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CATALOGUE

FISHES

BRITISH MUSEUM.

ALBERT GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., Ph.D., F.Z.S.,

ETC. ETC.

VOLUME THIED.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1861.

CATALOGUE

ACANTHOPTERYGIAN FISHES

COLLECTION

BRITISH MUSEUM.

DR. ALBERT GUNTHER.

GOBIID.^,

DISCOBOLI,

OXUDERCID.E,

BATRACHID.E,

PEDICULATI,

BLENNIID^,

ACANTHOCEINID.E,

COMEPPIORIDtE,

TRACIIYPTERID.E,

LOPIIOTID^,

VOLUME THIRD.

TEUTHIDID^,

ACRONURID.E,

HOPLOGXATHID.E,

MALACANTIIID^,

NANDIDyE,

POLYCENTRID^,

LABYRIXTHICI,

LUCIOCEPHALID.E,

ATHERINID^,

MUGILID.E,

OPHIOCEPILVLID.E,

TRICIIOXOTID.E,

CEPOLID.E,

GOBIESOCID/E,

PSYCHROLUTID/E,

CENTRISCID^,

FISTULARIDyE,

MASTACEMBELID.^,

NOTACAXTIII.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1861.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

(,2.

t

PREFACE.

Dr. GiJNTHER observes, — " This volume concludes the Order of Acan-

THOPTERTGii as defined by Johannes Miiller. Weighty reasons have
been brought forward against the natiu-al limits of this Order, when
compared with the other coordinate divisions of the Teleostei ; and
it would almost appear as if Miiller, in his attempt to base the
systematic distribution of that subclass on isolated anatomical
characters, had not been successful in creating one Order which
would comprise fishes aUied in habit, in mode of life, and in the rest
of their principal anatomical characters. But, frequent as are the
objections against MiiUer's modifications of Cuvier's system, no one
has proposed any arrangement which would give a more satisfactory
result, if put to the test of carrying it out to a detailed subdivision.
Systematic attempts not accompanied with, or confirmed by, proper
characters are unavailable to others, and may even delude the author
himseK*.

" Under those circumstances, I still feel satisfied to distribute the
fishes, on the base of Miiller's ordinal arrangement, into natural
minor divisions, whether called families, groups, or genera ; and,
in my opinion, there is no character equal in importance to that of
the structure and position of the fins ; for, as they are in immediate
connexion with the entire habit of the fishes and with their mode
of Ufe, they best indicate their natural afiinities, and, indeed, prove
to be the most constant and general characters. Isolated, striking
exceptions will occur, but th^y are comparatively few in number.
The examination of the skeletons has led to the conclusion that the
number of the vertebrae is another character of great importance for
the distinction of the families ; but whether it has any bearing of

* For instance, I think it quite impossible for my highly esteemed friend,
Dr. V. Bleeker, to iind one or several characters common to all the fishes of liis
" Caterva 3. Blcnnii," without being obliged to take into the same division fishes
that are widely sundered from them according to his system.

«2

iv PREFACE.

still greater import cannot be exactlj- determined at present, my
investigations on this point, although extending over the Osteological
Collection in the British Museum, which is making rapid progress
towards completeness, as well as over several other Collections, being
far from concluded.

" The plan adopted in the preceding volumes has been main-
tained, except that, to save space, the specimens fi-om the same
locality are, in theii- enumeration, collected into one line. It has
thus been possible to give full descriptions of the new species, the
number of which amounts to more than twice that contained in the
previous volume. If we compare the result with the corresponding
parts of the ' Histoire Nat. des Poissons,' we find : —

Total number of species in Cuv. & Val 600

Total number of species in this volume 1168

Species apparently well characterized in Cuv. & Yal 463

Species apparently weU characterized in this volume .... 935

" Moreover, full descriptions have been given of the species of
those famihes which had not been previously worked out.

" The CoUectiou of the British Museum has received important
additions since the publication of the last volume; and I feel the
more plcasui'e in referring to them, as several have been given or
made to add to the completeness of this work : —

"1. A Collection of Fishes from the Baltic, presented by Max,
Prince of Jfeuwied.

" 2. A Collection of Fishes from the Sea of Madeii-a, presented by
J. Y. Johnson, Esq.

"3. A Collection of Fishes from the Mediterranean and Red Sea,
presented by Dr. E. RiippeU.

"4. A Collection of Fishes from the Coast of Mossambique,
and of Labroid Fishes, presented by Prof. Peters of the Berlin
Museum.

" 5. Two Collections of Fishes from the Mediterranean and from
the Lower Nile, made by J. Petherick, Esq., H.M. Consul at
Char turn.

"6. A Collection of Fishes from Bengal, believed to contain
many typical specimens of Buchanan Hamilton's work, presented by
G. R. Waterhousc, Esq.

" 7. A Collection of Marine Fishes from Java, piu'chased of
Mr. Jamrach.

" 8. A Collection of Freshwater Fishes from Siam, made by
M. Moiihot.

" 9. A Collection of Fishes from the West Coast of Central
America, made by Capt. Dow, and presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater,
Seer. Zool. Soc.

" 10. A Collection of Freshwater Fishes from Bahia, made by
Dr. 0. Wucherer.

" 11. A Collection of the Duphcates of Fishes in the Museum at
Fort Pitt, presented by the Medical Officers of that establishment.

"The present volume contains several genera of Fishes so
extremely rich in species, that we must not expect to find the
greater portion of them united in one collection. However, in order
to give as many original descriptions as possible, and to determine
with accui'acy the specimens in the British Museum, several of the
Continental Museums have been personally examined. Prof. Schlegel
of Leyden, Dr. E. EiippeU. of Frankfort, Prince Max of Neuwied,
Prof, Peters of Berlin, Prof. Troschel of Bonn, Dr. v. Bleeker of
Batavia, Prof. Aitken at Fort Pitt, Prof. GiU of Washington, &c.,
&c., have cither given me much valuable information, or most
liberally assisted me dui-ing my visits to theii- collections."

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.

British Museum,
July 15, 1861.

ADDITIONS

TO THE

INDEX OF THE WORKS

QUOTED IN THIS AND THE PEEGEDING VOLUMES.

1764. Kolreuter, J. T. Descriptio Piscium rariorum e Museo Petropoli-
tano exceptorum, in Nov. Comin. Petropol. t. ix.

1817. Cuvier, G. Sur le genre Chironectes, in IKm. Mlis. Hist. Nat. t. iii.

1819. Lesueur, Ch. A De quelques Poissons decouverts dans les Lacs du
Haut-Cauada, in Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. t. v.

1830. Hancock, J. Observations on the Mullets of tlie Coast of Guiana

and the Grey Mullet of the British Coast, in Lond. Quart. Joum
ocienee.

1831. Tcujlor, J. On the Respiratory Organs and the Aii--bladder of cer-

tain Fishes of the Ganges, in Brewster's Edinb. Journ. Science
vol. V. '

1835. Ekstrom C. U. Fiskarne i Mdrko Skargard, in Vet. Akad. Handl
otockh.

1837. Rathke, Beitrag zur Fauna der Krym, in Me'm. Acad. St. Petersb
t. Ill,

1839. Lienard, F., mentions several species of Fishes in "Dixieme Rap-

port Annuel sm- les travaux de la Society d'Histoire Naturelle de
1 De Maurice." Maurice, 8vo.

1840. 3Iimer unci Peters. Ueber einige neue Fische, in Monatsber. Berl

Acad.

1846. Peters, W. On Ctenopoma inultispinis, in Miiller's Archiv.
1853. . Ueber das luemengeriiste der LabjTinth-fisehe. Md.

1852. -. Neue Fluss-fische aus Mossambique, in Monatsber. Berl

Acad.

— -. Fortsetzung der Diagnosen von neuen Fluss-fischen aus
Mossambique. Ibid.

1853. — — . Barbits radiatus, ein neuer Siisswasserfisch von Mossam-

bique. Ibid.

YJii • INDEX OF TIIK WORKS OUOTKD

1859 Peters. W. Ueber eiiiige neue Fisclie des Berliner zoolog. Museum's.

Ibid.
1840 Fries Untersuclmng cler an den Schwedisclien Kiisteu vorkom-

nienden Axien der Gattung Gohius. Uebers. in Wiegni. Archiv.
1840. liisso, A. Sm- une nouvelle espece du genre Gymnetre, in Wiegm.

Archiv.
1842. M-ClclhuuJ. On the Freshwater Fishes collected by W. Griffith, in

Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist.
lg;43 . Description of a Collection of Fishes made at Chusan and

Ningpo. Ibid.

1844. Si-hleqel, H., en 3Iiillcr, S. Beschryving van het Geslacht Ampha-

catdhus, in ^'erhand. Natuurl. Geschied. Nederl. overz. Bezitt.
Zool. Leydeu, fol.
185:?. Sc/ih'f/el, H. Over Amphacanthus vidpinus en puella, in Bydrage
tot de Uierkunde. Part 5. Ajnsterd., fol.

1845. Bleeker, P. v. Bydrage tot de geueesknndige topographie van

Batavia, in Na'tum'k. en Geneesk. Archief van Nederl. Ind.
vol. ii.

1847. . Overzigt der Silm-oieden welke te Batavia voorkomen, in

Yerhand. Batav. Genootsch. van Kunsten en Wetenschappen,
vol. xxi.

. (Labr. den.) Labroideorum ctenoideorum Bataviensium dia-
gnoses et adumbrationes. Ibid.

. Nieuwe Bydrage tot de kennis der Siluroieden van Java.

Ibid.

1853, . Bydrage tot de kennis der Mursenoiden en Symbrauchoiden

van den Indischen Archipel. Ibid. vol. xxv.

. Bydrage tot de kennis der Troskieuwige visschen van den

Indischen Archipel. Ibid.

. Nalezingen op de Ichthyologie van Japan. Ibid.

. Nalezingen op de ichthyologische Faima van Bengalen en

Hindostau. Ibid.

1854. . Bydrage tot de kennis der ichthylogische Fauna van Japan,

in Verliandel. Akad. Wetenscli. i. Amsterd., 4to.

1855. . Over eenige visschen van Van Diemens Land. Amsterd., 4to.

1859. . Zevende Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-faima van Sumatra,

in Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vol. v.

. Twaalfde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-faima van Borneo.

Ibid.
. Twaalfde Bydrage tot de kennis der viscli-faima van Celebes.

Ibid.
. Vyfde B}drage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Japan.

Ibid.
. Negende Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Banka,

in Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind.
. Bydrage tot de kennis der viscli-fauna van Bawean. Ibid.

. Berde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Bali.

Ibid. vol. xvii.

IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES. • ix

1859. Blecker, P. v. Enumeratio specierum Piscium hucusque in Archi-
pelago ludico observatarum. Batav., 4to.

1800. — -. Aclitste Bydrage tot de kemiis der visch-faima van Sumatra
lu Act. Soc. So. Indo-Nederl. vol. viii. ''

. Negende Bydrag-e tot de kennis der viscli-fauna van Su-
matra. Ibid.

— -. Dertiende Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-iiiuiia van
Borneo. Ibid, vol, vi.

— -. Dertiende Bydrage tot de kennis der viscli-fauna van
Celebes. Ibid.

. Zesde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Japan

Ibid. '■

. Bj'drage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Xieuw-Guinea.

Ibid.

. Elfde Bydi-age tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Aniboina

Ibid.

. Over de plaatsing in het stelsel van de Luciocephaloiden, in

Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. vol. xx.

— -. Tiende Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Banka.
Ibid. vol. xxi.

— — . (Cape of Good Hope.) Over eenige vischsoorten van de
Kaap de goede Hoop. Ibid.

. Conspectus systematis C^-prinorum. Ibid.

•. Vj'f'-^e Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Timor

Ibid.

— -. (Singapore, iii.) Derde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-
faima van Singapoera, Ibid.

--Elfde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Banka

Ibid. vol. xxii.

— -. Tweede Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-faima van Ba^^eau
Ibid.

—■ (Timor, vi.) Zesde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna
van Borneo. Ibid.

-. Vierde Bydrage tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Bali

Ibid.

-. Uerde Bydi-age tot de kennis der visch-fauna van Boero

Ibid.

1846. Diiben en Korea. Ichthvologiska Bidrag, in ^'eteusk. AJrad. Handl
Stockh. 8vo.

1846. Brisout de Barnerilk. Three papers on Discoboli, in Revue Zool

Pans, 8vo.

1847. Guichenot, A. Sur un nouveau genre de Percoides (Pomauoiis)

m Revue Zool. Paris, 8vo. '

1849. Hancock, A and Embleton, D. Account of a Ribbon-lish, in Ann
& Mag. A at. Hist. vol. i\.

1849. Gray, I.E. On the British specimens oiReqalccm, in Proc. Zool
ooc. Lond.

1850-60. Bianconi,F. F. SpeciminaZoologicaMosambicana. Bonon., 4to.

1858.

X INDEX OF THE WORKS QUOTED

1854. Ayres, W. 0. Mauy descriptions of Fishes, in Proceed. Calif. Acad.
Nat. So. San Francisco, 8vo.

1854. 3Iettmhehner, C. Anatoniiscli-histologisclie Ilntersuclmngen iiber

Tetragomirus, in Abhandl. Senckenb. Gesellsch. Frankf., 4to.

1855. Richardson, J. Account of the Fish, in " Tlie Last of the Arctic

Voyages, under the command of Sir E. Belcher." London, 8vo.
1855. Nikson, S. Skandinavisk Fauna. Deel iv. Fiskama. Lund, Bvo.
1857. PhiUppi, R. A. Ueber einige chilenische Fische und Vogel, in

Wiegm. Arch.
Gill, Til. Synopsis of the Freshwater Fishes of the western portion

of the Island of Trinidad, in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York,

vol. vi.
1859. . On the genus Calliomjnms of authors, in Proc. Acad. Nat. So.

Philad. 1860.

. On Dactylopus and Leptoscopus. Ibid.

. Notes on a Collection of Japanese Fish. Ihid.

. Descriptions of new generic types of Cottoids. Ibid.

. Description of a new genus of Salariance. Ibid.

. Description of a type of Gobioids (Uvorthodm). Ibid.

. Notes on the Nomenclature of North American Fishes. Ibid.

■ . Prodromus descriptionis subfamilise Gobinarimi piscium in

Mare Pacifico acquisitarum, in Trans. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York.

8vo.
. Prodromus descriptionis familise Gobioidarum duorum ge-

uerum. Ibid.
. Description of a new generic form of Gobince from the

Amazon River, in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New Y'ork.

1800. . Conspectus Piscium in expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum

coUectorum — Sicydiame, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1861.

. The genus Labrosoiims. Ibid.

. The genus labrax. Ibid. (Important paper for the di-
stinction of the North American species and their sjTionymy.)

. Monograph of the Philypni. Ibid.

. Note on the Nomenclature of North American Fishes. Ibid.

1801, . Catalogue of the Fishes of the Eastern coast of North

America. 8vo.

. Revision of the Genera of North American Scieenince, in Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.
— — . On the Liostomime. Ibid.

. On the Identity of Neomcenis, Girard, and Lutjanus, Bloch.

Ibid.
1859. Suckley,G. The Natural History of Washington Territoiy. Fishes.

New York, 4to.
1859. Blyth, E. Report on a Collection from Great Andaman, in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng.

1859. Kessler, K. ITeber die Siisswasserfische der Krym, in Bull. Soc.
Nat. Moscou, xxii. part 1.

IN THIS AND THE PRECEDING VOLUMES. XI

1859. Kesfilei; K. Systeniatiache Uebersicht der Stachelflosser des uord-
westliclieu Tlieils des schwarzen Meeres. Ihid. part 2.

1859. Girard. Report on the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey under

W. Emory. F'ishes. Washington, 4to.

1860. Troschel, H. Leptopterygius, neue Gattung der Discoboli ; in

Wiegni. Archiv.

1860. Abbott, Ch. Description of new species of American Freshwater
Fishes, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.

. A new species of Astroscopus. Ibid.

1860. Kaup, J. Ueber eine neue Art Triyla aus China, in Wiegm. Arch.

. Anabas trifoliatus. Ibid.

1800. Giinther, A. Third List of Cold-blooded Vertebrata from Ecuador,
in Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.

1861. . On three new Trachinoid Fishes, in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.

. On the immature state of Lophim piscaturius. Ibid.

-. On the British species of 3Iuyil. Ibid.

. On a new species of the genus Gerres, in Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond.

. On a new genus of Australian Freshwater Fishes (iVrtwno-

perca). Ibid.

. On a new species of the genus Payrus. Ibid.

1861. Lowe, R. T. A History of the Fishes of Madeira. Part 5. Lond.,
8vo (printed in 1843, published in 1861).

1861. Steindachner, F. Ichthyologische Mittheilimgen. Part i. ii. & iii.,
in Verhandl. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. Wien.

. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Gobioiden, in Sitzgsber. Wien.

Acad. vol. xlii.

1861. Kner, R. Ueber den Flossenbau der Fische, in Sitzgsber. Wien.
Acad. vol. xli. & xlii. 8vo.

18 . I'oey, F. Memorias sobre la Historia natural de la Isla de Cuba,
tomo ii. Habana, 8vo.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Fam. 19. Gobud^.

First Group. Gobiixa.

Page

1. Gobius, Artedi 3

1. cvprinoides, Pall. 8

2. mamioratiL?, Pall. . .546, 550
4. semilunaris, Heck 10

6. sulcatus, Eichiv 10

7. niger, L 11

8. auratus, Risso 11

9. lesueurii, Risso 12

10. jozo, L 12

quadricapiirus, Pall. . . 4, 546

macropterus, Nordm 4

11. flavus, a et V. 13

12. nudiceps, C. et V. 13

13. geni\'ittatus, C. etV. 13

14. oligolepis, Bleek 14

15. buccatus, C. etV. 14

16. cyclopterus, C. etV. . . . . 14

17. liueatus, Jenyns 15

18. oplopomus, C. et V. .... 15

19. martensii, Gthr 15

20. quagga, Heck 10

21. panizzas, Verga 16

22. rliodopterus, Gthr 16

22 a. leopardinus, Nordm. . . 547

23. ophthalnioporus, Bleek. . . 17

24. obscurus, Peters 17

25. elegans, K. et v. H. 18

olivaceus, Schleg 4

richardsonii, Bleek 4

kublii, Bleek 4

tylankalianensis, Bleek. . . 4

pcecilosoma, Bleek 4

26. baliurus, C.etV. 18

27. atlieriuoides, Peters .... 18

28. puntaugoides, Bleek 19

(puntang, Bleek 19)

29. ehrenbergii, C.etV. 19

30. hemigymnopomus, Bleek. 20

Page

31. biocellatus, C. et V. 20

32. leutiginosus, Pichards. . . 20

33. ornatus, Piipp 21

34. giuris, B. H. 21

35. viridi-punctatus, C. et V. . 24
eleotrioides, Bleek 4

35 rt. macrostoma, Steiiid. . . 548

36. sublitus. Cant 24

37. albo-punctatus, C. etV... 25

38. nebulo-punctatus, C. et V. 26

38 rt. coalitus, Beim 548

39. soporator, C. et V. 26, 549

(bishopi, 31. et T. 27)

39 rt. kneni, Sfevtd. 549

40. *nigi-i, Gthr 27

41. nox, Bleek 28

42. filosus, C. et V. 28

43. apogonius, Cant 28

44. sadauundio, B. H. 29

45. criniger, C. et V. 29

46. cocoseusis, Bleek 30

47. polycTOodon, Bleek. 30

48. reiclii'i, Bleek 30

49. suinatranus, Bleek 31

50. phaiospilosoma, Bleek. . . 31

51. semidoliatus, C. et V. . . 31

52. pasuruensis, Bleek 32

53. hoevenii, Bleek 32

54. tambujon, Bleek 32

55. }&\a.mc\ia, Bhek 33

56. borueensis, Bleek 33

57. melaniu-us, Bleek 33

58. ox^-pterus, Bleek 34

59. fasciatus, Gill 34

00. ecliinoceplialus, Ri'qip. . . 34

61. amiciensis, C. et V. .... 35

62. bitelatus, C. et V. 35

63. notacanthus, Bleek. . . 35, 549

64. caninoides, Bleek 36

65. capistratus, Peters 36

66. ophthalraotrenia, Bleek. . . 37

STSTEIIATIC INDEX.

G7. cliiuensis, Osbcck 37

68. caninus, C. efV. ?>8

G9. venenatus, C. et V. 38

70. cyanomos, Bleok 39

71. clilorostigmatoides, Blcek. 39

72. 'frenatus, Gthr 39

qiiaclriporus, C. et V. . . . . 4

brevifilis, C.etV. 4

jauthinopterus, Bleek. . . 4

goldiiianni, Bleek 5

chlorostigma, Bleek 5

modestus, Bleek 5

ripilepis, Bichards 5

pnauniii, Bleek 5

similis, Gill 5

73. cyanoclavis, Cant 40

74. *brevirostris, Gthr 41

75. cauerensis, Bleek 41

7G. boiitii, Bleek 41

77. pliaiomelas, Bleek 42

78. xantliosonia, Bleek 42

(melanosoma, Bleek 42)

79. baliuroides, Bleek 42

80. gyranauchen, Bleek 43

80 a. *pai'adoxus, Gthr. .... 549

81. pleiu'ostigma, Bkek 43

82. gastrospilus, Bleek 43

83. *mici'opbthalnius, Gthr. 44, 550

84. acutipinnis, C. et V. .... 44
melanostignia, Bleek 6

85. *spectabilis, Gthr 45

86. sigiiatus, Pet 45

87. *scblegelii, Gthr 46

87 a. lyriciis, Girard 550

88. polynema, Bleek 46

89. niargariturus, Riehards. . . 47

90. temmincldi, Bleek 47

91. niystacinus, C. et V. . . . . 48

92. teutaciilaris, C.etV. 48

93. ophtlialmonenia, Bleek. . . 48

94. microlepis, Bleek 49

95. papuensis, C. etV. 49

96. belosso, Bleek 50

97. lanceolatus, Bl. 50

smai'agdiis, C. etV. 5

hastatus, Girard 6, 546

brasilien.sis, Bl. 6

98. ratan, Nordm 551

98 a. syi'man, Nordm 551

99. batracbocepbalus, Pcdl. 51, 551

100. stevenii, Nordm 52

100,7. HuviatiUs, Pall. 551

101. gymnotraclielus, Kessl. . . 552

102. platyrostris, Pall. 553

102 rt. kessleri, Gthr 553

1026. trautvetteri, Kessl. 553

103
104,
105.
106,
107,
108,
109,

110
111,

112
113,
114.
115,
116,
117,
118,

119.
120.
121.

122,
123!
124.
125.
126,
127.

128,
129.
130,
131,
132,
133,
134
135

Page

paganellu.9, L 52, 553

melanostoma. Pall. .... 53, 554

ophiocephalus, Pall. . . 54, 554

cruentatus, Gm 54

geniponis, C. et V. 55

capito, C. et V. 55, 554

niadereusis, C. et V. . . . . 57

guttatus, C. et V. 3

limbatiLS C.etV. 3

liigen,?, Nordm 4

ca,«pius, Eickw 4

affiiiis, Eiehic 4

epliippiatiis, Loice 4

Huviatilis, Pall 4

cephalarges, Pall 4, 546

constructor, Nordm 4

virescens, Pall. 4

cbilo, Pall. 4

fuligino.sus, M'Coy 4

*ekstromii, Gthr 57

minutus, Gm 58, 554

(gracilis, Jenyns 59)

colonianus, Risso 59

banana, C. et V. 59, 554

seneo-fuscus, Peters .... 61

*mexicanus, Gthr 61

*tran.sandeanus, Gthr. . . 62

*crassilabris, Gthr 63

ocellaris, Brouss 64

nigripinni.s, C. et V. .... 5

pallidus, C. etV. 5

guamensis, C. et V. 5

chiloen.siis, Guieh 5

stamineus, Val. 5

blokzeyli, Bleek 5

cffiriileus, Lienard 5

grammepomus, Bleek. 64, 554

gymnoponius, Bleek 65

brunneiis, Sehlecj 65

platjceplialus, J?/c/i'a?Y/s . . 5

annularis. Gill 65

xantliozoim, Bleek 66

*p]atyiiotus, Gthr 66

spliinx, C.etV. 67

pbalaena, C.etV. 67

semicinctus, Bemi 68

papilio, C. et V. 5

sinensis, Lacep 5

albomaciilatus, Rii]}]}. ■ • 69

decussatus, Bleek 69

bynoensis, Richards 70

cferuleopinictatus, Riipji. 70

cyanotrenia, Bleek 71

niveatii.s, C. etV. 71

cryptocentrus, C. et V. . . 71

russus, Cant 72

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

136. voigtii, Bkeh 72

137. polvophthalmus, Bleek. . . 73

138. knutteli, Bhrk 73

139. arabicus, Gin 74

mertensii, C. et V. 5

pavoninoides, Bleek 5

140. fontanesii, Bleek 74

141. gTOinocephalus, Bleek. . . 75
141 «. *seniinudus, Gfhr o;'i4

142. petrophihis, Bleek 75

143. nitlienspani, Buphras. . . 76

144. stigmothoiius, Bich 76

145. flavimanus, Schlefi 76

146. newbemi, Girard 77

147. hexauema, Bleek 77

148. (iramaturus, Rich 77

149. Iepidu8, Girard 78

150. hasta, Schlct; 78

151. stigmatias, Bichai-ds 78

152. virgo, Schleg 79

rubro-tfeniatus, Lien 6

coniniersonii, C. et V. . . . . 6

creriileus, Lacep 6

wiirdemanni, Girard . . 6, 546

catulus, Girard 6, 546

gulosus, Girard 6, 546

anjerensis, Bleek 6

cobitis, Pall 6

giitiim, Buck. Ham 6

melanopus, Bleek 6

patella, Tliunb 6

breviceps, Bhjth 0

2. Eucteuogobius, Gill 79

1. badiiis, Gill 79

2. *sagittula, Gtkr 555

3. *Latnmciilus, Glhr 80

1. albus, Parn. 80, 556

2. peUucidus, Nardo 556

4. Apocn'ptes, C. et V. 80

1. lanceolatus, Schn 80

2. dentatus, C. e< F. ...... 81

3. bomeensis, Bleek 81

4. bato, Buck. Ham 82

5. sei-peraster, Rich 82

6. rictuosus, C. et V. 82

7. niacrolepis, Bleek 83

8. nexipinnis, Cant 83

9. henlei, Bleek 83

10. madm-ensis, Bleek 84

11. glyphidodon, Bleek 84

12. ferachj-pterus, Bleek 84

5. Evortliodus, Gill 84

1. breviceps, Gill 85

6. Gobiosoma, Girard 85

1. alepidotum, Schi 85

1 a. molestum, Girard .... 556

Page

2. diadematum, Riipp 85

3. macrognatlios, Bkek 86

4. ophicephalum, Jen 86

5. uilssonii, Diib. et Kor. . . 86

6. stuvitzii, Diib. et Kor. . . 86

7. Gobiodon, K et v. H. .... 87

1. citrimis, Riipp 87

2. riTulatus, Riipp 87

3. quinque-strigatus, C. et V. 87

4. cerameusis, Bleek 88

5. histrio, Ketv.H. 88

6. beterospilos, Bleek 88

7. *micropus, Gthr 89

corvplifeniila, C. et V.. . . . 87

eiythrophaios, Bleek 87

8. Trifenophorichthys, Gill . . 89

1. trigonoceplialus, Gill .... 89

2. *barbatus, Gfhr 90

8 a. Tridentiger, Gill 566

1. obsciu'us, Schlefi 566

9. Benthophilus, Eichiv 91

1. macrocephalus, Pall. . .91, 556

10. Sicydium, C. et V. 91

1. plumipri, Bl. 92

2. laffoeephalum, Kiilr 92

3. laiticeps, C.etV. 93

4. stinipsoiii, Gill 93

5. xanthm-inn, Bleek 93

6. micrurum, Bleek 93

7. macrostetholepis, Bleek. . ^

8. panel, Bleek 94

9. cyiiocephalum, C. etV. . . 94

10. inicroceplialum, BUek. . . 95

11. g^innauchen, Bleek 95

12. zosterophormn, Bleek. ... 95

13. balinense, Bleek 96

11. Lentipes, Gthr 96

1. concolor, Gill 96

12. Periophtlialmus, 8clm 96

1. koelreuteri, Schn 97, 557

2. cbrvsospilos, Bleek 100

3. sch'losseri, Pall. 100

fuscatiis, Bhjth 96

13. Boleophtbalmus, C. et V. . 101

1. boddaertii. Pall 102

2. pectinirostris, Gin 102

3. dussumieri, C. etV. .... 104

4. *sculptus, Gthr 104

5. viridis, Btich. Ham 104

dentatus, C.etV. 101

campvlostomus, Rich. . . 101

laokiis, C.etV. 101

14. Eleotris, Gronov 105

1. ophiocephalus, K ct r. H. 107

2. cantoris, Gthr 108

3. porocephaloides, Bkek. . . 109

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

4. aporo9, Bleek. 109

5. hoedtii, Bleck 110

{tolsom, Bleek 110)

6. macrolepidota, ^/. Ill

7. madagascarien8is, C.et V. Ill

8. mogiirnda, Richards Ill

9. maculata, Bl. 112

9«. somnoleuta, Girard. . . . ooT

10. gTandisquania, C. et V. . . 1 \?>

11. sima, C.etV...- 113

12. <xobioide.s, C.ctV. 114

13. obscura, Scldeg 115

13 «. *potamophila, Gthr. . . '557

14. oxvcepliala, iSf/ffe^ 115

15. hasseltii, iy/e<>/c 116

16. buti.9, Buck. Ham. . . 116, 558

17. amboinensis, Bleek 117

18. nielauostigma, Bleek 117

19. caperata, Cant 117

20. c^'prinoides, C. etV. 118

21. leuciscus, Bleek 118

22. trenionotop terns, J5/ee^. . . 118

23. cvanostigma, Bleek 119

24. dormitatrix, Schn. . . 119, 558

25. lembus, Gthr 121

26. lateralis. Gill 122

27. gvi-mus, C. etV. .... 122, 558

28. smaragdus, C. et V. .... 123

29. fomasini, Bianc 123

30. gyrinoides, Bleek 123

31. marmorata, Bleek 123

32. guavina, C.etV. 124

33. cauina, Bleek 124

34. periophthalniiis, -BfeeA. , . 124

35. fusca, Schn 125, 558

(pseudacanthopomus, Bleek. 126)

36. melanosoma, Bleek 126

37. belobranclia, C.etV. 127

38. tffinioptera, Bleek 127

39. sinensis, Lacfp 127

40. urophtbalnuis, Bleek 128

41. urophtlialmoides, Bleek. . 128

42. *siamensis, Gthr 129

43. macrodon, Bleek 129

44. muralis, Q. et G 130

45. sexguttata, C. et V. 130

46. strigata, C. et V. 131

47. helsdingcnii, Bleek 131

48. beteroptera, Bleek 132

49. microlepis, Bleek 132

acanthopomus, Bleek. . . 105

radiata,'Q. rfTr' 105

wolffii, Bleek 105

melanurus, Bleek 105

viridis, Bleek 105

prismatica, Bleek 105

Page

gymnopomus, Bleek 105

flamnians. Cant 105

trabeatus, Richards 105

longipinnis, Benn 105

danius, B. H. 105

15. Asterropteryx, Ritpp 1.32

1. seniipunctatiis, Riipp. . . 132

Second Group. Amblyopina.

16. Amblyopus, C. et V. 133

1. cajcuius, Schn 133

2. gracilis, C. et V. 134

3. *bracbygaster, Gthr 134

4. hermannianus, Lacep. . . 135

5. *tsenia, Gthr 135

6. urolepis, Bleek 136

7. bracliysoma, Bleek 136

8. broussonetii, Lacep 136

roseus, C. et V. 133

eriiptionis, Bleek 133

lacepedii, Schley 133

rugosus, Rich 133

Third Group. Trypauchenina.

17. Trj-pauchen, C.etV. ... . 137

1. vagina, Schn 137

2. niicrocepbalus, Bleek. . . 137

18. Trj'pauclienichtbvs, -B/eeA. 137
1. t.>^)us, Bleck. ..\ 138

Fourth Group. Callionymina.

19. Platvptera, K. et v. H. . . 138
1. aspro, K. etv.H. 138

20. Callionvmus, L 138

1. lyra, L 139

2. maculatus, Rcifin 144

3. festivus, Pall. 144

4. belenus, Risso 145

5. curvicornis, C. et V. 145, 558

6. huguenii, Bleek 145

7. limatus, Schley 146

8. hindsii, Richards 146

9. sagitta. Pall. 146

10. phaeton, Gthr 147

11. altivelis, Schley 147

12. calauropomus, Richards. . 147

13. filameutosus, C. et V. . . 147

14. schaapii, Bleek 148

15. longecaudatus,'S'c/(/e9. 148, 558

16. siniplicicornis, C. et V. . . 149

17. goramensis, Bleek 149

18. lineolatus, C. et V. 149

19. ocellatus, Pall 150

20. marmoratus, Pet 150

21. opereularis, C. et V. .... 151

22. opercularioides, Bkek. . . 151

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

reticulatus, C. etV. .... 138

fasciatus, C. et V. 138

orientalis, Schneid. 139

melanotopterus, Bleek. . . 139

21. Viilsus, Gf/ir 151

1. dactylopus, Bemi 152

Appendix.

Luciogobius, Gill 152

1. giittatus, Gill 152

Oxjaiietopon, JBleek 153

1. typus, lileek 153

Fani. 20. Discoboli.
First Group. Cyclopteeina.

1. Cyclopterus, Artedi 154

1. lumpus, L 155

2. spinosus, 311111 157

3. *orbis, Gthr 158

Second Group. Liparidina.

2. Liparis, Artedi 158

1. vulgaris, Flem 159

2. fabricii, Kroy 161

3. montagui, Donov 161

4. caUyodon, Pall 162

5. *cyclopus, Gthr 163

6. gelatinosus, Pall. 163

7. pidchellus, Ayres . . 164, 559

8. mucosus, Ayres .... 165, 559

Fam. 21. Oxudeecid^.

1. Oxuderces, Valenc 165

1. dentatus, Valenc 165

Fam. 22. BAXRACHiDiE.

1. Batracbus, Schn 166

1. tau, L 167

1 a. apiatus, C. et V. 559

2. grunniens, Bl. 168

3. *trispinosus, Gthr 169

4. dussumieri, C. et V. . . . . 169

5. dubius, White 169

6. diemensis, Lesneur .... 170

7. didactylus, Schn 170

8. *pacifici, Gthr 173

9. surinamensis, Schn 174

gronovii, C. et V. 166

variegatus, C. et V 166

cryptocentrus, C. et V. . . 166

2. *Thalassophryiie, Gthr. . . 174
1. *macidosa, Gthr 175

Page

3. Porichthys, Girard 175

1. porosissimus, C. et V. . . 176

2. porosus, C.etV. 177

Fam. 23. Pediculati.

1. Lopbius, Artedi 178

1 . piscatorius, L 179

2. setigerus, Wahl. 180

3. budegassa, Spinola 180

americanus, C. et V. .... 181

vomerinus, C. et V. .... 181

upsicephalus, Smith .... 181

2. Bracbioiiicbtbys,^feeA. 182, 560

1. birsutus, Lacep 182, 560

2. Ifevis, Lacep 182

(politus, Richards 183)

sebfe, Gthr 182

3. *Saccarius, Gthr 183

1. *lineatus, Gthr 183

4. Antennarius, Commers. . . 183

1. marmoratus, Gthr 185

a. pictus, Schn 186

;3. var 186

y. raninus, Tiles 187

S. gibbus, Mitch 187

€. marmoratus, Schn. . . . 187

C var 188

2. barbatidus, PJyd. et Soul. . 188

3. bistrio, Z 188

4. tigris, Poey 189

5. bispidus, Schn 189

6. pinniceps, Commers 190

(lacepedii, Pleek 190)

7. tridens, Schley 191

8. moluccensis, Bleek 191

9. coccineus, Less 191

10. lindgreeni, Bleek 192

11. uropbtbalmus, i?/<'eZ;. .. 192

12. commersonii, Lacep 192

13. principis, C. et V. 193

14. borridus, Bleek 193

15. melas, Bleek 194

16. multiocellatu.9, Gthr 194

a. multioceUatus, C. et V. 194

/3. var 194

y. leucosoma, Bleek 195

S. leprosa, Plyd. et Soid. . 195

17. nimimifer, Cuv 195

18. notopbtbalmus, Bleek. . . 196

19. ocellatus, C. et V. 196

20. biocellatus, Cut 196

21. tenebrosus, Poey 197

22. caudimaculatus, Riipp. . . 197

23. cbironectes, Lacep 197

24. pardalis, C. et V. 198

h

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

25. polvoplitlialmus, Bleek.. . 198

26. phvmatodes, BleoJi 198

(o\\gosY>i\os, Bleek 198)

27. lepropus, B/eek 198

28. bis-iljl)us Larrp 199, 560

29. bouyainviUii, C. et V. .. 199

pavoiiinus, C. et V. 183

chlorostigma, Hhrenh. . . 183

trisignatus, Bichards 184

mentzelii, C. etV. 184

fiu'cipilis, Cur 184

mamioratus, Sliaw 184

bicornis, Lowe 184

dorebensis, BJeeh 184

5. Cbaimax, Lowe 200

1. pictiis, Loice 200

6. Maltbe, Cuv 200

1. vespertilio, L 201

2. cubifrons, Bichards 203

7. Halieutea, C. et V. 203

1. stellata, Wahl. ....203, 560

8. Ceratia-s, Kroy 205

1. bolbolli, ^roy 205

Fam. 24. Blenotid^.

1. Anan-hicbas, Artedi 208

1. lupus, L 208

2. denticulatus, Kroyer .... 211

2. AiiarrbicbtbYS, Ayres .... 211
1. felis, Girard .'. 211

3. Blennius, Artedi 211

1. g-attonigine, Bl. 212

2. comutus, L 213

3. tasmaniamis, Bich 214

4. semifasciatus, Biipp 214

5. cornifer, Biipp 214

6. capito, C.etV. 215

7. erytbrocepbalus, Bisso . . 215

8. tentacularis, Brilnn. 215, 560

9. filicornis, C. et V. 216

9«. melanio, Kessl. 561

10. smyrnensis, C. et V. .... 216

11. rouxi, Cocco 217

12. fuconim, C.etV. 217

13. gentilis, Girard 217

14. vulgaris. PoUini . . . .217, 561
(cagnota, Val 218)

15. sanguinolentus,PaZ^. 218, 561

16. *siiiensis, Gthr 219

17. pantberinus, C. et V. 219

18 sordidus, Benn 220

19. varus, Bisso 220

20. basiliscus, C. et V. 220

21 . gTapbicus, Bisso 221

22. sphinx, C.et V. 221

23. pavo, Bisso 221, 561

24. ocellaris, L 222

25. galerita, L 222, 561

26. cri status, L 223

27. crinitus, C. et V. 224, 561

28. *emargiiiatus, Gthr 224

29. *macropterYX, Biij^ 224

30. *bifilum, Gthr 225, 561

31. lupulus, Bonap 225

32. fissicornis, C.etV. 225

32 a. multifilis, Girard 562

33. *8equipinnis, Gthr 225

34. *brevipinnis, Gthr 226

35. pbolis, L 226

36. trigloides, C.etV. 227

ZQ a. ym'io,. Loice 562

37. geminatus. Wood 228

38. puuctatus. Wood 228

ruber, C.etV. 211

insequalis, C. et V. 211

frater, Asso 212

goreensis, C.etV. 212

oceanicus, C. et V. 212

carolinu8, C.etV. 212

parvidens, C.etV. 212

tentacularis, Bisso 212

comu cervi, Bisso 212

stellatus, Bisso 212

galerita, Bisso 212

lineatus, Giiich 212

bentzii, Lesiieur 212

aurospleudidus, Bich. . . 212

fasciolatoceps, Bich 212

4. Cbasmodes, C.etV. 228

1. boscianus, Lacep 229

2. quadrifasciatus, Wood . . 229

3. novemlineatus, Wood . . 229

5. Petroscirtes, Bitpp 229

1. tapeinosonia, Bleek 230

2. rbinorhyncbus, Bleek. . . 230

3. amblyi-b-VTicbus, Bleek. . . 230

4. tfeniatus, Q. et G 231

5. fUamentosus, C. et V. .. 231

6. punctatus, C. et V. 231

7. *dispar, Gthr 232

8. kallosoma, Bleek 233

9. elongatus, Peters 233

10. variabilis. Cant 234

11. breviceps, C.etV. 2-34

12. ancvlodon, Biipp 235

13. polyodon, Bleek 235

14. cyp'rinoides, C.etV. .... 235

15. solorensis, Bleek 235

16. anema, Bleek 236

17. grammistes, C.etV. 236

18. temminckii, Bleek 236

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

19. bankanensis, Bleek 237

20. heyligeri, Bleek 237

21. mitratus, Riipp 237

22. barbatus, Peters 238

23. thepassii, Bleek 238

24. anolis, C.etV. 238

25. biocellatus, C.etV. 239

2G. fasciatus, Jviiyns 239

(omatus, Jein/ns 239)

dussumieri, C. et V. .... 229

fasciolatus, Ehrenh 229

baiiMeri, Richards. 229

6. Salarias, Cuv 239

1. flavo-iimbriniis, Rilpp. . . 241

2. oryx, Ehrenh 241

3. *s*exliliim, Gthr 241

4. tridactylus, Schneid. .... 242
(tetradactj'lus, Bleeh. . . 242)

5. atlanticus!, C. et V. 242

C. *nitidus, Gthr 243

7. auiboiuensis, Bleek. .... 244

8. rivulatus, Riipp 244

9. fasciatus, Bl. 244

10. fuscus, Riipp 245

11. nigro-yittatus, Riipp. . . 245

12. Cyclops, Riipp 246

13. cerameusis, Bleek 246

14. frenatus, C. et V. 246

15. sebffi, C.etV. 246

16. castaneus, C. et V. 247

17. yariolosus, C. et V. 247

18. viridis, C.etV. 247

19. cuvieri, Gthr 248

20. textilis, Q. et G 248

21. marmoratus, Benyi. . .248, 562

22. arenatiis, Bleek 249

23. yermiculatus, C. et V. .. 249

24. rubro-punctatus, C. et V. . 249

25. celebicus, Bleek 250

26. guttatus, V. et V. 250

27. inteiTuptus, Bleek 250

28. chrysospilos, Bleek 250

29. gibbifrons, Q. et G 251

30. periophthalmus, C. et V. . 251

31. dussimiieri, C. et V. 251, 562

32. sumatranus, Bleek 252

33. bendriksii, Bleek 252

34. edentulus, Schneid. 252

35. goesii, Bleek 253

36. *8equipinnis, Gthr 253

37. diproctopterus, Bleek. . . . 254

38. nigricans, Gill 254

39. vomerinus, C. et V. .... 254

40. lineatus, C.etV. 254

41. quadvicornis, C. et V. . . 255

42. melanocephalus, Bleek. . . 255

43. *fronto, Gthr 255

44. meleagris, C. etV, 256

45. *belliis, Gthr 256

46. ooi-tii, Bleek 257

47. bilitonensis, BleeJc 257

48. cyanostigma, Bleek 258

49. ha.sseltii, Bleek 258

50. imicolor, Riipp 259

yermiculatoides, Bleek. . . 239

raaltenii, Bleek 239

kulilii, Bleek 239

biseriatus, C.etV. 240

niger, Ehrenh 240

ruficaudiis, Ehrenh 240

guttatus, Bleek 240

kiugii, C.etV. 240

beteropterus, Bleek 240

cayernosus, Schneid. .... 240

oliyaceus, Bhjth 240

epalzeorhjTiclius, Bleek. . 240
scbultzei, Bleek 240

7. Blennopbis, Valenc 259

1. webbii, Val. 259

8. Neoclinus, Girard 259

1. blanchardi, Girard .... 259

2. satiricus, Girard 260

9. Cebidichtbys, Ayres 260

1. violaceus, Girard 260

10. Myxodes, Cut- 260

1. vn-idis, C.etV. 260

2. eristatus, C. et V. 261

11. Heterostichus, Girard. . . . 261
1. rostratu.s, Girard 261

12. Clinus, Cm 261

1. nuchipinnis, Q.etG 262

2. xanti, Gill 263

3. herminieri, Lesueur .... 264

4. delalandii, C. et V. 264

5. bracbycephalus, C. et V. . 264

6. genigiittatus, C. et V. . . 265

7. yariolosus, C. et V. 265

8. guttulatus, C.etV. 266

9. microcii-rbis, C.etV. 266

10. crinitus, Jen 266

11. *macrocephalus, Gthr. . . 266

12. latipinuis, C.etV. 267

13. gobio, C.etV. 267

14. superciliosus, L 268

15. acuminatus, C. et V. 269, 562

16. capensis, C. et V. ...... 269

17. cottoides, C. et V. 269

18. heterodon, C.etV. 270

19. *nematopterus, Gthr. . . 270

20. dorsalis, Bleek 271

21. anguillaris, C. et V. .... 271

22. despicillatus, Rich 271

b 2

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

pcruviauus, C. vt V. . .

elegaus, C. ct V.

caiiariensis, Val.

fasciatus, Custeln

feruandezianus, Guich.

261
261
262
262
262

13. Cristiceps, C. et V. 272

1. arg-eutatus, Risso 272

var. antiuectes .... 273, 562

2. xantliosoma, Bleek 273

3. *iiasutus, Gthr 273

4. *roseus, Gthr 274

5. australis, C. et V. 275

14. *Axiclieuopteriis, Gthr. . . 275

1. *monoplitlialmus, Gthr. . 275

2. verauvi, Filipp! 276

15. Tripterygium, Risso .... 276

1. nasus, Risso 276

2. melauiu'um, Guich 277

3. variuui, Forst 277

4. nigripinue, C.ctV. .... 277

5. forsteri, C. et V. 278

6. *iuediiim, Gthr 278

7. feuestratimi, Forst 278

8. trigloides, Bleek 279

16. Uactyloscopxis, GiU . . 279, 560

1. ti-idigitatus, Gill 279, 563

(poeyi, Gill 563)

2. pectbralis, Gill 563

16 fl. Mj'xodaguus, Gill 563

1. opercidaris. Gill 563

17. Dictyosoma, Schlef/ 279

1. temmiuckii, Rleek. . . 279, 564

18. Gunelliclitliys, Bleek 280

1. pleiirotfenia, Bleek 280

19. Sticliseus, Kroi/er 280

1. lunipenus, Fabr 280

2. medius, Reinh 281

2«. nubilus, Richards 564

3. maculatus, Fries 281

4. islaiidicus, Walb 281

5. aculeatus, Reitih 282

6. anguillaris, Pall. 282

7. pimctatus, Fabr 283

8. uuimaciilatiis, Reinh 283

9. hexagrammus, Schleg. . . 284
subbifm-catus, Storer .... 280

20. Blenuiops, Niks 284

1. ascanii, Walb 284

21. Centronotus, Bl 285

1. gunellus, L 285, 564

2. fasciatus, Bl 287, 564

3. nebulosus, Schleg 287

4. apiis, C.etV. 288

5. *gimelliformis, Riipp. . . 288

6. dolichogaster, Pall. 288

7. alectrolophus, Pall. 289

9. roseus. Pall 290

mucronatus, 3Iitch 285

tfenia, Pall. 285

riiberrimus, C. etV. .... 285
polyactocephalus. Pall. . . 285

crassispina, Schleg 285

macrocepbalus, Gir 285

affinis, Reinh 285

21 a. Anoplarchus, Gill 564

1. *crista gaUi, Gtkr. . . 289, 564

22. Apodichtbys, Girard 290

1. flavidus, Girard 290

23. Xipbidion, Girard 291

1. niiicosum, Girard 291

24. Cryptacantbodes, Storer . . 291
1. macidatus, Storer 291

25. Patajcus, Richards 292

1. frouto, Richards 292

2. *macidatus, Gthr 292

26. Pbolidicbtbys, Bleek 293

1. leucotasnia, Bleek 293

27. Andamia, Blyth 294

1. expansa, Blyth 294

28. Genyptems, Philipjn 294

1. cbilensis, Guich 294

29. Zoarces, Ctw 295

1. viviparus, L 295

2. anguiUai'is, Peck 296

americanus, Bl. 295

Blenniiis polaris, Sabine. . 295

.30. Nemopbis, Kaiip 296

1. lessonii, Kaup 298

31. Pseudobleuuius, Schleg. . . 297
1. percoides, Gthr 297

Fam. 25. Acanthoclinid^.

1. Acantboclinus, Jen 297

1. littoreus, Forst 298

Fam. 26. Comephobid^.

1. Comepborus, Lacep 299

1. baikalensis, Lacep 299

Fam. 27. Trachyptehid.e.

1. Tracbypterus, Gouan 300

1. spinolffi, C.etV. 300

2. cristatus, Bonelli 301

(miillerianus, Risso .... 301)

3. grypburus, Lowe 301

4. tffiuia, Scht 302

5. altivelis. Kner 303

6. iris, Walb 303

7. leiopterus, C.etV. 304

8. *nippeUii, Gthr 304

9. arcticus, Briinn 305

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

2. Stylophorus, iSfiaw 306

1. cLordatus, Shaw 306

3. Regalecus, Sriimi 307

1. pladius, Walb 308

(capensis, C. et V. .... 308)

2. telum, C.i'iV. 309

3. banksii, C. ct V. 309

4. glesne, Ascan 310

5. grillii, Lindr 311

6. russellii, Shaw 311

Fani. 28. Lophotid^.

1. Lophotes, Giorna 312

1. cepedianus, Giorna .... 312
(capeHei, Schleg 312)

Fam. 29. Teuthidid^.

1. Teutliis, L 313

1. javiis, L 315

2. canaliculata, Mungo Park 316

3. concatenata, C. et V. 316

4. coralliua, C. et V. 316

5. verniiculata, K. et v. H. . . 317

6. labvriuthodes, Bleek 317

7. sutbr, C.etr. 317

8. margaritifera, C. et V. . . 317

9. tumifron.s, C. et V. 317

10. dorsalis, C. et V. 318

11. oramin, £1. Schn 318

12. albopunctata, Schleg 318

13. *striolata, Gthr 319

14. hexagonata, Bleek 320

15. guttata, Bl. 320

16. stellata, Forsk 320

17. notosticta, Richards 320

18. fuscescens, Houtt 321

19. lurida, Ehrenb 321

20. nebulosa, Q. et G 321

21. argentea, Q.etG 322

22. marmorata, Q.etG 322

23. lineata, C.etV. 322

24. sigaua, Forsk 322

25. tetrazona, Bleek 323

26. doliata, Cm 323

27. puella, -ScM^v 323

28. virgata, C.etV. 323

29. vulpina, Schleg 324

nisselii, C.etV. 313

firmamentum, C. et V. . . 313

abhortaui, C.etV. 313

mertensii, C. et V. 313

rostratus, C. et V. 313

guamensis, C. et V. .... 313

olivaceus, C. etV. 313

kopsii, Bleek 313

chrysospilos, Bleek 313

melanospilos, Bleek 313

Fam. 30. AcBONTrBiD.ffi.

1. Acantliui-us, Bl. Schn 325

1. triostegus, L 327

(pentazona, Bleek 329)

2. guttatus, Forst 329

3. chirurgus, Bl. 329

4. matoides, C. et V. 330

(lamarrii, C. et V. 331)

5. nigrofuseus, Forsk 331

6. *bipunctatus, Gthr 331

7. nigros, C.etV. 332

8. doreensis, C.etV. 332

9. chiysosoma, Bleek 332

10. rubropunctatus, Bilpp. . . 333

11. margiuatus, C.etV. 333

12. lineatns, L 333

13. striatus, Q.etG 334

14. sohal, Forsk 334

15. uiidulatus, C.etV. 335

16. dussumiei-i, C. et V. .... 335

17. grammoptilus, iJjc/jarf/s . . 335

18. bleekeri, Gthr 335

19. cferuleus, Bl. Schn 336

20. liueolatus, C. et V. 336

21. olivaceus, Bl. Schn 336

22. ppoferus, Kittl. 337

23. *tennentii, Gthr 337

24. gahm, Forsk 338

25. nummifer, C.etV. 338

26. glaueopareius, C. et V. . . 339

27. celebicus, Bleek 339

28. fiiscus, Steindachner .... 339

29. leucosternon, Benn 340

30. acbilles, Shaw 340

31. triangulus, C.etV. 341

32. fraterculus, C.etV. 341

33. bepatiis, L 341

34. strigosiis, Benn 342

35. cteuodon, C.etV. 342

36. rhombeus, Kittl. 342

37. goramensis, Bleek 343

38. xantburus, Blyth 343

39. gemmatiLs, C.etV. 343

40. velifer, Bl. 344

41. bypselopteru.9, Bleek 344

42. desjardinii, Benn 344

43. riippellii, Benn 345

44. suillus, C.etV. 345

flavoguttatus, Kittl 325

babianus, Casteln 325

brevis, Poey 325

tractus, Poey 325

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

2. *Acroniirus, Gthr 345

1. orbicularis, C. et V. .... 346

2. nielanuriis, C.etV. 346

3. *breTispinis, Gthr 346

4. arpeuteus, Q. et G 346

nielas, C.ctV. 345

3. Prionurus, Lacep 347

1. microlepidotus, Lactp. . . 347

2. scalprum, Langsd. 347

3. laticlavius, Vol. 347

4. Naseus, Commvrs 347

1. unicornis, Forsk 348

2. brachvccntron, C. et V. . . 349

3. tripeltes, C.etV. 349

4. brevirostris, C.etV. 349

5. olivaceus, Soland. 352

6. anuiilatus, Q. et G 352

7. tiiberosus, Lacep 353

8. litiu-atus, Forst 353

9. hexacanthus, Bleek 355

10. tapeinosoma, Bleek 355

11. thvnnoides, C.etV. 355

punctulatus, C. et V. . . . . 347

unicolor, Lienard 347

5. Keris, C.etV. 365

1. anginosus, C. et V. .... 356

2. aniboiuensis, Bleek 356

Fam. 31. HoPLOGXAXHiDiE.

1. Hoplognatlnis, Richards. . . 357

1. conwavii, Richards 357

2. fasciatiis, Schle;/ 357

3. punctatus, Schleg 358

Fam. 32. Malacanthid-s:.

1. Malacantlius, Cuv 359

1. plumieri, Bl 359

2. latovittatus, Lacep 360

3. hoedtii, Bleek 361

Fam. 33. Nandid^.

First Group. Plesiopina.

1. Plesiops, Cwv 363

1. nigricans, Riipp 363

2. cseiiileo-liueatus, Riipp. . . 363

3. corallicola, K et v. H 364

4. oxycepbaliis, Bleek 364

5. *bieel£eri, Gthr 364

2. *Trachinops, Gthr 366

1. *tfeniatus, Gthr 366

Second Group. Nandina.

3. Badis, Bleek 367

1. buclianani, Bleek 367

2. dario, B.H. 367

Page

4. Nandus, C.etV. 367

1. marmoratus, C. et V. . . . . 367

2. nebulosus, Bleek 368

5. Catopra, Bleek 368

1. fasciata, Bleek 368

2. nandoides, Bleek 368

3. grootii, Blevk 369

Third Group. Achabnina.

6. Acliarnes, 3L et T. 369

1. speciosus, 3LetT. 369

Fam. 34. PoLYCENXRIDiE.

1. Polvcentrus, 3L et T. 370

1. schoniburgkii, M. et T. . . 370

2. tricolor, Gill 371

2. Monocirrhus, Heckel 371

1. polyacanthus. Heck 371

Fam. 35. Labyrxnthici.

1. Spirobranclius, C. et V. . . . . 373
1. capensis, C. et V.... .373, 564

2. Ctenopoma, Peters 373, 566

1. multispine. Pet 373

2. *microlepidotum, Gthr... 565

3. Anabas, Citv 374

1. scandeus, Dald. 375

2. *macrocephalus, Bleek. . . 376

3. oligolepis, Bleek 376

4. microcephalus, Bleek .... 377
variegatus, Bleek 374

4. Helostonia, K.etv.H. 377

1. tenuninckii,Z:ei! v.H. 377, 566

5. Polyacanthus, K. et v. H. . . 378

1. basseltii, C. et V. 378

2. eintliovenii, Bleek 378

3. helfricLii, Bleek 379

4. opercidaris, L 379

5. *signatus, Gthr 379, 566

6. cupanus, C.etV 381

7. deissneri, Bleek 381

6. Macropus, Lacep 381

1. viridi-am'atus, Lacep. . . 382

7. Osphromenus, Commers. . . 382

1. olfax, Commers 382

2. trichopterus. Pall. 384

3. *siamensis, Gthr 385

4. *microlepis, Gthr 385

5. striatus, Bleek 386

8. Trichogaster, Schn 387

1. fasciatus, Schn 387

2. miicolor, C.etV. 388

sota, B.H. 387

chuna, B.H. 387

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

9. Betta, Bleeh 388

1. trifasciata, Bleeh 388

2. piignax, Cant 389

Fam. 36. Luciocephalid^.

1. Lucioceplialus, Bleeh 390

1. pulcher, Gray 390

Fani. 37. AxHEEiNiDiE.

First Group. Atherinina.
1. Atlierina, Artedi 392

1. presbyter, Cuv 392

2. pontica, Mchtv 393

3. liepsetiis, L 393

4. lacustris, Bonap 394

5. boyeri, Risso 394

6. maa-tiuica, C. et V. 395

7. bre-v-iceps, C. et V. 395

8. parvipinnis, C. et V. 396

9. mocho, C.etV. 396

10. hepsetoides, Richards. . . 397

11. presbyteroides, Richards. 397

12. forskalii, Ri'qip 397

13. bleekeri, Gthr 398

14. afra, Peters 398

15. valenciennesii, Bleeh 398

16. pinguis, Lacep 399

(lacunosa, Forst 399)

17. lacimosa, Bleeh 400

18. duodecimalis, Bleeh 400

19. stipes, 3Let T. 400

20. endraclitensis, Q. et G. . . 401

21. brach^-ptera, Bleeh 401

22. *micro8toma, Gthr 401

23. *pauciradiata, Gthr 401

rissoi, C. et V. 392

sarda, C.etV. 392

Carolina, C.etV. 392

waigiensis, Q.etG 392

temmiuckii, Bleek 392

argyrotfeniata, Bleeh 392

bimanensis, Bleeh 392

tfeniata, Agass 392

punctata, Benn 392

caspia, Eichw 392

2. Atberinicbthys, Bleeh 402

1. iacksoniana", Q.etG 402

2. laticlavia, C. ctV. 402

3. microlepidota, Jen 403

4. nigricans, Richards 403

5. *alburnus, Gthr 404

6. humboldtii, C. et V. .... 404

7. bonariensis, C. et V. .... 404
(lichtensteinii, C. et V. . .404)

Page

8. brasiliensis, Q. et G. .... 404

9. incisa, Jen 405

10. argentinensis, C. et V. . . 405

11. *gi'acili3, Gthr 405

12. nienidia, Z 4O6

13. notata, 3Iitch 4O6

14. califoruiensis, Girard. . . . 406

15. nigrans, Richards 406

lessonii, C. et V. 402

Second Group.
Tetbagonurina.

3. Tetragonurus, Risso 407

1. cuvieri, Risso 407

Fam. 38. Mugilid^.

1. Mugil, Artedi 409

1. cepbalus, Cuv 417

2. lineatus, 3fitch 417

3. constantise, C.etV. .... 418

4. eepbalotus, C. ctV. 419

5. rammelsbergii, Tschudi . . 420

6. *dobula, Gthr 420

7. baematochilus, Schleg. . . 422

8. perusii, C. et V. 422

9. liza, C.etV. 423

10. sub-viridis, C.etV. 423

11. *nepalensis, Gthr 424

12. argenteus, Q.etG 424

13. suudanensis, Bleeh 425

14. strongylocephalus, Rich. . 425

15. parsia,' Buch. Ham 426

16. belauak, Bleeh 427

17. planiceps, C.etV. 428

18. *longimanus, Gthr 428

19. ♦kelaartii, Gthr 429

20. engeli, Bleeh 430

21. cantoris, Bleeh 430

22. brasiliensis, Agass 431

23. *robustus, Gthr 432

24. *aiEnis, Gthr 433

25. ophiiysenii, Bleeh 434

26. cunnesius, C. etV. 434

27. speigleri, Bleeh 435

28. waigiensis, Q.etG 435

(rossii, Bleeh 436)

29. *suppositus, Gthr 437

30. *octoradiatus, Gthr. .... 437

31. curtus, Yarr. 439

32. capito, Cuv 439

(dubabra, C.etV. 440)

33. ricbardsonii. Smith 440

34. *petberici, Gthr 441

35. auratus, -Risso 440

36. saliens, Risso 443

(capensis, C.'et V. 443)

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page

37. multilineatus, Smith .... 443

38. cnptocliihis, C.etV. 444

39. a.xillaris, Bleck 444

40. cajruleoniaculatus, Bleek. 445

41. *bleekeri, Gthr 445

42. *cevloneiisis, Gthr. 446

43. smithii, Gthr 447

44. troschelii, JBleek 448

45. borneensis, BleeJe 448

46. ceranieiisi8, Bleek 449

47. oligolepis, Bleek 449

48. *hypseiopterus, Gthr 450

49. *conipressus, Gthr 451

60. moliiiopterus, C. et V. . . 452

51. *decemradiatus, Gthr. . . 452

52. peronii, C.etV. 452

53. falcipinnis, C.etV. 453

54. broussouetii, C.etV..... 453

55. labeo, Cuv 453

56. labiosus, C.etV. 454

57. chelo, Ctw 454

68. *septentrionalis, Gthr. . . 455

59. *nigrostrigatus, Gthr. . . . 457

60. heterocbilus, Bleek 457

61. crenilabis, Forsk 458

62. macrocbilus, Bleek 458

63. *riippellii, Gthr 458

64. cin-hostonia, Forsk 459

65. *proboscideus, Gthr 459

66. corsula, Buch. Ham 460

plumieri, Bl 409

albula, L 410

breviceps, C. et V. 410

borbonicus, C.etV. 410

cylindricus, C. et V. .... 410

cascasia, £uch. Ham 410

carinatus, Ehrenb 410

scheli, Forsk 410

tade, Forsk 410

bucbanani, J5leek 410

valenciennesii, Bleek. . . 410

bontab, Russ 410

pedaraki, C.etV. 410

acutus, C.etV. 410

melancranus, Rich 410

ventricosus, Rich 410

cbaptalii, Eyd. et Soul. . . 410

lauvergnii, Ei/d. et Soul. . . 410

grandisquamis, C. et V. . . 410

parmatus, Cant 410

berlandieri, Girard .... 410

2. Agonostoma, Benn 461

1. plicatile, C.etV. 461

2. oxvrbnichiim, C. et V. . . 461

3. telfaii'ii, Bemi 462

4. dobidoides, C. et V. .... 462

Page

5. •microps, Gthr 462

6. •nasutiini, Gthr 463

7. monticola, Bancr 464

8. *percoides, Gthr 464

9. forsteri, Schn 465

3. Mj-xiis, Gthr 466

1. 'elongatus, Gthr 466

2. *barengus, Gthr 467

3. cunddens, C.etV. 467

4. ciliilabis, C.etV. 467

Fam. 89. Ophiocephaxid^.

1. Opbiocepbalus, Bl. 468

1. punctatus, Bl. 469

2. *affinis, Gthr 470

3. gacbua, Buch. Ham 471

(aurantiacus, Buch. Ham. 471)

4. »kelaai-tii, Gthr 472

6. rhodotsenia, Bleek 472

6. mystax, Bleek. . , 473

7. melanosoma, Bleek 473

8. melanopterus, Bleek 473

9. cyanospilos, Bleek 474

10. striatus, Bl. 474

11. polylepis, Bleek 475

12. barikaiiensis, Bleek 475

13. lucius, Ketv.H. 475

14. 'siamensis, Gthr 476

15. *obscurus, Gthr 476

16. barca, Buch. Ham 477

17. nigricans, C.etV. 477

18. grandinosus, C.etV. 478

19. manilius, Buch. Ham. . . 478

20. *pseudomandiiis, Gthr. . . 478

21. maridioides, Bleek 479

22. pleuropbtbalmus, i^fce/c. . 479

23. argiis, Cant 480

24. macidatus, Lacep 480

25. micropeltes, K. etv. H. . . 482

(stevensii, Bleek 482)

sowara, C. et V. 468

oceUatus, Lacep 468

miliaria, C.etV. 469

iris, C.etV. 469

jovis, Richards 469

tbeopbrasti, Val. 469

leucopunctatus, Sykes . . 469

2. Cbanna, Gron 483

1. orientalis, Schn 483, 566

Fam. 40. Trichonotid^.

1. Triclionotus, Schn 484

1. setigerus, Schn 484

2. Hemerocoetes, C. et V. .... 485
1. acantborbynchus, Forst. . 485

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Fam. 41. CEPOLn).ffi.

Page

1. Cepola, L 486

1. rubescens, L 486

2. sclilegelii, Bleek 488

3. abbreviata, C. et V. .... 488

4. knisensternii, Schlci/ 488

5. mesoprioii, Bleek 488

6. marginata, C.etV. 489

7. limbata, C.etV. 489

striata, Schn 486

Fam. 42. GoBiEsociDiE.

1. Cliori.soclii.snius, Barnev. . . 490
1. dentex, Pall 490

2. Sicyases, 3IulL ct Trosch. . . 494

1. sanguiiieu.s, M, et T. .... 494

2. fasciatus, Pet 497

3. chilensLs, Barnev 497

3. Cotylis, 3LetT. 497

1. fimbriata, 31. et T. 498

ventricosa, Pall 498

steUeii, Pall. 499

4. Gobiesox, Lacep 499

1. ceplialu.?, Larep 499, 566

2. *macropbthalmu3, Gthr. . 502

3. nigripiuni.?, Pet 502

4. nudu.?, Bl 502

5. poecilopbtbabiius, Jen. . . 503

6. marmoratus, Jen 504

7. mfeandi'icus, Giravd .... 505

5. *Diplocrepis, Gthr 506

1. puniceus, Rich 506

6. *Crepidogaster, Gthr 507

1. *tasmanieusis, Gthr 507

2. *spatula, Gthr 508

7. Trachelocbismus, Earner . . 509
1. pinnidatus, Forst 509

8. Lepadogaster, Gouan .... 510

1. gouanii, Lacep 510

2. candoUii, R-kso 513

3. wildenovii, 'Rmo 514

4. bimaculatus, Penn 514

browiiii, Pisso 510

rafinesqiui, Costa 510

latirostris, Costa 510

9. Leptopterygius, Trosch .... 515
1. piger, Nardo 515

Fam. 43. PSYCHBOLUTIDiE.

1. *Psyclirolutes, Gthr 516

1. *paradoxus, Gthr 516

Fam. 44. Centriscid^.

1. Centriscus, L 618

1. scolopax, L 518

2. gracilis, Loive 521

3. humerosu.?, Richards. . . 522

4. velitaris, Pall 524

2. Amphisile, Klein 524

1. scutata, L 525

2. punctulata, Bianc 527

3. *sti-igata, Gthr 528, 566

Fam. 45. Fistulaiiid.s;.

1. Fistularia, L 529

1. tabaccaria, L 529

2. serrata, Bl. 533

2. Aulostoma, Lacep 535

1. coloratura, M.etT. 536

2. chiuense, L 538

Fam. 46. Mastacembelid^e.

1. Rhynchobdella, Schn 539

1. acideata, Bl. 540

2. Mastacembelus, Gronov. . . 540

1. pancalus, Buch. Ham. . . . 541

2. zebrinus, Blyth 541

3. aleppensis, Schn 541

4. imicolor, K. et v. H. .... 542

5. erythrotsenia, Bleek 542

6. *argus, Gthr 542

7. armatus, Lacep 542

8. maculatus, Reinw. ....... 543

Fam. 47. Notacanthi.

1. Notacantbup, Bl 544

1. nasus, Bl 544

2. bonapartii, Risso 545

3. mediterraiieus, Fil. et Ver. 545

4. sexspinis, Richards. . . 545, 566

5. rissoanus, Fil. et Ver 545

ERRATUM.

•= Tnrfn &c . ia to be erased.
Page 5.-41. BoBtrychu8 sinensis, Lacip. &c.,

CATALOGUE

FISHES.

Order I. ACANTHOPTERYGII.

(CONTINUED.)

Fam. 19. GOBlIDiE.

Gobioidei, pt., Cuv. Meffne Aniin.
Gobioidei, 3mL Bed. Abhamll. 1844, p. 201.
Gobiidae, Owen, Lect. Cotnp. Anat. i. p. 49.

Body elongate, low, naked or scaly. Teeth generally small, some-
times with canines. The infraorbital ring does not articulate with
the praeoperculum. The two dorsal fins separated or more or less
united*, the spinous portion being always the less developed and com-
posed of flexible spines ; the anal similarly developed as the soft dorsal ;
ventrals with one spine and five raysf; sometimes both ventrals united
into a disk. Gill-opening more or less narroiv, the gill-membranes
being attached to the isthmus ; four giUs ; pseudobranchise. A pro-
minent papilla near the vent%. Air-bladder generally absent. Py-
loric appendages none.

Carnivorous fishes, living at the bottom of the shores and of the
fresh waters of the temperate and tropical regions. This family
offers numerous instances of the fact, that a part of the indi\'iduals
of one and the same species are entii'ely confined to fresh waters,
whilst others live in the sea.

* No spinous portion can be distinguished in Luciogohiiis, a genus but im-
perfectly known.

t Four in Trypauchen, microcephalus and Trypmichenichthys.
\ No anal papilla in Asterropteryx.

GOBIID^.

Synopsis of tlie Groups .

Ventral fins united into one disk, or situated

close together ; two separate dorsal fins . . a. Gobiina.

The two dorsal fins united into one. Ver-
tebra; 11/17 b. Amblyopina.

The two dorsal fins united into one. Ver-
tebrae 10/24 c- Trypauchenina.

Ventral fins widely apart from each other ;

two separate dorsal fins d. Callionymina.

Appendix, — Luciogobius. Oxymetopon.

Synopsis of the Oenera.
First group : Gobiina.

Ventrah united into one fin.

Ventral not adherent to the belly. Body scaly.

Teeth conical, fixed, those of the upper jaw

in several series 1- GrOBius, p. 3.

Ventral not adherent to the belly. Body scaly.

Teeth conical, fixed, those of the upper jaw

in a single series ; canine teeth none 2. Euctenogobius, p. 79.

Ventral not adherent to the belly. Body scaly.
The upper jaw with a series of long teeth,
behind which are two groups of strong canine
teeth 3. Latrunculus, p. 80.

Ventral not adherent to the belly. Body scaly.
Teeth conical, fixed, those of the upper jaw in
a single series ; canine teeth at least in the
lower jaw 4. Apocryptes, p. 80.

Ventral not adherent to the belly. Body scaly.
Teeth of the upper jaw in a single series,
emarginate, those of the lower horizontal ... 5. Evoethodus, p. 84.

Body naked, cylindrical ; head not compressed.

Teeth conical, fixed 6. Gobiosoma, p. 85.

Head and body naked, compressed. Teeth
fixed, conical, lower jaw generally with two
canines near the symphysis 7. Gobiodon, p. 87.

Ventral not adherent to the belly. Body scaly. .

Teeth erect in both jaws, in a single series and
tricuspid 8. Tri^nopiioeichtuys, p. 89.

Body tubercular. Gill-openings reduced to a

small foramen 9. Benthophilus, p. 91.

Ventral short, adherent to the belly. Body
scaly. Teeth of the upper jaw moveable, in
a single series 10. Sicydium, p. 91.

Ventral short, adherent to the belly. Body
naked. Teeth of the upper jaw tricuspid, in
a single series 11. Lentipes, p. 96.

1. GOBIXJS. 3

** Ventral fins close together, but more or less coiTvpletely disconnected.

Eyes very close together and very prominent.

Teeth erect in both jaws 12. PERiopHTHAiiMUS, p. 96.

Eyes very close together and very prominent.
Lateral teeth of the lower jaw horizontal 13. Boleophthalmus, p. 101.

Eyes not prominent; anal papilla distinct 14. Eleotris, p. 105.

Head and body compressed; anal papilla ab-
sent 15. ASTERROPTERYX, p. 132.

Second Group : Amtlyopina.
Anterior teeth very strong 10. Amblyopus, p. 133.

Third Group : Trypauchenina.

Ventrals united into one disk 17. Trypauchen, p. 137.

Ventrals completely disconnected 18. Trypauchenichthys, p. 137.

Fourth Group : CalliouyTuina.

GiU-openings of moderate width ; prseopercu-

lum not armed 19. Platyptera, p. 138.

GiU-openings reduced to a small opening ; prse-
operculum armed. None of the ventral rays
detached. 20. Callionyjius, p. 138,

The outer ventral ray detached 21. Vulsus, p. 151.

Ap2>endiv.

Ventral fins united. One short dorsal fin. Body
naked Luciogobius, p. 152,

Ventral fins separated, 1/4. Two dorsal fins;
head compressed into a fleshy crest Oxymetopon, p. 153,

First Group. GOBIINA.

Ventral fins united into one disk, or situated close together ; two
separate dorsal fins. Vertebrae J-^^.

1. GOBIUS*.

Gobius, Artedi, Genera, p. 28.

Gobius, sp., Cuv. RPgne Anim.

Chaeturicnthys, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 54,

Gobionellus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 168.

Oxyiu'ichthys, Bleek. Enumer. Spec. p. 120.

* a. Doubtful species appai-ently allied to Q. niger, G. jpaganellus, or <t. capita,

1. Gobius guttatiis, Cuv. ^- Val. sii. p. 24; Chiichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss,

p. 76. — Mediterranean.

2. limbatus, Cuv. # Val. xii, p. 26. pi. 344.— Nice. 3,

b2

Cteuogobins, GUI, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1858, pp. 374, 430.
Acanthofiobiiis, Gill in Ami. Lt/c. Nat. Hist. New York, and Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sc. Pliihd. 18.i9, p. 145.
Rhinoo-obius, Gill in An)). Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, and Proc. Acad.

Nat\ Sc. Phihid. IS.V.), p. 145.
Chffinop-obius, Gill in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. Netv York, 1859, p. 12.
Lepidogobius, Gill, ibid. p. 14.

Body more or less elongate, scaly. Teeth in several series in the
upper jaw, conical and fixed, generally small, sometimes with canines.
Two dorsal fins: the anterior with six, rarely with five or more
flexible spines ; the posterior of greater, and sometimes of much
greater, extent than the anterior. Anal similar to the posterior
doi-sal in form and size, terminating at some distance from the caudal.
Ventral fins united to a disk, which is not attached to the belly.

3. Gobius lugens, Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Buss. Merid. iii. p. 414, Poiss. pi. 9.

£. 1. — Eiver Codor.

4. caspius, Eichm. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 76, and Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou,

1838, p. 144. — Caspian Sea.

5. afBnis, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 75, and Bidl. Soc. Nat. Moscoii,

1838, p. 143.— Caspian Sea.

6. reticiilatus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 77. — Odessa.

7. ephippiatiis, Loive, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 84, and Trans. Zool. Soc.

iii. p. 10. — Madeira.

8. fluviatilis, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 162 ; Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Buss.

Merid.. iiL p. 429. — Rivers of Southern Russia.

9. cephalarges. Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 155 ; Nordm. iii Bemid. Voy. Buss.

Merid. ni. p. 420, Po/s.s. pi. 12. f. 2.— Black Sea.

10. constructor, Nordm. I. c. p. 427. pi. 9. f. 2. — Rivers of South Russia.

11. vireseens. Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 158 ; Nordm. in Bemid. Voy. Buss.

Merid. iii. p. 417. — Black Sea.

12. chilo, Pall. I.e. ; Nordm. I. c. p. 418.— Black Sea.

13. fuUginosus, M'Coy in Ann. # Mag. Nat. Hist. 1841, vi. p. 403.—

Connemara (Ireland).

j3. Doubtful species apparently allied to G. joso.

14. Gobius quadricapillus, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 159 ; Nordm. in Bemid. Voy.

Buss. Merid. iii. p. 4.33, Poiss. pi. 13. f. 3. — Sebastopol.

15. macropterus, Nordm. I. c. p. 434. pi. 13. f. 2. — South coast of the

Crimea.

y. Species apparently allied to G. elegans.

16. Gobius olivaceus, Schleg. Faun. Jajyon. Poiss. p. 143. pi. 74. f. 3. — Japan.

17. richardsonii, Bleck. Sumatra, iii. p. 508. — Rivers of Sumatra.

18. kuhlii, Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 251. f. 9. — Rivers of Bantam.

19. tylankahanensis, Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 251. f. 12. — Rivers of

Bantam.

20. poecilosoma, Bleek. Vcrhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. cm Gob.

p. 31, and Banten, p. 320. — Coast of Java.

h. Species apparently allied to G. kokins.

21. Gobius eleotrioides, Bleck. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en

Goh. p. 25. — Batavia.

6. Doubtful species apparently allied to G. caninus.

22. Gobius quadriporns, Cuv. ^ Val. sii. p. 87. — Siu-inam ?

23. brevifilis, Cuv. ^- Val. sii. p. 90. — Pondicherry.

24. — — janthinopterus, Bleck. Ceram, ii. p. 702. — Ceram. 25.

i

1. GOBIUS. 5

Anal papilla generally distinct. GiU-opening vertical, of moderate
width, the gill-membranes being united to the isthmus ; branchio-
stegals five ; gills fom-, pseudobrancliiae ; au--bladder none, or, if
present, very small. Pyloric appendages none. Vertebrae ji^.

Eonnd on all the coasts of the temperate and tropical regions,
many species entering fresh waters, and some entirely confined to
them.

The attempts to di\-ide the numerous species of this genus into
smaller groups have failed to establish natural genera. The cha-
racters which may be used for that purpose — as the form of the body,
the stnictiu'e and size of the scales, modifications of the dentition,
extent of the fins, presence or absence of barbels — either show gradual
transitions between the most extreme forms, or such species are

25. Gobius goldmanni, BJeek. Timor, p. 167. — Timor Kupang.

26. ■ chlorostigma. BIcek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob.

p. 27. — Coast of Java.

27. modestus, Bhek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob.

p. 28. — Java.

28. ripilepis, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 205. — Cliina.

29. pflaiunii, Bleck. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Japan, p. 42. f. 3.

— Nagasaki.

30. Khiiiogobius similis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 145. — Japan.

?. Doubtful species apparently alHed to G. acutipiniiis.

31. Gobius melanostigma, -Z?/«'A\ Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xsii., Blenn. en

Gob. p. 32.^Sea of Batavia.

7j. Doubtful species ajsparently allied to G. ocellaris.

32. Gobius nigripinnis, Cur. i.f Val. xii. p. 101. — Bourbon,

33. pallidus, Cuv. ^ Vol. xii. p. 102. — He de France.

34. guamensis, Cuv. tf' Val. xii. p. 108. — Guam.

35. cbiloensis, Gidchcn. in Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. u. p. 293. lam. 6 6.

f. 1.— Chiloe.

36. stamineus, Val. Voy. Bonite, Poiss. p. 179. pi. 5. f. 5. — Sandwich

Islands.

37. blokzeyli, Bleek. Natuiirk. Tydschr, Nederl. hid. vol. — , Bali, iv. —

Rivers of Bali. — Very nearly allied to G. grammepomus or G. c/ymno-
pomiis.

38. casruleus, Lienard, Bix. Eapip. Soc. Hist. Nat. Maiir. p. 38. — Mau-
ritius.

Q. Species apparently allied to G. brunneiis.

39. Gobius platyeeplialus, Eichards. Ichth. Chin. pp. 204, 318. — Cliina.

1. Doubtful species apparently allied to G. phalwna.

40. Gobius papiUo, Cuv. ^~ Val. xii. p. 91. — He de France.

41. Bostryclius sinensis, Lacep. iii. pp. 140, 141. pi. 14. f. 2. — Gobius sinensis,

Cuv. i.f Val. xii. p. 94. — Chiua.

K. Doubtfid species apparently allied to G. arabicus.

42. Gobius mertensii, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 110. — Hab. ?

43. pavoninoides, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en

Gob. p. 33. — Sea of Madura.

X. Species apparently allied to G. lanceolatus.

44. Gobius smaragdus, Cuv.<.^- Val. xii. p. 120. — Cuba 45.

united by them as are otherwise entirely diiferent from one another.
Any one who should extend his examinations to a great number
of species would soon become aware of the fraitlessness of such at-
tempts, by Avhich neither a natiu-al arrangement is effected, nor the
determination of the species facilitated. A generic separation of
those species which are entirely devoid of scales, or which have the
teeth tricuspid or in a single series, appears to be the most justifiable.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. The anterior dorsal with five or six spines.
A. Scales large or of moderate size, fifty or less in a longitudinal series.

1. A longitudinal crest on the nape, p. 8.

1. G. cyprinoides.

2. No crest on the head.

a. Caudal fin roimded, not elongate.
aa. Canine teeth none.
a. Head longer than high.

aa. The second dorsal with eleven or more rays.
* Head longer than broad, p. 9.

2. G. ratan. 7. G. niger. 11. G. flavus.

3. G. syrman. 8. G. am-atus. 12. G. nudiceps.

4. G. semilimaris. 9. G. lesueurii. 13. G. genivittatus.

5. G. melanio. 10. G. jozo. 14. G. oligolepis.
G. G. sulcatus.

** Head as broad as long, p. 14.
15. G. buccatus.

45. Gobionellus hastatus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. 8c. Philad. 1858, p. 169.

• — Coast of Texas.

46. Taiasica, Marcgr. p. 144.- — Gobius brasiliensis, Bl. Schn. p. 69 ; Cuv. Sf

Val. xii. p. 121 (not Lickt.). — South America.

Species oftohich the affinity is not determinable.

47 Gobius rubro-taeniatus, Lienard, Bix. Bapp. Soc. Hist. Nat.Maur. p. 39. —

Mauritius.
48. niger, Laccp. ii. p. 568. — Gobius commersonii, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 136.

- — He de France.

49. Cicruleus, Lac6p. ii. p. 560 ; Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 137. — Bourbon.

50. lyricus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 169. — Coast

of Texas.

51. wiirdemanni, Girard, ibid. — Coast of Texas.

52. catulus, Girard, I. c. — Coast of Texas.

63. gulosiis, Girard, I. c. — Coast of Texas.

54. anjerensis, Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 251. f. 11. — Anjer.

65. cohitia, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 161 ; Nordm. inDemid. Voy. Buss. Mir id.

iii. p. 435. — West coast of the Crimea.
56. gutum, Bitch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, p. 50; Cuv. ^- Val. xii.

p. 138. — Ganges. — A figm-e of it (No. 272) exists in the Collection of

Drawings of Fishes by Hardwicke (MSS. of the British Musemn).

67. melanopus, ( Casteln.) Bleek. Singapore, iii. p. 456. — Singapore.

58. patella, Thimb. in Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. Stockh. xiii. 1791,

p. 191. tab. 6.^East Indies.
69. ■ breviceps, Blyth in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. p. 271. — Andaman Islands.

1. GOBIUS.

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

29.
30.
31.

62. G.

j3/3. The second dorsal with eleven or less rays.

* Head as broad as long, p. 14.
16. G. eyclopterus. 17. G. liueatus.

** Head longer than broad.
t Prseoperculuni with two tooth-like prominences, p. 15.

18. G. oplopomus.
tt PrsDoperculum not armed.
§ Anterior dorsal with six spines, p. 15.

martensii. 32. G. lentiginosiis. 45. G. criniger.

quagga. 33. G. ornatus. 46. G. cocosensis.

panizzse. 34. G. giuris 47. G. polycynodon.

rhodopterus. (unicolor). 48. G. reichii.

ophthalmoporus. 35. G. viridi-puuctatus. 49. G. sumatranus.

obscurus. 36. G. sublitus. 50. G. phaiospilosoma.

elegans. 37. G. albo-pimctatus. 51. G. semidoliatus.

baliiu-us. 38. G. nebidopimctatus. 52. G. pasuruensis.

atherinoides. 39. G. soporator. 53. G. hoevenii.

puntangoides 40. G. nigri. 54. G. tambujon,

(puntang). 41. G. nox. 55. G. javanicus.

ehrenbergii. 42. G. filosus. 56. G. bomeensis.

hemigymuopouius. 43. G. apogonius. 57. G. nielanurus.

biocellatus. 44. G. sadanundio.

§§ Anterior dorsal with five spines.

* Posterior dorsal eight-rayed, p. 34.

58. G. oxypterus.

** Posterior dorsal eleven-rayed, p. 34.

59. G. fasciatus.
fi. Head as high as long, p. 34.

60. G. echinocephalus.
bb. Canine teeth.

a. Head as high as long, p. 35.

61. G. aniiciensis.
/3. Head longer than high.

aa. The first spine of each of the dorsal tins stifi", p. 35.
bitelatus. 63. G. notacanthus. 64. G. caninoides.

/3/3. All the spines and rays flexible, p. 36.

capistratus.

ophthalmotsenia.

chinensis.

caninus.

venenatiis.

cyanomos.

ch loro stig-matoide s.

72. G. frenatus.

73. G. cyanoclavis.

74. G. brevirostris.

75. G. cauerensis.

76. G. bontii.

77. G. phaionielas.

b. Caudal fin elongate, pointed, p. 44.

acutipinnis. 87. G. schlegelii.

spectabilis. 88. G. pohnema.

signatus.

78. G. xanthosoma

(melanosoma).

79. G. baliuroides.

80. G. gymnauchen.

81. G. pleui'ostigma.

82. G. gastrospilus.

83. G. macrostoma.

89. G. margariturus.

90. G. temminckii.

91. G. mystacinus.

8 GOBIID^.

B. Scales rather small, fifty or more in a longitudinal series.

1. A tentacle above the orbit, p. 48.

92. G. tentacularis. 93. G. ophthalmonema.

2. No tentacle above the orbit.

a. Caudal fin elongate, pointed, p. 49.

94. G. microlepis. 95. G. papuensis. 97. G. lanceolatus.
96. G- belosso.

b. Caudal fin roimded, not elongate.
aa. Canine teeth none, p. 51.

98. G. marmoratus. 107. G. geniporus. 116. G. transandeanus.

99. G. batrachocephalus. 108. G. capito. 117. G. crassilabris.

100. G. stevenii. 109. G. maderensis. 118. G. ocellaris.

101. G. lacteus. 110. G. ekstromii. 119. G. gi-ammepomus.

102. G. platyi'ostris. 111. G. minutus. 120. G. gymnopomus.

103. G. paganellus. 112. G. colonianus. 121. G. brunneus.

104. G. melanostoma. 113. G. banana. 122. G. annularis.

105. G. ophiocephalus. 114. G. seneofuscus. 123. G. xanthozona.

106. G. cruentatus. 115. G. mexicanus. 124. G. platjTiotus.

hb. Canine teeth, p. 67.

125. G. sphinx. 127. G. semicinctus. 129. G. decussatus.

126. G. phalcena. 128. G. albomaculatus. 130. G. bynoensiS,

C. Scales minute, p. 70.

131. G. cseruleopunctatiis. 135. G. russus. 138. G. knutteli.

132. G. cyanotgenia. 136. G. voigtii. 139. G. arabicus.

133. G. niveatus. 137, G. polyophthal- 140. G. fontanesii.

134. G. cryptocentrus. mus. 141. G. gj-mnocephalus.

II. The anterior dorsal with seven to nine spines, p. 75.

142. G. petrophilus. 146. G. newberrii. 149. G. lepidus.

143. G. ruthensparri. 147. G. hexauema. 150. G. hasta.

144. G. stigmothonus. 148. G. ommaturus. 151. G. stigmatias.

145. G. flavimanus. 152. G. virgo.

I. The anterior dorsal with five or six spines.

A. Scales large or of moderate size, fifty or less in a longitudinal

series.

1. A longitudinal crest on the nape.

1. Gobius cyprinoides.

Gobius cyprinoides. Pall. SpicUeg. Zool. viii. p. 17. tab. 1. f. 5 ; Cuv. ^■

Val. xii. p. 129.
crista galli, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 130 ; Gtnchen. Poiss. in Pa?non

(le la Sagra, Hist. Cuba, p. 128. pi. 3. f. 3.

B. 5. D. 6|-i-. A.|. L. lat. 25. Vert. 11/15.

A low longitudinal crest behind the crown of the head. The
height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-fourth
of the total. The width of the interorbital space is less than the

1. GOBIUS. 9

diameter of the eye, which is one-foiirth of the length of the head.
Caudal rounded. Yellowish-brown : the first dorsal black, the others
greyish ; caudal with numerous brownish dots.
Caribbean Sea.

There is no doubt that Pallas described this species, which is very
frequently brought to Europe, but he was misinformed with regard
to the locality whence it came.

a. Fine specimen. S. Domingo. Purchased of H. Cuming, Esq.
b-f. Adult : skins and stuiFed. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Col-
lection.
g-i. Adult.
k. Adult : skeleton.

The skeleton does not differ essentially from that of the ty^ncal
species of the genus (as G. capito). The skuU is rather compressed ;
the orbital margin is very elevated, with a simple edge ; the bony
bridge between the orbits is very narrow, and the low occipital crest
arises from it. There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal ver-
tebrae, the length of the fomicr poi-tion of the vertebral column being
to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-3.

2. No crest on the head.

a. Caudal fin rounded, not elongate.
aa. Canine teeth none.
a. Head longer than high.

aa. The second dorsal with eleven or more rays.
* Head longer than broad.

2. Gobius ratan.

Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Ems. 3fend. iii. p. 416, Potss. pi. 11. f. 2.
D. 6 I 19. A. 15.

Scales of moderate size. The height of the body is one-fifth of the
total length, the length of the head one-foui-fh. Snout rather con-
vex, of moderate extent ; cleft of the mouth wide, obHque. The
eyes are close together and of moderate size. Dorsal fins subcon-
tinuous, the second higher than the first, nearly as high as the body ;
caudal rounded. Brownish-black, irregularly spotted with lighter :
dorsal fins yellow-edged ; the second and the caudal blue, finely re-
ticulated with blackish ; anal with some darker spots. (Nordm.)

Shores of Odessa.

3. Gobius syrman.

Nordm. m Demid. Voy. Riiss. Merid. iii. p. 419. pi. 12. f. 1.

D. 6 I 19. A. 15.

Scales of moderate size. The height of the body is one-fifth of

the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. Snout obtuse,

convex ; cleft of the mouth obUque ; eyes rather small. Dorsal fins

close together, lower than the body, the posterior being somewhat

10 GOBIID^E.

higher than the anterior ; caudal rounded ; the ventrals do not reach
to the vent. Yellowish-brown, irregularly brown-spotted ; a brown
spot below the eye : the first dorsal yellowish, brown-spotted ; aU
the other fins black. {Norchn.)
Shores of Odessa.

4. Gobius semilunaris.

Heckel in Ann. Wien. Mns. 1840, ii. p. 152. tab. 8. f. 5, 6 ; Norchn. in
Demid. Voy. Rms. 3Ierid. iii. p. 438.

D. 6 I 18. A. 14. L. lat. 34-37.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half. Snout of moderate
extent, conical, Avith the jaws equal anteriorly ; gape narrow, ex-
tending to below the nostrils. Eyes very close together, as long as
the snout. The dorsal fins are somewhat remote from each other ;
the second is as high as the body, and twice as high as the first :
caudal subtruncated : the ventrals extend on to the anus. YeUowish-
brown, spotted with darker ; a brownish band on the root of the
caudal fin. (Heel-.)

Eiver Marizza (Eoumelia) ; Rivers of South llussia.

5. Gobius melanio.

Pall. Zoo(p: iii. p. 412 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. JRuss. 3Iend. iii. p. 412,
Poiss. pi. 11. f. 1.

D. 6 I 15. A. 14.

Scales of moderate size. The height of the body is contained four
times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a quarter. The snout is obtuse, convex ; the cleft of the
mouth oblique ; eye of moderate size. Dorsal fins close together,
lower than the body : caudal rounded. Entii'ely black ; the vertical
fins yellow-edged. (Nordm.)

Shores of Odessa.

6. Gobius sulcatus.

Gobius bothriocephalus, Eichw. Rtise uuf dem Kaspischen Meere, i.

p. 279.
sulcatus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 75, and Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.

1838, p. 142.

D. 6 I 16. A. 13.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total leng-th, the length of the head three times and three-fourths ;
the head is broader than high ; a transverse groove between the
nostrils ; the width of the interorbital space equals the diameter of
the eye. The pectoral fin extends to the sixth ray of the posterior
dorsal, the ventral to the vent ; rays of the fins very thick. Yellow-
ish-brown, black-spotted ; a large black spot oh the first doreal.
{Eichw.)

Caspian Sea.

1. GOBIUS. 11

7. Gobius niger.

The Black Goby. The Eock-fish.

Gobio niger, Rondel. 17. c.ap. 17. p. 200 ; Gesner, p. 885. •

? Gobius niger, Willughb. p. 206. tab. N. 12. f. 1 ; Ray, p. 76 ; Schotiev.

p. 36.
Gobius, no. 1, Artedi, Genera, p. 28.
Gobius niger, L. St/st. Nat. i. p. 449 ; Retz. Faun. Suec. p. 326 ; Blidl.

Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 44 ; Nilss. Prodr. Zool. Suec. p. 93, and Skand.

Faun. iv. p. 219; Turion, Brit. Faun. p. 94; Lmc, Faun. Oread.

p. 205 ; Jeni/ns, Man. p. 385 ; Ekstr. FiscJie 3Idrko, p. 255, and Skand.

Fisk. p. lo7. tab. 36 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, i. p. 251, 2nd edit. i.

p. 281, 3rd edit. ii. p. 318 (part, descript.) ; Ctiv. ^- Val. xii. p. 9 ;

Parn. Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 81. pi. 29; Fries in Wiegin. Arch.

1840, p. 237 ; (not thomps.).

gozo, Bl. tab. 107. f. 3.

? Gobius bicolor, {Brilnn. Ichth. Massil. p. 30) ; L. Gm. p. 1197 ; Bl.

Schn. p. 73 (not Cuv. ^ Val.).
Black Goby, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 186. pi. 38.
Gobius britanuicus, TJiomps. Ann. S^- Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, ii. p. 416,

and Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 61.

D. 6j-j^. ^.~2- ^- ^a^- 3^-^0. Yert. 12/16.

Eleven or twelve longitudinal series of scales between the second
dorsal and anal fins. The height of the body is contaiaed six times
in the total length, the length of the head four times and a half.
Dorsal fins close together, about as high as the body ; the distance
of the dorsal from the eye equals that of the snout from the prae-
operculum. A few of the upper rays of the pectoral fin sometimes
veiy iine, silk-like ; the pectoral extends to the vertical from the anal
papilla ; the ventral fins reach to the vent. Brownish-olive, more or
less distinctly marbled with darker : dorsal and caudal fins with ia-
conspicuous blackish streaks ; anal imiform ; pectoral with a dark
spot on the upper part of its base ; ventral greyish.

German Ocean ; Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Europe.

a, b. Adult. South Devonshire. Museum Leach.

c-7i. Fine specimens. Baltic. Presented by Max, Prince of Neuwied.

i. Half-grown. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.

l--ni. Half- grown : skins. From Mr. Yarrell 's Collection.

Variety: orange-yellow, finely marbled with reddish; fins black on
the marginal half: perhaps identical with Gobius auratus, Risso.

n. Fine specimen. British coast. From the Collection of the Zoolo-
gical Society.

8. Gobius auratus.

Gobius am'atus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 160, and Etir. Merid. iii. p. 283 ;

Cuv. S)- Val. xii. p. 31.
Eleotris auratus, Cuv. Regne Anim. ii. p. 247.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total length, or four
times the diameter of the eye. Cheek with seven or eight sexies of

12 GOBIIB^.

minute warts, radiating from the eye ; none on the temple and on
the neck. Tavo or three of the upper pectoral rays slightly detached.
Brownish-yellow, marbled with darker ; a black spot on the upper
part of the root of the pectoral. ( Val.)
Coast of Nice.

9. Gobius lesueurii.

Gobius lesueurii, Hisso, Eur. 3Iend. iii. p. 284; Cui\ 8,- Val. xii. p. 33 ;
Guichen. Exp. Alger. Poiss. p. 77.

D. 6 I -. A. -. L. lat. 26-27. L. transv. 4 or 5.

I 14 14

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth. The head is one-third less high than
long, and one-quarter less broad than high. The width of the in-
terorbital space is less than one-half the diameter of the eye. The
upper profile of the snout descends abruptly, and the lower jaw
projects a little. Flesh- or rose-coloured, with yellowish tints :
cheek and opercle with three yellow stripes, descending obliquely
forwards ; the first dorsal with a blackish margin ; caudal with two
greyish vertical lines. ( Val.^

Coast of Nice.

10. Gobius jozo.

Gobius tertius, Willuffhbi/, p. 207 ; Say, p. 76 ; Artedi, Synon. p. 47

(not synon.).
jozo, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 450; Bl. Schn. p. 69; Hisso, Ichth. Nice,

p. 159, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 280 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 35 ; Guichen.

Exj). Alf/er. Poiss. p. 77.

albescens, &e., Gronov. Mas. no. 176, and Zoophi/l. no. 275.

nebulosus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 161, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 281

(not Forsk.).
longeradiatus, Risso, Eur. 3ferid. iii. p. 286 ; Cm: 4'- Val. xii.

p. 38.

D. 6 I ^. A. y!f. L. lat. 34-40.

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length ; head as
broad as high, with the snout very obtuse. The eye occupies the
second quarter of the length of the head ; the width of the inter-
orbital space equals one-half of its diameter. Scales of moderate size ;
canine teeth none. The dorsal fins are elevated, and some rays of
the first are prolonged, filiform ; caudal somewhat pointed ; the
basal membrane of the ventral fin is broad, provided with a small
appendage on each side. The upper pectoral rays silk-like. Stripes
of minute warts on the side of the head and on the neck. BroA\aiish
or brown ; fins blackish, especially the ventral and anal fins ; the
first dorsal black superiorly, or with one or two black spots between
the first two spines ; dorsal fins sometimes with brownish longitu-
dinal liues.

Mediterranean.

a-b, c. Adult. Dalmatia.

1. GOBITJS. 13

d, e. Adult and half-grown. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. Pratt,

Esq.
/. Half- grown : bad state. Malta. From the Haslar Collection,
g. Adult : skeleton. Dalmatia.

11. Gobius flavus.
Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 60.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. The width of the interorbital space equals the
diameter of the eye. The cleft of the mouth is horizontal, and ex-
tends to behind the vertical from the orbit. Scales of moderate size.
None of the pectoral rays silk-like ; no warts on the head. Uniform
yellowish. {Val.)
Surinam.

12. Gobius nudiceps.
Cuv. 4' Val. xii. p. 65.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total ; it is higher than
broad, and half as high as long ; its profile descends little, and is
nearly straight ; the diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length
of the head, and equals the \vidth of the interorbital space. The
outer teeth are somewhat enlarged, but there are no canines. Dorsal
fins rather low. Scales of moderate size ; head, nape of the neck,
and base of the pectoral naked. None of the pectoral rays silk-like.
Blackish-olive : a black, white-edged vertical band at the base of the
pectoral; the first dorsal grey, with tliree blackish longitudinal
streaks, and with the margin yellow ; the second vnih. twelve black-
ish oblique lines ; the rays of the caudal dotted with blackish. The
other fins uniform grey. ( Val.)

Cape of Good Hope.

Bleeker (" Cape of Good Hope," p. 25) gives a description of a single
specimen of a Goby from the Cape, which he refers to this species.
His description differs in several points from that of Valenciennes :—
The height of the body is contained sLx times and a thii-d in the total
length, the length of the head four- times and three-fifths. The
width of the interorbital space is not much more than one-half of
the diameter of the eye. Sixty scales in a longitudinal line ; a
narrow stripe of scales across the base of the pectoral fin. The basal
half of the pectoral fin deep violet, with a very conspicuous light
transverse band ; a black spot superiorly at the base.

13. Gobius genivittatus.

Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 64.

The upper jaw is somewhat protractile. The length of the head
is one-fifth of the total ; it is broader than high, and half as high as
long. The eye occupies the second quarter of the length of the head ;

14 GOBIID^.

the profile of the snout descends abruptly. The first dorsal is lower,
the second rather higher, than the body. Scales of moderate size.
Canine teeth none. Yellowish-brown, with twelve narrow brown
vertical streaks ; each scale on the sides with a short black stripe ;
a broad brown band from the eye to the lower margin of the prae-
opercidum. (Val.)
Otaheite.

14. Gobius oligolepis.

Gobius oligolepis, Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 508. _

spiliu-us, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 32.

D. 6 I 11-12. A. 12. L. lat. 22.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half or six
times in the total length, the length of the head five times. The
head is obtiise, convex, rather higher than broad. The eyes are
close together, and their diameter is somewhat less than one-third
of the length of the head. Jaws equal anteriorly, the maxillarj^ ex-
tending to below the posterior half of the orbit. The teeth of the
outer series are enlarged in the upper jaw ; canines none ; cleft of
the mouth sKghtly oblique. The head and the neck, to the anterior
dorsal fin, are naked. The spinous dorsal has the anterior spines
produced, and as high as the body ; the soft dorsal is lower. The
upper pectoral rays silk-like ; caudal fin obtusely rounded, nearly
one-fourth of the total length. Green : a blackish band between
the eye and the interoperculum ; head and body spotted with darker,
the spots on the sides being transverse and disposed in a series. The
soft dorsal fin with two blackish longitudinal lines on the marginal
portion ; dorsal and caudal rays spotted with violet. (Bl.)

Coasts and rivers of Java, Madm-a, and Sumatra.

** Head as broad as long.
15. Gobius buccatus.
Cur. 8f Val xii. p. 60.

D.6|^. A.l
Cheeks swollen. Head as broad as long, and one-third broader
than high ; its length is one-fourth of the total. Mouth nearly
vertical. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the
head, and one-half of the width of the interorbital space. None of
the pectoral rays silk-like. Scales of moderate size. Entirely
brown. {Val.)
ffab.—?

jBli. The second dorsal with eleven or less rays.
* Head as broad as long.

16. Gobius cyclopterus.

Cttv. ^ Val. xii. p. 59.

D.6|i. A.I.
The head is as broad as long, and only half as high ; its length is

1. GOBIUS. 15

one-fourth of the total. Ventral very short and subcircular. Grey,
indistinctly marbled with brown. ( Val.)
New Ireland (Carteret Harbour).

17. Gobius lineatus.

Jenyiis, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 95. pi. 19. f. 2.
D. 6 I i-. A. |. L. lat. 37,

Scales in eleven longitudinal series. The height of the body is
contained five times and a half in the total length, the length of the
head four times and a half ; the head is nearly as broad as long ;
eyes with a diameter nearly one-fourth that of the head ; the inter-
orbital space scarcely more than half a diameter in breadth. Teeth
of the outer series enlarged ; canine teeth none. The upper pectoral
rays are silk -like ; ventrals a little shorter than the pectorals ; dorsal
fins lower than the body ; caudal roimded. Sides of the head naked,
with stripes of minute warts. Dusky grey, with about ten rather
indistinct longitudinal dark lines. Fins dusky, with verj- faint irre-
gular whitish spots. A dark spot on the upper half of the eye. {Jen.)

Chatham Island.

** Head longer than broad.
t Praeoperculum with two tooth-like prominences.

18. Gobius oplopomus.
Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 66.

I>-6|f A.I.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained four times and a fourth in the total. Canine teeth none.
Praeoperculum with two tooth-like prominences at the angle. The
first dorsal is higher than the body, whilst the second and the anal
equal it in height ; caudal truncated. Scales large. Greenish above ;
a series of black spots along the middle of the side. Blue ocellated
spots ^ on the cheeks, opercles, and on the back ; dorsal fins with
purplish spots on their lower half ; the basal half of the caudal dotted
with black ; a blue longitudinal band along the middle of the anal
fin; ventral blackish towards the extremity. {Val.)

Massuah (Eed Sea).

tt Prseoperculiun not armed.
§ Anterior dorsal with six spines.

19. Gobius martensii.

Gobius fiuviatilis, {BonelU?) Cm: 8,- Val. xii. p. .52; Cur. Regne
Anim. HI. Poiss. pi. 80. f. 2 ; Martens in Wiegm. Arch, xxiii. p. 176.
tab. 9. f. 4, 5 ; Heck. ^- Kner, Siisstcasserf. p. 57 (not Pall.).

D. 6 I i-. A. |. L. lat. 40.
The height of the body is not quite one-sixth of the total length
(without caudal fin), the length of the head one-fourth. The head

16 GOBiinjs.

is as broad as high. Snout rounded, rather obtuse. The dorsal fins
are remote from each other and lower than the body. None of the
pectoral rays siUc-like ; the ventral terminates at a great distance
from the vent. Greyish, sometimes with iU-defined vertical bands ;
the second dorsal and the caudal with brown dots on the rays.

Fresh waters of North Italy.
a, b. Fine specimens. Ticino. Presented by Dr. E. Riippell.

20. Gohius quagga.

Heckel, Ann. Wien. Mus. 1840, ii. p. 150. tab. 9. f. 5, 6.
D. 6 I 9-10. A. 9-10. L. lat. 35-37.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times; snout somewhat
pointed, with the lower jaw longer than the upper ; the eyes are
close together, two-sevenths of the length of the head. Dorsal fins
rather remote from each other, lower than the body ; caudal rounded ;
the ventral extends on to the vent. Yellowish, with six dark-brown
cross-streaks ; the first on the mandibula, the second below the eye,
the third on the operculum, the foiu'th, fifth and sixth on the tail ;
a dark-brown spot on the base of the caudal ; vertical fins with
waved brownish streaks. {Heck.)

Palermo.

21. Gobius panizzse.

Gobius panizzae, Verga, Atti della terza Riunione degli Scienziati Hal.
Firenze, 1841, p. 379 ; Heck. 8f Kner, Siissivasserf. p. 49.
D. 6 I 9. A. 8. L. lat. 35.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half ; snout
somewhat pointed, with the lower jaw longer than the upper ; the
width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye,
-which occupies the second quarter of the length of the head. Dorsal
fins rather remote from each other, lower than the body; caudal
rounded ; the ventral does not extend on to the vent. Nape of the
neck naked ; the scales on the tail considerably larger than those on
the anterior part of the body. Brownish-olive (in spirits), with a
broAvn longitudinal band ; chin black ; the first dorsal with a large
black spot, the second and the caudal finely brown-dotted.

Lagimes of Comacchio ; Lago de Garda.

The characters are taken from two specimens in the Senckenberg
Museum, brought by Dr. Riippell from the Lake of Garda ; they are
females, only 15 lines long, but with the ovaria fully developed.

22. Gobius rhodopterus.

Gobius reticulatus, Cm: 8f Val xii. p. 50 ; M'Coy in Ami. Sf Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1841, vi. p. 403 (not Eiclm.).
D. 6 I 10. A. 10.-
The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length

1. GOBITJS. 17

of the head one-fourth ; snout very short, tumid, convex ; lower jaw
longer than the upper ; eyes large, approximate ; fii'st dorsal 'ndth
the second ray longest, the others gradually decreasing in length ;
the ventral fin reaches to the anus. Yellowish, reticulated with
hlack lines ; dorsal fins of a beautiful rose-colour (during life), with
large black spots ; the other fins whitish. (M'Coy.)

Valenciennes mentions a black spot above the axil of the pectoral
fin, another at the root of the caudal, a third below the eye, and two
at the extremity of the lower jaw.

Mediterranean ; Dublin Bay.

23. Gobius ophthalmoporus.

Bleeker, Amhoina, iv. p. 340.

D. 6 I j^. A. 5^. L. lat. 45.

The height of the body is contained six or seven times in the total
length, the length of the head five times and a quarter to five times
and three-quarters. The head is higher than broad, its greatest
width being nearly one-half of its length. The eye is situated in
the anterior half of the head, its diameter being one-fourth of the
length of the head ; the width of the space between the eyes is about
one-half their diameter. The snout is obtuse, as long as the eye ;
the cleft of the mouth oblique, extending to below the front margin
of the orbit. The teeth of the outer series are enlarged ; canine
teeth none. A large pore behind the eye. The dorsal fins are not
elevated ; the third spine of the anterior dorsal is the longest ;
caudal rounded. Head, body, and pectoral fins uniform green ;
the anterior dorsal with blackish-violet longitudinal streal«, the
posterior with series of violet spots ; anal with a blackish margin.
{Bleek.)

Sea of Amboyna.

24. Gobius obscurus.

Peters in Wiegm. Arch, 1855, p. 250.

Foiirteen longitudinal series of scales between the dorsal and the
vent. The length of the head is contained three times and one-fifth
in the total (without caudal) ; it is one-fourth broader than high,
and as much longer than broad. The eyes occupy the second quarter
of the length of the head, and are distant from each other the entire
or the half length of their diameter. The snout is somewhat con-
vex ; the cleft of the mouth slightly obUque, and extending to below
the anterior margin of the orbit; it does not ascend to the level of
the eye. Teeth of the outer series enlarged. The fii^st dorsal lower
than the body ; caudal rounded ; the upper pectoral rays silk-like.
Head naked. Blackish-brown ; dorsal and caudal fins with darker
spots. (^Pet.)

Mozambique.

VOL. III. c

18 GOBIIDiE.

25. Gobius elegans.

Gobius elegans, (Knhl8fvan Hass.) Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 58; ? JBIeeker,

N(dmirk. Tijdschr. Neclerl hid. 1851, i. fig. 10.
elegans, var., Cantor, Catal. p. 179.

D. 6|^. A.-i. L. lat. 36.

Nine longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. The height of the body is one-sixth of the total
length, the length of the head one-fifth. Snout obtuse. The ante-
rior dorsal fin is rather lower than the posterior, the height of which
equals that of the body. The upper rays of the pectoral fin sUk-like.
Caudal rounded. Teeth small, equal in size. Buff-coloured, minutely
dotted with brown ; the upper half of the sides with three or four
indistinct hues, each formed by a series of very short brown streaks,
beneath which a series of inchstinct brown spots ; a blackish spot at
the posterior margin of the orbit, a second at the upper part of the
root of the pectoral fin, and a third at the lower part of the root,
spreading on the gill-menbrane. The membranes of the dorsal fins
with three or fovu- indistinct series of blackish spots, and a few
similar on the caudal membrane.

Seas of Pinang, Bombay, Java, New Guinea, and Vanicolo.

a. Sldn. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Nearly
uniform yellowish. The description of the colours has been
borrowed from Cantor's description, which was drawn up from
this specimen.

26. Gobius baliurus.

Gobius baliurus, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 01 ; Bleeh. Verhand. Batav. Ge-
nootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 31.

D.6|^. A.i-.

The height of the body is one- sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fovu-th. The head is half as high and broad as long.
The eye is one-fourth of the length of the head ; interorbital space
very narrow. Teeth small ; canine teeth none. Scales large. None
of the pectoral rays sUk-like ; three or four series of minute warts
below the eye. Caudal rounded. Brownish-grey, indistinctly marbled
with greyish. Caudal fin with a round brown spot at the base, and
with white points • on the rays. Ventral and margin of the anal
white. (Val.)

Seas of Java, Amboyna, and Celebes.

? a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank,
27. Gobius atherinoides.

Peters in IViegm. Arch. 1855, p. 254.

D. 6 I -i. A. ^. L. lat. 26-28.
Scales in nine longitudinal series. The height of the body is eon-

1. GOBirrs. -.Q

than the eye, mnvoT dJt^nCLl T " "°"' *°"«''

in, n„t»elevatcd?„l'; o/^u ;^;:raU™:,tX'- f''""''

spotted. (Pet.) ■ ^^""^'^^ ^^^ ^^'^'ial fins brown-

Mozambique.

28. Gobius puntangoides.
Gobius puntang, ^/..^. iN,,«,,,. ^^,,,,,. ^,^,^^.^_ ^^^^_ ... ^_ ^^ ^^^^^

puntangoides, ^feeA:. Cera?n, iii. p. 242.

D. 6|^. A.1 L.lat.28.
The height of the body is contained five times and . b.lf ., i?

brownish crolban^ ' most of^L'" f 'T"^^'^' 0^^^' ^"^^

rt^T\s:f:!;h\t:S^^Fv^^^^^^^

streais. "'''''^' ^'^''^ ^^ reddish-violet longitudinal

Rivers and coasts of the East Indian Archipelago.
«. Fme specimen Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank
J. Half-grown. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Stevens

amX7t£s;S;f "'• ^^°"^^' ^'- '''' ^PP-- *« ^e -T closely

29. Gobius ehrenbergii.

0<f. S,- Veil. xii. p. as.

D. 6 -L. A.-L

I in g.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total • if ,"« r, i

of the ea„ck dolHift Ha'l T^n""* '°°«*«"">' '^'"' ^ -^'>
Alexandi-ia. "^ -^

c2

20 GOBIID.'E.

30. Gobius hemigymnopomus.

Bleeher, Act. Sue. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i., Manado en Makassar, p. 50.
D. 6 I ^. A. i-. L. lat. 32.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half ; the head
is as broad as high ; the snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye,
with the jaws nearly equal anteriorly. The eyes are very close to-
gether, and the length of their diameter is contained thi'ee times and
a half in that of the head. The teeth of the outer series are enlarged.
The upper part of the sides of the head scaly, the lower naked.
Dorsal fins half as high as the body ; the upper pectoral rays sUk-
like ; caudal rounded. Greenish, spotted with brown ; two brown
longitudinal streaks on the side of the head ; an irregular longitu-
dinal band on the side of the body ; dorsal and anal fins with two
series of round black spots. (Bleelc.)

Seas of Macassar and BUiton.

31. Gobius biocellatus.
Ctiv. ^- Val. xii. p. 73.

D-6|^. A.I.

Snout elongate, depressed. Head broader than high. Canine
teeth none. The height of the body is one-seventh of the total
length. Greyish-brown, with brown stripes along the series of
scales ; five or six clouded spots on the sides ; the first dorsal with
two black, white-edged spots — one between the first and second
spines, the other between the fifth and sixth ; anal brownish, with
white spots ; caudal dotted with brown. {Yal.')

PoncQcheiTy.

32. Gobius lentiginosus.

Richards. Icldh. Voy. Ereb. &i Terr. p. .3. pi. 1. figs. 5, 6.
D. 6 I ;j^. A. -i-. L. lat. 26.

Six longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and the
anal fin. The head is about as high as broad. Eyes very close to-
gether, of moderate size ; snout moderately long, with the lower jaw
prominent. Head naked. Teeth small. The anterior dorsal is rather
lower than the posterior, which is as high as the body. Caudal
slightly rounded ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like. Honey-
yellow, marbled and spotted with blackish-broMTi and dotted with
white ; a dark spot at the root of the caudal fin ; dorsal and caudal
fins dotted with black ; anal and ventrals immaculate.

Bay of Islands, New Zealand.

a. Bay of Islands. Presented by Lieut. A. Smith.

b, c. Not good state. Bay of Islands. Presented by the Lords of

the Admiralty. — Tyjjes of the species.

1. GOBIUS. ^2

33. Gobius ornatus.

Gobius ornatus, RUpp. Atl Fische, p. 135, and N. W. Fische, d 137

ventrahs, {Ehrenb.) Ciiv. ^ Vol. xii. p. 113.

— — interstinctus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. ^ Terr. Fishes, p. 3. pi. 6.

figs. 3-6 ; Bleek. Amb. ^- Ceram, p. 275.
—J- periophthalmoides, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851

1. p. 249. '

^■6 1 15^- A.i. L.lat.26.
Seven longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fin. The height of the body is contained six or seven times
m the total length, the length of the head four times and a half; the
head IS rather broader than high, its width being contained one and
a half tunes m its length. The eyes are very close together ; their
diameter is three times and a half in the length of the head. Snout
obtuse convex, as long as the eye. Crown of the head scaly. The
clelt ol the mouth is scarcely oblique, Avith the jaws nearly equal in
length AU the teeth very small. Dorsal fins somewhat lower than
the body ; caudal rounded ; the upper rays of the pectoral silk-like.
Lrreen, with numerous brown spots and yeUow dots; all the fins
except the ventral, dotted with black.

Bed Sea ; East Indian Archipelago ; Philippine Islands : North-
west coast of Australia.

«. Fine specimen. Eed Sea. Collected and presented by Dr E
RiippeU. J • •

b. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. Adult. Moluccas.

d. Pine specimen. Philippine Islands.

e-f. Adult. Peejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'
g. Half-grown : bad state. [ ^^^^^ ""^^'est coast of Australia.

h-h. Half-grown: not good state, ) J'^om the Haslar Collection .—
, , , ,, ^ I Tj-pes of G. interstinctus.

I. Adult. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.

34. Gobius giuris.

Korah-motta, Russell, pi. 50.
Koku, Russell, pi. 51.
Bullae korah, Russell, pi. 53.

Gobius giuris, Ruch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 51. pi. 33. fig. 15; Cuv &
Vol xii. p. i2 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 24

n^o "\P""- ^ ^**^- ''"• P- ^^ ; "^^'^^OM in 3Iadr. Journ. xv.

^i ill Q "'' ^'""'" ^'^*"^- P- ^^^' -^"^y- '^^y- ^»<^- -P"'**-

pi. 14. ng. 3.

russelii, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 75.

catebus, Cm: Sf Val. xii. p. 76.

kora, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 77.

celebicus, Cuv. fy Val. xii. p. 74; Bleek. Banten, p. 318.

kurpah, Sykes in Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 352. pi. 61. fio-. 1.

platyceplialus, Peters, 3Ionatsber. Berl. Acad. 1852, ^681

—- phaiosoma, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiL, Blemi en

Gob. p. 30, and Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851, i. fig. 5

22 GOBIID^.

Gobiiis fusiformis, Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Geiiootsch. I. c.

fasciato-pimctatus, Richards. Voy. Sidjth. IcJdh. p. 145. pi. 62.

figs. 18, 14.

B. 4. B. 6 -. A.|. L.lat. 30-33. Vert. 11/16.

Nine or ten longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. Snout elongate, depressed, with the lower jaw
prominent ; head broader than high ; the teeth of the outer series
enlarged, canine teeth none. The scales on the neck are much
smaller than those on the sides of the body. The height of the body
is one-sixth or one-seventh of the total length, the length of the
head one-fourth. The interorbital space is flat, of moderate width,
broader in large, and narrower in immature specimens. Dorsal fins
nearly as high as the body ; the spines of the anterior dorsal some-
times a little prolonged in adult specimens. The distance of the first
dorsal from the eye nearly equals that of the snout from the prse-
operculum. No silk-like pectoral rays ; the ventral extends nearly
on to the vent. Yello^vish-brown, with more or less distinct brown
bands across the back, alternating with a series of rounded brown
blotches situated along the sides of the body. Pectoral, dorsal, and
caiidal fuis with series of bro^\^l dots, the former with a small brown-
ish spot on the upper part of the base ; generally a brown cross-
streak between the eyes.

Found on aU the East Indian coasts ; entering fresh waters.

a, h, c. Adult. Ceylon.

cl-h, i, k. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

I. Fourteen inches long : stuffed. Calcutta. From the Collection

of the East India Comjiany.
m. Adult. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schlagint-

weit.
Vr-p. Young. Bengal. From the Collection of the East India

Company.
q. Adult : skin. Fresh waters of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Col-
lection.
r. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection,
s, t. Fine specimens. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection,
u. Large specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
V. Adult. Ceram. From the Collection of Madame Ida Pfeiffer,
w. Half-grown. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Steven.
•r. Adult. Borneo. Piu'chased of Mr. Frank.
y. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands.

z. Adult. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher.
a. Adult. Chiaa Seas. Presented by J. E. Reeves, Esq. — Type of

G. fasciato-pimctatus.
(3, y-h, e-d, I, K, \. Adult and half -grown. China.
fj., V, i,, o, TT, p. Adult, half-grown, and young. East Indies.
(T.Young. Zambeze. From Prof. Peters's Collection as G^o6i't<s^Za-

tycephalus, Peters.
T. Adult male: skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

1. GOBIUS. 23

As in all species that are very numerous in individuals {Eana
temporarki, Serranus scriba and cabriUa, &c.), so in the present, the
accidental and individual varieties are innumerable, and sometimes so
striking, that one is tempted to consider them as specific difierences.
In order to arrive at the tiiith, it is necessary to examine a great
number of specimens, when we soon discover that none of the
characters on which G. cehbicus, fasciato-jyimctatus, &c. have been
founded, hold good. The specimen, however, found by Kuhl and
van Hasselt in Java, which has been named by them G. luiicohr (not
Cuv. &, Val.), and which is still preserved in the Leyden Museum,
may well prove to be a distinct species. It has a shorter snout
than any of the thirty-seven specimens in the British Museum, the
scales on the neck are not much smaller than those on the sides, and
the colours appear to have been imiform.

Skeleton. — AH the bones of the head are somewhat prolonged, in
accordance with the elongate external form of the fish. The crown
of the skidl is rather flat, slightly elevated along its mechau line,
which terminates in a low occipital crest. The lateral and anterior
margins of the crown (parietal and principal frontal bones) are pro-
vided with a double ridge, including a muciferous channel ; the outer
anterior angle of the crown is a point projecting into the orbit. The
orbit is on the upper surface of the head, and not closed by an infra-
orbital ring. The orbital portion of the frontals is very narrow.
The pra3frontal is well developed, and forms an anterior projecting
angle of the orbit ; only a part of the ethmoid is covered by the
frontal. The bones of the jaws are prolonged, but strong : the
mtermaxiUary has no dilated lamella posteriorly ; the maxillary is
styliform, slightly curved ; both bones have the sides by which they
touch each other so grooved, that they exactly fit on each other ;
the mouth not being much protractile, these bones cannot be re-
moved far from one another. The dentary bone of the lower jaw is
strong, similar to the furcula of a bird ; the articular bone is hori-
zontally dilated, extending only to a short distance beyond the point
of its union with the dentary ; the angular bone is very small. The
tympanic bones are narrow, large portions of the tympanic groove
being unossified : the hypotympanic is fonned by two portions, the
upper for the sutures with the pterygoid and mesotympanic, the
lower for the suture with the prseoperculum. There is a wide free
space between these two portions, posteriorly closed by the meso-
tympanic and prisoperculum ; the pretympanic is very narrow, and
considerably smaller than the mesotympanic. The glosso-hyal is
extremely broad, triangular, the point of the triangle being pos-
terior. _ The humeral arch is fixed to the skuU by the suprascapula,
which IS formed by two styliform processes, the lower of which is
extremely slender. There is a transverse groove formed by two
ridges near the point where these two processes meet ; it serves as
the passage for the muciferous channels of the head into that of the
lateral line. The humerus has a short process posteriorly for arti-
cidation with the pubic bone of its side ; radius very short. Each

24 GOBIIDiE.

pubic is a sinijjle, styliform, concave hone attached to the humeral
process above mentioned by an intermediate cartilage.

The posteiior portion of the occipital bone is produced, tubiform.
There are eleven abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrte, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 1-24. Ribs and processes of the vertebrae feeble.

The peculiarities of the skeleton of the typical species of Gobius
appear to consist —

1. In the flat and broad fonn of the crown of the head, together
vnth a very narrow orbital portion of the frontal bones.

2. In the form of the different pieces of the lower jaw.

3. In the incomplete ossification of the infraorbitals and of the
t}-m panic bones, there being a large free space in the tympanic
groove.

4. In the articulation of the pubic bones \nth the humerus.

5. In the broad glosso-hyal.

6. In the comparatively small number of vertebrEe.

35. Gobius viridi-punctatus.

Nuna Motta, Russell, i. p. 41. pi. 52.

Gobius viridi-punctatus, Cuv. i^- Val. xii. p. 62.

D.6|f„. A.|.

The height of the body is one-sLxth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. The head is half as high and broad as long.
The eye is one-fourth of the length of the head ; interorbital space
very narrow. Lateral teeth slightly enlarged, canine-like. Scales
large ; those on the neck small. None of the pectoral rays silk-like ;
two series of minute warts on the cheek. Yellowish-brown, with
paler dots on the sides ; a scries of four- or five deep-brown spots
along the sides ; dorsal vrith a bro-uoi longitudinal streak in its upper
third ; ventral and anal blackish. ( Val.)

Coast of Coromandel ; Bombay.

36. Gobius sublitus.

Cant. Catal. p. 181.

D. 6 ||. A. \. L. lat. 38.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four- times ; the head is rather
elongate, higher than broad, its depth being one-third of its length ;
snout rather pointed ; the eyes are very close together, and occupy
the second quarter of the length of the head ; cleft of the mouth wide,
obliqtie ; teeth card-like. The four anterior dorsal spines are nearly
equal in height ; the fifth is somewhat produced ; the second dorsal as
high as the body ; caudal a little pointed ; none of the pectoral rays
silk-like. Brownish-grey, with six parallel bi-o^Tiish longitudinal
streaks ; anterior dorsal with a central whitish curved band, and a

1. GOBIUS. 25

similar one along the base ; second dorsal and caudal with series of
whitish spots ; anal with a snbtenninal reddish- white band ; the
posterior pointed part of this fin, as well as the outer haK of the ven-
trals and pectorals, blackish.
Sea of Pinang.

a. Type of the species : skin : not good state. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.

37. Gobins albo-pxtnctatus.

Gobius albo-punctatus, Cuv. Sf Veil. xii. p. 57.

padang-ensis, Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 249.

nebulo-pimctatus, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 139.

punctillatiis, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 1-38, and iV". W. Fische, p. 138.

D. 6 ||. A. \. L. lat. 35.

Ten longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and the
anal fins. Head broader than high ; canine teeth none. Tlie height
of the body is contained five times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head four times and a third. ISnout somewhat longer
than the diameter of the eye ; interorbital space narrow. Dorsal
fins not very close together ; the anterior lower than the posterior,
which is nearly as high as the body. The distance of the fij\st dorsal
from the eye equals that of the snout from the praeoperculum.
Upper pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral has the basal membrane
well developed, and does not extend on to the vent. Scales on the
nape of the neck smaller than those on the side of the body. Red-
dish-brown (in spirits), marbled with darker ; sides of the head and
body dotted with silvery, the dots forming series along the rows of
the scales. Dorsal and caudal fins grejish, dotted with black, the
dots forming three series on the anterior dorsal and two on the pos-
terior ; the other fins uniform grejdsh.

Eed Sea ; Indian Ocean ; Feejee Islands ; Port Essington.

a. Adult. Egj'pt. Presented by J. Burton, Esq.

h, c-e. Adult and half-grown. China. Presented by Captain Sir

E. Belcher, C.B.
f-f/, h-l: Fine specimens. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'
I, ni. Half-grown and young : not good state. Port Essing-ton.

From the Haslar Collection.
n-q. Young. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
r. Adult.

Variety : L. lat. 37-40. Dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins blackish,
with series of whitish dots.

a. Adult. Voyage of H.M.S. Chanticleer,

b. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

G. nehulo-punctatus, Riipp., is identical with G. alho-ptmctatus,
Cuv. & Val., as I have convinced myself by examination of the
typical specimen in the Senckenberg Museum. G. punciillatus,
Riipp., is the same species.

26 GOBlIDJi.

38. Gobins nebulo-punctatus.

Gobiiis nebulo-punctatus, Cia: S,- Val. xii. p. 58 ; Peters in Wiegm.
Arch. 1855, p. 250.

? Gobius nebulo-punctatus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii., Sum-
atra, p. 40.

Gobius i'uscus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 137.

D. 6 I i. A. 4-. L. lat. 35.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head foiu- times and two-thirds. The head is
nearly as broad as high, its height being more than one-half of its
length. The diameter of the eye is one- fourth of the length of the
head ; it is situated entii'ely in the anterior half of the head ; inter-
orbital space very narrow. Snout as long as the ej-e, with the cleft
of the mouth oblique, and -with the jaws equal in length. The teeth
in the jaws form a band, those of the outer series being somewhat
enlarged. Dorsal fins separated from each other, but close together ;
the first is lower than the second, the height of which equals that
of the body. The upper pectoral rays silk-like ; caudal rounded ;
the anal is much higher posteriorly than anteriorly, its height being
equal to that of the second dorsal fin. Greenish, clouded with
brownish ; head and body with longitudinal series of numerous white
dots ; fins uniform blackish, the first dorsal edged with white su-
periorly.

Eed Sea ; Mozambique. ? Trussan (West Sumatra).

Dr. Eiippell considers his 6. fuscus, the typical specimen of which is
lost, as identical ■with G. nehido-punctatus, Cut. & Yal, If Bleeker's
specimens really belong to the same species, they are immature,
with larger eyes and -svith shorter snout than in the adult fish.

This fish, however, appears to be only a variety of G. cdhoinmc-
tutus. The following specimens may be considered as tj^pical, as they
are fi'om the original Collection of Prof. Ehrenberg.

a-b. Eed Sea. From the Berlin Museum.

39. Gobius soporator.

Cnv. 8f Val. xii. p. 50; Gtiichen. Poiss. in Pamon de la Siu/ra, Hist.
Cuba, p. 127.

D. 6|-. A. 4-. L. lat. 35-41.

I 9 8

Twelve longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. Head rather broader than high ; the height of the body
is contained five times to foui- times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head four times. The snout is rather longer than the
diameter of the eye, which equals the width of the interorbital space.
Scales on the neck much smaller than those on the body. Dorsal
fins not very close together, lower than the body ; the distance of the
first dorsal from the eye equals that of the snout from the prseoper-
cuhim. The upper rays of the pectoral silk-like ; the ventral fin

1. GOBIUS. 27

has the basal membrane very broad, and terminates at some distance
from the vent ; no warty stripes on the head ; cheeks naked. Dark
brownish-olive, marbled with darker, and wdth lighter dots along
the series of scales ; ventrals blackish.

Caribbean Sea ; Gulf of Mexico ; Mediterranean.

a. Adult : not good state. Jamaica.
6. Adult : skin. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
c. Half-grown. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection.
d-e, f-g. Panama.

Ji-i. Fine specimens. Sicily. Collected by W. Swainson, Esq.
Jc, I. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society,
m. Half-grown : stuffed.

n. Half-gi'own. Caribbean Sea. From the Collection of the Zoolo-
gical Society.

Professor Peters has kindly communicated to me a description of
the imique specimen in the Berlin Museum, on which Midler and
Troschel have founded their Gohius bishopi (in Schomburgk's Barbad.
p. 672). It so closely agrees with our specimens of G. sojporator, that
I have no doubt that both are identical.

40. Gobius nigri.

D. 6 1 11. A. 9. L. lat. 42.

Fifteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal fin
and the anal. The height of the body is contained fom* times and
two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four times ;
the head is broader than liigh, its width being five-sixths of its length ;
the snout broad and depressed, as long as the diameter of the eye ;
the cleft of the mouth horizontal, with the jaws equal anteriorly ;
the maxillary extends somewhat beyond the anterior margin of the
eye. The eyes are close together, directed upwards, their diameter
being one-foui-th of the length of the head. The head is densely
covered with small scales to the vertical from the centre of the eye.
Canine teeth none ; teeth of the outer series somewhat enlarged.
Dorsal fins separated from each other, of nearly equal height, lower
than the body ; caudal obtiisely rounded ; pectoral with the basal
portion scaly, and with the upper rays silk-Uke ; ventral subcii'cular,
not extending on to the vent, Avith the basal membrane well deve-
loped and pro^•ided with two processes. Scales ctenoid. Chestnut-
brown : dorsal, caudal, and pectoral brown-spotted ; anal and ventral
bla«kish.

a. Fine specimen. Niger Expedition. From Mr. Eraser's Collection.

lines.

Total length 30

Height of the body 6|

Length of the head 8

Greatest width of the head 6|

Diameter of the eye 2

28 GOBIIDJi.

41. Gobius nox.

Bhekcr, Blcnn. en Ouh. p. 248.

D. 6 I i. A. 4-. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half or six
times in the total length, the length of the head four times to four
times and a half ; the head is a little broader than high ; the dia-
meter of the eye is contained three times or three times and a half
in the length of the head ; the width of the interorbital space less
than one-half the diameter of the eye. The cleft of the mouth is
oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly ; teeth of the outer series
enlarged ; canine teeth none. Dorsal fins lower than the body ; the
upi)er pectoral rays silk-like ; caudal rounded. Entirely deep brown
or black. {Bhel-.)

Coasts of West Sumatra, Nias, and Solor.

42. Gobius filosns.

Cha: ^- Val. xii. p. 78.

D.6|j. K.\.

The height and the width of the body at the pectoral fins are one-
sixth of the total length, the length of the head nearly, one-fourth.
The head is one-fonrth loss broad, and one-half less high, than long ;
the snout is dejjressed, obtuse, with the lower jaw prominent. The
eyes are on the upper surface of the head ; their diameter equals the
width of the interorbital space, and is one-sixth of the length of the
head. Canine teeth none ; the teeth of the outer series very slightly
enlarged. The second dorsal spine filiform, sometimes twice as high
as the body ; caudal somewhat pointed ; the upper pectoral rays are
silk-like ; the basal membrane of the ventral well developed.
Yellowish-brown, irregularly spotted with darker : dorsal fins with
longitudinal series of brown dots, the caudal with cross-series on the
middle rays ; anal with the margin white. {Val.)

lie de France.

43. Gobius apogonius.

Cant. Catal. p. 182.

D. 6 ||. A. -i-. L. lat. 25.

Ten longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and the
a|ial. The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length,
the length of the head one-fom-th ; the head is depressed, wth the
muzzle broad and rounded ; the diameter of the eye is one-fourth of
the length of the head, and equals the width of the interorbital space.
The cleft of the mouth is oblique, with the lower jaw slightly pro-
jecting beyond the upper. Canine teeth none. The midcUe rays of
the anterior dorsal prolonged, as high as, or higher than, the body ;
caudal loundcd ; the upper rays of the pectoral silk-like. Bufi"-
coloured, with several, sometimes interrupted, black spots ; on the

i

1. GOBIUS. 29

anterior dorsal two elongated black spots, of which the posterior be-
tween the fourth and fifth spines ; the other vertical fins with series
of black dots and with the margin free ; ventrals with the extremi-
ties of the two central rays black.

Sea of Pinang.
a, b. Types of the species : skins. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

44. Gol)ius sadanimdio.

Buck. Ham. Fish. Gang. pp. 52, 366 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch.
XXV., Bengal en Hindost. p. 102. tab. 2. fig. 2.

D. 6 l|. A. \. L. lat. 26.

I 7 7

The height of the body is contained foui' times and a half or five
times in the total length, the length of the head four times and a
thii'd or four times and a half. The head is nearly as broad as high.
The diameter of the eye is less than the width of the interorbital
space, and one-third of the length of the head. Snout and cheeks
naked. The cleft of the mouth extends to below the middle of the
eye ; teeth in villiform bands, canines none. The dorsal fins nearly
as high as the body, the middle spines of the anterior one being pro-
duced into short filaments. Green, with scattered black dots on the
sides ; the anterior dorsal yellowish, with a blackish blotch poste-
riorly ; the second dorsal and the anal with one or three longitudinal
series of black dots ; caudal with two or four blackish spots on the
base. {Bl.)

Eiver Hooghly (Calcutta).

45. Gobius criniger.

? Gobius nebulosus, Forsk. p. 24; Bl. Schn. p. 72; Cur. ^ Veil. xii. p. 84.

Gobius criniger, Cuv. ^- Veil. xii. p. 82 ; Cant. Catul. p. 184 ; Bleeker,

Banka, p. 453; Richards. Ichth. Voy. JEreb. ^- Terr. p. 2. pi. 1. figs. 3,4.

B. 5. D. 6 I -i. A. i-. L. lat. 34.

Nine longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. The height of the body is one-sixth of the total
length, the length of the head one-fourth ; the latter is nearly half
as high as long, and a quarter less broad than high. The eye occu-
pies the second quarter of the length of the head ; the width of the
interorbital space is one-half of the diameter of the eye. Snout
short ; teeth small. The head and the neck are naked. The dorsal
fins are equal in height, as high as the body ; the second spine of
the first dorsal sometimes produced, filiform ; caudal rounded ; none
of the pectoral rays silk-like. Pale ochre ous : head, body, dorsal
and caudal fins irregularly spotted with black, some of the spots
being very large ; caudal and anal fins with black margins.

North-west coast of Australia ; New Guinea ; East Indian Aixhi-
pelago ; Pinang ; Malabar.

a-cl. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

30 GOBIID^.

e. Skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Type of

Dr. Cantor's description.
/. Adult : very bad state. N.W. coast of Australia. — Type of Sir

J. Richardson's description. — The tooth described as the canine

tooth is very small.
cf. Adult : bad state. Port Essington.

46. Gobius cocosensis.

Sleeker, Kokos-eiland. p. 47.

D. 6 I ^. A. \. L. lat. 34.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a quarter. The head is nearly
as broad as high ; the snout obtuse, convex. The eyes are close to-
gether, and their diameter is one-third of the length of the head.
Cleft of the mouth oblique ; teeth of the outer seiies enlarged ; ca-
nine teeth none. Head and nape of the neck naked. Dorsal fins
lower than the body ; caudal rounded ; the upper pectoral rays silk-
like. Greenish, clouded with brownish ; head with blue dots ; the
rays of the soft dorsal and of the caudal brown-spotted ; the other
fins immaculate. (BJeeJc.)

Sea of New Selma.

47. Gobius polycynodon.

BleeJcer, Vei'haiul. Baiav. Gcnootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 25.
D. 6 I -i-. A. -i-. L. lat. 25.

The height of the body is one-ninth of the total length, the length
of the head one-sixth ; the head is obtuse, flat, with the upper pro-
file nearly straight, broader than high. The width of the inter-
orbital space equals the diameter of the eye, which is contained three
times and a half in the length of the head. Teeth of the outer series
enlarged. The first dorsal is higher than the body ; caudal obtuse,
of the length of the head. Entirely uniform green. (Bleek.)

Coast of Pasuruan.

48. Gobius reichii.

Bleeker, Sumatra, iii. p. 509.

D. 6 I -1-. A. |. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and three-fifths ; the height and
the width of the head are nearly equal to each other, and two -thirds
of the length of the head. The eyes are very close together, one-
third of the length of the head. Snout obtuse, convex, with the
upper jaw scarcely shorter than the lower. The teeth of the outer
series are enlarged ; canine teeth none ; cl«ft of the mouth oblique.
Sides and crown of the head naked. The spinous dorsal is higher

1. GOBIUS. 31

than the soft and lower than the body ; caudal obtuse. Green,
spotted with violet ; cheeks with oblique violet streaks. The rays
of the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins dotted with brown ; the spi-
nous dorsal blackish above. {Bleek.)
Rivere of Padang (Sumatra).

49. Gobius sumatranus.

Bleeker, Sumaira, iv. p. 83.

D. 6 ||. A. \. L. lat. 25.

The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length, the length
of the head one-foiu'th ; the head is depressed, broader than high ;
the snout pointed, very slightly convex, with the lower jaw longest!
The eyes are very close together, their diameter being one-fourth of
the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is oblique ; the teeth
of the outer series enlarged. Head naked. The second dorsal equals
the body in height, and is higher than the first ; the upper pectoral
rays silk-like ; caudal rounded. Brownish-green, with brown and
green points ; fins orange-coloui'ed, variegated with brown, {Bleek.)

Sea of Padang (Sumatra).

50. Gobius phaiospilosoma.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blemi. en Gob. p. 30.
D. 6 ||. A. i-. L. lat. 20.

The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half; the head Ls rather de-
pressed, broader than high ; snout somewhat pointed. The eyes are
very close together, their diameter being one-fourth of the length of
the head. The cleft of the mouth is oblique ; teeth of the outer
series enlarged. The fii-st dorsal is as high as the body; caudal
rounded. Greenish, with a longitudinal series of six brown spots ;
a black band from the eye to the maxillary ; the second dorsal and
the caudal variegated. {Bleeh.)

