark brown, with yellowish or pale brown blotches or radiating lines; plastron blackish on the sides and behind, yellowish or pale brown in front and in the middle; head dark brown above, with or ab CLEMMYS. 109 without lighter variegations; a large, subtriangular orange spot on each side above the ear; limbs brownish yellow, with black and orange spots. Length of shell 9 centim. New York to North Carolina. a. 3, spir. Upper Darby, Pensylvania., Smithsonian Instit. [ P.]. b. 2, spir. Pensylvyania. ce. 9, stfid. N. America. 7. Clemmys guttata. Testudo guttata, Schneid. Schrift. Ges. Naturf. Fr. x. p. 264 (1792). punctata, Schoepff, Test. p. 25, pl. v. (1792); Daud. Rept. ii. p. 159, pl. xxii. (1802); Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. p. 117 (1830). Emys guttata, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 40 (1814); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 295 (1835) ; Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 81, pl. xi. (1842) ; Dekay, Faun. N.Y. , Rept. p. 13, pl. vi. fig. 12 (1842); Gray, nee Tort. p. 26 (1844); Wy ‘red, N. Acta Ae. Leop.- -Carol, Xxxil. 1. p. 2 (1865). punctata, Merr. Tent. p. 24 (1820). Terrapene punctata, Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Ed. d, R. A. p. 159 (1830). Geoclems guttata, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 19 (1855), and Suppl. . 27 (1870). Naan guttata, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 442, pl. i. figs. 7-9 (1857). Clemmys guttata, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 107 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 67 (1865). Geoclemmys sebe, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p, 188. Chelopus guttatus, Cope, Check-List N. Am. Rept. p- 53 (1875). Carapace moderately depressed, smooth and without trace of a keel in the adult ; nuchal very narrow, often almost linear; verte- brals 2 to 4 much broader than long, a little narrower than the second costal. Plastron large, concave in the males, openly emarginate posteriorly ; the width of the bridge much less than the length of the hind lobe ; abdominal shields larger than pectorals; the longest median suture is that between the anal shields, the shortest that between the humerals; axillary and inguinal shields small or absent. Head moderate; snout not prominent; upper jaw not hooked, notched in the middle; the width of the mandible at the symphysis nearly equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Digits short, with short or rudimentary web; claws moderate. Tail about one third the length of the shell in the female, two fifths to one half in the male, two thirds in the young. Carapace deep black, each shield with one or more round yellow spots; plastron black and yellow, the black usually predominating; head black above, with a few round yellow spots, and a larger subtriangular one on each side above the ear; lips, lower surface of neck, and limbs black and yellow or reddish. Length of shell 11 centim. United States, east of Ohio and north of South Carolina. 110 TESTUDINID 2. a. do, spir. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Instit. { P.]. b. Q, stffd. Delaware. E. Doubleday, Esq. [P.]. c-e. dQ, spir. N, America. Dr, J. E. Gray [P. ]. fig 3 Q, spir. N, America, h. 3, skel. N. America. i,k. o 9, shells. N, America, 8. Clemmys marmorata. Emys marmorata, Baird § Gir. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1852, p. 177; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 16 (1870). nigra, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 91, and Rep. U. 8. Explor, Surv. R. R. x. pt. iv. p. 3, pl. i. (1859). Actinemys marmorata, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 444, pl. ii. figs, 5-8 (1857); Girard, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herp. p. 465, pl. xxxii. (1858). Clemmys marmorata, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 108 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 68 (1865). wosnessenskyi, Strauch, li.ce. p. 114, pl. —, & p. 68. Geoclemys marmorata, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 27 (1870). wosnessenskyi, Gray, App. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 11 (1872). Chelopus marmoratus, Cope, Check-List N, Am. Rept. p. 53 (1875). Strikingly resembling Hmys orbicularis. Carapace obtusely uni- carinate in the young, the keel becoming almost or quite indistinct in the adult; shields nearly smooth in the adult, with radiating stric in the young. Nuchal small, narrow ; vertebrals 2 to 4 much broader than long, a little narrower than the second costal. Plastron large, concave in the male, openly emarginate posteriorly ; the width of the bridge much less than the length of the hind lobe; pectoral and abdominal shields subequal in size; the longest median suture is that between the anals, the shortest that between the humerals ; axillary and inguinal shields absent or small. Head rather large ; upper jaw not hooked, notched in the middle; the width of the mandible at the symphysis nearly equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Digits webbed to the claws, which are long and strong. Tail about half as long as the shell in the males. Carapace dark olive or blackish, with yellowish dots or radiating lines, which markings may disappear in old specimens ; plastron yellow, sutures black, with or without some large black blotches. Head olive or brown above, with small black markings, yellow inferiorly, uniform or black-dotted; limbs brown, spotted with black and yellow. Young coloured like those of Emys orbicularis. Length of shell 18 centim. California. a-b. 3, spir. Pacific Coast of N. America. ce. Hgr.g, spir, Santa Cruz. Mr, A. Forrer [C.}. d, Hgr.d, shell. San Diego. Mrs. Rosa Smith Eigenmann [ P.]. 12. Emys. 111 12. EMYS. Emys, part., Dumér. Zool, Anal. p. 76 (1806); Merrem, Tent. p. 22 (1820); Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 138 (1830) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud, p- 27 (1862). Emys, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. p. 270 (1822); Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Ed. d. R. A. p. 164 (1880); Agassez, Contr, Nat. Hist. U.S. i. p. 441 (1857). Terrapene, part., Bell, Zool. Jowrn. ii. p. 808 (1825). Cistudo, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 17 (1831); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p-. 207 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 29 (1844). Lutremys, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 31, and Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 40 (1855), and Suppl. p. 22 (1870). Emydoidea, Gray, Suppl. p. 19. Neural plates hexagonal, short-sided in front, Plastron united to carapace by ligament, and more or less distinctly divided, in the adult, into two lobes movable upon a ligamentous hinge between ‘, % . yx _pSHEVel Sprain Zenza all "1 ~efpicehmmnnnes pus HERIOT EDI LITE Ply, e wmoeessit ype ATA AES npn y Shell of Emys orbicularis, the hyo- and hyposternals, both of which bones contribute to the formation of the bridge; entoplastron intersected by the humero- ie TESTUDINID&. pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch ; alveolar sur- faces without median ridge; choane between the eyes. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits webbed. Tail moderate in the adult, long in the young. Europe, North-west Africa, Western Asia, Eastern North America. 1. Emys orbicularis. Testudo orbicularis, Linn. S. N. i. p. 851 (1766). europea, Schneid. Schildkr. p. 823 (1783) ; Schoepff, Testud. p. 1 pl. i. (1792); Share, Zool. iii. p. 30, pl. v. (1802) ; Bojanus, Anat. Test. Eur. (1819). lutaria (non L.), Schneid. 1. c. p. 338; Daud. Rept. ii. p. 115 1802). BA meleagris, Shaw, Nat. Misc. iv. pl. exliv. (1790). pulchella, Schoepff, 1. ¢. p. 113, pl. xxvi. flava, Daud. 1. c. p. 107. Emys lutaria, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 35 (1814); Gravenh. Delic. Mus. Zool. Vratisl. p. 11, pl. iii. (1829); Bonap. Faun. Ital. (1834) ; Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. pl. xi. (1851); De Betta, Erp. Veron. p. 101 (1857); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 101 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 49 (1865). europea, Schweigg. l. c. p. 86; Brandt § Ratzeb. Med, Zool. i. p- 182, pl. xxi. (1829); Schulz, Faun. March. p. 442 (1845). pulchella, Merr. Tent. p. 25 (1820); Gravenh. 1. c, p. 14, pl. iv. Terrapene europea, Bell, Zool. Jowrn. ii. p. 3808 (1826). Cistudo europea, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 19 (1831); Bibron § Bory, Expéd. Sc. Morée, iti. p. 61, pl. ix. fig. 1 (1833); Dum. §& Bibr. ii. p- 220 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 31 (1844) ; Fatio, Vert. Suisse, iii. p. 835 (1872); De Betta, Faun, Ital., Rett. Anf. p. 13 (1874); Lataste, Herp. Gir. p. 36 (1876). hellenica (Val.), Bibr. § Bory, 1. c. pl. viii. (1832 ?). Lutremys europea, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 40 (1855); Lortet, Arch. Mus. Lyon, iv. p. 15, pl. vi. (1887 . Cistudo lutaria, Strauch, Erp. Alg. p. 17 (1862); Schreib. Herp. Eur. p- 537 (1875). Emys orbicularis, Blanf. Zool. E. Persia, p. 308 (1876); Bouleng. Proe. Zool, Soc. 1887, p. 555, pl. 1. fig. 2. References to Fossil remains :— Emys turfa, H. v. Meyer, N. Jahrb. f. Min. 1835, p. 67, and Mus. Senckenb, ii. p. 60 (1837). lutaria, var. borealis, Nilsson, Sv. Vet. Ak. Handl. f. 1839, p. 194, pls. iii, & iv. (1841). lutaria, Steenstr. Overs. Vid. Selsk, Forh. 1848, p. 74, and 1855, p-1; A. Newton, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) x. p. 224, pls. vi., vil. (1862); Z. 7. Newton, Geol. Mag. (2) vi. p. 804, pl. viii. (1879) ; H. B. Woodward, Tr. Norf. § Norw. Nat. Soc. iii. p. 86 (1880). Cistudo europea, Riitim. Mitth. Antig. Ges. Ziirich, xiii. p. 41 (1860). Emys europea, Jager, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou, 1861, p. 190; H. v. Meyer, Paleontogr. xv. p. 208, pl. xxxv. (1867) ; Sordelli, Atti Soe. Ital. Sc, Nat. xv. p. 152, pl. ii. (1872). Lutremys europea, Portis, Boll. Comit. Geol. Ital. 1887, p. 50. Carapace a short oval, broadest posteriorly, its width more than 12. Emys. 113 two thirds its length; young with a distinct keel, which disappears more or less completely in the adult. Nuchal small, longer than broad; first vertebral broader in front than behind; vertebrals 2 to 4 much broader than long. Plastron large, but not closing entirely the shell; width of bridge nearly one fourth the length of the plastron; the bridge formed to a lesser extent by the hyoplastron than by the hypoplastron, the peduncle of which is also more developed ; hind lobe truncate or openly emarginate ; pectoral and abdominal shields subequal in size; the longest median suture is that between the anals, the shortest (usually) that between the humerals ; axillary and inguinal shields absent or small. The smallest diameter of the interorbital space equals the vertical dia- meter of the orbit; upper jaw not hooked, broadly emarginate in the middle; the length of the mandible equals about four times its diameter at the symphysis. Limbs scaly, extensively webbed. Tail with more or less distinctly verticillate scales, about as long as the shell in the young, two thirds that length in the adult males, half or a little less in the females. Carapace dark brown or black, with more or less numerous light (usually yellow) dots or radiating lines ; plastron yellow, brown and yellow, or nearly entirely blackish brown in the adult; shell of young dark brown above, black inferiorly, with a large yellow spot on each marginal and on the outer side of each plastral shield. Head dark brown or black, with lighter dots, which are yellow in the female and pale brown in the male; lower surface of head and neck yellow, spotted with blackish. Limbs and tail blackish, more or less abundantly spotted with yellow. Specimen / is remarkable for the predominance of the yellow colour, the carapace being yellow, each shield with fine black radiating lines *. Length of shell 19 centim. South Europe, East Central Europe, South-western Asia, Algeria. Has been found in Pleistocene deposits in Sweden, Denmark, Norfolk, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, and Lombardy. a. Numerous skeletons, Poland. Sir R. Owen [P.]. shells, and dry pre- parations, made by Bojanus, and figured in his anatomical work. 6. Q, skel. Berlin. Dr. A. Giinther [C.}. ec. Yg., spir. Albania. W. W. Saunders, Esq. [P.]. d-e. Yg., spir. Venice. Lord A. Russell [P.]. - jf. Many specs., ¢,9, Chirignago, near M. de Betta [P.]. her., and yg., spir. Mestre, Proy. Ve- rona. Ga Onispir. Talais, Gironde. M. F. Lataste [P.]y h. 9, spir. Laguna Almenara, Lord Lilford [P. ]. Castellon. * In a young specimen from Mahon, Baleares, in M. Lataste’s collection, the yellow likewise predominates on the carapace. 114 TESTUDINIDZ, t. 9, stffd. Astrakan ? k,l. Q & yg., skel. Europe. m. 9, spir. Enzeli, on the Cas- W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. pian Sea. n. 9, shell. Enzeli, on the Cas- W. T. Blanford, Esq. [C.]. pian Sea. 0, p. dQ, spir. Bismil, Kurdistan. Dr. Lortet [P.]. 2. Emys blandingii. Cistuda blandingii, Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 39, pl. iii, (1842) ; Dekay, Faun. N. York, Rept, p. 25, pl. i. fig. 2 (1842). Lutremys meleagris (non Shaw), Leconte, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 189. Emys meleagris, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 442, pl.iv. figs. 20-22 (1857). —— plandingii, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 28 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 56 (1865); Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 555, pl. 1. fiorall: Emydoidea blandingii, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept., Suppl. p. 19 (1870). Carapace rather more elongate than in Z. orbicularis, its greatest width about two thirds of its length in the adult. Postorbital part of the head much longer; interorbital space narrower ; the width of the mandibular symphysis one sixth the length of the mandible. Tail shorter; of male about twice and two thirds in the length of the shell, of female four times, of young once and a half. Carapace black, with round pale yellowish or brownish spots; plastron yellow, with a large black blotch on the outer and posterior side of each shield. Head dark brown above, with lighter dots or vermiculations, uni- form bright yellow inferiorly ; limbs black and yellow. Length of shell 21 millim. N.E. United States ; Canada. a-b, c-e. 6,2, & hgr., spir. Michigan. f. 9, stffd. Michigan. g. Q, skel. ? 13, CISTUDO. Terrapene, part., Merrem, Tent. p. 27 (1820); Bell, Zool. Journ. it. p. 808 (1825); Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 6 (1826); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 25 (1862). Cistuda, part., Mleming, Phil. Zool. ii. p. 270 (1822). Cistudo, Bonap. Osserv. s. sec. Ed. d. Rk. Anim. p. 162 (1830); Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 89 (1855), and Suppl. p. 18 (1870) ; Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 444 (1857). Emys, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 188 (1830). Cistudo, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 17 (1831); Dum. & Bibr. ii. p. 207 (1834); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 29 (1844). Diclida, part., Rafin. Atlant. Journ. p. 64 (1832). Pyxidemys, part., Fitzing. Ann. Wien. Mus. i. p. 114 (1885). Emyoides, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 27. Onychotria, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 17. — - »- 13. cIsTUDO. 115 Neural plates mostly hexagonal, short-sided in front, the cighth absent, the corresponding costals meeting on the median line. Plastron divided into two movable lobes separated from each other and from the carapace by ligament; entoplastron intersected by the humero-pectoral suture. No bony temporal arch ; alveolar surface without median ridge; choanze between the eyes. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits almost free, or with a very short web. ‘Tail short. North America. Skull of Cistudo carolina, (From Gray, P.Z.8. 1869. 1. Cistudo carolina, Edwards, Nat. Hist. iv. pl. eev. (1750); Bloch, Schrift. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. vii. p. 181, pl. i. (1787). Testudo carolina, Linn. S. N. i. p. 352 (1766) ; Daud. Rept. ii. p. 207 (1802). — carinata, Linn. 1. ec. p. 355. clausa, Gmel. S. N.i. p. 1042 (1789) ; Schoepff, Test. p. 32, pl. vii. (1792) ; Daud. 1. c, p. 207, pl. xxiii. figs. 1 & 2; Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. ¥. iii. p. 124 (1830). virgulata, Daud. /. ec. p. 201, pl. xxiii. figs. 3 & 4. Emys clausa, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 46 (1814). virgulata, Schwergg. l. c. p. 47. schneideri, Schweigg. l. c. p. 48. Terrapene clausa, Merr. Tent. p. 28 (1820) ; Bell, Test. (1836). Cistudo clausa, Say, Journ. Ac. Philad. iv. p. 214 (1825). Terrapene carolina, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 809 (1825). maculata, Bell, 7. c. ? Terrapene nebulosa, Bell, 1. c. p. 310. Cistudo carolina, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 18 (1831); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p- 210 (1835) ; Holbr. N. Am. Herp. i. p. 31, pl. ii. (1842); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 30 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p.389 (1855); Wied, N. Act, Ae. Leop.-Carol. xxxii. i. p. 1, pl. i. fig. 1 (1865); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh, Rept. i. p. 19 (1870). K 116 TESTUDINID”, Cistudo virginea, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U. S. i. p. 445, pl. Iv. figs. 17-19 (1857). : Terrapene carinata, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 96 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 45 (1865). : Carapace very convex, subhemispherical or shortly oval, with at least a trace of an obtuse vertebral keel which is more distinct in the young. Vertebral shields broader than long, and narrower than the costals. Plastron hermetically closing the shell, without trace of a bridge, broader posteriorly than anteriorly; the abdominal Fig. 33. Suell of Céstudo carolina. shields, and a very short portion of the pectorals, in contact with the marginals ; the longest plastral shields are the femorals or the anals, the smallest the gulars; the longest median suture is that between the anals; abdominals larger than pectorals. Upper jaw hooked, the hook entire. Limbs scaly. Digits with a very indistinct web, Carapace usually dark brown or blackish, with yellow spots; or brownish yellow with dark brown spots or rays; frequently an interrupted yellow streak follows the vertebral ridge; plastron brown or blackish, uniform or with irregular yellowish blotches ox 13. cIsTUDO. a Laly/ rays, or yellowish with smaller or larger blackish blotches. Head, neck, and limbs brown, with yellow or orange spots or marblings. Length of shell 13 centim. Kast United States. a, Hgr., spir. Towa. Smithsonian Instit. b. ay spir. New Haven, Conn. Dr. G. Baur re ce. 9, spir. Charleston, 8. Carolina. Dr. G. Baur “ee d. 2, stftd. N. America, Dr, J. E. Gray [ e. 9, stffd. N. America. Dr. J. Green [P. fg. 2& her., stfid. N. America. Gen. Hardw hae h,t. 3 Q, stfid. N. America. k. 3, skel. N. America. l. Q, skel. N. America. Dr. Gunther [P.]. m. 2, spir. N. America. The three following forms, which I provisionally admit as varieties, perhaps deserve to rank as species :— Var. major. Cistudo major, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 445 (1857). Larger and more oval, less gibbose. Hook of upper jaw notched, bicuspid. Digits shortiy but very distinctly webbed. Carapace brown with yellow spots, or yellowish olive with dark brown dots and margins to the shields; plastron yellow, the sutures between the shields blackish, Head and limbs brown with yellow or orange spots. Di cnath of shell 17 centim. Louisiana, Alabama, Florida. a, b,c, d. 3 9, stfid. Louisiana. W. P. Smith [C.] Qf o 2. N. America. Var. cinosternoides. Emys kinosternoides, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 82 (1881) *; Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 803 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 27 (1844). Cistudo triunguis, Agassit, Contr, N, H. U.S. 1. p. 445 (1857), Shell as in the typical form. Hook of upper jaw notched, bi- cuspid. No trace of web between the digits; only three clawed functional digits to the hind limb. Carapace pale olive or yellowish, with or without dark spots; plastron uniform yellowish, with the sutures blackish. Length of shell 13 centim. S.E. United States. a. Q, spir. Mississippi. Smithsonian Instit. b. 2, spir. p Zoological Society. c. 3, skel. —-? * Type (in College of Surgeons) examined. K2 118 TESTUDINIDZ. Var. mexicana. Cistudo (Onychotria) mexicana, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1849, p. 17, a mexicana, Gray, (Cat. SiuReph, i. p. 40 (Bsa) cand siege p. 19 (1870) ; Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p.17 (1870); Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 1 (1885). Onychotria mexicana, Dugés, La Naturaleza, 1888, p. —. Carapace oval, more tectiform; an additional, smaller, vertebral shield between the fourth and fifth; second costal shield twice as broad as long. Hook of upper jaw notched, bicuspid. No distinct web between the digits ; only three claws to the hind limb. Cara- pace brown with yellow spots or radiating lines; plastron variegated brown and yellow. Head uniform yellow above; limbs brown, with yellow spots. Length of shell 17 centim. Mexico. a, b. 9, stftd. Mexico. (Types.) 2. Cistudo ornata. Cistudo ornata, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 445, pl. 111, figs. 12 & 15 (1857). Carapace short, rather depressed, the vertebral region flat and without any keel or ridge, even in the young; shields as in C. carolina. Plastron not closing completely the shell, connected with the carapace by a very short but distinct bridge. Hook of upper jaw notched. Digits without distinct web. Carapace and plastron dark brown or black, elegantly marked with yellow spots and radiating lines ; a yellow vertebral line. Head and limbs brownish, with yellow spots. Length of shell 12 centim. Nebraska, Kansas, Lowa, Missouri, Illinois. a-d. 9 & yg.,spir. Southern Bonn, Kansas. Smithsonian Institution. e. d, shell. N. America. 14. NICORIA. Chersine, part., Merrem, Tent. p. 29 (1820). Emmys, part., Dum. § Bab. ii. p. 252 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 14 (1844), and Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 19 (1855); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 21 (1864). Been part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1834, p. 100, and Cat. Tort. p. 14. Nicoria, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 17, and Suppl. p. 26 (1870). Clemmys, part., Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 28 (1862). Rhinoclemmys, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xii. p. 182 (1863) ; and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 29. Chelopus, part., Cope, Proc. Ae. Philad, 1865, p. 185. Melanochelys, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 187, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 33. Geoclemmys, part., Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 26. Neural plates mostly hexagonal, short-sided behind, or alternately 14, NICORIA. 119 tetragonal and octagonal. Plastron extensively united to the cara- pace by suture, with short axillary and inguinal buttresses, just reaching the first and fifth costal plates respectively ; entoplastron intersected by the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch; alveolar surfaces without median ridge; choane between the eyes. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits with a short web, or without, Tail short, not longer in the young than in the adult. East Indies ; Central and South America. Skull of Micoria trijuga. (From Gray, P. Z.8. 1869.) Synopsis of the Species. I. Carapace tricarinate. Anterior and posterior margin of carapace strongly serrated ; beak strongly hooked. 1. spengleri, p. 120. Borders of carapace not serrated; beak more or less distinctly notched........ 2. trijuga, p. 121. II. Carapace unicarinate. Digits shortly but distinctly webbed ; second vertebral shield not or but slightly broader than long in the adult ........ 3. punctularia, p. 123. Digits very shortly webbed; second ver- tebral shield broader than long; a row of large scales on the inner front of the lower half of the tibia .............. 4. gabbit, p. 126. 120 TESTUDINIDE. No web between the digits; width of the mandible at the symphysis less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit; second vertebral shield much broader than long 5. annulata, p. 126. No web between the digits; width of the mandible at the symphysis equal to the horizontal diameter of the orbit ; second yertebral shield much broader than long 6. rubida, p. 127. Fig. 35. r é aA gyn aaa an al 4 . JP 7 aCe erie, Ta gece acu a y Shell of Nicorta trijuga. 1. Nicoria spengleri. Walbaun, Schr. ges. Naturf. Freunde, vi. p. 122, pl. iti. (1785). Testudo spengleri, Gmel. S, N.i. p. 1043 (1789); Daud. Rept. ii. p. 103 (1802), serrata, Shaw, Zool, iii. p. 51, pl. ix. fig. 2 (1802).. 14, NICORIA. 121 Testudo tricarinata, Bory de St. Vine. Voy. dans les quatre princ. Iles des Mers d’ Afrique, ii. p. 808, pl. xxxvii. fig. 1 (1804). Emys spengleri, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 41 (1814); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p: 807 (1885). Geoemyda spengleri, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 100, and Cat. Tort. p. 14 (1844). Nicoria spengleri, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 17 (1855). Clemmys spengleri, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 82 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 63 (1865). Carapace much depressed, strongly tricarinate ; anterior border serrated, posterior border expanded and very strongly serrated, each marginal being acutely pointed. Vertebral shields broader than long, about as broad as the costals; nuchal moderate, trapezoid, broadest and emarginate posteriorly. Plastron large ; the width of the bridge about equals the length of the posterior lobe, which is broadly notched; front lobe openly emarginate anteriorly. As regards size, the plastral shields take the following order, com- mencing with the largest: abdominals, femorals, pectorals, humerals, anals, gulars; no axillary or inguinal shields. Beak strongly hooked, not notched ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is less than the diameter of the orbit. Tail a little longer than the head. Yellowish brown above, speckled with brown and with traces of black lines following the dorsal keels; plastron blackish brown, with a yellowish band on each side, which separates the blackish colour of the bridge from that of the rest of the plastron. Length of carapace 10 centim. Sumatra, Borneo; Southern China? a. 9, stftd. China. J. Reeves, Esq. [P.], b. Q, spir. P Zoological Society. c. Her., shell. —? 2. Nicoria trijuga. ? Testudo scabra, Linn. S. N. i. p. 851 (1766). Emys trijuga, Schweigg. Prodr. p.41 (1814); Dum. § Bibr, ii, p. 310 (1834); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 16 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 20 1855). le petaiwer Lesson in Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or., Zool. p. 291, pl. i. 1834). nice trijuga, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 32 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 66 (1865). Melanochelys trijuga, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 187, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 83 (1870), and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 297 (1873); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 12 (1876). sebee, Gray, l. c. p. 34. Emys trijuga, var. maderaspatana, Anders, Zool. Res, Yunnan, p. 729 (1879). Carapace moderately depressed, tricarinate. Vertebral shields in the adult as long as broad or longer than broad, and much narrower than the costals; nuchal moderate or small, sometimes absent. 122 TESTUDINID&. Plastron large; the width of the bridge equals or a little exceeds the length of the posterior lobe, which is broadly notched ; front lobe truncate. Proportions of the plastral shields as in the prece- ding species; axillary and inguinal shields present. Upper jaw not hooked, notched mesially; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is less than the diameter of the orbit. Digits distinctly webbed. Tail shorter than the head. Shell brown, with a yellow band on each side of the plastron; keels sometimes yellowish. Head brown, in the young reticulated with yellowish (in spirit), and with a yellowish line from the eye to above the tympanum. Length of shell 22 centim. India. a,b. 9 & hgr.,shells. | Ramandroog, near Bel- Lord Dormer [P.}. lary, 3000 feet. ec. Yg., shell. Poonah. Dr. Leith [P.]. d. Ye., spir. Malabar. Col. Beddome [C.]. e. Her., stffd. India. Dr. J. EH. Gray [Pa J: Vegi, spit: India. Lord A. Russell [P. ]. g. Ad., skull. India. Prof, Oldham [P.]. Var. thermalis. Emys thermalis, Lesson, Cent. Zool. p, 86, pl. xxix. (1830). Emys trijuga, Kelaart, Prodr, Faun. Zeyl. p. 177 (1852); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 29, pl. ii. fig. C (1864). Geoclemmys seba, Gray, Cat. Sh, Rept. i. p. 18. Clemmys thermalis, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p.32, and Verth. Schildkr. . 66. Malateahelns sebee, Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 12. Emys trijuga, var. sebze, Anders. 1. ¢. Shell dark brown in the young, with a broad yellow border to the plastron ; keels often yellowish ; shell of adult deep black, with a narrow yellow border to the plastron. Soft parts blackish; head of young and halfgrown with irregular bright-orange spots, which disappear in the adult. Length of shell 21 centim. Ceylon. a,b. 3 Q, stffd. Ceylon. Zoological Society. e. Yg., spir. Ceylon. Zoological Society. d. 2, shell. Ceylon. Dr. Kelaart. e. 9, shell. Ceylon. Ff-g. Yg., spir. Ceylon. B. H. Barnes, Esq. [P.}. h. Yg., spir. Ceylon. Col. Beddome[C.]. ~ i, k,l. Her. & Ceylon. yg., spir. m. Yg., spir. Trincomalee. n. Her., spir. Diego Garcia,Chandos G.C. Bourne, Esq. [C.]. Group (imported ?). 0, p. 9 and her., —? : shells. 14. NICORIA. 128 Var. edeniana. Melanochelys edeniana, T’heob. J. ¢. Emys trijuga, var. burmana, Anders. 1. c. p. 729, pls. lvii. & lviii. A larger race, with the shell deep black, with a sternal border, and sometimes also the keels, yellowish. Light markings on the head, if present, small. Length of shell 40 centim. Burma. a-f. Hgr. & yg., spir. Bhamo. M. L. Fea [C.]. g, h. 3 Q, shells. Burma. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.]. 3. Nicoria punctularia. Testudo scabra (non L.), Daud. Rept. ii. p. 129 (1802). punctularia, Daud. 1. c. p. 249. Emys punctularia, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 86 (1814); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 243 (1835); Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 9 (1885). Chersine punctularia, Merv. Tent. p. 29 (1820). mys dorsualis, Spixv, Test. Bras. p. 11, pl. ix. figs. 1 & 2 (1824). scabra, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 24 (1831); Bell, Mon. Test. p.—, pls. xxix. & xxx. (1834); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 20 (1844), and Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 31 (1855). Clemmys punctularia, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. pp. 33 & 128 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 81 (1865). Geoclemmys callocephalus, Gray, Proc, Zool, Soc. 1863, p. 254, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 27 (1870). Rhinoclemmys scabra, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) xii. p. 182 (1863), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 80, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, ay hype bellii, Gray, il. ces ? Chelopus punctularius, Cope, Proc. Ac, Philad. 1865, p. 185. Rhinoclemmys lunata, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 144 1873). tas Sean Gray, l.¢. — ventricosa, Gray, l. c. p. 145. Carapace moderately depressed, unicarinate, often openly emargi- nate anteriorly. Vertebral shields, in the adult, about as broad as long, and much narrower than the costals; nuchal very small, sometimes absent. Plastron large; the width of the bridge exceeds the length of the posterior lobe, which is broadly notched; front lobe truncate or openly emarginate anteriorly. Axillary and in- guinal shields present, small. Dorsal shields granular, rough, in the young. Head small, snout projecting ; upper jaw not hooked, with a slight, sometimes indistinct notch ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is much less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit. Digits shortly but distinctly webbed. Tail not longer than the head. Shell dark brown, plastron bordered with yellowish. Head dark brown above, with an oblique yellowish (red) band on each side, from above the orbit to above the ear, sometimes uniting with its fellow across the forehead ; a pair of roundish red spots in front of the orbits and another on the occiput; sides of head and 124 TESTUDINID®. neck yellowish, lineolated with black. Upper surface of limbs yel- lowish (red ?) dotted with black. Length of shell 20 centim. Northern Brazil, Guianas, Venezuela; Mexico ? a. Yg., spit. British Guiana. b,c. Ye., spir. Dutch Guiana ? d, 6H 9, & Q& Dutch Guiana. yg., skeletons. i, k,l. Her., shells. Dutch Guiana. m. &, shell. Dutch Guiana. (Type of R. ventricosa.) n—-0. Yo, Sp. Dutch Guiana. (Types of R. Zunata.) p. Yg., “st ffd. Trinidad. Zoological Society. q: opi shell. Trinidad. Zoological Society. r. 3, stfid. Venezuela. Governor Rawson Esai s. 9, stffd. S. America. (Type of G. callocephata.) t,u. Hgr. & yeg., S. America. stfid. v, w. Yg.., spir. S. America. Var. melanosternum. Emys dorsalis (non Spix), Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 32, pl. xiv. a (1855). Geoclemys melanosterna, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1861, p. 205. Rhinoclemmys melanosterna, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (3) xii. 1863, p. 183, and Sue Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 31 (1870), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 722, fig. Clemmys melanosterna, Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 82 (1865). Head dark brown above, with a broad light band along each side from the snout to the neck, bordering the orbit above; two other light bands on each side, passing through the eye. Upper side of neck brown; fore limbs and lower panties of hind limbs, sides, and lower surface of neck orange (red?), with large black spots or marblings. Colombia. a. 9, stffd. River Buonaventura. J.O. Goodridge, Esq. [C.]. b. Her., Chirambira, Gulf of (Types.) stfid. Darien. Var. areolata. Emys areolata, 4. Dum. Cat. Méth. Rept. p. 10 (1851), and Arch, Mus. vi. p. 293, pl. xiv. (1852); eae t, Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p- 18 (1870) ; Giinth. Biol. C-Am., Rept. p. 8, pl. viil. fig. B (1885). Clemmys areolata, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. Pp: 33 (1862), ‘and Verth. Schildkr. p. 91 (186: 3), Che ‘lopus areolatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1865, p. 186, and 1866, p. 123, Head brown above; an oblique light band from the frontal region to above the ear, continued along the neck; a second pair of light bands along the neck, originating on the occiput; sides of head, fore ae 2 sal alll 14, NICORTA. 1125 limbs, and lower surface of hind limbs light, spotted or lineolated with black. Guatemala, a. 9, spir. Lake of Peten. O. Salvin, Esq. [C.]. Var. pulcherrima. Emys pulcherrima, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 25, pl. xxv. fig. 1 (1855); Bocourt, Miss. Sc. Mex., Rept. p. 15, pl. vii. fig. 1 (1870); Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 6, pls. vi. & vii. fig. A (1885). Clemmys pulcherrima, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 82 (1862). Callichelys? pulcherrima, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xii. p. 181 (1865). Rhinoclemmys pulcherrima, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H, (4) xi. p. 145 (1873). bocourti, Gray, l. c. p. 111. Chelopus pulcherrimus, Cope, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus, no. 32, p. 21 (1887). Head olive above, with a narrow red streak round the upper part of the snout, terminating behind the supraciliary region ; two others run from eye to eye below the preceding, and a fourth round the upper jaw; a longitudinal streak of the same colour on the frontal region, and some spots on the occiput ; upper surface of neck with four (Bocourt) or five parallel red, black-edged, longitudinal streaks. Fore limbs and lower surface of hind limbs black and red. Shields of the carapace with curved yellowish dark-edged markings, Mexico. a. Ye., stfid. Mexico. (Type.) b-d. 2 & yg., spir. Presidio. Mr. Forrer [C.]. Var. incisa. Emys incisa, Bocourt, Ann. Sc. Nat. x. p. 121 (1868), and Miss. Se. Mex., Rept. p. 11, pls. i. & ii. (1870); Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p- 7 (1885). Rhinoclemmys frontalis, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 144 (1873). Chelopus incisus, Bocourt, Journ. de Zool. vy. p. 887 (1876); Sumi- chrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 165. Head and neck olive above; a fine red streak round the upper part of the snout and extending to above the ear; two others from eye to eye, below the preceding and above the nostrils, and a fourth round the upper jaw; sometimes a longitudinal streak of the same colour on the frontal region and another along each side of the neck. Fore limbs and lower surface of hind limbs black and red. Shields of the carapace sometimes with curved yellowish dark-edged streaks or ocell. Mexico. 126 TESTUDINIDA. a. Q, spir. Tapana, Tehuantepec. F. Sumichrast [C.). b-c. dg, spir. Tonala, Chiapas. F. Sumichrast [C.]