Coasts of East Java and Madura.

Dr. V. Bleeker has lately referred this species as a doubtful sjtio-
nym to O. hokius, Bleek., or O. giwis, nob. (Enumer. Spec. p. 117).

51. Gobius semidoliatus.
Cuv. <^ Val. xii. p. 67.

D. 6 I i-. A. K

Canine teeth none. The second dorsal spine is somewhat elon-
gate, its height being equal to that of the body. Deep chestnut-
brown, with pale bands edged with black : two before and two be-
tween the eyes, three on the neck, and two below the first dorsal ;
three on the cheek, one on the operculum, and one on the shoulder
before the pectoral. {Vol.)

Sea of Vanicolo. (Red Sea.)

32 GOBIID^.

52. Gobius pasuruensis.

Sleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 32,
D. 6|3^. A.^. L.lat. 20.

The height of the hody is one-seventh of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth ; the head is twice as long and hroad,
as hio-h. Eyes very close together, their diameter being two-sevenths
of the length of the head. Canine teeth none ; cleft of the mouth
oblique, extending to below the eye. The fu'st dorsal is lower than
the body ; caudal obtusely rounded, its length being nearly one-fifth
of the total. Green. (Bl.^

Coast of Pasuruan ; entering rivers.

It would appear that this Goby is distinguished by very large scales ;
but we must remark, that the short description was di-awn up by
Dr. V. Bleeker at an early period, without being afterwards revised.

53. Gobius hoevenii.

Bleeker, Borneo, v. p. 426.

D. 6 I y. A. y. L. lat. 30.

The heio-ht of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the leno-th of the head four times and a half ; the head is somewhat
broader than high ; the snout obtuse, convex, not longer than the
eye the diameter of which is contained three times and a half in the
length of the head, and equal to the width of the interorbital space.
The cleft of the mouth is scarcely oblique, with the jaws equal an-
teriorly, the maxillary extending to below the orbit. Teeth very
small. Dorsal fins lower than the body ; caudal rounded. Greenish,
varieo-ated with blackish ; the anterior dorsal black at the base, and
with "a white band along the middle; the posterior dorsal with a
series of brown spots along the base ; the other fins green. (Bleek.)

Elvers of Sambas (Borneo).

54. Gobius tambujon.
Bleeker, Banten, p. 319.

D. 6||. A.-i-. L.lat. 25-26.

The height of the body is contained five times or five times and a
half in the total length, the length of the head four times or four
times and a third ; the height of the head is three-fourths or five-
sevenths of its length ; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye,
which is one-third of the length of the head ; eyes very close to-
gether ; cleft of the mouth very oblique, the maxillary extending to
below the posterior half of the eye. Teeth of the outer series en-
larged in the upper jaw ; canines none. The thii'd dorsal spine is
the longest ; caudal rounded. Green, with two series of alternate
brownish spots ; dorsal with two or three longitudinal, caudal with
four or five transverse brownish stripes. (Bh)

Kivers Panimbang and Tjiliwong (Java). Rivers of Bali.

1. GOBIITS.

33

55. Gobius javanicus.

Bleoker, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 1856, p. 88.
D. 6||. A.f L.lat. 27-28.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total ; the height and width of the head are
three-fourths of its length. Eyes close together, their diameter
being more than one-third of the length of the head; the upner
jaw 18 somewhat longer than the lower; the maxiHary extends to
be ow the anterior margin of the eye. Cleft of the mouth little
obhque. The teeth form bands, those of the outer series bemg en-
larged Crown of the head and operclcs s.aly. Dorsal fins lower
than the body ; the middle spines of the anterior dorsal are the
longest; caudal obtuse, rounded. Green: three deep-violet spots
on each side of the head ; most of the scales with a brown spot • pos-
terior dorsal and caudal fins brown-dotted; the spinous dorsal with
a large round black spot posteriorly. (Bhek.)
liivers of Southern Java. Coast of Booroo.

50. Gobius borneensis.

Sleeker, Borneo, i. p. 10.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length
the length of the head four times and three-quarters; the head is
two-thirds as broad as long. The width of the interorbital space is
less than that of the orbit, which is one- third of the length of the
head. Teeth very small; cleft of the mouth narrow, not extending
on to the orbit. The first dorsal is half as high as the body ; caudal
rounded. Green, anteriorly clouded with brown : dorsal fins red,

n I "^ ^ ^™'''^ ^^^""^ ''PP'^^' ^^^^gi^i' the second black-spotted
the other fins immaculate. (Bleek.)

liivers of Bandjennassing (Borneo) and of Sumatra.
57. Gobius melanurus.

Sleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootseh. xxii., Bletm. en Gob. p. 31.
D. 6||. A.|. L.lat. 20.

fi J^^'^^u'^^l^'f the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
htth ot the total. The head is somewhat broader than high convex
and obtuse ; the eyes are close together, theii- diameter bein- one-
thu-d or one-fom-th of the length of the head. The upper jaw with
the teeth of the outer series enlarged ; canine teeth none The first
dorsal IS lower than the body ; caudal convex. Head, the fii^t dorsal
and the caudal black ; the remainder brown. (Bleel- )
Coasts of Java and Biliton.

With regard to the small number of scales in the lateral line see

the note on G. pasuruensis, p. 32. '

VOL. ui.

9

34 GOBUD^.

§§ Anterior dorsal with five spines.
* Posterior dorsal eiglit-rayed.

58. Gobius oxypterus.
Bleeker, Java, iii. p. 400.

D. 5 ||. A. ^. L. lat. 25.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and two-thirds ; head pointed, de-
pressed ; the width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter
of the eye, which is nearly one-third of the length of the head.
Gape oblique, with the lower jaw longest ; teeth small, in a single
row. Head and nape naked. Dorsal fins remote from each other,
the second anteriorly much higher than the first, and also higher
than the body ; caudal rounded. Greenish : Hps black ; anal rays
with violet dots. (Bleek.)*

Lake Grati (Province of Pasuruan, in Java) .

** Posterior dorsal eleven-rayed.

59. GoMus fasciatus.

Ctenogobius fasciatus, Gill, Freshwater Fishes of Trinidad, in Ann.
Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1858, p. 16 (sep. copy).

D. 5 I 11. A. 10.

The height of the body is little more than one-seventh of the total
length, the length of the head less than one-fifth ; the width of the
body between the pectoral fins is three-quarters of its greatest height.
The eyes are more than a quarter of the length of the head, and are
distant the length of one of their diameters from the snout ; they
are very close together. Yellowish, with four linear black spots on
the side ; a dark spot and numerous black dots on the base of the
caudal fin ; caudal crossed by five zigzag linear black bands, dorsal
with three or four subHnear black spots ; anal, pectoral, and ven-
tral fins yellowish. Head with scattered black dots ; a dark trian-
gular spot on the operculum. (GilJ.)

Fi'esh waters of Trinidad.

/3. Head as high as long.
60. Gobius echinocephalus.

Gobius echinocephalus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 136, and N. W. Fisehe,
pp. 137 & 138 ; ««'. Sr Val. xii. p. 134.

D. 6|^. A.|. L. lat. 23.

Body thick, its height being contained three times and a fifth in
the total length. Head convex, as high as long, one-foirrth of the
total length. Teeth very fine. Dorsal fins subcontinuous ; caudal

* This species, technically, ought to be referred to Euctenogohius, but it does
Hot appear to have a natural affinity to the typical species of that genus.

1. GOBIUS. 35

rounded ; ventral subcirciilar. Scales of moderate size ; head with
small prickles. Brownish.
Massuah ; Sea of China.

a, b. Fine specimens. Red Sea. Collected and presented by Dr.

E. RiippeU.
c. Adult : not good state. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir

E. Belcher, C.B.

bb. Canine teeth present.
a. Head as higli as long.

61. Gobius amiciensis.
Cnv. ^ Val. xii. p. 135.

D-6|^.

'^•f

Body thick, its height being equal to the length of the head, and
one-foiu'th of the total. Head convex, as high as long. Canine
teeth. Caudal rounded ; ventral subcircixlar. Scales of moderate
.size. Brownish. {Vol.)

Tongatabou. Carteret Harbour (New Zealand).

^. Head longer than high.
aa. The fii"st spine of each of the dorsal fins stiff.

62. Gobius bitelatus.
Cui\ ^- Val. xii. p. 89.

D-6|^. A.±.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head somewhat less than one-fourth. The profile of tlie head
descends obliquely, and is slightly convex. Dorsal fins rather lower
than the body, the first spine of each being strong, not flexible.
Canine teeth. Scales large. Greyish, with pearl- coloured dots on
the sides of the head and body ; some small black spots along the back,
and on the sides of the tail ; caudal dotted with brown. ( VaJ.)

Red Sea.

63, Gobius notacanthus.

BleeJc^; Goram, p. 210.

D. 6 ||. A. 3^. L. lat. 28.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds. The
eyes are veiy close together, and occupy the middle thii-d of the length
of the head. The snout is very obtuse, convex. The teeth of the
outer scries are enlarged ; canine teeth in the lower jaw. Cleft of
the mouth oblique ; head naked. The first spine of each of the
dorsal fins is strong, not flexible ; the other spines are produced,
higher than the body, the foui'th and fifth being the longest ; the

d2

36 GOBTID.'E.

second dorsal is lower than the body ; caudal rounded. Greenish :
each scale with pearl- coloured, violet-edged dots ; a series of from
three to five brownish spots along the side ; sides of the head with
short bluish, violet-edged streaks ; the second dorsal with bluish dots,
pectoral with minute white dots ; anal fin with short, obliqiie, white
streaks. (Bhel:)
Sea of Goram.

Perhaps identical with Oohhis hitelatus.

64. Gobius caninoides.

Bkeker, Amboina 8f Cm-am, p. 274.

D. 6 I -j^. A. :!. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half to six
times in the total length, the length of the head four times and a half.
The eyes are veiy close together, and the length of their diameter
is contained three times to three times and a half in that of the head.
The snout is obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye. The teeth of the
outer series are enlarged; canine teeth in the lower jaw. The first
spine of each of the dorsal fins is strong, not flexible ; none of the
spines are produced ; the vertical fins lower than the body ; caudal
roimded. Green, %\'ith blackish spots ; most of the scales with a
blackish dot. Dorsal and caudal fins with series of blackish dots ;
anal violet. (BleeJc.)

Seas of Amboyna, Celebes, and Booroo.

^/3. All the spines and rays of the fins flexible.

65. Gobius capistratus.

Peters in Wiegm. Archiv, 1855, p. 251.

D. 6|^. A.:;^. L. lat. 31.

Scales in nine longitudinal series. The height of the body is con-
tained four times and a half in the total length (without caudal),
the length of the head three times and a half. Snout short, convex ;
the eyes are veiy close together, and occupy the second quarter of
the length of the head. Teeth of the outer series enlarged; the
outermost of the lower jaw curved and depressed. Dorsal fins lower
than the body ; caudal rounded ; none of the upper pectoral rays
silk-like. Greenish, with five broad brown cross-bars on the back,
alternating with others crossing the lower part of the body ; scales
more or less distinctly white-spotted ; a brown vertical band thi'ough
the eye ; pectorals dotted with white ; the first spine of the an-
terior dorsal, the rays of the posterior and the caudal fin brown-
spotted. {Pet.)

Ibo (coast of Mozambique).

This species appears to be closely allied to Gobius ophthalmotcBnia,
Bleek.

1. cioisrus. 37

66. Gobius ophthabnotaBnia.

Bkcker, Kokos-Eiland. p. 46.

^•Hn^- ^-A- L.lat.27.
The height of the body is contained five times and a half to five
times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a half to four times and two-thirds. The head is nearly
as broad as high ; the snout obtuse, convex. The eyes are very close
together and their diameter is one-fourth of the length of the head.
Ihe cleft of the mouth is oblique ; teeth of the outer series enlarged •
the lower jaw with a lateral canine tooth. Sides and crown of the
head scaly. The first dorsal is lower than the second, which is
lower than, or as high as, the body ; caudal rounded ; the upper
pectoral rays silk-like. Green, clouded mth darker, and dotted with
brown and blmsh : a blue vertical band through the eye ; snout and
cheeks with yellow dots; the anterior dorsal with blackish spots an-
teriorly and with yellow ones posteriorly; the second dorsal brown-
spotted ; pectoral and ventral fins reticulated with brownish-violet
and minutely dotted with bluish; caudal with numerous brownish
and blue dots, and with the lower margin violet.

Sea of New Selma ; coasts of Celebes ; China Seas.
a. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

67. G-obius chinensis.

Gobius chinensis, Osbeck, Heise nach China, p. 340: Cuv. & Val xii
p. 138; Richards. Ichth. aiiu. p. 204. '• 9^ »-«'. xii.

eleotris, L. Si/st. Nat 12th edit. p. 449.

? Gobius unicolor, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 88 (not Kuhl^van Hass.).
D. 6 j 11. A. 10. L. lat. 35.
Thirteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. The height of tlie body is contained five times
and a quarter in the total length, the length of the head four times
. and three-quarters. The head is as broad as high, and one-fourth
longer than broad. Snout obtuse, rounded, with the gape obhque
and with the lower jaw somewhat prominent, longer than the eye
the diameter of which is one-sLxth of the length of the head, and
equal to the width of the interorbital space. Cheeks with series of
minute warts. The nape and the upper part of the operculum
covered with smaU scales. Dorsal fins lower than the bodyf the rays
ot the sexjond becoming gradually longer posteriorly; caudal some-
what pointed ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like. Yellowish (in
spmts), ^^1th veiy indistinct darker markings; many scales with a
shinmg pearl-coloured spot.

Seas of China. (? Rivers of Java.)
a, b. Adult. China.

Valenciemes' description of G. unicolor is evidently taken from a
Museum ^""^"^ ^™"' ^^^^ *->'i"^''^ specimen preserved in the Leyden

38 GOBIIDJi.

68. Gobius cauiuus.

Gobiiis caninus, Cuv, ^ Val. xii. p. 86; Blech. Verhand, JSatav. Ge-

nootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 27.
grandinosus, Valenc. m Voy. Bonite, Poiss. p. 177. pi. 5. fig. 4.

D. 6 1 -i-. A. J. L. lat. 27-30.

Nine longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal. The height of the body is contained five times and a half
or six times in the total length, the length of the head four times
and a half or four times and three-quarters. The eyes occupy the
second quarter of the length of the head, and are very close together.
The lower jaw with two canine teeth. Series of minute warts on
the cheek. Scales large, those of the occiput small. The first dorsal
is lower than the body, and the second and third spines are pro-
duced in the male ; caudal obtusely rounded. Greenish, with large
iiTOgular brown spots disposed in two alternate longitudinal series,
and with numerous yellow dots ; a blue spot on the shoulder.

East Indian Archipelago and coasts of China, entering rivers.

a. Adult. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
b-c. Adult. Amoy.

69. Gobius venenatus.

Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 85.

D. 6 1 1 A. j. L. lat. 35.

Ten longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal. The scales on the nape and before the dorsal, on the ui>per
part of the operculum and round the pectoral fin, are much smaller
than those on the body and on the tail. The height of the body is
contained five times in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a third. The head is as broad as high, with the cheeks
swollen ; two longit^^dinal and many vertical series of minute pores on
the cheek. The width of the interorbital space is less than the dia-
meter of the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the head. Snout
longer than the eye, with the cleft of the mouth oblique, and with
the lower jaw longest. Teeth of the outer series of irregular size ;
a curved canine tooth on each side of the jaw. None of the pectoral
rays silk-like ; the posterior rays of the dorsal and anal fins are the
longest, longer than the second and third dorsal spines. Caudal fin
roimded, somewhat pointed, nearly as long as the head ; the ventral
fin terminates at some distance from the vent, and has the basal
membrane well developed. Eeddish-olive (in spirits), with a series
of ill-defined darker spots along the side ; each scale with a lighter
centre ; a whitish spot, broadly edged with bluish, above the oper-
culum ; the spinous dorsal fin with a black spot anteriorly ; a white
band, inferiorly edged with blackish, on and along the upper margin
of the caudal fin.

Pondicherry. Kurrachee.

An adult specimen, brought by Messrs. von Schlagiutweit from
Kurrachee, is in the East India Collection.

1. GOBIUS. 39

70. Gobius cyanomos.

Sleeker, Vefhmid, Batav. Genootsch, xxii., Blenn. en Gob, p. 25.

D. 6 1 3^. A. -i-, L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half ; the head is as broad as
high ; the width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of
the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the head. Teeth of the
outer series enlarged ; a canine tooth on each side of the lower jaw.
Scales of the occiput small. The first dorsal fin is lower than the
body, and the second and third spines are produced into filaments in
the male ; caudal rounded. Male green, with four or five longitu-
dinal series of yellowish dots ; a blue spot on the shoulder ; the
second dorsal blackish, with white spots and red margin ; ventrals
and anal violet ; caudal with a brown spot superiorly at the base.
Female with green dorsal fins. (Bleek.)

Seas of Madura, Banka, and Java.

71. Gobius chlorostigmatoides.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch, xxii., Blenn, en Gob. p. 26,

D, 6 I ^, A. |. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the lengtli
of the head one-fifth ; the head is as liigh as broad ; cleft of the mouth
oblique. Teeth of the outer series enlarged ; a canine tooth on each
side of the lower jaw. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the
length of the head, and equals the Avidth of the interorbital space.
Sides of the head naked ; scales on the occiput small. The first dorsal
is lower than the body ; caudal obtuse. Green : each scale on the side
of the body with a brown spot ; the second dorsal, the anal and caudal
variegated with black ; caudal -with a brown spot superiorly at the
base. (Bleek.)

Seas of Madura, Java, and Borneo.

72. Gobius frenatus.

D. 6 I ^. A. j^. L. lat. 35.

Ten longitudiaal series of scales between the second dorsal fin and
the anal. The height of the body is contained nearly six times in the
total length, the length of the head foiu: times and a half ; the head
is higher than broad ; the snout obtuse, convex, much longer than the
eye ; the cleft of the mouth oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly ;
the maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye. Teeth of the outer series enlai'ged; a canine tooth on each
side of the lower jaw. The width of the interorbital space is some-
what less than the diameter of the eye, which is nearly one-seventh
of the length of the head. Head and nape naked. The dorsal fins

40 60BIII)-E.

are equal in heiglit, and lower than the body; the second, third
and fonrth spines of the anterior dorsal are the highest, termi-
natin"- in very fine short filaments ; caudal fin roimdcd, one-fifth of
the total length ; the ventral reaches nearly to the vent ; none of the
pectoral rays silk-like. Brown (in spiiits), with darker sjiots ; head
with some indistinct darker dots ; a blackish band edged with lighter
from the maxillary to the lower part of the root of the pectoral ;
another, which is narrower, and sometimes indistinct, runs parallel to
the former to the upper part of the root of the pectoral. Dorsal fins
with a transparent margin, the anterior brownish, the posterior with
oblique blackish lines ; the upper half of the caudal with brown
crescent-shaiicd dots between the rays ; anal, ventral, and pectoral
blackish ; tl\e latter with the base of lighter colour and with two
blackish spots, produced by the bands described.

Australia.
((-<j. Fine specimens. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.

lines.

Total length . . 46

Height of the body 8

Length of the head 10

• Diameter of the eye 1|

Length of the caudal fin 9

73. Gobius cyanoclavis.

Cmit. Catal. Mai. Fishes, p. 185.

D.6|^. A.^. L.lat.32.

Seven longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal. The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length,
the length of the head one-fifth ; the breadth of the latter at the
nape is contained twice and a half in the depth, which exceeds one-
lialf of the length of the head. The length of the diameter of the eye
is one-fifth of that of the head, and considerably more than the width
of the intcrorbital space. Snout obtuse, rather longer than the eye ;
cleft of the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw slightly projecting be-
yond the upper ; one or two canine teeth on each side of the lower
jaw. The scales of the nape and of the sides of the head are much
smaller than those of the body. The spines of the anterior dorsal
produced, sometimes very long ; the second dorsal and the anal pos-
teriorly as high as the body ; caudal a little pointed. Greenish-grey,
the scales with a central aziu-e spot : anterior dorsal clouded with
brown ; posterior dorsal and caudal with series of white spots and
with the upper margin orange ; the other fins black ; the anterior
margin of each of the anal rays accompanied by a blue streak.
Sea of Pinang.

a,b. Adult and half-grown : skins. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
Tj-jics of the species.

1. GODITTS. 41

74. GoMus brevirostris.
D. 6 I 11. A. 10. L. lat. 48.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half. Snout obtnse, as long
as the orbit, with the cleft of the mouth oblique and with the lower
jaw slightly prominent. The maxillary extends somewhat beyond
the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Eyes close toge-
ther, their diameter being two-ninths of the length of the head.
Sides of the head and occiput naked ; the scales on the anterior part
of the body are considerably smaller than the remainder, which are
ctenoid. Tlairtcen or foui'teen longitudinal series of scales between
the second dorsal and the anal. A small canine tooth on the middle
of the lower jaw. None of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral
terminates at a great distance from the vent. Dorsal fins rather lower
than the body ; the second spine of the anterior dorsal is the longest.
Caudal slightly pointed, one-fifth of the total length. Uniform
brownish-oUve (in spii'its) ; the second dorsal with seiies of brown
dots ; caudal, anal, and ventral with the margins blackish.

Total length 29 lines.

China.

a.' China. Presented bj- J. K. Reeves, Esq.

75. Gobius cauerensis.

Bheker, Sumatra, ii. p. 269.

D. 6 I -^. A. ^. L. lat. 25.

Canine teeth in both jaws. The height of the body is contained
five times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a half. The head is higher than broad, its width being
one-half of its length. Eyes very close together ; their diameter is
about one-third of the length of the head. Snout obtuse ; the cleft
of the mouth oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly. Crown and
sides of the head scaly. Caudal roimded ; the anterior dorsal lower
than the posterior. OUve : a brown cross-band below the eye ;
opercles with blue dots ; body with seven or eight brown longitudinal
bands ; a series of five round brown spots behind the pectoral ; fins
yellow ; pectoral, dorsal, and caudal dotted with brown ; anal with a
broad black margin. {Bleek.)

Sea of Cauer (Sumatra).

76. Gobius bontii.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 27.

D. 6 I J^. A. i;. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and three-foiuths ; the head is half
as high and broad as long, obtuse and convex ; the eyes are very
close together, and their diameter is contained three times and a half
in the length of the head. Teeth of the outer series enlarged ; a

42 GOBiiD.i<;.

canine tooth on each side of the lower jaw. Scales on the occipnt
sraaU. The first dorsal is lower than the body, with the second and
third sijines produced into filaments (in the male ?) ; the length of
the caudal fin is contained foiu* times and a quarter in the total.
Green : tail with a longitudinal series of black spots ; base of the dorsal
fins brown-spotted ; anal yeUow at the base and black at the margin ;
caudal dotted with black ; pectorals and ventrals greenish. (Bleek.)
Coasts and rivers of Madura and Java.

a. Not good state. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
77. Gobius phaiomelas.

Sleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 28.
D. 6 I :i!j. A. -i-. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length ; the head is as broad as high ; the length of the diameter
of the eye is two-ninths of that of the head, and equals the width of
the interorbital space. Teeth of the outer series enlarged ; a pair- of
canine teeth. Scales on the occiput small. The first dorsal is lower
than the body ; caudal rounded. Brown : fins black or blackish ; the
second dorsal and the caudal spotted with darker. (Bleek.)

Coasts of Madura and Java.

78. Gobius xanthosoma.

Gobius xanthosoma, Bleekei; Cermn, ii. p. 703.
Gobiodon xanthosoma, Bleeker, Enumer. Spec. p. 120.

D. 6 I y^. A. -i. L. lat. 22.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length,
the length of the head thi-ee times and three-quarters ; the head is
somewhat higher than broad ; the snout obtuse, convex, shorter than
the eye. The width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter
of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. Head and
neck naked. The cleft of the mouth is very oblique, with the lower
jaw rather longer ; teeth of the oxiter series enlarged ; two canine teeth
near the symphysis of the lower jaw. Dorsal fins lower than the body ;
caudal obtuse. Uniform yeUow ; the first dorsal brown. (Bleek.)

Coasts of Celebes, Booroo, Amboyna, Coram, and Goram.

Oohius meJanosoma, Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 703, is very similar to
this species, but uniform black.

79. Gobius baliuroides.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 26.

D. 6 I ^. A. \. L. lat. 25 ?

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half ; the head is as broad as
high. The eyes arc veiy close together, one-third of the length of
the head. The cleft of the mouth is oblique ; a canine tooth on each
side of the lower jaw. The first dorsal is as high as the body ;

1. GOBI us. 43

caudal rounded. Brownish ; a dark spot on the middle of the base of
the caudal tin. (Bleek.)

Coast of Siimanap (East Madura).

80. Gobius gymnauchen.
Sleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., Japan, vi. p. 84. tab. 1. fio-. 2.
D. 6|i-. A.-i. L.lat. ii5.

The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and two-thii'ds ; head nearly as Mgh
as broad. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the
head ; eyes very close together ; snout convex, shorter than the eye ;
head and neck to the origin of the spinous dorsal naked ; cleft of the
mouth oblique, -nith the lower jaw longest ; the maxillary extends to
below the anterior half of the orbit. The teeth of the outer series
are enlarged ; the lower jaw has a curved canine tooth on each side,
and a series of small horizontal teeth anteriorly. Scales ctenoid, those
on the posterior parts being the largest. Dorsal fins slightly con-
tiguous at the base ; the second spine is produced into a long filament.
No silk-like pectoral rays ; caudal roimded, its length being rather
less than one-fourth of the total. Greenish, variegated Math darker ;
dorsal and caudal fins with brown spots, those on the former in three
or four longitudinal series ; ventral and anal violet. {Bl.)

Rivers of Jeddo.

81. Gobius pleurostigma.

Bleeher, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 28,
D. 6 ||. A. i-. L. lat. 30.

The height of the body is contained four times and three-quarters
or five times in the total length, and nearly equal to the length of
the head ; the head is as broad as high ; the diameter of the eye is
one-fourth of the length of the head, and equal to the width of the
mterorbital space. Two canine teeth in the middle of the lower jaw
Scales on the occiput large. The fii-st dorsal is lower than the body^
with the second and third spines produced into filaments in the male ;
caudal rounded. Green, with a lateral longitudinal series of eio-ht or
ten black dots ; vertical fins black ; the first dorsal yellow at the top
and the anal dotted with yellow ; the other fins green. (Bleek.) '

Fresh waters of Java.

82. Gobius gastrospilus.
Bleeker, Batavia, p. 477.

D. 6||. A.-i. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. The head is as high as broad ; the snout ob-
tuse, convex, shorter than the eye ; the cleft of the mouth shghtly
oblique ; the lower jaw has a small canine tooth on each side, and
the teeth of the outer series are enlarged. The eyes arc close togc-

44 GOIUID^.

ther, and their diameter is contained four times ;ind a half in the
length of the head. Head scaly. The first dorsal is lower than the
second, and as high as the body ; caudal rounded. Green : most of
the scales -n-ith a brown spot ; rays of the vertical fins dotted with
brown ; spinous dorsal with a blue spot posteriorly. (Bleek.)
Sea of Batavia.

83. Gobius inacrostoma.

D. 6 I 8. A. 7. L. lat. 27.

Ten longitudinal series of scales between the origin of the pos-
terior dorsal and the anal. Head and body very compressed ; the
height of the body is contained three times and three-filths in the
total length, the length of the head four times. The depth of the
head above the prteoperculum is not much less than its length, and
much more than its width. Eye rather small, its diameter being
one-seventh of the length of the head, equal to the width of the
interorbital space, and less than the extent of the snout. Cleft of
the mouth slightly oblique, wide, reaching backwards to the vertical
fi'om the posterior margin of the eye, with the jaws equal in front.
Each of the jaws with a pair of small canine teeth anteriorly.
Cheeks naked ; operculum scaly. Scales minutely striated and
ciliated. The two anterior dorsal spines are the longest, somewhat
produced, but much lower than the body. Caudal rounded, its
length being contained five times and a haLf in the total. The pec-
toral has no silk-like rays, and extends to the origin of the anal.
Ventral reaching to the vent, with the basal membrane weU de-
veloped. Brownish (in spirits), with irregular, narrow, oblique
darker streaks ; the anterior dorsal with two black longitucUnal
stripes, the lower of which is dilated into a blackish blotch pos-
teriorly ; the second dorsal with three rather irregular serrated
blackish bands, and with white spots between them. Caudal dotted
with brown ; anal blackish. *

lines.

Total length 20

Length of the head 5

Height of the body 5^

Diameter of the eye 0|

Length of the caudal fin 3|

Australia.

a. Apparently mature. Australia. From Mr. Gould's Collection.

b. Caudal fin elongate, pointed.

84. Gobius acutipinnis.

Gobius acutipenuis, Cm: (ij- Veil. xii. p. 80 (not Cant.).
setosus, Cin: ^- Val. xii. p. 8L

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-

1, GOBIUS. 45

sixth of the total. The head is one-fourth less high and one-third
less broad than long. The width of the interorbital space is one-half
of the diameter of the eye. Scales large ; teeth small. The fifth
dorsal spine is the longest, filiform ; the other fins pointed pos-
teriorly. YeUowish-brown, clouded with darker ; a bluish line from
the eye to the angle of the mouth ; dorsal fins mth gre^-ish longi-
tudinal lines ; the upper part of the caudal and the anterior margin
of the dorsal fins dotted with black and white. (Val.)
Malabar.

85, Gobius spectabilis.
D. 6 1 10. A. 9. L. lat. 32.

Nino longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. The height of the body is contained eight times in
the total length, the length of the head four times and a half; the
head is depressed, broader than high ; the snout elongate, broad,
flat, with the lower jaw prominent. Several teeth of the outer series
are enlarged, canine-Uke, but there are no lateral canine teeth.
The width of the interorbital space is more than the diameter of the
eye, which is one-sixth of the length of the head. The distance of
the first dorsal from the eye equals that of the snout from the prae-
opercular margin. Head naked; scales on the nape of the neck
smaller than those of the body. Dorsal fins higher than the body ;
the spines of the first are produced into filaments, and the second
and third are the longest. Caudal elongate, obtusely pointed, one-
fourth of the total length ; none of the pectoral rays sLLk-Kke ; ven-
tral with the basal membrane well developed. Yellowish-brown,
with indistinct blotches along the side ; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral
fins brown-dotted.

East Indies.

a. Adult. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

inches, lines.

Total length 10 0

Height of the body 1 3

Length of the head 2 3

Diameter of the eye 0 3

Length of the caudal fin 2 6

The natural affinities of this species are to O. c/iuris, from which
it is readily distinguished by the extraordinaiy development of the
caudal fin.

86. Gobius signatus,
Peters in Wiegni. Arch. 1855, p. 253.

D-6|b- ^-h- L- lat. 30.
Eight or nine longitudinal series of scales between the first dorsal
and the vent. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total

46 GOBiiBJi:.

length (without caudal), the length of the head one-fourth ; the head
is rather higher than broad, and one -fourth longer than high ; the
snout very slightly convex. The eyes occupy the second quarter of
the length of the head, and are distant from each other half the
length of their diameter. Teeth of the outer series enlarged. Dor-
sal fbis rather lower than the body, with the last rays somewhat
longer ; caudal pointed, as long as the head ; none of the pectoral rays
silk-Hke. Head naked. Greenish, with irregular blackish -brown
blotches ; sides of the head with bluish spots ; pectoral and caudal
white-spotted ; ventrals brownish-black towards the extremity ;
anal with indistinct whitish spots along the base ; a large blackish-
blue ocellus between the fifth and sixth dorsal spines. (Pet.)
Mozambique.

87. Gobius schlegelii.

D. 6 I 10. A. 10. L. lat. 28.

Eight longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal fin
and the anal. The height of the body is contained four times and
a half in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head
three times and a half. The eyes are close together, situated in the
anterior half of the head, their diameter being one-fifth of the length
of the head. Head rather compressed, much higher than broad ;
snout much longer than the eye, with the cleft of the mouth very
oblique, and with the lower jaw prominent. A canine tooth on
each side of the mandibula. Head naked ; scales on the neck much
smaller than those on the body. Scales ctenoid. The second and
third dorsal spines are the longest, filiform, lower than the body,
and equal in height to the second dorsal fin. Caudal fin elongate,
pointed, one-fourth of the total length. None of the pectoral rays
silk-like ; the ventral extends on to the vent, and has the basal
membrane very broad. Brown : a series of short vertical black lines
on the lower half of the tail ; base of the pectoral with a black ring,
including a whitish centre ; anal with a black longitudinal band
along the base.

Length 4 inches.

Hab. Boutry, Gold Coast.

The typical specimen is in the Ley den Museum.

88. Gobius polynema.

Chaeturichthys polynema, Bleeker, Verhand, B(itm\ Gcnootsch. xxv.,
Jajmn, p. 44. fig. 4.

D. 6 I 11. A. 10. L. lat. 30.
Lower jaw with several small barbels. Eight longitudinal series
of scales between the second dorsal fin and the anal. The height of
the body is contained seven times and a third in the total length,
the length of the head five times. The head is as broad as high ; the
snout broad, rounded, rather longer than the orbit ; the cleft of the
mouth oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly. The maxillary

1. GOBirs. 47

does not extend to the vertical from the centre of the orbit. Teeth
of the outer series enlarged ; a small canine tooth on each side of
the lower jaw. The width of the interorbital space ecjuals the ver-
tical diameter of the eye ; its horizontal diameter is nearly one-
fourth of the length of the head ; sides of the head and nape of the
neck scaly. The anterior dorsal fin is lower than the posterior,
the height of which equals that of the body ; caudal pointed, its
length being more than one-fourth of the total. Greenish : fins
violet. A black ocellus edged with white on the upper portion of
the caudal fin., near the base. Traces of fine longitudinal lines are
visible on the anal fin.

Chinese and Japanese Seas. Madras.

a. China. Presented by J. E. Reeves, Esq.

b. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

lines.

Total length 52

Height of the body 7

Length of the head 10

of the caudal fin 14

Horizontal diameter of the eye 2|

89. Gobius margariturus.
Richards, Ichthyol. China, p. 205.

D-6|^. A.±.

The height of the body is about one-eighth of the total length ;
head bluntly rounded in profile at the snout, with the jaws equal.
Eyes a fuU diameter apart. Teeth of the outer series enlarged ;
lower jaw with a lateral canine tooth. Caudal pointed. Scales
pretty large, ciliated. A series of silvery specks running down the
middle of the tail ; a few silvery specks on the nape, one on the
temples, another on the gill-cover, and two lines of pores on the
cheek. (Rich.)
Macao.

90. Gobius temminckii.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav, Genootsch. xxii., Bleim, en Gob, p. 33.

D. 6 I -i-. A. -i-. L. lat, 16-20.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times and a third ; the head
is as high as broad, obtuse and convex ; the eyes are veiy close
together, and the length of their diameter is two-sevenths of that
of the head. The teeth of the outer series in the iipper jaw are
enlarged ; canine teeth none. The first dorsal is as high as the body ;
caudal pointed, its length being one-third of the total. Green : the
first dorsal black, pectorals and caudal green, the others brown.
(Bleek.)

Coast of Java.

48 G0BI1D.1!.

91. Gobius mystacinus.
Ctw. Sf Val. xii. p. 124.

The mcaxillaries are produced iiosteriorly, extending to the prte-
opcrculum. The height of the body is contained five times and a
half in the total length, the length of the head four times. Canine
teeth none. Caudal fin somewhat pointed. Scales of moderate size.
Yello\vish-hrown, with indistinct cross-bars. {Val.)

Java.

This species appears to bo the type of a separate genus.

B. Scales rather small, fifty or more in a longitudinal series.
1. A tentacle above the orbit : Oxyiirichthys, part., Bleek.

92. Gobius tentacularis.

Gobius tentacularis, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 128 ; Bleeker, Java, ii. p. 434,

macrmnis, Bleeker; Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en

Gob. p. 35.
Oxyurichthys tentacularis, Bleeker, Enum. Spec. p. 120.

D. 6 I :j^. A. :!. L. lat. 60-70.

A simple tentacle above the orbit, as long as the eye. The height
of the body is contained seven times to nine times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times and a half to seven
times. Eyes very close together. Canine teeth none. Greenish,
spotted with reddish.

Coasts of Java, Madura, and Sumatra.

93. Gobius ophthalmonema.

Gobius ophthalmonema, Bleeker, Tenuiie, viii. p. 208.
Oxjiiriclithys ophthalmouema, Bleeker, Eniim. Spec. p. 120.

D. 6 I ^. A. 3^. L. lat. 55.

A simple tentacle above the orbit, shorter than the eye. The
height of the body is contained seven times in the total length, the
length of the head five times and a half ; the head is higher than
broad ; the snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye. The eyes
are very close together, and their diameter is three-tenths of the
lengtii of the head (?). Gape oblique, with the jaws equal ; teeth of
the outer series enlarged ; canine teeth none. Head naked. The
first dorsal spine is produced into a filament, the posterior dorsal fin
lower than the body ; caudal rhomboidal, its lengtii being more than
one-fourth of the total. Olive, with five brownish blotches along
the side ; dorsal fins with two series of blackish dots ; pectorals and
the upper half of tlie caudal black-dotted; ventral and anal brown.
{Bleek.)

Sea of Ternate.

1. GOBirs. 49

2. No teutacle above the orbit.
a. Caudal fin elongate, pointed : Oxyuriclitliys, part., Bleek.
94. Grobius microlepis.
Gobius acutipiunis, var., Cantor, Caial p. 184.
— — microlepis, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Gemotsch. xxii., Blenn. en

Gob. p. 35, and Java, ii. p. 436.
Oxyurichthys microlepis, Bleek. Emim. Spec. p. 120.

D. 6|i. A. 3^. L. lat. 50.

The height of the body is contained from seven times and a third
to nine tmies m the total length, the length of the head six times •
the height of the head is contained once and one-half or once and two-
thu-ds m its length. The diameter of the eye is one-fom-th of the
length of the head ; eyes close together. The snout is obtuse not
shorter than the eye ; cleft of the mouth very oblique, with the
lower jaw longest. The teeth of the outer series are enlarged •
canine teeth none. The dorsal fins are higher than the body ;° the
fifth spme of the anterior dorsal is sometimes produced, filiform
Caudal pointed, its length being one-third of the total. Green above"
with irregular violet spots ; each scale with a blackish dot on the
margm ; the vertical fins rose-coloured ; the spinous dorsal with two
or three bluish longitudinal lines, the soft dorsal reticulated with
bluish and dotted with blackish; caudal with numerous oblon"-
blackish spots ; anal vdth a yellow and violet margin. °

Seas of Pinang, Java, and Madura ; Chinese Sea,
a. Skin : bad state. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

95. Gobius papuensis.

Ciiv. 8i- Val. xii. p. 106.

^- 6 1 1^- ^- h- '^- lat. 75-80.

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger on the tail. The height
of the body IS one-seventh of the total length (without caudal), the
length of the head one-fourth. The head is one-third longer than
high and one-third higher than broad. The eyes are very close
together their diameter being one-fifth of the length of the head
Mouth obhque, the maxiUary extending to below the middle of the
eye; teeth of the outer series enlarged. The length of the caudal
IS one-foui-th of the total. Greyish-brown, clouded with darker- a
brown spot at the root of the caudal, another at the base of the pec-
toral ; dorsal fins with fine reticulated lines.

Seas of Australia, New Guinea, and Java.

_ One of the two specimens from which I have taken the characters
IS m the Leyden Museum ; the colours have gone, except the dark
spot at the root of the caudal. It was found in Java by Kuhl and
van Hasselt, who intended to caU it GoUus mdanostinma , a name
since given by Bleeker to another species. This name would indi-

VOL. III. „

50 GOBIID^.

catc that the specimen was black-dotted during life, a peculiarity
occTUTing in O. microJe])is according to Bleeker's description. The
latter species, however, is said to have much larger scales, viz. fifty
in a longitudinal line. The other specimen is in the British Mu-
seum ; and it also exhibits a very distinct brown spot on the root of
the caudal.

Of. Adult. Australia. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
96. Gobius belosso.

Gobius belosso, Bleeh, Banlen, p. 316.
Oxyurichthys belosso, Sleek. Enum, Si^ec. p. 120.

^■^\h ^-rr L-lat.70.

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger on the tail. The height
of the body is one-ninth or one-tenth of the total length, the length
of the head one-sixth. The eyes are very close together, their dia-
meter being about one-fourth of the length of the head. Snout
obtuse, somewhat shorter than the eye, with the cleft of the mouth
very oblique ; the upper maxiUaiy extends to below the posterior
part of the orbit ; teeth of the upper jaw in a single series, without
canines. The upper pectoral rays silk-Uke ; the length of the caudal
is contained 3g times in the total. YeUowish-rose-coloured, minutely
dotted with bluish ; dorsal and caudal with reticulated bluish Unes ;
pectoral dotted with white, and with a violet spot superiorly at the
base ; inferior margins of the anal and caudal violet. {Bl.)

Rivers of Banten (Java) and of Nias.

97. Gobius lanceolatus.

Gobius, sp., Gronoi\ ZoopJit/l. p. 82. no. 277. pi. 4. fig. 4 (bad).

lanceolatus, JBl. ii. p. 8. t. 38. fig. 1 ; Bl Schn. p. 69 ; Laccp. ii.

p. 545. pi. 15. fig. 1 ; Cuv. (§; Val xii. p. 114.
bacalaus, Cuv. 8f Vnl. xii. p. 119.

D. 6 I i. A. 3^. L. lat. 70. Vert. 11/15.

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger on the tail. The height
of the body is one-eleventh of the total length, the length of the
caudal fin one-third, the length of the head one-seventh. The
snout is longer than the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the
head, and more than the width of the interorbital space. The jaws
are nearly equal in length ; the cleft of the mouth is obHque, and
the maxillary reaches to the posterior margin of the orbit. The
teeth of the outer series are slightly enlarged. Streaks of minute
warts on the sides of the head, but none on the neck. None of the
pectoral rays silk-like ; the basal membrane of the ventral fin is
well developed, without lateral appendages; caudal lanceolate.
Brownish-grey.

Fresh waters of Cuba and Martinique ; Brazil ; Surinam ; Guiana.

a. b. Adult. British Guiana. Presented by Sir R. Schombiu'gk.

1. GOBIUS. 51

c. Adult. Brazils. Presented by Lord Stuart.

d-f. Adult and half-grown. West Indies. From Dr. ParneU's

Collection.
g. Many very young specimens. West Indies. Presented by Col.

Eeid.
li. Large specimen. Old Collection.
i. Adult : skeleton. South America. Presented by Sir E. Schom-

biirgk.

The skeleton of this species does not essentially differ from that of
other Gobies, the elongate form of the body not being produced by
an increase of the number of the vertebrae, but by the single ver-
tebrae being prolonged. The length of the abdominal portion of the
vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 1*4,

h. Caudal fin rounded, not elongate,
aa. Canine teeth none.

98. Gobius marmoratus.
Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Riiss. Ilerid. iii. p. 435, Poiss. pi. 12. fig. 3.
D. 6 I 18-20. A. 18.

Scales rather small. The height of the body is rather more than
the length of the head, and one-fifth of the total. Snout of mode-
rate extent, somewhat convex. Dorsal fins lower than the body ;
caudal roiuaded. Olive, with subqiiadrangular brownish spots ; a
pair of whitish spots on the base of the caudal fin, and a single one
below the eye. All the fins, except the ventrals, with series of
bro^vn dots, those on the second dorsal and on the anal having an
oblique direction. (Nordm.)

Sebastopol.

99. Gobius batrachocephalus.

Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 150; Nordm, in Demid. Voy. Muss. Merid. iii. p. 409,
Poiss. pi. 8.

D. 6 I ^. A. :!. L. lat. 75.

Twenty-two series of scales between the second dorsal and the
anal fins. The height of the body is contained five times and two-
thirds in the total length, the length of the head four times. Head
depressed ; eyes prominent ; snout of moderate extent ; cleft of the
mouth oblique, with the lower jaw longest; teeth of the outer series
enlarged. The width of the interorbital space is less than that of
the orbit. Eye of moderate size. Dorsal fins close together ; the
second is higher than the first, but rather lower than the body :
the venti'als do not reach to the vent : caudal rounded. Brownish-
yeUow, with numerous ii-regular black spots ; fins brown-spotted.

Black Sea.

One specimen in the Poppelsdorf Museum (Bonn).

E 2

52 , GOBIIDiE.

100. Gobius stevenii.

Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Uttss. 3fend. iii. p. 432, Poiss. pi. 13. fig. 1.
D. 6 I 18. A. 16.

Scales rather small. The first dorsal subquadrangular, the mem-
brane between the third and fourth spines being more elevated than
between the second and third. The height of the body is contained
six times in the total length, the length of the head four times and
a half. Snout of moderate extent, convex ; eye of moderate size.
Dorsal fins as high as the body ; caudal rounded ; the ventrals do
not extend on to the vent, and have the basal membrane little deve-
loped. Body greyish-brown, with darker spots. {Nordm.)

Kertch (Crimea).

101. Gobius lacteus.

Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 430, Poiss. pi. 10. fig. 3.
D. 6 I 17. A. 16.

Scales rather small. The height of the body is contained five
times and a third in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a third. Snout of moderate extent, convex, with the
lower jaw longest. Teeth of the outer series enlarged. Dorsal fins
lower than the body ; caudal rounded ; the ventrals do not reach to
the vent, and have the basal membrane little developed. Nearly
uniform greenish- white. (Nordm.)

Dniester,

102. Gobius platyrostris.

Pall. Zooqr. iii. p. 154 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. 3Ierid. iii.
p. 410, 'Poiss. pi. 14. fig. 1.

Scales rather small. The height of the body is contained four
times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head
three times and two-thirds. Head broader than high ; snout of
moderate extent ; cleft of the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw
longest ; eyes small, their diameter being much less than the width
of the interorbital space. Dorsal fins close together ; the second is
higher than the fii'st, nearly as liigh as the body : the ventrals do not
reach to the vent : caudal rounded. Brownish ; fins with series of
brownish spots. (Nordm.)

Coasts of the Crimea.

103. Gobius paganellus.

Paganellus venetonim, Willughhy, p. 207 ; Ray, p. 75.

Gobius, sp. 2, Artedi, Genera, p. 29 : Hasselq. Reise nach Palcest.

p. 373.
Gobius paganellus, Z. Syst. Nat. i. p. 449 (not Cuv. ^ Val.).
bicolor, Cuv. ^ Vol. xii. p. 19 (not Gm.).

1. GOBITJS. 53

Gobius niger (part, descr.), Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. i. p. 281, 3rd
edit. ii. p. 318.

niger, Thomjjs. Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, ii. p. 417.

? Gobius sordidus, Benn. Proc. Zool. Soc, iii. 1835, p. 91.

^■^Imh^r ^■mrrr.- L.lat. 54-55.

Fifteen or sixteen longitudinal series of scales between the second
dorsal and the anal fins. The height of the body is contained five
times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a half. The width of the interorbital space is less than
that of the orbit. Dorsal fins close together, rather lower than the
body ; the distance of the dorsal from the eye equals that of the
snout from the prseoperculum. The upper rays of the pectoral fin
very fine, silk-Uke ; the ventrals do not reach to the vent. Brownish,
indistinctly marbled with darker ; the first dorsal fin greyish, with a
black longitudinal spot, and Avith a broad colourless upper margin ;
the other fins blackish, generally with indistinct dots.

Mediterranean ; coasts of Great Britain.

a-b. Adult and half-grown. Clonakilty, South Ireland. From

the Museum Leach as Gobius niger.
c. Half-grown. Frith of Forth.
d,e,f. Fine specimens. Falmouth. Purchased.
g, h. Fine specimens. Madeira.
i. Large specimen. Dalmatia.

h. Adult : skin. Leghorn. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
l-p. Adult : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection as Gobius niger.
q, r. Adult.

104. Gobius melanostoma.

Gobius melanostomus, Pull. Zoogr. iii. p. 151 ; Nordm. in Demicl.
Voy. Puss. Her id. iii. p. 411. pL 7.

D. 6 I 16. A. 14. L. lat. 50-52.

Sixteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. The height of the body is contained five times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head four times and
a foiu'th . The interorbital space is naked, and its width is less than
the vertical diameter of the eye. Snout nearly twice as long as the
eye, with the jaws equal anteriorlj' ; teeth of the outer series en-
larged. Streaks of minute warts below the eye, none on the neck.
Dorsal fins close together, of nearly equal height, lower than the
body ; the distance of the fii'st dorsal from the eye equals that of the
snout from the prseoperculum. None of the pectoral rays silk-like ;
basal half of the pectoral scaly ; the ventraLs do not reach to the
vent, and have the basal membrane very developed. Light brown,
clouded with darker ; the first dorsal with a deep-black spot pos-
teriorly ; the outer half of the vertical fins brown.

Black Sea.

A specimen from Yarua is in the Collection of the Poppelsdorf
Museum (Bonn).

54 GOBIIDiE.

105. Gobius ophiocephalus.

Gobius ophiocephalus, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 153 ; Nordm. iti Demtd. Voy,

Ritss. Merid. iii. p. 425, Poiss. pi. 10. fig. 2.
Gobius lota, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 27 ; Martens in Wiegm. Archiv, 1857,

p. 178.

I>-6|nb- ^-TSV.- L- lat. 60-64.

Seventeen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. Head rather higher than broad. The height of
the body is contained six times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head four times and one-third. The vertical diameter
of the eye is rather more than one -half the length of the snout, and
nearly equal to the width of the interorbital space. The anterior
dorsal fin is as high as the body, but lower than the posterior ; the
distance of the first dorsal from the eye equals that of the snout
from the praeoperculum. Pectoral without silk-like rays ; the ven-r
tral has the basal membrane little developed, and does not extend
on to the vent. Brownish, marbled with darker ; sides of the head
and root of the pectoral spotted with whitish ; the fii'st dorsal with
three pairs of dotted, brownish longitudinal bands ; the second and
the caudal spotted, the pectoral dotted with brown. A round dark-
brown spot at the root of the caudal.

[Fresh waters and] coasts of Italy and Dalmatia. Palestine.

a. Eight inches long. Dalmatia.

b. Adult. Mediterranean. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.

c. Half-grown. Adriatic.

d-f, g. Half-grown. Lake Apollonia (Palestine). Presented by
H. Poole, Esq.

106. Gobius cruentatus.

BrUnn. IcJith. Massil. p. 33. no. 42.

Gobius cruentatus, L. Gm. p. 1197 ; Bl. Schn. p. 72 ; Bisso, Ichth.

Nice, p. 157, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 282 ; Cuv. 8,- Val. xii. p. 29 ;

Cur.Begne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 80. fig. 1 ; Guichen. Exp. Alger. Poiss.

p. 77.
? Gobius gi-acilis, Fries, Vet. Aknd. Handl. 1838, p. 245. tab. 4. fig. 2 ;

Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 224.

D.6|i. A.^-^. L.lat.58.

Seventeen or eighteen longitudinal scries of scales between the
second dorsal and the anal fins. Head as broad as high. The height
of the body is contained five times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head four times and a half. The horizontal diameter
of the eye equals the length of the snout, and is one-fom-th of the
length of the head ; the interorbital space is veiy narrow and en-
tirely scaleless. Dorsal fins not very close together, somewhat
lower than the body ; the distance of the first dorsal from the eye
is more than that of the snout from the prgeoperculum ; a few of the
upper pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral has the basal membrane
well developed, and docs not extend on to the vent. Sides of the

1. GOBIUS. 55

head and nape of the neck with stripes of minute, brown warts,
those on the neck arranged in a "j^ like figure. Eeddish-brown,
marbled with brown ; sides of the head and vertical fins spotted
with vermilion.

Mediterranean. (Coast of Scandinavia ?)
a. Adult. Dalmatia.
6. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swarnson, Esq., as Gohius niyer.

c. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq., as Gobius lan-

ceoJatiis.

d, e. Young.

Gohius gracilis, Fries, appears to be identical with G. cruentatus,
Gm., or at least very closely allied to it ; whilst G. gracilis, Jenyns,
perhaps, is founded on young specimens of G. minutus.

107. Gobius genipoms.
Gobius geniporus, Cuv. Sf Vol. xii. p. 32.

D.6|l. A.I. L.lat.53.

The height of the body is contained seven times or seven times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head four times ;
the head is only half as high and broad as it is long. Tho eye oc-
cupies the second quarter of the length of the head ; the width of
the interorbital space equals one-half of the diameter of the eye.
The lower jaw projects a little. No silk-like pectoral rays ; ventral
fins without a basal membrane. The distance of the caudal from
the two other vertical fins is one-seventh of the length of the body.
Streaks of minute pores below the eye and on the neck ; foiu- or five
large pores along tho margin of the prasoperculum. Brownish,
marbled with darker ; fms blackish, dorsal and anal rays with white
tips ; rays of the caudal with broAvn spots ; head sometimes white-
spotted. (F«?.)

Mediterranean.

108. Gobius capito.

? Gobius exanthematosus, Pall. Zooyr. iii. p. 160 ; Nordm. in Demid

Vol/. Eitss. 3fend. iii. p. 423, Poiss. pi. 10. fig. 1.
Gobius capito, Cuv. 4- Val. xii. p. 21 ; Guichen. Exp. Alqer. Poiss

p. 76. '^

? Gobius paganeUus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 20; Guichen. Exp. Alger

Pom. p. 76; (not Z.)juv. ^

^- ^ I iFH- ^- 1^- L. lat. 60-65. Vert. 12/16.
Seventeen to twenty longitudinal series of scales between the
second dorsal and the anal fins. Head as broad as high. The height
of the body is contained five times and a half in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half. The horizontal cha-
meter of the eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head,
and not quite one-half of that of the snout. The interorbital space
is flat, scaly, and its width equals the vertical diameter of the orbit

50 gobiidjE.

(in mature specimens). Dorsal fins close together, lower than the
body ; the distance of the first dorsal from the eye is more than that
of tlie snout from the pmcopcrculum : the upper pectoral rays silk-
like : the ventral fin has the basal membrane well developed, and
jn-ovided with a lobe on each side ; it terminates at a great distance
from the vent. Streaks of minute warts are scarcely visible on the
side of the head. Brownish, marbled with darker ; a series of black
dots along the middle of the side ; the first dorsal clouded with
blackish, the second, caudal and pectoral dotted with brown ; anal
and ventral immaculate.

Mediterranean. (? Black Sea.)

a. Adult. Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq.

h. Pine specimen. Mediterranean. Presented by Prof. Troschel.

c. Half-grown. Mediterranean.

d, e, f. Adult and half-grown.
g, h. Adult : skeletons.

Skeleton. — The skull is rather short, as in Batrachus ; its crown
is flattened, slightly elevated along the median line, which termi-
nates in a short and low occipital crest. The lateral and anterior
margins of the crown (parietal and principal frontal bones) are pro-
\'ided with a double ridge, including a muciferous channel ; the
outer anterior angle of the crown is produced into a point which
projects into the orbit. The orbit is on the upper surface of the
head, incHning downwards to the side, and not closed by an infra-
orbital ring. The orbital portion of the frontal bone is very narrow.
The prefrontal is moderately developed, and has a rudimentary
praeorbital attached to it. The ethmoid forms a portion of the upper
surface of the skull : the intermaxillary is dilated into an oblong
lamella posteriorly ; the maxillary is styliform, curved and scarcely
dilated at its extremity. The dentaiy bone is strong, bent inwards
to meet its fellow, but not upwards, as in Gohius gluris ; the ai'ti-
cular bone is dUated, not extending very far forwards ; the angular
bone is completely united with it, no sutiu'e between them being
visible. Yomer hammer-Hke ; palatine and pterj-goid bones styU-
form. The tympanic bones are narrow, and large portions of the
tympanic groove are unossified : the hypotympanic is formed by
two portions — the upper broad one for the sutm-es with the ptery-
goids and -with the prae- and meso-tjTnpanic, the lower for the sutui-e
with the praeoperculum. There is a ■wide free space between these
two portions, posteriorly closed by the mesotpnpanic and the pra3-
operculum ; the mesotympanic is of about the same size as the prae-
t}'mpanic. The glossohyal is extremely broad, triangular, the
point of the triangle being posterior ; the urohyal is irregularly
quadi'angular. The humeral arch is fixed to the skull by the supra-
scapula, which terminates su2)eriorly in two long styliform processes,
the lower of which is extremely slender. There is a transverse
groove formed by two ridges near the point where these two pro-
cesses meet ; it serves as the passage for the muciferous channels of
the head into that of the lateral line. The humerus has a short

1. GOBIUS. 57

process posteriorly for articulation with the pubic bone of its side •
radius very short and intimately united with the humerus. Each
pubic bone, if viewed from above, is concave anteriorly and convex
posteriorly ; there is a cartilage intermediate between humerus and
pubic bone.

The posterior portion of the occipital bone is somewhat produced
backwards ; there are twelve abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrte
the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to
that of the caudal as 1 : 1-3. The ribs are moderately strong, pro-
vided with long epipleurals. Neural, hajmal, &c. spines feeble.

109. Gobius maderensis.

Gobius madeu-ensis, Cuv. ^- Vol. xii. p. 55.

— - niger, var., Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 84, and Tra>is. Zool.
Soc. m. p. 10.

D. 6|1. A.ij. L. lat. 54.

Fourteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. Head rather broader than high. The height of
the body is contained six times in the total length, the length of the
head four times and a half. The snout is somewhat longer than the
eye, the interorbital space exceedingly narrow. The dorsal fins are
somewhat remote from each other, and lower than the body ; the
distance of the fii-st dorsal from the eye equals that of the snout
from the prteoperculum ; several stripes of minute warts radiate
from the lower part of the orbit ; nape of the neck without warts.
The upper pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral has the basal mem-
brane veiy broad, and does not extend on to the vent. Brownish-
black or blackish, with inconspicuous darker cross-bars ; fins black.

Sea of Madeira.

a-b, c, d-f, g. Madeira.

h. Adult. Light-coloured variety.

110. Gobius ekstromii.

Gobius minutus, Ekstr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1834, p. 64, and Fische in
den Scheeren von Morko, p. 260 (not Gm., Cuv., ^-c).

D. 6 I i A. f,. L. lat. 60.
The height of the body is contained six times and a quarter in the
total length, the length of the head four times. The head is as
broad as high, and not quite Uvice as long as broad. The horizontal
diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the head, and much
less than that of the snout. The interorbital space is very narrow.
The dorsal fins are rather remote fi-om each other, and somewhat
lower than the body ; the distance of the fii-st dorsal from the eye
is more than that of the snout from the praeoperculum. The pos-
terior dorsal rays are not longer than the anterior ones. None of
the pectoi-al rays silk-like ; the ventral extends to the vent. Trans-
parent yellowish, marbled with reddish; five or six dark-brown

58 GOBIIDiE.

spots along the lateral line, that at the base of the caudal being the
most distinct ; the anterior dorsal with a blackish spot posteriorly ;
the other vertical fins dotted with brownish.

Coasts of Scandinavia.

a. Adult. River Gotha, Sweden. Taken from the stomach of a
Cotius scorjphis.

This species is very similar to Gohhis minutus, with which it has
been confounded by Ekstrom, but may be readily distinguished by
the greater number of the rays of the dorsal and anal fins.

lines.

Total length 28

Height of the body 4|

Length of the head 7

Greatest width and height of the head 4

Diameter of the eye 1|

111. Gobius minutus.

The Spotted Goby. The Polewig.

Aphya, Rondel, vii. c. 3. p. 210.

Apliya cobitis, Willughhy, p. 207. pi. 12. fig. 5.

Marsio, Roy, p. 76.

Gobius, sp. >^, Artedi, Gmiera, p. 29 (part, descr.), and sp. 4, Synon.

p. 47 (part, synon.).
Gobius aphya, X. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 450 (part.) ; Artedi, ed. Walb. iii.

p. 192; Bl. Schn'^. 70; Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 281 (not Ichth.

Nice).
Gobius, no. 276, Gronov. Zoophyl. i. p. 81.
Spotted Goby, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 187. tab. 37.
Buhotte, Diihamel, Pesches, part. 2. sect. 6. pi. 3. fig. 3.
Gobius minutus, L. Gni. i. p. 1199; Lacep. ii. p. 571; Donov. Brit.

Fishes, ii. pi. 38 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 94 ; Fletn. Brit. An. p. 206 ;

Jen. Man. p. 386 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2ud edit. i. p. 288, 3rd edit.

ii. p. 325 ; Parn. Fishes of the Frith of Forth, p. 82. pi. 29; C«». ^

Val. xii. p. 39 ; Fries, Wiegm. Arch. 1840, p. 237 ; Niks. Skand.

Faun. iv. p. 222 ; Guichen. Exp. Alger. Poiss. p. 78 (not Pall, or

Ekstr.).
Eleotris minuta, Bl. Schn. p. 66.
Gobius quadrimaculatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 44 ; Guichen. Exp. Alger,

Poiss. p. 78.

unipimctatus, Parn. Fishes of the Fiith of Forth, p. 83. pi. 29.

? Gobius leopardiuus, Nordm. in JDeniid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 436,

Poiss. pi. 13. fig. 4.

D-S^-^- A.^„. L.lat.60.
Fifteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. Head rather broader than high. The height of the
body is nearly one-seventh of the total length, the length of the head
one-fourth. The horizontal diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the
length of the head, and less than that of the snout. The interorbital
space is narrow and naked. The dorsal fins are rather remote from
each other, and somewhat lower than the body ; the distance of the

1

1. QOBIUS. 59

first dorsal from the eye is more than that of the snout from the
prseoperculum. None of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral ex-
tends to, or nearly to, the vent. Transparent greyish or yellowish ;
hack minutely dotted with black ; sometimes several darker spots
along the middle of the side ; generally a black spot between the
last two rays of the first dorsal fin.
Coasts of Europe.

a. Adult. Frith of Forth. — Named Gohius arenarius (?).

b, c. Adult and half-grown. Frith of Forth.

d. Adult. Frith of Forth. — Named Gohius wnipunctatus.
e-k. Adult. Mouth of the Thames. Presented by J. Frembly, Esq.
I. Many specimens. Brighton. Presented by J. G. Childi-en, Esq.
m-o. Adiilt and half-grown. South Devon. Collected by Gr. Mon-
tagu, Esq.
p-q. Adult. England. Presented by Mr. Moore.
r-s. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swaiason, Esq.
t, u-z, a, jj-y. Adult.

ParncU's assertion, that specimens with a spot on the first dorsal
fin have two rays more in the anal fin than those without a spot, is
not confirmed by my examination of numerous specimens. See also
Thompson in Ann. &, Mag. Nat. Hist. 1840, v. p. 9.

Gohius gracilis (Jenyns, Brit. Vert. p. 387 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes,
2nd edit. i. p. 290, 3rd edit. ii. p. 331 ; Pam. Fishes Frith of Forth,
p. 85) appears to be a rather doubtful species. Small specimens
deposited in the British Museum, and named Gohius gracilis, agree
much more with young individuals of Gohius niger than with the
descriptions given by Jenyns and Pamell. Jenyns probably ex-
amined young individuals of G. minutus. [See Thompson, Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1839, i. p. 356 and ii. p. 28.]

112. Gohius colonianus.

Gobius colonianus, Misso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 285 ; Cuv. ^ Val, xii.
p. 51. pi. 345.

D.6|i,. A.i

Tlie height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; the depth of the head is three-fifths of its
length, and its breadth one-half. The first dorsal fin is nearly twice
as high as the second, and considerably higher than the body, but
none of the rays are produced ; none of the pectoral rays silk-hke.
Brownish, minutely dotted with black, the dots forming ill-defined
spots on the sides ; the first dorsal with a round, black, white-edged
spot between the last two spines.

Coast of Nice.

113. Gobius banana.

Poisson de Roche, Rochefort, Hist. Nat. Antilles, pp. 188, 189 (fig. bad).
? Gobius tajasica, Lichtenst. in Berl. Ahhandl. 1822, p. 273 (not

Marcgr^.
Gobius bauana, Cuv. iSj- Val. xii. p. 103.

60 GOBIID^.

Gobius martinicus, Cttv. ^ Val. xii. p. 105j Cttsteln.Anim. nouv. ou rares
de VAmer. du Stid, Poiss. p. 26.

D. 6|^. A. 3^. L. lat. 60-66. Vert. 11/15.

Kineteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fin. The extent of the snout is rather more than one-
third of the length of the head. Eye small, one-seventh of the length
of the head (in mature individuals) ; the height of the body is con-
tained six times and a half in the total length, the length of the head
four times and a foiu'th. The interorbital space is flat, and its width
equals the diameter of the eye. The upper jaw is longer than the
lower. The maxiUaiy extends to the vertical from the orbit in im-
mature specimens, or in specimens of middle size ; it does not reach
so far backwards in veiy large individuals. Scales on the nape much
smaller than those on the sides. The distance of the first dorsal from
the eye is equal to, or rather more than, that of the snout from the
pra3operculum. The ventral terminates at a great distance from the
vent, and has the basal membrane very broad. Dorsal fins lower than
the body. Brownish-olive, irregularly spotted or dotted with dark
brown ; sometimes two oblique streaks from the eye to the lip. Dorsal,
caudal, and pectoral fins dotted with brown, the dots forming waving
longitudinal stripes on the dorsals, and transverse streaks on the caudal
and pectoral. Mature specimens have six to eight dotted streaks on
the caudal, immature ones four to five. Ventrals and anal white.

Caribbean Sea, entering fresh waters.

a-i. Adult and half-grown : stufied and skins. Caribbean Sea.

From Dr. ParneU's Collection.
Jc-t. Adult and young. Caribbean Sea. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
u, V. Adult. Antilles. Purchased of Mr. Brandt,
w-y. Half-grown : skins, in spirit. America. From Dr. ParneU's

Collection.
z. Thirteen inches long. From the Haslar Collection.
a. Adult.
j8. Adult : skeleton, Caribbean Sea. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.

Sl-eleton. — It does not differ in any essential point from those of
G. giuris and G. capito, but is distinguished by the following pecu-
liarities : —

The crown of the head is broad, as in other Gobies, but Avith the
whole surface slightly convex. The posterior processes of the inter-
maxillaries are long and broad, and the anterior portion of these bones
is horizontally dilated, as in other Acanthopterygians which have a
protractile mouth (as Gerres). The bones of the jaws in general
are rather slender, and the articulary of the mandibula is not dilated.
Pubic bones short. There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal
vertebroe, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column
being to that of the caudal as 1:1-3. Bibs and processes of the
vertebrae feeble.

1. GOBIFS. 61

114. GK)biu3 seneo-fuscus.

Peters in 3Ionatsbe): Berl. Acad. 1852, p. 681.
D. 6 I -1. A. ^. L. lat. 60.

Sixteen longitudinal series of scales between the second doi'sal and
the anal fin. The extent of the snont is one-third of the length of
the head. Eye small, one-seventh of the length of the head. The
height of the body is contained five times and three -fourths in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half. The in-
terorbital space is flat, and its width equals the diameter of the eye.
Teeth in a very narrow band in the upper jaw. The upper jaw is
longer than the lower, and the maxillary does not extend to the ver-
tical from the orbit. The distance of the first dorsal from the eye is
considerablj' more than that of the snout from the prteoperculum.
Scales on the nape much smaller than those on the sides. The ven-
tral terminates at a great distance from the vent, and has a broad
basal membrane. Dorsal fins lower than the body. Groimd-colour
green on the back, with metallic reflexions on the sides, irregularly
spotted and dotted with dark brown ; two oblique streaks from the
eye to the lip ; dorsal and caudal rays with brown dots, forming lon-
gitudinal stripes on the former, and transverse ones on the latter ;
ventrals and anal white.

Coast of Mozambique.

a. Four and a half inches long. Sena. From Prof. Peters's Col-
lection.

This species is so closely allied to the West Indian G. banana, that
it requires a very close examination to detect difl'erences by which
both may be distinguished, whilst, on the other hand, it is very
distinct from the East Indian G. grammepomus. Its most cha-
racteristie feature appears to be the snout, which is comparatively
shorter than in G. hanami ; yet some specimens of the latter approach
it very closely also in this respect.

115. Gol)ius mexicanus.
D. 6 I 11. A. 11. L. lat. 76-82.
Twenty-four series of scales between the second dorsal fin and the
anal. The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in
the total length, the length of the head four times and four-fifths.
The head is fiat superiorly, as broad as high, its width being nearly
one-half of its length. Snout elongate, with the upper profile
oblique ; cleft of the mouth horizontal, the iipper jaw being rather
the longer. Canine teeth none ; teeth of the outer series enlarged.
The maxiUary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. The width of the interorbital space equals the diameter of
the eye, which (in matui'e specimens) is one- eighth of the length of
the head. The head is naked ; scales ctenoid, those on the nape and
on the anterior part of the body very small. The distance of the

62 GOBIID^.

first dorsal from the eye is more than that of the snout from the
prseoperculum. The dorsal fins are lower than the body ; none of the
sjjines produced : caudal rounded, one-eighth of the total length : the
ventral terminates at a great distance from the anus, and has a very
broad basal membrane. Yellowish-olive : back and sides reticulated
■with blackish ; head, dorsal, caudal and pectoral fins dotted with
blackish, the dots on the second dorsal forming interrupted zigzag
streaks ; six cross-series of dots on the caudal ; an irregular, small
blackish spot on the upper part of the root of the pectoral ; ventral
and anal fins and the whole belly yellowish-white.
Mexico.

o, h. Fine specimens. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection.

inches, lines.

Total length 8 0

Height of the body 1 1

Length of the head 1 8

Greatest \ndth of the head 0 11

Diameter of the eye 0 2|

Length of the caudal fin 1 0

Closely allied to Gohius banana, but readily distinguished by the
smaller scales.

116. Gobius transandeanus.
D. 6 I 11. A. 10-11. L. lat. G6-68.

Fifteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal fin
and the anal. The height of the body is contained seven times in
the total length, the length of the head three times and three-fourths;
the head is flat, depressed, much broader than high, with the snout
elongate. Cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal, the upper jaw being
the longest. Canine teeth none ; teeth of the outer series enlarged.
The maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. The width of the interorbital space equals the diameter of
the eye, which (in mature specimens) is one-fifth or one-sixth of the
length of the head. The head is naked ; scales ctenoid, on the nape
and on the anterior part of the body very small. The distance of
the first dorsal from the eye is considerably less than that of the
snout from the pra3operculum. The dorsal fins are higher than the
body, and the spines of the anterior dorsal are prolonged into free
filaments (in mature specimens) ; caudal rounded, one-fifth of the
total length ; the ventral terminates at a great distance from the anus,
and has a very broad basal membrane. Yellowish : head, body, dorsal
and caudal fins irregularly spotted with blackish ; anal and ventral
uniform white or blackish.

Fresh waters of Western Ecuador.

a-b, c-d. Fine specimens. "Western Ecuador. From Mr. Eraser's
Collection.

1. GOBITJS. 63

lines.

Total length 62

Height of the body 9

Length of the head 17

Greatest width of the head 10

Diameter of the eye 24

Length of the eandal fin 12

The western representative of Gohhis banana and <?. mexicanus.

The most constant markings appear to be some oblique blackish
streaks on the side of the snout, and a similar streak across the upper
part of the root of the pectoral.

117. Gobius crassilabris.
D. 6 I 11. A. 11. L. lat. 60.

Fifteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal fin
and the anal. Scales on the neck much smaller than those on the
tail. The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head three times and a half. The
head is flat, depressed, as broad as high, with the snout elongate.
Cleft of the mouth horizontal, the upper jaw being the longer ; Kps
thick ; the eye is situated in the middle of the length of the head.
AU the teeth small ; none of the outer series enlarged. The maxillary
extends to, or shghtly beyond, the vertical from the anterior margia
of the eye. The width of the interorbital space equals the diameter
of the eye, which (in mature specimens) is one-sixth of the length of
the head. The head is naked ; scales on the anterior part of the
body smaller than on the posterior. The distance of the fii-st dorsal
fin from the eye equals that of the snout from the prseoperculum.
The dorsal fins are lower than the body ; caudal rounded, its length
being somewhat less than one-fifth of the total ; the ventral fin ter-
minates at a great distance from the anus, and has a broad basal mem-
brane. Yellowish or brownish : sides of the head and body with
irregular black spots, the spots forming a distinct longitudinal band
between the bases of the pectoral and caudal fins ; root of the caudal
with a round deep-black spot ; a black streak superiorly on the base
of the pectoral. Dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins dotted with brown,
the dots being arranged in longitudinal series on the first, and in
transverse ones on the two latter ; ventral and anal blackish.

Fresh waters of Oualan and Aneiteum.

a. Adult. Oualan. Voyage of the ' Herald.'
h, c. Fine specimens. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivi-ay's Col-
lection.

lines.

Total length 64

Height of the body 10

Length of the head 17

Greatest width of the head 9

64 GOBiin^.

118. Gobius ocellaris.
Gobius ocellaris, (Brouss.) Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 98.
D.6|l. A.± L.lat.60.

Snout elongate, with the upper jaw longest and somewhat pro-
tractile. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth ; the height of the latter is two-thirds
of its own length, and its width three-quarters of its height. The
eye is situated nearer to the extremity of the operculum than to
that of the snout, and is one-sixth of the length of the head, or one-
half of the width of the interorbital space. All the teeth are small,
villiform. The height of the vertical fins is one-half of that of the
body ; caudal rounded ; the basal membrane of the ventrals is broad,
without lateral appendages. Reddish -brown, sometimes with a
darker band along the middle of the body ; back and sides dotted
with black ; fins blackish : the anterior dorsal with a black spot
between the fifth and sixth spines ; the posterior and the caudal with
stripes of black dots. {Val.)

Fresh waters of lie de France (and of Otaheiti ?).

119. Gobius grammepomus.

Gobius grammepomus, Bleck. VcrJimid. Batav. Genootsch, xxii., Blenn.

en Gob. p. .34, and Batjnn, ii. p. 200.

melanocepbalus, B/eck. Vcrhand. Batav. Genootsch. I. c. p. 33.

personatus, Bleek. I. c. p. 34, and Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind.

1851, i. fig. 4.

^- ^ I To- ^- To- ^- l^t. 50-55.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half to seven
times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times to four times and two-thii'ds ; the height of the head equals its
width, and is contained once and a half or once and three-quarters
in its length. The snout is slightly convex, longer than the eye ;
the diameter of the latter is one-fourth or one-fifth of the length of
the head. The cleft of the mouth is very slightly oblique, with the
upper jaw longer; the teeth of the outer series somewhat enlarged;
canine teeth none. The maxillary extends to the vertical from the
orbit. Head naked. Scales on the neck not much smaller than,
those on the tail. The spinous dorsal is somewhat higher than the
soft, but lower than the body ; the second and third spines are the
longest ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like ; caudal rounded, its
length being five times or five times and a half in the total. Green,
brown-spotted ; head dotted wdth violet ; an oblique streak from the
eye to the maxOlary ; dorsal and caudal fins with small, oblong,
cuiTed black spots ; pectoral with a larger spot at the upper part of
the base ; anal yellowish, violet along the middle.

Rivers of Java, Celebes, Borneo, Bali, Booroo, Amboyna, Sumatra,
and Batjan ; Ceylon ; Madras.

a-b, c-d. Fine specimens. Ceylon.

1. GOBITJS. 65

t. Adult : bad state. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
f-g. Fine specimens. Eorneo. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult.

120. Gobius gymnopomus.
Bleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 270.

D. 6 I f. A. f. L. lat. 46-50.

The height of the body is contained six times and three-quarters
in the total length, the length of the head live times and one-third.
The head is higher than broad, its width being oiie-lialf of its length.
The width of the interorbital space is one-half the diameter of tlie
eye, which is contained three times and two-thirds in the length of
the head. Crown of the head scaly, its sides naked. The teeth of
the outer series are enlarged ; canine teeth none. Jaws equal an-
teriorly. The anterior dorsal is about as high as the body, the
second and third spines being the longest ; the posterior part of the
second dorsal higher than the body ; caudal rounded. Green, spotted
with bro^vn : three brown angular cross-bands between the back and
the anal fin, the angle being directed backwards ; a brown cross-band
below the eye. The anterior dorsal violet ■«'ith a yellow longitudinal
band, and with yellow dots above it ; the posterior spotted with
yellow, and with a yellow line along the margin ; pectorals yellow,
with a black spot on the upper part of the base ; ventrals violet ;
anal with an orange-coloured line along the margin ; caudal spotted
with green superiorly and with a yellow and reddish-violet margin.
{Bleek.)

Seas of Priaman and Java.

121. Gobius bnumeus.
Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 142. pi. 74. lig. 2.

D. 6 I 10. A. 8.

The height of the body is about one-sixth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth. The snout is moderately long, its
length being three times and a half in that of the head ; the cleft
of the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw prominent. Teetli very
small ; scales of moderate size. Caudal rounded ; the second and
thii'd dorsal spines are the longest, lower than the body. Dark
brown : back and all the fins dotted with blackish ; the first dorsal
with two broad brown bands. {Schleg.)

Bay of Nagasaki.

122. Gobius annularis.

Chsenogobius annularis, Gill in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vii.
1859, p. 12.

D. 6 I 9. A. 8.

Scales small, cycloid ; head and sides of the neck naked. Body
elongate, its height being one-seventh, and the length of the head

VOL. III. F

66 60BIIDJ5.

nearly one-fourth of the total ; head rather broader than high, and
nearly twice as long as high. The cleft of the mouth is slightly oblique,
with the jaws equal anteriorly ; canine teeth none. The diameter of
the eye is one-fom-th of the length of the head, and twice the width
of the interorbital space. Dorsal fins not elevated ; caudal rounded.
Brownish-grey, superiorly minutely dotted with blackish ; several
ocelli near tlie vent ; the second dorsal with three bands. (Gill.)
Coast of Jesso.

123. Gobius xanthozona.

Sleeker, Verhand. Batar. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 34.
D. 6 ||. A. |. L. lat. 50.

The height of the body is contained five or six times in the total
length, the length of the head three times and a half ; the head is
somewhat higher than broad ; the width of the interorbital space is
more than the length of the diameter of the eye, which occupies the
second fifth of the length of the head. Teeth of the outer series in
the upper jaw enlarged ; canine teeth none. Cleft of the mouth
subvertical. Dorsal fins lower than the body ; caudal rounded.
Body encircled by eight alternately black and yellow bands, the first
across the head, and the fourth black one across the base of the
caudal fin ; dorsal and anal fins entirely black ; the others yellow,
with the base black. (Bleek.)

Eivers of Java and Borneo, near the coast.

124. Gobius platynotus.
D. 6 I 9. A. 10. L. lat. 65.
Twenty longitudinal scries of scales between the origin of the
posterior dorsal fin and the anal. Head and anterior part of the
body broad, somewhat depressed ; a deep groove along the median
line of the broad back. The height of the body is contained six times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head four times and
a half. Head broader than high, and not much longer than broad ;
snout broad, somewhat longer than the diameter of the eye, with
the upper jaw slightly overlapping the lower ; the cleft of the
mouth extends to below the middle of the eye. Teeth vilHform ;
canines none. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of
the head, and somewhat less than the width of the interorbital space.
Head naked, except the posterior portion of the operculum ; two
longitudinal stripes of minute warts on the cheek. Dorsal fins
lower than the body, the anterior being lower than the posterior ;
the third and fourth dorsal spines are the longest. Caudal rounded,
its length being six times and a half in the total length. The
pectoral has no silk-like rays, and does not extend to the vertical
from the vent: ventral rather short, not adherent to the belly,
terminating at a great distance from the vent ; its basal membrane is
weU developed. Scales small, cycloid. BroAvn (in spirits), with some

1. GOBIUS. 07

darker dota ; a black spot on the posterior part of the spinous dorsn 1 ;
the soft dorsal with blackish spots ; the other fins immaculate.

lines.

Total length 23

Length of the head 5

Height of the body 3k

Diameter of the eye 1

Length of the caudal fin 3|

Hab. ?

a. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

bh. Canine teeth.
125. Gobius sphinx.

Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 93 ; Bleek. Bunda, iii. p. 103.
D. 6 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 53,

The lower jaw is provided with a small canine tooth on each side.
Eighteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. Head compressed, higher than broad. The height
of the body is contained four times and a fourth in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half. The snout is obtuse,
somewhat longer than the diameter of the eye ; the interorbital
space is flat, scaleless, and its width is one-half the diameter of the
eye. Dorsal fins close together, lower than the body ; the distance
of the first dorsal from the eye is rather more than that of the snout
from the prajoperculum ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the
ventral has the basal membrane moderately developed, and does not
extend on to the vent. Body with four or five brownish cross-bands ;
belly rose-coloured, with about twelve blue cross-streaks; head
with numerous blue, darker-edged spots ; the first dorsal clouded
with violet and dotted with blue, like the second and the caudal.
Ventral and anal fins rose-coloured, with black margin ; the former
entirely dotted with blue, the latter only posteriorly. Gill-membrane
with a brown cross-bar.

Sea of New Guinea. East Indian Archipelago.

a. Fine specimen. Ceram. From Madame Ida PfeifFer's Collection.

b. Fine specimen. Borneo. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

126. Gobius phalaena.
Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 92 ; Bleek. Bamla, i. p. 244.
D. 61-^. A.i L. lat. 52.

I 14 14

The lower jaw is provided with one or two small canines on each
side. Sixteen longitudinal series of scales between the second
dorsal and the anal fins. Head rather compressed, higher than
broad. The height of the body is contained four times and three-

f2

fourths in the total length, the length of the head four times and a
half. The snout is obtuse, nearly equal in length to the horizontal
diameter of the ej-e ; the interorbital space is flat, scaleless, and its
width rather less than the vertical diameter of the eye. Dorsal fins
close together, the third and fourth rays of the first dorsal elongate,
filiform, as high as the body ; the distance of the first dorsal from
the eye is more than that of the snout from the pra-operculum.
None of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral has the basal mem-
brane moderately developed, and extends to the origin of the anal.
Brownish (in spirits), with six brown cross-bands, the posterior of
which are lighter in the middle ; side of the bead with three series
of rose-coloured, brown-edged spots. The first dorsal anteriorly
with two oblique violet spots, posteriorlj- with a rounded blackish
spot ; the second dorsal blackish, with a whitish longitudinal band
below its margin ; caudal whitish, with blackish margin and thi-ee
round black spots, one near the base on the superior portion, the
other near the upper, and the third near the lower angle. Anal
black, with two longitudinal series of Hght spots ; ventrals blackish ;
pectoral colourless.

East Indian Archipelago ; Vanicolo.

a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

This specimen does not exhibit the bands across the belly, de-
scribed by Valenciennes, and very distinct in GoUus sphinx.

127. Gobius semicinctus.

limnett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, i. p. 32.

D. 6 I ^. A. 3^. L. lat. 55.

The lower jaw is provided with a small canine tooth on each side.
Eighteen longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
and the anal fins. Head rather compressed, higher than broad.
The height of the body is contained four times and three-fomths in
the total length, the length of the head five times. The snout is
obtuse, scarcely longer than the horizontal diameter of the eye,
which equals the width of the interorbital space. Jaws equal in
length anteriorly ; the upper maxillary does not quite extend to
below the centre of the orbit. The interorbital space is naked ; the
scales on the neck are much smaller than those on the body. Dorsal
fins close together, the second, third and fourth spines are much
elongate, filiform, higher than the body ; the distance of the first
dorsal from the eye is more than that of the snout from the prse-
operculum. None of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral has
the basal membrane moderately developed, and extends to the vent.
Greenish-olive (in spirits), with some very indistinct darker bands
across the back. The lower side yellowish, with six silvery cross-
bands, edged with black, as broad as the interspaces of the ground-
colour between them, and ascending as far as the middle of the side ;
the first is between the roots of the pectoral and ventral fins, the

1. GOBIUS, 69

last two above tlie anterior half of the anal fin. Shoulder wath a
round brownish spot. Head reddish-olive ; its sides with rather
irregidar, small, round silvery spots edged ■nith brown. The first
dorsal with a large \iolet spot in the middle and with numerous
small ocelli ; the second dorsal with longitudinal series of violet
dots, more distinct on the base of the fin than superiorly ; caudal
A\dth blackish margin and \\ith a roimd blackish sjwt superiorly at
its base ; anal fin with numerous small ocelli along the base ; pec-
toral without markings ; ventral white, with the margin, blackish.
Mauritius.

a. Eive inches long. Tyjje of the species. From the Collection of

the Zoological Society.

128. Gobius albomaculatus.

Gobius albomaculatus, Hupp. Atl. Flsche, p. 135, and N. W. Fische,

p. 137 ; Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 250.
quinqueocellatus, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 95.

D. 6 I 14-15. A. 15-16. L. lat. 56.

Twenty longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal
fin and the anal. Crown of the head parabolic. The second, third
and fourth dorsal spines produced into filaments, and higher than the
body. Caudal rounded. Canine teeth in the lower jaw. Greenish-
brown, with five umber-brown cross-bands, and with bluish spots
between them on the back ; opercles with four blue longitudinal
streaks, and a yellow band between ; a round blackish spot above
the root of the pectoral and on the base of the caudal ; the second
dorsal white-dotted, and sometimes vnth. three black, blue-edged
oceUi at the base ; two or three similar ocelli on the caudal fin.

Massuah.

a, b-e. Adult and half-grown. Red Sea. Collected and presented
by Dr. E. RiippeU.

129. Gobius decussatns.

Bkeker, Celebes, vii. p. 442.

D. 6 I ^. A. :j^. L. lat. 60-65.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times. Teeth of the outer
series enlarged ; two strong canines in the lower jaw ; cleft of the
mouth oblique. Dorsal fins rather lower than the body ; caudal
rounded. Greenish rose-coloured, with four orange-coloured longi-
tudinal bands, crossed by bars of the same colour ; head with two
red longitudinal bands, edged with black and blue, the upper to the
scapula, the lower to the pectoral. Tail with an orange-coloui-ed,
blue-edged spot. Dorsal and anal fins Avith oblique blue stripes.
{Bleek.)

Coasts and rivers of Nias, Celebes, and Booroo.

130. Gobius bynoensis.

Gobius bynoensis, Richards. Ichthyol. Ereb. is)- 'Ten: p. 1. pi. 1. figs. 1, 2

(not good).
stetbophthalnius, Bkvk. Natuurk. Ti/dschr. Nederl. Lid. i. p. 249.

fig. 7, and xv. p. 236.

D. 6 1 ^. A. i. L. lat. ca 65.

I 10 15

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times. Head higher than
broad ; snout obtuse ; cleft of the mouth slightly oblique ; teeth
of the outer series enlarged; lower jaw with a pair of canine teeth.
The width of the bony part of the interorbital space is one-half of
the diameter of the orbit, which is one-fifth of the length of the
head. The anterior dorsal is rather higher than the posterior, and
lower than the body ; its distance from the eye is more than that of
the snout from the pra^opcrculum. Caudal roimded ; none of the
pectoral rays silk-like. Body with two or three longitudinal bands :
one through the base of the pectoral, forming a spot of deeper colour
at the base of the fin ; another from the snout through the eye,
crossed by about five bars, descending from the back. Two series of
brown specks from the crown of the head to the dorsal fin.

Coast of Western Australia ; Philippine Islands. Biliton. Java.

a. Tyjje of the species : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
6. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

c. Adult. Port Essington. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

d. Adult. Philippine Islands.

This is a beautiful species. Bleeker describes the colours, fi-om
fresh specimens, as follows : —

Greenish : back with four or five brownish-violet cross-bands ; on
each side of the head two brownish-violet, blue-edged longitudinal
bands, the lower of which terminates in a dark spot on the upper
part of the base of the pectoral ; neck with two series of brown,
t)lue-edged ocelli ; dorsal fins dotted with white ; caudal with a
brown spot on the upper part of its base ; anal with violet margin ;
the other fins rose-coloured.

C. Scales minute.

131. Gobius cseruleopnnctatus.

Gobius ca^ndeopunctatus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 134, and N. W. Fische,

p. 137. taf. .32. tig. 3.
pavoninus, (Fhrcnb.) Cut: 8r Val. xii. p. 112.

D.G|1. A.f

Scales very small. The height of the body is contained six times
in the total length, the length of the head four times and a half, that
of the caudal four tunes ; the latter is rhomboidal. The eyes are
very close together, one-sixth of the length of the head. Snout
short and obtuse. Canine teeth none. Dorsal fins higher than the

1. G0BIU8. 71

body. Brownish, with pearl-coloured spots along the back, and with
six or seven light streaks on the side, descending obliquely for-
wards ; head and the anterior part of the back with round black,
white-edged spots ; similar but smaller spots between the rays of
the dorsal fins ; anal and pectoral spotted with white ; caudal with
a yellow and black margin.
Massuah.

a, b. Adult. Red Sea. From Dr. Ruppell's Collection.
132. Gobius cyanotsenia.

Bleeker, Batavia, p. 475.

D. 6 1 3^. A. 3^. L. lat. 100.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a quai'ter in
the total length, the length of the head four times and a half ; the
head is higher than broad ; the snout obtuse, convex, shorter than
the eyes, which are prominent, close together, one-fifth of the length
of the head. The cleft of the mouth is oblique, the lower jaw being
slightly the longer. The teeth of the outer series are enlarged ;
canine teeth none. Head naked ; the scales of the anterior part of
the body smaller than those of the posterior. The fii-st dorsal fin is
somewhat higher than the second, but lower than the body. None
of the pectoral rays silk-like ; caudal rounded. Greenish rose-
coloured, with four broad brownish cross-bands and eleven blue
transverse stripes ; sides of the head with oblique blue streaks ;
dorsal, caudal, and ventral fins immaculate; base of the pectoral
dotted with blue ; anal yeUow, with violet margin, and with three
reddish-violet, blue-edged longitudinal bands. {BUelc.)

Sea of Batavia.

133. Gobius niveatus.

Cav. Si- Val. xii. p. 107.

D-6|^. A.±.

Scales veiy small. The height of the body is contained ten times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head six times. The
head is half as high as long. Snout obtuse, rounded. The second
dorsal is higher than the first, and both are higher than the body.
The length of the caudal is one-fourth of the total. Greyish-brown ;
the sides of the head and the lower parts dotted with white. All
the fins with brown spots on the rays. ( Val.)

Java.

134. Gobius cryptocentrus.
Cm: Sf Val xii. p. 111. pi. 346.

Scales small. The height of the body equals the length of the
head and of the caudal fin, and is one-fifth of the total. The head

72 GOBIID^.

is half as broad as long', and its hciglit is three-fifths of its length.
Snont short, convex ; eyes close together. The upper jaw has an
outer series of stronger teeth, and the two middle ones are somewhat
longer than the others. The height of the dorsal fins does not ex-
ceed that of the body ; caudal rhomboidal.

In spirits : blackish-brown, with numerous paler vertical streaks ;
sides of the head and the anterior portion of the back dotted with
white. Dorsal fins greyish, with transparent spots, some of which
have a black centre.

During Hfe : greyish-red, with the vertical streaks yellow and the
dots blue ; cheek with three red, blue-edged vertical stripes. ( Val.)

Massuah (lied Sea).

135. Gobius russus.

Cantor, Cutal. p. 186.

Scales exceedingly small. The height of the body is contained
seven times in the total length, the length of the head and of the
caudal fin four times and a half. The diameter of the eye is one-
fourth of the length of the head, and nearly equal to that of the
snout ; the snout is broad, rounded, with the lower jaw a little longer
than the upper ; the gape wide, oblique ; a small canine tooth on
each side of the lower jaw ; teeth of the outer series enlarged. Head
and nape naked. Dorsal fins as high as the body ; caudal somewhat
pointed. Flesh-coloured: on each side four or five large clouded
blackish spots, the scales of which have a minute, vertical, lanceolate
whitish spot in the centre ; the first dorsal whitish, with two black-
ish bands, and with a black spot between the fourth and fifth spines ;
the second dorsal with indistinct clouded blackish spots ; the other
fins whitish, minutely dotted with brown.

Sea of Pinang.
a, Ty|5e of the species : skin : not good state. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection,

136. Gobius voigtiL

Gobius voigtii, Blechev, Sumatra, iv. p. 83.
xautliotseuia, Sleeker, Celebes, viii. p. 308.

D.6|l, A.^. L.lat.80.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and four-fifths ; the head is higher
than broad ; the snout convex, shorter than the eyes, which are very
close together, one-foiu'th of the length of the head. The cleft of
the mouth is obliijue, witli the jaws nearly equal ; the teeth of the
outer scries are enlarged ; a pair of lateral canine teeth in the lower
jaw. Head and neck naked ; scales on the anterior half of the body
smaller than on the posterior. The first dorsal is much higher, the
second lower, than the body ; the length of the caudal fin is four
times and a quarter in the total. Greenish, with eight brownish
cross-bands ; head with round blue, darker-edged spots ; the first

1. GOBIUS. 73

dorsal spine broadly anniilfitcd with brown, a black spot between
the fourth and fifth spines ; tlic second dorsal fin blue-spotted, and
with a blue longitudinal line near the margin ; caudal orange-
coloured, superiorly and inferiorly violet, superiorly with two oblique
blue streaks ; the other fins violet.

Coasts of Celebes, Nias, Sumatra, and New Holland.

a. Adult.

b. Adult. New Holland.

c-fZ. Adult. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection.

Bleeker describes the colours of the specimen, which he pre\dous]y
named Gobiiis xanthotcenia, as follows :- — Greenish, \\\t\\ four black
spots on the back, and four others on the side ; nine or ten oblique
bright-yellow streaks on the body, descending forwards ; head with
golden, blue-edged ocelli : dorsal fins with the margin orange-
coloiu-ed, the first spotted with yellow and reticulated with blue,
and with a blackish spot between the third and fifth spines ; anal
mth a series of round yellow spots along the base ; caudal fin with
a red and blue longitudinal streak along the middle, and with the
upper margin yellow, blue, and orange coloured.

137. Gobius polyophthalmug.

Bleeker, Batavia, p. 474.

D.6|^. A.^. L.lat.85.

The height of the body is contained seven times and three-quarters
in the total length, the length of the head five times ; the head is
somewhat higher than broad ; the snout obtuse, convex, shorter than
the eyes, which are very close together, and one-fourth of the length
of the head. The teeth of the outer series are enlarged, and the
lower jaw is provided with two canines licsides. Head naked ; scales
small, those on the anterior part of the body inconspicuous. The
dorsal fins are scarcely higher than the body ; caudal lanceolate, its
length being contained three times and a half in the total. Green-
ish, with eight yellow cross-bands ; three violaceous spots on the
posterior part of the side ; head and dorsal fins with numerous A'er-
milion, blue-edged spots ; the second dorsal with a yellow, blue and
vermilion margin ; caudal with oblique blue and vermilion streaks,
and with the upper margin coloured as in the second dorsal ; anal %vith
a series of violet spots along the middle, and with the lower margin
violet and yellow ; pectorals orange-coloured; ventrals violet. (Bleek.)

Sea of Batavia.

138. Gobius knutteli.

? Gobius filifer, Cui\ t^- J^a/. xii. p. lOG.

Gobius knutteli, Blei'k. Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Nederl. iii., Japan, p. 16.
tab. 1. fiii-. 2. ■

Scales minute. The height of the bodv is coiitained eight times

74 GOBIID.E,

in the total length, the length of the head four times and four-fifths.
The head is higher than broad ; the snout convex, longer than the
eye, the diameter of which is one-fourth or one-sixth of the length
of the head. Eyes close together ; head and nape of the neck naked.
The cleft of the mouth is oblique, wide, extending to the posterior
margin of the eye. Teeth of the outer series enlarged ; lower jaw
with small canine teeth. The first dorsal is twice as high as the
body ; caudal somewhat elongate ; none of the pectoral rays silk-
like. Greenish, with six darker cross-bands ; sides of the head with
white, darker-edged ocelli ; the spinous dorsal ^vith a white cross-
band and with a black spot between the first and second spines ; the
soft dorsal with three or four undulated white longitudinal streaks ;
the other fins immaculate.
Chinese and Japanese Seas.

a, b. Adult. China. Presented by J. K. Reeves, Esq.
c-d. Adult. Hongkong. From the Haslar Collection,

139. Gobius arabicus.

Gobius anguillai'is, Forsk. pp. 23 & 24 (not i.).

arabicus, L. Gm. i. p. 1198 ; £1 Sc/m. p. 72 ; Riipp. K W. Fische,

p. 139.
bimaculatus, (FJirenb.) Citv. <$• Vol. xii. p. 108.

D.6|± A.l

Scales very small. The height of the body is contained seven
times in the total length, the length of the head four times and a
half. Cheeks swollen ; head as broad as high, but one-third longer
than high. The eye occupies the second fifth of the length of the
head. Canine teeth in the upper and lower jaws. The second and
third dorsal spines are liigher than the body ; caudal pointed, one-
fifth of the total.

In spirits : blackish ; below paler, with brown cross-bands, or
brownish with minute black dots ; two blackish spots above the pec-
toral. The first dorsal with series of black points, the second with
fine longitudinal lines ; the other fins blackish ; the caudal with the
upper margin whitish.

During life : bluish-green, with red and blue dots ; two oblong
blue spots above the pectoral.

Red Sea,

a. Adult. Red Sea. Collected and presented by Dr. E. RiippeU,

140, Gobius fontanesii.

Sleeker, Celebes, iii. p. 764.

D. eU. A.i=, L. lat. 90.

I 15 10

The height of the body is one-ninth or one-tenth of the total
length, the length of the head one-sixth ; the head is twice as long-
as high ; the snout convex, obtuse, shorter than the eye ; the cleft of

1. GOBIUS. 75

the moutli oblique ; teeth of the outer series enlarged. The eyes
are very close together, one-fourth of the length of the head, the
Bcales on the posterior part of the body arc much larger than those
on the anterior. Dorsal fins higher than the body ; caudal rather
elongate, its length being two-ninths of that of the body. Body
reddish-brown, Math three broad brown cross-bands, the first below
the spinous dorsal fin, the two others below the soft ; head with
yellow dots superiorly ; the soft dorsal with a series of yellow spots
along the base. (Bleek.)

Sea of Bulucumba (Celebes) ; Amboj-na.

141. Gobius gymnocephalus.

Sleeker, Batavui, p. 473.

'' D. Gli A.-L.

bcales very small. The height of the body is contained eight
times or eight times and three-quarters in the total length, the
length of the head six times ; the head is rather higher than broad ;
the snout obtuse, shorter than the eye ; the cleft of the mouth ob-
lique ; the eyes are close together, and their diameter is contained
four times and a half in the length of the head. Canine teeth in
both jaws. Dorsal fins nearly as high as the body ; caudal lanceolate,
its length being three times and two-thirds or four times and a
quarter in the total ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like. Greenish,
with three broad rose-coloured cross-bands ; dorsal tins immaculate ;
caudal with several oblique red and blue streaks ; anal with a red
and blue longitudinal band along the middle. (Bleek.)

Sea of Batavia.

II. The anterior dorsal with seven to nine spines.

142. Gobius petrophilus.
Bheker, Batavia, p. 476.

D. 7 I ^. A. \. L. lat. 35.

The height of the body is contained six times and a third in the
total length, the length of the head four times ; head broader than
high ; snout convex, shorter than the eye ; cleft of the mouth ob-
lique. The diameter of the eye is contained three times and three-
quarters in the length of the head ; the Avidth of the interorbital
space is less than one-half of the diameter of the eye. Teeth of the
outer series enlarged ; canine teeth none. Head naked ; scales on
the neck smaller than those on the body. The first dorsal is half
as high as the body ; caudal rounded. Brownish-red, clouded with
brown superiorly ; the first dorsal -with three or four brown longi-
tudinal streaks ; the rays of the other vertical fins and of the pec-
torals dotted with brown. (Bled:)

Seas of Java, Bali, Sumatra, Timor, and Goram.

76 GOBIIDiE.

143. Gobius ruthensparri.

Gobius ruthensparri, Eupliras. Ni/a Handl. Stockfi. 1786, p. G4 ; Eefs.

Finm. Slice, p. 32G ; Fries in Wiej/m. Arch. 1840, p. 237 ; Cnv. S,-

Val. xii. p. 48; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. i. p. 285; Nilss.

Skitml. Fatal, iv. p. 226.

niinutus, Ifilss. Prodr. p. 94.

niger, Donov. Brit. Fishes, v. pi. 104 ; Flem. Brit. An. p. 206.

bipunctatus, Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 255 ; Jen. Man.

p. 386; Parn. Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 86. pi. 29.

D. 7 1 ^. A. 3^. L. lat. 35-40.

Eleven longitudinal series of scales between the second dorsal and
the anal fins. Head as broad as high, with the snout short and ob-
tuse. Body moderately slender ; the interorbital space is very
narrow and scalelcss. Dorsal fins rather remote from each other,
lower than the body ; the distance of the first dorsal from the eye
is more than that of the snout from the prteoperculum. None of the
pectoral rays silk-like; the ventral has the basal membrane well
developed, and extends nearly to the vent. A deep-brown spot on
each side of the root of the caudal fin, another above the base of the
pectoral.

German Ocean. British Channel.

rt, ?). Many specimens. Falmouth. Presented by W. C. Cocks, Esq.
c-d. Adult : bad state. PolpeiTO. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
e-h. Adult. Berwick.
i-h. Adult. Presented by Dr. Johnston.

144. Gobius stigmothonus.

Richards. Voij. Siilph. Ichthyol. p. 147.

Teeth of the outer series enlarged ; eyes about half the diameter of
the orbit apart. A series of six very irregular dai-k marks on the
middle of the sides, and a round black spot on the base of the caudal.
A velvet-black mark occupies the upper half of the dorsal between
the tliird and sixth spines. {Richards.)

Canton.

145. Gobius flavimanus.

Gobius fla-vimanus, Schlcg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 141. pi. 74. fig. 1 ;

Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Jajjan, p. 42.
Acanthogobius flavimanus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859,

p. 145.

D. 8 I 14-15. A. 12-13.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times. Snout rather elon-
gate, with the upper profile very slightly curved ; its length is con-
tained twice and two-thirds in that of the head. The width of the
interorbital space is rather less than that of the orbit. Canine teeth

1. GOBIUS. 77

none; the anterior teeth slightly enlarged. Scales of moderate
size. Caudal rounded ; dorsal fins rather lower than the body.
Light bro^vnish, indistinctly clouded with darker ; dorsal, ventral,
and anal fins greyish, pectoral and caudal yeUow ; dorsal and cau-
dal dotted with brownish. (ScJiler/.)
Bay of Nagasaki.

146. Gobius newberrii.

Gobius newberrii, GirardmProc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pliilad. 185G, p.l-^G ;

inBost. Journ. Nut. Hist. 1857, pi. 25. figs. 5-8 ; in U. S. Pacif. R.R.

Exped. Fishes, p. 128.
Lepidogobius newberrii, Gill in Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vii.

1859, p. 14.

D. 8 I 13. A. 12.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of tlie head four times and a half. Cleft of
the mouth oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly. The diameter of
the eye is about one-fom-th of the length of the head. Caudal
rounded ; dorsal fins rather lower than the body. Scales small.
Olivaceous, irregularly spotted with black ; caudal, and sometimes
the second dorsal, with blacldsh dots. (Gir.)

Tomalcs Bay (California).

147. Gobius hexanema.

Chasturichthys hexanema, Blcek. Verhand. Batar. Genootsch. xxv.,
Japan, p. 43. fig. 5 ; Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. Ncic York, 1859, p. IG.

D. 8 I 17. A. 14-15. L. lat. 38-40.

Mandibula with six short barbels. The height of the body is one-
eighth of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth. The
width of the interorbital space is less than one-half of the diameter
of the eye, which is contained three times and a lialf in the length
of the head. The upper surface and the sides of the head scaly ;
the cleft of the mouth is oblique, and the maxillary reaches to below
the anterior half of the orbit; Teeth in bands, those of the outer series
being the strongest ; canine teeth none. Caudal fin siibrhomboid.
Green, marbled with darker, and with a series of five brown spots
along the side; fijis brownish-violet; the second dorsal with yellowish
dots.

Sea of Nagasaki. Coast of Niphon.

148. Gobius ommaturus.

Riehards. Voy. Sidph. Fishes, p. 146. pi. 55. figs. 1-4.
D. 9 I 18-20. A. 15-18. L. lat. 70.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and one-third. Snout
somewhat produced ; the eyes are less than the diameter of the orbit
apart ; the upper jaw rather longer than the lower ; teeth of the

78 GOBIID.E.

outer series enlarged. Caudal rhoniboidal ; dorsal fins not elevated.
Brownish : a dark mark occupies the centre of the base of the caudal ;
ra^'s of the dorsal fins dotted with brown.

Mouth of the Yang tze Kiang. Canton. Araoy.

a. Adult. Amoy. Purchased.

b. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

149. Gobius lepidus.

Gobius gi'acilis, Girard in Proc. Acad. Mat. Sc. Pldlad. 1854, p. 134.
lepidus, Girard in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 127,

(pi. 25 a. figs. 5, 6).
Lepidogobius gTacilis, Gill in Ami. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, vii.

1859, p. 14.

D. 7 I 20. A. 17.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head about five times. Cleft of the
mouth oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly ; the maxillary reaches
to the vertical from the posterior margin of the pupil. The eye is
one-fourth of the length of the head ; interorbital space very narrow.
Teeth of the outer series somewhat enlarged. Caudal rounded ;
dorsal fins not elevated. Scales small ; sides and crown of the head
scaly. Reddish-brown ; throat and fins blackish.

San Francisco (California).

150. Gobius hasta.

? Ophidium cliinense, Lac^p. i. pi. 22. fig. 3.

? Regalecus lanceolatus, Lacep. ii. p. 219.

? Gymnetrus cepedianus, Shaw, iv. p. 198. pi. 30.

Gobius liasta, Schley. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 144. pi. 76. fig. 1.

D. 8-9 I 20. A. 17.

The height of the body is one-half of the length of the head, and
one-twelfth of the total. Snout of moderate extent ; the width of
the interorbital space equals the vertical diameter of the orbit. The
teeth of the outer series enlarged. Scales of moderate size. Caudal
pointed ; dorsal fins not elevated. Greenish-brown ; caudal brown ;
the soft dorsal with four series of blacldsh dots.

Japan.

a. Adult. Japan.

151. Gobius stigmatias.

Chseturichthys stigmatias, Richards. Voy. Sidph. Fishes,]). i>5. pi. 35.
figs. 1-3.

D. 8 I 23. A. 19. L. lat. 53.

Sevei'al small barbels at the lower side of the mandibula. The
height of the body is one-ninth of the total length. Snout with
the lower jaw prominent ; the width of the interorbital space equals
the diameter of the eye. Tlie anterior dorsal is as high as the body,

2. EUCTENOQOBIUS. 79

and higlier than the posterior ; caudal lanceolate. A black mark
on the posterior portion of the first dorsal.
South Pacific (?).

a, h. Types of the species. South Pacific. Presented bj^ Captain
Sir E. Belcher, C.B. From the Haslar Collection.

152. Gobius virgo.
Gobius virgo, Schleg. Fau». Japan. Poiss. p. 143. pi. 74. fig. 4.
D. 8 I 26-28. A. i.

Scales minute. The height of the body is one-seventh of the
total length ; snout moderately long, with the jaws equal in length.
Caudal rounded ; dorsal fins rather lower than the body. Brownish :
an orange-coloured blue-edged band runs from the upper Hp through
the lower half of the eye to the caudal fin ; another similar band from
the angle of the mouth to the operculum. Dorsal fins orange-
coloured, with a blue stripe below the margin ; caudal and anal with
the margins blue and black. (Schleg.)

Baj' of Nagasaki.

2. EUCTENOGOBIUS.

Euctenogobius, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1859, p. 45.

Body elongate, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate size ; gill-
openings ? Teeth small, in a single series in the upper jaw, and in
a naiTow band in the lower ; canine teeth none. Two dorsal fins,
the first composed of six spines. Ventral fins united, not adherent
to the beUy.

Amazon River.

1. Euctenogobius badius.

Euctenogobius badius. Gill in Ann. Liic. Nat. Hist. New York, vii. 1859.
p. 45.

D. 6 I ^. A. j^. L. lat. 50.

Eighteen longitudinal series of scales between the dorsal fin and
the anus. The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length,
the length of the head one-sixth ; head somewhat higher than long ;
snout convex. A pore above each eye, and two on the upper half of
the ascending margin of the praiopercuhim. Eyes close together, theii-
diameter being one-fourth of the length of the head. Dorsal fins not
elevated ; caudal rounded ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like. Red-
dish-brown, with an indistinct hoary dot in the centre of each scale ;
two bluish bands extend from the eye to the upper jaw ; caudal fin
with about seven cross-bars; the other fins almost uniform. {Gill.)

Amazon River.

See also Gobius owi/pterm (p. 34), which is said to have the teeth
in a single scries.

80 ' GOBIID.E.

3. LATRUNCULUS.

Body rather elongate, covered with deciduous cycloid scales of
moderate size ; gill-openings rather ■wide. Cleft of the mouth very
wide ; jaws with a scries of long teeth, and with strong canine teeth ;
the upper jaw Avith a second series, which is formed by the canine
teeth. Two dorsal fins, the fii-st composed of five sijines. Ventral fins
united, not adherent to the belly. Pseudobranehise. VertebrHe 11/16.

Coasts of Scotland.

This genus is much more closely allied to Apocryptes than to
Gobius, its dentition differing from that of the former only in the
arrangement of the canine teeth. The form of the teeth of the
outer seiies is exactly that which we observe in Apocrnptes ; but
there is a second short series behind it, formed by two groups of
strong and curved canine teeth, each group occiipjang the front
part of the intermaxillary. The teeth of the lower jaw arc sub-
horizontal ; a strong, curved canine tooth is placed interiorly to the
end of the series of outer teeth.

Apocryptes hrachypterns, Bleek., appears to have more affinity
to this genus than to the typical species of Apocryptes.

1. Latnmculus albus.

The White Goby.

Gobius albus, Parnell in Trans. Roy. Sac. JSdinb. xiv. 1887, and in

Siippl. Mist. Brit. Fishes, p. 27; Yarrell, Brit. I'ishes, 2nd edit. i.

p. 295, 3rd edit. ii. p. 333.

^•^\h ^-h- Vert. 11/16.
The interorbital space is wider than the eye; the ventral does
not extend on to the vent. Transparent.
Solway Frith ; Frith of Forth.

a. Many specimens. Solway Frith.

h,c-g. Frith of Forth.

7i. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

4. APOCRYPTES.

Apocryptes, Ciiv. 4' Val xii. p. 142.

Body elongate, covered with small scales, which become larger
posteriorly; gill-openings of moderate width. Teeth in a single
series, conical and fixed, with canines in both the jaws, or at least
in the lower. The spinous portion of the dorsal fin separated from
or continuous with the soft, composed of five or six spines. Ventral
fins united, not adherent to the belly. Pseudobranchiae rudimentary.
Vertebrae 12/15.

East Indian Seas and fresh waters.

1. Apocryptes lanceolatus.

Eleotris lanceolata, Bl. Schn. p. 67. tab. 15.

Gobius cliangua, Buch. Ham. pp. 41, .305. pi. 5. fig. 10.

4. APOCRYPTES. Q,

Apociyptes chaiigua, e«f. A'- rw vii x, M', ■ w 7 i- , . „

lanceolatus, Cantor, Catal. p. 187. '

D. 5 I 31. A. 30.
Scales exceedingly small. The hpio^hf nf f>,o r. i •

darker; Ltl Wn-cSS '"""' "^'"^^"^^^^ ^^^^^^ -^h
Shores of the East Indian Seas.

7'e IS t^^'"- ,?T"ted by G. E. Waterhouse, Esq.
/, iZ-A. Adult. Madras.

2. Apocryptes dentatus.
Ctiv. Sf Val. xii, p. 148.

D. 5|32. A. 31. Vert. 12/15.
Scales exceedingly small Thp >io;o.>.f ^# 4-u 1 i

Coasts of Pondicherry. Bengal.

3. Apocryptes borneensis.

Sleeker, Borneo, ix. p. 421.

D. 5 I 28-30. A. 26-27.

ov^lne\ZZ^fV'^fl\ 7^' ^''^^' °f the body is one-tenth
shoXrIr t the total length; snout obtuse/ very convex
of thp]. T ^' '^'' ^^^'^^ '' one-fourth or one-fifth of the len S
rL V'^^j- ^C^ape nearly horizontal, reaching to below the pTste

m7r,^ri n ^I'f!:°^ ^^^S^ ^^^^e« ^ear the symphysis of the
Wb f t;, Pf,'^'^ ^^ lanceolate, its length be^ nearly one-
wll'streS'thf '"f 'k '°**![^ ^^'^ ^^^"^^ '^^ with angular
SHwth 1 sm.n ^ r f ^T^ '^f 't*^^ ^°^^^^-^'^- The anterior
uoisai Avitn a small spot antenorly and with a large one »oste7ior]v •

the second dorsal and the caudal black-dotted. (BleeT) ^ *'"™^^ '

itivers ot Bandjermassing.
VOL. in.

82 GomiD.E.

4. Apocrjrptes bato.

Gobius bato, Buch. Ham. p. 40. pi. 37. fig. 10.

Apocryptes bato, Cm\ Sf Val. xii. p. 14.3. pi. 349 ; Bleeker, Verhand.
Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Bengal, en Hindost. p. 103.

D. 5 I 21. A. 22.

Scales exceedingly small. The height of the body is one-eighth of
the total length ; snout obtuse, rounded, equal in leng-th to the dia-
meter of the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the head. Gape
horizontal, reaching to below the middle of the eye, with the upper
jaw a little longer than the lower. Teeth small ; a pair of small
canines at the symphysis of the lower jaw. Caudal fin lanceolate,
its length being two-ninths of the total. Greenish ; body and dor-
sal fins dotted with dark brown.

Mouth of the Ganges. River Hooghly (Calcutta).

5. Apocryptes serperaster.

Richards. Ichtliyol. China, p. 206.

D. 6 I 27. A. 27.

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger posteriorly. The height
of the body is one-ninth or one-eleventh of the total length. Snout
obtuse, rounded, somewhat longer than the eye, with the upper jaw
rather longer than the lower ; gape of moderate width, the max-
illary extending to below the posterior margin of the eye. Teeth
small ; the front teeth of the upper jaw enlarged, those of the lower
horizontal ; a pair* of .small canines near the sjnmphysis, another on
each side of the mandibula. Dorsal fins not continuous. Greenish-
olive ; caudal darker.

Chinese Seas.

a. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. — Type of the

species.
6, c. Adult. China. From the Haslar Collection.
d-e. Half-grown. Bengal. From the Collection of the East India

Company.
f-h, 1-t, u-w, x. Adult and half-gro-mi : not good state. From the

Haslar CoUeetion.

6. Apocryptes rictuosus.

Cuo. ^ Val. xii. p. 151.

D. 6 I 25-27. A. 27.

Scales small anteriorly, becoming larger on the tail. The height
of the body is one-fourteenth of the total length, the length of the
caudal fin one-third. Snout obtuse, somewhat longer than the eye ;
the lower jaw slightly prominent. Teeth small, those of the lower
jaw horizontal ; a pair of small canine teeth near the symphysis, and
another canine tooth on each side of the lower jaw. Gape wide, the
maxillary extending beyond the posterior margin of the eye. Dorsal

4. APOCRTPTES. go

Ll^'ltS'' '^^' ^'"^'"''' '''''' '^ '^' "^""''''^ ^" "°^ ^he caudal

Madras. Coast of Pondicherry.
a, b. Half-groAvn. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

7. Apocryptes macrolepis,

Bheker, Borneo, iii. p. GQ.

D. 6 j 29. A. 28.

Scales smaU anteriorly, becoming larger on the tail. The hei-ht
of the body IS one-eleventh of the total length, the length of the
caudal fin one-fourth. Snout obtuse, as long as the ^ye, wh ch
occupies the second fifth of the length of the lead. The^anlS
teeth of the upper jaw enlarged, those of the lower horizontal • a
pau- of lai-ge canines near the symphysis. The gape reaches to
the I ^ Pf tenor margin of the eye. Dorsal fin^ Lntinuous at
fl^TL ^'?'''^.'}^'lf'^^^^ brown; dorsal fins black-spotted;
caudal blackish, with the rays greenish. {Bleek.)

Rivers of Bandjermassing.

8. Apocryptes nexipinnis.

Cantor, Catal. p. 188.

D. 6 I 26. A. 26.
Scales rather smaU anteriorly, becoming large posteriorly. The
height of the body is one-eleventh of the total length, the length of
the caudal fin one-fifth. Snout rounded, longer than the eye, which
occupies the third seventh of the length of the head. Gape verv
wide the maxillary extending far beyond the vertical from the eye
leeth m the jaws horizontal ; the upper jaw with a pair of strong
fangs antenoriy, the lower mth a smaller canine tooth on each side
Dorsal fins continuous. Slate-coloured; dorsal and caudal fiiLs
mmutely dotted with brown.
Sea of Pinang.

a, h. Skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.— Types
01 the species. ■''■

9. Apocryptes henlei.

Bleeker, Verhaml Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blemi. en Gob. p. 37.
D. 6 I 27. A. 28.
Scales small anterioriy, becoming larger posteriorly. The height
ot the body is one-tenth or one-eleventh of the total length • the
eye occupies the second fifth of (he length of the head. The'oane
reaches behind the eye. Anterior teeth of the upper jaw enlaiwd
those of the lower horizontal ; two canines near the symphysis.
Ihe length of the caudal is one-fourth of the total. Uniform
greenish. {Bleek.)

Coasts of Java and Madura.

g2

84 GOBIID^.

10. Apocryptes madurensis.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 35.
D. 6 I 23. A. 22. L. lat. 35 ?

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length, the
diameter of the eye one-fifth of the length of the head. Gape wide,
extending behind the eye ; teeth of the upper jaw vertical, conical,
twenty or thirt;y- in number ; the lower jaw with about fifty hori-
zontal bilobate teeth, and with two canines near the symphysis.
Caudal lanceolate, two-ninths of the total length. Greenish :_ the
first dorsal with a black spot between the third and foiu'th spines.
(Bhel:)

Coasts of Java and Madura.

11. Apocrjrptes glypMdodon.

Bleeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 36.
D. 6 I 22. A. 22. L. lat. 50.

The height of the body is one-ninth of the total length ; the eye
occupies the third sixth of the length of the head. Gape wide, ex-
tending behind the eye ; teeth of the upper jaw vertical, conical,
sixteen in number ; the lower jaw with about twenty-four hori-
zontal bilobate teeth, and with two canines near the symphysis.
The length of the caudal is two-ninths of the total. Greyish, with
five light-bro^^^^ spots along the sides ; head and body minutely
dotted ■n'ith black. (Bleek.)

Sea of Batavia.

12. Apocryptes brachypterus.

Bleeker, Java, iii. p. 401.

D. 5 I 8. A. 13. L. lat. 25.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length. Snout
depressed, shorter than the eye, which is one-fourth of the length
of the head. The upper jaw is shorter than the lower, the gape
being very oblique ; the maxillary reaches to below the anterior
part of the orbit. Teeth large, widely set ; a pair of canines near
the symphysis of the lower jaw. Caudal fin obtuse, its length
being nearly one-sixth of the total. Greenish, transparent ; anal
rays slightly dotted with black. (Bleeh.)

Lake Grati (province of Pasuruan, Java).

5. EVORTHODUS.

Evorthodus, Gill in Proe. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 195.

Body elongate, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate size ; head
thick, short ; gill-openings of moderate width. Teeth in a single
series, with the crown emarginate, those of the lower jaw nearly
horizontal ; canines none. Two dorsals, the first ■«dth six spines.
Ventral fins united, not adherent to the belly.

Fresh waters of Trinidad and of Surinam.

G. G0J3I0S0MA. 85

1. Evorthodus breviceps.

Gill, I.e.

D. 6 1 3^. A. ^^. L. lat. 32.

The height of the body nearly equals the length of the head, and
is one-fifth or one-sixth of the total; the diameter of the eye is
one-third or one-fourth of the length of the head ; caudal rounded,
one-fifth of the total length. The rays of the fii'st dorsal fUiform.
Light brown, with irregular blackish blotches ; dorsal fins with
series of brown dots.

From a river m the Island of Trinidad. Surinam.

One specimen, from Surinam, is in the Leyden Museum.

6. GOBIOSOMA*.

Gobiosoma, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 169.
Scales none. Body elongate, cylindrical ; head not compressed.
Teeth small, villiform or cardiform. Two dorsal fins : the anterior
with six to eight (two) flexible spines, the posterior of greater extent
than the anterior. Anal similar to the soft dorsal in form and size,
terminating at some distance from the caudal. Ventral fins united
to a disk, which is not attached to the belly. Gill-opening vertical,
of moderate width, the gill-membrane being united to the isthmus.

1. Gobiosoma alepidotum.

Gobius alepidotus, Bl. Schn. p. 547 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes,

p. IGO. pi. 23. fig. 70.

boscii, Lacep. ii. p. 555. pi. 16. fig. 1 ; Ctw. Sf Val. xii. p. 96.

viridipallidus, 3Iitch. Trans. Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 379.

pi. 1. fig. 8.
Gobiosoma alepidotum, Girard, I. c.

D.6|^. A. A

Body slender, with the caudal fin pointed ; eyes very close together ;
cleft of the mouth small. Greenish-brown, with seven or eight paler
transverse bars ; fins dark brown ; caudal 'with two or three curved
bars.

Coasts of North America between New York and Charleston.

2. Gobiosoma diadematum.

Gobius diadematus, Riq)}}. Atl. Fische, p. 137, & iV". W. Fische, p. 138.
D. 6 I 13. A. 11.

Head rather depressed, rounded ; body elongate ; caudal fin
rounded ; canine teeth none. Bro^^mish-yellow, ■with an umber-
brown band from the crown of the head through the eye towards
the angle of the praeoperculum ; head with brown dots, back with

* 1. Gobiosoma molestum, Girard, I.e. — Coast of Texas.

86 GOBIID^.

broAvn spots and streaks ; dorsal and anal fins with a brown band near
the margin. {B'dpp.)
Suez.

3. Gobiosoma macrognathos.

Gobius macrog-nathos, Blevk. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., Japan, vi.
p. 83. tab. 1. fig. 1.

D-^U- A.3L.

Body elongate, with the candal fin rounded; head depressed,
pointed, its length being two-ninths of the total ; eyes of moderate
size, directed upwards ; eloft of the mouth wide, extending behind
the orbit, with the jaws equal in length. Violet-rose-colom-ed,
dotted with brown siiperiorly, the dots forming bands across the back.
Vertical fins with brown dots, ventrals black. {Bl.)

Rivers of Jeddo.

4. Gobiosoma ophicephalum.

Gobius ophicephaliia, Jem/ns, Zool. Beaf/le, Fishes, p. 97. pi. 19. fig. 3,
cop. by Gai/, Hist. Chil Zool. ii. p. 291 (not Pali:).

D.8|l. A.i.

The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth ; head fiattened, depressed, Avith promi-
nent, small, wart-like dots ; teeth of the outer series enlarged ; dorsal
fins as high as the body ; caudal rounded. Pale lead-colour, coarsely
reticulated with brown. (Jen.)

Chonos Archipelago.

The following species appear to have more affinitj' to this genus
than to any other : —

5. Gobiosoma nilssonii.

Gobius nilssonii, Diib. S^- Kor. in Vet. Akad. HmuJl. Stockh. 1845, p. 53.

tab. 2. fig. 3 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 227.
linearis, Dilh. if Kor. in Ofversi(/t af Vetensk. Akad. Handl. 1845,

i. p. 111.

B. 5. D. 2 I 19-21. A. 20-22.

The height of the body is one-eighth or one-ninth of the total
length ; cleft of the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw prominent.
Caudal subtruncated. Transparent.

Specimens of this singular species, 18 hncs in length, have been
discovered on the coast of Norway.

6. Gobiosoma stuvitzii.

Gobius stuvitzii, Diih. S,- Kor. I. c. p. 59. tab. 2. fig. 4 ; Niks. I. c.
p. 229.

D. 5 I 12-13. A. 14-15.

The height of the body is one-eighth or one-ninth of the total

/. GOBIODON. 87

length. Cleft of the mouth oblique, with the lower jaw prominent ;
teeth minute. Caudal subtruncated. Transparent.
Bergen.

This species has been compared with the Scottish Gohius alhus.
The remarkably strong teeth of the latter prove its distinctness,
even if G. stuvitzii be provided with deciduous scales, which might
have escaped observation.

7. GOBIODON*.

Gobiodon, {Kuhl 8f v. Hass.) Bleek. Boeroe, p. 407.

Body oblong, more or less compressed, naked ; head large, ele-
vated; gill-openings of moderate Avidth. GeneraUy two canine
teeth near the sj-niphysis of the lower jaw. Two dorsal fins imited
at the base, the anterior with six spines. Ventral fins united.

Indian Seas.

1. Gobiodon citrinus.
Gobius citi'inus, Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 1.39. tab. 32. fig. 4.
D. 6 1-. A. -i.

I 10' • 8

Scales none. Body short and compressed. Canine teeth none
lellow: a blue, black-edged streak along the base of the dorsal and
anal fans ; four transverse streaks of the same colour— two descend-
ing from the eye, the third from the vertex to the oi>ercles, and tlie
tourth m front of the pectoral fins. (Riipp.)

Red Sea.

2. Gobiodon rivulatus.

Gobius rivulatus, Hiipjiell, Atlas, Fische, p. 136, and N. W. Fischi-
p. 1.38. '

D. 6 111. A.I.

Scales none. Body elliptical, compressed. Dorsal fins subcon-
tinuous; ventrals smaU. Canine teeth small. Green, reticulated
with red ; all the fins green. Brown (in spirits) ; head lighter, with
several whitish vertical lines ; fins brownish-black.

Island of Jubal (Red Sea).

«, b. Fine specimens. Jubal. Collected and presented by Dr. E.
Riippell.

3. Grobiodon quinque-strigatus.

Gobius quinque-strigatus, Cur. ^ Vul. xii. p. 1.34 ; Bleek. in Verhand.
Batav. Gemotsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 29, Sf Solor, p. 82.

D. 6 I \. A. -i.

Scales none or inconspicuous; no tubercles on the forehead.

» 1. Gobius corjpho3nula, Cwv. 4- Veil. xii. p. 131.— Guam.

2. Gobius erjthrophaios, Bled: Vcrh. Batav. Gemotsch. sxil. Blenn. en
Goh. p. 29.— Gobiodon erythrophaios, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 409 —East
Indian Archipelago.

88 GOBIID^.

Body short, compressed, its height beuig one-third of the total
length ; head as high as long, with the anterior profile parabolic.
Ventrals short. Canine teeth. Yellow : head and thoracic region
with five vermilion transverse bands ; body with seven longitudinal
series of spots of the same colour.

Seas of Tongatabou, Solor, Booroo, Goram, and Sumbawa.

4. Gobiodon ceramensis.

Gobiiis ceramensis, Bkeker, Ceram, ii. p. 704.

Scales inconspicuous. The height of the body is contained three
times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a third or four times and a half. The head is compressed,
as high as long ; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye. Lower
jaw with small canine teeth. Dorsal fins much lower than the
body ; caudal rounded. Entirely black or brown, with black fins.

Seas of China, Wahai, Borneo, Amboyna, and of the Feejee
Islands.

a-h. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B,

c^tl. Two specimens from Borneo, pui-chased of Mr. Erank as Go-

hiodon erythro^yhceus, appear to agree better with Gobiodon

ceramensis ; they are uniform brown, with black fins, without

any blue or black streaks.

e-(j. Three others, from the Eeejee Islands, procured during the

voyage of the ' Herald,' agree with the former.
7i-i. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Erank.

5. Gobiodon Mstrio.

Gobius histrio, (KM ^- r. Hass.) Cur. S^ Val. xii. p. 132. pi. 347 ;
Bleeh. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl Ind. 1851, i. fig. 6.

Scales none or inconspicuous; two or three small tubercles on the
forehead. Body short, compres.^ed, its height being one-third of the
total length ; head higher than long, with the anterior profile para-
bolic. Ventrals very short. Canine teeth. Eose-coloured, with
irregidar blue spots and streaks, vertical on the head, longitudinal
on the body. ( Val.)

Sunda Sea. Friendship Islands.

6. Gobiodon heterospilos.

. . Sleeker, Boerne, p. 409.

D.6|l. A.i.

The height of the body is contained three times and three-
quarters ui the total length, the length of the head four times and a

8. TRIiENOPHOBICHTHYS. 89

half ; head as high as long ; large canine teeth near the symphysis
of the lower jaw. Yellowish rose-coloured ; head and caudal fin
black-spotted; dorsal and anal fins minutely dotted with brown.
(Bleek.)

Sea of Kajeli.

7. Grobiodon micropus.

D. 6 I 14. A. 12.

Head and body strongly compressed; the height of the body is one-
third of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth. The
upper profile of the head is strongly convex, becoming subvertical
anteriorly ; snout elevated, but veiy short ; cleft of the mouth nar-
row ; a pair of strong canine teeth near the sjTnphysis of the lower
jaw. Eye rather small. Dorsal and anal fins rather elevated, but
much lower than the body ; the spines of the anterior dorsal increase
in length posteriorly, and the last is connected with the first ray by
a low membrane. Caudal convex. Ventral disk very short, not
quite one-half the length of the head, not adherent to the belly.
Uniform olive (in spirits) ; vertical fins black, the base of the dorsal
and anal being yellowish.

lines.

Total length ; : . ;. . .' 18

Length of the head ..•.;.•...•.■ 3|

Height of the body 6

China Seas.

a. China Seas. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

8. TRI^NOPHORICHTHYS.

Trisenophorus, Gill in Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1859, p. 17.
Triaenophoriehthys, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 195.

Body subcylindrical, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate or
rather smaU size ; head oblong, broad, rather depressed, with the
cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal, and with the jaws of equal
length ; both jaws with a series of erect, closely-set, tricuspid teeth.
Eyes of moderate size. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with six flex-
ible spines ; caudal quite free ; ventrals united, not adherent to the
belly. Gill-openings of moderate width. Pseudobranchiae ; a slit
behind the fourth gill.

Coast of China (Hongkong).

1. Triaenophoriehthys trigonocephalus.
Gill, I. c. p. 18.

T). 6 I 12-13. A. 12. L. lat. 55.

, Sixteen to eighteen longitudinal series of scales between the
second dorsal fin and the anal. The height of the body is some-
M'hat less than the length of the head, and one-fifth of the total.
The head is rather broader than high, its width being five-sevenths

90 GOBIID.E.

of its length; it is flat above, and the width between the orbits
equals the diameter of the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of
the head. The snout is longer than the eye, obtuse, with the upper
profile straight and with the anterior rounded ; the cleft of the
mouth is very slightly oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly ; the
maxillary extends beyond the anterior margin of the orbit. Canine
teeth none ; teeth of the outer series closely set, tricuspid. Head
naked, nape scaly, scales ctenoid. Dorsal fins nearly equal in height,
lower than the body ; caudal obtuselj^ rounded ; none of the pectoral
rays silk-like ; the vcntrals terminate at some distance from the
vent, and have the basal membrane very well developed. Uniform
reddish-olive (in spu'its) ; the giU-membrane white-dotted ; pectoral
wdth a whitish cross-band near the base.
China.

a. Not good state. China.

b-e, f-h. China.

lines.

Total length 35

Height of the body 7

Length of the head 74

Greatest width of the head 5^

Diameter of the eye 1 1

2. Triaenophorichthys barbatus.
D. 6 I 11. A. 11. L. lat. 35.

Two series of small barbels across the cheek, another along the
mandibula and the prteopercular margin. Twelve longitudinal
series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the
anal. The body is anteriorly depressed, its height being one-fifth
of the total length. The head is much depressed, and nearly as
broad as long ; its length is one-fourth of the total ; its upper sur-
face is flat, and the -width of the intei'orbital space is much more
than the horizontal diameter of the small eye. The snout is rounded,
broad, obtuse, longer than the eye, with the jaws equal in length.
The cleft of the mouth is horizontal, and extends to the anterior
margin of the orbit. Both jaws are armed with a series of closely-
set tricuspid teeth, behind which is another series of smaller ones
for rei)lacing those in front. Head and the foremost part of the
neck naked ; scales ciliated. Dorsal tins lower than the body, the
posterior higher than the anterior ; caudal convex ; none of the
pectoral rays silk-like. The pectorals do not quite extend to the
vertical from the vent, and the ventrals are still shorter. The latter
are not attached to the belly, and have a very broad basal mem-
brane, lleddish-olive or brownish, with very large band-like brown
blotches, the anterior of which is below the first dorsal, extending
on that fin ; another extends on the soft dorsal.

Probably from China.

(7, 6-c, d. From the Haslar Collection.

9. BEXTHOPHILUS. 9L

lines.

Total length 33

Height of the bodj^ 6

Length of the head 8

Greatest width of the head 7

Diameter of the eye 1

9. BENTHOPHILUS.

Benthophilus, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 77.

Body moderately elongate, tubercular ; scales none; head broad,
depressed. Gill-openings closed, except a small aperture superiorly.
Teeth small. Two doi"sal fins, the anterior with three spines.
Ventral fins united. Branchiostegals four.

Caspian Sea.

1. Benthophilus macrocephalus.

Gobius macrocephalus, Pallas, Nov. Act. Petroj). i. p. 52. pi. 7.

tigs. 4-G, and Zoogr. iii. p. 16.3: Ciiv. iic Val. xii. p. ]26.
Benthophihis macrocephahis, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 77, and Bull. Soc.

Nat. Mosc. 18.38, ii. p. 139 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voij. Pass. 3Ierid.

iii. p. 440, Poiss. pi. 14. fig. 2.
Hexacanthus macrocephalus, iVo/-f/wi.««J5K//. Acad. St. Petersh. 1837.

D. 3 I -i. A. 9.

Skin rough, tubercular. Head depressed, subcircular, as bi'oad
as long, one-third of the total length. The cleft of the mouth ^vide,
not extending to the eye. Greyish, spotted with blackish.

Caspian Sea.

10. SICYDIUM.

Sicydium, Cm: Sf Val. xii. p. 167.

Sicvdium et Sicyopterus, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 18G0,
p. 101.

Body subcylindrical, covered with ctenoid scales of rather small
size ; head oblong, with the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal
and with the upper jaw prominent ; lips very thick ; the lower lip
generally with a series of minute teeth. A series of numerous small
teeth in the upper jaw, implanted in the gum and moveable (fixed
in the last two species) ; the lower jaw with a series of conicid
widely-set teeth. Eyes of moderate size. Two dorsal fins, the an-
terior with six (five) flexible spines ; caudal quite free ; ventral fins
united to a short semicircular disk, more or less adherent to the
belly. Gill-oi)enings of moderate width ; branchiostegals four ; air-
bladder none. Pseudobranchiae, a sht behind the fourth gill.

A tropical genus, inhabiting fresh waters near the sea. One
species from the West Indies, the others from the East Indian
Islands, — the extreme points of their range being He de France,
Japan, and Hi^o Hawaii.

92 GOBIID^,

a. Front teeth of the lower jaw not larger than the others.
1. Sicydium plumieri.

Gobiua plumieri, Bl. v. p. 125. pi. 178. fig. 3; Bl. Sclm. p. 69; Lacep.

ii. pp. 537, 562. pi. 15. fig. 2.
Sicydium plumieri, Cm: i^- Val. xii. p. 168.

B. 4. D. 0|^. A.^. L.lat.85. Vert. 11/15.

Scales sometimes rather irregularly arranged. Some of the dorsal
spines produced into long ribands. Uniform brown, or yellowish-
olive marbled with brown.

Elvers of the West Indies.

a. Adult. Barbadoes. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

h-d. Adidt : stuffed. West Indies. From Dr. Pamell's Collection.

Cr-h, i-1, ni-n. Adult and half-grown. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
0. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Skeleton. — The general form of the skull has been noticed by
Valenciennes, but the skeleton from which he has taken his notes
appears to have been defective ; he says, " le maxillaire u'est aussi
qu'un Icger filet." On the contrary, we find that that bone is very
stout and long, curved like a prolonged \, receiving the sabre-shaped
praeorbital in its posterior concavity, and the intermaxillary in its
anterior. Both maxillary bones are rather remote from each other
in consequence of the great breadth of the snout, and each has a
flat process superiorly, bent towards that of the other side. The
posterior process of the intermaxillary is short and exceedingly
broad, so that the outlines of the entire bone form an elongate rect-
angular triangle. The mandibles arc feeble, and the dentary has
nearly a transverse direction. The pubics form together a bony
capsule which is completely closed, and only open anteriorly ; each
pubic bone is separately articulated to the humeriis of its side, as in
Oohms.

There are eleven abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrae, the latter
division being only a little longer than the former. Ilibs moderately
developed, with long epipleurals. The neural spines of the abdominal
vertebrae are short, stout, and depressed.

^. The two front teeth in the lower jaw enlarged.
2. Sicydium lagocephalum.

Gobiiis lagocephalus, Koelreiitcr, Noi: Comm. Pctrai). ix. p. 428. p). 9,

figs. 3, 4 ; Pall. Spicil. Zuol. viii. p. 14. pi. 2. figs. 5-7.
Sicydium lagocephaluni, Cut. 4" Val. xii. p. 174.

D.6|i. A.±

The scales on the neck and belly are as large as the others. The
breadth and height of the head are equal. The anterior dorsal is as
high as the bodj-. Greyish-brown (in spirits), sometimes clouded

10. SICYDIUM. 93

with darker; the second dorsal with four or five series of broWn
dots ; anal with a blackish and white margin ; caudal blackish,
superiorly and inferiorly white-edged.
Rivers of lie de France and Bourbon.

3. Sicydium laticeps.
Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 177.

The scales on the neck and belly are nearly as large as the others ;
the head is one-third broader than high. The thii'd and fourth
dorsal spines elongate, filiform. Uniform blackish; caudal with
whitish margins. ( Val.)

Rivers of Bourbon.

4. Sicydium stimpsoni.

Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 101.
D. 6 I 11. A. 11.
The head is as broad as high. The second dorsal spine filiform.
Pmijlish, with seven darker cross-bands ; caudal fin and base of the
dorsal and anal white-dotted. {QUI.)
Rivers of Hilo Hawaii.

5. Sicydium xanthurum.

Sleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 271.

B. 6 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 50.

The scales on the neck and on the sides are nearly equal in size
to those on the tail. The anterior dorsal higher than the body.
Blackish : tail orange- coloured posteriorly ; dorsal and anal fins
brown ; caudal yellow, with a horseshoe-like black mark and with
the angles violet ; pectoral yollow-edged. The width of the eye
equals that of the interorbital space. (BZ.)

Rivers of West Sumatra and Bali.

6. Sicydium micrurum.

Bleehei; Amhoina, iv. p. 341.

D. 6|^. A.^. L. lat. 55-60.

The length of the caudal fin is six times or six times and a half
in the total. The width of the interorbital space is much more than
that of the orbit. Scales on the neck, body and tail nearly equal in
size. The anterior dorsal fin is not higher than the body. Greenish
above, with about eight blackish cross-bars ; a blackish band along
the side, most distinct on the base of the caudal and on its middle
rays. Dorsal and anal fins immaculate, the latter with a blackish

94 gobiih.t;.

intramarginal band ; caudal with a black horseshoc-like mark ; pec-
toral and ventral yellow.

llivei-s of Amboyna and Bali.

a. Adult. AnibojTia. Piu-chased of Mr. Stevens.

7. Sicydium macrostetholepis.
Bkeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 271.

D. 6|-1. A.i L. lat. 50. Vert. 11/15.

The anterior lateral scales are larger than the posterior ones, and
than those on the occiput. The first dorsal higher than the body.
Blackish-green ; dorsal and anal fins brownish, with numerous small
black dots, the latter black-edged ; caudal with a horseshoe-like
black mark ; pectoral yeUow-edged. The width of the eye is much
less than that of the interorbital space.