. d. 9, stftd. —? (Type of R. frontalis.) Chelopus funereus, Cope, Journ. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. 1876, p. 154, from Limon, Costa Rica, may probably likewise be regarded as a variety of WV. punctularia. It is based on young specimens, and the adult will probably be found to be of very obscure colour. The head and neck black above, without any markings. 4, Nicoria gabbii. Chelopus gabbii, Cope, Jowrn. Ac. Philad. (2) viii. p. 153 (1876). Form resembling Testudo, stout, and with short thick feet with very short webs. Top of shell flat in profile, bearing a well-marked but obtuse keel. Vertebral shields broader than long in the adult, the last one the largest of all. Plastron strongly notched behind and concayely truncate in front. Snout nearly vertical, beak not notched. Hind leg with a row of Jarge scales on the inner front of the lower half of the tibia, continuous with those covering the inner toe. Colour above wood-brown, middle of plastron darker brown, remainder of lower surfaces wax-yellow. A faint red band round the snout and a short one on the median line above; a yellowish, brown-edged band from the temple to the side of the neck, and a similar one from the eye to the tympanum; neck and limbs yellowish, speckled with brown and black; hind limbs blackish on the outer side. Length of carapace 186 millim. Costa Rica. 5. Nicoria annulata. Geoclemmys annulata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 231, pl. xxix. Clemmys annulata, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 82 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 82 (1865). Rhinoclemmys annulata, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) xii. p. 183 (1863), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 29 (1870). Chelopus annulatus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1865, p. 186. Habit of a Testudo. Shell not much depressed, unicarinate. Vertebral shields constantly much broader than long, nearly as broad as the costals; nuchal small. Plastron large; the width of the bridge exceeds the length of the posterior lobe, which is angu- larly emarginate; front lobe truncate or openly emarginate ante- riorly. Axillary and inguinal shields present, very small. Head rather small; snout but feebly projecting; upper jaw slightly hooked, not notched; the width of the mandible at the symphysis is much less than the horizontal diameter of the orbit. No trace of web between the digits. Tail not longer than the head. Carapace brown, uniform or variegated with yellowish ; plastron dark brown, 14. NICORIA. VOT with a broad yellow border. Head yellowish above, variegated with blackish ; neck and sides of head with pale and dark bands or variegations. Length of shell 20 centim,. Western South America. a. Hegr., spir. FMsmeraldas, Ecuador. Mr. Fraser [C.]. Wen b,c. 6 2,shells. Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Mr. Fraser ott (Types.) d. 9, stffd. Mendoza. e. 3, skel. p Zoological Society. 6. Nicoria rubida. Chelopus rubidus, Cope, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, xi, 1869, p. 148 (1870). Geoclemmys rubida, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 28 (1870). Rhinoclemmys mexicana, Gray, l. c. p. 80, and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1870, p- 659, fig., and 1871, p. 296, pl. xxviii. Uhelopus mexicanus, Bocourt, Jown. de Zool. v. p. 887 (1876); Sumi- chrast, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1880, p. 166. Emys rubida, Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 8, pl. viii. fig. C (1885). Habit of a Yestudo. Shell moderately depressed, with a mere trace of a keel. V2rtebral shields constantly much broader than long, nearly as broad as the costals ; nuchal small, sometimes absent. Plastron large ; the width of the bridge exceeds the length of the posterior lobe, which is angularly emarginate; front lobe truncate or openly emarginate anteriorly. Axillary and inguinal shields present, small; the suture between the pectoral and abdominal shield on each side forming a strong curve. Head moderately large, with short vertically truncate snout ; upper jaw feebly hooked, not notched; the width of the mandible at the symphysis equals the horizontal diameter of the orbit. No trace of web between the digits. Tail not longer than the head. Carapace olive or brownish, with a central ocellus and concentric yellowish lines on each shield, these markings becoming more indistinct in the adult; plastron with broad yellow border, dark brown in the middle and on a band across the bridge. Head and neck above pale brown, with large, rather variable, bands and rings of red (yellow in spirit), edged with blackish ; a large, horseshoe-shaped band on the crown; limbs yellowish, with black and red markings. Length of shell 15 centim. Mexico. a. 9, stfid. San Juan del Rio. M. Rébouch [C.].] (Types of b,c. 9 & yg. San Juan del Rio. M. Rébouch [C. ]. LR. mexi- shells. cana. ) Diep feu Sas Tapana, Tehuantepec. F. Sumichrast [C. }. spi. g. 2, shell. Tapana,'lehuantepec. IF. Sumichrast [C.]. 128 TESTUDINID 2. 15. CYCLEMYS. Terrapene, part., Merrem. Tent. p. 27 (1820) ; Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 808 (1825); Fitzing. N. Classif. Rept. p. 6 (1826); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 25 (1862). Kinosternon, part., Bell, 1. c. p. 302. Sternotherus, part., Bell, 1. c. p. 305. Emys, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 188 (1850) ; Strauch, 1. c. p. 27. Cistudo, part.. Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 17 (1831); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 207 (1854); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 29 (1844). Cyclemys, Bell, Proc. Zool. Soe. 1854, p. 117; Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. "i. p. 42 (1855); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 15 (1864); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 22 (1870). Cuora, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p.41; Giinth. 1. ce. p.11; Gray, Suppl. 21 Byaded Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 175; Giinth. 1. c. p. 16; Gray, Suppl. Re 20. Cistoclemmys, Gray, ll. ce. Pyxiclemmys, Gray, ll. cc. pp. 176, 20. Notochelys, Gray, Ul. ec. pp. 177, 21; Giinth. L. c. p.17. Fig. 36. Skull of Cyclemys amboinensis. (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1869.) Neural plates mostly hexagonal, short-sided behind. Plastron united to carapace by ligament, and more or less distinctly divided, in the adult, into two lobes moving upon a ligamentous hinge between the hyo- and the hypoplastra; both the latter bones con- tributing to the formation of the bridge; entoplastron intersected by the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch; 15, cYcLEMys. 129 =o =e alveolar surfaces without median ridge; choanse between the eyes. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits webbed or nearly free. Tail short, not longer in the young than in the adult. East Indies, Southern China. This genus stands in the same relation to Vicoria as Hmys does to Clemmys. Fig. 37. Shell of Cyclemys amboinensis. Synopsis of the Species. I. Plastron not completely closing the skull, emarginate posteriorly ; posterior margin of carapace serrated. The suture between the pectoral shield and the marginals longer than that between the abdominal and the mar- ginals ; a large inguinal shield, and six vertebrals ..... ee rte hacah ln 1. platynota, p. 130. EERE Sn eg 130 TESTUDINID &, The suture between the pectoral and the marginals shorter than that be- tween the abdominal and the mar- ginals ; carapace unicarinate ...... 2. dhor, p. 181. The suture between the pectoral and . the marginals shorter than that be- tween the abdominal and the mar- ginals ; carapace tricarinate ...... 3. mouhotit, p. 132. II. Plastron nearly completely closing the shell in the adult; cara- pace tricarinate in the young; posterior margin not serrated. Hind lobe of plastron angularly notched 4. trifasciata, p. 133. Plastron not notched ; digits distinctly WEDDOUE «5 dys sais sco seis aueewetee heme 5. amboinensis, p. 183. Plastron not notched; digits without distineb web. «4s tej1 see tos ite 6. flawomarginata, p. 135. 1. Cyclemys platynota. Emys platynota, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 54, and Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. Ivil. fig. 1 (1854), and Cat. Tort. p. 16 (1844) ; Strauch, Verth. Schildkr, p. 57 (1865). Cyclemys platynota, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 43 (1855). Notochelys platynota, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 177; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 17 (1864) ; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh, Rept. i. p. 21 (1870). Cyclemys dentata (non Gray), Gebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. xxvii. p. 15, pl. i. (1866), Geoemyda grandis, part., Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 26. Cyclemys giebelil, Hubrecht, Notes Leyd. Mus. iii. p. 45 (1881), Carapace depressed, angular, the vertebral region flat, with an interrupted obtuse keel; posterior margin serrated; six, rarely seven, vertebral shields, the small additional shield intercalated between the fourth and fifth ; vertebrals much broader than long, at least as broad as the costals ; first vertebral broader than long and somewhat narrower than second. Plastron narrower than the opening of the shell, hind lobe openly emarginate, connected with the carapace by a distinct bridge, the width of which is contained twice and a half to twice and two thirds in the length of the plastron ; the hyo- and hypoplastral bones contribute to an equal degree to the formation of the bridge; no distinct transverse hinge ; a large inguinal shield; the suture between the pectoral shield and the marginals longer than that between the abdominal and the marginals ; the median suture between the pectoral shields as long as or a little longer than that between the abdominals. Hook of the upper jaw bicuspid, divided by a median groove. Digits exten- sively webbed, claws long, curved, sharp. Front part of arm with broad, band-like transverse shields. Carapace reddish brown, or yellowish brown with radiating brown lines ; young with a pair of round black spots on each vertebral shield, and one or two similar aa uke 15. cycLEemys. 14k spots on each costal; plastron yellow with brown spots, or brown with the sutures between the shields yellow. Head yellowish brown; neck brown, with irregular yellowish streaks, the broadest of which extends from the posterior corner of the eye. Length of shell 24 centim. Sumatra, Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Mergui. a. Ad., stffd. Sumatra. (Type.) b. Yg., spir. Banka. Dr. ipicsker ( Cistudo bankanensis). c-e. Hgr. & yg., spir. Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq. [C.]. Sg, h. Ad., stitd. Singapore. A. R. Wallace, Esq. | P.]. i,k. Hgr. & yg., shells. Singapore. A. R. Wallace, Esq. tpt 2. Cyclemys dhor. Emys dhor, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 23 (1831). Cyclemys orbiculata, Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 17, and Mon. Test. p. —, pls. xxiv., xxv. (1842); Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p- 178; Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x. p. 12 (1870). Emys dentata, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. viii. fig. 2 (1834), Cistudo diardii, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 227 (1835), dentata, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 32 (1844). Emys diardii, Schleg. Verhand, Natuurk. Afbeeld. p. 44, figs. 6 & 7 (1849). Genie dentata, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 42, pl. xix. (1855) ; Jerdon, Proe, As. Soc. Beng. 1870, p. 68; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 8 (1876). Emys dhor, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 28 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p- 58 (1865). Cyclemys oldhamii, Gray, Proc. Zool, Soc, 1863, p. 178; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 15, pl. v. fig. B (1864); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 23 (1870). ovata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1863, p. 178, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 28. bellii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 179. Cistudo orbiculata, Giebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Natwrw. xxvii. p. 13 1866). Sisianys dhor, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh, Rept. i. p. 23. Carapace depressed, with a single, obtuse keel; posterior margin serrated ; vertebral shields as broad as long or broader than long, narrower than the costals. Plastron narrower than the opening of the shell, hind lobe angularly notched, connected with the carapace by a distinct bridge, the width of which is contained twice and three fourths to three times in the length of the plastron ; the hyo- and hypoplastral bones contribute to a nearly equal degree to the formation of the bridge; the transverse hinge between the hyo- and hypoplastrals, which does not correspond with the curved suture between the pectoral and abdominal shields, is only developed in adult specimens ; a small inguinal shield may be present ; the suture between the pectoral shield and the marginals shorter than that between the abdominal and the marginals; the longest median suture is that between the pectorals. Hook of upper jaw bicuspid. L 132 TESTUDINID&E. Digits distinctly webbed, withsharp claws. Front part of arm with broad transverse scales. Carapace brown, or yellowish brown spotted with dark brown; plastron yellowish or ‘palo brown in the young, with dark brown spots or radiating lines; in the adult dark brown. Neck with dark and light longitudinal lines. Length of shell 19 cone Malay Archipelago and Peninsula, Camboja,Siam, Burma, N. India. a. Ad., skel. Java. Leyden Museum. f Ye, ieee Java, Leyden Museum. Ye., spir. Java. T. Bell, Esq. [P.]. d. Ad., aL Jaya? e, f. Yo g., spir. Sarawak. A. Everett, Esq. [C.]. gy: Ad., shell. Sarawak. ASR. WW: allace, Esq. [P.]. (Type of C. goats h. Ye., dry. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [P.]. i. Yg., spiz Malay Archipelago. Dr. Bleeker. k. Vs a, Eff. Lao Mountains. M. Mouhot [C.}. l. Ad, ” stfld. Lao Mountains. M. Mouhot [ P.]. ) (Types m. Ad., shell. Mergui. Prof. Oldham of C. old- Beale hami.) n—-o. YQ, Spit. Peegu. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.]. p. Yg., skel. Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. eT q-r. Hor. & yg.,shells. Pegu. ie Theobald, Ksq. [C s. Her., stiff. P Sir A. Smith Pe t, U. Y e@., shells. —-? vy. Ad. , carapace and ——P front lobe of plastron. 3. Cyclemys mouhotii. Cyclemys mouhotii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) x. p. 157 (1862). Pyxidea mouhotii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. PB Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 16, pl. iv. fig. D (1864); Gray, Suppl, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 20 (1870) ; Jerdon, “Proc, As. Soc. Beng. 1870, p. 68; Theob, Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 9 (1876). Emys mouhotii, Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 57 (1865). Carapace depressed, angular, the vertebral region flat, with three strong parallel keels; posterior margin serrated ; vertebral shields much broader than long and as broad as the costals ; first vertebral as long as broad or broader than long, narrower than second. Plastron a little narrower than the opening of the shell, hind lobe angularly emarginate ; bridge broad and very short, its width about one third the length of the plastron; the hy ‘poplastral bone and the abdominal shield ‘have a much greater share in the formation of the bridge than the hyoplastral and pectoral ; the longest median suture is that between the abdominals. Hook of the upper jaw strong, entire. Digits nearly free ; limbs covered with large scales. Carapace yellowish or reddish brown; plastron yellowish, with or without a few large dark brown spots; neck of young brown, spotted with yellow. Length of shell 16 centim. Siam, Cochin China, Cachar. 15. cyciemys. 133 a,b, c,d, e,f, g. Ad., hgy., & Lao Mountains. M.Mouhot[C.]. (‘Types.) yg., stftd. h, Ad., shell. Cachar ? T. ©. Jerdon, Esq. [P.}. 4. Cyclemys trifasciata. Sternotheerus trifasciatus, Bell, Zool. Journ, ii. p. 305, pl. xiii. 1825). Cistude Je itaeciata, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 19 (1831), and Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. lxi. (1834); Dum. § Bibr, 11. p. 219 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 31 (1844). Cuora trifasciata, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 42 (1855); Gtinth, Rept. Brit. Ind, p. 14 (1864). Terrapene trifasciata, Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p. 27 (1862). Carapace depressed, with three obtuse keels, the lateral of which may become indistinct in the adult; vertebral shields as long as broad or a little broader than long, much narrower than the costals, first a little broader than second. Plastron as large as the opening of the shell, without distinct bridge, posterior lobe angularly notched ; the line of junction between the hyoplastron and the carapace shorter than that between the hypoplastron and the carapace ; pectoral shields as long as or a little longer than the abdominals, as long as or longer than the humerals ; inguinal small or absent. Head small; upper jaw feebly hooked. Digits moderately webbed, with sharp curved claws. Front part of arm with large scales. Cara- pace brown, with three black streaks along the keels; plastron blackish, with a yellow border, sometimes with traces of radiating yellow lines ; head yellowish, with two black streaks on each side, passing through the eye and joining above the ear; neck brown. Length of shell 17 centim. S. China. a. &, stffd. China. J. Reeves, Esq. [ P.]. 6, Ad. shell, malformed. China. J. Reeves, Esq. Lp ‘ c. ¢, stfid. China. R. Inglis, Esq. [C.]. d, Her., spir. China. e. Ad., carapace. China. 5. Cyclemys amboinensis. Testudo amboinensis, Daud. Rept. ii. p. 809 (1802). ? Testudo melanocephala, Daud. l. c. p. 128. Emys amboinensis, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 45 (1814). couro, Schweigg. l.c. p. 46; Schleg. Faun. Japon., Rept. p. 63 1833). Togas amboinensis, Merv. Tent. p. 28 (1820) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 99 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 47 (1865): Sowerby & Lear, Tort. pl. xxiii. (1872). Kinosternon amboinense, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 305 (1825). Terrapene bicolor, Bell, /. c. p. 484, pl. xvi. couro, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 45 (1826). Cistudo amboinensis, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 19 (1831), and Lil. Ind. Zool. i. pl. Ixxvii. fig. 2 (1852); Dum. & Brbr. ii, p. 215, pl. xv. ae 134 - TESTUDINID-E. fir, 2 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 30 (1844); Gebel, Zeitschr. f. ges. Naturw. xxvii. p. 11 (1866). Cuora amboinensis, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 41 (1855) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 12, pl. iv. figs. A, B (1864); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 21 (1870), and Append. p. 10 (1872) ; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 7 (1876). Carapace depressed and tricarinate in the young, usually very convex and without or with a single keel in adult females; verte- bral shields as long as broad or a little longer than broad in the adult, broader in the young, much narrower than the costals. Plastron as large as the opening of the shell in the adult, without distinet bridge; no anal notch; the line of junction between the hyoplastron and the carapace shorter than that between the hypo- plastron and the carapace; pectoral shields as long as or shorter than the abdominals, as long as or slightly longer than the humerals ; axillary and inguinal small or absent. Head rather small; upper jaw scarcely hooked, without any emargination. Front part of arm with large transverse scales. Digits moderately webbed, with sharp claws. Carapace brown or blackish; plastron yellow with large black spots, or dark brown with the suture between the shields yellow ; in the very young the black spots of the plastron are con- fluent into a broad longitudinal zone, the borders of the plastron being yellowish ; head and neck brown above, yellow inferiorly ; a yellow band borders the head and neck superiorly, meeting its fellow above the nostrils; a second yellow band passes through the eye and is separated from the upper jaw by a dark brown band; ear yellow. Length of shell 20 centim. Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago eastwards to the Moluccas, a. 9, Sth. Siam. b. ©, stffd. Malacca. Capt. Ince [P.]. e. Her., stffd. Singapore. d,e,f,g. 2, hgr., & yg., Borneo. Dr. Bleeker. spir. h. Yg., spir. Borneo. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 2,k. Her. & yg., spir. Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. [C.]. l-m. Hgr., spir. Laguna del Bey. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.]. n. eles specs., 2, hgr., Dinagat Id. A. Everett, Esq. Le & yg., spir. o. Yg., spir. N. Celebes. Dr. A. B. Meyer [C.]. p. 3, skel. Manado. q. &, sttid. Gilolo. r. 9, spir. Amboyna. Leyden Museum. s. 9, skel. Amboyna. Leyden Museum. t. g ee ? T. Bell, Esq. Pa: u. Ye., shell. ———2 J. E. Gray, Esq. [P.]. v. Her, stffd. - oe yy to w, v. 3B, skels. ——— y. &, shell, —s “wus 15, cycLeMys.—16. GrormyDA. 135 6. Cyclemys flavomarginata. Cuora trifasciata, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 42 (1855). Cistoclemmys flavomarginata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 175, and Ann. § Mag, N, H. (8) xiii. p. 107 (1864), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 20 (1870). See ee Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 13, pl. v. fig. A Terrapene flavomarginata, Strauch, Verth. Schildkr, p. 48 (1865). Carapace rather convex, without or with a very obtuse median keel; vertebral shields as long as broad or a little broader than long, much narrower than the costals, first narrower than second. Plastron as large as the opening of the shell, rounded at both ends; no bridge ; the hinge between the hyoplastron and the carapace much shorter than that between the hypoplastron and the carapace ; pectoral shields as long as or a little longer than the humerals, and a little shorter than the abdominals; gular and anal shields more or less completely coalesced. Upper jaw rather strongly hooked. Digits without distinct web, with blunt claws. Front part of arm with very large scales. Carapace dark brown, each shield lighter brown in the centre; plastron dark brown, with an irregular narrow yellow edge. Jaws and cheeks yellowish; a bright yellow streak, edged with dark brown, narrow in front and broad behind, extends from the eye to the nape ; upper surface of head pale brownish. Length of shell 17 centim. Formosa. a. 9, stffd. Tamsuy, N.W. For- R. Swinhoe, Esq. mosa, [Gal b. Q, stfid. China? J. R. Reeves, Esq. (Types.) [Pa 16. GEOEMYDA. Geoemyda, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1854, p. 100, and Cat, Tort. p. 14 (1844). Emys, part., Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 232 (1834), ; Geoemyda, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 16 (1855) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 18 (1864); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 25 (1870) ; Anders. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 716 (1879). Clemmys, part., Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p. 28 (1862). Neural plates mostly hexagonal, short-sided behind. Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with axillary and inguinal peduncles just reaching the first and fifth costals; ento- plastron intersected by the humero-pectoral suture. Skull without bony temporal arch; alveolar surfaces narrow, without median ridge. Upper surface of head covered with undivided skin. Digits with a short web. Tail very short, not longer in the young than in the adult. Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. 136 TESTUDINID 2. Fig. 38. Skull of Geoemyda grandis. Synopsis of the Species. I, Anterior margin of shell serrated ; second vertebral shield at least as broad as the second costal, much broader than long.. 1. spinosa, p. 137. II. Anterior margin of shell not serrated ; second vertebral shield narrower than the second costal, not much broader than long. Carapace arched or cectiform in a transverse section. ..!..4 suk oleae Seen ite aie eos Ig hOnOts aimless Carapace much depressed, flat on the vertebral PORION. os a. sce rete S xhs gai eee eee eats .. 3. depressa, p. 139. 16, GEOEMYDA, 1s7 1. Geoemyda spinosa. Emys spinosa, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 20 (1831), and Ill, Ind. Zool. i. pl. lxxvii. figs. 1, 2 Sgr Bell, Mon. Test. p. —, pls. xxvi. & xxvii. (1834); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 827 (1834), Geoemyda spinosa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 100, and Ill. Ind. Zool, ii. pl. lvii. fig. 2 (1854), and Cat. Tort. p. 14(1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 16 (1855) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 18 (1864) ; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 5 (1876). Clemmys spinosa, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 82 (1862), and Verth, Schildkr. p. 63 (1865). Carapace of adult much depressed, with broad flat vertebral Fig. 39. Shell of Geoemyda grandis. region and an uninterrupted obtuse keel; anterior and posterior margin serrated; of young more regularly arched, with a short keel or spinose tubercle on each costal shield, and the border strongly serrated all round, each marginal being produced in a spine, with or without smaller denticulation on each side; the vertebral keel stronger than in the adult. Vertebral shields (2-4) 138 TESTUDINID®. much broader than long, at least: as broad as the costals ; nuchal shield longer than broad. Plastron large ; the width of the bridge about equals the length of the posterior lobe, which is angularly emar- ginate ; as regards size, the plastral shields take the following order, commencing with the largest:—abdominals, pectorals, femorals, humerals, anals, gulars ; the suture between the abdominals not or but slightly longer than that between the pectorals ; axillary and inguinal shields) present. Upper jaw bicuspid. Carapace brown above, reddish in the young, the vertebral keel lighter; each plastral shield with yellow and dark brown radiating streaks ; ; soft parts dark brown, with a yellowish spot on each side of the neck, near the ear. Length of carapace 20 centim. Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. a. Yg., shell. Tenasserim. W. Theobald, Esq. [ E.]. i 3, stfid. Pinang. Dr. Cantor. Yg., stffd. Pinang. Z e. 6 & yg, stffd. Singapore. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. f. 2, stfid. Sumatra. A. R. Wallace, Esq. | C. |. g. Hgr., shell. Sumatra, A. R. Wallace, Esq. | C. |. g 3 spir. Sumatra. Hr. C. Bock [C. iL . Y¥g., Spir. Sumatra. Leyden Museum. a : stfid. Sumatra. Her., spir. Sarawak, A. Everett, Esq. [C.]. m. Ye, spi. Borneo. 2. Geoemyda grandis. Geoemyda grandis, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) vi. p. 218 (1860) ; Giinth. Rept. brit. Ind. p. 19, pls. i. & ii. figs. ‘A & B (1864); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 25 (1870) ; Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 5 (1876). Clemmys grandis, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 32 (1862). Carapace arched or tectiform, not ‘flattened on the vertebral region, which bears a strong but obtuse keel; only the posterior margin serrated. Vertebral shields (1-3) not or but slightly broader than long and narrower than the costals; nuchal longer than broad. Plastron similar to that of G. spinosa; the length of the suture between the pectoral shields at least two thirds that of the abdominals. Dark brown or blackish above; plastron and lower surface of marginals with black and yellow rays, either the black or the yellow predominating. Length of carapace 40 centim. Burma, Siam. a,b. d & yg., stfid. Camboja. M. Mouhot [C.]. | T ce. Her., stffd. Pachebone. M. Mouhot ret | Gae)) d,e. & Q, shells. Pegu. W. Theobald, fish. [C.}. f. Egg. Burma. Vie Theobald, Esq. [C. ]. g. &, skel. Burma, P h, Carapace, 16, G@EOEMYDA.—CHAIBASSIA, 139 3. Geoemyda depressa. Geoemyda depressa, Anders. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xvi. p. 284 (1875), and Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 721, pls. lv., lvi., & lxxv. B. figs. 1-5 (1879). arakana, Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. vii (1876). Shell much depressed, the depression increasing from before back- wards, the shell being somewhat expanded across the inguinal region ; only the posterior border serrated; second vertebral about as long as broad, narrower than the costals; nuchal longer than broad. Plastral shields as in G. spinosa and G. grandis. Carapace light brown ; plastron and lower surface of marginals yellow, the plastral shields with a few broad black rays; the interval between the axillary and inguinal notches black. Head leaden, neck pale yellowish brown; limbs of the latter colour, with the large scales dark, almost black. Length of carapace 24 centim, Aracan, a. 9, shell. Aracan. W. Theobald, Esq. [E.]. b. 2, shell. Aracan. R. Lydekker, Esq. [1. }. The following genus requires further investigation :— CHAIBASSIA. Chaibassia, Theobald, Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 6 (1876); Anders. Zool, Res. Yunnan, pp. 718, 720 (1879). Characters of Geoemyda, but the hypoplastron is usually attached to the carapace by ligament *, and a bony temporal arch is present. Feet not webbed. (Anderson.) North-eastern India. 1. Chaibassia tricarinata. Geoemyda tricarinata, Blyth, Jowrn. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv. p. 714 (1856); Jerdon, Proc, As. Soc. Beng. 1870, p. 69; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 26 (1870). Chaibassia tricarinata, part., Theod. 1. ¢. —— tricarinata, Anders. l. c. p. 718. Carapace elongately oval, relatively highly arched, with three flat and obtuse ridges. A rather elongate nuchal shield. Plastron notched posteriorly. Hind foot rather club-shaped; claws large, hooked, and sharp; the two outer fore-claws small. Carapace dark reddish brown, the three ridges yellow; plastron pale yellow. Length of carapace 14 centim. Chaibassa, Bengal. * This character has been pointed out by Anderson, whose definition of the genus is, however, not very clear, especially owing to some lapsus in his de- scription of the disposition of the ‘‘ hyposternal process ” abutting ‘‘ against the first costal and third marginal.” But as far as I can gather we have here a structure similar to that of the fossil Ptychogaster, one of the differences between the two genera being that the hypoplastra are more narrowed in the latter, and moyable upon a transverse hinge. 140 TESTUDINID A. 2. Chaibassia theobaldi. Chaibassia tricarinata, part., Theob. 1. ce. — theobaldi, Anders. l. ce. p. 718. Distinguished from the preceding by the very much larger and anteriorly broader first vertebral, the lateral margins of which are widely anteriorly divergent. Facial portion of the head longer and more pointed. Shell black above, almost orange-yellow inferiorly, the dorsal ridges bright yellow; head black, with a broad reddish band from above each nostril, increasing in breadth as it passes over the eye and oyer the tympanum, where it ceases; a narrow similar band below the angle of the mouth, along the inferior margin of the lower jaw; neck and limbs blackish. Length of shell 16 centim. Bisthnath Plain, Assam. 17. CINIXYS. Kinixys, Bell, Tr. Iinn. Soc. xv. p. 398 (1827); Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 138 (1830); Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 15 (1831); Dum. & Bibr. ii. p. 159 (1885); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 11 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p- 12 (1855); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p, 24 (1862). Cinothorax, Fvtzing. Ann. Wien. Mus. i. p. 108 (1835). Posterior portion of carapace movable in the adult, hinged between the seventh and eighth marginals and the fourth and fifth costal plates. Neural plates hexagonal, short-sided behind. Supracaudal shield undivided. Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with short axillary and inguinal buttresses, which do not reach the costal plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch; alveolar surface without median ridge; beak hooked; choanz between the eyes. Head shielded above. Limbs club-shaped, with blunt claws and large scales. Tail short, not longer in the young than in the adult. Tropical Africa. Synopsis of the Species. I, Anterior and posterior margins of carapace reverted and dentated. No nuchal shield; anterior extremity of plastron projecting beyond the carapace ; posterior part of carapace sloping ...... 1. erosa, p. 141. Nuchal present; anterior extremity of plastron not projecting beyond the carapace ; cara- pace descending vertically behind ...... 2. homeana, p. 143. IJ. Margin of carapace not reverted nor den- tated ; nuchal shield present.......... 3. belliana, p. 148. 17. cInrxys. 141 1. Cinixys erosa. Testudo denticulata (non L.), Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 59, pl. xiii. (1802), —— erosa, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 52 (1814). Kinixys castanea, Bell, Tr. tow Soe, xy. p. 398, pl. xvii. fig. 1 (1827). — aoe Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 16 (1831); Dum. § Bibr., ii. p. 165 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 12 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 18 (1855), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 196; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p- 389 (1865); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 14 (1870) ; Boettg. Ber. Senckenb, Ges. 1888, p. 12. denticulata, Hallow. Journ, Ac. Philad. viii. p. 161, pls. viii. & ix. (1839). Skull of Cinixys erosa. Anterior and posterior margins of carapace strongly reverted and dentated, serrated and spinose in the young; posterior profile of 142 TESTUDINIDE. carapace curved ; anterior marginals much longer than the posterior; no nuchal shield; discal shields concentrically grooved ; vertebral shields broader than the costals, fifth usually broader than the others. Plastron with very thick anterior lip, notched in front and pro- jecting beyond the anterior border of the carapace; the length of the thickened anterior lip equals about one fourth of the length of the plastron in the female, more in the male; hind lobe of plastron very short, truncate, its length about half the width of the bridge ; Fig. 41. en Cee mane a Shell of Cinixys erosa. the longest median suture is between the abdominal shields, which equals twice to thrice that between the pectorals; the smallest plastral shields are the anals; inguinal large, axillary small. Carapace dark brown, centre of shields lighter ; outer side of costal shields yellowish; plastral shields dark brown in the centre, yellowish all round. Length of shell 28 centim. Guinea, Gaboon. a,b. 3 & yg., shells, ce. Yg., spl. d. Yg., spir, _ e, f, g. Yg., spir. h, i,k. 3 Q, stffd. l. 3, skel. m,n,o. 3 9, shells. 17. cINIXys, Gambia. Ancober R., Gold Coast. Ashantee. Gaboon. W. Africa. W. Alrica. 143 Capt. Burton & Lieut. Cameron [P. j. -W. Africa. / ? T. Bell, Esq. [P.]. p. Ugr., shell. —— (Type of C. castanea.) 2. Cinixys homeana, Kinixys homeana, Bell, Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 400, pl. xvii. fig. 2 (1827); Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 15 (1831); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 161, pl. xiv. fig. 2 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 11 (1844); Berthold, N. Act. Ac. Leop.-Carol, xxii. p. 423, pls. xliii.-xlv. (1850); Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 15 (1855), and Proce, Zool, Soc. 1863, p. 196; Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p, 38 (1865); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 14 (1870). Anterior and posterior margins of carapace strongly reverted and dentated, serrated and spinose in the young; posterior profile of carapace angulated, descending vertically from the anterior part of the fifth vertebral shield; anterior marginals much longer than posterior ; a narrow nuchal shield; discal shields concentrically grooved; vertebral shields broader than costals. Plastron with very thick anterior lip, notched in front, but not projecting beyond the carapace; hind lobe of plastron very short, truncate, about half the width of the bridge; the longest median suture is — between the abdominal shields, and equals about twice that between the pectorals ; the smallest plastral shields are the anals ; inguinal large, axillary small. Coloration as in the preceding. Length of shell 20 centim. Guinea, Gaboon. a,b. SQ, shells. Cape Coast, Ashantee. Lieut. M. C. Friend, EN; (Po. é, Oo skel. W. Africa. BD) d. Yg., spir. —-! 3. Cinixys belliana. Kinixys belliana, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 69 (1831); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p- 168 (1885); Gray, Cut. Tort. p. 12 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 15, pl. ii. (1855); Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 40 (1865) ; Blanf. Zool. Abyss. p. 444 (1870); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 13 (1870); Sclater, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1871, p. 544; Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 5 (1882). schoensis, Riipp. Mus. Senckenb, iii. p. 226, pl. xvi. (1845). Testudo geometrica (non L.), Biancont, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. p. 52, pl. vi. figs. 1 & 2 (1851). Kinixys spekii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) xii, p. 381 (1863), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 14. Cinixys dorri, Lataste, Le Natur. x. pp. 164 & 228, figs. (1888). 