Rivers of West Sumatra and Aneiteum.

'a, h. Fine specimens. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col-
lection,
c. Adult: skeleton. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

Each pubic bone is composed of two lamellae, united at a right
angle. They do not form a capsule so completely closed as in
S. plumieri, but it is open superiorly and anteriorly. There are
eleven abdominal and fifteen caiidal vertebrae, the latter division
being somewhat longer than the former.

8. Sicydium parvei.

Bkeker, Katuurk Tydschr. Nederl Lid. 185.3, i. p. 426.
D.6|i;. A. 3^. L. lat. 70.

The scales on the occiput and the anterior part of the body are
much smaller than those on the middle and on the tail. The first
dorsal fin higher than the body. Blackish : caudal yellow, with a
broad violet band round the margin ; the other fins brownish.

Moluccas. Rivers of Garut (West Java).

a, b, c. Adult. Moluccas.

9. Sicyditun cynocephalum.

Sicvdium cvuocophalum, Cur. i,- Val. xii. p. 177. pi. '?>'^2\ Bhih.Bafjan,
ii. p. 201", and Natmirk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 18r>y, p. 150.

lagocephalum, Bleck. Verhand. Batav. GenootscJi. xxii., Bletm. en

Goh. p. 39 (not Val).

Gobius hasseltii, Blcek. Natuwk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 250. fig. 8.

D- 6 I A- ^- 1^- ^- ^^*- "^-^ -^•
The scales on the neck and belly are much smaller than those on
the sides. The anterior dorsal fin generally higher than the body.
Dark green, with indistinct oblique brownish bands across the back ;

10. STCTDITJM. 95

a brown spot below the eye ; doi-sal and anal fins orange-coloured ;
the second dorsal sometimes with bi-ownish spots ; the anal with a
broad brown margin ; caudal olive, with the superior and inferior
edges yellow ; pectoral yellow-edged.

llivers of the East Indian Archipelago.

Found in fresh waters 3000 feet above the level of the sea.

10. Sicydium microcephalum-

Bleeker, Java, ii. p. 437.

D.6|l. A. A L.lat.60.

The length of the head is contained six times and two-thirds or
six times and three-quarters in the total length. The scales on the
neck and thoracic region are much smaller than the others. The
first dorsal considerably higher than the body. Olive, spotted with
yellow ; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral violet, dotted with darker ;
caudal and pectoral with yellow, anal with brown margin. {BL)

Rivers of Banten (Java).

11. Sicydium gynmauchen,

Bleeher, Act. Soc. Sc. Lulo-Kccloi. iii., Celebes, x. p. 11.
D. 5 ||. A. ~. L. lat. 40.

Head and anterior part of the trunk scaleless. The first dorsal
lower than the body ; caudal emarginate. Green, ^vith eight black
cross-bands ; anal with blackish dots at the base. [The bands are
sometimes indistinct or absent.] {Bl.)

Estuaries of Manado.

The following species differ in the structure of the dentition : —

12. Sicydium zosterophorum.
Bleeker, Bali, p. 296.

D. 6 1|. A. |. L. lat. 32.

Labial teeth none ; a series of five or six unequal, Avidely-set,
conical teeth in both jaws on each side. The diameter of the eye
is contained three and a half times in the length of the head, and
equals the -width of the interorbital space. The height of the body
is one-eighth of the total length. Head and neck scaleless. The
anterior dorsal is somewhat lower than the body ; caudal obtusely
rounded. Head violet, body greenish rose-coloured, encircled by
four brown rings : the first is the broadest, extending from the first
dorsal spine to the origin of the soft dorsal fin ; the second and third
are narrow, between the soft doi-sal and the anal ; the fourth behind
the anal ; each scale between the rings with a brown crescent-
shaped spot; caudal yellow anteriorly, black posteriorly. (BL)

llivers of Boleling (North Bali).

9(3 . GOBiiD.?':.

13. Sicydiiim balinense.

Bkeker, Bali, p. 297.

D. 6 ||. A. y. L. lat. 35.

Labial teeth none ; both jaws with a series of conical teeth,
twenty on each side of the upper jaw, and ten in the lo'wer. The
diameter of the eye is contained three and a half times in the length
of the head, and equals the width of the interorbital space. The
height of the body is one-eighth of the total length. Head and the
anterior part of the neck scaleless. The anterior dorsal fin is half
as high as the body ; caudal obtusely rounded. Greenish rose-
coloured : a violet streak from the eye to the maxillary, a brown
band from the head to the tail ; back and sides clouded with
brownish ; most of the scales on the sides with a brown crescent-
shaped spot ; caudal violet posteriorly. {Bl.)

Rivers of BoleUng (North Bali).

11. LENTIPES.

Sicyogaster, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 102 (not
Barnev.^.

Body subcylindrical, naked ; head oblong, depressed, with the
cleft of the mouth horizontal ; ejes of moderate size. The lower lip
with a series of minute teeth. Both jaws with a single series of
teeth ; the anterior ones in the upper jaw tricuspid, those of the
lower widely-set. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with six flexible
spines ; caudal quite free : ventral fins united to a short semicircular
disk, adherent to the belly. GiU-openings of moderate width.

Rivers of Hilo Hawaii.

1. Lentipes concolor.
Gill, I. c.

D. 6 I 11. A. 10.

Purplish.

Rivers of Hilo Hawaii.

12. PERIOPHTHALMUS*.

Periophthalmus, Bl. Schn. p. 03 ; Cm: ^- Val. xii. p. 179.
Body subcylindrical, covered with ctenoid scales of smaU or mode-
rate size ; head oblong, ^ith the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal,
and with the upper jaw somewhat longer. Eyes very close together,
very prominent, with the outer eyelid very weU developed. Teeth
conical, in both jaws vertical. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with
flexible spines in variable number ; caudal with the lower margin
obliquely truncated. A great portion of the base of the pectoral fin

* 1. Periophthalmus fuscatus, Blyth in Journ. As. Soc. Betiff. 1859, p. 271. —
Andaman Islands.

12. PERIOPHTHALMUS. Wi

is enveloped in muscles, and scaly, and these extremities can be
used for locomotion on firm ground. Ventrals more or less united.
GUI-openings rather narrow ; branchiostegals five ; air-bladder ab-
sent, pseudobranchiae rudimentary ; a slit behind the fourth giU.

A tropical genus : inhabitants of the coasts and of fresh waters
near the sea. West Africa ; from the Red Sea and the Seychelles to
the Islands of the Western Pacific, and from the coasts of China
and Japan to those of North-west Australia.

. These fishes are able to progress out of the water on humid places
and to hunt after their prey, which consists of terrestrial insects, &c.

1. Periophthalmus koelreuteri.

Vaknt. iii. p. 391. fig. 140 ; Eenanl, i. 16. 65 ; Seba, iii. 29. 17 ; Koel-

reider in Nov. Comm. Petrop. viii. p. 421.
? Gobius barbarus, L. Gm. i. p. 1201 ; Bl. Schn. p. 70.
Gobius koelreuteri. Pall. Spicil. idii. p. 8. tab. 2. fig. 1.
Periophthalmus koeh-euteri, Bl, Schn. p. 65.

B. 5. D. 10-15 I 12. A. 11. L. lat. 90-100. Vert. 11/15.

The second dorsal fin with a black, generally white-edged longi-
tudinal band in its upper half. The first dorsal not, or sometimes,
in young individuals, only slightly, produced. About twenty teeth
in each jaw. Ventrals separated from each other in adult and im-
mature specimens.

Var. a. P. koeleefteei.

Syn. — Periophthalmus koelreuteri, Cuv. Sf Vul. xii. p. 181 ; Riipp.
N. W. Flsche, p. 140.

kalolo. Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 146 ; Bianconi, Spec.

3Ioss. p. 253.
Light olive-brown, with silvery and brown dots, the former pre-
valent on the head, the latter on the sides of the body. The first
dorsal blackish-violet, with a black band near, and parallel to, the
margin, which is white ; a few whitish spots posteriorly on the base.
The lower half of the second dorsal and the interior surface of the
ventrals white-dotted ; pectoral and caudal with brown dots.

From the Red Sea and the Seychelles to the coasts of Australia
and the Islands of the Western Pacific.

a. Three inches long. Ceylon. From the Collection of Messrs. von
Schlagintweit. — This specimen has the first dorsal spine pro-
duced beyond the membrane.
h~e. Three to four inches long. India. Presented by G. R. Water-
house, Esq. — The differences in the structure of the first dorsal
fin appear to be quite accidental in the individuals, and are to
be observed even in very young specimens. Two of the pre-
sent four have the first dorsal spine slightly produced beyond
the membrane, Uke specimen a ; in the third, the first dorsal
is rounded, as in adult specimens with twelve spines ; in tlie
fourth it is injured.
/'. Adult. Philippine Islands.

VOL. in. H

98 GOBnBjE.

(f. Yoirng. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection.
h-l. Two to three inches long. North Australian Expedition. Pre-
sented by Dr. J. K. Elsey. — None have a dorsal spine produced.
m. Young.

Var. /3. P. Dipus.

Syn. — Periophthalmus koelreuteri, Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 252.
dipus, Bleek. Banten, p. 320.

Light olive-brown, with the dark spots on the back (which occur
also in the other varieties) more distinct ; head with numerous, body
with scattered bluish dots. The spinous dorsal violet, brown in the
middle, white-spotted inferiorly.

Coasts of Java, West Sumatra, and Floris.

Var. y. P. ARGENTILINEATTTS.

Syn. — Periophthalmus argentilineatus, Cwc. 8f Vol. xii. p. 191 ; Bleek.
Amboina 8f Ceram, p. 276.
? Periophthalnms kaUopterus, Bleek, Amboina, iv. p. 342.

Light olive-brown, with indistinct darker spots on the back ; head
with silvery specks ; silvery vertical streaks along the lower side of
the body and tail. The first dorsal blackish-violet, with a black
band near, and parallel to, the margin, which is transparent ; the re-
mainder of the fin sometimes entirely white-spotted. The lower half
of the soft dorsal and the interior siu-face of the ventrals white-
dotted ; pectoral and caudal with brown dots.

Lrawaddy ; East Indian Archipelago ; Feejee Islands ; Waigiou,
The largest of the specimens is four inches and one-third long.

a. Half-grovsn : not good state. Java.

6. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c, d-e. Half-grown and young. Borneo.

/, g-i. Half-grown. Feejee Islands.

Var. }>. P. MODESTiis.

Syn. — ? Apocryptes cantonensis, Osheck, Reise nach China, p. 171.

Periophthalmus modestus. Cant. Ann. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix.

p. 29 ; Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 208.
modestus, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 147. pi. 76. fig. 2 ;

Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 319 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-

Nederl. vi., Japan, vi. p. 82.

Light olive-brown ; head with silvery, body with brown specks.
The first dorsal blackish, with a more or less distinct oblong black
spot near the margin ; the black band on the second dorsal generally
not white-edged; the other fins, except the anal, brown- dotted ;
caudal and anal sometimes blackish, with light margins.

Coasts of China and Japan.

The largest specimen is three inches long.

or. Half-grown. Ningpo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h, c. Half-grown and yoimg. Hong-kong. Presented by J. C.
Bo wring, Esq.

12. PEEIOPHTHALMITS. • 99

cl. Half-grown. Chusan. From the Collection of the East India

Company. — Type of Dr. Cantor's P. modestus.
e, f. Half-grown and young. China.
g. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

Var. e. P. papilio.

Syn. — Periophthalmus papilio, Bl. Schn. p. 63. tab. 14; Cuv. ^- Val.
xii. p. 190. pi. 353 (caudal fin bad).

Dark brown, sometimes with a few lighter spots on the sides of the
head ; all the fins violet-black : the first dorsal with the margin
deep black, and with a lighter band parallel to the margin ; the
second dorsal with a longitudinal band, darker than the ground-
colour and white-edged.

Coasts of Ceylon. West coast of Africa.

a, b. Adult. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

c-g. Adult and half-grown. Fernando Po. From Mr. Fraser's

Collection.
h. Adult. Sierra Leone. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
?'. Half-grown. Africa. Presented by W. Raddon, Esq.
Jc. Adult : skeleton. Fernando Po. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

The size of the teeth varies considerably in this species, not only
according to age, but in specimens of the same size and from the
same locality, and even on both sides of the same individual.

Skeleton. — The skuU has a very singular appearance from the form
of the orbital portion of the frontal bones, which are compressed into
a thin, narrow, arched lamella, and elevated above the level of the
crown. The crown is slightly convex, with a low longitudinal crest
along the middle, and with a sharp prominent orbital edge. The
maxiUary bone is styliform and nearly straight : the intermaxillary
stout, not extending so far backwards as the maxillary ; its posterior
process is very long, rather longer than its dental portion. The
mandible is of moderate length ; its articular bone is nearly entirely
covered by the dentary, which emits a long process posteriorly, di-
rected upwards and united to the maxillary by membranaceous liga-
ments. The vomer is hammer-like, with the free edges shai'p.
There is an oblong and thin praeorbital, and a smaller and stouter
postorbital. The bones forming the bottom of the tympanic cavity
are only partly ossified, large portions between them being closed by
membranes. The tympanic bone is composed of two narrow lamellae,
the lower of which extends backwards to the angle of the praeoper-
culimi, which has no horizontal portion, but terminates at the angle
in a short hook-like process. Beneath the lower portion of the
tympanic, there is a narrow flexible bone, which must be considered
as an interoperculum. The suboperculum is nearly as large as the
operculum, exceedingly thin, its marginal portion being fringed ; the
branchiostegal next to it is similarly dilated and fringed. The base
of the brain-capsule is broad and slightly convex.

h2

100 GOBIIDiE.

The carpus is elongate. Each pubic bone is composed of two por-
tions : an upper, convex, lamelliform, bent over towards that of the
other side, and a lower for articulation with the humerus ; the
latter portion is conical and hollow, and attached to a broad carti-
lage intermediate between pubic and humerus.

There are twenty-six vertebrae ; the first interhaemal is fixed to
the haemal of the fourteenth vertebra. The ribs and aU the processes
are feeble ; those of the last two vertebrae are lamelliform.

2. Periophthalmus chrysospilos.
Sleeker, Banka, ii. p. 728.

D. 10 I ^. A. 13. L. lat. 70.

The second dorsal fin with a black longitudinal band along the
middle. The first dorsal spine produced into a filament in the male.
About forty teeth in each jaw. Bluish, dotted with yellow. The
spinous dorsal fin yellow iniferiorly, black superiorly and anteriorly,
its margin being yellow. (Bl.)

Coast of Karang hadji (Banka).

3. Periophthalmus schlosseri.

Gobius schlosseri, Pall. Spicil. viii. pi. 1. fig. 1-4 ; L. Gm. i. p. 1201 ;.

Laci^p. ii. p. 573 ; Slimc, Zool. iv. p. 246.
Periophthalmus schlosseri, £1. Schn. p. 64 ; Cnr. Bigne Aniin. ; Cuv.

^' Val. xii. p. 192 ; Bleeker, Verhaml. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn.

en Gob. p. .39 ; Cant. Catal. p. 191 ; Cuv. Itegiie Anim. III. Poiss.

pi. 81. fig. 1.
Gobius tredecim-radiatus. Buck. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, p. 48.

septem-radiatiis, Buch. Ham. I. c. p. 46.

novem-radiatiis, Buch. Ham. I. c. p. 47. pi. 2. fig. 14.

Periophthalmus tredecim-radiatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 189.

septem-radiatus, Cuv. <§• Val. xii. p. 196.

novem-radiatus, Cuv. 6f Val. xii. p. 196.

freycineti, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 197 ; Quoy Sf Gaitn. Vog. Freyc.

Poiss. p. 257.
? Periophthalmus bomeensis, Bleek. Born. i. p. 11.

D. 4-15 I ^. A. :i^. L. lat. 55.

A brownish or blackish band from the eye to the shoulder ; two-
thirds of the length of the pectoral fin scaly. Adult specimens with
a broad black longitudinal band on the second dorsal fin, and with
the ventrals nearly entirely united. Immature specimens with the
second dorsal nearly entirely blackish, and with the ventral fins
separated from each other.

East Indies.

Var. a. P. fketcineti, Cuv. Sf Vol., with four or five dorsal spines.
* Adult, with the ventral fins imited.
«. Philippine Islands.

13. BOLEOPHTHALMUS. 101

** Immature, with the ventral fins separate.

b. c. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

Var. /3. P. scHLossEKi, P. septejieadiatus, p. novemkadiatus, with
seven to nine dorsal spines.

* Adult, with the ventrals united.

a, b. Singapore. Seven or eight dorsal spines.

c. Purchased of Mr. Frank. Seven dorsal spines.

d. Batavia. Eight dorsal spines.

e. Skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

** Immature, with the ventrals separate, and one of the
specimens with the second dorsal spine slightly produced.

/-/. Two to three inches long. India. Purchased.

Var. y. P. TKEDECiMR.iDiATUs, with thirteen to fifteen dorsal spines.

* Adult: unknown.

** Immature, with the ventrals separate, and the second
dorsal S2)ine much produced.

a, b. Three to foirr inches long. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Col-
lection.— Apparently taken with specimens b and c of Var. a.
c. Foiu' inches long. India. Presented by General Hard^Wcke.

The number of spines and the form of the anterior dorsal fin are
subject to great variation, as in Periophthalmus hoelreuten. The
greatest differences may be observed in quite young specimens pro-
cured at the same time and from the same locality, and otherwise
agreeing with one another in every respect. "Whether the produced
first dorsal spine, a character which nearly always coincides with a
great number of spines, is a peculiarity of one sex only, I do not
know, but it is very probable. Another peculiarity of this species
is, that the ventral fins are separated from each other during the
immature period of the fish, but are united in its adult state.

AH these diff'erences, partly accidental, partly dependent on the
state of development, have been misconstrued, and have given rise
to five specific denominations.

13. BOLEOPHTHALMUS*.

Boleophthalmus, Cuv. ^- Vol. xii. p. 198.

Body subcylindrical, covered with very small or rudimentary scales ;
head oblong, -w-ith the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal, and
with the upper jaw somewhat longer. Eyes close together, very

* 1. Boleophthalmus dentatus, Cuv. S[ Val. xii. p. 208. pi. 355. — Bombay.

2. campylostomus, Bichm-ds. Ichfh. Chin. p. 209. — Canton.

3. laokus, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 214. — Ma'acca.

102 GOBItD^.

prominent, with the outer eyelid well developed. Anterior teeth
much stronger than those on the sides, aU in a single series ;
those on the side of the mandibula horizontal. Two dorsal fins : the
anterior short, with five flexible spines ; caudal with the lower mar-
gin more or less obliquely truncated. The basal portion of the pec-
toral fins is muscular and free in some of the species. Ventrals
separated from each other. Gill-openings rather narrow; branchio-
stegals five ; aii'-bladder absent ; pseudobranchiae, a slit behind the
fourth gill.

A tropical genus : inhabitants of the coasts and of fresh waters
neai' the sea. East Indies, northwards to China and Japan.

These fishes approach in their habits to Periophihalmus, especially
those species which have muscular pectoral fins.

1. Boleophthalmus boddaertii.

Gobius boddffiiti, Pall. Sptcil. viii. p. 11. pi. 2. figs. 4, 5 ; L. Gm. i.

p. 1201 ; Slum, Zool. iv. p. 238.
Eleotris boddserti, Bl. Schn. p. 66.
Gobius striatus, Bl. Schn. p. 71. tab. 16 (fern.).
Russell, i. p. 42. pi. 54.

Gobius plinianus, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 45. pi. 35. fig. 13.
Boleophthalmus boddserti, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 199 ; Bleek. Verhatid.

Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. pp. 5, 40; Cant. Catal.

p. 192.
plinianus, Cuv. 6f Val. xii. p. 205.

D. 5 1 ^. A. ^. L. lat. 90.

Eleven longitudinal scries of scales between the posterior parts of
the second dorsal and of the anal. Scales on the head and back im-
bricate, each with a small tubercle. Body with seven browTi cross-
bands, descending obliquely forwards ; a band of brown spots along
the side of the head. The fii'st dorsal with a few scattered bluish
specks, the second with four rather irregular longitudinal series of
ovate bluish-white spots; caudal brown, without lighter specks, with
two blackish longitudinal stripes.

Estuaries and coasts of the East Indies. It does not appear to
extend to China and Japan.

a-h. Adult. Madi-as. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

c-d. Adult and half-grown. Bay of Bengal. From the Collection

of the Zoological Society.
e. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
/. Adult. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
g. Adult. India. From the Collection of the East India Company.

2. Boleophthalmus pectinirostris.

Apocryptes chinensis, Oshcck, Atnan. Acad. iv. pi, 3. fig. 3, and Voy.

Chin. p. 200 (Reise nach China, p. 170).
Gobius pectinirostris, L. Gm. i. p. 1200 ; Bl. Schn. p. 70 ; Lacep. ii.

p. 542; Shaiv, Zool. iv. p. 245.

i

13. BOLEOPHTHALMUS. 103

Apocryptes pectinirostris, Cuv. S,- Val. xii. p. 150.

Boleophthalmiis pectinirostris, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 208 ; Cant.

Catal. p. 193.
boddaertii, Richards. I, c. ; Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 148. pi. 76. fig. 3.

I>.5|^. A.f3. Vert. 11/14.

Scales anteriorly exceedingly small, becoming somewhat larger
posteriorly ; seventeen longitudinal series of scales between the pos-
terior parts of the second dorsal fin and of the anal. Head and back
finely tubercular. Tail, below the second dorsal fin, with thi-ee
more or less inchstinct brown cross-bands, descending obliquely for-
wards, and forming two dark spots on the base of the second dorsal ;
a band of brown spots along the side of the head. The first dorsal
densely dotted with bluish, the second with four to six longitudinal
series of oblong spots ; caudal with ovate whitish spots between the
rays.

Coasts of Pinang, China, and Japan.

a. Adult : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

b. Adult : bad state. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr, Frank.

c. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Eeeves, Esq.

d. Adult. Amoy. Purchased.

e. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
/. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

g. Adult : skeleton. Ningpo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Skeleton. — The skull resembles in its general appearance that of
Periophthalmus, the bony bridge between the orbits being likewise
compressed into a very narrow lamella which is elevated above the
level of the crown. The crown is flat, with a low longitudinal crest
along the middle, and slightly ascending towards the orbital margin.
The maxillary bone is styHform and straight; the intermaxillary
extends as far backwards as the maxillary, and has the posterior
process very short. The mandible is flattened, with the dentigerous
edge turned taitwarSs. The head of the vomer has a slight promi-
nence on each side, and a notch between ; its posterior portion is
exceedingly narrow. There is a wide opening in the tympanic
cavity, between the two portions of which the tympanic is composed.
The praeoperculum has a short horizontal limb, below which is situ-
ated a very small interoperculum. The suboperculum is very large
and thin, like the marginal portion of the operculum. None of the
branchiostegals are dilated. The base of the brain-capsule is broad
and flat.

The carpus is rather elongate, but less than in Periophthalmus.
The pubic bones are small, triangular, concave ; a broad cartUage,
larger than the pubic bones, serves for their connexion \vdth the hu-
meral arch.

There are eleven abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae, the
length of the former division of the vertebral column being to that
of the caudal as 1 : 1"15. Ribs, neural, haemal, interneural and in-
terhaemal spines feeble.

1()4 GOBIlDJi.

3. Boleophthalmus dussumieri.
Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 207. pi. 354.

Scales extremely small (?) ; head and back finely granular. The
length of the head is contained five times and a half in the total.
The two front teeth of the lower jaw strongly curved upwards,
txreyish-violet (in spirits) : head, pectoral, and anterior part of the
body brown-dotted ; the anterior dorsal blackish, with black dots,
the posterior with white spots irregularly arranged ; caudal blackish,
wdth whitish margins. {ValA

Coast of Bombay.

4. Boleophthalmus sculptus.
D. 5 I 2.3. A. 22.

Head and anterior part of the body without imbricate scales, but
with flat round tubercles, which on the upper part of the head and on
the nape have a slight impression in the centre, whilst those on the
sides are quite flat, giving the ajipearance of mosaic -work. The scales
become more distinct on the tail, and there are eight longitudinal
series of them between the extremities of the dorsal and anal fins.
The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the total
length, the length of the head four times and a half. Anterior teeth
of the upper jaw slightly enlarged, those of the lower very small and
horizontal. Base of the anterior dorsal of moderate length, its third
spine filiform. Caudal rhomboid, of moderate length ; anal much
lower than the opposite dorsal fin. More than one-half of the pec-
toral is enveloped in scales.

India.

a. Fifty lines long. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.

A coloured figm-e of the actual specimen exists in the collection
of drawings of General Hardwicke, preserved in the British Museum.
Body greenish- oUve, yellowish on the belly ; six rather indistinct
darker bands descend obliquely from the back towards the beUy ; the
anterior dorsal grejish, the other fins reddish. The specimen is not
in a very good state of preservation.

5. Boleophthalmus viridis.

Gobius viridis, Buck. Ham. pp. 42, 45, 366. pi. 32. fig. 12.
Boleophthalmus viridis, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 213 ; Cant. Catal. p. 195.

histophorus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 210.

? Boleophthalmus sinicus, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 215.
? Boleophthalmus chinensis, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 215.
Boleophthalmus aucupatovius, Ruhards. Voy. Siilph. Fishes, p. 148.
pi. 62. figs. 1, 2, and Ichth. Chin. p. 208.

D.514 A.i..

I 20 25

yize of scales microscopical. Anterior dorsal very short, but high.

i

14. ELEOTRIS. 105

Greenish : back with scattered black dots ; sometimes a series of
vertical bands along the lower half of the side ; base of the pectoral
dark-coloured ; caudal pointed, with transverse series of blackish
dots.

Coasts of the East Indies.

a. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
6, c. Half-grown. China. Presented by Sir J. Eichardsou.— Tj-ijes
of B. aucMpatonus.

14. ELEOTRIS*.

Eleotris, pt., Gronov. Mus. Ichthyol. p. 16.

Eleotris, Cut. Regne Antm. ; Citv. ^ Val. xii. p. 210.

Pliilypnus, Cut: ^ Val. xii. p. 255.

Bostrichthys, (Dumer.) Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p 124

Culms, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 411. ' r •

Butis, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 412.

Valeneieunea, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 412.

Belobranchus, Bleek. Bali, p. 300.

Eleotriodes, Bleek. Goram, p. 212.

Lembus, Gthr. Acanihopt. i. p. 505.

Body subcylindrical, scaly ; head oblong ; eyes of moderate size
lateral, not prominent. Teeth smaU. Two dorsal fins : the anterior
with SIX, sometimes with seven or eight (five) spines. Pectorals with
the base not particularly muscular ; ventrals not united, with the
space between them naiTow, and with one spine and five rays. Gill-
openings of moderate width ; branchiostegals five or six (four) ; air-
bladder large ; pseudobranchiae, a slit behind the fourth gill. Anal
papilla distinct.

Freshwater fishes of the tropics, hving at the bottom, some of the
species entering the sea. The most northern form occurs in Japan,
the most southern one in New Zealand.

Not one of the genera mentioned above has been founded on
such charactf^rs that it would comprise those species which show the
greatest natural affinity to one another. For instance, E. gmvina,
behhrancha, sinensis, urophthahnus, and the other species with an
ocellus on the tail, are more closely allied to one another than to any

* 1. Eleotris acantliopomus, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 275.— West Sivmatra

2- radiata, {Quoy # Gaim.) Cuv. # Val. xii. p. 250.— New Zealand

o. wolffii, Bleek. Blcnn. en Gob. p. 253.— Bandjermassing.

4- melanunis, Bleek. in Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn en

Gob. p. 21. — Eastern Java.

5. viridis, Block. I. c. p. 22. — Madura.

6. prismatica, Bleek. I. c. p. 23. — Madiu-a.

7- gymnopomus, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 274.— West Sumati-a.

°- somnolentus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p 1(39 —

Mouth of the Eio Grande del Norte.

9- flammans, Cant. Ann. ^~ Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. p. 4.S4.— Cliusan.

10. ti-abeatus, Eichards. Ic. Pise. p. 5. pi. 2. fig. 2.— Depuch Island.

\\- -—- longipinnis, Benn. in Zool. Beech. Voy. p. 64. pi. 20. f. 3.— Loo-Choo.

12. Atherina danuis. Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 222.— Cestreus minimus

M'Clell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 151. pi. 4. fig. 2.— Ganges.

106 GOBIIDJ-.

of the other species ; nevertheless they have been referred to three
different genera, which would comprise species like E. ophioceplialus,
gyrinus, &c. I prefer, therefore, to arrange them according to their
natural affinities, without creating unnecessary denominations.

Synopsis of the Species.

A. Scales of moderate size, less than fifty in a longitudinal series.

I. Snout short, broad, flat, depressed, the fonn of the head approaching

that of Ophioeephalus : Meotris (part.), Bleek.

1. E. ophioeephalus. 4. E. aporos. 8. E. mogurnda.

2. E. cantoris 5. E. hoedtii 9. E. macidata.

(porocephalus). (tolsoni). 10. E. grandisquama.

3. E. porocephaloides. 6. E. macrolepidota. 11. E. sima.

7. E. madagascariensis.

II. Snout of moderate length, the form of the head approaching that of

Gobius (giuris).

1. No black spot on the root of the pectoral : Eleotris (part.), Bleek.
12. E. gobioides. 13. E. obscura. 15. E. liaaseltii.

14. E. oxycephala.

2. A black spot on the root of the pectoral : Butts, Bleek.
16. E. butis. 17. E. amboinensis. 19. E. caperata.

18. E. melanostigma.

III. Head and body rather compressed, similar in fonn to a Cyprinoid :

Eleotris (part.), Bleek.
20. E. cyprinoides. 21. E. leuciscus. 23. E. cyanostigma.

22. E. taenionotoptera.

B. Scales small, fifty and more in a longitudinal series.

I. Less than twenty rays in the soft dorsal and anal fins.
1. None of the rays produced into a filament.
a. No ocellated spot on the base of the caud.al.
a. None of the bones of the head armed.
aa. Vomerine teeth : Philypmis, Val.
24. E. dormitatrix. 25. E. lembus. 26. E. lateralis.

bh. Palate entirely smooth : Meotris (part.), Bleek.

27. E. gyrinus. 30. E. gjTinoides. 32. E. gua\ana.

28. E. smaragdus. 31. E. marmorata. 33. E. canina.

29. E, fomasini. 34. E. periophthalmus.

/3. A spine at the angle of the praeopercuhun : Culins, Bleek.
35. E. fusca 36. E. melanosoma.

(pseudacanthoponia).

y. Some of the branchiostegals terminating in a spine anteriorly :
Belohranclms, Bleek.
37. E. belobrancha. 38. E. tsenioptera.

h. An ocellated spot on the base of the caudal fin.
a. Vomerine teeth : Bostrichthys, Gill.
39. E. sinensis.

14. ELEOTRIS. 107

^. Palate entirely smooth : Eleotris (part.), Bleek.
40. E. urophthalmus. 41. E. uroplithalmoides. 43. E. macrodon.
42. E. siamensis.

2. Some of the dorsal spines produced into filaments: Valenciennm,

Bleek., or Meotriodes (part.), Bleek.
44. E. muralis. 45. E. sexguttata. 46. E. strigata.

3. Some of the caudal rays produced into filaments : Meotriodes

(part,), Bleek,

47. E. helsdingenii.

II. More than twenty rays in the soft dorsal and anal fins : Eleotriodes
(part.), Bleek.

48. E. heteroptera. 49, E. microlepis.

A. Scales of moderate size, less than fifty in a longitudinal series.

I. Snout short, broad, flat, depressed, the form of the head approach-
ing that of Ophiocephalus : Eleotris (part.), Bleek.

1. Eleotris ophiocephalus.

Eleotris ophiocephalus, {Kuhl^- v. Hass.) Cuv. l^ Val. xii. p. 239; Bleek.

Verhand. Batav, Genootsch, xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 22 ; Cantor,

Catal. p. 196.

porocephalus, Ciw. ?f Val. xii. p. 237 (not Cant, or Bleek.).

margaritacea, Ctiv. Sr Val. xii. p. 240.

D. 6 ||. A. y. L. lat. 34-36. Vert, 12/14.

Twelve series of scales between the origin of the posterior dorsal
fin and the anal. Head entirely scaly, except the foremost part of
the snout ; scales on the upper surface of the head rather larger than
those on the body. The height of the body is one-sixth of the total
length, the length of the head one-fourth. Head obtuse, flat, de-
pressed. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the length of the
head, two-thirds of that of the snout, and four-ninths of the width
of the interorbital space. The cleft of the mouth extends to below
the middle of the eye. Teeth in viUiform bands. Brownish : the
scales with a rather darker centre ; iiTcgular series of pearl-coloured
spots along the lower part of the sides, sometimes disappearing in
preserved specimens ; vertical fins with whitish margins, the second
dorsal and the caudal with light spots.

Fresh waters of the Seychelles and New Ireland. Sea of Pinang.
East Indian Archipelago. Philippines.

a. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. —

Type of E. ophiocephahis, Cant.

b. Adult : bad state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

c. Adult. Amboyna.

d. Half-grown. Amboyna.

e. Adult. Borneo.

/. Adult. Philippine Islands.

<j. Adult male : skeleton. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

108 ROBIlDiE.

Skeleton. — The skull is very broad and depressed, the crown quite
flat, with a short and low occipital crest posteriorly ; the interorhital
space is broad. The maxillary bone is curved, sabre-shaped, rather
dilated towards its extremitj\ The intermaxillary has the posterior
processes short, and its extremity dilated ; it does not extend so far
backwards as the maxillary. The mandil>le is strongly bent, the
dentaiy bones forming a broad anterior portion. The vomer is broad
and flat ; infraorbital ring complete, but feeble. The bones forming
the tympanic groove are more ossified than in Gobius, the tympanic
bone having the same form as in the species of that genus, and leaving
the same large free space closed only by a membrane between its two
portions. The prseoperculum has a double free edge, enclosing a
muciferous channel ; intcroperculum small ; suboperculum rather
large, subcrescentic ; none of the branchiostegals dilated. The
base of the brain-capsule is exceedingly broad and very slightly
convex.

Glossohyal broad and triangular ; lu'ohyal more elongate.

The bones of the humeral arch are remarkably thin and feeble.

There are twelve abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrae : in this
species the former portion of the vertebral column is longer than the
caudal, which is of rare occurrence in this order of fishes ; the ratio
is 1-16 : 1. The ribs are strong, suspended from long parapoi)hyses ;
the neural, ha3mal, interha3mal and interneural spines arc feeble.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 1|

of the fifth vertebra 2-1-

of the twelfth vertebra 2

of the sixteenth vertebra 1|-

of the twenty-fifth vertebra 1^

of the abdominal portion 25

of the caudal portion 21|

2. Eleotris cantoris.

Eleotris porocephalus, Cant. Catal. p. 195 ; Bleek. Ambolna, iv. p. 344
(not Cur. i^- Vnl.).

D. 6 ||. A. y. L. lat. 36-37.

Twelve scries of scales between the origin of the posterior dorsal
and the anal. Head entirely scaly, except the foremost part of the
snout ; scales on the upper surface of the head smaller than those on
the side of the body, there being about twenty-two or twenty-three
transverse series between the snout and the first dorsal fin. The
height of the body is contained five times and a half or six times in
the total length, the length of the head three times and three-quarters
or four times. Head obtuse, flat, depressed. The diameter of the
eye is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head, two-thirds of
that of the snout, and about one-half of the width of the uiterorbital
space. The cleft of the mouth extends beyond the vertical from the
centre of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands. Brownish, marbled

14. ELEOTRis. lOg

with darker ; posterior dorsal and caudal brown-siiotted ; anal trans-
parent.

Presh waters of Pinang, Amboyna, Ceranij^ Celebes, and Nias.
a, h. Adult: skins. Pinang.— Types of Dr. Cantor's description.

Tliis fish is readily distinguished from E.porocephalus, Cuv. & Val
by the considerably smaller scales of the ueck. The latter is doubt-
less identical with E. opluoceplmhis, Kuhl Jt v. Hass.

3. Eleotris porocephaloides.

Bleek. Sumatra, iii. p. 511.

B. 6. D. 6||. A.f L.lat.33.

Head entirely scaly, except the foremost part of the snout. Scales
ctenoid. The height of the body is contained six times in the total
length, the length of the head three times and three-fourths Head
obtuse, flat, depressed. [The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of
the length of the head, in an immature specimen.] The maxillary
reaches to below the posterior half of the eye. Teeth in \-illiform
bands. Brownish, with some indistinct lighter transverse bands-
the vertical fins black, with the margins red. {El.)

Elvers of Priaman.

4. Eleotris aporos.

Eleotris aporos, Bleek. Gilolo, p. 49.

^- ^ I T- ^^- m- ^- ^^t- ^2-38- Vert. 12/13.

Ten or eleven longitudinal series of scales between the origin of
the second dorsal and the anal. Head entii-ely scaly, except the
foremost part of the snout ; scales on the upper surface of the head
rather larger than those on the body. Scales minutely ciliated. The
height of the body is contained four times to five times and a half in
the total length, the length of the head four times. Head obtuse
flat, depressed. The eye occupies the third seventh of the length of
the head, and its diameter is one-third of the width of the interorbital
space (in adult specimens). The maxillary extends to the vertical
trom the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands.
Urownish-ohve (in spirits), with one or two rows of darker spots
along the side ; three oblique streaks from the eye to the opercles,
the upper leaving a spot on the base of the pectoral. Fins black-
ish ; the second dorsal and the anal with white margin.

Coasts of Gilolo and Ternate. Fresh waters of the Feeiee Islands
Borneo ; Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. Borneo. Pm-chased of Mr. Frank as E. poro-

cephalus.
h, c-d. Adult and half-grown. Fresh waters of Oualan.
e, f-g. Adult and half-grown. Feejee Islands.
h. Adult. Wanderer Bay (fresh water). From the Museum of

Economic Geology.

110 GoanBM.

i. Twelve inches long : stuffed. Fresh waters of Aneiteum. From

Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
k. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
I. Adult male : skeleton, Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

A very fine variety or, perhaps, species is represented by a single
specimen : many of the lateral scales have a largo silvery spot ; three
or four series of silveiy specks radiate fi-om the eye towards the root
of the pectoral and the gUl-opening. The vertical and ventral fins
with round white spots.

a. Fine specimen. Fresh waters of Oualan. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

STceleton. — The skull is very similar in structure and form to that
of E. opMocephalns ; the crown is broad, rather convex, with a pair of
low, parallel, distant crests anteriorly, and with its posterior portion
elevated above the level of the interorbital space, which is exceed-
ingly broad and somewhat concave. The praeoperculum has a double
ridge on its ascending portion only, the margin of its horizontal
limb being simple. There are twelve abdominal and thirteen caudal
vertebrae, the length of the former portion of the vertebral column
being to that of the caudal as 1-24 : 1.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 2i

of the fifth vertebra 2|

of the twelfth vertebra 2|

of the sixteenth vertebra 2

of the twenty -foui'th vertebra 1|

of the abdominal portion 31

of the caudal portion 25

5. Eleotris hoedtii.
Bleek. Amboina, v. p. 496.

D. 6 ||. A. -i-, L. lat. 25.

Head entirely scaly, except the foremost part of the snout ; scales
on the upper surface of the head not smaller than those on the body.
The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the total
length, the length of the head four times and two-fifths. Head ob-
tuse, flat, depressed. The diameter of the eye is contained five times
and a half in the length of the head, and twice and a quarter in the
width of the interorbital space. The lower jaw is longer than the
upper, and the maxillary extends to, or nearly to, the vertical from
the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth in villiform bands. Brown-
ish-green, with a darker longitudinal band ; two brownish bands
from the eye towards the suboperculum ; fins brownish, caudal with
red margin ; the anterior dorsal with two or three deep-violet bands,
the posterior with riolet spots. {Bl.)

Rivers of Amboyna, Booroo, Timor, and Nias.

Eleotris toJsoni (Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1 854, p. 542) ,

14. ELEOTKIS. Ill

from fresh waters of Western Java, does not appear to differ materially
from the above species.

6. Eleotris macrolepidota.

Sciaena macrolepidota, Bl. taf. 298 ; Bl. Schn. p. 80.
Eleotris timufi'ons, Cui\ 4'- Veil- xii. p. 241.

D. 7 ||. A. :!. L. lat. 30.

The scales on the upper surface of the head are much smaller than
those on the body. Scales minutely cUiated. Interorbital space
swollen. The height of the body equals the length of the head and
of the caudal fin, and is nearly one-fourth of the total. The eye
occupies the second quarter of the length of the head, and its dia-
meter is nearly one-third of the width of the interorbital space. The
maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
orbit. Teeth viUiform. Colours ?

East Indies.

The typical specimen is in the Berlin Museum.

7. Eleotris madagascariensis.
Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 240.

D. 6 I 9. A. 7. L. lat. 40.
Teeth cardiform, those of the outer series stronger. Fins elongate.
Black : the second dorsal and the caudal with brownish dots. ( Val.)
Madagascar.

8. Eleotris mog^umda.

Richards. Voy. Ereh. ^ Terr, Fishes, p. 4. pi. 2. figs. 1, 2.
^•8|fFr5- A.^. L. lat. 48.

Prseoperculum without spine. Fifteen series of scales between
the origin of the posterior dorsal and the anal. The scales on the
upper surface of the head are not smaller than those on the sides.
Head scaly, except the snout. Scales minutely ciliated. The height
of the body is contained five times in the total length, the length of
the head three times and tliree-quarters. The horizontal diameter
of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the head, or one-half the width
of the interorbital space. Snout of moderate length, rather depressed,
with the lower jaw prominent ; the maxillary extends nearly to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth villiform, in
broad bands. A series of dark-brown spots along the middle of the
side ; three oblique, narrow brown stripes from the eye to the gill-
opening, the upper one reaching on the base of the pectoral fin.

Port Essington.

a, h. Port Essington. From the Haslar Collection. — Tj'pes of the
species.

c. Port Essington. Purchased of .T. Gould, Esq.

d. Stuffed : bad state.

112 GOBIID.E.

9. Eleotris maculata.

Scireua maculata, BL taf. 299. fig. 2 ; Bl. ScJm. p. 80.
Eleotris mugiloides, Cur. i!j- Val. xii. p. 22G.

latifrons, RicJiards. Voi/. Stilph. Fishes, p. 57. pi. 35. figs. 4, 5

(the humeral spot is omitted).

D. 7 I 1 . A. -i-. L. lat. 30-35. Vert. 13/15 (11/15 Val).

Nine or ten series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal
and the anal. The scales on the upper sm-face of the head are of
moderate size, though smaller than those on the body, and extend
to the extremity of the snout, those on the side of the head to the
praiorbital. Scales minutely ciliated. The height of the body is
contained four times or four times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head three times and three-quarters. Head obtuse,
thick. The upper profile of the snout descending obliquely down-
wards in a nearly straight line. The eye occupies the third sixth of
the length of the head, and its diameter is not quite one-third of the
width of the interorbital space. The maxillary extends to the ver-
tical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth villiform, slightly
moveable, forming narrow bands. Caudal rather large, rounded, as
long as the head. Greenish-oUve, indistinctly clouded with darker ;
cheek with two or three indistinct longitudinal stripes ; a black spot
on the shoiilder. The second dorsal and anal with series of dark
spots.

Fresh waters of the "West Indies, (Martinique), Trinidad, Mexico,
Demerara, Surinam, Guayaquil.

a. Adult : skin. "West Indies. Piirchased of Mr. Scrivener.

b-g. Adiilt and half-grown: stuffed. West Indies. From Dr.

Parnell's Collection.
h. Adult : stiiffed. Trinidad. Presented by J. B. Richardson, Esq.
i-o. Adult. Guayaquil. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.
p. Adult. Pacific. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B. —

Type of Eleotris latifrons, Richards.
q. Adult : skin.

r-s, t-w. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
.r. Adult : skeleton. Guayaquil. From Mr. Eraser's Collection.

The following specimens, with shorter head and caudal fin, belong
perhaps, to a difi'erent species.

Adult. South (? Central) America. From M. SaUe's Collection.
The length of the head equals that of the caudal, and is con-
tained foiu" times and a half in the total. Anterior dorsal with
six spines.

Adult. Demerara. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

Adult. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

Skeleton. — The skull of this species is much more elevated than
in E. oj>hiocephahts and E. aporos, being as high as broad. The
crown of the head is convex on the middle, with a longittidinal im-
pression on each side ; the convex and the concave portions are not

14. ELEOTRIS. 113

separated by a crest ; there is only a low and feeble crest on the
occiput. The principal frontal bones have a transverse impression
between the posterior angles of the orbit, are moderately broad be-
tween the orbits, and again elevated and forming a convexity above
the ethmoid. The upper portion of the orbital incisure is deep,
as broad as long. Bones of the jaws feeble. The prseoperculum
has a double ridge along the posterior margin, the lower margin
being simple. Operculum and suboperculum large, elongate. The
urohyal is slender, terminating in a long point posteriorly. The
l)ubic bones form a square lamella together, and each is joined to
the humerus of its side.

There are thirteen abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebrse, the
former portion being a little longer than the caudal. The ribs and
the processes are moderately developed.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 1 1

of the fifth vertebra 2

of the thirteenth vertebra 1|

of the nineteenth vertebra 1|

of the twenty-sixth vertebra 14-

of the abdominal portion 2l|

of the caudal portion 19^

10. Eleotris grandisquama,
Cut'. ^- Val. xii. p. 229.

D. 6 I 1 A. i-. L. lat. 30.

The scales on the upper surface of the head are as large as those
on the body. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length,
the length of the head one-fourth. Head obtuse, tJiick, depressed.
The eye occupies the second fifth of the length of the head, and its
diameter is one-half of the width of the interorbital space. The
maxillary scarcely extends to the vertical from the anterior margin
of the eye. Teeth villiform. Brownish ; the second dorsal and the
anal with blackish spots. {Val.)

Tropical America ?

11. Eleotris sima.

Cm\ ^- Val. xii. p. 232.

D. 8 I 9. A. 10. L. lat. 32.

Snout obtuse, with the anterior profile subvertical ; the lower jaw
projects a little beyond the upper. Eye small. Dark greenish ; fins
with the rays brown-dotted. ( Val.)

Fresh waters of Vera Cruz.

The species has been founded on specimens three inches long, and
appears to be distinguished by the number of the dorsal spines. A
specimen received from Paris as E. sima, is identical with E. maculata.

VOL. in. I

114 GOBIID.E.

II. Suout of moderate leiioth, the form of the liead approaching that of
Gobius (giuris).

1. No black spot on the root of tlie pectoral : Eleotris (part.), Bleek.
12. Eleotris gobioides.

Eleotris gobioides, Cur. ii|- Val. xii. p. 247 ; Richards. Voy. JEreb. ^•
Terr. Fishes, p. 4. pi. 2. figs. 5, 6 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 98.
basalis, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 73.

D- ^ I ii- ^- ^f>- ^- ^^*- ^^- ^^^^- 13/1^-
Praeoperciilum without spine. Ten or eleven series of scales be-
tween the origin of the second dorsal fin and the anal. The scales
on the nape of the neck are of moderate size, and do not extend over
the interorbital space ; those on the cheek minute. Scales not
ciliated. The height of the body is contained five times and a half
in the total length, the length of the head three times and three-
quarters. The horizontal diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the
length of the head, or one-half of the width of the interorbital space.
Snout of moderate length, with the lower jaw prominent, and with
the cleft of the mouth oblique ; the maxillary extends somewhat
beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth
villiform, in broad bands. Blackish-brown, with the fins blackish ;
a white vertical band across the root of the pectoral fin, very distinct
in immature specimens, indistinct or absent in adult ones.
Coasts and fresh waters of New Zealand.

a-g. Adult and half-grown. Bay of Islands. From the Haslar

Collection.
h, i. Half-grown. River Thames (New Zealand). From Dr.

Dieffenbach's Collection. — Types of E. basalis.
Ic-o. Young. Lake Maiken (Antarctic Expedition),
p. Many adult, half-grown, and young specimens. All from New

Zealand.
q. Adult : skeleton. New Zealand, From the Haslar Collection.

The sJceleton of this species differs only in some minor points from
those described. The crown of the head is broad, slightly convex,
without crests, except a very feeble one on the occipital. The frontals
are moderately broad between the orbits, and have the orbital edge
somewhat elevated. The infraorbital ring is indicated by a small
prseorbital and a rudimentary postorbital. The prsefrontals do not
project much on the sides of the head. The bones of the jaws are
stout ; vomer hammer-shaped ; urohyal subtriangular.

There are thirteen abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebrae, both
portions being equal in length. Ribs rather strong, suspended from
long parapophyses, and with the epipleurals well developed. The
other processes of moderate length and strength.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 1|

of the fifth vertebra 1|

of the thirteenth vertebra 1|

14. ELEOTRrS. 115

lines

Length of the nineteenth vertebra 1|

•of the twenty-seventh vertebra .... 1?

- of the abdominal portion 23

• of the caudal portion 23

13. Eleotris obscura.
Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 149. pi. 77. figs. 1-3.
D. 7 ||. A. |. L. lat. 36-40.

Praeoperculmn without spine. Twelve or thirteen series of scales
between the origins of the second dorsal and the anal fins. The
scales on the neck are of moderate size, gradually becoming smaller
anteriorly ; they do not extend on the snout. Scales not ciUated.
The height of the body is contained five times or five times and a half
in the total length, the length of the head three times and a quarter.
The eye occupies the third eighth of the length of the head, and its
vertical diameter is one-third of the width of the interorbital space.
Head broad, depressed, with the snout of moderate length, and with
the lower jaw prominent ; the maxiUary extends beyond the vertical
from the centre of the eye. Teeth card-like, in broad bands. Brown
clouded with darker ; fins browTi-spotted.

Rivers of Nagasaki. China.

a, b. Adult. Japan.

c. Fine specimen. Chikiang. From Mr. Fortune's Collection.

14. Eleotris oxycephala.

Eleotris oxycephala, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 1.50. pi. 77. figs. 4, 5.
cantherius, Richards. Ichth. CJiina, p. 209.

D. 6 ||. A. |. L. lat. 48.

Praeoperculum with a spine dii'ected downwards. Thii'teen series
of scales between the origin of the second dorsal fin and the anal.
The scales on the head are small and extend on to the snout ; those
on the cheeks are minute. Scales minutely ciliated. The height of
the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the head one-
fourth. The eye occupies the third eighth of the length of the head,
and is one-third of the width of the interorbital space. Snout de-
pressed, of moderate length, with the lower jaw prominent; the
maxillary does not quite extend to the vertical from the centre of
the eye ; teeth villiform, forming bands. Bro^vnish, with scattered
darker dots and lighter stripes along the series of scales ; the lower
parts minutely dotted with brown, and the lower part of the head
with round white spots ; fins with serrated brown bands.

China and Japan.

a, b. Adult and half-grown. China.

c, d. Fine specimens. From the Haslar Collection.

i2

11(3 GOBIID.i:.

15. Eleotris hasseltii.
Bleek. Blenn, en Gob. p. 253 cum fig., and Boeroe, p. 412.
D. 6 I i-. A. \. L. lat. 45.

I 9 o

Praeoperciilum without spine. The height of the body is contained
seven times and a half in the total length, the length of the head five
times. Eyes close together, their diameter being two-sevenths of
the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth very oblique, with the
lower jaw somewhat longer than the upper ; the upper maxiUary
extends nearly to below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in
vUliform bands, those in the outer series rather larger. Caudal
pointed ; its length is contained three times and three-quarters in the
total. Greenish rose-coloured, marbled with bro^vn. {Bl.)

Coasts of Anjer (West Java) and of Kajeli (Boeroe).

2. A black spot on the root of the pectoral : Butis, Bleek.

16. Eleotris butis.

Cheilodipterus butis, Buck. Ham. pp. 57, 367 ; Gray Sf Hardw. III.

Iml. Zool. ii. pi. 93. f. 3.
Eleotris himieralis, Cuv. (^ Val. xii. p. 246 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav.

Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. pp. 5, 22.

butis, Cant. Catal. p. 196.

? Eleotris melanopterus, Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 706.

D. 6 1 1. A. i-. L. lat. 28. Vert. 12/14.

Pr?eoperculum without spine. Nine series of scales between the
origin of the second dorsal fin and the anal. The scales on the upper
surface of the head and on the cheeks are minute, extending over a
part of the snout. Scales not ciliated. The height of the body is
one -fifth of the total length, the length of the head two-sevenths.
Snout broad, depressed, produced ; the horizontal diameter of the
eye is one -sixth or one-seventh of the length of the head, and one-
half of the width of the interorbital space. Lower jaw prominent ;
the maxUlary does not extend to the vertical from the centre of the
eye. Teeth in villiform bands. Brownish, ^dth lighter longitudinal
stripes, and sometimes with scattered brown dots ; a deep-black spot
on the lower half of the root of the pectoral rays. The second dorsal
with blackish spots, and with a more or less broad transparent mar-
gin ; caudal and anal uniform black, or blackish with darker spots.

East Indies.

a. Adult. China.

h. Adult. Philippine Islands.

c. Fine specimen. Borneo.

d. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

e. f. Adult : skins. Piaang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

g. Adult. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. — Probably

the type of the species.
h. Adult. India.
i. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

14. ELEOTHIS. 117

The skull of this species is distinguished by the extraordinary
width of the frontal bones between the orbits. The pneoperculum
has a double ridge along its whole margin.

17. Eleotris amboinensis.

Sleeker, Amboina, iv. p. 343.

D. 6l-i. A.i-. L. lat. 28.

Praeoperculum without spine. Forehead scaly. The height of the
body IS one-seventh of the total length, the length of the head one-
tourth. Snout broad, depressed, produced. The diameter of the eye
IS one-fifth of the length of the head, and equals the width of the
interorbital space. The upper and hiuder orbital edges are minutely
denticulated. The lower jaw is the longest, and the maxillary ex-
tends to below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in viUiform
bands, those of the outer series sHghtly enlarged. The upper pec-
toral rays silk-like. Brownish, with yellow and brown spots
arranged m longitudinal series ; a brown band from the snout to the
operculum. The spinous dorsal blackish ; the soft dorsal veUow
blackish on the base, and with the rays brown-dotted ; a large black
spot on the base of the pectoral ; anal and caudal with red margin
and brown-dotted rays. {Bl.)

Rivers of Amboyna, Celebes, and Booroo.

18. Eleotris melanostigma.

Bkeker, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii,, Blenn. en Gob. p. 23.
D. 6| |. A. 1. L. lat. 30.

Scales on the occiput small. Back elevated. The height of the
body IS contained five times and three-fourths in the total length,
the length of the head three times and a half. Snout broad, de-
pressed, produced ; the eyes are distant from each other, and their
diameter is one-fifth of the length of the head. Teeth in villiform
bands. Brownish, with numerous black dots, those on the cheeks
radiating from the eye ; anterior dorsal blackish, the other fins va-
riegated with brown ; base of the pectoral with black and yeUow
spots. {Bl.) •'

Java, Madura, Sumatra, and Borneo.

19. Eleotris caperata.

Eleotris caperatus, CariL Catal. p. 197.

— - koilomatodon, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en
Gob. p. 21.

B. 6||. A.i-. L. lat. 30.

The upper edge of the orbit denticidated. Nine longitudinal

series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal and the anal.

Ihe height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds or

fave times in the total length, the length of the head four times;

118 GOBIID^.

the diameter of the eye is four times and a half in the latter ; eyes
approximated. Teeth in villiform bands. Brown : fins blackish ; a
black, red-edged spot on the base of the pectoral fin.

Coasts of Java, Madura, and Celebes ; Sea of Pinang ; China.
a-b. Adult and half-grown : skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr.

Cantor's Collection. — Types of the species.
c, d. Adult and half-grown. China.

III. Head and body rather compressed, similar in fomi to a Cyprinoid :
Eleotris (part.), Bleek.

20. Eleotris cyprinoides.

Ciw. fy Val. xii. p. 248 ; Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 277.
D. 6 I j. A. ^^. L. lat. 26-28.

Head entirely scaly. Body compressed, its height being nearly
equal to the length of the head, and one-fifth of the total ; the dia-
meter of the eye is rather more than one-fourth of the length of the
head, equal to the width of the interorbital space, and longer than
the snout. Snout pointed, with the lower jaw longest ; the max-
illaiy does not extend to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye. Teeth in villiform bands. Scales finely cihated. Brownish-olive,
with a blackish longitudinal band fr-om the upper part of the base of
the pectoral, below the lateral line to the caudal ; dorsal and caudal
fins with brown spots.

Rivers of Bourbon, of Benculen (Sumatra), and of Oualan.
«. Adult. Oualan. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

21. Eleotris leuciscus.

Bleaker, Sumatra, ii. p. 278.

D. 6 ||. A. -jSj. L. lat. 25.

Head entirely scaly. Body compressed, its height being contained
three times and three-quarters in the total length, the length of the
head four times and a half; the diameter of the eye is two-sevenths
of the length of the head, equal to the width of the interorbital space,
and longer than the snout. Snout pointed, with the lower jaw long-
est ; the maxillary does not extend to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands. Red anteriorly, green
posteriorly ; the anterior dorsal fin black, wdth two yellow bands, the
posterior yeUow-dotted ; pectorals with a double black and yellow
spot on the base ; the other fins red, black-edged. (Bl.)

Rivers of West Sumatra.

22. Eleotris tsenionotopterus.
Sleeker, Bali, p. 298.

B. 6. D. 6 I i-. A. 3^. L. lat. 28.
Head and body compressed, entirely (?) scaly. The height of the

14. ELEOTRIS. 119

body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and one-fourth of the
total. The diameter of the eye is contained three times and two-
thirds in the total length, and rather more than the -nddth of the
interorbital space and than the length of the snout. The upper jaw
is shorter than the lower, and the maxillary does not extend to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in villLform
bands, those of the oiiter series being enlarged. Greenish ; a broad
brown band from the eye to the throat : dorsal fins black ; the an-
terior with two white spots, one above the other, the posterior with
three white bands, ascending obliquely forwards : anal rose-coloured,
brownish inferiorly. (Bl.)
Ilivers of BaU.

23. Eleotris cyanostigma.

Eleotris cyanostigma, Bleekcr, Kokus, iv. p. 452.
Eleotriodes cyanostigma, Bleek. Enum. Spec. p. 112.

D. G 1 3^. A. -i. L. lat. 25.

The thii'd dorsal spine is produced into a filament. Head covered
with large scales, snout naked ; body compressed. The height of the
body is nearly equal to the length of the head, and one -fifth of the
total; the eyes are close together, one-third of the length of the
head, and longer than the snout. The jaws are equal ; the maxillary
extends to below the middle of the eye. Teeth in vilhform bands,
those of the outer scries being enlarged ; a small canine tooth on
each side of the lower jaw. Scales ctenoid. Greenish, with a lon-
gitudinal series of five or six brown spots ; each scale with a blue
dot. Vertical fins brownish- violet ; the second dorsal, anal, and
caudal vdth some blue spots. {Bl.)

Sea of Booroo and Kokos Island.

B. Scales small, fifty and more in a longitudinal series.
I. Less than twenty rays in the soft dorsal and anal fins.
1. None of the rays produced into a filament,
fl. No ocellated spot on the base of the caudal.
a. None of the bones of the head armed.
aa. Vomerine teeth : Philypnus, Val.

24. Eleotris dormitatrix.

Platj'ceplialiis dormitator, Bl. Schn. p. 60. tab. 12.
Gobiomorus dormitator, Lucep. ii. p. 599.
Eleotris dormitatrix, Cui. Rh/ne Anim.

Philypnus dormitator, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 255. pi. 358 ; Girard, U. S.
8)- Mex. Bound. Survey, Ichthyol. p. 29. pi. 12. fig. 13 (young).

B. 6. D. 6 1 1. A. \. L. lat. 60-65. Vert. 12/14.

Vomeiine teeth in a crescent-shaped band. Thirty-two series of
scales between the occiput and the anterior dorsal fin, twenty or
twenty-two between the origin of the posterior dorsal and the anal.

120 GOBIII)^.

The height of the body is contained six times and two-thirds to
eight times in the total length, the length of the head three times
and three-quarters or three times and two-thirds. Snout produced,
depressed, with the lower jaw prominent ; the maxiUary extends to
below the middle of the eye ; teeth cardiform. The vertical diameter
of the eye is one-half tlie width of the interorbital space. Body
brownish, marbled with darker ; head ^^^th two brown stripes be-
tween the eye and the upper jaw ; two inchstinct oblong spots on the
base of the pectoral. Fins rose-coloured, with series of brown spots.
Fresh waters of the West Indian Islands and of Mexico.

rt. Adidt : has been in chloride of zinc. Barbadoes. Purchased of

Mr. Cuming.
b-d. Adult : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.

e. Adult : skin. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.

f, g, h, i. Adidt and half-grown. West Indies.

k. Adult : stuifed. AVest Indies. Purchased of Mr. AVarwick.
l-p. Fine specimens. Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection. — Rather

more slender than the specimens from the Islands.
q. Large specimen. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
?•. Seventeen inches long. From the Haslar Collection.
s, t. Adult and half-grown : bad state. From Captain Sir E.

Belcher's CoUeetion.
u-w. Half-grown : stuffed.
X. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

Skeleton. — The crown of the head is flat, broader than long ; the
occipital crest is low, and does not extend beyond the occipital bone ;
another crest on each side of the occipital, and parallel to it, is higher,
and extends from the suprascapula to another crest which runs
transversely from the posterior angle of one orbit across the frontals
to the angle of the other. The oblong space between the two lateral
and the transverse crests is twice as long as broad. The transverse
frontal crest is continuous from one side of the head to the other,
and participates in the formation of a muciferous channel running
along the posterior margin of the orbit. The interorbital space is
broad. The anterior portion of the ethmoid is not covered by the
frontal bones. The prsefrontal is well developed, and forms a
laterally projecting portion of the orbit. The maxillarj^ bone is
curved, sabre-shaped, and very slightly dilated at its extremity.
The intermaxillaiy is stout, with the posterior j^rocesses short. The
articidar bone and the posterior part of the dentary of the mandible
have a broad and thin lamella interiorly. The vomer is anchor-
shaped. The palatine bone, and still more the pterygoid, are nan-ow.
Tympanic groove with a very large free space behind the tjTiipanic
bone. The infraorbital ring is indicated by a small prfeorbital and
a rudimentary postorbital. The pracoperculum has a double ridge
posteriorly for a muciferous channel, its lower margin being simple ;
interoperculum small, operculum and suboperculum of moderate size.
Glossohyal triangular ; urohyal elongate, subtriangular.

The humeral arch is partially lost in our skeleton. Valenciennes

14, ELEOTBIS. 121

says that it is similar in its structure to that in the Gobies, and that
neither radius nor ubia is notched. The carpal bones are in two
senes united, however, in very large specimens. The pubic bones
are flat and separated.

There are twelve abdominal and fourteen caudal vertebr(e, the

ormer portion of the vertebral column being somewhat shorter

than the caudal. Eibs and processes rather feeble, much inclinino-

backwards. "

lines.

Length of the fii-st vertebra 3

of the fifth vertebra 31

of the twelfth vertebra 31

of the sixteenth vertebra 31

of the twenty-third vertebra 3^

of the abdominal portion 43

— of the caudal portion 45

25. Eleotris lembus.

^Tam' ^".^f,l'>'^t"S' ^^^"•- ^cantJiapt. i. p. 505, and Proc. Zool. Soc.
IodU, p. U.jb.

B. 6. D. 6 I \. A. 3L. L. lat. 57-60. Vert. 12/14.
Vomerine teeth in a crescent-shaped band. Twenty-six series of
scales between the occiput and the anterior dorsal fin, eighteen be-
tween the origin of the posterior dorsal and the anal, twenty-two
below the first dorsal spine. The height of the body is contained
five or SIX times in the total length, the length of the head three
times and a half. Snout produced, depressed, with the lower iaw
prominent ; the maxillary extends neariy to below the middle of "the
eye ; teeth cardiform posterioriy. The vertical diameter of the eye
is one-half the width of the iuterorbital space. Yellowish, irrc-u-
lariy spotted with brown ; back with five dark cross-bars ainjearm"-
m specimens preserved in spirits. A red spot and, above it, a black
one on the upper portion of the root of the pectoral ; three red
streaks radiating from the eye ; the vertical fins dotted with red and
yellow (the red colours change into blackish after death)
Fresh waters of Ecuador. Esmeraldas.

a. Not good state. Western Ecuador. From Mr. Eraser's CoUec-

tion. — Type of the species.
h, c. Fine specimens. Western Ecuador. From Mr. Eraser's Col-
lection.
d. Skeleton. Western Ecuador. From Mr. Eraser's Collection.

This species is certainly different from E. donnifatrLv, bavin o- a
stouter habit, larger scales on the nape, &c. ; but the genus Lendms
IS perfectly identical with Phih/jmus of Valenciennes. The number
seven for the dorsal spines was given erroneously in my former de-
scription, drawn up from a specimen in an incomplete state of prc-
sei-yation. The specific name must be altered, if Lembus maatJatus
and Sacena macuhtta, BL, are referred to the same genus.

122 GOBIIDiE.

The skeleton of this si)ccies is extremely simihir to that of the
preceding : the transverse frontal crests, however, are not continuous,
or forming a straight line ; both have an oblique direction, and are
convergent anteriorly towards the interorbital space ; they do not
meet.

20. Eleotris lateralis.

Philypiius lateralis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 123.
D. 6 j|. A. ^. L. lat. 55.

The height of tlie body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head three times and a third ; the eyes are at the
third sixth of the length of the head. The maxillaiy extends to the ver-
tical from the eye. Purplish-brown, with a black band along the side,
dividing about nine light vertical bands ; it is somewhat dilated at
the base of the caudal fin. Head with a dark vertical band from the
eye to the angle of the mouth, another from the inferior comer of
the orbit to the extremity of the operculum, and a third horizontal
one from the eye to the upper jaw. Pectoral with a black spot
superiorly at the axil, and with a blackish basal band edged with
whitish. Vertical fins spotted with white and black, sometimes
immaculate. (GUI.)

Cape St. Lucas (Lower CaKfornia).

The chief difference between this and the preceding species appears
to be the black lateral band ; otherwise they are very closely allied
to each other, and a comparison of actual specimens may show their
specific identity,

bb. Palate entirely smooth : Eleotris (part.), Bleek.
27. Eleotris gyrinus.

? Eleotris, sp., Gronov. Hits. Ichthyol. ii. p. 16. no. 168.
? Gobius pisonis, L. Gm. i. p. 1206.
? Gobius amorea, Artedi, TValb. iii. p. 205.
? Eleoti'is pisonis, Bl. Schn. p. 68.

Eleotris gyrinus, Cuv. 8,- Val. xii. p. 220. pi. 356 ; Cuv. Regne Anim.
Ill Poiss. pi. 81. fig. 2.

D. 6 I -i-. A. |. L. lat. 60. Vert. 11/15.

Scales rather small, those on the side of the head minute. The
height of the body is contained five times in the total length, the
length of the head three times and two-thirds. The eye is rather
small, one-half of the width of the interorbital space. Snout of
moderate length, with the lower jaw prominent; the maxillary
reaches to beyond the vertical from the centre of the eye. Teeth
villiform, in bands. Brown : vertical fins with broA\Ti dots ; temple
with tAvo darker stripes.

Fresh waters of Martinique, San Domingo, Mexico, and Suiinam.

a-b. Adult and half- grown. Prom the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

14. ELEOTRIS. 123

28. Eleotris smaragdus.

Ctiv. Sf Vol. xii. p. 231 ; Guichen. Puiss. in Ramon de la Sagra, Hist.
Ciiha, p. 130.

Scales very small. The height of the body Is one-half the length
of the head, which is one-fifth of the total. The eye occupies the
second sixth of the length of the head, and its diameter is two-thirds
of the width of the interorbital space. Snont obtuse, with the lower
jaw prominent ; cleft of the mouth oblique, not extending to the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth viUiform.
Caudal pointed, one-fourth of the total length. Brown : dorsal fins
brown- spotted. ( T'«?.)

Presh waters of Cuba.

29. Eleotris fornasini.

Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Moss. p. 270. tab. 8.

D. 6 1 1. A. y. L. lat. 58.

Prseoperculum without spine. Posterior parts of the head covered
with very small scales. The height of the body equals the length of
the pectoral fin, and is contained five times in the total length, the
length of the head three times and three-fourths, the length of the
caudal fin nearly five times. The width of the interorbital space is
twice the diameter of the eye. Teeth in viUiform bands. The
second dorsal is higher than the first. Greyish-brown. (JBiarw.)

Mozambique.

30. Eleotris gyrinoides.
Bleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 272.

D. 6 I -i-. A. |. L. lat. 62.

Prseoperculnm without spine. Head covered with very small
scales. The height of the body is contained six times or five times
and three-quarters in the total length, the leng-th of the head four
times. The diameter of the eye is one-fifth of the latter, and equal
to the width of the interorbital space. The upper jaw is shorter than
the lower, and the maxillary reaches to below the posterior half of
the eye. Teeth in viUiform bands. The length of the caiidal tin is
contained five times and two-thirds in the total. Dark greenish,
Avith darker stripes along the series of scales ; fins yellow, variegated
with brown ; an irregular black, red-edged spot on the base of the
pectoral fin. (Bl.)

Rivers of Priaman and Celebes.

31. Eleotris marmorata.

Bleeker, Borneo, vi. p. 424.

D. 6 U. A. 4. L. lat. 70-75.

Prseoperculum without spine. Twenty-two series of scales be-
tween the origin of the posterior dorsal fin and the anal. The scales

124 GOBIID.E.

on the head are minute, leaving the snout and the lower part of the
cheek naked. Scales ciliated. The height of the bodj is contained
five times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head
three times and a half. The eye occupies the third eiglith of tlie
length of the head, and its horizontal diameter is one-half the width
of the interorbital space. Snout depressed, flat, of moderate length,
with the lower jaw prominent. Teeth in villiform bands. The
maxillary extends to below the middle of the eye. Yellowish,
largely marbled with brown ; brown sti-ipes along the series of scales.
Caudal brown, with Hghter spots.

Rivers of Siam, Bandjermassing (Borneo), and of Palembang
(Sumatra) .

a. Fine specimen : three and a half inches long. Siam. From
M. Mouliot's Collection.

32. Eleotris guavina.

Guavina, Parra, pi. 39. fig. 1.

Eleotris guavina, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 223.

D.7|^. A.^L. L.lat.llO.

Thirty series of scales between the origins of the second dorsal and
the anal fins. The scales on the upper surface of the head are small,
and advance nearly to the extremity of the snout, those on the sides
to below the middle of the orbit. Scales cycloid. The height of the
body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the head one-
fourth. The eye occupies the third eighth of the length of the head,
and its diameter is one-third of the width of the interorbital space.
The maxillary extends to the vertical from the centre of the eye ;
teeth villiform, in broad bands. The second dorsal fin reaches to
the caudal, if laid backwards. Blackish-brown ; fins black.

Fresh waters of Cuba, Martinique, Suiinam, and Demerara.

a. Adult. South America. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

b. Adult. Demerara. Presented by Dr. Hancock.

33. Eleotris canina.

Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Bletm. en Gob. p. 20.
B. 6. D. 6 I ^. A. |. L. lat. 70-80.

Two canine teeth in the upper jaw, and four in the lower. The
height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the
head one-fourth. The eyes occupy the second fifth of the length of
the head, and are distant from each other. Green. {Bl.)

Western coast of Madura ; Java.

34. Eleotris periophthalmus.

Eleotris periophtliahiuis, Bleeker, Batavla, p. 477.
Eleotriodes periophthalmus, Bleeker, Goram, p. 212.

D. 6|1. A. 3^. L. lat. 78.

Head naked. The height of the body is one-eighth of the total

14. ELEOTRIS. 125

length, the length of the head one-fifth ; head obtuse, mth the an-
terior protile very convex ; eyes close together, niucli longer than the
snout. Jaws nearly equal anteriorly ; the maxillary extends to the
vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. The teeth form bands,
those of the outer series being enlarged ; a canine tooth on each side
of the lower jaw. Yellowish, with six broad cross-bars ; head with
red, pm-plish-edged ocelli ; rays of the dorsal fins brown-dotted ;
anal with three blue longitudinal bands. (Bl.)
Sea of Batavia.

/3. A spine at the angle of the prfeoperculuni : Culius, Bleak.

35. Eleotris fusca.

Pa>cilia fusca, Bl. Schn. p. 453.

Cobitis pacifica, Forst. Descript. Anim. ed. LicJit. p. 235.
Cheilodipterus culius, JBuch. Ham. Fish. Ganges, p. 55. pi. 5. fig. 16.
Eleotris nigi-a, Quoy 8f Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. p. 259. pi. 60. fig. 2 ;

Ciiv. i^- Val. xii. p. 233 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Gennotsch. xxv.,

Nakz. Ichth. Beny. p. 106. tab. 1. fig. 3.

mauritianus, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. p. 166.

Culius niger, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 411.

D. 6 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 60-65. Vert. 11/14.

Praeoperculum with a spine directed downwards. Sixteen series
of scales between the origins of the second dorsal and the anal fins.
The scales on the upper surface of the head are small, and advance
to the space between the eyes ; those on the cheeks are minute.
Scales ciliated. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total
length, the length of the head one-fourth. The eye occupies the
third seventh of the length of the head, and its vertical chameter is
one-third of the width of the interorbital space. Snout depressed,
short, with the lower jaw prominent ; the maxillary extends beyond
the vertical from the centre of the eye. Teeth villiform, fo lining
bands ; those of the outer series enlarged, of rather unequal size.
Blackish -brown : the lateral scales sometimes with black centre, the
spots forming either more or less regular longitudinal series, or a
band along the middle of the side ; dorsal and caudal fins with di-
stinct, anal and pectoral fins with rather indistinct series of brown
dots.

From Madagascar and Mauritius to Polynesia.

a, h. Half-grown. Ganges. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
e. Half- grown. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von
Schlagintweit.

d. Half-grown. Bay of Bengal. From the CoUection of the Zoolo-

gical Society.

e, f-g. Adult and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

h, i. Fine specimens. Aneiteum (fresh water). From Mr. Mac-

giUivi-ay's Collection.
Jc-in, n. Adult and young. Oualan (fresh water). Voyage of the

' Herald.'

126 GOBiin^E.

0. Adult. Wanderer Bay (fresh water). From the Museum of

Economic Geology.
]}, q, r. Half-grown. Ceylon.
s, t-u. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society. —

? Tj'pes of E. mauritianus, Benn.
V, iv-x. Half-grown : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.
y. Adult: stuffed.
z. Adult : skeleton. Aneiteum (fresh water). From Mr. Mac-

gillivray's Collection.

Eleotris pseudacanthopomus, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 276, is probably
identical with this species. Bleeker compares it with the following
species {E. melanosoma), and adds that it may be distinguished by the
operculum, which is entii'ely scaly, and by a small canine tooth in
the lower jaw. Eleotris hracliyurus (Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.
xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 20) has been referred to E. pseudacanthopomus
by Bleeker himself. See Enumer. Spec. p. 114.

Air-bladder large.

Skeleton. — The crown of the head is entirely smooth, only a trace
of an occipital crest being visible ; it is broad and somewhat convex
along the middle ; the interorbital space is of moderate width. The
intermaxillary is considerably shorter than the maxillary, and dilated
at its extremity ; its posterior processes are of moderate length.
The articulary and the posterior part of the dentaiy bone of the
mandible have a broad horizontal lamella interiorly. The margins
of the praeoperculum are simple ; there is a spine at the angle. The
pubic bones leave a free space between them, and are elongate, tri-
angular ; they do not extend to the humerus, to which they are joined
by a broad, flat cartilaginous lamella. Eleven abdominal and fom'teen
caudal vertebrae.

36. Eleotris melanosoma.

Eleotris melanosoma, Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 705.

Culius melanosoma, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 412.

P Cidius macrocephalus, Bleek. Boeroe, ii. p. 70.

D. 6 I j. A. |. L. lat. 52.

Prseoperciilum with a spine directed downwards. The scales on
the upper sm-face of the head are small, extending over the fore-
head ; cheeks naked. The height of the body is one-sixth or one-
seventh of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth. The
diameter of the eye is contained four times and a half or five times
and a half in the length of the head, and three-fifths of the width of
the interorbital space. The upper jaw is shorter than the lower,
and extends backwards to below the middle of the eye. Teeth
viUiform, fonning bands. Blackish-green ; fins variegated with
black. {Bl.)

Coasts of Wahai (West Sumatra), Booroo, and Ceram.

a. Adult. Presented by C. Swanzz, Esq.

14. ELEOTRIS. 12"

y. Some of the branehio,steo.als terminating, in a spine anteriorly :
Jielobranchus, Bleek. .

37. Eleotris belobrancha.

Eleotrisbelobrancha, Cm-.^- F«/. xii. p. 2iQ;Bh'ek. Celebes iv n Ifi"
Belobrauchiis quoyi, Bleek. Bali, p. 300. ' ' ^ '

B. 6. D.6|±. A.f L.lat.70. Yeit. 10/15.
Prsopercuhim without spine ; two spines behind the ano-le of the
iaS^'^' Y^™^1"^;° the first and sLnd branchiostegals Head
naked. Scales minutely CLhated. The heio-hf nf +1.^ t ^ ■
seventh of the total len/th, the length :f't&LlntfS" Th^
diameter of the eye is one-seventh or one-sixth of the Wth of
the head, and two-thirds of, or equal to, the width of the ilr

iresh waters of Celebes, Batjan, and Ceram.
a. Adult. Ceram. From the Collection of Madame Ida Pfeiffer.

38. Eleotris taenioptera.
Belobranchus tseniopterus, Bleek. Bali, p. 301

B.6. D.6|i-. A.I. L.Iat.65.

eye T2?h Jifir'^^^ '"^ ^'"'"^ '^' '^^^^^^ of the

r,^l . ^torm, those of the outer series rather stron-er Tbp
upper pectoral rays sHk-like. Brownish, .vith lighter cioss-iandJ

fins' •:UorS:7"-'"''V'™^" ^^^^^^ towVds the operclS;
mmUel t^ib ^'"'"'''^ dorsaUvith two cui-ved blackish bani
anal witb fi ""^^f ^^f^™' ^^"^^ ''^^ dorsal with four or five the
S^^^hti^e^rhtrc^^^^^^ '^^'" caudal andVec!

Rivers of Bali and Batjan.

b. An ocellated spot on the base of the caudal fin.
a. Vomerine teeth : Bostrichth/s, Gill.

39. Eleotris sinensis.
Bostrychus sinensis, Lacep. iii. p. 141. p]. 14 fio- 9
Gobius sinenshs, Cm: 4- Val. xii. p. 94.

128 GOBIID^.

Philj-pnus ocellicauda, Eicharils. J'oi/. Sidph. Fishes, pp. 68, 149. pi. 56.

figs. 15, 16.

sineiisi.s, Ricliards. Ichth. Chin. p. 210.

opliicephalus, Blevk. in Verhand. Batav. Gcnnotsch. xxii., Blenn.

en Gob. p. 20.
Bostrichthys sinensis, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Pldlad. 1860, p. 125.

D. 6 I ^2. A. |. L. lat. 140. Vert. 12/15.

Scales on the head and neck nidimentaiy. A broad patch of teeth
on the vomer, forming one-half of an oval. The height of the body-
is contained six times and a half in the total length, the length of
the head four times and a tliird. Head broad, depressed, obtuse ;
eye small ; cleft of the mouth wide, extending behind the vertical
from the posterior margin of the eye. The anterior nostril produced
into a short barbel-like tube. Brown, marbled with darker ; a round
black, white- edged ocelhis on the upper part of the root of the caudal.

China, Coasts of Java and Bintang. Fresh waters of Oualan.

a. Nine inches long. China. Presented by J. E. Eeeves, Esq.
h. Half-grown. China.

c. Half-grown : bad state. Hongkong. From the Haslar Collection.

d. Adult. Fresh waters of Oualan. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

e. Half-groMTi. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

/. Half-grown : skeleton. China. Presented by J. E. Eeeves, Esq.

Air-bladder large. Pseudobranchiee, a slit behind the fourth gill.
Intestinal tract short, making a single circumvolution.

The vertebral column is composed of twelve abdominal and fifteen
caudal vertebrse, both portions being equal in length.

/3. Palate entirely smooth : Elcotris (part.), Bleek.
40. Eleotris urophthalmus.
BJccher, Borneo, iv. p. 202.

D. 7 ||. A. -\. L. lat. 75.

The height of the body is one-eighth or one-seventh of the total
length, the length of the head one-fourth. Head broad, depressed,
obtuse. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the
head, or one-half of the width of the interorbital space. The cleft
of the mouth extends to below the orbit ; teeth in \-illiform bands.
The length of the caudal fin is one-fifth of the total. Brownish ; a
black, red-edged ocellus on the upper part of the base of the caudal
fin. (Bh)

Eivers of Bandjermassing.

41. Eleotris urophthalmoides.

Bleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 273.

D. 6 U. A. 4- L. lat. 60.
Scales on the head and neck very small. The height of the body

14. ELEOTRIS. 129

is contained six times and a quarter or seven times in tlie total
length, the length of the head three times and two-thirds or four
times and a quarter. Head broad, depressed. Tlie diameter of the
eye is one-sixth or one-seventh of the total length, and one-half of
the width of the interorbital space. The maxillary reaches to below
the eye. Teeth in villiform bands, those of the outer series enlarged.
The length of the caudal fin is one-fifth of the total. Bi-ownish,
with darker longitudinal streaks ; a black, rod-edged ocellas on the
upper part of the base of the caudal. {Bl. )
Rivers of Western Borneo and Sumatra.

42. Eleotris siamensis.
D. 6 I 10. A. 9. L. lat. 90.

Twenty-two longitudinal scries of scales between the origin of the
posterior dorsal and the anal, forty transverse ones between the
anterior dorsal and the snout. The height of the body is contained
six times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head
four times. Head broad, depressed, with the snout obtuse ; the lower
jaw is prominent, and the maxillary extends to behind the vertical
from the centre of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands. The diameter
of the eye is one-seventh of the length of the head, one-half of that
of the snout and of the width of the interorbital space. A small barbel
on each side of the upper jaw ; the head is covered with small scales ;
there are about ten between the posterior angle of the orbits ; the
snout is naked. Dorsal and anal fins much lower than the body :
one-half of the caudal is covered with thin scales ; its length is con-
tained five times and a half in the total. Brown ; the lower parts
whitish, minutely punctulated with brown ; two oblique dark stripes
on the cheek, radiating from the eye. Dorsal fins variegated with
blackish, the other fins uniform blackish ; a black ocellus, edged with
whitish, on the upper part of the root of the caudal fin.

Siam.

a-c. Adult and half-grown. Siam. From M. Mouhot's CoUection.

lines.

Total length 60

Height of the body 9

Length of the head 15

Diameter of the eye 2

Length of the caudal fin 11

43. Eleotris macrodon.

Sleek. Verh. Batav. Genootscli. xxv., Beng. en Hind. p. 104. tab. 2. fig. 1.
D. 6 ) 10-11. A. 9. L. lat. 90-100.
Thirty-three longitudinal series of scales between the origin of
the posterior dorsal and the anal, sixty transverse ones between the
anterior dorsal and the snout. The height of the body is contained
four times and two-thirds or five times in the total length, tlie length
of the head four times and a fourth. Head broad, depressed, with

VOL. III. K

130 GOBIID.E.

the snout obtuse ; the lower jaw is somewhat prominent, and the
maxillary extends to below the middle of the ej^e. Teeth of the
outer series enlarged. The diameter of the eye is one-ninth of the
length of the head, one-half of that of the snout, and one-third of
the width of the interorbital space. A small barbel on each side of
the upper jaw. The head is covered with minute scales, the snout
is naked. Dorsal and anal fins much lower than the body : the
greater portion of the caudal is scaly ; its length is about one-seventh
of the total. Bro^\Tiish-olive (in spirits) ; dorsal and caudal fins
dotted with brown, the other fins uniform. A blackish (in life red-
dish-brown) ocellus, edged with whitish, on the upper part of the
base of the caudal.

Rivers near Calcutta.
a, b~c. Adult. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

lines.

Total length 60

Height of the body 13

Length of the head 14

Diameter of the eye 1|

Length of the caudal fin 9

2. Some of the dorsal spines produced into filaments: Valenciennea, Bleek.,
or Eleutriodes (part.), Bleek.

44, Eleotris muralis.

Eleoti-is muralis, ( Quoij S,- Gaim.) Cuv. &)• Veil. xii. p. 253. pi. 357 ; Bleek.

Amhoina Sf Ceram, p. 276.
Valenciennea muralis, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 412.
Eleotriodes muralis, Bleek, Goram, p. 212.

B. 5. D. 6 I i. A. 3^. L. lat. 80.

The second, third, and fourth dorsal spines produced into filaments.
The height of the body is one-eighth or one-ninth of the total length ;
the width of the interorbital space is one-half of the diameter of the
eye. Teeth in single series, of unequal size. Brownish : head and
body with red longitudinal bands ; back with some ii-regular dark
cross-bars. Fins yeUow : the first dorsal with a black spot behind
the top of the third spine ; dorsal and anal fins with red longitudinal
bands ; caudal with red and brown spots.

East Indian Archipelago. Philippine Islands.

a. Adult. Philippine Islands.

h. Half-grown : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.

45. Eleotris sexguttata. ■

Eleotris sexguttata, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 254 ; Bleek. Blenn. en Gob.

p. 25.3, and Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii., Sumatra, p. 42.
Valenciennea sexguttata, Bleek. Boeroe, p. 412.
Eleotriodes sexguttata, Bleek. Goram, p. 212.

B. 4-5. D. 6 I ^. A. i. L. lat. 75-80.

The second, third, and fourth dorsal spines are produced into fila-

14. ELEOTRIS. 131

ments. The height of the body is one-seventh or one-eightli of the
total length ; the width of the interorbital space is much less than
that of the orbit. Jaws equal anteriorly ; teeth in single series, of
unequal size. Greenish rose-coloured : sides of the head with blue,
darker-edged ocelli ; sometimes a violet spot before the anterior
dorsal fin. The anterior dorsal black at the top, the posterior with
six violet longitudinal stripes, the anal with two ; caudal with pearl-
coloured, violet-edged ocelli.
Coasts of Ceylon. East Indian Archipelago.

46. Eleotris strigata.

Eleotris strigata, Cnv. Sf Val. xii. p. 251 ; Bteek. Act. Soc. Sc. Iiiclu-

Nederl. i., Amhoina, p. 48.
Valencieunea strigata, Bleck. Boeroe, p. 412.
Eleotriodes strigata, Bleek. Goram, p. 212.

B.5. D.6|^. A.^^,

Scales very small. The second and third dorsal spines produced
into filaments. The height of the body is contained six times in the
total length, the length" of the head four times and a half or four
times and three-fit'ths ; the width of the interorbital space is less
than that of the orbit. Jaws equal anteriorly ; teeth in single series,
of unequal size. Greenish i-ose-coloured, with foiu- or five red lon-
gitudinal bands ; a pearl- coloured, black-edged band from the angle
of the mouth to the extremity of the operculum ; an oblique similar
band on the praeoijerculura, and another on the suboperculum. The
anterior dorsal fin with one, the posterior with three red longitudinal
bands.

Coasts of Java, Amboyna, Celebes, Booroo, and Otaheite.

a. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

3. Some of the caudal rays produced into filameuts :
Eleotriodes (part.), Bleek.

47. Eleotris helsdingenii

Eleotriodes helsdingenii, Bleek. Goram, p. 212.
D. eU. A.Jj. L. lat. 130.

The two caudal rays, which are nearest to the three middle ones,
are produced into long filaments. Head naked. The height of the
body is one-seventh of the total length (without caudal filaments).
The width of the interorbital space is less, the length of the snout
more, than the diameter of the eye. The maxillary extends to below
the middle of the orbit. Teeth in the upper jaw in a single series,
of unequal size. The anterior dorsal fin is lower than the body.
Greenish rose-coloured, with two brown bands from the snout to the
caudal filaments. {Bl.)

Sea of Goram .

132 GOBIID^.

II. More than twenty rays in the soft dorsal and anal fins :
Eleotriodes (part.), Bleek.

48. Eleotris heteroptera.

Eleotris heteropterus, Bleek. Borneo, ix. p. 422.
Eleotriodes heteropterus, Bleek. Goram, p. 212.

B.4. D.6|±. A.l.

Scale.s scarcely conspicuous. The height of the body is contained
eight times and a half in the total length, the length of the head five
times and a quaii:er. Cleft of the mouth very oblique, with the
vipper jaw shortest ; the maxillary extends to below the anterior half
of the ej'c. Dorsal fins lower than the body ; caudal forked. Green-
ish rose-coloured ; a black spot along the middle of the caudal. {Bl.)

Rivers of Bandjermassing.

49. Eleotris microlepis.

Eleotris microlepis, Bleek. Banda, v. p. 102.
Eleotriodes microlepis, Bleek. Goram, p. 212.

B.4. D.6|l A.^.

Scales scarcely visible. The height of the body is one-eighth of
the total length, the length of the head one-sixth. Cleft of the
mouth very oblique, with the upper jaw shorter ; the maxillary ex-
tends to below the anterior half of the eye. Dorsal fins lower than
the body. Caudal slightly emarginate. Greenish rose-coloured :
sides of the head with blue spots ; a curved blue streak behind the
eye, another on the opercle ; caudal immaculate. {Bl.)

Coasts of Banda and Jfias.

15. ASTERROPTEEYX.

AsteiTopterj-x, Miipp. Atl. Fische, p. 138.

Head and body compressed, covered with large scales ; eyes of
moderate size, lateral, not prominent. Teeth in a single series. Two
dorsal fins, the anterior with six flexible spines. Ventrals not united,
with the space between them narrow, and with one spine and five
rays. GiU-openings of moderate width, not contiguous. Branehio-
stegals three (?) ; air-bladder none. Anal appendage absent.

Red Sea.

1. Asterropteryx semipunctatus.

-R(V>j;j. /. c. taf 34. fig. 4.

D. 6 I 12. A. -i-.

The middle spines of the anterior dorsal fin and the ventral elon-
gate. Yellowish-brown, each scale with a blue spot, {liilpp.)
ilussaua.

16. AMBLYOPUS. 133

Second Group. AMBLYOPINA.

The two dorsal tius united into one. Vertebnc 11/17.

16. AMBLYOPUS*.

Gobioides, Lacep. ii. p. 280 ; Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 1:39.
Amblyopus, Cia\ >J(- Val. xii. p. 157.

Body elongcate, naked, or with minute rudimentary .scales ; head
oblong, quadiilateral, with the cleft of the mouth directed upwards,
and with the lower jaw prominent. Gill-openmgs of moderate
width. Eyes very small, more or less hidden. Teeth in a baud,
the anterior ones being very strong. One long dorsal fin, the five
anterior ra5^s being simple, and separated from the soft portion by
an interspace ; a sixth simple ray between the anterior ones and
the soft portion ; dorsal and anal more or less continuous with the
caudal. Ventral fins united. Urancliiostegals foiu\ Air-bladder
absent, or very small ; giUs foiu- ; pseudobrauchias none.

A tropical genus, confined to the coasts, estuaries, and fi-esh waters
of the East Indies, extending northwards to China and Japan ; one
species from the west coast of South America.

1. Amblyopus caeculus.

? Gobius angiuUaris, L. Si/st. i. p. 450 ; £1. Schn. p. 71.

PCepola ccecida, Bl. Schn. p. 241. tab. 54.

Amblyopus ccBculus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 165.

hemianiiianus, Cantor, Catal. p. 190 (not Criv. H, Val).

D.A. A. 45.

■ 43-44

The length of the head is one-eighth of the total, or four-sevenths
of the distance between the root of the ventral and the vent. Pec-
toral short; dorsal and anal fins scarcely united with the caudal,
and enveloped in a thick skin. The lower jaw with small barbels!
Body naked.

Estuaries and fi-esh waters of Bengal and China.

a. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.—

Type of Dr. Cantor's description.
h. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
c, d-f. Adult and half-grown. China.

J. Adidt. Canton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
h, I. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

* 1. Amblyopus roseus, Cuik 4- Val. xii. p. 164.— Bombay.

2- ^^eruptionis, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genoofsi-h. isii., Blcnn. en Gob.

p. 38. — East Java ; Amboyna.

3. lacepedii, Schkg. Fa„„. Japon. Foiss. p. 146. pi. 73. fig. 2.— Japan.

4. nigosius, Euh:,r,h. Ivhth. China, p. 207.— China. Typical speci-
mens m the Cambridge Museum.

134 GOBIIDJ?.

2. Amblyopus gracilis.

AmUvopus g-racilis, Ciiv. 8f J'al. xii. p. 160.

gracilis, Bleeker, Verhand. Butav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob.

p. 38.

D. _L . A. 47-49.

47-49

The length of the head is contained ten times and a half or eleven
times and a half in the total length, or four-sevenths of the distance
between the root of the ventral and the vent. Pectoral veiy short ;
dorsal and anal fins more or less continuous with the caudal, and
enveloped in thick skin ; caudal rather short. The lower jaw with
small barbels. Body naked.

Coast of Pondicherry. Estuaries of Surabaya.

a. East Indies. Presented by G. E. Waterhouse, Esq.
h, c. From the Haslar Collection.

3. Amblyopus brachygaster.

D.-V,. A. 46.

45-47

The length of the head is one-ninth of the total (without caudal
fin), and only a little less than the distance between the base of the
ventral and the vent. Body siibcylindrical anteriorly, compressed
posteriorly, not very elongate, its greatest depth being one-fourteenth
of the total length (the caudal fin included). Teeth strong (about
sixteen in the iipper jaw and six in the lower) ; skin of the chin
folded, and with short barbels. Eyes invisible. The vertical fins
are enveloped in thick skin ; the dorsal and anal are separated from
the caudal by a deep notch ; caudal rhomboid, of moderate length ;
pectoral short, not quite half the length of the ventral.

East Indies.

a. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

b, c. Adult. East Indies. Presented by G. E. Waterhouse, Esq.

inches, lines.

Total length 14 0

Height of the body 1 0

Length of the head 1 5

Distance between the base of the ventral

and the vent 1 7

Length of the caudal fin ' 1 1

Total length of the smallest specimen .... 6 0

The anterior series of strong teeth is separated from the band of villi-
form teeth by a narrow interspace covered by the mucous membrane.
The pharyngeal bones are proidded with teeth so minute, that they
may be felt rather than seen ; the upper pharyngeals are obtusely
ovate ; the two lower ones are separate from each other, and form
together a triangle. The setiform lamellaj on the concave side of the
branchial arches are very short, and not toothed. There are four
gUls ; a sUt behind the fourth ; pseudobranchise none.

16. AMIiLYOPUS. 135

4. Amblyopus hennannianus.

?? Tfenioides hennannianus, Lacep. ii. p. 533. pi. 14. fig. 1.
?? Cepola hermanniana, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 191.
Gobioides rubicundus, Bitch. Ham. pp. 37, 365. pi. 5. fig-. 9.
Amblvopus herniannianu.?, Cut: Sf Veil. xii. p. 159. pi. 350 ; Bleeker,
Vi-rhtmd. Bafav. Gmootsch. xxv., Bengal en Hindost. p. 103.

mayenna, Cuv. d( Val. xii. p. 163.

■ anguillaris, Richards. Ichtlujol. Cliina, p. 207.

Tffinioides coecula, Cuv. Bi-ijne Anim. HI. Poiss. pi. 80. fig. 4.

D.jA.. A. 36-38. Vert. 11/17.

The length of the head is contained five times and a half to seven
times and a half in the total length (without caudal fin), or three-
or four-fifths of the distance between the root of the ventral and
the vent. Pectoral of moderate length ; caudal pointed ; dorsal and
anal fins continuous with the caudal, and not enveloped in thick
skin. Barbels none. Body with rudimentary scales, imbedded in
minute cryptae of the skin.

Brackish waters of Bengal, Hindostan, and China.

a. Adult. Ganges. From 'Mx. M'Clelland's Collection.

b. Half-grown. China. From the Collection of the East India

Company.

c. d, e. East Indies.

5. Amblyopus taenia.
D.A A. 33.

Body elongate, compressed, naked, with rudiments of scales pos-
teriorly ; it is anteriorly higher than broad, its greatest depth being
one-fifteenth of the total length (without caudal). _ Head elongate,
subquadrangular ; it is contained eight and a half times in the total
length, without caudal, and twice in the distance between vent and
base of the ventral fin. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width, with
eight long, widely-set teeth in each of the jaws ; eyes inconspicuous ;
barbels none, the vertical fins are slightly contiguous with one
another, and not enveloped in a thick membrane. Caudal fin elon-
gate, pointed, its length being four times and two-fifths in the total.
Pectoral of moderate length, two-thirds of the length of the head,
shorter than the ventral. Greenish-oUve (in spirits) ; caudal
blackish.

East Indies.

a. East Indies. From the Collection of the East India Company.

inches, lines.

Total length 11 0

Length of the head 1 ^

Height of the body 0 7

Length of the caudal fin 2 6

Distance between the base of the ventral

and the vent 2 0

136 GOBIID^.

6. Amblyopus urolepis.

Bleeker, Sumatra, i. p. 581,

D.|. A. 34.

The length of the head is one-seventh of the total, the height of
the body one-ninth ; body anteriorly scarcely higher than broad.
Pectoral short ; dorsal and anal fins not enveloped in skin. Tail
posteriorly with conspicuous scales. Greenish.

Rivers of Palembang (Sumatra).

7. Amblyopus brachysoma.

Bleeker, Sumatra, iii. p. 510.

D.|. A. 28.

The length of the head is contained six times and a half in the
total, that of the pectoral nine times and one-third ; dorsal and anal
fins not enveloped in skin. Body with small scattered scales, be-
coming larger posteriorly. Rose-coloured.

Priaman.

8. Amblyopus broussonetii.

Gobioides broussonetii, Lucep. ii. p. 280 ; Cm\ i^ Val. xii. p. 139.

pi. 348 (bad) ; Cm: Rkjne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 80. fig. 3.
Gobius oblongus, Bl. Schn. p. 548.

T) ^ A >

The height of the body is one-eleventh of the total length ; dorsal
fin not elevated ; caudal lanceolate. Brownish, with darker spots.
Coasts of Peru and Guayaqixil.

a-h. Adult. Guayaquil.

c. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

In consequence of the bad state of preservation of the single spe-
cimen in the Paris Museum, Valenciennes has not recognized the
close affinity of this species with those from the East Indies ; and the
description given by the French naturalist, and stiU more the figure,
are incorrect in several respects. The dentition does not differ from
that of the Indian species, the teeth of the outer series being rather
smaller and more numerous. The eye, so distinctly represented by
Valenciennes, is small and indistinct. The situation of the six dorsal
spines is exactly the same as in the East Indian species, the sixth
being placed at some distance from the fifth and from the first ray
belonging to the soft portion. The vertical fins are contiguous, and
the dorsal and anal are separated from the caudal only by a slight
notch.

I have preserved the name of Amblyopus for the whole genus
because it is generally used, and also because such names as Gobioides,
Trfniohhs, &c., should always be avoided.

17. TRYrATTCHEN. 137

Third Group. TRYPAUCHENINA.

The two dorsal fins united into one. Vertebrse 10/24.

17. TRYPAUCHEN.

Trypauchen, Cuv. Sf Veil. xii. p. 152.

Body elongate, covered with minute scales; head rather com-
pressed. A deep cavity above the operculum, not communicating with
the branchial cavity. Teeth in a band, without canines. One dorsal,
the spinous portion composed of six spines ; dorsal and anal con-
tinuous with the caudal. Ventral fins united.

East Indian Seas.

1. Trjrpauchen vagina.

Gobius vagina, £1. Sc?i)i. p. 73.

Gobioides ruber, Buck. Ham. pp. .38, 365.

Tr^'pauchen vagina, Cur. fy Veil. xii. p. 153. pi. 351 ; Richards. Ichth.

Chin. p. 206 ; BleeJcer, Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en

Gob. pp. 5, 37 ; Cantor, Caial. p. 190.

B. 4. D. jy^g. A. 40-46. Vert. 10/24.

Reddish (during life) ; brownish (in spirits).
East Indian Seas.

«-c. Adult and half-growai. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.
d, e. Half-grown. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

f. Half-grown : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection,

g. Half- grown. Coram. From the CoUeetion of Madame Ida Pfeiflfer.
h-i, lc~m. Adult and half-grown. AmoJ^ Purchased.

n-o,p. Adult. China.

g'-M, v-x, y-z, a, /3. Half-grown and young. East Indies,

2. Trjrpauchen microcephalus.

Bleek, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. \\., Borneo, xiii. p. 62.
D. I-. A. -!-. L. lat. 65.

50 44

The length of the head is contained eight times and a half in the
total ; skin of the head with cells, giving it a reticulated appearance.
The ventral disk is deeply notched posteriorly, each half having
only four soft rays. Uniform rose-coloured. (5L)

Fresh waters of Sungi-duri (Borneo),

18. TRYPATJCHENICHTHYS.

Trypauchenichthys, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., Borneo, xiii.
p. 63.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with cycloid scales. A band
of small teeth in each jaw. Eyes very small, scarcely visible ; a deep
bUnd cavity above the operciUum. One dorsal tin, with six feeble

138 GOBIID.'E.

spines ; vertical fins contiguous. Ventral fins entirely disconnected,
with only four soft rays. Branchiosteg.als four.
Eivers of Borneo.

1. Trypauchenichthys ty^jus.
Bheker, I. c.

D.tA-o- A.-i-. L.lat. 50-55.

56-59 49-5)

Ventral fin with the spine broad, and with the two inner rays ru-
dimentaiy, situated a little before the pectoral. Eose-coloured. (Bl.)
Sungi-diiri.

Fourth Group. CALLIONYMINA.

Ventral fins widely apart from each other. VertebriE 11/16-8/13.

19. PLATYPTEEA.

Platj'ptera, (li:uM <^- r. Hass.) Cm. Sf Val. xii. p. 320.

Head rather depressed and broad ; body and tail subcylindrical, co-
vered with ciliated scales of moderate size. Cleft of the mouth narrow,
with the upper jaw protractile. Eyes of moderate size. Teeth very
small, palate smooth. Prseoperculum not armed. Two dorsal fins,
the anterior with seven flexible spines ; pectorals large ; ventrals
widely apart from each other. GiU-openings of moderate width ;
branchiostegals six ; gills four ; psetidobranchiae ; air-bladder none.

Fresh waters of Bantam and Celebes. Wanderer Bay.

1. Platyptera aspro.

Platyptera aspro, (v. Sass.) Ciiv. ^ Val. xii. p. 321. pi. 360 ; Bleek.

Celeb, viii. p. 310.
Platypterus flavescens, Valenc. in Cuv. E^gne Anim. HI. Poiss. pi. 83.

fig. 1.
B. 6. D. 7||. A.-i-. V. 1/5. L.lat. 35. Vert. 11/16.
Brownish : dorsal fins with two or three series of blackish spots.
a. Adult. Wanderer Bay (fresh water). From the Museum of
Economic Geology.

20. CALLIONYMUS*.

Callionymus, L. Sr/st. Nat. i. p. 433.

Callionymus et Synchiropus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859,
p. 12'.5.

Head and anterior part of the body depressed, the rest subcylin-
drical, naked. Head triangular, with the cleft of the mouth narrow,

* 1. Callionymus reticulatus, Cuv.^ Val. xii. p. 284. ^Mediterranean.

2. fascintus, Cuv. <^ Val. xii. p. 28.5 ; Gucrin, Iconogr. Eegnc Anim.

Poiss. pi. 40. flg. 2. — Mediterranean. 3.

20. CALLIONYMUS. 139

horizontal, and with the upper jaw very protractile. Eyes of mo-
derate size, more or less directed upwards. Teeth very small, palate
smooth. A strong spine at the angle of the praeoperculum. Two
dorsal fins, the anterior with three or four flexible spines ; ventrals
five-rayed, widely apart from each other. Gill-openings veiy nar-
row, generally reduced to a foramen on the upper side of the oper-
culum ; branchiostegals six ; aii'-bladder none ; pseudobranchite,
a sUt behind the foiu-th gill.

Sea-fishes Living on the bottom near the shore. Temperate seas of
the Old World ; Indian Ocean, fi'om the coast of Mozambique to the
Islands of the "Western Pacific.

These fishes exhibit sexual differences in the structure of the fins
and in the coloration.

The species may be divided into the following groups : —

a. Gill-opening a very small foramen on the upper surface of the
head. Lateral line single (j). 139).

/3. GiU-opening a veiy small foramen on the upper surface of the
head. Lateral line double (p. 149).

y. GUI-opening somewhat dilated, rather more on the side of the
head. No detached ventral ray. {SyncMropus, GUI.) (p. 149).

a. Species with a very small gill-opening on the upper surface of the
head. Lateral line single.

1. CaUionymus lyra.

The Dragonet. Fox. Skidpin.

Petiver, Gazophyl. tab. 22. fig. 2 ; Seha, iii. 30. 7 ; Strom, Sondm. i.

p. 278 ; Borlase, Hist. C'ornw. p. 270. tab. 26. fig. 10 ; Duhamel,

Peches, ii. sect. 5. p. 116. pi. 10.
Cottus, sp., Gronui: Act. Upsal. 1740, p. 121. tab. 8.
Calljjjn^iiius hi-a, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 4.3-3, and Faun. Suec. p. 110 ; Bl.

ii. p. '71. taf. 161; Bl. Sclm. p. 39; Lacep. ii. p. 329. pi. 10. fig. 1;

Donov. Brit. Fishes, i. pi. 9 ; Retz. Faun. p. 313 ; Midi Zool Dan.

p. 21. pi. 28; Couch, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 71; Turt. Brit. Faun.

p. 88 ; Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 208 ; Fries, Vet. Acad Handl. 1837,

p. 39 ; Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 95. tab. 22 .& 23 ; Parn.

Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 88 ; Cuv. S,- Val. xii. p. 266; Yarr. Brit.

Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 261, 2nd edit. i. p. 297, 3rd edit. ii. p. 310 (fig.

cop. Fries och Fkstr.) ; Neill, Wern. Mem. i. p. 529 ; Cuv. B^gne

Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 82. fig. 1 ; Nihs. Skand. Fauna, Fisk. p. 212 ;

Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 78.
Callion-\Tnus dracimciilus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 433 ; Strom, Norske Selsk.

Nye Handl. i. p. 149 ; Bl. ii. p. 84. taf. 162. fig. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 40 ;

Lacep. ii. p. 335 ; Betz. Faun. p. 313 ; Zool. Dan. i. p. 4:34 ; Turt.

Brit. Faun. p. 89 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, iv. t. 84 ; Johnst. Zool. Journ.

iii. p. 336 ; Cuv. 8^ Val. xii. p. 274 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit.

3. CaUionymus orientalis, Bl. Schn. p. 41. tab. 6 ; Cuv. 4' Val. xii. p. 297. —

Tranquebar.

4. melanotopterus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. hid. 1850, p. 31.

— Batavia.

140 GOBIID,E.

i. p. 302, 3rd edit. ii. p. 316; Ptini. Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 90;
Giiichen. Explor. Alr/er. Paiss. p. 79.
Corystion, sp., Klein, Pise. 3Iiss. iv. p. 47. no. 10.
Uranoscopus, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. nos. 204, 205, 206, and Mtis. Ichth,

i. p. 21. no. 63.
Geninieous Draponet, Penn. Brit. ZouL iii. p. 145. pi. 27, and edit.

1812, iii. p. 221. pi. 31.
Sordid Dragonet, Penn. Prit. Zool. iii. p. 224. pi. 32.
Uranoscopus lyra, U. dracunculus, U. micropterygius (male, female
and young male), Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, pp. 42, 43.
B. 6. D. 4 I 9. A. 9. C. 10. Vert. 8/13.
Praeopercular spine much shorter than the eye, flat, terminating
in three triangular processes, two of which are directed upwards ;
a fourth very small one at the base of the spine, pointing forwards.
A brown transverse spot below the last two dorsal rays.

Adult male. — The fii'st dorsal spine exceedingly elongate ; anal
papilla prominent ; snout elongate. Yellowish, beautifully spotted
and banded with lilac ; the anterior dorsal with several Ulac spots,
the posterior with four hlac bands. (C hjva, auct. exc. NeiU, Fries,
et Nilss.)

Immature male. — The first dorsal spine more or less produced into
a filament ; anal papilla slightly prominent ; snout moderately elon-
gate. Yellowish, with brownish, sometimes bluish spots ; the an-
terior dorsal anteriorly yellowish, posteriorly blackish, sometimes
spotted ; the posterior with an indistinct brownish longitudinal band.
(C. clracuncultts, pail., auct.)

Female and young male. — The first dorsal spine not or scarcely pro-
longed ; analpapDla very small, hidden ; snout not elongate. Yellow-
ish, with brownish spots ; the anterior dorsal anteriorly yellowish,
black posteriorly ; the posterior with an indistinct brownish longitu-
dinal band. {C. dracuncidus, part., auct. exc. NeUl, Fries, et Nilss.)
German Ocean. Atlantic coasts of Europe. Mediterranean. (He
de France ?)

After the doubt that C. lyra and C. dracuncidus are but males
and females of the same species had been raised by GmeHn and
Valenciennes, the proof of this being reaUy the case has been given
by Neill and Fries ; and it is sur^nising that they are stiU re-
presented as two different species in the most recent ichthyological
accounts. YarreU himself chd not examine the internal parts of
the species in question, but was chiefly guided in his opinion by an
observation made by the celebrated Dr. G. Johnston of Berwick,
who recorded, in the third volume of the ' Zoological Journal,' p. 336,
that he had found a Sordid Dragonet (C. dracunculus) with a mUt,
or soft roe. By the examination of only a few specimens, this ob-
servation will be found to be correct; but the conclusion drawn
from it, that such a male specimen of the Sordid Dragonet is speci-
fically different from the Gemmeous Dragonet, is utterly false.
What has been called the Sordid Dragonet comprises, namely, not only
the females of the species, but also the immatm-e males, which, in
the form of the head and of the fins, and in coloration, resemble the

20. CALLI0NY3ITTS. 141

females, cxactlj- as is tlie case in Gallinaceous birds. The proof of
this is easily established : —

1. There has never been found a female or a young specimen
among the individuals called C. h/ra, L., or Gemmeous Dragonet.

2. A gradual development in the prolongation of the dorsal fin, of
the snout, and of the anal papilla, and a gradual change in the
colours are observed in the male individuals, and are always found in
accordance with the size, that is, vnth. the age, of the individual.

3. AU the females observed belong to the form which is called
C. dracuncuhis, L., or the Sordid Dragonet.

A difference in the habits of the Gemmeous and the Sordid
Dragonet, observed by Mr. Couch, has also been brought forward as
a proof of their specific distinctness : — " The Yellow Skulpin (Gem-
meous D.) prefers deeper water, whereas the other will often ap-
proach the margin of the tide." Such a difference in habit is to
be observed in almost all fishes, larger individuals not being found
in localities where smaller ones abound ; young fishes, besides, are
generally more active in their habits than old ones.

CalUomjmus lyra offers another instance of the great variation to
which many species of fishes are subjected by age or sex. In some
of them, as in the present species, one or several organs assume
greater proportions with age, in others the same organs appear much
more developed in youth (^Xiph'uts gJadms, Stromateus, Platax). In
some species this change is confined to one of the sexes only, whilst
in others it affects both.

The following specimens are in the British Museum Collection : —

a. Adult male. England.

h-d. Adult female and half-grown. Mouth of the Thames. Mus.

Leach.
e, f-g. Half-grown males. Brighton.
h-i. Adult males. Falmouth.
h. Adult male. Plymouth. Mus. Leach.

I. Adult male : skin. Plymouth. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
m. Adult male. Hythe. Presented by H. B. Mackeson, Esq.
n. Adult male. Sandgate. Presented by the Rev. G. Smith.
o-p. Half-grown males : skins. River Tawar. From Mr. Yarrell's

Collection.
q-^. Adult males. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
s. Half-grown male. Adriatic. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
t. Half-grown male. lie de France. Mus. Leach.
M. Adult female. He de France. Mus. Leach.
V, w, x-y. Adult males.
z-y. Adult males : skins.

^. Adult female : skin. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.
€. Adrdt female. From the Haslar CoUeetion.
^. Half-grown male.
7j. Adult male : skin.

6. Half-grown male : skin, \ From Gronow's Collection.
I. Adult female : skin.

142 GOBIIDiE.

(f. Adult male : skeleton : not good state. Purchased.

\. Adult male : skeleton. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

Skeleton. — The skeleton of Callloni/mus resembles that of the
typical Gohiina with regard to the form of the cranium and the
thin osseous layers of the single bones, but shows several very re-
markable peculiarities : —

1, in the structure of the facial bones ;

2, in the arrangement of the opercular bones ;

3, in the structure of the humeral arch ;

4, in the three joints between occipital and first vertebra, situated
on the same horizontal line ;

5, in the small number of vertebrae.

The great protractiHty of the jaws is effected by the extreme pro-
longation of the processes of the intermaxillary bones ; they are
much longer than the body of the bones, moving in a broad shallow
groove formed by the ethmoid, nasal and praefi'ontal bones, and ex-
tending backwards in a cavity of the interorbital space. They are
shghtly curved, so that when the upper jaw is protracted, it assumes
a downward direction. The maxillary is shorter than the inter-
maxillary and scarcely dUated ; its extremity is received in a shallow
groove formed by a vertical ridge of the posterior portion of the
mandibula. The mandibles are long, slender, the symphjsial angle
being rather acute. The prseoi-bital is thin, very long, extending
nearly to the end of the snout ; infraorbital bones none. The an-
terior part of the vomer projects into the mouth, and its body is
rather broad and flat, tapering posteriorly. The pterygoid bones are
very narrow, the pretymj^anic and mesotympanic very small, leaving
a very wide and free space below the large orbit. The hypotym-
panic is elongate, and has a very strong longitudinal crest ; it is as
long as the prseoperculum ; the latter has no ascending, only a hori-
zontal, limb, the former part being entirely replaced by the epitym-
panic ; immediately behind the epitympanic there is the narrow
operculum, which is much smaller than the suboperculum. The sub-
operculimi is similar in form to an operculum, and occujiies the space
in which, in other fishes, the latter bone is usually found ; it is very
thin, striated, and has the margin fringed. The interoperculum is
continuous with the suboperculum, forming a narrow, thin, elongate
lamella.

The hyjiotympanic and the prseoperculum are provided with a
bony keel or crest, which extends from the jouit of the mandible to
the base of the prceopercular spine ; another bony keel runs down-
wards from the joiut of the epitympanic to the same spot, meeting
the fii'st keel at an acute angle. It is e\ident that these two keels
serve to support the pra3opercular spine : this would have been far
less the ease if they had met at a right angle ; but in the direction
in M'hich they are placed, they answer fully the same purpose as
that peculiar process which is foimd on the cheek of the true Cottoids.
BrauchiostcgaLs filiform.

The crown of the head is rather flat, about twice as broad as long,

20. CALLIONYMUS. 143

each imrictal ha^'ing a slight porous protuberance on the centre ; the
frontal bones form a very narrow bridge between the orbits, and
converge anteriorly to receive the processes of the intermaxillary,
A short and flat process on the occiput indicates the occipital crest!
The fii'st vertebra is joined to the occiput by three concave grooves,
which are situated on the same level, whilst the lateral ones stand
above the central groove in the other Gobioid fishes.

The suprascapula is narrow, styliform, and dii-ected outwards,
having quite a horizontal situation. In consequence of the depressed
and broad form of the trunk, the humerus is low, strongly bent in-
wards to meet its fellow, its lower homontal portion being much
longer than the vertical. There are two processes arising from its
vertical portion ; they are horizontally dii-ected backwards : the upper
sei-ves for the attachment of the ulna, whilst the lower is shorter,
terminating in a free point, covering and supporting the pectoral
muscles. The radius k fixed to the humerus, inside of the latter pro-
cess. The longitudinal axes of the pubic bones are directed outwards
from within, and not from before towards behind, as in other fishes ;
the axes of both are in nearly the same transverse hue : three pro-
cesses arise from the base of each of the bones, two of which are
flat and fixed to the humerus, whilst the third is tubiform and meets
its fellow of the other side.

There are eight abdominal and thirteen caudal vertebrse ; they
become gi-aduaUy flatter and longer posteriorly, and the last is as
long as the first two together. The length of the abdominal portion
of the vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 2-5. The
neural spines of the first three vertebrae are extremely short, whilst
the fii-st interneural, which is situated above the second and third
vei-tebrai, is broad and lamelliform. The fourth and fifth vertebrte have
broad triangular neurals ; the lateral parts of the neural of the sixth
are verj^ large and divergent, hke those of the hajmal of the eighth.
The neurals of the caudal vertebras are depressed and very short,
with the lateral portions divergent. The intemeurals of the soft
dorsal fin are neariy entirely reduced to a small horizontal bone,
which IS joined to the preceding and following ; a very feeble process
descends from each horizontal portion towards the neurals; the
haemal and interhsemal spines are similar to the neurals and inter-
neiirals. The last vertebra is as long as the preceding one, its pos-
terior portion being produced into a flat lamella, to which the
caudal rays are joined. Ribs feeble, without epipleurals.

lines.

Length of the abdominal portion 20

of the caudal portion 45

of the first vertebra 2^

of the second vertebra 2

of the fourth vertebra 2^

■ of the eighth vertebra 3

of the thirteenth vertebra 31

of the twenty-first vertebra 4^

144 GOBIID^.

2. Callionymus maculatus.

Dracunciilus, Rondel, x. cap. 12. p. 304 ; Aldroi\ ii. cap. 51. p. 262 ;

WilhKjhhi/, p. 136. tab. H. 6. fig. 3 ; Ray, p. 79.
Cottus, sp. 5, Artedi, Genera, p. 49, and sp. 4. Synon. p. 77.
Callionyiuus maculatus, (Rajin.) Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci, fig. 2 male,

fig. 3 fem. ; Schagerstr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1833, p. 133 ; Fries, ibid.

1837, p. 48; Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 102. pi. 24 j Niks.

Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 216.

lyra, Risso, IcJdhyol. Nice, p. 113, and Eur, Merid. iii. p. 262.

dracunculiis, Brihin. Pise. Mass. p. 17 ; Nardo, Prodr. Adr.

Ichfh. vsp. 46.
cithara, Cuv. Regne Atiini. ; Cnv. Sf Val. xii. p. 280.

D. 4 I 9. A. 8-9. C. 10.

Prajopercular spine much shorter than the eye, tapering behind
and terminating in three small processes, two of which are directed
ujiwards ; a fourth small one at the base of the spine, pointing for-
wards. Pearl- eoloiu'ed spots on the side of the body.

A(hdt male. — Dorsal fins very elevated, with dark ocelli between
the rays.

Female. — Dorsal fins not elevated, with dark dots.

Mediterranean. Occasionally on the coast of Scandinavia.

(7-6. Adult males. Adriatic.

c. Adult males. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.

d. Female. South Europe. Presented by R. B. "Webb, Esq.

3. Callionymus festivus.

Dracunculus, Rondel, i. lib. x. cap. 12. p. 304 ; Ahlror. ii. cap. 51.

p. 262; Jonst. Pise. i. p. 61. tab. 21. fig. 4; Gesner, Aquat. iv. p. 50;

WiUughby, Ichthyol. iv. cap. 25. p. 136. tab. H. 6. fig. 3 ; Ray, Syn.

p. 79.
CottiLs, sp., Artedi, Syn. p. 77. no. 4, and Genera, p. 49. no. 5.
Callionymus dracimculus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 104 ; Bonap. Faun,

Ital. Pesc. c. fig. male and female (not atict.).
festivus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. iii. p. 146 ; Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii.

p. 78; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 443. pi. 13. figs. 1-3;

(not Bonap.).
pusillus, De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 330. pi. 25. fig. 16 ;

Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 264 (fem.).

admirabUis, Risso, I. c. pi. 6. fig. 11.

lacerta, Cmc. Regne Anim. ; Cuv. <5' Val. xii. p. 286 ; Guichen.

Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 79.

D. 4 I 7. A. 9. C. 10.

The prajopercular spine is tricuspid ; the anterior dorsal not ele-
vated.

Male. — Posterior dorsal veiy elevated, caudal much produced ; a
series of silveiy vertical stripcNS, darker-edged, along the side of the
body.

Female. — None of the fins produced ; silvery dots on the sides,
edged with darker ; anal vAih. the margin black.

Mediterranean.

20. CALLIONYMtrS. 145

4. Callionymus belenus.

Belennus, Rondel. Pise. i. lib. vii. cap. 9. p. 214 ; Gesner, Aqiiat. ix.

p. 125.
Callionymus belenus, Rlsso,Eu): 3ferid. iii. p. 263; Bonnp. Faun. Ital.

Peso. c. fig. male and fem. ; Cuv. S^ Val. xii. p. 294.
elegans, Lesiteur, N'our. Bull. Sc. Soc. Philom. 1814, p. . pi. 1.

fig. 17. _
rissoi, Lesueur, Nouv. Bull. Sc, Soc. Philom. p. 76. tab. 16 ; Cuv.

&f Val. xii. p. 293.

lyra, Nardo, Prodr. Adr. Ichth. sp. 45.

sueuiii, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 291.

D. 3 I 8. A. 8. C. 10.

The spine of the prfeoperciilum is slender, tricuspid ; the anterior
dorsal small, much lower than the posterior. Greenish; anterior
dorsal black superiorly.

Male with the last dorsal ray produced.

Mediterranean.

5. Callionymus curvicomis.

Callionymus ciirviconiis. Cur. Sf Val. xii. p. 298.

japonicus, Cui\ i^- Val. xii. p. 299 (not Houtt).

Vfuenciennesii, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. l53. pi. 78. fig. 3 ;

Bleek. Verhand. Baiav. Cu-nootach. xxv., Japan, p. 45.
? Callionymus reevesii, frni., Blehnrds. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, 'p.60. pi. 36.

fig. 4, and Ichthyol. Chin. p. 210.
Callionymus punctatus, {Langsd.) Richards. Ichthyol. CItin. p. 210.
? CaUionjanus richardsonii, Bleek. Japan, p. 414, and Verhand. Batav.

Genootsch. xxvi., Japan, p. 111.

D. 4 I 9. A. 8-9. C. 11.

Praeopercular spine nearly as long as the orbit, cylindrical, curved
upwards, terminating in foiu- hook-Uke processes, one of which is
directed backwards ; a fifth at the base of the spine, pointing for-
wards. Head of moderate size, its length being contained three
times and a fourth in the total (without caudal).

Adult male. — Dorsal fins elevated, the anterior with blackish spots;
caudal elongate.

Female. — Dorsal fins not elevated, the anterior dorsal with a large
black, white-edged spot posteriorly ; caudal of moderate length.

Bourbon. Coasts of China and Japan.

a-e, f-g, h. Adult and half-grown. China.
i-l. Adult : dried. From Chinese insect-boxes,
m. Half-grown, From the Haslar Collection.

6. Callionymus huguenii.
Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. v., Japan, v. p. 7. tab. 2. fig. 1.
D. 4 1 10. A. 10. C. 12.
Praeopercular spine not longer than the eye, terminating in three
large curved processes ; a fourth at the base of the spine, pointing

146 GOBIIDJE.

forwards. The length of the head is contained three times and one-
third in the total (the caudal fin not included). Tlie first dorsal fin
with filifonn spines, the first being the longest ; the soft dorsal not
much higher than the body ; caudal fin ^^ointed, as long as the head.
Greenish, clouded with darker and dotted with white ; head with blue
oceUi ; the anterior dorsal immaculate, the posterior with brownish
dots ; anal ^vith a blackish margin ; caudal rays with brown spots
disposed in five or six transverse series.
Sea of Nagasaki.

Described by Dr. v. Bleeker from a single specimen, which appears
to be a male.

7. Callionymus limatus.
Scldeg. Fmtn. Japan. Poiss. p. 155. pi. 78. fig. 4.

D. 4 I 9. A. 9. C. 10.

Prffiopercular spine ? The first dorsal spine produced into a long
filament ; a crescent-shaped black spot on the margin of the mem-
brane behind the fourth dorsal spine. (ScMeg.)

Japan.

8. Callionymus hindsii.
Richards. Voij. SnJph. Fishes, p. 64. pi. .37. figs. 3, 4.

D. 3 I 9. A. 9. C. 12.

Proeopercular spine short, half as long as the eye, terminating in
three small hook-like processes, two of which are directed up-
wards ; a fourth at the base of the spine. Head veiy depressed.
The anterior dorsal fin is elevated, with alternate milk-white and
black cross-bars.

Pacific.

a-b, c, d. Three to four inches long : bad state. Pacific. Pre-
sented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B. — Types of the species.

9. Callionymus sagitta.

Callionjanus sagitta, Pall. Spiciler/. viii. p. 29. tab. 4. figs. 4, 5 ; C>w.

&■ Vol. xii. p. 301 ; Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind, i. 1850,

p. 31.
serrato-spinosus, Gray, Illustr. Ind. Zool. (fern.).

D. 4 I 9-10. A. 9. C. 11.

Prseopercular spine stout, depressed, nearly as long as the diameter
of the ej-e, with four hook-like teeth, directed inwards ; a fifth at
the base of the spine, pointing foi-wards. Head large, very depressed,
its length being contained twice and two-thirds in the total (without
caudal fin). The anterior dorsal fin short and low. Brownish, with
numerous darker oceUi ; anterior dorsal blackish.

Bom'bon. East Indies.

a. Half-grown. Bay of Bengal. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
b-d. Half-grown. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq., M.D.
e-g. Half-grown. East Indies. Presented by G. R.Waterhouse, Esq.

20. CALLIONTMUS. 147

10, Callionymus phaeton.

? Callionymus sagitta, Hisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 105.

? morrissouii, Risso, Eur. 3ferid. iii. p. 205. fig. 12.

Callionvmiis festivus, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. c. fig. male and fem. ;
(not Pall.).

D. 4 I 9. A. 8. C. 10.
The spine of the prseoperculum is bicuspid. E^ddish, variegated
with green.

Male. — The last dorsal raj- and the two middle caudal rays pro-
duced into filaments.

Female. — None of the rays produced. {Bonap.)
Mediterranean.

11. Callionymus altivelis,
Schleg. Faun. Japon, Poiss. p. 155. pi. 79. fig. 1.

D. 4 I 8. A. 7. C. 10.

Foramen branchialc on the upper side of the neck*. Prceopcr-
cular spine bifurcate. Dorsal fins elevated ; the origin of the
anterior is in the vertical from the gill-opening. Caudal long.
Uniform yellowish (in spiiits).

Bay of Ohomura.

12. Callionymus calauropomus.

Richards. Voy. Freb. c*j- Terr. Fishes, p. 10. pi. 7. figs. 4, 5.
D. 4 I 8. A. 7. C. 10.

Foramen branchiale on the upper side of the neck. Prseoi^ercular
spine bifurcate. Dorsal fins not elevated ; the origin of the anterior
is in the vertical from the gill-opening. Caudal of moderate length.
Bronze-coloured (in spirits), clouded with darker ; anterior dorsal
blackish superiorly.

This is, perhaps, the female of C. altivelis.

North-west Australia.
«. Type of the species. From the Haslar Collection.

13. Callionymus filamentosus.

Cuv. Sc Val. xii. p. 303. pi. 3.59; Bleek. Amb. ^- Cer. p. 278.
D. 4 I 9. A. 9. C. 14.
Praeopercular sprue straight, rather longer than the eye, serrated
superiorly, and with a process anteriorly, 2)ointing forwards.

Male. — The first dorsal spine, the last ray of the dorsal and anal
fins, and the two middle caudal rays produced into long filaments ;
anal papilla well developed.

Female. — None of the rays elongate ; anal pap'lla short.
Coasts of Celebes and Amboyna.

* Schlegel says that tliis species belongs to the division " a orifice brancliial
reeule en arriere et vers le bas ;" but by the figure quoted, and by tlie close afR-
ity of tliis species witli the following, I am induced to believe that the gill-
uvity opens superiorly, and not laterally.

l2

148 GOBIIDiE.

14. Callionymus schaapii.
Sleeker, Batika, p. 455.

D. 4 I 10. A. 10. C. 10. :'

The praeopercular spine is curved, and has six tooth-like processes,
and a seventh at its base.

Male. — Dorsal spines and the posterior dorsal rays elongate ;
caudal fin one-third of the length of the body. Olive, variegated
with brown ; dorsal rays, posterior part of the base of the anal fin,
and anterior rays of the pectoral brown-dotted ; ventrals and anal
black-edged. (Bl.)

Female ?

Sea of Banka.

15. Callionymus longecaudatus.

Callionymus japonicus, Houtt. Verh, Holl. Maatsch. Wet. Haarl. xx.

p. 311 (not Val).
longicaudatus, Temm. 8f Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 151. pi. 78.

figs. 1, 2, pi. 79. A. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc, Indo-Nederl. iii., Japan,

p. 17 (Japanese variety).
reevesii, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 60. pi. 36. figs. 1-3 (not

fig. 4), and Ichth. Chin. p. 211 ; Bleek. Cb'am, iii. p. 244 (Chinese

variety) ; Bleek. Nulez. Ichth. Jap. p. 44.

variegatus, Schley. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 153 (fem.).

belcheri, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 62. pi. 37. figs. 1 & 2.

1). 4 I 9. A. 9. C. 11.

Prgeopercular spine straight, as long as the diameter of the eye,
finely serrated superiorly ; a strong spinous process at its base,
pointing forwards.

Male. — Spines of the anterior dorsal filiform, of moderate length.
Caudal exceedingly elongate, sometimes as long as the body: C.
longecaudatus, Schleg.

Female. — Spines of the anterior dorsal short ; caudal of moderate
length: C. variegatus, Schleg.

Coasts of China, Japan, Coram, Amboyna, and Celebes.

a. Adult. China. From the Haslar Collection.
b-i. Adult : dried. From Chinese insect-boxes.
k. Half-grown. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
Z, TO, n. Young. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher,
C.B.

Some of the young specimens have the praeopercular spine a little
more coarsely denticulated and slightly bent outwards. These have
been called by Sir J. Richardson Callionymus behhei-i (Voy. Sulph.
Fishes, p. 62. pi. 37. figs. 1 & 2).

0. Four inches long : not good state. Pacific. Presented by Captain

Sir E. Belcher, C.B.— Type of C. belcheri.
p-q. Two to three inches long. China. Presented by Captain Sir

E. Belcher, C.B.

It appears, from the researches of Dr. Bleeker, that specimens

20. CALLIONTMUS. 149

from China differ from those from Japan in having blackish spots
on the second dorsal and on the pectoral ; he retains the name of
C. reevesii for the former, and that of C. longecaudatus for the
latter. As all the specimeiLS in the British Museum are from
China, they should be named C. reevesii, although the spots have
nearly faded away in consequence of the long period of their pre-
servation.

16. Callionymus simplicicornis.

Ctiv. 8f Vol. xii. p. 303.

D. 4 I 8. A. 7.

Praeopercular spine straight, very finely serrated. Brownish, with
small darker rings. ( Val.)
Sea of Guam.

/5. A very small gill-opening on the upper surface of the head.
Lateral line double.

17. CaUionymus goramensis.
Sleeker, Goram, p. 214.

D. 4 I 9. A. 7. C. 10.

Two lateral lines on each side. Praeopercular spine with five or
six tooth-like processes, and with a seventh at its base. The first
dorsal spine and the last ray of the dorsal and anal fins produced.
Fins dotted with blue ; anal with a brown longitudinal band ; the
lower half of the caudal with five or six transverse series of brown
spots. {Bl.)

Sea of Goram.

y. Gill-opening somewliat widened, rather more on the side of the
head. No detached ventral rag. (Synchiropus, Gill.)

18. Callionjnnus lineolatus.

Callionymus lineolatus, Cuv. <^ Val. xii. p., 307.

lateralis, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. 65. pi. 37. figs. 5 & 6,

D. 4 I 8. A. 7.

Foramen branchiale on the side of the neck, covered by the extre-
mity of the operculum, which is not produced. Praeopercular spine
straight, rather shorter than the eye, with two tooth-like processes
superiorly ; none at the base.

Male. — The anterior dorsal is elevated. Body brownish, marbled
with darker ; irregular pearl-coloured, dark-edged spots and lines
on the sides. The anterior dorsal blackish between the first and
second spines, the remainder of the fin with irregular pearl- coloured
spots and lines, edged with darker ; the posterior with five brown
bands, descending obliquely backwards, and with a few whitish dots
on the base ; caudal with two approximate brown cross-bars accom-

150 GOBIID.'H.

panied by whitish dots ; anal blackish, with three series of violet
ocelH ; base of the pectoral aud ventral white-spotted.

Female. — Anterior dorsal not elevated ; markings indistinct.

Bourbon, Pondicherry. Madras. (Pacific.)

a-h. Adult. Madi-as. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, M.D.
c. Female. Pacific. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B. —
Tj-pe of C. lateralis.

19. Callionymus ocellatus.

Callion^-mus ocellatus, Pall. Spin'/, viii. p. 25. tab. 4. figs. 1-.3 ; Walh.

Arh'di, p. 008 ; L. Gm. i. p. 1041 ; Bl. Sc/in. p. 40; Ctiv. ^' Val. xii.

p. 308 ; Bleek. Amhoina, vi. p. 422.
punctulatus, Lacep. ii. pp. 328, 340.

D. 4 I 8. A. 7. C. 10.

Gill-opening on the side of the neck, covered by the extremity of
the operculum, which is not produced. Prseopercular spine straight,
shorter than the eye, -ndth two tooth-like processes superiorly ; none
at the base.

Mah. — The anterior dorsal is elevated. Head and body with
numerous small blue ocelli ; the spinous dorsal rose-coloured, ^vith
two curved brown, blue-edged cross-bands inferiorly, and with four
brown spots superiorly, black in the centre and edged with blue ;
soft dorsal with two brown longitudinal streaks, edged with blue
and black. Caudal with a brown cross-bar on the base, and pos-
terioi-ly spotted with brown and dotted with blue. Anal brown, with
two blue longitudinal stripes.

Female ?

Western parts of the East Indian Archipelago.

20. Callionymus marmoratus.

Callionymus marmoratus, Peters in Wiefpn. Arch. 1855, p. 255.
perelegans, Biane. Spec. Zool. Moss. p. 263, Pise. fig. 9.

B. 6. D. 4 I 8. A. 7. C. 13.

Foramen branchiale on the side of the neck, but above the root of
the pectoral. The operculum is not produced. Praeopercular spine
somewhat bent inwards and upwards, with two tooth-like processes
superiorly ; none at the base.

Male. — The anterior dorsal fin is elevated. Brownish, variegated
with darker and spotted with white ; a broad dark-brown cross-band
from the base of the first dorsal to that of the pectoral. Anterior
dorsal with numerous interrupted bluish transverse lines, the pos-
terior with series of small brown, white-edged spots ; pectoral and
caudal with transverse series.

Female. — The anterior dorsal fin is not elevated. Brownish-olive,
marbled Avith darker, reticulated with white ; lower part of the sides
with pearl-coloured dots and stripes. The anterior dorsal fin is
brown, with concentric, interrupted bluish lines ; the posterior

21. vuLSus. 151

with six or seven dark-brown longitudinal lines, and with vermicu-
lated white lines. A large semicircular brown spot on the base of
the pectoral fin ; anal white, with large broAvn spots ; caudal with
four or five cross-series of brown dots.
Mozambique.

«. Female. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection.

21. Callionymus opercularis.

Cuv. 4- Val. xii. p. 305.

B. 5. D. 4 I 9. A. 9. C. 11.

Foramen branchiale on the side of the neck, covered by the ex-
tremity of the operculum, which is produced backwards. Prteoper-
cular spine straight, with about six tooth-like processes superiorly ;
none at the base. The diameter of the eye is two-thii'ds of the width
of the interorbital space. ( Val.)

Mouth of the river Arian-Coupan.

a-c. Old Collection.

22. Callionymus opercularioides.

Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nedei-l. Lid. i. 1850, p. 32.
B. 6. D. 4 I 9. A. 9.

Foramen branchiale on the side of the neck, covered by the ex-
tremity of the operculum, which is produced backwards. Prajoper-
cular spine straight, with four or five tooth -like processes superiorly ;
none at the base. The width of the interorbital space is one-half
the diameter of the eye. Blackish, with numerous black points ; the
anterior dorsal and ventral fins black ; the rays of the other fins
black-dotted. (5?.)

Seas of Padang (West Sumatra) and of Batjan.

21. VULSUS.

Callionymus, sp., Cuv. ^- Val.

Dactylopus*, Gill in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859,' p. 130.

Head and anterior part of the body not much depressed ; the rest
subcylindrical, naked. Cleft of the mouth narrow, horizontal, with
the upper jaw protractile. Eyes of moderate size. Teeth very small,
palate smooth. A strong spine at the angle of the pra}operculum.
Two dorsal fins, the anterior with foiu- flexible spines ; ventrals. five-
rayed, widely apart from each other. The outer ventral ray is de-
tached from the fiji. Gill-opening reduced to a small slit behind the
operculum ; four gills ; pseudobranchiae ; six branchiostegals ; air-
bladder none.

Sea of Amboyna.

* Preoccupied.

152 GOBIICiE.

1. Vulsus dactylopus.

Callionymus dactylopus, {Benn.) Cur. i^- Val. xii. p. 310; Blvek. Am-

boina, ii. p. 559.
Dactylopus oennettii, Gill, I. c.

D. 4 1 8. A. 7. C. 10.

Pra;opercular spine slightly curved upwards, as long as the orbit,
and denticulated superiorly and inferiorly. Dorsal spines produced
into long filaments. Brownish, marbled with darker, and with nu-
merous blue oceUi ; the anterior dorsal with a large black ocellus
between the third and fourth spines ; the posterior brownish, with
five or six interrupted brown longitudinal bands ; the upper half of
the caudal fin with five brown cross-bands, alternating with yellow
ones ; the lower half dotted with black, and with short blue, black-
edged lines.

Coasts of Amboyna and Celebes.

a. Fine specimen, Amboyna. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's Col-

lection.

b. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Appendix.

LUCIOGOBIUS.

Luciogobius, Gill in Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 146.

Body elongate, naked ; head depressed, with the cleft of the mouth
nearly horizontal. Gill-openings smaU, vertical, in front of the base
of the pectorals. Eyes small. Teeth in a band, those of the outer
series being the strongest. One short dorsal fin, without distinct
spines, situated on the tail; anal opposite the dorsal. Vcntrals
small, united in a simple infundibuliform basin. Branchiostegals
four.

Coast of Japan.

1. Luciogobius guttatus.
Gill, I. c.

D. 14. A. 13. V. 1/5.

The height of the body is one-twelfth or one-thirteenth of the
total length, the length of the head two-ninths. Eyes widely sepa-
rated ; the cleft of the mouth extends to below the eye. Brown,
dotted with black. {Gill)

Coast of Japan.

It would appear, from the description of the ventral fins of this
genus, that it will form the type of a separate family, intermediate
between the Gobiidce and Gobiesoces.

Bleeker refers to the Gobioids the following genus, which is marked
by such singular characters, that it will probably form the type of a

QXYMETOPON. 153

distinct family. It is distinguished from the Gohioids by a consider-
ably ■vnder gill-opening, and by the ventral fins, which have only
four soft rays. It would be rather hazardous, and of no advantage
to science, to found a separate family on it, as nothing whatever is
known of its internal structui-e, and as we have not had an oppor-
tunity of seeing the only specimen at present known to exist in
Collections.

OXYMETOPON.

Bleeher, Timor, vi, p. 12.

Body elongate, strongly compressed ; head compressed into a keel
superiorly. Canine teeth ; palate smooth ; none of the bones of the
head armed. The inferior pharyngeal bones are armed -with villiform
teeth, not united, but forming a triangle together. Scales ctenoid,
lateral line none. Two dorsal fins, which are contiguous at the base ;
the first is short, and composed of flexible spines ; the second is elon-
gate, like the anal. Ventral fins inserted behind the base of the
pectoral, composed of one spine and fom* soft rays. Branchiostegals
five. GUI-opening wide. An anal appendage.

Sea of Timor.

1. Oxymetopon typus.
Bleeker, I. c. p. 13.

D. 6 I i A. ^. C. 30. P. 20-21. V. 1/4. L. lat. 105.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length ; its width is one-fourth of its depth. The length of
the head is nearly one-tenth of the total (the caudal fin not included).
The upper part of the head is compressed into a fleshy, scaly crest ;
its upper profile is very convex, concave before the eyes. The dia-
meter of the eye is contained thrice and a fourth in the length of the
eye, and is equal to the width of the interorbital space. Snout very
short ; cleft of the mouth very oblique ; maxillary extending to
below the anterior half of the eye ; lower jaw prominent. The
teeth of both jaws stand in several series, the outer of which con-
tains larger ones. The upper jaw anteriorly with four canine teeth
standing without the series ; the lower jaw with four canines on and
near the symphysis. The scales on the posterior part of the tail are
larger than the anterior ones. Caudal fin elongate, pointed, its length
being thrice and a third in the total length. Rose-coloured, with
two oblique blue streaks on the cheek ; dorsal fins with three or four
blue longitudinal lines ; anal fin violet ; caudal with small bluish
oceUi. {Bl.)

Sea of Timor.

154

Fam. 20. DISCOBOLI.

Discoboli, pt., Cui\ Regne Anim. ; 3Iuller, Bed. Abhandl. 1844, p. 158.

Body thick or oblong, naked or tubercular. Teeth small. One or
two dorsal fins ; the anal similarly developed as the soft dorsal.
Ventrals luith one spine and Jive rays, all being rudimentary, and
forming the bony centre of a round disk, ivhich is surrounded by a
cutaneous margin. Gill-openings narrow, the gill-membranes being
attached to the isthmus ; three gills and a half ; air-bladder none.
Pyloric appendages in great number.

Carnivorous fishes, Uving at the bottom of the shores of the north-
ern seas. They are enabled to attach themselves very firmly to rocks,
&c., by means of the ventral disk.

The family of Discoboli has hitherto comprised two very hetero-
geneous divisions of fishes. The present family is composed of those
only which are truly acanthopterous, which have the ventral disk
formed only by the ventral fins, the skeleton but slightly osseous,
and numerous pj-loric appendages. They differ, besides, from the
Gobiesocida' in a great many other points. They approach closely to
the Gobiidce, from which they are distinguished by the complete
transfoiTQation of the ventral fins into an adhesive organ, by the
numerous i^yloric appendages, &c.

Synopsis of the Groups.
Two separate dorsal fins. Vertebrae 12/16 .... a. Cyclopterina.

One dorsal fin. Infraorbital joined to the prse-

operculum. Vertebrae 12/30 b. Liparidina.

First Group. CYCLOPTERINA.

Only one genus.

1. CYCLOPTERUS.

Cyclopterus, Artedi, Genera, p. 61 ; Cuv. B^gne Atiim.

Body thick, more or less elevated ; skin viscous, tubercular. Head
large, snout short. Two dorsal fins, the anterior formed by flexible
spines. Ventral fins composed of one spine and five rays, all united
into a more or less circular disk. A villiform band of teeth in the
jaws, palate smooth. Three gills and a half, pseudobranchise ; bran-
chiostegals six. GiU-opening narrow, the gill-membranes being
united below the throat and fii-mly attached to the isthmus. Skeleton
but slightly osseous. Pyloric appendages numerous.

Northern seas of both hemispheres. »

1. CTCLOPXEEUS. 155

1. Cyclopterus lumpus.

I^ump-Sucker. Cock and Hen Paidle. See-hase.

Cyclopterus gibbosus, Wilhighhy, p. 209. tab. N. 10. fig. 2.

Lumpus anglomm, Aldrov. iii. c. 08. p. 479 ; Jonst. i. tit. 1. cap. 3.

art. 3. punct. 12. p. 42. tab. 13. fig. 1 ; WUluyhhj, p. 208. tab. N. 11 ;

Ray, Syn. p. 77.
Lepus marinus, Schoner. p. 41.
Cyclopterus, sp., Artedi, Gen. p. 62 ; Gronov: Mus. Ichtkyol. i. p. 56 ;

Gouan, Hist. Pise. p. 223.
Cyclopterus lumpus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 414, and Faun. Suec. p. 320 ;

Fahr. Faun. Griml. p. 131 ; Mohr, Islcend. Naturh. p. 61 ; Bl. Fische

Deutsehl. ii. p. 103. pi. 90; Bl. Schn. p. 197; Lacep. ii. p. 52. pi. 3.

fig. 1 ; 3Iim. Proclr. Zool Dan. p. 39 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, pi. 10 ;

Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 115 ; Cur. Regne Anim. ; Faber, Fische Isl.

p. 49 ; Retz. Faun. p. 327 ; Richards. Faun. Bur. Amer. Fishes,

p. 2G0; Ekstr. Fische Morko, p. 108; Nilss. Proclr. p. 61, and

Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 232 ; Fits, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1838, tab. 4.

fig. la,b,e; Diiben ^- Koren, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1844, p. 116. tab. 3.

fig. 8 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. ii. p. 365, 3rd edit. ii. p. 343 ;

Parn. Wern. 3Iem. vii. p. 380, and Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 220;

Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 39 ; Gaim. Voy. Isl. et Gronl. Zool. Poiss.

pi. 8.
Rognkisekse, Stro?n, Sondm. i. p. 302.
Ilrognkelsi, Olafs. Isl. Reise, § 622 & § 681.
The Lump-sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 133. tab. 21. figs. 1, 2 ; edit.

1812, iii. p. 176. pi. 24.
Oncotion, nos. 1, 2 & 3, Klein, Miss. Pise, iv. p. 49. tab. 14. fig. 5.
Ascan. Ic. tab. 34.

Cyclopterus pavoninus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. ix. p. 310 (yoimg).
creriUeus, Mitch. Trans, Lit. ^ Phil. Soc. New York, i. p. 480.

pi. 2. fig. 7.
coronatus. Couch, Corn. Faun. p. 47 ; Thoinps, Ann. 8f May. Nat.

Hist. V. p. 9.
Gobius minutus, Miill. Zool. Dan. p. 38. tab. 154. B. figs. 1-3 (young).
Cj'clopterus minutus. Pall. Spicil. Zool. vii. p. 12. tab. 3. figs. 7-9;

Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 262 ; Cut. Regne Anim,
Lepadogaster minutus, Bl. Schn. p. 3.
Skeleton : Rosenth. Ichthyot. Taf. t. 19. fig. 1.

D. 4 I 11. A. 9. Vert 12/16.

The anterior dorsal fin distinct only in very young specimens, en-
veloped in tliick skin with age. Gill-opening a vertical cleft above
the pectoral. Body tubercular, with four series of larger rough tu-
bercles, one along the base of the anterior dorsal fiji, the second from
above the eye, the fourth along the side of the belly.

Coasts of Northern Enrope, Iceland, and Greenland, extending
southwards to the coasts of Noi-th Germany, Cornwall, and New
York.

a-e. Adult and half-grown : stuffed and skins. British coasts.

/. Young. Scotland.

y-h. Very young. Falmouth. — Specimens one inch or less in length

have the skin smooth.
i-k. Young. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
l^n. Very young. Sukkertoppen. From Hr. HolboU's Collection.

156 DISCOBOLI.

0-t. Very young. Greenland. From Hr. HoUboU's Collection. —

Anterior dorsal fin with six distinct spines.
«, V. HaLf-gro-n-n and young.
w. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.
.T. Half-grown : anatomical preparation. Scotland.
y. Adult : skeleton. Baltic. From Dr. A. Giinther's Collection.

The oesophagus is ^vide, and separated from the stomach only by a
slight external contraction, the folds of its mucosa passing unin-
terruptedly into those of the stomach ; the latter is a large, horseshoe-
like, bent sac, the cardiac portion of which is situated along the ver-
tebral line, whilst the pyloiic is on the ventral side. The pylorus
is surrounded by two packets of about fifty appendages of moderate
length, some of which are bifurcate. The remainder of the intestinal
tractus makes several irregular circumvolutions, and is once and a
half as long as the whole fish. The rectum is much wider than the
small intestines, and separated from them by a prominent fold of the
mucosa. The liver is undivided, triangular, of moderate size, situ-
ated on the left side of the stomach. I am unable to detect a gall-
bladder*.

The form of the kidney is subject to some variation : in a Scotch
male specimen both halves are symmetrical, their upper ends are thick,
and they commence in a deep impression of the diaphragma. They
are separated from each other by a thick mass of the muscles of the
vertebral column, becoming thinner posteriorly, and are united into
one slender cord in the middle of the length of the abdomen. They
terminate in a single ureter, before reaching the extremity of the
abdomen.

In a male specimen from the Baltic, examined by myself in Berlin,
I found the kidney not symmetrical, the left upper portion having
been entirely separated from the remainder of the organ. The right
and left upper portions were obtusely pointed superiorly, the extre-
mities being imbedded in a capsule formed by the diapkragma.

The urine-bladder is rather large ; the testicles are entirely sepa-
rated. The external openings of the intestines and urogenital organs
are very close together, in a fold of the skin.

Skeleton. — The bones of Cyclopterus are distinguished by the small
quantity of calcareous salts deposited in them : the latter form thin
lamellae in each of the bones, and the interspaces between these layers
are filled with a soft gelatinous substance which is soon dried up, so
that the bones of the skull shrink together to a shapeless massf. In a
fish with the bones so incompletely ossified and semimembranaceous,
it is often impossible to find the sutiu-es between them. The crown
of the head is broad, and the interorbital space of scarcely less width.
The orbital edge of the frontal bones is prominent, forming a roof

* Stanniiis ( Vcrgl. Anaf. Fische. p. 203) describes the gall-bladder as small
and roundish, and accuses Prof. Owen, who has denied its presence, of an error.
The specimen which I have examined is from the Scotch coast ; that examined
by Prof. Owen is probably British also. It may be that individuals of the
same speci(s of fishes vary in this respect.

+ These skeletons, therefore, should be preserved in spirits.

1. CYCtOPTERUS. 157

above the orbit ; it is completed by the prefrontal, which emits a
flat horizontal process joining the principal frontal. The anterior
portion of the infraorbital ring is well developed, and appears to be
membranaceous posteriorly. The maxillary is not dilated ; the in-
termaxillary has the posterior processes of moderate length. The
humerus is long, and composed of two broad lamellae ; the pectoral
rays are joined to a long series of six carpal bones, the series ex-
tending nearly to the lower end of the humerus. Each pubic bone
has three processes : an anterior very broad one, for the attachment
to the humerus ; a second anterior slender one, for a symphysis with
its fellow ; and an upper one, of triangular shape, for the attachment
of the ventral muscles. Each pubic bone is concave inferiorly, and
the ventral spine and rays are fastened on the margin of the con-
cavity, each emitting a process inwards.

There are thirteen abdominal and fifteen caudal vertebra^, the
length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of
the latter as 1:1-4. The haemal, neural, interhaemal and interneural
spines are of moderate length. The last vertebrae are considerably
shortened ; only the last abdominal and the first caudal vertebrae
have short and feeble ribs attached to their neural spines.

2. Cyclopterus spinosus.

Cyclopterus spinosus, 3Iifll. Prodr. p, ix ; Fahr. Faun. Gronl. p. 134,
and in Nahirh. Selsk. Skr. Kjohmh. iv. p. 27. tab. 9. fig. 2 ; Bl. Schn.
p. 198. tab. 46 ; Cm. Rei/ne. Anim. ; Fabcr, Fkclie. Isl. p. 5.3 ;
Kroyer, Naturh. Tidskr. ii. 1847, p. 262 ; Gaim. Voy. Scand. Potss.
pi. 4. fig. 2.

D. 6-7 I 11-12. A. 10-11.

The anterior dorsal fin very distinct, not enveloped in thick skin.
GUI-opening reduced to a narrow foramen, situated on the level of
the eye. Head and body covered with large conical plates, each with
a spine in the centre.

Coasts of Greenland, Iceland, and Spitzbergen.

a. Fine specimen. Greenland.

The head and body form one suborbicular, slightly compressed
mass, highest below the anterior dorsal fin, and terminating in a
short and narrow taU. The plates with which the skin is covered
are studded with small tubercles, roundish, and conically elevated in
the centre. The cleft of the mouth is of moderate width, extending
backwards to the vertical from the margin of the orbit. Both jaws
are armed with a narrow band of minute teeth. The e}'e is situated
immediately below the upper profile, one-fom-th of the length of the
head, and less than one-half of the width of the intcrorbital space.
The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is in the vertical from the gill-
opening, and the interspace beween the two dorsal fins is equal to the
length of the anterior. A series of large plates runs along the upper
orbital edge to the side of the back ; two other series, formed by
smaller plates anteriorly and by larger ones posteriorly, run along

158 DISCOBOLI.

the middle of tho interorbital space and along the base of the dorsal
fins. Other large plates occupy the side of the trnnk ; the plates
below the eye and on the cheek are only one -fourth the size of those
on the body, and those on the tail are small.
Length of the specimen 6 inches.

3. Cyclopterus orbis.
D. 7 I 9. A. 9.

The anterior dorsal fin is very distinct, and not enveloped in thick
skin. Gill-opening reduced to a narrow foramen, situated on the
level of the eye. Head and body covered with large, conical, tuber-
cular plates.

Esquimault Harbour (west coast of North America) .

a. Presented by Lord John Russell.

This species is very similar to C. sjnnosiis, from which it chiefly
differs in the number of tlie fin-rays. The head and body form one
orbicular mass, temiinating posteriorly in the narrow and short tail.
The plates with which the skin is covered are very rough, tubercular,
conically elevated in the centre. A series of large plates runs along
the upper orbital edge to the side of the back ; two series of smaller
ones run along the middle of the interorbital space and along the base
of the dorsal fins. Other large plates occupy the middle of the sides
and the lateral part of the beUy ; the plates on the side of the head,
before the pectoral, are only half as large as those described, and
those on the tail are small. The mouth is transverse, not extending
on to the side of the head. The eye is about one-thii'd of the length
of the head, and one-haKthe greatest width of the interorbital space.
The ventral disk is shorter than the head, subcircular, entire, and
surrounded by fifteen flat papillse. The caudal fin is of moderate
length, rounded, and composed of nine simple rays. Vent nearer to
the ventral disk than to the anal fin.

This description is taken from a single, apparently young speci-
men, 22 lines in length.

Second Group. LIPARIDINA.

Only one genus.

2, LIPARIS.

Liparis, Artedi, Syn. p. 117 ; Cm: Rec/ne Aiiim.
Body subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed posteriorly, rather
elongate, enveloped in a more or less loose naked skin. Head broad,
obtuse ; snout rather short. The infraorbital bone styUform pos-
teriorly, extending backwards to the margin of the prajoperculum*.

* This was first observed by Pallas, who says of Liparis callyodon, " A
maxilla superiore utriiique processus sub cute tenuis, osseus, quasi zygoma, per
discum operculorum."

2, LIPARIS. 159

One dorsal fin, with the rays feeble, flexible, the anterior ones being
unarticulated. Ventral fins composed of one spine and five rays, all
united into a more or less circular disk. A villiform band of teeth
in the jaws, palate smooth. Three gills and a half ; pseudobranchia3
none or rudimentaiy ; branchiostegals six (five). Gill-opening nar-
row, the giU-membranes being united below the throat and firmly
attached to the isthmus. Skeleton rather firm. Number of the
pyloric appendages increased.

Northern seas of both hemispheres ; extending southwards to the
coasts of Belgium, England, and California.

1. Liparis vulgaris.

Sea Snail, WiUughhy ; Petiver, Gazoph. tab. 51. fig. 5.

Liparis nostras, Willughby, App. p. 17. tab. H. 6. fig. 1 ; Mai/, p. 74.

Cycloptenis liparis, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 414; ? £1. taf. 123. figs. 3, 4;

Lacep. ii. p. 69.
Gobio, sp., Kblreuter, Nov. Comm. Petrop. ix. p. 439. tab. 9. figs. 5 & 6.
Cyclogaster, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. n. 198; Act. Helvet, iv.p. 265. n. 165.

tab. 13.
Gobioides smymensis, Lacep. ii. p. 579.
Liparis, sp., Bl. Schn. p. 569.
Unctuous Lump-sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 135. pi. 21. figs. 2, 4 ;

Donor. Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 47.
Liparis vulgaris, Flem. Brit. Aitim. p. 190 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd

edit. ii. p. 371, 3rd edit. ii. p. 349; Parn. Werii. Mem. vii. p. 383,

and Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 223.
barbatus, Eksir. Vet. Akad. Handl 1832, p. 168. tab. 5, and

Fische Scheer. Miirko, p. 112. tab. 5; Nihs. Shand.Faan. Fisk. p. 237.
Cyclogaster liparis, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 40.

Variety.
Cj'clopterus lineatus, Lepechin in Nov. Comm. Petrop. xviii. p. 522.

tab. 5. figs. 2, 3 ; Bl. Schn. p. 198.

musculus, Lacep. iv. p. 683.

Liparis lineatus, Krliyer, Naturh. Tidskr. ii. 1847, p. 284 ; Gaim. Voy.

Scand. Poiss. pi. 13. fig. 2.

B. 6. D. 35-36. A. 27-28. C. 10. C^c. pyl. 16. Vert. 12/30.

Vertical fins contiguous ; the anal commences in the vertical from
the seventh dorsal ray ; pectoral margin with a notch, the lower
rays being produced ; ventral disk rather longer than broad, half as
long as the head.

o. Adult.

b. Adult : skin.

This species is not rare on the coasts of Northern Europe ; it
would appear, from the accounts of Kokeuter, that it occm-s also in
the Mediterranean (Smyrna). This, however, is veiy doubtful, none
of the later authors having confirmed this observation. It extends
Very far northwards, to 70° N. lat., to Spitzbergen and the shores of
the Wbite Sea.

The body is thick and subcylindrical anteriorly, compressed pos-

160 DISCOBOLI.

tei'iorly, enveloped in an unctuous, thin, loose skin; its greatest
depth, on the middle of the abdomen, is about one-fifth of the total
length. The head is obtuse, with the nape of the neck slightly
swoUen ; its length is one-fourth of the total. The snout is broad,
not depressed, and of moderate longitudinal extent. The cleft of the
mouth is horizontal, not extending to the vcrti'cal from the anterior
margin of the eye, with rather thick lips and with the upper jaw
rather longer than the lower. Both jaws are armed with a band of
vULLform teeth, which become somewhat card-like in very large indi-
viduals. Tongue very broad, thick, obtuse. The eye is lateral,
but interfering with the upper profile of the head ; its diameter is
one-seventh of the length of the head, and one-half of the extent of
the snout and of the width of the interorbital space. The nostiil is
situated close before the eye. The gill- openings are reduced to a
vertical slit, which extends downwards on the upper part of the root
of the pectoral, the remainder of the gdl-membranes being united
with the base of the pectorals and with the isthmus. There are
thi-ee gills and a half, but I cannot detect the slightest trace of pseudo-
branchiae.

The pectoral fins are very broad, extending downwards and for-
wards under the throat ; the twelve upper rays reach to the vertical
from the origin of the anal, the remainder gradually becoming
shorter as far as the last but six, which again are considerably pro-
duced. The six rays which constitute the base of the ventral disk
may be easily distinguished ; the disk is surrounded by about thir-
teen soft and flat papillae. The dorsal fin commences above, the
middle of the pectoral and is slightly connected with the caudal ;
it is highest on its middle, where the rays commence to be articu-
lated. The caudal is of moderate length and rounded ; its rays are
simple and articulated. The anal commences below the seventh
dorsal ray and is contiguous with the caudal. The vent is situated
in the middle between anal fin and ventral disk.

The coloration of this species is subject to great variations. Some
specimens are pale yellowish-brown, mottled and spotted with dark
brown. Others are reddish-grey, with broad, irregular black spots ;
fins reddish, with black dots arranged in transverse bands. Others,
again, are brownish, with irregular darker longitudinal streaks on the
head and body.

The specimen described and figured by Ekstrom appears to differ
in several respects. He gives the numbers of the fin-rays as — D. 32,
A. 32, C. 9. The nostril is said to be prolonged into two short tubes,
and to he situated midwaij between the eye and the xipper lij). NUsson
does not say anything about the nostril. Kroyer describes a variety
with blue longitudinal streaks on the head and body — D. 34, A. 31.

The species attains to a size of more than 5 inches.

The stomach is a large cavity, with the cardiac and pyloric openings
close together ; it was filled with shrimps. The form of the kidneys
is the same as in C)/cIopterus Jumpus : anteriorly separated by the
muscles of the vertebral coliunn, they are united in the middle of the
abdomen into a narrow cord, which again becomes thicker pos-

2. LIPAKIS. 161

teriorly, terminating in the single nreter at the extremity of the
abdomen. The ureter is bent upwards, and widens into a urine-
bladder of moderate size.

2. Liparis fabricii.

Cyclopteriis liparis, Fahr. Faun. Gronl. p. 135.

? Liparis comnmiiis, Sabine, App. Par n/s First Voij. p. 212; Richards.

Faun. Bar. Anier. Fishes, p. 263.
? Liparis, lieinh. in Vidcnsk. Sclsk. Naturv. Ski; vii. p. 116. n. 41.
? Liparis tunieata, Reinh. in Vidensk. Selsk. Naturv. Afh. 1835 & 1842.
Liparis fabricii, Krmjer, Naturh. Tidskr. ii. 1847, p. 274; Gaim. Voy.

Scand. Poiss. pi. 13. fig. 2.

B. 5. D. 42. A. 33-35. C. 12.

Vertical fins contiguous ; the anal commences in the vertical from
the tenth dorsal ray ; pectoral margin -with a notch, the lower rays
being produced ; ventral disk rather longer than broad, half as long
as the head.

Coasts of Greenland and Spitzbergen.
a-h. Port Leopold. From the Haslar Collection.
c. Greenland. From Hr. Holboll's Collection.
d-e. Sukkertoppen. From Hr. Holboll's Collection.
f-g. Baffin's Bay. Presented by Captain E. Sabine.
/*. Not good state.

This species is closely allied to Liparis vul(iaris, from which it
differs in the following points, besides those mentioned : — ■

The width of the orbit is nearly one-third of that of the inter-
orbital space and of the extent of the snout. Nostril terminating in
a short wide tube, which is rather nearer to the orbit than to the
upper lip. The pseudobranchiaj are present, but reduced to two very
small lamellae. Dirty yello\vish, irregularly mottled with brownish,
more distinctly on the fins than on the body.

The largest of the specimens from which these notes are taken is
46 lines long.

3. Liparis montagui.

Cyclopterus montagui, Bonov. Brit. FisJies, iii. pi. 68; 3font. in Wern.

3Iem. i. p. 91. pi. 5. fig. 1 ; Penn. Brit. Zool. (ed. 1812) iii. p. 183.
Gobius, Zool. Dan. iv. p. 16. tab. 134.
Liparis montagui. Cur. Rlgne Anim. ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. ii.

p. 374, 3rd edit. ii. p. 352 ; Gaim. Voy. Scand. Poiss. pi. 13. fig. 1 ;

Nilss. Ska7id. Faun. Fisk. p. 239.

gobius, Schayerstr. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1838, p. 248.

Cyclopterus montacuti, Turt. Brit. Faun. p. 115.
liparoides, Nilss. Prodr. p. 62.

B. 6. D. 26-30. A. 24. C. 14. Vert. 10/25.
Vertical fins not contiguous ; the anal commences in the vertical
from the seventh dorsal ray ; pectoral margin slightly notched, the
lower rays being somewhat produced ; ventral disk circular, not quite
half so long as the head.

a~c. Adult. Falmouth. Presented by "W. C. Cocks, Esq.

162 DISCOBOLI.

(/. Adult. Salcombe Bay (Devonshire). Miiseuni Leach.
e. Adult. Mount Edgecombe (Devonshire). Museum Leach.
f-h. Adult and half-g•ro^^^l : not good state. Polperro, Presented

by J. Couch, Esq.
i, Tc-l. Adult. English coast.

Head broad, trunk thick, tail compressed : all enveloped in an
unctuous, thin, loose skin. The greatest depth of the body, on the
middle of the abdomen, is about one-fifth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth. The head is rather flat superiorly,
the nape of the neck being but slightly prominent ; the snout is very
broad, not depressed, and of moderate longitudinal extent ; the cleft
of the mouth is horizontal, not extending to the vertical from the
anterior margin of the eye, with rather thick lips and with the upper
jaw somewhat longer than the lower. Both jaws are armed with a
broad band of viUiform teeth. Tongue very broad, thick, obtuse.
The eye is small, lateral, but interfering -with the upper profile of the
head ; its diameter is one-ninth of the length of the head, and less
than one-half of the length of the snout or of the width of the inter-
orbital space. The nostrU is situated nearer to the eye than to the
upper lip. The giU-openings are reduced to a vertical slit, which
extends downwards on the upper part of the root of the pectoral,
the remainder of the gUl-membranes being united with the base of
the pectorals and with the isthmus. Three gills and a half ; pseudo-
branchiaj none.

The pectoral fins are very broad, extending downwards and for-
wards under the throat ; theii' extremity does not reach to the ver-
tical from the anal fin. The six lower raj's are somewhat longer
than the next preceding ones, producing a slight notch in the mar-
gin of the fin. The six rays which constitute the base of the ven-
tral disk may be easily distinguished ; the chsk is surrounded by
thii-teen soft and flat papUlfle, which may be compared to the sole of
the foot of the higher animals. The dorsal fin commences above the
midcUe of the pectoral ; it is low anteriorly, gradually becoming
higher towards the caudal fin, from which it is separated by a short
interspace. Caudal of moderate length, truncated. The anal fin
commences below the seventh dorsal ray, and is lower than the
dorsal ; its last ray is fastened to the back of the tail by a membrane.

The colour is yellowish, the vertical fins being somewhat brighter,
with a blackish shade towards the margins.

This species attains to a size of 3 inches.

4. Liparis callyodon.

Cyclopterus callyodon. Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. iii. p. 75.
B. 6. D. 33. A. 24. C. 15.

Dorsal and anal fins continued nearly to the base of the caudal.

Coast of Kamtschatka.

Pallas gives the following particulars of this species : —

The teeth have three distinct lobes ; a slender bone from the eye

2. LIPARrS. I go

a little behind the .^-o.^^''^^,^ :'TSi:rZS.
from the upper jaw through the eye aud opercles. ^ ^^

5. Liparis cyclopus.

D. 35. A. 30. C. 12.

Caudal fin entirely free from dorsal and anal; the latter com
mences in the vertical from the seventh dorsal ray pe' tm^al mar^^n

o" e'i;" fn:.^:?'-'^' ^ ir"- ^-^^^ ^^^»^ l--od'u;erv"ntSk
ovate, Its length being less than one-half of that of the head.

"'^EurU™'''- ^«^l"i^^"lt Harbour. Presented by Lord John

This species agrees in nearly every respect with Liparis imlaari,
from^^vhich It diifers in the folio Jng p^oints besides thoJIS

f], J^ ^T^'ll^^'f' ?^ *^^ ^^'^y i« nearly one-sixth of the total
the length of the head nearly one-fifth. The skin is 7J^LT \
more firmly- adherent to the bLy. The head is fla? above 'thoVape
of he neck being scarcely prominent. The nostril is a iiort S
situated nearly midway between the eye and the upper ipTh;
pectoral extends only to the vertical from the anal paUla Ld the
dorsa fin commences yet more backwards. The tee h am sm.l]
with three lobes Infraorbital extending to the pra^opScXm '

The colour is brownish-olive, with darker spots, more conspicuous
on the fins than on the body. BeUy reddish. '-conspicuous

Ihe length of the specimen described is 45 lines.

The following species require fiirther examination :_

6. Liparis gelatinosus,

Cycloptenis gelatiuosiis, P««. Spicil. vii. p. 19. tab. 3; Bl Sch, u iqq
Lipans gelatinosus, Cnv. Regne An!m. ' P' ^^^•

B. 7? D. plus quam 50. A. ca 45. C. G. Ctec. pylor 48
Vert. 64. ' "

Vertical fins contiguous. Ventral disk smaU, supported bv a hi
lamellated cartilage, which descends from the throat ^

PaUas has given a description and figure from the MS. of Steller
and from a specimen in the St. Petersburg Museum :_ '

-Body oblong, compressed, thicker towards the bend nn^ +;,•
towards the tail, semitransjiarent, exceedSgJy tft Hke jdly ''s^d
thick, somewhat depressed, flat on the vertex, and convex between
the orbits. Eyes directed upwards ; nostrils in the middle between
he margm of the mouth and the orbit, with a small tubular aplnd
age : a series of pores along the upper lip towards the giU o,Snt

1 G4 DISCOBOLI.

Lips thick ; cleft of the moutli directed upwards, as in Uranoseopus,
but with the lower jaw less prominent. The jaws, the palate, and
the pharynx are rough Avith teeth. Four gills on each side ; seven
branchiostegals. The gill-opening is reduced to a slit above the
base of the pectorals. Pectorals large, very broad, commencing at
the throat, the inferior part of their bases being parallel, ascending
to the gill-opening ; they are composed of about thirty rays, the in-
ferior of which are very short and not connected by a membrane.
The dorsal and anal fins are contiguous with the caudal ; they com-
mence a little behind the middle of the body and are composed of
feeble rays. The jugular disk is situated between the pectorals, in
ft'ont of the vent ; it is very small, soft, supported by a bilamellated
cartilage which descends from the throat. The vent is between the
pfictorals. Caudal small, six-rayed, llose-coloui-ed ; the vertical
fins violet ; gill-cavity black.

Steller adds the following anatomical details : —

Ovarium orbicular, containing eggs of the size of a pea. Liver
large, di\aded into four lobes, of a whitish colour ; gall-bladder ab-
sent. Sijleeu triaugidar, brown. The stomach is three times as
wide as the oesophagus ; forty-eight pyloric appendages, two inches
long, and as thick as the wing-feather of a pigeon, in a specimen
eighteen inches long. The remainder of the intestinal tract is about'
as long as the fish. The urine-bladder is the size of a hazel-nut.
The Iddneys are united into one cuneiform mass, commencing near the
gills and extending to the anterior portion of the ovarium ; the ureter
is single, very wide, flexuous, becoming narrower before its insertion
in the bladder. The nervi optici and olfactorti have one common
ganglion, from which, first, the former arise, emitting the latter from
the angle formed by the nerves and the ganglion (?). Skeleton very
slightly osseous.

Specimens (one of 18 inches long) were found by Steller in
Peter and Paul's Harbour.

7. Liparis pulchellus.

Liparis piilchellus, Ayres in Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 1855, p. 23.
Cyclogaster pidcliellus, Girard in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Ejcped, Fishes,
p. 132.

We are unable to give the specific difierences of this fish, as it
is only known to us by the description of Girard, who omits the
numbers of the fin-rays, stating, however, that the vertical fins are
united. The following is an abstract of Girard's notes, taken from
a specimen four inches long : —

The head is contained about five times in the total length ; the
snout protrudes slightly beyond the upper jaw. The longitudinal
diameter of the eye enters about five times in the length of the head.
The mouth is not deeply cleft, since the maxillary extends but to a
vertical line di-avni in advance of the pupil. The lips are flabby.
Teeth very small, disposed in transversely oblique series in each jaw.
Girard has found onlv four branchiostegals. Dorsal and anal fins

OXUDERCIDJi. 165

united to the caudal ; the former commences somewhat behind the
base of tlie pectoral. The origin of the anal is nearer the extremity
of the snout than that of the caudal fin. Ventral disk elliptical.
The pectorals are large, the lateral portion being quite elongate,
composed of more slender and crowded rays than the inferior por-
tion ; the external outline of these fins is falciform. The vent is
situated midw-ay between ventral disk and anal fin. Skin flabby.
Numerous large mucous pores may be seen on the head, and consti-
tuting a lateral line on the anterior region of the body.

Light olive-brown, with numerous waving longitudinal lines of
darker browTi ; some small brown and white spots on the sides.

San Prancisco.

8. Liparis mucosus.
Liparis mucosus, Ai/res, Proc. Calif. Acad Nat. Sc. L 1855, p. 24.
Not having seen the Journal quoted, I am unable to say anything
about this fish. Gii-ard appears to be somewhat doubtful as to its
specific distinctness from L. pultheUus.

Fam. 21. OXUDERCID^.

Head and body elongate, covered with small scales. Dorsal and
anal fins long, both with six spines, the soft portion being the more
developed. Ventral fins none.

Only one genus.

1. OXUDERCES.

Oxudorces, Valenc. in Voy. Honite, Poiss. p. 181.
^ Head and body elongate, subcylindrical, covered Anth small scales.
Cleft of the mouth wide, anteriorly with canines in the upjier jaw ■
teeth in the lower jaw in a single series, horizontal. Ej-es of inode-
rate size, prominent. One long dorsal, with six spinous rajs ; anal
M-ith six spines. Caudal quite free ; ventrals none. Cill-menibranes
united below the throat, and not adherent to the isthmus.
China.

1. Oxuderces dentatus.

Vaknc. I. c. p. 182. pi. 8. fig. ;j.

Eyes very close together ; the cleft of the mouth extends to hvhim\
the eyes.
Macao.

166 JIATKACHIP^.

Fain. 22. BATRACHIDyE.

Pediculati, pt., Cuv. Megne Anivi.

Habitus cottoicl ; skin naked or with small scales ; the system of
muciferous channels well developed. Teeth conical, small or of mo-
derate size. TJie sinuous dorsal very short, the soft and the anal low/.
Ventrals jurjular, ivitli two soft rays ; pectorals not pediciilated.
Gill-opening a more or less vertical sUt before the pectoral, rather
nan-ow. Gills three ; pseudobranchife absent ; an air-bladder.

Carnivorous fishes, living on the bottom of the coasts of the tro-
pical regions, several species advancing into the temperate seas.

Synojjsis of the Genera.

Dorsal spines three 1. Batrachus.

Dorsal spines two ; canine teeth none 2. Thalassophryne.

Dorsal spines two ; canine teeth on the vomer 3. Porichthys.

1. BATRACHUS*.

Batrachus, sp., £1. Schrt. p. 42 ; Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 461.

Head broad, depressed ; body subcylindi'ical anteriorly and com-
pressed posteriorly ; skin naked, or covered with very small scales.
Canine teeth none. Gill-covers with several spines. The spinous
dorsal formed by three .stout spines. Gill-opening narrow, not ex-
tencUng to the side of the isthmus. Gills three, pseudobranchia^
none, branchiostegals six ; air-bladder more or less deeply divided
into two lateral parts. Pyloric appendages none. Vertebra) y^.

Coasts of nearly all the tropical and temperate regions.

The sJceleton of the species of this genus is distinguished —

1 , by the broad, depressed form of the skull, the bones being well
ossified, leaving distinct sutures between them.

* 1. Cottus, sp., GroHov. Mus. Ichth. i. p. 46. no. 106, and Zoophyl. p. 79.
no. 269. — Batrachus gronovii, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 482. — Callionymus
niqui, Gron. St/st. ed. Gray, p. 45 (not synon.). — Tropical parts of the
Atlantic. — The tv^jical specimen is not preserved in G-ronow's Collection.

2. Batraehoides variegata, pt., Lesiccur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. iii. 1823,

p. 398. — Batrachus variegatus, Cuv. ^Fff^. xii. p. 484. — North America.

3. Pacamo, Marcgr. p. 148. — Batrachus cryptocentrus, Cuv. (f Val. xii.

p. 485. — Bahia.

4. Batrachus apiatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 477 ; Cuv. Begne Anim. III. Poiss.

pi. 85. fig. 3.— Cape Seas.
Callionymus trigloides, Forst Dcscr. Anim. cd. Lichf. p. 358 (Batrachus
trigloides, Bl. Schn. p. 44), from Terra del Fuego, is probably a species
of Notothcnia or AphrUis. A rough sketch of the fish is preserved in
tlie British Museum, but does not quite agree with the description.
Batrachus bispinis, {Bl. Schn.) Cuv. ^- V(d. xii. p. 484, is the fish de-
scribed as Harpagifer bispinis : cfr. vol. ii. p. 263.

1. BATKACHUS. 167

2, by a large epitympanic bone (os temporale).

3, by a great number of caudal vertebrae, aU the single vertebrae
being short, stout, firmly joined to one another.

4, by the ribs of the first vertebra, which are strong, elongate,
and joined to the upper extremity of the humenis.

5, by a very short radius and ulna, and elongated carpal bones.

Batrachus tau with 12 + 22 vertebrae.

trispinosus Vfith. .... 12 + 17 „

didacti/h(3 vnth .... 12 + 17 „

surinamensis with . . 12 + 27 „

Porichthijs porosissimus with. ... 11 + 31 ,,

* Species without scales.

1. Batrachus tau.

Gadus tau, L. Si/st. i. p. 440.

Lophius bufo, Ilitcfi. Lit. ^- Phil. Tram. New York, i. p. 463.
Batrachoides vernullas, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. v. p. 157. pi. 17.
Batrachus variegatus, Storer, Rep. Massach. p. 74.

tau, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 478 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes,

p. 168. pi. 28. fig. 86.
celatus, Dekaij, I. c. p. 170. pi. 50. fig. 161 (young).

D. 3 I 26-28. A. 21-22. V. 1/2. Vert. 12/22.

The length of the head is contained three times and a lialf in the
total ; the Avidth of the bony bridge between the orbits is more than
that of the orbit. Snout broad, flat, depressed, about twice as long
as the eye. GiU-covers with three spines dii-ected backwards, two
belonging to the operculum and one to the suboperculum. Vomer
and palatine bones with a single series of obtusely conical teeth ;
similar teeth in the lower jaw, in two series anteriorly and in a single
one laterally. Snout siuTounded by a wreath of fleshy tentacles ;
those above the orbit well developed. The maxiUary extends to
behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. A round
foramen in the middle of the axil, or somewhat above it.

Atlantic coasts of North and Central America.

a. Northern variety.

Brown, coarsely marbled with darker ; dorsal with nine, anal with
five oblique dark-brown bands, caudal with four cross-bands ; pec-
toral rather irrcgidarly brown- spotted.

«. Adult. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

b, c-d. Adult and half-grown. North America.

e. Adult skeleton : female. New York. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

/'. Preparation of the internal parts of specimen e.

(i. Southern variety.

Brown, marbled with darker and dotted with whitish ; dorsal and
anal fins each with about nine narrow oblique brown bands, more

168 BATHACHIDJ;:.

or less confluent, and having whitish spots between them. Caudal
and pectoral with many round white spots, arranged in transverse
series.

r/. Fine specimen. Now Orleans. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

Air-bladder cardifonn, with the notch anteriorly.

Skeleton. — Valenciennes' s description of the skuU of B. surina-
mensis agrees very well with that of the present species. The skeleton
diflers from that of B. didactt/hts in the following points : —

Tlic crown of the head is not much broader than long, and divided
into two parts by a very distinct hmgitucUnal crest, rectangular to
the transverse ridge of the transverse muciferous channel. The latter
is divided into two portions, each p irtion being continuous with an
iuterorbital channel. The iutcrorbital space is so nan-ow as to be
entirely occupied by the channels and their ridges. There is a prne-
orbital present ; it is narrow, styliform, flexible, situated behind and
below the maxillary. The base of the cranium is very convex. Five
carpal bones distinctly developed. The vertebral column is composed
of twelve abdominal and twenty-two caudal vertebrae, the length of
the former portion being to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-7. All the
vertebrae are very short.

2. Batrachus grunniens.

Knorhaen, Nimh. Zee- en Lantreize, p. 271 cum fig., cop. by Wil-

liKjhby, App. pi. 4. fig. 1.
Cottus gi'uuuiens, var, B., L. Mus. Ad, Fried, ii. p. 65 ; L. Gm. i.

p. 1209.
Cottus gnmuiens, Bhch, taf. 179 ; Lacep. iii. p. 232 ; Shaw, Zool. iv.

p. 256.
Batrachus grimniens, Bl. Schn. p. 43 ; Bleeh. Biomc, p. 487.
Batrachoides g-augeue, JSttch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 34. pi. 14. fig. 8.

D. 3 I 20. A. 16-18. V. 1/2.

The length of the head is contained three times and a half in the
total ; the width of the bony bridge between the orbits is five times
and a half in the length of the head, and equals the diameter of the
eye, which is shorter than the snout. GiU-covers with four spines
directed backwards, two belonging to the operculum and two to the
suboperculum. Vomer and palatine bones with a single series of
short conical teeth. Snout broad, depressed, flat, surrounded by a
wreath of short tentacles ; tentacles above the orbit short, sometimes
entii-ely absent. The maxillary extends to below the posterior mar-
gin of the orbit. No foramen in the axil. Head, body, and vertical
fins brown, irregularly marbled with darker ; pectorals brown-dotted,
the dots confluent into rather irregular cross-streaks.

East Inchan Seas.

a. Adult. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
h. Adult. Ganges. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. — Type
of Batrachoides gangcne, Buch. Ham.

1. UATKACnUS. 169

c, d. Adiilt and half-grown. East Indies.

e. Young. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

Bloeh distinctly describes and figures his Coitus gmnniens with
four spines on the gill-covers ; therefore the species with three spines,
to which Valenciennes gives this denomination, cannot bo the same.

3. Batrachus trispinosus.

Seba, iii. 28. 4. *

Batrachus grimniens, Cuv. 6r Val xii. p. 466 ; Cant. Catal. p. 205 ;
(not Bl).

D. 3 I 22. A. 18. Y. 1/2. Yert. 12/17.

The length of the head is contained three times and a half in the
total ; tlie width of the bony bridge between the orbits is five times
and a half in the length of the head, and equals the diameter of the
eye, -\\ hich is shorter than the snout. Gill-covers with thi'ce spines
directed backwards, two belonging to the opercvdum and one to the
suboperculum. Yomer and palatine bones with a single series of
short conical teeth. Snout broad, depressed, flat, surroimded by a
wreath of short tentacles ; tentacles above the orbit veiy distinct.
The maxillary extends to below the posterior margin of the orbit.
A round foramen in the upper part of the axil. Greenish- or
brownish-ohve, marbled with darker, the dark spots being dotted
and edged with black ; caudal, pectorals and ventrals with blackish
spots or narrow vertical bands.

Seas of Bombay, Singapore, and Pinang.

a. Adult : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h. Half- grown. Singapore.

Air-bladder separated into two lateral divisions, imited by a narrow
transverse channel.

4. Batrachus dussumieri.
Cuv. S,- Val. xii. p. 474. pi. 367.

D. 3 I 20. A. 16. Y. 1/2.

The length of the head is contained three times and a half in the
total. Gill-covers with three spines directed backwards, two be-
longing to the operculum and one to the subopercxilum. The lower
jaw and the palate with narrow bands of villiform teeth. Snout
broad, depressed, flat, surroimded by a wreath of very short tentacles ;
tentacle above the orbit very small. Brown, with three rather in-
distmct darker cross-bands ; fins immaculate. (^Val.)

Coast of Malabar.

Air-bladder similar to that in B. trispinosus.

5. Batrachus dubius.

White, Voy. Neto South Wales, p. 265 ; Micliards. Voij. Ereb. i),- Ten:
Fishes, p. 16. pi. 10.

D. 3 1 18. A. 15. Y. 1/2.

The length of the head is contained three times and a half in the

170 BATRACHID.'E.

total ; the width of the bony bridge between the orbits is one-seventh
of the length of the head, and equals the diameter of tlie eye, which
is shorter than the snout. Gili-covcrs ■with three spines dii-ected
backwards, two belonging to the operculum and one to the suboper-
culuni. "N'omer and palatine bones with a single series of short
conical teeth. Snout broad, depressed, flat, surrounded by a wreath
of short tentacles ; tentacles above the orbit very distinct. The
maxillary extends to below the posterior margin of the orbit. A
round foramen in the upper part of the axil. Brown, marbled with
darker ; some small, round, deep-black spots on the side of the
body ; dorsal with obHque brown bands, pectoral ^vith many roimd
white spots.
Australia.

a. b. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

6. Batrachus diemensis.

Batraclioides diemensis, Lcsucur,Journ. Acad.Nut. 8c. P/u/ud. iii. 1823,

p. 402.
Batrachus quadi'ispinis, Qw. ^ Vul. xii. p. 487.
diemensis, Richards. Ann. Nat. Hist. x. p. 352, and Voi/. Erch. S,-

Terr. Fishes, p. 17. pi. 8. figs. 1, 2 ; Bleek. Timor, p. 168!

D. 3 I 20. A. 15-17. V. 1/2.

The length of the head is contained three times and three-foui'ths
in the total ; the bony bridge between the orbits is narrow, its width
being one-eighth of the length of the head, and much less than that
of the orbit, which equals the length of the snout. Gill-covers with
four spines, two of which belong to the operculum and two to the
suboperculum ; one of the latter, however, becomes nearly obsolete
with age, and is always very small. Jaws, vomer, and palatine bones
with a band of villiform teeth. Snout short, obtuse, with its upper
])rofile parabolic ; it is surrounded by a wreath of tentacles ; those
above the orbits Avell developed, ciliated. The maxUlary extends to
below the middle of the orbit. No foramen in the axil. The outer
\c'ntral ray is much longer than the inuer one, tapering, nearly as
king as the head. Brown, marbled with darker.

Coasts of Australia, Timor, Coram, and Banka.

((. Adult. Australia. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

b. Half-grown. Australia. Presented by Sir J. llichardson.

c. Adult : skin. Port Essington.

** Scaly species.

7. Batrachus didactylus.

? Sea-toad, BarhoU Coll. Votj. v. p. 223. pi. 18.

(Jadus tau, Bl. Fische Deutschl. ii. p. 170. pi. 67. figs. 2 & 3.

Batrachus didactylus, Bl. Sch». p. 42.

tau, Bl. Schii. p. 44.

borcalis, Niks. Prodr. p. 09, and Skand. Faun. iv. p. 254.

1. BATKACnUS. 171

Batraclius piinctatus, (Oiiv.) Spix, Pise. £r(is. p. I'So. pi. 74.

couispicillum, Cut: ^- Veil. xii. p. 495.

punctiilatus, Cuv. S^- Val. xii. p. 497.

barbatus, Cue. *S' Val. xii. p. 498.

plauifrons, Giiich. Exjtlor. Sc. Alg6r. Poiss. p. 81.

algeriensis, Guich. I. c. pi. 5.

D. 3 I 20-21. A. 16-17. V. 1/2. Vert. 12/17.

Scaly. The length of the head is two-sevenths of the total. Eye
very small. Gill-covers with three spines directed backwards, one
from the suboperculum, the two others from the operculum. No
fold of the skin below the eye. A scries of pointed conical teeth
on the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the sides of the mandibula ;
the upper jaw and the front part of the lower with a band of cardi-
form teeth. Snout very broad, obtuse, flat and depressed, surrounded
by tentacles of variable length, those of the mandibula being much
larger than those of the maxillary ; no tentacle above the eye.
Cleft of the mouth very wide. A foramen sui^eriorly in the axil.
BrowTiish, lighter on the sides, dotted and si^otted all over with
brown, the dots generally separated from one another by whitish
lines ; sometimes a greyish band between the eyes, and a pau* of
more or less distinct round spots of the same colour on the nape.
Spots on the vertical fins larger.

Atlantic, from the coast of Portugal to Guinea ; (occasionally in
the German Ocean.)

a. Very fine specimen : eighteen inches long. Lisbon. Presented

by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
b-c. Adult and half-grown. Lisbon. Presented by the Eev. R.

T. Lowe.
d-e. Adult and half-grown. Cadiz. From the Haslar Collection.
/. Adalt: stuffed. Mediterranean.
g. Adult male : skeleton. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T.

Lowe.
h. Preparation of the internal parts of specimen (/.

This fine species, mentioned by Valenciennes under three diiferent
denominations, and by another French naturalist under two others,
is readily distinguished by the number of the fin-rays and the
numerous spots, separated from one another by a fine net of whitish
lines. It is the only European representative of the genus at pre-
sent known. The statement of its occurrence on the coast of Guinea
is founded on the authorities of Barbot and Schneider, and is scarcely
to be doubted ; but we have not so good an indication of its pre-
sence in the American parts of the Atlantic. Bloch docs not say
whence he procured the specimens of his Gadus tau ; and when
Schneider afterwards adds " Habitat in America," it is to be sup-
posed that he borrowed this locality from the true Linnean Gadus
tau, which is an American species, but quite different from that of
Bloch. Agassiz says that his specimen was from the Atlantic. Both
Agassiz and Guichenot have apparently coloiu'cd their figures from
specimens preserved in spirits for some time.

172 BATKACniDJi.

I have examined the foramen which is found in the axil of this
species, and also of several others. It leads into a closed spacious
cavity, the inside of which is coated with a mncous membrane having
many reticulated folds. It appears to belong to tlie system of muci-
ferous channels, which is exceedingly develoi^ed in the fishes of this
family.

The air-bladder is divided into two ovate lateral portions, com-
municating with each other by a narrow transverse tube ; the in-
ternal cavity is small, compared with the considerable size of the
organ ; this is due to the immense devcloj^ment of the muscle, fixed
to the side of each portion of the bladder.

The genitals of the male show the peculiaritj' of two accessory
glandular organs being attached to the lower end of each of the
vasa deferentia. The one is compressed, externally similar to a
detached portion of the testiclej the other, situated more inferiorly,
is of elliptical shape and of a blackish-brown colour.

Skeleton. — The skull is distinguished by its depressed, broad,
rounded form, being similar in this respect to that of Cottus gohio or
Silurus glanis. Tlie bones are well ossified, and the sutures gene-
rally very distinct. The crown of the skull is flat, twice as broad
as long, with the longitudinal crest scarcely visible, but emitting a
strong process joined to the neural spine of the first vertebra. The
posterior angles of the orbit are very prominent, and a transverse
muciferous channel, formed by two low ridges, runs from one angle
to the other. The orbital incisure is deep, sub-semicircular ; the
space between the orbits broad, flat ; a muciferous channel runs
along the orbital edge, and is bent inwards posteriorly to meet its
fellow from the other side (1/). Proefi-outal smaU, forming the
anterior angle of the orbit. The maxillary is long, slender, dilated
at the extremity ; the intei'maxillary is much shorter, slightly di-
lated posteriorly, and with the posterior processes of moderate length.
The mandible is low, strong, and very long, strongly bent inwards
towards the symphysis ; its muciferous channels arc little developed.
The head of the vomer is very broad, flat, anteriorly with a denti-
gcrous ridge ; palatine and pterygoid rather short and narrow. The
base of the cranium broad and quite flat. The epitympanic is large,
moveable, and so intercalated between the cranium, the operculum
and pr£Eoperculum, that the two latter bones are rather remote from
the cranixxm. The px^ajopercxxlxxm is very solid, and lai'ger than any
of the other opercular bones ; opercxxlxxm redxxced to three bony
radii, one of which is directed downwards ; the subopercxxlxxm is a
thin subtriangxxlar bone with a very strong ridge terminating in
a spine ; there are, besides, two mxxch nxox'e feeble ridges above it.
Infraoi'bital bones none.

The sxxpx'ascapula and scapxda ax'e xxnited into a single, long,
sword-shaped bone ; coracoid rib-like : the radixxs and xxlna are very
short, whilst the cai'pal bones are elongated ; there are five of them,
the lower being the largest, the upper rudimeixtary. A very pecu-
liar styliform boixe (a pair of transformed ribs) extends from the

1. BATRACIIUS. 173

neural si^inc of the first vertebra to the upper end of the hiunerus ;
it is slighly moveable at both its extremities, and fixes the humerus
at a certain horizontal distance from the vertebral column.

Each pubic bone is formed of two pieces horizontally directed
inwards ; the anterior is broad, triangular, the posterior styliform
and tapering : the pubic bones are very loosely attached to the
humerus.

There are twelve abdominal and seventeen caudal vertebra;, the
length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that
of the caudal as 1 : 1-43. The vertebrae are stout, rather short, and,
especially the anterior ones, firmly wedged into one another ; their
neural spines are strong, reclining backwards ; the internourals of
the spinous dorsal fin are firmly united to the neurals of the third,
fourth and fifth vertebraj. The interneurals of the second dorsal,
the hismals and interhtemals, and the ribs are feeble.

8. Batrachus paciflci.
D. 3 I 25-26. A. 21-22. V. 1/2.

Scaly. The length of the head is nearly one-fourth of the total ;
the diameter of the eye is more than one-half of the \\adth of the
bony bridge between the orbits, or one-ninth of the length of the
head. Gill-covers with four spines directed backwards, two at the
operculum and two at the suboperculum, the latter being more back-
wardly situated than the former. A very slight and short horizontal
fold of the skin behind the eye. Teeth on the vomer, the palatines,
and on the side of the lower jaw in a single series, obtusely conical ;
mandible anteriorly with a patch of vUliform teeth, and with two
paii's of strong conical teeth in the outer series. Snout very broad,
obtuse, flat and depressed, surrounded by a wreath of tentacles ; no
tentacle above the orbit. The maxillary extends far behind the eye.
Axil without foramen, but with a pocket-like excavation formed by a
fold of the skin ; a wide pore at the inner ba:ic of each pectoral ray.
Ventral fiji not quite half so long as the head. Brownish-grey,
marbled with darker ; some indistinct blackish bands across the back.
Dorsal with about eight oblique, rather irregular blackish bands ;
caudal with some indistinct (a-oss-bands ; anal with black margin
and \vith some spots posteriorly ; pectoral with blackish spots ; ven-
tral blackish.

Coast of Panama.

«, h. Adult and half-grown. From Mr. Eraser's Collection.

inches, lines.

Total length 8 0

Length of the head 2 1

Width of the head " 2 0

Diameter of the eye 0 2|

This species appeared to me to be the representative of B. surina-

174 BATHACniD.E.

mensis on the western coasts of America, until I received a specimen
of the true B. swinamensis from the same side of that continent ;
it must be sj^ecifically disting-uished, as it differs in the dentition of
the lower jaw, in the number of the fin-rays, (Src.

9. Batrachus surinamensis.

Batrachus surinamensis, £1. Schn. p. 43. tab. 7 ( bad) ; Cui\ Sf Val. xii.

p. 488.
Batrachoides tau, Lacep. ii. p. 1. pi. 12. fig. 1.

D. 3 I 28-29. A. 25-26. V. 1/2. Vert. 12/27.

Scaly. The length of the head is two-sevenths or one-fourth of
the total. Eye very small. Gill-covers with four spines directed
backwards, two belonging to the operculum and two to the sub-
operculum. A horizontal fold of the skin from below the eye
towards the upper portion of the proeoperculum, covering a series of
large pores. Teeth of the vomer and the palatines and those on
the side of the mandibula obtusely conical, in a single series ; the
anterior teeth of the latter form a villiform patch, but there are no
anterior canine-like teeth. Snout very broad, obtuse, flat and de-
pressed, with short tentacles ; no tentacle above the eye. Cleft of
the mouth very wide. No foramen in the axil. Light brown, mar-
bled with darker, and with four broad deep-brown cross-bars, one
of which is on the neck. Dorsal and anal fins Avith oblique irregular
brown streaks.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America. Pacific coast of Central
America.

a. Half-grown. West Indies.

b, c. Adult : not good state. Demerara. Presented by Sir R.

Schomburgk.
d-e. Half-grown : not good state. British Guiana. Presented by

Sir R. Schomburgk.
/. Half-grown. West coast of Central America. Collected by

Captain Daw. Presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.
g. Half-grown : bad state. Purchased of Mr. Bartlett.

The air-bladder is composed of two oblong lateral lobes, united
posteriorly.

2. THALASSOPHRYNE*.

Head broad, depressed ; body subcylindrical anteriorly and com-
pressed posteriorly ; skin naked. Canine teeth none. Operculum
with a single spine. The spinous dorsal formed by two spines of
moderate length. Gill-opening not very narrow, not extending
to the isthmus.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

* Greek denomination for Sea-toad.

3. POEICUTHYS. 175

1. Thalassophryne maculosa.

D. 2 I 19. A. 18. V. 1/2.

Brown, marbled with darker ; some round black spots on the pec-
toral and the side of the body.
a. Puerto Cabello. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

Description of the specimen. — The general habitus is that of a Ba-
trachus. The head is somewhat longer than broad, its length being-
contained three times and one-third in the total ; it is moderately
depressed. The snout is short, obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth
ascending obliquely upwards, and with the chin prominent. The
maxiUary extends to the vertical from the posterior margin of the
orbit. The teeth are obtusely conical, standing in single series,
except anteriorly in the lower jaw, where they form two series, and
in the upper, where they are carchform, in a narrow band. The eyes
arc directed upwards and very small, their width being one-half of
that of the bony bridge between the orbits. Gill-covers with a single
spine ; it is long, slender, cylindrical, like one of the dorsal spines,
and has the operculum for its base. GiU-opening not very narrow ;
it extends from the upper base of the pectoral obliquely do^\^lwards
and forwards to the level of the inferior base of the pectoral. The
two dorsal spines are slender, pungent, about one-third of the length
of the head. Dorsal and anal fins terminate immediately before the
root of the caudal, the length of which is one-seventh of the total.
Pectoral obliquely rounded, extending to the origin of the anal ;
ventral rather short, not quite one-half the length of the head, ex-
tending to the base of the pectoral. Skin perfectly smooth, ^\\i\\
some very short tentacles on the lower jaw. Two short horizontal
muciferous channels on the cheek and the lateral line are very
distinct ; they are not, as usually, composed of a series of distant
pores, but the pores are confluent, forming one continuous groove of
a white colour. Other muciferous channels, as for instance along
the base of the anal, are composed of separate indistinct pores.

Colour broAvn, marbled with darker ; pectoral fins and sides of
the body with some round black spots ; chin and ventrals brownish ;
belly white.

lines.

Total length 54

Length of the head 16

Width of the head 14

Depth of the head 10

Diameter of the eye 1

Length of the caudal fin 8

of the ventral fin 7

3. PORICHTHYS.

Batrachus, sp., Cm: i^- Val. xii. p. 500.

Porichthys, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii. 1854, p. 141.

Head broad, depressed ; body subcylindrical anteriorly and com-

] 70 BATBACHIDiE.

pressed posteriorly ; skin naked, with many series of very distinct
pores. A canine tooth on each side of the vomer. Operculum with
a single spine. The spinous dorsal formed by two very small spines.
GiU-opening- not narrow, extending downwards to the side of the
isthmus. Gills three, psoudobranchia> none, branchiostegals six ;
air-bladder more or less deeply divided into two lateral parts.
Pyloric appendages none. ( Vertebrae 11/31.)
Coasts of America.

1. Porichthys porosissimus.

? Niqui, Marcc/r. iv. p. 178 (fig. very bad).

Bati-achus porosissimus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 501 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle,

Fishes, p. 99.

niargaritatus, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fishes, p. G7. pi. 38. figs. 2-4.

Porichtlijs notatus, Girnrd in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii. 1854,

pp. 141, 151, and in U. S. R. R. Fxped. Fishes, p. 134 (pi. 25).

D. 2 I 35-36. A. 32-33. V. 1/2. Vert. 11/31.

The length of the head is contained foiir times and a half to four
times and one-third in the total length. Abdomen with four lon-
gitudinal series of pores between the middle of the pectoral fins ; the
two antei'ior series convergent anteriorly, forming an acute angle
behind the level of the middle of the ventral fins. A triangular
blackish spot below the eye ; vertical fins with blackish margins ;
dorsal sometimes with some small spots. Each pore shining silvery.

Coasts of Brazil and Surinam ; Western coasts of Tropical and
Temperate America.

a. Adult. South America. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

b. Adult. Brazil. Presented by Lord Stuart.

c. Fine specimen. Vancouver Islands, Voyage of H.M.S. Plumper.

The air-bladder is composed of two oblong lateral lobes, united
posteriorly.

This is a very singular, although not isolated, instance of the oc-
currence of the same species of fish on both sides of the continent of
America, the more so as on the Atlantic coasts it has hitherto been
found only between the Tropics, whilst on the Pacific coast it ex-
tends far into the temperate region. I have had the opportunity of
examining Atlantic and Pacific specimens, and cannot discover any
difterences between them. They are, externally, entirely identical,
even to the dark spot below the eye. The occurrence of this fish in
the Pacific was first noted bj^ Jenyns, who described a si^ccimen from
Bahia Blanca ; then by Sir John Richardson, who obtained a speci-
men in a bad state of preservation from the Gulf of Fonseca, and
described it as B. margaritatus ; and finally by Girard, who gave it
a third name.

Jenyns is not quite certain as to the identity of his si)ccimcn with
those from Brazil, as the description of Valenciennes seems to differ
in some very unimportant points. The short porous lines below the
eye are present in the Eastern specimens as well as in the Western,

3. poEicHinYs. 177

aud have been overlooked by Valenciennes. The presence of two teeth
on each side of the vomer is accidental in individuals which are
shedding their* teeth. Finally, I have found thirty-two or thirty-
three anal rays in all the specimens, as is stated also by Jenyns,
and never twenty-seven, as alleged by Valenciennes. Sir- J. Richard-
son's specimen was in a bad state of preservation, and appears to be
lost.

2. Porichthys porosus.

Batrachus porosus, Ciiv. Sf Veil. xii. p. 506. pi. 368; Gat/, Hist. Chile,
Zool. ii. p. 296.

D. 2 I 34. A. 33. V. 1/2.

The length of the head is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total. Abdomen wdth two longitudinal series of somewhat in-
distinct pores, commencing- at the chin and diverging behind the
ventral fins. Above brown, sides and belly silvery ; pores not
shining silvery. Dorsal fin with four broad oblique black bands,
and always with a black spot between two bands. The posterior
half of the caudal blackish or with blackish spots. Anal with two
blackish blotches posteriorly.

Coasts of Chile.

a, h. Tine specimens. Chile. From Mr. Bridges' Collection.

178 PEDICtlLATI.

Fam. 23. PEDICULATI.

Pediciilati, Cuv. Bbgnc Anim. edit. 1817.

Pediculati, pt., Cue. Sf Val. Hist. Nat. Poiss. xii. p. 335.

Head and anterior part of the body very large, without scales.
Teeth in cardiform or villi form bands. The spinous dorsal either
composed of a few more or less isolated spines, or entirely absent.
Ventrals jugular, with four or five soft rays, absent in Ceratias ; the
carpal bones iirolonged, forming a sort of arm for the pectorals. Gill-
opening reduced to a small foramen, situated in or near the axil.
GiUs two and a half, three, or three and a half ; pseudobranchise
absent.

Carnivorous fishes, inhabiting the seas of the temperate and tro-
pical regions.

Synojjsis of the Genera.

Head depressed. Six dorsal spines, tliree of which are

isolated, situated on the head 1 . Lophius.

Head compressed. Three dorsal spines, the two posterior
of wliich are connected by a membrane with each
other and with the soft dorsal 2. Braciiioniciitiiys.

Head compressed. Three dorsal spines, the two anterior
of which are connected by a membi-ane, the third
being isolated 3. Saccarius.

Head compressed. Tliree isolated dorsal spines 4. Aktennaeius.

Head depressed. One dorsal spine (rosti'al tentacle).

Skin covered with minute spines 5. Chauna.x.

Head depressed. One dorsal spine (rostral tentacle).

Skin with conical tubercles. Palate toothed 6. Malthe.

Head depressed. Palate smooth 7. Halieut^a.

Ventral fins none 8. Ceratias.

1. LOPHIUS.

Lophius, Artedi, Genera, p. 62.

Head exceedingly large, broad, and depressed ; cleft of the mouth
exceedingly wide ; jaws and palate armed with cardiform teeth.
Body naked ; bones of the head with many spines. The three an-
terior dorsal spines isolated, situated on the head, modified into long
tentacles, — the three following spines forming a continuous fin ; the
soft dorsal and anal short. GiUs three. Pyloric appendages two.

Seas of the temperate regions of Europe, North America, Asia, and
Africa.

1. LOPHIUS. 179

1. Lophius piscatorius.

The Sea-Devil. Fisliinp: Frog.

'AXias /3drov, Aristut. Hist. Anim. ix. c. -37, ii. c. 1:3, v. cap. 5 & 14.

Barpaxos, 'AAias, Aristot. ix. c. 37; ^lian, vii. p. 280; Oppiaii, ii.

p. 33.
Rana, Ocir/, v. p. 126 ; Plin. ix. c. 24, xxr. o. 10.
Rana marina, BeUon. p. 85 : /o/«<. IH^: i. iib. 1. tit. 1. cap. 3. art. 3.

pimct. 9. p. 36. tab. 2. fio:. 8.
piscatrix, Rondel, i. lib. 12. cap. 20. p. 363 : Salv. Hist. Aquat.

p. 129. fig. 47 ; Gesner,Aquat. iv. p. 813; Wilhtghbi/, p. 85. tab. E. 1 ;

Ray, Syn. p. 29 ; Schonei: p. 59 ; Aldrov. iii. c. 64. p. 466.
Lophius, Artedi, Genera, p. 63. .sp. 1, Syiion. p. 87 ; Gronor. Mus. i.

p. 57, and Zoojihyl. p. 58.
Batrachus, Khin, Miss. iii. p. 15. sp. 1 & 2.
Lophius piscatorius, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 402, and Faun. Suec. p. 108 ;

3niU. Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 38 ; Retz. Faun. p. 308 ; Briinn. Pise.

3Ia^s. p. 7 ; Lacep. ii. p. 140, i. pi. 13. fig. 1 ; Bl. iii. p. 82. tab. 87 ;

Bl. Schn. p. 139 ; Donoi: Brit. Fishes, v. pi. 101 ; Turton, Brit.

Faun. p. 115; Cur. Regne Anim. ; F7em. Brit. An. p. 214; Cue.

Reyne Anim. ; Low, Faun. Oread, p. 183 ; Mohr, Isl. Naturli. p. 61 ;

Faber, Fische Isl. p. 55 ; Shaw, Nat. 3Iise. xi. pi. 422 ; Bonap. Faun.

Ital. Pesc. c. fig. ; Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 344. pi. 362 ; Jen. Brit. Vert.

p. 389 ; Parn. Wern. 3feni. vii. p. 253 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 269,

2nd edit. i. p. 305, 3rd edit. ii. p. 388 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. Fisk.

p. 245 ; C'ui: Reyne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 84 ; Gronor. Syst. ed. Gray,

p. 47 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. 3Ierid. iii. p. 444 ; Gaimard,

Vol/. Isl. et Gronl. Zool. Poiss. pi. 19 ; Guichen. Fxplor. Ak/er. Poiss.

p. 80.
Fishing Frog, Borl. Comic, p. 266. pi. 27. fig. 5 ; Penn. Brit. Zool. iii.

p. 105. pi. 18. edit. 1812, iii. p. 159. pi. 21.
Pontoppidan, Nat. Hist. Nortv. ii. p. 244 ; Duhamel, Peehes, ii. sect. 9.

p. 294. pi. 18; Ascan. Ic. tab. 35, 36; Strom, Sondm. i. p. 271.
Batrachus piscatorius, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 47, and Eur. Merid. iii.

p. 170.

Youny.

Lophius eur^'pterus, Diib. en Kor. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 1844,
p. 63. tab. 3. figs. 1-3 ; Nilss. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 251.

piscatorius, Giinth. Ann. Sf 3Iai/. Nat. Hist. March 1861, p. 190.

pi. 10. figs. C-E.

Synonyms established on deformed specimens.

Lophius fergusonis, Lacep. i. pp. 303, 330 : Walb. Artedi, iii. p. 496,
founded on Ferguson, Phil. Trans, liii. p. 88. pi. 13.

Rana piscatrix, Lcight. Nat. Hist. Lancashire, p. 186. pi. 0. fig. 5.

Lophius coruubicus, Shaw, Zool. v. p. 381, founded on the figure given
by Borlase.

barbatus, Montinus, Act. Holm. iii. 1779, t. 4 ; Z. Gm. i. p. 1480.

Anatomy.

Nervous system : Camper in 3Iem. Sav. etrang. Acad. Sci. 1774, -vi.

p. , and in Opiisc. ed. Herbell, ii. part 2. pi. 1. fig. 1 ; Scarpa,

de Aiiditu et Olfacto, p. 68. pi. 4. fig. 1.
Osteologv : Owen, Osteal. Cafal. Coll. Surg. p. 73 ; Af/ass. Poiss. Foss.

V. pl.M.

>- 2

180 PEDICULATl.

On the other anatomical details see the article in Cur. i§- Veil I. c, and
in Stannius, Veryl. Anat. Fische.
D. 3 I 3 I 11-12. A. 9-11. C. 8. Caec. pylor. 2.
Vert. 28-31 (i£f;).

Teeth arranged in two alternate series ; two or three teeth on
each side of the vomer ; humeral spine ■«'ith three points ; the mouth
behind the hyoid bone colourless.

Coasts of Europe ; scarce beyond 60° N". lat. Capo Seas.
a. Adult: stuifed. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
6. Half-grown: skin. South Devonshire. From Mr. Yarrell's Col-
lection.

c. Half-grown. South "Wales. Presented by J. Stokes, Esq.

d. Three feet long : stuffed. English Coast.

e. Half-grown : in spirits. British Coast.

f-k. Adult, half-grown, and young: skins and stuffed. British

Coast.
I, m. Very large specimens : skeletons.
n. Skull of a very large specimen.

2. Lophius setigerus.

Lophius setigerus, Wahl. SJcrirt. af Naturh.'w . p. 214. tab. .3. figs. 5, 6 ;

Cur. ^- Val xii. p. 383 ; Schleg. Faun. Jupon. Poiss. p. 158. pi. 80 ;

Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 203 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.

XXV., Japan, p. 46.
vivipanis, Bl. Schn. p. 142. tab. 32.

D. 3 I 3 I 8-9. A. 6-7. C. 8. Vert. 19.

Teeth arranged in two alternate series in the upper jaw, in three
in the lower ; two or three teeth on each side of the vomer ; hu-
meral spine terminating in three points ; the mouth behind the hyoid
bone pm-plish-black, with white spots.

Coasts of China and Japan.

a. Half-grown. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b-c. Young : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.

d-t. Half-grown and young : dried. From Chinese insect-boxes.

The small number of vertebrae proves the distinctness of this
species from the European L, piscatorius. The anterior vertebra) are
very short, the middle and posterior ones nearly equal in length.

3. Lophius budegassa.

Lophius budegassa, Spinola in Ann. 3Ius. 1807, p. 370 ; Riaso, Fur.
Merid. iii. p. 170 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Peso. c. tig.

piscatorius, var. A., Itisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 48.

parvipinnis, Cuv. Regne Atmn.

piscatorius, var., Cur. (^ Val. xii. p. 372.

D. 3 I 3 I 9. A. 9. C. 8. Vert. 27-30.

Teeth arranged in two alternate series ; two or three teeth on

1. LOPHirs. 181

each side of the vomer ; humeral spine long, lanceolate, simple ; llie
mouth behind the hyoid bone colourless.

Mediterranean .
o. Half-gTown. Mediterranean. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Spinola, Risso, Cuvier, and Bonaparte have endeavoured to distin-
guish a second Mediterranean species of Zop/ia<s, which they have cha-
racterized either by its colour, or the number of its dorsal rays, or the
different length or shape of the first dorsal spine, — characters which
have been considered by Valenciennes as so variable, that he did not
adopt the species founded on them. The most important of those
characters is that used by Cuvier, namely the number of the dorsal
rays. In all the immature specimens of L. piscatorius and of L. bu-
degassa wliicli I have examined, the number of the dorsal rays of
the former was not less than eleven, and of the latter not more than
nine ; but this character becomes uncertain in large individuals, in
which one or two of the fii'st rays appear to be lost with age. A
bettor character for the distinction of the two Mediterranean species,
and one which can be depended upon, is the form of the humeral
spine : the teeth with which it is provided, in L. pismtorius, never
being effaced, although thej' are more obtuse in old specimens than
in young ones.

The three preceding species can be characterized sufficiently to
admit them into the system. The following were established for
single incU\aduals, which, coming from distant localities, showed
some slight differences from the European species : —

1. Lophius cnnericanus, Cuv. & Val. xii. p. 380 ; Dekay, New York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 162. pi. 28. fig. 87 (bad).

Lophius piscatorius, Mitch. Lit. & Phil. Trans. New York, i.

p. 465 ; Eichards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 103 ; Storer,

Mass. Report, pp. 71, 404.
No difi'erences of any importance have been pointed out, and this
species is probably identical with L. piscatorius. Valenciennes states
eight or nine as the number of the dorsal rays ; but the sijecimen
examined is stuffed, and in bad condition. Dekay, who professes to
have seen several specimens, is unable to point ovit the specific cha-
racters ; the numbers given by him (D. 3 | 3 | 12. A. 10) would
lead to the opinion that it is most nearly allied to L. piscatorius.

2. Lophius vomeriims,C\\\. ife Val. xii. p. 381, from the Cape, is
established upon a single specimen which had no teeth on the corners
of the vomer ; these may have been lost, the specimen being more
than two feet long. D. 3 | 3 | 10. A. 9. In other respects the
description agrees very well with the Cape specimen in the British
Museum.

3. Lophius upsicephahis. Smith, lU. Zool. South Africa, Pisces,
pi. 9. The fig\u-e is wretched, and taken from a specimen deformed
by stuffing. It has vomerine teeth, and we therefore refer to this
species a stuffed specimen from the Cape, forty-one inches long. I am
unable to ascertain the number of the dorsal rays and the form of

182 PEDICTJLATI.

the hunicrid spiiic. The lateral teeth of the intermaxillary are
smaller aud more numerous than in the European species, to which
otherwise it bears the? strongest resemblance. 8ir A. Smith states
seven or eight rays for the dorsal and anal fins.

2. BRACHIONICHTHYS*.

Chivonectes, pt., Cur. Ref/tw Anini.

Brachionichthys, Sleeker, Natuurli. Tydschr. Nedvrl. hid. vii. 1854,
p. 121.

Head larg^, high, compressed ; cleft of the mouth directed for-
wards ; jaws with cardiform teeth ; palate smooth. Body smooth,
or covered mth minute spines. Three slender dorsal spines, the two
posterior of which are connected by a membrane with each other
and with the soft portion; the anterior modified into a tentacle,
.situated above the snout. The soft dorsal is longer than the anal.
Stomach of moderate size; pyloric appendages none. Air-bladder
absent.

Sea of Tasmania.

1. Brachionichthys hirsutus.

Lophius hirsutus, Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv. p. 202. pi. 55. fig. 3.
Chironectes punctatus, Cuv. Mem. Mus. iii. p. 434. pi. 18. fig. 2.

hirsutus, Cuv. Sr Val- xii. p. 434.

Brachionichthys hirsutus, Bleek. I. c, ^ Visschen ran Van Diemen's

Land, -p. 22.' fig. 2.
Skeleton : Cuv. I. c. fig. 5.

D. 1 I 2 I 19. A. 9. P. 7. V. 1/4. Vert. 12/10.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length. Skin
rough. The anterior dorsal spine is free, terminating in a small
lobe ; the two others are joined into one fin, separate from the soft
dorsal. Brownish-grey, with brown dots ; a black, spot on the second,
third and fourth dorsal rays.

Van Diemen's Land.

2. Brachionichthys Isevis.

Lophius Isevis, Lacep. I. c. fig. 4.

Chironectes unipennis. Cur. I. c. p. 435. pi. 18. fig

Ifevis, Cuv. 4" Val. xii. p. 437.

D.-^. A. 9. P. 7. V. 1/4.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length. Skin
nearly smooth, covered with minute spines. The dorsal spines are
connected with one another and with the soft dorsal by a membrane,
which, however, is notched between the first and second spines and
between the third and the soft dorsal. Reddish-brown.

Hab. ?

* Seba, i. 74. 3 ; Cur. ^- Val. xii. p. 433. may belong to this genus.

4. ANTENNAKIUS. 183

Chironectes politus, Eichards. Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 133, and Voy.
Ereb. and Terr. Fishes, p. 16. pi. 9. fig. 2, is closely allied to, if not
identical with, this species. It is from Van Diemen's Land.

3. SACCARIUS.

Head very large, high, compressed ; cleft of the mouth vertical ;
jaws and palate armed with cardiform teeth. Body covered with
minute spines. Three dorsal spines, the two anterior of which are
united by a membrane ; the first slender, the third entirely separated
from the soft dorsal. The latter fin of moderate length, longer than
the anal. Gill-apparatus as in Antennariiis. Stomach very wide.

Coast of New Zealand.

1. Saccarius lineatus.

D. 2 I 1 I 12. A. 7. C. 9. P. 10. V. 5.
The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the
total length. Cleft of the mouth subvertical, with bands of cardi-
form teeth in the jaws and on the palate. Skin very rough, covered
with small simple and forked spines ; series of small spiny tubercles
round the eye and along the lateral line ; some short cutaneous
fringes at the angle of the mouth. The dorsal spines are broadly
webbed posteriorly, the membrane between the two anterior ones
uniting them into one fin, although it is deeply notched. The first
spine is slender, rather longer than the second, enveloped in trans-
parent membrane, and only free at its extremity, which terminates
in a small tentacle ; the second is stout and, hke the third, enveloped
in rough skin. The soft dorsal terminates at some distance from the
caudal fin, and its last ray does not extend to the root of the latter.
The ventrals are shorter than the maxUlary bone. Ground-colour
olive -yellowish ; head and body with numerous brown stripes, oblique
on the head and trunk, vertical along the base of the dorsal and
anal fins, longitudinal on the tail. Vertical fins mth two or three
series of black ocellated spots.
Sea of New Zealand.

inches, lines.

Total length 5 6

Height of the body 2 4

a. Bay of Islands. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

4. ANTENNAKIUS*.

Chironectes, pt., Cm: Rbgne Anim.
Antennariua, Commers. ; Cuv. Regne Anim,

Head very large, high, compressed; cleft of the mouth vertical
or subvertical; jaws and palate armed with cardiform teeth. Body

* 1. Chironectes pavoninus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 421. — Typical specimen at
GiJttingen.
2. clilorostigma, (Ekrenb.) Cuv.^ Val. xii. p. 426. — Massuah. 3.

184 rEDICtJIATI.

naked, or covered with minute spines. The spinous dorsal is reduced to
three isolated spines, the anterior of which is modified into a tentacle,
situated above the snout. The soft dorsal of moderate length, longer
than the anal. No cleft behind the foiu'th gill ; only one-half of the
anterior arcus branchialis is provided with lamellae. Pseudobranchia?
none. Stomach very wide ; pyloric appendages none. An air-bladder.
Seas between the tropics.

There is scarcely another genus of fishes which offers so much
difficulty in the discrimination of the species as the present. First
we may state the fact, that most of the species of this genus are
inhabitants of the seas between the tropics, Uving on floating
sca-wecd, and enabled, by filling the spacious stomach with air,
to sustain themselves on the surface of the water. They are
therefore foimd in the open sea as well as near the coasts, and
being bad smmmers, are diivcn with the currents iato which they
happen to fall. Thus it is a natural consequence that at least
some of the species should have a very wide geogi-aphical range,
not only over the Atlantic, but also over the Indian Ocean. This
circumstance has been entii'ely disregarded by several naturalists,
who have readily admitted the identity of the species in specimens
from the He de France, New Ireland, and the Sandwich Islands, but
have opposed the idea of the same identity of fishes from the Brazil
coast, the Cape, and the He de France : they have constantly separated
the Atlantic from the Indian specimens; and the great variability
to which the species of this genus are subject gave them ample
opportunity of affixing some characters to the fictitious species.
This variability is so great, that scarcely two specimens will be foimd
which are exactly alike ; it extends not only to the coloration, biit
to the spines and cuticular appendages, which are more developed
in age, to the length and flexibility of the second and third dorsal
spines, and to the form of the tentacle above the snout, which, being-
tender and delicate, is necessarily often injured, and probably
reproduced. "V\lienever I had an opportunity of examining speci-
mens agreeing with the descriptions given, I was enabled to refer
them to the typical form of which they are merely individual va-
rieties,, or to decide whether they should really form a distinct specific
group ; but when I had no such opportimity, it would have been too
hazardous to treat them as merely synonyms, and therefore I have
preferred to admit them into the Hst of species, although I have

3. Chironectes trisignatus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. ^- Terr. Fishes, p. f 5. pi. 9.

Gg.l.—Hab. ?

4. mentzelii, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 417. — West Indies.

5. Marcgr. p. 150. — Chironectes furcipilis, Cuv. Mem. Mus. iii. p. 329. pi. 17.

fig. \.—Cvv. # Val. xii. p. 423.

6. Seba, i. 74. 6. — Lophius mannoratus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. v. t. 176, and Zool.

v. p. 386. pi. 165.— Pacific.

7. Chironectes bicornis, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 84, and Trans. Zool.

Soc. iii. p. 10. — Madeira.

8. Antennarius dorehensis, Bleei: Act Soc. Sc. Itido-Ncderl. vi., Nieuw-

Guinea, p. 21. — New Guinea.

4. ANTENNAKIUS. 185

not the slightest doubt that more than one-half of them will prove
to be individual varieties.

Synopsis of the Species.

a. Skin naked or not very rough. Ocellated spots none.

* Wliite spots on the belly.

1. A. marmoratus.

* * No white spots on the belly.

2. A. barbatuhis.

h. Anterior dorsal spine terminating in two spindle-like tentacles.
3. A. histrio. 4. A. tigris.

c. Ground-colour light, densely marbled and variegated with darker ;

ocellated spots none. Skin rough. Anterior dorsal spine with

flat tentacles.
5. A. hispidus. 6. A. pinniceps. 7. A. tiidens.

[The following species appear to belong to this division : — ]
8. A. moluccensis. 9. A. coccineus. 10. A. lindgi-eeni.

d. Caudal fin with ti-ansparent, black-edged ocelli.

11. A. urophthahnus.

e. Colour nearly uniform black or brown ; anterior dorsal spine with

flat tentacles.

12. A. commersonii. 13. A. principis.

[The following species, perhaps, are merely varieties : — ]
14. A. homdus. 15. A. melas.

/. Ocellated black spots on the vertical fins and more or less on the
body.

10. A. multioceUatus. 17. A. nummifer.

[Other species closely allied to this division are — ]

18. A. notophtlialmus. 22. A. caudimaculatus. 25. A. polyophthaknus.

19. A. ocellatus. 23. A. chironectes. 26. A. phjTuatodes

20. A. biocellatus. 24. A. pardalis. (A. oligospilos).

21. A. tenebrosus. 27. A. leprosus.

g. Head and anterior portion of the back immacidate, rose-coloured ;
the remainder reticulated with black.

28. A. bigibbus,
h. Dorsal with fifteen rays.

29. A. bougainvillii.

1. Antennarius marmoratus.

Seha, i. 74. 4 (very bad).

Cochinchina Lophius, Shaw, Nat. dlisc.xol. xxiii. pi. 1012 (deformed).

Skeleton : Cuv. Mem. 3Ius. iii. pi. 18. fig. 4 (Chironectes las-\igatus).

D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10. Vert. 9/9.

The anterior dorsal spine is short, terminating in a small knob
with a minute tentacle attached to it ; sometimes it is very short, or
entirely absent. The last dorsal ray extends to, or slightly beyond,

186 PEDICULATI.

the root of the caudal, if laid backwards. Head and body with cu-
taneous tentacles, those on the angle of the mouth and on the belly
being the most conspicuous ; each tentacle of the latter rooting in the
centre of a round white spot. The second and third dorsal spines
fringed on the top. Ground-colour yellowish or reddish, largely
marbled with brown ; brown spots radiating from the eye ; most of
the spots edged with white. Hound white spots on the sides of the
body, and more crowded on the belly.
Seas between the Tropics.

Var. a. picta.

? Guaperva sinensis, Limii, Reise durch Westgothland, tab. 8. fig. 6

a & b. p. 160.
Lophius, Gronov, Zocqihyl. no. 208.
Balistes, Gronov. 3Ius. Ichth. i. p. 53. no. 116.
? LopLius histrio, var. h. pietus, Bl. Schn. p. 142.
Chironectes pictus, Cm: ^- Val. xii. p. 393. pi. 364.
arcticiis, Di<b. en Kor. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1844, p. 72. tab. 3.

figs. 4, 5 ; Nihs. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 257.
Lopliius histrio, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 48 (not syn.).

Skin entirely smooth. The third dorsal spine nearly one-half of
the height of the body. The brown spots on the body Ught chestnut-
brown, the white spots on the belly nearly as large as the eye ;
ii'regular brown longitudinal bands on the dorsal and anal fins, those
on the caudal transverse.

Young of this variety.

Lophius tumidus, L. Mus. Ad. Fried, p. 56 ; Osbeck, Reise nacli China,

p. 400.
Chironectes tumidus, Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 397.

The third dorsal spine is nearly entirely enveloped in the skin.

Atlantic ; occasionally extratropical.
a-h. Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
e-d. Young. Atlantic, between 22° and 25° N. lat. and 48° W. long.

From Mr. Rouse's Collection.
e-g. Young. (? Lake Chalco, near Mexico.) Presented by Eobert

James, Esq.
h. Young. Open sea. Presented by J. B. Godfrey, Esq.
i, Tc, l-fi, 0, p, q-r, s-iu. Adult, half-grown, and young,
.r. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

Var. l3.

Skin minutely granulated. The length of the third dorsal spine
is rather less than one-half of the height of the body. The brown
spots on the body light chestnut-brown ; white spots numerous,
nearly as large as the eye ; the bands of the dorsal are irregular,
oblique, those on the caudal transverse, and those on the anal irre-
gular and longitudinal.

Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
a. Half-grown. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

4. ANTENNARIUS. 187

b-c, cl-e. Half-grown nnd yoimg. Indian Ocean.

/. Half-grown. Atlantic. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

g, h. Adult : not good state.

Var. y. ranina.

Lophius raninus, Tiles. 3Iem. Natur. Mnsc. xi. pi. 16.

Cliii'onectes Isevigatiis, Cm: Mem. Mns. iii. p. 423. pi. 16. fig. 1 ; Cuv.

4" Val. xii. p. 399 ; Sforcr, lit p. 3I(iss. p. 73 ; Dekay, Netv York

Fainxi, Fishes, p. IGo. pi. 27. tig. 83.
Antennariiis nitidus, Benn. Zool. Journ. iii. p. 375. tab. 9. fig. 2.
Cbironectes pictus, var. rittatus, Richarck. Voy. Ereh. ^~ Terr. Fishes,

p. 15. pi. 9. figs. 3, 4.

Skin minntely granulated. The length of the third dorsal spine is
one-third of the height of the body. The brown spots blacldsh-brown,
slightly edged with white ; white spots small, and not numerous ;
bands on the vertical fins broad and spot-like.

Atlantic, Indian, Chinese, and Japanese Seas.

a, h. c, d, €. Half-grown and young. China. Presented by Captain

Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
/. Adult. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
g, li. Half-grown and young.

Var. I. gibba.

Lophius gibbus, Mitch, in Phil. S^- Lit. Trans. Neiv York, i. pi. 4. fig. 9,
and Am. Month. Mag. ii. p. 325 (from a discoloured specimen).

Chironectes gibbus, Dekay, Neiv York Fauna, Fishes, p. 164. pi. 24.
fig. 74.

Skin very distinctly granulated. The length of the third dorsal
spine is one-third or rather less than one-third of the height of the
body. The brown spots on the body dark greyish-brown, with
narrow white edges, ^liite spots scattered, nearly as large as the
eye ; the bands on the dorsal obhque, on the caudal transverse, and
on the anal longitudinal : all with dots of a deeper brown.

Atlantic ; Australia.

a, b, c. Adult and young. West coast of Africa.
(/. Adult. Australia. Presented by T. Baines, Esq.
e, f. Adult and half-grown : not good state.

Var. e. marmorata.

? Batrachus mollis, Klein, 3Iiss. iii. p. 16. tab. 3. fig. 4.

? Lopliius histrio, var. marmoratus, £1. Schn. p. 142.

Lophius geographicus, Quoy 8f Gaim, Voy. tlran. i. p. 355. pi. 65.

fig. 3 (deformed).
Chironectes marmoratus. Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 145, Poiss. pi. 16.

fig. 2 (bad) ; Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 402 ; Faim. Japon. Poiss. p. 169.

pi. 81. fig. 1.

nesogallicua, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 401 ; Bleeker, Solor, p. 84.

Antennariiis nesogallicus, Guer.-Menev. leonoyr. iii. pi. 41. fig. 2.
raninus, Cant. Catal. p. 202 ; Bleek. Ceram, ii. p. 707, and Act.

Soc. Sc. Lula-Nederl. iii., Celebes, p. 12.

Skin very distinctly granidar. The length of the third dorsal

188 rEDICITLATI.

spine is less than one-third of the height of the body. The brown
spots arc blaekish-brown, \rith black dots ; black dots on the lower
parts of the body. White spots scattered, smaller than the eye. The
bands on the dorsal oblique, on the candal transverse, and on the
anal longitudinal and irregular.

From the Eastern coasts of Africa through the East Indies to
Polynesia.

a. Adult. Madagascar. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult: skin. From the Collection of the East India Company.

Yar. H,

Skin minutely granulated. The third dorsal spine one-third of the
height of the body. The white spots scattered and small. A round
brown spot between the base of the eighth and tenth dorsal rays.

Atlantic.

a. Adidt. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

b. Adult. Atlantic. From the Haslar Collection.

2. Anteimarius barbatulus.

Cliironectesbarbatulus,-E'yf/. i§-iSo?«/. Voi/. Bmiite, Poiss. Tp. 184. pl.S.f. 1.
D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is as long as, and placed at the base
of, the second, slightly swollen at its extremity ; the second and
third bear short cutaneous fringes on their anterior side. Skin
scarcely granular, with some tentacles on the lower side of the head.
The dorsal and anal fins are somewhat elevated, and their last rays
appear to extend beyond the root of the caudal, if laid backwards.
Eose-coloured, slightly marbled with yeUowish. (Eyd. Sf Soul.)

Hah. ?

3. Antennarius histrio.

Lopliius, Brown, Jamaica, p. 457. no. 1 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 210.

Guaperva, M<irc(/r. p. 150.

Lophius histrio, i. Syst. i. p. 493 ; Bl. taf. Ill ; Bl. Schn. p. 142 (not

var.).

striatus, Shaw, Nat. 3Iisc. v. pi. 175, and Zool. v. p. 385.

Chironectes scaber, Cui\ Mem. Mus. iii. p. 425. pi. IG. fig. 2 ; Cuv. ^

Val. xii. p. 412 ; Cui\ Rk/ne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 85. tig. 1.

histrio, Poey, Mem. Cub. p. 217.

Lophius spectnmi, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 49.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 9-10.
The anterior dorsal spine is as long as the second, and provided
with two long and thick cutaneous flaps at its top. Tho third dorsal
spine is not continuous with the soft dorsal. The soft dorsal fin
terminates at some distance from the caudal, and its last ray does
not extend to the root of the caudal, if laid backwards. Dorsal spines,
head, back, and sides of the body with more or less numerous cuta-
neous fringes, tho-se of the dorsal spines sometimes forming a dense
cluster. Skin very rough, covered with small spines. Ground-colour

4. ANTENNAEIUS. • 189

yellowish or reddish, with numerous brown spots, those round the
eye forming radiating streaks. Dorsal and anal fins with three series
of roimd brown spots, the middle of which is formed by the largest
spots and the most constant. Sometimes uniform brown.
Caribbean Sea. (? Sea of Otaheite.)

a. Adult : skin. Caribbean Sea. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.

b. c. Adult. (■? Otaheite.) Cook's Voyage. — Types of Loph'ms stri-

attis, Shaw.
d, e. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
/, ff. Adult : stuffed.

Var. a.

Chironectes principis, pt., Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 416 (the first figure
" d'uu brim tres-fonc6," &c.).

Head and body brown, without distinct markings ; spots on the
dorsal and caudal fins distinct.

rt. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Var. /3.

Uniform brown.

a, 6. Half-grown. Caribbean Sea. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.

c. Half-grown : discoloured.

4. Antennarius tigris.
Chironectes tigris, Poey, Mem. Cub. i. p. 217. lam. 17. fig. 2.
D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 11.

The anterior dorsal spine is longer than the second, terminating
in two long cutaneous flaps. The third dorsal spine is connected
with the soft dorsal by a broad membrane ; the latter terminates at
some distance from the caudal, and its last ray does not extend to
the root of the caudal, if laid backwards. Skin rough, covered with
small spines, without cutaneous fringes. Ground-coloiu* yeUow,
with numerous brown spots and streaks, the latter radiating from the
eye ; dorsal fin irregularly spotted, without a series of large round
brown spots. {Poey.)

Sea of Cuba,

5, Antennarius hispidus.

Koelreuter, Nov. Comm. Petrop. x. p. 337. tab. 8. fig. 1 ; Eussell, pi. 19.

Lophius hispidus, Bl. Schti. p. 143.

Chironectes lophotes, Cuv. Mem. Bins. Hist. Nat. iii. p. 428. pi. 17. fig. 2.

hispidus, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 407.

Antennarius hispidus, Ca^it. Catal, p. 203 ; Bleek. Amboina 6f Ceram,
p. 280.

D, 3 I 12, A, 7.

The anterior dorsal spine is of moderate length, and terminates

190 ■ PEDICULATI.

in a lanceolate ciliated flap. A cntaneous fold extends from the
third dorsal spine to the soft dorsal fin. The soft dorsal termi-
nates at some distance from the caudal fin. and its last ray does
not extend to the root of the latter. Body and head with a few
short fringes. Skin very rong'h. covered ^vith small spines. Ground-
colour yellow, with numerous brown spots and streaks, some of the
latter radiating from the eye, others extending on the dorsal fin,
which has no series of large round spots.
East Indian Seas.

a. Adult : stuffed. East Indies. From the Collection of the East
India Company.

6. Antennarius pinniceps.

Antennarius pinniceps, ( Commersoti) Cm: Sj- VnJ. xii. p. 410 ; Sleek.

Act. Soc. Sc. Iiuh-Neclcrl. i., Amhoinn, p. 49.
Lophius histrio, Lacep. i. pp. 302, 320.

Antennarius tridens, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. pi. 81. fig. 4.
Chironectes scaber, Bianco7ii, Spec. Zool. Mosamb. fasc. lO, p. 219.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is as long as the second, terminating in
three lanceolate flaps. The dorsal fin terminates at a considerable
distance from the caudal. Skin rough, covered with small spines
and with some small cutaneous fringes. Yellowish, irregularly
spotted and streaked with brown ; streaks radiating from the eye ;
a series of lai'ge round brown spots along the middle of the dorsal ;
dorsal and anal with round spots.

East Indian Seas.

Var. a. liinniceps.

Belly with large round spots.
He de France.

o. Adult. Indian Ocean. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.

Var. /J. Bleekeri.

BeUy immaculate.
Sea of Amboyna.

Antennarius lacepedii, Bleek. Act. Soc. Se. Indo-Nederl. i. p. 50,
from Amboyna, is very similar to this species, having the round spots
on the dorsal fin and on the belly, but only two lobes at the ex-
tremity of the anterior dorsal spine.

One of the specimens figured by Sehlegcl (Faun. Japon. Poiss.
" pi. 81. fig. 4), under the name of CJi. tridens, appears to mo to
belong to this species, having a scries of large I'ound spots on the
dorsal fin.

4. ANTENNARIUS. 19J

7. Antennarius tridens.

Chironectes tridens, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Puiss. p. 159. pi. 81. fiffs 2
3&5; Bleck. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Japan, p. 47. '

D. 3 I 11-12. A. 7. P. 10.
_ The anterior dorsal spine is longer than the second, and terminates
in three cutaneous flaps ; a fold of the skin extends from the third
dorsal spme to the soft dorsal. The soft dorsal fui terminates at
some distance from the caudal, and its last ray does not extend to the
caudal, if laid backwards. Skin very rough, covered with smaU
spines; body without any fringes or tentacles. Ground-colour
yellowish ; head and body with more or less numerous brown spots
those round the eye forming radiating streaks ; the spots are some-
times reduced to mere specks ; dorsal fin with smaU spots of irre-
gular shape, not forming a series.
Seas of China and Japan.

a. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Eeeves, Esq.

8. Antennarius moluccensis.

Bheher, Amboina, \i. p. 424.

I). 3 I 12-13. A. 8. P. 11.

The anterior dorsal spine is of moderate length, with a short
ciliated flap; the second and third broadly webbed posteriorly,
bkin rough, without cutaneous fringes. Body and fins with irre-
gular oblong black spots ; a reticulated rose-coloured band from the
back to the pectoral ; a series of four rose-coloured spots along the
side of the body, reticulated with black ; a similar spot on the back
ot the tail and on the membrane behind the second dorsal spine •
fins deep violet, or densely spotted towards the margin, and with the
tips of the rays yeUowish. A rose-coloured cross-band on the base
ot the caudal, reticulated with black ; several other black transverse
streaks on the remainder of the fin.

Seas of Amboyna and Goram.

a. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

9. Antennarius coccineus.

Chironectes coccineiis, Less. ^- Gam. Voij. Coq. Pom. p. 143. pi. 16.
tig. 1 ; Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 430. ^

D. 3 I 12. A. 7.

The head and the snout are so short, that the cleft of the mouth
a^scends m an obhque line, which is somewhat directed backwards,
ihe anterior dorsal spine is short, stiff, terminating in a small
simple tentacle situated between the eyes. Skin rouo-h covered
with smaU spines, without cutaneoiLS fringes. The third dorsal
spine IS nearly entirely hidden in the skin. Eed, clouded with
Itlackish and grepsh ; region above the pectoral blackish.

Mauritius.

192 PEDICtri>ATI.

10. Antennarius lindgreeni.

Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1855, viii. p. 192.
D. 3 1 13. A. 7. P. 9.

The cleft of the mouth is subvertical, and ascends in an oblique
line which is slightly directed forwards ; the length of the maxillary-
bone is contained five times and three-quarters in that of the body.
The anterior dorsal spine is of moderate length, terminating in
many broad and long flaps. The second spine is only one-half the
length of the third, which is shorter than the maxillary ; dorsal fin
more than twice as long as the anal ; the length of the caudal is one-
foui'th of the total. Skin rough, covered wdth small spines and with
cutaneous fringes. Red, reticulated with black ; the outer halves of
the fins with black variegations ; caudal with eight or nine black
undulated cross-streaks. {Bl.)

Sea of Banka.

11. Antennarius urophthalmus.

Chironectes caudimaculatus, Richards. Voy. Ereb. S,- Terr, Fishes,

p. 125. tab. 60. figs. 8, 9 (not Riipp.).
Antennarius urophthalmus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii.

p. 488, and xv. p. 237.

D. 3 I 13. A. 8. P. 9.

Anterior dorsal spine rather short, terminating in a ciliated flap.
The third dorsal spine is connected by a membrane with the base of
the soft dorsal. Dorsal and anal fins extend to the root of the
caudal. Skin rough, covered with small spines and with scattered
cutaneous fringes, two at the chin being the longest. Orange-
coloured, densely spotted and reticulated with black ; the membrane
between the caudal rays with transparent ocelli, edged with black.

Seas of Singapore, Riouw, and Australia.

a. Adult. Singapore. Presented by General Hardwicke.
h-c, d. Adult. Australia.
e. Adult. Stuffed.

12. Antennarius commersonii.

Lophius commersonii, Lacep. i. p. 327.

Chironectes coumiersonii, Cuv. Mem. Mus. iii, p. 431. pi. 18. fig. 1 ;

Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 426.
Antennarius conmiersonii, Cant. Catal. p. 204.

D. 3 I 13-14. A. 7-8. P. 9-11.

Skin very rough, covered with small spines. The anterior dorsal
spine much longer than the second, terminating in a fringed lobe.
The dorsal fin terminates near the caudal, and its last ray extends
to the root of the caudal. Nearly uniform black or brownish-black,
with some white spots ; pectoral and ventral fins white-edged.

Indian Ocean.

4. ANTENNARIUS. 193

Var. a. Commersonii.

A small white spot above the axil of the pectoral. P. 11.

lie de France and Amboyna.
a. Fine specimen : ten inches long. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr.
Frank.

Var. /3. Cantoris.

On the back, above the lateral line and in front of the fii'st arti-
culated ray, an oblique rose-coloured (in life) spot, within which a
black ring ; at the root of the caudal, above and below, two similar
smaller spots, and one on the side between the pectoral and anal
fins ; on the posterior part of the caudal a broad siibmarginal rose-
coloured band, within which four somewhat undiilating black Unes,
edged with black. Between the third and ninth caudal rays a rose-
coloured cross-band, divided in the middle by a black line. The
other fins with a broad submarginal rose-coloured band, edged with
black. P. 9.

Sea of Singapore.

Var. y. Musei britannici.

Brownish-black; throat with indistinct undulating black lines.
Top of the third dorsal spine white ; a narrow and short white cross-
band before the first dorsal ray ; anal and dorsal fins ^\-ith a narrow
white posterior margin ; caudal -with two white cross-bars, one near
the root, the other across the posterior margin. P. 9.

Eab. ?

a. Fine specimen.

13. Antennarius principis.

Chironectes principis, pt., Cm: ^- Val. xii. p. 416 (the second figure
with " tout le coi-ps noir," &c.).

D. 3 I 11. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is twice as long as the second, termi-
nating in a small slender lobe. The membrane behind the third
spine extends to the root of the soft dorsal fin. The latter terminates
at some distance from the caudal, and its last ray does not extend to
the base of the caudal. Skin rough, covered with small spines, with-
out cutaneous fringes. Black ; tips of the pectoral and ventral fins
and a small spot above the pectoral white.

Tropical parts of the Western Atlantic,
a. Fine specimen. Para.
h. Half-grown : rather discoloured.

14. Antennarius horridus.

Bleekei; Solor, p. 83.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10.
Anterior doraal spine of moderate length, terminating in a simple

VOL. III. 0

194 PEDICULATI.

lobe. Skin rough, covered with small spines, without cutaneous
appendages. Blackish-brown, the lower parts and the fins brown ;
a yeUow cross-band before the first dorsal ray, descending towards
the opercles and widening below ; a round yellowish spot above the
axil ; beUy and vertical fins with large round black spots, edged with
reddish ; a yellowish band across the back of the tail, and a spot of
the same colour' on the upper angle of the caudal fin ; tips of the
pectoral and ventral rays yellowish. (Bleeh.)
East Indian Archipelago.

Closely allied to some of the varieties of A. commersonii, but said
to have only twelve dorsal rays.

15. Antennarius melas.

Bleek. Act, Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Amboina, p. 70.
D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is of moderate length, terminating in
two lobes. Skin rough, covered with small spines, without cuta-
neous fririges. Blackish-brown : belly brown ; dorsal and caudal
fins with a few indistinct small black spots. Tips of the pectoral
and ventral rays yeUow. (Bl.)

Sea of Amboyna.

16. Antennarius multiocellatus.

D. 3 I 11-12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is longer than the second, terminating in
a fringed lobe. The dorsal fin terminates at some distance from the
caudal, and its last ray extends to, or very nearly to, the root of the
latter. Skin rough, covered with minute spines, -with or without
cutaneous fringes. Eed or whitish, minutely dotted with violet, and
with several blackish ocelli : one on the base of the eighth and ninth
dorsal rays, another on the base of the fifth and sixth anal rays, and
three on the middle of the caudal fin, disposed in a triangle.

Var. «. multiocellata.

Chironectes multiocellatus, Cuv. ^ Veil. xii. p. 420 ; Poey, Mem. Cub.
p. 220.

Red, with several small ocelli on the body, one behind the pec-
toral ; the violet dots chiefly conspicuous on the membranes of the
vertical fins. Cutaneous fringes none.

Caribbean Sea.
a. Fine specimen : thirty lines long. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
? b. Half-grown : discoloured. China Seas. Presented by Captain
Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

Var. ft. Probably adult state.

Reddish, marbled with olive and brown, these variegations forming

4. ANTENNARIUS. 1 9o

several rings and ocelli on the side of the body : one above the pec-
toi'al, wath a white dot and a small tentacle in the centre. Head
and body with many short cutaneons fringes.
Caribbean Sea.

a. Fine specimen : five inches long. Caribbean Sea. From the

Collection of the Zoological Society.

b. Half-grown : skin. Caribbean Sea. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.

c. Adnlt : stnffed : bad state.

Var. y. leucosoma.

Lophius pictus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. pi. 176. fig. 1, and Zool. v. p. 386.

pi. 165.
Antennarius leucosoma, Bleek. Floris, p. 328.

White, dotted all over with violet ; a brown spot between the
second and third dorsal spines, including the top of the former ; an
irregular brown band descends fi'om the first dorsal ray towards
the pectoral, including an ocellus with white centre posteriorly ; an
irregular brown spot on the back of the tail, including the last dorsal
ray, and emitting a vertical streak across the root of the caudal. A
brown ocellus behind the middle of the side of the body ; three small
ones below the upper margin of the anterior part of the dorsal fin.
Cutaneous fringes none.

Seas of Amboyna and Floris.

a. Fine specimen : thirty lines long. Amboyna. Purchased of
Mr. Frank.

Shaw's figure agrees very well with the specimen in the British
Museum ; but he represents the ground-colour dark and the mark-
ings Hght.

Var. S. leprosa.

Chironectes leprosus, Eydoux iSj- Souleijet, Vol/. Bonite, Zool. i. p. 187,
Poiss. pi. 5. fig. 3.

Ground-colour blackish -brown, irregularly marbled with greyish.
Cutaneous fringes none.
Sandwich Islands.

17. Antennarius nummifer.

Chironectes nummifer, Cm: 3Icm. Mas. iii. p. 430. pi. 17. fig. 4 ; Cuv.

^ Val. xii. p. 425 ; Riqip. N. W. Fische, p. 141.
Antennarius nummifer, Bleek, Amb&ina, v. p. 497.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is short, with cimeiform extremity.
Skin rough, covered with small spines ; cutaneous fringes not nu-
merous. Red. clouded with darker, with scattered larger and smaller
blackish-violet spots, one below the posterior portion of the dorsal
fin being the largest. Belly densely spotted with brown. Base of

0 2

196 PEDICULATI.

the dorsal and anal fins, and the other fins nearly entirely, marbled
with brown.

East Indian Seas. Red Sea.

a. Adult. Presented by Captain Sir E, Belcher, C.B.

18. Antennarius notophthalmus.
Bleek. NatuurJc. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. v. 1853, p. 544.
D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 9.
Anterior dorsal spine of moderate length, with a cUiated tentacle
at its extremity. Skin rough, with short scattered tentacles. OUve-
violet : body, pectoral and ventral fins reticulated with black ; ver-
tical fins with iiTegular oblique black streaks ; dorsal with a large
black, yellow-edged ocellus between the base of the eighth and
eleventh rays ; another superiorly on the base of the caudal. Tips
of the fin-rays yellow ; tentacles yellow, except those on the head,
which have a black extremity. {Bl.)
East Indian Archipelago.

19. Antennarius oceUatus.

Parra, p. 1. tab. 1.

Lophius histrio, var. ocellatiis, Bl. Schn. p. 14-3.

Chironectes ocellatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xii. p. 419 ; Poey, Mem. Cuh. p. 219.

The anterior dorsal spine short, with the extremity cuneiform.
Skin rough. Whitish ; a black ocellus on the middle of the base of
the dorsal, another on the body, opposite the vent ; some other
scattered spots on the fins.

Caribbean Sea.

This species is founded solely on the authority of Parra, none of
the naturalists quoted having recognized it.

20. Antennarius biocellatus.

Chironectes biocellatus, Cuv. Mem. Mus. iii. p. 427. pi. 17. fig. 3 (bad) ;
Ciw. ^ Val. xii. p. 417 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. So. Indo-Nedeii. vi., Ain-
boina, xi. p. 4.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7.

The anterior dorsal spine is shorter than the second, terminating
in two short and slender flaps. Skin rough, with scattered short
cutaneous fringes. Brown : an irregular black band descends from
before the dorsal fin towards the pectoral, another from the second
dorsal spine to the angle of the mouth ; sides with some scattered
black spots. A black ocellus on the base of the dorsal fin betweea
the ninth and tenth rays, another near the back of the tail and the
root of the caudal.

Atlantic. Amboyna.

Bleeker refers a specimen from Amboyna to this species, and de-
scribes the colours as follows : —

4. ANTENNARIUS. 197

Red : cavity of the motith yellow ; cutaneous appendages black ;
black streaks radiate from the eye, three being broader than the rest :
one ascends towards the neck, the second descends to the angle of
the mouth, and the third proceeds backwards towards the opercular
region. A blackish band, formed by confluent spots, commences
below the anterior dorsal rays and extends to the middle between
the eye and the base of the pectoral fin. Sides with scattered round
black spots. Tail with a large round black spot superiorly ; the
second dorsal spine and its membi-ane black ; the third and its mem-
brane edged with black. The soft dorsal with a black ocellus, edged
with rose-coloured and black, at the base between the eighth and
tenth rays.

21. Antennarius tenehrosus.

Chironectes tenebrosus, Poey, 3Ietn. Cub. p. 219. lam. 17. fig. 1.
D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 11.

The anterior dorsal sjnne is longer than the second, terminating
in a simple and slender tentacle. The soft dorsal fin terminates at
some distance from the caudal. Skin rough, covered with small
spines, without cutaneous fringes. Blackish-brown, marbled with
darker and lighter ; a series of three black, blue-edged ocelli on the
upper posterior jiart of the dorsal fin ; many similar ocelli on the
caudal fin, irregularly disposed. (Poey.)

Sea of Cuba.

22. Antennarius caudimaculatus.
Chu'ouectes caudimaculatus, Hupp, H. W. Fische, p. 141. taf. 33. fig. 2.
D. 3 I 13. A. 7. P. 10.

Skin rough. Reddish-brown, densely spotted and dotted with
brown ; some spots above the vent, behind the jiectoral and below
the dorsal, being conspicuously larger than the rest. The upper and
lower margins of the caudal fin with a pair of ovate black spots.
Dorsal and anal fins with dark margins. {Biipp.)

Red Sea.

23. Antennarius chironectes.

Lophius chironectes, Lacep. i. p. .321. pi. 14. fig. 2.

Chironectes variegatiis, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 422.

Antennarius chironectes, (Comniers.) Bleek. Bancla, iii, p. 104.

D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10.

Skin rough, covered with small spines ; cutaneous fringes none.
The anterior spine is of moderate length, with the extremity cunei-
form and ciliated. Reddish, clouded with darker ; five or six black
ocelli on each side of the body, as many on the dorsal fin, one or
two of which are on its base, whilst the others are nearer the upper
margin and disposed in a longitudinal series ; caudal with about
sixteen ocelli, anal Avith seven. The oceUi on the base of the dorsal
and anal fins are tlie largest of all ; all the fins with yellow margin.

Seas of Banda Neira and Amboyna.

198 PEDICULATI.

24. Antennarius pardalis.

Chironectes pardalis, Cuv. dy Val. xii. p. 420. pi. 3G3.

The anterior dorsal spine is longer than the second, terminating in
a small lobe. The soft dorsal fin tenninates at some distance from
the caudal. Skin rongh, without cutaneous tentacles, lied, with
many smaller and larger black ocelli, irregularly disposed ; the
largest below the middle of the base of the dorsal. ( Val.)

Coast of Gorea.

25. Antennarius polyophthalmus.

Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Neclerl. Lid. iii. 1852, p. 644.
D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is longer than the second, terminating in a
fringed lobe. Skin rough, covered with small spines, with a few short
cutaneous fringes. Yellowish, cloiided with brownish. Body and fins
with black, yeUow- edged ocelli, more numerous on the belly than on
the back and the sides : one of the largest, with white centre, above the
pectoral, another above the anal, a third on the tail. The dorsal has
two series of ocelli, five forming the upper one ; caudal with more than
twenty ; anal with ten, the basal of which is the largest. {Bleek.)

Seas of Banda Neira and Goram.

26. Antennarius phymatodes.

Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Amhoina, p. 69.
D. 3 I 11. A. 7. P. 10.

The anterior dorsal spine is of moderate length, terminating in a
fringed lobe. Skin rough, covered with small S2)ines ; a few short
tentacles at the lower lip, none on the body. Citron-yellow : an
oblique irregular red band descends from the anterior part of the
dorsal fin towards the ojjercles ; other i-ed blotches on the throat,
behind the angle of the mouth and on the back of the tail. Body
and fins with numerous smaller and larger blackish-violet ocelli,
which are very small on the back, of unequal size on the head, larger
on the beUy, and nearly entirely absent on the middle of the side. The
larger ocelli on the fins are more or less arranged in series. {Bleek.)

Sea of Amboyna.

This species appears to be very nearly allied to our second variety
of A. multiocellatus ; it has been founded on a single specimen.

A. oligospilos, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Amboina, p. 71,
likewise founded on a single specimen, is certainly merely another
variety of this or of one of the other species.

27. Antennarius leprosus.

Antennarius leprosus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Amhoina,^. 68.

D. 3 I 12. A. 6. P. 10.
The anterior dorsal spine is of moderate length, terminating in

4. ANXENNABIUS. 199

two lobes. Skin rough, covered with small spines, without cutaneous
fringes. Brown, with a broad red band running from the eye across
the opercles towards the anterior margin of the dorsal fin ; large
irregular red spots on the upper and lower parts ; body and fins with
numerous black, red-edged ocelli ; tips of the pectoral and ventral
rays rose-colom-ed ; a rose-coloured submarginal band on the dorsal
fin. {BJ.)

Sea of AmbojTia.

_ I am not convinced, as Dr. Sleeker seems to be, of the identity of
his specimen with that described in the 'Voyage of the Bouitc.'
The latter is evidently a variety of A. multiocelJatus, as is proved by
the three ocelli disposed in a triangle on the caudal fin. If my
opinion should prove to be correct, the question will arise, whether
A. leprosus, Bleek., is a distinct species, or a variety of some other
one. As I have not an opportunity of deciding this, I prefer, at
present, not to alter the specific denomination.

28. Antennarius bigibbus.

Lophius bigibbus, Lacep. i. p. 325.

Chironectes tuberosus, Cuv. Ilem. Mus. Hist. Nat. iii. 1817, p. 432 :

Cue. Sf Veil xii. p. 428.
Antennarius unicornis, Benii. Zool. Jourit. iii. p. 374. pi. 9. fig. 1.
Chironectes reticulatus, Eyd. 8,- Soul. Voij. Bonite, Poiss. p. 186. pi. 5.

fig. 2.
Antennarius tuberosus, Bleek. Kokos, v. p. 463.
D. 3 I 12. A. 7. P. 11.
The anterior dorsal spine filiform, about twice as long as the
second; the third nearly entirely enveloped in skin. Skin rough,
covered with minute spines, without cutaneous fringes. Red : head
and anterior portion of the back immaculate, rose-coloured; body
and dorsal fin reticulated with blackish-brown ; pectoral, ventral,
anal and caudal fins with a broad black band on the middle, and
with the posterior or inferior margins black.

From Mauritius and Madagascar to New Ireland and the Sandwich
Islands.

a-h. Adidt and half-grown. Madagascar. From the Collection of
the Zoological Society. — Types of A. unicornis, Benn.

29. Antennarius bougalnvillii.

Chu-ouectes bougainvillii, Cuv. 4" Val. xii. p. 431.
D. 3 I 15. A. 8.
The anterior dorsal spine is very short, somewhat swollen at the
extremity ; the second and third are nearly entirely hidden in the
skin. Dorsal and anal fins continued to the base of the caudal.
Skin naked, with some granulated hues on the head, and one along
the side of the body, lleddish. (FnZ.)
IJab. ?

200 PKDICTJLATI.

5. CHAUNAX.

Chaimax, Loive, Tram. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 33£>.

Head very large, depressed ; cleft of the mouth wide, siibvertical ;
jaws and palate armed with cardiform teeth. Skin covered with
minute spines. The spinous dorsal is reduced to a small tentacle
above the snout ; the soft dorsal of moderate length ; anal short.
GiU-opening behind the pectoral.

Sea of Madeira.

1 . Chaimax pictus.
Lowe, I.e. pi. 51.

D. 1 I 11. A. 5. P. 11. V. 4. C. 8.
Rostral tentacle short, pedicellate. Muciferous channels very
distinct, visible externally as chain-like rows of pits. Bright orange
above, rosy on the sides ; fins and lijjs vermilion.

Sea of Madeira.
a. Sixteen inches long : stuffed. Camera de Lobos. From the

Collection of the Zoological Society.— Tj^pe of the species.
6. Fine specimen. Madeira. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

6. MALTHE.

Malthea, Cm: Rbgne Aimn.

Anterior portion of the body very broad and depressed ; forehead
(nasal bones) produced into a more or less prominent process, beneath
which is a tentacle retractile into a ca'vit}'. Jaws and palate with
villiform teeth. Skin with many conical protuberances. Only one soft
and very short dorsal fin ; anal equally short. Gill-opening superiorly
in the axil ; gills two and a half, the anterior arcus branchialis being
short and destitute of lamcUa^ ; psendobranehiae none. Five branchio-
stegals. Air-bladder and pyloric appendages absent.

Inhabitants of the Atlantic coasts of Tropical and Northern
America, living on MoUusea.

1. Malthe vespertilio.

Guacucuja, llarcc/r. p. 143 ; Willughb. ii. E. fig. 3 ; Ray, Sijn. p. 30.

Diablo, Parra, p. 5. lam. 4.

Guaperva, Broicn, Hist. Nat. Jam. p. 457. pi. 48. fig. 3.

Sebu, i. 74. 2.

Lophius, sp. no. 2, Artecli, Syn. p. 88 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. uo. 209, and

Mm. Ichthyol. i. p. 58. no. 129.
Sea-Bat, Edu-arck, Glean, pi. 283.

Nicholson, Hist. Nut. St. Boiningo, pp. 347, 348. pi. 7. fig. 3.
Lophius vespertilio, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 402 ; £1. tab. 110 ; £1. Schn.

p. 140 ; Lacep. i. pp. 302, 315 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 48.
Batrachus, no. 9, Klein, Miss. Pise. iii. p. 17.
Chauve-souris de mer, Diihatn. iii. sect. 9. pi. 16. figs. 1, 2 (bad).
Lophius rostratus, Shaio, Zool. v. p. 383. pi. 163.
Malthea vespertilio, Cuv. 4" Val. xii. p. 440 ; Cm: R'egne Anirn. III.

Poiss. pi. 85. fig. 2 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 167.

6. MALTHE. 201

Malthea longirostris, Cnv. Sf Vol. xii. p. 450. pi. 365.

nasuta, Ciw. Sf Val. xii. p. 462 (not M. cubifrons, Richards.).

notata,CMy. Sf Val. xii. p. 453, cop. by Dekay, I. c. ; Casteln. Anim.

nour. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 2(3. pi. 12. fig. 4.

angusta, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 454.

? JMalthea truncata, Cui\ 4- V(d. xii. p. 454.

Maltbea giiacucuja, Custeln. I. c.

Skeleton : JRosenth. Ichthyot. Taf. pi. 19. fig. 2 (Lophiiis bistrio).

D. 4. A. 4. V. 1/5. Vert. 19.

The distance bet^^een the anterior angles of the orbit is much less
than that between the hinder ones. Forehead produced into a more
or less elongate subcorneal process ; the groove for the rostral ten-
tacle is higher than broad.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America, extending northwards to the
latitudes of Newfoundland.

The snout varies in length ; it is —

a, one-sixth of the total length : MaUhea longirostris, C. & V.

a. Fine specimen. Para. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq.

b. Skeleton. Para. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq.

/3, one-seventh.
c-f. Adult and half-grown : stuffed.
(/. Half-grown : in spirits.

y, one-eighth.
h. Adult. Brazil.

i. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.
k-p. Adult and half-gro-mi : stuifed.

d, one-ninth or one-tenth : Malthea vesjpertilio, C. & V.

q, r. Half-grown : stuifed.

s-x. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. — One of these specimens is
somewhat more spiny than the others, each of the conical tu-
bercles ha\ing a cluster of small spines at the top.

f, one-thii'tecnth : Malthea nasuta, C. & V.
y, z. Adult : stuffed. Caribbean Sea.

a. Young. Demerara. Purchased of Mr. Snellgrove : Malthea
notata, C. & V.

^, one-eighteenth.
ft, y. Adult.

■q, one-twentieth to one-twenty-fifth : Malthea angusta, C. & V.
I. Adult: stuffed.
€, ^. Half-grown. Brazil.

Skeleton. — The bones are rather soft, light, striated — an incon-
siderable quantity of calcareous matter being deposited in them.
The cranial and facial portions of the skull are not of great extent,
the breadth of the head being caused by the great development and

202 PEDICULATI.

prolongation of the opercles and of the humeral arch. The skull
proper is rather elevated and of moderate length ; the crown of the
head convex, with a longitudinal median groove, which is widened
anteriorly and posteriorly ; there is no trace of an occipital crest.

Having for examination a skeleton with the rostral process well
developed, I find the following structure of this part of the skuU,
differing therein from the accoimt given by Valenciennes: — The
principal frontal bones advance to before the orbit, their extremities
being imited to the pra3frontals, which have a subvertical position,
forming the anterior portion of the orbit. The two principal frontal
bones and the two prefrontals coalesce at their extremities into one
point, which in the short-snouted specimens forms a portion of the
front part of the snout ; they leave between them a tunnel-like
space, in which the rostral tentacle and the processes of the inter-
maxiUarics move. Bony tubercles surround the point in which the
frontal bones meet, forming a sweUing, in which is inserted the base
of the rostral process : we consider this process, which is a bone by
itself, as the united turbinal bones. The praeorbital and the other
suborbital bones are absent. The maxillary bone is not dilated ; it is
received in a shallow groove formed by a ridge on the posterior part
of the mandible. The intermaxillary is not much shorter than the
maxillary, and dilated posteriorly into a curved process ; its arti-
culary processes are long. The head of the vomer is broad, flat,
armed with a broad subquadrangular patch of villiform teeth ; a
smaller patch belonging to the palatine bone is contiguous with the
former. The hyoid bones are covered with a large patch of viUi-
form teeth, extending backwards to the lower pharyngeals.

The base of the cranium is rather compressed.

The praeoperculum does not extend forwards to the mandible.
The interoperculum is long, styhform, ascending obliquely backwards,
and swollen behind the prteoperculum into a broad knob, which cor-
responds to a notch of the suboperculum. The operculum is elongate,
branching off posteriorly into two lobes. The suboperculum is the
largest of all the opercular pieces and composed of three parts : the
anterior meets the interoperculum, is narrow and swollen at its front
extremitj'' ; the posterior is lanceolate, forming the hindmost portion
of the skull ; and, finally, the middle is rhomboidal, situated behind
the opercidum, between the lobes of which it is received.

The structure of the humeral arch is very simple ; I can distin-
guish only three bones : a furcida-like humerus, the branches of
which are long and stylLform, the upper being joined to the occiput,
without distinct scapula between ; secondly, a strong curved cora-
coid ; and thirdly, a slender bone below the coracoid joint, which is a
rudiment of a fore-arm. The carpus is reduced to two elongate
bones, with a free interspace between them, the inner being the larger.
The pubic bone is composed of three processes : the longest and
broadest for the base of the fin, the shortest for the union with the
other pubic bone, and a third slender one for the attachment to the
humerus.

There arc nineteen vertebra', eight of which appear to belong to

7. HALIEUr^EA. 203

the abdominal portion ; they are compressed, the anterior and pos-
terior being rather elongate. The neural spines of the abdominal
vertebrae are confluent into a crest ; the neurals and hajmals of the
caudal vertebrae are compressed, short, inclining backwards. Ribs
none.

lines.

Length of the first eight vertebrae 24j

of the last eleven vertebrae 33 1

of the fii'st vertebra li

of the second vertebra 2^

of the thii'd vertebra 3.^

of the fifth vertebra 4

of the eighth vertebra 2|

of the fifteenth vertebra 2|

of the eighteenth vei'tebra 2^

of the nineteenth vertebra 6

2. Malthe cubifrons.

Malthe cubifrons, Richards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 103. pi. 90,
cop. by Dekay, New Turk Fauna, Fishes, pi. 28. fig. 89 (as Maltbea
nasuta).

D. 4. A. 4. C. 9. V. 1/5. P. 11.

The distance between the anterior angles of the orbit nearly equals
that between the posterior ; a small round button-like tubercle on
the forehead ; the groove for the rostral tentacle is much broader
than high.

Coast of Labrador.

a. Type of the species. Labrador. From the Haslar Collection.

7. HALIEUT^A.
Halieutsea, Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 455.

Head exceedingly large, broad, depressed, its profile being nearly
circular ; cleft of the mouth wide, horizontal. Jaws with small
cardiform teeth ; palate smooth. Forehead with a transverse bony
bridge, beneath which is a tentacle retractile into a cavity. Body
and head covered with small spines. Only one soft and short dorsal
fin ; anal equally shoi-t. Gill-openings on the upper part of the
axil ; branchiostegals five ; gUls two and a half, the anterior arcus
branchialis not having any laminae.

Seas of China and Japan.

1. Halieutaea stellata.

Lophius stellatus, Wahl, Skr. Naturh. Kjohoih. iv. p. 214. tab. 3.
figs. .3, 4 ; Bl Schii. p. 142.

faujas, Laccp. i. p. 318.

muvicatus, Shaw, Znol. v. p. 382. pi. 1(32.

Tiles. Krusenst. Rcise, taf. 61. figs. 3, 4.

204 PEDICULATI.

Halieutsea stellata, Cm. Sf Val. xii. p. 456. pi. 366 ; Faun. Japon.
Poiss. p. 160. pi. 72 ; Bleek. Amb. ^- Cer. p. 279.

B. 5. D. 4. A. 4. C. 9. P. 13. V. 1/5. Vert. 7/10.

Base of each spine with four or more radiating ridges. Uniform
rose-coloured.

Seas of China and Jajjan.

a. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b-c. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

d. Young. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

e. A great number of dried specimens. From Chinese insect-boxes.

f. Skeleton. Presented by Dr. Albert Giinther.

Skeleton. — From an examination of the skeleton, it becomes very
evident that HalieuUm is most closely allied to Malthe, both genera
representing each other in different regions. The general arrange-
ment of the bones is the same, except that they are somewhat more
ossified in Halieutcfa — large portions of them, however, remaining
veiy thin and membranaceous. The cranial and facial portions of the
skiill are not of much extent, the great width of the head being
caused by the development of the opercles and of the humeral arch.
The skull proper is depressed and of moderate length. The crown of
the head is ilat, broad, siibpentagonal, with two low ridges which
are convergent postei'iorly. The orbital edges are much elevated, the
space between them being a deep groove, in which the bony portion
of the rostral tentacle (dorsal spine) is situated ; anteriorly the two
ridges are united, forming a bridge, below which the tentacle moves :
the whole of these orbital ridges are armed with erect spines.

The jaw-bones are feeble : the maxillary is not dilated, and ex-
tends as far backwards as the intermaxillary; the intermaxillary
has long articulary processes, and another slender process arises from
the middle of its body ; the arch formed by the two mandibles is
nearly semicircular. Head of the vomer very broad and flat ; base
of the cranium rather convex.

A series of strong bones forms the lateral margin of the head, and
extends from the forehead to the carpal bones. The -vthole of this
bony ring is covered with spines, either firmly adherent to the
bones or loosely attached to them ; it is formed by the pra?frontal,
prfporbital, interoperculum, part of suboperculum, and, finally, by
two or three dermal bones intercalated between the suboperculum
and the carpus. This union of the interoperculum with the prae-
orbital is very singtdar, and unique in this order of fishes. A little
before the sutiu-e between the inter- and suboperculum, the prae-
operculum is joined to the former ; it is the smallest of all the oper-
cular pieces, and its limbs meet at a somewhat aciite angle. The
suboperculum is composed of two portions : the lower is thick, joined
to the interoperculum, and forms the base for the upper portion,
which is large, subrhombic. lamelliform. The operculum is com-
posed of two styliform branches meeting at an acute angle, and
leaving between them a space filled up by a membrane ; the upper

8. CERATIAS. 205

branch is fixed to the superior end of the subopercular plate, the
lower to its inferior. Glosso- and uro-hyals absent ; branchiostegals
five, very long and filiform ; the outer one is divided into two
branches, and may easily be taken for two.

The structure of the humeral arch and of the pubic bones is
entirely the same as in Maltlie.

There are seventeen vertebra, seven of which belong to the abdo-
minal portion, and are much more elongate than those of the caudal
portion, except the last, which is the longest, and provided with a
prominent triangidar lateral crest. The neural spines of the abdo-
minal vertebra; are confluent into a crest ; the neurals and heemals
of the caudal vertebra; are short, compressed, inclining backwards.
Ribs none.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 1|

of the second vertebra 2^

of the fourth vertebra 3

of the sixth vertebra 2i

of the seventh vertebra 1-|

of the tAvelfth vertebra 1^

of the sixteenth vertebra Ig

of the seventeenth vertebra 4|

of the abdominal portion 16|

of the caudal portion 17

8. CERATIAS.

Ceratias, Eroyer, Naturhist. Tidsh: 1844, i. p. 639.

Head and body much compressed and elevated ; cleft of the mouth
rather wide, subvertical. Teeth of the jaws of moderate size, conical,
moveable ; palate toothless. Skin covered with numerous prickles.
The spinous dorsal fin is reduced to two long isolated spines, the one
on the middle of the head, the other on the back. The soft dorsal
and anal short. Ventrals none ; pectorals very short. Gill-opening
rather wide, below the pectoral ; branchiostegals six ; thi-ee gills,
the third united with the pharynx ; au'-bladder none. Pyloric ap-
pendages two, small. Skeleton soft, fibrous.

Coast of Greenland.

1. Ceratias holbolli.

Kroyer, I. c. ; Gaimard, Toy. Scand. Poiss. pi. 9.

D. 1 I 1 I 4. A. 4. C. 8. P. 19.

Entirely black. Caudal fin very long, lanceolate ; the membrane
behind the dorsal and anal fins extends nearly to the base of the
caudal.

Coast of Greenland.

200 BLENNIID.E.

Fam. 24. BLENNIIDiE.

Gobioidei, part., Cuv. Rhpie Atifm.
Blennioidei, Mii/l. Betl. Abhamll. 1844, p. 201.
Blenniidoe, Owen, Led. on Comp. Anat. Vert. i. p. 49.

Body elongate, low, more or loss cylindrical, naked, or covered with
scales, which are generally small. The infraorbital ring does not arti-
culate with the prajoperculum. One, two, or three dorsal fins, occu-
pying nearly the whole of the back, — the spinous portion, if distinct,
being as much developed as the soft, or more ; sometimes the whole
fin composed of spines ; anal fin long ; ventrals jugular*, composed
of a few rays, and sometimes rudimentary or entirely absent. Air-
bladder generally absent; pyloric appendages none. Pseudobranchiai
present t.

Carnivorous fishes, living at the bottom of the shores of aU regions ;
several inhabiting fresh waters.

Miiller has dii'ected the attention of ichthyologists to the presence
or absence of pseudobranchite as an excellent character by which the
position of these fishes may be determined, in which otherwise it is not
evident whether they belong to the Blenniidae or to the Anacanthini.
This character, however, appears not to be sufficient, Dactyloscojnis
and Patcpcus forming exceptions, although the structure of their dorsal
fin proves that their natm-al place is with, or near, the Blennioids.

Synopsis of the Genera.
A. Ventrals jzigular, if presetit.

1. Molar teeth.

Caudal separate 1 . Anarriiiciias, p. 208.

Caudal not separate 2. Anarriiichtiiys, p. 21 1 .

2. Molar teeth none. Caudal distinct.
a. The spinous and soft portions of the dorsal fin of nearly equal extent.

Body naked. Jaws with a single series of immoveable
teeth, and sometimes with a small posterior canine
tooth. Gill-opening wide 3. Blennius, p. 211.

Body naked. Jaws with a single series of immoveable
teeth, and sometimes with a small posterior canine
tooth. Gill-opening reduced to a small opening
above the pectoral 4. Ciiasmodes, p. 228.

Body naked. Jaws with a single series of immoveable
teeth and with a long posterior canine tooth. Gill-
opening reduced to a small opening above the pec-
toral 6. Petkoscirtes, p. 229.

* Thoracic in Pseiidohlennius.

t Except in Dacti/loscopus and Patacus.

BLENNIIDJ^. 207

Jaws with a series of numerous small moveable teeth,

implanted in the gum 6. Salarias, p. 239.

Each jaw with four hook-like teeth near the symphysis... 7. Blennophis, p. 259.

The maxillary extending beyond the gill-opening 8. Neoclinus, p. 259.

Ventrals none 9. Cebidichtiiys, p. 2G0.

b. Dorsal fin or fins chiefly composed of spines, with a few posterior rays.

A single dorsal fin ; ventral fins. Jaws with a series of

small teeth ; palate smooth 10. My.xodes, p. 2G0.

A single dorsal fin. Teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and

the palatine bones. Snout elongate, depressed 11. Heterostichus, p. 201.

A single dorsal fin. Jaws and palate with a narrow band

or a single series of small teeth. Snout rather short. 12. Clinus, p. 261.

Dorsal fin anteriorly with a detached three-spined por-
tion 13. Cristiceps, p. 272.

Three dorsal fins, the two anterior of which are spinous... 15. Tripterygium, p. 270.
Ventrals none 17. Dictyosoma, p. 27&.

c. Dorsal fin formed by spines only.

Two dorsal fins 14. Auchenopterus, p. 275.

Ventral fins. Scales large 16. Dactyloscopus, p. 279.

Ventral fins scarcely before the pectorals. Lower jaw

with a short skinny appendage 18. Gunelliciitiiys, p. 280.

Ventral fins distinctly jugular ; gill-membranes only

shghtly united at the throat 19. Sticii;eus, p. 280.

Ventral fins composed of several rays, distinctly jugular.
Scales small ; lateral line none. Anal spine none.
Gill-membranes miited below the throat 20. Blenniops, p. 284.

Ventral fins none or rudimentary. Scales small ; lateral
line none. Anal spine none. Gill-membranes united
below the throat 21. Centronotus, p. 285.

A large excavated spine before the anal fin 22. ApoDicnTny s, p. 290.

Ventral fins none; body naked or with rudimentary

scales; several lateral lines 23. Xipiiidion, p. 291.

Ventral fins none ; muciferous channels of the head well

developed; anterior dorsal spines feeble 24. Cryptacantiiodes, p. 291.

Ventral fins none ; anterior dorsal spines very strong . . . 25. PaTjECus, p. 292.

Ventral fins scarcely before the pectorals ; body naked... 26. Pholidiciithys, p. 293.

d. No distinct spines in the vertical fins.

Upper lip with a lateral flap 27. Andamia, p. 294.

Ventral fins below the eyes 28. Genypterus, p. 294.

3. Molar teeth none. Caudal fin none.

Dorsal fin with a short depressed part on the tail, which

is formed by spines 29. Zoarces, p. 295.

Ventral fins none 30. Nemophis, p. 296.

B. Ventrals thoracic.
Two dorsal fins 31. Pseudoblennius, p. 297.

208 BLKNNTID.1'..

1. ANARRHICHAS.

Anarrhichas, Artedi, Genera, p. 23.

Body elongate, with the scales rudimentary ; snout rather short ;
cleft of the mouth wide ; strong conical teeth in the jaws, those on
the sides ^dth several pointed tubercles ; a biserial hand of molars
on the palate. Dorsal fin long, ^dth the spines flexible ; caudal sepa-
rate ; ventrals none. Gill-openings wide ; pseudobranchiae present ;
branchio'stegals seven ; air-bladder and pyloric appendages absent.

Northern parts of the temperate seas of the northern hemisphere.

1. Anarrhichas lupus.

Anarrhichas (Scansor), Gesner, Nomencl. Aquat. Animant. p. 116, and

Paralip. p. 4 ; Artedi, Gen. p. 23 ; Olear. Gottorff. Kunstluimmer,

taf. 27. fig. 2 ; Gronov. Zoophyl. n. 400, and Miis. Ichfliyol. n. 44.
Lupus marinus, Schonev. p. 45. tab. 5 ; Jonston, tab. 47. fig. 2 ; Wil-

lughhy, p. 130. tab. H. 3. fig. 1 ; Ray, p. 40.
Anarrhichas lupus, L. Syst. i. p. 430 ; Olavii Reise, i. p. 80 ; Retz.

Faun. Sieec. p. 315 ; Fabr. Faun. Gronl. p. 138. n. 97 ; Mohr, Isl.

Natur. Hist. p. 63. n. 114 ; Atulre, Phil. Trans. 1784, p. 274. tab. 11 ;

Brouss. Mem. Acad. Sc. 1785, p. 161. pi. 3 ; Mull. Prodr. Zool. Dan.

p. 40; L. Gin. i. p. 1142; £1. Fische DeutscU. iii. p. 25. taf. 74;

Bl. Schn. p. 495 ; Larep. ii. pp. 299, 300. pi. 9. fig. 2 ; low, Faun.

Oread, p. 187 ; Cuv. Reyne Anim. ; Faber, Fische Isl. p. 70 ; Donov.

Brit. Fishes, i. p. 24 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 87 ; Fkm. Brit. Anim.

p. 208 ; Fries och Ekstr. Sliand. Fisk. p. 23. tab. 8. fig. 2 ; Richards.

Faun. Bor. Amer. p. 95 ; Jen. 3fan. p. 384 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes,

Ist edit. i. p. 247, 2nd edit. i. p. 277, 3rd edit. ii. p. 384 ; Parn.

Wern. Mem. vii. p. 339 ; Cur. ^ Val. xii. p. 473. pi. 341 ; Cuv.

Regne Anim, III. Poiss. pi. 79. fig. 2 ; Gaim. Voy. Isl. et Groenl.

Zool. Poiss. pi. 4 ; Gronov. Sy.st. ed. Gray, p. 188 ; Gaimard, Voy.

Scand. et Lapon. Zool. Poiss. pi. 12. fig. 2 ; Dekay, New York Fauna,

Fishes, p. 158. pi. 16. fig. 43 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 208.
Latargus, Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 16.
Anarhichas non maeidatus, Olafs. Islcpnd. Reise, § 683 a.
minor, Olafs. Islcpnd. Reise, § 683 b. tab. 42 ; Midi. Prodr. Zool.

Dan. p. 40 ; Fabr. Faun. Gronl. p. 139. n. 97 J ; Mohr, Isl. Natur.

Hist. p. 64. n. 115 ; L. Gm. i. p. 114;3 ; Bl. Schn. p. 496.
Ascan. Icon. tab. 25.
Steenbider, Pontopp. Norg. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 243 (bad) ; Strom, Sondm.

i. p. 310^
Ravenous Wolf-fish, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 1.33. pi. 24, and edit. 1812,

iii. p. 201. pi. 27.
Anarrhichas strigosus, L. Gm. i. p. 1144.
pantherinus, Zouiew, N Act. Petrop. 1781, p. 271. tab. b ; L. Gm.

i. p. 1144 ; Bl. Schn. p. 495. tab. 92 ; Lacep. ii. pp. 299, 309, 310.
Cat-fish, Sibbald, Scotia III. iii. p. 25. tab. 16.
Anarrhichas maculatus, Bl. Schn. p. 496.

karrak, Lacep. ii. pp. 299, 307.

leopardua, Agass. in Sjjix, Pise. Bras. p. 92. tab. 51 (artificially

deformed) ; Cuv. i<f Val. xi. p. 493.
Skeleton : Owen, Osteolog. Catal. Fishes, p. 72.