144 TESTUDINID &:. Margin of carapace not reverted nor serrated, in the young as well as in the adult; a narrow nuchal shield ; discal shields con- centrically grooved ; vertebral shields broader than costals. Plas- tron with thick anterior lip, which is truncate or very slightly notched anteriorly, and does not project, or projects but slightly, beyond the anterior border of the carapace; the length of the thickened anterior lip equals about one fifth the length of the plastron in the female and one fourth in the male; hind lobe very short, truncate or very openly notched, its length half or less than half the width of the bridge; the longest median suture is between the abdominal shields, which equals twice to four times that between the pectorals; the smallest shields are the gulars; inguinal large, axillary small. Carapace yellowish or pale olive, uniform or ele- gantly marked with black areolar and radiating bands; plastron yellow, uniform or with a few radiating black markings on each shield. Length of shell 19 centim. Tropical Africa. a. 9, stffd. Gambia. J. Whitfield, Esq. { P.] b. 9, stfid. W. Africa ? Drs J... Gray eae (Type.) c,d. 3 O, stfid. W. Africa. e. 9, shell. W. Africa. Ff. Q, shell, imperfect. C. Africa. Capt.Speke[ P.]. (Type of C. spekit.) gh 2 & yg., stfd. Anseba Valley, W. T. Blanford, Esq. Abyssinia. (ea. i239), dry. Anseba Valley, W. Jesse, Esq. [C. ]. Abyssinia. k. Yg., spi Kalimanjaro. F. J. Jackson, Esq,.{ P.]. i 2. shell: Sandom. Sir Samuel Baker | P. }. m. 9, stffd n. 3, skel. —? o. d, spir. —? 13: PY Xis, Pyxis, Bell, Tr. Linn. Soc. xv. p. 395 (1827); Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 188(1830); Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 16 (1831); Dum. §Bibr. ii. p.155 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 12 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 14 (1855); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 23 (1862); Gray, Suppl. Cat. aoe) se é ; Y, SUpy Sh. Rept. i. p. 12 (1870). Neural plates alternately tetragonal and octagonal; costal plates very unequal in size, third, fifth, and seventh pointed distally ; supracaudal shield undivided. Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with short axillary and inguinal buttresses which do not reach the costal plates ; front-lobe hinged, movable ; entoplastron anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with narrow bony postorbital and temporal arches; alveolar surface without median ridge; beak hooked; choane between the eyes. 18. pyx1s.—19. Homopvs. 145 Head shielded above. Limbs club-shaped, with blunt claws and large scales. ‘Tail short. Madagascar. 1. Pyxis arachnoides. Pyxis arachnoides, Bell, l.c. pl. xvi.; Dum. § Bibr. t.c. p. 156, pl. xiv. fig.1; Gray, Cat. Tort. p.12, and Sh. Rept. p. 14; Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 38 (1865); Gray, Suppl. p. 18, and Proc. Zool. Soe. 1873, pl. lx. fig. 7. madagascariensis, Lesson, Bull. Sc. Nat. xxv. p. 120 (1831). ? Testudo planicauda, Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (2) xix. p. 233 (1867). Shell hemispherical, all the shields with strong concentric grooves ; margin not serrated; nuchal shield present, narrow; vertebral shields much broader than long, as broad as the costals. Front lobe of plastron narrower than hind lobe, truncate anteriorly, its length two thirds the width of the bridge; hind lobe short, openly notched posteriorly ; median suture between the gulars, humerals, pectorals, and anals equal in length, half as long as that between the abdominals ; suture between the femorals very short; inguinal large, axillary small. Shell yellow, with broad black bands of unequal width radiating from the centre of the dorsal shields; six such rays on each vertebral and four or five on each costal. Length of shell 10} centim. Madagascar ; Mauritius ? a. Ad., skel. —? 19. HOMOPUS. Testudo, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 8 (1831); Strauch, Chelon. Stud, p- 20 (1862). Homopus, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 145 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 10 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 11 (1855), and Suppl. p. 13 (1870). Chersobius, Fitzing. Ann. Wien. Mus. i. p. 112 (1835). Neural plates mostly hexagonal, anterior short-sided behind ; costal plates alternately narrower and wider; supracaudal shield undivided. Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with short axillary and inguinal buttresses, which do not reach the costal plates ; entoplastron anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with weak bony postorbital and temporal arches; alveolar surface without median ridge; beak hooked; choanz between the eyes. Head shielded above. Limbs club-shaped, covered with large scales. ‘Tail short, not longer in the young than in the adult. South and West Africa. 146 TESTUDINID&. Synopsis of the Species. I. Carapace depressed, of equal depth throughout. A. Fore limb with four claws; inguinal shield very small. Posterior margin of carapace not serrated ; no large femoral tubercle ................ 1. areolatus, p. 147. Posterior margin serrated ; a very large conical tubercle on the hinder side of the thigh .. 2. femoralis,p.147. Fig. 42. Shell of Homopus areolatus, B. Fore limb with five claws; inguinal shield large, in contact with the fe- moral; posterior margin of carapace serrated ; a very large conical tubercle on the hinder side of the thigh ,.... . 93, signatus, p. 148, II, Carapace very convex, gibbose behind, 19. Homopus. 147 posterior margin not serrated ; inguinal shield large, in contact with the femoral ; fore limb with four claws ............ 4. nogueyi, p. 148. 1. Homopus areolatus. Testudo areolata, Thunberg, Vetensk. Ac. Handl. viii. p. 181 (1787) ; Schoepff, Test. p. 104, pl. xxiii. (1792); Daud. Rept. ii, p. 287 (1802); Bell, Mon. Test. pl. — (1835); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p- 92 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 35 (1865), fasciata, Daud. 1. c. p. 294. pusilla (zon L.), Daud. lc. p. 299. Chersine fasciata, Merr. Tent. p. 29 (1820). areolata, Merr, 1. c. p. 30. tetradactyla, Merr. 1. c. p. 32. Homopus areolatus, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 146 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 10 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 11 (1855), and Proe. Zool. Soc, 1875, p. 726. Shell depressed, more than twice as long as deep, of equal depth throughout, margin not serrated; dorsal shields more or less swollen, separated by deep grooves, with impressed areolze surrounded by deep concentric grooves; a small nuchal; ver- tebral shields broader than long, as broad as or a little narrower than the costals. Plastral lobes short, about half the width of the bridge, front lobe truncate, hind lobe openly notched ; the longest; median suture is between the abdominals and equals about four or five times that between the pectorals; the smallest shields are the gulars ; axillary and inguinal very small. Beak very strongly hooked. A large prefrontal shield, sometimes divided longitudinally. Fore limbs covered with very large, subequal, strongly imbricate, pointed scales or tubercles, one of which, on the inner side near the elbow, is movable at right angle to the others; four élaws to both pairs of limbs. Carapace olive, centre of each shield reddish brown; plastron brown in the middle, yellow towards the periphery. Length of shell 10 centim. South Africa. a. Ad., stffd. Cape of Good Hope. R. Brown, Esq. [P.]. b. Ad., stffd. S. Africa. Sir A, Smith | P.]}. e-d. Yg., spir. S. Africa. é, f. Ad., stfid. S. Africa. g, h,t. Ad., skels. S. Africa. k,l,m,n. Ad., shells. S. Africa. o. Ad., shell. —? Dr. J. EK. Gray [P.]. 2. Homopus femoralis. Homopus femoralis, Bouleng. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 251, pl. xiv. Shell depressed, more than twice as long as deep, flat on the vertebral region, posterior margin reverted and serrated; dorsal M 148 TESTUDINID®. shields not swollen, concentrically striated, separated by deep grooves; areole not or but feebly impressed ; vertebral shields as broad as or a little narrower than the costals; nuchal small, longer than broad. Plastron and plastral shields as in the preceding. A pair of large prefrontal shields, followed by a large frontal; beak feebly hooked; lower jaw narrower than in H. areolatus. Fore limb covered anteriorly with very large, im- bricate, pointed tubercles, one of which, on the inner side near the elbow, is movable at right angle to the others ; a very large conical tubercle on the hinder side of the thigh ; four claws to both pairs of limbs. Pale brown above, each shield narrowly edged with black in front and on the sides; plastral shields yellow, brown an- teriorly ; shielded or tuberculate soft parts pale brownish, naked parts orange. Length of shell 13 centim. South Africa. a. Ad., spir. Cradock. Zoological Society. (One of the types.) 3. Homopus signatus. Testudo signata, Walbaum, Chelonogr. PP: 71 & 120, pl. — (1782) ; Schoepff, Test. P vo pl. xxvii. figs. 2 & 3 (1792) Bell, Mon. Test. pl. — (1835); Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 35 (1865). cafra, Daud. Rept. ii. p. 291 (1802). Chersine signata, Merr. Tent. p. 30 (1820). Homopus sionatus, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 152 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 10 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i.p. 11 (1855) ; Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. NV. H. (G) ii. p. 136 (1888). Shell resembling that of H. areolatus, except that the areole are less impressed in the adult, and the anterior and posterior margins are serrated: inguinal shield large, in contact with the femoral, the abdominal, and two marginals. Limbs scaled as in H. areo- latus ; a very large conical tubercle on the hinder side of the thigh. Fore limb with five claws. Forehead covered with numerous small and irregular shields. Shell yellow, shaded with brown on the plastron, and elegantly freckled and radiated with blackish brown on the carapace ; head and neck yellowish, spotted with black above. Length of shell 10 centim. South Africa. a. Her., spir. O’Kep, Namaqualand. L. Peringuey, Esq. [C.]. Trustees of the S. African Mus. | P.}. b. Ad., shell. —? 4, Homopus nogueyi. Homopus nogueyi, Lataste, Le Natur. iii. p. 286 (1886). Carapace very convex, gibbose behind, sloping forwards, margin not reverted nor serrated; inguinal shield large, forming a suture with the femoral, abdominal, and three marginal shields. Beak 20. TESTUDO. 149 feebly hooked; a pair of large prafrontal shields, followed by a smaller frontal ; limbs with unequal-sized scales, which are mostly subcircular and juxtaposed ; no enlarged femoral tubercles. Dorsal shields reddish brown, yellowish green in the centre; plastron yellowish with reddish-brown spots. Length of shell 131 centim. Medina, Upper Senegal. 20. TESTUDO. Testudo, part., Zinn. S, N.i. p. 350 (1766), Testudo, Dum. Zool. Anal. p. 77 (1806); Wagler, Syst. Amph. p- 138 (1880); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 35 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 4 (1844), and Sh. Rept.i. p. 4 (1855); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 20 (1862); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 3 (1864); Gray, Suppl. ass Sh. Rept. i. p. 4 (1870); Anders. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 705 879). Chersine, part., Merrem, Tent. p- 29 (1820). Chersina, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 14 (1831), and Cat. Tort. p. 11, and Sh. Rept. i. p. 12; Strauch, lc. p. 22; Gray, Suppl. p. 13, and Proc. Zoo!. Soe. 1873, p- 726. Chersus, Wag. 1. c. p. 138. Geochelone, Fitzing. Ann. Wien. Mus. i. p. 111 (1835). Cylindraspis, Fitzing. l. c. p. 112. Chelonoidis, Fitzing. 1. e.; Agassiz, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S. i. p. 448 (1857); Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 724. Chersobius, Fvtzing. l. ¢. Psammobates, Fitzing. l. e. Manouria, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 133, and Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 15; Strauch, l. ce. p. 24; Giinth. lc. p. 10; Gray, Suppl. p- 15, and Proe. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 725. Teleopus, Leconte, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1854, p. 17. Xerobates, Agass. l. c. p. 446; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 723. Megalochelys, Ayass. /. c. p. 448; Gray, l. e. p. 724. Scapia, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 167, and Suppl. p.6, and Proce. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 725. Peltastes, Gray, ll. ce. pp. 171, 8, 725. Chersinella, Gray, Suppl. p. 8, and Proc. Zool. Soe. 1873, p. 725. Testudinella, Gray, ll. ce. pp. 12, 726. Gopher, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 706. Peltonia, Gray, App. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 4 (1872). Centrochelys, Gray, /. c. p. 5, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 725. Elephantopus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 724. Asterochelys, Gray, l. ¢. Neural plates usually alternately tetragonal and octagonal, sometimes mostly hexagonal and short-sided behind; costal plates alternately narrower and wider, Suture between the mar- ginal and costal bones and shields usually corresponding ; supra- caudal shield usually single. Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with short axillary and inguinal buttresses, which do not reach, or just reach, the costal plates ; entoplastron usually anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with weak or moderately wide postorbital and temporal arches ; alveolar surface of upper jaw with one or two median ridges ; choane between the m2 150 TESTUDINID®&. eyes. Head shielded above. Limbs club-shaped, covered with large scales or tubercles. Tail short, not longer in the young than in the adult. Fig. 43. Skull of Zestudo emys. (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1869.) Southern Europe, Southern Asia, Africa, Southern North America, South America. 20. TESTUDO. 151 Synopsis of the Species. I. Alveolar surface of upper jaw with a longitudinal ridge at the symphysis, instead of a pit. A. Shell more than twice as long as deep; beak not hooked; fore limb broadest at the extremity. Anterior lobe of plastron bent upwards; dis- tance from base of first claw to base of fourth toe in the hind limb equal to distance from base of first claw to base of imrdin the toresnmb* <2 foe 5 50%. . ts 1. polyphemus,p. 155, Anterior lobe of plastron not bent ; distance from base of first claw to base of fourth equal in both fore and hind limb ...... 2. agassizit, p. 156. Fig. 44. Shell of Testudo ibera. B. Shell less than twice as long as deep ; beak hooked ; fore limb broadest at thekel owe = tercreia =: = os. wc oie 3. berlandiert, p. 156. 152 TESTUDINID. Il. Carapace elongate, margin not at all reverted, dark brown or black, each dorsal shield yellowish in the centre ; nuchal shield absent; gular shields distinct, not produced............-. 4, tabulata, p. 157. IL. Heel with particularly large, conical, spur-like bony tubercles ; suture between the anal shields considerably shorter than that between the abdominals; carapace of adult uniform or closely spotted with black. A. Nuchal shield present; supracaudal shields; bw). 4.’ ee eee tegen ten 5. emys, p. 158. Bb. Nuchal absent; supracaudal single. 1. Carapace flattened on the vertebral region. Lateral marginals about as long as deep, forming an angle; pectoral shields very narrow in the middle and widening gradually towards the sides .......... 6. argentina, p. 159. Lateral marginals much deeper than long, descending almost vertically ; pectoral shields very narrow, widening abruptly towards the axillary notch............ 7. calcarata, p. 159. 2. Carapace very convex, spotted with black ; nuchal margin with a very strong angular notch.......... 8. pardalis, p. 160. IY. Carapace very convex, black with yellow lines radiating from the areola, or yellow or brownish with black radiating lines. A. No nuchal shield. Heel and hinder side of thighs with spur- like tubercles ; plastron with dark radiat- ing lines . ..-/c see ee eee ee 9. elegans, p. 161. Heel and hinder side of thighs without spur- like tubercles ; plastron without radiating VHMES 050. .5'0 4 0 os See emoresee eee eee 10. platynota, p. 162. B. Nuchal shield present. 1. Upper head-shields small and irregular. a. No subconical tubercle on the hinder side of the thigh. Nuchalvery narrow, elongate; beak strongly hooked -<.-.°. ..c ecg verve. eee ee ee ee 11. geometrica, p. 162. Nuchal rather large, widening posteriorly ; lateral marginals forming an angle with the costals ; beak feebly hooked ..... 12. verreauxit, p. 163. 20. TESTUDO. 153 Nuchal minute ; lateral marginals formin an angle with the costals; beak feebly OOKOMS Pe tee wai ate teeta ease 6 .. 13. trimeni, p. 163. 6. A large subconical tubercle on the hinder side of the thigh. Nuchal minute; beak strongly hooked.... 14. tentoria, p. 164. Beak feebly hooked; suture between the gulars nearly as long as that between the EB A RHEE CRS pera aN ML), 20), 15. smithit, p. 165. Beak teebly hooked; suture between the gulars much shorter than that between GaSe ate cron iin 1. niger, p. 194. B. Beak notched mesially, with a very slight, obtuse cusp on each side of the notch; interorbital width con- siderably less than the longitudinal suture between the frontal shields . 2. stnwatus, p. 194. Fig. 47. Shell of Sternotherus derbianus. C. Beak neither hooked nor bicuspid; frontal suture not or but slightly exceeding the width of the interorbital space. The length of the outer border of the pec- toral shield equals that of the humeral . 3. nigricans, p. 195. The length of the outer border of the pec- toral is much less than. that of the humeral, and does not exceed the length of the inner border of the latter shield.. 4. derbianus, p. 195. 194 PELOMEDUSID.&. IL. Suture between the abdominal shields shorter than that between the humerals; plastral hinge feeble. The length of the outer border of the pec- toral shield equals that of the humeral. 5. adansonii, p. 196. The length of the outer border of the pec- toral is less than that of the humeral .. 6. gabonensis, p. 197. 1. Sternotherus niger. Sternotherus niger, Dum. & Bibr. ii. p. 897, pl. xx. fig. 1 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 37 (1844), and Sh. Rept.i. p. 51 (1855), and Suppl. p. 81 (1870); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1875, p. 196. Sternotherus, sp., Gray, Proc. Zool, Soe. 1873, p. 893, fig. Carapace with a feeble, interrupted keel. Plastral shields appa- rently as in S. derbianus. Upper jaw strongly hooked, not notched ; the width of the interorbital space is less than the longitudinal suture between the two shields on the snout. Shell black; head fulyous above, marbled with brown; jaws yellowish, with vertical brown lines. West Africa (Cameroons). a. Ad., skull, W. Africa. M. Du Chaillu [C.}. 2, Sternotherus sinuatus. Sternotherus sinuatus, Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr., Rept. pl. 1. (1838) ; A, Dum. Cat. Méth. Rept. p. 19 (1851); Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 193, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept.i. p.78 (1870) ; Peters, Reise n. Mossamb, iii. p. 8 (1882). dentatus, Peters, Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys. 1848, p. 494. castaneus, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 87 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 52 (1855). Carapace rather elongate, posterior margin more or less serrated or sinuated, except in old specimens; second and third vertebral shields about as long as broad in the adult. Intergular shield more than twice as long as broad; suture between the abdominal shields longer than that between the femorals; the length of the outer border of the pectoral shield is as great or a little less than that of the humeral, and exceeds the length of the inner border of the latter shield. Head moderate; snout short ; upper jaw notched in the middle, with a very slight, rather indistinct obtuse cusp on each side of the notch; interorbital width less than the longitudinal suture between the two shields on the snout. Carapace dark brown or blackish; plastron yellow or blackish ; head pale brown above, with darker vermiculations. Length of shell 22 centim. South Africa ; East Africa south of the Equator; Seychelles. 1. STERNOTH ERUS. 195 a, b. 5 Q, stffd. Natal. c. Q, stfid. S. Africa. d. Yg., spir. E. Africa. Sir J. Kirk [C e. Q, spir. La Digne Isd., Seychelles. Dr. A, Giinther [P.}, 3. Sternotherus nigricans. Testudo nigricans, Donndorff, Zool. Beitr. iii. p. 84 (1798). subnigra, Daud. Rept. ii. p. 197 (1802). Emys castanea, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 45 (1814). subnigra, Schweigg. l. ec. p. 46. Terrapene nigricans, Merr. Tent. p. 28 (1820). Kinosternon nigricans, Bell, Zool. Jowrn. ii. p. 305 (1825). Sternotherus leachianus, Bell, /. c. p. 306, pl. xv. (1825). castaneus, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 38 (1831); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 401 (1835). — subniger, Gray, l. ¢c., and Cat. Tort. p. 37 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 51 (1855), and Suppl. p. 79 (1870). nigricans, Dum. § Bibr. p. 309: Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. p. 58, pl. vii. (1851); Strauch, Chelon. Stud, p. 148 (1862) ; Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 8 (1882). Carapace obtusely keeled in the young, posterior margin entire ; second and third vertebral shields a little broader than long in the adult. Intergular shield large, not twice as long as broad; suture between the abdominal shields longer than that between the femorals; the length of the outer border of the pectoral shield equals that of the humeral, and exceeds the length of the inner border of the latter shield. Head large ; snout very short; upper jaw neither hooked nor bicuspid; the length of the longitudinal suture between the frontal shields nearly equals the width of the interorbital space. Dark brown above, yellow, or yellow and brown, inferiorly ; upper surface of head without spots or vermiculation. Length of shell 15 centim. Madagascar; Mozambique. a-c. 9, spir. Madagascar. Dr. A, Giinther [P.]. d. 9, stfid. Madagascar, e. Q, skel. Madagascar. f. Q, stffd. ? g. Her., spir. —? 4. Sternotherus derbianus. Sternothzerus derbianus, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 37 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i, p. 52, pl. xxii. (1855) ; Strauch, Verth. Schildkr, p. 109 (1865) ; Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lisb. i. p. 57 (1866); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 79 (1870); Beetty. Abh. Senck. Ges. xii. p. 409 (1881), and Ber. Senck. Ges, 1888, p. 15. Carapace keeled in the young, the keel disappearing in the adult, the shiclds of which are smooth; second and third vertebral shields a little longer than broad in the adult. Intergular shield not more than twice as long as broad; suture between the abdominal shields P 196 PELOMEDUSID. longer than that between the femorals; the length of the outer border of the pectoral shield is much less than that of the humeral, and does not exceed the length of the inner border of the latter shield. Head large; snout very short; upper jaw neither hooked nor bicuspid; the width of the interorbital space at least equals the longitudinal suture between the two frontal shields. Dark brown or blackish, plastral shields usually yellowish in the middle; head brownish above, closely vermiculated with black; upper lip with blackish dots or vertical lines. Length of shell 27 centim. West Africa. a. Q, stfid. Gambia.. Earl of Derby [P.]. (Type.) b. 2, shell. Sierra Leone. c,d. Her. & yg., stffd. Cape Verde. M. Boucard [C.]}. e. Her., spir. Angola. J. J. Monteiro, Esq. [P. }. f,9,h. 3 Q, std. W. Africa. i,k. 3 2, shells. W. Africa. l, Yg., spir. W. Africa. P m, Ye., spit. 5. Sternothezrus adansonii. mys adansonii, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 89 (1814). Hydraspis adansonii, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 40 (1881). Pentonyx adansonii, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 894 (1885), Pelomedusa ? adansonii, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 88 (1844). Sternotheerus adansonii, A. Dum. Cat. Méth. Rept. p. 19 (1851); Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 52 (1855), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 296, pl. xxiii., and Suppl. Cat. Sh, Rept. i. p. 80 (1870). Carapace keeled throughout life; second and third vertebral shields nearly as long as broad in the adult. Hind lobe of plastron narrower than in the preceding species. Intergular shield not twice as long as broad; suture between the abdominal shields shorter than that between the femorals; the length of the outer border of the pectoral shield equals or slightly exceeds that of the humeral. Head large; snout very short; upper jaw neither hooked nor bicuspid; the width of the interorbital space equals the longi- tudinal suture between the two frontal shields. Shell yellowish or pale brown above, with dark brown dots and radiating lines ; uniform yellow inferiorly ; head brown above, elegantly vermiculated with yellow; lips and lower parts uniform yellowish. Length of shell 15 centim. Senegambia and Sudan. a,b,c. 6,9,& her., stfid. W. Africa. d-e, f.. Hgr., spir. W. Africa. g. Iler., shell. W.. Africa. h. Hgr., spir. Upper Nile. Consul Petherick [C.}. 1. STERNOTH HRUS.— 2, PELOMEDUSA, 197 6. Sternotherus gabonensis. Pentonyx gabonensis, 4. Dum. Arch. Mus. x. p. 164, pl. xiii. fig, 2 (1860) ; Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (8) xiii. p. 168 (1864). Pelomedusa gabonensis, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 45 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 107 (1865). Sternothzrus gabonensis, Bocage, Jorn. Se. Lish. i. p. 57 (1866). This species is founded upon a quite young specimen which, judging from the figure, agrees with S. derbianus in the comparative size of the humeral and pectoral shields, with S. adansonii in the shortness of the abdominal shields. Carapace and plastron blackish brown. Gaboon, Angola. 2. PELOMEDUSA. Pelomedusa, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 136 (1830); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 87 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 52 (1855) ; Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p- 44 (1862); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 81 (1870). Hydraspis, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 39 (1831). Pentonyx, Dum. § Bibr, ii. p. 889 (1835). Mesoplastral bones small, lateral, wedged in between the hyo- and the hypoplastra; plastron narrow, without hinge. Skull without supratemporal roof, the quadrato-jugal widely separated from the parietal; alveolar surface of the upper Jaw with a very indistinct median ridge; a pair of shields, separated’ by a longi- tudinal suture, between the eyes, followed by a large interparietal. Digits very short, mostly with only two phalanges; five claws to each foot. Africa and Madagascar. 1. Pelomedusa galeata. Testudo galeata, Schoepff, Test. p. 12, pl. ili. fig. 1 (1792); Daua. Rept. ii. p. 186 (1802). badia, Donnd. Zool. Beitr. iii. p. 34 (1798). subrufa, Daud. 1. ec. p. 132. Emys olivacea, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 88 (1814). galeata, Schweigg. 1. c. subrufa, Schweigg. 1. ¢. Pelomedusa galeata, Wagl. Syst. Amph. pl. ii. figs. xxxvi.-xliii. (1830) ; Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p. 150 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr, p- 111 (1865); Bouleng. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 146; Boettg. Abh. Senck. Ges. xii. p. 410 (1881); Peters, Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 6 (1882); Bocage, Jorn. Sc. Lish.x. p. 202 (1887) ; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges, 1888, p. 15. Hydraspis subrufa, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 89 (1851). Pentonyx capensis, Dum. § Bibr. 1. p. 390, pl. xix. fig. 2 (1835); A. Dum. Arch, Mus. x. pl. xiii. fig. 3 (1860). gehafie, Riippell, N. Wirbelth. Faun, Abyss. p. 2, pl. i. (1885) ; A, Dum. Cat. Méth. Rept, p. 18 (1851), and Arch, Mus. vi. p. 245 (1852), & x. pl. xiii. fig. 4. Q e OY. poe 198 PELOMEDUSID2&. Pelomedusa gehafie, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 38 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 53 (1855), and Suppl. p. 81 (1870) ; Selater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 325, fig. . subrufa, Gray, ll. cc., and App. p. 24 (1872). Pentonyx americana, Cornalia, Vert. Syn. Mus. Mediol. p. 15 (1849). Pelomedusa mozambiea (Peters), Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 53. nigra, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xu. p. 99 (1863), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 81. : Hydraspis galeata (Bell), Sowerby § Lear, Tort. pls. xlix. & 1, (1872). Fig. 48. Skull of Pelomedusa gaieata, Carapace much depressed, obtusely keeled ; first vertebral shield largest, a little broader than long. Plastron much smaller than the opening of the shell; front lobe truncate, broader than the hind lobe, which is angularly notched ; the width of the bridge contained thrice and a half to four times in the length of the plastron ; inter- gular shield much longer than gulars; pectoral and abdominal shields nearly equally developed on the bridge; pectorals either forming a median suture, very variable in length, or separated from each other. Head short, broad; five large shields on the upper surface, viz. a pair of frontal-supraorbitals, a pair of parietals, and a a very large interparictal; chin with a pair of small warts. 2. PELOMEDUSA. 199 Upper parts brown, uniform or dotted with black; lower parts brown or yellow. Length of shell 26 centim. Tropical and South Africa ; Madagascar ; Sinaitic Peninsula. a, Yg., spir. be. 3 & yg., stffd. d. Yg., spir. e. Her., shell. f- Yg., shell. >, Ye; spir. A. ¥g., spir. a Hegr., spir. k,l, m. 3 & her. n. Yg., stfid. o. 9, stftd. rH? 5 & ye, stffd. Eh Up Wig Oh UH ORs (6) 5 her., & yg., skins. y. &, spir. za, B. Her. & yg., skels, Shell of Pelomedusa galeata, Mount Sinai. Abyssinia. Abyssinia. E. Africa. Victoria Nyanza. Monbuttu, C. Africa. W. Africa. S. Africa. Natal. Natal. Cape of Good Hope. Cape of Good Hope. Ekongo, 8.W. Madagascar. { Bahia. | 5) Dr. Riippell. (As ty- pical of P. gehafic.) W. T. Blanford, Esq. eeath Capt. Speke [C.]. — Baines [C.]. Dr. Emin Pasha [P.}. (Types of P. nigra.) Sir A. Smith [P.]. Dr. J. E. Gray [P.]. J. S. Bowerbank, Esq. (Et: Mr. J. Waters [C.]. Dr. Wucherer. 200 PELOMEDUSID&. 3. PODOCNEMIS*. Podocnemis, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 185 (1880); Dum. § Bibr. i, p. 882 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 45 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. GL (1855); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 42 (1862); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 83 (1870), and App. p. 26 (1872). Hydraspis, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 39 (1831). Péltocephalus, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 577; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 44, and Sh. Rept. p. 61; Strauch, lc. p. 41; Gray, Suppl. p. 84. Chelenemys, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 154, and Suppl. p. 83, and App. p. 25. Dumerilia (non Bocage), Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (2) xix. p. 232 (1867); Gray, Suppl. p. 82, and Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (4) xi, p. 149 (1873). Bartlettia, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 720, and App. p. 26. Erymnochelys, Baw, Zool. Anz. 1888, p. 421. Fig. 50. Skull of Podocnemis sextuberculata. (From Gray, P. Z.8. 1870.) * Podocnemis coutinhii, Goldi, Ber. S. Gall. Nat. Ges, 1884-5, p. 279, pl. v. (1886), from the Amazon, rests on a very imperfect description and figure taken from a quite young specimen. 3. PODOCNEMIS. 201 Mesoplastral bones small, lateral, wedged in between the hyo- and the hypoplastra; plastron large, without hinge, with strong axillary and inguinal buttresses. A bony temporal roof, the quad- ratojugal forming a suture with the parietal; alveolar surface of upper jaw with one or more ridges; a single shield between the eyes; a pair of large parietal shields and an interparietal. Digits broadly webbed, fore foot with five claws, hind foot with four. Tail very short. South America and Madagascar. Fig. 51. Shell of Podocnemis sextuberculata. Synopsis of the Species. I. Forehead concave ; jugal and quadrate bones separated. A. Alveolar ridges of upper jaw strong, running along the whole length of the jaw. Mental barbels two; a single inter- parietal shield ..............:... 1. dumeriliana, p. 202. Mental barbels two; two azygous shields between the parietals ............ 2. lewyana, p. 203. AVsin@ los PAEOelacem ym co. aes ys ewe 3. unifilis, p, 205, 202 PELOMEDUSID®. B. Alveolar ridges short and feeble. Mental barbels two ...........-..- 4, expansa, p. 204. A single barbel..... 5.242: 205---4: 5. sevtuberculata, p. 204. II. Forehead flat; jugal in contact with the quadrate. Intergular shield very small, shorter than the gulars ; interparietal shield pointed behind . cee empress 6. madagascariensis, p. 205. Intergular shield longer than the gulars; interparietal shield widening behind |. 3 ....\. Goemeem eases 7. tracava, p. 206. 1. Podocnemis dumeriliana. Imys dumeriliana, Schweigg. Prod. p. 31 (1814). ~ cayennensis, Schweigg. lc. p. 29. erythrocephala, Sprv, Test. Bras. p. 9, pl. vii. (1824). Hydraspis dumeriliana, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 42 (1831). cayennensis, Gray, l. c. lata, Gray, .c. p. 77. Podocnemis dumeriliana, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 387 (1855) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 45 (1844); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 147 (1862); Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 134. —— dumeriliana, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 62, pl. xxviii. (1855). Chelonemys dumeriliana, part., Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 83 (1870), and App. p. 25 (1872). Carapace oval, rather convex, but feebly expanded posteriorly ; usually second and third vertebral shields with an obtuse keel. Plastron large, front lobe broader than hind lobe ; the width of the bridge at Jeast equals the width of the hind lobe; intergular shield much longer than the gulars; the longest median suture is formed by the abdominals, the shortest by the humerals. Interorbital space concaye, much narrower than the diameter of the orbit; upper jaw not hooked ; a large interparietal shield, behind which the parietals usually form a suture; this shield subcordiform and as broad as long in the young, much elongate in the adult; the width of the mandible at the symphysis exceeds the diameter of the orbit ; alveolar surface of upper jaw with two strong ridges, running along the whole length of the jaw; lower jaw with three cutting-edges, the median and the inner close together. Chin with two short dermal appendages. Two very large shields on the outer border of the foot. Carapace brown or blackish above; lower surface yellowish or brownish, with blotches of blackish; head reddish brown in the adult, in the young blackish, with a yellowish band on each jaw, a yellowish spot behind the eye, and a pair of yellowish round spots with black centre on the interparietal shield. Length of shell 38 centim. System of the Amazon. a. d, stfid. 6, ce, Ad., skulls, d,e. Ad., skulls. 3. PODOCNEMIS. Santa Cruz. Upper Amazon. Kea. 203 Mr. E. Bartlett ie Mr. E. Bartlett [ H. W. Bates, Esq. |. ea, 10. H. W. Bates, Msq. rate 1 F. &, stfid. Lakes of Upper Amazon. g. Ad., shell. Lakes of Upper Amazon. H. W. Bates, Esq. h. Yg., stffd. Lower Amazon. a. Ycg., stffd. Brazil. 2. Podocnemis lewyana. Podocnemis lewyana, A. Dum. Arch. Mus. vi. p. 242, pls. xviii. & xix. (1852). Apparently closely allied to the preceding. pressed, without keel. Front lobe of plastron not broader than hind lobe. Snout longer; interparictal shield broader than long, followed by a small triangular shield. Three large scales on the outer side of the foot, upper largest. Shell olive, more or less vermiculate or spotted with black. Length of shell 26 centim. Colombia (Bogota) and Venezuela. Carapace more de- 3. Podocnemis unifilis. Podocnemis unifilis, Trosch. in Schomb. Reise Brit. Guian. iii, p. 647 (1848) ; Selater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 745. dumeriliana, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 62 (1855). Chelonemys dumeriliana, part., Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 83 (1870), and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) viii. p. 68 (1871), and App. p. 25 (1872). Agrees with P. dumeriliana in the shape of the shell and head and the presence of a single interparietal shield; with P. lewyana in the presence of three large shields on the outer side of the foot ; differs from both in the presence of a single dermal appendage on the chin. Carapace brown, uniform or spotted with black, with the edge yellowish or reddish; plastron brown and yellowish. Head dark brown, with yellow spots disposed as follows :—One on the snout, one on each side of the nasal region, one from below the eye to the mandible, one behind the eye, one above the ear, and a pair on the interparietal shield. The species reaches a length of 31 centim., according to Schom- burgk ; the shell of the largest specimen in the Museum measures 113 centim. Guianas and Northern Brazil. a. Hegr., spir. Upper Amazon. b. Her., stffid. Upper Amazon. ce, Yg., spir. Para. d, e. Ye., spir. —-? Mr. E. Bartlett [C. ]. 204 PELOMEDUSID&. 