D. 75. A. 46. Vert. 26/50.

Teeth of the jaws very strong ; the greatest height of the dorsal

1 . ANARRHICHA9. 209

is about one-third of the greatest depth of the body. Body with
brown spots or cross-bars.

Temperate coasts of the northern parts of Europe and of North
America.

a. European variety : Back with brown cross-bars on the back, spot-
like in immature specimens.

a-c. Adult and half-grown : stuffed and skin. Frith of Forth.

d, e. Large specimens : stutfed. English coast.

/. Fine specimen.

g, h. Fine specimens : skins. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

i. Dried half of a head of a large specimen.

h. Half-grown : skin. From Gronow's Collection,

I. Skull : injured.

m. Adult : skeleton. English coast.

/3. Amencan variety : Back and sides with numerous round brown
spots {^A. pantlumnus, maculatus, leojjctrdus).

n-p. Large specimens ; stuffed and skins. Greenland.

Skeleton. — The skull of Anarrhichas is similar in form to that of
a Blennius ; it is elevated, compressed, especially in it^ parietal and
sphenoidal portions ; all the bones are very solid.

The intermaxillary is short and high, vertically situated, and joined
to the nasal by a broad articular surface ; the vertical portion of the
bone is armed with two large canine teeth, behind which are three
or four smaller ones ; the horizontal portion of the bone is small,
like a process, and bears a series of two or three small subconical
teeth, which are lost with age. The maxillary is long, sword-shaped,
slightly bent, and somewhat dilated at its posterior extremity. The
nasal bone (Owen) (ethmoid, Cu\-ier) forms a part of the upper surface
of the skull ; it has two large and slightly concave planes anteriorly
for the articulation with the intermaxillaries ; each of the planes is
provided with a small foramen, situated inwards from the centre, and
sometimes closed. The prefroyital itnvery large and thick ; it forms
entirely the anterior portion of the orbit, and is joined by sutm-es to
the principal frontal bones, to the nasal and vomer ; it is pierced by
a wide round foramen near the nasal bone, through which the nervus
olfactorius passes. The vomer is extremely thick and solid, bearing
two series of large molars, ten or twelve in nuniber ; they occupy the
whole of the inferior surface of the bone ; the articular planes of the
nasal bone extend also on the anterior part of the vomer. The
palatine bone is rather short in its longitudinal diameter ; it has a
deep articular cavity for the junction with the prefrontal, and an
oblique process before that cavity ; two series of conical or molar-like
teeth occupy its inferior siuface. The pterygoid and entopterygoid
are nearly straight, entirely bony, and slightly dilated posteriorly.

The four- tympanic bones can easily be distinguished, and do not
show any peculiarities ; they are joined together by an intermediate
cartilaginous substance. The prceoperculum is crescent-shaped, ver-

VOL. III. p

210 BLENNIII)^.

tically situated, rather broader superiorly than inferiorly ; it has no
prominent ridges ; several foramina lead from the posterior margin
into the inteiior of the bone. The opcrcuhim is triangular, thin,
fragile, irregularly striated ; it terminates in a stout and erect process
superiorly. Suh- and iytteroperculum narrow. In the mandihula only
the dentary and articular bones can be distinguished ; both are very
stout, entirely bony, and do not leave a free space between them.
The anterior portion of the former is armed ■n'ith two strong, some-
what diverging canines, behind which are two smaller ones ; the
lateral portion bears exceedingly strong molar teeth, disposed in two
series on the middle of the bone and in a single one posteriorly. The
entire upper and lower margins of the mandible are formed by the
dentary, and the inferior branch has a distinct muciferous channel,
into which run four or five foramina. The outer surface of the
mandible is convex, whilst there is a deep triangular cavity on the
internal surface.

We can distingiiish three portions in the frontal bones : — The
interorbital portion is not quite three times as long as broad, flat
superiorly, but with many smaller and larger pores, a rather deep
groove between the orbits, and a pair of wide apertures at the an-
terior extremity of the bones. The second (middle) portion is the
broadest, and distinguished by a large protuberance on each side, to
which the infraorbital ring is suspended. The posterior portion is
compressed to a sharp edge, which however does not project above
the level of the crown of the head. No bony ethmoid separates the
two orbits from each other. The infraorbital ring is complete, and
composed of five very irregularly-shaped bones, the anterior of which
is the largest and the posterior the smallest.

The hasisphenoid is extremely large and broad, and is compressed
into a sharp inferior edge. The alisphenoid is subquadrangular, with
several low ridges radiating from the foramen, through which the
nerves pass. The piostfrontal is vertically situated, and distinguished
by a sharp prominent crest above the articular cavity for the tym-
panic bones. The mastoid is immediately behind the postfrontal ;
it extends upwards to the crest of the frontal bones, forms another
crest together with the parietal on each side of the occiput, and a
very deep conical cavity together with the parietal and paroccipital.
The parietal is one of the smaller bones of the head, and forms a part
of the posterior region of the skull, which is slightly impressed and
descends obliquely backwards.

The occipital bones are very distinctly separated from each other.
The interior of the basioccipital appears to be very porous. The
exoccipitals are, as usual, provided -nith a joint for the first ver-
tebra. The paroccipital is laterally produced into a large prominence ;
and the supraoccipital has a slight longitiidinal crest.

The vertebral column is composed of twenty-six abdominal and
' forty-niae or fifty caudal vertebra?, the length of the former portion
being to that of the latter as 1 : 1-7. The first vertebra is very com-
pressed, like a disk ; the neural and haemal spines are well deve-
loped, and the latter of the first caudal vertebra form a complete ring.

2. ANARUniCnXTTYS. 211

2. Anarrhichas denticulatus.

Anavrhiclias denticulatus, (Krm/er) Gaimard, Voy. en Scatul. et Lupun.
Zool. Poiss. pi. 12. fig. 1 (without descript.).

D. 80. A. 47

Teeth of the jaws and vomer comparatively feeble. Dorsal spines
very feeble ; the greatest depth of Il;c c!or,s;;l fai is on its posterior
part, where it is contained four times and a half in tho greatest depth
of the body. Body uniform blackish-brown.

Greenland.

a. Large specimen : stuffed. Greenland.

2. ANARRHICHTHYS.

Anarrhichthys, Ayres in Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 1855, p. 32.

Body very elongated and tsenioid, with the scales riidimentary ;
snout rather short, cleft of the mouth wide ; strong conical teeth in
the jaws, those on the sides being molars ; a biserial band of molars
on the palatine bones and on the vomer. Dorsal fin long, with the
spines flexible ; no separate caudal ; ventrals none. Gill-membranes
separated at the throat by an isthmus ; branchiostegals seven.

Coast of California.

1. Anarrhichthys felis.

Anarrhichas felis, Girardin Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 150.
Anarrhichthvs ocellatus, Ayres, I. c. p. 31.

felis, Girard in U. S. Padf. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 125 (pi, 25 a.

figs. 1-3).

Caudal fin lanceolate. Grey, with irregidar darker spots and
ocelli.

Coast of California.

a. Skull : injured. California. Presented by J. H. Gurney, Esq.,M.P.
— The chief difference from Anarrhichas lupus consists in the
arrangement of the mandibulary molars : they are extremely
strong, disposed in a single series on the anterior half of the
jaw, and in a double one on the posterior ; the two hindmost
teeth, again, are single. The infraorbital ring is composed of six
bones ; there is no groove on the middle of the interorbital space,
and no crest on the supraoccipital. The angular bone of the
mandibula is more distinct than is observed in adult specimens
of Anarrhichas lupus, but this may vary in different individuals.

3. BLENNIUS*.

Blennius, Artedi, Gmera, p. 26.

Blennius et Pholis, Cziv. 8f Val. xi. pp. 197, 268.

Body moderately elongate, naked ; snout short. A single dorsal,

* 1. Blennius ruber, Cuv.Sf Val. xi. p. 211. — Atlantic.

2. insqualis, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 230 ; Guicken. Explor. Algtr. Poiss. p. 71 .

pi. 4. fig. 3.— Mediterranean. 3.

p2

212 BLENNIID^.

without detached portion ; ventrals jugular, formed by a spine and
two rays. Cleft of the mouth narrow ; a single series of immove-
able teeth in the jaws, generally a curved tooth behind this series in
both jaws or in the lower. Tentacle above the orbit more or less
developed, sometimes absent. GiU-opening wide. Branchiostegals
six ; pseudobranchiae present ; air-bladder and pyloric appendages
none.

Coasts of Eiu'ope. Freshwater lakes of Italy. Shores of the At-
lantic. Eed Sea. Sandwich Islands. Van Diemen's Land.

1. Blennius gattorugine.

Gattorugine, WiUughby, p. 132. tab. H. 2. fig. 2 ; Rmj, p. 72 ; ?Penn.

Brit. Zool. iii. p. 181. pi. 35. n. 91.
Blennius, sp. n. 2, Artedi, Genera, p. 2G ; ? Klein, Pise. Miss. v. p. 32.

tab. 7. fig. 1.
? Blennius gattorugine, Bl. taf. 167. fig. 2 ; Bl. Schn. p. 168.
Blennius gattorugine, Briinn. Pise. Mass. p. 27 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes,

iv. pi. 86 ; Laeep. ii. p. 468 ; 3Iartens, Beise nach Venedig, ii. p. 418 ;

Risso, Ichtli. Nice, p. 127, <aud Eur. Merid. iii. p. 230 ; Cuv. ^ Val.

xi. p. 200 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. i. p. 256 ; Guichen. Explor.

Alger. Poiss. p. 69 ; Loice in Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 9.
varus, Pail. Zoogr. Ross. iii. p. 170; Nordm. in Demid. Voy.

Ritss. Merid. iii. p. 402 (not Risso).

B- 6- ^- T^'2o- ^- 21-22. Vert. 12/27.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is four
times and a half to five times in the total. Snout obtiise, with the
upper profile abruptly descending. No 'curved tooth in the upper jaw,
and a very small one in the lower. Orbital tentacle well developed ;
the interorbital space is concave, and its width is less than the vertical
diameter of the eye : a transverse groove behind the tentacles. The
dorsal fin commences in the vertical from the praeopercular margin
and has stiff spines, which are a little flexible at the top ; a shallow

3. Blennius frater, Asso. Introd. Oryctogr. Array, p. 95. tab. 6. fig. 2 ; Bl.

Schn. p. 171 ; Cuv. 4' Val. xi. p. 252; Martens in Wieym. Arch, xxiii.
p. 176. — River Po.

4. goreensis, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 255. — Coast of Gorea.

5. oceanicus, Cuv. 4' Val. xi. p. 265. — Atlantic.

6. multifilis, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. 8c. Philad. 1858, p. 169.— St.

Joseph's Island, Texas.

7. PhoUs caroUnus, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 276. — Carolina.

8. parvideiis, Cuv. if Val. xi. p. 277. — Hub. ?

9. Blennius tentacularis, Eisso, lehfhyol. Nice, p. 130, and Eur. Merid. iii.

p. 230. — Mediterranean.

10. cornu cervi, Bisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 231. — Mediterranean.

11. stellatus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 233, and lehfhyol. Nice, p. 134.

— Mediterranean.

12. ■ galerita, Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 132, and Eur. Mirid. iii. p. 235. —

Mediterranean (not aucf.).

13. ■ Hneatus, Guichen. Explor. Alyer. Poiss. p. 73. pi. 4. fig. 2. — Coast

of Algiers.
14. hentzii, Lesueur, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. p.363. — Charleston.

15. (?) aurosplendidus, Bichards. Ichthyol. China, p. 265. — Macao.

16. (?) fasciolatoceps, Bichards. Ichthyol. China, p. 265. — Macao.

3. BLENNItJS. 0]3

notch between the spinous and soft portions, the latter being con-
tinuous with the caudal. Light brown, with more or less regular
darker cross-bars, or irregularly spotted with dark brown, sometimes
unitorm brown or blackish-brown ; a blackish spot between the third
and fourth dorsal spines.

Mediterranean. Atlantic coasts of Europe.
a-c. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

d. Nine inches and a half long : stuffed. Coast of Cornwall.

e Adult : skin. Torquay. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

/. Adult : skin. Brixham. From Mr. YarreU's CoUection.

<1. Half-grown. South Devonshire. From the Leach Museum

h. fine specimen. Coa^t of Ireland. Presented by the Earl of
Enmskillen.

i. Adult. Dalmatia.

k. Adult. Mediterranean.

/. Half-grown : bad state.

m. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

n-q. Half-groAVTi : skins and stuffed.

r. Adult female: skeleton. From the Haslar CoUection.

s. Adult female : skeleton. Pui-chased.

Shehton.—lhe bones are weU ossified and very solid ; the tympanic
groove IS nearly entirely osseous. The skuU is elevated ; the crown
ot the head compressed into a short ridge bifuixating posteriorly
so that its upper sm-face is formed by three planes, one posterior
and two lateral. The intermaxiUaries and the mandibles are very
strong and broad, to afford a solid base for the teeth, which are rather
strong. The infraorbital ring is firm ; no sutures can be distinguished
between the single bones. Suprascapiila distinct ; humerus M-ith a
transverse ridge terminating in a short prominence in its lower por-
tion. Coracoid long, well developed. I am unable to distinguish
either the radius or the ulna; they appear to be united with the
humerus, mthout leaving sutures between them. Carpal bones four
the lower of which is the longest and broadest.

There are twelve abdominal and twenty-seven caudal verUhrce, the
length of the former portion being to that of the latter as 1 • 1-7-
the vertebrae are compressed, as high as long; neural and h^mal
spmes of moderate length and strength; one intemeural and one
interhaemal correspond to one neural and hasmal; ribs feeble, long
with slender epipleurals. ^

2. Blennius cornutus.

Blennius, sp., Gronov. Zoophijl. n. 264.

— ^-omutiis Z^^m«„. Acad. i. p. 316, and Mus. Ad. Fried, p. 61;
Bl. Schn. p. 169 ; Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 95 ^ '
grandicomis, Cuv. i^ Val. xi. p. 258.

D.||. A. 23.
The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained four times and two-thirds in the total. Snout obtuse, with

214 BLENNIID^.

the upper profile abruptly descending. A curved tooth in the lower
jaw and a very small one in the upper. Orbital tentacle well de-
veloped. The dorsal tin commences in the vertical from the prse-
opercular margin and has flexible spines ; a very distinct notch be-
tween the spinous and soft portions ; the latter not continuous with
the caudal. Uniform dark brown (in a preserved state).
South coast of Africa.

a. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

3. Blenuius tasmanianus.

Richards. Tram. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 129.

D.i|. A. 2 + 19.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thii-ds in
the total length, the length of the head four times. Snout obtuse,
with the anterior profile abruptly descending. A curved tooth in each
of the jaws. Orbital tentacle well developed, posteriorly fringed ; a
small tentacle at the nostril. The width of the interorbital space is
less than the vertical diameter of the eye ; a transverse groove behind
the tentacles. The dorsal fin commences in the vertical from the
prJEopercular margin and has flexible spines ; a distinct notch be-
tween the spinous and soft portions, the latter being separate from
the caudal. Brownish-grey dotted with brown ; head and vertical
fins blackish.

Coast of Van Diemen's Land.

a. Adult. Van Diemen's Land. From the Haslar Collection. —

Type of the species. The orbital tentacles shrunk.

b, c-i, 1-, Up, q-x. Adult, half-grown, and young. Van Diemen's

Land.

4. Blennius semifasciatus.

Ritppell, N. W. lische, p. 134.

D. 29. A. 20.

The anterior profile of the snout subvertical. Crest on the head
none ; a short fringed tentacle above the orbit, none at the nostril.
The lower jaw with a strong curved tooth, another smaller one in
the upper jaw. Dorsal fin not notched, and of equal height. Brown :
back with seven dark cross-bars, each formed by two streaks ;
whitish lines diverge from the eye downwards ; opercles and pectoral
fins dotted with whitish ; a blackish spot between the first and
second dorsal spines.

Massuah (Red Sea).

5. Blennius cornifer.

Rilppell, Atlas Fische, p. 112, and N. W. Fische, p. 133.
D. 32. A. 25.
The anterior profile of the head subvertical ; eyes rather large,

3. BLENNIUS. 215

with a long simple tentacle above ; some very fine tentacles on each
side of the nape ; crest none ; no curved tooth in the jaws. Dorsal
fin scarcely notched. Light brown : head, body, and anal fin dotted
with blue.

Djetta (Red Sea).

Cuv. 4" Val xi. p. 2G0.

Blennius capito.

D. i^;. A. 22-23.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and three-fourths.
Snout obtuse, with the upper proiile abruptly descending. Jaws
without a curved tooth. Superciliary margin swollen, with a short
fringed tentacle posteriorly; a transverse groove behind the ten-
tacles. The arched portion of the lateral line formed by two series
of pores. The dorsal and anal fins enveloped in thick skin ; the
dorsal begins above the middle of the operculum, is very slightly
notched, and not continuous with the caudal. Brown, varied with
lighter.

Cape Seas.

a. Adult. Cape of Good Hope.

b. Adult : stuffed. Cape of Good Hope. From Sir A. Smith's Col-

lection.

c. Adult : stuffed.

7. Blennius erythrocephalus.

Blennius erythrocephalus, Risso, Eur. llerid. ill. p. 2.36. fig. 42.
Blennius rubrieeps, Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 248.

D.L^. A. 22.

The first three rays of the dorsal fin are somewhat elevated and
remote from the others ; the soft portion continuous with the caudal.
A longitudinal crest on the head (in males), and a very small tentacle
above the orbit. The curved teeth in the jaws are well developed.
Brownish : the top of the dorsal and the upper part of the head red.

Mediterranean.

8. Blennius tentacularis.

Blennius tentacularis, Briinn. IHsc. Mass. p. 26 ; Bl. Schn. p. 169 ;

Lacep. ii. p. 474 ; Cm: ^ Val. xi. p. 212. pi. 319 ; Guichen. Explor.

Alger. Poiss. p. 69.
aimtus, Pall. Zoor/r. iii. p. 172 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Buss.

Merid. iii. p. 403. pi." 6. fig. 2.

miuutus et ventrosus, Rathke, Fauna der Krym, pp. 330, 331.

comutus, Lacep. ii. p. 473 ; Bisso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 128.

punctulatus, Bisso, Bur. Merid. iii. p. 231.

brea, Bisso, Ichthyol. Nice, p. 129, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 233.

D. ""'I A. 22-24.

19-20

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,

216 lil.KXNITP.E.

and five times and a half in the total. Snout obtuse, with the upper
profile abruptly descending. A strong curved tooth in both the jaws.
Orbital tentacle well developed ; the interorbital space is scarcely
concave, and its width is less than the vertical diameter of the eye ;
no transverse groove behind the tentacles. The dorsal fin commences
in the vertical from the prteopercular margin, and has flexible spines ;
no notch between the spinous and soft portions, the latter being
slightly continuous with the caudal. A black spot between the first
and third dorsal spines. Reddish-grey with brown spots, and gene-
rally with brown cross-bars on the back. Sometimes more uniform,
and only the head and the anterior part of the body dotted with
brown. Three angular brown bands on the throat, the angles pointing
backwards.

Mediterranean.

a. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq., as Blennius

cornutus.
b-c. Adult. Dalmatia.
d, e-f. Adult.
ff. Adult : skin. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

9. Blennius filicomis.

C'uv. ^~ Val. xi. p. 254 ; Castebi. Anim. nouv. ou rares de rAmh: Sad,
Poiss. p. 25.

D.,-i|,. A. 23.

The height of the body is contained five times and one-fifth in
the total length, the length of the head four times and three-
fourths. Snout obtuse, with the upper profile very oblique. A
strong curved tooth in both jaws. Uibital tentacle of moderate
length, filiform, vrith several smaller ones at its base. The inter-
orbital space is flat, and its width is one-half of the vertical diameter
of the orbit ; no groove or crest on the neck. The dorsal fin com-
mences in the vertical from the praeopercular margin and has flexible
spines ; a slight notch between the spinous and soft portions, the
latter not being continuous with the caudal. Brown ; dorsal and
caudal spotted with darker.

Coast of Brazil .

a. Adult. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

10. Blennius smyrnensis.
Pholis smyrnensis, Cuv. i§- Val. xi. p. 275. pi. 325.
D. 35. A. 26.

Tentacles neither above the orbit nor at the nostril. The length
of the head equals its height, and is contained five times and one-
third in the total. Dorsal fin not emarginate ; the anal commences
below the thirteenth dorsal ray. Eeddish-grey. (Val.)

Coast of Smyrna

3. BLEiNNirS. 217

11. Blennius rouxi.

Cocco, Lett. Pesci 3Iess. in Giorn. Sc. Lett. ^c. x. & xi. p. 11. tab. 9.
fig. 1 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci, cum fig.

D. 34. A. 26.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained five times and a half in the entire length. The anterior
profile of the head is subvei-tical ; orbital and nasal tentacles smaU ;
canine teeth in both jaws ; dorsal fin not notched. A deep-black
band along the side of the body ; an oblong blackish spot between
the three anterior spines.

Mediterranean.

One specimen in the Senckenberg Museum,

12. Bleimius fucorum.

Cuv.df Vol. xi. p. 263. pi. 324 ; Dekmj, Netv Yot-k Faima, Fishes, p. 149.
pi. 22. fig. 6(3.

D.H A. 18.

The length of the head is one-fifth of the total ; its anterior pro-
file is subvertical. Orbital tentacle nearly as long as the head, fili-
form, bifid superiorly, with some fringes at the base. A veiy strong
curved tooth in both jaws. The dorsal is slightly emarginate, and
not continuous with the caudal. Ileddish-brown, dotted with black.
{Val.)

Atlantic.

Is this the species described by Quoy and Gaimard (Voy. Freyc.
Zool. p. 250) under the name of Blennius punctatus ?

13. Blennius geutilis.

Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii. 1854, p. 149, and U. S. Pacif.
R. R. Exped. Zool. Fij^hes, p. 113 (pi. 25 a. fig. 4).

B. 5. D. ||. A. 19.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. A cun'ed tooth in both jaws, that of the
upper being the smaller. Orbital tentacles slender ; occipital crest
none ; the dorsal commences almost at the occiput, and is very
slightly notched. YeUowish-brown, marbled with pm-ple. (Gir.)

Monterey (California).

14. Blennius vulgaris.

Blennius vulgaris, Pollini, Viaggio al Lago di Garda, Verona, 1816,
viii. p. 20. fig. 1 ; Martens in Wiegm. Arch, xxiii. p. 172. tab. 9. fig. 3.

cagnota, Cav. ^] Val. xi. p. 249.

anticolus, £o7iap .Faun. Ital. Pesci.

v^^lgal•it^, var. anticolus, Martens, I. c. p. 174.

D. j^. A. (18) 19-20. Vert. 35-36.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head.

218 BLENNIID^.

and one -fifth of the total. Snout somewhat prominent. A curved
tooth in both jaws. Orbital tentacle very small ; the interorbital
space is rather flat, and its width is nearly equal to the vertical
diameter of the orbit ; a low fleshy crest ou the head. The dorsal
fin commences in the vertical from the origin of the lateral line, is
scarcely notched, and not, or slightly, continuous with the caudal.
Yellowish, spotted and dotted with black ; two oblique dark stripes
below the eye.

Lakes of Italy (Mediterranean).

a-b. Fine specimens. Dalmatia.

c. Adult. Lake Albano. Presented by Dr. E. v. Martens.

d. Half-grown. Lake Bracciana, near Eome. Presented by W. C.

Trevelyan, Esq.

e. Many specimens. LagodiNemi. Presented by Dr. E. v. Martens.
f-n. Adult and half-grown. Lago di Garda. Presented by Dr. A.

Giinther.
0. Many specimens. Lago di Garda. Presented by Dr. E. v. Martens.

The chief difference between the specimens from the fresh waters
of Italy, and the Bl. cagnota, Valenc, from the coast of Toulon,
appears to consist in the number of the manchbulary teeth. Bl.
vulgaris has from foui'teen to eighteen, Bl. cagnota from ten to
twelve. I should think this character of some importance if it
proved to be constant, because one of these fishes lives in fresh, the
other in salt water. The dorsal fin is generally not continuous with
the caudal, except in a slight degree in the specimens from Dal-
matia. I do not know whether the latter were taken on the coast or
in a freshwater lake.

15. Blennius sanguinolentus.

Pholis, Rondel, vi. c. 23. p. 206 ; Gestiei; p. 714 ; Aldrov. p. 116 ;

Willughby, pi. H. 6. fig. 4.
Blennius saugiiinolentus, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 168 ; Nordm. in Demid.

Voy. Suss. Merid. Poiss. p. 402. pi. 6. fig. 1.
pholis, Risso, Eur. 3Ierid. iii. p. 232 ; Guichen. Explor. Alger.

Poiss. p. 70.
palmicomis, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 214. pi. 320 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle,

Fishes, p. 83 ; Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 83, & 1843, p. 86, and

Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 9.
parvicornis, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 257.

B. 6. D. i?. A. (2-1- ) 21-22.

The height of the body is contained five times and a quarter in
the total length, the length of the head five times to five times and
three-quarters. Snout obtuse, with the upper proiile very obUque.
The curved tooth in the upper jaw small, that in the lower of mo-
derate size. Orbital tentacle very small. The interorbital space is
flat, and its width is less than the vertical diameter of the eye ; no
groove or crest or fleshy protuberance on the neck. The dorsal fin
commences in the vertical from the pr^opercular margin, and has

3. BLENNITJS. 219

flexible spines ; it is not, or slightly, notched, and continuous with

the caudal. Brown ; sometimes with several whitish spots on the side.

Mediterranean. Sea of Madeira. North-west coasts of Africa.

a, b. Adult. Niger Expedition. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

c, d, e-f, g. Adult and half-grown. Madeii'a.

h, i-Tc. Adult. Mediterranean. From the Haslar Collection.

I. Seven inches and a half long. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
m. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

16. Blennius sinensis.
D. if. A. (2-h)22.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained five times and a hall in the total. Snout obtuse, with the
upper profile very obUque. A ciu'ved tooth of moderate size in each
of the jaws, that of the upper being the smaller. Orbital tentacle
small, formed by foiu- short filaments. The interorbital space equals
in width the diameter of the eye, and, like the crown of the head,
is covered with a fleshy protuberance. The dorsal fin commences in
the vertical from the praeopercular margin, and has the upper profile
nearly even ; the spines are flexible, and the length of one of the
longest is not quite two-thii'ds of that of the head ; the soft portion
is not, or very slightly, continuous with the caudal. The anal fin is
rather more than half as high as the soft dorsal. The pectoral does
not extend on to the vent. Uniform brown (in spirits) : the vertical
fins black ; the tips of the anal rays bluish-white.

China Sea.

a. Adult. China Sea. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

This species is the Chinese representative of the Mediterranean
Blennius sanguinolentus .

inches, lines.

Total length 6 1

Height of the body 1 1

Length of the head 1 1

of the first dorsal spine 0 8

of the pectoral 1 0

of the ventral 0 8

17. Blennius pantherinus.
Cuv. 4- Val. xi. p. 262.

D. ii. A. 1.

21 21

Orbital tentacles short and fringed ; the interorbital space very
concave ; head without crest. The length of the head is about one-
third of the total ; a curved tooth in both the jaws. Brown, marbled
■with darker ; throat Avith two blackish transverse bands. ( Val.)

Coast of Brazil.

220 liLENNUDJE.

18. Blennius sordidus.

Be/Ill. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 34; Cuv, ^ Val. xi. p. 256.
17 19

Orbital tentacles fringed ; no curved tooth in the jaws ; the first
dorsal ray rather more free than the others. Eeddish -brown, with
two or three dark blotches on the back ; dorsal anteriorly with a
deep-brown spot ; candal with three vertical series of brown dots.

Sandwich Islands.

a. Adult. Sandwich Islands. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection. —
Tj^e of the species.

19. Blennius varus.

Blennius sujefianus, Itisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 131 ; (not Lacep.).

varus, Misso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 237 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci,

cum fig. ; (not Pall.).

D. 30. A. 21.

The height of the body is nearly eqiial to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total ; neck with a compressed fleshy crest ;
orbital tentacle scarcely visible ; a curved tooth on each side of the
jaws. The dorsal begins in the vertical from the posterior extremity
of the operculum, is slightly emarginate, and extends on to the
caudal. Brownish-olive, with dark bands across the back.

Mediterranean.

a. Adult. Mediterranean. Presented by Dr. E. Riippell.

20. Blennius basiliscus.

? Forskal, p. 22 & p. xiv.

Blenniiis basUiscus, Cut: ^ Val. xi. p. 245.

B.6. D.^^. A. 27.

The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length
of the head five times and a half. Snout obtuse, with the upper
profile convex and abruptly descending. A very strong curved tooth
in the lower jaw, a more feeble one in the upper. Crown elevated in
a more or less prominent fleshy crest, beginning between the orbits ;
orbital tentacle scarcely visible. The dorsal fin commences above the
giU-opening, is not notched, and very slightly continuous with the
caudal. The length of the ventral is one-half of that of the head.
Greenish-olive, with black vertical bands, each being white-edged
and divided into two by another white vertical streak ; head with a
brownish-black, white-edged band through the eye ; no black spot
behind the eye ; throat with three brown angidar bands, the angles
pointing backwards.

Mediterranean.

a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

h. Adult. Adriatic.

c. Adult: skin. Leghorn. From Mr. Yarrcll's Collection.

3. BLENNirS. 221

21. Blennius graphicus.

Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 234. fig. 44.

D. 38. A. 26.
Orbital tentacle long, with two appendages at the base. Yellowish :
head and body with small blue streaks. (Risso.)
Mediterranean.

22. Blennius sphinx.
C>ut\ ^ Val. xi. p. 226. pi. 321 ; Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 70.
D. i|. A. 20.

16

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is five
times and a half in the total. The snout is very obtuse, with the
anterior profile subvertical. The anterior portion of the dorsal is
elevated, and higher than the body ; a very distinct notch between
the soft and spinous dorsal. The lower jaw with two strong curved
teeth on each side ; the upper with only one, which is feeble. Or-
bital tentacles well developed, filiform. Ycllo\vish-green, with six
or seven brown, white-edged cross-bands ; the upper portion of the
spinous dorsal with five bluish longitudinal lines. A blue spot, edged
with red, behind the eye ; sides of the head with small white spots,
edged with black. Throat with three oblique brown bands.

Mediterranean.

23, Blennius pavo.

Galerita s. Alauda cristata, Rondel, vi. cap. 21. p. 204 ; Gesner, p. 17 ;

Aldrov. i. cap. 25. p. 114; Willughby, p. 134. tab. H. 6. fig. 7.
Alauda non cristata, Rondel, vi. cap. 22. p. 205.
Blennius pavo, Risso, lehth. Nice, p. 133, and Eur. Merid. iii. p. 235 ;

Ciiv. ^ Val. xi. p. 238. pi. 323 ; Guichen. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 73.
lepidus, Pall. Zoogr. Ross. p. 171 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ.

Mh-id. iii. p. 405. pi. 6. fig. 3.

D.^^^. A. 24-25. Yert.^^l-^.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. Snout obtuse, with the upper profile con-
vex and abniptly descending. A very strong cui-ved tooth in the
lower jaw, a more feeble one in the upper. Crown of the male spe-
cimens elevated in a more or less prominent fleshy crest, beginning
between the orbits ; orbital tentacle very small. The dorsal fin
commences above the middle of the operculum, is not notched, and
continuous with the caudal. Brownish-green, with broad dark cross-
bars on the back ; the anterior part of the body with light-bluish
vertical stripes ; a dark-blue band from the crest on the head through
the eye to the throat, wliich is crossed by three angular brown bands ;
a black, white-edged spot behind the eye.

Mediterranean.

a, h. Fine specimens. Coast of Dalmatia.

c-d. Adult. Adriatic.

e-h. Young : skins. Livorno. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

222 BLENNIin.E.

24. Blennius ocellaris.

Scorpioides, Rondel, vi. cap. 20. p. 204 (bad) ; Gcstier, p. 847 ; Aldror.

p. 116.
• Blennius (Mesoro), Salt: Aq. p. 217 ; Bellon. p. 221 ; Gcsiur, p. 130 ;

Aldrov. p. 203; Jomton, i. tit. 3. cap. 1. art. 15. tab. 19. fig. 5;

Willughhy, p. 131. tab. II. 3. fig. 2 ; Ray, p. 72.
Blennius, n" 1, Artedi, Gen. p. 20; Kli-in, Pise. Miss. v. p. 31. n. 1.
Blennius ocellaris, L. Si/st. i. p. 442 ; Briinn. Pise. 3Iass. p. 25 ; £1.

taf. 167. fig. 1 ; Rl. 'Schn. p. 168 ; Risso, lehth. Niee, p. 125, and.

Eur. Merid. iii. p. 229; Monday. Wern. Mem. ii. p. 443. pi. 22.

fig. 2 ; Martens, Reise naeh Venedig, ii. p. 418 ; Cm\ Sf Vol. xi.

p. 220 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. i. p. 253 ; Cm: Reqne Anitn.

Rl. Poiss. pi. 77. fig. 1.

papilio, (Z. Gm.) Guichen. Explor. Algdr. Poiss. p. 70.

lepus, Lacep. ii. p. 461.

Adonis pavoninus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 93.

D-n^- A. 18. Vert.,-^,.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and four times and two-thii-ds in the total. Snout tiimcated, with
the anterior profile vertical. A strong curved tooth in both jaws.
Orbital tentacle well developed ; the interorbital space is concave, and
its width is much less than the vertical diameter of the eye. The
spinous dorsal elevated, rather higher than the body ; the soft not con-
tinuous with the caudal. A round black, white-edged spot on the sixth
and seventh dorsal spines ; body brownish, with darker cross-bars.

Mechterranean. Coasts of the Peninsula, France, and South
England.

«. Adult: stuffed. Plymouth. Presented by Lieut. H.F. Spence, R.N.
h. Half-grown. Torcross (Devonshire). From the Leach Museum.

c. Half-growu. South Devonshire. From the Leach Museum.

d. Adult: skin. South Devonshire. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

e. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

/, g-l, m-q, r, s, t, u, v. Adult and half-grown.
w. Adult : skeleton.

Skeleton. — The general form and stinictiu'e of the skull is the same
as in B. gattorugine, the different ridges being somewhat more pro-
minent : the interorbital space, which is flat in B. gattorugine, is con-
cave ; the posterior portion of the infraorbital ring is bent outwards ;
lower jaw longer than broad. There are eleven abdominal and
twenty-one caudal vertebrae, the length of the former portion being
to that of the caudal as 1 : 1'7.

25. Blennius galerita.

Blennius, n. 4, Artedi, Genera, p. 27 (not Si/non.) ; Klein, Pise. 3Iiss.

V. p. 32.
galerita, L. Syst. i. p. 441 ; Rl. Schti. p. 109 ; Montagu, Wern.

Mem. i. p. 98. pi. 5. fig. 2.
montagui, Flem.Rrit.Anim.:^. 206; Cuv.^-Val. xi. p. 234. pi. 322;

Yarr. Rrit. Fis/ies, 2nd edit. i. p. 249, 3rd edit. ii. p. 355 ; Guichen.

Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 72.

3. BLEKNIUS. 223

Blennius artedii, Cm: ^- Val. xi. p. 231; Guichcn. Explor. Alg^r. Poiss.

p. 72 ; Lowe in Trans. Zuol. Soc. iii. p. 9.
injequalis, Loice in Trmts. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 185.

D-T^r A. 17-18.

Snout short, with the anterior profile straight and very oblique.
A strong curved tooth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. Only
one tentacle between the eyes, above their posterior part ; a series
of very small tentacles behind. The dorsal commences in the ver-
tical from the extremity of the operculum ; the spinous and soft
portions of the dorsal fin separated by a distinct notch ; the latter
not continuous with the caudal. Brownish-grey, spotted with darker ;
back sometimes with blackish cross-bars ; a series of silvery spots
along the lower part of the sides.

Mediterranean. Sea of Madeii'a. South coast of England.

a, b-d, e-l. Adult and half-grown. Falmouth.
m-p. Adult. South Devonshire. Museum Leach. Typical speci-
mens of Montagu's description.
q-r. Adult. Madeira. Presented by the Eev. H. Methuen.
s. Adult : skin. From Mr. YarreU's Collection.

There can be no doubt that this species is intended by Artedi's
diagnosis, '• Blennius crista capitis transversa, cutacea." Linne, when
he introduced his Bl. galerita into the system, not only quoted Artedi,
but used his very words, confounding it, however, with a Blennioid
fish described by Strom {BJenniops ascanii). Therefore the specific
denomination of galerita is applied with much more right to the
present species than to the fish described by Strom ; and the meaning
of the name itself denotes the peculiar crest of this Blennius far
better than the orbital tentacles of the other.

26. Blennius cristatus.

Blennius, sp., Grojiov. ZoopJu/l. n. 203. tab. 6. fig. 4 ; Klein, Pise. Miss.
V. p. 32. n. 3.

cristatus, L. Sijst. i. p. 441.

uuchifilis, Cicv. e^ Val. xi. p. 253.

Adonis cristatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 95.

D.||. A. 16.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. Snout obtuse, with the anterior profile
abmptly descending ; small curved teeth in the jaws. A single
short orbital tentacle ; nape of the neck with a filamentous crest.
The dorsal fin begins in the vertical from the upper end of the prae-
operculum, is very slightly notched, and not continuous with the
caudal. Greyish or brownish, with darker bands across the back
and ii'regular spots on the tail.

Island of Ascension.

a. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection. — Type of the species.
The orbital tentacles, being dried, are imperceptible.

224 BLENXTIDJ..

27. Blennius crinitus.

Cur. (§■ Vnl. xi. p. 237 ; Guichen. Explor. Alger. Pohs. p. 72.
T) -Jl- A -H-

• 14-15" 16-18-

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. Snout obtuse, with the anterior profile
abruptly descending. A rather small curved tooth in the lower jaw,
none in the upper. Superciliary margin with three or four veiy fine
and short filaments ; nape of the neck with a filamentous crest.
The dorsal fin begins in the vertical from the upper end of the prae-
operculum, is scarcely notched, and not continuous with the caudal ;
the pectoral does not extend to the anal fin. Greyish, spotted with
brown ; a black spot between the first and second dorsal spines.

Coast of Pemambuco.

a. Adult. Pemambuco. Presented by J. P. G. Smith, Esq.

The specimen upon which Valenciennes established this species
was obtained at La Rochelle ; others have been found on the coast
of Algiers. The description given, however, agrees very well with
the South American fish in the British Museum,

28. Blennius emarginatus.
D.l|. A. (2 + ) 17.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained four times and two-thirds in the total. Snout obtuse,
with the anterior profile very oblique. A small curved tooth in the
lower jaw, none in the upper. The interorbital space is concave,
and its widtli is less than the diameter of the eye. A fringed ten-
tacle at the nostril ; foui' or five short filaments above the posterior
angle of the orbit ; nape of the neck with a longitudinal series
of filaments. The dorsal fin commences in the vertical from the
praeopercular margin, and is not continuous with the caudal ; it is
deeply notched between the spinous and soft portions, the former
being much the lower. The pectoral is longer than the ventral, and
extends on to the fifth anal ray. Colours ?

Hab. ?

a-e. Discoloured. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.

lines.

Total length 33

Height of the body 7

29. Blennius macropteryx.

Blennius macropteryx, Riipp. in 3Ius. Senck.

D. {|. A. 20.

The pectoral extends on to, or beyond, the middle of the anal fin.
Dorsal fin notched, not reaching to the caudal. Colours ?
Messina.

3. ni,ENNTus. 225

Three specimens, one inch long, and apparently immature, have
been discovered hy Dr. Riippell at Messina and deposited in the
Senckenberg Museum.

30. Blennius bifllum.
D.li. A. 22.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained five times and three-foui'ths in the total. Snout very
obtuse, Avith the anterior profile abruptly descending. Jaws withont
a cui'ved tooth. Orbital tentacle none ; a pair of slender filaments
between the occiput and the neck, one placed at the side of the other.
The dorsal fiji commences above the operculum, is slightly notched,
and not continuous with the caudal. The pectoral is longer than
the ventral, and extends on to the vent. Brownish-grey (in spirits),
with eight darker cross-bands, the three anterior of which run round
the belly and are edged with silvery ; body -ndth pearl-coloured dots ;
caudal fin with brown dots forming cross-streaks.

ffah. ?

rt. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

lines.

Total length 23

Height of the body 4

31. Blennius lupulus.

Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci, cum fig.

D. 29. A. 18.
The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. The snout is slightly produced. A ciu'ved
tooth on each side of the jaws. Orbital tentacle very small. The
dorsal fin begins in the vertical from the extremity of the operculum,
is very slightly notched, and not continuous with the caudal.
Bro^^^lish-olive, spotted with blackish. (Boncqy.)
Mediterranean.

32. Blennius fissicornis.

Cwy. 4- Val. xi. p. 257; Quo;/ 8,- Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 251.
^■T^- A. 18.'
A strong curved tooth in the jaws. A small tentacle at the nostril.
Orbital tentacle of moderate length, filiform, with several smaller ones
at the base. Dorsal fin deeply notched. Brownish. ( Val.)
'? Rio de Janeiro.

33. Blennius sequipinnis.

D. i|. A. 16. V. 2.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained four times and a half in the total. Snout obtuse, with
the anterior profile very oblique. A strong curved tooth in the

VOL. III. u

226 nT.KNNriDJt;.

lower jaw, none iu the upper. The iiitcror!)ital space is concave, and
its width less than the diameter of the eye. A small tentacle at the
nostril, and a bnnch of short filaments above the posterior angle of the
orbit ; nape of the neck naked. The dorsal fin commences above the
operculnm, and is not continuous with the caudal ; it is deeply
notched, and the anterior portion is rather lower than the posterior.
The pectoral reaches to the origin of the anal. Colour ?

West Africa.
a. Young. West Africa. From Mr. Rich's Collection,

lines.

Total length 18

Height of the body 4

Length of the head 4

34. Blennius brevipinnis.

D. j|. A. 15-16.

The height of the body is nearly eqiial to the length of the head,
and contained four times and a half in the total. The snout is
obtuse, with the upper profile very oblique. Jaws without a curved
tooth. Orbital tentacle slender, fringed at the base. The dorsal fin
commences in the vertical from the operculum, is deeply notched,
and not continuous with the caudal. The pectoral is longer than the
ventral, and extends on to the vent. Greyish-brown (in spirits),
with a darker lateral band.

rt. Sandwich Islands. From the Haslar Collection.
h. West coast of Central America. Collected by Captain Dow. Pre-
sented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

lines.

Total length 18 or 23

Height of the body 4 or 5

35. Blennius pholis.

? *a)Xir, Aristot. ix. cap. 37.

Pholis, Rondel, vi. cap. 23. p. 206 ; Aldrov, i. cap. 25. p. 116 ; Gesner,

p. 714; Jomton, i. tit. 2. cap. 2. art. 1. taf. 17. fig. 4; Willughby,

p. 135. tab. H. 6. fig. 4 ; Ray, p. 74 ; Artedi, Sijnon. p. 116.
Blennius pholis, L. Syst. i. p. 443; Rl. Fische Deidschl. ii. p. 184. taf. 71.

fig. 2; Rl. Schn. p. 170; Lacep. ii. p. 489 ; Donov. Rrit. Fishes, iv.

pi. 79 ; Parn. Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 73 ; Yarrell, Rrit. Fishes,

1st edit. i. p. 230, 2nd edit. i. p. 260, 3rd edit. ii. p. 366; CoucJi, Trans.

Linn. Soc. xiv. pp. 74, 75 ; Martens, Reise naeh Venedly, ii. p. 419.
Blennius, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 259, and J/(<s. lehth. ii. p. 22. no. 175.
Smooth Blenny, Penn. Rrit. Zool. iii. p. 182. pi. 36.
Pholis Ifevis, Fleminy, Rrit. Anim. p. 207 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 269 ; Cuv.

Regne Anim. Rl. Poiss, pi. 77. fig. 2; Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 182.
Adonis pholis, Gi-onov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 96.

D. f^. A. 18-19 (20). Vert. 12/26-13/25.

The height of the body is five times in the total length, the length

3. BLENNIUS. 227

of the head four times and two-thirds. The snout is slightly pro-
duced, once iind a half the length of the diameter of the eye. A
curved tooth of moderate size in both jaws. Orbital tentacle none ;
the interorbital space appears quite fiat, if covered M'ith the skin ;
nape of the neck with a fleshy protuberance. The dorsal fin begins
in the vertical from the extremity of the operculum, is very distinctly
notched, and not continuous with the caudal ; the spines are flexible.
Greenish-olive, with irregular blackish spots ; a metallic spot on the
temple (during life).

Mediterranean. Atlantic coasts of Europe. Shores of the Ger-
man Ocean.

a. Adult : skin. Frith of Forth.

b. Young. Scotland.

c~g. Adidt and half-grown. Wales. Presented by Mrs. Gray.
Ji-i, k-l. Adult and young. South Wales. Presented by J. Stokes,

Esq.
m. Half-grown. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
n. Large specimen. Falmouth. Purchased.
o,p,q,r-s. Many specimens. Falmouth. Pui'chased.
t-v. Adult and half-grown : stuffed and skins. Plymouth.

IV, X. Adult. South Devonshire. Museum Leach.
y, z. Adult and young. English coast.

o. Adult. Isle of Bourbon (?). Purchased of M. Parzudaki.
/3-y, t-e, 1:1— q, 6, t, K. Adult and half-grown.
X-fji. Adult: skins.

V. Adult : female skeleton. Wales. Presented by Mrs. Gray.
0. Adult : skeleton. Purchased.

Skeleton. — This species differs somewhat from B. gattorugine and
B. ocellaris in the fonn of its cranium, which is more elongate and
less compressed. The longitudinal portion of the crest extends nearly
the whole length of the crown of the head, the lateral portions being
short and nearly rectangular to the former. The interorbital space
is slightly concave, and half as wide as the orbit. Lower jaw longer
than broad. In the other points, the skeleton does not differ essen-
tially from that of B. gattorugine. There are thirteen abdominal and
twenty-five caudal vertebrae, the length of the former portion being
to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-65.

36. Blennius trigloides.

Blennius trigloides, Cuv. i^ Val. xi. p. 228 ; Guichen. Explor. Ah/er.

Poiss. p. 71 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesci, cum fig.
Pholis laevis, Lowe in Trans. Zool. Soc, ii. p. 185, iii. p. 9, and Proc.

ZooL Soc. 1839, p. 83.
trigloides, Lowe in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 87.

D.llll. A. 18.

The height of the body is five times and a half in the total length,
the length of the head four times and u half. Snout with the an-

228 ItLENNIIDiE.

tcrior profile very oblique, once and a half the rliamctcr of the ej'e.
A ciu-ved tooth in both jaws. Orbital tentacle none ; a short fringed
tentacle at tlie anterior nostril ; the interorbital space concave ; neck
swollen (in adult specimens). The dorsal fin begins above the middle
of the operculum, is deeply notched, and not continuous with the
caudal ; the spines are flexible. Blacldsh-brown, with dark bands
across the back.

Mediterranean. Sea of Madeira.

a. Fine specimen. Madeira. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.
h. Half-grown. Madeira. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

37. Blennius geminatus.

Wood, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sc. P/iilad. iv. p. 278 ; Cm: ^- Val. xi. p. 265.
D.l|. A. 16.

The height of the body is four times in the total length, the length of
the head four times and a half. Snout obtuse, ■with the upper profile
straight and very oblique. A curved tooth in the lower jaw, that of
the upper very small. Orbital tentacles long, each divided into three
from the base ; the interorbital space is very concave, and its width
is one-half the vertical diameter of the eye ; a transverse groove
behind the tentacles. The dorsal fin begins immediately behind the
vertical from the praeopercular margin, is slightly emarginate, and
not continuous ■with the caudal ; its spines are stiff, not flexible at
the top. The lateral line descends abruptly behind the pectoi'al.
Brown, marbled with darker ; a round black spot between the first
and second dorsal spines.

Coast of South Carolina.

a. Adidt.

38. Blennius piinctatus.
Wood, I. c. p. 279; Ctiv. Sf Val. xi. p. 267.

D. 27. A. 18.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total. The profile
between the extremity of the snout and the origin of the dorsal forms
a quarter of a circle. Orbital tentacle long, bifid superiorly ; neck
with two small rough prominences. Head and body spotted with
black ; a blackish spot between the first and third dorsal spines ;
caudal ■with five brown bands.

Coast of South Carolina.

4. CHASMODES.

Chasmodes, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 295.

Body oblong, naked ; cleft of the mouth rather wide. A single
dorsal fin ; ventrals jugular, composed of two or three rays. A single
series of immoveable teeth in the jaws (sometimes a small canine tooth

5. PETEOSCIBTES. 229

in the upper jaw, behind the series). Head sometimes with tentacles.
Gill-opening closed beneath, and reduced to a small tissure above the
root of the pectoral. Branchiostegals six.
Atlantic coasts of temperate North America.

1. Chasmodes boscianus.

Blennivis bosquianus, Lucep. ii. pi. 13. tig. 1.

pholis, Mitch. Phil. ^- Lit. Trans. New York, i. p. 374.

Chasniodes boscianus, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 295. pi. 327 ; Dekaij, Neio
York Faiina, Fishes, p. 151. pi. 24. fig. 73.

B. 6. D. 29. A. 19. V. 2.

The mouth is cleft to below the posterior margin of the eye ; snout
slightly produced, with the upper profile oblique ; canine teeth none.
The dorsal is not emarginate, and continuous Avith the caudal. A
very small tentacle above the orbit. Greyish, marbled with brown.

Atlantic coasts of North America.

2. Chasmodes quadrifasciatus.

Pholis quadrifasciatus, Wood, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. Philad. iv. p. 282.

pi. 17. fig. 1.
Chasmodes quadi'ifasciatus, Ciiv. ^ Val. xi. p. 298.

D. 27. A. 15.

The mouth is cleft to below the posterior margin of the orbit ;
snout slightly produced, with the upper profile oblique. A small
canine tooth in the upper jaw. Body with four or five brown cross-
bands ; a series of yellowish spots along the base of the anal fin.
( Wood.)

3. Chasmodes novem-lineatus.

Pholis novem-lineatus. Wood, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. iv. p. 280.
Chasmodes novem-lineatus, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 299.

D. 30. A. 20.

Snoiit obtuse, with the anterior profile subvertical. The dorsal
fin commences on the neck and est«nds on to the caudal. Brown :
sides of the head dotted with dark blue ; a blackish spot between
the fii'st and second dorsal rays. {Wood.)

Port of Charleston.

5. PETROSCIRTES*.

Petroscirtes, Riijip. Atl. Fische, p. 110, and N.W. Fische, p. 134.

Blemiechis, Cuv. df- Val. xi. p. 279.

Aspidontus, (G. Cuv.) Quay ^- Gaini. Voi/. Astrol. Zool. iii. p. 719.

Body moderately elongate, naked. Snout generally short or of

* 1. Blemiechis dussuniieri, Citv. ^~ Val. xi. p. 282. — He de Bourbon.

2. Omobranchus fasciolatus, {Ehrenb.). — Blennechis fasciolatus, Cuv. cf- Val.

xi. p. 287. — Red Sea.

3. Petroscirtes baiikicri, Richards. Voy. Sulph. Fnhea. p. 130. pi. 44. figs. 8, 9.

— Hongkong.

230 BLENNIID^.

moderate extent. A single dorsal liu (in one species with a semi-
detached portion) ; ventrals jugular, composed of two or three rays.
Cleft of the mouth narrow ; a single series of immoveable teeth in
the jaws; a strong curved canine tooth behind this series; that of
the lower jaw much stronger than that of the iipper (in two species no
canine tooth). Head sometimes vnth. tentacles. Gill-opening closed
beneath, and reduced to a small fissure above the root of the pectoral.
Branchiostegals six (seven); air-bladder and pseudobranchiae present;
pyloric appendages none.

Tropical parts of the Indian Ocean and Archipelago and of the
Pacific. (Two anomalous species from Chile.)

1. Petroscirtes tapeinosoma.

Bheker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Ainhoina, p. 64.
D. 45. A. 30.

The height of the body is contained ten times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head nearly six times. Snout convex,
projecting far beyond the cleft of the mouth ; tentacles none. The
width of the intei'orbital space nearly equals the diameter of the eye.
Upper jaw without canines. The dorsal fin is not elevated, and
commences on the occiput. The upper half of the body violet, the
lower white ; the margin of the upper colour forms a band, incluchng
the superior part of the eye, and passing into a narrower stripe edged
with Avhite on the caudal fin ; the middle of the sides is spotted -with
black ; two bluish longitudinal streaks on the back ; fins yellow, the
dorsal and anal with a broad brown margin. {Bl.)

Seas of AmbojTia and Celebes.

2. Petroscirtes rhinorhjrnchns.

Sleeker, Amhoina df Ceram, p. 273.

D. 44. A. 32.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half to five times andtv\'o-thirds.
Snout conical, projecting beyond the cleft of the mouth ; tentacles
none. The width of the interorbital space equals the diameter of
the eye. No canines in the upper jaw. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
beginning on the occiput and termmating at the root of the caudal.
Brownish, -with two bluish longitudinal bands ; fins yellow, the dorsal
and anal edged ■with brown. {Bl.)

Coasts of Celebes, Amboyna, Ceram, and Goram.

3. Petroscirtes amblyrhjmchus.

Sleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., AmhoitKi, p. 64.
D. 43. A. 31.
The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length, the

5. PETKOSCIRTES. 231

length of the head one-tifth. Suout obtuse, rounded, scarcely pro-
jecting beyond the cleft of the mouth ; tentacles none. The width
of the interorbital space equals the diameter of the eye. A small
straight canine tooth in the upper jaw. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
and commences on the occiput. Violet, with two bluish longitudinal
bands on each side ; fins yeUow, the dorsal with seven, the anal with
five brownish blotches ; caudal with a large blacldsh spot at the
base. {Bl.)

Sea of Amboyna.

4. Petroscirtes taeniatus.

Aspidontus tasniatus, Quoy Sf- Gaim. Voy. Astrol. Poiss. p. 719. pi. 19.

fig. 4.
Petroscirtes paradiseus, Bleeker, Amhoina, v. p. 495.

B. 6. D. 39. A. 26.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. Snout produced; tentacle none; the width
of the interorbital space is more than the diameter of the eye. The
dorsal fin is not elevated, beginning before the gill-opening and
terminating at the root of the caudal. A black longitudinal band
from the snout through the eye to the caudal, becoming broader
posteriorly, and occuj^ying the middle of the caudal fin.

Coasts of Amboyna, Goram, New Guinea, and Guam.

5. Petroscirtes filamentosus.

Blennechis filamentosus, Cur. Sf Vol. xi. p. 280. pi. 326.
Petroskii-tes rostratus, {Solamhr) Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii.,
Amhoina, p. 62.

D. 36-37. A. 26-28. V. 3.

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length, the
length of the head one-fourth. The snout Ls somewhat elongate,
longer than the eye, and has the upper profile nearly hoiizontal.
The anterior rays of the dorsal fin are elongate and filamentous ; the
dorsal does not extend on to the caudal. A blackish longitudinal band
from the snout through the eye along the side of the body ; vertical
fins blacldsh, the caudal with the upper and lower margins, the anal
with the lower one whitish.
. Coasts of New Guinea and Amboj-na.

6. Petroscirtes punctatus.

Blennechis pimctatus, Ciiv. Sj- Veil. xi. p. 286.

D.^. A. 23.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half. Snout sliort ; the
iijiper canine tooth one-half the size of the lower. The dorsal fin
extends on to the root of the caudal. Greyish, with three longitu-
(Unal series of small blackish spots, the ujjper along the base of the

232 BLENNIID^.

dorsal, the lower along the middle of the body. (During life white,
Avith the spots of a green colour.) ( Val.)
Bombay. Coast of Australia.

? a. From the Haslar Collection.

b, c. Half-grown. Australia. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

7. Petroscirtes dispar.

A collection of fishes made by ^Ir. Swinhoe in the Chinese island
of Amoy, and procured for the liritish Museum, contains, besides
other interesting species, two specimens of a Petroscirtes, one of which
is nearly tA\ace the size of the other. Although the smaller one is a
little more compressed and elevated, and furnisJied iviih an occipital
crest (the only instance known, at present, in this genus), I con-
sider both as belonging to the same species ; they have the same
coloration, and nearly the same form and number of the fin-rays.
The examination of the sexual organs Avas not accompanied by a
decisive result : a single elongate empty sac, which I took for the
ovarium, was found in the larger specimen, whilst I could not detect
any sexual organs whatever in the smaller one. Thus it is merely
from analogy with Sctl arias that I describe them as sexual forms of
one and the same species.

Description of the larger (female) specimen : —
D. 35. A. 25. V. 2.

The height of the body is contained six times and a fourth in the
total length, the length of the head seven times. Snout short, some-
what longer than the diameter of the eye, truncated anteriorly. The
canine teeth of the lower jaw are very large, three times the size of
those of the upper. No tentacle or crest; interorbital space very
narrow. The dorsal fin commences above the root of the pectoral,
and the membrane by which the last ray is fixed to the back of the
tail extends on to the root of the caudal : the first twelve rays are
about half the height of the body, and not separated by a notch from
the following rays ; but the thirteenth ray is conspicuously longer
than the twelfth, and the middle of the fin is rather higher than the
body underneath. Caudal rounded. The anal fin is nearly equal in
height to the anterior portion of the dorsal. The inner ventral ray
is the longest, rather more than two-thirds the length of the head.
Brownish-grey (in spirits) : base of the dorsal and caudal fins yellow ;
the outer half of the dorsal and caudal and the entii'e anal grey.
Cheek with an indistinct ovate brownish spot.

lines.

Total length , 50

Height of the body 8

Length of the head 7

of the ventral fin 4

The smaller (male ?) specimen differs from the other in the follow-
ing poiuts :—

5. PETEOSCIUTES. 233

The height of the bod}^ is contuincd five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times. Snout veiy short,
equal in length to the diameter of the eye. A high crescent-shaped
crest occupies the head from between the orbits to the origin of
the dorsal. The dorsal fin commences above the gill-opening, and
gradually increases in height from its oi'igin to the fifth ray before
the last ; the height of the twelve anterior spines is rather more than
one-half the depth of the body. The ventral fin is nearly equal in
length to the head. The spinoiis portion of the dorsal fin with two
brown longitudinal lines, the soft with many oblique ones, ascending
backwards. Cheek wdth a very distinct ovate spot, extending on the
nape of the neck ; an indistinct dark vertical band through the eye,
and another before the gill-opening.

lines.

Total length 33

Height of the body 6

Length of the head 5|

of the ventral fin 5

a, b. Amoy (China).

8. Petroscirtes kallosoma.
Sleeker, Biliton, iv. p. 227.

D. 32. A. 23.

The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length
(without caudal filaments), the length of the head six times and
a half. Snout obtuse, convex ; tentacles none ; the width of the
interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye ; the canine
tooth of the lower jaw is much longer than that of the upper. The
dorsal fin is not elevated, and begins somewhat before the vertical
from the gill-opening ; the outer rays of the caudal produced into
filaments. Body with alternate ciu'ved violet and white cross-streaks,
the convexity pointing forwards ; the posterior portion of the dorsal
with brown longitudinal stripes and an oblong blackish-brown spot ;
anal brownish, edged with yellow, and with seven or eight oblique
blue stripes ; caudal rose-coloured. {Bl.)

Sea of Biliton.

9. Petroscirtes elongatus.

Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 249.

D. 32. A. 24. V. 2.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length (without caudal), the length of the head five times and
one-thii'd. Snout with a very convex profile, scarcely as long as the
diameter of the eye. The width of the interorbital space is one-
third the diameter of the eye. The canine teeth of the lower jaw
twice the size of those of the upper. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
omarginate, and begins somewhat before the vertical from the root
of the pectoral. Caudal emarginate. Greenish : a white-edged

234 BLENNIIDJi.

ocellated sjiot on the opcrciilum ; dorsal and anal fins brown, with
white stripes, longitudinal on the former and oblique on the latter.
Male with an ocellated spot between the twenty-third and twenty-
fifth dorsal rays.
Mozambique.

a. Adult.

b. Adult. Presented by J. B. Jukes, Esq.

10. Petroscirtes variabilis.

Petroscirtes variabilis, Cantor, Catal. Malay. Fishes, p. 200.
cynodon, Peters in Wiegm. Arch, 1855, p. 246.

B. 6. D. 28-31. A. 17-21. Vert. 12/23.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. The snout is somewhat produced, truncated
in front. The canine teeth of the lower jaw very large, those of the
upper smaU. Orbital tentacle none. The width of the interorbital
space is more than the diameter of the eye, which is contained four
times in the length of the head. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
commences on a line with the posterior margin of the praeoperculum,
and terminates at a short distance from the root of the caudal. The
two inner rays of the ventral fin equal in length. Caudal fin some-
times with some of the upper and lower rays prolonged. From the
orbit to the caudal a longitudinal blackish band ; dorsal and anal
spotted and dotted with black ; caudal fin sometimes with a black
central spot ; dorsal fin dark along the base.

Coast of Mozambique. 8ea of Pinang. Port Jackson.

a, b. Adult : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Types

of the species.
c-d. Adult males. Mozambique. From Prof. Peters's Collection, as

P. cynodon.
e. Half-grown. Port Jackson. Purchased of Mr. Cuming. — This

specimen differs from the others in not having the base of the

dorsal fin dark-coloured, whilst the upper portion is blackish,

dotted 'iA'ith white.

Aii'-bladder present.

11. Petroscirtes breviceps.

Blennechis breviceps, Ciw. ^- Val. xi. p. 283.
D. 30. A. 19.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head four times and a quarter.
Head broad, with the snout longer than the diameter of the eye.
The dorsal fin is not elevated, begins above the gill-opening, and
extends on to the caudal. A blackish band along the head and body ;
dorsal dotted with black ; caudal yellowish.

Bay of Bengal.

•'). PETROSCIRTES. 235

12. Petroscirtes ancylodon.

RiippeU, N. W. Fische, p. 1. taf. 1. fig. 1.

D. 29. A.W.

iJ}^ ^1^'^* i ^^^ ^f^' ^' ^«^tained fom- times and a half in the

orM "Ihe- d ^^T'/' •'"°'""\^ ^"^^'^^ ' '-^ ^-^-^11 tentacle Sfove the
01 bit. The dorsal fin is not elevated, commeaces before the o-il]
opemng and does not extend on to the caudal. A veiflaU caniu;

J^ack with six m-egidar bro^vTi cross-bars; the lower part of the
s^des with severa series of whitish spots; the margin of the doi^al
withjwo longitudinal series of white Its ; caudal whit^l^^tl

Massaua (Red Sea).

13. Petroscirtes polyodon.

Blennechis polyodon, £leek. Blenn. m Gob. p. 254.
B. 6. D. 30. A. 20. V. 8.

The height of the body is contained five times and three-omrto,-.

Sthoffw- r A*)''^' '"'"^''^^^ t^^t-'^^l*^ «^o^^ the orbit; the
doS 1 "^tero^t.itaj space equals the diameter of the eye. The
doisal fin IS not elevated, begins before the giH-opening ancl extendi
on to the base of the caudal. A white band fi-om the s^t beW

me vertical fans b owmsh, dotted with rose-coloured and brown (Bl \
Seas of Java, Celebes, and Amboyna. ^ ''

14. Petroscirtes cyprinoides.

Blennechis cyprinoides. Cm: ^- Val. xi. p. 286.
D. 30. A. 19-20.

tnf^f ^1f !l,°^*^' ^'^y ^' contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a nuar?;, w i
broad, mth the snout obtuse. The dorsnl fin Z\.J\l\ ^'"'^'^
mences on a line with the posterior m°i-o|n of tbo ,1 ""^f' '''^-
terminates somewhat before thTLudr A ii T4T1™' ^^^

East Indies.

«. Between Bombay and Singapore
h, c. From the Haslar Collection.

15. Petroscirtes solorensis.

Bleeker, Solor, p. 81.

B. 6. D. 30. A. 20.
The height of the body is contained five times and a half to six

236 BLENNIID^.

times in the total length, the length of the head five times. Orbital
tentacle none ; the width of the interorhital space is less than the
diameter of the eye. The canine teeth of the upper jaw are much
smaller than those of the lower. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
begins somewhat before the vertical from the gill-opening, and ter-
minates at the root of the caudal. Body brownish-A^iolet, belly
yellow ; two bluish longitudinal bands, the upper of which is inter-
rupted ; fins yelloM% the vertical ones spotted with brown. (Bl.)
Sea of Lawajong (Solor).

Blecker supposes that this species is allied to Blennechis gram-
mistes, Cuv. & Val. ; but it appears to me to be nearer to P. hreviceps
and P. cyprinoides, whilst P. cmema, Blcek., exhibits a remarkable
similarity to P. grammistes, a species established from a dried spe-
cimen.

16. Petroscirtes anema.

Bleeh. Ainboina Sf Ceram, p. 273.

D. 30. A. 16-18.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half. Snout obtuse ; no ten-
tacle above the orbit ; the width of the interorbital space is less than
the diameter of the eye. The upper canine teeth are much smaller
than the lower. On each side three black longitudinal bands, the
middle of which passes through the eye ; head punctulated with
blue ; fins yellow : the dorsal with a black band along the base, and
with a blackish spot between the third and tenth rays ; siiperiorly
with oblique blue stripes ; anal with a black band near the margin.

Seas of Amboyna, Banda, Batjan, and Booroo. China.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. — Anal with sixteen rays.
6. Half-grown. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.
— Anal with eighteen rays.

17. Petroscirtes grammistes.

Blennechis grammistes, Cuv. ^~ Val. xi. p. 285.
D. 30.

Snout short, with the lower jaw longest ; eye large. The length
of the head is about one-fourth of the total. On each side three
black longitudinal bands, the midcUc of which passes through the eye ;
dorsal fin A\'ith a black band between a pair of white ones ; caudal
and anal fins white, the former dotted mth black. {Val.)

Sea of Java.

18. Petroscirtes temminckii.
Bleek. Banda, i. p. 243.

D. 31. A. 15.

The height of the body is contained five or six times in the total
length, the length of the head five times and a half. Snout obtuse,

5. PETROSCIRTTIS. 237

not truncated. The lower canines much longer than the upper. The
dorsal tin is not elevated, begins before the vertical from the gill-
opening, and terminates at the root of the caudal. Above black,
beneath white ; two jeUow bands from the head to the caudal ; the
posterior part of the beUy and of the tail dotted with black ; anal
whitish, with black dots between the rays ; caudal yellowish, with
black dots on the rays. (Bl.)

Seas of Banda, Goram, Celebes, Ternate, and AmbojTia.

19. Petroscirtes bankanensis.

Petroscirtes bankanensis, Bleek. Banka, ii. p. 727.
amboinenis, Bleek. Amboina, iii. p. 114.

D. 28. A. 19.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times and a third. The
upper profile of the snoiit convex ; a single small tentacle behind the
orbit on the temple ; the width of the interorbital space is more than
the diameter of the eye. The canine teeth of the upper jaw are
much smaller than those of the lower. The dorsal fin is not elevated,
begins somewhat before the vertical from the gill-opening, and ter-
minates at the root of the caudal. Body spotted with brown and
dotted with blue ; caudal yeUow. {Bl.)

Coasts of Banka, Amboyna, and Nias.

20. Petroscirtes heyligeri.

Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1858, xvi. p. 340.
D. 27. A. 18. V. 3.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and one-third to four times and
three-quarters. The snout is obtuse ; the width of the interorbital
space is one-half the diameter of the eye. Tentacles none. The upper
jaw with a small canine tooth, the lower with one of moderate size.
The dorsal fin is not elevated, commences above the gill-opening, and
tenninates at the base of the caudal. YeUo-ndsh, with about four-
teen black vertical bands, extending on the dorsal and anal fins. {Bl.)

River Mussi (Palembang).

21. Petroscirtes mitratus.

Petroscirtes mitratus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 111. taf. 28. fig.l; ? Bleeker,

Banda, i. p. 244.
Blennechis mitratus, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 293.
? Petroscii-tes hj'pselopterus, Bleek. Amboina, vi. p. 423.

D. 25-26. A. 16-17.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times. The length of the
snout and the width of the interorbital space equal the diameter of

238 BLENNIIDJE.

the eye (in a spoeimcn not full-grown). The anterior part of the
dorsal fin elevated ; caudal eniarginate. A fringed tentacle above
the orbit ; small skinny flaps on the side of the head. Yellowish,
marbled with brown ; sometimes two or three ocellated spots with
yellow centre along the back.

Red Sea. [Seas of Banda Neira and Amboyna.J

a. Eed Sea.

22. Petroscirtes barbatus.

Peters in Wier/m, Archil-, I800, p. 248.

B. 6. D. 26. A. 18.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained thi-ee times and two-thirds in the length of the body (without
caudal). The length of the snout equals the diameter of the eye,
and is twice the width of the interorbital space. A branched ten-
tacle above the orbit, and a pair of simple ones at the chin. The
anterior portion of the dorsal elevated ; caudal pointed. Greenish,
with ferruginous spots ; the vertical fins banded and spotted with
brown. (Pet.)

Mozambique.

The " Blennechis a dorsale elevee " of Lienard (Dixieme Rajiport
de la Societe Hist. Nat. Maiu-. p. 35) belongs either to this or to the
preceding species.

23. Petroscirtes thepassii.
Pkek. Ternate, p. 136.

B. 7. D. 28(^). A. 17.

The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length,
the length of the head foiu: times and a half. Snout rather acute ;
a small tentacle above the orbit. The three anterior dorsal raj's are
separated from the others by a notch. Body and vertical fins
marbled with bro^vnish. {Bl.)

Sea of Ternate.

The " Blennechis marbre " (Lienard, Dix. Rapp. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Maur. p. 36) shows the same peculiarity in the stiiicture of the
dorsal fin, has the same number of rays, and appears to be closely
allied to the above species.

24. Petroscirtes anolis.

Blennechis anolius, Cuv. §• Val. xi. p. 288.
D. 29. A. 22.

Head elevated into a high crest ; snout somewhat elongate. Five
or six of the middle dorsal rays very elongate, fihform. Greenish,
vnih. darker vertical lines ; head with some silvery streaks ; cheek
and base of the pectoral with a black spot ; fins yellowish ; dorsal
blackish anteriorly, with numerous fine oblique brown stripes. ( Val.)

Port Jackson.

6. SALAEIAS. 239

25. Petroscirtes biocellatus.

Blennecliis biocellatus, Cin: ^- V(d. xi. p. 289 ; Gay, Hist. Chile, ZooL
ii. p. 263. lam. 6. fig. 3.

D.ii. A. 19.

14

Body elevated anteriorly, its height before the dorsal being one-
fifth of the total length, and behind it one-thirteenth. Snout with
the anterior profile snbvertical. Canine teeth none. The inter-
orbital space is slightly gi-ooved, and its width one-third of the dia-
meter of the eye. A small forked tentacle above the orbit. The
doi-sal fin is not elevated, scarcely notched, begius on the occiput, and
does not extend on to the caudal. Lateral line rudimentary. During
life yellowish, marbled with black ; a black, yellow-edged spot below
the last rays of the dorsal, a similar but smaller one on the fii'st three
rays; throat with three brown bands. (Val.)

Coast of Chile.

26. Petroscirtes fasciatus.

Blennechis fasciatus, Jem/ns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 84. pi. 17. fig. 1 ;
Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool ii. p. 265.

D. 13 I 16-18. A, 20-21. V. 2.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. Snout mth the anterior profUe subvertical.
Canine teeth none. The interorbital space is voiy slightly concave,
and its width one-half the diameter of the eye. Above each eye is a
short, slightly palmated filament, not exceeding in length the dia-
meter of the eye. The dorsal fin is not elevated, distinctly notched,
commences at the nape and extends nearly to the caudal, with which,
however, it is not connected. Yellowish, clouded with fuscous :
three spots darker than the rest, arranged longitudiaally beneath the
posterior half of the dorsal, and having a subocellated appearance ;
the last the largest, and also the most distinct of the three. From
the median line there are eight or nine descending fascia;, alternating
with the same number of oblong lanceolate spots. A large black
spot on the first three rays of the dorsal fin, which is dotted with
brown. Throat with three angulated transverse dark fasciae.

Concepcion (Chile).

Blennechis ornatiis, Jenyns, ?. c. p. 85. pi. 17. fig. 2, cop. by Gay, I. c.
p. 266, from Coquimbo (ChUe), is probably identical with this species.

6. SALARIAS*.

Salarias, Cttv. Regne Anim. ; Ctiv. ^ Val. xi. p. 301.

Body moderately elongate, naked ; snout short, with the cleft of
the mouth transverse ; a series of numerous small teeth in the jaws,

* 1. Salarias vermiculatoides, Bleek. Act. Sac. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii.. Siimatra,
p. 40. — Sumatra and Java.

2. raaltenii, Bleck. Bknn. en Gob. p. 257. fig. 16. — Java.

3. kuhlii, Blcek. Blenn. en Goli. p. 258. fig. 17. — Java. 4.

240 BI.ENNIID.E.

implanted in the gnm and moveable ; generally a curved canine
tooth on each side of the lower jaw, behind the series of small teeth.
Palate smooth (in S. vomerinus teeth on the vomer). Dorsal fin
continuous, sometimes di\aded into two portions by a more or less
deep notch, without a detached anteiior part ; ventrals jugular,
formed by a small hidden spine and two or three (four) rays. Ten-
tacle above the orbit more or less developed. Gill-opening ■ndde ;
pseudobranchise ; branchiostegals six. Air-bladder and pyloric ap-
pendages absent.

Tropical seas of both hemispheres, extending northwards to Ma-
deira, southwards to Tasmania and Chile.

I arrange the numerous species of this genus in two groups — -the
one having the dorsal fin without, the other -nith a distinct notch,
by which the fin is divided into two more or less equal portions ;
and each of these groups ma j' be subdivided into species ha\ing a crest
on the head, and into others in which it is absent. We must bear in
mind, however, that the crest has been proved, in several species, to
be a peculiarity of the male sex ; and therefore it maj^ be presumed
that, perhaps, several of the species referred, at present, to those
wdthout a crest may prove to be known from female specimens only,
and to belong in reality to the crested ones.

Synoijsis of the Species.

I. Species with the dorsal fin not notched.

a. With a crest on the head, p. 241.

1. S. flavo-umbrinus. 2. S. oryx. 4. S. tridactylus

3. S. sexfilum. (tetradactylus).

b. Without a crest on the head, p. 242.

5. S. atlanticus. 9. S. fasciatus. 13. S. ccramensis.

6. S. nitidus. 10. S. fuscus. 14. S. frenatus.

7. S. amboinensis. 11. S. nigro-vittatits. 15. S. sebfe.

8. S. rivulatus. 12. S. cyclops. 16. S. castaneus.

4. Salarias biseriatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 316. — -East Indies.
."j. niger, (Ehrenb.), Cuv. ^- Fal. xi. p. 327. — Eed Sea.

6. ruficaudus, (Ehrenb.) Cuv. tf Val. xi. p. 328. — Red Sea.

7. guttatus, Bleck. Sangi, p. 379 ; (not Cuv. cf Val.). — Salarias decus-

satus, Bleek. Biliton, iv. p. 230. — East Indian Archipelago.

8. kingii, Cuv. 4~ Val. xi. p. 334. — New Holland.

9. heteropterus, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Ncderl. ii., Amboina, p. 05. —

Amboyna.

10. Bleunius cavernosus, Bl. Schn. p, 168. tab. 37. fig. 2. — Salarias cavernosus,

Cuv. cf- Val. xi. p. 351.

11. Salarias oKvaceus, Blyth in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1859, p. 271. — Aida-

man Islands.

12. epalzeorhynchus, Bleek. Naiuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. hid. xix. p. 344.

— Java.

13. schultzei, Bleek. I.e. -^.Z^b. — Java. — Volume xix. of the journal

quoted not having reached this country, I kuow of the last two species
only from Dr. Bleeker's " Enumei-atio specierum."

G. SALARIAS. 241

II. Species with the dorsal fin distinctly notched.

a. Without a crest on the head, p. 247.

17. S. variolosus. 25. S. celebicus. 3.3. S. hendriksii.

18. S. viridis. 26. S. guttatus. 34. S. edentulus.

19. S. cuvieri. 27. S. inteiTuptus. 35. S. goesii.

20. S. textilis. 28. S. chrysospilos. 36. S. sequipinnis.

21. S. marmoratus. 29. S. gibbifrous. 37. S. diproctopterus.

22. S. arenatus. 30. S. periof)hthalmus. 38. S. nigricans.

23. S. vermicidatus. 31. S. dussiiniieri. 39. S. vomerinus.

24. S. rubro-punctatus. 32. S. sumatr-anus.

b. With a crest on the head, p. 254.

40. S. lineatus. 44. S. meleagris. 48. S. cj'anostigina.

41. S. quadricornis. 45. S. belliis. 49. S. hasseltii.

42. S. melanocephalus. 46. S. oortii. 50. S. unicolor.

43. S. fronto. 47. S. bilitonensis.

I. Species with the dorsal fin not notched.

a. With a crest on the head.

1. Salarias flavo-umbrinns.

Salarias fiavo-umbrinus, Elipp. Atl. Fische, p. 113, and N. W. Fische,

p. 135. taf. 32. fig. 1.
dama, (mrenb.) Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 336.

D. 29. A. 18-19. V. 2.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length. A crest on the head ; a fringed tentacle above the
orbit and at the nostril. The dorsal fin is not notched, but the an-
terior half is considerably lower than the posterior ; it is slightly con-
tinuous A\dth the base of the caudal fin. Canine teeth none. Brown,
iiTegularly spotted with yellow.

Red Sea.

a. Adult. Red Sea.

2. Salarias orjrx.

Salarias oryx, {Ehrenh.) Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 385.
D.|. A. 20. V. 3.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
sixth of the total. A crest on the head ; the orbital tentacle is
simple and well developed ; a very short one on each side of the
neck and at the nostril. Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is
scarcely emarginate, low, and slightly continuous with the caudal.
Olive : back with darker bands or spots ; dorsal with numerous ob-
lique brown streaks.

Red Sea.

a. Adult. Red Sea. Presented by Major Macdonald.

3. Salarias sexfilmn.
D. 30. A. 2 + 17. V. 2.
The height of the body is contained five times and two-thirds in

242 BLENNIID^.

the total length, the length of the head six times and two-thirds.
A crest on the head ; a filiform tentacle at the nostril, above the orbit,
and on each side of the neck, that above the eye being the longest.
Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin becomes gradually somewhat
higher from the commencement to the posterior third of the soft
portion, where it is as high as the body beneath ; it is slightly con-
tinuous with the caudal. The pectoral extends nearly to the vent.
Colours ?
Hab. ?

a. Discoloured. From the Haslar Collection.

lines.

Total length 37

Height of the body 6g

Length of the head 5|

4. Salarias tridactylus.

Blemiius tridactylus, Bl. Schn. p. 176.

amphibius, Walbamn, Artedi, iii. p. 187.

saliens, Lacep. ii. pp. 458, 479.

Salarias alticus. Cm: 8f Val. xi. p. 337.

Blennius gobioides, Forst. Descript. Anim. cur. Lichterist, p. 283,

^■'i^o- A. 26-27. V.1/3.

The height of the body is one-ninth or one-tenth of the total
length, the length of the head one-sixth. A crest on the head in
the male ; a very small simple tentacle above the orbit. The dorsal
fin is slightly emarginate, higher than the body in specimens with a
crest on the head, one-half lower in those without a crest ; it does not
extend on to the caudal ; the upper part of the rays free. Canine
teeth small. Bluish, irregularly dotted and spotted with whitish ;
vertical fins blackish ; dorsal with pale oblique streaks.

East Indian Ai'chipelago.

Salarias tetradactylus (Bleek. Biliton, iv. p. 228) appears to be
closely allied to the above species.

b. No crest on the head.

5. Salarias atlanticus.

Punaru, Marcgr. p. 165.

Salarias atlanticus, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 321 ; Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes,
p. 86 ; Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 185 & iii. p. 9.

D. 33-34, A. 24. Vert. 12/22.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times. Anterior jirofile ob-
lique ; the lower canine teeth are exceedingly large, and can be
received in a cavity of the palate. Supraorbital tentacle well deve-
loped, slender ; five or six short tentacles at each nostril, those on
the neck very short ; crest none. The dorsal fin is not notched ; it

a. SALARIAS. 24'i

begins above the middle of the operculum and terminates at the root
of the caudal. Uniform brown, or with dark vertical bands. A more
or less broad margin of the dorsal, and the upper and lower margins
of the caudal whitish ; sometimes a round black spot behind the eye.
Sea of Madeira. Caribbean Sea. West coast of Central America.

a, b, c. Fine specimens. Madcii-a.

d-e. Half-gro-ftTi. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

/, g-i. Adult and half- grown. Island of Cordova. Presented by
G. U. Skinner, Esq.

I: Yoimg. West coast of Central America. Collected by Captain Dom".
Presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc. — This specimen
differs scJmewhat from the others in the number of the fin-rays :
D. ^, A. 2 + 22 ; it has, moreover, the caudal truncated. Other-
mse it is perfectly identical mth the Atlantic specimens : it has
the whitish margins of the caudal, the black spot behind the
eye, &c.

I. Adiilt : skeleton. Madeira. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

The infestinal tract is more than three times as long as the entire bodj'.
The structure of the skeleton is very similar to that of the Blennies ;
the jaw-bones, however, ai'e still shorter, and the intermaxillary and
manchbulary are deeply concave anteriorly. There are twelve abdo-
minal and twenty-two caudal vertebroe, the former portion being only
half as long as the caudal.

6. Salarias nitidus.
D. 33. A. 2-1-22. V. 2.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is six
times and a half in the total. The forehead projects slightly beyond
the snout. A canine tooth in the lower jaw, none in the upper. A
slender simple tentacle above each orbit, a small one at the nostril,
none on the neck. The dorsal fin is not notched, commences above
the operculum and terminates immediately before the caudal ; it is
lower than the body, but somewhat higher than the anal. Yellow-
ish (in spirits), with eight brown cross-bands ; head and body with
pearl-coloured, purple-edged dots, those of the head in small number
and round, those of the body numerous and oblong. Dorsal fin with
brown spots, continued from the bands of the body to the basal half
of the fin ; the marginal half with two series of white dots. Caudal
with four transverse series of white dots. Anal transparent, im-
maculate, or ■with a series of white dots along its base.

Chinese Sea.
a-c, China. Presented by Captain Sii' E. Belcher, C.B.
d. From the Haslar Collection.

lines.

Total length 23

Length of the head 3?

Height of the body '<il

tt2

244 BLENNIID.E.

7. Salarias amboinensis.

Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Amhoina, p. G7.
D.||. A. 20. V. 2.

The height of the body is contained seven times and two-fifths in
the total length, the length of the head six times and two-thirds.
No crest on the head or tentacles on the neck ; a short fringed ten-
tacle above the orbit, and a simple one at the nostril. Canine teeth
none. The dorsal fin is slightly emarginate, and does not extend on
to the caudal ; the posterior portion is higlier than the anterior and
than the anal fin, but much lower than the body. Violet, marbled
with brownish and greenish ; fins yellow : the anterior part of the
dorsal marbled with violet, and with a blue spot between the first
and second spines ; the posterior part with three violet spots at the
base ; each anal ray with a brown spot. {Bl.)

Sea of Amhoyna.

8. Salarias rivulatus.
Hiijij}. Atl. Fische, p. 114.

D. 34. A. 20.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half. Anterior profile nearly
vertical ; canine' teeth none. A simple and long tentacle above the
orbit and a small one at the nostiil ; none on the neck. The dorsal
fin is slightly emarginate, commences in the vertical from the giU-
opening, and is continuous with the caudal ; the anterior portion is
lower than the posterior, but higher than the anal fin. Light brown,
with irregular oblong yello'wish spots, edged with darker ; fins
brownish, margin of the dorsal lineolated with darker.

Red Sea.

9. Salarias fasciatus.

Blennius gattorugine, Forsk. Descr. Anim. p. 2.3.

fasciatus, Bl. ii. p. 111. taf. 1G2. fig. 1; Bl. Schn. p. 168.

Salarias quadripinnis, Biipp. Atl. Fische, p. 112. taf. 28. fig. 2 ; Ciw.

tV T rt/. xi. p. 318 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en

Goh. p. 19.

fasciatus, Cm. H: Val. xi. p. 324.

priamensis, Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 268.

D.f^- A. 19-21.
The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head six times and a half. Anterior profile nearly
vertical ; canine teeth none. A pair of fringed tentacles above the
orbits, another on the nape of the neck ; crest none. The dorsal fin
is not notched, begins in the vertical from the extremity of the oper-
culum, and is continuous with the caudal fin. The anterior anal
rays are sometimes semidetached and elongate. Brown, irregularly
variegated, spotted and dotted with yellow and blue ; immature spe-
cimens with eight brown vertical bands. Throat and chest with

6. SALARIAS. 245

three yellowish cross-bands ; several whitish spots before the root of
the pectoral.

Red Sea. East Indian Ocean and Archipelago. Polynesia.

I have not the slightest doubt that the Blennius fasciatus of Bloch is
identical with this species. Specimen b, from the Philippine Islands,
which is shghtly discoloured, agrees even somewhat in coloration with
the figure given by Bloch, viz. in the spots before the pectoral, the
streaks along the sides of the back, the bro-mi cross-bands, &c.

a. Adult. Borneo. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Adult. Philippine Islands.

c. Half-growTi. New Holland.

d. Adult. Victoria Bank. Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty.
e-f. Adult. Feejee Islands. Presented by the Lords of the Ad-
miralty.

(f-k. Half-grown. Tonga Islands. From the Haslar Collection.
? l-m. Adult : skins. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection.
n-o,p. Adult.

Variety : Back with several series of small round dots, each with
a light centre and a blue edge ; the lower part of the sides and the
belly with large whitish spots.

q. Adult. Red Sea.

The peritoneum is black. The intestines make several circumvo-
lutions, and are more than three times as long as the fish.

10. Salarias fuscus.

Salarias fuscus, Riq)peU, N. W. Fische, p. 135. taf. 32. fig. 2.
PSalarias frontalis, (Ehrenb.) Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 328.
Salarias phaiosoma, Bleek. Butoe, p. 317.

D. 30. A. (2+) 18.

The height of tlie body is contained three times and three-fifths
or four times in the total length ; the forehead projects beyond the
mouth. Canine teeth none. A veiy small tentacle above the orbit.
The dorsal is not notched, and slightly continuous with the caudal
fin ; the first two anal spines small, the three next sometimes free
nearly from the base. Brown : pectoral and caudal fins yeUow ; a
black spot at the base of the former.

Massaua (Red Sea). East Indian Archipelago.

a. Half-grown. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

11. Salarias nigro-vittatus.
Riippell, N. W. Fische, p. 136.

D. 30*. A. 19.
The forehead is prominent beyond the mouth. Canine teeth or

* Eiippell slates twenty ; but this is a misprint, as I hare convinced myself by
examination of the typical specimen.

246 TJLKNNIID.Ti:.

tentacles none. The dorsal fin is not notched, even. Brown, with
a black lonj^itudinal band.
Massaua (Red Sea).

12. Salarias cyclops.
RUppell, At.!. Fische, p. 113. taf. 28. fig. 3, and N. TV. Fische, p. 134 ;
Cm: S,- Val xi. p. 326.

D. 29. A. (2 + ) 20.
The height of the body is one-fiftli of the total length. A short
fringed tentacle above the orbit, another simple and small one at the
nostril. Canine teeth in both the jaws. The dorsal fin is scarcely
notched, and extends on to the caudal. Brownish-yellow : prteopcr-
culum dotted with black ; a brown ocellated spot on the anterior
part of the dorsal.
Eed Sea.

13. Salarias ceramensis.

Bleeker, Ccram, ii. p. 701.

D. 29-30. A. 18-19.

The height of the body is contained four times or four times and
a half in the total length, the length of the head five times or five
times and two-thirds. Anterior profile of the head vertical. A short
tentacle above the orbit, another broad, short and fringed one on each
side of the occiput. Canine teeth none. Dorsal fin not emarginate.
Brown : body and fins with black and blue dots.

Coasts of Celebes, Booroo, and Coram.
a. Fine specimen. Coram. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Half-grown. ? Borneo. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

14. Salarias frenatus.

Cui: if Val. xi. p. 342.

D. ^. A. IS. V. 1/3.

14

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth. Crest on the head none ; a small fringed
tentacle above the posterior part of the orbit. The margin of the
dorsal fin is even, and the fin is lower anteriorly than posteriorly.
The anal fin is as high as the dorsal, and has the last ray free. Greyish:
four white lines, edged with bluish, proceed from the throat upwards
to the eye ; one or two similar lines between the eyes ; dorsal with
oblifpie alternate bluish and blackish stripes ; similar transverse stripes
on the caudal fin ; anal bluish, the tips of the rays blackish. ( Val.)

Coast of Malabar.

15. Salarias sebss.

?? Seba, iii. 30. 5.

? Salarias sebse, Cuv. 8/- Val. xi. p. 323.

Salarias sebfe, Bleek. Ternate, vii. p. 373.

D.li. A. (2 + ) 15-16.

The height of the body is contained four times and one-third in

, 6. SALAEIAS, 247

the total length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds
to four times and three-quarters. Nape of the neck with about
fifteen short, simple tentacles on each side ; a short fringed tentacle
above the orbit and at the nostril. A canine tooth in the lower jaw.
The dorsal fin is more or less emarginate, and extends on to the caudal;
the first ray is the longest, and sometimes much produced ; the anal
fin is much lower than the dorsal, and the anterior rays are the
shortest. Violet, reticulated with blackish ; dorsal and caudal brown,
red superiorly.

Seas of Ternate, Amboyna, and Goram.

a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

b. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

16. Salarias castaneus.

Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 324.

D.i^. A. 14.

The height of the body is contained fom- times and a half in the
total length. A very small tentacle above the orbit. Canine teeth
in the lower jaw. The dorsal fin is slightly emarginate ; the first
dorsal ray detached, but not longer than the others. Uniform brown.
{Val.)

He de France.

B. Dorsal fin distinctly notched.
1. No crest on the head.

17. Salarias variolosus.
Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 317.

D. 12 I 12. A. 14.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length. A series of filaments across the neck; a fringed tentacle
abjve the orbit ; canine teeth small. Dorsal emarginate, extending on
to the caudal. Brown ; head punctulated with whitish. ( Val.)

Sea of Guam.

18, Salarias viridis.

Cuv. 8,- Val. xi. p. 344 ; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 268.
D. 10 I 17. A. 19. V. 1/3.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length
(in the female four times), the length of the head five times. A long-
fringed tentacle above the orbit, four flat and ciliated short append-
ages on the neck. Strong canine teeth in the lower jaw. The dorsal
fin is distinctly notched, half as high as the body and higher than
the anal. Uniform greyish (in spirits), with the fins blackish. (Green
inhfe.) {Vcd.)

A'^alparaiso.

24S

■I!LE^'NIIn.E.

19. Salarias cuvieri.

Salarias variolatiis, Ciiv. <^- Vtd. xi. p. 34G. pi. 330 (not Salarias vario-
losus) ; Gai/, Hist. Cliile, Zool. ii. p. 269.

D. 11 I 18. A. (2+) 20. V. 5I-3.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length,
the length of the head five times, and that of the caudal lin six times
and a third. A long, triangular, fringed tentacle above the orbit ; a
series of numerous ciliated tentacles on the neck. Lower jaw with
very small canines. The dorsal fin is distinctly notched, and the
rays of the anterior portion project beyond the membrane ; the
anal is lower than the dorsal. BrowTi (in spirits), dotted with
white ; fins blackish. The dots arc red during life. Sometimes
uniform brown.

Island of Juan Fernandez.

a, h. Large specimens, nine inches and a half long. Chile. From
Mr. Bridges' Collection.

20. Salarias textilis.

Salarias textilis, {Quoy ^ Gaimanl) Cue. if" Val. xi. p. 307.
D. 12 I 15. A. 16.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length. A strong canine tooth in the lower jaw ; a short ten-
tacle, formed by five filaments, above the orbit ; a smaller one on the
neck and at the nostril. The dorsal is deeply notched : the anterior
portion is not quite one-third of the depth of the body ; the second
is twice as high, and docs not extend on to the caudal. Greenish, with
twelve or fourteen brownish-violet cross-bands arranged in parrs, and
intemipted by thi-ee series of whitish dots ; the third series corre-
sponds to the lateral line. A square spot above the pectoral, darker
than the bands ; dorsal with obHque brown stripes, caudal with
vertical series of black dots.

Island of Ascension.

21. Salarias marmoratus.

Blennius marmoratus, Be)inett, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 35.
Salarias manuoratus, Cm: Sf Val. xi. p. 305.

D. 12 I 15. A. 18.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length. A strong canine tooth in the lower jaw; a tentacle
half as high as the head, and with some filaments at the base, above
the orbit ; a small fringed tentacle on the temple, a third one at the
nostril. The dorsal is deeply notched, and does not extend to the
root of the caudal, the space between the two fins being one-tenth
of the total length. Brownish, mai'bled with darker.

Ceylon. Sandwich Islands.

(). SALARIAi^. 249

22. Salarias arenatus.

? Salarias striatus, ( Quay Sj- Gaim.^ Cuv. ^ Val xi. p. 309.
S.alarias arenatus, Sleeker, Cocos, iii. p. 173.

D. 12 I 15. A. 17.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a quarter. A short divided
tentacle above the orbit and at the nostril, a very small simple one on
each side of the neck. A small canine tooth in the lower jaw. The
dorsal fin is deeply notched, and terminates immediately before the
caudal; the posterior portion of the doi-sal and the anal fin are
nearly equal in height, higher than the fii-st dorsal and lower than
the body. Body yeUowish-rose-coloiired, marbled with purple and
dotted with violet ; a blackish spot above the scapulary region, a
blackish transverse band behind the eye ; fins yellow, the rays of the
dorsal and caudal dotted with brown.

Seas of Sumatra and of the Cocos Islands. (He de France ?)

a. Adult. From the Collection of the College of Surgeons.

23. Salarias vermiculatus.

Cm. 8f Val. xi. p. 301.

B. 6. D. 12 I 15. A. (2+) 18.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. The space between the eyes is slightly grooved,
and its width equals the diameter of the orbit. A strong canine
tooth in the lower jaw ; a tentacle with fringed extremity above the
orbit, another at the nostril. The dorsal is deeply notched ; the
anterior portion commences on the neck, and is one-third the depth
of the body ; the posterior terminates at the root of the caudal.
Greyish : head, body, anal and base of the dorsal vermiculated with
brown. {Vol.)

Seychelles ; Sunda Sea.

24. Salarias rubro-punctatus.

Ciiv
lam

'. ^ Val. xi. p. 348 ; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 271 ; Ictiol. Atl.
im. 2 bis, fig. 1 : Cm: Regxe Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 77. fig. 3.

D. 11 I 17. A. 20.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. The forehead does not project beyond the mouth.
A very small tentacle on the neck, a longer fiinged one above the
orbit. Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and
does not extend on to the caudal. Brown, marbled with black and
dotted with reddish ; a black spot on the anterior part of the dorsal ;
throat •«ath two or three brownish cross-bands.

Island of Juan Fernandez.

«. Fine specimen. Chile. From Mr. Bridges' Collection. — This

250 BLENNIIDiE.

specimen belongs, perhaps, to a species different from that
described by Valenciennes ; it has a dark-brown longitudinal
band on the side, and no cross-bands on the throat ; numbers
of the fin-rays : D. i^. A. 19.

25. Salarias celebicus.
Sleeker, Celebes, v. p. 250.

D. 12 I 17. A. 18-19. V. 2.

The height of the body is contained five times and two-thirds in the
total length, the length of the head five times. Forehead prominent.
A small simple tentacle above the orbit and at the nostril . Canine teeth
none. The dorsal is deeply notched, and not united with the caudal ;
both portions are nearly of equal height, lower than the body, but
higher than the anal fin. Greenish, dotted with brown and blue. (Bl.)

Coasts of Batu, Celebes, Booroo, and Amboyna.

26. Salarias guttatus.
Giv. ^ Val. xi. p. 308.

D. 12 I 17-18. A. 20.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
sixth of the total. A small simple tentacle above the orbit and on
each side of the neck. Canine teeth in the lower jaw. The dorsal
fin is one-half notched, and terminates immediately before the root
of the caudal. Eeddish-grey, above dotted with brown, sides spotted
with white ; root of the pectoral with some white spots ; fins white,
the rays brown-spotted. ( Val.)

Sea of Vanicolo.

27. Salarias interruptus.

Bleeker, Boeroe, ii. p. 68.

D. 12 I 19. A. 21.

The height of the body is contained seven times or seven times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head six times. The
space between the orbits is rather concave ; the forehead does not
project beyond the mouth. A short simple tentacle above the orbit
ancl at the nostril. A canine tooth in the lower jaw. The dorsal fin
is deeply notched : the anterior portion is rather lower than the pos-
terior, and nearly equal in height to the anal fiji ; the posterior is
somewhat lower than the body. Body with short brown longitu-
dinal streaks ; dorsal fin with tkree or four series of brown spots ;
caudal dotted with brown ; anal with a brown margin. {Bl.)

Sea of Kajeli (Buru).

28. Salarias chrysospUos.

.Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nedcrl. ii., Amhoina, p. 66.

D. 12 I 18. A. 19. V. 2.
The height of the body is contained seven times in the total lengtb .

(5. SALARIAS. 251

the length of the head five times and three-fifths. No crest on the
head or tentacles on the neck ; a small slender tentacle above the
orbit and at the nostril. A strong canine tooth in the lower jaw.
The dorsal fin is rather deeply notched, both portions being nearly
equal in height, higher than the anal and lower than the body.
Violet-rose-coloui"ed with golden spots ; fins yellow : the dorsal vnth
an indistinct obhquc brownish stripe between the rays ; anal brown-
edged. (Bl.)

Sea of Amboyna.

29. Salarias gibbifrons.

Quoy Sf Gaim. Votj. Freyc. Poiss. p. 25.3 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 312 (?) ;
Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 256.

D. 12 I 19. A. 21.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times and three-quarters ;
the forehead projects considerably beyond the mouth. A simple
tentacle, shorter than the eye, above the orbit, another at the nostril.
Canine teeth in the lower jaw. The dorsal is deeply notched ; the
posterior portion and the anal are higher than the anterior and than
the body. (Brownish?) (5Z.)

Sea of Sumatra. (Sandwich Islands ?)

30. Salarias periophthalmus.

Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 311. pi. 328 (bad) ; Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 267.
D. 12 1 20. A. 21-22.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head six times and a quarter. The forehead
does not project beyond the mouth. A short simple tentacle above
the orbit ; another, which is fringed, at the nostril. Canine teeth in
the lower jaw. The dorsal fin is notched neai'ly to the base, and
does not extend on to the caudal ; the posterior portion is not quite so
high as the body, but higher than the anterior portion and than the
anal. Rose-coloured, with indistinct violet cross-bands, and with
two series of blue spots along the side ; head dotted with red, and
with a red transverse band behind the eye. The basal half of the
dorsal fins violet, Avith darker oblique streaks, the upper half yellow,
dotted with red ; the basal half of the anal orange-coloured, the
lower black ; caudal red.

Sea of Ticopia. Eastern parts of the East Indian Archipelago.

31. Salarias dussumieri.

Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 310.

D. 12 1 20. A. 22.

The height of the body is one-sixth or one-seventh of the total
length. A short fringed tentacle above the orbit and at the nostril.
Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and extends on

252 BL>:xNiiD^ .

to the caudal. Brownish, indistinctly marbled with reddish-brown ;
the rays of the dorsal and caudal dotted with brown ; anid greyish,
with blackish margin. (In life green, with rose-coloured dots. Val.)

Coast of Malabar. Port Essington.
a. Half-grown : not good state. Port Essington. From the Haslar
Collection.

32. Salarias sumatranus.
Bleeker, Bleim, en Gob. p. 25G.

D. 12 I 20. A. 22.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-sixth. On each side of the occiput and above the
orbit a short simple tentacle ; another, which is bifid, at the nostril.
Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and continuous
with the caudal ; the posterior portion is lower than the body, but
higher than the anterior and than the anal fin. Greyish : the an-
terior dorsal with blackish longitudinal bands, the posterior wdth
numerous oblique yellow stripes, and supei-iorly with longitudinal
series of black dots ; caudal green ; anal Avith two or three series of
brown dots. {Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago.

33. Salarias hendriksii.

Bleeker, BiUton, iv. p. 2.3-3.

D. 13 I 20. A. 21.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times and a quarter. The
space between the eyes is concave ; the forehead does not project
beyond the mouth. A short simple tentacle above the orbit ; another,
which is fringed, at the nostril. A canine tooth m the low^er jaw\
The dorsal fin is moderately emarginate, and does not extend on to
the caudal ; the posterior portion is lower than the body, but higher
than the anterior and than the anal. Violet-rose-coloured : body
with eight double darker cross-bare ; each space between two bars
with a violet spot. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins brown-spotted, the
anal with a brownish band near the margin. {Bl.)

Coast of Western Biliton.

34. Salarias edentnlus.

Blennius edentidus, Bl. Schn. p. 172.

Salarias forsteri, Cm: Sf Val. xi. p. 315; Bleek. Blenn. en Gob. p. 255.

Blennius truncatus, Forst. Descript. Anitn. air. LicMenst. p. 231.

D. 12 I 21. A. 23.
The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the Icnglli of the head six times. A simple and slender
tentacle above the orbit and another at the nostril : the former is as

6. SALAEIAS. 253

long as the diameter of the ej'e. Canine teeth none. The doi-sal fin
is deeply notched, not continuous with the caudal ; the anterior por-
tion is scarcely lower than the posterior, which is higher than the
anal lin. Greyish, with darker cross-bands: fins yellowish, the rays
of the dorsal dotted with brown ; anal -with a brownish margin ; caudal
with two or three brown transverse bands.

Polynesia. Eastern parts of the East Indian Archipelago.

35. Salarias goesii.

Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., New Guinea, p. 19.
D. 14 ! 19. A. 20.

The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length, the
length of the head one-sixth. A short slightly fringed tentacle
above the orbit, another simple one at the nostril. Lower jaw with-
out canine teeth. The dorsal fin is moderately notched, the soft
portion being higher than the spinous ; it is not continuous with
the caudal fin. Yiolet-rose-coloured with darker dots, which are
crowded together on the back, forming cross-bands. Dorsal iiTcgu-
larly spotted with bro'ttTi ; anal and ventrals immacidate ; caudal with
three transverse series of blackish spots; pectoral with some small
black spots on the rays.

Coast of Doreh (New Guinea).

36. Salarias aequipinnis.
D. {|. A. 25. V. 1/2.

The height of the body is nearly one-tenth of the total length, 'the
length of the head one-seventh. Canine teeth none. A very short
tentacle above the postei'ior portion of the orbit, none on the neck.
The dorsal fin commences in the vertical from the base of the pec-
toral, is distinctly emarginate, and terminates before reaching the
caudal. In one of the specimens the second dorsal spine is pro-
duced into a filament as long as the head, the remainder of the fin
being rather lower than the soft portion, which is as high as the body.
Caudal rounded, one-sixth of the total length. The pectoral extends
nearly to the vent ; ventral short, with the outer spine thick, carti-
laginous. Dark olive (in spirits), spotted with darker, the spots
being arranged in about ten vertical bands. Dorsal fins and caudal
rays black. Anal immaculate, -with a black marginal baud, lea%ang
the free tips of the rays white.

Amboyna.

a, h. Amboj-na. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

lines.

Total length 34

Height of the body 3|

Length of the head 5

Length of the caudal fm 6

254:

BLENNIID.E.

37. Salarias diproctopterus.
Bleeket; Boeroe, ii. p. 69.

D. 11-12 I 17. A.^.

The anal fin is divided by a notch into two portions. The height'
of the body is contained seven times in the total length, the length
of the head six times and two-fifths. A short simple tentacle on
the neck, above the orbit, and at the nostril. No canines in the
lower jaw. The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and extends on to the
caudal. Greenish, marbled with violet ; vertical fins dotted \\\i\\
brown. {Bl.)

Sea of Kajeli (Burn).

38. Salarias nigricans.

Entomacrodus nigricans, GUI, Proc.Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 108.
D. 11 I 15. A. 17. V. 3.
The height of the body is contained six or seven times in the total
length, the length of the head foiu' times and a half. Head without
any tentacle. Dorsal fin notched to the base, free from the caudal.
Canine teeth of the lower jaw strong. Uniform blackish. (Gill.)
Coast of Barbadoes.

39. Salarias vomerinus.

Cur. 4* Val- xi. p. 349; Jeni/ns, Zool. Beadle, Fishes, p. 88. pi. 17. fig. 3.
D. 12 I 15-16. A. 18-19. V. 4.

A series of teeth on the vomer. The height of the body is one-
sixth or one-seventh of the total length, the length of the head one-
sixth. A short fringed tentacle at the nostril, another behind the
eye, and a simple one on each side of the neck. Canine teeth of the
lower jaw strong. Greyish : body and caudal fin with darker cross-
bands ; the anterior dorsal edged with white, the posterior with
oblique whitish streaks ; tips of the rays of the anal black.

Coast of Bahia. Cape Verde Islands.

b. A crest on the head.
40. Salarias lineatus.

? Salarias lineatus, Ciiv. cV Val. xi. p. 314.

Salarias lineatus, Bleek. Verhand. Bcdav. GenootscJi. xxii., Blemi. en
Gob. p. 18.

D. 12 I 23. A. 25.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
sixth of the total. A low rounded crest on the crown of the head ;
a short bifid tentacle above the orbit ; canine teeth none. The dorsal
fin is deeply notched, and continuous with the caudal. Brownish
above, with five to seven brown longitudinal stripes on the sides ;

6. SALARIAS. • 255

fins brownish ; the dorsal with numerous oblique brown stripes ;
anal J'eUo^\dsh, edged with brown. (Bl.)
Coasts of Java.

41. Salarias quadricornis.

Qw. ^- Veil. xi. p. 829. pi. 329 ; ? Je»i/»s, Zool. Beayle, Fishes, p. 87.
D. 13 I 22. A. (2 + ) 23-24.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained five times and a half or six times in the total length. A crest
on the head in the male sex ; a short simple tentacle on each side
of the neck and above the orbit ; that situated at the nostril is very
small and fringed. Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is deeply
notched, and continuous with the caudal ; the two portions are of
nearly equal height, lower than the body and higher than the anal.
Body generally with eight pairs of bro-mi vei-tical bands, extending
on the dorsal ; doreal with oblique stripes, anal with three (bluish)
longitudinal streaks. Sometimes greyish, body and fins dotted mth
brown ; or uniform brown.

Indian Ocean. Chinese Sea. (Keeling Islands ?)

a. Adult male.

h. Adult male. China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

c. Half-grown male, China. Presented by Captain Sir E. Belcher,

C.B.

d, e, f. Adult males and female. Ceylon.

g. Adult female. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.
h. Adult male. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

42. Salarias melanocephalus.

BUeker, Verhand. Balav. Genootsch. xxii., Blenn. en Gob. p. 18. fig. 19.
D. 12 I 21. A. 24.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length, the
length of the head from five times and a half to five times and
two-thirds. A triangular roimded crest on the occiput ; a simple
tentacle above the orbit, equal in length to the chameter of the eye.
Canine teeth none. The dorsal Alu is deeply notched, and continuous
with the caudal. Brown ; head blackish. {Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago.

Perhaps a variety of Salarias quadricornis.

43. Salarias fronto.

D.iH. A. 2-1-20.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half to .six
times and five-sixths in the total length, the length of the head six
times and three-quarters. The forehead projects beyond the mouth ;
the interorbital space is very slightly concave : a long rounded crest

256 BLENNIIDJ;.

on the head ; a short tentacle at the nostril ; another simple one,
which is longer than the eye, above the orbit ; none on the neck.
The lower jaw Avith small canine teeth. The dorsal fin has a notch
of moderate depth, and is continuous with the caudal, the posterior
rays extending on to the middle of the length of the last-named fin ;
the anterior portion is lower than the posterior, which is as high as,
or higher than, the bod}' beneath ; the anal rays are as long as those
of the soft dorsal. Colour of the body — ? Posterior part of the tail
and caudal dotted with white ; the soft dorsal with three brownish
longitudinal lines ; anal uniform brown, darker towards the margin.
Molucca Sea.

a. Java.

b. Moluccas.

lines.

Total length 47

Length of the head 7

Height of the body 6

44. Salarias meleagris.
Cuv. Sf Veil xi. p. 3.32.

D. 12 I 20. A. 22. Vert. ^^.

The height of the body is contained six times or six times and a
half in the total length, the length of the head five times and a half.
A crest on the head ; a fringed tentacle, half as high as the head,
above the orbit, another small one at the nostril. Canine teeth none.
The dorsal fin is deeply notched, and extends on to the caudal ; the
posterior portion is lower than the body, and rather higher than the
anterior. Greyish, with pairs of indistinct bro^\Tiish vertical bands
and with round white dots ; the dorsal with oblique stripes ; anal
blacldsh, white-sj)otted.

Van Diemen's Land. New Holland.

The length of the intestinal tract is twice that of the body.
a-b. Adult and half-grown. New Holland.

45. Salarias bellus.

D. 12 I 20-21. A. 22-24.

The height of the body is somewhat more than the length of the
head, and one-fifth of the total. The forehead does not project
beyond the mouth. A crest on the head ; a simple tentacle, shorter
than the eye, above the orbit ; another small and fringed one at the
nostril ; none on the neck. Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is
notched nearly to its base : both portions are nearly equal in height,
lower than the body and higher than the anal ; the soft portion is
slightly continuous with the caudal. Brownish (in spirits) : body
with bluish-white dots, more conspicuous on the posterior parts of

0. SALARIAS.

257

the tail; the soft dorsal and the caudal with bhiish-white lines
ascending obhquely backwards on the former fin, lonoiTiSinal and
situated between the rays on the latter. Anal fin blaT wl^th thiee

chw sS: """ '' ''"•'^' '^*^ P^^^*^*^ ^'^^^-^ '"^^ -"-

"' \s?ETlch\'r"cl''""^- ''^"^'^^■^- f— ted by Captain
/, 9-h. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

Total length inches, lines.

Height of the body
Length of the head

5 10
1 2
1 1

46. Salarias oortii

£lc'ek. Natuurk. Ti/dschr. Nedeti Inrl \ n 0^7 f\„ -tK a a ^ ^
So. Indo-Nederl! iil, SunJra, p! lb!" ^" ^"^ ^^' ''"'* ^''- ^"'■

D. 12 I 19-21. A. 23-24.

nnrA^7-'\f ^h^,""?^ is contained seven times to seven times
;Tnl; 'r.^'w' *°S ^S^^' t'^^ l™8^h of the head six to seven
times. The mterorbital space is concave; the forehead does not

Ed . rff'^' T?''^ f ^"""^<^^ -^«t - the crown S th
head ; a short fringed tentacle above the orbit and at the nostril
The lower jaw A^ath small canine teeth, which are scarcely Se in

witii the caudal; the jjostenor portion is as high as the bodv and
higherthan the anterior and than the anal. Rose-colomet wfth
ri, 7f -^^'^^^..'^"•^'^gcd in pairs, and broader than the in e-

5lf\^T.'- *^ ''°*'"°'' ^'''''^ ^°l^t' ^ith several undidated
whitish longitudinal stripes ; the posterior dorsal violet, yeUow a W
fte middle, with obhque bluish stripes inferiorly, anrl retLlated
with blue supenorly; the anal fin rose-coloured at the Sse and
violet on the marginal half. Caudal yellow, brownish at The base
and margins, the latter reticulated with blue.
Coasts of Western Sumatra and of the Moluccas.

a. Adult. Sumatra.

b. Half-grown. Java,

c. Half-grown. Moluccas.

Dr. V Bleeker's description of the species, as given above, a-rces
very well with the specimens in the British Museum; they hiJe
however, the body higher, it. depth being one-sixth of th^e total

47. Salarias bilitonensis.

Sleeker, BiUton, iv. p. 231.

D. 12 I 20. A. (2 + ) 20-21.

y^ui^'^^^ ""^ ^^"^ ^'"^^' '' contained eight times to eight times and

s

258 BLENNIIDiE.

a half in the total length, the length of the head six times and two-
thirds to six times and a half. The space between the orbits is con-
cave ; forehead not ])rominent. A crest on the head ; a simple ten-
tacle above the orbit and a fringed one at the nostril ; a canine tooth
in the lower jaw. The dorsal fin is emarginate, and extends on to
the caudal ; the posterior portion is as high as the body, and higher
than the anterior and than the anal. Greenish-rosc-colovired : a
bluish transverse streak beloAV and another behind the eye ; oper-
culum with a blue spot ; body with eight or nine brownish cross-
bars, and with about ten longituchnal streaks of the same colour ;
the spinoiis dorsal with brown, blue-edged spots ; the lower half of
the soft dorsal with oblique brown streaks, the upper reticulated with
violet and blue ; anal fin with \Tiolet margin and numerous bluish
dots.

Coast of Western Biliton.

a. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

48. Salarias cyanostigma.

Sleeker, Verhand. Batar. Genootsch. xxii., Bleiin. en Gob. p. 18. fig. 18.
B. 6. B. 12 1 22. A. 24.

The height of the body is contained eight times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head six times and a half. A ti'ian-
gular rounded crest on the occiput; a simple tentacle above the
orbit, longer than the eye. A canine tooth in the lower jaw. The
dorsal is notched to the base, and not continuous with the caudal.
Greenish, with five or six brown cross-bauds and blue dots on the
sides ; fins brownish. {Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago.

49. Salarias hasseltii.

Bleaker, Natunrh. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. i. p. 257. fig. 14, and viii. p. 174.
D. 12 1 23. A. 24-25.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half to
eight times in the total length, the length of the head five times
and two-thirds to six times and three-quarters. Male with a rounded
crest on the crown of the head ; a fringed tentacle, shorter than the
eye, above the orbit and at the nostril. Canine teeth none. The
dorsal is deeply notched, and continuous with the caudal ; the two
portions are nearly equal in height, lower than the body and higher
than the anal. Violet-rose-coloured, with four or five lighter longi-
tudinal stripes and inconspicuous violet cross-bands ; dorsal fin
brownish, the lower half with obhque bluish stripes, the margin with
a blue, brown and yellow longitudinal band ; the anal and caudal
are yellow in the female, brownish in the male.

Seas of Java, Sumatra, and the Cocos Islands. Feejee Islands.

a, h. Fine specimens. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

\

S. NEOCLTNTIS. 259

50. Salarias unicolor.
RiippeU, N. W. Fische, p. 13(;.

D. 12 I 17. A. 18-19.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length. The forehead does not project beyond the month. A
crest on the head ; a long fringed tentacle above tlie orbit, another
short one at the nostril. Canine teeth none. The dorsal fin is deeply
notched, not continuous with the caudal, and the anterior portion is
lower than the posterior. Uniform brown.

Massaua (Red Sea).

7. BLENNOPHIS.

Blennophis, Valenc. in Webb ^- Berthel. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 60.
Ophioblennius, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 103.

The body is moderately elongate, naked ; snout of moderate ex-
tent ; each jaw with four liook-like teeth near the sympliysis. One
dorsal, emarginate ; vcntrals jugular, formed by two rays, Pseudo-
branchia) present,

Canaiy Islands,

1. Blennophis webbii.

Vnlenc. ). c. p. 01. pi. 20. fly-. 3.

D.l^' A. 20-22.

20-21

Caudal emarginate.
Canary Islands.

a. Adult.

8. NE0CLINU3.

Neoclinus, Girard, U. S. Pacif. E. R. Krped. Fi.9hes, p. 114, and Proc
Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 18o9, p. 56.

Body moderately elongate, covered with small scales ; cleft of the
mouth wide, the maxillary bone being very much developed, extend-
ing beyond the giU-opening, as in Opisthognathus . Jaws with a band
of small teeth ; teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones. Dorsal
fin long, continuous, formed by spines and simple rays ; ventrals
jugular, composed of a small spine, hidden in the skin, and of three
rays. Gill-opening wide ; air-bladder none.

Coast of California.

1. Neoclinus blanchardi,

Girard, U. S. Pacif. P. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 114.
B, 6. D. 41. A. 31. V. 1/3.

The maxillary extends to the vertical from the origin of the dorsal
fin. Two filiform tentacles on the upper posterior region of the
orbit ; a fringed tentacle at the nostril. Reddish-brown, with' dark
cross-bands ; an ocellated spot between the fii-st and second dorsal
rays, another between the seventh and eighth. (Gir.)

San Diego, California.

s2

260 BLENNIID.H.

2. Neoclinus satiricus.
Girard, P)oc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 57.
B. 6. D. 42. A. 29. V. 1/3.
Head without tentacles. Uniform brownish. (Gir.)
Bay of Monterey, California.

9. CEBIDICHTHYS.
Cebidichthys, Ayres, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. i. 1855, p. 59.
Body very elongate, covered with minute scales ; lateral line di-
stinct ; snout obtuse ; jaws with conical teeth ; viUiform teeth on the
vomer and the palatine bones. One dorsal fin, with an anterior
spinous and a posterior soft portion, both formed by many rays ;
caudal distinct ; ventrals none. Branchiostegals six ; gUl-opening of
moderate width, with the gill-membranes united below the throat.
Western coasts of North America.

1. Cebidichthys violaceus.

Apodichthys violaceus, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854, p. 150.
Cebidichthys crista-galli, Ayres, I. c. pi. 1. figs. 1-3.

violaceus, Girard, U. S. Pacif. R. R. Expcd. Fishes, p. 121 (pi. 25 b.

figs. 4, 5).

B. 6. D. |. A. 42.

Crown of the head with a longitudinal crest ; the maxiUary reaches
to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. Uniform
brownish -violet : a dark streak from the occiput to the eye ; two
others across the cheek.

Western coasts of North America.

Girard thinks it possible that tliis fish is specifically, or at least
generically, identical with Blennins alectrolopMis, Pallas.

10. MYXODES.
Myxodes, Cuv. Rkgne Anim. ; Cuv. ^ Val, xi. p. 397.
Body somewhat elongate, covered vtdth small scales ; snout of
moderate extent ; jaws with a single series of teeth, mthout canines ;
no teeth on the palate. Dorsal fin long, continuous, formed by many
spines and a few soft rays. Ventrals jugular, composed of a small
spine, hidden in the skin, and of three rays. Gill-opening wide ;
six branchiostegals ; pyloric appendages absent.
Coast of Chile.

1. Myxodes viridis.

Myxodes viridis, Cuv. Hf Val. xi. p. 398; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii.

p. 283, Atlas Ictiol. lam. 10. fig. 1.
? Myxodes ocellatus, Cuv. <t Val. xi. p. 400. pi. 335 ; Gay, I. c, p. 285.

B. 6. D. % A. ;^. V. 3.

0 24

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-

11. HETEROSTICHUS. 261

slTiSt'lll!" *''*^^' .-^r^^ ^^ continuous, with the three anterior
spmes rather remote from the others, which they equal in length.

bod nir T^- ?'T^«h-green, with some whitish spots on the
body and on the vertical fins.
Coast of Chile.

2. Myxodes cristatus.
Cuv. 4'- Val. xi. p. 401 ; Gat/, I. c. p. 286.

D-f- A.|. V.3.

...nTIiV^"?^ anterior dorsal spines longer than the others. Greyish,
spotted with back ; dorsal fin with eight blackish spots. ( Val.)
Coast of Chile. i \ -j

11. HETEROSTICHUS.

Heterostichus, Girarc^ Prcc.Acad. Nat. Sc. PMlad. 1854, p. 143, and
U. 6. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 36*.

Body somewhat elongate, covered with small scales, compressed :
snout rather produced, with the lower jaw longest. Canine teeth
in the jaws, viUiform teeth on the vomer and the palatines. Dorsal
fan long continuous, the spines being much more numerous than the

SI JcWegff^"' ^^"^"^' ^^ ^ '''''' ^P-*^ -d t^- -y-
Coast of California.

1. Heterostichus rostratus.

Girard, I. c. pi. 13.

^*
bnout very much depressed and concave ; the fii-st five dorsal spines
are separated by a notch from the rest of the fin
San Diego.

12. CLINUSt.

Clinus, sp._. Cur. Regne Anim. : Cuv. S,- Val. xi. p. 352
Cm-hibarbis, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 406.

Labrosomus Gobioelinus, Elennioclinus, Auchenionchus, Malaco-
SS f8^J^f^;"^5|tOphthalmolophus, Gill, Proc. Acad, ivfi S.

Body moderately elongate, covered with small scales ; snout rather
th^^V "* narrow band or sometimes a single series of small teeth in
the jaws and on the palate. Dorsal fin long, formed by many spines

t 1. C:hmis peruvianus, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 383.— Peru

~r4r V 1^""- •'^' ^"^- ^- P- ^^- P'- 333 ; G«y, ^V. a.7., Zool. ii.
p. Jyy. — Valparaiso. „

262 BLENNIlDiE.

and a few rays, without a detached anterior portion ; anal spines
two ; vcntrals jugular, composed of a small sjjine, hidden in the
skin, and of two or three rays. Tentacle above the orbit more or
less developed. Gill-opening wide ; pseudobranchia) ; branchioste-
gals six ; air-bladder and pyloric appendages absent.

Seas of the temperate regions ; Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

The viviparous nature of these fishes was known long before the
time of Ou\'icr, Bloch having verified it in CUnus superdl'wsus (Bl.
Schn. p. 170).

1. Clinus nuchipiimis.

Clinus nuchipinnis, Quoy if Gain:. Voy. Uranie, Zool. p. 255.

pectinifer, Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. .')74 ; Casteln. Anim. nouv. mi rares,

Poiss. p. 26.

capillatus, Cuv. &f Val. xi. p. 377.

Lepisoma cirrhosum, Dekay, New York Fauna, Mshes, p. 41. pi. 30,

fig. 94.
Labrosomus pectinifer, Gilt, I. c. pp. 21 & 105.
capillatus, Gill,, I. c. p. 107.

^■'^- ^-h- ^^-l/S- Vert. 12/22.

The height of the body is contained three times and two-thirds or
four times in the total leng-th, and equals the length of the head.
The snout is of moderate extent, rounded, with the lower jaw some-
what the longer. The vomerine teeth form an angular band ; the band
on the palatine bones rather short. The interorbital space is rather
flat, and its width Ls less than, or equal to, the diameter of the orbit.
A small fringed tentacle at the nostril ; that above the orbit is short,
but broad, formed by many hair-Uke filaments (in old specimens very
small). On each side of the neck a long series of hair-like fila-
ments. Scales rather small, more or less irregularly arranged.
The dorsal fin is continuous, and has the soft portion nearly twice
as high as the spinous ; spines of moderate strength. Dorsal not
united with the caudal. Brown or brownish, with more or less
distinct darker vertical bands ; generally a black, sometimes white-
edged spot on the operculum. Fins and cheeks sometimes dotted
with brown.

Coast of Gorea. Atlantic coasts of Tropical America,

a. HaK-grown, West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.

b. Adult; skin. Jamaica. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

3. Clinus canariensis, Valenc. in Webb If Berth. lies Canar. Poiss. p. 60. pi. 17.

fig. 3. — Canary Islands. This species, very insufficiently described, is
probably provided with tentacles, although the figure does not show
any.

4. fasciatus, Casteln. Anim. nouv. ou rares. Poiss. p. 26. pi. 12. fig. 2. —

Rio de Janeiro. Very insufficiently described, and probably also pro-
vided with tentacles.

5. fernandezianus, Guichen. in Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 282. — Island

of Juan Fernandez.

12. CLiNus. 263

c. Ten inches long. From the Haslar Collection.

d, e. Adult and half- grown.

/. Adult male : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

The intestinal tract is not quite so long as the body. The liver is
large, not divided into lobes, and occupies the middle of the abdo-
minal cavity.

Skeleton. — The skeleton resembles much that of the Blennies in
the most essential points. The single parts are well ossified and
solid. The crown of the head is much less compressed than in Blen-
nius, the frontal bones not having any crest. The occipital sm-face is
gently inclined backwards, with a very slight central and lateral crest.
The interorbital space is narrow, flat, iiigose, its width being nearly
one-thii-d of that of the orbit ; nasal bones rather long, soUd, forming
together an X-like figure. Jaw-bones strong, but not so broad as in
Blennius ; the maxillary is much longer than the intermaxillary, and
dilated at its extremity. Infraorbital ring strong, without sutures
between the single bones of which it is originally composed. Bottom
of the tympanic groove entirely osseous. Praeopcrculum crescent-
shaped, operculum triangular ; suboperculum with a notch to receive
the lower angle of the operculum ; interoperculum narrow. The
coracoid has a very peculiar form, both its extremities being dilated
into broad lamella?, whilst the middle is thin and styliform. Radius
and iJna considerably shorter than the lower pair of the four carpal
bones. The pubic bones form together a short tube, which is fixed
behind the humeral symphysis.

There are twelve abdominal and twenty-two caudal vertehrce, the
latter portion being twice as long as the abdominal ; the vertebrae
are compressed, rather higher than long ; the processes and ribs of
moderate length and strength, the latter with long epipleurals.

2. Clinus xanti.

Labrosomus xanti, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 107.
D.i?. A.^. V.3.

The height of the body is rather less than the length of the head,
which is onc-foiu'th of the total. Vomerine and palatine teeth.
Superciliary tentacle multifid ; one or two transverse rows of fila-
ments across the nape. The dorsal commences behind the vertical
from the pra3operculum, and the spines gradually increa.se in height
towards the middle of the spinous portion, and thence slightly de-
crease towards the soft portion, which is nearly twice as high as the
last spine. Brown, with about ten darker cross-bars ; head with
blackish dots ; two obli(|ue bands proceed from the orbit to the prae-
opei'culum. Dorsal ^\'ith a blackish basal spot between the first and
thii'd spines. {Gill.)

Cerro Blanco (Mexico).

2G4 BLENNIID-B.

3. Clinus herminieri.

Blemiius Iicrminieri, Lesueur, Juuni. Acad. Nut. Sc. Philad. iv. 1825,

p. 361.
Clinus hemiinieri, Cm: i^- Val. xi. p. 380.
Labrosomus herminieri, Gill, I. c. p. 108.

D.i|. A. 20. V. 3.

Pulatiue and vomerine teeth. Supcrciliaiy tentacle formed by fine
filaments ; others on the neck ; dorsal fin with an elongate black
spot anteriorly. (Les.)

St. Bartholomew's Island (West Indies).

4. Clinus delalandiL

Clinus delalandii, Cur. ^ Val. xi. p. 378.

Malaeoctenas delalandii. Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1860, p. 103.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times ; the snout is some-
what produced. Teeth in the jaws* and on the vomer in a single
series ; palatine teeth none. A slender forked tentacle above the
orbit ; on each side of the neck a series of very fine tentacles. The
dorsal fin is concave after the third and after the nineteenth spine,
and is not continuous with the caudal ; sjiines rather stout. Scales
rather small. Greyish, marbled and dotted with black ; sometimes
with dark vertical bands, extending on the dorsal fin.

Coasts of Brazil and Nicaragua. Pacific coast of Central America,

a-c. Fine specimens. Island of Cordova. Presented by Gr. U. Skinner,

Esq.
d. Adult. Pacific coast of Central America. Collected by Captain

Dow ; presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

5. Clinus brachycephalus.

Clinus brachycephalus, Cni\ ^- Val. xi. p. 371.
Blenniocliuus brachycephalus, Gill, I. c. p. 103.

D.??. A. A V.1/2.

The length of the head is contained five times and a half in the
total. Snout short, convex ; aspect blennioid. Orbital tentacle none.
Teeth villiform. The dorsal fin has no separate anterior division,
and is low, the soft part being higher than the spinous. Greyish-
brown, with two series of alternate broad cross-bands which are
composed of white dots ; there are seven or eight in each series, the
iipper ones extending on the dorsal ; sides of the head with white
dots ; eight or ten bluish spots along the anal fin. {Val.')

Cape of Good Hope.

* Valenciennes mentions a band of villiform teeth behind the anterior series ;
but it is not to be found in own specimens.

12. CLIN0S. 265

G. Clinus geniguttatus.
<JIiiuis_genio:uttatus, Cuo. ^ Val. xi. p. 38G; Gay, Hid. Chile, Z'joh ii.

Calliclimis geuiguttatus, Gill, I. c. p. 103.

D.f^ A.l. Vert.!i±^
The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head four times. The snout is of
moderate extent, rounded, with the lower jaw somewhat projectino-
beyond the upper. The vomerine and palatine teeth form rather
narrow bands. A short broad fringed tentacle on each side of the
neck, above the orbit, and at the nostril ; sometimes another sin-le
one m Iront of the dorsal fin. Scales smaU. The dorsal fin is con-
tinuous, and does not extend on to- the caudal; the soft portion is
considerably higher than the spinous. Spines of moderate strength.
Erowuish (m spirits) ; back ^^'iih five blackish cross-bands, extend-
ing on the dorsal fin ; cheeks, pectoral, and the lower part of the
bla kish**^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^''^' ^°™^^™^® uniform broM-nish, fins
Coast of Chile.

";' \'a f}'^\Xf'^^'^^r "^a^Pai-^iso- ^rom Mr. Bridges' Collection,
rf. Adult: skeleton. Valparaiso. From Mr. Bridges' Collection.

The bones of the slceleton are somewhat less soKd than in CI nu-
chipmms : the crown of the head is convex, nigose, without a crest ;
the luterorbital space is veiy narrow, its width being about one-fifth
of that of the orbit. The length "of the abdominal portion of the
vertebral column is to that of the caudal as 1 : 1-84.

7. Clinus variolosus.
Clinus variolosiis Cm: ^- Val. xi. p. 381. pi. 332 ; Cm: Biqne Anim.

HI. Poiss. pi. /8. fig. 1 ; Gmj, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p 273
Auchenioncluis variolosus, Gill, I. c. p. 103.

D.Hi. A. A V.3.'

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
ol the head one-fourth. Vertex very convex ; Kps thick and fleshv
A broad band of villiform teeth in the upper jaw, and a nan-ow one
in tlie lower; the teeth of the outer series are enlarged ; the vomer
and each of the palatine bones are armed with a broad disk of teeth
A short frmged tentacle posteriorly above the orbit ; that on the neck
veiy short, like a papilla. Scales smaU. The dorsal fin is continuous,
and does not extend on to the caudal ; the soft portion is higher than
the spmous. YeUowish, dotted with brownish-black, the dots being
accumulated at the base of the dorsal and forming four laro-e spots •
the mside of the mouth and the tongue with black dots ; anal with
large spots.

Valparaiso.

This species, Uke C. rjemrjuttatiis, attains to the size of ten inches •
it is called ' Trambayo.'

266 ULENNIID,T3.

8. Clinus guttulatus.
Cuv. S) Vul xi.p. 387; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 278. lam. 5 bis, fig. 4.
I>.|. A. A

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times. Snout somewhat
produced. A small fringed tentacle above the orbit ; those at the
nostril and on the neck veiy small, scarcely perceptible. The dorsal
fin is continuous. Unifoi-m brown (in spirits) ; back, vertical fins
and pectorals dotted with red (during life).

Valparaiso.

9. Clinus microcirrhis.
Ckv.^ Vol. xi. p. 384; Gmj,^Hist. Chile, Zool. ii. p. 275.
D.|. A.|. V.3.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-foiu'th. The upper surface of the head covered with
warts. Narrow bands of teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones.
The dorsal fin is continuous and enveloped in moveable skin. Ten-
tacles above the orbit none ; those at the nostril and on the neck
minute. Brownish, marbled with darker.

Valparaiso.

10. Clinus crinitus.

Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 90. pi. 18. fig'. 1 ; Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool.
ii. p. 280.

B. 6. D. |. A. ^^. V. 3.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth. A triangular patch of teeth on the vomer,
and a smaller one on each palatine bono. Eight short bristles above
the orbit ; a short fringed tentacle on each side of the neck, another
at the nostril. Dorsal fin continuous, with the soft portion rather
higher than the spinous. Blackish-brown, indistinctly spotted with
black. (Jen.)

Coquimbo (Chile).

11. Clinus macrocephalus.

D. |. A. ^. C. 13. P. 13. V. 1/3.

The height of the body is contained seven times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times. The head is de-
pressed, rather short, nearly as broad as long ; crown of the head
broad and flat ; interorbital space concave, narrower than the orbit.
Snout very short, obtuse, rounded ; the maxillaiy does not extend to
behind the posterior margin of the orbit ; lips thick. The teeth in
the jaws form a band with an outer series of stronger ones ; vomer-
ine teeth in a narrow band ; palatine teeth none. No orbital ten-
tacles ; those at the nostril and on the neck very small. Gill-openings

12, CLINU9. 267

wide, the gill-membranes being united at the tkroat. Head naked ;
scales on the body not veiy small, cycloid. The dorsal fin commences
at the occiput, and terminates near the base of the caudal : the
spines are flexible, and much lower than the soft rays; the three
anterior ones are rather more remote from one another than the
following : none of the rays of this or of the other fins are branched.
Caudal rounded. The anal is higher posteriorly than anteriorly,
about as high as the spinous dorsal. Pectoral roimded, with the
middle rays longest, shorter than the head. Ventrals jugular, half as
long as the pectoral, with the spine and the outer ray enveloped in a
common thick membrane. Dark greyish-olive : head and fins black-
ish ; head, base of the pectoral, anterior part of the body, and dorsal,
dotted with white.

Pacific coast of Central America.

a. Fine specimen. From Captain Dow's Collection ; presented by
Dr, P, L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc,

lines.

Total length 61

Height of the body 8

Length of the head 12

Greatest width of the head 11

Depth of the head 7^

Length of the caudal fin 10

of the pectoral fin 10^

12. Clinus latipinnis.

Clinus latipiimis, Cuv. i^- Val. xi. p. 394.
Ophthalmolophus latipinuis, Gill, I. c. p. 104.

D.- A.|. V.2.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. A short fringed tentacle above the orbit. The
dorsal fin extends on to the caudal, is continuous, and has the soft
portion higher than the spinous. Erown, sometimes with indistinct
dark cross-bars ; rays of the caudal and pectoral fins dotted with
brown. {Val.}

Cape of Good Hope.

13. Clinus gobio.

Clinus gobio. Cm: ^ Val. xi. p. 395.
Gobioclinus gobio, Gill, I. c. p. 103.

B, 6. D. '-^. A. f-^. V, 2. L. lat. 30. L, transv. 10.

Head large and broad, its length being contained thi-ee times and
a half in the total ; the height of the body is four times and a half
in it. _ Eye large, two-fifths of the length of the head ; the width
of the interorbital space is one-half of the diameter of the eye. Ten-
tacle above the orbit very small, sometimes absent. Snout short,
■with the anterior profile subvertical. Vomerine and palatine teeth.

268 Br.ENNIID^.

Scales of moderate size ; the lateral line disappears above the ex-
tremity of the pectoral fin. Keddish-grey, marbled with brown. ( Val.)

Caribbean Sea.

Probably the type of a separate genus.

14. Clinus superciliosus.

Seba, iii. p. 90. tab. 30. figs. 3, 4 ; ? iii. 30. 8.

Blenniua superciliosus, L. Si/st. i. p. 442; Bl. taf. 168; Bl. Scfm.

p. 170 ; Lacep. ii. pp. 458, 470.
1' Blenuius mustelaris, L. 3Ins. Ad. Fried, p. 69. pi. 31. fig. 3, and

Si/st. i. p. 443.
?? Blennius cinereus, L. Miis. Ad. Fried, p. 69.
Blennius, sp., Gronov. Mus. Ichth. ii. p. 21. no. 172. tab. 5. fig. 5, and

Zoophyl. no. 258.
? Blennius, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 261.
Blennius capensis, (Forster) Bl. Schn. p. 175 : Forst. Descript. Anim.

cm: Licht. p. 408.
? Blennius spadiceus, Bl. Schn. p. 172.
Blennius punctulatus, Lacep. ii. pp. 460, 506. pi. 12. fig. 3,

niustela, Lacep. ii. pp. 459, 484, 486.

Clinus superciliosus, C^iv. i<f Val. xi. p. 360. pi. 331.
Blennius mycterizans, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 97.
? Blennius ignobilis, Grotiov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 98.
Blennius mustellaris, Gronov, Syst. ed. Gray, p. 98.

^■"tT- ^-d^o- ^-1/2. Vert. 18/31.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half or five
times in the total length, the length of the head four times. The
snout is rather short. A short fringed tentacle above the orbit.
Scales exceedingly small, those of the anterior portion of the lateral
line larger. The three anterior dorsal spines are generally stronger
and longer than the others and somewhat remote from them, although
the connecting membrane is not notched. The soft portion is more
elevated than the spinous, and not united with the caudal. Greyish,
brownish, or yellowish ; uniform or with darker spots and blotches ;
sometimes an oeellated spot on the ' operculum, and a black one on
the anterior part of the dorsal. (Val.)
a. Large specimen : bad state : has been in chloride of zinc. Cape of

Good Hope. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h-g. Adult: stuffed. Cape of Good Hope.
7i-l. Adult : skins. From Gronow's Collection.

For want of fresh specimens I am unable to sift the synonymy,
which appears to refer to very different species. Valenciennes, who
has examined a great many specimens, thinks that the species is
subject to considerable variations, and that the different specific
denominations partly relate to them, and are partly derived_ from
specimens badly preserved or figured. Gronovius, however, in his last
work (to which Yalenciennes has not had access), says, at the end of
the descriptions of his three species, " Ah incautis facile tres ha;
species confundi quennt; " and his B. HjnohUis may be identical with

12. CLINTTS. 2G9

the Cllnus acuminatus of Valenciennes. Three specimens from
Gronow's Collection have the anterior dorsal rays elevated : whether
the fourth is the type of B. ignobilis is not certain.

15. Clinus acuminatus.
Cuv. 8f Vol xi. p. 370.

D.f. A.|. V.1/2.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head four times. The snout is sub-
conical, and equal in length to the diameter of the eye ; the inter-
orbital space is narrow and convex. A very short tentacle above the
posterior part of the orbit. Scales exceedingly small, those of the
anterior portion of the lateral line larger. The anterior dorsal spines
nearly equidistant from one another and shorter than the succeechug ;
the soft portion is a little more elevated than the spinous, and not
united with the caudal. Brown : two oblique band-like dark spots
from the eye to the angle of the praeoperculum.

Cape of Good Hope.

a. Cape Seas. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

16. Clinus capensis.

Cirrhibarbis capensis, Cuv. .$• r«/. xi. p. 40G. pi. 337.
B. 6. D. f . A. |. V. 3.

Chin with eight barbels ; a pair of branched tentacles above the
snout, and a small single one above the orbit. Dorsal fin without a
detached portion and with the soft rays not branched. Teeth on the
vomer, none on the palatine bones ; scales very small.

Cape of Good Hope,

a. Adult : stuffed.

17. Clinus cottoides.

Cuv. <5- Val. xi. p. 367.

D. ^-^\ A. |. V. 1/2. Vert. 16/30.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, and equals the length of the head. The snout is short
and rounded, with the jaws equal in length. Palatine teeth none,
those of the vomer in a curved band. The width of the interorbital
space is equal to, or somewhat less than, the diameter of the eye.
A broad fringed tentacle, shorter than the eye, above the orbit ; a
transvei'se groove behind the orbits. Scales exceecUngly small ; those
of the lateral line larger, square. The dorsal fin continuous, an-
teriorly low, postcrioiiy becoming gradually higher ; spines stout,
the two or three anterior equal in length to the diameter of the eye.
Dorsal not united mth the caudal. Yellowish-brown, marbled with
darker ; sometimes six brown vertical bands, extending on the dorsal

270 blenniid.t:.

and anal fins. Chin and the lower part of the opercles with whitish
spots.