4. Podocnemis expansa. Emys expansa, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 80 (1814). : amazonica, Spix, Test. Bras. p. 1, pls. i. & ii. figs. 1-3 (1824). Hydraspis expansa, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 41 (1831). cy Podocnemis expansa, Wagl. Syst. Amph. pl. iv. figs. 1.—xxx1. (1830) ; Dum. & Bibr. ii. p. 883 (1835) ; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 45 (1844) ; Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p. 146 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 102 (1865). expansa, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 61, pl. xxxvii. fig. 1 (1855), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 133, and Suppl. p. 83 (1870). Carapace much depressed in the adult, tectiform in the young, expanded posteriorly. Plastron large, front lobe as broad as or broader than hind lobe; the width of the bridge equals or slightly exceeds the width of the hind lobe; intergular shield much longer than gular; the longest median suture is usually formed by the abdominals, the shortest by the humerals. Interorbital space concaye, much narrower than the diameter of the orbit ; upper jaw not hooked; a large interparietal shield, behind which the parietals form a short suture, if any ; the width of the mandible at the sym- physis exceeds the diameter of the orbit ; alveolar surface of upper jaw with three short ridges, median strongest; lower jaw with three cutting-edges, the median shortest. Chin with two short dermal appendages. Two very large shields on the outer border of the foot. Brown or olive above, spotted with darker; plastron yellowish, spotted with brown. Young olive above, yellow in- feriorly ; supraciliary borders yellow ; a yellow spot behind the eye and a pair on the interparietal shield. Length of shell 77 centim. Tropical South America east of the Andes. a. Ad., skel. Peruvian Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett bet b,c. Ad., skulls. Peruvian Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett { C.]. d. Ad., skull. Upper Amazon, e-g. Yg., spir. Rio Ucayali. W. Davis, Esq. [C. ]. Messrs. Veitch | P. }. h-n. Yg., spi. Manios, Brazil. M. A. Peixoto [C.]. o. Yg., spir. Bahia. Dr. Wucherer | C. |. p. Yg., stffd. Brazil. P G00). Spit: 5. Podocnemis sextuberculata. Podoenemis sextuberculata, Cornalia, Vert. Syn. Mus. Medtolan, p- 15, pl. iii. (1849). expansa, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 61, pl. xxvii. (1855), and Suppl. p. 83 (1870). Bartlettia pitipii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 720; Selater, Proc. ras Soc. 1878, p. 741, fig.; Gray, App. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 27 (1872). Carapace much depressed, obtusely keeled, expanded posteriorly. Plastron large, front lobe broader than hind lobe; the width of the 3. PODOCNEMIS. 205 bridge less than the width of the hind lobe; intergular shield much longer than gulars; the longest median suture is formed by the abdominals, the shortest by the humerals; young with three tubercular swellings on each side of the plastron, traces of which may be found in adult specimens. Interorbital space concave, much narrower than the diameter of the orbit ; upper Jaw not hooked; a large interparietal shield, entirely separating the parietals; the width of the mandible at the symphysis nearly equals the diameter of the orbit ; alveolar surface of upper jaw with a short and feeble ridge ; inner edge of mandible much raised, the mandible subtri- angular in section, Chin with a single dermal appendage. Two very large shields on the outer border of the foot. Shell brown or olive above, yellowish, blotched with brown, inferiorly ; head reddish brown above. Length of shell 31 centim. Amazon, a, Ad., spir. Upper Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett [C.].) (Types of b. Ad., stffd. Upper Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett |C.].> Bartlettia e. Ad., skel. Upper Amazon. Mr. E. Bartlett [C.].} pitipiz.) d, Ad., shell. Upper Amazon. H. W. Bates, Esq. [C. ]. 6. Podocnemis madagascariensis. Dumerilia madagascariensis, Grandid. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (2) xix. p- 232 (1867); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 82 (1870), and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 149 (1873). Shell oval, moderately depressed, keeled in the young ; posterior border more or less strongly reverted ; dorsal shields with more or less distinct radiating striz. Plastron large, front lobe broader than hind lobe; the width of the bridge equals the width of the hind lobe ; intergular shield very small, much shorter than the gulars, which form a suture behind. Interorbital space flat, nearly as broad as the diameter of the orbit in the adult, half as broad in the young ; upper jaw slightly hooked; jugal bone forming a suture with the quadrate; a large interparietal shield, behind which the parietals form a suture ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis much exceeds the diameter of the orbit; alveolar surface of both jaws with a feeble median ridge. Chin with a short dermal appen- dage. Three very large shields on the outer border of the foot. Brown above, finely dotted or striated with black ; plastron yellow, uniform or soiled with brown. Length of shell 35 centim. Madagascar. a, Ad., skel. Anuayandra, W. Mada- gascar. b. 2, stfid. S.E. Betsileo. Mr. T. Waters bet c, d,e, f. Her. & yg., S.E. Betsileo. Mr. T. Waters [C. |. skins. gy. 3, skel. 8.1. Betsileo. Mr. T. Waters [C. ] 906 CHELYDIDZ. 7. Podocnemis tracaxa. Emys tracaxa, Spiv, Test. Bras. p. 6, pl. v. (1824). “ macrocephala, Spi, J. c. p. v, pl. iv. Peltocephalus tracaxa, Dum. § Bibr. ii, p. 378, pl. xviii. fig. 2 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 44 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 61 (1855); Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 101 (1865); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 84 (1870). Carapace rather convex, obtusely keeled posteriorly. Supra- caudal shield sometimes single. Plastron large, front lobe much broader than the hind lobe, which exceeds the width of the bridge ; intergular shield longer than the gulars; the longest median suture is formed by the femorals ; suture between the humerals about as long as that between the pectorals. Interorbital space flat, broader than the diameter of the orbit; upper jaw strongly hooked; jugal bone forming a suture with the quadrate ; a very large interparietal shield, widening behind, and widely separating the parietals ; the width of the mandible at the symphysis much exceeds the diameter of the orbit; alveolar surface of both jaws with a feeble median ridge. Chin with a short dermal appendage. Three very large shields on the outer border of the foot. Dark brown above, yellowish inferiorly. Length of shell 43 centim. Amazon, Guianas. a, 6. Ad., stffd. S. America, Fam. 9. CHELYDIDA. Emydide, part., Gray, Ann. Phil. (2) x. 1825. Emydide, part., Bell, Zool. Journ. ili. 1828. Steganopodes, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. 1830. Chelyde, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. 1831. Elodites Pleurodéres, part., Diméril § Bibron, Erp. Gén. 11. 1835. Chelydide, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. 1844, and Sh. Rept. i. 1855, Chelyoide, Hydvaspidide, part., Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U. 8.1. 1857. Chelyda, part., Strauch, Chelon. Stud. 1862. Hydraspidide, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 282. Chelydidee, Hydraspidide, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. 1870. Chelydidee, Boulenger, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (6) i. p. 347, 1888. Plastral bones nine. Shell covered with epidermal shields. Neck bending under the margin of the carapace, always exposed ; fifth and eighth cervical vertebrae biconvex. No bony temporal arch, but usually a parieto-squamosal ; palatine bones separated by the yomer; nasals usually present; prefrontals separated from each other; dentary bones usually distinct. Digits moderately elongate ; claws four or five. South America, Australia, and New Guinea. 1. cHELYs. 207 Synopsis of the Genera. 1. Neck longer than the dorsal vertebral column ; jaws weak. Nose ending in a tube; fore limb with five claws, hind limb with four: a broad parieto-squamosal arch; neural plates present. 1. Chelys, p. 207. Both fore and hind limbs with four claws ; nuchal shield behind the marginals, simulating a sixth vertebral; a slender parieto-squa- mosal arch; neural plates present .. 2. Hydromedusa, p. 210. Both fore and hind limbs with four claws ; intergular shield behind the gulars ; no paricto-squamosal arch ; no neural plates, 3. Chelodina, p. 213. 1I. Neck shorter than the dorsal vertebral column. A. Lower jaw narrow at the symphysis ; first vertebral shield larger than second. Neural plates present; parietal bones not expanded superiorly ; parieto-squamosal arch very slender.. 4. Rhinemys, p. 217. Neural plates present ; parietal bones expanded superiorly ; parieto- squamosal arch strong ............ 5. Hydraspis, p. 219. Neural plates absent; parietal bones much expanded superiorly ; vertebral region grooved .......... 6. Platemys, p. 226. B. Lower jaw, at the symphysis, at least as broad as the orbit ; first vertebral shield not larger than the second. Alveolar surface of upper jaw without median ridge. 7. Emydura, p. 228. Alveolar surface of upper jaw with a median ridge. 8. Elseya, p. 234. 1. CHELYS. Chelys, Dumér. Zool. Anal. p. 76 (1806); Fitzing. N. Classtf. Rept. p.7 (1826); Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 1841880) ; Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 43 (1831); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 454 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 44 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 60 (1855); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 49 (1862); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh, Rept. 1. p. 71 (1870). Matamata, Merrem, Tent. p. 21 (1820). Neural plates present, seven in number, the last pair of costals forming a suture ; nuchal shield present, marginal ; plastron narrow, with very strong axillary and inguinal buttresses, the latter anchy- losed to the fourth costal plate. Neck longer than the dorsal vertebral column. No separate nasal bones ; a strong supraoccipital 08 CHELYDID. Skull of Chelys flmbriata. 1. CHELYs. 209 arch; jaws very weak, without horny beak ; eyes extremely small ; nose produced into a long tube; a large dermal appendage above the ear, and smaller ones on the neck and chin. Digits entirely webbed. North-eastern South America. Shell of Chelys finbriata, 1. Chelys fimbriata. Testudo fimbriata, Schneid. Schildkr. p. 349 (1783) ; Schoepff, Test p- 97, pl. xxi. (1792). —— matamata, Bruguiére, Journ. d’ Hist. Nat. 1792, p. 258, pl. xiii. ; Daud. Rept. ii. p. 86, pl. xx. (1802). ? Testudo bispinosa, Daud. 1. ec. p. 94. Chelys fimbriata, Schwetgg. Prodr. p. 25 (1814); Spex, Test. Bras. pl. xi. (1824); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p.171 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 121 (1865); Giinth. Tr. Zool. Soc. xi. p. 215, pl. xii. (1882). ? Chelys bispinosa, Schweiqg. l. ¢. Matamata fimbriata, Merr. Tent. p. 21 (1820). Chelys matamata, Wagl. Syst. Amph. pl. iii. figs. ixxiv. (1830) ; Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 455, pl. xxi. fig. 2 (1835); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 44 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 60 (1855). 210 CHELYDID. Carapace with three series of large nodose protuberances or keels, the shields very rugose, with strong radiating strie; posterior margin more or less strongly serrated; vertebral shields broader than long, about as broad as costals. Plastron subcruciform, front lobe rounded, broader than the hind lobe, which is deeply notched ; plastral shields very variable in shape, femorals constantly the longest ; intergular either small and separating the gulars only anteriorly, or large and widely separating the latter shields ; axillary and inguinal shields indistinct. Head extremely depressed, trian- gular, covered with small warts or granules. Limbs with small scales, the largest of which are crescentic. Brown; young elegantly marked with brown and yellow bands along the chin and neck, and with black and yellow spots on the shell. Length of shell 38 centim. Guianas, Northern Brazil. a. Yg., spir. Cayenne. b. Q, stffd. Cayenne. c,d. 6, stffd. Brazil. ; e. Yg., spit. Manaos, Brazil. M. A. Peixoto [C.]. 5 "h. Eggs, laid in the Zoological Gardens, London. 2. HYDROMEDUSA. Chelodina, part., Fvtzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 6 (1826); Dum. § Bibr. i. p. 441 (1855). Hydromedusa, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 135 (1880); Gray, Cat. Tort. p- 45 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 59 (1855) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p- 47 (1862); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 73 (1870); Giinth. Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (5) xiv. p. 422 (1884). Hydraspis, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 89 (1831). Chelomedusa, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 803 (1873). Neural plates present, seven in number, the last pair of costals forming a suture ; nuchal shield present, situated behind the anterior marginals, simulating a sixth vertebral; plastron large, with mode- rately strong axillary and feeble inguinal buttresses, the latter just reaching the fourth costal plate. Neck longer than the dorsal ver- tebral column. A slender supraoccipital arch ; jaws weak, without alveolar ridges ; a strong fold at the angle of the mouth, connecting both jaws. No dermal appendages on the chin. Both pairs of limbs with four claws; digits entirely webbed. South America. 1. Hydromedusa maximiliani. Emys maximiliani, Mekan, Delect. Flor. et Faun. Bras. pl. — (1820). Chelodina maximiliani, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 45 (1826). Hydraspis maximiliani, Gray, Syn, Rept. p. 43 (1831), 2. HYDROMEDUSA. Awl Chelodina flavilabris, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 446 (1835); Guich. in Casteln. Voy. Amér, Sud, Rept. p. 8, pl. 11. (1855). Hydromedusa maximiliani, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 44 (1844); Giinth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xiv. p. 422 (1884). subdepressa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 134. — flavilabris, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 44, and Sh. Rept. i. p. 59 (1855) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 162 (1862); Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 304 (1873). depressa, Gray, Cat, Sh. Rept. i. p. 60, pl. xxvi., and Suppl. p- 72 (1870), and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 803; Giinth. 1. ¢. p- 425. bankee, Giebel, Zeitschr. ges. Naturw. xxvii. p. 19, pl. iv. (1866) ; Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 303. Carapace very much depressed, with a single obtuse keel, which disappears in the adult ; dorsal shields concentrically striated in the Fig. 54. PR ge f ERE PRES SIN eee ee eee a wo ONS ~— Poncss Shell of Hydromedusa tectrfera. young, smooth in the adult ; nuchal shield very variable in shape and in size, either narrower or broader than the first vertebral, pro- portionally larger in the young, in which it nearly equals in length the latter shield. Plastron large, notched behind, with narrow Q db? CHELYDID&. bridge. Snout short, obtusely pointed, slightly prominent; head covered above with undivided smooth skin; sides of neck with conical erect tubercles. Interdigital web moderately developed ; three or four large transverse lamellie on the upper surface of the fore limb. Carapace brown; plastron brown in the adult, yellow spotted with brown in the young; head, neck, and limbs dark olive above, white inferiorly, the limit between the two colours sharply defined. Length of shell 17 centim. Brazil. a,b. 9 & hegr., spir. 3razil. ¢. ©, spir. =i Brazil. _ (Type of H. depressa.) g Her. stffd Brazil. e. Yg., shell. Brazil. Mrs. Miers [P.]. 2. Hydromedusa tectifera. Hydromedusa maximiliani (non Mtk.), Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 135, ‘pl. iii. figs, 25-42 (1830); Peters, Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys. 1839, p. 280, pl. xiv. figs. 1-4; Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 59 (1855), a Suppl. p. 78 ( (1870), and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 802 (1873) ; Burmeister, An. Soc. Se. Argent. xxi. p. 5 (1886). Chelodina maximiliani, Dum. § Bibr. i. p. 449 (1835); Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 555. Hydromedusa tectifera, Cope, Proc, Am. Philos. Soc. xi. p. 147 (1869); Gray, Suppl. p. 73; Bouleng. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) Xvi. p. 85 (1885). - platanensis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 802 (1878) ; Ginth. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) xiv. p. 425, pl. xiv. (1884). wagleri, Giinth. l. c. p. 425. Each dorsal shield, in the young, concentrically striated and with a conical central nodosity; these nodosities disappearing in the adult, except on the hinder shields. Upper surface of head reticu- lated or divided into numerous small irregular shields. Digits ex- tensively webbed. Carapace dark brown ; plastron yellowish, with dark brown spots in the young; head and neck olive, with a broad, white, black-edged, lateral band, and a curved white streak on each side of the throat. Length of shell 20 centim. Southern Brazil to Buenos Ayres. a-b. 3 & yg., spir. tio Grande do Sul. Dr. v. Ihering [C.]. ec. Eggs. Rio Grande do Sul. — Dr. v. Ihering [C.]. d. 6, stffd. Buenos Ayres. (Type of H. waglert.) e. 9, shell, imperfect. Rio de la Plata. M. Bravard[C.]. (Type of H. platanensis.) 7 Ye spe. South of Rio de la Lieut. Gairdner [ P. ]. Plata. 3. CHELODINA, AILS: 3. CHELODINA. Chelodina, part., Fvtzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 6 (1826); Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 441 (1855). Hydraspis, part., Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 511 (1828). Chelodina, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 88 (1831), and Cat. Tort. p. 45 (1844), and Sh, Rept. i. p. 58 (1855) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 48 (1862) ; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 71 (1870). Neural plates absent ; nuchal shield present, marginal; plastron with moderately strong axillary, and feeble inguinal buttresses, the latter just reaching the fifth costal plate; intergular shield large, and situated behind the gulars, between the humerals and the pec- torals. Neck longer than the dorsal vertebral column. No parieto- Fig. 55. : ~ J Skull of Chelodina oblonga. (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1869.) squamosal arch ; jaws weak, without alveolar ridges. No dermal appendages on the chin. Both pair of limbs with four claws ; digits entirely webbed. Australia and New Guinea, 914 CHELYDIDZ. Synopsis of the Species. I. Intergular more than twice as long as the suture between the petorals. Front lobe of plastron nearly as wide as the carapace anteriorly \\f).0 25.1% yom. te 1. longicollis, p. 215. Front lobe of plastron much narrower than the carapace. ::. .. .Sa-eeceee noe we... 2, nove-guinee, p. 215. Shell of Chelodina oblonga. Il. Pectorals at least as long as the intergular, which is not twice as long as the suture between the pectorals, Plastron (without the bridge) about twice as long as “widb 6 sweu.(o5.cctse piece es 3. expansa, p. 216. Plastron more than twice as long as wide . 4. oblonga, p. 216. 3. CHELODINA. 215 1. Chelodina longicollis. Testudo longicollis, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 62, pl. xvi. (1802). Emys longicollis, Schweigy. Prodr. p. 40 (1814). Hydraspis longicollis, Bell, Zool. Jowrn. ii. p. 512 (1828). Chelodina longicollis, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 39 (1831); Bell, Test. pl. — (1842); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 43 (1844), and Sh. Rept. 1. p. 58 (1855) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 164 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 119 (1865) ; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 72 (1870) ; MeCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vict. pis. xcii. & xcili, (1885). novee-hollandiw, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 445, pl. xxi. fig. 2 (1835). sulcifera, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 59, pl. xxv. fig. 2. suleata, Gray, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 201. Carapace much depressed, oval, broadest behind, grooved along the vertebral region in the adult ; dorsal shields with radiating striw in the young, with vermicular rugosities in the adult ; nuchal shield large, usually considerably longer than broad ; first vertebral shield very large, fourth smallest. Plastron very large, its width (without the bridge) about half the length of the carapace, feebly angulated laterally ; front lobe nearly as wide as the carapace ante- riorly, usually a little wider than the hind lobe, which is angularly notched posteriorly; the longest plastral shield is the intergular, which is more than twice as long as the suture between the pectorals ; suture between the anals as long as, or longer than, that between the femorals. Head small; snout short, obtuse; interorbital space narrow; width of the lower jaw at the symphysis much less than half the diameter of the orbit. Neck and sides of head tubercular. Upper surface of fore limb and lower surface of hind limb near the heel with large transverse lamelle, four or five in number on the arm; digits very broadly webbed. Dark brown above; plastron and lower surface of marginals yellow, with broad black lines along the sutures between the shields. Length of shell 24 centim. South Australia. a. Her., stffd. Australia. Sir J. Banks [P.]. (Type.) b. Yg., spir. New South Wales. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.]. c. 9, spir. Australia, d,e,f. 2 & hgr., stffd. Australia. g. Ad., skel. Australia. h. Ad., shell. Australia, 7. Hegr., shell. Australia. (Type of C. sulcata.) 2. Chelodina nove-guinez. (Prarxs V. & VI.) Chelodina nove-guinexe, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova (2) vi. p. 450 (1888). Carapace as in C. longicollis. Plastron intermediate in size between that of the latter and that of C. expansa ; front lobe a little wider than hind lobe and considerably shorter and narrower than the corresponding half of the carapace; the width of the plastron with- out the bridge is a little more than half its length; the longest plastral shield is the intergular, which is nearly three times as long 216 CHELYDID ©. as the suture between the pectorals; suture between the anals about twice as long as that between the femorals. Head a little larger than in C. longicollis, with stronger lower jaw ; the diameter of the latter at the symphysis is more than half the diameter of the orbit. Fiye broad transverse lamelle on the upper surface of the fore limb. Chestnut-brown aboye, brownish yellow inferiorly. Length of shell 14 centim. New Guinea. a. Her. spir. Katow. M. L. D’Albertis [C. ]. eae Marquis G. Hora (One of the types.) 3. Chelodina expansa. Chelodina expansa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1856, p. 370, pl. xii., and Suppl. Cat. Sh, Rept. i. p. 72 (1870), and Proc. Zool. Soe. 1870, pl. xxxiy. Carapace neither keeled nor grooved; nuchal shield longer than broad, Plastron intermediate, as to size and shape, between C. nove-quinee and C. oblonga, strongly angulated laterally ; lobes considerably shorter and narrower than the opening of the shell; the width of the plastron, without the bridge, is contained twice in its length; the longest plastral shields are the pectorals; intergular once and a half as long as the suture between the pectorals ; suture between the anals shorter than that between the femorals. A series of seven or eight transverse lamelle on the upper surface of the fore limb. Carapace brown, plastron pale brown ; soft parts olive above, yellowish white below. Length of shell 26 centim. Queensland. a. 6, stfid. N. Australia. Mr, Stutchbury [C.]. | (T ) b. Yg., carapace. N. Australia. Mr. Stutchbury toa ( Meee e. 3, spir. Gayndah. Museum Godeffroy. 4, Chelodina oblonga. Chelodina oblonga, Gray, in Grey's Trav, Austr. ii. p. 446, pl. vii. (1841), and Cat. Tort. p. 43 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 58, pl. xxiv. (1855); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 165 (1862). colliei, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855, p. 200, and Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 59, and Suppl. p. 72 (1870). Carapace narrow, broadest behind, the males with a feeble verte- bral keel ; nuchal shield as long as broad or a little broader than long. Plastron small, cruciform, angulated laterally, its longitudinal portion more than twice as long as wide; the longest plastral shields are the pectorals, which at least equal the intergular in length; intergular as long as or a little longer than the suture between the pectorals ; suture between the anals as long as, or shorter than, that between the femorals. A series of six or seven transverse lamelle on the fore limb. Brown aboye, yellow inferiorly. Length of shell 23 centim. North and West Australia. 3. CHELODINA.—4. RHINEMYs. 217 a. 3, stffd. W. Australia. (Type.) b. 3, stfti. Swan River. reba Hospital. ec. 3, stitd. Swan River. Sir J. Richardson irae (Types of d. Yg., spir. Swan River. Sir J. Richardson | C. colliet.) » e. 9, stffd. Port Essington. Capt. W. Chambers [P. ]. SJ. Q, stffd. Port Essington. g. 3, skel. N. Australia. h. Ad., shell. N. Australia. Skull of Rhinemys nasuta. 4, RHINEMYS. Rhinemys, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 134 (1850). Hydraspis, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 39 (1831), and Cat. Tort. p. 88 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 54 (1855), and Suppl. p. 73 (1870). Platemys, part., Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 404 (1835); Strauch, Chelon, Stud, p. 45 (1862). 218 CHELYDID ©. Neural plates present, four in number; nuchal shield present, marginal. Plastron large, with very strong axillary, and mode- rately strong inguinal buttresses, the latter anchylosed to the fifth costal plate. A very slender parieto-squamosal arch ; parietals not expanded superiorly ; jaws moderately strong, without alveolar ridges. Chin with a pair of dermal appendages. Digits entirely webbed. South America. or spre neetoon PRA NGT S f NETO ELE Shell of Rhinemys nasuta, ib Rhinemys nasuta. Emys nasuta, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 29 (1814). barbatula, Gravenh. Delic. Mus. Zool. Vratisl. p: 15, ploew: figs. 3 & 4 (1829). Tlydraspis barbatula, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 43 (1831). Platemys schweiggeri, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 435 (1835). Hydraspis nasuta, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 40 (1844). spixii (non D. §& B.), Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, p. 134. — raniceps, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 55, pl. xxiii., and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p. 180, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 74 (1870), and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (A) xi. p. 74, fig. (1878). 4, ROINEMYS.—). HYDRASPTs. 219 Platemys nasuta, Strauch, Chelon, Stud. pp. 47 & 160 (1862). raniceps, Strauch, l. c. p. 47. Hydraspis maculata, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 305 (1873). Carapace much depressed, with at least a trace of a vertebral keel. Front lobe of plastron broader than hind lobe; intergular shield shorter than its distance from the abdominals ; suture between the latter shields usually longer than that between the pectorals. Head extremely large, covered with numerous small shields ; mental barbels short, shorter than the diameter of the eye. Uniform brown above ; plastron brown, bordered with yellow all round ; bridge and lower surface of marginals yellow ; a broad yellow band covers the labial and tympanic regions, Length of shell 30 centim. Northern Brazil, Guianas, Venezuela. a, Ad., stffd. Para. H. W. Bates, Esq.[C.]. (Type of HZ, raniceps.) 6, c. Ad., stffd. Surinam. d. Her., stfid. Venezuela. Sir Rawson Rawson [P.]. e. Yg., spir. P (Type of ZZ, maculata.) fj. Ad., skel. —-? 5. HYDRASPIS *. Chelodina, part., Mitzing. N. Class, Rept. p. 6 (1826). Hydraspis, part., Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 511 (1828); Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 39 (1831), and Cat. Tort. p. 38 (1844), and Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 54 (1855), and Suppl. p. 73 (1870). Rhinemys, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 134 (1830). Phrynops, Wagler, l. e. p. 185; Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 41. Platemys, part., Dum. § Brbr. ii. p. 404 (1835) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 45 (1862). Spatulemys, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 463 (1873). Mesoclemmys, Gray, /. e. (4) x1. p. 805 (1873). Neural plates present, six innumber; nuchal shield present, mar- ginal, Plastron large, with a very strong axillary and moderately strong inguinal buttresses, the latter anchylosed to the fifth costal plate. A parieto-squamosal arch ; parietals more or less expanded superiorly. Jaws moderately strong, without alveolar ridges. Chin with a pair of dermal appendages, or barbels. Digits entirely webbed. South America. The following characters apply to all the species :— Carapace much depressed, smooth in the adult ; vertebrals very broad in the young, broader than the costals, much narrower in * 1, Hydraspis? affinis, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 41 (1844).—Brazil. 2. Phrynops bellii, Gray, l. ¢. p. 41— Hab, ? 220 CHELYDIDE. the adult, in which the first is the broadest and the fourth the narrowest ; nuchal rather large, at least twice as long as broad. Plastron large, deeply notched posteriorly, slightly concave in the male ; width of the bridge contained three and a half to four times in the length of the plastron; axillary and inguinal shields very small Fig. 59. Skull of Hydraspis hilarit. or absent. Snout rather pointed, with the nasal region very slightly produced. Upper surface of neck with small warts. Limbs very broadly webbed, fringed on the outer side, covered anteriorly with unequal transyerse scales ; a prominent series of enlarged tubercular scales along the inner edge of the leg. 5, HYDRASPIS. 921 Fig. 60, Shell of Hydraspis hilarii. Synopsis of the Species. I. Skin of upper surface of head divided into several small shields. A. Mental barbels large, widening dis- tally, club-shaped; plastron yellow with large black spots .......... 1. hilar, p. 222. B. Mental barbels narrow. 1. Carapace with three tuberculate ridges in the halfgrown ; plastron with symmetrical black markings. 2. tuberosa, p. 223. 2. Carapace with a single keel. Mental barbels as long as the diameter of the eye, black at the base ; head and neck with symmetrical black bands ; carapace pale brownish, vermiculated with black.. 3. geoffroyana, p. 223. Mental barbels shorter than the diameter of the eye ; intergular shield shorter than its distance from the abdominals ...... 4, gibba, p. 224. 9292 CHELYDID®. Mental barbels shorter than the diameter of the eye; intergular shield longer than its distance from the abdominals ...... 5. radiolata, p. 225. II. Skin of median upper surface of head undivided. Suture between the pectoral shields longer than that between the abdominals...... 6. rufipes, p. 225. Suture between the pectoral shields shorter than that between the abdominals .... 7. wagleri, p. 225. 1. Hydraspis hilarii. Phrynops geoffroyana (non Schweigg.), Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 185, 1. v. figs. xlvili.—li. (1830), and Icones, pl. xxvi. (1853). Platemys geoffreana, Juv., Dum. § Bibr. u. p. 421 (1835), —— hilarii, Dum. § Bibr. p. 428; Guichen. in Casteln. Voy. Amér. Sud, Rept. p. 7, pl. i, (1805); Burmeister, Reise La Plata, ii. p- 521 (1861). Hydraspis hilarii, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 40 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 57 (1855). Platemys geoffreyana, part., ZZensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 350. Spatulemys lasale, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 463 (1872), and xi. p. 73, pl. il. (1873). Carapace with a very feeble vertebral keel, which may disappear in the adult; dorsal shields of young not gibbose, but with con- centrie and radiating strize. Front lobe of plastron broader than hind lobe; intergular shield as long as its distance from the abdominals in the young, shorter in the adult; suture between the pectorals much shorter than that between the abdominals. Median region of upper surface of head divided into irregular shields, among which a small azygos frontal is constantly distinct: parietal bones above as wide as the diameter of the orbit ; mental barbels at least as long as the diameter of the eye, club-shaped, narrowest at the base. Olive above, edge of carapace yellow; some of the marginals usually with one or two small black spots ; plastron and lower surface of marginals yellow, with black spots disposed more or less symmetrically ; a black line on each side of the head and neck, passing through the eye ; lower surface of head and neck, and tympanum, yellow ; each barbel with a black ring; a black line on each side of the throat, behind the barbels, sometimes connected with the lateral line on the neck; lower surface of neck with a few black spots ; inner surface of limbs yellow, with one or more black spots or streaks ; hinder side of thighs with a black band. Length of shell 54 centim. South America between the Amazons and the Parana, a, b-f. 3 2, her. Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. y. Ihering [C.]. & yg., spir. g. 3, skel. Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. H. v. Thering [C.]. h. 3, stild. R. Parana, Prov. Col. Perez de Lasala [P.]. : : Corrientes. (‘Type of S. lasale.) a. 2, spir. Buenos Ayres. W. White, Esq. [C.]. k. 3, stfid. ? 5. WYDRASPIS. 923 2. Hydraspis tuberosa. Tlydraspis depressa (non Merr.), Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept.i. p.57 (1855), Platemys hilarii (non D. § B.), Trosch. in Schomburgk, Reis. Brit. Guiana, iii. p. 647 (1848). depressa, Juv., Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 153 (1862). tuberosa, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1870, p. 311, pl. —. Hydraspis tuberosa, Gray, Suppl. Cat, Sh. Rept. i. p. 75 (1870). Carapace with a vertebral keel, and a lateral keel or series of knobs along the costals. Front lobe of plastron broader than hind lobe ; intergular shield usually as long as its distance from the abdominals ; suture between the pectorals usually shorter than that between the abdominals. Median region of upper surface of head divided into irregular shields; parietal bones above wider than the diameter of the orbit; mental barbels a little shorter than the diameter of the eye. Brownish above, edge of carapace yellow ; plastron and lower surface of marginals yellow, with symmetrical black spots and yermiculations ; the black spots under the anterior half of the margin confluent into a band; a black streak on each side of the head and neck, passing through the eye, often uniting with another behind the tympanum; a crescentic black streak on the chin, embracing the base of the barbels; throat yellow, with black spots and marblings; inner side and borders of limbs yellow. The shell of the specimen described by Peters measures 127 millim. British Guiana. a. Yg., spir. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [P.]. b. Yg., spir. ? Dr. Riippell [ P. }. avi Bae ) ¢. Y2., spir. f 3. Hydraspis geoffroyana. Emys geoffroana, Schweigg. Prod. p. 33 (1814). depressa, Merr. Tent. p. 22 (1820); Wied, Beitr. i. p. 29 (1825), and Abbild. pl. — (1851). ? Emys viridis, Spur, Test. Bras. p. 8, pl. ii. fig. 4 & pl. iii. fie, 1 1824). Chelodina geoffroana, Fitz. NV. Cl. R. p. 45 (1826). Hydraspis depressa, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 41 (1831). ? Hydraspis viridis, Gray, l.c. Platemys geoffreana, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 418 (1835) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 152 (1862), neuwiedii, Dum. § Bibr. p. 425. Phrynops geoffroyana, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 41 (1844). Hydraspis geoffroyana, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 57 (1855), Platemys depressa, Strauch, l.c. p. 155. — geoffreyana, part., Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 350. Carapace with a very feeble vertebral keel, which disappears in the adult. Front lobe of plastron slightly broader than hind lobe ; intergular shield shorter than its distance from the abdominals ; suture between the pectorals as long as or shorter than that between 224 CHELYDID@&. the abdominals. Median region of upper surface of head divided into irregular shields ; parietal bones above wider than the diameter of the orbit; mental barbels as long as the diameter of the eye. Carapace yellowish brown above, closely striated or vermiculated with black ; plastron and lower surface of marginals olive or brown ; head olive above, marbled with black; a broad black band on each side of the head and neck, passing through the eye; another parallel black band along the upper hp and side of neck; throat and lower surface of neck yellow; a horseshoe-shaped black band on the chin, embracing the base of the barbels; lower surface of neck with black spots or interrupted longitudinal bands; limbs olive, yellowish on the inner side, Length of shell 25 centim. Brazil. a-c. @ & hgr., spir. Ttio Grande do Sul. Dr. vy. Ihering [C.! 4, Hydraspis gibba. Emys gibba, Schweigg. Prod. p. 80 (1814). ? Emys radiolata, Weed, Abbild. pls. — (1831). ? Platemys radiolata, Dem. § Babr. ii. p. 412 (1855). Platemys gibba, Dum. § Bibr. p. 416, pl. xx. fig. 2. ? Platemys miliusii, Dum. § Bibr. p. 451. Hydraspis gibba, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 40 (1844), and Sh, Rept. i. p: 45 (1855). ? Phrynops ? miliusii, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 42. Iydraspis nasuta, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 55. ? Hydraspis miliusii, Gray, dc. p. 56. Hydraspis gordoni, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, p. 568, pl. xhi., and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 74 (1870). bicolor, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 804 (1873). Mesoclemmys gibba, Gray, l. ec. p. 305, Carapace with a vertebral keel, which becomes very indistinct in the adult. Front lobe of plastron not or but slightly broader than hind lobe; intergular shield shorter than its distance from the abdominals ; suture between the pectorals shorter than that between the abdominals. Median region of upper surface of head divided into irregular shields ; parietal bones above wider than the diameter of the orbit; mental barbels shorter than the diameter of the eye. Uniform dark chestnut-brown above; marginal yellow inferiorly ; plastron dark brown, bordered with yellow; head brown above, spotted with black; throat yellowish in the young, spotted with black ; barbels uniform yellowish. Length of shell 18 centim. Trinidad, Guianas, Brazil. a. 3, stffd. Mt. Tamana, Trinidad. (Type of 7. gordoni.) b. Yg., spir. Demerara Falls. (Type of ZZ, bicolor.) c. 9, stffd. ? d. Yg., spir. P 5. HYDRASPIs. bo bo Cr 5. Hydraspis radiolata, Emys radiolata, Mikan, Delect. Faun. Flor. Bras. pl. — (1820). Chelodina radiolata, Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 45 (1826). THydraspis radiolata, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 41 (1831). Platemys gaudichaudii, Dum. § Bibr. 1. p. 427 (1835). Hydraspis gaudichaudii, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 40 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 57 (1855), and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (A) xi. p. 304 (1873). Carapace with a feeble vertebral keel; dorsal shields of half- grown specimens with radiating striez. Front lobe of plastron broader than hind lobe; intergular shield at least as long as its distance from the abdominals ; suture between the pectorals shorter than that between the abdominals. Skin of upper surface of head divided into irregular shields; parietal bones above as wide as the diameter of the orbit ; mental barbels shorter than the diameter of the eye. Dark brown above; lower surface of marginals yellow ; plastron yellow, with a large subrhomboidal dark brown spot in the middle ; tympanum, chin, and throat yellowish, with small brown spots. Adult unknown. Brazil. a, Yg., spir. Bahia. 6. Hydraspis rufipes. Emys rufipes, Spez, Test. Bras. p. 7, pl. vi. (1824). Rhinemys rufipes, Wagl. Syst. Amph. pl. iii. figs. xliii—lv. (1830). Hydraspis rufipes, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 41 (1831), and Sh, Rept. 1. p. 56 (1855). Platemys rufipes, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 435 (1835). Phrynops rufipes, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 41 (1844). Carapace with a yertebral keel. Front lobe of plastron broader than hind lobe; intergular shield much shorter than its dis- tance from the abdominals; suture between the pectorals longer than that between the abdominals. Forehead and vertex covered with undivided skin; parietal bones expanded; mental barbels shorter than the diameter of the eye. Brown above, yellowish inferiorly ; throat and limbs rufous. Length of shell 25 centim. River Solimoéns, Brazil. 7. Hydraspis wagleri. Platemys wagleri, Dum. § Libr. ii. p. 422 (1835). Hydraspis w wagleri, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 40 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p- 56 (1855). Carapace much elongate, much narrowed at both ends, not keeled. Plastron broader in front than behind ; suture between the pectoral shields shorter than that between the abdominals. Forehead and vertex covered with undivided skin. Shell rufous above, edged with yellow, yellow inferiorly ; upper surface of head and limbs 926 CHELYDID&. olive-brown, lower surface yellow, with some black spots under the neck; a black streak under the ear and another behind the barbel. Length of shell 32 centim. Brazil. 6. PLATEMYS. Hydraspis, part., Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 511 (1828); Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 89 (1831), and Cat. Tort. p. 38 (1844). Platemys, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 185 (1880) ; Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 03 (1855), and Suppl. p. 75 (1870). Platemys, part., Dum. § Libr, ii. p. 404 (1835); Strauch, Chelon. Stud, p. 45 (1862). Acanthochelys, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 805 (1873). Fig. 61. Shell of Platemys platycephala, Neural plates absent ; nuchal shield present, marginal. Plastron large, with moderately strong axillary and inguinal buttresses, the latter anchylosed to the fifth costal plate. Parietal bones broad, expanded above, connected with the strong supraoccipital arch ; jaws moderately strong, without alveolar ridges, Chin with a pair of dermal appendages, or barbels. Digits webbed. South America. 6. PLATEMYS. 227 1. Platemys spixii. Emys depressa (non Merr.), Spix, Test. Bras. p. 4, pl. iii. fig. 2 (1824). Bistene: spixil, Dum. §& Bibr. ii. p. 409 (1835); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 152 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 114 (1865). Hydraspis spixii, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 89 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p: 54 (1855). Acanthochelys spixii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 805 (1873). Carapace grooved along the vertebral line, the shields with con- centric and radiating striw ; nuchal shield twice as long as broad ; first and fifth vertebrals very large, second, third, and fourth about as long as broad in the adult. Plastron large, four times as long as the width of the bridge, angularly notched behind in the half- grown, very feebly in the adult ; proportions of the plastral shields very variable. Skin of upper surface of head divided into numerous small irregular shields ; snout extremely short, very feebly project- ing ; width of the parietal bones above a little more than the dia- meter of the orbit; mental barbels very small. Upper surface of neck with large, erect, conical, soft tubercles. Limbs moderately webbed, covered with squarish scales; a fringe of enlarged scales along the outer edge of the fore limb; a much developed, com- pressed, crescentic process on the inner side of the leg, formed by three very large tubercles. Shell dark brown or black above and below; head and limbs uniform olive-brown above, lighter olive inferiorly. Length of shell 16 centim. Brazil. a. 9, stffd. Brazil. b. Her., spir. San Lorenzo, Rio Grande do Sul. Dr. v. Ihering [C. ]. 2. Platemys platycephala. Testudo platycephala, Schneid. Schrift. Berl. Naturf. Fr. x. p. 259, pl. vii. (1792). —— planiceps, Schoepff, Test. p. 115, pl. xxvii. (1792). martinella, Daud. Rept. iii. p. 344 (1803), Emys planiceps, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 34 (1814). canaliculata, Spix, Test. Bras. p. 10, pl. viii. (1824). Platemys canaliculata, Wagl. Syst. Amph. pl. iv. figs. 1-26 (1830). Hydraspis planiceps, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 40 (1831), and Cat. Tort. p. 39 (1844). Platemys martinella, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 407 (1835), ? Hydraspis spixii, Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 22 (1845). Platemys planiceps, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 54 (1855), and Suppl. p- 75 (1870) ; Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 114 (1865). Carapace very much depressed, deeply grooved along the vertebral region, on each side of which is an obtuse longitudinal keel; shields feebly striated concentrically in the adult; nuchal narrow ; fourth and fifth vertebrals small. Plastron large, its length about thrice and a half the width of the bridge; axillary and inguinal shields R 228 CHELYDIDE. small; posterior notch of plastron feeble. Head much flattened, covered with undivided skin above; snout strongly projecting ; parietal bones much expanded, their width much greater than the diameter of the orbit; mental barbels very small. Upper surface of neck with round or conical tubercles, those on the sides largest and erect. Limbs shortly webbed, covered with large scales, those on the upper arm and thigh being the largest ; a much developed, compressed, crescentic process on the inner side of the leg, formed by two or three very large tubercles. Carapace chestnut-brown above, with a large black blotch on each side on the costals ; mar- ginals yellow inferiorly, with triangular black spots; plastron blackish brown, bordered with yellow; a blackish-brown band on the bridge; head yellowish above, dark brown or black on the sides and below. Length of shell 15 centim. Guianas, Brazil, North-eastern Peru. a. Q, spir. British Guiana. Sir R. Schomburgk [P.]. b. 2, spir. Demerara Falls. c,d. 6 2,shells. Demerara. e. Hgr., spix. Surinam. FS. 2, spir. Guiana. g. 3, stfid. Rio Negro, Brazil. H. W. Bates, Esq. [C. ]. h. 9, ary. Santa Cruz, Huallaga River, N.E. Peru. by 7. Her., skel. 7. EMYDURA. Hydraspis, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 89 (1881). Platemys, part., Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 404 (1835); Strauch, Chelon. Stud, p. 45 (1862). Emydura, Bonap. Arch. f. Nat. 1838, i. p. 140. ; Chelymys, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 42 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 57 (1855), and Suppl. p. 75 (1870), and App. p. 20 (1872). Elseya, part., Gray, Ann. § May. N. H. (4) xx. p. 44 (1867), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 76, and App. p. 22. Euchelymys, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) viii. p. 118 (1871), and App. p. 21. Neural plates absent ; nuchal shield present or absent. Plastron large, with very strong axillary and short inguinal buttresses, the latter reaching the fifth or between the fifth and sixth costal plates. A supraoccipital arch; parictal bones much expanded, forming a roof; jaws very strong, without alveolar ridges ; the width of the lower jaw at the symphysis equals at least the diameter of the orbit. Chin with or without dermal appendages. Digits entirely webbed. Australia and New Guinea. The species of this and the following genus differ from all other Chelydidee in not having the first vertebral shield larger than the second. The limbs are similar to those of Hydraspis. 7. EMYDURA. 929 Synopsis of the Species. I. Upper surface of neck with small rounded tubercles; nuchal shield present; mental barbels absent or very small. A. The width of the bridge is less than one third the length of the plastron. Barbels present; a yellow lateral band from the angle of the mouth to the TTC Ae Nr as a 1. macquarie, p. 230. No trace of barbels; plastron truncate or broadly rounded anteriorly; a yel- low band from the eye to the ear.... 2. krefftii, p. 231. Fie. 62. Skull of Emydura macquarig. (From Gray, P. Z.S. 1872.) No trace of barbels; plastron obtusely acuminate anteriorly ; a yellow band from the end of the snout to the ear.. 3. albertisii, p. 232. R2 230 CHELYDIDE. B. The width of the bridge measures at least one third the length of the plastron. Barbels present ..... oats ...+. 4. subglobosa, p. 232. Barboels Absenh yar cece cca so sree ... 5. australis, p. 232. II. Upper surface of neck with conical erect tubercles; barbels well developed, conical. Nuchal usually absent; intergular shield larger than the gulars ............ 6. latisternum, p. 233. Nuchal present ; intergular very narrow, smaller than the gulars......... ... 7. nove-guinee, p. 233. Shell of Lnydura macquarie. 1. Emydura macquarie. Hydraspis macquarrii, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 40 (1831). Platemys macquaria, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 438 (1835). Hydraspis victoriz, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 55 (1842). Chelymys macquaria, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 42 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 57 (1855). 7. EMYDURA. 231 Euchelymys sulcifera, Gray, Ann. §& Mag. N. H. (4) viii. p. 118 (1871), and App. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 22 (1872), and Proce. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 508. Chelymys victorie, part., Gray, App. p. 21, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 506, pl. xxvii. macquaria, McCoy, Prodr. Zool, Vict. pls. \xxxii, and Ixxxiii. (1884), Shell more or less depressed, its depth contained twice and a half to three times in its length; posterior margin strongly expanded, not or but very feebly serrated; nuchal shield well developed; carapace with longitudinal or sinuous rugosities or with vermicular impressions; a more or less distinct linear vertebral groove. Plastron more than thrice as long as the width of the bridge, sub- truncate or rounded anteriorly, notched posteriorly; intergular shield not twice as long as broad, larger than the gulars. A pair of small mental tubercles or barbels; upper surface of neck with round warts. Carapace olive or olive-brown, plastron pale olive ; soft parts olive or brownish; a yellowish band from the angle of the mouth to the neck, passing below the ear. Length of shell 27 centim. South-eastern Australia ; North-western Australia ? a-b. 9, spir. Adelaide. Cen On sikel, Adelaide. d. 9, stffd. S. Australia. Sir J. Mitchell [P.]. éx Pr stind. S. Australia. J. Gould, Esq. [ P.]}. Jf. Ad., shell. S. Australia. g, 2. Ad., shells. Victoria River, N.W. Aus- Capt. W. Chambers [P.]. tralia. (Types of C. victorie.) 2. stfid. Australia. 7 AS Ser = r itehclles - Australse, nes ck Bh Siena) m. Yg., shell. Australia. nm. Her., skull. Australia. 2. Emydura krefftii. Chelymys krefftii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) viii. p. 866 (1871), and App. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 21 (1872), and Proc. Zool. Soe. 1872, p-506, pl. xxviii. victorie, part., Gray, App. p. 21, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 506, fig. 2. Closely allied to the preceding, but carapace less expanded posteriorly, more oyal; depth of the shell contained twice and two fifths to three times in the length. No trace of barbels. Coloration as in the preceding, but with a yellow band extending from the eye to the ear. Length of shell 25 centim. Queensland. a. ©, stffd. Burnett River. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.]. (Type.) 6. 3, stftd. Burnett River. G. Krefft, Esq. [ P.]. e,d-e. 6 & Burnett River. G. Krefft, Esq. [ P.]. her., spir. Yg., spir. Gayndah. Museum Godefiroy. 232 CHELYDID&. 3. Emydura albertisii. Emydura albertisii, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vi. p. 449 (1888). Carapace oval, obtusely keeled in the male, convex and very rugose in the female; the depth of the shell contained twice and a half in its length. Front lobe of plastron obtusely acuminate. No trace of barbels. Otherwise as in EH. macquarie and kreffti. Carapace blackish brown, plastron bright yellow ; an olive band on the bridge bordered on each side by a more or less distinct festooned brown band: soft parts dark brown; a bright yellow band from the nostrils to above the ear, passing on the upper eyelid; a yellow band on the upper jaw and another on the lower. Length of shell 16 centim. S.E.-New Guinea. 4. Emydura subglobosa. Euchelymys subglobosa, Krefft, Ann. Mus. Genova, viii. p. 390 (1876) ; Peters § Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova, xiil. p. 328 (1878). Emydura subglobosa, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vi. p. 460 (1888). Shell very convex, a little more than twice as long as deep, oval, rugose, with a linear vertebral groove; nuchal well developed. Plastron three times as long as the width of the bridge, front lobe broadly truncate anteriorly ; intergular shield large, a little longer than broad, much larger than the gulars. A pair of small barbels. Brown above, yellow inferiorly; soft parts brown; a yellow band from the end of the snout to above the ear, passing through the eye ; a yellow band on the upper jaw and another on the lower. Length of shell 22 centim. S.E. New Guinea. 5. Emydura australis. Hydraspis australis, Gray, in Grey, Trav. Austr. ii. p. 445, pl. vi. (1841). Chelymys macquaria, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 42 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 57 (1855). macquaria, Gray, App. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 20 (1872). Shell convex, tectiform, twice and one third as long as deep, expanded posteriorly; nuchal well developed. Plastron not three times as long as the width of the bridge, front lobe rounded ; inter- gular shield not twice as long as broad, larger than the gulars. No barbels ; lower jaw very strong, its diameter at the symphysis con- siderably greater than the diameter of the orbit. Dark brown above, yellowish inferiorly. Length of shell 14 centim. a. 9, stfid. W. Australia ? J. Gould, Esq. [P.]. (Type.) 7. EMYDURA. 233 6. Emydura latisternum. Elseya latisternum, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xx. p. 44 (1867) and Suppl. Cat. Sh, Rept.i. p. 77 (1870), and App. p. 22 (1872), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 511, pl. xxix. Euchelymys spinosa, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (5) viii. p. 118 (1871). Elseya spinosa, Gray, App. p. 23. Carapace very much depressed, keeled in the young, with a more or less distinct vertebral grooye in the adult; posterior margin more or less strongly serrated; nuchal shield normally absent ; dorsal shields slightly rugose. Plastron moderately large, front lobe rounded, hind lobe angularly notched; the width of the bridge is contained three and a half to four times in the length of the plastron ; intergular shield much larger than the gulars, once and two thirds to twice as long as broad; suture between the anals much longer than that between the abdominals. Head large, with the skin closely adhering to the skull; snout very prominent; interorbital space concave in the adult; chin with a pair of well- developed conical dermal appendages ; upper surface of neck with large, erect, conical tubercles. Brown above; lower surface of shell yellow or brownish; a whitish band may be present along each side of the neck. Length of shell 24 centim. Queensland. a-b. Her., spir. Cape York. Museum Godeffroy. ce. 3, spir. Gayndah. Museum Godeffroy. d. Hgr., stffd. Burnett River. G. Krefft, Esq. Lt e. Her., spix. Burnett River. G. Krefft, Esq. | P. |. f- Q, atid. Queensland. G. Krefft, Esq. | P.}. g. &, stfid. Australia. (Type.) h. 3, spir. Australia. G. Krefft, Esq. [P.]. (Type of LE. spinosa.) a Yg., skel, Australia. 7. Emydura nove-guinee. Platemys nove-guines, Meyer, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1874, p. 128. Emydura novee-guinese, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Genova, (2) vi. p. 450 (1888). Closely allied to the preceding, but nuchal shield well developed: and plastron smaller, with narrower front lobe; the width of the bridge is contained thrice and one fourth in the length of the plastron ; intergular shield very narrow, thrice as long as broad, much smaller than the gulars. Shell and soft parts brown above and yellowish inferiorly ; a small blackish spot on each vertebral and costal shield. New Guinea. 934 CHELYDID®. 8. ELSEYA. Elseya, part., Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xx. p. 43 (1867), and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 76 (1870), and App. p. 22 (1872). Neural plates absent; nuchal shield absent. Plastron large, with very strong axillary and short inguinal buttresses, the latter just reaching the fifth vostal plate. A supraoccipital arch; parietal Fig. 64. Skull of Elseya dentata. bones much expanded, forming a roof; jaws very strong; a median ridge along the alveolar surface of the upper jaw. Chin with a pair of dermal appendages. Digits entirely webbed. Australia. 8. ELSEYA. B85 1. Elseya dentata. Chelymys dentata, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xii. pp. 98 & 246 (1863). Podocnemis ? dentata, Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 104 (1865). Elseya dentata, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xx. p. 44 (1867), and Suppl. p. 76 (1870), and App. p. 23 (1872), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 513, fig. 5. intermedia, Gray, App. p. 25, and Proe, Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 512. Carapace more or less depressed, keeled in the young; posterior margin strongly serrated in the young, feebly in the adult ; shields nearly smooth. Plastron large, front lobe rounded or subacu- minate, hind lobe strongly notched; the width of the bridge is contained twice and two thirds to thrice in the length of the plastron; intergular shield narrow, more than twice as long as broad. Head rather large, with the skin closely adhering to the skull; snout prominent; a pair of well-developed barbels; the width of the lower jaw at the symphysis equals the diameter of the orbit ; upper surface of neck with small tubercles. Limbs very broadly webbed, strongly fringed on the outer side; anterior surface of fore limb with several transverse lamelle. Carapace dark brown above, yellowish or brown inferiorly ; soft parts olive. Length of shell 27 centim. North Australia. a, b. Hgr. & yg., Upper Victoria River, N.W. J.R.Elsey,Esq. [P.]. shells. Australia. (Types.) e. , shell. Upper Victoria River, N.W. (Type of £. mter- Australia. media. ) d,e. § &hgr., spir. Gayndah. Museum Godeffroy, f. Ad., skel. Gayndah. Museum Godeffroy. 236 CARETTOCHELYDID®. Fam, 10, CARETTOCHELYDIDA. Carettochelydide, Boulenger, Ann. § Mag. H. H. (5) xix. 1887, Pp. LAL. Shell without epidermal shields. Plastron composed of nine bones. Limbs paddle-shaped; digits much elongate, only the two inner clawed. Neck not retractile. A single genus and species, which is still very imperfectly known. 1. CARETTOCHELYS. Carettochelys, Ramsay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. (2)i. p.158 (1886). Six neural plates, all separated from one another by the costals, which meet on the median line. New Guinea. 1. Carettochelys insculpta. Carettochelys insculptus, Zamsay, d. ¢. pls. 1i.—vi. Carapace subcordiform, elevated and rounded in front, laterally flattened behind and strongly keeled, the sides shelving, with the marginal plates expanding, densely rugose. 21 marginals (in- cluding the pygo-marginal). The whole of the plates of the carapace and plastron are covered with small round raised rugations or wavy irregular raised lines between shallow sculptures ; towards the lower borders on the sides these take an clongated form some- times parallel to the sutures. Head large; lower jaw strong ; head with five to seven shields, anterior and median pairs coalesced, Anterior margin of fore legs covered with from seven to ten narrow, band-like, unequal shields. ‘ail short, with from fourteen to sixteen narrow curved shields on the upper surface. Length of shell 46 centim. Fly River. TRIONYCHOIDFA. 237 Superfam. C. TRIONYCHOIDEA. Amydee, part., Oppel, Ordn. Rept. 1811. Trionychoidea, Stannius, Zoot. Amph. 1854. Amyde, part., Agassiz, Contr. Nat. Hist. U.S. i. 1857. Trionychoidea, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. 1870, Cryptodira, part., Cope, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sc. xix. 1870, p. 235. Peltochelyide, Seeley, Q. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxvi. 1880, p. 412. Dactylosterna, part., Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. xx, 1882, . 145. Tiecivlnplastr, part., Dollo, Bull. Mus. Belg. iv. 1886, p. 91. Diacostoidea, Baur, Zool. Anz. 1887, p. 99. Neck bending by a sigmoid curve in a yertical plane; cervical vertebre without well-developed transverse processes ; articulation between the last cervical and the first dorsal vertebra by the zygapophyses only. Mandible with articulary concavities; outer border of tympanic cavity notched ; pterygoids not narrowed pos- teriorly, separated from each other, the basisphenoid joining the palatines. Pelvis not anchylosed to the carapace and plastron. Fourth digit with four or more phalanges. Epiplastra separated from the hyoplastra by the ,-shaped entoplastron. Marginal bones absent or forming an incomplete series, not connected with the ribs. Dorsat Vertresrat Coiumn anp Carapace.—aAs in the Cryptodira, the dorsal vertebral column consists of ten vertebra, the first and last of which are free from the carapace and haye small or vestigial free ribs ; the centra are flattened, with a more or less distinct ventral keel. The first dorsal vertebra articulates with the last cervical merely by its prezygapophyses. Eight ribs contribute to the for- mation of the dorsal disk, but in the American species of Trionya, which haye but seven costal plates, the last remains free; the vertebral attachment of all except the latter is between two centra. All the dorsal plates are sculptured, pitted, vermiculate, or granulate. The neurals, the greater part of which are six-sided, with the postero-lateral side the shortest, number generally seven or eight ; but they are much reduced in number and in size in Cyclanorbis, in which, as in some Pleurodira, the costal plates meet on the median line between them. Except in some 7rionya, the last or last two pair of costals join in a median suture. The nuchal is much broader than long and, in Vrionyw, Pelochelys, and Chitra, each end overlaps the extremity of the rib of the second vertebra. In Emyda, Cyclanorbis, and Cycloderma, on the contrary, the outer extremities of the nuchal bone are overlapped by the first costal plate. Pygals are absent, and likewise marginals connected with the ribs. But, in Emyda, the posterior fleshy border of the dorsal disk contains a series of sculptured bones which appear to form the continuation of the lateral plastral plates; these bones are not 238 TRIONYCHOIDEA. to be looked upon as vestiges of the marginals of other Chelonians, but have evidently an independent origin, like another similar ossification, anterior to the nuchal, which is found in Emyda and Cyclanorbis. Prasrron.—The plastron forms, as in the Marine Turtles and the young of all Chelonians, an incomplete shield, a median vacuity being present throughout life between the lateral elements. These, the hyo- and hypoplastra, are joined by suture, or may even (in Cycloderma, Emyda, and Cyclanorbis) be fused into a single bone as early as birth, although distinct in the embryo * ; but their inner and outer borders form deep dentations, and there is no connection with the dorsal shield. The xiphiplastra join each other and the hypoplastra by interlocked digitations. ‘The three other elements, viz. the epiplastra (clavicles) and the entoplastron (interclavicle), differ greatly from their homologues in other Chelonians, each of these being angular or chevron-shaped, the three forming together a A- or X-shaped figure ; the posterior branch of each epiplastron is in contact with the entoplastron, and separated by the extremity of the latter from the hyoplastron. Some or all of the plastral bones develop with age superficial rugose or sculptured plates, the so- called plastral callosities, which may extend considerably beyond the limits of, and differ greatly in shape from, the original bones. In Trionyx these plates are constantly present on the hyo-hypo- plastra, usually on the xiphiplastra, and more rarely, and as a rule only in fully adult specimens, on the entoplastron; in Cycloderma, Emyda, and Cyclanorbis, each bone has its sculptured plate, and in the latter genus there are a pair of additional similar plates in front of the epiplastra and often other, smaller, independent ossifi- cations as well. CrervicaL VerteBpr2.—In these essentially ‘‘Cryptodiran” Turtles the neck is more perfectly adapted for complete and rapid retraction than in any other Chelonian t. The cervical region at least equals, and usually exceeds, the length of the dorsal vertebral column. The most remarkable peculiarity resides in the structure of the last or eighth vertebra, the centrum of which terminates in a thin plate and does not articulate with the first dorsal; the articulation being merely by means of the zygapophyses, in such a way that the two vertebrae form together an angle when the neck is stretched out, and are applied closely by their lower surfaces when the neck is retracted. The four elements of the atlas are distinct, viz. the neural arches, the hypapophysis (pseudocentrum), and the centrum (odontoid process). The following vertebrae are much elongate, compressed in the middle, and transverse processes are absent, or merely represented on the * Anderson has found the hyoplastron formed of two bones, an outer and an inner, in an embryo of Emyda scutata. J. Linn. Soe. xii. 1876, p. 514. + Anderson (Anat. Zool. Res. Yunnan, p. 785) remarks that the neck when retracted is so doubled on itself, that the base of the cervical vertebri, at the anterior extremity of the carapace, is on the same line with the tip of the snout, and the posterior bend opposite the inguinal notch of the plastron. TRIONYCHOIDFA. 239 anterior vertebra by a small tubercle below the prazygapophyses. The neuro-central suture is persistent. All the vertebrae except the first and eighth are opisthoccelous, and the articulation is ginglymoid between the seventh and eighth. Sacrat anp Caupat Vertesre.—The sacral vertebrae are two in number, with very strong ribs suturally united together distally. As a rule, the sacral ribs articulate with the neural arch only ; Pelochelys forms, however, an exception, the ribs articulating with both arch and centrum, as in other Chelonians. The caudal ver- tebre are proccelous, with strong transverse processes which, in the anterior vertebre, are entirely upon the neural arch. The neuro- central suture persists on the anterior vertebre. They range in number from 14 to 19. Chevron bones are absent. Sxutu.—The skull, which is much depressed, is remarkable for the great development of three crest-like posterior processes, directed backwards and upwards, viz. the supraoccipital and, on each side, the squamosal. The orbits are moderate or small, turned obliquely upwards, and in some forms (especially Chitra) close to the anterior extremity of the skull ; they are bordered by the maxillary, the pra- frontal, the frontal, the postfrontal, and the jugal. The preemaxillary is extremely small, single, not entering the nasal opening, and widely separated from the vomer, the mavxillaries uniting in a median suture in front of the choane. The prefrontals are large and in contact throughout, and constantly separated from the postfrontals by the frontals; the postfrontals are comparatively small, and the parietals join the jugals, the two latter bones forming a suture on the upper surface of the skull in such forms as have a broad post- orbital arch. The parietals, which have large descending palatal processes, never expand into a supratemporal roof. A zygomatic or temporal arch is present, but constantly rather slender, and formed by the jugal and the quadratojugal ; the latter bone is small, and in Chitra and Pelochelys separates the jugal from the squamosal. There is no parieto-squamosal arch. The quadrate surrounds the outer ear-chamber, which is completely closed, with the exception of a small foramen for the passage of the stapes; the tympanic border is formed by the squamosal above, and a rather shallow notch is present in the quadrate posteriorly. Two very distinct articular facets are present on the quadrate, corresponding with the con- cavities of the mandible. The structure of the palate is very characteristic. The vomer is small, separates the choane, and is usually connected by ascending processes with the preefrontals. The palatines are large and form a median suture ; they are posteriorly in extensive contact with the basisphenoid, which is more developed than in any other Thecophore, and widely separates the pterygoids. The latter bones are broad, with straight or convex outer borders forming more or less distinct wings ; they are devoid of lateral processes, and extend posteriorly beyond the quadrate, which they separate from the basioccipital. In Trionyx and Emyda the opisthotic is produced posteriorly into a crest applied against the squamosal process. 240 TRIONYCHOIDEA. The foramen magnum is deeper than broad and bordered by the basioccipital, the exoccipitals, and the supraoccipital. The lower jaw resembles that of the Cryptodira in the number of distinct elements, but differs from these as well as all other Chelo- nians in the great development of the coronoid process and the presence of a strong posterior process formed by the angular, the supra-angular, and the articular. Hyor Arcu.—The hyoid apparatus is larger in proportion than in any other Chelonian. The body, which is concave, is formed of three pairs of bones in most genera, of four in Chitra and Pelochelys. Two pairs of large bony cornua are present, the hinder attached to the last pair of copula, and terminating in a series of from two to five additional ossifications. The entoglossal is a rhomboidal car- tilage. Pecroran Arc AnD Forr Lius.—The coracoid is longer fat either the pracoracoid or the scapula, more or less dilated, and with convexly curved outer border. ‘The humerus is strongly curved, as in the Chelydridse and Testudinide ; the forearm, on the other hand, resembles more that of the Chelonid, the radius being considerably longer than the ulna and placed partly below the latter. The nine carpal bones are distinct, and there is, in addition, a moderately large pisiform. The metacarpal and phalanges are very stout in the first finger, and decrease gradually in strength and increase In length to the fourth, which is the longest. The phalanges number 2.3.3.4.3 in Trionyx generally and in Pelochelys ; DIS sooner Im a ionyx triunguis, Cycloderma, Emyda, andCyclan- orbis; 2.3.3.6.4 in Chitra. PELVIS AND Hw Liws.—The pelvis resembles that of the Chely- dride, enclosing a large undivided foramen between the pubes and ischia, but differs in the considerably larger pubes, the inner and especially the outer process of which expand into very broad wings. The ilia are attached to the sacral ribs. The tarsus contains six bones (including that which is regarded by many anatomists as the fifth metatarsal), viz. one in the proximal row, in contact with the tibia and the fibula, and five in the distal. The phalanges number 2 3. 3.4.2 in Trionyx, Pelochelys, ee and Cyclanorbis ; 2.3.3.4.3.in Cycloderma; and 2.3.3. in Chitra. TRIONYCHID.©. D1 Fam. 11. TRIONYCHIDA. Trionycidee, Gray, Ann. Phil. (2) x. 1825. Trionychidee, Bell, Zool. Journ. iii, 1828. Steganopodes, part., Wagler, Syst. Amph. 185 Trionycidee, Gray, Syn. Rept. 1831. Potamites, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. ii. 1835. Trionycidee, Gray, Cat. Tort. 1844, and Sh, Rept. i, 1855. Trionychide, Agassiz, Contr. N. H, U.S. i, 1857. Trionychida, Strauch, Chelon, Stud, 1862. Chitradee, Trionychidze, Kmydinadee, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Reph. Le 1870. Trionychid, Cope, Proce. Amer. Philos. Soc. xx. 1882, p. 145. Carapace and plastron without epidermal shields. Jaws concealed under fleshy lips; snout ending in a proboscis. Head and neck completely retractile. Kar hidden. Only the three inner digits clawed. Rivers of Asia, Africa, and North America. Synopsis of the Genera. I. Plastron without cutaneous valves ; hyoplastron distinct from hypoplastron ; outer extremities of the nuchal bone overlying the second dorsal rib; posterior border of the pterygoids free, without median process; walls of the labyrinth com- pletely exposed behind. Orbit nearer the temporal than the nasal fossa; bony choansw Beuween the;OnEDits "eo 2. o foe ers, oe ee 1. Trionyx, p. 242. Orbit nearer the nasal than the temporal fossa; bony choane between the orbits...... Be en ieee 2. Pelochelys, p. 262. Orbit much nearer the nasal than the temporal fossa; bony choane penne tho). EDIE! 645 edie ele cite eaye ces 3. Chitra, p. 263. Il. Plastron with a cutaneous femoral valve, under which the hind hmb may be concealed; hyoplastron coossified with hypoplastron ; outer extremities of the nuchal bone under- lying the first costal plate; posterior border of pterygoids with a median ascending process forming a suture with the opisthotic, behind the labyrinth. Neural plates forming a complete series; no marginal bones. 4, Cycloderma, p. 265. Neural plates forming a complete series ; marginal bones present. 5. Emyda, p. 267. Neural plates forming an incomplete, interrupted series ; no marginal DONG Stet rants ear eso Ae ae a Fist dyepiens aa" 6. Cyclanorbis, p. 270. * The nasal ducts themselves are, in all Trionychoids, produced posteriorly beyond the level of the orbits. 242 TRIONYCHIDZ, 1, TRIONYX. Emys, part., Dumér. Zool. Anal. p. 76 (1806). Trionyx, part., Geoffr. Ann. Mus. xiv. p. 1 (1809) ; Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 7 (1826); Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 45 (1831); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 50 (1862). Aspidonectes, Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 134 (1880) ; Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 403 (1857). Gymnopus, part., Dum. § DBibr. ii. p. 472 (1855). Platypeltis, Hitzing. Ann. Wien. Mus. i. p. 127 (1835); Agassiz, l. e. p- 400; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 107 (1870), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 58. Pelodiscus, F%tzing. 