Cape of Good Hope.
a, h. Adult. .Cape,

18. Clinus heterodon.
Cuv. 8f Val xi. p. 394.

D. ^. A.^.

6 21

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length. Teeth of the jaws in a single series, except in the
middle, where they form a group. Tentacles none. The dorsal ex-
tends on to the base of the caudal, is continuous, and has the soft
portion higher than the spinous. Brown. ( Val.)

Cape of Good Hope.

19, Clinus nematopterus,

D.f, A.^. V.2.

The nine anterior dorsal spines terminate in a lobe wliich is com-
posed of filaments.
Sea of China.

a. Sea of China, Presented by Captain Su- E. Belcher, C.B.

Description of the specimen. — The height of the body is contained
five times in the total length, the length of the head four times
and a fourth. The snout is somewhat shorter than the diameter
of the eye, which is contained three times and a half in the length
of the head. The jaws are equal in length anteriorly, and the
maxillary reaches to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The
jaws and the vomer are armed with \illiform teeth, the palatine
bones are smooth. The interorbital space is flat, and its width is
one-half the horizontal diameter of the eye. Nostril and the super-
cUiary margin with a fringed tentacle of moderate length ; none on
the neck. There are series of very distinct pores along the usual
course of the system of muciferous channels. Pseudobranchiae ; a
veiy small foramen behind the fourth gill, at its inferior portion.
The dorsal fin commences immediately behind the occiput : the foui'
anterior spines increase somewhat in length, the remainder being
nearly of equal height, except the six posterior, which again become
gradually a little longer ; the two anterior soft rays exceed the last
spine somewhat in length ; the last ray is fixed to the back of the
tail by a membrane, which is not continued on the caudal fin. The
nine anterior dorsal spines are provided with a skinnj^ lobe com-
posed of filaments, and fixed posteriorly to the top of the spine.
The caudal fin is subtruncated, and composed of thirteen simple
rays. The anal fin commences in the vertical from the sixteenth
dorsal spine, and is much lower than the dorsal ; the rays are simple.
The pectoral is roimded, and extends to the origin of the anal. The
ventral is composed of one small spine, which is ludden, and two
rays, the interior of which is the longer ; it is inserted on the throat,

12. CLINUS. n"-!

now uniform ycUoAvish. ^^'^ ^°^^"i' ^^

Totallength ^i^-

Height of the body "^J

Length of the head ' ." Ji

Diameter of the eye ,] of

Length of the last dorsal spine ..'. ' ....',," 4^

20. Clinus dorsalis.
Sleeker, Cape of Good Hope, p. 24.

B. 6. D. ^. A A y 3

one ai me nostut. Scales rudimentary. Dorsal fin witlm^f „v,^ •
Cape of Good Hope.

21. Clinus anguillaris.
Cm: 4- Val. xi. p. .390. pi. 334.

B.6. D.f. A.|. V.1/3. Yezt. 19/39.

length onfehiV'neSh" Tr^'^'f- V"' '^'^' ^™^'*h, the
short fringed tenMe aS ; fh? iT* 'i '^ "^''^''^^^ *^-^tent. A
nostra. S-cales eSin'lyJaU " Th. "f % T'^ '^"^^^ "^^ '"^^ ^^e
the caudal, without ilS^Son Jntth'^^ ^^ continuous .^^th

somewhat remote from eTrother T^ "1 '/^'"" 'ST'" '^^^^^^ '-^^'^
Cape of Good Hop^ ' ^^"^^^'^^ "^a^-Wed with darker.

«. Adult: stuffed.

22. Clinus despicillatus.

? Clinus pei^j)iematus, Cm: ^ Val. xi. p. 372

""trilTiftb^f^^^^^

^•3|f- A.|. V.1/3.

h/t': S'Ltt^thetnl"^f*^^t^^^^ ^-thirds

The snout is r"ht ^hort, uf on ca ':i?rth '•"' ^™",^"^^ "^ '''''■
teeth none ; those of the VomprZ-n ' *^ "^'T' ''^"'^^- ^^^'-^^ine

■il-i ULENNIID^.

are remote from, but connected by a membrane with, the others ; they
are not elevated, the height of the dorsal being one-third of that of
the body ; spines rather slender. Dorsal slightly contiguous with the
caudal. Greyish-brown (sometimes with a round black, yellow-edged
spot on each side of the neck : CI. jterspidUatus) ; six brown ci'oss-
bars on the back ; a pair of brown spots at the root of the caudal.
Port Western and Port Ai'thur.

a. Adult : somewhat discoloui-ed. Port Arthur. From the Haslar
Collection. — -Type of (JJhms desjjicUlatus.

13. CRISTICEPS*.

Clinus, sp., Ctiv. 8f Vol. xi. p. 352.
Cristiceps, Cui\ ^ Val. xi. p. 402.

Body moderately elongate, covered with small or rudimentary scales.
Snout rather short, with the cleft of the mouth of moderate width.
A band of small teeth in the jaws ; teeth on the vomer. Two sepa-
rate dorsals : the anterior short, formed by three spines ; the posterior
long, most of the rays being unarticulated. Yentrals jugular, com-
posed of one spine and two or three rays. Head generally with ten-
tacles. Gill-opening wide ; branchiostegals six. Pyloric appendages
none . — Viviparous .

Mediten'anean. South coast of Java. Coasts and rivers of Au-
stralia and Tasmania.

Cuvier has founded a separate genus for an Australian fish, Cristiceps
australis, on account of its anterior dorsal fin being a little more
remote from the posterior than in the Mediterranean species, and
because he did not see the scales ; these, however, are present, as in
the species of the genus OUnus, although they are very small and
rudimentary. The species of Clinus and Cristicejis form one natm'al
genus ; but if they be divided, it is far better to take as the distin-
guishing character the structure of the dorsal fin. In one of the
groups ( Clinus) the dorsal is continuous, whilst in the other ( Cristi-
ceps) the three anterior spines are detached, forming an entirely
separate fin.

1. Cristiceps argentatus.

Blenuius argentatus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 140.

audifredi, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 139.

Clinus argentatus, Risso, Eur. llerid. iii. p. 238.

testudinarius, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 239.

virescens, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 239.

audifredi, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 240.

mutabilis, Cocco, Giorn. Sc. Lett, e Arti Sicil. Avill 1833, xlii.

p. 9. tab. 42. fig. 2.
argentatus, Cuv. l^ Val. xi. p. 354 ; Gtiichcn. Explor. Alger. Poiss.

p. 74.

B.6. D.Sp-fEF- A.j^3. V.1/2.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
* 1. Clinus Dubuis, (Casfehi.) Bkek. C(epc of Good Hope, p. 23.

13. CRISTICEPS. 273

the length of the head live times and a third. The snout is of mo-
derate extent, subconical, with the lower jaw somewhat prominent.
Palatine teeth none. The width of the interorbital space is less
than the diameter of the eye ; a small simple tentacle above the
orbit. Scales exceedingly small. A short detached dorsal fin on
the nape of the neck ; the spines by which it is formed are slender,
and rather longer than those of the remaining fin ; the latter not
emarginate, united Avith the base of the caudal. Brown or yellowish,
more or less spotted and marbled with darker ; generally a series of
whitish or yellowish spots along the sides.

Mediterranean. Cape of Good Hope. Coast of Australia.

o . Euro^iean and African specimens, with nineteen or twenty soft
rays in the anal fin.

a, h. Adult. Coast of Dalmatia.

c. Adult : skin. Mediterranean. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

d. Adult. Sicily. Presented by W. Swainson, Esq.
e-g. Adult. Cape of Good Hope.

/?. Australian specimens, with twenty-three soft rays in the
anal fin*.

h. Adult. Port Jackson. Purchased of J. Gould, Esq.
i-m. Adult and half-grown : dried. Freycinet's Harbour. Voyage

of the ' Herald.'
? Wr-o. Adult : not good state. Dredged in from two to four fathoms

on sandy ground. Gages Eoad, Swan River. Presented by the

Earl of Derby.

2. Cristiceps xauthosoma.

Clinus xanthosoma, Bleeker, Java, iv. p. 340.

B. 6. D. 3|f. A.^. V. 3.

The height of the body is five times and a quarter to five times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head five times to
five times and a quarter. The snout is subconical, shoi'ter than the
eye, with the jaws equal in front. Vomerine and palatine teeth.
The width of the interorbital space is one-half the diameter of the
eye ; a small fringed tentacle above the orbit, another at the nostril.
Scales rudimentary. A short detached dorsal fin on the nape of the
neck ; it is higher than the spinous portion of the second fin ; the
soft portion united with the caudal. Uniform yellow. {Bleek.)

Sea of Karangbollong (South Java).

3. Cristiceps nasutus.

D. 3 I ^. A. ^. V. 1/3. P. 13. C. 9.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the

* Those who consider tliis variety as a separate species may call it Cristiceps
antinectes.

274 BLENNIIT)^.

total length, the length of the head four times and a half. The
snout is subconical, somewhat longer than the eye, with the jaws
equal anteriorly. The width of the interorbital space is much less
than the vertical diameter of the eye. A long fringed tentacle at
the nostril, that above the orbit being rather shorter. Scales mi-
nute. The detached dorsal fin is situated on the nape of the neck,
above the operculum ; the last dorsal ray is fixed by a membrane to
the back of the tail, but is free from the caudal fin. Uniform yellow-
ish (in spirits).
New South Wales.

a. Young? New South "Wales. Presented by J. B. Bennett, Esq.

lines.

Total length 22

Height of the body 4

Length of the head 5

4. Cristiceps roseus.
B. 6. D. 3|^. A. ^-5^. V. 1/3. P. 12. C. 9. Vert. 14/26.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and two-fifths. The snoiit is sub-
conical, equal in length to the eye, with the lower jaw prominent.
Teeth on the vomer, none on the palate. The width of the inter-
orbital space is much less than the vertical diameter of the eye. A
fringed tentacle at the nostril ; that above the orbit well developed,
with obtuse fringes. Scales rudimentary. The detached dorsal fin
situated on the nape of the neck, above the operculum ; it is some-
what higher than the fin behind : the last dorsal ray is fixed by a
membrane to the base of the caudal ; the anal is quite free from it :
the inner ventral ray is not half so long as the middle one. Yellow-
ish (in spirits) ; head, body, and the first dorsal marbled with rose-
colour. The second dorsal, anal, and pectoral fins with rose-coloured
cross-bars.

Coasts of Australia and New Guinea.

a. Dried. Freycinet's Harbour. Voyage of the ' Herald.'
h~rl. New Guinea and Islands. Presented by Mrs. Stanley,

lines.

Total length 44

Height of the body 9

Length of the head 10

Another specimen, fifty lines long, uniform, or with the colours
faded, differs in having the first dorsal situated above the praeoper-
cular margin. Perhaps it belongs to a different species. The lower
jaw does not project beyond the upper.

a. Adult. Dredged in from two to four fathoms, on sandy ground.
Gages Road, Swan River. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

14. AtJCHENOPTKRUS. ^75

5. Cristiceps australis.
aw. 4- Val. xi. p. 402. pi. 336.

D-^r-H-'- ^-.l^- V.1/3. Vert. 15/31.

The anterior dorsal commences above the posterior margin of the
orbit, and is much higher than the posterior ; both are widely sepa-
rated from each other. A simple tentacle above the orbit, and a
pair of bifurcate ones above the snout.

Eivers of Tasmania. Swan River. Bynoe.

a-b. Half-grown. Dredged in from two to four ftithoms, on sand.
Gages Road, Swan River. Presented by the Earl of Derby.

c. Half-grown. Swan River ; the same locality. Presented by the

Earl of Derby.

d. Young. Australia.

e. Young. Bynoe.

/, g, h-l. Adult and half-grown.

14. AUCHENOPTERUS.

Body moderately elongate, with the scales small or of moderate
size ; snout rather short, with the cleft of the mouth of moderate
width. A band of small teeth in the jaws ; teeth on the vomer.
Two separate dorsals, composed of spines only : the anterior short,
formed by three spines. Ventrals jugular, composed of three rays.
Head with tentacles ; gill-opening wide.

Pacific coast of Central America. Mediterranean.

1. Auchenopterus monophthalmus.

D. 3 I 27. A. :^. V. 3. L. lat. 38.

A fimbriated superciliary tentacle ; a small one at the nostril and
on each side of the nape, both multifid. A black ocellus, edged with
white, on the posterior quarter of the dorsal fin.

a-c. Pacific coast of Central America. Collected by Captain Dow ;
presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

Descrijption. — This fish is very similar to Cristiceps argcntatus in
general habit, but may readily be distinguished by the dorsal fin,
which is entirely composed of spines. Head and body oblong and
compressed ; the length of the former is one-fourth of the total, the
height of the latter one- sixth. The cleft of the mouth is of mode-
rate width, with the lower jaw slightly prominent, and with the
maxillary extending beyond the vertical from the centre of the orbit.
The teeth in the outer series are stronger than those in the narrow
band behind ; vomerine teeth apparently in a single series ; palatine
teeth none. The orbital tentacle is shorter than the eye, with three
or four cilia ; the nasal and nuchal tentacles are still shorter. The
pectoral is nearly as long as the head, roimded, with the middle rays

t2

27G 1!LENNIID.TJ.

longest ; ventral slender, somewhat shorter than the pectoral, with
the outer ray longest. The first dorsal fin commences in the ver-
tical from the prseopercular margin ; the two anterior spines are a
little higher than the second dorsal, and fiexiblo ; the membrane
bcliind the third spine extends backwards to the base of the second fin.
All the spines of the second fin are stift' and pungent, of nearly equal
length, the anterior ones being a little the shorter ; the membrane
of the last spine terminates immediately before the base of the caudal,
leaving tliat fin quite free. Caudal rounded, one-seventh of the total
length. The anal commences below the seventh spine of the pos-
terior dorsal, and terminates before the caudal ; it has two spines
anteriorly. The scales are of moderate size ; the lateral line runs
closely along the dorsal profile, is bent downwards behind the pec-
toral, and proceeds along the middle of the tail to the caudal.

Brownish, irregularly marbled mth darker ; anterior dorsal black-
ish ; a black ocellus, edged with white, on the nineteenth and
twentieth spines of the posterior dorsal.

Total length two inches.

The following species appears to belong to this genus : —
2. Auchenopterus veranyi.

Clinus veranyi, FUippi e Verany, Mem. della R. Accad. delle Sc. di
Torino, ser. 2. torn, xviii., sojjra alciini Pesci, etc., separate copy,
p. 9. tig. 3.

D. 3 I 27. A. 22.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and is contained four times and a half in the total. A tentacle above
the orbit. The three anterior dorsal spines form an entirely separate
fin ; the remainder and the anal are united with the caudal. Scales
very small. {F. Sf V.)

Gulf of Cagliari.

15. TRIPTERYGIUM.

Tripterygion, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 241.

Body not very elongate, covered with rather small scales or with
scales of moderate size. Snout of moderate extent. Jaws with a band
of villiform teeth ; teeth on the palate. Three dorsal fins, the two
anterior of which are spinous, the middle one being the longest.
Ventrals jugular, with two soft rays. Branchiostegals six. Pseudo-
branchiue present.

Mediterranean. Fresh waters and coasts of New Zealand. One
species from Bill ton.

1. Tripterygium nasus.

Blennius tripteronotus, Risso, Ichtht/ol. Nice, ip. 135. pi. 5. fig. 14 (bad).
Tripterygion nasus, Risso, Mir. Merid. iii. p. 241 ; Ciw. i^ Val. xi.

p. 409. pi. .338 ; Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 9 ; Guichen. Explor.

AUjer. Poiss. p. 75.

15. TKIPTEETGimi. 277

Tripterygium melanooephalum, Cocco, Act. Acad. Genn. 1829, fasc. 1.
pi. 4.

B. 5or6? D. 3 I 17 I 12. A. 24. V. 2. L. lat. 40.

The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half. The width of the
interorbital space is one-half the diameter of the eye. Teeth on
the vomer. The fu-st dorsal commences in the vertical from the
base of the ventral fins, and is not elevated ; the anterior spines of
the second sometimes elongate and filiform. Body with brownish
vertical bands ; head and the basal half of the ventrals black, some-
times only spotted with black.

Mediterranean. Sea of Madeira.

a, 6. Adult and half-grown. Mediterranean. Presented by the
llev. W. Hannah.

2. Tripterygium melanurum,

GuicJien. Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 75. pi. 4. fig. 4.

D. 3 I 17 I 12. A. 24. V. 2,

Reddish, marbled with brown. The first dorsal black, the two
others with obKque red lines ; tail with a large black, yellow-edged
spot. (Guichen.)

Coast of Algiers.

3. Tripterygium varium.

Blennius varius, (Forster) Bl. Schn. p. 178 ; Forst. Descript. Anini.

cur. Lichterist. p. 127.
Tripterygium varium, Cuv. ^ Veil. xi. p. 414.

B. 0. D. 5 I 24 I 14. A. 26. V. 2.

Transverse streaks across the opercles and breast ; body dotted
with brown ; the first dorsal with a black spot ; the second with a
series of white spots along the base. (For.st.)

Coast of the Southern Island of New Zealand.

4. Tripterygium nigripinne.

Tripterygion nigripinne, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 413. pi. 339.
capito, Jenyus, Zool. Beayle, Fishes, p. 94. pi. 19. fig. 1.

D. 5-6 I 18-19 j 13-14. A. 26. V. 2.

A short denticulated tentacle above each orbit ; teeth on the vomer
and the j^alatine bones. Bro'miish, marbled with darker ; the first
dorsal black, the others greyish.

Bay of Islands (New Zealand).

«. A great number of specimens from New Zealand.

6. Adult. New Zealand. Presented by Dr. A. Sinclair. — This speci-
men differs from the others in having the dorsal fin lower, and
formed by five spines. It agrees perfectly, however, in all
other points with the other specimens, and is certainly only an
individual varietj'.

278 BLEXNIIDJi.

5. Tripterygium forsteri.

Blennius tripinnis, (Forster) Bl. Schn. p. 174 ; Forst. Dcscript. Anim.

cur. Lichtenst. p. 125.
Tripterygium forsteri, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 415.

B. 6. D. 3 I 16 I 15. A. 24. V. 2.

A fringed tentacle above the orbit and at the nostril. Brown,
spotted with reddish ; a semicircular blackish-blue, golden-edged
spot at the base of the pectoral. (Forster.)

New Zealand ?

6. Tripterygium medium.

D. 4 (5) I 15-16 I 12-13. A. 20-21. V. 2.

Similar in form to T. niyripinne. Snout short, somewhat longer
than the eye, with the upper profile very oblique ; the iipper maxil-
lary extends a little beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of
the orbit. The front teeth are somewhat enlarged ; teeth on the
vomer and the palatine bones. The interorbital space is flat, its
width being less than that of the orbit ; orbital tentacles none. The
first dorsal is lower than the second, and the second lower than the
third. Scales rather small ; the lateral line does not extend on to
the tail. Specimens ia spirits brownish ; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral
fins dotted with brown.

New Zealand.
a-g. Adult. New Zealand. From the Haslar Collection.

Two other specimens scarcely differ from those described, but they
have twenty-three anal rays. Snout rather short, longer than the
eye, with the upper profile oblique ; the upper maxillary does not
extend to the vertical from the centre of the eye. The front teeth
are somewhat enlarged ; teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones.
The interorbital space is flat, its width being a little less than that
of the orbit ; orbital tentacle none, a small one at the nostril. The
first dorsal is continuoiis with, and lower than, the second, and the
second is lower than the third. Scales rather small ; the lateral line
ceases on the anterior portion of the tail. Brownish, marbled with
blackish ; the upper portions of the dorsal fins blackish ; caudal
variegated with blackish.

New Zealand.

h. Fine specimen. New Zealand. Presented by Captain Stokea.
i. Adult : not good state. From the Haslar Collection.

7. Tripterygium fenestratum.

Blennius fenestratus, (Forstei-) Bl. Schn. p. 173 ; Forst. Descript.

Anim. air. Lichtenst. p. 124.
Tripterygiiun fenestratum, Ciw. Sf Val. xi. p. 416.

B. 6. D. 4 I 10 I 13. A. 24. V. 2.
A simple truncated tentacle above the orbit ; another small one,
fringed, at the nostril. Brown: fins with transparent spots. (Forst.)
Mouths of the rivers in New Zealand.

16. DACTYLOSCOPUS. ' 279

8. Tripterygium trigloides.

Bleeker, Biliton, iv. p. 234.

B. 6. D. 3 I 13 I 10. A. 10. V. 2. L. lat. 50-55.

The upper jaw projects beyond the lower. Greenish, marbled with
brown and dotted with whitish. {Bl.)
Sea of Western Biliton.

16. DACTYLOSCOPUS.

Dactyloscopus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 132.

Body elongate, covered with large scales ; lateral line straight,
along the middle ; head broad, depressed, with the eyes directed
upwards and -ndth the cleft of the mouth subvertical ; operculum
fringed. Small teeth in the jaws, palate smooth. One dorsal, formed
by spines only ; caudal separated ; ventrals jugular, with three rays.
Branchiostegals six ; pseudobranchiae none ; gill-openings wide.

Caribbean Sea.

This genus has been referred by GiU to the Uranoseophia, from
which, however, it differs in several cardinal characters. The struc-
ture of the dorsal and ventral fins is that of a Blennioid. The absence
of pseudobranchice is very peculiar ; but in this respect it differs equally
from the Uranoseopina and Blenniiclai.

1. Dactyloscopus tridigitatus.
Gill, I. c.

D. 37. A. 30. V. 3. L. lat. 44. L. transv. 9. Vert. 13/32.

A small tentacle at the nostril. The anterior dorsal spines small,
flexible, nearly free ; the posterior stiff. Reddish-white, marbled
with brownish.

Caribbean Sea (Barbadoes).

a-d. Fine specimens. Caribbean Sea.

17. LICTYOSOMA.

Dictyosoma, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 139.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales, and with a net of
lateral lines ; snout of moderate extent ; small teeth in the jaws, none
on the palate. Dorsal fin long, with a few posterior soft rays ; anal
with two spines ; caudal distinct ; ventrals none. Branchiostegals six.

Japanese Sea.

1. Dictyosoma temminckii.

Dictyosoma, Schlec/. I. c. pi. 73. fig. 3.

tenuninckii, Bleek. verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Japan, p. 42.

Brownish.

Bay of Simabara.

B.6. D.f. A.^.

280 ' liLKXNIIDJE.

18. GUNELLICHTHYS.

Gunellichthys, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii., Celebes, ix. p. 9.

Body elongate, covered with rudimentary scales ; snout rather
obtuse ; lower jaw Avith a short skinny appendage. Jaws with teeth
of unequal size ; palate smooth. Dorsal fin long, formed by flexible
spines; caudal distinct. Ventrals two-rayed, scarcely before the
pectorals. Gill- openings not continued on to the throat ; branchio-
stegals six.

Coast of Celebes.

1. Gunellichthys pleurotsenia.
Bleekci; I. c. p. 10.

B. 6. D. 59. A. 34. V. 2.

The height of the body is about one-fifteenth of the total length.
Eose-coloured, with a brown, white-edged streak from the snout,
through the eye, to the middle of the caudal fin. {Bl.)

Sea of Manado.

19. STICH.aEUS*.

Gunellus, sp., Cuv. 8,- Val.

Lunipenus et Stichreus, Krnyer, Naturhist. Tidskr. i. 1837, p. 377.

Cteuodon et Lumpenus, Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 190.

Body elongate, covered with veiy small scales ; lateral line more
or less distinct ; sometimes several lateral lines. Snout short, or of
moderate extent ; very small teeth in the jaws and, generally, on the
palate. Dorsal fin long, formed bj' spines only. Ventrals jugular,
with two or tlu'ee rays ; caudal distinct. GiU-openings rather wide,
the gill-membranes being only slightly united at the thi'oat ; pseudo-
branchiae present ; branchiostegals six ; air-bladder and pyloric ap-
pendages absent.

Seas near the Arctic Circle, southwards to the coasts of Japan and
Scandinavia.

1. Stichaeus lumpenus.

Blennius limipenus, Fahr. Faun. Gronl. p. 151, and Schrift. Naturhist.

Gesellsch. Cc^enh. ii. p. 87, cop. by Ricliards.Faxn.Bor. Amer. FisJies,

p. 90.
Cliuus lumpenus, Reinlt. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Nature, og Mathem.

Afhandl. vii. 1838, p. 194.
Gunellus fabricii, Cuv. S,- Val. xi. p. 431.
LumpeniLS fabricii, Kroi/er, Naturhist. Tidskr. i. p. 377 ; Gaimard,

Vol/, en Scand. et Lapon. Zool. Poiss. pi. 14. fig. 1.

D. 63. A. 41. Y. 3.

The height of the body is one-fourteenth of the total length. The

* 1. Pholis subbifiircatus, Storer, Rep. Massach. p. 63, and Bekay, New York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 160, appears to belong to this genus. — Massachusetts

19. STiCH^us. 281

upper jaw scarcely longer than the lower ; ventrals very slender,
composedof three rays; caudal distinct. Palatine teeth. Light brown,
clouded with darker.
Coast of Greenland.

2. Stichseus medius.

Clinus medius, ReiiiJi. Daiiske Vidcnsk. Selsk. Niihirv. oq Mathvm.

Afhandl. vii. 1838, pp. 114, 121, 194.
Liimpenus medius, Kroyer, I. c.

D. 60. A. 43. V. 1/2.

The height of the body is one-tenth or one-eleventh of the total
length. The upper jaw sHghtly overlapping the lower. Verilrals
slender, one-third the length of the head ; the lower pectoi'al rays
shorter than the middle ones ; dorsal and anal fins sHghtly continuous
with the caudal. Vomerine and palatine teeth none. Brown.

Greenland.

The diagnosis is taken from a specimen in the Leyden Museum.
3. Stichseus maculatus.

Clinus maculatus. Fries in Kojiyl. Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837, p. 51, aud

Fries och Ek^r. Skand. Fi.sk. p. 108. pi. 25. fig. 2.
Ctenodon macidatus, Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 190.

D. 59-61. A. 36. V. 1/2. Ctec. pylor. 3.

The height of the body is one-tenth or one-eleventh of the total
length. The upper jaw slightly overlapping the lower. Ventrals
slender, one-half as long as the head ; the lower pectoral rays longer
than the middle ones ; caudal free from dorsal and anal. Palatine
and vomerine teeth. Light brown, clouded with darker.

Coast of Bohuslaens (Sweden).

The diagnosis is taken from a specimen in the Senckenberg Museum.

4. Stichseus islandicus.

Tang-brosme 4, Sfrotn, Sondm. i. p. 315.

Bleuuius capita Itevi, 3Iohr, Isl. Naturh. p. 85. tab. 4.

islandicus, Tfalb. Art. lienor, iii. tab. 3. tig. 6.

lampc'trajformis, Walb. I.e. p. 184; Kriiy. Natwhist. lYdskr. i.

1837, p. 32 (Clinus niolirii).
Centrouotus islandicus, HI. Sclui. p. 157.
- — — lumpenus, Niks. Prodr. p. 104.

Bleuuius gracilis, Sturitz in Xi/e Maya::, for Naturv. i. p. 406. pi. 3.
Guuellus i^;la^dicus, Cuv. Sf T(d. xi. p. 4.')3.
Clinus nebulosus, Fries, Vet. Akad. Handl. 1837, p. 55.
Luuipenus gracilis, Reinli. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Naturv. og Mathem.

Afhandl. \di. 1838, p. 194.
uebidosus, NiJss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. iv. p. 195.

D. 69-72. A. 48-50. V. 1/3.

Neither vomerine nor palatine teeth. The height of the body is

282 BLENNllD^.

one-fourteenth or one-sixteenth of the total length. Ventral rays
indistinct. Marbled with brown.
Coasts of Scandinavia and Iceland.

Faber (Fische Islands, p. 79) considers this species as identical
with Blennms Imnpenus of Fabricius, but he does not appear to have
known it from autopsy.

5. StichaBus aculeatus.

Clinus aculeatus, Reinh. Danske Vidensk, Selsk. Naturv. og Mathem.

Afhandl. vii. 1838, pp. 114, 122, 194
J^unipenus aculeatus, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskr. i. p. 377 ; Gaimard,
Voy. en Scand. et Lapon. Zool. Poiss. pi. 14. fig. 2.

B. 6. D. 72. A. 46. V. 1/2,

The upper jaw overlapping the lower ; vomerine and palatine teeth,
Ventrals slender, one-half the length of the head ; pectorals as long
as, or not much shorter than, the head ; caudal free from dorsal and
anal, rounded. A series of darker spots along the base of the dorsal
fin.

Coast of Greenland.

a, b. Adult. Greenland.

6. Stichseus anguillaris.

Blennius anguillaris, Pall. Zooyr. Ross. iii. p. 176.

Gunellus anguillaris, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 434.

Leptogunellus anguillaris, Ayres in Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1855,

p. 26.
Lumpenus anguillaris, Girard in U.S. Pacif. R. R. Exp. Fishes, p. 123

(pi. 25 b. figs. 1-3).

B. 6. D. 68. A. ^. V. 1/3. CiBc. pylor. 6. Vert. 28/51,

Vomer smooth ; palatine teeth. The upper jaw overlapping the
lower ; snout somewhat longer than the eye. The length of the pec-
toral fin is one-tenth of the total ; the ventral one-half the length
of the pectoral ; caudal free from dorsal and anal. Body with inter-
rupted blackish longitudinal streaks.

Coast of Kamtschatka ; Aleutian Islands ; Western coasts of North
America.

Pseudobranchiae. The liver is elongate, bUobed, the left lobe being
the longest. The stomach is strongly curved, and its pyloric portion
provided with six appendages of moderate length, namely, four on
one, and two on the other side. The intestinal tract makes a single
short curve, and is not quite one-half the length of the fish.

a-c. Adult and half-grown. New Orcas Islands, Gulf of Georgia.

Presented by the Lords of the Admiralty.
d. Adult : skeleton. New Orcas Islands. Presented by the Lords

of the Admiralty.

Skeleton. — The skeleton differs in several points from that of the

19. STiCH^us. 283

typical Blennioids : the bones are less ossified, and rather thin ; the
skiill is slightly compressed, and somewhat elongate ; crown of the
head smooth, flat, without crest ; intcrorbital space very narrow ; the
infraorbital ring is either absent or lost in our skeleton ; the bottom
of the tympanic groove is osseous, but thin. Posterior limb of the
prseoperculum very short ; operculum elongate, triangidar. Ulna and
radius broad, much larger than the carpal bones. There are twenty-
eight abdominal and fifty- one caudal vertebrae, the latter portion
being t\vice as long as the abdominal ; the vertebra) are slightly com-
pressed, rather longer than high ; processes and ribs very feeble.

7. Stichseus punctatus.

Blennius punctatus, Fabr. Faun. Gronl. p. 153, and Naturhist. Selsk.

Shift, ii. part 2. pi. 10. fig. 3.
Clinus punctatus, Richm-ds. Faun. Bor. A^ner. Fishes, p. 88.
Gunellus punctatus, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 428.
Stichffius punctatus, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskr. i. p. 377 ; Gaimard,

Voy. en Scand. et Lapon. Zool. Poiss. pi. 20. fig. 2.

B. 6. D. 49. A. ^. V. 3.

The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and one-foui'th. Snout subconical,
with the cleft of the mouth horizontal ; the width of the intcrorbital
space is one-half the diameter of the eye, which is very projecting.
Vomerine and palatine teeth. The ventral fin is half as long as the
pectoral, which nearly equals the length of the head. Dorsal spines
of moderate length, stiff; caudal distinct. Dorsal with a series of
five round black, posteriorly white-edged spots ; the lower part of
the head with five brown cross-bands ; a brown streak from the
snout, ranning through the eye.

Coasts of Greenland and Newfoundland.
a. Fine specimen. Greenland.

8. Stichaeus unimacnlatus.

Clinus unimacnlatus, Heinh. Danske Vidensk. Sekk. Naturv. og 3Ia-

them. Afliandl. 1835, pp. 9-11.
Chirus prpecisus, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskr. 1837, p. 25.
Stichaeus unimacnlatus, Reinh. I. c. 1837, p. 109 ; Kroyer, I. c. pp. 375,

377 ; Gaimard, Voy. en Scand. et Lapon. Zool. Poiss. pi. 20. fig. 1.

D, 49. A. 34. V. 3.

The height of the body is contained six times and a half in the total
length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds. Snout
subcorneal, with the cleft of the mouth slightly oblique ; vomerine
and palatine teeth. Three lateral lines on each side. The ventral
is half as long as the pectoral, which is much shorter than the head.
The dorsal fin terminates just at the root of the caudal. An ovate
black, white-edged spot between the sixth and tenth dorsal spines.

Coast of Greenland.

ff. Fine specimen. Greenland.

284 r.LENNIIDjK.

9. Stichaeus hexagrammus.

Schlegel, Fmot. Japun. Poiss. p. 136. pi. 73. fig. 1.
B. 6. D. 40. A. 29. V. 3.
The height of the body is contained six times and a haK in the
total length, the length of the head four times and a half. Snout
conical, with the cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal. Three lateral
lines on each side. The ventrals are shorter than the pectorals.
Dorsal continuous with the caudal. Brownish : two oblique streaks
behind the eye ; pectoral dotted with b^o^vn. (Schleg.)
Bay of Siraabara (Japan).

20. BLENNIOPS.

Blennius, sp., auct.

Blenniops, Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 184.

Body moderately elongate, covered with very small scales ; lateral
line none. Snout short ; small teeth in the jaws, none on the palate.
Dorsal fin long, formed by spines only. Yentrals very distinct, com-
posed of one spine and several rays, distinctly jugiilar. Caudal di-
stinct. Gill-openings of moderate width, with the gill-membranes
connected -ndth each other ; pseudobranchia? present ; branchiostegals
six ; aii'-bladder and pyloric appendages none.

British and Scandinavian coasts.

1. Blenniops ascanii.

Blennius, sp., Strom, Sdndm. i. p. 322 (not s\ti.).

Brosme toupee, Ascan. Ic. tab. 19.

Blennius galerita, part., L. Syst. i. p. 441 *.

galerita, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 27(3. pi. 35 ; Fkm. Brit. Anim.

p. 207 ; Nihs. Prodr. Ichth. Scand. p. 102 ; Tiirton, Brit. Faun. p. 92 ;

(not i.).
ascanii, Walbaum, Art. Renov. iii. p. 173 ; Reinhardt, Maanedsk.

f. Liter. 1833, p. 259 ; Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskr. i. 1837, p. 372.
Centronotus brosme, Bl. ScJin. p. 167.
Blennius coquillad, Lacep. ii. p. 477.

pennautii, Jenyns, Catal. Brit. Vert. Anim. p. 24.

palmicomis, Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 233; Jenyns,

Man. p. 380; (not Cuv.).
yarreUii, Cur. Sf Val. xi. p. 218 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fishes, 2ud edit.

i. p. 263, and 3rd edit. ii. p. 37 It-
Gimellus stroemii, Cur. Sf Val. xi. p. 444.
Blenniops galerita, Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 185.

B. 6. D. 50-51. A. 36-39. V. 1/3.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-seventh of the total. Snout short, with tlie cleft of the
mouth very oblique. A short tentacle at the nostril ; two pairs of

* See Blennius galerita, p. 222.

t Yarrell, although in possession of very fine specimens, omitted to mention
the scales covering the entire body of the fish, and placed the species in a scaleless
genus ; in consequence of which, Valenciennes created the nominal species of
B'.ji/arrcllii.

21. CENTRONOTUS. 285

fringed tentacles above tlie orbits, the posterior of which is about
thi-ee or four times the length of the anterior, and as long as the
head Ls high. Neck with many veiy small skinny flaps. Ventral
fins small ; the two anterior dorsal spines sometimes elongate, and
provided with skinny appendages at the top. Reddish-browu, with
several cross-bands on the back.
British and Scandinavian coasts.

a. Adult. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.
b-e, f, (/, h. Adult.

21. CENTRONOTUS*.

Centi'onotiis, BL Scfin. p. 165.

Gunellus, sp., C'liv. Regne Anim. ; Cm: Sf Vol. xi. p. 418.

Gmielhis, Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskr. 1837, i. p. 376.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales ; lateral line none ;
snout short ; very small teeth in the jaws, and sometimes on the
palate. Dorsal fin long, formed by spines only. Ventrals none, or,
if present, nidimentary and jugular ; caudal distinct (except in C
roseus). Gill-openings of moderate width ; gill-membranes con-
nected with each other ; pseudobranchiae present ; branehiostegals
five ; aii'-bladder and pyloric appendages absent.

Northern Seas, southwards to the coasts of France, New York,
California, and Japan.

1. Centronotus gunellus.

Gunellus comubiensium or Butter-fish, Willughhy, p. 115. cap. ix.

tab. G. 8. fig. 3 ; Ray, p. 144 ; Petker, Gazoph. tab. 51. fig. 4.
Blennius, sp., ArtecU, Genera, p. 27. n. 5.
Tang-Brosme 3, Strom, Sondin. i. p. 315, and Norsk. Vid. Sekk. Skr.

Nya Saml. i. p. 148.
Blennius gunellus, L. Si/st. i. p. 443, and Faun. Siiec. p. 114. no. 318 ;

£1. Fische Deutschl. 'ii. p. 186. taf. 71. fig. 1 ; Lacep. ii. p. 503;

Donov. Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 27; Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 93; Jenyns,

Man, p. 383 ; Midi. Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 4^3 ; Faber, Fische Islands,

p. 76 ; Richards. Faun. Bar. Amer. Fishes, p. 91 ; Retz. Faun. Suec.

p. 324 ; (not Fabr.).

* 1. Ophidium mucronatum, Mitch, in Lit. <^- Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 361.
pi. 1. fig. 1. — Gunellus mucronatus, Cuv. cf- Val. xi. p. 427 ; Bekay,
New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 153. pi. 12. fig. 36. — New York. — This fish
appears to be extremely similar to C. gunellus.

2. Blennius tania, Pall. Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat. iii. p. 178. — Grunellus taenia,

Cuv. S( Val. xi. p. 439.— Kiiriles.

3. Pall. Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat. iii. p. 178. — Gunellus ruberrimua, Cuv. Sf Val. xi.

p. 440. — Kuriles.

4. Blennius polyactocephalus, Pall. Zoogr. Eosso-Asiat. p. 179 — Gunellus

polyactocephalus, Cuv. d' Val. xi. p. 448. — Kamtschatka.

5. Gunellus crassispina, Schleg. Faun. Jajpon. Poiss. p. 139. — Japan.

6. macrocephalus, Girard, Bast. Journ. 1850, vi. p. 263. — Massachusetts.

7. Clinus afHnis, Eeinh. Danske Videtisk. Sclsk. Naturvid. og Mathem. Af-

handl. 1838, vii. pp. 114, 123. — Gimellus affinis, Kroyer, Naturhist.
Tidskr. i. 1837, p. 376.— Greenland.

286 BLENNIIDiE.

Pholis, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. n. 267, and Mus. Ichthyol. \. n. 77. p. 33.
Blenuiiis europtens, OUiv, Reise, i. p. 81, and Beskr. over Skagen, p. 165.

tab. 3. fig. 1.

maculis X., Olafs. Reise, § 680. tab. 10. ^s. 12, 18.

miu'^noides, Sujvf in Act. Petropol. 1779, ii. p. 195. tab. 6. fig. 1 ;

L. Gm. p. 1184 (young).
Centronotus gimellus, Bl. Schn. p. 167 ; Fries och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk.

p. 105. tab. 25. fig. 1.

muivBnoides, Bl. Schn. p. 166.

Spotted Blennv, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 183. pi. 35, and (edit. 1812)

iii. p. 282. pi. 39.
? Pui-ple Blenny, Lotv, Faun. Orcnd. p. 203 ; Parn. Wern. Meju. vii.

p. 235 (variety ?).
Giinellus vulgaris, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 207 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 419;

Nihs. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 200.
Mur:Bnoides guttata, Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 269, and 3rd edit. ii.

p. 376 ; Parn. Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 75.
Pholis gunellus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 99.
Gimellus ingens, Storer, Boston Joiirn. Nat. Hist. 1850, vi. p. 261. pi. 8.

fig. 1.

B. 5. D. 76-81. A. ^^. V. 1/1. Vert. 84-86.

The height of the body is contained nine times or nine times and
a half in the total length, the length of the head eight times and a
half. Snout short, with the cleft of the mouth very oblique ; the
width of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye.
Pectoral not quite half so long as the head ; ventral very small, com-
posed of one spine and one ray ; dorsal spines short, stiff ; caudal
distinct. A series of from ten to thirteen round black, white-edged
spots along the base of the dorsal fin. Head and caudal sometimes
minutely dotted with black.

Northern coasts of Europe, southwards to the coasts of France.
Coasts of Iceland and Greenland.

a. Fine specimen. Frith of Forth.

b. Adult. Frith of Forth.

c. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

d. Half-grown. Berwick-on-Tweed. Presented by Dr. 6. Johnston.

e. Adult. South Wales. Presented by J. Stokes, Esq.
f-g. Adult. South Devon. Museum Leach.

h. Half-grown. Falmouth. Purchased.

i-Jc. Adult : skin and stuffed. PljTnouth.

J-p. Adult : skins. English coast. From Mr. Yarrell's Collection.

q, r-t, ii-v. Adult. Biitish coast. From the Haslar Collection.

w, X, y, z-j3. Adult, half-groMTi, and young.

y. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

t. Adult : skeleton. Presented by Dr. 6. Johnston.

e. Half-grown : skeleton. Purchased.

i^. Intestines of specimen S.

It would appear from Storer's description that the specimens
found on the American side of the North Atlantic have the body
deeper than those from Europe, its depth being about one-seventh
of the total length. The figure, however, given by the same author

21, CENTBONOTITS. 287

represents a fish perfectly identical with the European, even with
regard to the depth of the body, which, in the specimen figured, is
nearly one-ninth of the total.

Skeleton. — The skuU is compressed and rather short ; its crown
rounded on the sides and perfectly smooth ; the interorbital space
very narrow ; infraorbital ring rudimentary. The vertebrae are com-
pressed, short, higher than long ; the lower processes of all the
abdominal vertebrae are united and form a haemal canal.

2. Centronotus fasciatus.

Blennius gunellus, Fabric. Faioi. Gronl. p. 149 ; (not i.).

Centronotus fasciatus, Bl. Schn. p. 165. pi. 37. fig. 1.

Gunellus fasciatus, Cuv. <^- Val. xi. p. 441 ; Reinh. Damke Vidensk.

Selsk. Natttrrid. og Mathem. Afh. vii. 1838, p. 122.
groenlandicus, Reinh. I. c. ; Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 442. pi. 340 ;

Kroyer, Naturhist. Tidskr. 1837, p. 372.
mm'aenoides, (!) Valenc. in Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 78.

fig. 2.

B. 5. D. 88-89. A. |. V. 1/1.

The height of the body is eight times to ten times and a half
in the total length, the length of the head ten times and a half.
Snout short, with the cleft of the mouth very oblique. The width
of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye. The
length of the pectoral is equal to, or rather less than, one-half the
length of the head ; ventral very small, composed of one spine and
one ray ; dorsal spines very short and stiff; caudal distinct. Greyish-
or brownish-grey, marbled with darker, anteriorly with several rather
irregular cross-bands, descending to the abdomen ; back with a series
of ten or twelve subtriangular light-coloured spots along the base of
the dorsal, each spot including some brown specks. A yellowish or
whitish, brown-edged vertical band behind the eye ; a brownish band
from below the eye to the throat.

Coasts of Greenland.

a. Fine specimen. Greenland.

h. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

3. Centronotus nebulosus.

GuneUus nebulosus, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 138.

ornatus, Girard, Prop. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. vii. 1854, p. 149,

and U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 116. pi. 256. figs. 5, 6.
Centronotus subfrenatus, Gill, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1859, p. 146.

D. 74-80. A. J. V. 1/1.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained about eleven times in the total. Snout short, with the cleft
of the mouth oblique. The width of the interorbital space is rather
less than the diameter of the eye. The length of the pectoral is
nearly one-half of that of the head ; ventral very small, composed of

288 BLENNIID^.

one spine and one ray ; dorsal spines short and stiff; caudal distinct.
Reddish-brown, marbled with darker ; a series of more or less
distinct dark spots along the base of the dorsal and anal fins ; a more
or less distinct band between the eyes, and a vertical band beneath
the eye.

Sea of Japan. Coast of California. Gulf of Georgia. Vancouver
Island.

a. Adult : skin in sjjiiits. Japan.

b-c. Half-grown. New Orcas Islands (Gulf of Georgia). Presented

by the Lords of the Admiralty.
il-f. Young. Vancouver Island. Collected by Lieut.-Col. Hawkins.

4. Centronotus apus.

Blennius giinellus, Pall. Zoo(/r. Itosso-Asint. iii. p. 173.

Ophidium ocellatiun, 3Iem. Acad. Sc. St. Petersb. iii. 1811,p.237.tab.8.

tig. 2.
Gunellus apos, Cuv. (^ Vol. xi. p. 426.

D. 80. A. 50.

Similar to Centronotus gunellus. Ventral none ; caudal distinct.
Six black oceUatcd spots along the dorsal fin.
Coast of Kamtschatka.

5. Centronotus gunellifomiis.

Asternopteiyx gunellifomiis, Ruppell in 3Ivs. Senckenh.
Gunellus gronlandicus ? pinnis ventralibus carens, Riipp. Vefzetchn.
Senckenh. Samml. Fische, p. 16.

D. 81. A.;^.
41

Ventrals none. The height of the body is contained eight times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head nine times and
a half. Snout short, with the cleft of the mouth obHque. The width
of the interorbital space is less than the diameter of the eye. The
length of the pectoral is about one-third of that of the head ; dorsal
spines short and stiff; caudal distinct. Reddish-brown; with ten
brown cross-bands, most distinct on the base of the dorsal and anal
fins ; light blotches along the dorsal fin, each between two of the
brown cross-bands, and each with a brown spot in the centre, A
light, brown-edged vertical band below the eye.

Greenland ?

The typical specimen is in the Senckenberg Museum.

6. Centronotus dolichogaster.

Blennius dolichogaster. Pall. Zooc/r. Posso-Asiat. iii. p. 175.
Gunellus dolichogaster, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 436.

D.93. A. A
Snout very short, with the cleft of the mouth oblique ; a pair of

21. CENTRONOTUS. 289

small bony warts at the place of the vcntrals ; caudal distinct, but
united with the dorsal and anal fins. Brownish-olive, marbled with
yellowish.

Coast of Kamtschatka. Aleutian Islands.

Typical specimen in the Berlin Museum.

7. Centronotus alectrolophus.

Blennius alectrolophus, Pall. Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. p. 174.
Guuellus alectrolophus, Cm; i^- Val. xi. p. 447.

D. 63. A. 44.

Ventral fins none. Crown of the head with a longitudinal crest ;
jaws equal in length. Caudal distinct ; pectoral fins very small.
Brownish : dorsal fin with oblitiue streaks ; anal and caudal with
wa\"ing linos.

Island of Talek (Gulf of Ponshin).

8. Centronotus crista galli.
D. 54. A. 37.

Ventral fins none. Crown of the head with a longitudinal crest ;
jaws equal in length. Caudal not continuous with the other vertical
lins ; jiectorals rather small. Brownish-olive, marbled with darker ;
sometimes a series of whitish spots along the base of the dorsal fin ;
cheek with an oblique brownish, dai-ker-edged band.

Coast of Vancouver Island. Gulf of Georgia.

a,h. Vancouver Island. From Lieut.-Colonel Hawkins's Collection.
c, d. Eraser's Eiver. Voyage of H.M.S. Plumper.

Description. — ^The body is elongate, compressed, its greatest depth
being one-eighth of the total length. The head is higher than broad,
and its length is contained six times and a half in the total length.
The snout is of moderate extent, with the jaws equal anteriorly ;
the cleft of the mouth is oblique, the maxiEaiy reaching to behind
the middle of the eye ; the diameter of the eye is one-seventh of the
length of the head, and shorter than the snout ; nostril with a very
small tentacle ; a membranaceous crest extends from the end of the
snout to the nape of the neck. Series of very distinct pores run
round the eye, along the edge of the prseoperculum, and along the
upper margin of the operculum. The dorsal and anal fins are nearly
half as high as the body, and terminate immediately at the root of
the caudal fin ; caudal rounded, rather small ; pectoral half as long
as the head.

The scales are very small, scarcely visible ; lateral line none.

lines.

Total length 45

Height of the body 5|

Length of the head 7

Diameter of the eye 1

TOL. III. V

290 BLENNnD.53.

9. (Centronotus) roseus.

Blennius roseus, rail. Zoo(p-. Rosso-Aaiat. iii. p. 177.
Gimellus roseus, Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 438.

D. 100. A. 90. V. 1. Vert. 96.

Body tapering posteriorly, the caudal being confounded with the
dorsal and anal fins. Ventrals very small. 8nout short, with the
lower jaw longest. Palatine teeth. Purple rose-coloured. (Pall.)

Kuriles.

22. APODICHTHYS.

Apodichthys, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1864, p. 150.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales ; lateral line none.
Snout short, with the cleft of the mouth oblique. Small teeth in the
jaws and on the vomer. Dorsal fin long, formed by spines only, and,
like the anal, continiious with the caudal ; a very large, excavated,
pen-like spine in front of the anal fin, hidden in a pouch ; ventrals
none. GiU-membranes united under the throat ; pseudobranchise
small ; air-bladder none ; branchiostegals four ; pyloric appendages
absent.
■ West coasts of North America.

1. Apodichthys flavidus.

Apodichthys flavidus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,
p. 150, and in U. S. Paeif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 117.

\'irescens, Ayres in Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sc. 1855, p. 55, and

Girard, I. c. p. 118.

B. 4. D. 86-90. A. 1 | 37-43.

The upper maxillary extends to, or nearly to, the vertical from
the posterior margin of the orbit. Yellowish or greenish-olive,
sometimes indistinctly marbled with darker, and with a seiies of
whitish spots along the middle of the side ; a series of black spots
along the base of the dorsal and anal fins ; a black streak from the
occiput through the eye to the angle of the mouth.

West coasts of North America.

a. Fine female specimen. Gulf of Georgia. Presented by the Lords
of the Admiralty.

The intestinal tract is wide and spiral ; there are no pyloric ap-
pendages ; liver and spleen large. The ovarium is situated on the
left side, simple, and, in the present state of development, is a large
sac with a glandular internal surface ; its external opening is situated
at the base of a small papilla, immediately behind the vent ; a furrow
leads from the opening to the groove of the spine before the anal fin,
which is evidently connected in some way with the generative
organs. The urinary bladder is situated on the right side, and has
externally the appearance of a csecum ; its aperture is at the tip of
the papilla.

24. CRYPTACANTHODES. 291

23. XIPHIDION.

Xiphidion, Girard in U. S. Pact/. E. R. Exiwd. Fishes, p. 119.

Body very elongate, naked, or covered with rudimentary scales,
with several lateral lines, each emitting lateral branches. Snout
short; small teeth in the jaws, with canines ; palate smooth. One
dorsal, formed by spines only ; caudal distinct ; ventrals none. Six
branchiostegals ; gill-opening of moderate width, with the gill-
membranes united below the throat ; pscudobranchiaj present.

Coast of California.

1. Xiphidion mucosuiu.

Girard, I. c.

D. 65. A. 48.

The maxUlarj- reaches to the vortical from the posterior margin
of the orbit. Three lateral lines extend from the head to the base
of the caudal : they are equidistant, the upper and the lower being
nearer to the dorsal and ventral outlines than to the middle one ;
the fourth duct runs from the base of the pectoral to the vent, and is
connected with its fellow by a common branch extending from below
the pectorals towards the throat. Olive, clouded with blackish-
brown ; two streaks on the cheek.

Coast of California.

a-c. Adult and half-grown. Monterey. — Scales rudimentary, but
conspicuous. Girard was uncertain about the presence of scales,
having had specimens in an imperfect state of preservation.

24. CRYPTACANTHODES.

Cryptacanthodes, Storcr, Rejiort Fish. 3Iassach. p. 28.

Body very elongate, naked, with a single lateral line. Head ob-
long, subquadrangular, with the muciferous channels well developed.
Eye rather small. Conical teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and on
the palatine bones. One dorsal, formed by spines only ; caudal
distinct, but contiguous with dorsal and anal ; ventrals none. Six
branchiostegals ; giU-opening of moderate width, with the gill-mem-
branes joined to the isthmus ; four giUs, pseudobranchife.

Coast of Massachusetts.

1. Cryptacanthodes maculatus.

Storcr, I. c. : Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 03. pi. 18. fig. 60.
D. 75-77. A. 47-50.

Teeth in the jaws cardiform ; those on the vomer and the palatine
bones rather strong, in a single series. Eeddish-brown, spotted with
darker.

Coast of Massachusetts.

«, h. Adult. Boston. Presented by B. Winstone, Esq.

V 2

292 BLENNirD.T,

25. PAT^CUS.

Richards. Ann. Sc Mag. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiv. p. 280, and Ichthyol.
Voy. Ereb. ^ Terr. p. 20.

Body oblong, anteriorly elevated; the upper profile of the short
snout parabolic ; minute teeth in the jaws and on the vomer, palatine
bones smooth. Dorsal fin long, anteriorly with some of the spines
strong, posteriorly continuous with the caudal ; ventrals none. Gill-
openings wide ; pseudobranchiae none ; branchiostegals six. No cleft
behind the fourth gill.

Coasts of Australia.

1. Patsecus fronto.

Richards. Ann. ^- May. Nat. Hist. 1844, xiv. p. 280, and Ichthyol.
Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr. p. 20. pi. 13.

B. 6. D. 30. A. 16. P. 8. Vert. 17?/18.
The pectoral fin is considerably longer than the head. Uniforai
brown.

West Austraha.

o. Adult: stuffed. "West Australia. Presented by Captain Sir G.
Grey. — Type of the species.

2. Pataecus maculatus.

D. 31. A. 12. P. 8.

The pectoral fin is shorter than the head. Olive, black-sjjottod.
North Australia.

a. Fine specimen. Freemantle. Purchased of Dr. Bowerbank.

Description of the specimen. — This species agrees with P. fronto in
the general habit ; its body is compressed, highest above the oper-
culum, tapering posteriorly ; the upper and anterior profile of the
head forms a quarter of a circle. The height of the body equals the
length of the head, and is one-third of the total length ; the eye is
very small, situated nearer to the end of the snout than to that of
the operculum, and more remote from the lower profile than from
the upper. The cleft of the mouth is of moderate width, slightly
oblique, and with the jaws nearly equal in length. The teeth are
minute, forming bands ; there is a small patch of teeth on the vomer.
There is a very small tubercle midway between the eye and the end
of the snout, but there is no nasal opening. The branchial aperture
is obliquely situated ; it is veiy wde, extending on to the symphysis
of the lower jaw ; no slit behind the fourth gill. The dorsal fin is
perfectly contimious, extending from the snout to the middle of the
caudal fin ; the first spine is very short, the second is the strongest,
enveloped in a thick membrane (both are situated before the vertical
from the eye) ; the second and the third are the longest, one-half
the height of the bodj- ; the following become gradually somewhat

26. PHOLIDICHTHYS. 293

shorter ; the last twelve rays are rather more flexible than the pre-
ceding, and increase again slightly in length. The base of the fin is
scarcely to be distinguished from the back, as it is enveloped in the
thick integument of the body. The caudal, like the other fins, is
composed of simple rays, and very short, its length being contained
eight times and a half in the total. The anal commences near the
vent, is rather low, and not continuous with the caudal. The
pectoral is shorter than the head, inserted immediately above the
lower profile, and slightly rounded, the tips of the rays somewhat
projecting beyond the membrane.

There is no trace of scales whatever ; a lateral line proceeds from
the angle of the operculum to the base of the last dorsal ray,
running near, and parallel to, the upper profile. A series of flat
warts foUows a part of its course ; other smaller warts are scattered
oyer the lower part of the side and the interoperculum. Olive : head
and body dotted and spotted with black ; a series of large round
spots along the lower half of the dorsal fin, another of small dots
along the upper half ; the outer half of the caudal and anal fins and
the whole of the pectorals black,

lines.

Total length 38

Height of the body 13^

Length of the head 13

Diameter of the eye Of

Length of the second and third dorsal spines . . 6|

of the caudal 4^

of the pectoral 10

26. PHOLIDICHTHYS.

Pholidichtliys, Bleek. Boe?-oe, p. 406.

Body elongate, tapering, naked ; snout obtuse ; no membranaceous
appendages or filaments. Jaws with teeth of unequal size ; palate
smooth. Dorsal, anal, and caudal fins united, but distinct, the foimer
formed by flexible spines. Ventrals two-rayed, scarcely before the
pectorals. Branchiostegals six.

Sea of Boeroe.

1. Pholidichthys leucotaenia.

Sleeker, Boeroe, p. 406.

D. 66. A. 55. V. 2.

The height of the body is contained nine times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times and four-fifths ; head
nearly twice as long as high ; snout obtuse, shorter than the eye,
which is one-fourth of the length of the head. Jaws nearly equal,
the upper extending to below the posterior half of the eye. Blackish-
violet, Math a bluish-white longitudinal band. (Bleek.)

yea of KajeU (Boeroe).

294 nr.EXNiiD.T;.

We have not had an opportunity of seeing specimens of the
following genus, which is characterized by Mr. Blytli, as follows : —

27. ANDAMIA.

Audamia, Bhjth in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1859, p. 270.
" Form elongated, with large expanded pectorals and caudal, and
a long serrated anal. The ventrals short, even with the pectorals,
and consisting each of an outer simple ray and an inner divided ray,
which are separated nearlj' to the base. Ilcad depressed, with rather
small eyes, placed vertically and distantly apart ; the mouth opening
downwards, and furnished with a remarkable labial apparatus : in
front it is covered by a thin overflapping upper lip, which is connected
laterally by a plicatui-e with a fold or flap of membrane under-
neath, at a short distance from the mouth behind it : minute marginal
teeth in both jaws, which are perceptible to the touch as a slight
asperity. Dorsal fin extending the whole length of the back, be-
coming higher on its posterior half; its spinous and soft rays not
easily distinguishable ; and the second and third rays are a little
elongated in the males, at least of the species described, which also
has a small palmated appendage over each eye."

1 . Andamia expansa.

Blyth, I. c. p. 271.

" D. 36. A. 26. P. 14. C. 11.

'' Colour dark plumbeous above, with slight pale-mottled trans-
verse bands on the sides ; the gill-covers studded with minute dusky
specks ; dorsal fin dusky ; the ventral surface and anal fin whitish,
with a dark spot on each ray of the latter ; membrane of the caudal
colourless, with conspicuous black rays, the rays extending beyond
the membrane ; the caudal having a rounded foim, and being almost
continuous below with the anal fin. In a young individual the
dorsal fin is pale, with the exception of the fij'st two rays, which are
black. In adults, the pectorals and posterior half of the dorsal are
marked (more or less distinctly) like the caudal black rays, on
colourless membrane ; ventrals pale. Length 3-| in."

Andaman Islands.

28. GENYPTERUS.
Genypterus, Philippi in Wieflm. Arch. 1857, p. 268.
Body elongate, covered with very small scales ; conical teeth in
the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Dorsal and anal fins
long, confluent wth the caudal, without spines. Ventrals two-rayed,
situated below the eye. GUI-openings wide ; branchiostegals six.
Coast of Chile.

1. Genypterus chilensis

Quick, ill G(uj, Hist. CJiil.
(Congrio).

Lips thick. Black ; sides and anal fin with white spots

Conger chilensi.'s, Ouich. in Gin/, Hist. Chil. ii. p. 339 (Genypterus
nigricans, Phil.) (Congrio).

2\). ZOARCES. 295

29. ZOARCES*.
Zoarces, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Cue. ^'- Vid. xi. p. 450.

Body elongate, witli the scales rudimentary ; snout of moderate
extent ; conical teeth in the jaws, palate smooth. Dorsal fin long,
with a depression on the tail, which is formed by a series of spines
much shorter than the rays ; no other spines, either in the dorsal
or in any of the other fins ; dorsal and anal fins running round the
extremity of the taU, without a distinct caudal fin. Ventrals short,
formed by three or four rays. Gill-openings wide ; pseudobranchiae
present ; branchiostegals six ; air-bladder and pyloric appendages
absent.

Temperate seas of Northern Europe and America. The European
species viviparous.

1 . Zoarces viviparus.

Mustela vivipara et marina, ScJwnev. pp. 49, 50. tab. 4. fig. 2 ; Jonston,

tab. 46. fig. 8 ; Willughbij, p. 122. tab. H. 3. fig. 5 ; Ray, p. 69.
Lumpen, Willughbi/, p. 120. tab. II. 1.

Gufter, Ealpout, Sihbald, Scot. Illmtr. iii. p. 25. pi. 19. fig. 3.
Blennius, sp. 7, Artedi, Synon. p. 45.
Blennius viviparus, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 443, and Mt(s. Ad. Fried, p. 69.

pi. 32 ; Kon. Vetensk. Akad. Handl 1748, p. 37. t. 2, and Faun. Siiec.

p. 113 ; m. iii. 2. p. 262. tab. 72 ; Rl. Sckn. p. 170 ; 3mi. Zool. Dan.

ii. p. 23. pi. 67 ; Wa/b. Art. Ren. iii. p. 185 ; Refz. Faun. Suec. p. 325 ;

Siemsen, Fische 3Iecklenb. p. 26 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, ii. pi. 34 ; Tur-

ton, Brit. Faun. p. 93; Low, Faun. Oread, p. 204; Shato, Zool. iv.

p. 182.
Euchelyopus, sp., Klein, Miss. iv. p. 57. n. 12. tab. 15. fig. 1 ; Gronov.

Zoophyl. n. 265, and 3fus. Ichth. i. p. 65.
Viviparous Blenny, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 184. pi. 37, and edit. 1812,

iii. p. 283. pi. 41.
Blennius ovoviviparus, Lacep. ii. p. 498.
GxmeUus viviparus, Flem. Brit. An. p. 207.
Zoarces viviparus. Cue. Regne Anim. ; Jenipis, 3Ian. p. 384 ; Yarrell,

Brit. Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 243, 2ud edit. i. p. 273, 3rd edit. ii.

p. 380 ; Niks. Prodr. p. 105 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 454 ; Parn. Wm-n.

3fem. vii. p. 237.
Zoarcfeus viviparus, Ekstrom, Fische 3Idrkd, ed. Creph'n,^p. 24:1; Fries

och Ekstr. Skand. Fisk. p. 36. taf. 8. fig. 1 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. iv.

p. 203.
Enchelyopus \T.viparus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 100.

B. 6. D. 78 I 10 I 20-21. A. 84-85. Y. 3.

The height of the body is about one-ninth of the total length.

* 1. Enchelyopus, sp., Gronov. Zoopk. n. 266. p. 77. — Blennius americanus, Bl.
Sckn. p. 171. — Zoarces gronovii, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 469. — Enchelyopus
americanus. Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 101. — Coast of America. — This
fish belongs probably to another genus.
2. Blennius polaris, Stihhic. Sitppl. fo Parry's First Voy. p. 222 ; Eoss, App.
to Parry's Polar Voy. p. 200, and App. to the Narrat. of a Second Voy.
p. 52. n. 8. — Zoarces polaris, Bivhards. Faun. Bor. Amer. Fishes, p. 94.
Arctic coasts of North America. — This fish is not a Zoarces.

296 BLENNIID^.

Brownish-gi'ey, irregularly marbled with reddish-brown ; a series of
dark spots along the base of the dorsal fin.

German Ocean. Baltic, southwards to the British Channel.

a. Adult : stuffed. English coast.

b. Adult female with young. Greenwich. Presented by W. Yarrell,

Esq.

c. Adult. London market.

d. e. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

/, g, h-l; l-m. Adults, half-grown, and young. Frith of Forth.
71. Fine specimen. Baltic. Presented by Prince Max of Neuwied.
o-p. Adult : skins.

q-r. Adult and half-grown : skins. From Gronow's Collection,
s. Young.

2. Zoarces anguillaris.

Blennius anguillaris, Peck, Mem. Amer. Acad. ii. pt. 2. p. 46. fig. 3.
■ labrosus, Mitch. Lit. ^ Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 375. pi, 1.

fig- 7.
Zoarces labrosus, Cuv. ^ Vol. xi. p. 466. pi. 342 ; Cuv. E^gne Atitm.

III. Poiss. pi. 79. fig. 1.
anguillaris, Sforer, Report Fishes Massachuss. p. 66 ; Dekay, New

York Fauna, Fishes, p. 155. pi. 16. fig. 45.

Variety.
Blennius ciliatus, 3Iitch. I. c. p. 374. pi. 1. fig. 6.
Zoarces fimbriatus, Cuv. ^- Vol. xi. p. 468 ; Dekay, I. c. p. 156. pi. 16.
fig. 44.

D. 92-97 1 21-16 | 12-22 (or 125-135). A. 103-110. Y. 4.
Bro'miish, marbled with darker ; an oblique blackish streak from
the eye to the angle of the pra;opcreulum.

Atlantic coasts of the northern parts of the United States.

a. Large specimen. Boston. Presented by W. Winstone, Esq.

30. NEMOPHIS.

Nemophis, Kaup, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1858, p. 168.

Tail exceedingly elongate, compressed ; body naked ; snout of
moderate extent, mouth very small. Both jaws with canine teeth ;
those of the lower jaw exceedingly long, moving in a channel of the
upper jaw. Dorsal and anal fins exceedingly long, without a distinct
spinous portion, surrounding the extremity of the tail ; caudal and
ventral fins absent. Gill-opening reduced to a small foramen on the
side of the neck.

Hab. ?

1. Nemophis lessonii.

Kaup, I. c.

The dorsal fin commences behind the eye, which is rather large.
Silvery; dorsal and anal fins blackish.

The typical specimens, nine Par. inches long, are in the Museum

ACAXTHOCLINID.E. 297

of the Jardin des Plantes. The position of this singular fish cannot
be exactly determined, the description given being very insufficient.
Dr. Kaup calls it a new genas of riband-shaped fishes, with which,
however, it has nothing in common except the elongate form, so far
as we can learn from his description.

31. PSEUDOBLENNIUS.

Pseudoblennius, Schleg. Faun. Jupon. Poiss. p. 313.

Body slightly elongate, naked ; snout somewhat produced, with
the cleft of the mouth wide ; a band of cardiform teeth in the jaAvs,
none on the palate. Two separate dorsal fins, the rays of the second
and of the anal not branched ; caudal distinct ; ventral with two soft
rays, thoracic. Branchiostegals six.

Sea of Japan.

1. Pseudoblennius percoides.

Pseudoblennius, Schleg. I. c.

Pseudoclinus, Schleg. I. c. pi. 79 A. figs. 2, 3.

B. 6. D. 10 I 18. A. 16.

A tentacle above the orbit. Brownish, marbled with darker : fin-
rays dotted with brown.
Bay of Oomura.

Fam. 25. ACANTHOCLINID.E.

Body elongate, low, compressed, covered with small scales. One
dorsal fin, occupying nearly the whole of the back, by far the greater
part being composed of spines ; anal Jin long, ivith the number of the
sjnnes exceeding that of the rays ; ventr ah jugular, composed of a few
rays. Dentition complete. Four gUls, pseudobranchise. Air-bladder
none ; pyloric appendages none. Vertebrte 12/18.

Coasts of New Zealand. Carnivorous fishes.

Only one genus.

1. ACANTHOCLINUS.

Acanthoclinus, Jcnyns, Zool. Beagle.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with very small scales. Cleft
of the mouth lateral, of moderate width ; bands of small teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer, the palatine bones, and on the tongue. Dorsal
and anal fins long, the greater portion of both being composed of
spines ; soft rays in small number. Caudal rounded. Ventrals
jugular, composed of one spine and three rays. Several lateral liaes.

298 ACANTHOCLINID^.

Six branchiostegals ; the gill-membranes united below the throat ;
four gills ; pseudobranchise. Air-bladder none. Pyloric appendages
none ; intestines short.

Carnivorous fishes, from the coasts of New Zealand.

1. Acanthoclinus littoreus.

Blennius littoreus, Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 127.

qiiadridact^lus, Bl. Schn. p. 177.

Clinus littoreus, Cuv. i^ Val. xi. p. 389.

Acanthoclinus fuscus, Jen. Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 92. pi. 18. fig. 2.

B. 6. D. f . A. ^". V. 1/3.

Eeddish-brown, brown, or blackish ; a dark-brown spot on the
operculum. Immature specimens with two oblique blackish streaks
from the eye to the operculum, and with whitish dots on the body.
A lateral line along the base of the dorsal fin, another along the
middle of the body, a third from below the pectoral along the base of
the- anal ; a fourth pair along the middle of the beUy.

Coasts of New Zealand.

rt. A great number of adult, half- grown, and young specimens. Bay

of Islands.
b. Adult male: skeleton. New Zealand. From Dr. Sinclair's

Collection.

Forster's description agrees so well with this species, that we can
scarcely doubt that, owing to some inadvertence, he has given the
numbers of the fin-rays incorrectly ; and this is the more probable
as in his original figure the number of the dorsal and anal spines is
nearly coi-rect. He has figured a young individual, in which the
lateral stripes of the head are visible.

Stomach elongate, without caecal portion ; pyloric appendages none ;
intestine short, ynih. an upper and lower curve. The Uver is situated
on the right side of the stomach; the gall-bladder is elongate, situated
behind the liver, towards the extremity of the abdomen. Air-bladder
absent.

SJceleton. — The skeleton does not show any peculiarity. The bones
are well ossified. SkuU rather compressed; crown of the head
smooth, convex, with a small crest posteriorly; interorbital space
verj' narrow ; infraorbital bones well developed, forming a ring,
which is nearly of the same width throughout ; intermaxillary much
shorter than the maxillary, with the posterior processes of moderate
length ; maxillary very dUated posteriorly ; praeoperculum roimded,
both its limbs having the same length ; operculum regularly tri-
angular. Pubic bones narrow, rather elongate, firmly united, with-
out interspace between them. Twelve abdominal and eighteen
caudal vertebrae, the length of the former portion of the vertebral
column being to that of the latter as 1 : 1-26. Haemal, neural, inter-
ha^mal and intcrneural spines, and the ribs of moderate strength and
length.

COMErHORID.K. 299

Fam. 26. COMEPHORID.^.

Gobioidei, part., Cuv.

Body elongate, naked ; eye lateral. Teeth small. Two dorsal
fins, the anterior of which is much less developed than the second,
wliich equals the anal fin. Yentrals none. No prominent papilla
near the vent. Gill-opening wide ; six branchiostogals, four gills ;
air-bladder and pyloric appendages none. Skeleton very soft ; oper-
cular pieces not distinct ; number of the vertebrae in the single
species known at present 8/35.

Lake Baikal.

The only genus known approaches, in several characters, the famUy
of ScomhridcE, and among these especially the group of Scombrina ;
but the habit of this fish, the. locality in which it is found, and, above
all, the structure of the skeleton appear to indicate it as the type of
a separate family.

1. COMEPHORUS.

Comephorua, Lacep. ii. p. 312 ; Cav. ^- Val. xii. p. 327.

Body elongate, naked ; head large, with the snout produced, broad
and depressed, and with the cleft of the mouth very wide. Eye of
moderate size. Teeth minute, in the jaws, on the vomer and the
palatine bones. Eays of the second dorsal fin and of the anal simple,
and not articulated. Pectorals very long ; caudal emarginate.

Lake Baikal.

1. Comephorus baikalensis.

Callion\Tnus baikaleiLsis, Pall. Reise, iii. p. 290, and ^pp- p. 707 ; Nov.

Act. 'Petropol. i. p. 349. pi. 9. fig. 1.
Comephorus baikalensis, Lacep. ii. p. 313 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xii. p. 329.

pi. 361 ; Cuv. Eeffiie Anim. HI. Poiss. pi. 82. fig. 2.

1). 8 j 28. A. 34. Vert. 8/35.
Pectoral longer than the head. Uniform greenish.
Lake Baikal.

300 TUAcuypTKiun.K.

Fam. 27. TRACHYPTERID^.

Tfenioiclei, part., Cuv., lliilL, Owen.
GyiunetridK, Gruij, St/n. Brit. 3Ius. 1842, p. 149.

Eody elongate, strongly compressed, naked ; eye lateral ; cleft of
the mouth small, with the dentition feeble. One dorsal fin, occupying
the whole length of the back, ^vith a detached anterior portion, and
composed of flexible rays which are neither articulated nor branched.
Anal absent ; caudal not in the longitudinal axis of the fish, or ru-
dimentaiy ; ventrals thoracic. Gill-opening wide ; branchiostegals
six ; gills four ; pseudobranchias well developed, situated in a pouch
formed by a fold of the mucous membrane {Trachypterus). Pyloric
appendages in exceedingly large number. Vertebrae in large number.
Bones soft ; muscles little coherent.

Deep-sea fishes, found at present on the shores of the Atlantic
and Mediterranean ; one species in the East Indies, another on the
west coast of South America, a third from New Zealand. Probably
they have a much wider range ; but their being so rarely thrown on
shore and their speedy decomposition have prevented naturalists from
observing them. It is very diificult to obtain specimens, and nearly
impossible to find perfect ones. Nothing is known of their deve-
lopment, and of the changes they undergo with age. Only a few
specimens have been carefully examined ; and in several species I shall
be obhged to restrict myself to an abstract from the original accounts.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Ventrala fms well developed 1. Trachypterus, p. 300.

Tail produced into an exceedingly long filament ... 2. Stylophorus, p. 306.
Each ventral fin reduced to a long filament 3. Regalecus, p. 307.

1. TRACHYPTERUS.

Taenia, part., Artedi, Si/non. p. 114.

Trachypterus, Gouan, Hist. Poiss. pp. 104, 153 ; Cuv. 4|- Val. x. p. 313.

Ventral fins well developed, composed of several more or less
branched rays.

Coasts of Europe. West coast of South America.

1. Trachypterus spinolae.

Trachypterus spinolae, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 328. pi. 296.

D. 7 I 137-139 (-160). A. 0. C. 7/5. P. 11. V. 1/4.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth ; a series of two or three blackish
blotches on the side of the body.

1. TRACHITTERUS. 301

The upper profile descends rapidly from above the eye to the snout.
The anterior seven dorsal rays are separated from the remainder of
the fin by a deep notch, and are very elevated. Seven of the caudal
rays are inserted on the upper part of the extremity of the tail,
foiTuing a separate caudal lobe, obliquely dii-ected vipwards ; the other
rays are short, pointing backwards. There is a small spine on the
part of the tail which is opposite to the caudal lobe. Pectorals very
short ; ventral rays elongate, exceedingly frail. Silvery : two or
three blackish spots on the upper part of the back.

Tj-pical specimens 2 to 3 inches long.

Nice.

A specimen in the British Museum, five inches long, and said to
be from the Atlantic Ocean, I consider as belonging to this species.
Its greatest depth is at the nape of the neck, and is contained three
times and a half in the total length (without caudal fin). The
number of the dorsal rays, besides the anterior ones, which are de-
tached, is 160, that is, twenty more than in Valenciennes' specimen ;
but I do not think that, in fishes in which the rays are so exceed-
ingly numerous, their number is as constant, within the limits of one
species, as in fishes with fewer dorsal rays.

2. Trachypterus cristatus.

Trachypterus cristatus, Bonelli, 3Iem. Accad. Torino, xxiv. p. 485. pi. 9,
bonellii, Cuv. df Val. x. p. 331,

D. 6 I 114. A. 0.

The lower profile of the trunk is much more prominent than that
of the tail, which is comparatively narrow and slender. The upper
portion of the caudal fin forms an erect lobe ; lateral line spiny.
Silvery : fins red ; two blackish spots on the dorsal crest, and five on
the posterior half of the dorsal fin.

Gulf of Spezzia.

The tj-pical specimen, which has miich the appearance of a deformed
fish, is in the Museum at Genoa, llisso, however, appears to de-
scribe a similar, if not the same, fish, under the name of Gymiietrus
miiUerianus (AViegm. Arch. 1840, p. 13). He says, " La plus grande
hauteur aux pectorales est presque la moitie de la longueur du corps
depuis les oui'es jusqu'a I'anus, s'amincit ensuite tout-a-coup en se
retrecissant jiisqu'a I'extremite caudale."

3. Trachypterus gryphurus.

Lotce, Proc. ZooL Soc. 18.50, p. 248.

B. 6. D. 5 I 166. P. 10-11. V. 1/5. C. 8/5.
The height of the body is contained five times and a half in the
total length. Lateral hne without spines. A series of three black-
ish blotches along the side of the body.
Madeira.

Description. — " Intermediate between T. tcenia and T. iris, approach-

302 .TRACHYPTEKII).*:.

ing perhaps nearest to the latter, but differing in its deeper shape, its
depth being two-elevenths of the total length, and in the backwarder
position of the third dark side-spot. The ventral fins are short, only
equalling one-twelfth of the body, without the caudal fin, and the
first four produced rays of the first dorsal are equal in length to the ven-
tral fins. The lateral line ends as in Cuvier and Valenciennes' figure
(t. 297) of T. iris, but is quite unarmed. The ventral line is serru-
late ; and the whole surface, particularly towards the ventral line, is
finely shagreened or granulate, the granulations becoming stronger
towards the ventral line, as in the same figure. In shape and pro-
portions it agrees better with T. tcenia, but diflers in several important
particulars from Cuvier and Valenciennes' description of that fisb .
The only individual examined occurred in June 1845, and has been
added by me to the Collection of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
It was scarcely quite dead when I first saw it, and was in the most
perfect state of preservation. Another Trachypterus had occurred in
June 1844, and was probably the same species ; but the example was
unfortunately thrown away by the person to whom it had been mis-
sent, without my seeing it. It was said to have been about three feet
long. The whole body is pure bright silver, appearing as if frosted,
from the fine granulations of the siuface. The fins are of a delicate
scarlet or vermilion, the lower point or angle of the caudal being
tipped, and the hinder end of the dorsal edged with black. On the
sides are three blackish oval or elliptic spots. This example was
twenty-five inches long, exclusive of the caudal fin, which resembles
a bat's or griffon's wing, and is erected in a fan-like manner ; the
lower lobe or portion being suppressed or undeveloped, and only
indicated by the presence of five short spinules or abortive rays."
{Lowe.)

4. Trachypterus taenia.

Falx Venetorum, Bellon. Aquat. p. 137 ; Aldrov. Pise. p. 370.

Tffinia altera, Rondel, p. 327 ; Artedi, Spion. p. 115 (nos. 2 & 4).

Cepola trachyptera, Z. Gm. i. p. 1187.

TracliypteriLS taenia, £1. Sckn. p. 480.

Gyninetrus lacepedii, Hisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 146. pi. 5. fig. 17.

Trachypterus falx, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 333.

B. 6. D. 8 I 162-168. A. 0. C. 8/6. P. 11. V. 1/7.

The greatest depth of the body is near, or at, the occiput, and is
contained five times and a quarter in the total length (without cau-
dal) . Lateral line spiny. A series of three blackish blotches along
the side of the back, and sometimes one or two paler ones on the
side of the abdomen.

Seas of Messina, Mce, and Algiers.

The greatest height of the body is at or near the occiput, and con-
tained five times and a quarter in the total length (without caudal).
Muzzle truncated ; cleft of the mouth vertical ; the upper jaw very
protractile. Six or eight small teeth in each of the jaws, three or
four on the vomer ; palatines with some asperities. The eye oecu-

1. TRACHTPTERUS. 303

pies the middle thii'd of the length of the liead, near to the upper
profile. Interoperculum nearly as large as the operculum ; the gill-
opening extends to the vertical from the eye. Pectorals veiy short ;
ventrals about as long as the body is high. The anterior six dorsal
rays are elevated ; the others have a rough surface, and there is a
small spiny tubercle at the base of each of them. Eight of the caudal
rays are inserted on the upper part of the extremity of the tail,
forming a separate caudal lobe, obliquely directed upwards ; the
outer rays of this lobe are longer and stronger than the intermediate
ones, and have their surface rough ; the other caudal rays are short,
pointing backwards. Lateral line with a series of smaU bony shields,
each of which is armed with a spine ; a double series of small
tubercles along the cutting edge of the abdomen. The lateral Line
gradually descends towards the lower profile, which it reaches at the
extremity of the tail, where it becomes confluent with the lateral line
of the other side ; there is a spine at the point of the junction of the
two lateral lines, with a process directed forwards, and another di-
rected backwards. The vent is situated a little before the middle of
the length. Silvery, with three blackish spots on the back, and
sometimes with one or two paler ones on the side of the abdomen.
Fins rose-colom-ed.

Tj'pical specimens nine to twenty inches long.

A specimen in the Collection of the College of Surgeons, nine
inches long, and named Tracluiptenis cristatits, probably belongs to
this species. It is without any spots, and has 150 rays in the dorsal
fin.

5. Trachypterus altivelis.
Kner in Wien. Sitzungsher. 1859, xxxiv. p. 437. taf. 1.

B. 6. D. 7 I 190. A. 0. C. 6/4-6. P. 11. V. 7.
The greatest height of the body is above the ventral fins, equal to
the length of the head, and one-seventh of the total. Fonn of the
head as in T. tania. Eight teeth in the upper, and six in the lower
jaw. The anterior dorsal rays elevated ; the longest of the second
dorsal fin are not much lower than the body ; dorsal rays rough, and
there is a small s]3ine at the base of each of them. Form of the
caudal fin and tubercles of the skin as in T. tmnia. Silvery, with
three large round black spots below the dorsal fin ; a fourth near
the abdominal edge, a little behind the first on the back.
Valparaiso.

The typical specimen is in the Vienna Museum.
6. Trachjrpterus iris.

Taenia falcata, (Impm-ato) Aldrov. iii. c. 30. p. 371.

prima, Rondel, xi. cap. 17. p. 326 ; Ray, p. 39 ; Artedt, Si/>wh.

p. 114.
Ichthyopolis romanis Cepole dicta, WiUur/hhy, p. 116.
Cepola iris, Walb. Artedi, iii. p. 6l7.
Epidesmus maeulatus, Ranzani, Opiisc. Sciciit. d'ltal. ii. p. 133.

304 TRACHTPTEEID.5E.

Regalecu3 maciilatus, Nardo, Giorn. di Fis. dec. ii. torn. vii. p. 116.

pi. 1. fig. 1.
Trachypterus iris, Cuv. S^ Val. x. p. 341. pi. 297.

B. 6. D. 6 I 170. A. 0. C. S/6. P. 11. V. 1/7.

The greatest height of the hody is at or near the occiput, and one-
ninth or one-tenth of the total length. Dorsal rays rough. In every
other respect similar to T. tcpiua.

Coasts of Messina and Corsica.

Typical specimens two to three feet long.

7. Trachypterus liopterus.

? Bogmarus aristotelis, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 297.
Trachypterus leiopterus, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 342.

D. 6 I 170-174. A. 0. C. 8/6. Y. 1/7. Vert. 90-91.

The height of the hody is one-ninth or one-tenth of the total
length. Dorsal rays withoixt any asperities. Two spots only on
the back, the anterior of which is situated in the first sixth of the
total length, the posterior in the second. In eveiy other respect
similar to T. tcenia.

Coasts of Naples, Nice, and Toulon.

Typical specimens forty to forty-five inches long. One of the
specimens examined was a female.

Pyloric appendages innumerable ; air-bladder none.

a. Fifty-eight inches long : stuffed. Mediterranean.

8. Trachypterus riippeUii.

D. 6 I 135. A. 0. C. 8. V. ? P. 10.

The height of the body is contained eight times and a half in the
total length. Dorsal rays smooth ; lateral line spiny ; a black spot
on the anterior half of the body.

The form of the head is nearly the same as in T. tcenia. The
greatest depth of the body is somewhat before the middle of the total
length, and is contained eight times and a half in it. Four pointed
teeth, inclined backwards, on each side of the upper and lower jaws :
the vomer forms a projecting protuberance within the cavity of the
mouth, and is armed anteriorly with two teeth pointing backwards,
one of which is considerably larger than the other. Similar teeth on
the upper and lower pharyngeal bones, the latter being narrow and
having only a single series of teeth. Palatine bones entu-ely smooth.
The dorsal spines are perfectly smooth, those in the middle being not
quite one-half the depth of the body. The caudal fin is composed
of eight rays, the outer ones being the strongest : the fin is so joined
to the last vertebra that motion ia any direction is possible* : there

* It is a true caudal fin, the longitudinal axis of wliich is identical with that
of the last vertebra ; I cannot therefore agree with Kner, who is inclined to con-
sider this fin as a terminal dorsal fin (Wien. Sitzungsber. 1850, xxxiv. p. 439).

1. TEACH YPTEEUS, 305

are no other rudimentaiy rays below it. Lateral line armed, and
running as in T. iienia, but terminating- in a series of about five
imbricate spines on the loAver part of the extremitj- of the tail. The
edge of the belly without any tubercles or papiilaj. The vent is
situated before the middle of the total length. Silvery: a very
distinct black spot at the commencement of the second fifth of the
total length ; there is a second, very indistinct spot, wliich, if pre-
sent at aU, appeal's to be situated after the commencement of the
second fifth of the length.
Mediterranean.

A specimen from the Mediterranean, fifty-one inches long, and
comparatively in a good state of preservation, has been presented to
the British Museum by Dr. E. RiippeU as Bogmcerus aristoteUs, Risso.
The dorsal crest and the pectoral and ventral fins are mutilated, as is
usual in those fishes. The following are the measui-ements : —

inches.

Total length (without caudal fin) 51

Caudal fin 5^

Height of the body 6

Length of one of the middle dorsal rays 2|

Distance of the snout from the vent 24

Distance of the snout from the anterior dorsal

spot 10

Distance of the snout from the posterior dorsal

spot' 22

9. Trachypterus arcticus.

The Deal-fish.

Vogmeri or Vaagmar, 0/cifs. Islevnd. Reise, § 684. tab. 43.

GjTiiaogaster arcticus, Brimn. Ni/e Saml. Datisk. Vidensk. Sekk. Skr.

iii. p. 408. tab. B. figs. 1-3 ; Faber, Fische Isl. p. 66 ; Niks. Prodr.

p. 107 ; Walh. Artedi, iii. pi. 3 (cop. from Brihmich).
Bogmarus islandicus, Bl. Schn. p. 518. tab. 101.
Gvnmetrus arcticus, Cuv. Reqne Aiiim. ; Fle?n. Mag. Nat. Hist. iv.

*p. 215. fig. 34 ; Jemjtis, Brit. Vert. p. 372.
Trachvpterus bogmarus, Cue. 8f Val. x. p. 346 ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 1st

edit. i. p. 191, 2nd edit. i. p. 210, 3rd edit. ii. p. 282 ; Barker, Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1851, pp. 116, 119; Gaimard,Voi/. Isl. etGronl. Zool.Poiss.

pi. 12.
vogmarus, Reinh. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. vii. D. p. 71, cum fig. ;

Liljeborq, Ofvers. af Vet. Akad. Fork. 1849, p. 33 ; Duquid in Proc.

Zool. Soc. 1851, p." 116.
Vogmarus islandicus, Reid, Ann. &■ Mag. Nat. Hist. iii. 1849, p. 456.

pi. 16.
Trachypterus arcticus, Nilss, Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 162.

B. 6. D. 172 (160 miss.). A. 0. C. 8/? P. 10-11. V. 6.

The greatest depth of the body is at its middle, and contained five
times and a half in the total length ; dorsal rays smooth ; lateral
line spmy ; a series of two blackish blotches on the side of the body.

Seas of Iceland, of the Orkneys (Sanda), and of northern Norway.

VOL. III. X

30G TRACnYl'TEUID^.

The greatest height of the body is at its central part, where it is
contained five times and a half in its length, while the height at the
nnchal region is nearly onc-sevonth of the total, or equal to the length
of the head. Muzzle truncated, cleft of the month subvertical ; the
upper jaw very protractile. The maxillary teeth ai'e thin, conical,
and pointed, nearly recumbent, Avith the apex turned towards the
pharynx : two on each side of the upper jaw, three or four on each
side of the lower ; one or two single pointed teeth on the vomer, none
on the palatine bones. The superior pharyngeal bones are studded with
pointed curved .teeth. "iThe inferior pharyvgeals are wanting alto-
gether.^ The eye is situated near the frontal profile, and its diameter
is two-sevenths of the length of the head. Interoperculum nearly
as large as the operculum. The short pectoral fin is situated nearer
to the ventral margin than to the lateral line. The anterior five dorsal
rays are somewhat detached from the others, and appear to be pro-
duced ; the rays are quite smooth, slender, flexible, without the
slightest trace of transverse joints ; they are dilated interiorly into
a saddle-shaped shield, with a short curved point in the centre ; a
number of small sharp bodies appear along the root of the fin. The
vertically-raised caudal fin contains eight rays, the outer ones of
which are longer than the six middle ones ; the two central rays
are studded with minirte spines. There are several rudimentary
rays at the extremity of the tail. Fii-m papillary warts along the
abdominal margin. The lateral line is armed as in T. taenia, and is
confluent with that of the other side beneath the end of the tail ; a
stronger spine indicates the point of junction. The vent is situated
somewhat behind the middle of the length. Silvery, with two blackish
spots ; fins reddish ; the anterior spot is situated at the commence-
ment of the second fourth part of the whole length of the fish, the
posterior being near the middle.

The above characters have been taken from the excellent accounts
of Professors Eeinhardt and Nilsson. The specimens show a length
of from two feet and a half to six. One stuifed specimen is in the
Collection of the British Museum, but it is not in a good state of
preservation.

a. Five feet ten inches long, one foot high. Dorsal spines 162.
Purchased.

2. STYLOPHORUS.
Stylephorus, Shaw, Tram. Linn. Soc. i. p. 90.
Ventral fins none. Tail terminating in an exceedingly long cord-
like appendage.
Gulf of Mexico.

1 . Stylophorus chordatus.

Shaw in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. p. 90. pi. 6, and Zool. iv. p. 87, and Nat.
Misc. viii. pi. 274; Blainr. Joi/rn. P/ii/s. Ixxx^-ii. p. 60. pi. 1. fig. 1;
Cw. <S- r«/. X. p. .381.

B. 4. D. 110. C. 6. r. 13.

The height of the body is one-fifteenth of the total length (with-

3. REGALKCUS. 307

out caudal appendage), the length of the head one-sixth. The snout
is produced, subcylindrical ; the mouth small and toothless. The
maxillary bones are small, short, and hidden behind the intermaxil-
laries ; the mandibles are long, extending far behind the eye. Eyes
large, close together, directed forwards towards the snout. The sub-
orbital is veiy large, covering nearly the whole of the check, and
extending backwards behind the eye. Opercles small. Gill-openings
very wide ; gills four. The vent is situated before the middle of the
total length. The pectorals are pointed, directed vipwards, about half
as long as the head ; the dorsal extends from the head nearly to the
end of the tail. The caudal is directed upwards, and has its rays
connected by a rather fii-m membrane ; the tail terminates in a
naiTow band-like appendage aboiit twice as long as the body. The
colom* is uniform silvery.

The suigle specimen known is in the collection of the College of
Surgeons ; it is eleven inches long, the appendage being twenty-two
inches. It was taken in the sea between Cuba and Martinique.

3. REGALECUS.

Regalecus, Briimi. Nya Saml. iii. p. 414.
Gymnetrus, £1. Schn. p. 481 ; Ciiv. ^ Val. x. p. 352.

Each ventral fin reduced to a long filament, dilated at the ex-
tremity ; caudal fin rudimentary or absent.

Seas of Europe ; Atlantic; Vizagapatam ; K^ew Zealand*.

* Oiir knowledge of the occurrence of tliis genus in the seas of New Zealand
rests on the following notice, which appeared in a New Zealand newspaper. The
parts of the specimen captured, which were preserved, have been transmitted to
the British Museum, hut have not yet arrived : —

'• Nelson, October 26, 1860.

" The following few notes relative to the singular fish which on Wednesday
last ran ashore near the entrance of the harbour may not be uninteresting ;
they are compiled partly from information given to me by persons who saw the
fish, and partly from my own observation of such of the remains as I was able to
see. The head \^as very small, not more than ten inches in length, resembling
in shape that of the Mohiki. From the lower lip depended a large number of
rigid slender barbules, about sixteen inches long and of a brilliant red coloiu*. The
eye was as large as that of a bullock, 2}rotrudiug considerably, and very bright. Tlie
jaws appeared to be entirely destitute of teeth. Unfortunately the head had been
so much damaged (by being beaten with stones) before I saw any part of it, that
I am unable to give any more detailed description of it. The body, from the
head to the extremity of the tail, measured fifteen feet ten inches ; at the back of
the head it was about ten inches deep, which graduaOy increased to fom-teen
inches three feet further on. It retained the same depth for about ten feet, and
then tapered gradually to the extremity of the tail, which was pointed, and, as
my informant stated, destitute of fin. The whole body of tlie fish was extremelj'
flat, varying from two to fom- inches in its whole length, attaining its greatest
thickness (four inches) about the middle of its length, along the course of the
spine.

" From behind the head ran along unbroken dorsal fin, two inches wide there,
gradually increasing in width to four inches in the middle of the fish, and then
tapering to one inch near the extremity of the tail, where it terminated. This fin
was supported, at intervals of about three-quarters of an incli, bv slender spinous

■ x2

308 TRAcnYPTERin.T-:.

1. Regalecus gladius.

Spada mariua, Imperato, p. 587.

Cepola gladius, IValh. Art. iii. p. 617.

Gvnmetrus loiigeradiatus, Jtissa, Eur. Merkl. iii. p. 29G.

-— gladius, Cm: ^- Val. x. p. 352. pi. 298.

B. 6. D. 340. A. 0. C. ? P. 14. V. 1.

The length of the head ec^uals the height of the body, which is
contained five times and two-thirds in the distance of the vent
from the snout, or one-nineteenth of the total length. The snout is
truncated, the cleft of the mouth vertical, and the upper jaw very
protractile. The eye is one-foiu'th of the length of the head,
and situated in the anterior and upper half of the head. Head
longer than high. A series of minute teeth in each of the jaws.
The single ventral ray is very long, terminating in a broad lobe ;
there is another cutaneous flap on the second thii'd of its length.
The anterior twelve dorsal rays are produced, the first five forming
a sei)arate division above the eye ; the seven following terminate
in cutaneous lobes. SJcin covered with small smooth tubercles ; the
lateral line runs along the lower third of the body. Silvery, with
greyish spots.

Typical specimens eight to ten feet long.

Nice.

Pyloric appendages innumerable. Air-bladder none.

Gymnetrtis capensis (Cuv. & Val. x. p. 376), from the Cape of Good
Hope, does not appear to be specifically distinct from R. gladius.

(I. Head, extremity of the tail, portions of the intestines, and one of
the dorsal spines from the specimen captured at the Bermudas,

rays, projecting about three-quarters of an inch beyond the margin of the fin.
There were no other fms ; but from the back of the head rose several rigid cir-
cular spines, about eighteen inches long, tlu-ee-quarters of an inch in diameter at
the base, tapering to a point, curving slightly backwards, hollow, and bristling
along their whole surface with small spines directed upwards. These long spines
appear to have been very brittle, as they broke ofl' sliort when the fish struck the
rock. The person who saw the fish run ashore described these spines as pre-
senting the appearance of three small masts to a boat, through the whole length
of tlie fish, disposed in pairs, as follows — one pair just below the back, and the
other pairs immediately above ; and below tlie spinal process ran six air cham-
bers, about a tliird of an inch in diameter, apparently intended to keep the body
of the fish in an upright position whilst swimming. The spine was a mere
cartilage, filled witli a glairy fluid ; there being no bones in the fish, except those
of the head, tlie dorsal spines, and the rays of the fin.

" The general colour of the body was very light grey, inclining to lavender on
the back and towards the dorsal fin, at which latter point that colour became
nearly positive. The whole of the body was covered with very minute soft scales,
easily removed by friction with the liand, and of a brilliant silvery colour. Tliose
parts of the head which I was able to save were of a bluish-grey. The fin was
pinkish near the body, but the edge and the sj)inous rays were bright red. The
spines were gi-ey.

•'The fish was full of spawn, the eggs perfectly round and transparent, and
about the size of pearl-barley. The flesh was white, firm, and is described as
good eating. It appears to be kuowTi to the natives, but imder what name I am
not aware. " W. T. L. Travers."

3. REGAlECtJS. 309

and presented by J. M. Jones, Esq. It probably belongs to this
species ; the spine is thirty-one inches long. See Proc. Zool. Soc.
1860, p. 185*.

2. Eegalecus telnm.
Gyinnetrus telum, Ciiv. df Val x. p. 361. pi. 299.
D. 398. A. 0. C? V. 1.
The height of the body is one-twenty-fourth of the total length.
Eye situated in the anterior thii'd of the head.
In every other respect similar to R. gladius.
Typical specimen six feet eight inches long.
Coast of Nice.

3. Eegalecus baiiksii.

The Ribbou-fish. The Oar-fish.

? Gynineti-us hawkenii, Bl. xii. p. 88. taf. 42o ; Lac6p. iii. p. 380.
? Gj-mnetrus hawkinsii, Bl. Sc/iii. p. 481 ; Cuv. ^- Val. xii. p. 372.
G^^nnetnls hawkenii, SJiaw, Zool. iv. p. 197 ; Couch, Trans. Linn. Soc.

\i\. p. 77 ; Yan: Brit. Fishes, 2nd edit. i. p. 221, 3rd edit. ii. p. 302.
banksii, Cue. Sf Val. x. p. 365 ; Hancock, Ann. c^- Mag. Nat. Hist.

1849, iv. p. 1. pis. 1 & 2 (excellent description, cop. in Yarr. Brit.

Fishes, 3rd edit. ii. p. 29.3).
Regalecus glesne, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 80, and Ann. ^- Mug.

Nat. Hist. 1849, v. p. 501.

B. 6t. D. 5i|i|-^. A. 0. CO. P. 11. V. 1.

The length of the head is one-sixteenth of the total, the height of
the body one-thirteenth. The snout is tnincated, the cleft of the
mouth vertical, and the upper jaw very protractile. Teeth none.
The eye is one-sixth of the length of the head, and situated in the
anterior and upper half of the head. Head longer than high. Ven-
tral ray fiinged ^vith a membrane. The anterior twelve or fifteen
spines form an elevated crest. Four longitudinal flattened ridges
extend from the head to the tail immediately above the lateral line,
which cuts them off veiy obliquely in front. The surface of the skin
of the body is studded with very numerous tubercles of bone ; the
largest and most elevated lie upon the ridges. On the ventral ridge
are numerous irregular and prominent tubercles, slightly hooked
backwards. The lateral line is marked by elongate flat scales, and
runs along the lower third of the body. Silvery, Avith irregular,
slightly waving, subvertical dusky-black lines and spots on the an-
terior part of the body.

British Seas.

a. Eleven feet long (tail mutilated ; restored length twelve feet) :
stuffed. Redcar. (See Gray in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 52.)

* This account, from the pen of an author not accustomed to ichthyological
descriptions, ascribes a swimming-bladder, filled with oily matter, to this fish,
&c. ! It adds, however, to its history the new fact of its occurrence at the
Bermudas.

t I suppose that Hancock, who denies the presence of a suboperculum, but
gives the number seven for the branchiostegals, the uppermost being a broadish
plate marked by radiating lines, has taken the former for a branchiostegal.

;<!" TRACHYPTEKID.E.

The iibove characters have been taken from the ehihorate account
given by Hancock ; he has also examined the internal parts of the
female spcr-imen which came under his observation, and found a very
remarkable fonn of the stomach. This organ is prolonged into an
exceedingly long ca^cal portion, which, like the air-bladder of the
LabyrintJiici, Ophwcei^haJklce, and of many Carangoid fishes, extends
far backwards between the muscles of the tail, ending at a short
distance from the caudal end of the fish.

Dr. Gray has traced the history of the British specimens, with their
synonymy, to the earhest notices ; but whilst he has proved beyond
a doubt that the existence of a Eibbon-fisli with biradiatc ventrals
rests only on the fancy of some artist, I should not think myself
justified in doubting the statements of such trustworthy authors as
Ascanius and Briinnich, who give the numbers of the dorsal spines as
so different from those of R. hmiksii, that the fishes examined by
them are certainly not identical with the latter.

Whether the Indian fish named by Bloch G. haivTcenii is entirely
the production of imperfect notices and figiires sent to him from
England, or whether a similar species (but not with biradiate ven-
trals) occm-s in the East Indies (Goa) and still remains to be recog-
nized, is a question which camiot at present be decided.

Regalecus hanksii has been foiind only on the English shores,
although it has probably a wider range. The following specimens
appear to belong to this species : —

Size.
Date. Locality. feet.

a. Jan. 22, 1759 Whitby Hi

•/';.*Feb. 23, 1788 Newlyn 8i-8f

Feb. 1791 Newlyn 8|

1796 {Russell) . Cornwall.

Feb. 1798 Cornwall . 8|

c. Mar. 27, 1794 Newcastle 10

d. Mar. 18, 1796 {Banhs) . Filey 13

e. 1800 Fern Islands '. . 18

/. 1800 Fern Islands 14

g. Mar. 1844 Crovie near Macduff 12

h. ■?1845 Yorkshii-e ?24

;. Mar. 26, 1849 (Hancock) CuUercoats (Northumberland) 12i

I: 1850 Redcar .. 12

I Sept. 17, 1852 Cromarty.

4. Regalecus glesne.

The Sild-Kung (King of the Herrings).

Ophidium glesne, Ascan. Nye Saml. Vid. Selsk. Skrivt. iii. p. 419.

~ lecus glesne, Ascan. Ic. ii. tab. 11 ; Lacep. ii. pp. 214, 215.

* Dr. Gray has shown that these diiferent statements refer to one and the same
specimen, the dates having been altered in copying or misprinting. The differ-
ences in size can be easily accounted for : the tail of the specimen being mutilated,
several of the writers were desirous to give the length restored.

3. EEGALECUS. 311

Regalecus remipes, BrUnn. Nye Saml. Vid. Schk. Skrivt. iii. p. 414. taf. B.

fig-s. 4, 5, cop. Walb. Artedi, iii. p. 647. tab. 3. fig. 4.
Gyiimetrus remipes, Bl. Schn. p. 482. tab. 88, cop. Yarr. Brit. Fishes,

'2nd edit. i. p. 223, .3rd edit. ii. p. 301.

ascanii, Shmc, Zool. iv. p. 197.

glesne, Cuv. Sf Vul. x. p. 366.

Regalecus gle.sne, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 81.
GjTniietrus griUii, part., Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 169.

D. 8 I 126 {Ascan.), 8 | 160 {Briinn.). P. 14. A. 1.

Ventral filament Yery long, terminating in a cutaneous lobe. Skin
with soft warts, arranged in three or four longitudinal bands.

Lindroth says that the fish is silveiy, with blackish transverse
stripes ; but, perhaps, the species he saw was different from that seen
by Ascanius.

It appears very doubtful whether the dorsal tin really was con-
tiguous with a caudal.

Sea off Bergen.

5, Regalecus grillii.

The Sild-Kung.

Gvmnetru.9 grillii, Lindv. Vet. Akad. Hcmdl. 1798, p. 291. tab. 8 ; Bl.

"Schn. p. 482 ; Nilss. Prodr. p. 105 ; Cuv. ^- Val x. p. 370 ; Niks.

Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 169.
glesne, part., Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 81.

D. 406. P. 12. V. 1.

The height of the body is one-fifteenth of the total length, the
length of the head one-eighteenth. Jaws toothless. Ventral fila-
ment terminating in a cutaneous lobe. Skin covered with soft warts,
arranged in four longitudinal bands.

Sea off" Hitteren, near Trondhjem. ? Sea off Alnmouth.

The typical specimen, considerably mutilated, is in the Zoological
Museum at Stockholm.

This species also is said to have had the dorsal contiguous with the
caudal fin.

Hancock mentions a fish, caught in January or February 1845,
near Alnmouth, which, from the measurements given, would appear
to belong to this species. It was 16 feet long and 11 inches deep.

6. Regalecus russellii. .

Russell, i. pi. 40.

Gymnetriis russellii, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 195. pi. 28 ; Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 377.

D. 4-5 I 320. C — ? P. 11. V. 1.

The height of the body is one-twentieth of the total length. Teeth
none. Caudal rays distinct.
Sea off Vizagapatam.

It is raei-ely m consequence of a misinterpretation of the text and
figure given by liussell, that Shaw describes the ventrals of this fish
as biradiate.

312 tOPHOTID^,

Fam. 28. LOPHOTIDtE.

Taenioidei, part., Cuvier.

Body elongate, strongly compressed, naked ; eye lateral ; cleft of
the mouth narrow, with the dentition feeble. Vent situated near
the extremity of the tail. One dorsal fin, occupying the whole length
of the hack, composed of flexible rays which do not show either arti-
culated joints or branches. Anal short ; caudal in the longitudinal
axis of the fish ; ventrals thoracic. Gill-opening wide ; branchio-
stegals six ; gUls four ; pseudobranchise. Muscles coherent.

Although the fishes of this family are of very rare occurrence in the
Mediterranean and in the sea of Japan (the only localities in which
they have been hitherto found), we do not think that they inhabit
as great depths as the Trachyi^terido', their bony and soft parts being
of a much fu-mer consistence and well coherent. They appear to
feed on other marine animals.

1. LOPHOTES.

Lophotes, Giornn, Metn. Accad. Torino, ix. 1803, p. 19 ; Cut, ReyneAn.

Head elevated into a very high crest, at the anterior extremity of
which the dorsal fin commences. The vent is situated near the ex-
tremity of the tail ; a smaU anal fin behind it ; ventrals and caudal
small, the former thoracic. Mouth not protractile, subvertical.
Teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, and on the palate. Air-bladder
present.

Mediterranean. Sea of Japan.

1. Lophotes cepedianus.

Giorna, Mem. Accad. Torino, 1803, ix. p. 19. pi. 11. fig. 1 ; Cm. Ann.
Mm. XX. p. 393. pi. 17; Cuv. <^ Val. x. p. 405. pi. 301.

B. 6. D. 230. A. ^. C. 17. P. 15. V. 1/5.

The first dorsal spine compressed, exceedingly strong, and elongate.
Silvery, fins rose-coloured.
Mediterranean.

a. Fifty-eight inches long : stuffed. Old Collection.
h. Three feet long. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

This species, or one most closely allied to it, occurs in the Seas of
Japan. It has been named Lophotes capeJlei, Schleg. Faun. Jap. Poiss.
p. 132. pi. 71. The characters by which it is distinguished from the
Mediterranean species appear to be the more doubtful as the de-
scription is taken from a figure.

TEUTHIBIDiE. 313

Fam. 29. TEUTHIDIDtE.

Teuthyes, part., Ctw. Mkjne Anim. ; Midi. Beii. AbJuindl. 1844, p. 201.

Body compressed and oblong, covered with very small scales.
Lateral line continuous ; tail not armed. Eye lateral, of moderate
size. A single series of trenchant incisors in the jaws ; palate smooth.
One dorsal fin, the spinous portion being the more developed ; anal
with seven spines. Ventral fins thoracic. Pseudobranchia; well
developed.

Herbivorous fishes, inhabiting the tropical seas of the East Indian
region and the Western parts of the Pacific.

The fishes of this family have some afiinity to the Sparidce and
Acronurkke, from which they diff'er in the structiu'e of the fins.
Only one genus.

1. TEUTHIS*.

Teuthis, sp., L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 507.
Sia'anus, Foisk. I)escr. Anim. p. 25

3, sp., J

s, Furs
Centrogaster, Houttmjn, Act. Sue. Harlem, xx. p. 333.
Amphacanthus, Bl. Sc/in. p. 206; Cui:<^ Val. x. p. 115.
Teuthis, Cant. Catal. p. 207.

Teeth small, denticulated, in a single series. The ventral fins with
an outer and an inner spine, and with three soft rays between ;
formulaof the fins, D. 1^, A.|-. Scales minute, cycloid. Branchioste-
gals five ; pseudobranehise well developed ; air-bladder large, forked
anteriorly and posteriorly. Intestinal tract with several circumvolu-
tions ; five or six pyloric appendages.

Herbivorous fishes, from the Indian Seas and the Western Pacific.

The peculiarities of the skeleton of the fishes of this genus have
been pointed out by Geoffroy St.-Hilaire and Cuvier. We have before
us that of T. virgata. The skuU is short, compressed and elevated.
The crowTi of the head is convex, the surface of the bones shelving
deep striae and series of pores, and a veiy distract longitudinal suture
between the two frontal bones. There is a short subtriangular occi-
pital crest on the top of the skuU, the posterior part of the skull
being rather smooth. The frontals are not much narrower between

* 1. Bussell, pi. 103. ^Amphacanthus rugselii, Ciiv. 4' Val. x. p. 123. — Vizaga-
patam.

2. Amphacanthus firmamentum, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 142. — Samarang.

3. abhortani, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 143. — He cle France.

4. mertensii, Cuv. §■ Val. x. p. 150. — Hab. ?

5. rostratus, Cwv. ^- Val. x. p. 158. — Red Sea.

6. guamensis, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 163.— Guam.

7. olivaceus, Cuv. cf Val. x. p. 163. — lie de France.

8. kopsii, Bleek. Riouw, p. 483. — East Indian Archipelago.

9. • chrysospilos, Bleek. Singapore, p. 66. — Singapore.

10. melanospilos, Blcefc. Java, ii. p. 431. — Batavia.

314 TKUTHlDIDJi.

the orbits than posteriorly » The praefrontals form a prominent edge
of the orbit, Avhich is minutely denticulated. Turbinals largo, united
on the median line ; prteorbital broad, the other four infraorbitals
naiTow. The maxillary and intermaxillary are tu'mly and immoveably
joined together ; the motions of the upper jaw are very limited, the
intermaxillary having scarcely a posterior process. The lower jaw
is short and broad, like the upper, similar to the bill of a parrot.
The bones of the tympanic cavity are well ossified. The limbs of
the praeoperculum meet at a rather obtuse angle, the posterior being
not twice as long as the inferior : operculum narrow, elevated, with
vertical striie ; it does not extend downwards to the angle of the
praeoperculum, where it is replaced by the suboperculum : the sub-
operculum is situated along the lower limb of the praeoperculum, and
has a singular flap-like process at its lower margin. The pharyngeal
teeth are extremely feeble ; the two lower bones form together a
triangular piece, on which very fine teeth are disposed in transverse
series ; the two bones, however, are separate and moveable.

The radius has a rather considerable extent, but it leaves a wide
ovate free space behind the humerus ; eai-pal bones small. The
second piece of the coracoid is exceedingly long, and extends along
the whole of the side of the abdomen, where it is joined to a spinous
process of the first interhaemal : the abdominal cavity of these fishes
is siuTOimded by a complete ring of bones. The pubic bones are
slender, long, firmly attached to each other, without leaving a free
space between them ; they are fastened by a long process, which
passes the symphysis of the radii and extends on to that of the
humeri.

The vertebral column of all the species of Teuthis appears to be
composed of ten abdominal and thii'teen caudal vertebrce, the length
of both portions being nearlj^ equal. The vertebrae are somewhat
elongate, not compressed. All the apophyses are strong, and those
of the anterior caudal vertebrae rather long ; most of them are di-
lated into broad transparent lamellae posteriorly. The intemeural
and interhaemal of each dorsal and anal spine have a separate neural
or haemal to itself, whilst the soft rays always have two interneurals
and interhaemals attached to one neural or haemal. The first inter-
neural and interhaemal are strong, armed anteriorly with a spine
directed forwards ; the whole of their structure is similar to that in
Scatoplmgus (see vol. ii. p. 59). Each intemeural is expanded su-
periorly into an oblong and shghtly concave plate, which has ante-
riorly a notch on each side, and posteriorly a short process. The
two articulatory processes of the dorsal spine belonging to the
internexu'al are fitted into these notches, whilst the posterior process
of the plate is received into a groove of the spine following, thereby
allowing the erection of the latter only to the vertical line. The ribs
are feeble, without epipleurals.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 1

of the second vertebra 1 j

of the third vertebra 2\

1. TEUTUIS. , 315

lines.

Length of tlic sixth vertebra 2|

of the tenth vertebra 2^

of the sixteenth vertebra 2

of the twenty-second vertebra 1 ^

of the abdominal portion 22^

■ of the caudal portion 23|

Syjwpsis of the Species.

A. Ground-colour darker than the markings, which are in the form of

whitish or bluish spots or vermiculated lines.

I. The height of the body is more than a third of the total length.

1. T. javus. 3. T. concatenata. 6. T. labji'inthodes.

2. T. canaliculata. 4. T. corallina. 7. T. sutor.

5. T. vermiculata.

II. The height of the body is one-third or less than one-third of the

total length.

8. T. margaritifera. 10. T. dorsahs. 12. T. albopunctata.

9. T. tumifrons. 11. T. oramin. 13. T. striolata.

B. Ground-colour blue, with golden dots.

14. T. hexagonata.

C. Ground-coloui' lighter than the markings, which ai'e in the form of

brown spots or vermicidated streaks.
15. T. guttata. IG. T. stellata. 17. T. notosticta.

D. Coloration uniform or irregularly marbled, the outlines of the mark-

ings being not defined.
18. T. fuscescens. 19. T. hvcida. 21. T. argentea.

20. T. nebidosa.

E. Markings darker than the ground-colour, chiefly in the form of lon-

gitudinal streaks.

22. T. marmorata. 23. T. lineata.

F. Very distinct transverse sti'eaks.

24. T. sigana. 26. T. doliata. 28. T. virgata.

25. T. tetrazona. 27. T. puella. 29. T. vidpma.

1. Teuthis javus.

Teuthis javus, L.Syst. i. p. 507 ; L. Gm. i. p. 1362 ; Cant. Catal. p. 207.

Hepatus, Gronov. Zooph. p. 113. no. 352. tab. 8. fig. 4.

Russell, ii. pi. 102.

Amphacanthus javus, Ctiv. Ȥ- Val. x. p. 118 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav.

Genootsch. xxiii., Tmith. p. 9 ; Schleg. 8( 3Iull. Verhand. Nat. Gesch.

Overs. Bezitt. p. 10.
russellii, Bleek. Topogr. Batav.

The height of the body is two -fifths of the total length ; the length
of the free portion of the tail is contained twice and three-fifths in

316 TEUTHIDID^.

that of the head. Ground-colour dark : the whitish spots arc round
on the back, oblong on the middle of the side, and confluent and
forming longitudinal streaks on the belly ; the spots and streaks are
smaller and narrower than the interspaces of the ground-colour.
Head without streaks ; vertical fins immaculate.
East Indian Seas. Hobson Bay (Australia).

a. Adult : skin. Ceylon. Presented by Dr. E. F. Kelaart.

b-d. Adult and half-grown : skins. Pinaug. From Dr. Cantor's

Collection.
e. Young. Singapore.

/. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Pui'chased of Mr. Stevens.
g. Adult : skin. Hobson Bay. Voyage of H.M.S. Fly.
h, i-k. Adult and half-grown : not good state.

2. Teuthis canaliculata.

? Chsetodon caualieulatiis, Midu/q Park, Trans. Linn. Soc. ill. p. 33 ;

Zacep. iv. p. 473 ; Bl. Schi. p. 209.
Amphacantlius canaliculatiis, Bleek. Sumatra, i. p. 580.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds to twice
and three-fourths in the total length. Caudal slightly emarginate.
Back brownish ; forehead and snout with transverse blue streaks ;
back and sides with numerous blue dots. (Bleeh.)

Sumatra.

3. Teuthis concatenata.

Amphacanthus concatenatus, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 127 ; Bleek. Act. Soc.

Sc. Indo-Nedcrl. \., Amboina, p. 46.
Teuthis concatenata, Cant. Catal. p. 208.
Skeleton: Geoff. St.-Uil. Philos. Anat. i. p. 471. pi. 9. fig. 107.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length. Caudal fin
slightly emarginate. Back and sides with yellowish or reddish
roundish spots, larger than, or as large as, the interspaces of the dark
ground-colour ; the spots become smaller towards the abdomen ;
head with several obhque bluish lines ; the soft dorsal and anal fins
with obscure dots along the rays. — Caec. pylor. 5 (6). Vert. 10/13.

East Indian Seas.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Pui'chased of Mr. Frank.
h. Skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
c~d. Adult and young. Singapore.

4. Teuthis corallina.

Amphacanthus corallinus, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 139 ; MiiU. S,- Sclilef/. Verh.
Overz. Bezitt. Vissch. p. 10. pi. 2. fig. 2 ; Bleek. Verhaml. Batav. Ge-
nootsch. xxiii., Teuth. p. 11.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length. Caudal fin deeply emarginate. Orange-coloured, with
small sky-blue dots on the body and on the base of the caudal and

1. TKUxnis. 317

anal fins ; the dots are very small, much smaller than the interspaces
between them, but larger and more crowded on the head and the
thorax.

Seychelles ; Molucca Sea.

o. Adult. Molucca Sea. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

5. Teuthis vermiculata.

Amphacantlius vermiculatus, (Kuhl ^- r. Hass.) Cuv. 8f Vol. x. p. 126 ;
Mull. 8f Schleg. Verh. Orerz. Bez. Vissch. p. 11. pi. 3. fig. 2 ; Bleek.
Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii., Tenth, p. 11.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-fifths in the
total length. Brown, with venniciilated bluish lines on the head
and on the whole body, except on the belly ; caudal dotted all over
with brown.

From He de France to the coasts of New Guinea.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

h. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands. Pui-chased of Mr. Cuming.

c. Half-grown. Old Collection.

6. Teuthis labyrinthodes.

Amphacanthus lab^i-iuthodes, Bleek. Batav. p. 471.
The height of the body is two -fifths of the total length. Caudal
fin emarginate. Eed, with numerous undulated and reticulated,
transverse and longitudinal, short blue lines ; vertical fins immacu-
late. {Bl.)

Sea of Batavia.

7. TeutMs sutor.

Amphacanthus sutor, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 148.

The height of the body is more than one-third of the total length.
Brown, minutely dotted all over with whitish. ( VaJ.)
Seychelles ; coast of Malabar.

8. Teuthis margaritifera.

Amphacanthus niargaritiferus, Cuv. <^- Val. x. p. 145 ; Bleek. Java, iv.
p. 334.

The height of the body is contained three times or three times and
a third in the total length. Caudal fin emarginate. Ground-colour
brownish-olive, dotted aU over with white ; no brown spot on the
shoulder.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Seventeen inches long : stuffed. — A. y-.

9. Teuthis tumifrons.
Amphacanthus tumifrons, Cuv. Sf Val, x. p. 159.
The height of the body is contained thrice and a half in the total

318

TEFTHIDID.B.

length. (!aiu]al fin omarginate. Snout rather broad, convex. Brown,
dotted all over with whitish, the dots being very small and extend-
ing on the dorsal and anal fins. ( Val.)
Sharks Bay (W. Australia).

10. Teuthis dorsaUs.

Aniphacantlnis dorsalis, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 143 ; 3Iull. Sf Schlefj. Verh.

Nat. Gesch. Vissch. pp. 10, 13. pi. 2. fig. 1.
Teuthis dorsalis, Cant. Catal. p. iiiOO.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal fin
slightly emarginate. Ground-colour brownish-olive, with scattered
small roundish whitish spots on the back and the sides, which are
much smaller than the interspaces between ; no brown spot on the
shoulder.

Coasts of Pinang and Java.

a, b. Adult and half-grown : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's

Collection.
e. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

11. Teuthis oramin.

Amphacantbus guttatus, var. oramin, Bl. ScJm. p. 207. tab. 48.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal
fin deeply emarginate. Back with roundish whitish spots, which
become oblong on the sides, and are much smaller than the inter-
spaces between them ; caudal with black cross-bands. {Schn.)

Tranquebar.

This is a very doubtful species, which appears to be similar to
T. dorsalis. The black cross-bands on the caudal fin, perhaps, have
been added by Bloch.

Professor Peters has informed us that the dried tyjjical specimen
mentioned by Schneider appears to have been lost.

12. Teuthis albopunctata.

Amphacantbus albopunctatus, Schh'n. Faun. Jap:m. Poiss. p. 128.

• margaritiferus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 24;3 (not Cuv. Sf Val.).

fuscescens, Richards. Ichth. Cliin. p. 243 (not Auct.).

dorsalis, Bleeh. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii., Teuth. p. 9, niul

Java, iv. p. 332 ; (not Cue. Sf Val.).
Teuthis brevirostris, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 142.

The height of the body is contained three times and a half in the
total length. Caudal fin emarginate. Ground-colour brownish-
olive, with scattered small roundish whitish spots on the back and
the sides, which are much smaller than the interspaces between. A
dark-brown blotch on the shoulder, less distinct in large .specimens.

East Indian Archipelago. Japanese and Chinese Seas.

«-r/. IlaK-grown and young. Amoy.

1. TEUTHIS. 319

h-l, m, 11, 0. Adult, half-grown, and young. China.

p, q. Adult : skins. China. Presented bj' J. K. Reeves, Esq.

r. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

s, t. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

w, V. Half-grown ; stuffed.

w. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

a?. Half-grown : skeleton : bad state. Amoy.

The stomach is rather small, angularly bent ; there are five pyloric
appendages ; the intestine is twice and a half as long as the entii'e
fish, and makes several cii'cum volutions. The openings for the lu'o-
genital organs are separated from, and situated behind, the vent.
A large portion of the abdominal cavity is between the muscles of
the tail, and supported by the first interhaemal spine, which is bent
forwards ; the ovaria or testicles, and, between them, the elongate
urinary bladder, lie immediately in the concavity of that spine. The
air-bladder is simple, slightly forked anteriorly and jjosteriorly, vnth
the membranes thick, and fiimly attached to the dorsal side of the
abdominal cavity ; it receives the base of the interhaemal spine in
its posterior notch : the ureters are bent downwards round the left
lobe of the air-bladder, run for some distance on the left-hand side
of the interhcemal spine, and finally, having entered the abdominal
cavity, pass into the urinaiy bladder.

Vertebrae 10/13.

13. TeutMs striolata.

The height of the body is one-third, or less than one- third, of the
total length. Back and sides brownish-red, with numerous vermi-
culated blue lines ; belly bluish ; the soft portions of the fins imma-
culate.

Jfew Hebrides.

a, b. Stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

Description. — This species is similar to T. verminilata, but con-
siderably more elongate ; the soft portion of the cheek, between
orbit, prseopercular limbs, and snout, is not higher than the orbit,
and nearly twice as long as high. The length of the head is nearly
one-fifth of the total, that of the caudal fin one-sixth. There are
twelve teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws. Anterior
edge of the orbit scarcely denticulated. D. 13/10. A. 7/9. C. 17.
P. 18. V. 1/3/1. The spines of the fins are of moderate length and
strength. Caudal fin truncated when stretched out. The spinous
portions of the fins are brown, each spine having some blue spots ;
the membranes of the soft portions are transparent, immaculate ;
the rays of the dorsal and anal show some indistinct brownish dots ;
base of the pectoral dark-coloured.

lines.

Total length 68

Height of the body 21

Length of the head 14

320 TETJTHIDID^.

lines.

Length of the sixth dorsal spine 8

of the third anal spine 7i

of the caudal fin 11

of the outer ventral spine 8|

The specimens are well preserved, and the form of their body does
not appear to have been altered by stuffing;.

14. TeutMs hexagonata.

Amphacanthus hexagonatiis, Bleek. Kokos, p. 41.

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length.
Caudal fin deeply notched. Blue, with hexagonal golden dots stand-
ing densely together, covering the head, body, and the vertical fins.

Java, Sumbawa, Kokos, and Feejee Islands.

a. Adult. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

15. TeutMs guttata.

Chfetodon guttatus, Block, tab. 196.

Amphacanthus guttatus, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 136; Bhek. Verhand. Batav.
Genootsch. xxiii., Tenth, p. 10.

The height of the body is two-fifths or one- third of the total
length. Caudal fin emarginate. Reddish : head clouded with red-
dish-grey ; body, caudal, and base of the dorsal and anal fins densely
spotted with reddish -brown.

East Indian Archipelago.

16. TeutMs stellata.

Scarus stellatus, Forsk. p. 26. no. 10.

Amphacanthus stellatus, Bl. Schn. p. 209; JRiipp. K TV. Fische, p. 129.

pimctatus, Eiipp. Atl. Fisclie, p. 46. pi. 11. fig. 2 (not^^. Schn.).

nuchalis, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 140.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal
fin forked. Greyish, covered all over with small brown spots, which
are larger than the interspaces between them ; a greenish-yellow
spot in front of the dorsal fin.

Red Sea. Coast of Cejdon.

a, b. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.
c. Adult : skin. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

17. TeutMs notosticta.

Amphacanthus notostictus, Richards. Ann. Sr Mag. Nat. Hist. 1853, xi,
p. 172.

The height of the body is rather more than one-third of the total
length. Caudal fin subtruncated. Light brownish-olive (in a dried

I

1. TEXJXHIS. 321

state) : body with brown spots, M'hich are smaller thuii tlie interspaces
between, and confluent on the back into short, narrow, vermicuhited
streaks.

Port Essington.

a. Adult : skin. Coral Bay. — Type of the species,
18. Teuthis fuscescens.

Centrogaster fuscescens, Houtt. Act. Soc. Harlem, xx, p. 333 ; LacSp,

iii. p. 307.
Ampliacauthus fuscescens, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 156 ; Sclileg. Faun. Japan.

Puiss. p. 127. pi. 08. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi.,

Japan, p. 106.
? Amphacanthus aurantiacus, Schleg. I. c. p. 128 (variety ?).

The height of the body is contained three times and a half in the
total length. Caudal fm scarcely emarginate. Uniform browTiish.
Coast of Nagasaki.

19. Teuthis lurida.

I Amphacanthus luridus, {^Ehrenb.) RUpp.Atl. Fische, p. 45; Cuv. ^ Val.
X. p. 150.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal
fin subtmncated ; the fourth dorsal spine equals the distance of the
snout from the posterior margiu of the orbit. Blackish-brown, irre-
gularly marbled with lighter.

Red Sea.

a. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.
20. Teuthis nebulosa.

? Amphacanthus punctatus, Bl. Sc/in. p. 210 ; Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 146 ;

Forst. Descr. Aitim. ed. Licht. p. 28(5.
Amphacanthus nebulosus, Quay 4" Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 369 ;

Cuv. (§• Val. X. p. 164 ; Sc/ilc;}. ^- lliill. I. c. p. 12.

maculosus, Quoi/ i.S' Guim. I. c. p. 370.

— — gj'mnopareius, liicJiards. Ann. ^ Mag. Nut. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 174.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal fin
deeply emarginate. Dorsal spines slender ; the length of the fourth is
less than the distance of the snout from the posterior margin of the
orbit. Brown, irregularly marbled with darker.

Coasts of Australia and of the islands north of it. — A di'awing in
the possession of Sir J. E. Tennent appears to indicate the occurrence
of this species in the Sea of Ceylon.

a-d. Half-groAvn. Sydney. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

e. Adult : skin. Coral Bay (Port Essington). — Type of A. gymno-

pareius.
f-k. Adult and half-grown : skins. Australia.
l~m, n-q. Half-grown : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.
r. Adult : stuffed.

The original drawing of Forster agrees well with our specimens of

VOL. III. T

322 TEXTTHIDID^.

T. nebulosa : the body is represented as purplish-brown, and there
are round yellowish spots on the head and the base of the pectoral
fin ; these spots are wanting in the specimens mentioned, and may
have been eifaced by the action of the spirit. Forster, however, de-
scribes the fish as pro^ddcd -nith " punctis gilvis numerosissimis."
Whether these dots are omitted in the drawing, or whether the de-
scription is incorrect, we are unable to say without actual specimens
from New Caledonia, where Forster obtained the species. In the
former case the species will be distinct from T. nebulosa, in the latter
it will probably prove to be identical with it.

21. Teuthis argentea.

Amphacanthus argenteus, Quay <^ Gaim. Voi/. Uran. Zool. p. 368.
pi. 62. fig. 3 ; Cm: ^ Val. x. p. 161.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length ; caudal
emarginate. Silvery : back brownish.
Marianes Islands.

n. Stufi"ed : not good state. Old Collection.

22. Teuthis marmorata.

Amphacanthus marmoratus, Quor/ 8f Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 367.

pi. 62. fig. 1 ; Chv. (§- Val. x. p." 124.
scaroides, Bleek. Sumatra, li. p. 262.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Bluish,
with violet streaks, which are broader than the interspaces between
them, and longitudinal on the sides, whUst they are more vermicu-
lated and reticulated on the back.

Marianes Islands. East Indian Archipelago.

a. Yoting. Borneo.

23. Teuthis lineata.

Amphacanthus lineatus, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 130. pi. 286.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length. Brownish
(in spirits), with nine or ten brown longitudinal streaks anastomosing
with one another; a yolloMash spot below the soft dorsal, dotted
with black and edged with red. Caudal and anal fins, and the hinder
part of the tail, with brown spots. Head with some obHqae bluish
lines. {Veil.)

Vanicolo and New Guinea.

24. Teuthis sigana.

Scarus siganus, Forsk. p. 25.

rivulatus, Forsk. I. c.

Amphacanthus siganus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 44. taf. 11. fig. 1, and
N. W. Fische, p. 129 ; ?Cuv. l^ Val. x. p. 152.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length. Caudal

1. TKUTHIS. 323

fin emarginate. Greenish, with several irregular yellowish longitu-
dinal lines, and with brownish cross-bands extending on the dorsal
fin. (Riij^j).)
Ked Sea.

Riippell says that the pyloric appendages are absent in this species.
25. Teiithis tetrazona.

Aniphacanthus tetrazona, Bleek. Cvlebcs, vii. p. 441.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fifths in the
total length. Caudal fin slightly emarginate. Yellow, with four pairs
of undulated brownish bands across the back. {Bl.)

Coast of Manado.

26. Teuthis doliata.

Siganus doliatus, Cuv. Regne Anim. ; Guerin, Iconogr. Poiss. pi. 35.

fig. 1.
Amphacanthus doliatus, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 132 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. III.

Poiss. pi. 71. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Ternate, ii. p. 605.

The height of the body is contained twice and two-thii-ds in the
total length. Orange-colom-ed, with about thirty vertical bluish lines,
the last of which are bent, and ran longitudinally along the hinder
part of the tail ; those above the pectoral are oblique, and those on
the operculum reticulated. — Csec. pylor. 6.

Coasts of Booroo, Ternate, Vanicolo, and Timor.

27. Teuthis puella.

Amphacanthus pueUus, Schleg. Bi/dr. tot de Dierk. 1852, p. 39. fig. 2.
Amphacanthus cyanotsenia, Bleek. Ternate, ii. p. 606.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a fifth in the total
length. Orange-coloured: the anterior portion of the sides with
about six undulated blue transverse streaks, the posterior with blue
longitudinal streaks, which are united with the hindmost transverse
streak ; a broad brown band from the neck through the eye to the
the lower jaw.

East Indian Archipelago.

28. Teuthis virgata.

Amphacanthus virgatus, Ctiv. <5- Vcd. x. p. 133 ; Midi. S,- Schleg. Verh.
Ovef-z. Bez. Vissch.'^. 14. pi. 3. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Verh. Bafav. Genootsvh.
xxiii., Teuth. p. 11.

The height of the body is two-fifths or three-sevenths of the total
length. Body light brownish-yeUow, forehead and neck with bluish
transverse stripes ; an oblique deep-brown, blue-edged band descends
from the fourth and sixth dorsal spines to the root of the pectoral ;
a second similar band from the origin of the dorsal to the orbit ;
the .space between the two bands is vellow ; scattered blue dots on

Y 2

324 TETITHIDIDiE.

the upper parts of the body ; some oblique bkiish streaks on the
snout. — CiBC. pylor. 4.

Coasts of Java and of the Phihppine Islands. China.

a. Fine specimen. Philippine Islands. Purchased of IMr. Cuming.
h. Fine specimen. China. Presented by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

c. Fine specimen. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

d. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

e. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

For description of the skeleton see p. 313.
29. TeutMs vulpina.

Valent. iii. p. 354. fig. 23, and p. 387. fig. 124* ; Renard, i. 4. 29.

Amphacanthus \ailpinus, Schleg. Sf Midi. Beschr. Zeevissch. in Verh.
Nat. Gesch. Nederl. ove)-z. Bezitt. Vissch. p. 12, and Bydrag. tot de
Dierkmide, v. 1852, p. 38. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Ternate, p. 135.

Teuthis tubiilosa, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 142.

Snout long, produced. The height of the body is contained twice
and three-fourths in the total length. YeUow : head and anterior
part of the body grey ; a broad black band from the origin of the
dorsal fin through the eye to the mouth ; thorax black.

Coasts of Celebes, Ternate, Amboyna, and New Guinea.

a. Adult. Celebes. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
6. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

* None of Valentyn's figures agree exactly with our specimens ; there are,
perhaps, several aUied species or varieties.

ACRONURID.JJ. 325

Fam. 30. ACRONURID^.

Teuthyes, part., Cuv. Regne Anim. ; MiUl. Berl. Abhandl. 1844, p. 201.
Acanthuroidei, Sleek. Eiium. Spec. p. xxii.

Body compressed, oblong or elevated, covered with minute scales.
Lateral line continuous ; tail generally armed with one or more bony
plates or spines, which are more developed with age, and frequently
absent in very young individuals. Eye lateral, of moderate size.
Mouth smaU ; a single series of more or less compressed, sometimes
denticulated, sometimes tapering incisors in each jaw ; palate smooth.
One dorsal fin, the spinous portion being the less developed ; anal
with two or three spines ; ventral fins thoracic. Pseudobranchiae well
develojjed ; air-bladder present, forked posteriorly. Intestines with
more or less numerous circumvolutions. Vertebrae ^J ^^.

Seas between the tropics. Herbivorous fishes.

Synopsis of the Oenera.

Ventral fin generally with five soft rays ; a single move-
able spine on each side of the tail ; scales minute, 1. Acanthurus, p. 325.

A single moveable spine on each side of the tail ; scales

none ; skin with vertical strife 2. Acronurus, p. 345.

Ventral fin with five soft rays; a series of several

keeled, bony laminaj on each side of the tail 3. Prionurus, p. 347.

Ventral fin with three soft rays ; caudal laminae im-
moveable, generally two, rarely one or three 4. Naseus, p. 347.

Caudal spine none (in an adult state) 5. Keris, p. 355.

1, ACANTHURUS*.

Acanthurus, Bl. Schn. p. 211.

A single series of lobate incisors, which are sometimes moveable,
in the jaws. A moveable spine in a groove on each side of the tail.
Ventral fins composed of a spine and generally of five rays. One
dorsal fin, the spinous portion of which is less developed than the
soft ; anal spines three. Scales minute, ctenoid, sometimes spiny.
Branchiostegals five ; pseudobranchiae well developed ; aii'-bladder
large, forked posteriorly. Intestinal tract with several circumvolu-
tions ; five to seven pyloric appendages. Vertebrae ^-^.

Herbivorous fishes from the tropical seas.

* 1. Acanthurus flavo-guttatus, Kiffl. in Mus. Senck. i. p. 195. tab. 13. fig. 5. —
A. Ketlitzii, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 222. — Caroline Islands. The typical speci-
men is in the St. Petersburg Museum.

2. bahianus, Castcln. Anim. nouv. Amer. Sud, Poiss. p. 24. pi. 11. fig. 1. —

Baliia.

3. brevis, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 207. — Cuba.

4. tractus, Poey, Mem. Cub. ii. p. 208. — Cuba.

326 ACRONURID^,

Si/tiopsis of the Species.

I. With nine or eight (seven) dorsal spines, with broad fixed incisors, and
with five soft ventral rcays.

A. With black cross-bands on the head and body.

1. A. triostegus

(pentazona).

B. With two white cross-bands on the anterior part of the body.

2. A. gaittatus.

C. Coloration of the body nearly imifomi, without conspicuous mark-

ings.

* Groimd-colour brown ; sometimes a whitish ring roimd the base

of the caudal fin.

3. A. chirui'gus. 5. A. nigro-fuscus. 7. A. nigros. ■

4. A. matoides 6. A. bipimctatus. 8. A. doreensis. *

(lamarrii).

* Uniform yellow.

9. A. chrysosoma.

* Some blue or red dots anteiiorly.

10. A. rubropimctatus. 11. A. marginatus.

D. Body with bluish longitudinal bands or lines, or with dots disposed

in longitudinal series.

12. A. lineatus. 15. A. undulatus. 18. A. bleekeri.

13. A. striatus. 16. A. dussumieri. 19. A. cferuleus.

14. A. sohal. 17. A. grammoptilus. 20. A. lineolatus.

E. A yellow or black marking on the shoulder or superiorly on the

gill-opening.

21. A. olivaceus. 23. A. tennentii. 24. A. gahm.

22. A. pyi'ofenis. 25. A. nunimifer.

F. A whitish ring round the mouth or round the lower jaw.
2(3. A. glaucopareius. 28. A. fuscus. 29. A. leucosternon.
27. A. celebicus. 30. A. achilles.

G. Tail with a black triangle.

31. A. triangulus.
H. A blue spot below the dorsal fin.

32. A. fraterculus.

II. The soft portion of the ventral fin not fully developed.

33. A. hepatus.

III. Teeth setiform, moveable, dilated only at the extremity.

34. A. strigosus. 35. A. ctenodon.

IV. With only five to three dorsal spines.

36. A. rhombeus. 39. A. gemmatus. 42. A. desjardinii.

37. A. goranieneis. 40. A. velifer. 43. A. riippellii.

38. A. xanthurus. 41. A. hypselopterus. 44. A. suillus.

1. ACANTHURUS. 327

I. With nine or eight (seven) dorsal spines, with broad Jixeu incisors, and

with Jive soft ventral rays.

A. With black cross-bands on the head and body.

1. Acanthurus triostegus.

Seba, iii. 25. 4 ; Emsell, i. pi. 86.

Chastodon triostegiis, L. Syst. i. p. 463.

Acanthurus triostegiis, Bl. Schn. p. 215 ; Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 197 ; Bleek.

Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii., Teuth. p. 13 ; Jetiyns, Voy. Beagle,

Fishes, p. 75.
Ilarpurus fasciatus, Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. lAchL p. 216.
Acanthurus zebra, Lacep. iv. p. 546. pi. 6. fig. 3.
Chjetodon zebra, Lacip. iii. pi. 25. fig. 3.

couagga, Lacfp. iv. p. 727.

Acanthurus hirudo, Benn. Ceyl. Fishes, p. 11. pi. 11.

Teuthis australis, Gray in King^s Survey of the Coasts ofAiistr.n. p. 435.

Acanthunis subaimatus, Bemi. Whaling Voy. ii. p. 278.

^•^.- ^-h- ^-l/S- Vert. 9/13.

The height of the body is one-half the total length (the caudal fin
not included). The upper jaw with seven lobate incisors on each
side ; caudal spine small, without posterior projecting process. The
upper profile of the snout is concave. Caudal fin subtruncated,
Eeddish-violet, with five blackish-brown transverse bands, the an-
terior of which passes through the orbit ; another streak of the same
colour along the median line of the snout ; two brown spots, one
above the other, on the end of the tail.

From Mauritius to Polynesia and New Zealand.
a-d, e. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
/. Half-grown : bad state. Celebes. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
g, h. Adult : bad state. Malayan Archipelago. Presented by Sir

J. Richardson.
{. Adult : skin : bad state. Sandwich Islands.
k. Fine specimen. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
/. Adult. West coast of Australia. From Captain King's Collection.