7. e. Amyda, Fitzing. l. c.; Agassiz, 1. c. p. 398 ; Gray, ll. cc. pp. 95, 62. Tyrse, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 47 (1844), and ll. ec. pp. 107, 62. Trionyx, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49, and Sh. Rept. i. p. 64 (1855) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 46 (1864) ; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 97, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 47. Dogania, Gray, ll. cc. pp. 49, 69, 105, 56. Rafetus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 81, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 103, and Proce, Zool, Soc. 1878, p. 64. Aspilus, Gray, il. ec. pp. 83, 101, 65. Potamochelys, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 85, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 104. Landemania, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 215, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 96, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 58. Fordia, Gray, ll. ce. pp. 219, 96, 43. Callinia, Gray, Ul. ce. pp. 221, 108, 60. Sarbieria, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 220, and Suppl. p. 100. Nilssonia, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 882 (1872), and Proc. Zool, Soe, 1875, p. 45. Isola, Gray, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1873, p. 51. Ida, Gray, l. e. p. 55. Oscaria, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xii. p. 157 (1873). Yuen, Heude, Mém. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. 1. p. 18 (1880). Psilognathus, Heude, 1. c. p. 24. Temnognathus, Heude, l. ¢. p. 25. Gomphopelta, Heude, l. ¢. p. 27. Coelognathus, Heude, l. c. p. 29. Tortisternum, Heude, J. c. p. 31. Ceramopelta, Heude, 1. ¢. p. 33. Coptopelta, Heude, 1. ¢. p. 34. Cinctisternum, Hevde, l. c. p. 36. Outer extremities of the nuchal plate overlying the second dorsal rib; neural plates well developed. Limbs completely exposed. Hyoplastron distinct from hypoplastron ; not more than five plastral callosities. Bony choanz between the orbits; jaws strong; post- orbital arch narrower than the diameter of the orbit; pterygoids, posterior border free, without ascending process. Africa, Asia, North America. The fact that the width and shape of the alveolar surfaces of the jaws may vary considerably in Turtles of this genus which, in all other respects, must be regarded as closely related or even identical, was first pointed out by Agassiz, who seized upon the l. TRIONYX. 243 character as one of generic importance ; a view in which he was followed by Gray and more lately by Heude. As examples of two extreme forms of jaws, the figures given by Gray of Tyrse nilotica and Fordia africana (P. Z. 8. 1873) may be consulted. It is, how- ever, to be noticed that none of these authors appear to have met with young specimens in which the “molar” character of the alveolar surfaces was developed, all young specimens having sharp- edged jaws. Heude is precise in his statement to that effect ; Gray, on the contrary, believes that the difference of form and structure above mentioned is permanent, and found in young as well as old specimens (Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 87); but the fact that I have been unable to find, in the British Museum collection, a single young specimen with the molar-like alveolar surfaces convinces me that his remarks could not have applied to specimens with the latter type of jaws. Having myself found in three species, viz. 7’. triunguis (Africa), T’. cartilagineus (EK. Indies), and 7. sinensis (China), examples of the two types, 7. e. on the one hand sharp-edged, comparatively narrow jaws, and on the other hand broad crushing alveolar sur- faces nearly meeting on the median line in front of the choanz, in specimens which, in other respects, are undistinguishable, I have arrived at the conclusion that we may be in presence of a case of dimorphism caused by a difference of diet, a view which has been strengthened by a perusal of Heude’s notes on the habits of the Chinese Trionychoids. I fancy that individuals of the same species may, according to circumstances, take to two distinct modes of feeding : the carnivorous, chiefly ichthyophagous, for which the retention of the sharp beak, with which all young Trionychoids are provided, is necessary ; and the conchifragous, by which the jaws gradually acquire a great increase of width and strength, accompanied by the loss of the sharp edge. When once a certain amount of specialization in the latter direction has been reached, hunting for active prey becomes more and more difficult, and the character hence more and more developed as the animal grows older and takes to crushing harder and harder objects, such as large shells and hard seeds, as Heude has actually observed. Accompanying the more massive mandible, a second character makes its appearance, viz. the presence:of a tubercle on the lower border of the jugal bone, which is correlative of the increased deyelopment of the temporal muscle which moves the lower jaw. Although thus separated into two groups, according to their mode of obtaining food, the individuals of one and the same species are not in any way, it appears to me, prevented from interbreeding, for we know that they coexist in the same waters, and therefore the characters have no opportunity of becoming fixed and permanent. The final solution of the problem rests with those who can observe the animals in nature, and, I need hardly add, with a turn of mind different from that which has guided Father Heude in his researches. As regards myself, with the evidence available at 8 244 TRIONYCHID®. present, I feel reluctant to admit species founded upon the modifi- cation (and a modification assumed but in a comparatively late stage of existence) of a single organ, unaccompanied by any but correlative differences ; and I maintain under the same species carnivorous as well as conchifragous individuals. As before stated, similar varia- tion is met with at distant points of the globe, and I have no doubt that, as our knowledge progresses, other instances of this supposed dimorphism will be brought to light. Synopsis of the Species. I. Costal plates eight pairs normally; young with numerous longitudinal dorsal dermal ridges or series of tubercles.— Old World, A. All the costal plates separated on the median line by the neural plates ; head very large ; postorbital arch extremely nar- row, forming a keel on the Outer SuTtace! Aa. eho.<)e een oc 1. subplanus, p. 246. B. Last pair of costal plates in contact on the median line ; postorbital arch expanded on the outer surface. 1. Two neural plates between the first pair of costals ; alveolar surface of lower jaw without a strong longi- tudinal ridge at the symphysis. Inner edge of alveolar surface of man- dible strongly raised, forming a sharp ridge, which sends off a short perpen- dicular process at the symphysis ; inter- orbital space, in the adult skull, nar- rower than the external nasal opening ; head with oblique black lines, con- verging forwards; no ocellar spots .. 2. gangeticus, p. 248. Inner edge of alveolar surface of mandible not or but very slightly raised, sym- physis flat or with a longitudinal furrow; interorbital space narrower than the external nasal opening ; head with oblique black lines, converging forwards ; young with small ocellar dorsal spots’ 2.it jog, cee we ee eke 3. leithii, p. 249. Inner edge of alveolar surface of man- dible not or but very slightly raised, symphysis flat or with a longitudinal furrow ; interorbital space, in the adult skull, broader than the external nasal opening ; head black marbled, with a large yellow spot behind each eye; young with large ocellar dorsal spots. 4. hurum, p. 249. 1. TRIONYX. 245 2. A single neural plate between the first pair of costals ; alveolar surface of lower jaw with a strong longitudinal symphysial ridge. Epiplastra widely separated from each other; plastral callosities well deve- loped and largely pitted ; width of the postorbital arch, in the adult, more than one third the diameter of the orbit; young with four large ocellar doradlanpotde coy Aes Pid se enc he are 5. formosus, p. 250. Epiplastra in contact in front of the entoplastron ; plastral callosities very feebly developed, finely sculptured ; width of the postorbital arch, in the adult, more than one third the dia- meterof the Orbibl’..2 <<...» oe eee 6. phayri, p. 251. Epiplastra in contact in front of the entoplastron ; plastral callosities well developed and largely pitted ; width of the postorbital arch not one third the diameter of the orbit.............. 7. cartilagineus, p. 253. 3. A single neural plate between the first pair of costals ; alveolar surface of lower jaw without a longitudinal symphysial ridge. a. Last pair of costal plates well developed ; plastral callo- sities well developed in the adult ; snout (on the skull) considerably longer than the diameter of the orbit. Entoplastron forming a right angle .... 8. triunguis, p. 254. Entoplastron forming an obtuse angle... 9. sinensis, p. 256. b. Last costal plate not more than half the size of the penultimate ; plastral callosities very feebly developed, absent on the xiphiplastra; snout (on the skull) not longer than the diameter of the orbit ; proboscis very short. Entoplastron forming a right angle .... 10. swinhonis, p. 257. Entoplastron forming an acute angle .. 11. euphraticus, p. 258. II. Costal plates seven pairs normally; young with smooth or finely grenulate dorsal skin.— North America*. Snout (on the skull) obtuse, hardly as long as the diameter of the orbit; * The following species require further investigation :— 1. Aspidonectes asper, Agass. Contr. N. H. U. 8. i. p. 405 (1857).— Mississippi. 2. Aspidonectes nuchalis, Agass. 1. c. p. 406.—Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers. I regard the species named by Rafinesque, Atlant. Journ. p. 64 (1882), Apalone hudsonica and Mesodeca bartrami, as mythical. sZ 246 TRIONYCHIDZ. nuchal border of dorsal disk without conical tubercles; a light black-edged streak on each side of the head, uniting with its fellow into a large triangular marking extending from between the eyes to the end of the proboscis .... 12. emoryt, p. 258. Snout a little longer than the diameter of the orbit; nuchal border of dorsal disk with conical spine-like tubercles ; light head-streaks uniting on the snout, in front of the orbits ........ 13. ferow, p. 259. Snout a little longer than the diameter of the orbit ; nuchal border of dorsal disk with conical spine-like tubercles ; light head-streaks uniting on the end of the snout, at the base of the proboscis .. 14. spinifer, p. 259. Snout very narrow and pointed; nuchal border of dorsal disk without conical tuberclesie .-% tert eee nce: 15. muticus, p. 260. 1. Trionyx subplanus. Trionyx subplanus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. p. 1], pl. v. fig. 2 (1809) ; Gray, Til. Ind. Zool. i. pl, Ixxix. (1832); Gtinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p- 49 (1864) ; Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 1380 (1865). Gymnopus subplanus, Dum. § Brbr, ii. p. 496 (1835). Dogania subplana, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 69, pl. xxxiii. (1855), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 265, and ae a Sh. Rept. i. p. 106 (1870), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, . 57, fig. Tonys frenatus, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 67. Dogania giintheri, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1862, p. 265, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 107, and Proe. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 58. Trionyx giintheri, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 49, pl. vi. fig. A. Potamochelys ? frenatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1864, p, 87. Sarbieria frenata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 220, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 100. Platypeltis ferox, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 58. Trionyx ? dillwynii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 806 (1873). Carapace very flat; costal plates eight pairs, the last well deve- loped and separated by the last neural plate; a single neural be- tween the first pair of costals; these plates very finely granulate and vermiculate ; a large fontanelle, till late in life, between the nuchal and dorsal plates. Epiplastra narrowly separated from each other in front of the entoplastron, which forms an obtuse or a right angle ; plastral rugosities scarcely developed, on the hyo- and hypoplastra and on the xiphiplastra. Dorsal skin of young with interrupted longitudinal ridges. Head very large; snout (on the skull) about as long as the diameter of the orbit, which is more than double the interorbital width ; postorbital arch extremely narrow, forming a a 1. TRIONYX. 247 keel on its outer surface ; mandibular symphysis narrower than the diameter of the orbit, without median ridge. Brown above, yel- lowish beneath and on the sides of the neck; head and neck with yellowish dots ; some young with an oblique dark streak behind each eye. Length of dorsal disk 25 centim. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java. Skull of Trionyx subplanus. a. Her., stffd. b. Her., stfid. e. Her., skull. d. Yg., spir., skull separate, e. Yg., spir., skull separate, Singapore. Singapore. Singapore. Pinang. Java. (From Gray, P. Z. S. 1864.) Gen. Hardwicke [P.]. A, R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. (Type of 7. frenatus.) Dr. Cantor. Leyden Museum. 248 TRIONYCHID ©. if Wig higpis: Borneo. (Type of TZ. dillwyni.) g. Ye., spix,, skull P (Type of 7. frenatus.) separate, h. Her., stffd. —? East India Comp. [P.]. | (Type of 7. guenthert.) 2. Trionyx gangeticus. Trionyx gangeticus, Cuv. Oss. Foss. y. pt. 2, p. 186, pl. xi. figs. 5-8 (1824) ; Anders. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. p. 382 (1872); Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 333 (1872); Theob. Proc, As. Soc. Beng. 1874, p. 77. Aspidonectes gangeticus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. pl. ii. figs. xili—xviii. 1830). Toe javanicus (non Geoffr.), Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 48 (1831), and Til. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. xv. (1834); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 48 1864). aera duvaucelii, part., Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 487 (1835). Tyrse javanica, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 47 (1844). Potamochelys stellata, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 85, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 104 (1870). Trionyx gangeticus, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 66, pl. xlii. fig. 1 (1855), and Suppl. p.97, and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 47; Theob. Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1875, p. 171, and Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 28. 1876). : ce ate part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 67. Aspilus gataghol, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 339 (1872), and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 67. Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and in contact throughout on the median line; two neurals between the first pair of costals; plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Epiplastra narrowly separated from each other in front of the entoplastron, which forms an obtuse or a right angle; plastral callosities very large, hyo-hypoplastral, xiphiplastral, and, in old specimens, ento- plastral. Dorsal skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles. Head moderate; snout (on the skull) about as long as the diameter of the orbit ; interorbital region, in the adult, consi- derably narrower than the nasal fossa ; postorbital arch one third to one half the greatest diameter of the orbit; mandible with the inner edge strongly raised, forming a sharp ridge, which sends off a short perpendicular process at the symphysis ; the diameter of the mandible at the symphysis does not exceed the diameter of the orbit. Olive above; back of young vermiculated with fine black lines, but without ocelli; head with a black longitudinal streak from between the eyes to the nape, tersected by two or three A-shaped black streaks ; lower parts yellowish. Length of dorsal disk 66 centim. Ganges. a, Ad., skel. Calcutta. b. Ad., skull. Sultanpoor. Capt. Boyes [P.]. ec. Ad., stffd., skull India. Capt. Boyes [ P. ]. separate. d, Ad., skull. India. Prof. Oldham [P.}. 1. TRIONYX. DAD e, f. Ad., shells, India. R. McClelland, Esq. g. Ad., stf¥d. India. h. Yg., stitd. India. 3. Trionyx leithii. Aspilus cariniferus, part., Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 101 (1870). Trionyx leithii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 334 (1872). angeticus, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 47, pl. viil.* eithii, part., Gray, 1. c. p. 49. Isola leithii, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xii. p. 157 (1873). ? Trionyx gangeticus, Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 342 (1884). Intermediate between 7. gangeticus and 7’. hurum. Agrees with the former in the width of the interorbital space, the comparatively short mandibular symphysis, and the markings of the head; with the latter in the longer and more pointed snout, the absence of a strong ridge on the inner alveolar surface of the mandible, and in the presence, in the young, of four or more dorsal ocelli, which are, however, smaller than in 7’. hurum. This will probably prove to be a Western form, ranging from the Indus to Malabar. S Her” aes Poonah. Dr. Leith [P.]. (‘Types.) e. Yg., stffd. Deccan. Col. Sykes [P.]. d, Yg., spir. Nelambar River, Col. Beddome [C.]. Malabar. e. Yg., spir. India. T. C. Jerdon, Esq. [P.]. fg: Ye., stiid. India. h-k. Yg., spir. India. Ln. Yg., spir. India. G. E. Mason, Esq. [P.]. n. Skull & shell. India. F, Day, Esq. [ P. |. 4. Trionyx hurum. Trionyx gangeticus (non Cuv.), Guérin, Icon. R. A., Rept. pl. i. fig. 6 (1829); Lesson, in Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or., Zool. p. 297 (1834) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p.47 (1864) ; Sowerby § Lear, Tort. pl. li. 1871). \ hurum, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 47, pl. x. (1831), and Ill. Ind. Zool. ii. pl. Ixvi. (1834); Anders. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) ix. p. 382 (1872); Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 535 (1872), and Proce. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 49. ocellatus, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zcol. i. pl. xxviii. (1832), and Ann. &§& Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 387 (1872), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 51; Theob. Proc, As. Soc, Beng. 1875, p. 174, pl. v., and Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 29 (1876). Gymnopus duvaucelii, part., Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 487 (1835). ocellatus, Dum. § Libr. t.c. p. 489. Tyrse gangetica, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 47 (1844). * Copy of Hardwicke’s MS. figures, made from specimens from Futtegurh. 250 TRIONYCHID®. Trionyx gangeticus, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 66 (1855), and Suppl. p. 97 (1870); Theob. Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1875, p. 171, and Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 28 (1876). sewaare, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 336 (1872), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 50, figs.; Theob. Proc, As. Soc. Beng. 1875, p. 172, and Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 29. bellii, Gray, Il. cc. pp. 837 & 51. Nilssonia formosa, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, pp. 45 & 46, figs. eee buchanani, Theob. Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1874, p. 78. ? Trionyx nigricans,” Anders. Ann. § Mag. N. H. (A) xvi. p. 284 (1875). Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and in contact throughout on the median line; two neurals between the first pair of costals; plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. piplastra nar- rowly separated from each other in front of the entoplastron, which forms an obtuse or a straight angle; plastral callosities very large, hyo-hypoplastral, xiphiplastral, and in old specimens entroplastral. Dorsal skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles. Head moderate ; snout (on the skull) a little longer than the dia- meter of the orbit; interorbital region, in the adult, as broad as the nasal fossa ; postorbital arch somewhat more than half the dia- meter of the orbit in the adult ; mandible without strongly raised inner edge or longitudinal symphysial ridge ; the diameter of the mandible at the symphysis exceeds the diameter of the orbit. Olive- brown above and beneath; head, neck, limbs, and border of shell light-dotted ; head with large yellow spots, viz. across the snout, behind the orbit, at the angle of the mouth, on the tympanic region and on the chin; these spots become indistinct in the adult, the head of which is more or less closely spotted or vermiculated with black; dorsal disk in the young with dark marblings and four or six very large ocelli. Length of dorsal disk 40 centim. Ganges. a. Ad., skel. Calcutta. b-c, d-f, Yg., spir. Ganges. g. Yg., skull. Ganges. W. Theobald, Esq. [ P.]. h. Her., skull & shell. Bengal. W. Theobald, Esq. rs 7. Ye., skull & carapace. India. Dr. Falconer [P.]. KN o.. Spit. f i. Ad., skull. —? 5. Trionyx formosus. Trionyx formosus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 217, pl. xv. fig. 1, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 99 (1870); Theob. Cat. Rept, Lrit. Ind, p. 31 (1876). jeudi, part., Gray, Suppl. p. 98. peguensis, Gray, Suppl. p.99; Theob. Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1875, p. 176, and Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 81; Anders, Zool. Res, Yunnan, p. 786, pls. Ixx.-Ixxiii. (1879). Nilssonia formosa, Gray, Ann. § Mag, N. H. (4) x. p. 333 (1872). 1. TRIONYX. 251 Nilssonia formosa, part., Gray, Proc. Zool, Soe. 1873, p. 46, Isola peguensis, Gray, l. c. p. 51, figs. Trionyx grayii, Theob. Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1875, p. 176, pl. iii., and Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 31. Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and in contact throughout on the median line; a single neural between the first pair of costals ; plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Dorsal skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles. Epiplastra separated from each other; entoplastron forming an obtuse or straight angle; plastral callosities well developed, hyo-hypoplastral and xiphiplastral, and coarsely sculptured like the carapace. Head moderate ; snout (on the skull) about as long as the diameter of the orbit ; interorbital region, in the adult, as broad as the nasal fossa; postorbital arch, in the adult, a little less than half the diameter of the orbit; mandible with a strong ridge along the symphysis, the diameter of which equals or a little exceeds that of the orbit. Olive-brown above, white below; head of young ornamented with yellow black-edged markings, the largest being a cross band on each side of the back of the head; these markings disappear in the adult, the head of which is closely spotted with black above and uniform white inferiorly ; young with four large dorsal ocelli, as in 7. hurum. Size of 7. hurum. Burma. a. Yg., spir., skull separate, Pegu, W. Theobald, Esq. [C.]. mandible lost. (Type.) 6. Head, spir.,skull separate. Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.]. (Type of T. peguensis. e. Hgr., skull & shell. Thayet-Myo, W. Theobald, Esq. [E.]. Trawaddy. (Type of T. gray.) d, Ye., skull, Burma. W,. Theobald, Esq. [{ E.]. 6. Trionyx phayrii. Trionyx phayrei, Theob. Journ. Linn. Soc. x. p. 18 (1868); Anders, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 154; Theob. Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1875, p- 175, and Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 30 (1876). jeudi, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1869, p. 217, figs., and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 97 (1870), and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) x. p, 336 (1872), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 49. cariniferus (zon Gray), Theob. Proc. As, Soc. Beng. 1874, p. 80, pl. iv. Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed, with slightly concave posterior border, and in contact on the median line; a single neural between the first pair of costals ; plates rather coarsely pitted and vyermiculate. Epiplastra in contact in front of the ento- plastron, which forms an obtuse or straight angle; plastral callo- sities hardly developed, the hyoplastra bearing a mere trace of sculpture. Head moderate; skull as in 7. formosus, but snout a little longer in the adult. Head of adult spotted or vermiculated with black above and uniform whitish inferiorly, as in 7’. formosus. 252 TRIONYCHID &. Length of dorsal disk 50 centim. Burma; Java? a. Ad., skull Aracean range, W. of Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.]. & shell. Shell presented by the Council of the Bristol Museum. (Type.) b. Her, skull Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. | P. }. & shell. e. Yg., skull. Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. [P.]. d, Ad., skull. Java ? (Type of 7. jeudt.) Skull of Trionyx phayrit. (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1869.) 1. TRIONYX. 253 7. Trionyx cartilagineus, Testudo cartilaginea, Boddaert, Epistola ad W. Roéll, cum tab. (1770), rostrata, Thunberg, Vetensk. Ac. Handl, viii. p. 179, pl. vii. figs. 2 & 3 (1787) ; Schoepff, Test. p. 93, pl. xx. (1792). Trionyx stellatus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. p. 15 (1809); Theob. Proc. As, Soc. Beng. 1874, p. 79, pl. iil., and Cat, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 30 (1876). javanicus, Geoff. 1. e. p- 15, pl. iii.; Dum. §& Bibr. ii. p. 493 (1835); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 177 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 127 (1865); Theob. Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1875, p. 176, pl. v. fig. D; Boettger, Ber. Senck. Ges, 1887, p. 39. Skull of Trionyx cartilagineus. (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864.) Aspidonectes javanicus, Wagl. Syst. Amph. pl. ii. figs. i—xx. (1830). Trionyx stellatus, var. javanica, Schley. Faun. Japon., Rept. pl. v. f. 6 (1838). Gymnopus cartilaginea, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 9 (1847). Trionyx cariniferus, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 67, pl. xxxii. (1855). ornatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 41, pl.v.; Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 48, pl. vi. fig. B (1864), 954. TRIONYCHID&E. Aspilus cariniferus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 83, figs., and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 101 (1870). ? punctulatus, Gray, dl. ec. pp. 84, 102. ? ornatus, Gray, ll. cc. pp. 85, 105. Ida ornata, Gray, Proc. Zool, Soc. 1873, p. 55, figs. Aspilus javanicus, Gray, l. c. p. 67, fig. Trionyx ephippium, Zheob. Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1875, p. 177, pl. v. Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and forming a median suture behind the last neural ; a single neural between the first pair of costals; dorsal plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Dorsal skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles. Fpiplastra in contact, or narrowly separated, in front of the ento- plastron, which forms an obtuse or a right angle; plastral callo- sities well developed in the adult, hyo-hypoplastral and xiphi- plastral, and coarsely sculptured like the carapace. Head mode- rate ; snout (on the skull) considerably longer than the diameter of the orbit; interorbital region, in the adult, as broad as or a little narrower than the nasal fossa; postorbital arch very narrow, one third or one fourth the diameter of the orbit; mandible with a strong ridge along the symphysis, the diameter of which equals or exceeds the diameter of the orbit. Olive-brown above and on the chin; head and chin with numerous yellow spots, the largest of which are below the temple; dorsal disk of young light-dotted, and usually with a few large blackish spots; lower parts white. Size of 7. hurum. Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam, Camboja, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Jaya. a. Her., skull & shell. Pegu. W. Theobald, Esq. [P.]. b. Ye., head & shell, Mergui. W. Theobald, Esq. [P.]. spir. (Type of Z. ephippuun. e. Her., stitd. Siam. M. Mouhot [C.]. d. Yg., stfid. Camboja. M. Mouhot [C. |. e-f. Yg., spir., skull Camboja. M. Mouhot. (Types of separate. T. ornatus.) g- Ye., dry. Pinang. Dr. Cantor. h. Vgr., stffd. Sarawak. A. R. Wallace, Esq. [C.]. 2. Ad., skull. Sarawak. k. Ad., skull. Borneo. Lm. Yg., spir. Borneo, L. D. Dillwyn, Esq. [P.]. n. Her., siffd., skull Jaya, ioe separ. o-p. Yg., spir. Java. gq, r-s. Yg., spir. [ Amboina or Madame Ida Pfeiffer [C.]. Ceram ?? ] t. Yg., spir. [Moluccas ??] Leyden Museum. (Type of T. cariniferus.) 8. Trionyx triunguis. Testudo triunguis, Forskal, Deser. Anim. p. ix (1775). Trionyx egyptiacus, Geoffr. Ann. Mus. xiv. p. 12, pls. i. & i. (1809), and Deser. Egypte, i. p. 115, pl. 1. (1809) ; Strauch, Chelon. 1. TRIONYX. 25 Stud, p. 175 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 126 (1865) ; Boettg. Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879-80, p. 208 (1880). Trionyx niloticus, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 46 (1831), and Cat, Sh, Rept. i. p. 68 (1855). Gymnopus xgyptiacus, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 484 (1835), Trionyx labiatus, Bell, Test. pls. — (1837). Tyrse nilotica, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 48 (1844), and Proc. Zool, Soe. 1864, p. 88, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 108 (1870), and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xi. p. 470 (1873). Trionyx mortoni, Hallow. Proc, Ac. Philad. 1844, p. 120. Aspidonectes aspilus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 295. Fordia africana, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 219, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 100, and Proce. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 43, figs. Trionyx triunguis, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1876, p. 117. Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and in contact throughout on the median line; a single neural between the first pair of costals; dorsal plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Dor- sal skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles. Epiplastra widely separated, the anterior branch short; entoplas- tron forming a right or acute angle; plastral callosities well deve- loped in the adult, hyo-hypoplastral and xiphiplastral, and coarsely sculptured like the carapace. Head small; snout (on the skull) much longer than the diameter of the orbit; interorbital space, in the adult, at least as broad as the nasal fossa ; postorbital arch not half the diameter of the orbit; mandible without symphysial ridge, its width at the symphysis equalling or exceeding the diameter of the orbit. Olive above, closely spotted and speckled with whitish in the young; throat and lower surface of shell with round white spots separated by a dark network ; adult more uniform, Length of dorsal disk 80 centim. Africa (Nile, Congo, Senegal, and intermediate water-systems) and Syria. a,b. Ad. & yg., stffd. Egypt. Dr. T. Christie [P.]. ce. Ad., stffd. Egypt. T. Thornton, Esq. [ P.]. d. Her., stffd. Egypt. Zoological Society. e. Her., skel. Egypt. Dr. Riippell (C. ]. J,g. Ad., stfid., skull sepa- Chartoum. Consul Petherick [C.]. rate. (Types of Fordia africana.) h. Yg., spir. Chartoum. Consul Petherick [C.]. t Yo., spir. Nile. Zoological Society. k, Yg., spir Gambia. Dr. Baikie [C.]. 1. Ad., stifd. Gaboon. M. Du Chaillu [C.]. m-p. Yg., spir. Lower Congo, M. A. Linden [C.]. g-t. Yg., spi. W. Africa. Dr. Baikie [C.]. u. Y&., spit. W. Africa. G. Malcolm, Esq. [{P.}. vy. Ad., skull & hyoid bones. W. Africa. J. J. Monteiro, sq. (P.1. w. Her., skel. —? bo Or o> TRIONYCHIDZA, 9. Trionyx sinensis. Trionyx (Aspidonectes) sinensis, Wiegm. Nov. Act. Ac. Leop.-Carol. xvii. p. 189 (1834). stellatus, var. japonica, Schleg. Faun. Japon., Rept. p. 33, pl. vii. (1838). japonicus, Schleg. Abbild. p. 108, pl. xxxi. (1840). tuberculatus, Cantor, Ann. § Mag. N. H. ix. p. 482 (1842); Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 42. Tyrse perocellata, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 48 (1844). Trionyx perocellatus, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 65, pl. xxxi. (1855). — maackii, Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb, xvi. p. 110 (1857). schlegelii, Brandt, 1. ¢. sinensis, Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 177 (1862); Giinth. Rept. Lrit. Ind. p. 46 (1864); Strauch, Verth. Schildkr. p. 128 (1865), and Voy. Przewalski, Rept. p. 5, pl. i. (1876). Potamochelys ? perocellatus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 86. tuberculatus, Gray, l. e. p. 87, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p-. 105 (1870). Landemania irrorata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 216, fig., and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 96, and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xii. p. 160 (1873). perocellata, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 216, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 96, and Proc. Zool. Soe. 1873, p. 53, figs., and Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xii. p. 159 (1873). Psilognathus levis, Heude, Mém. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. i. p. 24, pl. 11. (1880). Temnognanthus mordax, Heude, 1. c. p. 26, pl. iii. Gomphopelta officinse, Heude, 1. c. p. 27, pl. iv. Ccelognathus novem-costatus, Heude, 1. c. p. 29, pl. v. Tortisternum novem-costatum, Heude, 1. c. p. 31, pl. vi. Ceramopelta latirostris, Heude, J. ¢. p. 33, pl. vii. Coptopelta septem-costata, Heude, 1. c. p. 35, pl. viii. Cinctisternum bicinctum, Heude, l. ¢. p. 37, pl. ix. Costal plates normally eight pairs *, the last well developed and in contact throughout on the median line; a single neural between the first pair of costals ; dorsal plates finely pitted and vermiculate. Dorsal skin of young with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles. Epiplastra separated from each other; entoplastron broad at each end, forming an obtuse angle; plastral callosities well developed in the adult, hyo-hypoplastral, xiphiplastral, and sometimes also entoplastral, finely sculptured like the carapace. Head moderate; snout (on the skull) longer than the diameter of the orbit: inter- orbital space usually narrower than the nasal fossa; postorbital arch at least half the diameter of the orbit in the adult; mandible without symphysial ridge, its width at the symphysis exceeding the diameter of the orbit. Olive above, uniform or light-dotted, dorsal disk frequently with a few scattered blackish spots; head above with small spots or dots; frequently a few black streaks radiating from the orbit, a rostral, a temporal, and an interorbital being usually distinct ; chin and throat spotted or marbled with white on adark ground; plastron whitish, in the young usually with sym- * Nine pairs are present in specimen h. 1. TRIONYX. 257. metrical black spots or bands; young usually with a pair of black spots in front of the tail, and a black band on the hinder side of the thighs. Length of dorsal disk 20 centim. China and Japan. a-g. Ad., hgr., & yg., Chefoo. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.}. spir. h-t, k-r. Ad., spir., Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. skull separate. s. Ad., spir. Shanghai. (Type of Landemania irrorata.) t-u. Hegr., spir. Shanghai. v. Ad., skel. Shanghai. w-y. Yg., spir. Mountains N. of Mr. Pratt [C.]. Kiu-Kiang. z-B. Hgr. & yg., spir. Chusan. Dr. Cantor. (Types of T. tuberculatus and T. perocellatus.) y. Ad., spir. Foo Choo. St. Petersburg Museum [E. ]. d-e, ¢ Ad. & her., Tormosa. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. spir., skull separate. : n. Yg., spir. China. Dr. B. Seeman [C.]. Haslar Collection. 6. Ad., sttfd. China. t. Ad., skel. China. 10. Trionyx swinhonis. Oscaria swinhoei, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (4) xii. p. 157, pl. v. (1873). Yuen leprosus, Heude, Mém. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. i. p. 20 (1880). maculatus, Heude, l. c. p. 22, pl. i. elegans, Heude, l. c. p. 23. viridis, Heude, 7. ¢. —— pallens, Heude, l. e. Costal plates eight pairs, the last not more than half the size of the penultimate, and forming a median suture; a single neural between the first pair of costals: plates coarsely pitted. Epiplastra separated from each other ; entoplastron forming a right angle; plastral callosities feebly developed, on the hyo- and hypoplastra. Head moderate, with very short proboscis; snout (on the skull) short, obtuse, about as long as the diameter of the orbit, which is about double the width of the interorbital space and thrice the width of the postorbital arch ; mandibular symphysis narrower than the diameter of the orbit, without median ridge. Blackish green above, elegantly marked with very numerous roundish yellow spots of unequal sizes; dorsal shield with interrupted yellow lines, some of which radiate, while others extend across the costal sutures ; plastron mostly greyish. Length of dorsal disk 33 centim. Very closely allied to 7. ewphraticus. China. a, Ad., spir., skull separate. Shanghai. R. Swinhoe, Esq. [C.]