— Type of Teuthis australis, Gray.
m, n, o,p, q. Adult and half-grown.
r. Adult: stuffed.
s. Adult : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Skeleton. — The skull has a very peculiar physiognomy, from the
shortness of its cranial portion and the elongation of its fi'ont part,
in which, however, the jaw-bones do not participate. In general
form it is somewhat compressed, elevated, triangular. The crown
of the head is very short and convex, with the occipital crest
moderately developed ; the interorbital space is broad and flat. The
frontal bones and the prjeorbital are prolonged, the bones situated
before them being very short. Turbinals well developed, united on
the median line. The jaws are formed as in Teuthis : the maxillary
and intermaxillary are firmly and immoveably joined together, and
the latter has its posterior processes extremely short. The lower jaw
is broad and very short. Palatines very short ; all the bones of the
tympanic cavity are well ossified, and of rather lai'ge size; the epitym-

328 ACRONTTRID.E,

panic especially is well developed, occupj-ing the whole of the ante-
rior side of the proeoperciilum. The prajorbital is very elongate ; the
other hones of the infraorbital ring are fii-mly united together, and
the posterior ones are in immediate contact with the inner ridge of
the praeoperculum, as in Chatodon. The angle formed by the limbs
of the praeoperculum is veiy obtuse ; the lower limb has only half
the length of the posterior : operculum rather narrow and elevated,
not extending downwards to the angle of the praeoperculum, where
ifris replaced by the suboperculum : interoperculum small.

The bones of the humeral arch are rather strong : the siiprascapula
is fii-mly imited with the skull ; scapula long, broader in its inferior
half than in its superior; coracoid very long and strong, straight.
The cavity for the pectoral muscles, which is formed by the humerus
and the bones of the fore-arm, is very broad and rather deep ; its
bottom is nearly entii'ely osseoiis, the ulna having a small foramen,
the radius a larger and a smaller one. The pubic bones are very
long, slightly bent, and firmly attached to each other, leaving scarcely
any free space between them.

There are nine abdominal and thirteen caudal vertebrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 1'66. The vertebrae are somewhat elongate, not com-
pressed. All the apophyses are strong, and those of the anterior
caudal vertebraj rather long. The nem-als and interneurals of the
abdominal vertebrae are so dilated into lamellae posteriorly, that the
whole forms one continuous osseous plane, without free spaces be-
tween the single bones. The first interneural is exceedingly strong
and compressed ; it is dilated superiorly, the dilated portion ending
in a spine anteriorly, behind which is a deep incisure to receive the
base of the fii'st dorsal spine. The second interneural is finnly
attached to the fii'st. The interneurals of the following dorsal spines
are dilated superiorly into a slightly concave plate, as in Teuthis, and
one always corresponds to a single neural, whilst each neural and
haemal of the caudal vertebrae always support two interneurals and
interhaemals of the soft rays. The first interhaemal is similar in
structure to the first interneiu'al, but much longer, and its dilated
portion has no spine anteriorly. Eibs well developed, with epi-
pleurals.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra Ol-

of the second vertebra l|

of the third vertebra 11

of the fourth vertebra 2-L

of the tenth vertebra 2|

of the- twentieth vertebra 2

of the abdominal portion 19

of the caudal portion 31|

of the eleventh neui'al spine 11

of the first haemal spine 14

— of the first internem-al spine 7

of the fu'st interhaemal spine 19

f

1. ACAXTnrurs. 399

Dr. V Blceker describes another sijecies, which is probably an in-
dividual variety of^. triostegus ■ the single specimen which occurred
was 29 millimetres long.

Acanthurus pentazona, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch xxiii
Teuth. p. 13, and Java, i. p. ] 07. ' ''

D. A. A. i-.
20 ^'- 20

^ The height of the body is one-half the total length (the caudal

hn included). Caudal spine smaU. The upper profile of the snout

IS convex ; caudal fin truncated. YeUowish, with five blackish

transverse bands, the anterior of which passes through the eye

Sea of Bata\da.

B. With two tvkite cross-hands on the anterior part of the bochf.

2. Acanthurus guttatus,
Harpunis guttatiis, Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p 218
Acanthurus guttatus, Bl. Schn. p. 215 ; Cuv. ^- VaL x. p 195
Chffitodon stellatus, L. Gm. i. p. 1269. ^

D. -^. A -5- V l/,5

27-28 ^- 24- ' • N'^-

Scale^ very smaU smooth. The height of the body is two-thir-ds
of the total length (the caudal fin not included). The upper iaw
with SIX truncated and deeply lobate incisors on each side C-uidal
spine terminating posteriorly in a projecting process. The upper
profile of the snout is subvertical and veiy slightly concave. Caudal
fin subtruncated. Brownish, with two whitish cross-bands • one
from the nape of the neck over the operculum, the other from the
faith and SIX dorsal spines to the beUy. Posterior half of the body
dorsal and anal fins with numerous round white spots.

Otaheiti. New Hebrides. Mauritius.

a. Adult: bleached. Otaheiti. From Forster's Collection —Tvne
of the species. ' ^^

h. Adult : s^tiifi'ed._ Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgiUivray's CoUection '
c Adult Mavuitius From the CoUection of the Zoological Society.
d. Adult: stuffed. Mauritius. ^

C. Coloration of the body yiearhj uniform, withoid conspicuous marUnqs. '
Uround-colour brown ; sometimes a whitish ring round the base of the
caudal fin.

3. Acanthurus chirurgus.
Acarauna, Marcf/r. p. 144.
Barbero, Parra, lam. 21. fig. 2.
Hepatus, Gronov. Zooj)hi/l'no. 353.
Chc-etodon nigricans, Bl. iii. p. 82. t. 203 ; (not L )

chinirgus, Bl. t. 208.

Acanthurus'nigricaiis, pt.. Bl. Schn. p 211

-- cliiriu-gus, £/. Schn.'^. '2U; Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 168; Giuchen. in

Mamon de la Sagra, Cuba, Pom. p. 120; Casteln. Anim. nouv. A?n^r.

>yud, Poiss. p. 24.

330 ACEONUEID-E.

Acauthui'us plilebotomus, Cuv. l^ Val. x. p. 17G. pi. 287 ; Casteln. I. c.

p. 25 ; Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 139. pi. 73. fig. 234.
Acrouurus fuscus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 191.

D.,i?56- ^-d^.- ^-l/S- C^c.pylor.5.

The height of the body is one-half or rather less than one-haK
the total length (the caudal fin not included). The distance of the
nostiil from the edge of the upper jaw is two-thirds of the length of
the head. The upjier jaw with seven or eight lobate incisors on
each side. Caudal spine with a process posteriorly, pointing backwards.
The upper profile of the snout straight. Brownish: operculum with
black margin ; sometimes a whitish band across the end of the tail,
which, if present, occupies more of the scaly portion of the tail than
of the caudal fin. Other markings are rather inconstant : indistinct
darker transverse streaks ; undulated longitudinal lines in immature
specimens ; blackish longitudinal streaks on the dorsal and anal fins ;
a narrow whitish posterior edge of the caudal fin.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America and Africa.

a-o. Adults, half-grown, and young : skins. Caribbean Sea. From

Dr. Pamell's and Mr. Scrivener's Collections.
p-s. Half-grown and young. West Indies. Purchased of Mr.

Scrivener.
t. Adult. Puerto CabeUo. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
u. Half-grown : stuffed. Bahia.
V. Nineteen inches long : stuffed.
w, X. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.
y. Half-grown. : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

4. Acanthurus matoides.

Acanthurus nigi'icans, pt., Bl. Schn. p. 211.

? Acanthuiais fuliginosus, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 149. pi. 27. fig. 2.

? Acanthums rasi, Cuv. S,- Val. x. p. 203.

Acanthurus matoides, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 204 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batav.

Genootsch. xxiii., Tenth, p. 12.
annularis, Citv. ^- Val. x. p. 209 (immature specimens with a

whitish caudal ring).
blochii, Cuv. &( Val. x. p. 209 (immatiu'e specimens -without a

whitish caudal ring).
? Aeanthm-us xanthopterus, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 215; Cuv. Begne Anitn.

III. Poiss. pi. 71. fig. 2.
Acanthurus xanthopterus, Cant. Catal. p. 209. pi. 4.
Skeleton : Agass. Poiss. Foss. iv. p. 206. tab. F. (A. xanthopterus).

^-.-h- ^-^s- ^-1/5. Vert. 9/13.
The height of the body is one-half or somewhat more than one-
half the total length (the caudal fin not included). The distance of
the nostril from the edge of the upper jaw is two-thirds of the length
of the head. The upper jaw with seven or eight lobate incisors on
each side. Caudal spine with a process posteriorly, pointing back-
wards. The upper profile of the snout is nearly straight in immature

1 . ACANTHURUS. 331

specimens, convex in adult ones. Brown : generally with a whitish
band across the root of the caudal fin, which, if present, occupies
more space on the fin than on the scaly portion of the tail ; it dis-
appears entii-ely in old individuals. Dorsal and anal fins with dark-
blue longitudinal streaks.

East Indian Seas. Polynesia.

a-b, c. Half-grown and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

d. Half-grown : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

e. Young. Feejee Islands.

/. Adult. From the Haslar Collection.

g, h. Adult : skins. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

The earlier ichthyologists have confoimded this species with the
A. cMrurrjus from the Atlantic, in consequence of the close affinity
existing between them. This affinity is so great, that we are much
inclined to consider them as mere varieties. Yet we have not seen
a specimen of the Atlantic form which has the profile of the snout
so convex as it may be seen in old Indian fishes. Yalenciennes has
entirely overlooked the changes in the form of the caudal fin and of
the snout, and of colour, to which this species is subject vrith age,
and has invented specific names for every stage of development.

Acanthurus lamarrii, Cuv. & Yal. x. p. 236, also appears to be very
closely allied to A. matoides, but is said to have only twenty-three
soft rays in the anal fin.

5. Acanthurus nigro-fuscus.

Chaetodon nigi'ofuscus, Forsk. p. 64.

Mata, Enssel/, i. p. 64. pi. 82.

? Chfetodon elongatus, Lacep. iv. p. 471. pi. 6. fig. 2.

Acanthm'us nigricans, Hupp. Ail. Fkche, p. 57.

? Acanthurus mata, Cuv. 4" Vol- x. p. 202.

? nigro-fuscus, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 214.

? elongatus, Cuv. t^- Val. x. p. 206.

D-,i?57- ^-d^.- ^-l/S. Yert.9/14.

The height of the body is one-half the total length (the caudal
fin not included). The distance of the nostril from the edge of the
upper jaw is rather less than one-half the length of the head.
Tte upper jaw with eight or nine lobate incisors on each side.
Caudal spine with a process posteriorly, pointing backwards. The
upper profile of the snout nearly straight. Uniform blackish-brown.

Red Sea. Ceylon. Coast of Coromandel. Amboyna.

«. Adult : skin. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

h, c. Half-grown and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr, Frank.

6. Acanthurus bipunctatus.

D -5. A ^
The greatest depth of the body is between the ventral and anal

332 ACROXURID^.

spines, and oue-half the total length (the caudal fin not included).
The profile between the origin of the dorsal fin and the nostril is
convex, that of the snout rather concave. There are live broad
incisors on each side of the upper jaw, and six in the lower ; the
latter are truncated, and denticulated only at the cutting margin.
Dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly in adult, pointed in young
specimens. Caudal emarginate (foi-ked in young specimens). Uni-
form blackish or brown ; a black spot posteriorly in the axil of the
dorsal and anal fins.

Sea of China. Feejee Islands.

«. Six inches and a half long. China.

b. Thirty-eight Hues long. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

7. Acanthnrus nigros.
? Acanthurus nigroris, Ciw. i^ Veil. x. p. 208.
D -^ A -5-

■ 25-27" ■ 23-25'

The height of the body is one-half or more than one-half of the
total length (the caudal fin not included). The profile between the
origin of the dorsal fin and the nostril is convex, that of the snout
very slightly concave. There are six incisors on each side of the
upj^er jaw, and seven in the lower ; all are serrated only at the cut-
ting margin. Uniform brown : vertical fins and lips black ; a black
spot posteriorly in the axil of the dorsal and anal fins.

(? Sandwich Islands.) New Hebrides.

a-c. Adult, half-grown, and young : stuffed. Aneiteum. From
Mr. MacgiUivray's Collection.

8. Acantlmrus doreensis.
Cuv. fy Val. X. p. 220.

ProfUe of the snout concave. Brown : the posterior half of the
pectoral is yellowish ; caudal with a whitish edge. {Val.)
Dorey Harbour (New Guinea).

* Uniform yellow.

9. Acanthurus chrysosoma.

Sleeker, Boeroe, ii. p. 67.

The height of the body is rather more than one-third of the total
length (the caudal fin included). The profile of the snout is slightly
concave ; six lobate incisors on each side of the upper jaw. Uni-
form yellow ; vertical fins slightly edged with brown. (Bl.)

Sea of KajeK.

1. ACANTHURUS. 333

* Some blue or red dots arderiorhj.

10. Acanthurus rubropunctatus.
Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 59.

"• 25- ^- 22-

The height of the body is more than one-half of the length (the
candal fin not included) ; anterior profile of the snout subvertical,
slightly concave. Blackish-brown ; head and thorax dotted with
red. {Rilpp.)

Northern parts of the Red Sea.

11. Acanthurus marginatus.

Acanthurus guttatus, Kittl. in Mus. Senck. i. p. 194. taf. 13, fig. 4; (not

Bl. Schn.).
marginatus, Cuv. Sf Val. i. p. 221.

The height of the body is one-half of the length (the caudal fin
not included). The snout is somewhat produced, with the upper
profile concave. Eeddish-brown : head and anterior half of the
body with scattered blue dots ; vertical fins blackish, dorsal and anal
fins blue-edged.

Island of Luganor.

D. Body tviih bluish longitudinal bands or lines, or with dots disposed in
longitudinal series.

12. Acanthurus lineatus.

Valent. iii. p. 360. fig. 47, p. 424. fig. 257; Renard, i. 7. 54, i. 13. 80 ;

Seha, iii. 25. 1 (? 26. 37).
Chsetodon, no. 1, Artedi, Spec. p. 89.

lineatus, Z. Sgst. Nat. 13tli edit. i. p. 1246.

Acanthuras lineatus, Bl. Schn. p. 214. tab. 49; Lacep. iv. pp. 547, 549 ;

Cuv. 8f Val. X. p. 223 ; Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 263.
vittatus, Benn. Fish. Ceyl. p. 2. pi. 2.

D.|. A.i. Vert. 9/13.

The height of the body is one-half of the length (the caudal fin
not included) ; anterior profile of the snout subvertical, slightly con-
vex ; upper jaw with six lobate incisors on each side. Ground-
colour of the back and sides yellow, of the belly whitish. Nine
slightly oblique blue lines run from the head to the back and the
root of the caudal fin ; each of them has a brown band on each
side, which is as broad as the stripes of the yellow ground-colour.
Two similar curved blue, brown-edged stripes from the eye round the
cheek to the base of the pectoral. Caudal brown, whitish posteriorly,
both colours being separated by a curved blue line ; two or three
vertical Lines at the base of the fin.

East Indian Archipelago ; Western parts of Polynesia.

a. Adult. Malay Archipelago. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.

334 ACfiOXFRID^.

b, c, d. Adult and young. Ambo^-na. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

e. Young. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.

f. Adult: skeleton. Malay Archipelago. From the Haslar Col-

lection.
The skehton differs very slightly from that of A. triostegus ; the
apophyses of the vertebrae are rather more feeble, and three or even
four of the posterior interneurals and interhicmals correspond to one
neural or haemal. The last two caudal vertebrae have a prominent
ridge, which serves as the base for the external caudal spine.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra Oi

-of the second vertebra Ig

of the fourth vertebra 1|

of the tenth vertebra 2|

of the sixteenth vertebra 3

of the twentieth vertebra 2^

of the twenty-first vertebra 1|

of the abdominal portion 16

of the caudal portion 33

of the twelfth neui'al spine 10^

of the first haemal spine 15

of the first intemeural spine 7

of the first interhaemal spine 12|

13. Acanthunis striatus.

Quoi/ 4- Gaim. Voxj. TJran. Zool. p. .373, Poiss. pi. 63. fig. 3 (bad) ; Cur.
Sf Vul. X. p. 229.

The height of the body Is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). ProfUe of the snout not concave. Brown, with
eleven or twelve straight bluish longitudinal streaks.

Marianes.

The specimens described are only 2^ inches long. The following
appears to belong to this species : —

a, 1| inches long. Borneo.

14. Acanthurus sohal.

Chaetodon sohal, Forsk. p. 63.

Acanthui-us sohal, Bl. Schn. p. 215; Riipp. At/. Fische, p. 56. taf. 10.
fig. 1 ; Cm: Sf Vul. x. p. 227.

carinatus, Bl. Schn. p. 216.

Aspisurus sohar, Lacep. iv. pp. 556, 557.

D-n- ^-al^- Cffic.pylor. 5. Vert. 9/14.
The height of the body is less than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included). The anterior profile of the snout is
convex. Grevish-violet, with about fourteen bluish longitudinal

1. ACANTHURUS. 335

streaks along the side, separated by black interspaces ; -vertical fins
black, edged with blue.

Northern parts of the Eed Sea.

a. Adult. Eed Sea. From Dr. RiippeU's Collection.

15. Acanthurus undulatus.
Cuv. 4- Val X. p. 205.

The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total
length (the caudal fin included). Profile of the snout nearly straight.
Light brown, with twelve or thii-teen undulated whitish lines, as-
cending posteriorly ; dorsal and anal fins brownish. ( Val.)

Indian Ocean.

; 16. Acanthums dussumieri.

Cuv. Sr Val X. p. 201.

The height of the body is rather less than one-half of the total
length ; the anterior profile of the snout is slightly convex ; the length
of the head is contained twice and two-thirds in its height. Caudal
fin slightly emarginate. Dark brown, with very numerous, fine,
rather irregular bluish longitudinal lines, and with some spots of the
same colour on the thorax and the caudal fra ; base of the dorsal fin
with bluish and reddish longitudinal streaks ; a rose-coloured band
between the eyes. (Val.)

Mauritius.

17. Acanthurus grammoptilus.
Richards, in Ami. %■ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, xi. p. 176.
D -?- A ^

The height of the body is two-sevenths of the total length (the
caudal fin not included). The profile of the snout is rather convex.
Nine lobate teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Brown (iu a dried
state), with very numerous undulated and irregular bluish longitu-
dinal lines ; a whitish band across the basal portion of the caudal fin ;
posterior half of the pectoral yellowish ; dorsal fin with five dark
longitudinal Unes ; anal with a light line, along and within the mar-
gin ; dorsal and anal fins with a black spot posteriorly in the axil.

Port Essington.

a, h. Skins. Types of the species.

18. Acanthurus bleekeri.

Acanthurus niata, Bleek. Java, ii. p. 432; (not Cut: Si- Val.).
D.-8.. A. A.

25 23

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length (the

336 ACBONURID^..

caudal fin included). The profile of the snout is somewhat convex.
Nine lobate teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Brownish-red,
with more than thirty blue longitudinal lines ; cheek with seven or
eight blue longitudinal bands, the upper of which are united with
those of the other side of the head ; dorsal and anal firis violet, with
five or seven orange-coloured bands, and with a black spot posteriorly
in the axU ; caudal brown, darker towards the margin. (Bleeh.)
East Indian Archipelago.

19. Acanthurus cseruleus.

Seba, ill. 25. 2.

Tardus rhomboidalis, Catesb. ii. pi. 10. tig. 1.

Chsetodoii nigTCScens, Artedi, Spec. p. 90.

nigricans, L. Sysf. Nat. i. p. 462.

Acanthurus creruleus, Bl Schn. p. 214 ; Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 179 ; Gtii-

chen. in Ramon de la Sagra, Cuba, Poiss. p. 121 ; Casteln. Anim.

nouv. ou rures de VAm^r. Sud, Poiss. p. 25. pi. 12. fig. 2.

D. ^. A. ^. V. 1/5. Cffic. pylor. 5. Vert. 8/13.

The height of the body is two-thirds of the total length (caudal
not included). The upper jaw with six lobate incisors on each side.
Caudal spine with a process posteriorly, pointing backwards. The
upper profile of the snout concave. Caudal fin more or less emar-
ginate. Brownish, with bluish longitudinal lines, undulated on the
body, straight and rather oblique on the dorsal and anal fins.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a-f. Adult : skins, Caiibbean Sea. From Dr. ParneU's Collection
g-h. Adult. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
ir-k. Adult: stuffed. Bahia.

20. Acanthurus lineolatus.

Cuv. 8r Val X. p. 207 ; Sleek. Panda, iii. p. 101.
D.-^. A. A.

25 24

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length (the
caudal fin included). The profile of the snout is convex. Six lo-
bate teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Caudal fin subtruncated,
with the angles produced, its length being contained thrice and a
third in the total length. Brown, dotted with blue, the dots being
disposed in longitudinal series : dorsal and anal fins with black mar-
gins, and with a black spot posteriorly in the axil ; caudal black- and
yeUow-edged.

Coasts of Banda and Amboyna.

E. A yellow or black markiiu/ on the shoulder or superiorly on the yill-
openiny.

21. Acanthurus olivaceus.

Valent. iii. p. 409. fig. 199 ; Renard, ii. 12. 55.

Acanthurus olivaceus, Bl. Schn. p. 21-3 ; Kittlitz in Mns. Senckenb. i.
p. 192. tab. 12. fig. 1.

1. ACANTHUKUS. 337

Ilai-purus paroticus, Forst. Descr. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 183.
Acanthui-us eparai, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 147, Poiss. pi. 27. fig. 1.
lumieralis, Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 231 ; Bleek. Celeb, iii. p. 762 ; Eyd.

^- Saul. Voy. Bonite, Zool. i. p. 169 ; Jetiyns, Voy. Beagle, Fishes,

p. 76.

D.^. A. A Caec. pylor. 6.

The height of the body is one-half or rather less than one-half of
the total length (the caudal fin not included). The anterior profile
of the snout more or less convex. There are eight lobate incisors on
each side of the upper jaw. Caudal spine with a process posteriorly,
pointing backwards. Brownish-olive : an elongate orange-coloured,
black-edged spot on the tmnk, extending from the operculum to
beyond the end of the pectoral fin. Caudal fin with a white pos-
terior margin, and, in immature individuals, with a whitish band
across the base ; dorsal and anal fins with an orange-coloured line
along the base.

Polynesia. Celebes. Amboyna. Goram.

a. Adult. Otaheiti. From Forster's Collection. — Type of the

species.
h. Half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

fe

22. Acanthurus pyroferus.

Acanthurus pyroferus, Kittl. in 3Ius. Senckenb. i. p. 193. taf. 12. fig. 2.
armiger, Ckiv. <§• Val. x. p. 234.

29 25

The height of the body is one-half of the length (the caudal fin
not included). Snout rather produced, with the upper profile con-
cave. Dark brown : shoulder with an oblong vertical yellow spot,
edged with black ; caudal with a broad yellow posterior margin.
{Kittl.)

Coast of Ulea.

The typical specimen is in the St. Petersburg Museum.

23. Acanthurus tennentii.
D.|. A.f,. V.1/5.

■ The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included) . The anterior profile of the snout is nearly straight.
There are six lobate incisors on each side of the upper jaw, and eight
on each side of the lower. The dorsal spines are moderately stout,
increasing in length posteriorly, the hindmost being one-third of the
depth of the body. Dorsal and anal fins rounded posteriorly ; caudal
slightly emarginate. Scales minute. The caudal spine of moderate
length and strength, with a process posteriorly, pointing backwards.
Brown (in a dried state) : a roundish black ring on the shoulder,
apparently with light centre ; caudal with a broad white margin.

Sea of Ceylon.
a. Skin. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

VOL. Til. Z

338 ACRONtJKID^.

lines.

Total length 60

Height of the body 23

Length of the head 13

of the caudal fin 11

of the last dorsal spine 8

24. Acanthurus gahm.

Chsetodon gahhni, Forsk. p. 64.

Acanthurus gahm, Cuv. Sr Val. x. p. 219 ; Hiipp. Atl. Fische, p. 58,

and N. W. Fische, p. 131 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii.,

Celebes, p. 8.

T) A A ^
"' 27- ^- ii-

The height of the body is one-third or rather less than one-third
of the total length (the caudal fin included), the length of the head
one-sixth ; there are sixteen or twenty teeth in each of the jaws,
denticulated on the free half. The profile of the snout is convex.
The height of the dorsal and anal fins is about one-thii'd of that of
the body ; the length of the pectoral is one-fifth of the total, that of
the ventral one-sixth ; caudal with the middle somewhat convex,
and with the lobes much produced, the latter being two-sevenths of
the total length. Brown : a whitish spot before the orbit ; the
suprascapular region orange-coloured, with a black streak from the
opercle to above the middle of the pectoral fin ; another black band
from the caudal spine to above the middle of the anal. A white band
across the base of the caudal, which has a white margin, and another
blackish band within the margin. Pectoral whitish at the base,
brownish on the middle, and yellowish at the margin.

Red Sea. Mauritius. Celebes.

25. Acanthurus nummifer.

Acanthiu'us bariene. Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. p. 150.
nummifer, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 234.

T) 9 A 3

The height of the body is more than one-half of the length (the
caudal fin not racluded) ; the upper profile of the head arched, and'
prominent beyond the mouth, which is entirely situated at the lower
side of the head. Head covered entirely with scales, which are much
smaller than those on the body ; mouth and shoulder naked ; sixteen
to twenty crenulated teeth in each of the jaws; ventral fins produced
into a point ; the first spine of the dorsal fin is entii'ely hidden below
the skin. Dark bro^wTi, with a roimd bhiish-black spot superiorly
at the gill-opening ; sheath of the caudal spine black. A light-
blue line along the base of the dorsal and anal fins ; the margin of
the dorsal with two or three violet lines; anal blue-edged. {Val.)

Waigiou.

The typical specimen is one foot long.

1. ACANTHURUS. 339

F. A whitish ring round the mouth or round the lower Jaw.

26. Acanthurus glaucopareius.

Valent. iii. p. 466. fig. .38.3, p. 476. fig-. 410 ; Menard, i. 9. 6.3 ; Eui/sch,
Theatr. p. 23. tab. 12. fig. 10, & p. 40. pi. 20. fig. 14 ; Seha, iii. 25. 3.

Hai-punis nigi-icans, Forst. Descr. Anim. cur. Licht. p. 214 (Bl. Schn.
p. 212).

Acanthurus aliala, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 150.

glaucopareius, Cut. Sf Val. x. p. 190 ; KittKtz in Mus. Senckenb.

i. p. 192. tab. 13. fig. 3; Bleek. Act. See. Sc. Indo-Nederl. i., Am-
boina, p. 47.

^■h' ^-l- ^'-VS. Caec.pylor.5.

Scales very small, smooth. The height of the body is contained
once and two-thirds in the total length (the caudal fin not included).
The upper jaw with five truncated and lobate teeth on each side.
Caudal spine terminating posteriorly in a projecting process. The
upper profile of the snout is subvertical, very slightly concave.
Caudal fin emarginate. Blackish-violet : a white subcrescentic spot
below the orbit ; a white ring encircling the mouth ; a whitish line
running along the base of the dorsal and anal fins, and widening
posteriorly ; caudal fine light violet, with a yellowish cross-band.

Polynesia. Amboyna.
a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h. Adult. Otaheiti. From Forster's Collection. — Type of the species.

27. Acanthurus celebicus.

Bleeher, Celebes, iii. p. 761.

T) ±±. A -i

26-25* ^* 24"

The height of the body is nearly one-third of the total length (the
caudal fin included). The profile of the snout is concave. Eight
lobate teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Caudal and ventral lobes
pointed. Brown : mouth with a white ring and with black lips ;
fins dark brown ; caudal blackish, with a white margin. {Bl.)

Seas of Macassar and of Temate.

28. Acanthurus fuscus.

Steindachner in Vei'handl. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. Wien, 1861, p. 176. taf. 5.
T) 7 A 3

The height of the body is rather more than one-half of the total
length, without caudal, or one-third mth the caudal. The profile of
the snout.is concave. Seven lobate teeth on each side of the upper
jaw. Caudal and ventral lobes produced into filaments. Brown :
mouth with a white ring and Avith black lips ; vertical and ventral
fins black ; the caudal blackish towards the margin.

Amboyna.

This fish is probably identical with A. celebicus, Bleck., the speci-
men in the Vienna Museum being apparently an adult fish, with the
appendages of the fins fuUy developed.

z2

340 ACRONURID^.

29. Acanthurus leucosternon.

Acanthurus leucosternon, Benn. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 183 ; Bkek.

Batoe, iii. p. 237.
delisianus, Cuv.SfVal. x. p. 193; Gtier. Iconogr. Poiss. pi. 35. fig. 2.

D-i^- A.,-^. V.1/5.
Scales very small, smooth. The height of the body is contained
once and four-fifths in the total length (the caudal fin not included).
The upper jaw with five truncated and lobate teeth on each side.
Caudal spine terminating posteriorly in a projecting process. The
upper profile of the snout is sub vertical and slightly concave. Caudal
fin emarginate. Blue : head black ; chest, and a ring encircling the
lower part of the mouth, white ; dorsal fin yeUow ; caudal with two
black crescents, one across the base, the other along the margin,
both united by the upper and lower black edges of the fin.

Mamitius. Ceylon. Batoe.
«. Fine specimen. Ceylon. From Mr. Sibbald's Collection. — Type
of the species.

30. Acanthurus achilles.
Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 383 ; ? Cut. 4- Val. x. p. 218.

D.^. A. A V.1/5. Vert. 9/13.

A large rhombic, naked, yellowish patch on the tail, including the
caudal spine. Anterior profile of the snout subvertical, nearly
straight. Four truncate and lobate teeth on each side of the upper
jaw. Brown : patch on the tail yellowish ; a narrow bluish line
along the base of the dorsal and anal fins ; a bluish ring across the
chin, from one angle of the mouth to the other ; subopercular mar-
gin and outer half of the ventrals bluish. Caudal fin with the base
deep brown, lighter across the middle ; a narrow brown crescent
between the light centre of the fin and the broad white margin.

Sea of China.
a-h, c, d, e,f. Fine specimens. China.
g. Adult : skeleton. China. From the Haslar Collection.

Valenciennes gives as the formula of the fins, D. ^» A. ^ ; but he
examined only a single dry specimen.

The skeleton difiers so little from that of A. triostegns, that it will
be sufficient merely to give the measurements of some of its parts.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 0^

of the second vertebra 1

of the tenth vertebra 2

of the twentieth vertebra 1|

of the twenty-first vertebra 0|

of the abdominal portion 14

of the caudal portion 24

of the twelfth neural 9

of the first haemal 12

of the first interneural 6^

of the first interhaemal 15

1. ACANTHTJEUS. 341

G. Tail with a black trianf/le.

31. Acanthurus triangulus.
Cuv. 8f Val. X. p. 189.

Tail with a black triangle, whilst its borders are yellow, which
colour extends over the whole upper part of the back nearly to the
eye. One-half of the pectoral black ; operculum with a yellow band.

This species is described by Valenciennes from an old drawing of
Vlaming, and has not been recognized.

H. A blue spot below the dorsal Jin.

32. Acanthurus fraterculus.

Retiard, ii. no. 47 ; Valent. no. 413.
Acanthurus fraterculus, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 206.

Body oblong, anterior profile convex. Caudal fin emarginate ;
the dorsal and anal fins are low anteriorly, elevated and pointed
posteriorly. Brown, with three oblique blue and red bands on the
side of the head, two of which descend to the eye, and the third to
the mouth ; a blue spot below the middle of the dorsal fin ; base of
the caudal spine black.

East Indies.

This species, figured by Renard, has not been recognized.
II. TJie soft portion of the ventral Jin not fully developed.

33. Acanthurus hepatus.

Valeiit. iii. p. 473. fig. 404. & p. 472. fig. 402 ; Seba, iii. 33. 3.
Teuthis hepatus, L. Si/sf. Nat. i. p. 507 ; L. Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 1362.
Acanthurus hepatus, Bl. Schn. p. 211 ; Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 183. pi. 288 ;

Bleek. Floris, p. 325.
theuthis, Lacep. iv. pp. 549, 553.

^•xh- ^-li^- ^-1/3. Vert. 8/14.

Scales minute, rough ; cheek with small, bony, star-like plates.
The height of the body is one-haK or two-fifths of the total length
(caudal not included). The upper jaw with five or six lobate
incisors on each side. Caudal spine without a prominent process
posteriorly. The upper profile of the snout rather convex. Bluish-
grey, with a large black mark nearly entirely covering the back,
commencing with a narrow band above the orbit, including a large
oval grey spot on the middle of the side, and terminating on the tail
in two black bands I'unning along the upper and lower edges of the
tail and of the caudal fin ; the space between these two bands is
yellow, triangular, the point of the triangle being in front of the
caudal spine. Base of the dorsal and anal fins grey ; pectoral black-
ish, with a crescent-shaped yellow spot at the free margin.

From Mauritius to New Guinea.
a, h. Adult and half-gi'own. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

342 ACRONtTEIDiE.

III. Teeth setiform, moveable, dilated onh/ at the extre^nity.

34. Acanthurus strigosus.

Bennett, Zool. Journ. fasc. xiii. p. 41 ; Ciiv. ^ Val. x. p. 243.

The height of the body is more than one-half of the length (the
caudal fin not included). Anterior profile of the snout nearly-
straight. Teeth setiform, with the extremity dilated and laterally
serrated. Brown, with numerous bluish longitudinal lines.

Sandmch Islands. New Guinea,

a, h-c. Adult. Sandwich Islands. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society. — Types of the species.

35. Acanthurus ctenodou.

Acanthurus ctenodon, Cuv. df Val. x. p. 241. pi. 289.

strigosus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. iv. p. 264, & vi.

p. 102.

T) -^ A -—

29-30' 26-27*

The height of the body is nearly one-half of the total length (the
caudal fin not included). Anterior profile of the snout nearly straight.
Teeth setiform, with the extremity slightly dilated and laterally
serrated. Uniform brown (in spu-its).

Ceylon. East Indian Archipelago. New Guinea. New Hebrides.
Caroline Islands.

a. Adult : skin. Ceylon. From Dr. Kelaart's Collection.
h, c. Fine specimens. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

d. Half-grown. Ceram. Purchased of Mr. Stevens.

e. Adult: stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgilUvray's Collection.

IV. With only Jive to three dorsal spines.

36. Acanthurus rhombeus.

Acanthurus flavescens, Benu. Zool. Journ. iv. 1828, p. 40.

rhombeus, Kittl. in Mus. Sencketib. i. p. 196. tab. 13. fig. 6.

scopas, Cuv. (§• Val. x. p. 245. pi. 290 ; Bleek. Natuurk. Tydschr.

Nederl. Ind. 1851, p. 348 ; Guichen. in Ramoti de la Sat/ra, Cuba,

Poiss. p. 122.
altivelis, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 249.

D.A A.l V.1/5.

The body is as high as long (head and caudal fin not included).
Snout very produced ; six lobate teeth on each side of the upper
jaw. Scales minute, rough ; tail with numerous small prickles
i)efore the caudal spine. Dorsal and anal fins more or less elevated.
Brownish-black; the membranaceous sheath of the caudal spine
white ; head and anterior part of the body generally with minute

1. ACANTHITBXJS. 343

whitish dots and fine nndulated lines ; sometimes a short whitish
longitudinal band above the pectoral.

From Mamitius to the western parts of Polynesia. Coast of
Cuba.

a, b. Fine specimens. Coram.

c. Adult : stuffed. Sandwich Islands.

d. Half-grown : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Col-

lection.

e. f, g~h. Adult and half-grown.

It is a very remarkable fact, that, according to Guichenot, this
species is found also in the Caribbean Sea.

37. Acanthnrus goramensis.

Sleeker, Goram, p. 308.

D. A. A. ^.

24 20

The height of the body is two-thirds of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). Snout veiy produced ; six lobate incisors on each
side of the upper jaw. Scales minute, rough. Dorsal and anal fins
elevated. Brownish-violet : head and thorax lighter, with miuute
blue dots ; body with about sixteen blue transverse streaks, and with
a greyish band, descending obliquely from the suprascapula towards
the side ; vertical fins brownish- violet. {Bl.)

Sea of Goram.

Closely allied to A. rhombeus.

38. Acanthurus xanthurus.

Slyth in KelaarVs Prodr. Faun. Ceylan. Append, p. 50.

WhoUy black, with golden-yeUow tail. (Blyth.)
Coast of Ceylon.

39. Acanthurus gemmatus.
Cuv. Sf Val X. p. 255.

The height of the body is contained twice and a fifth in the total
length (caudal fin included). The eye is scarcely above the middle
of the height of the head. Caudal truncated ; dorsal and anal spines
rather strong, the anterior very short. Dorsal and anal fins mode-
rately elevated, half as high as the body. Scales scarcely perceptible.
Seven lobate teeth on each side of the upper jaw. Dark brown,
covered all over with white spots, which are disposed in longitudinal
scries on the body ; caudal immaculate. (Val.)

Mauritius.

344 ACRONURID^.

40. Acanthurus velifer.

Acauthurus velifer, Bloch, ix. p. 106. taf. 427. fig. 1 ; Bl. Schu. p. 215 ;

Lacdp. iv. pp. 547, 553 (not Val., Riipp., or Bleek. Cocos, iv. p. 451) ;

Bleek. Batoe, p. 315.
blochii, Benn. in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 207.

D * A -2-
"■ 5i- ^- 24-

The height of the body is more than one -half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included). Dorsal and anal fins elevated. Yellowish-
red, with ten brown cross-bands reaching from the back to the
belly, the two anterior and the last being much broader than the
others : the first from the neck through the eye ; the second touching
the operculum and running to the anus ; those on the body are
divided by one or two bluish streaks into two or three parallel
portions. Dorsal and anal fins violet, the former with seven or
eight blue bands which are inteniipted anteriorly, forming spots ;
anal fin with three or foiu* similar bands ; caudal fin colourless,
posteriorly with a darker margin.

Sea of Batoe.

a. Stufi'ed: sixteen inches long and fourteen high. Feejee Islands.
Voyage of H.M.S. Herald. — The colours of this specimen having
faded, we are not certain whether it belongs to this species.

41. Acanthurus hypselopterus.

Bleek. Floris, p. 327.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (the
caudal fin included). Dorsal and anal fins elevated. Blackish-
violet ; snout dotted with blue. Body with six yellow cross-bands,
edged Avith blue : the fiii'st across the praeoperculum ; the second
from the neck, across the operculum. Dorsal and anal fins violet ;
caudal with the base yellow. {Bl.)

Sea of Larantuka.

42. Acanthurus desjardinii.

Benn. Proc. Zoo!. Soc. 1835, p. 127.

D. A. A. ^.

29 • 23

The height of the body is more than one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included). Dorsal and anal fins elevated. Body
with dark-brown cross-bands, extending to the belly, and with
bluish transverse streaks. Snout and thorax with bluish dots. The
first cross -band from the neck through the eye to the interoperculum,
scsparated from the second by a gi'eyish interspace ; the second from
the origin of the dorsal to the root of the pectoral ; the others partly
lined, partly divided by the bluish streaks, which are continued on
the dorsal and anal fins, forming there arched bands ; both fins

2. ACRONUEUS. 345

with round bluish spots anteriorly ; caudal fin entirely dotted with
bluish.
Mauritius.

a. Fine specimen. Mamitius. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. — Type of the species.

43. Acanthurus riippellii.

Aeanthm'us velifer, part., Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 251.

velifer, Riq^p. Atl. Fische, p. 58. taf. 15. fig. 2 ; Sleek. Cocos, iv.

p. 451.
riippeUii, Benn. in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1835, p. 207 ; Bleek. Batoe,

p. 31G.

^•1- ^•2l^v Vert. 9/13. C^c. pylor. 7.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included). Dorsal and anal fins elevated. Bluish-grey, with
six dark-brown cross-bands, which extend only to the middle of the
side : the first from the neck through the eye to the interoperculum,
dotted with yeUow, like the whole head and the thorax ; there are
seventeen to twenty yellow transverse lines on and between the
brown cross-bands, running parallel to them ; the lower half of the
belly with round yellowish spots. Dorsal and anal fins dark violet,
with yellow bands which are interrupted anteriorly, forming spots ;
seven bands on the dorsal and four on the anal fin. Caudal with
yeUow spots on the basal half, violet towards the margin, which is
blue.

From the Eastern coasts of Africa to New Guinea.

a. Stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. HiippeU's Collection.
44. Acanthurus suillus.

Renard, i. 14. fig. 82.

Acantliiu'us suillus, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 254.

This fish is known only from an old Dutch drawing, badly copied
by Renard, and considered by Valenciennes as allied to A. velifer on
account of its elevated dorsal and anal fins. It is represented as
light greyish-brown, minutely dotted and spotted with black. Fins
grey, with a reddish line along the base of the dorsal and anal fiuUs.

Mauritius.

2. ACRONURUS*.

Acanthiu-us, sp., Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 237.

A single series of lobate incisors in the jaws. A moveable spine
in a groove on each side of the tail. Ventral fins composed of one spine
and several soft rays. One dorsal fin, the spinous portion of which
is of less extent than the soft. Anal spines three. Scales none ; skin

* This name is taken from Gronow, who intended to apply it to the fishes of
tliis family. A doubtful species is —

1. Acanthurus melas, Cuv. df- [?(/. x. p. 241. — Ceylon.

346 ACKONTJEID^.

with vertical striae. A broad silvery band across tbe opercles and
the thorax. Branchiostegals five.

Small herbivorous fishes from the tropical seas.

1. Acronurus orbicularis.
Acanthurus orbicularis, {Quay Sf Gaim.) Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 237.

B. 5. D.^. A.^.

■"• "• 28 27

The height of the body is four-fifths of the length (the caudal fin not
included). Yellomsh, with some blackish blotches ; fins yellowish.
Island of Guam.

2. Acronurus melanurus.

Acanthurus melanxirus, Pmi'. ^F«^.x.p.240; Bleek. Amh. ^Cer. p. 271.

"• 25- ^' 25-

The height of the body is three-fifths of the length (the caudal fin
not included). The second dorsal spine is longer and stronger than
the following. The cleft of the mouth is situated at some distance
below the level of the orbit. Body brownish ; vertical fins blackish.

East Indian Seas.

o. Borneo. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E. Belcher, C.B.

3. Acronurus brevispinis.
D. 1. A. 1. V. 1/2.

The height of the body is contained once and four-fifths in the
length (the caudal fin not included). The first dorsal spine is very
short ; the second stouter, but shorter than the following. The cleft of
the mouth is situated somewhat above the middle of the arch formed
by the upper and lower profiles of the snout, immediately below the
level of the orbit. Eeddish-white, with the usual sUvery cross-band.

Hah. ?

a. Fifteen lines long. — None of the soft dorsal and anal rays can be
distinguished, and are probably lost. There appear to be only
two soft anal rays. The crests on the upper side of the head
are serrated.

4. Acronurus argenteus.

Acanthiu'us argenteus, Qitoy 8( Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 372. pi. 63.
fig. 2 ; Cuv. Sf Val. x. p. 2-39.

T) ^ A i
^- 27- ^- 2T

The height of the body is one-half of the length (the caudal fin
not included) . Nearly imiform dull yellowish.
Sandwich Islands. Marianes. Ascension Island.

a. Adult. Ascension. Yovage of H. M.S. Chanticleer.

3. PHiONmus. 347

3. PRIONURUS.

Prionurus, Lacep. Ann. Mus. iv. p. 205.

A single series of compressed denticulated incisors in each jaw.
Tail with a series of several keeled, bony laminse. Ventral fins com-
posed of one spine and five rays. One dorsal fin, the spinous por-
tion of which is less developed than the soft and composed of eight
or nine spines ; anal spines three. Scales minute, Branchiostegals
five ; air-bladder large, forked posteriorly. Intestinal tract with
several circumvolutions ; pyloric appendages five.

Herbivorous fishes from the coast of Japan and the Galapagos
Islands.

1. Prionurus microlepidotus.

Lacep. Ann. 3Ius. iv. p. 205 ; Cuv. Sf Vol. x. p. 295. pi. 292.
D.|. A.^. V. 1/5. Csec. pylor. 5.

Snout moderately produced, vdth the upper profile straight. A
series of six laminae on each side of the tail ; a pair of small ones
above, and another below that series. Uniform brownish.

Hab. ?

2. Prionurus scalprum.

Acanthiuios scalprum, Langsd.

Prionurus scalpnmi, Cui: Sj- Val. x. p. 298 ; Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss.

p. 129. pi. 70.
Naseus scalpmrn, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., Japan, vi. p. 79.

_ D.^. A.|. Y.1/5.

Snout produced, with the upper profile very sKghtly concave. A
series of four or five laminae on each side of the tail. Nine incisors
on each side of the upper jaw. Uniform blackish.

Sea of Japan.

a, h. Adult : stuffed. Japan. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
3. Prionurus laticlavius.

Valenc. in Voy. Venus, Poiss. p. 335. pi. 7. fig. 2.
D.-i. A.-^.

28 25

Snout produced, with the upper profile very concave. A series of
three laminae on each side of the tail. Eight incisors on each side
of the upper jaw. YeUowish : brown along the sides. {Val.)

Galapagos Islands.

4. NASEUS*.

Na-seus, Commerson.
Monoceros, Bl. Schn. p. 180.

* 1. Naseus punetxilatus, Cuv.^- Val. x. p. 289. — Hab. ?

2. unicolor. Lienard (Bia. Rapp. Soc. Hist. Nat. Maur. p. 38) gives

the following iusufRcient description : " Deiix lanc<?s a la queue. Bleu

348 ACRONITRID^.

Naso, Lac^j. iii. p. 106.

Aspisurus, (Lacep.) JRiipp. Atl. Fische, p. 60.

Naseiis, Axinm-us, et Priodon, Cuv. lif Val. x. pp. 257, 299, 302.

A single series of slightly compressed incisors, which are some-
times denticulated, in the jaws. Tail with two (rarely one or three)
bony plates, which are very distinct and sharply keeled in adult,
indistinct or entirely absent in immature and young specimens.
Head sometimes with a bony horn- or crest-Hke prominence. Yen-
tral fins composed of one spine and three rays. One dorsal fin, the
spinous portion of which is much less developed than the soft, and com-
posed of four to six spines ; anal spines two. Scales minute, rough,
forming a sort of shagreen covering. Branchiostegals four or five ;
pseudobranchise well developed ; air-bladder large, forked posteriorly.
Intestinal tract with many circumvolutions; five to eight pyloric
appendages.

Herbivorous fishes inhabiting the tropical seas from the eastern
coasts of Africa to Polynesia.

* Forehead with a more or less elongate conical horn-like protuberance
in adidt specimens.

1. Naseus unicornis.

Monoceros piscis, Willughby, p. 150. t. 0. 4.

minor, Willughhy, p. 216.

Chsetodon, sp., Hasselq. Iter Palcest. p. 332. no. 71.

unicornis, Forsk. p. 63, and Icon. tab. 23 ; L. Gm. i. p. 1268.

Monoceros raii, Bl. Schn. p. 181.

biaculeatus, Bl. Schn. p. 180. tab. 42.

Naso fronticomis, Lacep. iii. pp. 105, 106. pi. 7. fig. 2.

Acanthurus unicornis, Shaiv, Zovl. iv. p. 374. pi. 50.

Aspinirus imieomis, It'dpp. Atl. Fische, p. 60.

Naseus fronticornis, (Commers.) Cuv. Sr Val. x. p. 259; Faun. Jnpqn.
Poiss. p. 129. pi. 69 ; Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 244 ; Bleek. Batoe,
iii. p. 238 ; Cm. Rk/ne Anim. Bl. Poiss. -pi. 72. fig. 2.

longicornis, Cuv. in Guer. Iconogr. Poiss. pi. 35. fig. 3.

Harpurus monoceros, Forst. Descript. Anim. ed. Lichi. p. 219.

Acronm-us segyptius, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. lOl.f

corniger, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 192.

D-(Si- A.,,:^. Ca.c.pylor.7-8. Vert. 9/12.

Forehead produced into a horn-like protuberance, longer or
shorter according to age, horizontal, and on a level with the upper
half of the orbit. Snout produced beyond the tip of the horn (some-
times the horn is a little longer) ; the length of its upper profile,
taken from the base of the horn, is more than twice the distance of

noiratre sur le dos, moins fonc6e sur le ventre et presque noire aux
nageoires. Sa caudale est si l^gerement echancree qu'eUe semble carree.

D. — , A. —."—Mauritius.

30' 30

t Gronow gave this denomination to the fish described by Hasselquist, not
having been aware that the Swedish traveller mentions the horn of the forehead
in his description onlj in the passage which is headed " Branchiee."

\

4. NASEus. 349

the orbit from the first dorsal spine. Teeth sHghtly compressed,
tapering, of moderate size, not serrated. The height of the body is
two-fifths or two-sevenths of the total length (the caudal fin not in-
cluded). Two spiniferous plates on each side of the tail. The length
of the fifth dorsal spine is rather more than, or equal to, its distance
fi'om the first. Brownish-grey : dorsal and anal fins with longitu-
dinal blue stripes.

From the Eed Sea to the coasts of Japan and to Polynesia.

a. Skin : twenty-two inches long ; horn three inches. Ceylon. From

Dr. Kelaart's Collection.

b. Skin : twenty inches long ; horn two inches. From the Collection

of the Zoological Society.

c. Stuffed : eighteen inches long ; horn fifteen lines. Old Collection.

d. Skin : eighteen inches long ; horn eighteen lines. Frankland

Island. D.A,A.|.

e. Stuffed : fifteen inches long ; horn ten lines.

/. Skin : thii-teen inches long ; horn six lines. From the Collection

of the Zoological Society.
g. Stuffed ; eleven inches long ; horn three lines. E,ed Sea. From

Dr. RiippeU's Collection.
h. Stuffed : ten inches and a haK long ; horn three lines. Aneiteiun.

From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

2. Naseus brachycentron.
Cuv. ^ Val. X. p. 275.
f D.A A.|.

Forehead produced into a horn-like protuberance, the axis of which
passes through the orbit. Snout produced. Two spiniferous plates
on each side of the tail. Dorsal spines very strong, but only half as
long as in N. unicornis. Unifonn grey (in a dried state). ( Val.)

Waigiou.

3. Naseus tripeltes.

Renard, i. pi. 4. fig. 23 ; Valent. fig. 518.
Naseus tripeltes, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 276.

Forehead produced into a horizontal horn. Three bony carinated
plates on each side of the tail.
Malayan Archipelago.

This species is known only from the old Dutch dramngs, and has
not yet been recognized.

4. Naseus brevirostris.
Renard, i. 24. 130.
Naseus brevirostiis, Ctii: Sf Val. x. p. 277. pi. 291 ; Bleek. Celebes, iv.

p. 165, and Celebes, viii. p. 306.
hoedtii, Bleek. Aniboina, iv. p. 339.

D.|. A. A Vert. 9/13.

Forehead produced into a horn-like protuberance, longer or shorter

350 ACEONxmro^.

according to age, the horn being horizontal, with its axis passing
through the centre of the eye. The horn, in young spociincns, soon
reaches beyond the snout, which is verj- short ; the anterior profile of
the snout is subvertical, and its length, taken from the base of the
horn, is about equal to the diameter of the orbit. Teeth exceedingly
small, finely serrated. The height of the body is one-third, or rather
more than one-third of the total length (the caudal fin included).
The length of the fifth dorsal spine equals its distance from the
origin of the fin. Greyish-brown, with numerous short blue trans-
verse lines posteriorly ; caudal light-coloured on its posterior half,
its margin being green.

From Maui'itius to Polynesia.

This species has not yet been found in the Red Sea. The speci-
mens determined by Dr. RiippeU as N. brevirostris (N. W. Fische,
p. 130) are immature specimens of N. fronticornis (as he himself
supposes), but entirely different from the present species.

a. Stuffed : thirteen inches long ; horn fifteen lines. Ceylon. From

Dr. Sibbald's Collection.

b. Eleven inches long ; horn one inch. Malayan Archipelago. Pre-

sented by Sir J. Richardson.

c. Eight inches long ; horn four lines. Macassar.

d. Eight inches long ; horn three lines. Amboyna. Purchased of

Mr. Frank.

e. Seven inches and a half long ; horn three lines : stuffed. Port

Resolution (Tana). From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
/. Six inches and a half long ; horn one Hue. Aneiteum. From

Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
g. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

The skeleton has a great similarity to that of Acanihurus. The
form of the skull would be nearly the same but for the horn-like
protuberance on the forehead. The cro^\Ti of the head is short and
convex, and there is a short triangular crest on the anterior portion
of the supraoccipital. The hinder side of the occiput has a vertical
groove above the foramen occipitale and a pair of short protuber-
ances, which are present also in Acanthunis. The principal fi'ontals
are convex, smooth, porous, not much naiTower between the orbits
than behind them. The praefrontaLs are not prominent, fonning the
front margin of the orbit. The borders of the principal frontals and
of the prajfrontals being very distinct, I conclude that the horn is
formed only by the turbinal bones, which, as we have seen above,
are woU developed also in Acantlmrus. The same bones form the
rostral process in Malilie (see p. 202). The bones of the jaws are
as short as in Acantlmrus, but less strong and thick, the teeth being
much smaller than in that genus ; the maxillary and intermaxillary
are firmly and immoveablj joined together, and the latter has its
posterior processes extremely short. The lower jaw is elevated,
rather thin. Palatines short ; the bones of the tjmipanie cavity
well ossified ; the epitympanic especially is well developed, and oc-

4; NASEXJS. 351

cupies the whole of the anterior side of the prajopcrculum. The
prseorbital is thin and very elongate, and does not enter the orbit,
except by a cartilaginous process ; the remainder of the infraorbital
ring is very narrow and, posteriorly, in immediate contact with the
epitympanic. The limbs of the praeoperculum meet at a very obtuse
angle, and the posterior is twice as long as the inferior. Operculum
rather narrow and elevated, not extending downwards to the angle
of the pra3operculum, where it is replaced by the suboperculum ; the
latter is not much smaller than the operculum. Interoperculum very
small.

The bones of the humeral arch are rather strong : suprascapula
small, firmly united with the skuU ; scapula long, sword-shaped ;
coracoid very long and strong, straight, with a longitudinal ridge on
its inner side. The cavity for the pectoral muscles is deep, but not
so broad as in Acanthurus ; its bottom is thin and transparent, though
nearly entirely osseous, the ulna having a small foramen, the radius
a larger and a smaller one. Carpal bones very smaU. The pubic
bones are very long, slightly bent, and firmly attached to each other ;
each is formed by a narrow vertical lamella terminating in a styli-
form process anteriorly.

There are nine abdominal and thii'teen caudal vertebrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
caudal as 1 : 2-3. The vertebrae are slightly compressed ; the anterior
short, the middle and the caudal ones rather long. The apophyses are
of moderate length and strength, and dilated posteriorly into a more
or less broad lamella ; the lamellae of the neurals and intemeurals of
the abdominal vertebrse are broad enough to form together one con-
tinuous osseous plane, without free spaces between the single bones.
The first interneui-al is strong, bent forwards, so that its upper extre-
mity overlaps the occipital region of the skull ; it is provided supe-
riorly with a subglobular cavity, in which a round bony tubercle (a
rudimentary first dorsal spine) moves ; this interneural does not ter-
minate in a spine directed forwards, as in Acanthurus. The second
interneural is firmly attached to the first ; the intemeurals of the
following dorsal spines are dilated superiorly into a slightly concave
and oblong plate, and one always corresponds to a single neural,
whilst each neural and haemal of the caudal vertebrae always sup-
port two or three intemeurals and interhaemals of the soft rays.
The first haemal and intorhaemal form one strong bone, much bent
forwards, and slightly dilated at its inferior extremity ; the five fol-
lowing interhaemals are fixed to it. Ribs moderately developed, with
epipleurals.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra Ol

of the second vertebra 1

of the third vertebra 1^

of the fourth vertebra 2^

of the tenth vertebra 4

of the fourteenth vertebra 4|

of the eighteenth vertebra 5

352 ACRONURIDJE.

lines.

Length of the nineteenth vertebra 3|

of the twenty-first vertebra 21

of the abdominal portion 22

of the caudal portion 50

of the eleventh neural spiae 8

Width of the cui've of the hoemal bone 26

5. Naseus olivaceus.

Chaetodon olivaceus, Solander, MS. Brit. Mus. with figure.
Naseus olivaceus, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 288.

30-28 28-29

Forehead with a more or less projecting protuberance opposite to
the upper half of the orbit. The snout is moderately produced, with
the upper profile rather concave ; the length of that profile is about
twice the distance of the orbit from the dorsal fin. Teeth very slightly
compressed, tapering at the extremity, about thirteen on each side of
the upper jaw. The height of the body is one-half of the total length
(the caudal fin not included). The length of the fifth dorsal spine
equals its distance from the first. Caudal plates rather small.
Greyish-ohve : base of the caudal plates blue ; dorsal fin with two
series of whitish dots ; anal with two longitudinal lines along the
middle.

Otaheiti. Philippine Islands.

a. Four inches long. Otaheiti. — Type of the species. D. ^, A. ^.

Scarcely any frontal protuberance.

b. Six ruches and a half long. Philippine Islands. From Mr.

Cuming's Collection. — D. ^, A. ^. Frontal protuberance just
conspicuous.

c. Stulfed : ten inches long. — D. ^, A. ^. 'Frontal protuberance

two lines long.

6. Naseus annulatus.

Priodon annulatus, Quoi/ 1^ Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 377 (yoimg).

Naseus marginatus, Cuv. 8f Val. x. p. 280 (adult).

Priodon annidaris, Cuv. 4" Val. x. p. 302. pi. 294 (young) ; Bleek.

Aviboina, ii. p. 558.
Naseus annulatus, Bleek. Celeb, viii. p. 304.

D-S- ^-2^ C^c.pylor.5.
Forehead with a more or less projecting protuberance, situated
below the level of the centre of the orbits. The snout is moderately
produced. Teeth very small, with a very fine serrature on the apical
half. The length of the fifth spine is nearly equal to its distance
from the first. Caudal plates very small, scarcely keeled, and in
j^oung individuals absent. Brown : anal with one or two bluish
longitudinal bands ; dorsal and anal -with a narrow, caudal with a

4. NASETIS. 353

rather broad, white edge. Yoiing specimens with a white ring round
the tail.

East Indian Archipelago. Polynesia.

a-c. Six to ten inches long : stuffed : protuberance just conspicuous.
Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.

** A convex and compressed hump above the snout in adult specimens.

7. Naseus tuberosus.

Renard, i. fig. 79; Valent. iii. p. 380. fig. 119, & p. 499. fig. 478.

Naso tuberosus, Lacep. iii. p. 111. pi. 7. fig. 3.

Acanthm'us nasus, Shaw, Zool. v. p. 376. pi. 51.

Naseus tuber, Cur. ^ Val. x. p. 290.

? Naseus tonganus, (Quoy &■ Gaim.) Cur. 4* Val. x. p. 292.

Naseus vlamingii, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 293 ; Bkek. Batav, p. 472.

J) ±± A -^-

27-30" 27-28'

The anterior profile of the snout is convex, in mature specimens
very prominent, like a crest. Teeth slightly compressed, small,
tapering, about twenty on. each side of the upper jaw. Brown, -with
black (blue) dots or short vertical lines ; fins blackish, the vertical
with white margins.

From Mauritius to Polynesia.

a. Twenty-two inches long : stuffed. Ceylon. From Dr. Sibbald's
Collection. — Caudal spines very strong ; crest very convex.

h. Young. Ceram. From Madame Ida Pfeiffer's Collection. —
Caudal spines none ; profile of the snout slightly convex.

c, d. Adult and young: stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgiUi-
vray's Collection.

e. Fine specimen.

/. Half-grown : stuffed. Old Collection.

g, h. Adult : skins. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Young specimens have the dorsal spines much more slender and
longer than adult ones. The form of the caudal fin is subject to
great variation, as in many fishes of this and other families, some
individuals having it nearly truncated behind, whilst in others the
lobes are produced into long filaments. N. tonganus is founded on
a specimen which is said to have been immaculate. N. tuberosus is
a species, in which the height of the body, the profile of the snout,
the length and number of the dorsal spines, the size of the caudal
spiniferous laminae, the form of the caudal fin, and, as it appears, the
colours, are variable, and chiefly dependent on age.

*** Head without horn or hump in mature specimens.

8. Naseus Uturatus.

Valent. iii. p. 371. fig. 77 ; Henard, i. 23. 128.
Harpurus lituratus, Forst. Deser. A7iim. ed. Licht. p. 218.
Acanthurus litm-atus, Bl. Schn. p. 216.

hai-purus, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 381.

Aspisurus elegans, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 61, taf. 16. fig. 2.
VOL. m, 2 A

354 ACRONTTRID-a;.

? Aspisurus carolinarum, Quoy S^- Gaim. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 375. pi. 63.

fig. 1.
Prionurus eoiime, Less. Voy. Coq. Zool. ii. p. 151.
Naseus lituratus, Cur. 8f Val. x. p. 282 ; Sleek. Celeb, iii. p. 763.
? Naseus carolinarum, Ctiv. ^ Val. x. p. 287.
Aspisurus lituratus, Iliipp. N. W. Fkche, p. 130.

D-i^- A. 3-^,. C^c.pylor.8. Vert. 9/13.

Forehead without horn. Snout rather produced. Teeth com-
pressed, of moderate size, thirteen or fifteen on each side of the upper
jaw. Dorsal spines strong and stout, the length of the fifth being
less than its distance from the fii'st. Brown : end of the tail white ;
a green streak commences at the eye and nostiil, and descends in a
cui-ve to the angle of the mouth. Back with a blue liae along the
base of the dorsal fin ; dorsal fin black, with a broad whitish margin,
and with a white band running near and along the edge of the black
colour. Caudal with a green and white margin posteriorly ; anal
with a narrow black and white margin.

From the Red Sea to Polynesia.

a-c. Adult. Otaheiti. From Forster's Collection. — Tj^es of the

species.
d-e. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Mac-

gUlivray's Collection.
/. Fine specimen. Malayan Archipelago. Presented by Sir J.

Richardson.
g. Adult : stuffed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.
Ji. Fine specimen. From the Haslar Collection.
{. Adult : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.

The skeleton does not differ essentially from that of N. brevirosfris.
The teeth being somewhat stronger in this species, the bones of the
jaws are rather thicker and stouter. The piincipal frontal bones do
not extend forwards beyond the level of the orbit ; the prasfrontals
occupy, as usual, the front part of the orbit ; the tui'biaal bones
are well ossified, and situated immediately behind the maxillary :
the space on each side of the upper surface of the snout, between the
principal frontal, prseorbital and turbinal, is occupied by a long bone,
which may be considered as the separate anterior portion of the prin-
cipal frontal; a narrow strip of the ethmoid intervenes between
these two peculiar bones, but as it does not extend so far backwards
as they do, an oblong free space remains, leading into the interior of
the cavity of the skull.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 0^

of the second vertebra l|

of the third vertebra 1|

of the fourth vertebra 2^

of the tenth vertebra 3

of the fourteenth vertebra 3^

of the seventeenth vertebra 3|

of the nineteenth vertebra 3

of the twenty-first vertebra 2

5. KERis. 355

lines.

Length of the abdominal portion 20

— ^ of the caudal portion 38

of the eleventh neural 8

Width of the curve of the haemal bone 25

9. Naseus hexacanthus.

Priodon hexacanthus, Bleek. Amboina, vi. p. 421.

The height of the body is one-third of the total length ; the upper
profile of the snout nearly straight. Teeth denticulated at the extre-
mity, sixteen to twenty on each side of the jaws. Tail with two
small laminae on each side, wliich are not keeled. Brown : dorsal fin
with three, anal with two blue longitudinal stripes. {Bleek.)

Amboyna. Batu.

10. Naseus tapeinosoma.
Priodon tapeinosoma, Bleek. Amboina, v. p. 494.

The height of the body is contained thrice and a third in the total
length ; the upper profile of the snout nearly straight. Teeth den-
ticulated at the extremity, about twenty on each side of the upper
jaw. Tail on each side ^vith two small laminae, which are not keeled.
Brown : vertical fins edged with yeUow ; anal with two dark-brown
longitudinal streaks. (Bleek.)

Amboyna.

11. Naseus thjnmoides.

Axinm-us thjoinoides, C'uv. ^- Val. x. p. 299. pi. 293 ; Ctiv. Bigne Anim.

III. Pom. pi. 74. fig. 3.
Naseus thynnoides, Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Amboina) p. Gl.

D.^-gl^,. A.^-^^. C^c.pylor.3.

The height of the body is nearly one- third of the total length (the
caudal fin not included). Only one trenchant lamina on each side of
the taU. Teeth very small, tapering, not serrated. The upper pro-
file of the snout convex. Greyish : dorsal and anal fins with oblique
dark lines.

Seas of New Guinea and Amboyna.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

5. KERIS.

Kens, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 304.
A single series of small teeth in the jaws. Tail without bony
laminae, in an adult state. Ventral fins composed of one spine and
three (five) rays. One dorsal fin, the spinous portion of which is
less developed than the soft, and composed of six spines ; anal spines
two. Branchiostegals four.
East Indian Archipelago.

2 a2

35G ACRONUEIDiE.

The doubts raised by Dr. v. Bleeker against the validity of this genus
appear to be very just ; we prefer, however, to admit it into the
system, until further evidence is gained from a re-examination of
the typical specimen, as well as from its comparison with the spe-
cies discovered by Dr. v. Blocker. If the bony laminae on the tail
were absent in adult indi\'iduals, if the ventral fin had five soft rays,
as Valenciennes says, and if the system of coloration were similar to
that of Acronurus, the genus would really be different from Nnseas ;
but none of these characters have been confirmed by the Dutch
ichthyologist.

1. Keris anginosus.

? Keris anginosus, Cuv. S^ Vol. x. p. 304. pi. 295.
Priodon anginosus, Bleek. Amhoina, v. p. 492.

The height of the body is somewhat more than one-half of the
total length. The anterior profile of the snout rather concave. Teeth
minutely denticulated, about eleven on each side. Abdomen very
prominent ; root of the ventrals anterior to that of the pectorals.
TaU without laminae. Orange-coloured : lips brown ; a brown band
from the neck through the eye ; body with brownish spots arranged
in six or seven transverse bands ; dorsal and anal fins with two or
three series of brownish spots.

Amboyna. Ceram. Kokos Islands. Celebes.

The diagnosis is taken from Blocker's description. It does not
appear to be fully proved that the specimens which served for
Valenciennes and Bleeker's descriptions are specifically identical.
These scruples are increased by a comparison of the figure and de-
scription given by the French naturalist, as they do not agree with
each other. When we considt the figure, it would appear as if the
fish in the Paris Collection were similar to the species of Acronurus,
having the broad sUvery band across the thorax, and the skin trans-
versely striated ; yet Valenciennes describes the skin as " covxverte
de petites granulations carrees, oblongues, fines, et placees comme de
la mosaique."

2. Keris amboinensis.

Bleeker, Amhoina ^ Ceram, p. 272.

B.4. D.|. A. A V.1/3.

The height of the body is one-half or rather less than one-half of
the total length. Teeth very small, conical. Abdomen very pro-
minent ; root of the ventrals situated before the pectorals. Brown :
the spinous portion of the dorsal fin brown, the soft and the anal
with three or four longitudinal series of smaU blackish-brown spots ;
caudal fin yellow, brown at the base.

East Indian Archipelago.

a. Forty-two lines long. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

This is probably the young of a species of Naseus, closely allied to,
or perhaps identical with, N. annuJatus.

HOPLEGNATHID^. 351

Fam. 31. HOPLEGNATHID^

Hoplegnathoidei, Sleeker, Verhand. Akad. JVefensch. Amsterd. i. 1854,
Japan, p. 6.

Body compressed and elevated, covered with very small ctenoid
scales. Lateral line continuous. TJie hones of the jaws have a sharp
trenchant dentigerous edge, as in Scarus, — the teeth, if at aU conspi-
cuous, being continuous with the substance of the bones, forming a
more or less distinct serrature of the edges ; no teeth on the palate ;
the lower pharyngeal bones not united. The spinous portion of the
dorsal fin is rather more developed than the soft, the spines being
strong ; anal with three spines, similarly developed as the soft dorsal ;
ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five soft rays.

Australian, Japanese, and Chinese Seas.

Only one genus.

i

1. HOPLEGNATHUS.

Oplognathu3, Richards. Proc. Zuol. Soc. 1840, p. 27.
Scaradou, Schleg. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 89.

The spinous dorsal with twelve spines ; the soft dorsal and anal
rather elevated ; vertical fins somewhat scaly on the basal portions.

1. Hoplegnathus conwayii.

Oplognathus conwaii, Richards. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 27.
Hoplegnathus conwayii, Richards. Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 144. pi. 7.
fig. 1.

D.i?. A.-i.

12 12

The length of the fifth and sixth dorsal spines is three times and
a third in the length of the head.
Australia ?

2. Hoplegnathus fasciatus.

Krusenstern, Reise, tab. 52. fig. 2.

Scaradon fasciatus, Temm. ^ Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 89. pi. 46.

figs. 1, 2. _

Hoplegnathus fasciatus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 247 ; Bleek. I. c. p. 6,

1). yg. A. -.

Brownish, irregularly maculated with darker. Young with seven
blackish bands.
Japan.

a. Half-grown : stufted. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

358 HOPLEGNATHIDiE.

3. Hoplegnathus punctatus.

Scaradon piinctatus, Temm. ?f Schleg. Fiiioi. Japon. Potss. p. 91.
Hoplegnatlius punctatus, Hicliards. Iclith. Chin. p. 247.
maculosus, Richards. I. c.

"• IS- ^- 12-

Body and the basal parts of the vertical fins with very distinct,
roimded, larger and smaller dark-brown spots, which sometimes have
a light centre.

Seas of China and Japan.

a. Half-grown : skin. China. Purchased of Mr. Warwick.

We have now arrived at a series of families in which the charac-
ters of the Acanthopterygian fishes are not purely preserved, but
blended with othei's, by which a more or less close affinity to one of
the following orders is indicated. Several of these families approach
the Acanthopterous Pharyngognaths of MiiUer by the structure of
their teeth and of their fins, or by the interrupted lateral line.
Others are truly Malacopterygians with regard to the structure of
their dorsal fin ; whilst the position or the structure of the ventrals
does not allow of a separation fi-om the present order. Finally, the
Mastacemhelidce are Eels with a spinous dorsal fin ; and the Not-
acanthi are so aberrant a form, that they appear to be as distinct from
Acanthopterygians and Malacopterygians as those two orders are
from each other.

We begin with those families which show some affinity to the
Pharyngognaths .

MALACANXHID^. 359

Fam. 32. MALACANTHIDyE.

Labroidei, part., Cm: ICegne Anim.
Sciasnoidei, part, Mull. Berl. Ahhandl. 1844, p. 167.
Body elongate, covered with very smaU scales ; head labroid (with
thick hps, and with a postenor intermaxillary canine tooth). Dorsal

alrTol ^7 /'°1' *^'- ^'^™^^' ^^^^ ^ ^^^ unarticiUated rays
anteriorly; ventrals thoracic, with one spine and five rays No
pronnnent anal papilla. Gill-opening wide, with the gill-membranes
united below the throat ; gills four, a sht behind the fourth ; pseudo
branchia,; branchiostegals five or six ; aii'-bladder simple /pXric
appendages none. Vertebraj 10/14. pyioiio

Seas between the tropics.

Only one genus.

1. MALACANTHUS.

Malacanthus, Cm: Regne Anim. ; Cw. ^- Val. xiii. p. 316.

Body elongate, slightly compressed ; cleft of the mouth horizontal
with the jaws eqiial; eye lateral. Scales very small, minutely
cihated One contmuous dorsal, >vith the first four or sLx rays not
articiilated; dorsal and anal very long; the lower pectora rays
branched. Vilhform teeth in both the jaws, with caJiines and an
outer series of stronger teeth, and with a canine at the posterior ex-
tremity of the intermaxillary; no teeth on the palate. Operculum
witJi a spine, prseoperculum entire.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America; Mauritius ; Western Pacific.

^l. Malacanthus plumieri.
Parra, p. 22. pi. 13. f. 1.

Cor\T5hpena plumieri, Bloch, taf. 175 (very bad)
Sparus oblongus, Bl. Schn. p. 283.
Malacanthus plumieri, Cm. ^ Val. xiii. p. 319. pi. 380; Casteln Anim

nom: ou rares de rAmer. Sud, Poiss. p. 29.
trachinus, ValeM. in Cm. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 90. fio-. 3.

B. 6. D. |- A. 51-53. Vert. 10/14.

The height of the body is contained eight times and a half in the
total length ; the lobes of the caudal elongate, and sometimes pro-
duced into a filament.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

a Adult. Cuba. From the CoUection of the Zoological Society.

b. Adult. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.

f, d, e Adult and half-grown : skins and stufled. Jamaica. From

Dr. Parnell's Collection.
/. Adult : stuffed. AVcst Indies.

360 MALACANTHIDJE.

(/. Adult : skin. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
h. Adult female : skeleton. From the Haslar Collection.
i. Ovaria of specimen h.

Valenciennes had ah-eady pointed out that the ahdominal cavity-
extends into the tail, that is, into the portion behind the anus and
behind the origin of the anal fui. He examined a male specimen :
and to this I may add, that the ovaria are perfectly separated from
each other, and that each of them is divided into two lobes by a very
deep anterior notch.

Skeleton. — The maxillary is much broader in its upper half than
in its lower, and not longer than the intermaxillary ; the latter is
armed with a series of strong teeth : the three or four anterior ones
are the strongest and curved ; the lateral, twenty in number, are
slightly bent inwards ; and the posterior, again, is stronger and curved
forwards : there is a band of villiform teeth inteiiorly to the series
described, and broadest anteriorly. The maudibida also has an outer
series of stronger teeth ; four of them, situated on the middle of the
side, are the strongest and curved backwards, whilst ten smaller
ones, occupying the posterior part of the bone, are bent forwards :
there is a broad patch of vUliform teeth on the anterior part of the
jaw. The vomer and the palatines are flat and smooth. The
priEoperculum has no ridge or muciferous channel ; its limbs are
of equal length, and meet at an obtuse angle, which, however, is
rounded. The operculum is armed with a strong, flat spine ; sub-
and interoperculum narrow, the latter rather elongate. The tur-
binal bone and the prajorbital are long ; the remainder of the infra-
orbital ring is very narrow and feeble, but provided interiorly with
a broad concave plate, to support the eyeball from beneath. The
upper part of the skull is rather flat, and the bones forming the
brain-capsule are thin, semitransi^arent. There are some slight
ridges posteriorly, the most feeble of which is the occipital crest ;
the ridges to which the suprascapula is attached are much stronger.
The coracoid is exceedingly broad, formed by two bones.

The length of the vertebral column is not caused by an increased
number of the vertebrae, but by the single vertebrae being con-
siderably elongate. The abdominal portion is formed by ten, the
caudal by fourteen vertebriE, and the length of the former is to that
of the latter as 1:1-5. The first vertebra is much compressed in its
longitudiaal diameter. The ribs are slender, and provided with
epipleural spines. The hasmal canal, below the first two caudal
vertebrae, is extremely wide, the haemal spines forming a complete
arch. The anal fin is continued anteriorly considerably below the
abdominal cavity ; and there are no haemals corresponding to the
rays by wliich this part of the fin is formed.

2. Malacanthus latovittatus.

Labrus lato-vittatus, Lacep. iii. p. 527. pi. 28. fig. 2.
Tpenianotus lato-vittatus, Lacep. iv. p. 804 (not pi. .3. fig. 2>.

1. MALACANTHUS. 361

Malacanthus lato-vittatus, Quoij ^- Gaitn. Voy. Astrol. iii. p. 701.

pi. 20. fig. 3 (var.).
tseniatus, Ciiv. ^ Val. xiii. p. 327. pi. 381; Bleek. Natuurk.

Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. p. 218.

B. 5. D. * A. i;. L. lat. 125.

40 40

The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length ; caudal
subtnmcated. A broad black lateral band.
Mauritius ; New Guinea.

a. Adult: stuffed. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

3. Malacanthus hoedtii.

Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., New Guinea, p. 18.

D. 5 I 53. A. 50.

Operculum with a very strong and flat spine. Scales very smaU.
Caudal fin with two parallel and horizontal black bands.
Louisiade Archipelago ; New Guinea ; Mauritius.

a. Stiiffed. Loiiisiade i\j-chipelago. Voyage of the ' Rattlesnake.'

b. Stuffed. Mauritius. From Dr. Janvier's Collection.

Descnption. — The body is elongate and slightly compressed, its
height, above the ventral fuis, being one-ninth of the total length.
The length of the head (the opercular spine included) is one-fifth of
the total ; the space between the orbits is flat and rather broad, its
width being one-foiu'th of the length of the head. The extent of
the snout is moderate, nearly equal to the width of the head between
the orbits. The cleft of the mouth is oblique, with the jaws equal
anteriorly ; the upper maxillary reaches beyond the anterior margin
of the eye. The upper surface of the head and the snout are scale-
less. The eye is rather large, 4| in the length of the head, and
situated high up the sides. The nostrils are near the upper anterior
angle of the orbit. The limbs of the prasoperculum are equal in
length, and meet at a rather obtuse angle. The cheeks and opercles
are covered with very small scales ; the operculum is small, but
armed with a very strong and flat spine, which extends beyond the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal fin.

The dorsal fin begins at a distance from the occiput which equals
that between the occiput and the extremity of the snout. The five
anterior unarticulated rays or spines are very feeble, and increase in
length posteriorly, as the anterior rays do. The middle two-foiu'ths
of the fin are the highest, their height being one-thii'd of the length
of the head. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins equals
the depth of the tail below the extremity of the dorsal. The caudal
is subtruncated and rather short, its length being Sf in the total.
The anal fin begins below the thirteenth ray of the dorsal (the spines
included), and ends opposite the dorsal. The anterior rays are not
80 short as in the dorsal fin, but, in the middle, both fins are equal in
height. The pectoral is slightly rounded, the middle rays being the

362 NANDIU^.

longest, and extends to, or somewhat beyond, the anal. The ventrals
thoracic and very short, with one spine and five soft rays.

The colour (in a dried state) is a yellowish-olive, bluish-rose-
coloured on the back (during life) ; the caudal has two deep-black
parallel and horizontal bands.

Both the jaws are armed with a viUiform band of teeth and with
an outer series of stronger conical teeth ; there is a recurved tooth
at the posterior extremity of the intermaxillary bone. Palate without
any teeth.

inches, lines. /

Total length 9 6

Height of the body 1 1

Length of the head 1 11,

"Width of the head between the orbits .... 0 5|

Diameter of the eye 0 5

Height of the dorsal 0 8

Length of the caudal 1 0

Fam. 33. NANDID^.

Pseudochromides, pt., et Mfenoidei, pt., Midler ^ Trosch. Hor. Ichth.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with scales. Lateral line in-
terrupted. Dorsal fin formed by a spinous portion and by a soft, the
latter being the less developed ; anal fin ^vith three spines, and with
its soft portion similar to the soft dorsal. Ventral fins thoracic, with
one spine and five or four soft rays. Dentition more or less com-
plete, generally feeble. Five or six branchiostegals ; giUs four, or
three and a half; pseudobranchise present in the marine, absent
or hidden in the freshwater genera. An air-bladder. No super-
branchial organ.

Carnivorous fishes.

Synopsis of the Groups and Genera.
First Group : Flesiopina.

Pseudobranchiae present. Ventral rays four.
From the Red Sea to the Pacific.

The first ventral ray bifid and elongate 1 . Plesiops, p. 363.

None of the ventral rays elongate 2. THACiiiNOrs, p. 36(5.

1. PLEsiops. 363

Second Group : Nandiua.

PseudobranchifB none. Ventral rays five. Palatine and vomerino
teeth. (Nandoidei, Bleek.)

Freshwater fishes of the East Indies.

None of the bones of tlie liead are serrated 3. Badis, p. 367.

The prwoperculum only is serrated 4. N andus, p. 367.

Praeoperculum and praorbital serrated ...../. 5. Catopra, p. 368.

Third Group : Achamina.

Pseudobranchiae hidden. Ventral rays five. No teeth on the palate.
Freshwater fishes from Tropical America.

Bones of the head not armed 6. Achahnes, p. 369.

First Group. PLESIOPINA.
]. PLESIOPS.

Plesiops, Cm: Regne Anim. ; Mull. Sf Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 22.
Pharopteryx, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 15.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size ;
lateral line interrupted. Mouth moderately protractile. Eleven or
twelve spines in the dorsal fin, three in the anal ; V. 1/4. The first
ventral ray is elongate, bifid. Small teeth in the jaws, on the vomer
and the palatine bones. None of the bones of the head serrated.
Six branchiostegals ; four giUs, pseudobranchiae ; an air-bladder.
Pyloric appendages none.

Carnivorous fishes from the Red Sea and the East Indian Archi-

1 . Plesiops nigricans.

Pharopteryx nigricans, J?(V)j/). Atl. Fische, p. 15. taf. 4. fig. 2, and N. W,
Fische, p. 5.

D.f. A.|. V.1/4.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is two-
sevenths of the total. The maxillary extends behind the orbit.
Uniform greenish-black ; bluish dots on the opercles, fins, and on the
lower part of the sides.

Red Sea.

This and the two foUowdng species are, according to Dr. v. Blocker,
perhaps only varieties of one, with which opinion I fuUy concur.

2. Plesiops caeruleo-lineatus.

Plesiops cperuleo-lineatus, Riqyp. N. W. Fische, p. 5. taf. 2. tig. 6;

Bleek. Amhoina, iii. p. 116.
melas, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxii., Bali, p. 9.

B. 6. D. '■^. A. f- V. 1/4. L. lat. 23.

The height of the body is contained four or five times in tlie total

364 NANDID^.

length, the length of the head three times and three-quarters. Snout
convex. Tlie upper maxillary extends behind the vertical from the
posterior margin of the orbit. Black, each scale with a blue spot ;
an oblique blue longitudinal line on the dorsal and anal fins ; caudal
sometimes with a red band, parallel to the margins of the fin.
Red Sea. East Indian Archipelago. Coast of Australia.

a. Half-grown. Australia. From Mr. MacgilHvraj's Collection.

3. Plesiops corallicola.

Plesiops corallicola, (K. <5- v. II. ) Bh-ek. Sutnatra, ii. p. 280.
B. 6. D. ^. A. ^. V. 1/4. L. lat. 26-29. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body is two-ninths of the total length, the leagth
of the head one-fourth. Snout convex. The upper maxillary ex-
tends behind the orbit. Brownish, each scale with a bluish dot ; a
blue spot on the operculum. Fins blackish -violet : a blue longitu-
dinal line on the spinous dorsal ; the soft dorsal and the anal with
blue lines between the rays, each line mnning in the direction of
the rays ; caudal fm with short blue transverse streaks between
the raj'S.

East Indian Archipelago. Feejee and Tonga Islands.

a. Adult : bad state. Moluccas. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b-c. Adult and yoimg. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

d-f. Adult and half-grown. Feejee Islands. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

g-7i. Young. Tonga Islands. From the Ha-slar Collection.

i. Adult. China. Presented by Sir* J. Richardson.

h. Young. From the Haslar Collection.

4. Plesiops oxycephalus.

Sleeker, Batoe, p. 320.

B. 6. D. ^. A. |. V. 1/4. L. lat. 26.

The height of the body is contained three times and two-thirds to
three times and three-fourths in the total leng-th, the length of the
head three times and a half. Snout pointed. The maxillary extends
scarcely behind the vertical from the posterior margin of the orbit.
Greenish-violet ; scales with a bluish spot : dorsal fin -with an oblique
blue longitudinal Hue ; the membrane between the anal rays with
blue streaks ; caudal with a yellow margin, and with a horseshoe-
like yellow cross-band in the middle. {Bl.)

Seas of Batoe and Amboyna.

5. Plesiops bleekeri.

D. -. A. ^. P. 18. V. 1/4. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 5/19.

Body with four black cross-bauds.
Habitat ?

a. From the Haslar Collection.

1. PLES10P8. 365

Description of the specimen. — Body oblong, compressed, its height
being one-third of the total length (without caudal); the length of
the head is a little more than the height of the body : snout mth the
cleft of the mouth very oblique, and with the jaws equal anteriorly ;
it is as long as the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the
length of the head. The width of the interorbital sijace is less than
that of the orbit. The maxillary extends a little behind the vertical
from the centre of the eye, and has its posterior portion considerably
dilated, and rather broader than the prceorbital. The teeth are
viUiform, standing in broad bands in the jaws, on the vomer, the
palatine bones, and on the tongue ; the vomeiine band is angular.
The lower pharyngeals are moveable, but imited by a ligament into a
subtriang-ular plate, covered Avith obtusely conical teeth. Branchio-
stegals five. The base of the vertical fins is scaly. , The dorsal spines
increase in length posteriorly, the length of the twelfth being less
than one-half of that of the head ; the membrane behind the spines
is notched, and emits a short lobe. The third, fourth and fifth dorsal
rays ai-e prolonged into a long lobe, which extends nearly to the end
of the caudal ; the sixth, seventh and eighth anal spines are pro-
longed into a similar lobe. Caudal rounded, veiy elongate, nearly
one-fourth of the total. Pectoral with the seventh and eighth rays
longest, shorter than the head. The first ventral ray bifid, much
longer than the head, and extending beyond the origin of the anal.
Scales ctenoid : they are small on the cheek, where they form thir-
teen transverse series between the angle of the mouth and the pos-
terior praeopercular hrab ; the operculum is covered with the largest
scales, which form there only three transverse series ; nape of the
neck with small scales.

The ground-colour of the body is now whitish, each scale having a
dark spot at its base ; the body is crossed by four black bands, broader
than the ground-colour between, and becoming paler towards the
belly : the anterior descends from the origin of the dorsal fin, the
posterior from its end. The head is dark brown, with some indi-
stinct black vertical streaks ; pectorals yellow, the other fins black.

inches, lines.

Total length 9 4

Height of the body 2 3

Length of the head 2 5

Diameter of the eye 0 7

Length of the twelfth dorsal spine 1 0|

of the caudal fin 2 6

■ of the pectoral fin 2 1

of the ventral fin 3 0

The locality in which this splendid species was found is unknown ;
I conclude, however, from its general appearance that it belonged
originally to a Collection made at the Norfolk Islands.

366

2. TRACHINOPS.

Body compressed, elongate, covered with rather small, not ciliated
scales. Mouth not protractile. Dorsal and anal fins long, the
former with fourteen, the latter with three spines. Ventral com-
posed of one spine and four rays, which are not elongate. Teeth in
the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones ; none of the bones of
the head serrated. Five branchiostegals ; gills three and a half,
pseudobranchia) ; the gill-membranes are not united below the throat.

Carnivorous fishes from the coasts of Australia.

1. Trachiaops tseniatus.
D. ^. A. I-. L. lat. 62.

ID 20

Back brownish-black, with a white band running on each side of
the base of the dorsal fin.
a. Adult. Australia.
h, c. Young. New South Wales. Presented by J. B. Bennett, Esq.

Description. — The head and body are compressed ; the latter is not
much lower posteriorly than anteriorly, its greatest depth being one-
sixth of the total length (the caudal fin not included). The length of
the head is one-fifth of the distance between snout and base of the
caudal. The interorbital space is convex, and its width is less than
that of the orbit, which is one-fourth of the length of the head. The
snout is obtuse and shorter than the eye ; the cleft of the mouth is
oblique, rather wide, the maxillary extending beyond the centre of
the eye. The lower jaw is somewhat longer than the upper. The
teeth are small, cardiform, in narrow bands ; each jaw has two or
three larger ones anteriorly on each side. GiU-opening wide, the giU-
membranes not being united or attached to the isthmus; opercles scaly.

The pectoral fin is considerably shorter than the head : the ventral
is stUl shorter, and inserted immediately below its root ; its spine is
very distinct and pungent. The dorsal fin is continuous, anteriorly
low, gradually becoming higher posteriorly, but always lower than
the body ; it commences above the root of the pectoral and terminates
at some distance from the caudal ; its spines are stiff'. The anal is
similar in form to the soft dorsal ; the first spine is the shortest, the
third the longest. The caudal is pointed, and its middle rays are pro-
duced into a filament as long as the fin itself. Young specimens have
the caudal simply rounded.

The lateral line runs immediately below the base of the dorsal
fin, and is interrupted below its end ; the posterior portion runs
along the middle of the tail.

The upper half of the fish, the dorsal and anal fins are brownish-
black, the lower whitish ; a white band, commencing above the
orbit, rims along the upper part of the back and passes on the base
of the soft portion of the dorsal fin ; the black coloui* of the side of
the back is continued as a band over the middle of the caudal fin and
its filaments, leaving the upper and lower parts of the fin whitish.

Total length forty-two lines.

4. NANDtrs. 367

Second Group. NANDINA.
3. BADIS.

Badis, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Bengal, en Hindost.
p. 106.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with ciliated scales, of moderate
size ; lateral line interrupted. Mouth very protractile. One dorsal,
with fourteen to seventeen spines, the spinous portion being much
longer than the soft ; anal with three spines, and with the soft por-
tion similar to the soft dorsal. Small teeth in the jaws, on the
vomer, the palatine and pterygoid bones ; none on the tongue.
None of the bones of the head serrated. Six branchiostegals.

Fresh waters of Bengal.

1. Badis buchanani.

Labrus badis, Buck. Ham. Fish. Gang. pp. 70, ^GS. tab. 25. fig. 23.
Badis buchanani, Bleek. I. c. tab. 2. tig. 3.

D. l|ii?. A. ^, L. lat. 28.

8-7 6-7>

Greenish, with darker transverse streaks.
Ganges and tributaries.

a. Young. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.
2. Badis dario.

Labrus dario, Bitch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 72.

D.^. A.f

Silvery with black transverse bands, or entirely blackish. (Lateral
line none ?) (Buck.)

Ponds and rivers of the northern parts of Bengal and Behar.

4. NANDUS.

Nandus, Cuv. ^ Val. viii. p. 481 ; Bleek. Blitong, p. 91.
Bedula, Gray, Ulitstr. Ind. Zool.

Body compressed, rather short; mouth very protractile. One
dorsal, with thirteen or fourteen spines. ViUiform teeth in the jaws,
on the vomer, the palatine and pterygoid bones, and on the tongue.
Prseoperculum serrated; operculum with one spine; prseorbital
entire. Six branchiostegals; pseudobranchiae none (in the species
examined). Air-bladder simple and large. Pyloric appendages none.

Fresh waters of the Indian region.

1. Nandus manuoratus.

Coins nandus, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 96. pi. 30. tig. 32.
Nandus marmoratus, Cuv. 8) Val. viii. p. 482. pi. 207 ; Cant. Catal.

368 NANDID^.

p. 17 ; Bleek. Verhand. Batai: Genootsch. xxv., Bengal, en Hindost.
p. 107.
Bedida hamiltonii, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. pi. . fig. 3.

D. i|. A.y. L. lat. 55. L. transv. 7/17. Vert. 24.

The upper maxillary reaches beyond the vertical from the posterior
margin of the eye. Brownish-green, marbled with darker.
Fresh waters of Bengal and of some of the islands.

a. Large specimen : stuffed. India. Presented by the Zoological

Society.
h. Half-grown. Moluccas. From Mr. Frank's Collection.

c. Half-grown. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

d. Adult. India. Presented by General Hardwicke.

e. Young : not good state. India. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse,

Esq.

2, Nandus nebulosus.

? Bedida nebidosa, Gray, III. Ind. Zool. ii. pi. . fig. 2.
Nandus nebulosus, Bleek. Blitong, p. 92.

D. i^. A. |. L. lat. 30.

The upper maxillary does not reach to the vertical from the pos-
terior margin of the eye. Brown, with lighter transverse bands. {Bl.)
Rivers of Blitong, Banka, and Borneo.

5. CATOPRA.

Catopra, Bleeker, Borneo, iii. p. G5.

Body compressed, rather short ; mouth protractile. One dorsal,
with thirteen or foui'teen spines. VUliform teeth in the jaws, on
the vomer, the palatine and pterygoid bones, and on the tongue.
Praeoperculum and praiorbital serrated ; operculum with two flat
points. Six branchiostegals ; pseudobranchiaj ?

Fresh waters of the islands of the East Indian Archipelago.

1. Catopra fasciata.

Bleeker, Borneo, iii. p. 65.

D. '4. A. -I-. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 13.

lb 8

The height of the body is twice and three-quarters in the total
length. Snout convex, shorter than the diameter of the eye. Den-
ticulations of the proeorbital very distinct. Green, with twelve narrow
blackish cross-bands. (Bl.)

Rivers of Borneo, Sumatra, and Banka.

2. Catopra nandoides.

Bleeker, Natimrk. Tydschr. Nederl. Ind. 1851, pp. 61 & 172.
D. ||. A. |. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 16.
The height of the body is twice and a half in the total length.

6, ACHAKNES, 369

Snout equal in length to the diameter of the eye, not convex. Den-
ticulations of the pi-aeorbital very distinct. Uniform greenish-olive.
(BI.)

Rivers of Java and Sumatra.

3. Catopra grootii.

Sleeker, Blitong, p. 90.

D. j|. A. |-. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 15.

The height of the body is twice and three-quarters in the total
length. Snout convex, equal in length to the diameter of the eye.
Denticulations of the prseorbital scarcely visible. Uniform greenish-
olive. {Bl.)

Eivers of Blitong and Banka.

Third Group. ACHARNINA.

6. ACHARNES.

Acharnes, Midi. S,- Trosch. in Schomb. Rets. Brit. Guyana, iii. p. 622,
and Hor. Ichthjul. iii. p. 27.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with small scales. Mouth
protractile. Bands of small teeth in the jaws ; none on the palate.
Bones of the head not armed. The dorsal fin is notched, its spinous
portion being of rather greater extent than the soft, and composed
of sixteen spines ; the anal fin with three spines, and with the soft
portion simUar to the soft dorsal fin ; ventrals thoracic, composed of
one spine and five rays. Lateral line interiiipted. Five branchio-
stegals ; pseudobranchiae hidden, foui* giUs ; an aii--bladder.

Fresh waters of British Guiana.

1. Acharnes speciosus.

Mail. Sf Trosch. I. c, and Hur. Ichthyol. iii. taf. 5. fig. 3.
D. % A. ^. L. lat. 95.

10 11

Brownish, with a black stripe along the middle of the caudal fin.
{M. 4- T.)

Mouth of the Essequibo.

370 POLYCENTRID.T.

Fam. 34. POLYCENTRID^.

Body compressed, elevated, covered -svith scales. Lateral line none.
Dorsal and anal fins long, both with numerous spines, the spinous
portion being the more developed. Ventrals thoracic, composed of
one spine and five rays. Teeth feeble. Gills three or four ; pseudo-
branchite hidden ; no superbranchial organ.

Cai'nivorous fishes from the fresh waters of Tropical America.

Synojysis of the Genera.

Mandible without barbel 1. Polycenteus.

Mandible with a barbel 2. Monocirriius.

1. POLYCENTRUS.

Polycentrus, Miill. ^- Trosch. in Schomb. lieis. Brit. Guyana, iii. p. 622,
and Horce Ichthyul. iii. p. 25 ; Gill, Ann. Lye. New 3 'ork, 1 858, p. 371.

Body compressed, elevated, covered with ciliated scales of mode-
rate size. Mouth very protractile. Small teeth in the jaws and on
the palate. Prteorbital and prajoperculum serrated ; barbel none.
Dorsal and anal fins with numerous spines ; ventrals thoracic, com-
posed of one spine and five rays. Lateral line none. Six branehio-
stcgals ; the gill-membranes not united ; gills four ; pseiidobranchiae
hidden.

Fresh waters of Tropical America.

In deference to the opinion of the authors of the Horce leJiiliyolo-
gica, we formerly placed this genus in our family of Prist tpomalklce
(vol. i. p. 396). Gill has indicated for it a sej)arate subfamily of
Scicenidce, which he calls Polycentrince. It is evident, however, that
tliis genus, together with other American fishes, forms a separate
division, intermediate between the true Acanthopterygians and the
Pharyngognaths, and allied to the Nandidce and Labi/rinthici.

1. Polycentrus schomburgkii.

311111. c")- Trusch. I. c, and Hur. Ichthyol. iii. taf. 5. fig. 2.

D. '-^. A. ^. L. lat. 29. L, transv. 14.

The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length, the length
of the head one- third ; the diameter of the eye equals the width of
the interorbital space, and is one-fourth of the length of the head (in
adult specimens) ; the maxillary extends beyond the vertical from
the middle of the eye. Pra3operculum with seven series of scales.
The first ventral ray produced. Brownish-olive, irregularly spotted

2. MONociREnus. 371

with brown, and with scattered silvery spots ; an oblique brown
streak from the eye to the angle of the pra^opcrculum. The spinous
portions of the vertical fins and the vcntrals dark brown, the soft
portions and the pectorals whitish. A small patch of teeth on each
side of the vomer, and a narrow band on the palatine bones.
Essequibo.

a. Fine specimen, three inches and a half long. Presented by Sir
E.. Schomburgk.

MiiUer and Troschel examined a young specimen of this species :
hence the discrepancies between our description and theirs.

2. Polycentrus tricolor.
Gill, I. c. p. 373.

Light brown, longitudinally striped with darker; head and verti-
cal fins M-ith black dots. (GilL)
Trinidad.

Gill does not make mention of palatine teeth in this species.

2. MONOCIRRHUS.

Monocirrhus, Seckel, Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 1840, p. 439.

The body is compressed, elevated, covered with rough scales ; the
mouth is very protractile. Villiform teeth in the jaws ; none on the
vomer. The lower lip jjrolonged into a fleshy barbel. Praeorbital
and prffiopereulum not serrated. Lateral line none. One dorsal, with
seventeen spines, the anal with thirteen ; none of the rajs branched ;
ventrals thoracic, composed of one sjiine and five rays. Six branchio-
stegals ; the gill-membranes not united. Three gills ; pseudo-
branchia; hidden.

Fresh waters of Brazil.

1 . Monocirrhus polyacanthus.

Heckd, I. c.
D. jZ. A. ||. V. 1/5. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 25^26.

Head pointed. Light brown, with three black streaks on the side
of the head, radiating from the eye ; a dark band from the gill-
ojiening along the lower half of the tail.

Ponds near the Rio Negro. Tributaries of the Amazon.

a. River Cupai, 800 miles from the sea. From Mr. Bates's Collection.

2 B 2

372 LABVRINTnrCI.

Fam. 35. LABYRINTHICI.

LabjTintliici, part., Cuv. Reqnc Aiiim. ; Miill. Berl. Ahhdndl. 1844,

p. 201.
LabjTiuthibraiichii, part., Otven, Led. Comp. Anat. i. p. 49.
Ospliromeuoidei, Bleek. Enum. Spec. p. xviii.

Body compressed, oblong or elevated, covered with scales of mode-
rate size ; head more or less compressed, covered with scales, which
are not different from those of the body. Lateral line absent or more or
less distinctly in teiTupted. Teeth small. Gill-opening rather narroiv,
the gill-membranes of both sides joined below the isthmus and scaly ;
four gills ; pseudobranchi* none, or rudimentary. A siqjerbranchial
organ, composed of thin lamince, situated in a cavity above the gills,
and based upon the third or upper portion of the first branchial arch.
Number of the dorsal and anal spines variable ; ventrals thoracic.

Fresh waters of the East Indies and of South Africa.

The fishes of this family are capable of li\dng for some time out of
the water, or buried in exsiccated mud ; they appear to retain or
to collect a small quantity of water in the cavity in which the super-
branchial organ is situated. They hvo on small animals as well as
on vegetable substances ; and several of the species are capable of
being domesticated, and then of being acclimatized in other countries.
The species which have been domesticated are subject to great varia-
tions, and I strongly suspect that Macropus is merely such a domestic
variety.

Synopsis of the Genera.
* Teeth on the palate.

Vomerine and palatine teeth ; opercles not ser-
rated 1. Spieobranchus, p. 373.

Vomerine and palatine teeth ; opercles serrated. 2. Ctenopoma, p. 373.

Vomerine teeth ; palatine teeth none 3. Anabas, p. 374.

** Moveable teeth on the Ups.

Mouth very small, transverse 4. Helostoma, p. 377.

*** Teeth fixed in the jaws ; none on the palate.

Ventrals well developed ; thirteen to twenty

dorsal or anal spines ; caudal rounded t). Polyacanthus, p. 378.

Caudal forked 6. Macropus, p. 381.

First ventral ray filiform, with three or four

small ones in its axil ; two to thirteen dorsal,

seven to fourteen anal spines 7. Osphromenus, p. 382.

Only one filiform ventral ray 8. Tiuchogaster, p. 387.

Ventral fins well developed ; dorsal fin short,
with a few spines or without any pungent
spine 9. Betta, p. 388.

I

2. CTENOPOMA. 373

1. SPIROBRANCHUS.

Spirobranchus, Cm: S)- Val. vii. p. 392.

Body compressed, oblong ; none of the bones of the head serrated ;
cleft of the mouth extending below the orbit. Small teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Dorsal spines twelve
or thirteen, anal spines seven. Ventral fins well developed. None
of the fins elongate. Lateral line interrupted. Air-bladder none.
Pyloric appendages two ; intestines of moderate length.

Fresh waters of the Cape of Good Hope.

1. Spirobranchus capensis.

Cuv. i5i" Val. vii. p. 392. pi. 200; C'uv. Rhpie Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 75. fig. 1.
B. 4. D. '-1=1?. A. |. L. kt. 30. L. transv. 10.

Brownish, with three oblique blackish streaks running from the
orbit towards the praeoperculum.
Cape of Good Hope.

a. Half-grown.

b-c. Adult: stuffed. Cape of Good Hope. Presentedby 8ir A. Smith.

2. CTENOPOMA.

Ctenopoma, Peters in MiiU. Arch. 1846, p. 481.

Body compressed, oblong ; operculum, inter- and sub-operculum
serrated ; cleft of the mouth extending to below the orbit. Small
teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Dorsal
spines seventeen, anal spiaes ten. Ventral fins composed of one spine
and five rays. Lateral line interrupted. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric
appendage one.

Fresh waters of QueUimane.

1. Ctenopoma multispine.

Ctenopoma midtispinis, Pdi-rs, I. c. tab. 10. fig. 10-15.
? Auabas scandens, Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mos. p. 270.
Spirobranchus smithii, Biunconi, I. c. p. 279. tab. 10.

B. 6. D.if. A. ^. V. 1/5. Cjec. pylor. 1.

9 9 ' '■■'

Greenish, spotted with darker.
Pools near Qucllimane.

a. Fine specimen. From Professor Peters's Collection.

Bianconi states that there are only six soft rays in the anal fin,
which is probably an error. We can scarcely believe that Anabas
scandens occurs in Mozambique : Bianconi's specimens having been
purchased, some Indian fishes may have been mixed with them ; or,
which is more probable, the same specimens which Bianconi formerly
called A. scandens, he may afterwards have determined as Spiro-
hranchus smithii, — the last error with regard to generic denomina-
tion being greater than the first. I may here also mention that
Me</alepis Alessandrini of the same author is Upeneoidcs viftatus, in
which the barbels have been overlooked !

374 XABYRINTHICI.

3. ANABAS*.

Anabas, Cuv. Rk/ne Anim.

Body compressed, oblong ; prscorbital and oporcles serrated ; cleft
of the mouth extending to, or below, the orbit. Small teeth in the
jaws, on the head of the vomer and on its posterior portion ; none
on the palatine bones. Dorsal spines numerous (sixteen to nineteen) ;
anal spines in moderate number (nine to eleven) ; ventral fins com-
posed of one spine and five rays : none of the fins elongate. Lateral
line interrupted. Branchial arches with toothed tubercles. Air-
bladder bifid posteriorly, each lateral portion extending nearly to the
end of the tail. Pyloric appendages in small number. Intestine of
moderate length.

Freshwater fishes of Trojjical India : said to be able to ascend trees.

It is extremely difiicult to distinguish the different species of this
genus.

1. The most reliable of the characters is the difference in the
number of the scales of the lateral line, which, smaU as it is, is
found constant in all the individuals of the same species. Therefore
Anahas oligolepis, Bleek., from Borneo, or the Ceylonese Anabas, if it
be a species distinct from the former, is different from A. scandens.

2. Much more questionable are the characters taken from the
form of the body. Not only is the body more elevated in yovmg
individuals than in adult ones, but also in those which had a full
supply of food at the time they were caught ; there are specimens
in the British Museum which by their lean appearance show that
they had fasted for some time, and these have the body elongated,
like Bleeker's A. macrocejjhalus, although they certainly belong to
the true A. scandens.

3. The degree in which the delicate laminae composing the super-
branchial organ are developed is dependent on age. It is not im-
probable that this organ, in its highest perfection, is somewhat more
developed in one species than in the other ; but yoimg indi\'iduals
always show it less complicated than half-grown ones of the same
species, and these, again, less than old onesf. I have arrived at this
conclusion after the examination of more than twenty individuals :
having, however, a complete series only of A. scandens, I restrict
myself to a description of the development of this organ in that
species.

The siiperbranchial organ is formed by several exceedingly thin
bony laminae, similar in form to the auricle, and concentrically situ-
ated one above the other, so that the innermost is the largest. Now,
in specimens from one inch and a half to two inches and a half long,
there are only two such lamina;, a third being indicated by a small
protuberance at the central base of the second or outer lamina. In
specimens of from three to four inches in length, the third lamina is
developed, covering one-half of the second. The edges of all the

* 1. Anabas varicgatus, BIcck. Celebes, i. p. 220. — North Celebes.
t The same is the case in Ospkromenus olfax, and probably in all the fishes of
this family.

3. ANABAS, 375

lamincc are straight, not valanced*. In specimens of from four to
five inches, a fourth hmiina makes its appearance in the basal centre
of the third lamina. The other lamina) continue to grow in their
cii'cumference, and their edges now become undulated and slightly
valanced. Cuvicr and "Valenciennes have examined still larger speci-
mens ; the figure given by them was taken from a specimen six or
seven inches long, and shows the superbranchial organ composed of
six laminae. The connexion of this organ with the gill-apparatus
has been examined and fully described by Peters t.

It may be supposed that, as in other fishes, the difference in the
size of individuals does not always coincide with a corresponding
difference in age ; and if, for instance, there should occur specimens
four inches in length with the superbranchial organ as complicated
as it is generally found to be in the larger ones, it would not form
an objection to the facts stated.

1. Anabas scandens.

Willughby, App. p. 4. tab. 4. fig. 4.

Perca scandens, Daldorff, Tram. Linn. Sue. ill. p. 62.

Autlnas testudineus, lil. t. 322.

Ampliiprion testudineus et scansor, JBl. Schn. pp. 204, 570.

Lutjanus testudo et scandens, Lacep. iv. pp. 235, 239.

Sparus testudineus, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 471.

Cojua cobojius, Buch. Ham. pp. 98, 370. pi. 13. fig. 33; Taylor in

Brewster's Edinb. Journ. Sc. 1831, v. pp. 34, 36.
Anabas testudineus, Cuv. Rcgne Anim.
scandens, Cuv. ^ Val. \i\. p. 333. pis. 193 & 205 ; Cant. Ann. Nat.

Hist. ix. 1842, p. 28, and Catal. p. 82 ; Cuv. Itigne Anim. III.

Poiss. p. 74. fig. 1 ; Richards. Ichth. China, p. 250 ; Jerdon in Madr,

Journ. XV. p. I44 ; Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gcnootsch. xxiii. p. 8 (part.),

and Jairi) iv. p. 329.

spinosus. Gray, Ind. Zool. ii. pi. 89. fig. 1.

trifoliatus, Kaup in Wiegm. Arch. 1860, p. 124. taf. 6. fig. A.

^- TJT- ^- ^'- ^- ^^*- ^^-^^' ^- t^^^sv. 15-16.
CiEC. pylor. 3. Vert. 10/16.

The height of the body is contained three times or three times and
three-fom-ths in the total length, the length of the head three times
and a half or four times. The prteorbital and the opercles are
denticulated, the teeth of the angle of the operculum and sub-
operculum being more or less produced. Greyish-olive : immature
specimens with two brown streaks on the side of the head, and with
a black spot at the base of the caudal fin. Two spines of the oper-
culum form a notch, the membrane of which is black.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

Of, h. Adult : stiiifed. Calcutta. From the Collection of the East

India Company.
c-d, e-^n. Young. Ganges. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.

* This is A. frifoUattts of Kaup, founded on the comparison of two sptx;iniens
with Cuvier's figiu-c (WicKiu. Arch. 1860, p. 124).
t Miill. Ai-ch. 18&3, p. 427.

376 LABYBINTHICl.

n. Adtilt : stuffed. Mud-fiekls, Eiver Gogia. Purchased of Captain

Boys.
o-q. Adult and half-grown : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's

Collection.
r. Young. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
s-«. Adult and half-grown. Khasya. Presented by Dr. J. Hooker.
V. Half-grown. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.
%v. Half-grown. Java. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
X. Half-grown. Philippine Island.s.
y. Half-gTown : stuffed. Presented by Sir A. Smith.
z, a, ji-y. Adult, half-groAvn, 'and young.

2. Anabas niacrocephalus.

Anabas scandens, Bleek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii., Doolh. K. p. 8 (part.).
macrocephalus, Bleek. Java, ii. p. 430.

D. '^. A. :^ . L. lat. 30-31. L. transv. 15.

The height of the body is contained four times or four times and a
third in the total length, the length of the head three times and a
half to three times and three -foiu'ths. The prseorbital and the
opercles are denticulated ; the teeth of the angle of the operculum
and siiboperculum being produced, spine-like. Greenish -olive, with
a brown streak from the maxillaiy to the prsEoperculum, and with
another to the intei'operculum. Immatiire specimens with darker
cross-bands, and with a black spot at the base of the caudal fin.'
Two spines of the operculiun form a notch, the membrane of which
is black.

Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Bintang, and Philippine Islands.

a. Adiilt. Philippine Islands.

h-c. HaK-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

This species appears to have the margins of the lamince of the
superbranchial organ rather more valanced than A. scandens.

3. Anabas oUgolepis.

? Anabas oligolepis, Bleeker, Borneo, viii. p. 161.

D. l^^ A. -^ . L. lat. 27. L. transv. 15.

The height of the body is contained three times and a third to
three times and a half in the total length, the length of the head
three times and three-fourths to four times. The prseorbital and the
opercles are denticulated ; the proeoperculum is entire ; the teeth at
the angle of the operculum and suboperculum are elongate. Greenish,
with two brown streaks running from the orbit to the opercles ; a
blackish spot at the root of the caudal.

? Bandjermassing. Ceylon. China.

a, b-c. Adult and half-gi'owTi. Point de Galle. Presented by Sir

A. Smith.
d. Many fine specimens. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

4. HELOSTOllA. 377

e-f. Adult. Cej'lon. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schlagin-

tweit.
g-7i. Half-grown. China. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
i. Adult. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

The Ceylonese Anabas has two scales more in a transverse line
ninning from the first anal spine obliquely upwards and forwards,
than A. olir/olepis, Bleek., from Borneo, and therefore it is, for the
present, doubtful whether both are identical or not. They agree in
other respects, especially in the number of the scales of the lateral
line. The largest specimen examined is four inches long ; and on
comparison with specimens of A. scandens of the same size, I find the
same number of laminae, but the first or inner lamina has its lower
lobe considerably less developed. There is no young individual in
the Collection.

4. Anabas microcephalus.

Bheh. in Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. ii., Amhoina, p. 58.
D. '-§. A. i^. L. lat. 31. L. transv. 14-15.

The height of the body is contained fom* times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half to four times and three-
fifths. The maxillary extends only to below the anterior margin of
the orbit. The prseorbital and the opercles are denticulated ; the
teeth of the angle of the operculum and suboperculum being pro-
duced. Greenish-olive. (BL)

Amboyna.

4. HELOSTOMA.

Helostoma, (K ^ v. H.) Cm. 8,- Val. vii. p. 341.

Body compressed, rather elevated ; operculum without spines or
serrature ; cleft of the mouth very small, transverse, not extending
to the orbit ; eye on the same level with the angle of the mouth.
Minute moveable teeth on the hps ; none on the palate. Dorsal and
anal spines numerous (15-17) ; ventral fins composed of one spine
and five rays ; none of the fins elongate. Lateral line interrupted.
Branchial arches without toothed tubercles, lined with a soft vas-
cular membrane. Air-bladder simple ; pseudobranchise none (glan-
dular). Pyloric appendages in small number ; intestine with many
circumvolutions, long.

Fresh waters of Java.

1. Helostoma temminckii

flelostoma temminckii, (K. i,- r. H.) Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 342. pi. 194;
Bleek. Verliand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii., Lahyr. p. 9.

tanibakkan, Bleek. Topogr. Batav.

oligacanthum, Bleek. Topoyr. Batav.

D. ^j. A. j^g. L. lat. 44. L. transv. 8/16. Cfec. pylor. 2.

Vert. 14/16.
The height of the body is contained twice and two-thirds in the

378 LABTEINTniCl .

total length, the length of the liead thrice and two-thirda. Inter-
and suboperciilum minutely denticulated. Greyish, with darker lines
along the series of scales.
Java, Sumatra, Borneo,

a. Fine specimen.

According to Dr. v. Bleeker's observation, the nvimber of the dorsal
and anal spines appears to be subject to considerable variations.

5. POLYACANTHUS.

Polyacauthus, (K. ^- r. H. ) Cm: i^- Val vii. p. 353.

Body compressed, oblong ; operculum without spines or scrraturc ;
cleft of the mouth small, more or less obhque, not extending beyond
the vertical from the orbit, and little protractile. Small fixed teeth in
the jaws, none on the palate. Dorsal and anal spines numerous (1.3-
20) ; ventral fins composed of one spine and five well-developed rays ;
the soft dorsal and anal, the caudal and the ventral more or less elon-
gate in mature specimens. Caudal rounded. Lateral line interrupted
or absent. Branchial arches with toothed tubercles. Aii'-bladder
simple ; pseudobranchiae none (glandular). Pyloric appendages in
small number; intestine with many circumvolutions.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

1. Polyacanthus hasselti.

Polyacantlms hasselti, Cuv. ^- Val.\'\\. p. 353. pis. 195, 205; Cuv.Rhgne
Anim.lll. Poiss. pi. 72. fig. 1; Bleek.V erhand. Batav. Getiootsch. xxiii.
p. 9.

kuLlii, Bleek. Topogr. Batav.

B. 4. D, '^^. A. Ig-^. L. lat. 31-32. L. transv. 7/13.
Coec. pylor. 2. Yert. 11/16.

The height of the body is nearly one-half of the total length (the
caudal fin not included), the length of the head two-sevenths.
Lateral line interrupted. Praeorbital not serrated. The fii'st soft ray
of the ventral fin is produced into two filaments of moderate length.
Coloration uniform.

Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

a. Fine specimen.

2. Polyacanthus einthovenii.

Bleeker, Borneo, v. p. 423.

B. 6. D. 1^, A. § L. lat. 32.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fourths in the
total length, the length of the head three times and three-foui'ths.
Lateral line inteiTUiited, Green, with black vertical strijjes ; a
round black spot on the middle of the base of the soft dorsal fin ;
caudal membrane dotted with black. (Bl.)

llivers of Sambas (West Borneo). Sumatra.

5. POLYACurrnus. 379

3. Poly acanthus helfrichii.
Bleeker, Borneo, viii. p. 102.

D. 1^9. A. jg-^, L, ij^t_ 32.

Tlio height of the hody is two-fifths of the total length (the caudal
fin not included), the length of the head two-sevenths. Lateral line
suhinterrupted. Prajorbital not serrated. The first soft raj- of the
ventral fin is produced into two filaments. Coloration uniform. (Bl.)

Eivers of Bandjermassing.

4. Polyacanthus opercularis.

Labrus opercularis, L. Aman. Acad. iv. p. 428 ; Bl. Schn. p. 245.
Chiietodon cliineusis, Bl. taf. 218. fig. 1 ; Lacqi. iv. pp. 461, 496 ; Bl.

Schn. p. 2;J4.
Polyacanthus chinensis, Cur. ^- Vul. vii. p. 357; Richank. Ichfh. Cfiin.

p. 250.
Macropodus oceUatus, Cant. Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 1842, p. 484.
Polyacanthus (?) opercularis, Richards. I. c.
Polyacanthus (?) paludosus, Richards. I. c.

D. ig-7. A. '^^. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 11-12.

The depth of the body is contained twice and a half or twice and
two-thirds in the total length (the caudal fin not included), the
length of the head three times. Lateral line none. A round black
spot on the extremity of the operculum.

China. Chusan.

Var. a. Body and tail uniformly coloured, or with an oblong
blackish spot above the anal fin. The soft portions of the vertical
fins dotted with greyisli (in spirits).

a-h, c. Fine specimens. Hongkong. Presented by Sii* J. Bowring.
d, e. Adult. Chusan. Presented by the East India Company. —
Types of M. oceUatus, Cant.

Var. /3. Reddish, with irregular silvery transverse streaks.
f-h. Fine specimens. Hongkong. Presented by Sir J. Bowring.

Var. y. Greyish or reddish, with brown transverse bands.
I. Many specimens. China.

There cannot be the slightest doubt that a specimen of this species
has served for the wretched sketch to which Sir J. liichardson has
given the denomination of P. paludosus. Tlie tjiiical specimen
was evidently in a bad state of preservation, and the artist has
been more careful in rejjresenting the markings of the fish than the
fin-rays, *fcc.

5. Polyacanthus signatus.
B. 6. 1). 1^^ A. '■^. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 4/9. Vert. 10/16.
The height of the body is contained twice and a half in the total

380 LABYRINTHICI.

length (the caudal fin not included), the length of the head twice
and throe-fourths. Lateral line interrupted. Prseorbitul serrated.
Eeddish-olive (in spirits) : a round blackish spot on the middle of
the base of the soft dorsal ; an oblong blackish blotch parallel to,
and below, the posterior portion of the lateral line.
Ceylon.

a-i, c, d, e-h, i-l-. Adults, half-grown, and young. Ceylon. Pur-
chased of Mr. Cuming.
I. Adult : skeleton. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Description. — The head and body are oblong, strongly compressed,
the greatest depth being two-fifths of the distance of the snout from
the base of the caudal fin. The lower profile of the head ascends in
nearly as oblique a line as that in which the upper one descends.
The cleft of the mouth is rather small, oblique, the maxiUary ex-
tending to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit ; the
maxillary is nearly entirely hidden below the praeorbital when the
mouth is closed. A narrow band of small cardiform teeth in both
jaws, those in front being somewhat enlarged. The lower edge of the
proeorbital is minutely serrated. The interorbital space is slightly
convex, its width, in adult specimens, being nearly equal to the dia-
meter of the eye, which is one-fifth of the length of the head, and
less than the extent of the snout. Opercles without serrature ; there
are, however, some very indistinct denticulations at the angle of the
praeoperculum. The spinous dorsal fin commences in the vertical from
the fourth scale of the lateral line ; the posterior spines are longer
than the anterior ones ; the soft dorsal is pointed, the fourth ray
being produced into a long filament. This and the other fins are
much less produced in young specimens. Caudal elongate, termi-
nating in an obtuse point. The anal fin commences below the fifth
dorsal spine ; the spines increase in length posteriorly ; the sixth
soft ray is the longest, and produced into a filament, like the dorsal
fin. Pectoral rounded, of moderate length, much shorter than the
head. The first ventral ray terminating in two long fUaments.

Scales ctenoid. The lateral line is interrupted below the middle
of the dorsal fin. Colours as described above.

Total length five inches.

The accessoiy organ of the giUs is contained in a membranaceous
sac, transparent, semi-cartilaginous, composed of three lamellae
which diverge from a common centre.

The portion of the tail which is covered by the black blotch is
transparent when the fish is held against the light, the air-bladder
extending nearly to the caudal fin.

Sheleton. — The crown of the head is convex, with three crests of
moderate height ; the interorbital space is rather flat, and somewhat
narrower than the oi'bit ; there is a narrow groove between the
turbinal bones, in which the processes of the intermaxillary move.
The extremity of the maxillary is slightly dUated ; praeorbital longer
than wide, the other infraorbitals very narrow ; bottom of the
tympanic cavity entirely osseous. The limbs of the prwoperculum

i

6. MACROPUS. 381

are nearly of equal length and meet at a right angle ; the lower is
slightly curved. There are ten abdominal and sixteen caudal vertebrae,
the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to
that of the caudal as 1 : 1-4. The vertebrae are compressed, as high
as long ; neuraLs, hajmals, and the internenrals and interhsmals of
the spinous portions of the fins of moderate length and strength ;
the hiemals are longer than the neurals ; the first interhaemal and
hajmal form together a strong curved bone, as in OspJiromenus ; the
five following interhasmals are received betw^een the two bones men-
tioned. Ribs well developed, with epiplem-als.

6. Polyacanthus cxipanus.

Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 357.

Brownish-grey, with a small black spot on each side of the root of
the caudal fin. Caudal rays dotted with black. {Cuv.)
River Arian-Coupang (Pondicherry).

7. Polyacanthus deissneri.

Osphromenus deissneri, Bleeher, Natuurk. Tydschr. Nederl. Lul. xviii.
1859, p. 376.

D. 13. A. -. L. lat. 30.

6 8

The height of the body is contained thrice and three-fifths in the
total length (the caudal fiji not included), the length of the head
thrice and one-fifth. Pra3orbital indistinctly denticulated. The
upper profile of the snout is oblique, straight. Lateral line incon-
spicuous. Rose-coloured : a black band along the dorsal and ventral
lines ; two black longitudinal bands on each side ; the lower part of
the side of the head black-spotted ; dorsal, anal, and ventral fins
reticulated with black. {Bl.)

Rivers of Baturussak (Island of Bawean).

6. MACROPUS.

Macropodus, Ladp. iii. p. 417.

Body compressed, oblong ; operculum without spine or serratirre ;
cleft of the mouth rather small, not extending beyond the vertical
from the orbit. Small fixed teeth in the jaws, none on the palate.
Dorsal and anal spines numerous (13-18) ; ventral fins composed
of one spine and five rays, which are well developed ; the soft dorsal
and anal, the caudal and ventral elongate. Caudal forked. Lateral
line absent. Branchial arches with toothed tubercles. Air-bladder ?
Pyloric appendages in small number ; intestine of moderate length.

Presh waters of China and Cochinchina.

This may prove to be a domestic variety of a species of Poly-
acanthus.

382 LABYBrNTniCI.

1 . Macropus viridi-auratus.

Macropodus viridi-fvuratiis, Lacep. iii. p. 417. pi. IG. fig. 1; Car. Sf Vdl.

vii. p. 373; Cur. Il('(jne Anim. III. Pois.s. pi. 74. fig. 2.
venustus, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 375. pi. 197.

B. 4. D. -^. A. ^'*. Csec. pylor. 2. Vert. 9/18.

Minute deuticulations at the prteorbital and at the angle of the
prffiopcrculum. Body with some obscure cross-bands.
China. Cochinchina.

7. OSPHROMENUS.

Osphronemus, (Covmiers.) Lacep. iii. p. 117; Cuv. fy Val. vii. p. 377.
Trichopus, Lacip. iii. p. 120 ; Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 388.

Body compressed, more or less elevated ; operculum without spine
or serrature ; cleft of the mouth small, oblique, protractile. Small
fixed teeth in the jaws, none on the palate. Dorsal spines in small
or moderate number (2-13), anal spines in moderate or great number
(7-14) ; ventral fins with the outer ray very long, filiform, the other
three or four being small and rudimentaiy (except in 0. striatus).
Lateral line not interrupted or absent. Air-bladder present ; pyloric
appendages two.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

1. Osphromenus olfax.

Osphronemus goiu'ami, Lacep. iii. p. 117. pi. 3. fig. 2.
Ti-ichopodus mentum, Lacip. iii. p. 125. pi. 3. fig. 3,
Trichopus goramy, Shaw, Zool. iv. p. 388. pi. 55.

satyrus, SJiaw, Zool. iv. p. 391. pi. 35.

Osplirouenius olfax, {Coiumers.) Harchv. Zool. Journ. iv. p. 309. pi. 36.

suppl. ; Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 377 ; Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 251 ; Blevk.

Verh. Bat. Genootsch. xxiii. p. 10 ; Cant. Catal. p. 88.
gom-ami, Cur. lir Val. vii. p. 377. pi. 198 (lialf-grown) ; Cue. Regne

Anim. Ill Poiss. pi. 73. fig. 1 (yoimg).

satyvus, Bleek. Topogr. Batar. (adult).

Superbranchial organ : Cuv. i^ Val. pi. 206 (adult) ; Pders in Miill.

Arch. 1853, taf. 13. fig. A. (inmiature).

B. 6. D. J-|^,. A. J_',',. L. lat. 30-33. L. transv. 5/13.
'' Cajc. pylor. 2. Vert. 12/18-19.

Tlie height of the body is contained twice in the total length (the
caudal fin not included), the length of the head twice and a half in
young specimens, or thrice and a quarter in adult ones. Prjeorbital
denticulated. The upper profile of the snout is concave. Adult spe-
cimens uniformly coloured ; yovmj ones with seven or nine oblique
blackish bands ; a black spot at the root of the pectorals, and another

* The formula of tliese fins is given by Valenciennes twice (p. .'573) as it is
stated above, and once (p. -374) as follows: D. — . A. —

7. 08PHR0MENUS. 383

in the penultimate lateral baud, a Jitilc in front of the end of the
anal fin.

Fresh waters of Java, Madura, Sumatra, and Borneo. Naturalized
in Pinang, Malacca, Mamitius, and Cayenne.

a-c. Adult and half-grown : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's
Collection.

d. Young. Malayan Peninsula. From Dr. Cantor's CoUection.

e, f. Half-grown and young : skins. East Indies.
g. Half-grown. East Indies.

h-m. Half-grown and young. Mauritius. From the CoUection of

the Zoological Society.
n, o-p, q. Half-grown and young,
r. Half-grown : skeleton. Purchased.

SJceleton. — The upper surface of the skull, the interorbital space
included, is rather broad and convex ; occipital crest elevated, lateral
crests moderateljf developed ; there is a broad and deep groove ex-
tending on between the orbits, in which the processes of the inter-
maxillary move ; the turbinal bones are elongate, and situated on
each side of that groove. The posterior processes of the intermax-
illary arc longer than the descending branches of the bone, or than
the maxillary, which is very slightly dilated at its extremity ; prae-
orbital triangular, infraorbital ring very narrow. The bottom of the
tympanic cavity is entirely osseous. The limbs of the pra;operculum
are of equal length, and meet at a right angle, the edge of the lower
limb being slightly curved ; operculum higher than long. Coracoid
straight, long ; there is a wide cleft between ulna and humerus ;
carpal bones shoi-t ; pubic bones narrow, slender, firmly attached to
each other, each being composed of three lamellse.

There are nineteen abdominal and twenty-eight caudal vertebra,
the length of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that
of the caudal as 1 : 1'5. The vertebrae ai'e short, slightly compressed,
elevated. The hffimals and intcrha3mals are considerably longer than
the neurals and interneurals. There are seven spurious intemeurals
between the occiput and the dorsal fin ; one iuterhasmal and inter-
neural always correspond to a ha3mal and neural. The first ha3mal is
very long and strong : the first interhasmal is curved, and fixed to the
middle of the lia^mal, so that a space remains between the lower end
of the hicraal and the upj^er of the interhajmal ; this space is filled
up by five interhajmals intercalated between the two bones : the
second haemal is firmlj^ united with the first: the last haemal is
continuous with the fan-like expansion of the last vertebra. Eibs
moderately developed.

lines.
Length of the fifth, twelfth, and twenty-sixth

vertebras Ih,

of the abdominal portion 18|

of the caudal portion 2S

of the fu'st hajmal spine 19

384 LABYEINTHICI.

2. Osphromenus trichopterus.

Sparus, Koelreuter, Nov. Cotnm. Petroj). ix. p. 452. pi. 9. fig. 1.
Liibrus trichopterus, Pall. Spicil. \\i\. p. 45 ; L. G»i. p. 1286 ; Bloch,

tab. 295. tig. 2.
Trichogaster trichopterus, Bl. Schn. p. 165.
Trichopus trichopterus, Lacep. iii. p. 129 ; Cuv. Sf Vol. vii. p. 388.

pi. 199 ; Bleek. Vcrhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii. p. 10 ; Cantor,

Catal. p. 89. pi. 2. fig. 5 (head).

pallasii, Shmc, Zool. iv. p. 392.

leerii, Blcek. Sumatra, i. p. 577.

D. ^^. A. '^^. L. lat. 44-46. L. transv. 20-25. Ctec. pylor. 2.

The height of the body is two-flfths or one-third of the total
length (without caudal).

Var. a. hoelreuteri (Cuv. & Val. pi. 199).

A round black spot on the middle of the side, another on the root
of the caudal fin ; head and body with more or less regular brown
cross-bands. The depth of the body is two-fifths of the total length
(the caudal not included).

Java.
a, b, c-e. Adult and half-grown.
/. Adult: discoloured.

Var. /3. cantoris (Cant. Catal.).

The two black spots are united by a longitudinal zigzag band
running from the mouth thi'ough the eye to the caudal fin ; caudal
white-spotted. The height of the body is two-fifths or three-sevenths
of the total length (the caudal not inchided).

Pinang. Malayan Peninsula.
g. Adult : skin. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

Var. y. herii (Bleek. 1. c).

A black band runs from the mouth through the eye to the caudal
fin ; vertical fins with white, brown-edged ocelli ; (in preserved spe-
cimens the ocelli are less distinct than the brown edges). The height
of the body is contained thrice and three-tifths in the toi*l length
(the caudal included).

Pinang. Sumatra and Borneo.
h. Adult. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

We have not had an opportunity of examining Ctenops nohilis,
M'Clell. Calc. Joum. Nat. Hist. v. p. 281. pi. 21. fig. 1. Cantor says, "A
second species of Trichopodus has been discovered by Mr. Campbell,
Superintendent of Darjeeling, in the rivers at the Sikkim passes, on
the northern frontier of Bengal. An incorrect and defective descrip-
tion and figure have been published by Mr.M'CleUand, who, imagining
that the fish belonged to the family of Chctodontidtv, and the genus to
be new, denominated it Ctenoi^s nobilis."

7. OSPHROMENUS. 385

3. Osphromenns siamensis.

D.|. A.i^^. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 12/16.

The height of the body is one-half of the total length (the caudal
fin not included).

Fresh waters of Siam.

a-e. Fine specimens. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

Description. — "^Tien we take the origin of the dorsal fin as the
highest point of the upper profile, and the base of the last dorsal
spine as the lowest of the abdomen, the depth between these two
points is one-half of the total length (the caudal not included). The
length of the head is three times and two-thirds in the same length.
The snout is broader than long, equal to the diameter of the eye,
which is one-fourth of the length of the head. The interorbital
space is convex, wider than the orbit. IMouth very small, rather
protractile ; prseorbital with its extremity truncated and serrated ;
angle of the prasoperculum serrated ; there are two or three series of
scales between the eye and the angle of the praeoperculum. The
dorsal fin commences nearer to the root of the caudal than to the
end of the snout ; it has six strong spines, which increase in length
posteriorly, the last being longer than one-half the length of the
head. Caudal emarginate ; the anal is nearly entirely scaly, and
terminates immediately before the caudal. The longest ventral ray
extends beyond the extremity of the caudal, aud has three or four
rudimentary rays in its axil.

The colour is greenish on the back, silvery on the sides and on the
belly. A black spot on the middle of the body in the vertical from
the origin of the dorsal, below the lateral line ; a second on the middle
of the root of the caudal. The soft dorsal and caudal with brown
dots ; anal yellowish, with lighter spots, and sometimes with brown-
ish dots.

This description is taken from specimens which are from three to
four inches long.

4. Osphromeuus microlepis.

D. ■^. A. |. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 12/22.

The height of the body is one-half the total length (the caudal fin
not included).

Fresh waters of Cambojia.

a. Fiae specimen. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

Desc7'iptio7i of the specimen. — The height of the body is one-half
of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-
sevenths ; the jjrofile of the nape is convex, that of the head rather con-
cave. The snout is somewhat depressed, broader than long, with the
lower jaw prominent ; the interorbital space is convex, nearly twice
as wide as the orbit, the diameter of which is one-fifth of the length
of the head, and less than that of the snout. Prseorbital triangular,

VOL. III. 2 c

386 LABYRINTHICI.

with the lower margin serrated ; there are five series of scales be-
tween the orbit and the angle of the praeoperculum. The entire
lower margin of the prffioperciilum and a part of the sub- and inter-
operculum are serrated. The dorsal fin commences on the middle of
the distance between the snout and the root of the caudal ; its
spines are moderately strong, the length of the thii'd being more than
oue-lialf of that of the head. Caudal emarginate : more than one-
half of the anal fin is scaly ; it terminates immediately before the
caudal. The longest ventral ray extends beyond the extremity of
the caudal, and has three nidimentary rays in its axil. Immaculate :
back greenish, sides and beUy silvery ; the soft dorsal and caudal
with brownish dots.
Total length six inches.

5. Osphromenus striatus.

POsphronemus vittatus, (Kuhl^-r. Hass.) C'uv. ^- Val. vii. p. 387.
Tricuopus striatus, lihcl;. Verhaiid. Batav.Genootsch.yjin\.,Lahr. p. 11,
and Natuurk. Tydschr. Ncderl. Iml. 1850, i. p. 106.

D- 14- A- o4=§-«- L. lat. 28-30. L. transv. 13.

6-9 24-20

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
third of the total (the caudal not included).

Var. a.

Body with two brown longitudinal bands. — Java.

Var. /3.

Body with four black longitudinal bands. — Borneo.

Var. y.

Three blackish bands on each side, the upper with a round spot. —

Fresh waters of Siam.

a-h. Fine specimens. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

Description. — Head longer than high ; snout of moderate length,
longer than the diameter of the eye, which is one-fourth of the length
of the head ; cleft of the mouth rather small, with the lower jaw
slightly prominent ; both jaws ■\^'ith a band of vilUform teeth ; the
interorbital space is slightly convex, and as wide as the orbit. Prse-
orbital and angle of the praeoperculum serrated. There are three
series of scales between the orbit and the angle of the praeoperculum.
The distance of the fii'st dorsal spine from the root of the caudal is
only one-half of its distance from the snout ; the spines are rather
feeble, the length of the third being one-third of that of the head.
The soft dorsal is much produced, like the caudal and the posterior
part of the anal. Caudal rounded, not forked, one-third of the total
length. Base of the anal scaly. The spine of the ventral is rather
strong, and its outer ray is produced into a long filament ; the other
rays are well developed.

There are three blackish longitudinal bands on each side : the

8. THICHOGASTEE. 387

upper nins from the upper margin of the orbit to the upper part of
the root of the caudal ; it is dilated into a round black spot behind
the shoulder, and there is another smaller spot on its extremity ; the
second runs from the snout through the eye to the caudal ; and finally,
the thiid from the angle of the mouth, across the cheek, thi-ough the
lower part oi' the base of the pectoral to the root of the last caudal
rays, where it terminates in a round black spot. The membrane
of the vertical fins is dotted all over with black.

This must be a beautiful species during life. It is intermediate
between Osphromenus and those species for which the genus Betta
has been created ; it also approaches Macropus in the fin-rays, which
are much prolonged.

lines.

Total length 27

Length of the head 6

Height of the body 6

Length of the caudal 9

8. TEICHOGASTEE*.

Trichogaster, sp., Bl. Schn. p. 164.
Colisa, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 359.

Body compressed, oblong ; operculum without spine or serrature ;
cleft of the mouth small, oblique, little protractile. Small fixed teeth
in the jaws, none on the palate. Dorsal and anal spines numerous
(14—18) ; ventral fins reduced to a single long fihform ray. Lateral
line interrupted or absent. Branchial arches with toothed tubei'cles.
Air-bladder divided into two portions posteriorly, situated on both
sides of the caudal vertebrae. Pyloric appendages in small number ;
intestine with many circumvolutions.

Fresh waters of Bengal and Hindostan.

1 . Trichogaster fasciatus.

Trichogaster fasciatus, Bl. Schn. p. 164. tab. 36.

TricYiO^odiUS coMsA, Buch.Ham.Fish.Gang. pp. 117, 372. pi. 15. fig. 40;
Taylor in Brewster's Edinb. Journ. Sc. 1831, v. pp. 34, 37.

bejeiis, Buck. Sam. I. c. pp. 118, 372.

cotra. Buck. Ham. I. c. pp. 119, 372.

lalius, Buch. Ham. I. c. pp. 120, 372.

Colisa vulgaris, Cm. 8f Val. vii. p. 362. pis. 196, 205.

bejeus, Cuv. 6f Val. vii. p. 365.

cotra, Cuv. 8( Val. vii. p. 366.

lalius, Cuv. 4- Val. vii. p. 366.

ponticeriana, Cuv. <^ Val. vii. p. 370.

1. Trichopodus sota, Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. p. 120. — Colisa sota, Cuv. ^

Val. vii. p. 367. — Ganges.

2. chuna, Buch. Ham. I. c. p. 121. — Colisa chuna, Cuv.^ VaLvu.Tp.368.

— Ganges.

2c 2

388 lABTRINTHICI.

Polyacanthus fasciatus, Cuv. 8f Vol. vii. p. 369.

Colisa vulgaris, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Gen. xxv., Benq. en Hindost.
p. 94.

]). ^7 (23-28). A. 11^^ (29-33). L. lat. 30-31. L. transv. 5/10.

Ca3c. pylor. 2. Vert. 8/17.

Prteorbital serrated ; caudal fin subtruncated. Body with about
twelve oblique dark cross-bands ; dorsal and caudal fins with reddish,
yellowish, or blackish spots ; immature specimens with a black spot
oa the root of the caudal fin.

Bengal and Hindostan.

a-h, c-d, e,f-h, i-l, m-t, u. Adult, half-grown, and young. East

Indies.
V. Adult : very bad state. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs.

V. Schlagintweit.
tv. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. From Mr. Blyth's Collection.
X, y. Adult : stuffed. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

2. Trichogaster unicolor.

Colisa unicolor, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 368.

1». g-. A. -.

Praeorbital not denticulated. Caudal fm rounded. Coloration
uniform. {Cuv.)

Estuaries near Calcutta.

9. BETTA.

Betta, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch, xxiii., Lahyrmth. p. 12, and
Midden- en Oost-Java, p. 14.

Body compressed, oblong ; operculum without spine or serrature.
Small fixed teeth in the jaws, none on the palate. Dorsal fin short,
on the middle of the back, without any pungent spine ; anal fin
long. Ventral fin with five soft rays, the outer one being produced.
Lateral line interrupted or absent. Air-bladder and pyloric append-
ages none {B. pugnnai).

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

1. Betta trifasciata.

Bleek. I. c.

B. 6. D. |. A. ^. L. lat. 26.

Lateral line inconspicuous. Three black bands from the opercu-
lum to the caudal fin. (BL)

Ambarawa (Central Java), 1500 feet above the sea. Sumatra.
Banka. Biliton.

9. BETTA. ■ 389

2. Betta pugnax.

Macropodus pugnax, Cant. Catal. p. 84. pi. 2. figs. 1-4.
Betta anabatoides, Bleek. Borneo, ii. p. 269.
Pla Kat of the Siamese.

B. 6. D. 9-10. A. 27-28. L. lat. 32. L. tran.sv. 10.
Caec. pylor. 0. Vert. 10/18.
Lateral line inconspicuous. Body with blackish cross-bars and
silvery longitudinal streaks ; two or three black bands on the side of
the head, the upper one rimning thi'ough the eye.

Var. Head and body with two black longitudinal bands, one
running from the muzzle through the eye to the root of the caudal fin.
Dried specimens uniform brownish.
Pinang. Malayan Peninsula. East Indian Archipelago.

a. Eine specimen. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

h-c. Adult : skins. Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Types

of the species.
d. Young. From the Haslar Collection.