. (Type-) bo Or io 6) TRIONYCHID A. 11. Trionyx euphraticus. Testudo euphratica, Daud. Rept. ii. p. 805 (1802), rafcht, Olivier, Voy. Emp. Othom. vi. p. 328, pl. xli. (1807). Trionyx euphraticus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. p. 17 (1809). ° Gymnopus euphraticus, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 498 (1885). Trionyx, sp., Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 56. Tyrse rafeht, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49 (1844). Trionyx rafeht, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 65, pl. xxx. (1855). Rafetus euphraticus, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 81, and Suppl. - re Sh. Rept. i. p. 104 (1870), and Proc, Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 65, gs. Costal plates eight pairs, the last not more than half the size of the penultimate, and forming a median suture; a single neural between the first pair of costals; plates rather coarsely pitted and vermiculate ; a fontanelle persists late in life between the nuchal and the first neural and costal plates. Epiplastra separated from each -other ; entoplastron forming an acute angle ; plastral callosities feebly developed, on the hyo- and hypoplastra. Head moderate, with very short proboscis ; snout (on the skull) short, obtuse, about as long as the diameter of the orbit, which is double the width of the inter- orbital space, and thrice the width of the postorbital arch ; mandi- bular symphysis narrower than the diameter of the orbit, without median ridge. Dark green above, whitish below. Length of dorsal disk 37 centim. Tigris and Euphrates. a. Ad., stffd., skull separate. | Euphrates. W. K. Loftus, Esq. [P.]. b. Ad., stfid. Euphrates. Capt. Chesney [P. |. 12. Trionyx emoryi. Aspidonectes emoryi, Agassiz, Contr. N, H. U, S.i. p. 407, pl. vi. fig. 4 (1857). Closely allied to the two following species, but differing in the shorter snout, which hardly equals the diameter of the orbit, the shorter proboscis, and the absence of conical tubercles on the an- terior border of the dorsal disk. Olive above, young with minute black dots and a broad pale margin to the dorsal disk. Head, neck, and limbs dotted with black; a light black-edged streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye, and uniting with its fellow into a large triangular marking, extending from between the eyes to the end of the proboscis. Length of dorsal disk 30 centim. Texas and Rio Grande System. a. Her., spir., skull separate. Rio Grande. Smithsonian Instit. b-c. Yg., spir. Matamoras, Mexico. Smithsonian Instit. 1. TRIONYX,. 259 13. Trionyx ferox. Pennant § Garden, Phil. Tr. \xi. p. 266, pl. x. figs. 1-3 (1771). Testudo ferox, Schneid, Schildkr. p. 330 (1783) ; Schoepff, Test. p. 88, pl. xix. (1792); Daud. Rept. ii. p. 69 (1802), —— verrucosa, Schoepff, 1. c. p. 90. ? Testudo bartrami, Daud. l.c. p. 74. Trionyx carinatus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. p. 14, pl. iv. (1809). —— georgicus, Geoffr. /. ec. p. 17. ferox, Schwetgg. Prod. p. 15 (1814). brongnartii, Schwetgg. 1. c. p. 18. ferox, part., Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. p. 93 (1830); Holbr, N. Am. Herp. ii. p. 11 (1842); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 68 (1855); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 173 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p, 122 (1865). ? Trionyx bartrami, Leconte, 1. c. p. 96. Gymnopus spiniferus, part., Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 477 (1835). Platypeltis ferox, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 401, pl. vi. fig. 3 (1857) ; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 107 (1870). Syren spiniferus, Weed, N, Act. Ac. Leop.-Carol. xxxii. i. p. 48 (1865). Platypeltis ferox, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 58. Costal plates normally seven pairs; a single neural between the first pair of costals; plates rather coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Dorsal disk of young smooth, or with small scattered tubercles, without well-marked longitudinal ridges ; a series of conical tubercles on the nuchal border. LEpiplastra widely separated from each other, short; entoplastron forming a right angle; plastral callosities well developed, hyo-hypoplastral and xiphiplastral. Head moderate; snout (on the skull) a little longer than the diameter of the orbit; inter- orbital space hardly half the diameter of the orbit; postorbital arch narrow ; mandibular symphysis shorter than the diameter of the orbit. Olive above, with scattered small round black spots or dots ; young with a pale black-edged border to the dorsal disk ; a light, black-edged streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye, uniting with its fellow on the snout, just in front of the orbits ; limbs spotted and marbled with black. Length of dorsal disk 42 centim. S.E. United States, from Georgia to Western Louisiana. a, Ad., stffd. Georgia. Royal Society [P.]. (Type.) b. Her., stftd. Louisiana. W. P. Smith [C.]. c,d. Ad,, stffd., skull | N, America. — W. P. Smith [C.]. separ., and yg., stffd. e. Yg., spir. N. America. 14. Trionyx spinifer. Trionyx spiniferus, Lesweur, Mém. Mus. Paris, xv, p. 258, pl. vi. (1827). a ies —— ferox, part., Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. p. 93 (1830) ; Holbr. N. Am. Herp. ii. p. 11, pl. i. (1842); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 68 (1855); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 173 (1862), and Verth, Schildkr. p. 122 (1865). T 260 TRIONYCHID%. ee spiniferus, part., Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 477, pl. xxii. fig. 1 835). Tare fees Dekay, N. Y. Faun. iii. p. 6, pl. vi. fig. 11 (1842). key argus, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 48 (1844), and Knowsley Menag. pl. — (1846). Trionyx fe Gray, Cat. Sh, Rept. i. p. 68 (1855). : Aspidonectes spinifer, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U.S. i. p. 403, pl. vi. figs. 1 & 2 (1857). Gymnopus olivaceus, Wied, N, Act. Ac. Leop.-Carol. xxxii. i. p. 55, pl. v. (1865). Callinia spinifera, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 222, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 109 (1870), and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 60, figs. Very closely allied to the preceding, but carapace flatter *, snout and interorbital region narrower, and markings different. Dorsal disk with small black spots and ring-like markings, which may become indistinct with age; young with a pale, black-edged border to the dorsal disk; a light, black-edged streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye, uniting with its fellow at the base of the proboscis ; limbs spotted and marbled with black. Length of dorsal disk 30 centim. Middle and Northern tributaries of the Mississippi; Ohio; Saint Lawrence River. a. Hegr., spir. Foxbury, Pensylvania. Smithsonian Institution. 6. Her., spir., skull Wabash River. separate. c,d, e. Hgr. & yg., N. America. spir. J. Her., stfid. —? Lord Derby[P.]. (Type of 7’. argus.) 15, Trionyx muticus f. Trionyx muticus, Lesweur, Mém. Mus. xv. p. 263, pl. vii. (1827) ; Leconte, Ann. Lyc. N. ¥. iii. p. 95 (1850) ; Holbr. N. Am. Herp. ii. p. 19, pl. ii. (1842); Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 50 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 69 (1855) ; Strauch, Chelon. Stud, p. 174 (1862), and Verth. Schildkr. p. 125 (1865). Gymnopus muticus, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 482 (1835). Amyda mutica, Agassiz, Contr. N. H. U. 8S. i.p. 399, pl. vi. figs. 6 & 7 (1857); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 95 (1870); Baur, Zool, Anz. 1887, p. 99. Potamochelys ? microcephala, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 87. Callinia microcephala, Gray, Proce. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 222, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. 1. p. 108, and Proc. Zool. Soc, 1873, p. 62, figs. Differs from the preceding in the much narrower, sharply pointed snout, the absence of conical tubercles on the anterior border of the dorsal disk and on the posterior cartilaginous margin, and in the absence of a papilla on each side of the nasal septum, which is considerably wider than in other Trionychoids. Entoplastron, in the * A small eighth pair of costal plates is present in one of our specimens. + In addition to the single specimen in the Museum, I have recently examined a fully adult living specimen, from which the following notes are taken. 1. TRIONYX. Fig. 68. Skull of Trionyx muticus, enlarged. (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1873.) 261 262 TRIONYCHID&. adult, with a callosity; each epiplastron likewise with a callosity, which is, however, very minute. Brown above, whitish inferiorly ; head without markings ; back blotched with darker brown. The length of the dorsal disk does not exceed 25 centim. Mississippi, Ohio, and Saint Lawrence. a, Hgr., stffd., skull separate. ——?* (Type of Callinia microcephala.) 2. PELOCHELYS. Chitra, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 70 (1855); Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 50 (1864). Pelochelys, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 89, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 90 (1870), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 40. Outer extremities of the nuchal plate overlying the second dorsal rib; neural plates well developed. Limbs completely exposed. Hyoplastron distinct from hypoplastron ; not more than five plastral Fig. 69. Skull of L’elochelys cantoris. . (From Gray, P. Z.8 1864.) callosities. Bony choanz between the orbits; jaws weak; post- orbital arch as broad as the diameter of the orbit; pterygoids posterior border free, without ascending process. East Indies. * The specimen, stated to have been obtained by Mr. Wallace at Sarawak, was purchased at Stevens’s sales. 2, PELOCHELYS.—3,. CHITRA. 263 1. Pelochelys cantoris. Chitra indica, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 70 (1855) ; Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 50, pl. vi. fig. C (1864), Gymnopus indicus, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. p. 10 (1847). Pelochelys cantorii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 90, figs., and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 90 (1870) ; Theob, Cat. Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 28 (1876). —— cumingii, Gray, ll. ec. pp. 90, 91. —— bibronii, Gray, ll. cc. Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and forming a median suture; a single neural between the first pair of costals ; plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Dorsal skin of young tuberculate. piplastra small and widely separated ; entoplastron forming a right or an acute angle; plastral callosities largely developed. Head moderate; snout very short and broad ; proboscis very short; interorbital space broader than the greatest diameter of the orbit; mandible narrowest at the symphysis. Olive above, uniform or spotted with darker; lips and throat of young olive, speckled with whitish ; plastron whitish. Length of dorsal disk 60 centim. Ganges, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines. a, Hegr., stffd., skull Pinang. Dr. Cantor. (Type.) separate. b. Ad., stffd. Akyab, Burma. W. Theobald, Esq. [C.}. e. Yg., shell. Burma. W. Theobald, Esq. [C. |. d, Her., shell. India ? F. Day, Esq. [P.]. e. Ad., skel. Koelei, Borneo. Hr. Carl Bock [C.]. f. Ad., stffd. Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. (Types of C.]. : oo. - P. cum- g. Yg., spir. Philippines. H. Cuming, Esq. Pats [C.}. git.) 3. CHITRA. Trionyx, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 45 (1831); Strauch, Chelon. Stud. p. 50 (1862). Gymnopus, part., Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 472 (1835). Chitra, Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49 (1844), and Proc, Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 91, and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 89 (1870), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 40. ; Chitra, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 70 (1855); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 50 (1864), Outer extremities of the nuchal plate overlying the second dorsal rib; neural plates well developed. Limbs completely exposed. Hyoplastron distinct from hypoplastron; not more than five plastral callosities. Bony choanz behind the orbits, which are situated quite at the anterior extremity of the skull; jaws weak ; postorbital arch at least twice as broad as the diameter of the orbit ; pterygoids, posterior border free, without ascending process. East Indies. 264 TRIONYCHIDZ, 1. Chitra indica. Trionyx indicus, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 47 (1831). } — ere sd indicus, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. i. pl. lxxx. 1832). G ae lineatus, Dum. § Bibr. ii. p. 491 (1835). Chitra indica, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49 (1844), and Sh. Rept. i. p. 70, pl. xhi. (1855); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind, p. 50 (1864). indica, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 91, figs., and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 89 (1870); Theob. Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 27 (1876). Fig. 70. Skull of Chitra indica. (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864.) Costal plates eight pairs, the last well developed and forming a median suture; a single neural between the first pair of costals ; plates coarsely pitted and vermiculate. Epiplastra widely separated ; entoplastron forming an acute angle; plastral callosities largely developed. Head small, with extremely short snout; interorbital space considerably narrower than the greatest diameter of the orbit. 3. CHITRA.—4. CYCLODERMA. 265 Olive or green above, whitish inferiorly ; dorsal disk of young with dark vermiculations ; head and neck with dark longitudinal lines, Length of dorsal disk 60 centim. Ganges and Irawaddy. a,b, Her. & yg., stfid. India. Capt. Boyes [C.]. ce. Ad., skel. Calcutta. d, Ad., skel. (incomplete), | Allahabad. W. Theobald, Esq. [E.], e, Ad., skull & ioral bones. Nepal. Dr. Falconer [P.], 4, CYCLODERMA. Cycloderma, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 216, and Retse n. Mossamb. iii. p. 9 (1882), Cyclanosteus, part., Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 64 (1855). Heptathyra, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1859, p. 294; Gray, Suppl, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 92 (1870), and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 41. Aspidochelys, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 6. Cycloderma, part., Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p. 55 (1862), Nuchal notched at the outer end, which underlies the first costal plate ; no preenuchal bone; neural plates well developed, eight or nine in number, forming a continuous series; eighth pair of costals large in the adult, forming a median suture. Plastron with a cutaneous femoral valve, under which the hind limb may be con- cealed; hyoplastron coossified with hypoplastron ; seven plastral callosities (in the adult). Bony choanve between the orbits; jaws comparatively feeble ; postorbital arch very broad, much broader than the diameter of the orbit ; posterior border of pterygoids with a median ascending process forming a suture with the opisthotic. Tropical Africa. 1. Cycloderma frenatum, Cycloderma frenatum, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1854, p. 216, and Reise n. Mossamb. iii. p. 14, pls. iii. a (1882). Cyclanosteus frenatus, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 64 (1855), Aspidochelys livingstonii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1860, p. 6, pl, xxii. Heptathyra livingstonii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 94. frenata, Gray, 1. c., and Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 93 (1870). Carapace and plastral callosities finely granulate and vermiculate ; two neural plates between the first pair of costals; seven plastral callosities, of which the entoplastral is very small, transverse, subcrescentic; hyo-hypoplastral callosities widely separated from each other. Head much depressed, with the eyes quite anterior, the snout very short; interorbital space very narrow, not half the diameter of the orbit. Dark green above, head and neck with black longitudinal bands. Length of dorsal disk 50 centim. Zambezi. 266 TRIONYCHIDA. Fig. 71. yp i if Mf \ Bay Mf N "A ‘i I N Skull of Cycloderma aubryi. (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864.) 4, CYCLODERMA.—}. EMYDA, 267 a, Ad., shell. Zambezi. Dr. Livingtone fF.) (Type of Aspidochelys livingstonit.) 6, Skull, hyoid, & foot. Zambezi. Sir J. Kirk [P.}. (From the first Livingstone Expedition.) 2, Cycloderma aubryi. Cryptopus aubryi, 4. Dum. Rev. et Mag. de Zool. viii. p. 874, pl. xx. 1856 Heptathyra aubryi, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1859, p. 294; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh, Rept. i. p. 93 (1870). Cycloderma aubryi, A. Dum. Arch. Mus. x. p. 166 (1860); Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1876, p. 117, pl. —. Heptathyra frenata, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 93, figs. Differs from the preceding in the broader interorbital region, which measures at least two thirds the diameter of the orbit ; and in the larger plastral callosities, especially the entoplastral, which, instead of being by far the smallest of all, is the largest next to the hyo-hypoplastral and subcircular in shape ; hyo-hypoplastral callo- sities in contact on the median line. Brown above ; young orange, with a few black spots and a black vertebral line on the body, and three black streaks along the head and neck. Length of dorsal disk 45 centim. Gaboon and Ogowai. a, Ad., stffd. Gaboon, M. Du Chaillu [C.]. b. Ad., shell. Gaboon. M. Du Chaillu | C. |. ce. Ad., skel., incomplete. Gaboon. {M. Du Chaillu | C. |. 5. EMYDA. Trionyx, part., Geoff. Ann. Mus, xiv. p. 1(1809) ; Schweigg. Prodr. p. 18 (1814) ; Fitzing. Syst. Rept. p. 7 (1826). Trionyx, Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 134 (1880). Emyda, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 49 (1831), and Cat. Tort. p. 46 (1844), and Sh, Rept. i. p. 653 (1855); Strauch, Chelon, Stud. p, 56 (1862); Giinth. Rept. Brit, Ind. p. 44 (1864); Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i. p. 117 (1870), and Proe. Zool. Soe. 1873, p. 71. Cryptopus, part., Dum. § Libr. ii. p. 499 (1835). ; Potamochelys, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 85, and Srppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. p. 104, and Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) x. p. 38 (1872). Nuchal notched at each outer end, which underlies the first costal plate; dorsal shield large, with a series of bony plates in the posterior cutaneous border and a pranuchal marginal bony plate ; neural plates well developed, seven or eight in number, forming a continuous series; eighth pair of costals large in the adult, and, like the penultimate, forming a median suture. Plastron with a cutaneous femoral valve, under which the hind limb may be con- cealed; hyoplastron coossified with hypoplastron ; seven plastral callosities (in the adult). Bony choanze between the orbits ; jaws strong; postorbital arch moderate, much narrower than the diameter 268 _ TRIONYCHIDE. of the orbit; posterior border of pterygoids with a median ascending process forming a suture with the opisthotic. East Indies. Big, 72: Skull of Lmyda granosa. (From Gray, P. Z. 8. 1864.) Synopsis of the Species. Head with yellow spots ; entoplastral callosity simall . ponteks wlehoysee teu ehee «\ .--2-- 3. sclerops, p. 294. II. Upper eyelid entirely bony; supratemporal fosse obliterated ; four teeth in each premaxilla; 20 to 22 mandibular teeth on each side. Some or all of the scutes between the hind limbs in two or three longitudinal series ; caudal crest double up to the ninth or tenth verticil inclusively .: ....:.-.: 4, trigonatus, p. 296. All the shields between the hind limbs in four series; caudal crest double up to the eleventh or twelfth verticil inclusively. . 5. palpebrosus, p. 296. 1. Caiman niger. Caiman niger, Spia, Lacert. Bras, p. 3, pl. iv. (1825). Champsa nigra, Wagler, Syst. Amph. pl. vii. tig. 1 (1880) ; Natterer, Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. p. 320, pl. xxi. (1840). Jacare nigra, Gray, Cat. Tort. Sc. p. 65 (1844), and Tr. Zool. Soe. vi. p. 162 (1867), and Cat. Sh. Rept. ii. p. 25 (1872). tissipes ?, Hualey, Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. p. 4 (1860). Alligator niger, Strauch, Syn. Crocod. pp. 17 & 71 (1866). 18 (or 19) upper and 17 or 18 lower teeth on each side; fourth maxillary tooth much longer than the third. Head once and three fifths to once and two thirds as long as broad; snout moderate, obtuse, a little longer than broad ; a feeble transverse ridge in front of the concave interorbital region, bordering two deep concavities ; two oblique ridges on each side of the snout, one from the orbit to 6. CAIMAN. 293 the fourth maxillary tooth, the other from the frontal pits to the fifth premaxillary tooth ; orbit produced anteriorly to the vertical of the ninth or tenth maxillary tooth; upper eyelid flat, finely striated above, with a small bony plate anteriorly ; supratemporal fossee present ; vomer visible on the palate as a small rhomboidal plate. Four or five transverse series of small postoccipital scutes ; four trausverse series of large nuchals, the first two composed of four scutes, all articulated together. Dorsal shield composed of 19 transverse series of scutes, the broadest of which contain ten scutes ; all strongly and sharply keeled. Ventral scutes bony and imbricate, except on the posterior abdominal region, where the ossifications are absent or reduced to asmall nucleus. Fingers free, outer toes half-webbed. Black above, yellow inferiorly. Total length 4+ metres. Tropical South America east of the Andes. a. Ad., stffi. Para. R. Graham, Esq. [P.]. b, e. Ad., skulls. Para. R. Graham, Esq. | P.]. d, Ad., skull. E. Peru. Mr. I. Bartlett | C.]. 2. Caiman latirostris. Crocodilus latirostris, Daud. Rept. ii. p. 417 (1802). Caiman ftissipes, Spiz, Lacert. Bras. p. 4, pl. iii. (1825). Champsa fi:sipes, Wagl. Icon. Amph. pl. xvii. (1880); Natterer, Ann, Wien. Mus, ii. p. 821, pl. xxii. (1840), Crocodilus sclerops (non Schn.), Wied, Abbild. (1831). Alligator sclerops, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 62 (1831). ceynocephalus, Dum. § Bibr. ili. p. 86 (1836). Jacare fissipes, Gray, Cat. Tort. §c. p. 64 (1844). latirostris, part., Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) x. p. 328 (1862), and Ir. Zool. Soc. vi. p. 163 (1867), and Cat. Sh. Rept. ii. p. 25 (1872). Alligator latirostris, Strauch, Syn. Crocod. pp. 19 & 73 (1866) ; Hensel, Arch. f. Nat. 1868, p. 384; Burmeister, Ann. Soc. Aryent. ix. p. 244 (1880). 18 or 19 upper and 17 or 18 lower teeth on each side; fourth maxilJary tooth much longer than third. Head not more than once and a half as long as broad; snout very broad and rounded, its basal width nearly equalling its length; a strong ridge from one anterior border of the orbit to the other, more or less produced anteriorly towards the fourth maxillary tooth; orbit not produced anteriorly; interorbital space concave; upper eyelid rugose or tubercular, more or less produced into a small horn, with a small bony plate anteriorly ; supratemporal fossee present. Two more or less reguiar transverse series of small postoccipital scutes ; three or four transverse series of large nuchals, the anterior composed of four scutes, the others of two. the transverse series separated from each other by an interspace. Dorsal shield composed ot 18 transverse series of scutes, the broadest of which contain 8 or rarely 10 scutes ; those of the median serics very obtusely keeled in the adult. Bony 294 CROCODILID. ventral shield much less developed than in the other species, only the scutes on the sternal region imbricating ; the posterior abdo- minal region without any ossifications. Fingers free, outer toes webbed at the base. Adult uniform blackish; young olive and black, the latter colour usually predominating. The largest specimen in the Collection measures 2 m. 5 centim. South America east of the Andes, from the Amazon to the Rio de la Plata. a, b,c, d. Ad. & her., Brazil. stffd. e-g. Yg., spir. Pernambuco, J.P: Smith; Esq: (ee h. Ad., skel. (incomplete). Rio Grande do Dr. y. Ihering [C. |. Sul. #, k. Wgr., skulls. Rio Grande do Dr. vy. Ihering [C.]. Sul, 1. Ad., stffd. Rio Paraguay. Co]. Perez de Lasala [P.]. mn. Yg., spir. Buenos Ayres. J. Wilks, Esq. [P.]. 9 5 P o. Yg., stfid. p. Her., skel. q. Hgr., skull. 3. Caiman sclerops. Crocodilus sclerops, Schnetd. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 162 (1801); Cur. Ann. Mus. x. p. 31, pls. i. & ii. (1807); Tiedem., Opp., §& Lib. Nat. Amph. p. 60, pl. v. (1817). caiman, Daud. Rept. 11. p. 899 (1802). —— yacare, Daud. 1. c. p. 407. Jacaretinga punctulatus, Spiv, Lacert. Bras. p. 2, pl. 11. (1825). Champsa sclerops, Wagl. Syst. Amph. pl. vii. figs. 1 & 42 (1880) ; Natterer, Ann. Wien, Mus. ii. p. 321, pl. xxiii. (1840). Alligator sclerops, part., Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 62 (1881). sclerops, Dum. § Bibr. iii. p. 79 (1836); Strauch, Syn. Crocod. pp. 21 & 76 (1866); Burmeister, Ann. Soc. Argent, ix. p. 246 (1880). punctulatus, Dam. & Bibr.t.c.p. 91; Strauch, l. ec. pp. 24 & 79; Giinth. Biol. C.-Am., Rept. p. 21 (1885). Champsa vallifrons, Natterer, 1. c. p. 522, pl. xxiv. punctulata, Nadterer, 1. ¢. p. 525, pl. xxv. Jacare sclerops, Gray, Cat. Tort. Sc. p. 64 (1844). punctulata, Gray, lc. p. 65, and Cat. Sh. Rept. ii, p. 26 (1872). —— vallifrons, Gray, 1. ¢. longiscutata, Gray, Ann. § Mag. N. H. (3) x. p. 328 (1862), and Tr. Zool. Soe. vi. p. 164, pl. xxxiv. (1867), and Cat. Sh. Rept. ii, p. 26. —— ocellata, Gray, il. ec. pp. 829, 164, pl. xxxiii., & p. 26. multiseutata, Gray, Tr. Zool, Soc. vi. p. 164, and Cat. Sh. Rept. ii. p. 26*. * | have been unable to trace the type specimen of J. mu/tiscutata; and I strongly suspect that, through some oversight, this supposed species was founded upon the very specimen which had previously served as the type of J. longis ufata, G. CAIMAN, 29 on Jacare latirostris, part., Gray, ll. ce. hirticollis, Gray, ll. ec. pp. 165, 27. Alligator (Jacare) chiapasius, Bocourt, Jow'n. de Zool. vy. p. 400 (1876) ; Sumichrast, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1880, p. 170. 19 or 20 upper and 18 to 20 lower teeth on each side; fourth maxillary tooth much larger than.third, in the adult. Head once and a half to twice as long as broad; snout more or less obtuse, its basal width less than its length ; astrong ridge from one anterior border of the orbit to the other, sometimes produced anteriorly towards the fourth maxillary tooth ; orbit not produced anteriorly ; interorbital space concave ; upper eyelid rugose or tubercular, often more or less produced into a small horn, with a small bony plate anteriorly ; supratemporal fossee present. ‘Two or three more or less regular transverse series of small postoccipital scutes ; four or five transverse series of large nuchals, all articulated together, usually two or three of which are composed of four scutes. Dorsal shield composed of 18 or 19 transverse series of scutes, the broadest of which contain 5 or 10 scutes; those of the median series very obtusely keeled in the adult. Bony ventral shield much developed ; the scutes of the outer rows obtusely keeled. All the scutes of the body, limbs, and tail bony in the adult. Fingers free, toes webbed at the base. Adult uniform blackish ; young pale olive, dotted and spotted, or cross-barred, with brown or black. The largest specimen in the Collection measures 2 m. 60 centim. Central and South America, from the isthmus of Tehuantepec to the Rio de la Plata. a,b,c. Hgr. & yg., Tonala Valley, Chiapas. F. Sumichrast [C.]. stffil. d. Ye., stffd. Tapana, Tehuantepec. F. Sumichrast [ C.}. e. Har., sttfd. Huamuchal, Guatemala. O. Salvin, Esq. | P.]. f- Yg:, spir. Demerara. W. Carruthers, Esq. [P ]. g. Yg.. spir. Demerara. h,t, k. Hgr. & yg., Demerara. stffd. Ll. Yg., spir. Surinam. m,n. Hgr. & yg., Surinam. skins. o. Ad., stffd. Brazil. p. Yg., spir. Brazil. q. Ad., stffd. Paraguay. T. J. Hutchison, Esq. Ei. r. Yg., stffd. Sta. Cruz de la Sierra, (ine of J. ocellata.) Bolivia. s. Ad., stffd. Argentine Republic. W. D. Christie, Esq. [ P.]. t, Ad., stffd. Argentine Republic. u. Yo., stffd. i (Type of J, lonyiscutata.) v, w. Her., stfid. —? Ei Hor, skull, P 296 CROCODILID.E. 4. Caiman trigonatus. Crocodilus trigonatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii. p. 161 (1801); Tiedem., Opp., § Lib, Nat. Amph. p. 66, pl. vii, (1817). palpebrosus, var. 2, Cuvier, Ann. Mus, x. p. 35, pl. ii. fig. 1 (1807). Alligator palpebrosus, var. b, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 68 (1831); Dum. § Bibr. iii. p. 72 (1835). Champsa trigonata, Natterer, Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. p. 828, pl. xxvi. (1840). Caiman trigonaitus, Gray, Cat. Tort. §c. p. 66 (1844), and Sh. Rept. li. p. 28 (1872). Alligator trigonatus, Strauch, Syn. Crocod. pp. 27 & 82 (186). 19 or 20 upper and 20 to 22 lower teeth on each side; third and fourth maxillary teeth largest. Head once and three fourths to twice as long as broad; snout subacuminate, its basal width con- tained once and a half to twice in its length; no cross-ridge in front of the interorbital region} which is but slightly concave; upper eyelid flat and smooth, entirely bony, the bony plate consisting of four distinct pieces; supratemporal fossze obliterated. A single series of postoccipital scutes, followed by four or five transverse series of large, very highly and sharply keeled nuchals, each com- posed of two or sometimes of three or four scutes. Dorsal scutes in 18 or 19 transverse series, the broadest of which are composed of six scutes; some or all of the posterior (between the hind lmbs) composed of two or three scutes only ; the dorsal scutes, except the two median series, very strongly and highly keeled. The caudal crest becomes single on the tenth or eleventh verticil. Dorsal and ventral bony armour much developed; sides of body soft, with scattered small bony tubercles; gular and outer ventral scutes keeled. Fingers free, toes webbed at the base. Yellowish brown above, spotted and cross-barred with black. Total length 1 m. 40 centim. Tropical South America east of the Andes, a. Her., stffd. Guianas. 6. Ad., skull. Surinam. c. Her., spir. Demerara Falls. d. Hgr., spir. Huallaga River, E. Peru. Mr. E. Bartlett [C.1. e. Her., skull. Moyombamba, E. Peru. Mr. A. H. Roff | C. }. ~ f-h, v. Yg., spir. 5. Caiman palpebrosus. Crocodilus palpebrosus, var. 1, Cuvier, 4nn. Mus. x. p. 85, pl. 1. fig. 6, & pl. in. fig. 2 (1867). palpebrosus, Tiedem., Opp., § Lib. Nat. Amph. p. 64, pl. vi. (1817). Dacsciare moschifer, Spiv, Lacert. Bras. p. 1, pl. i. (1825). Alligator palpebrosus, var. a, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 63 (1831); Dum. & Bibr. iii. p. 69 (1835). Champsa palpebrosa, Natterer, Ann. Wren. Mus. ii. p. 524, pl. xxvii. (1840). 6. CAIMAN. 297 Champsa gibbiceps, Natterer, 1. ec. pl. xxvili. Caiman palpebrosus, Gray, Cat. Tort. &c. p. 67 (1844), and Sh. Rept. ii. p. 28 (1872). gibbiceps, Gray, Cat. Tort. Se., p. 67. Alligator palpebrosus, Strauch, Syn. Crocod. p. 25 (1866). 19 or 20 upper and 20 lower teeth on each side; third and fourth . maxillary teeth largest. Head once and three fifths to once and two thirds as long as broad; snout subacuminate, its basal width contained about once and a half in its length ; no cross-ridge in front of the interorbital region, which is but slightly concave; upper eyelid flat and smooth, entirely bony, the bony plate consisting of four distinct pieces; leres very steep and high; ecanthus rostralis angular; supratemporal fosse obliterated. ‘l'wo transverse series of postoccipital scutes, followed by four or five transverse series of large, very highly and sharply keeled nuchals, the second and third usually composed of three or four scutes, the others of two. Dorsal scutes in 18 or 19 transverse series, the broadest of which are composed of six or eight scutes, which are less highly keeled than in the preceding species ; those between the hind limbs constantly in four longitudinal series. The caudal crest becomes single on the twelfth or thirteenth verticil. Dorsal and ventral bony armour much developed; sides of body soft, with scattered small bony tubercles ; gular and outer ventral scutes keeled. Fingers free, toes webbed at the base. Yellowish-brown above, spotted and cross- barred with black. Total length 1 m. 20 centim. Guianas and Brazil. a,b. Ad. & hgr., stffd. —? ce, d. Yg., spir. —-? The precise affinities of the following Crocodile are uncertain, as the original description does not give the number of the mandibular teeth ; and as, in the unique specimen upon which the species is founded, the fourth mandibular tooth on one side is received into a notch as in true Crocodiles, and on the other into a pit, as in the Alligators, it is difficult to say to which group it belongs, although Cope suspects its affinities to be “rather more Aljigatorial.” It also appears to me doubtful whether the absence of the claw in the third finger will prove a constant character. PEROSUCHUS. Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 203, and Tr. Am. Phil, Soc. (2) xiv. p. 85 (1870). | “ Toes 5—4, with claws two—three. No osseous nasal septum or bony eyelid. Belly protected by series of osseous plates, as well as the back.” 298 CROCODILID-E, PrROSUCHUS FUSCUS. Cope, Ul. ce. figs. Snout broad and flat, rounded at the end, without any ridges. A transverse row of six small anterior nuchals; the large nuchals in four transverse rows, all of four scutes except the last. Dorsal scutes, six or eight in each transverse row. Fingers free, toes half- webbed. No posterior crest on arm or leg. Tail short, with remarkably low crest. Colour above dark brown, almost black on the upper surface of the head; tail paler, light olive-brown ; eyelids and a band through the car yellow; lower surfaces everywhere bright yellow. Total length 73 centim. Magdalena River, Colombia. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, abingdonii(Testudo), 171. abnormis(Chloremys),29. abnormis (Dermatemys), 29. abrupta (Testudo), 167. Aeanthochelys, 226. Actinemys, LOO. actinodes (Testudo), 161. acutus (Crocodilus), 281. adansonii (Emys), 196, adansonii (Hydraspis), 196. adansonii (Pelomedusa), 196. adansonii(Pentonyx),196. adansonii (Sternothzrus), 196. zgyptiacus (Gymnopus), 255. segyptiacus 254, 264. affinis (Batagur), 60. affinis (Cantorella), 60. affinis (Hydraspis), 219. affinis (Kachuga), 60. affinis (Tetraonyx), 60,61. africana (Fordia), 255. africanus (Crocodilus), 283. afzelii (Halcrosia), 288. agassizii (Chelonia), 182. agassizii (Testudo), 156. agassizii (Xerobates), 156. albertisii(Emydura), 282. albogulare (Cinoster- num), 44. Alligator, 289, 291. Alligatoride, 274. amazonica (Hmys), 204. amboinense (Kinoster- non), 153. amboinensis 135. (Trionyx), (Cistudo), amboinensis(Cuora), 134. amboinensis (Cyclemys), Ay vv. amboinensis (Emys), 133. amboinensis (Terrapene), 133. amboinensis (Testudo), 133. americana (Molinia), 281. americana (Pentonyx), 198. americanus (Crocodilus), 281. Amyda, 242. Amyde, 11, 237. angulata (Chersina), 179. angulata (Testudo), 178. angustatus (Claudius), 3D. annulata (Clemmys), 126. annulata (Geoclemmys), 126. annulata (Nicoria), 126. annulata (Rhinoclem- mys), 126. annulatus(Chelopus), 126. annulifera (Emys), 83. annulifera (Trachemys), Anota, 191. Apalone, 245. arabica (Emys), 104. arachnoides (Pyxis), 145. arakana (Geoemyda), 139. arctirostris (Crocodilus), 279. arcuata (Testudo), 10. areolata (Chersine), 147. areolata (Clemmys), 124. areolata (Hmys), 124. areolata (Nicoria), 124. areolata (Testudo), 147. areolatus (Chelopus), 124. areolatus(Homopus), 147. argentina (Testudo), 159. argus (Trionyx), 260. argus (Tyrse), 260. Aromochelys, 33. Aromesuchus, 291. asper (Aspidonectes), 245. Aspidiotes, 274. Aspidochelys, 265. Aspidonectes, 242. Aspilus, 242. aspilus (Aspidonectes), 255. Asterochelys, 149. Athecee, 7. atra (Caretta), 184. aubryi (Cryptopus), 267. aubryi (Cycloderma), 267. australis (Emydura), 232. australis (Hydraspis),282. australis (Testudo), 155. badia (Testudo), 197. Baikiea, 270. baikii (Letrathyra), 272. bakeri (Batagur), 54. banke (Hydromedusa), bankanensis (Cistudo), 31 barbatula (Emys), 218. barbatula (Hydraspis), 218. Bartlettia, 199. bartrami (Mesodeca), 245. bartrami (Testudo), 259. bartrami (Trionyx), 259. baska (Batagur), 61. baska (Emmys), 61. baska (Tetraonyx), 61. ee D1, 60, 61, 63, 66. _ batagur (Emys), 61. Y 300 batagur (Tetraonyx), 61. Batagurella, 51. Bataguride, 48. bathyrhynchus tops), 280. bealii (Cistuda), 107. bealii (Clennmys), 107. bealii (Emys), 107. bealii (Sacalia), 107. belangeri (Hmys), 121. Bellia, 97. belliana (Cinixys), 143. bellii (Chrysemys), 74. bellai (Cyclemys), 131. bellii (Emys), 74. bellii (Phrynops), 219. bellii (Rhinoclemmys), 123: bellii (Testudo), 179. bellii (Trionyx), 250. bennettii \Clemmys), 85. bennettii (Hmys), 85. (Mecis- bennettii (Mecistops), 279. berardii (Dermatemys), 29): berardii (Emys), 29. berdmorei (Batagur), 67. berdmorei (Emys), 66. berdmorei (Kachuga), 67. berdmorei (Morenia), ‘67. berendtianum (Cinoster- num), 43. berlandieri (Testudo), 156. berlandieri (Xerobates), 156. bettai (Testudo), 177. bibronii (Pelochelys),263. bicarinata (Chelonia), 182. bicinectum _(Cinctister- num), 256. bicolor (Hydraspis), 224. bicolor (Terrapene), 133. biguttata (Emys), 108. binuensis (Crocodilus), 283. biporcatus (Crocodilus), - 284. biscutatus (Crocodilus), 281. bispinosa (Chelys), 209. bispinosa (‘Testudo), 209. bissa (Caretta), 188. blandingii (Cistuda), 114. blandingii (Emydoidea), TLS blandingii (Emys), 114. bo courti(Rhinoclemmys), 125: boiei (Testudo), 157. Bom bifrons, 277. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, bombifrons (Crocodilus), 286. borealis (Emys), 112. borneensis (Batagur), 55. borneensis (Bellia), 100. borneensis (Cistudo), 100. borneensis (Orlitia), 100. borneoensis (Clemmys), 55. borneoensis (mys), 55. boseii (Sternothzerus), 37. boscii (‘Terrapene), 37. boutonii (Testudo), 173. brevicaudatum (Kino- sternon), 41. brevigulare (Cinoster- num), 42, brongnartii (Trionyx), D9. buchanani (Trionyx), 250, burmana (Emys), 123. burnesii (Homopus), 178. cafra (Testudo), 148. cogado (Testudo), 157. Caiman, 291. caiman (Crocodilus), 294, calcarata (Chersina), 160. ealcarata (Testudo), 159, Calemys, 100. californiana 170. Caliagur, 60. Callichelys, 69. Callinia, 242. callirostris (Callichelys), 82. callirostris (Chrysemys), callirostris (Emys), 82. callirostris (Pseudemys), 2 (Testudo), eallocephala (Rhinoclem- mys), 123. callocephalus (Geoclem- mys), 123. campanulata (Testudo), 174. canaliculata (Emys), 227. eanaliculata (Platemys), 227. Cantorella, 60. cantoris (Pelochelys), 263. Caouana, 184. caouana (Chelonia), 184, caouana (Testudo), 184. caouana (Thalassochelys), 185. Caouanide, 180. capensis (Pentonyx), 197. carbonaria 157. Caretta, 180, 184. caretta (Caouana), 185. caretta (Chelonia), 185. caretta (Testudo), 184. caretta (Thalassochelys), 184. Carettochelydide, 236. Carettochelys, 236. carinata (Aromochelys), 38. earinata(Terrapene), 116. carinata (Testudo), 115. carinatum —‘ (Cinoster- num), 38. carinatus (Trionyx), 259. (Testudo), cariniferus (Aspilus), 249, 254. cariniferus (Trionyx), 251, 253. carolina (Cistudo), 115. carolina (Terrapene), 115. carolina (Testudo), 115, 155. carolinus 11333) cartilaginea (Gymnopus), 253. (Xerobates), cartilaginea (Testudo), 253. cartilagineus (Trionyx), 253. caspia (Emys), 105. caspica (Clemmys), 108, 104, 105. easpica (Emys), 103, 104, 105, 106. caspica (Terrapene). 104. caspica (Testudo); 103. castanea (Emys), 195. castanea (Kinixys), 141. castaneus (Sternothzerus), 194, 195. cataphractus (Crocodi- lus), 279. cataphractus (Mecistops) 52 ald. , cataspila (Chrysemys),82. cataspila (Emys), 82. cataspila (Pseudemys),82. eautleyi (Batagur), 64. cayennensis (Emys), 202. eayennensis (Hydraspis), 202. centrata (Emys), 89. centrata (Malaclemys), 89. centrata (Testudo), 89. Centrochelys, 149. cepediana (‘Testudo), 180. cepedii (Caretta), 182. cephalo (Caretta), 184. cephalo (Chelonia), 184. cephalo (‘Testudo), 184. Cephalochelys, 184. Ceramopelta, 242. ceylonensis(Hmyda), 270. Chaibassia, 139. Champsa, 239, 291. Chainpse, 277. chamses (Crocodilus), 283. Cheliurus, 20. Chelodina, 210, 213, 219. Chelomedusa, 210. Chelone, 180. Chelonemys, 199. Chelonia, 4, 180, 184. Cheloniadx, 7, 180. Chelonidie, 180. Cheloniens, 4. Chelonii, 7, 11. _Chelonina, 180. Chelonioide, 180. Chelonoidis, 149. — Chelonura, 20, 23. Chelopus, 100, 118. Chelyda, 191, 206. Chelydie, 191, 236. Chelydidee, 191, 206. Chelydra, 20. Chelydridx, 19, 27, 33. Chelydrinz, 19, 27. Chelydroidz, 19. Chelymys, 228. Chelyoidze, 206. Chelys, 207. Chersemyda, 19, 27, 33, 45, 48. Chersina, 149. Chersine, 100, 118, 149. Chersinella, 149. Chersites, 48. Chersobius, 145, 149. Chersus, 149. chiapasius 295. chilensis (Testudo), 159. Chitra, 262, 263. Chitradz, 241. Chloremys, 27. Chrysemys, 69. Cinctisternum, 242. cinerea (Chrysemys), 73. cinerea (Emmys), 73. ~ cinerea (Testudo), 72,73. Cinixys, 140. Cinosternida, 33. cinosternoides (Cistudo), (Alligator), Cinosternum, 33. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, Cinothorax, 140. Cistoclemmys,.128. Cistuda, 114. Cistudinida, 48. Cistudinina, 48. © Cistudo, 111, 114. Claudius, 29, 32. clausa (Cistudo), 115. clausa (Wmys), 115. clausa (Terrapene), 115. elausa (‘Testudo), 115. Clemmydoide, 48. Clemmys, 51, 60, 61, 63, 66, 69, 85, 88, 92, 97, 100, 118, 135. Clidoplastra, 11. Clidosterna, 11. cobanum (Cinosternum), 2. Ceelognathus, 242. colliet (Chelodina), 216. Colpochelys, 184. complanatus (Crocodi- lus), 283. concentrica (Emys), 89. concentrica(Malaclemys), 89. concentrica (Testudo), 0 coneinna (Callichelys), concinna (Clemmys), 83. coneinna(Chrysemys), 83, concinna (Emys), 83. concinna (Pseudemys), coneinna (Ptychemys), 83. concinna (Terrapene), 83. concinna (Testudo), 83. Coptopelta, 242. coriacea (Chelonia), 10. coriacea (Coriudo), 10. coriacea (Dermochelys), 10. coriacea (Sphargis), 10, coriacea (Testudo), 10. Coriudo, 7. coromandelicus (Tri- onyx), 269. eorticata (Thalassoche- lys), 185. coui (Testudo), 166, couro (Emys), 153. couro (Terrapene), 133. coutinhii (Podocnemis), 199: crassicollis (Bellia), 98. erassicollis (Clemmys), 98. erassicollis (Emys), 98. 301 crassilabris (Bellia), 98. Crocodili, 273. Crocodilidse, 274, Crocodiliens, 274. Crocodilus, 277, 288. crocodilus (Lacerta), 283, cruentata (Swanka), 44, cruentatum (Cinoster- num), 44. Cryptodéres, 19, 27, 83, 45, 48. Cryptodira, 11, 237. Oryptopus, 267, 270. Cuchoa, 51. cumberlandensis (Emys), 78. cumingii (Pelochelys), 2638 Cuora, 128. cuvieri (Alligator), 290. cuvieri (Croeodilus), 290. euvieri (Trionyx), 61. Cyctanorbis, 270. Cyclanosteus, 265, 270. Cyclemys, 128. Cycloderma, 265, 270. Cylindraspis, 149. cynocephalus (Alligator), 293. Cynosuchus, 291. Dactyloplastra, 11, 237. Dactylosterna, 11, 237. Damonia, 92. daudinii (Testudo), 169. decussata (Clemmys), 79, decussata (Emys), 79. decussata (Pseudemys), 79. decussata(Ptychemys),79. Deirochelyoide, 48. Deirochelys, 69, dentata (Chelymys), 235. dentata (Cistudo), 131. dentata (Cyclemys), 130, 131. dentata (Elseya), 235. dentata (Emys), 54, 131 dentata (Kachuga), 54, dentata (Podocnemis), 235. dentatus (Sternothrus), I denticulata (Kinixys), 141. denticulata (Testudo), 141, 157. depressa (Chelonia), 182. depressa (Emys), 223, 227. 302 depressa (Geoemyda), ( depressa (Hydraspis), 223. depressa (Hydromedusa), 211. depressa (Platemys), 223. depressa (Testudo), 155. derbianus(Sternotherus), 195. Dermatemydide, 27. Dermatemys, 27. Dermatochelyde, 7, Dermatochelys, 7. Dermochelys, 7. desertorum (Testudo), 66. Dhongoka, 51. dhongoka (Batagur), 54, 5bsb6: dhongoka (Clemmys), 55, 56. dhongoka (Emys), 56. dhongoka (Kachuga), 56. dhor (Cyclemys), 131. dhor (Emys), 54, 131. Diacostoidea, 257. diardii (Cistudo), 151. diardii (Emys), 131. Dichida, 35, 114. dillwyni (Trionyx), 246. diversum (Sphenodon), 3. Dogania, 242. Dongoka, 51. dorbignyi (Chrysemys), 80. dorbignyi (Clemmys), 80. dorbignyi (Emys), 80. dorri (Cinixys), 145. dorsalis (Chrysemys), 74. dorsalis (Emys), 124. dorsualis (Emys), 123. doubledayi (Kinoster- non), 39. dubia (Chelonia), 186. Dumerilia, 199. dumeriliana (Chelon- emys), 202. 203. dumeriliana (Emys), 202. dumeriliana (Hydraspis), 202. dumeriliana (Podoene- mis), 202, 203 dura (Emyda), 269. dura (Pangshura), 59. durandi (Batagur), 56. dussumieri (Chelonia), 185. dussumieri (Lepidoche- lys), 185. duvaucelii (Batagur), 56. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, duvaucelii (Emys), 56. duvaucelii (Gymnopus), 248, 249. ecaudata (Testudo), 176. edeniana (Melanochelys), 123. edeniana (Nicoria), 123. effeldtii (Cinosternum), 43. elegans (Baikiea), 272. elegans (Chersine), 161. elegans (Chrysemys), 78. elegans (Clemmys), 78. elegans (Cyclanorbis), 272. elegans (Emys), 78. elegans (Pseudemys), 78. elegans (Testudo), 161. elegans (Trachemys), 78. elegans (Yuen), 257. elephantina (Testudo), 167, 169. Elephantopus, 149. elephantopus (Testudo), 169, 170. ellioti (Batagur), 54. ellioti (Clemmys), 54. Elodites, 19, 27, 33, 45, 48, 191, 206. elongata (Caouana), 185. elongata (Eremonia), 185. elongata (Testudo), 173. elongata (Thalasso- chelys), 185 elongatus (Peltastes), 173. Elseya, 228, 234. emarginata (Chelydra), 21 Emia, 51. Emmenia, 100. emoryi (Aspidonectes), 258. emoryl (Trionyx), 258. Emyda, 267. Emydzx, 19, 33, 48. Emydea, 11, 187. Emydide, 19, 27, 33, 45, 48, 191, 206. Emydinade, 241. Emydoide, 48. Emydoidea, 111. emydoides (Testudo), 158. Emydosauria, 273. Emydosauriens, 273. Emydura, 228. Emyoides, 114. Emys, 51, 61, 68, 66, 69, 85, 88, 92, 97, 100, 111, Til4s 118 s128seeleas 242. emys (Manouria), 158. emmys (Testudo), 158. Emysaurus, 20. ephippium (Testudo), ae ephippium 254. Eremonia, 184. Eretmochelys, 180. erosa (Cinixys), 141. erosa (Testudo), 141. Eryma, 100. Erymnochelys, 199. erythrocephala (Emys), 202. esculenta (Caretta), 182. Euchelymys, 228. Euchelys, 180. Huereta, 7, 11. euphratica (Testudo), 258. euphraticus (Gymnopus), 258. (Trionyx), euphraticus (Rafetus), 258. euphraticus (Trionyx), 258. europea (Cistudo), 112. europza (HEmys), 112. europea (Lutremys), 112. europea (Terrapene), 112. europxa (Testudo), 112. Evemydoide, 48. expansa (Chelodina), 216. expansa (Emys), 204. expansa (Hydraspis), 204. expansa (Podoenemis), » falconeri (Batagur), 64. faleoneri (Scapia), 158. faleoneri (Testudo), 158. fasciata (Chersine), 147. fasciata (Swanka), 39. fasciata (Testudo), 147. femoralis | (Homopus), 147. ferox (Platypeltis), 246, 259. ferox (Testudo), 259. ferox (Trionyx), 259. fimbriata (Chelys), 209. fimbriata (Matamata), 209. fimbriata (‘Testudo), 209. fiskii (Testudo), 165. fissipes (Caiman), 295. fissipes (Champsa), 293. fissipes (Jacare), 292, 293. flava (Testudo), 112. flavescens (Cinosternum), 40. flavescens (Platythyra), 40, flavilabris (Chelodina), Nets flavilabris (Hydrome- dusa), 211. flavipes (mys), 105. flaviventer (Pangshura), 59. flaviventris (Cuchoa), 59. flavomarginata (Cisto- clemmys), 159. flavomarginata (Cuora), 135. flavomarginata (Cycle- mys), 155, flavomarginata pene), 135. flavonigra (Emys), 63. floridana (Clemmys), 83. floridana (Emys), 89. floridana (Terrapene), 83. floridana (Testudo), 83. Fordia, 242. formosa (Chelonia), 182. formosa (Nilssonia), 250. formosus (Trionyx), 250. forstenii (Peltastes), 174. forstenii (Testudo), 174. fraseri (Emys), 105. frenata (Heptathyra), 265, 267. frenata (Sarbieria), 246. frenatum (Cycloderma), 265. frenatus 265. frenatus (Potamochelys), 246. frenatus (Trionyx), 246. (Terra- (Cyclanosteus), frontalis (Rhinoclem- mys), 125. frontata (Halerosia), 288. frontatus (Crocodilus), 288. fuliginosa (Emys), 105. fuliginosa (Mauremys), 105. funereus (Chelopus), 126. fusca (Kachuga), 54. fusca (Manouria), 158. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, fusecomaculata (myda), 270. fuscus (Perosuchus), 208. gabbii (Chelopus), 126. gabbii (Nicoria), 126, gabonensis (Pelomedusa), 197. gabonensis (Pentonyx), rf gabonensis (Sternothe- rus), 197. galeata (Emys), 197. galeata (Hydraspis), 198. galeata (Pelomedusa), 197. galeata (Testudo), 197. galeatus (Crocodilus), 282. gangetica (Lacerta), 275. gangetica (Tyrse), 249. gangeticus (Aspidonec- tes), 248. gangeticus (Gavialis), 275. gangeticus (Gharialis), 275, gangeticus (Trionyx),248, YAO gataghol (Aspilus), 248. gaudichaudii(Hydraspis), 225. gaudichaudii (Platemys), 220. Gavialidex, 274. Gavialis, 275, 276. gehafie (Pelomedusa), 198. gehafie (Pentonyx), 197. Geochelone, 149. Geoclemmys, 92, 100, 118. Geoemyda, 118, 135. geoffreana (Chelodina), 223. geoffreana (Platemys), 222, 223. geoffroyana (Emys), 225. geoffroyana (Hydraspis), oO geoffroyana (Phrynops), 222, 223. geographica (Clemmys), geographica (Emys), 90, 91 geographica (Grapte- mys), 90. geographica (Malaco- clemmys), 90. 303 geographica (Terrapene), 90, geographica — (‘Testudo), 90. geographicus (Peltastes), 162. geometrica 162. geometrica (Testudo), 143, 161, 162. geometricus (Peltastes), 162. georgicus (Trionyx), 259. Gharialis, 275. gibba (Emys), 224. gibba (Iydraspis), 224. gibba (Mesoclemmys), 224. gibba (Platemys), 242. gibbera (Clemmys), 100. gibbiceps (Caiman), 297. gibbiceps (Champsa), 297. gibbosa (Cistudo), 95. giebelii (Cyclemys), 130. gigantea (Emys), 167. gigantea (Scapia), 158. gigantea (Testudo), 168. glutinata (Testudo), 37. Glyptemys, LOO. Gomphopelta, 242. Goniochelys, 83. Gopher, 149. gopher (Testudo), 155. gopher (Xerobates), 155. gordoni (Hydraspis), 224, greeca (Chersinella), 177. greca (Testudo), 103, WG, UT. greecus (Peltastes), 176, Ue (Chersine), grail (Testudo), 172. graja (Testudo), 174. grandidieri (‘Testudo), 167. grandis (Clemmys), 158. grandis (Geoemyda), 1é0, 138. granosa (Emyda), 269. granosa (Testudo), 269, granosus (Cryptopus), 269. granosus (Trionyx), 269. granulata (Testudo), 269, Graptemys, 88. grayesii (Crocodilus), 288. grayi (Callichelys), 82. grayi (Chrysemys), 82. grayi (Clemmys), 60. grayi (Emmenia), 103. grayi (Emys), 82, 103. 304 grayii (Trionyx), 251. guentheri (Sphenedon), 3. giintheri (Dogania), 246. guntheri (Trionyx), 246. cuttata (Aromochelys), 37. guttata (Clemmys), 109. guttata (Emys), 93, 109. guttata (Geoclemys), 109. guttata (Nanemys), 109. guttata (Testudo), 109. guttatum (Kinosternen), 37. guttatus (Chelopus), 109. Gymnopus, 242, 263. Gypochelys, 28. Halerosia, 288. hamiltonii (Clemmys), 93. hamiltonii (Damonia), 93. hamiltonu (Emys), 3. hamiltonii(Geoclemmys), 93. Hardella, 63. hardwickii (Dhongoka), 54, 56. hardwicki (Kachuga), 54. Hatteria, 2 Hatteriidee, 2 helleniea (Cistudo), 112. helois (Alligator), 290. henrici (Cinosternum),40. henrici (Swanka), 40. Heptathyra, 265. hercules (Testudo), 157. hermanni (Testudo), 177. Heteroclemmys, 97. hieroglyphica (Chry- semys), 76. hieroglyphica (Clemmys), 76. hieroglyphica (Emys), 76. hieroglyphica. (Pseud- emys), 76. hieroglyphica = (Pty- chemys), 76. hilarii (Hydr: aspis), 222. hilarit (Platemys), 222, hippocrepis (Kinoster- non), 39. hirticollis (Jacare), 295. hirtipes (Cinosternum), 38, 42. holbrookii (Emys), 78. holbrookii (Trachemys), 78. hololissa (Testudo), 168. homeana (Cinixys), 143. Homopus, 145, ALPHABETICAL INDEX. horsfieldii_ © (Homopus), 178. horsfieldii (Testudinella), 178. horsfieldii (Testudo), 178 hudsoniea (Apalone), 245. hurum (Trionyx), 249. Hydraspidide, 191, 206. Hydraspis, 197, 200, 210, 213, 217, 219). 226, 228) Hydromedusa, 210. ibera (Testudo), 176. Ida, 242. imbricata (Caretta), 183. imbricata (Chelone), 183. imbricata (Eretmochelys), 183. imbricata (Testudo), 183. impressa (Geoemyda), 158. incisa (Emys), 125. incisa (Nicoria), 125. incisus (Chelopus), 125. indi (Hardella), 64. indica (Chitra), 263, 264. indica (Megalochelys), 167. indica (Testudo), 167, 169, 170, 172, 173. indicus (Bombifrons), 286. indicus (Gymmopus), 263. indicus (Trionyx), 264. inepta (‘Testudo), 172. insculpta (Carettochelys), 236. inseulpta (Clemmys), 107. inscuipta (Emys), 107. insculpta (Glyptemys), 107. insculpta (Testudo), 107. insculptus(Chelopus).107. integra (Swanka), 42. integrum (‘Thyroster- num), 42. integrum (Cinosternum), 49. intermedia (Elseya), 220: intermedia (Emys), 5 intermedia (Kachiesy, 58. intermedia (Molinia), 280. intermedius (Crocodilus), 280. iravadica (Batagur), 55. irrigata (Emys), 84. irrorata (Landemania), 256, Isola, 242. Jacare, 291. Jacaretinga, 291. jamao (Emys), 79. Japonica (Cheloni1), 180. japonica (Clemmys), 106. japonica (Emys), 95, 106. japonica, (Testudo), 180. J: aponicus (Trionyx), 256. javanica (Tyrse), 248. jaye anicus (Aspidonectes), 253. jav anicus (Trionyx), 248, 253. Jerdonella, 51. jeudi (Trionyx), 250, 251. jobnsoni (Croeodilus), 279. jobnstoni (Crocodilus), 279. johnstoni (Philas), 279 journei (Crocodilus), 280, journei (Mecistops), 276, 280. Kachuga, 51, 60. kachuga (Batagur), 54. kachuga (Emys), 54. kempii (Thalassochelys), 186. Kinixys, 140. kinosternoides INE, Kinosternon, 22, 33, 128. kleinmanni (Testudo), 175. kraussi 183. krefitii (Chelymys), 231. krefftii (Emydura), 231. (Emys), (Onychochelys), labiatus (Trionyx), 259. labyrinthica (Emys), 90. lacertina (Chelydra), 20. lacerting (Gypochelys), 25. lacertina (Macrochelys), 25. lachrymata (Chelonia), 182. lacordairei (Alligator), 287. lacunosus 283. levis (Psilognathus), 25 Landemania, 242. laniaria (Emys), 105. laniaria (Mauremys), 105. lasalee (Spatulemys), 222. lata (Chelonia), 182. (Crocodilus), lata (Hydraspis), 202. laticeps (Clemmys), 105. laticeps (Emys), 105. laticeps (Hryma), 105. latirostris (Alligator), 293. latirostris (Caiman), 293. latirostris (Ceramopelta), 256. latirostris (Crocodilus), 293. latirostris (Jacare), 293. latisternum (Hlseya), 233. latisternum (Emydura), 233. leachianus (Sterno- therus), 195. leithii (Isola), 249. leithii (Pangshura), 56. leithii (Peltastes), 175. leithii (Testudo), 175. leithii (Trionyx), 249. Lepidochelys, 184. leprosa (Clemmys), 105. leprosa (Emys), LOD. leprosus: (Yuen), 257. leptoenemis (‘Testudo), 172. leptorhynechus (Crocodi- lus), 279. lessonii (‘Tetraonyx), 61. lesueurii (Emys), 90. lesueurii (Graptemys), 91. lesueurii (Malacoclem- mys), 90. leucostoma (Swanka), 42, 43. leucostomum (Cinoster- num), 42, 43. lewyana (Podocnemis), 203. lewyanus (Crocodilus), 281. lineata (Batagur), 54. lineata (Clemmys), 54. lineata (Emys), 54. lineata (Kachuga), 54. lineata (Trachemys), 78. lineatus (Gymnopus), 264. livingstonii (Aspido- chelys), 265. ‘livingstonii (Hepta- thyra), 265. longicaudata (Swanka), Al. longicaudatum (Kino- sternon), 41. longicollis (Chelodina), 215. ALPHALETICAL INDPX, longicollis Gl. longicollis (Emys), 215. longicollis (Hydraspis), 215. longicollis 215. longicollis (Tetraonyx), 61. Longirostres, 275. longirostris (Crocodilus) 279. longiscutata (Jacare), 294. Loricata, 273. . lucius (Alligator), 290. lucius (Crocodilus), 290. fanaa (Rhinoclemmys), 123. lutaria (Cistudo), 112. lutaria (Emys), 1085, 112. lutaria (Testudo), 112. Lutremys, 111. luxata (Manouria), 158. luxatus (Teleopus), 158, Lysoplastra, 1]. Lysosterna, 11. (Clemmys), (Testudo), ’ maackii (Trionyx), 256. macquaria (Chelymys), 230, 232. macquaria 230. macquariz (Emydura), 230. macquarril (Hydraspis), 230. macrocephala mys), 94. macrocephala (Emys), 89, 94, 206. macrocephala (Geoclem- mys), 94. Macrochelys, 23. Macroclemmys, 23. macropus (Chelone), 182. macropus (Kuchelys), 182. macropus (Testudo), 180. maculata (Hydraspis), 219. maculata (Swanka), 42, (Platemys), (Clem- maculata (Terrapene), ATS: maculatus (Yuen), 257. maculosa (Chelonia), 182. madagascariensis (Croco- dilus), 283. 305 madagascariensis (Dume- rilia), 205. madagascariensis (Podo- enemis), 205. madagascariensis (Pyxis), 145. maderaspatana (Emys), [21]. major (Cistudo), 117. major (Kachuga), G0. Malaclemmyde, 48. Malaclemmys, 88. Malacoclemmnys, 88. Manouria, 149. marginata (Chersine), 174. marginata 73. marginata 174, 175. marginatus (Chersus), Wf marginatus (Crocodilus), 283. (Chrysemys), (Testudo), marginatus (Peltastes), 174, 176. marmorata (Actinemys), 110. marmorata (Chelonia), 182. marmorata (Clemmys), 110. marmorata (Emys), 110. marmorata (Geoclem- mys), 110. marmoratus (Chelopus), 110. marmoratus (Stauroty- pus), 32. marmorea (Clemmys), 105. marmorea (Emys), 105. martinella (Platemys), 227. martinella 227. Matamata, 207. matamata (Chelys), 209. matamata (Testudo), 209, Mauremys, 100. mauritanica (Testudo), 176. mauritanicus (Peltastes), 176. mawil (Dermatemys), 28. maximiliani (Chelodina), 212. maximiliani 210. maximiliani (Hydraspis), 210. (Testudo), (Emys), 306 maximiliani (Hydrome- dusa), 210, 212. Mecistops, 276, 277. megacepaala (mys), 46, 90. megacephalum (Platy- sternum), 46. megacephalus (Claudius), oD. Megalochelys, 149. megalopus (Testudo), 161. melanocephala (Testudo), 133. Melanochelys, 118. melanosterna (Clemmys), 124. melanosterna (Geocle- mys), 124. melanosterna (Rhino- clemmys), 124. melanosternum (Nicoria), 124, Melanosuchus, 291. meleagris (Hmys), 114. meleagris (Lutremys), 114. meleagris (Testudo), 112. mercurialis. (Sphargis), Mesoclemmys, 219. Mesodeca, 245. mexicana (Cistudo), 118. mexicana (Onychotria), mexicana (Rhinoclem- mys), 127. mexicana (Swanka), 44. mexicanum (Cinoster- num), 44. mexicanus (Chelopus), 127. mexicanus 281. microcephala (Callinia), 260. microcephala (Potamo- chelys), 260. microphyes (Testudo), 170. miliusii (Hydraspis), 224. miliusii (Phrynops), 224. miliusii (Platemys), 224. (Crocodilus), minor (Aromochelys), 38. minor (Goniochelys), 38. mississippiensis (All- gator), 290. mississippiensis (Croco- dilus), 290. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. mobilensis (Clemmys), 85. mobilensis (Emys), 85. mobilensis (Pseudemys), 85. mobiliensis (Chrysemys), 85. mobiliensis (Ptychemys), 85. Molinia, 277. Monimopelyca, 187. Monoelida, 33. mordax (Lemnognathus), 256. moreletii (Crocodilus), 287. moreletii (Palinia), 287. Morenia, 66. mortoni (Trionyx), 255. moschifer (Jacaretinga), 296. mouhotii 132, mouhotii (Emys), 132. mouhotii (Pyxidea), 132. mozambica (Pelome- dusa), 198. muhlenbergii (Calemys), 108. muhlenbergii (Chelopus), 108. muhlenbergii (Clemmys), 103. (Cyclemys), muilenbergii (Emys) 108. muhlenbergii (Geocle- mys), LU8. muhlenbergii (Terra- pene), 108. muhlenbergii (Testudo), 108. multiscutata (Chelonia), 184. multiscutata 294. mutica (Amyda), 260. mutica (Damonia), 96. mutica (mys), 26. muticus (Gymmnopus), 260. muticus (Trionyx), 260. Mydas, 180. mydas (Chelone), 180. mydas (Testudo), 180. (Jacare), namadica (Hmys), 58. Nanemys, 100. nasicornis (Caretta), 182. nasuta (Emys), 218. nasuta (Hydraspis), 218, 224. nasuta (Platemys), 219. nasuta (Rhinemys), 218. nebulosa (Terrapene), 115. Nectemydoide, 48. Nectemys, 69. nemoralis (Testudo), 174. neuwiedii (Platemys), 223. Nicoria, 118. niger (Alligator), 292. niger (Caiman), 292. niger (Sternothverus), 194, nigra (Champsa), 292. nigra (Hmys), 98, 110. nigra (Halerosia), 285. nigra (Jacare), 292. nigra (Pelomedusa), 198, nigra (Testudo), 170. nigricans (Clemmys), 97. nigricans (Damonia), 96, 97. - nigricans (Emys), 96, 7. nigricans (Kinosternon), 195. nigricans (Sternothzerus), 195. nigricans 195. nigricans (Testudo), 195. nigricans (Trionyx), 250. nigrita (Testudo), 169. nigriventris (Testudo), 164. nilotica (Tyrse), 25d. niloticus (Crocodiius), 283. niloticus (Trionyx), 255. Nilssonia, 242. nogueyi (Homopus), 148. Notoa, 191. Notochelys, 128. novee-guineze (Chelo- dina), 215. nove-guinex (Hmydura), 235. nove-guinese (Platemys), 233. novee-hollandiz (Chelo- dina), 215. novem-costatum (Torti- sternum), 256. novem-costatus gnathus), 256. nuchalis (Aspidonectes), 245. nuchalis (Bellia), 94. nuchalis (Hmys), 94. nuttalii (Chrysemys), 74. (Terrapene), (Coelo- oblonga (Chelodina), 6. oblonga (Damonia), 94. oblongum (Kinosternon), 39 Ocadia, 85. oceanica (Cephalochelys), 185. ocellata (Batagur), 66, 67. 68. ocellata (Clemmys), 66. ocellata (Hmys), 68. ocellata (Jacare), 294. ocellata (Morenia). 66, 68. ocellatus (Gymnopus), 249. ocellatus (Trionyx), 249. oculifera (Clemmys), 166. oculifera (Emys), 166. oculifera (Testudo), 165. odorata (Aromochelys), odorata (Cistuda), 37. odorata (Emys), 37. odorata (Ozotheea), 37. odorata (Terrapene), 37. odorata (Testudo), 37. odoratum (Cinosternum), 37. odoratus (Staurotypus), 37. odoratus (Sternotheerus), 37. officine (Gomphopelta), 256. Oiacopodes, 7, 11, 180. oldhami (Kachuga), 64. oldhamii (Cyclemys), 131. olivacea (Caquana), 185. olivacea (Caretta), 185. olivacea (Chelonia). 184. olivacea (Chrysemys), 76. olivacea (Clemmys), 76. olivacea (Emys), 76, 197. olivacea (Lepidochelys), 185. olivacea (Redamia), 76. olivacea (Thalassochelys), 185. : olivaceus (Gymnopus), 260. Onychochelys, 180. Onychotria, 1i4. Oopholis, 277. oopholis (Crocodilus), 284, orbicularis (Emys), 112. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. orbicularis (Testudo), 112. orbiculata (Cistudo), 131. orbiculata (Cyclemys), dl. oregonensis (Chrysemys), oregoniensis (Clemmys), 74. oregoniensis (Emys), 74. orientalis (Clemmys), 104. Orlitia, 97. ornata (Callichelys), 80. ornata (Chrysemys), 80. ornata (Cistudo), 118. ornata (Clemmys), 80. ornata (Emys), 80, 82. ornata (Ida), 254. ornata (Pseudemys), 81. ornatus (Aspilus), 254. ornatus (Trionyx), 253. orthonyx (Emys), 83. Osearia, 242. Osteolemus, 288. ovata (Cyclemys), 131. Ozotheea, 34. pacificus (Crocodilus), 281. paleindica (Clemmys), Paleosuchus, 291. Palinia, 277. pallens (Yuen), 257. palpebrosa (Champsa), 296. palpebrosus (Alligator), 296. palpebrosus 296. palpebrosus (Crocodilus), 296. (Caiman), palustris (Crocodilus), 285. palustris (Emys), 89. palustris (Malacoclem- mys), 89. palustris (Terrapene), 89. palustris (Testudo), 79, 89. Pangshura, 51. pannonica (Emys), 104. Paradiacosto:dea, 7, 11, 187. pardalis (Testudo), 160. peguense (Platysternon), 46. peguensis (Isola), 251. peguensis (Kachuga), 55. peguensis (Trionyx), 250. 307 pelasgorum (Chelonia), 185. Pelochelys, 262. Pelodiseus, 242. Pelomedusa, 197. Pelomeduside, 191. Peltastes, 149. peltastes (Chersina), 173. peltastes (Testudo), 173. Peltocephalide, 191. Peltocephalus, 199. Peltochelyide, 11, 187, 237. Peltonia, 149. Pelusios, 191. peasy Wantes (Cistuda), 39. pensylvanica (Emys), 39. pensylvanica (Terrapene), 39. pensylvanica (Testudo), 7,* pensylvanicum (Cino- sternum), 39, 42. pensylvanicum (TLhyro- sternum), 39. Pentonyx, 197. perocellata (Landema- nia), 256. perocellata (Tyrse), 256. perocellatus (Potamo- chelys), 256. perocellatus (Trionyx), 256. Perosuchus, 297. perraultii (Testudo), 172. petersii (Batagur), 68. petersii(Cyclanorbis), 271. petersu (Cyclanosteus), 271. petersii (Cycloderma), 272. petersii (Morenia), 68. phayrei (Seapia), 158. phayrei (Testudo), 158. phayrii (Trionyx), 251. Philas, 277. Phrynops, 219. picquotii (Hmys), 93. picta (Batagur), 60. picta (Callagur), 60, picta (Chrysemys), 72, 73, 74 picta (Clemmys), 72, 73, 74. picta (Emys), 72, 73, 95. picta (Terrapene), 72. picta (Testudo), 72. pictus (Claudius), 32. pictus (Melancchelys), 93. pictus (Tetraonyx), 60. Z 308 pileata (Emys), 89. pitipii (Bartlettia), 204. planicauda (Testudo), 145. planiceps (Elephanto- pus), | planiceps (Emys), 227. ead (Hydraspis), panics (Platemys), planiceps (Testudo), 169, ieee (Crocodilus), 288. platanensis (Hydrome- dusa), 212. Platemys, 217, 219, 226, 228. platycephala (Platemys), 227. platyeephala (Testudo), 227. platynota (Cyclemys), 130 platynota (Emys), 130. platynota (Notochelys), 130. platynota (Testudo), 162. platynotus (Peltastes), 162. Platypeltis, 242. Platysternide, 45. Platysternum, 45. Platythyra, 34. Pleuroderes, 187, 191, 206. Pleurodira, 187. Podoenemidide, 191. Podoenemis, 199. polyaspis (Chelonia), 186. polyphemus (Testudo), 155. polyphemus (Xerobates), 155. ponderosa (Testudo), 167. pondicerianus (Croco- dilus), 284. pondicherianus (Oopho- lis), 284. poreata (Dermatochelys), 10. porosus (Crocodilus), 284. porosus (Oopholis), 284. postinguinale (Cinoster- num), 42. Potamites, 241. Potamochelys, 242, 267. Psammobates, 149. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. Pseudemyde, 48. Pseudemys, 69. psendo-caretta (Chelo- nia), 183. pseudogeographica(Clem- mys), 91 pseudogeographica (Emys), 90. pseudogeographica (Graptemys), 91. pseudogeographicus (Ma- lacoclemmys), 91. pseudo-mydas (Chelonia), 183. Psilognathus, 242. Ptychemys, 69. par chells (Emys), 107, plait (Geoclemmys), 107. pulchella (Glyptemys). 107. pulchella (Testudo), 112. pulcherrima (Calliche- lys), 125. pulcherrima (Clemmys), 125. pulcherrima (Emys), 125. pulcherrima (Nicoria), 125. pulcherrima (Rhino- clemmys), 125. pulcherrimus (Chelopus), 25. pulchra (Chrysemys), 73, 74 punctata (Emys), 109. punctata (Hatteria), 2 punetata (Terrapene), 109. punctata (Testudo), 109. punctata (Trionyx), 269. punctatum (Kinoster- non), 39. punctatus (Sphenodon), 2 punctularia (Chersine), 23. punctularia (Clemmys), 125. punctularia (Emys), 123. Me (Nicoria), 12 Pee (Testudo), 123. punctularius (Chelopus), Ee punctulata (Champsa), punctulata (Jacare), 294. punctulatus (Alligator), punctulatus (Aspilus), 254. punctulatus(Jacaretinga), if pusilla (Testudo), 147, 176. Pyxiclemmys, 128. Py xidea, 128. Pyxidemys, 114. Pyxis, 144. radiata (Asterochelys), 166. radiata (Testudo), 160, 166. radiolata (Chelodina), Q25, radiolata (Emys), 224, 225 radiolata (Hydraspis), 225. rane (Platemys), 224. rafeht (Testudo), 25 rateht (Trionyx), 258. rafeht (Tyrse), 258. Rafetus, 242. raniceps (Hydraspis), 218. raniceps (Platemys), 219. raninus (Crocodilus), 284. Rapara, 20. Redamia, 69. reeyesii (Clemmys), 95. reevesii (Damonia), 995. reevesiil (Emys), 95. reevesii (Geoclemmys), 95: retic ularia (Deirochelys), fae reticularia (Emys), 75, 83. reticulata (Chrysemys), The reticulata (Clemmys), 75. reticulata (Deirochelys), 79 reticulata (Emys), 75. reticulata (Terrapene), 75. reticulata (Testudo), 75, retzii (Testudo), 41. Rhamphostoma, 275, Rhinemys, 217, 219. Rhinoclemmys, 118. rhombifer (Crocodilus), 287. rhombifer (Palinia), 287. Rhynchocephalia, 1 Rhynchocephalide, 2 Rhynchocephalus, 2. — Rhynchosuchus, 276. rivulata (Clemmys), 104. rivulata (Emys), 84, 104. robustus (Crocodilus), ~ 286. rodericensis. (Testudo), 175. rossignonii (Chelydra), 2 Te (Emysaurus), rostellum (Cinosternum), 42. rostrata (Testudo), 253. rubida (Emys), 127. rubida (Geoclemmys), 127. rubida (Nicoria), 127. rubidus (Chelopus), 127. rubriventris (Chrysemys), 4 rubriventris (Clemmys), 4 rubriventris (mys), 84. rubriventris (‘’errapene), 84. rubriventris (Testudo), 84. rufipes (Emys), 225. rufipes (Hydraspis), 225. rufipes (Phrynops), 225. rufipes (Platemys), 225. rufipes (Rhinemys), 225. rugosa (Chrysemys), 79. rugosa (Clemmys), 79, rugosa (Emys), 79, 84. rugosa (Pseudemys), 84. rugosa (Ptychemys), 84. rugosa (Testudo), 79. rugosa (Trachemys), 79. Sacalia, 100. salvini (Emys), 81. salvini (Pseudemys), 81. salyini (Dermatemys), salvinii (Stauremys), 32. salvinii (Staurotypus), ” sanguinolenta (Emys), 78. Sarbieria, 242. Saurochelys, 20. scabra (Emys), 107, 123. scabra (Terrapene), 107. scabra (Testudo), 121, 123. scabra (Pseudemys), 77. scabra (Rhinoclemmys), 123. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, scabra (Trachemys), 77. Seapia, 149. schlegelii (Crocodilus), 276. schlegelii (Gavialis), 276. schlegelii (Rhynchosu- chus), 276. schlegelii (Tomistoma), schlegelii (Trionyx), 256. schneideri (Emys), 1195. schoensis (Kinixys), 143. schweiggeri (Platemys), 218. schweiggeri (Testudo), 156. sclerops (Alligator), 293, 294. sclerops (Caiman), 294, sclerops (Champsa), 224. sclerops (Crocodilus), 293, 294. sclerops (Jacare), 294. scorpioidea (Emys), 41. scorpioides (Chersine), 41. scorpioides (Cinoster- num), 41, 42, 44. scorpioides (Swanka), 41, 42, 44. scorpioides (Testudo), 41. seripta (Chrysemys), 77. scripta (Emys), 77. seripta (Testudo), 77. scripta (Trachemys), 77. sculpta (Testudo), 157. scutata (Emyda), 270. seba (Geoclemmys), 122. sebee (Emys), 122. seb (Geoclemmys), 109. seb (Melanochelys), 121, 22. semiserrata (Testudo), 166. semiserratus (Peltastes), 166. senegalensis (Cyclanos- teus), 272. senegalense (Cycloderma), 272 senegalensis (Cryptopus), 271. senegalensis (Cyclanor- bis), 271. senegalensis (Hmyda), 271. senegalensis (Testudo), 160. septem-costata (Copto- pelta), 256. 309 serpentina (Chelonura), serpentina (Chelydra), 20. serpentina (Emys), 20. serpentina (Emysaura), » serpentina (Rapara), 20. serpentina (‘Testudo), 20. serrata (Clemmys), 77. serrata (Emys), 77, 84. serrata (Pseudemys), 84. serrata (Terrapene), 77. serrata (Testudo), 77, 120. severus (Claudius), 32. severus (Staurotypus), 32. sewaare (Trionyx), 250. sextuberculata (Podo- enemis), 204. shawianum (Kinoster- non), 41, 44. siamensis (Bombifrons), 282. siamensis (Crocodilus), 282. signata (Chersine), 149. signata (Testudo), 148. signatus (Homopus), 148, sigriz (Clemmys), 1095. sigriz (Emys), 105. sigriz (Terrapene), 105. sinensis (Alligator), 291. sinensis (Clemmys), 895. sinensis (Emys), 85. sinensis (Ocadia), 85. sinensis (Trionyx), 256. sinuatus (Sternothzrus), 194. smithii (Batagur), 57. smithii (Clemmys), 57. smithii (Emia), 57. smithii (Kachuga), 57. smithii (Testudo), 165. sonoriense(Cinosternum), 40, sonoriense (Thyroster- num), 40. Spatulemys, 219. speciosa (Emys), 107. spekii (Kinixys), 145. spengleri (Clemmys), 121. spengleri (Emys), 98, 121. spengleri (Geoemyda), 121. spengleri (Nicoria), 120. spengleri (Testudo), 120, Sphargide, 7. Sphargidina, 7. Sphargis, 107. 310 Sphenodon, 2. Sphenodontide, 2. spinifer (Aspidonectes), 260. spinifer (Trionyx), 259. spinifera (Callinia), 260. spiniferus (Gymnopus), 259, 260. spinosa (Clemmys), 137. spinosa (Hlseya), 233. spinosa (Emmys), 137. spinosa (Euchelymys), 233 spinosa (Geoemyda), 137, 158. spixii (Acanthochelys), 227. spixii (Hydraspis), 218, 227. spixii (Platemys), 227. squamata (Caretta), 183. squamata (Hretmochelys), 183. Stauremys, 29. Staurotypide, 27. Staurotypus, 29, 33. Steganopodes, 11, 19, 27, 33, 48, 191, 206, 241. stellata (Potamochelys), 248, 269. stellata (Testudo), 161. stellatus (Peltastes), 161. stellatus (Trionyx), 253, 256. Sternotheride, 191. Sternotherus, 33, 128, Shite Streptopelyea, 11. subdepressa (Hydrome- dusa), 211. subglobosa 232. subglobosa (Euchelymys), 232. subnigra (Emys), 195. subnigra (Testudo), 195. subniger (Sternothzrus), 195; subplana (Dogania), 246. subplanus (Gymnopus), 246. subplanus (Emydura), (Trionyx), subrufa (Hydraspis), 197. subrufa (Pelomedusa), 198. subrufa (Testudo), 197. subtrijuga(Damonia), 94. subtrijuga (Emys), 94, suchus (Crocodilus), 283. ALPHABETICAL INDEX. suleata (Chelodina), 215. suleata (Testudo), 159. sulcatus (Centrochelys), 160. sulcatus (Peltastes), 160. sulcifera (Chelodina), 215. sulcifera (Huchelymys), Swankat 33. swinhoei (Osearia), 257. swinhonis (Trionyx), 257. sylhetensis (Jerdonella), 57. sylhetensis (Kachuga), 57. sylhetensis (Pangshura), 57. tabulata (Chelonoides), 157. tabulata (Chersine), 157. tabulata (Testudo), 157. Tanoa, 191. tarapacona (Thalasso- chelys), 185. tecta (Batagur), 58. tecta (Emys), 58. tecta (Pangshura), 58. tectifera (Hydromedusa), 212. tectum (Clemmys), 58. tectum (Kachuga), 58. Teleopus, 149. temminckii (Chelonura), 25. temminckii (Einysaurus), 25. temminckii lys), 25. temminckii (Macroclem- mys), 25. Temnognathus, 242. Temsacus, 277. tentoria (Batagur), 58. tentoria (Clemmys), 58. tentoria (Cuchoa), 59. tentoria (Emys), 58. tentoria (Pangshura), 59. tentoria (Testudo), 164. tentorius (Peltastes), 164. tenuirostre (Rhampho- stoma), 275. tenuirostris (Crocodilus), 275. tenuirostris (Gavialis), 275. tenuis (Chelonia), 182. terrapen (Malacoclem- mys), 89. (Macroche- Terrapene, 69, 88, 100, 111, 114, 128. terrapin (Clemmys), 89. terrapin (Emys), 89. terrapin (Testudo), 89. tessellata (Testudo), 157. Testudinata, 4. Testudinella, 149. Testudinidx, 48. Testudinea, 11. Testudinina, 48. Testudo, 145, 149. tetradactyla (Chersine), 147, Tetraonyx, 61. tetraspis (Osteolemus), 288. Tetrathyra, 270. Thalassites, 7, 180. Thalassochelys, 184. Thecophora, 11. theobaldi (Chaibassia), 140. thermalis (Clemmys), 122. thermalis (Emys), 122: thermalis (Nicoria), 122. thunbergii (Caretta), 182. thurgi (Batagur), 63, 64. thurgi (Clemmys), 63. thurgi (Hardella), 63. thurgii (Emys), 63. thurjii (Emys), 63. Thyrosternum, 34. Tomistoma, 276. Tortisternum, 242. tracaxa (Emys), 206. tracaxa (Peltocephalus), 206. tracaxa (Podocnemis), 206. Trachemys, 69. tricarinata (Chaibassia), 139, 140. tricarinata (Geoemyda), 139. feu (Terrapene), 4 tricarinata (Testudo), 41, 121. trifasciata (Cistudo), 133. trifusciata (Cuora), 133, 135. trifasciata 133. t:iasciata (Terrapene), 133. trifasciatus rus), 133. trigibbosa (Emys), 58. trigonata (Champsa), 296. (Cyclemys). (Sternothe- Oe trigonatus (Alligator), 296. trigonatus (Caiman), 296. trigonatus (Crocodilus), 296. trigonops (Bombifrons), 286. trigonops (Crocodilus), 285. trijuga (Clemmys), 121. trijuga (Emys), 94, 121, 122, 123. trijuga (Melanochelys), 12] trijuga (Nicoria), 121. trilineata (Kachuga), 55. trilirata (Swanka), 44. triliratum (Cinosternum), 44, trimeni (Testudo), 163. Trionychida, 237. Trionychide, 241. Trionychoidea, 237. Trionyx, 242, 263, 267. triporeata (Terrapene), triporcatum (Kinoster- non), 31. triporcatus (Stauroty- pus), 31. triquetra (Goniochelys), 38. triserrata (Testudo), 172. tristrami (Emys), 104. tristycha (Aromochelys), 37. tristycha (Ozotheca), 37. triunguis (Cistudo), 117. triunguis (Testudo), 254. triunguis (Trionyx), 254. trivittata (Batagur), 55. trivittata (Emys), 55, 60. trivittata (Kachuga), 55. ALPHABETICAL INDEX, troostii (Chrysemys), 76. troostii (Emys), 76. troostii (Pseudemys), 76. troostil (Trachemys), 76. tuberculata (Sphargis), 10. tuberculatus chelys), 256. tuberculatus (Trionyx), 256. (Potamo- tuberculifera (Malacle- mys), 89. tuberosa (Hydraspis), 223. tuberosa (Platemys), 223. turfa (Emys), 112. Tylopoda, 11. Tylopodes, 48. Tyrse, 242. umbra (Emys), 82. umbra (Pseudemys), 82. unicolor (Clemmys), 96. unicolor (Damonia), 96. unifilis (Podocnemis), 203. Uronyx, 33. valida (Emys), 80. vallifrons (Champsa), 294. vallifrons (Jacare), 294. yentricosa (Emys), 80. ventricosa (Pangshura), 59 ventricosa (Pseudemys), ‘80. ventricosa (Rhimoclem- mys), 123. venusta (Callichelys), 80, 82. venusta (Emys), 80. vermiculata (Emys), 79. 311 verreauxii (Testudo), 163. verroxii (Peltastes), 165. verroxii (Testudo), 163, 165. verrucosa (Testudo), 259. vicina (‘Testudo), 170, victoriz (Chelymys), 231. victoria (Hydraspis), 250. virgata (Chelonia), 180. virginea (Cistudo), 116. virgulata (Emys), 115. virgulata (Testudo), 115. viridis (Chelonia), 182. viridis (Emys), 223. viridis (Hydraspis), 223, viridis (Mydas), 182. viridis (Testudo), 180, viridis (Yuen), 257. vittata (Emyda), 269. vosmaeri (Chersina), 178. vosmaeri (Testudo), 173. vulgaris (Crocodilus), 282, 283, 285. vulgaris (Emys), 95, 105, 106. wagleri (Hydraspis), 225. wagleri (Hydromedusa), 212. wagleri (Platemys), 225. watsonii (Clemmys), 64. whitei (Testudo), 176. wosnessenskyi (Clem- mys), Lid. wosnessenskyi (Geoclem- mys), 110. Xerobates, 149. yacare (Crocodilus), 294. yniphora (Testudo), 179. Yuen, 242. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND ) FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, Tnpmus' vbnysoy Int AL AGE ‘HN SQW IM PLIL Peter Smit delet lith Testudo schaveiggert . PL. Ail = — ee nes, eas on iD) lestude schweiggert . L del .et orrut PD | mt rea} Peter Smit delet ith smuhi . Testude PL. Chelodina novee-quunreee . ‘U ao} omit Peter SO PL. VI. N.H. US — — v 1 it BR Peter Smit del. et lith (helodina nove -guineee . BINDING SECT. APR 22 1970 QL British Museum (Natural 666 History) Dept. of Zoology C5B81 Catalogue of the chelonians 1889 BioMed PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY Aig oh ih i; i ~~ an i a ee TEhit f oh i a As i Yate ESS ate } fe {hy TAS. I i oaar he) R we "4 és : ie