Dr. Cantor, who first described this species, says that the fighting
propensities are greatest in the variety mentioned, which appears to
have been produced diu'ing a long period of domestication. Dr. von
Bleeker has observed that peculiarity also in specimens from other
parts of the East Indian Archipelago. All the species of this family
appear to be capable of being domesticated, and some of them deserve
particular attention on account of the dazzling beauty of their colours
or the flavour of their flesh.

390 LUCIOCEPHALIDJE.

Fam. 36. LUCIOCEPHALIDtE.

Luciocephaloidei, Bleeh. Enumer. Spec. p. xxx, and Natwirh. Tydschr.
Nederl. Iml. xx. 1860, p. 395.

Body elongate, covered with scales of moderate size. Lateral line
present. Teeth small. GiU-opening wide; pseudobranchise none;
a superhranchial organ, enclosed in a cavity behind the eye, and formed
hy tivo branrhial arches, which are dilated into a membrane.

One short dorsal fin ; dorsal and anal spines none ; ventrals thoracic,
composed of one spine and five rays. Air-bladder none. Intestines
very short.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

1. LUCIOCEPHALUS.

Luciocephalus, Bleek. Borneo, ii. p. 273.

Body elongate, snbcyHndrical anteriorly and compressed poste-
riorly ; intermaxiUaries much protractile. Teeth in the jaws small,
fixed ; the descending and ascending branches of the intermaxillary
toothed ; teeth on the vomer minute. One short dorsal without
spines, opposite to the soft anal ; the anal is separated into two
portions by a deep notch. Ventral fins thoracic, with one spine and
five rays. Caudal rounded. Scales ctenoid ; lateral line present.
Pseudobranchife none ; gill-opening wide, cleft to below the eye ;
air-bladder none. Intestines very short ; pyloric appendages none.

Fresh waters of the East Indian Archipelago.

1. Luciocephalus pulcher.

Diplopterus pulcher. Gray, III. Ind. Zool. i. tab. . fig. 1.
Luciocephalus pulcher, Bleek. Borneo, ii. p. 274, and Blitong, p. 99.

B. 5. D. •^. A. ^1 13-12. L. lat. 36.

A broad black, inferiorly white-edged band runs from the snout
through the eye to the caudal fin. Caudal black, with the rays red.
Large individuals with round blackish spots on the body and on the
fiLns.

Elvers of Banka, Biliton, and Borneo.

For the knowledge of the internal stnicture of this very singular
fish we are indebted to Dr. v. Bleeker, who also discovered the super-
branchial organ.

ATHERINID.K. 391

We commence the series of families which more or less approach
the Malacopterygians mth the Atheriniche and Miu/iUdce ; they are
true Acanthopterygians with regard to the structiu-e of the fins, but
theii' ventrals have an abdominal position. The structm-e of their
skeleton affords an excellent character whereby to separate these two
groups from each other.

Fam. 37. ATHERINID^.

Body more or less elongate, subcylindiical, covered with scales of
moderate size ; lateral line indistinct. Cleft of the mouth of moderate
ividtli, with the dentition feeble. Eye lateral, well developed. Gill-
opening -^dde ; four gills; pseudobranchise; five or six branchiostegals.
Two dorsal fins ; the spines of the first feeble ; the second of moderate
length ; anal like the soft dorsal, or rather longer. Ventral Jins ab-
dominal, with one spine and five rays. Vertebrce very numerous in
the caudal and abdominal portions.

Carnivorous fishes inhabiting the seas of the temperate and tropical
regions ; several species enteiing or living in fi'esh water.

Synopsis of the Oenera.

First Group : Atherinina. Teeth very small ; scales cycloid. The
first dorsal entii-ely separated from the second. An air-bladder.
Pyloric appendages none.

Snout more or less obtuse, witli the cleft of the mouth
straight, oblique, extending to or beyond the
anterior margin of the eye 1. Atuerina, p. 392.

Snout more or less produced, with the cleft of the
[ mouth generally not extending to the orbit ; the

|[ lateral margins of the upper jaw are curved ... 2. Atherinichtiiys,p.402.

Second Group : Tetragonitriiia. Teeth not very small, compressed ;
scales keeled and striated. The fii-st dorsal continued on to the
second. Air-bladder none. Pyloric appendages numerous.

Only one genus 3. Tetragonurus, p. 407.

First Group. ATHERININA.

Teeth very small ; scales cycloid. The first dorsal entirely
separated from the second. An air-bladder. Pyloric appendages
none.

392 ATHEKINIUJi.

1. ATHERINA*.

Atherin.a, Artedi, Sijnon. p. 116.
Atheriua, part., Cur. Hh/iie Anim.

Body subcylmdrical or slightly compressed ; snout more or less
obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth straight, oblique, extending to or
beyond the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth minute, those on the
palate sometimes indistinct. Scales cycloid, of moderate size. Ven-
trals situated at some distance behind the pectoral. Air-bladder
present. Pyloric appendages none. A silvery band along the side.

Seas of nearly all the temperate and tropical regions ; several
Bpecies entering fresh waters.

1. Atheriua presbyter.

The Sand Smelt. Le Pretre ou Ros^rd (France).

Dtihamel, Peches, ii. sect. 6. pi. 4. figs. 1-4, 7 ; Osheck, Nov. Act. Nat.

Cur. iv. p. 103. no. 22.
Atherine, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 287. pi. 65, & edit. 1812, iii. p. 434.

pi. 76 ; ? Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 399, and Mm. Ichthyol. p. 23. no. QQ

(mutilated ?).
Atheriua hepsetus, Donov. Brit. Fishes, iv. pi. 87 ; Flem. Brit. Anim.

p. 217; TurtoH, Brit. Faun. p. 105 (noti.); ? Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray,

p. 190.
presbyter, Ciiv. Pk/ne Anim. ; Jen. Man. p. 377 ; Yarr. Brit.

Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 214, 2nd edit. i. p. 229, 3rd edit. ii. p. 170

(fig. bad); Parn. Wern. Mem. vii. p. 230, and Fishes Frith of Forth,

p. 70 ; Cut: Sf Val. x. p. 439. pi. 305 ; Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii.

p. 184 ; Guichen. Exp. Alger. Poiss. p. 66 ; Cuv. Regne Anim. III.

Poiss. pi. 76. fig. 3.

D. 7-8 I -^. A. -i-j=. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 11. Vert. 50.

I 12 15-10

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is above the middle of the
ventral fins. The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length,
the length of the head one-fifth. The diameter of the eye is two-
sevenths of the length of the head, and equal to the extent of the
snout and the width of the interorbital s^jace. Snout moderately

* 1. Atheriua rissoi, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 435. — Nice.

2. sarda, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 435.- -Sardinia.

3. Carolina, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 445. — Carolina.

4. waigiensis. part., Quo;// ^ Gaim. Voy. Uran. Poiss. p. 335. — A. cylin-

di-ica, Cuv. &( Val. x. p. 453. — Waigiou. Amboyna.

5. temminckii, Bhek. Surnafm, iii. p. 506. — East Indian Archipelago.

6. argyrota;niata, Bleek. Juurn. hid. Archipel. iii. 1849, Celebes, p. 72.—

Bali, Celebes.

7. bimanensis, Bleek. Journ. Ind. Archipel. ii. 1848, Sumbawa, p. 637.

— Sumbawa. — I have not seen the Journal containing the descriptions
of the last two species.

8. ta^iiata, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 135 ; Cuv. <f Val. x. p. 459. —

Atlantic.

9. punctata, Bcnn. in Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 184. — Mauritius,

(D. 5/11. A. 16.)

10. presbyter, var., Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 72. — Atherina caspia,

Eickw. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1838, p. 136.— Caspian Sea.

1. ATHERINA. 393

produced, with the cleft of the mouth oblique ; the maxillary extends
to below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth distinct in the jaws
and on the vomer. The distance between the dorsal and caudal fins
is equal to, or rather more than, the length of the head. The silvery
streak occupies the fifth series of scales and the adjoining halves of
the fourth and sixth.

British Channel and coasts. Madeira. Coast of Algiers.

a-b. Adult. Falmouth. Purchased.

c. Adult, rifeshire. From the Mus. Leach.

d, e-g, h-Jc. Adult and half-grown.

I. Fine specimen. (New Zealand ? ?) Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

2. Atherina pontica.

Atherina presbyter, var., Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 72.

pontica, Eichv. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1838, p. 137, and Faim.

Casp.- Cancas. p. 206. pi. 33. figs. 3, 4 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Muss.

Merid. iii. p. 398 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, ii. p. 218.

D. 7-9 I 12-13. A. 15-16. L. lat. 46-48. L. transv. 9.

The root of the ventral fins falls vertically before the origin of the
dorsal. The height of the body is contained seven times in the total
length, the length of the head six times and a half. The depth of
the extremity of the tail is much less than the diameter of the eye,
which is considerably longer than the snout. Forehead and snout
black.

Black Sea.

3. Atherina hepsetus.

Sauclet (France) ; Chucleto (Spain) ; Lattarina (Eome) ; Anguela

(Venice) ; Coroneda (Sicily) ; Atherno (Greece).
'Adfpiva, Aristot. vi. c. 17, ix. c. 2 ; Oppian, i. v. 108 ; Athen. vii. 285.
"A(f)va, Athen. I. c.

'E^rjTos, Athen. vii. 293, 301, viii. 356.
Atherina, Rondel, i. lib. 7. c. 2. p. 216 ; Gesn. Aqtiat. iv. p. 72 ; Aldrov.

ii. c. 36. p. 217 ; Willughby, iv. c. 12. p. 210 ; Ray, Syn. p. 79. sp. 3 ;

Jonst. i. art. 18. p. 52. tab. 19. fig. 13 ; Artedi, Synon. p. 116. sp. 1.
Lavaronus, Bellon. i. p. 237.
Sauclet, Duham. Peches, ii. sect. 6. pi. 4. fig. 3.
Atherina hepsetus, L. Syst. i. p. 519 ; Hasselq. Iter Palcsst. p. 382 ;

Lacip. v. p. 66 ; Bl. tab. 393. fig. 3 (very bad) ; Bl. Schn. p. 110.

tab. 29. fig. 2 (vervbad); Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 337, and^Mr. Mirid.

iii. p. 469 ; Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 423. pi. 302. fig. 1 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital.

Pesc. ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. 3ferid. iii. p. 399; Guichen. Exp.

Alger. Poiss. p. 66 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, ii. p. 217.

hepsetus, var. 1, De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 357.

P Atherina minuta, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 340; Cuv. S( Val. x. p. 437

(young).
? Atherina marmorata, Risso, I. c. p. 339 ; Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 437 (young).

D. 8-9 I -1. A. ^. L. lat. 60. L. transv. 11. Vert. 55-56.

The anterior dorsal fin is between the base of the ventral and the
vent. The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length,
the length of the head one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye equals the

394

ATHERINin.i:.

length of the snout, is two-sevenths of the length of the head, and
rather more than the width of the interorbital space. Snout pro-
duced, with the cleft of the mouth oblique ; the maxillary extends
to below the anterior margin of the eye. No conspicuous teeth.
The silvery streak occupies the fifth series of scales (from the base
of the first dorsal) and the adjoining halves of the fourth and sixth.
Mediterranean. Black Sea. Canaries.

a-c. Adult. Dalmatia.

4. Atherina lacustris.

Lattarina.

Atherina lacustris, Bonap. Faun. Ital. Peso. ; Martens in Wiegm. Arch.
xxiii. p. 107. taf. 9. figs. 1, 2.

^- (^) ^-S I ToTi- ^' 1-2-13 (14)- L. lat. 60. L. transv. 10-11.
Vert. 43-44.

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is above the middle of the
ventral. The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length,
the length of the head one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye is two-fifths
of the length of the head, and longer than the snout, the extent of
which equals the width of the interorbital space. Snout moderately
produced, with the cleft of the mouth oblique ; the maxillary extends
to below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth distinct in the jaws,
none on the vomer. The silvery streak appears to occupy the fifth
series of scales and the adjoining halves of the fourth and sixth.

Lakes of Albano and Nemi.

Martens has given a most accurate and detailed description of this
species, and has shown some remarkable variations in the number of
its fin-rays, which, if observed in single individuals, might have led
to the distinction of several species. When, however, he states that
the number of the transverse series of scales varies between forty-
six and sixty, we suppose that the low niunbers are only to be ob-
served exeejitionally in specimens in which the scales are disarranged
in some way or other. The elongated body of this species and the
number of its longitudinal series of scales clearly indicate that the
number for the lateral line is the same as in A. hepsettis and A.
hoyeri. If, however, the low numbers should occur as frequently as
the high ones, it becomes a question whether the lakes above-named
are not inhabited by two species, one with larger, the other with
smaller scales. The former might be A. mochon.

5. Atherina boyeri.

Joel (France) ; Cabasuda (Iviea).

Hepsetus, Rondel, i. lib. vii. c. 10. p. 21.5 ; Gesner, Aquat. iv. p. 71.

Lavaronus, Gesner, I. c. p. 73 ; Aldrov. ii. cap. 37. p. 218 ; Jonst. Pise.

i. art. 19. p. 52.
Anguella, Willi/ghb. iv. c. 2. p. 200 ; Ray, Syn. p. 79.
Atherina hepsetus, var. 3, De la Roche in Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 357.

1. ATHERINA. 395

Atlieiina boyeri, Eisso, Ichfh. Nice, p. 3o3. pi. 10. tig. 38, and Eur.
Mend, iii."^ p. 470; Cm: Sf Val. x. p. 4;32. pi. 303 (half-grown);
Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. ; Guichen. Exp. Alger. Poiss. p. 66.

D. 6-8 I :^. A. ■^^. L. lat. 55-60. L. transv. 11. Vert. |.

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is above the middle of the
ventral. The height of the body Ls contained six times in the total
length, the length of the head five times and a half. The diameter
of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, and more than that
of the snout, whieh equals the width of the interorbital space. Snout
moderately produced^ with the cleft of the mouth veiy oblique ; the
maxillary extends to below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth
distinct ru the jaws and on the vomer. The sHvery streak occupies
the fifth series of scales and the adjoining halves of the fourth and
sixth.

Mediterranean and the adjoining parts of the Atlantic. (Accord-
ing to Couch, occasionally on the coast of Cornwall.)

a-/, g-i. Adult. Lisbon.

Tc, I. Adult : not good state. Madeira. Presented by the Rev. R.

T. Lowe.
m-o. Large specimens. Cadiz. From the Haslar Collection.
p. Fine specimen. Mogadore. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.
q, r. Adult : not good state.
s. Adult female : skeleton. Lisbon. Presented by the Rev. R. T.

Lowe.
t. Ovarium of specimen s. It is single, and contains eggs in different

states of development.

The abdominal and caudal portions of the vertebral column are of
nearly equal length ; the lower apophyses of the anterior caudal
vertebrae are eui-ved, bent outwards, forming a wide canal for the
hind part of the air-bladder.

6. Atherina martinica.
Cm: 6f Val. x. p. 459.

The spinous dorsal fin is opposite to the commencement of the
anal. Scales with the margin crenulated. Otherwise similar to
A. hepsetus. (FaZ.)

Martinique.

7. Atherina breviceps.

Cur. Sj- Val. x. p. 445 ; Bhek. Cajye of Good Hope, p. 20.

D. 7 I -^. A. ^. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 9.

The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head six times and a half ; the diameter of the eye
is two-sevenths of the Irngth of the head, and equal to the extent of

396 ATHERINID^.

the snout and to the width of the interorhital space. Snout mode-
rately produced, with the cleft of the mouth veiy oblique ; the max-
illary extends slightly beyond the vertical from the anterior margin
of the eye. Teeth distinct on the vomer and in the jaws. The
silvery streak occupies the fifth series of scales and the angles of the
scales of the series adjoining.
Cape of Good Hope.

a. Adult. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

8. Atherina parvipinnis.
Cuv. Sf Val. X. p. 446.

The spinous dorsal is rather small. The height of the body is
one-fifth of the total length. Snout of moderate extent, equal to the
diameter of the eye. ( Val.)

Cape of Good Hope.

9. Atherina mocho.

Moclio or Moclion (Ivica).

Atherina hepsetus, var. 3 (mochon), De la Roche, Atm. Miis. xiii.

p. 358.
mochon, Ciiv. ^ Val. x. p. 434. pi. 304 (not good) ; Bonap. Faun.

Ital. Peso. (fig. not good) ; Gridchen. Exp. Alger. Poiss. p. 66.

D. 7-8U. A.-i-- L. lat. 45. L. transv. 8. Vert.?|.

I 11 14—15 ^3

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is a little behind the middle
of the ventral. The height of the body is one- sixth of the total
length, the length of the head one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye is
one-thii-d of the length of the head, a little more than the extent of
the snout, and much more than the width of the interorhital space.
Snout moderately produced, with the cleft of the mouth oblique ;
the maxillary extends to below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth
distinct in the jaws and on the vomer. The silvery streak occupies
the adjoining halves of the fourth and fifth series of scales.

Mediterranean.

a, h. Adult. Dalmatia.

c-g. Adult. Mediterranean. Presented by Dr. Riippell.

It is nearly impossible to determine this species from the accounts
given by Valenciennes and Bonaparte, and the figures illustrating
them are very indifferent and inaccurate in several points. Valen-
ciennes states fifteen anal rays in the text, and seventeen in the
formula of the fins, which latter has been copied by Bonaparte. The
figure given by the former repiesents fifteen anal rays, but much too
smaU an eye ; that given by the latter does not afford any idea as to
the number of the anal rays. The principal character of this species
are the scales, which are considerably larger than in the other Eiu'o-
pean species.

1. ATHEKINA. 397

10. Atherina hepsetoides.

Richards, in Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 178.

D. 9 U. A. -1-. P. 15. Vert. 48.

1 n 14

The anterior dorsal fin is between the base of the ventral and the
vent. The height of the body is one- eighth of the total length, the
length of the head nearly one-sixth ; the diameter of the eye is one-
third of the latter, and a little more than the length of the snout.
Cleft of the mouth oblique ; teeth minute. {Eichards.)

Port Arthur (Van Diemen's Land).

Sir J. Eichardson-has examined the skeleton of this species, and
it appears from his description that the canal for the air-bladder ia
continued on to the twenty-third vertebra ; "at the twenty-fourth
vertebra the change fi'om lateral to inferior spinous processes is
complete."

11. Atherina presbyteroides.

Richards. Ann. 8i Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 179.

D. 9 I 10-11. A.j^. P. 11. Vert. 46.

The first dorsal fiji stands wholly anterior to the anus, commencing
just perceptibly behind the ventrals. The height of the body equals
the length of the head, and is one-fifth of the total. The diameter
of the eye is one-third of the length of the head, and more than that
of the snout. Teeth distinct. There are two series of scales above
the silvery band. (Richards.)

Port Arthur (Van Diemen's Land).

12. Atherina forskalii.

? Atherina hepsetus, Forsk. p. 69.

Atherina forskalii, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 132. taf. 33. fig. 1 ; Cant.
Catal. p. 103.

D. 5-6 I ^. A. ^^. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 7.

The origin of the spinous dorsal fin is immediately behind the
vertical from the vent, consequently the dorsal is much nearer to the
anal than to the root of the ventral ; its distance from the posterior
margin of the operculum is not much more than one length of the
head. The height of the body is contained six times in the total
length, the length of the head four times and a thii'd ; the diameter
of the eye is two-iifths of the latter, equal to the width of the inter-
orbital space, and much longer than the snout. Snout rather short,
with the jaws equal in length, and with the cleft of the mouth
obUque ; the maxillary extends beyond the vertical from the orbital
margin. Teeth distinct in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine
bones. The sUvery streak occupies the third and the adjoining half
of the fourth series of scales. Scales with the margin entire.

Red Sea. Sea of Pinang.
a-e. Adult. Red Sea. Presented by Dr. RiippeU.

1398 ATnERINIB.l!.

13. Atherina bleekeri.

Atlieiiua japonica, Bleek. Verhand. liatav. Genootsch. xxv., Japan,
p. 40. fig. 2 (not Iloutt.).

D. 5 I ^. A. ^. L. lat. 45-48. L. transv. 7.

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is behind the vertical from
the extremity of the ventrals, and rather nearer to the origin of
the anal than to the root of the ventrals. Scales obtusely denti-
culated. The height of the body is contained six times and a half
in the total length, the length of the head five times and a half ; the
diameter of the eye is contained twice and two-thirds in the length
of the head, equal to the width of the interorbttal space, and much
longer than the snout. Snout short, slightly pointed, with the upper
jaw overlapping the lower ; cleft of the mouth oblique ; the maxillary
extends beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye.
Teeth inconspicuous in the jaws, rather more distinct on the vomer.
The silvery streak occupies the third and the adjoining half of the
fom-th series of scales.

Chinese and Japanese Seas.
fl, h, c-f. Adult. China. Presented by J. E. Eeeves, Esq.

14. Atherina afra.

Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 244.

B. 6. D. 6 I ^. A. ^^. L. lat. 36. L. transv. 6.

The spinous dorsal fin is opposite to the vent, above the middle,
between the ventral and anal fins ; its distance from the posterior
margin of the operculum is one-half more than the length of the
head. The length of the head is contained four times and one-third
in the total length (without caudal) ; the diameter of the eye is equal
to the width of the interorbital space, one-thii'd of the length of the
head, and longer than the snout. Cleft of the mouth oblique. Teeth
distinct in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. Scales of
the upper parts blackish, with bluish-white dots. {Pet.)

Coast of Mozambique.

15. Atherina valenciennesii.

Bleeker, Sumatra, iii. p. 507.

D. 5-6 I i-. A. ^. L. lat. 40.

The anterior dorsal is nearer to the anal than to the ventral fiuas.
The height of the body is contained seven times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half. The diameter of the
eye is nearly twice as long as the snout, about equal to the mdth of
the interorbital space, and contained twice and a half or twice and
two-thirds in the length of the head. The maxillary extends to
below the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in the jaws, more
distinct on the vomer and the palatine bones. Scales obtusely den-
ticulated. Caudal brown-edged. {Bl.)

Seas of Padang, Batavia, and Singapore.

1. ATHEKINA. 399

16. Atherina pinguis.

Atheriua pinguis, Lacep. v. p. 372. pi. 11. fig. 1 ; Bleek. Act. Soc. Se,
Indo-Nederl. viii., Sumatra, viii. p. 24.

affinis, Betm. Proc. C'onmi. Zool. Soc. i. 1831, p. 166.

pectoralis, Cuo. i^- Val. x. p. 447.

D. 6 I ^. A. j^^. L. lat. 42-45. L. transv. 7. Vert. 20/23.

The origin of the spinous dorsal fin is at some distance behind the
vertical from the vent, consequently the dorsal is much nearer to
the anal than to the root of the ventral ; its distance from the pos-
terior margin of the operculum is equal to one length of the head
and one-third. The height of the body is contained five times and
two -thirds in the total length, the length of the head fom- times and
two-thirds. The diameter of the eye is two-fifths of the length of
the head, equal to the width of the interorbital space, and much
longer than the snout. Snout obtuse, short, with the cleft of the
mouth very oblique, and the upper jaw overlapping the lower ; the
maxiUaiy extends beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of
the eye. Teeth distinct in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine
bones. The sUvery streak occupies the third series of scales and the
adjoining quarter of the fourth. The membrane in which the dorsal
scales are rooted is minutely dotted with white ; a blackish blotch
on the posterior extremity of the pectoral ; iris with a blackish spot
superiorly.

Eastern coasts of Africa. Bombay. Coasts of Australia and of
the islands north of it.

a. Fine specimen, Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

6. Fine specimen. Aneiteum. From Mr. MacgUlivray's Collection.

e-d, e. Adult. Sydney.

f-g, h. Adult. South Australia. From Mr. Dring's Collection.

i-k, l-o, ]i. Adult and half-grown. Australia.

q, r. Adult. Australia.

s. Adult : skeleton. Sydney. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.

Forster has described a species of Atherina from New Caledonia
under the name of A. lacunosa, which is probably identical with the
above species (Descript. Anim. ed. Licht. p. 298 ; Bl. Schu. p. 112).
The sketch preserved in the British Museum is a rough jjencil-
drawing, and does not indicate any specific character : some streaks
on the pectoral fin, which are blacker than the rest of the drawing,
seem to be intended for a peculiar marking of that fin. When, there-
fore, Valenciennes (x. p. 454) applies Forster's denomination to speci-
mens without a distinct blackish spot on the pectoral fin, it is quite
arbitrary. They are, at all events, veiy closely allied to A. pinguis,
and may prove to be a mere variety of it, in which case Forster's
name wUl have the priority.

The abdominal and caudal portions of the vertebral column are
nearly of equal length ; the apophyses of the anterior caudal vertebrae
do not form a canal for the air-bladder, as in A. hoyeri and other
species.

400 ATIIEUINID.?!;.

17. Atherina lacunosa.

Atlierina waigiensis (part. ), Qiioy^ S)' Gaiiii. Vuy. Uraii. ZooLp. 334.

lacunosa, £leek. Sumatra, iii. p. 504 (probably not Porst. or

Valenc).

D. 6 U- A. -V.- L. lat. 44.

I 9 13-15

The spinous dorsal fin is nearer to the anal fin than to the ventrals.
The height of the body is two-thirteenths of the total length, the
length of the head two-ninths. Snout much shorter than the eye,
the maxiUary extending to below the pupil ; teeth in the jaws less
distinct than on the vomer and the palatine bones. Margin of the
scales denticulated. No black spot on the pectoral fin. (Bleek.)

East Indian Archipelago. Waigiou.

18. Atherina duodecimalis.

? Atherina duodecimalis, Cur. S)- Val. x. p. 458.
Atherina duodecimalis, Bleek. Riouw, p. 485.

D. 5 1|. A. ^. L. lat. 35.

The spinous dorsal fin occupies the middle between the ventral and
anal. The height of the body is contained five times and a half in
the total length, the length of the head four times and a quarter.
The width of the head is four-sevenths of its length. The diameter
of the eye is nearly one-half of the length of the head, twice the
extent of the snout, and more than the width of the interorbital
space. Cleft of the mouth very oblique ; the maxillary extends below
the anterior half of the eye. The length of the pectoral fin is con-
tained five times and a half in the total. No black dots along the
side of the body. {Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago. (Ceylon ?)

19. Atherina stipes.

Miill. ^ Trosch. in Schomh. Hist. Barbad. p. 671.

D. 5 I ^. A. f^- L. lat. 37. L. transv. 6.

Similar to A. hoyeri in form ; the diameter of the eye is nearly
equal to the width of the interorbital space, and twice or more than
twice the extent of the snout ; the maxUlary extends beyond the
vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. The distance of the
end of the snout from the root of the ventral is two-thirds of that
from the dorsal. There is a sharp undulated edge forming the upper
margin of the orbit. Teeth numerous and distinct in both jaws and
on the palate. Two series of small black dots along the side of the
tail.

Sea of Barbadoes.

The typical specimens are in the Berlin Museum.
a. Not good state. From Mr. Parnell's Collection.

1. ATHERTNA. 401

20. Atherina endrachtensis.

Quoij Sf Gaiin. Voy. Uran. Zool. p. 3o-i ; Cuv. ^- Veil. x. p. 45G.
D. 5 ||. A. 3^. L. transv. 7. Vert. 36.

The height of the body is about one-sixth of the total length ; the
width of the head between the eyes is two-thirds of its length ;
snout half as long as the eye ; pectoral long, its length being some-
what less than one-fourth of the total. A series of bhxck dots along
the middle of the silvery band ; two other series along the side of
the back and a single one on the belly. ( Val.)

South-west coast of New Holland. New Guinea.

21. Atherina brachyptera.

Blceker, Banda, i. p. 243.

D. 5 1|. A. -i-. L. kt. 38.

I 0 9

The spinous dorsal fin is above the middle between the anal and
the ventrals. The height of the body is one-eighth, the length of the
head one-fifth of the total length ; the diameter of the eye is con-
tained twice and one-third in the length of the head. Cleft of the
mouth oblique ; the maxillary extends to below the anterior margin
of the eye. {Bl.)

Sea of Banda Neira.

22. Atherina microstoma.

D. 6|^. A.^. P. 12. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 8.

The whole of the spinous dorsal is above the ventral fin. The
height of the body is contained six times and a half in the total
length, the length of the head five times ; the diameter of the eye is
one-third of the length of the head, equal to the width of the inter-
orbital space, and more than the extent of the snout, which is short
and slightly pointed, The cleft of the mouth is very oblique, with
the jaws equal anteriorly ; the mouth is rather small, the maxillary
not extending to the anterior margin of the eye. Teeth conspicuous
in the jaws and on the vomer. The silvery band occupies the ad-
joining halves of the fourth and fifth series of scales ; there are two
or three rows of dots running from its origin to the base of the caudal.

"Van Diemen's Land.

a-e. Adult. Three inches and a half long. Presented by Dr. Eobertson.

This species agrees with the true Atherince in the structure of the
mouth, but is distinguished by the shortness of the maxillary.

23. Atherina pauciradiata.

D. 5-6 1 ^. A. i. L. lat. 25. L. transv. 6.
The spinous dorsal fin is above the posterior half of the ventral

VOL. III. 2 D

402 ATnEBINID.'E.

fin. Tho height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fonrth ; the diameter of the eye is contained
three times and two-thirds in the latter, equal to the extent of the
snout, but much less than the width of the interorbital space.
Mouth very protractile, oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly ; the
maxillary extends to below the anterior margin of the eye. Minute
teeth in the jaws. The silvery band is narrow, occupying the central
half of the third series of scales.
North-west coast of Australia,

o, b. Thirty hues long. From the Haslar Collection,

2. ATHERINICHTHYS*.

Atherina, sp., Cuv. Ii^(/)w Anim.

Atherinoides et Atherinichthys, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch.

XXV. 1853, Japan, p. 40.
Basilichtbys, Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. So. Philad. 1854, p. 198.
Atherinopsis, Girard, I. c. p. 134.

Body subcyhndrical or slightly compressed ; snout more or less
produced, with the cleft of the mouth not extending to the orbit
(except in B. nigrans), the lateral margins of the upper jaw being
curved. Teeth very small, palate toothless (cfr. A. vomerina, Val.).
Scales cycloid, of moderate or small size. Yentrals situated at some
distance behind the pectoral. Air-bladder present ; pyloric append-
ages none. A silvery (black) band along the side.

Coasts and fresh waters of America and Tasmania. Rivers of
Austraha.

1. Atherinichthys jacksoniana.

Atherina jacksoniana, Quoij Sf Gaim. Voy. Uraii. Zool. p. 333 ; Cuv. Sf
Val. x. p. 461.

The spinous dorsal is above the interspace between the ventrals
and the anal. The height of the body is one-ninth of the total
length.

Port Jackson. Van Diemen's Land.

2. Atherinichthys laticlavia.
Pesce Rey.
Atherina regia, Humboldt, Observ. Zool. ii. p. 187 ; Cuv. 8r Val. x.

p. 474.
■ laticlavia, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 473 ; Gai/, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 252.

lam. 4. fig. 1.

^- "^ I 15^7,- A. ^g. L. lat. 80-86. L. transv. 16.

Ten longitudinal series of scales on the tail behind the anal fin.
The anterior dorsal fin is somewhat nearer to the vertical from the
vent than to that from the root of the ventral. The height of the

* 1. Atherina lessonii, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 471. — St. Catherine.

2. ATHERlNlCnxnYS. 403

bodj- is contained six times to seven times and three-fourths in the
total length, the length of the head six times. The diameter of the
eje is one-fifth or one-sixth of the length of the head, less than the
width of the interorbital space, and not quite one-half of the extent
of the snout ; in very large specimens the eye is still smaller. The
silvery streak occupies the sixth, seventh, eighth, and the adjoining
half of the ninth scries of scales.
Coast of Chile. Falkland Islands.

a-h. Fine specimens. Salt water, Valparaiso. From Mr. Bridges'

Collection.
e, d. One foot long. Falkland Islands.
e. Sixteen inches long ; has been in chloride of zinc. Port Louis.

From the Haslar Collection.
/, g, h. Many specimens in a bud state. From the Haslar Collection.
i. Eighteen inches long : skin. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

3. Atherinichthys microlepidota.

Atherina microlepidota, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 78. pi. 16. fig. 1 ;

Gm/, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 253.
Basiliclithys microlepidotus, Girard, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad.

1854, p. 198, and U. S. Naval Astron. Exped. South Hemisph. ii.

p. 238. pi. 30. figs. 6-9.

D. 6 1 11. A. 17. L. transv. 18-20.

Fifteen longitudinal series of scales on the tail, behind the anal.
The spinous dorsal commences above, or immediately beliind, the
extremity of the ventral fin, and is nearer to the vertical from the
anal than to that from the base of the ventral. The height of the
body is one-fifth or one-sixth of the total length (in adult sj)ecim ens),
the length of the head two-elevenths.

Coast of Chile. Mapocho (tributary of the Eio de Maypu).

4. Atherinichthys nigricans.

Atherina nigricans, Richards. Voy. Ereb. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 77. pi. 42.
figs. 13-18.

D. 7 I ^. A. i. L. lat. 90-95. L. transv. 17.

1 12 10

The spinous dorsal fin commences somewhat behind the vertical
from the base of the ventral. The height of the body is contained
eight times and a half in the total length, the length of the head six
times. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the length of the
head, and nearly one-half of the width of the interorbital space,
which is less than the extent of the snout. The silvery streak occu-
pies three series of scales.

Falkland Islands.

a. Type of the species : five inches long.

It is very doubtful whether the black ground-colour is natural, or
has been produced by the fluid in which the fish was preserved.

2d2

404 ATnEKIXTB.!;.

5. Atherinichthys alburnus.

^- ~ 1 1^- ^- li- L- 1^^- 10^- I^- transv. 20.

Similar to B. latielavia. The base of the ventral fins falls verti-
cally below the origin of the anterior dorsal fin. The height of
the body is contained eight times and a half in the total length, the
length of the head six times. The diameter of the eye is one-sixth
or one-fifth of the length of the head, less than the width of the
interorbital space, and not quite one-half of the extent of the snont.
The silveiy streak occupies four series of scales.

Seven inches long.

Magellan's Strait.
a-d. Adult and half-grown : bad state. Magellan's Strait. Presented
by the Lords of the Admiralty.

6. Atherinichthys humboldti.

Atherina humboldtiana, Ctw. Sf Val. x. p. 479. pi. 306.
vomeriiia, Cuv. ^- Val. x. p. 481.

D-5|,^, A..^„. L.lat.50.

The anterior dorsal fin is opposite to the end of the ventrals. The
height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length of the
head one- fourth ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the latter,
and one-half of the extent of the snout, which nearly equals the width
of the interorbital space. {Val.)

Mexico.

The typical specimen is in the Berlin Museum.

7. Atherinichthys bonariensis.
Atherina bonariensis, Cur. Sf Val. x. p. 400.

D. 5 I -^. A. ~. L. transv. 12. Vert. 50.

I 9-11 10-18

The anterior dorsal is opposite to the vent, somewhat in front of
the commencement of the anal ; the posterior is above the hinder
half of the latter. The height of the body is contained six and a
half times in the total length, the length of the head four and a half
times ; the diameter of the eye is one-sixth of the latter. ( Val.)

Buenos Ayres.

Atherina Ikhtenste'mu, Cuv. & Yal. x. p. 476, is probably merely
a very large specimen of this species. The typical specimen is from
Montevideo, nineteen inches long, and preserved in the Berlin Mu-
seum.

8. Atherinichthys brasiliensis.

Atherina brasiliensis, Quay ^ Gaim. Voy, Uran. Poiss. p. 332 ; Cuv,

Sf Val x. T). 467.
macroplithalma, Agass. in Spix, Pise. Brasil. p. 136. pi. 47. fig. 1.

D. 4-5 I g^g. A. ^^. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 8.

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is opposite to that of the anal.
The height of the body is contained five times and a third in the

2. ATnERINICHTHVS. 405

total length, aud nearly equal to the length of the head. The dia-
meter of the e}'e is one-fourth of the latter, two-thirds of the length
~ of the snout, and ratlier more than one-half of the width of the in-
terorbital space ; in young individiials it is much larger, equal to the
■width of the space between the orbits. The silvery streak occupies
the adjoining halves of tlie third and fourth series of scales. The
lower caudal lobe is longer than the upper.
Coasts of Brazil and Mexico.

a. Fine specimen. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Fry, Esq.

b. Fine specimen. Mexico. From M. SaUe's Collection.
e. Half-grown.

9. Atherinichthys incisa.

Atherina incisa, Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 79. pi. 16. fig. 2.
1^-5-6 1 8-^. A.j^3. L.transv. 12.

The spinous dorsal fin is opposite to the space between the extre-
mity of the ventral and the oiigin of the anal. Each scale with one
or two dee}) incisions posteriorly. The height of the body is one-ninth
of the total length, the length of the head one-sixth. (Jen.)

39° S. lat., 61° W. long.

10. Atherinichthys argentinensis.

Atherina argentinensis, Cuv. ^ Val. x. p. 350; Jenyns, Zool. Beugle,
Fkhes, p. 77.

D. 5 j g^. A. ^. L. transv. 10.

The anterior dorsal fin is opposite to the vent. Depth of the body
exactly one-ninth of the total length, measuring this last to tlie end
of the middle caudal rays ; the length of the head is five and a half
times in the same, measuring this last to the end of the caudal lobes.
Scales truncated behind, ■n'ith a single small notch on the middle of
the margin. Pectorals exactly the length of the head. Breadth of
the silverj' band one-fifth of the greatest depth of the body. {Jen.)

Montevideo. Maldonado.

11. Atherinichthys gracilis.

D. 4 ||. A. ~. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 9.

The origin of the anterior dorsal fin is opposite to the vent, exactly
in the middle of the distance between the end of the snout and the
base of the caudal. The distance between the origins of the two
dorsal fins is somewhat more than one-half of that between the origin
of the posterior and the caudal. The height of the body is contained
nine times in the total length, the length of the head five times and
a half. The silvery band is narrow, and occupies a portion of the
fourth series of scales. Scales with the margin entire. Caudal lobes
equal in length; caudal somewhat longer than the pectoral, and rather
shorter than the head.

Hah. ?

Thirty-one lines long. Probably young.

406 ATHERINrD^T:.

12. Atherinichtliys menidia.

Silver-fish.

Atberiiia menidia, L. Si/st. i. p. 519; Cm: i!j- Val. x. p. 402; Dekaij,

New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 142. pi. 74. fig. 230.
viridescens, 3Iitch. Lit. S,- Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 447.

D. 5 ||. A. ^. Vert. 44.

The spinous dorsal is above the commencement, the soft above the
middle of the anal fin. The height of the body is contained seven
times in the total length, the length of the head five times and a half;
the length of the pectoral equals the height of the body.

Atlantic coasts of the United States.

13. Atherinichthys notata.

Small Silver-side.

Atherina menidia, Lacfp. v. p. 37G; fnot Z.).

notata, 3Iitch. Lit. ^-Fliil. Trans. New York, i. p. 440. pi. 4. fig. 6 ;

Dekay, New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 141. pi. 28. fig. 88.
boscii, Cnv. df Val. x. p. 465 ; Storer, Massaeh. RepoH, p. 62.

D. 5 I i.. A. ^. L. lat. 48. L. transv. 9.

The spinous dorsal fin is above the commencement, the soft a little
behind the middle of the anal fin. The height of the body is one-
sixth of the total length, the length of the head one-fifth ; the length
of the pectoral fin equals the height of the body. The silvery streak
occupies the fourth and the adjoining part of the fifth series of scales.

Atlantic coasts of the United States.

Perhaps identical with A. menidia,

a. Adult.

14. Atherinichthys californiensis.
The Smelt.

Atherinopsis californiensis, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philud. vii.
1854, pp. 134, 141, 151, and in Journ. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vi. 1857,
pi. 24. figs. 1-4, and in U. S. Pacif. R. R. Exped. Fishes, p. 103.
pi. 22 c.
Atherina storeri, (Ayres) Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1850,
p. 136.

B. 6. D. 7 I 13. A. ^. L, transv. 13.

The origin of the spinous doreal is opposite to the end of the ven-
trals. The height of the body is one-seventh of the total length,
the length of the head one-sixth. The diameter of the eye is con-
tained four and a half times in the length of the head. (Qir.)

Coast of California.

15. Atherinichthys nigrans.

Atherina nigrans, Richards. Ann. i^'- Maff. Nat. Hist. 1843, xi. p. 180.
D. 5|i. A.^. L. lat. 35. L. transv. 10.
The height of the body is one-foiu-th of the total length, the length

3. TETEAGONUKUS. 407

of the head one-fifth ; the diameter of the eye equals the extent of
the snout (in mature specimens), and is nearly one-fourth of the
length of the head. The iirst dorsal spine pungent, the others fili-
form ; tlie last dorsal rays produced, reaching to the base of the
caudal. The ventrals end in a tliread-like tip which overlaps the
commencement of the anal. The first dorsal and the anal conmienee
in nearh' the same vertical. An even black stripe replaces the usual
silveij- band, and is continued forwards over the gill-cover, upper
lialf of the eye, and sides of the snout ; it occupies the fifth series of
scales and the adjoining parts of the fourth and sixth.
Freshwater streams of Port Essington,

a. Three inches long : skin. King's lliver, near Victoria. — Type of

the species.

b. Adult : skin. Port Essington. From Mr. Gould's Collection.
c-e. Twenty-one lines long : skins. Severn River (New South

Wales). — I am not quite sm-e whether these specimens really
belong to A. nigrans. The form is nearly the same, but they
have a very indistinct blackish band on the tail.
/. Adult: skin. Australia.

Second Group. TETRAGONURINA.

Teeth not very small, compressed ; scales keeled and striated. Tlie
first dorsal continued on to the second. Air-bladder none. Pyloric
appendages numerous.

3. TETSAGONURUS.

Tetragonurus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 347.

Body subcj'lindrical, somewhat elongate ; snout of moderate length,
obtuse ; lower jaw elevated, with a convex dental margin. Teeth in
single series, ■ compressed, triangular, rather small ; teeth on the
palate. Scales rather small, with deep strife, those of every single
transverse series coherent. Ventrals abdominal, but inserted below
the middle of the pectoral. Air-bladder none. Pyloric appendages
numerous.

Mediterranean, and the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic.

This genus has been annexed to very different families : first to the
MugUklce by Cuvier, then to the Scombridce by Lowe, and finally to
the Notacantli'ini by Miiller. The attempt of the latter is certainly
the most unfortunate, and I doubt whether Miiller has known the
fish, except from Valenciennes' description. Even when the artificial
group called by Midler Notacanthini is divided into natural families,
Tetragonurus has no aflinity whatever either to Notacantlms or to
Masfacembelus. "WTien Mr. Lowe places this fish among the Scom-
beroids of Cu\'ier, he implies, in the words by which he modifies his
view, tliat he means that portion of them which I have called Tri-
chiuricke. But in Tetragonurus the ventral fins are truly abdominal,

-i08 ATUERJJi'lD.i:. .

not fixed to tlic humeral arch, which is never tlic case in the Trichi-
uridm yvith developed ventral fins ; the Trichiuridce, moreover, have no
true scales. I think, therefore, that Cuvier was riglit in placing this
fish near those Aeanthopterygians which have abdominal ventral fins ;
hut it is much more closely allied to Atherina than to Mugll, not
having either the mouth, or the phar^Tigcal ai)paratus, or the peculiar
structure of the stomach, or the osteological peculiarities of the latter.
On the other hand, Tetragomtrus agi'ces with Atlier'ma in the struc-
ture of the gills and of the fins, in the large number of vertebra?,
and in the natiu'o of its food, whilst the differences between the two
genera are such as to admit of their sepai-ation into two groups of the
same family.

1. Tetragonurus cuvieri.

Courpata (Nice).

Mugll niger, Rondel, xv. cap. 6. p. 423; Gesner, Aquat. lib. iv. p. 653;

WiUughhy, p. 276. tab. R. 4. fig. 4.
Coi'vus niloticus, Ahlrov. De Pise. lib. v. c. 25. p. 610.
Tetragonurus cuvieri, Risso, Ichfhi/ol. Nice, p. 347. pi. 10. fig. 37 (bad),

and -Em;-. 3Ierid. iii. p. 382; Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 172. pi. 318; Cuv.

RhpieAnhn. Rl. Pwss.pl. 70. fig. 2; GuicJicn. Explaj-. Alger. Poiss.

p. 68; 3Iettenhei7ner in Abhandl. Senck. Geselhch. p. 215. tab. 17-19.

B. 5. D. 15-21 1 ,-^. A. 10-12. L. lat. 118-120.
L. transv. 30. Vert. 36/22.
a. Fine specimen. Sicily.
h. Adult : stuffed. Mediterranean. Presented by W. Yarrell, Esq.

Mr. Lowe, who obtained the species in the sea of Madeira, points
out several dilFerences between his specimen and the description of
Valenciennes, which appear to him of suificient importance to di-
stinguish a second species, Tetragoiiurus ailantims (Proe. Zool. Soc.
1839, p. 79, and Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 5, Fish. Mad. p. 130). Although
I do not share this opinion, it will always be valuable, in so scarce a
fish as T. cuvieri, to note peciiharities of the single individuals which
are preserved in our collections.

The specimen which is preserved in spirits in the British Museum
is 12^ inches long. The height of the body, behind the pectorals,
is contained seven times and a half in the total length ; the tail,
between the vertical fins, is rather deeper than thick ; the two keels
on each side of the caudal strongly prominent. The length of the
head is six times and a quarter in the total (the caudal fin included).
The eye is at least as high as broad, one-sixth of the length of the
head, and two-thirds of the -width of the interorbital space. The
teeth in both jaws are curved backwards, triangular and compressed,
those of the upper jaw less than of the lower ; there are twenty-
eight on each intermaxillary and thirty-three on each mandibulary.

The spinous dorsal fin in both specimens is continued on to the
soft portion, and composed of twenty-one spines in the stuffed one
(as in Cuvier's figure), and of eighteen in the other. Pisso and
Valenciennes found fifteen. Each of these spines is slender, as long
as the eye, with a membrane posteriorly, which does not extend to

MUGILID^. 409

the next fullowing spine. The spines can be received in a narrow
groove. The caudal is deeply forked ; the length of one of its longest
rays is one-ninth of the total. Each scale is deeply striated, with
five or six keels, each keel terminating in a minute point. The
scales of evei^' transverse series are entirely coherent, whilst the
whole series can easily be separated from the adjoining. Colour
uniform brown.

Fam. 38. MUGILIDiE.

Mugiloidei, Sleek. Eiinm. Spec. p. xxiv.

Body more or less oblong and compressed, covered with cycloid
scales of moderate size ; lateral line none. C^eft of the mouth nar-
row or of moderate width, ivithout or tvith feeble teeth. Eye lateral,
well developed. Gill-opening wide ; fom* gills ; i^seudobranchiaB ;
five or six brancliiostegals. Two short dorsal fins, the anterior with
four stiff spines ; anal a little longer than the dorsal opposite.
Ventral fins with one spine and five rays, abdominal, suspended from
the elongate coracoid bone. Number of vertebral tivcnty-four.

Fresh waters and coasts of all the temperate and tropical regions.
Feeding on soft organic substances or very small animals.

Synopsis of the Genera
No true teeth in the jaws 1. Mugil, p. 409.

Small teeth, at least in the upper jaw ; lower lip with

the margin roiuided 2. Agonostoma, p. 461.

A single series of small teeth in the upper jaw ; the

lower jaw with a sharp front margin 3. Mtxus, p. 466.

1. MUGIL*.

Mugil, Artedi, Genera, p. 32.

Mouth more or less transverse, with the lateral cleft short ; no
true teeth in the jaws ; anterior margin of the mandible shai-p,
sometimes ciHated. A division of the stomach extremely niuscidar.

Migratoiy fishes of all the temjjerate and tropical regions, passing
a part of the year in the sea ; feeding on organic substances which
are mixed with the mud or sand.

It is very ditficult to distinguish the single species of this genus
from one another ; fortunately the single characters appear to vary

* 1. Mugil plumieri, m t. 396 ; Ci<«. <^ FaZ. xi. p. 90 ; 1 Gay, Hist. Chile, Zool.
n. p. 261. — Sphyrtena pluniieri, Bl. Schn. p. 110. — Atlantic coasts of
Tropical America. — This species appears to be closely allied to M.
cephalus. Yalencienues omits to give the number of the anal rays. 2.

410 MUGILin.E.

verj' little in the individuals of one and the same species ; the most
important are the number of the soft rays of the anal fin and of the
scales, the more or less developed eyelids, the position and length
of the fins, the form of the lips, of the cleft of the mouth, and of the
maxillary bone, and finally the form of the body.

When we find one or more of these characters omitted in the de-
scription of a species, it is nearly impossible to recognize it again and
to distinguish it from the other allied forms ; hence the great num-
ber of doubtful species in tlie foot-note. In speaking of a lateral lino
in my descriptions of those fishes, I apply this term only for conveni-
ence' sake, meaning that series of scales which runs from the upper
angle of the operculum, above the pointed axillary scale, to the root
of the caudal fin. I have found that the form of the cleft of the
mouth oifers an excellent specific character, measuring its breadth be-
tween the two angles of the mouth, and calling its depth the vertical
drawn from the extremity of the symphysis of the mandibles on the
transverse line joining the two angles of the mouth.

The anatomy of Mugil shows several remarkable peculiarities.
The following details are taken from M. septentr'wnalis.

Phari/nijcal apparatus. — The fishes of this genus feed on organic
substances which are mixed up mth the sand or mud ; a consider-
able indigestible portion of the latter is swallowed ; and in order to
prevent larger bodies from passing, into the stomach, or substances

2. Mugil albula, L. Sysf. i. p. 520, from Cafesb. South Carol, ii. pi. 5 ; Mitch.

Lit. cj- Phil. Trans. New York, i. p. 447 ; Cuv. # Val. xi. p. 94 ; Delcay,
New York Fauna, Fishes, p. 146. — Atlantic coasts of the United States. —
This species, if really different, has never been completely described.

3. breviceps, Cuv. §■ Val. xi. p. 106. — Gorea.

4. borboniciis, Cuv. <f Val. xi. p. 11.3. — Bourbon.

5. cyluidricus, Cuv. cf Val. xi. p. 132; Bleek. Sumatra, ii. p. 266. — Sea

of Batavia and Sumatra.

6. cascasia, Buck. Ham. Fish. Gang. pp. 217, 380 ; Cuv. cf- Val. xi. p. 145.

Rivers of North Bengal.

7. carinatus, {Ehrenb.) Cuv. df Val. xi. p. 148. — Red Sea. Indian

Ocean.

8. scheli, Forsk. p. 73 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 152.— Red Sea.

9. tade, Forsk. p. 74 ; Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 153. — Red Sea.

10. buchanani, Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Gcnootsch. xxv., Beng. en Hiiidost.

p. 99. — Rivers near Calcutta.

1 1 . — — valenciennesii, Bleek. Natuurk. Tychchr. Nedcrl. Ind. 1858, xvi. p. 277.

East Indian Arcliipelago.

12. Bontah, Buss. ii. p. 64. pi. 180.

13. Peddaraki, Buss. ii. pi. 182. — Mugil pedaralii, Cuv. cj- Val. xi. p. 137. —

Coast of Coromandel.

14. Mugil acutus, Cicv. &( Val. xi. p. 140. — Australia.

15. melancranus, Richards. Ichth. Chi^ia, p. 248. — Hab. ?

16. ventricosus, Richards. Ichth. China, p. 249. — China.

17. chaptalii, Eyd. Of Soul. Voy. Bonite, Zool. i. p. 171. pi. 4. fig. 1 (bad).

Sandwich Islands.

18. lauvergnii, Eyd. S( Soul. I. c. p. 174. pi. 4. fig. 3 (bad).— China.

19. grandisquamis, Cuv. cf- V(d. xi. p. lOS.^Gambia.

20. parmatus, Cant. Catal. p. 94. — Pinang.

21. berlandieri, Girard in U. S. V Mex. Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 20.

pi. 10. figs. 1-4 (bad).

1. MUGIL. 411

from passing throiigli the gill-openings, these fishes have the organs
of the pharynx modified into a filtering apparatus. These fishes take
in a quantity of sand or mud, and after having worked it for some
time between the pharyngeal bones, they eject the roughest and
indigestible portion of it. The upper pharyngeals have a rather
iiTegular form ; they are slightly arched, the convexity being di-
rected towards the pharpigeal cavity, tapering anteriorly and broad
posteriorly. They are coated with a thick soft membrane, which
reaches far beyond the margin of the bone, at least on its interior
posterior portion ; this membrane is studded all over with minute
horny cilia. The phaiyngeal bone rests upon a large fatty mass,
giving it a considerable degree of elasticity. There is a very large
venous sinus between the anterior portion of the pharyngeal and the
basal portion of the branchial arches. Another mass of fat, of ellip-
tical form, occupies the middle of the roof of the pharjmx, between
the two pharyngeal bones.

Each branchial arch is provided on each side, in its whole length,
with a scries of closely-set lamella (ral-ers), which are laterally bent
do'wnwards, each series closely fitting to the series of the adjoining
arch ; they constitute together a sieve admii'ably adapted to permit
a transit for the water, retaining at the same time every other sub-
stance in the ca-saty of the pharynx.

The lower j^haryngeal bones are elongate, crescent- shaped, and
broader posteriorly than anteriorly. Their inner surface is concave,
corresjionding to the convexity of the upper phaiyngeals, and pro-
vided with a single series of lamellae, similar to those of the branchial
arches, but reaching across the bone from one margin to the other.

Internal parts. — The lower portion of the cesophagiis is provided
with numerous long thread-like papiUse, and continued into the
oblong-ovoid membranaceous cajcal portion of the stomach, the
mucosa of which forms several longitudinal folds. The second
portion of the stomach reminds one of the stomach of birds ; it
commimicates laterally with the other portion, is globular, and
sun'ounded by an exceedingly strong muscle. This muscle is not
divided into two, as in biixls, but of equal thickness in the whole
circumference of the stomach, all the muscular fasciculi being cir-
cularly aiTanged. The internal cavity of this stomach is rather
small, and coated with a tough epithelium, longitudinal folds nmning
from the entrance-opening to the pyloric, which is situated opposite
to the other. Wliere the epitheliimi ceases, there commences the
mucous membrane of the intestine with a low circular valve, thus
forming a sort of pyloras. There are five rather short pyloric ap-
pendages. The intestines make a great number of circumvolutions ;
they are seven feet long in a specimen thirteen inches in length.
The peritoneal folds are filled with innumerable small lobes of fat,
enveloping and covering the intestinal tract. The peritoneum is
black. The liver is of moderate size, its greater portion being situ-
ated on the left side ; gall-bladder large, free, and not imbedded in
the substance of the liver. The ovaries are large and long, con-
taining an exceedingly large number of apparently nearly mature

412 MUOILIDiE.

eggs (month of February), arranged in a great many laminae. They
have a separate opening immediately behind the vent.

The air-bladder is large, simple, A\ith its membranes thin ; por-
tions of the abdominal muscles project into the lateral anterior part
of its cavity.

Skeleton. — The form of the skull is obtusely conical ; the bones
are wcU ossified, with the sutm-es between them conspicuous. The
upper surface of the head is broad and convex, with scarcely any
channels for the muciferous system. The hind part of the occipital
region is produced backwards, and deeply depressed below the level
of the crown ; it is provided with a high crest, the upper margin of
which is not elevated above the level of the frontal bones : there are
two pairs of lateral ridges ; the outer is very irregular, curved in a
^-like hne, its anterior convexitj' being above the orbit ; the inter-
mediate crest is transformed into a horizontal flexible and shghtly
dilated process of the paroccipital, extending backwards or between
the two branches of the suprascapula and to each side of the verte-
bral column. The lateral portions of the crown are impressed, each
impression being divided into an anterior and posterior portion by the
outer crest. There are two deep lateral incisions on each side behind
the upper angle of the oibit, separated from each other by a long pro-
cess of the postfrontal pointing outwards ; the posterior is formed by
a prominent portion of the epitjTiipanic and by the postfrontal, and
fiUcd up by muscles, whilst the anterior receives the hindmost infra-
orbital bone. Ethmoid broad, cartilaginous. Prsefrontal rather small,
smaller than the turbinal ; turbinal bones broad, widely separate
from each other ; pra^orbital subquackangular, the other infraorbitals
feeble and very narrow. The maxillary is subcyhndi-ical, not dilated
at its extremity, sUghtly cvj-hke curved : the intermaxillary has a
broad short triangular posterior process, and is somewhat dilated at
its extremity ; its anterior margin is provided with a series of seti-
form bony fringes. The articulary of the mandible is vertically
elevated, whilst the dentaiy is flattened into a horizontal broad lamella
with a sharp anterior margin ; the bony fibres of which it is com-
posed are more coherent than in the upper jaw. Vomer anchor-
shaped ; palatine feeble and verj- narrow. The form of the opercles
may be seen externally, and we only mention that the praeoi)erculum
is provided mth a rudimentary muciferous channel.

The suprascapula is composed of two processes, one being nearly
thrice as long as the other ; the scapula is very short ; cavity for the
pectoral muscles deep, not very broad ; ulna vnih a rather small
ovate foramen ; a vride sht between radius and humerus ; carpal bones
exceedingly short ; coracoid well developed.

Pubic bones elongate, flat ; they are not in immediate connexion
with the hiuneral arch, but suspended from the coracoids by a liga-
ment which is fixed near the root of the fins.

There are eleven abdominal and thirteen caudal verfebrce, the length
of the former portion of the vertebral column being to that of the
latter as 1 : 1-05. The vertebras are slightly compressed, of mode-

1

1. MUGIL. 413

rate length ; the abdominal vertebra; have strong and broad parapo-
physes, from whicli the slender ribs are suspended. The neural spines
of the first seven vertebra) are short, and dilated into more or less
confluent lamelte ; the first interneural is spatulate, with a ridge on
each side, and attached to the seventh vertebra. The other neural
and haemal spines are slender and rather short ; two or three inter-
neurals of the second dorsal and two or three interhasmals correspond
to one neui-al or hajmal ; the first two interneurals of the second
dorsal fin are behind the apophysis of the thirteenth vertebra.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 4

of the sixth and twelfth vertebrte .... 5

of the twenty-third vertebra 31

of the abdominal portion 56

of the caudal portion 59

Si/no2:>s!s of the Species.

I. Orbit with the adipose eyelid well developed, covering at least a third
of the iris posteriorly. Upper lip not very thick.

A. Anal fin with eight soft rays.

a. L. lat. 40-45.

a. The niaxillaiy is entirely hidden, or only a narrow lateral stripe
of it is visible.

* Mandibidary angle obtuse ; pectoral above the middle of the

body 1. M. ceplialus.

* Mandibulary angle obtuse; pectoral on the middle of the

tody 2. M, liueatus.

* The mandibulary angle is a right one ; the height of the body

is one-fourth ofthe total length. 3. M. constautias.

* The mandibidary angle is a right one ; the height of the

body is one-fifth of the total length ; the anterior dorsal
spine is on the middle, between snout and base of the cau-
dal fin 4. M. cephalotus.

* The mandibulary angle is a right one ; the height of the body

is one-fifth of the total length ; the anterior dorsal spine is
nearer to the snout than to the base of the tail.

5. M. rammelsbergii.

* The mandibulary angle is acute . 6. M. dobula.

/3. The extremity of the maxillary is not hidden by the prajor-

hital ; . 7. M. hsematochilus.

(y. The upper lip is obliquely trimcated below the snout.

8. M. perusii.)

b. L. lat. 32-35 9. M, liza.

c. L. lat. 30 10. M. subviridis.

414 MUOILIT).E.

B. Anal fin with nine soft rays.

a. L. lat. 20-28.

a. The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length.

11. M. nepalensis.

/3. Tlie height of the body is one-fourth of the total length.

12. M. argenteus.

b. L. lat. 30-32. The height of the body is more than one-fifth of

the total length ; extremity of the maxillary visible ; the origin
of the second dorsal fin is above the middle of the anal.

13. M. simdanensis.

c. L. lat. 33-35.

a. The extremity of the maxillary is visible.

* The upper profile is cm'ved ; tlie pectoral fin is longer than

the head, the lengih of the snout not included, and extends
to, or beyond, the origin of the dorsal fin.

14. M. strongylocephalus.

♦ The upper profile is curved ; the height of the body is more

than one-fifth of the total length ; the pectoral does not ex-
tend to the dorsal 15. M. parsia.

• The upper profile is cun'ed ; the height of the body is rather

less than one-fifth of the total length ; the pectoral is shorter
than the head, the length of the snout not included.

16. M. belanak.

* The upper profile is straight ; the interorbital space entirely

fiat 17. M. planiceps.

0. The maxillary is entirely hidden.

• Pectoral as long as the entire head. 18. M. longimanus.

* Pectoral somewhat shorter than the head and extending to the

dorsal ; snout as long as the eye. 19. M. kelaartii.

* Pectoral as long as the head, the extent of the snout not in-

cluded ; snout shorter than the eye ; the height of the body
is one-fifth, or less than one-fifth, of the total length.

20. M. engeli.

* Pectoral as long as the head, the length of the snout not in-

cluded ; the height of the body is more than one-fifth of the

total length 21. M. cantoris.

il. L. lat. 36-38.

a. The maxillary is entirely hidden, or only a narrow lateral sti-ipe
of it is visible.

• The mandibulary angle is a right one.

22. M. brasiliensis.

• The mandibulary angle is obtuse . 23. M. robustus.
/3. The extremity of the maxillary is visible.

* Pectoral much shorter than the head.

24. M. affinis.

• Pectoral nearly as long as the head.

25. M. ophuysenii.
e. L. lat. 40-43.

a. Dorsal and anal fins not scaly . . 20. M. cunuesius.
j3. Dorsal and anal fins scaly. ... 27. M. speigleri.

1. MFGIL. 415

II. Adipose eyelid not developed. Upper lip not particulnrly thick.

A. Anal fin with eight soft rays.

a. L. lat. 26-27 28. M. waigiensis.

b. L. lat. 40.

a. Caudal edged with black .... 29. M. suppositiis.
i3. Caudal without a black edge.

* The height of the body is rather less than one-fifth of the total

length 30. M. octo-radiatus.

* The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length.

31. M. curtus.

B. Anal fin with nine soft rays.

a. L. lat. 4,5-46.

a. Snout broad and depressed ; mandibulary angle obtuse ; the free
space at the chin is elongate, cuneiform, obtusely roimded an-
teriorly ; the width of the interorbital space is contained twice
and two-thirds in the length of the head.

32. M. capito.

/3. Snout moderately broad ; the width of the interorbital space is
nearly one-third of the length of the head ; the height of the
body is contained four times and a hahf in the total length.

33. M. richardsonii.

■y. The snout is broad ; the wndth of the interorbital space is two-
fifths of the length of the head . 35. M. auratus.

S. Snout somewhat tapering anteriorly ; the width of the interor-
bital space is one-third of the length of the head ; the height
of the body is contained five times and a half in the total
length . " 36. M. saliens.

f. Snout rather produced, as long as the interorbital space is broad,
the width of the latter being contained twice and throe-fourths
in the length of head : height of the body more than one-
fifth of the length of body ... 37. M. nmltilineatus.

(f. The nasal bones cover the upper lip.

38. ]M. crj-ptochilus.)

b. L. lat. 42-43 39. M. axillaris.

c. L. lat. 38-39.

a. Maxillary entirely hidden .... 40. M. crendeomaculatus.
^. Extremity of the maxiUary Adsible . 41. M. bleekeri.

d. L. lat. 32-35.

a. Maxillary entirely hidden. ... 42. M. cejdonensis.
/S. Extremity of the maxiUary visible.

* One-third of the anal is before the soft dorsal fin ; the first

dorsal spine stands exactly on the middle between the base
of caudal and the end of snout. 43. M. smithii.

* One-third of the anal is before the soft dorsal fin ; the first

dorsal spine is nearer to the base of the caudal fin than to
the end of the snout .... 44. M. troschelii.

* Nearly the entire anal fin is before the soft dorsal fin.

45. M. borneensis.

416 jifgiijd^t:.

e. L. lat. 28-30.

a. Maxillary hiddeu 4G. M. cerainensis.

;3. Extremity of the maxillary visible . iO. M. compvessus.
/. L. lat. 23-26.

a. Maxillary hidden 47. M. oligolepis.

/3. Extremity of the maxillary visible.

* L. tr.ausv. 8 48. M. hj-jiselopterus.

* L. transv. 10 50. M. melinopterus.

C. Anal fiu with ten soft rays.

a. Maxillary hidden 51. M. decemradiatus.

6. The extremity of the maxillary is visible.

a. No pointed scale in the axil ... 52. M. peronii.

j3. A pointed scale in the axil ... 34. M. petherici.

D. Anal fin with eleven soft rays ... 53. M. falcipinnis.
III. The upper lip is very thick.

A. Eye with an adipose membrane ... 54. M. broussonetii.

B. Anal fin with eleven soft rays .... 55. M. labeo.

C. Anal fin with nine or ten soft rays ; ej-e without adipose membrane.
a. Cleft of the mouth broader than deep.

a. Upper lip with a transverse fold. . 56. M. labiosus.
0. The upper lip alone is fringed or papillary.

* Upper lip with three series of short, broad papilla3 ; the pec-

toral extends to the thirteenth scale of the lateral line.

57. M. chelo.

* Upper lip with two series of short and broad papilla^ ; the pec-

toral extends to the tenth scale of the lateral line.

58. M. septentrionalis.

* Upper lip vdfh seven series of small, very distinct papillae.

Body with black streaks ... 50. M. nigrostrigatus.

* Upper lip wdth obtuse, indistinct papillpe. Body not black-

striped ■ . . 60. M. heterochilus.

y. Both lips are fringed or papillarj'.

* A. — . The maxillary is entirely hidden ; the height of the

body is contained four times and a third in the total length.

61. M. creuilabis.

* A. — . The height of the body is contained five times and a

fourth in the total length ; prseorbital not notched.

62. M. macrochilus.

* A. — . Extremity of maxillary not covered by the prseorbital,

which has a distinct notch . . 63. M. riippellii.

* A. — 64. M. cirrhostoma.

10

h. Cleft of the mouth deeper than broad. 65. M. proboscideus.
rV. Snout flat, rounded, with the upper part projecting beyond the

mouth 06. M. corsula.

1. MUGIE. 417

1. Mugil cephalus.

Cefalo (Rome) ; Cievolo (Venice) ; Carida (Nice) ; Bouri, Bouria

(P^gypt, Tunis).
Kft/xiXoy, Arist. Hist. Anim. v. c. 11, vi. c. 17, viii. c. 2 & 19.
Ci'plialus, Rondel, ix. c. 5. p. 260; Gesncr, Aqiiat. iv. p. 549.
C'estreus, sp. 1, Klein, Hist. Pise. Miss. \. p. 23.
Miilet-Cnbot, Duhamel, Peches, iii. sect. 0. cap. 2. p. 140.
Mugil tan<?, Bl. taf. 395 (very bad) ; Bl. Schn. p. 115. tab. 33. fig. 1,

from Block.
ceplialus, Cm: Rbgne Anim. ; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 343, and Eur.

Merid. iii. p. 388 ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Peso, (anal fin incorrect) ;

Cuv. S,- Val. xi. p. 19. pi. 307 ; Loice, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 80 ;

Nordm. in Dentid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 395 ; Guichen. Hxplor.

Alger. Poiss. p. 67.
ceplialus, var. A, De la Roche, Ann. 3fus. xiii. p. 358. tab. 20.

On Mugil ceplialus. Block, cfr. Trosch. in 11 iegm. Arch. 1840, p. 278.
D. 4 ||. A. |. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 14-15. Ctec. pylor. 2.
Vert. 12/12.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half. The head is very
slightly convex superiorly, and the width of the interorbital space is
contained twice and one-third in the length of the head. The upper
lip is not thick. The angle made by the two mandibulary bones is
an obtuse one. The cleft of the mouth is not quite half as deep as
broad (between the angles of the mouth). The maxillaiy is entirely
covered by the prfeorbital. Eyes hidden behind a broad adipose
membrane ; nostrils rather distant from each other, the posterior
being in the middle between the anterior and the orbit. The space
at the chin between the mandibles is broadly lanceolate. The ver-
tical fins are not scaly ; the first two dorsal spines are half as long
as the head : the pectoral extends to about the eighth scale of the
lateral Hne * ; its base is above the middle of the body : the ventral
is inserted midway between the pectoral and spinous dorsal. Dark,
shining stripes along the series of scales.

Mediterranean. Coast of Madeira. Nile. Freshwater lakes of
Tunis. West coast of Africa.

a. Half-grown. River Niger. From Mr. Fraser's Collection.

2. Mugil lineatus,

Mugil lineatus, (3Iitch.) Cm: 4' ^'f^- xi- P- 96; Dekay, Neio York
Fauna, Fishes, p. 144. pi. 15. fig. 42 (bad).

D. 4 I -i-. A. |. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head five times and one-third.

* In speaking of a lateral line in the fishes of this genus, I mean by it that
longitudinal series of scales which commences next above the pointed axillary
scale.

VOL. III. 2 E

418

MITGILID-E.

The snout is not veiy broad and moderately depressed, with the
lower profile ascending in the same curve in which the upper one
descends. The interorbital space is slightly convex, its width being
twice and a half in the length of the head. Eye with an adipose
membrane. The nostrils are at some distance from each other, the
postcnor being in the middle between the anterior and the orbit.
Lips thin ; a narrow strip of the maxillaiy is not covered by the
piieorbital. The space at the chin, between the mandibularies, is
rather bi'oad and short, obtusely rounded anteriorly ; the angle made
by the anterior margins of the mandibles is obtuse. The length of
the two anterior dorsal spines is somewhat more than one-half the
length of the head. There are twenty-four scales between the snout
and the spinous dorsal ; the ninth, the twelfth, and the twenty-fifth
scales of the lateral line correspond to the exti'emity of the pectoral
fin and to the origin of the two dorsals. The root of the pectoral is
on the middle of the depth of the body, and that of the ventral rather
nearer to the origin of the dorsal than to the base of the pectoral.
Dark stripes along the sei'ies of scales.
Atlantic coasts of the United States.

a. Half- grown : has been in chloride of zinc.
Purchased of Mr. Wai-wick.

North America.

3. Mugil constantiae.

Cuv. ^- Vol. xi. p. 107 ; Smith, III. Zool. South Africa, Fishes, pi. 28,
fig. 1.

D. 4 I _L. A. -|. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 15.

The height of the body is one-fourth of the total length, the
length of the head one-fifth. The head is veiy slightly convex
superiorly, and the width of the inter-
orbital space is not quite one-half
the length of the head. The upper lip
is not thick. The angle made by the
two mandibulary bones is a right one.
The cleft of the mouth is half as deep
as it is broad ; the maxillary is entirely
hidden below the praeorbital. Eyes
with an adipose membrane; nostrils
rather distant from each other, the pos-
terior being in the middle between the
anterior and the orbit. The space at the
chin between the mandibles is broadly
lanceolate. Vertical fins not scaly. The
first two dorsal spines are longer than
one-half of the head. The ninth, the
eleventh or twelfth, the twenty-thii-d or twenty-fourth scales of the
lateral Kne correspond to the extremity of the pectoral and to the
origin of the two dorsal fins. The root of the pectoral is above the
middle of the body, and the ventral is inserted nearer to the vertical

M . constantire.

1. MUGIL.

419

from the dorsal fin than to the base of the pectoral. Shining stripes
along the series of scales.

Fresh waters of the Cape of Good Hope.

a. Twenty-one inches long : stnffed. Cape. From Sir A. Smith's

Collection.

b. Half-grown. Cape. — The upper lip of this specimen is slightly

villose, as is shown in the woodcut.

c. d. Adult and half-grown : stufted. Cape.

e. Young. Cape. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

/. Adult : stuffed. From the Collection of the East India Company.

4. Mugil cephalotus.

?Renard, i. pi. 2. fig. 10; Valent. p. 458. no. 35(3.

Mugil bur, Forsk. p. xiv. no. 109. var. y; Rupp. N, W, Fische,

p. 131.
cephalotus, Cuv. Sc Vol. xi. p. 110 (not s^-non.) ; Cant. Ann. &■

Mag. Nat. Hist. ix. 1842, p. 484 (not Catal. Mai. Fishes); ? Eyd. ^•

Soul. Vol/. Bonite, Zool. i. p. 175. pi. 4. fig. 4 (bad).
japonicus, Sckler/. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 1.34. pi. 72. fig. 1 (bad) ;

Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 247; Bleck. f erhand. Batav. Genootsch.

XXV., Japan, p. 41.
macrolepidotus, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 249 (not auct.).

D. 4 U.

A.

(7)1

L. lat. 38-40. L. transv. 14-15.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. The snout is moderately broad, the width
of the interorbital space being con-
tained twice and a half to t\vice and
four-fifths in the length of the head.
Eye with a broad adipose membrane.
The nostrils are at some distance
from each other, the posterior being
in the middle between the anterior
and the orbit. Lips thin ; the pra5-
orbital covers entirely the maxillary.
The cleft of the mouth is not twice
as broad as it is deep. The space
at the chin, between the mandibu-
laries, is broadly lanceolate ; the
angle made by the anterior margins
of the mandibles Ls a right one. The
length of the anterior dorsal spines
is rather more than one-half of
that of the head ; they occupy the
middle of the distance between
snout and root of the caudal.

There are twenty-one scales between the snout and the spinous
dorsal fin ; the eighth, the tenth or eleventh, the twenty-second or
twenty-third scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity of
the pectoral fin and to the origin of the two dorsals. The root of the

2e 2

M. cephalotus.

420 MtTGILIDiE.

pectoral is above the middle of the body, and that of the Ventral
midway between base of the pectoral and spinous dorsal. Shining
sti'ipes along the series of scales.

lied Sea. Coast of Pondicheriy. Chinese and Japanese Seas.

a. Adult. Amoy.

b, c, d, e. Adiilt and half-groNvn. Cliina.
/. Adult. China. Presented by Sir J. llichardson as M. macrolepi-

dotus.
ff. Adult : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Beeves, Esq.
h. Half-gro-mi. Chusan. Presented by the East India Company.
i, 1-, I, m. Adult and half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.
n. Half-grown: skeleton. Chusan. Presented by the East India'

Company.

The woodcut is taken from specimen a.

5. Mugil rammelsbergii.

Mugil rammelsbergii, Tsclmdi, Faun. Perttan. Ichtlujol. p. 20.

liza, Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool. ii. p. 250. lam. 4 6. fig. 2 (not!

good).

D. 4 ||. A.-|. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,!
and one-fifth of the total. The snout is moderately broad, the width!
of the interorbital space being two-fifths of the length of the head.'
Eye with a broad adipose membrane. The nostrUs are at some
distance from each other, the posterior beiag somewhat nearer to the
orbit than to the anterior. Lips thin ; the prasorbital covers entirely
the maxiUary. The cleft of the mouth is not twice as broad as it is
deep. The space at the chin, between the mandibularies, is broadly
lanceolate. The angle made by the anterior margins of the mandi-
bles is a right one. The length of the anterior dorsal spines is
rather less than one-half the length of the head ; they stand some-
what nearer to the end of the snout than to the base of the tail.
There are twenty-one scales between the snout and the spinous
dorsal fin ; the ninth, the twelfth, and the twenty-fifth scales of the
lateral line correspond to the extremity of the pectoral fin and to the
origin of the two dorsals. The root of the pectoral is above the
middle of the body, and that of the ventral midway between base
of the pectoral and spinous dorsaL

Months of May and October on the coast of the island of S. Lorenzo .
(Tschudi). Coast of Chile.

a. Half-grown. Chile. Prom Mr. Bridges' Collection. — ' Muehuto.'

6. Mugil dobula.

D. 4 ||. A. |. L. lat. 40-42. L. transv. 14.

Eyes with a broad adipose membrane ; the maxillary is nearly
entirely hidden by the praeorbital ; the angle made by the anterior

1. MUGIL.

421

margins of the manclibiilary bones is acute. The pectoral does not
extend on to the spinous dorsal.
Australia. Aneiteum.

«-6. Adult : skins. Perth Water, Western Australia.
c-e. Adult: stuffed. Australia.

/. Nine inches long. Australia. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
g. Six inches long. Australia. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
h, i. Fine specimens. From the Haslar Collection.
k\ Half-grown : stuffed. Fresh waters of Aneiteum. From Mr.
Macgillivray's Collection.

Description. — The height of the body equals the length of the
head, and is one-fifth of the total. The young specimen has the
body somewhat more slender. The
least depth of the tail is two -fifths of
the length of the head. The lower pro-
file of the head is rather more convex
than the upper; the greatest depth of
the head, above the posterior margin of
the operculum, is three-quarters of its
length; the interorbital space is slightly
convex, and contained twice and a third
in the length of the head. The snout
is broad, moderately depressed, and
longer than the eye ; lips thin ; the
maxillary is a little longer than the
intermaxillary, and becomes just visible
behind the angle of the mouth ; the
prseorbital is not emarginate, and mi-
nutely denticulated at its anterior edge
and at its extremity, which is obliquely
truncated. The cleft of the mouth is one-foui-th broader than it is
deep ; the margins of the mandibulary bones form an acute angle
anteriorly ; the space at the chin, between the mandibles and inter-
opercles, is elongate-lanceolate. Both lips are provided with a series
of minute cilia. There is a deep cavity in front of the vomer. The
nostrils are distant from each other, and the posterior is somewhat
nearer to the orbit than to the anterior. The eye is siirrounded by
a broad adipose membrane nearly entirely covering the ii'is. There
are three series of somewhat deciduous scales between the eye and
the pra^opercular margin ; the angle of the prseoperculum is rather
produced posteriorly ; there are three i)ores on its inferior margin
and two on its posterior.

The pectoral fin is inserted somewhat above the middle of the body,
and extends to the tenth scale of the lateral line ; it is shorter than
the head (the snout not included) ; the root of the ventral is mid-
way between base of the pectoral and dorsal. There are twenty-two
or twenty-four scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal. The
origin of the latter corresponds to the twclflh scale of the lateral
line, and is exactly in the middle between snout and base of the

M. dobiila.

422 MUGILID,!!:.

caudal ; the length of the first spine is one-half, or a little more
than one-half, of that of the head. The distance between the origins
of the two dorsal fins is nearly equal to the length of the head. The
soft dorsal is considerably higher than long, as high as the spinous,
and has the upper edge sUghtly emarginate ; a few scales cover the
anterior rays. Caudal forked. The anal commences a little before
the opposite dorsal fin, is higher than long, rather higher, and not
more scaly, than the dorsal. Pointed scales of moderate length in
the axil of the first dorsal, of the pectoral, and of the ventral.
Colour greenish shining golden ; fins minutely dotted with blackish.

7. Mugil hsematochilus.

Mugil hEematocheilus, Scldeff. Faun. Japan. Puiss. p. 135. pi. 72. fig. 2;

Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi., Japan, p. 107.
xanthxu^us, Richards. Ichihyol. Chin. p. 248.

D. 4 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 42.

The height of the body is contained five times and a half to five
times and three-quarters in the total length, the length of the head
five times. Eye with a broad adipose membrane anteriorly and
posteriorly ; the prajorbital is slightly emarginate, and does not cover
the extremity of the maxillary. The upper lip is rather broad.
The spinous dorsal fin is rather higher than the soft, which, like the
anal, is scaly; the anal commences somewhat before the opposite
dorsal fin, and is nearly as high as long. The pectorals are shorter
than the head, the length of the snout not included.

Coasts of Japan and China.

a. Half-grown : stuffed. China. Presented by J. R. Eeeves, Esq.

Sir J. Richardson Q. c. p. 249) also mentions a M. hc^matocheilus,
referring this name to one of Reeves's drawings. On comparing the
latter, it becomes at once evident that a species very different from
M. hcematochihis has been represented — a species which appears to
have eleven anal rays. The figure named by Sir J. Richardson
M. xanthurus is evidently the M. hcematocheihis of the ' Eauna Ja-
ponica,' and it is not improbable that the stuffed specimen mentioned
is the original of that figure. We would observe, however, that the
drawings of Miujil on which Sir J. Richardson has founded several
species may be true representations of the natural coloration (a
character of very little importance in tliis genus), but that none of
them show the natural form of the mouth of a Mugil, and that the
numbers of the fin-rays and scales cannot be depended upon.

8. Mugil perusii.

Cuv. 8) Val. xi. p. 116.
This species appears to be very distinct. We extract the following
characters from the scanty description given by Valenciennes : —

D.4||. A.|.
The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the

1. MUGIL. 423

total length. Eyes with an adipose membrane ; head less broad
than in M. ceplialus ; forehead convex. The upper lip is thick,
without teeth or cilia, and appeai-s to be obliquely truncated below
the snout (" parait comme coui>ce obliquement sous le muscau "). The
pectoral is shorter than the head, and has a very long- and pointed
scale in its axil ; the second dorsal and the anal are scaly. Caudal
cmarginate. Pectoral blackish.
Vanicolo.

9. Mugil liza.

? Harder, Marcgr. p. 166.

? Tarati, Marq'/r. p. 181.

Querimau, Hancock in Loud. Quart. Journ. Sc. 1830, p. 125.

Mugil liza, Ciiv. Sr Val. xi. p. 83 ; Jemjns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 80.

D. 4 ||. A. |. L.lat. 32-35. L. transv. 13. Ciec. pylor. 2.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth. The eye is hidden behind an adipose mem-
brane. The maxillaiy is entirely covered by the praeorbital. The
second dorsal and the anal fins are scaleless.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.

a-h. Adidt : stuffed and skin. West Indies.

c. Adult : stuffed. British Guiana. Presented by Sir E. Schomburgk.

10. Mugil subviridis.

Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 115.

D. 4 ||. A. |. L. lat. 30. L. transv. 11.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times and a third. Adipose
eyelids weU developed. The least depth of the tail is contained once
and two-thirds in the length of the head. The interorbital space is
flat, and its width is contained twice and a fourth in the length of
the head. Snout broad, obtuse, depressed, as
long as the eye ; its anterior margin is formed
by the upper lip, which is moderately thick.
The angle made by the anterior margins of the
mandibulary bones is very obtuse, and the cleft
of the mouth is at least thrice as broad as it is
deep. The free space at the chin, between the
two mandibles, is rather short, cuneiform. The
maxillary is bent downwards behind and below
the angle of the mouth, where its extremity is ^
visible ; the praeorbital is angularly bent, with the .^

extremity subtruncated and denticulated. There
are eighteen scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal fin. The
pectoral is shorter than the head, the length of the snout not included,
and extends to the seventh scale of the lateral line ; it is inserted
above the middle of the depth of the body, and has no elongate

424 MUGiLiDJi:.

pointed scale in its axil. The eleventh and the twentieth scales of
the lateral line coiTespond to the origin of the dorsal fins ; the soft
dorsal and the anal fins are scaly ; nearly the whole of the anterior
half of the latter is before the origin of the opposite dorsal fin.
Caudal emarginate. Greenish shining golden.

Coast of Malabar. Madras.
a. Half-grown. Madi'as. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

•11. Mugil nepalensis.
D. 4 ||. A. |-. L. lat. 29. L. transv. 11.

The height of the body is contained five times in the total length,
the length of the head five times and a half; the latter equals the
length of the caudal fin. An adipose membrane covers a portion of
the iris anteiiorlj- and jiosteriorly. The upper profile, from the dorsal
to the forehead, is nearly straight. The interorbital space is flat, and
its Midth is three-sevenths of the length of the head. The upper lip
is moderately thick, and fonns the front margin of the snout. The
anterior margins of the two mandibulaiy bones form an obtuse angle,
and the cleft of the mouth is very much broader than deep. The
praeorbital is scaly, angularly bent, and has its extremity obliquely
truncated and indistinctly denticulated. The extremity of the
maxillary is conspicuous behind and below the mouth. There are
sixteen series of scales between the spinous dorsal and the snout.
The pectoral extends to the seventh scale of the lateral line, and is
a Httlc shorter than the head, the length of the snout not included ;
it has no elongate scale in its axil. The anterior dorsal commences
above the tenth scale of the lateral line, a httle nearer to the snout
than to the base of the caudal fin ; its anterior spines are stout, nearly
equal in length, and scarcely more than half the length of the head ;
there is an elongate pointed scale at its base. The soft dorsal and
the anal are enveloped in scales, and lower than the spinous dorsal ;
the former commences above the nineteenth scale, or above the an-
terior third of the anal fin. Caudal slightly emarginate.

Fresh waters of Nepal.

a. Eight inches long : skin. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson,
Esq.

12. Mugil argenteus.

Mugil argenteus, Quoy ^ Gaini. Voy. TJran. Poiss. p. 338. pi. 59. fig. 3

(very bad).
ferrandi, Cuv. ^ Veil. xi. p. 142.

D. 4 I A. A. |-. L. lat. 28. L. transv. 10.

The height of the body is contained four times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and two-thii'ds, , the caudal fin
nearly five times. An achpose membrane covers one-half of the ti-is
'anteriorly and posteriorly. The upper profile is strongly arched.
The interorbital space is flat, and its width is two-fifths of the length

1. MUGIL. 425

of the head. The snout is rather broad, shorter than the eye, the
upper lip being moderately tliick, truncated, and forming its front
margin. The anterior margins of the two mandibulary bones form
an obtuse angle, and the cleft of the mouth is thrice as broad as it is
deep. The free space at the chin, between the mandibles, is narrow,
elongate, lanceolate ; the maxillary is entirely hidden ; the prae-
orbital with a notch anteriorly, and with the extremity truncated.
There are eighteen scales between the snout and the dorsal. The
pectoral is as long as the head, the length of the snout not included,
and extends to the ninth scale of the lateral line ; it is inserted
somewhat above the middle of the depth of the body, and has no
elongate scale in its axil. The spinous dorsal commences nearer to
the tail than to the extremity of the snout, above the tenth scale of
the lateral line. The second dorsal commences above the twentieth
scale, or above the middle of the anal fin ; both fins are scaleless.
Dorsal and anal fins are of equal height, much lower than the tail
between them. Caudal emarginate, black-edged.
Port Jackson. South Australia,

a. South Australia. From Mr. Dring's Collection.

13. Mugil sundanensis.

Mugil sundanensis, Bleek. Sumcdra, ii. p. 265 ; Atl. 3Iugil. tab.l. fig. 1 ;

Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., Borneo, xiii. p. 45.
brachysoma, Bleek. Java, iii. p. 399.

D. 4 ||. A. i-. L. lat. 30-32.

The height of the body is contained four times and a sixth or four
times and two-fifths in the total length, the length of the head five
times ; the least depth of the tail is more than one-half the length
of the head. The adipose eyelid is well developed. Snout convex,
as long as the eye. The proeorbital has a very distinct notch ante-
riorly, and does not cover the end of the maxUlaiy ; upper hp rather
thick. Pectoral shorter than the head ; the anterior half of the anal
fin falls before the vertical from the origin of the dorsal ; caudal
emarginate, black-edged. {Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago.

14. Mugil strongylocephalus.

Richards. Ichth. China, p. 249.

D. 4 I 4-. A. ^. L. lat. 33. L. transv. 11.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head five times ; the least depth
of the tail is one-half or rather less than one-half the length of the
head. Eye with a broad achpose membrane anteriorly and posteriorly.
The interorbital space is very convex, and its width is two-fifths of
the length of the head. The snout is obtusely conical, shorter than
the eye, with the upper lip moderately thick, and situated obliquely

426

MUGILID.^i.

below the front edge of the snout. The maxillary is bent down-
wards behind the angle of the mouth, a narrow portion of its ex-
tremity remaining visible when the
mouth is closed ; prteorbital slightly
emarginate anteriorly. The angle
made by the anterior margins of the
mandibulary bones is nearly a right
one ; the cleft of the mouth is more
than twice as broad as it is deep ; the
mandibles cover nearly entirely the
chin, leaving between them only a
very short lanceolate free space. There
are eighteen scales between the snout
and the spinous dorsal ; the tenth or
eleventh and the twenty-first scales
of the lateral line correspond to the
origin of the dorsal fins. The pectoral
is longer than the head, the length of
the snout not included, and extends
to, or slightly beyond, the origin of
the dorsal ; it is inserted somewhat
above the middle of the depth of the
body, and has a long pointed scale in
its axil. The anterior third of the
anal fin falls before the commencement
of the opposite dorsal fin ; both are scaly ;
Chinese Sea.

a. Type of the species. Hongkong. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
b-c, d, e, f-h, i, Tc. Half-grown and young. China.

I am well aware of several differences between Sir J. Richardson's
and my descriptions, and observe that both are taken from one and
the same typical specimen.

M. strongylocephalus.
caudal emarginate.

15. Mugil parsia.

Mugil parsia, Buch, Ham. Fish. Ganq. p. 215. pi. 17. fig. 71 ; Cwr. «§•
Vol. xi. p. 144 ; (not Bleek.).

D. 4

L. lat. 35. L. transv. 12.

The greatest depth of the body is below the origin of the first
dorsal, and contained four times and a half in the total length, or
once and four-fifths in the distance of the snout from the dorsal ;
the length of the head is one-fifth of the total. The least depth
of the tail is a little more than one-half the length of the head.
Snout short, broad, depressed, with the anterior margin acute, the
upper lip being quite at its lower surface. The interorbital space is
slightly convex, its width being contained twice and three-fourths
in the length of the head. Lips thin ; the maxillary is bent down-
wards behind the angle of the mouth, its extremity not being covered

1. MVQIL.

427

by the iirreorbital. The anterioi" margins of the mandibulary bones
form a rather obtuse angle ; the cleft of the mouth is more than
twice as broad as it is deeji ; the space at the
eliin, between the mandibularies, is short,
lanceolate. Eye with a very distinct poste-
rior adipose membrane, which extends nearly
to the pupil. There are twenty-one scales
between the snout and the dorsal fin ; the
ninth, the eleventh, the twenty-second or
twenty-third scales of the lateral line corre-
spond to the extremity of the pectoral and to
the origin of the two dorsal fins. The root of
the pectoral is on the middle of the depth of
the body, that of the ventral midway be-
tween base of the pectoral and dorsal. The
soft dorsal and anal scaly ; the origin of the dorsal is in the vertical
from the third soft anal ray.
Itivers of Bengal.

M. parsia.

d.

b. Types of the species.
Bad state. Calcutta.

Schlagintweit.
Bad state. Karrachi.

Schlagintweit.

Presented by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq.
From the Collection of Messrs. von

Erom the Collection of Messrs. von

I have ascertained by dissection that the number of the soft anal
rays is nine, and not eight as stated by Buchanan Hamilton. AU
the specimens of this species in the Collection of the British Museum
are from four to five inches long. The species, perhaps, does not
attain to a much larger size. The woodcut represents the head of
one of the typical specimens magnified twice the natural size.

The fish called 31. parsia by Blocker has from forty to forty-five
transverse series of scales, and therefore cannot be identical with
oxir tyi)o.

16. Mugil helanak.

Mugil bontah, Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xiii. p. 336, and
xvi. p. 278 ; Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. \i., Borneo, xiii. p. 49 ; (not
Russell^.

belanak, Bleeher, Java, iv. p. 337.

D. 4 ||. A. -5-. L. lat. 33-35. L. transv. 11.

The body is cylindrical anteriorly, and its height is contained five
times and a quarter in the total length, and nearly equal to the length
of the head. A posterior adipose membrane covers one-half of the
iris. The upper profile is curved ; the snout slightly convex, and not
shorter than the eye. The prseorbital has a deep notch anteriorly,
and does not cover the extremity of the maxillary. The upper lip
is rather thick. Doreal and anal fins equal in height ; pectoral
shorter than the head, the length of the snout not included ; caudal
as long as the head, emarginate, brown-edged. {Bl.')

Coasts and rivers of tlie East Indian Archipelago.

428 MUGILIDiE.

17. Mugil planiceps.

Miigil planiceps, Cuv. l^- Val. xi. p. 122; Sleek. Verhand. Batav.

(renootsch. xxv., Hetujal. en IliinJost. p. 101. tab. 1. fig. 5.
? Miifiil dussmineri, Ciir. <y Val. xi. p. 147.
Mugil cephalotus, Cunt. Vatal. p. 95.
dussuiuieri, Bleek. Java, iv. p. 339 (not Journ. Ind, Arclupel. ii.,

Ichth. Sumbawa, p, 637).

D. 4 I -. A. I-. L. lat, 33-35. L. transv. 11. C^ec. pylor. 5.

I 8 9 "^

The greatest depth of the body is nearly equal to the length of
the head, and one-fifth of the total ; the depth of the body below the
origin of the spinous dorsal is contained twice and a third in the
distance of the snout from the dorsal fin. The least depth of the
tail is a little more than one-half of the length of the head. Snout
much depressed, broad, and not very short. The interorbital space
is quite flat, its width being contained t^vace and a third or twice
and a half in the length of the head. Lips thin ; the maxillaiy is
bent downwards behind the angle of the mouth, its extremity not
beiQg covered by the pra?orbital. The space at the chin, between
the mandibulaiy bones, is cuneiform. Eye with a narrow adipose
membrane, which does not extend on to the pupU, There are
twenty scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal. The
eighth, the tenth or eleventh, the twenty-second or twenty-third
scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity of the pec-
toral and to the origin of the two dorsal fins. The soft vertical fins
scaly ; the origin of the dorsal is in the vertical from the third soft
anal ray.

Coasts of Ceylon, Bengal, Hindostan, and China.

a. Fine specimen. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

b-i. Adult and half-grown: stuffed, Calcutta, — (ilf. maerops,

Blyth.)
k-o. Adult and young : skins. Sea of Pinang. Types of Dr. Cantor's

M. cephalotus.
p. Half-grown : stuffed. China. From the Collection of the East

India Company.
q. Half-grown. From the Haslar Collection.

18. Mugil loug^auus.

Mugil cunnesius, Bleek. Banka, p. 4.54; Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. viii.,
Sumatra, ix. p. 8 ; (not Cuv. ^ Val. or Cant.).

D. 4 ||. A. |. L. lat. 35.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds
or five times in the total length, the length of the head five times
or five times and a fourth. The width of the interorbital space is
about one-half of the length of the head. Eye with an adipose
membrane anteriorly and posteriorly. Snout very convex, with
the upper lip rather thick. The maxillary is entirely hidden
when the mouth is closed. The two dorsal fins and the anal are

1. MUGIL. 429

nearly equal in height ; pectoral abont as long as th^ head ; caudal
ti'uncated.

East Indian Archipelago,

a. Half-grown. East Indies. Presented by G. R. Waterhousc, Esq.

19. Mugil kelaartii.
D. 4 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 32-33. L. transv. 12.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times. Ej'e with a broad
anterior and posterior adipose membrane. Snout as long as the
orbit. The upper lip is rather thin, situated obliquely at the lower
side of the snout. The pectoral fin extends to, or slightly beyond,
the origin of the spinous dorsal, and is somewhat shorter than the
head. The anterior third of the anal fin is before the soft dorsal.
Maxillary entirely hidden.

Ceylon. Philippine Islands.

a. Foiu' and a half inches long. Point de GaUe. Presented by Sir

A. Smith.

b. Foui' and a half inches long. Philippine Islands.
Description. — The body is compressed, its greatest depth being

contaiiied four times and a half in the total length ; the least depth
of the tail is one-half of the length of the head. The upper profile
does not descend in so strong a curve as that in which the lower
ascends. The interorbital space is convex, its width being two-
fifths of the length of the head. The snout is as long as the eye,
convex, with a somewhat sharp edge ; the upper lip is entii'cly at
its lower side. The angle made by the anterior margins of the man-
dibles is a right one, and the cleft of the mouth is a little more than
twice as broad as it is deep ; the free space at the chin, between the
mandibles, is short, narrow, lanceolate. The maxillary is entirely
hidden ; the praeorbital has a slight notch anteriorly and a rounded
denticulated extremity. The nostrils are at some distance from each
other, the posterior being in the middle between anterior and orbit.
Eyelids very broad, covering the greater part of the iris.

The pectoral extends to the eleventh scale of the lateral line, to,
or slightly beyond, the origin of the spinous dorsal, and is a little
shorter than the whole head ; it is inserted somewhat above the
middle of the depth of the body, and has a long pointed scale in its
axil. There are nineteen scries of scales between the snout and the
spinous dorsal fin. The latter commences in the middle of the
distance between snout and base of the caudal, or in the vertical
from the eleventh scale of the lateral line. The anterior dorsal
spines are rather strong, three-fifths the length of the head. The
second dorsal commences in the vertical from the fourth soft anal
ray, or from the twenty-second scale ; it is scaly, higher than long,
nearly as high as the spinous dorsal, but lower than the anal.
Caudal scaly, emarginate. Anal scaly, as long as the dorsal is high.
Greenish, shining silvery.

430 MUGILIDJi.

20. Mugil engeli

Blevkcrin Nutuurh. Ti/dxcJir. Nvdvrl.Ind. xvi. p. 277, and in Act. Soc.
Sc. Imh-Nvderl. vii., Sinnatra, viii. p. 78.

D. 4 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 33-34. L. transv. 10-11.

The height of the body is contained five times or five times and
two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four times and
a half to four times and three-fourths. The diameter of the eye is
one-third or rather less than one-third of the length of the head,
and contained once and a fourth in the width of the interorbital space.
Eye with a broad anterior and posterior adipose membrane. Prse-
orbital scaly, slightly emarginate, indistinctly denticulated. Snout
obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye. The maxillary is entirely
hidden ; upper lip thin. There are eighteen scales between the
snout and the anterior dorsal fin ; an elongate scale in the axil. The
least depth of the tail is two-fifths of the length of the head. The
spinous dorsal fin is a little higher than the soft ; spines rather
slender, the first being the longest and strongest, as long as the
portion of the head behind the orbit ; it is somewhat nearer to the
base of the caudal than to the extremity of the snout ; the soft dorsal
is much higher than long ; the length of the pectoral equals the
length of the head, the extent of the snout not included. The
anterior half of the anal is before the vertical from the origin of the
soft dorsal fin ; the anal is scarcely higher than long, a little higher
and much longer than the soft dorsal. Caudal fin slightly emarginate,
two-ninths of the total length. Coloration uniform. {Bl.)

Coasts of Java, Sumatra, and Bali.

21. Mugil cantoris.

Bleeher in Vcrliand. Batai: Genootsch. xxv., Benf/. S,- Ilmdost. p. 100.
tab. 1. fig. 4.

I>-4|t?. A.^. L. lat. 33.

The height of the body Is contained four times and one-third to
four times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head
four times and a half to five times and a half. Interorbital space and
snout convex ; eye with an anterior and posterior adipose membrane ;
its diameter is contained thrice and one-third to thrice and two-thirds
in the length of the head ; the upper labial teeth are visible by the
naked eye ; a very shallow groove before the vomer ; snout shorter
than the eye, not projecting beyond the mouth. The pra;orbital has
a very distinct notch anteriorly, and covers entirely the maxillary ;
upper lip thin. The dorsal fins are nearly equal in height, the
posterior much higher than long ; the length of the pectoral equals
that of the head, the snout not included ; the anal is scaly, com-
mences before the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, is higher
than long, and much longer than the soft dorsal fin ; the scale in the
axil is not much elongate. Caudal emarginate. (BL)

Eiver Hooghly (Calcutta).

The specimens were from 68 to 130 mUHmetres long.

1. MUGIL.

431

22. Mugil brasiliensis.

? Curema, Marcgr. p. 181 ; Pisun. p. 70.

]Mugil brasiliensis, Agass. in Sjnx, Pise. Bras. p. 234. tab. 72 (not good).
? Mugil incilis, Hancock in Lond. Quart. Juurn. Sc. 1830, p. 127.
Mugil curema, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 87 ; Gay, Hist. adl. Zool. ii. p. 259.
? Mugil petrosus, Cm. 8i Val. xi. p. 89 ; Gay, I. c. p. 200.

D. 4 I i.. A. |. L. lat. 36-38. L. transv. 12-13. Vert. 11/13.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half to four
times and four-fifths in the total length, the length of the head five
times. The snout is moderately
broad, not convex, with the lower
profile ascending in the same de-
gree as the upper descends ; the
interorbital space is slightly con-
vex, its width being contained
twice and a third in the length of
the head. Upper lip rather thick.
The angle made by the two man-
dibulary bones is a right one ; the
praeorbital tapers posteriorly, has
the anterior margin finely serrated,
and covers the maxillarj', so that
only a very narrow portion of it is
visible on the side of the snout.
Eyes hidden anteriorly and poste-
riorly by a broad adipose mem-
brane ; nostrils rather distant from
each other, the posterior situated
on the middle between the orbit and the extremity of the snout.
The space at the chin, between the manchbles and the interopercula,
is elongate, cuneiform. The second dorsal and the anal are enveloped
in small scales. There are twenty-one scales between the snout and
the anterior dorsal. The first two dorsal spines are more than half
as long as the head. The ninth or tenth, the eleventh or twelfth,
and the twenty-third scale of the lateral line correspond to the
extremity of the pectoral fin and to the origin of the two dorsal fins.
The root of the pectoral is above the middle of the body, and the
ventral is inserted midway between pectoral and spinous dorsal;
pectoral shorter than the head ; caudal deeply emarginate. Shining
stripes along the series of scales ; often a blackish spot superiorly at
the base of the pectoral. The soft dorsal and the caudal with blackish
margins.

Atlantic coasts of Tropical America.
a-c. Half-grown. Playa Vicente (Vera Cruz). From M. SaUe's

Collection. ■
cl. Half-grown: bad state. West Indies. Purchased of Mr. Scrivener.
e. Fine specimen. St. Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
f~q. Adult, half-grown, and young: skins. Jamaica. From Dr.

Pamell's Collection.

M. brasi'iensis.

432 MUGlLIDiE.

»'-s. Young. St. Vincent's. From Mr. Macgillivray's Collection.
t, u. Half-grown and yonng : not good state. British Guiana. Pre-
sented by Sir R. Schombiu'gk.
v-w, a.'-y, z, a. Adult and half-grown. Prom the Haslar Collection.
/8. Adult. Surinam.

y. Young. Caripe, Para. Presented by J. R. G. Smith, Esq.
i. Adult. South America. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.
e. Adult : skeleton. South America. Purchased of Mr. Brandt.

The sheleton does not differ materially from that of M. sejotentrio-
nalis. The setiform fringes of the intermaxillary are very short.

23. Mugil robustus.
D. 4 I -i-, A. -5-. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 12.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. Eye with a narrow adipose membrane anteriorly
and posteriorly. The upper lip is rather thin, forming the front edge
of the snout. The pectoral is a little shorter than the head, the
length of the snout not included, and extends to the ninth scale of
the lateral line. MaxUlary entirely hidden.

Coast of Madagascar.

«. Seven inches long. Madagascar. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

Description of the specimen. — The specimen is very thick, not much
compressed, subcylindi-ical ; its greatest depth is below the anterior
dorsal fin, where it equals the length of the head, and is one-fifth of
the total. The upper and lower profiles converge in a gentle curve,
meeting at the snout, which is somewhat convex. The least depth
of the tail is two-fifths of the length of the head. The interorbital
space is very slightly convex, and its width is contained twice and a
third in the length of the head. The snout is obtuse, as long as the
eye, with the front margin occupied by the upper lip. The angle
made by the margins of the two mandibles is obtuse, and the cleft of
the mouth is thrice as broad as it is deep. The mandibles leave no
free space, or a veiy narrow one, between them. The maxillaiy is
entirely hidden in a deep groove between the prteorbital and the
intermaxillary; the praeorbital has a slight notch anteriorly, and the
extremity tmncated and minutely denticulated. The nostrils are at
some distance from each other, the posterior being in the middle,
between anterior and orbit. The eyelids are narrow, but veiy di-
stract ; they cover about a thii-d of the iris anteriorly and posteriorly.
The pectoral extends to the ninth scale of the lateral line, and is a
little shorter than the head, the length of the snout not included ;
its insertion is rather above the middle of the depth of the body.
There are twenty scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal.
The latter commences in the middle of the distance between snout
and the base of the caudal, or in the vertical from the twelfth scale
of the lateral line. The anterior dorsal spines are not vciy strong,
and half as long as the head. The second dorsal commences in the

] . MUGIL. 433

vertical from the second soft anal raj, or from the twenty-foiu-th
scale ; it is higher than long, as high as the spinous dorsal ; series
of small scales cover a part of the membrane between the rays. The
caudal is deeply emarginate, the lobes being rather pointed. The
anal is a little higher than the dorsal, and not quite as long as high ;
it is scarcely more scaly than the fin opposite.

Colour light greenish, with shining golden bands ; a blackish spot
superiorly, in the axil of the pectoral fin.

24. Mugil affinis.
D. 4 1|. A. |. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body is contained five times and a thii-d in the
total length, the length of the head five times. Adipose eyelid well
developed anteriorly and posteriorly. The upper lip is rather broad,
situated at the lower side of the snout. The extremity of the
maxillary is visible behind and below the angle of the mouth. The
pectoral does not extend to the origin of the dorsal, and its length
equals the distance of the opercular margin from the pupil.

Coast of Amoy (China).

a. Fine specimen. Amoy. Purchased.

Description of the specimen. — This species is allied to M. parsia,
strongyhceplialus, and others, from which it may be readily di-
stinguished either by the short pectoral fin or the elongate form
of the body. The height of the latter is rather
less than one-fifth of the total length. The
upper profile is very slightly convex, and forms
with the lower the margin of the snout, which
is rather sliarp. The interorbital space is
shghtly convex, and its width is contained
twice and thi-ee-fourths in the length of the
head. The snout is as long as the eye, mode-
rately broad, somewhat pointed, with the
upper lip situated obliquely at its lower side.
The angle made by the front margins of the
mandibulary bones is obtuse, and the cleft of
the mouth is more than twice as broad as it is M. affinis.

deep ; the free space at the chin between the

mandibles is short, cuneiform. The maxillary is bent downwards
behind the angle of the mouth, where its extremity is visible. The
prseorbital is emarginate, and distinctly denticulated anteriorly and
posteriorly. The pectoral is inserted above the middle of the depth
of the body, and has a very short and obtuse scale in its axil ; it is
much shorter than the head, and extends to the eighth scale of the
lateral hne. The insertion of the ventral falls midway between the
base of the pectoral and the vertical from the dorsal. There are
twenty-four scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal fin.
The latter commences a little nearer to the snout than to the base of
the caudal, above the tenth scale of the lateral line ; its anterior

VOL. III. 2 F

434 MUGILIDiE.

spines are stout, and theii- length is more than one-half of that of
the head. The soft dorsal commences above the twent^'-fourth scale,
or above the hi-st soft ray of the anal; it is not scaly, higher than
long, as high as the spinous dorsal. Caudal cmarginate, short, its
length being a little more than one-sixth of the total. Anal fin as
high as, but rather longer than, the fin opposite. The least depth of
the tail is one-half of the length of the head.
Colour greenish, shining sUveiy.

25. Mugil ophuyseniL

Bleeh. Nattiurk. Tijdschr. Ncderl. Ind. xvi. p. 279, and in Act. Soc. Sc.
Indo-Nederl. \\\., Sumatra, \i\\. p. 82.

D. 4 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 38-39. L. transv. 12-13.

The height of the body is contained five times and a fourth in the
total length, the length of the head five times. The diameter of the
eye is contained thrice and two-thii'ds in the length of the head, and
once and a half or once and a third in the width of the interorbital
space ; eye with a broad adipose membrane. The praeorbital is scaly,
with a slight notch, and denticulated iufcriorly and posteriorly;
snout rather sharp, shorter than the eye ; the maxillary reaches be-
yond the prteorbital, and its extremity is visible ; upper lip thin ; a
large groove before the vomer. There are nineteen scales between
the snout and the first dorsal ; a long pointed scale in the axil. The
least depth of the tail is a little less than one-half of the length of
the head. Dorsal fins nearly equal in height : spines rather slender,
the fii'st being scarcely longer than the part of the head behind the
eye ; it is nearer to the extremity of the snout than to the base of
the caudal fin : the soft dorsal is higher than long, scaly below ; its
origin is above the middle of the anal fin. The anal is scaly, scarcely
higher than long, much longer, but only a little higher, than the soft
dorsal. Caudal emarginate, two-ninths of the total length. Pec-
toral nearly as long as the head. Coloration uniform ; a smaU black
spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral. {Bl.)

Coast of Sumatra.

26. Mugil cunnesius.

Kimnesee, Russell, ii. p. 65. pi. 181.

Mugil cimnesius, Cuv. 8,- Val. xi. p. 114; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 131;
Cant. Catal. p. 100 ; (not Bleek.).

D. 4 ||. A. 1. L. lat. 42-43. L. transv. 13.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total. The snout is short and obtuse ; the inter-
orbital space very shghtly convex, its width being two-fifths of the
length of the head. Lips thin ; the praeorbital has the anterior
margin nearly straight, neither toothed nor notched ; it does not
entirely cover the maxillaiy, the extremity of which is visible behind
the angle of the mouth. Eye with an adipose membrane. There are
twenty-two scales between the spinous dorsal fin and the snout. The

1. MUGIL. 435

length of the anterior dorsal spines exceeds somewhat one-half of that
of the head. The twelfth scale of the lateral line corresponds to the
extremity of the pectoral and to the origin of the anterior dorsal, the
twenty-fifth to the origin of the posteiior, and to the tliird soft rav
of the anal fin ; the vertical fins without scales ; caudal slightly
emarginate. The pectoral is inserted above the middle of the depth
of the body, the ventral a little nearer to the root of the pectoral
than to the dorsal. The least depth of the tail is less than one-half
of the length of the head. Dorsal and caudal fins with indistinct
blackish margins ; sometimes a black sj^ot superiorly at the base of
the pectoral.

Red Sea. East Indian Seas.

a-c. Half-grown and young: skins. Malayan Peninsula. From

Dr. Cantor's Collection. — Types of his description.
d. Young. Amboyna. Pui'chased of Mr. Frank.

27. Mugil speigleri.

Bleek. Natimrk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ltd. xvi. p. 279, and Act. Soc. Sc.
Indo-Nederl. vi., Borneo, xiii. p. 58.

D. 4 ||. A. |- L. lat. 40-42.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and one-fifth of the total ; the diameter of the eye is contained thi'ice
and two-fifths in the length of the head, and once and two-fifths in
the width of the interorbital space. Eye with a broad adipose mem-
brane anteriorly and posteriorly ; prasorbital scaly, scarcely emar-
ginate or denticiilated ; snout obtuse, convex, shorter than the eye ;
the maxillary extends beyond the prajorbital and is visible ; upper
lip rather thin ; a shallow groove before the vomer. There are about
twenty scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal fui ; an
elongate scale in the axil. The least depth of the tail is one-half of
the length of the head. The doi-sal fins are nearly equal in height ;
the spines are rather slender, the first being longer than the part of
the head behind the orbit, and situated much nearer to the end of
the snout than to the base of the caudal. The soft dorsal is nearly
entirely scaly, and scarcely higher than long. The anal fiu is scaly,
scarcely higher, but longer, than the soft dorsal fin ; its anterior third
is situated before the origin of the soft dorsal. Caudal fin slightly
emarginate, its length being contained four times and two-thirds in
the total. Pectoral as long as, or longer than, the head. Coloration
uniform ; dorsal and caudal fins minutely dotted with broAvn ; a
blackish spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral. {Bl.)

Coasts of Java, Borneo, and Halmaheira.

28. Mugil waigiensis.

Mugil waigiensis, Qiioi/ 8fGaim. Voi/. Frexjc. Poiss. p. -337. pi. 59. fig. 2 ;
Blcek. Nafmtrk. Ti/dschr. Nederl Lid. xvi. p. 276; Afl. 3Ii/ffU. tab. 2.
fig. 2 : Act. Soc. Sc. Lido-Nederl. \\\., Borneo, xiii. p. 43.

2f2

430

JU'lilLlD.E.

]\Iugil inacrolepidotus, Jiiipp. All. Fische, p. 140. taf. 35. fig. 2 ; Chi\
^- Val. xi. p. 134 ; Cant. Catal. p. 95 ; (not Rich.).

melanochir, (Kuhl c^ r. Ilass.) Cuv. <^- Val. xi. p. 143 (young) ;

Blcck. Borneo, vi. p. 423.

D. 4

Cajc. pylor. 10.

M. waigiensis.

A. |. L. lat 20-27. L. transv. 9.
Vert. 11/13.

The height of the body is contained four times and a foui'th to
four times and three-fourths in the total length, the length of the
head four times and a half. Head broad,
flat above, the width of the interorbital
space being one-half of the length of the
head. Snout short, broad, depressed, ob-
tuse. Lips thin ; the angle made by the
anterior margins of the mandibulary
bones is very obtuse. The free space
at the chin, between the mandibles, is
broadly lanceolate. The inferior extre-
mity of the maxillary is visible below the
angle of the mouth. Eye without adipose
membrane. There are sixteen series of
scales between the spinous dorsal fin and
the snout. The pectoral extends to the
vertical from the origin of the dorsal.

The eighth and seventeenth scales of the lateral line correspond to
the origins of the two dorsal fins. The soft dorsal and the anal short
and elevated, scaly; caudal very sHghtly emarginate. Pectorals
blackish, entirely black in immature specimens.

From the Red Sea through the Indian Ocean and Archipelago to
the coasts of Australia and to Polynesia.

a. Adult : stuflfed. Red Sea. From Dr. Riippell's Collection.
h-f. Half-grown and young. Red Sea. Presented by Dr. Riippell.
g. Young : skin. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
h. Young. East Indian Archipelago. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
?. Young. North-western Australia. Presented by Sir J. Richardson.
k. Hall'-grown. South Australia. From Mr. Dring's Collection.
I. Adult : skeleton.

Mugil rossii (Bleek. Kokos, p. 45), known from a single specimen,
and described as having a more slender body than M. ivaigiensis, its
height being nearly one-sixth of the total length, is, perhaps, not
specifically different from the above species.

SL-eleton. — This species diff'ers from M. septentrlonalis and M. hra-
siUensis in the form of its skuU, which is much broader, flatter, and
smoother. Each principal frontal bone is not much longer than
broad. The turbinal bones are very broad, subquadi-angular, close
together, and forming a long suture vnth the frontals. Part of the
ethmoid ossifled. The crests in the occipital region are feeble. The
abdominal and caudal portions of the vertebral column are equal in
length.

1. MTJGIL. 437

2\). Mugil suppositiis.

Mugil borboniciis, Cant. Catal. p. 101 ; (not Cuv. ^- Val., not Bleek.).
D. 4 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 14.

The height of the body is contained fonr times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times ; the head is rather
short and high, the width of the interorbital space being two-fifths
of its length. The snout short and convex ; the cleft of the mouth is
transverse, the anterior margins of the mandibulary bones forming
a very obtuse angle. The inferior extremity of the maxillary pi-o-
jeets a little beyond the proBorbital, behind the angle of the mouth ;
the space at the chin between the mandibulary bones appears to be
narrow. Lips thin ; eye without adipose membrane. There are
twenty-one scales between the spinous dorsal fin and the snout. The
length of the anterior dorsal spines is one-half of that of the head ;
the pectoral is shorter than the head, and inserted above the middle
of the depth of the body, the ventral midway between the root of the
pectoral and anterior dorsal. The tenth, the twelfth and the twenty-
fourth scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity of the
pectoral and to the origin of the two dorsal fins : the anal com-
mences a httle in advance of the opposite dorsal fin ; both are scaly :
caudal emarginate. The least depth of the tail is equal to, or rather
less than, one-half of the length of the head. Dorsal fins with a
narrow anterior, caudal with a broad posterior black margin. A
black spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.

Pinang River.
a. Stuffed. Type of the species. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.

The circumstance of having Cantor's typical specimen has induced
me to give a full description of it, by which it will be evident that
it is specifically different from M. borhonicus of Valenciennes as well
as of Bleeker, having a naked eye without adipose membrane, and
eight anal rays. Cantor states nine anal rays ; but he has taken the
last, which is split to its base, for two.

30. Mugil octo-radiatus.

D. 4 ||. A. |. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 14.

The height of the body is contained five times and a third in the
total length. The outermost extremity of the maxillary is visible
behind the angle of the mouth. The free space at the chin, between
the mandibles, is narrow, elongate, extending to between the inter-
opercula. The pectoral does not reach to the vertical fi'om the ori-
gin of the dorsal fin.

English coasts.

a. Thirteen inches long. England. Presented by Mr. Gerrard.

b. Thirteen inches long: skin. London market. From Mr.

Yarrell's Collection as Mugil capito.

Description. — The height of the body is contained five times

438

mugilidj:.

M. ooto-radiatus.

and a third in the total length, the length of the head five times
and a fifth. The head is moderately high and broad, and has
the snout somewhat produced, as in M. mu-atus. The interorbital
space is convex, its width being contained
twice and a thii'd in the length of the head.
The upper lip is membranaceous, not thick,
visible from above. The angle made by
the anterior margins of the mandibles is
somewhat more than a right one, and the
cleft of the mouth is nearly half as deep as it
is broad. The outermost extremity of the
maxillary is visible between the angle of the
mouth and the anterior angle of the praj-
orbital ; the latter is obliquely truncated,
so that its front angle is very obtuse, whilst
the postei-ior one is acute ; its lower margin
is denticulated. The free space at the chin,
between the mandibles, is narrow, elongate, extending on to between
the interopercles. The nostiils are close together, situated midway
between the end of the snout and the orbit. Adipose eyelid none.
There are twenty- five scales between the snout and the spinous
dorsal fin ; the latter commences a little nearer to the snout than
to the base of the caudal, vertically above the fourteenth scale of
the lateral line ; its two anterior dorsal spines are of nearly equal
length, and one-half of that of the head ; pointed scales extend along
the whole length of its base. The soft dorsal fin is nearly as high
as the former, and commences above the twenty-eighth scale of the
lateral line, or above the second soft ray of the anal. The caudal is
deeply forked, the length of a lobe being equal to that of the head.
Anal fin as high as the spinous dorsal. The pectoral is inserted
somewhat above the middle of the depth of the body, and extends to
the twelfth scale of the lateral line, its length being equal to the
distance of the posterior nostril from the end of the operculum ; there
is no pointed scale in its axil. The ventral is inserted midway
between pectoral and dorsal fin.

Back greenish ; sides and belly silvery, with darker stripes along
the series of scales.

This species cannot be the M. curtiis of YarreU, which is said
to be distinguished by its very short body, and which, perhaps, has
nine anal rays. It is most closely allied to M. auratus, which, how-
ever, always has nine anal rays, and differs in several other points,
chiefly in the configuration of the lower jaw. The anal fin of our
specimen is quite perfect, showing the last ray divided nearly to its
base, both portions being joined to the same interhaemal spine. There
can be no doubt that this is a very distinct species, from the British
coast, although apparently scarce;.

Since the fii'st description of this species (in Ann. &, Mag. Nat.
Hist. 1861, May), I have found a second specimen, which agrees
Avith the first in every point. It is from Yarrell's collection, who
took it for Muyil capito.

1. MUGIL. 439

31. Mugil curtus.

Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 210, 2nd edit. i. p. 245, 3rd edit. ii. p. 186 ;
Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 70. pi. 311.

"We have not been able to find the tyj^ical specimen in the collec-
tion left by YarrcU ; it is said to have been two inches lone/, and to
have been caught in Poole Harbour ivitJi the young of the common Grey
Mullet. The depth of its body was equal to the length of the head and
one-fom'th of the total, and the soft anal rays were eight in number.

Valenciennes believed that he recog-nized a species thus charac-
terized in another single specimen eight inches in length caught in
the Bale do la Sommo. But it is very suspicious that he does not
give a full description of it, as he has of the other European species.
He merely confii-ms YarreU's statement of the proportions of the
body ; and although he gives also the same number of anal rays in
the formula of the fins, the figure shows nine. It is, therefore, im-
possible to form a correct idea as to the validity of the characters of
this species.

32. Mugil capito.

The Grey MiiUet. Cefalo calamita (Rome) ; Caiistello (Venice) ;

Bouri (Eg^-pt).
Mugil, Artcdi, Genera, p. .32, Species, p. 71 ; Gronov. Zooplnjl. no. 397.
Meuilie blanc, Ditham. Peches, ii. sect. 6. p. 147. pi. 11. fig. 3.
MugU capito, Cuv. Rhpie Anini. ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. ; Cm: Sf

Val. xi. p. 36. pi. 308 ; Jen. Vert. An. p. 374 ; Parn. Wern. Mem.

vii. p. 225. t. 28, cop. from Cuv. i-V Val, and Fishes Frith of Forth,

p. 65, cop. from Jenijns ; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 200, 2ncl edit. i.

p. 234, 3rd edit. ii. p. 175 ; Niks. Skand. Faun. iv. p. 176 ; Guichen.

Explor. Alger. Poiss. p. 67.

cephalus, var. A, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 344.

ramada, Risso, Eur. 3Ierid. iii. p. 390.

cephalus, Donov. Brit. Fishes, i. pi. 16; Neill, Wern. Mem. i.

p. 544 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 106 ; Flem. Brit, An. p. 217j Gronov.

Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 162.
britannicus, Hancock, Lond. Quart, Journ. Sc. 1830, p. 129.

D. 4 I 4-. A. I-. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 14. Ctec. pylor. 6-7.
Vert. 12/12.

The height of the body is contained five
times or five times and one-third in the
total length, the length of the head four
times and a half. The snout is broad and
depressed; the interorbital space slightly
convex, its width being contained t\vice
and a half or twice and two-thii-ds in the
length of the head. The angle made by
the two mandibulary bones is rather ob-
tuse ; the prseorbital has an obtuse longi-
tudinal ridge, and does not entirely cover
the maxillaiy bone. Eyes without adipose ' '^^P"°-

membrane : nostrils close together ; they are less distant from each
other than the posterior is from the eye. The lips are not covered by

440 MUGILID^.

the nasal bones. The space at the chin, between the mandibularies
and the interopercnla, is rather broad, elongate, cimeiform. There are
twenty-eight or thirty scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal.
The two anterior dorsal spines are nearly half as long as the head.
The eighth or ninth, the twelfth or thirteenth, and the twenty-fourth
or twenty-fifth scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity
of the pectoral and to the origin of the two dorsal fins. The root of
the pectoral is above the middle of the body ; the ventral is inserted
midway between the pectoral and spinous dorsal. Dark stripes along
the series of scales ; generally a blackish spot sujjcriorly at the base
of the pectoral.

Coasts of Europe. Nile. Freshwater lakes of Tunis. Cape of
Good Hope.

a. Yoimg : stuffed. Frith of Forth. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
h-c. Fine specimens. British coast.
d-f. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. English coast.
(/, li-l. Half-grown and young : not good state. English coast.

Presented by Mr. Yai-rell as M. ce^jTialus,
m. Young. Devonshire. Museum Leach,
n, 0. Adult. Lisbon. Presented by the Eev. E. T. Lowe.
J). Adult. Dalmatia.

q. Young. Mediterranean. Presented by Dr. RiippeU.
r-u, v-z. Adult and half-grown. Nile (Cairo). Collected by Mr.

Petherick, H.M. Consul at Chartum.
a. Half-grown. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Medical

Officers R.A.
ft. Young : skin. From Gronow's CoUeetion.
y. Adult : skeleton. England. Purchased.

Valenciennes, relying upon the authority of Ehrenberg and upon
the specimens collected by him, states that, besides the ti-ue M. capita,
another species is fo^^nd in the Nile closely resembling it, but distin-
guished by the position of the dorsal fuis. " The distance between
the commencement of the first dorsal and that of the second is less
than in the other species [of Europe], for in the latter it is equal to
the distance between the commencement of the second dorsal and
that of the caudal, whilst in the Dubahra it is one-fourth less.
Otherwise the species agrees with 31. mpito." He calls this species
M. dubahra (xi. p. 60). Having examined oiu- European-and African
specimens of M. capito with regard to the position of their dorsal fins,
I found that they are intermediate between M. capita and M. dubahra.
The future must show whether the Dubcdira has other characters by
which it may be distinguished from M. capita.

The skeleton does not differ from that of M. septentrionalis.

33. Mugil richardsonii.

Smith, Ilhistr. Zool. South Afr. Pise. pi. 29. fig. 1.

D. 4 I i.. A. 1. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 16.
The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the

1. MUGIL. 441

total length, the length of the head four times and two-thirds. The
snout is moderately broad, the width of the interorbital space being
nearly one-third of the length of the head. Eye without adipose
membrane. The nostrils are close together, much nearer to each
other than to the orbit. Lips not thick ; the pra^orbital does not
entirely cover the maxillary. There are thii'ty scales between the
anterior dorsal fin and the snout. The two anterior dorsal spines
are one-half the length of the head. The sixteenth scale of the
lateral hne corresponds to the origin of the anterior dorsal fin.
Cape Seas.

a. Adult : stitffed. Cape Seas. Tj-pe of the species. Presented by

Sir A. Smith.
h~d. Half-grown : skins. Cape Seas.

34. Ilugil petherici.
D. 4 1 i-. A. ■^. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 14.

Adipose eyelid not developed ; upper lip rather thin. Extremity
of the maxillary visible ; a pointed scale in the axil of the pectoral ;
caudal fin deeply forked.

Nile, at Cairo.

a. Ten and a half inches long. Collected by Mr. Petherick, H.M.
Consul at Chaiinm.

Description of the specimen. — This species is similar to M. capito
or M. duhahra, Cuv. & Val., from which, however, it may be readily
distinguished by the number of the fin-rays and by several other
minor characters. The height of the body is contained five times
and a third in the total length, the length of the head five times.
The snout is broad and depressed, much longer than the eye ; the
interorbital space slightly convex, its width being two-fifths of the
length of the head. The upper lip has a series of minute cilia. The
angle at the sj-mphysis of the mandibles is obtuse, and the cleft of
the mouth is twice and a half as broad as it is deep. The praj-
orbital has no longitudinal ridge, a shallow anterior notch, the ex-
tremity rounded, and the margins serrated. Eyes with the adipose
membrane rudimentary, just touching the iris. Nostiils close to-
gether ; they are less distant from each other than the posterior is
from the eye. The space at the chin, between the mandibles and
the interopercula, is rather broad, elongate, cuneiform. There are
thirty scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal. The length
of the anterior dorsal spine is somewhat more than one-half of the
length of the head. The origin of the spinous dorsal is halfway
between the snout and the root of the caudal. The twelfth, the
fifteenth, and the twenty-seventh scales of the lateral line con-espond
to the extremity of the pectoral and to the origins of the two dorsal
fins. The soft dorsal and anal are scaly at the base, and the former
commences in the vertical from the fonrth soft ray of the anal fin.
The caudal fui is deeply forked, the length of one of its lobes being
somewhat less than one-fifth of the total. The root of the pectoral

442

is on the middle of the depth of the body ; its length equals the di-
stance of its base from the eye ; it has a pointed scale in its axil, but
it is not very long. The least depth of the tail is less than one -half
the length of the head.

Silvery, shining golden, with darker stripes along the series of the
scales ; a blackish spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.

35. Mugil auratus.

Daurin (Nice) ; Lotregano (Venice).

Mugil auratus, Eisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 344, and Hur. Blerid. ill. p. 390 ;
Cuv. lii'ffiie Anim. ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. ; Cuv. S^ Vul. xi. p. 43.
pi. 308 ; Loioe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 86 ; Norchn. in Demid. Voy.
Ems. Mcrid. iii. p. 895 ; Guichen. Explor. Ah/er. Poiss. p. 67 ; Cuv,
myne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 70. fig. 1; Lowe, Fish. Mad. p. 163.

cliclo, Lou-c, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 184; (not auct.).

— ^ maduirensis, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 82, & 1843, p. 86,
and Trails. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 8.
D. 4 I 9. A. J. L. lat. 42-45. L. transv. 14. Ca;c. pylor. 8.
Vert. 11/13.
The height of the body is contained five times and one-fourth to
five times and three-foui'ths in the total length, the length of the
head five times. The snout is broad and
depressed; the interorbital space slightly
convex, its width being two-fifths of the
length of the head. The upper lip does
not show anything particular, and is not
covered by the nasal bones. The angle
made by the two mandibularies is rather
obtuse, and the cleft of the mouth is more
than twice as broad as it is deep ; the prae-
orbital has a longitudinal ridge covered
with skin, and only the outermost ex-
tremity of the maxillary bone projects be-
yond its margin. Eyes with a mdimont-
ary adipose membrane: nostrils close together; they are less di-
stant from each other than the posterior is from the eye. A short
lanceolate portion of the chin is not covered by the mandibularies.
There are twenty-five scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal.
The two anterior dorsal spines are nearly one-half of the length of
the head. No pointed scale in the axil of the pectoral. The
thirteenth, the foiu'teenth, and the twenty-sixth scales of the lateral
line correspond to the extremity of the pectoral and to the origin of
the two dorsal fins. The root of the pectoral is above the middle of
the body ; the ventral is inserted midway between the pectoral and
spinous dorsal. Dark stripes along the series of scales.
Mediterranean. Canary Islands. British coast.

a. Twelve inches long. Lanzarote. Presented by the llev. R. T.

Lowe.
b-c. Fine specimens. England.

M. auratus.

1. MUGIL. 443

30. Mugil saliens.

Filzetta (Tuscany) ; Cefalo musiuo (Rome) ; Flaveton (Nice) ; Ver-

zellata (Venice) ; Bouri (Nile).
MugU saliens, Jiisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 345, and Eur. 3Iert'd. iii. p. 391 ;

Ct(v. i§- Val. xi. p. 47. pi. 309 ; Bona]). Faun. Ital. Pcsc. ; Nordm.

in Demid. Voy. Huss. Merid, iii. p. 395 ; Guichen. Explor, Aluer.

Poiss. p. 67.
Bouri, Soimini, Voy. Eg. ii. p. 206. pi. 23. fig. 2.

D. 4 ||. A. J. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 15, Csec. pylor. 8.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained five times and a half in the total. The snout is moderately
broad, somewhat tapering anteriorly ; the width of the interorbital
space is one-thii'd of the length of the head. The angle made bytho
two mandibulary bones is a right one ; the prajorbital does not
entii'ely cover the maxiUary. Eyes without adipose membrane ;
nostrils close together, the posterior being in the middle between the
anterior and the orbit. Lips not very thick, not covered by the nasal
bones. The space at tha chin, between the mandibularies and the
interopercula, is elongate, tapeiing anteriorly. The two anterior
dorsal spines are half as long as the head ; the pectoral terminates at
some distance from the vertical from the origin of the dorsal, and its
root is somewhat above the middle of the body. Dark shining streaks
along the series of scales.

Mediterranean. Nile.

a. Half-grown. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

Valenciennes mentions another fish, from the Cape of Good Hope,
very similar to M. saliens, and calLs it Mugil ccqiensis (xi. p. 108).
Smith has recognized and figured this fish in lUustr. Zool. South
Africa, Pise. pi. 30. fig. 1. Both naturalists, however, have given so
scanty a description, that it is impossible to point out the character-
istic differences between 31. saliens and capensis. There is a stiiiFed
specimen of the latter in the British Museum, but (as is frequently
the case with stirffed fishes of this genus) the form of the head is so
greatly altered that no description can be taken from it.

a. Adult : stuffed. Cape. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.

h. Half-grown : veiy bad state. Cape. From the Haslar Collection.

Miujil euronotus, Smith, lU. Zool. South Air. pi. 29. fig. 2, is entirely
identical with 31. capensis.

c. Adult : stuffed. Cape. From Sir A. Smith's Collection. — Type
of 31. euronotus.

37. Mugil multilineatus.

Smith, Illustr. Zool. South Afr. Pise. pi. 30. fig. 2.

D. 4 ||. A. |. L. lat. 46. L. transv. 15.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained four times and three-quarters in the total. The snout is

444 MTJGILTDiE.

rather produced, obtusely pointed, its length being nearly equal to
the width of the interorbital space, which is contained twice and
three-fourths in the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is
subsemicircular ; the prseorbital has an obtuse longitudinal ridge, and
does not entirely cover the maxillary bone. Eyes without adipose
membrane ; nostrils close togethei', somewhat nearer to the orbit
than to the extremity of the snout. Lips not thick, not covered by
the nasal bones. There is a lanceolate space at the chin which is
not covered by the mandibulary bones. Twenty-seven or twenty-
eight scales between the spinous dorsal and the end of the snout.
The two anterior dorsal spines are half as long as the head. The
fifteenth and the twenty-ninth scales of the lateral line correspond
to the origins of the two dorsal fins. The root of the pectoral fin
is on the middle of the body. Dark lines along the series of scsfles.
Coasts and rivers of the Cape.

a. Type of the species : stufi'ed. From Sir A. Smith's Collection.

38. Mugil cryptochilus.
Cuv.^■ Val. xi. p. 61.

D. 4 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 45.

The nasal bones are advanced, so as to cover the upper lip when
the mouth is closed. The praeorbital does not entirely cover the
maxillary. The length of the head is one-fifth of the total, or thrice
the diameter of the eye. Eye without adipose membrane. Pectoral
long, falciform, with the lanceolate scale in the axil short ; scale at
the base of the spinous dorsal long, extending beyond the posterior
sjiine. Caudal deeply forked, with the upper lobe longest. ( Val.^

The single specimen observed is eight inches long.

Nile.

39. Mugil axillaris.

P Mugil axillaris, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 131.

Mugil axillaris, Bleek. Natuurk. Ti/dschr. Nederl Ind. iv. 1853, p. 266,

and Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Ncderl. viii., Sumatra, ix. p. 3.
parsia, Bleek. Natuurk. Tljdschr. Nederl. Ind. iii. 1852, p. 166.

D. 4 I _L. A. i-. L. lat. 42-43. L. transv. 13-14.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half to five
times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times and a half to six times and a fifth ; the cUameter of the eye is
one-thii-d or one-fom-th, the width of the interorbital space one-half
of the length of the head. Adipose eyelid not developed ; the prae-
orbital is scarcely emarginate and indistinctly denticulated ; snout
shorter than the orbit ; upper Hp rather fleshy ; maxiUary hidden.
There are twenty-one scales between the snout and the origin of
the spinous dorsal ; an elongate scale in the axil. Dorsal fins nearly
equal in height : the spines are rather slender, and the length of the
fif»t equals the length of the head behind the orbit ; it stands on the

1. MUGIL. 445

middle between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin.
The soft dorsal fin is nearly entu-ely scaly : anal scaly, higher and
longer than the soft dorsal ; it commences scarcely before the dorsal :
caudal emarginate, its length being rather less than one-fourth of the
total. Pectoral nearly as long as the head. Coloration uniform ;
axil with a blackish spot. (BL)

East Indian Archipelago. (? New Guinea, Mauritius.)

40. Mugil caeruleo-maculatus.

P Mugil cenileo-maculatus, Zaccp. v. pp. 385, 389 ; Cuv. &■ Veil. xi.

p. 128.
Mugil cferuleo-maculatus, Bleek. Riouw, p. 484, and^4c<. Soc. Sc. Indo-

Nederl. viii., Sumatra, ix. p. 5.

D. 4 I i-. A. ^. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 12.

The height of the body is contained four times and a quarter to
four times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the
head five times to five times and two-thirds. Snout not depressed,
convex ; the upper lip is thick, without fleshy ft-inges. The prse-
orbital is not emarginate, scarcely denticulated, and covers entirely
the maxiUary. Eye without adipose membrane. The pectoral is
longer than the head ; the length of the anterior dorsal spines is less
than one-half of that of the head. The second dorsal and the anal
are scaly, and commence nearly in the same vertical ; caudal forked.
A blackish spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.

Coasts of Mauritius. East Indian Archipelago.

41. Mugil bleekerL

Mugil borbonicus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Lid. xviii. 1859,
p. 375 (not Cant, not Cuv. ^ Val.).

D. 4 ||. A. 1. L. lat. 38-39. L. transv. 13-14.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-fifths in
the total length, the length of the head four times and three-foirrths
or five times. Snout somewhat pointed, shorter than the eye ; the
width of the interorbital space is contained twice and one-third in
the length of the head. Lips thin : the prseorbital is slightly emar-
ginate anteriorly, with the denticuLition more distinct posteriorly than
inferiorly ; it covers the maxillary, except its hindmost extremity.
Eye without developed adipose membrane. There are about twenty
scales between the spinous dorsal and the snout. The length of the
anterior dorsal spines is one-half of that of the head : the pectoral is
nearly as long as the head: the anal commences in, or scarcely
before, the vertical from the origin of the opposite dorsal fin ; both
are scaly: caudal emarginate. The least depth of the tail is some-
what more than one-half the length of the head. A black spot
superiorly at the base of the pectoral. {Bl.)

Rivers of Banka.

This species difi'ers from M. horhonicus, Cuv. & Yal., in not having

446

MUGILTI)^.

a developed adipose eyelid, and from 31. borhonicus, Cant., or M. sup-
positus, ni., in the numljcr of the anal rays ; it appears to be very
nearly allied to M, axillaris, Bleek.

42. Mugil ceylonensis.

A.

L. lat. 32. L. transv. 12.

D.4||. _.,,

Eyes without adipose membrane. Upper lip thin, truncated, form-
ing the front margin of the snout; the mandibles nearly entirely
cover the chin, without leaving a distinct free space between them.
Maxillaiy entirely hidden. The pectoral extends beyond the origin
of the spinous dorsal fin, and is nearly as long as the head. Vertical
fins scaly.

Ceylon.

a. Five inches long. Ceylon. From the Collection of Messrs. von

Schlagintweit.
6-c?. Young. Ceylon. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schlagint-

weit.

Description. — The height of the body equals the length of the
head, and is contained four times and two-thirds in the total length,
the length of the caudal fin four times and
a fifth ; the least depth of the tail is one-
half the length of the head. The upper
profile descends in a curve from the dorsal
fin to the snout. The interorbital space is
slightly convex, and its width is a little less
than one-half of the length of the head.
Snout obtuse, truncated, broad, rather
shorter than the eye; its front margin is
formed by the upper lip, which is thin and
truncated. The anterior margins of the
lower lips form an obtuse angle, and the cleft
of the mouth is thrice as broad as it is deep.
The mandibles nearly entirely cover the

chin, leaving scarcely any free space between them. The maxillary is
entirely hidden. The pra;orbital has a slight notch anteriorly, and
its extremity rounded and toothed. The nostrils are close together,
and the posterior is nearly in the middle between anterior and orbit.
No adipose eyelid. The pectoral is inserted above the middle of the
depth of the body, and has a short pointed scale in its axil ; it is
nearly as long as the head, and extends to the ninth scale of the
lateral line, or somewhat beyond the vertical from the dorsal fin. The
ventral is inserted midway between base of the pectoral and spinous
dorsal. The latter commences above the eighth scale, and somewhat
nearer to the base of the caudal than to the snout ; the length of
its anterior spine is more than half the length of the head. The
soft dorsal commences above the nineteenth scale, or above the first
soft anal ray ; it is scaly, twice as high as long, much higher than

M. ceylonensis.

1. MUGIL. 447

the spinous dorsal, and nearly as high as the tail underneath. Caudal
long, forked. The anal is scaly, as high as, and longer than, the fin
opposite.

Greenish, shining silvery ; a blackish spot superiorly in the axil
of the pectoral.

43. Mugil smithii.

Mugil macrolepis, Smith, III. Zool. S. Aft: Pise. pi. 28. fig. 2 (not
Riipp. or Bleek.).

D. 4 I 4-. A. -?-. L. lat. 33-34. L. transv. 11-12.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is con-
tained four times and two-thirds in the total. The least depth of
the tail is not quite one-half of the length of the head. Eye with a
very narrow adipose membrane posteriorly. The profile between the
spinous dorsal and the snout is nearly straight, obliquely descending ;
the interorbital space flattened, its 'nddth
being contained twice and a third in the
length of the head. Snout broad, obtuse, de-
pressed, with the upper lip rather thin ; the
angle made by the anterior margins of the
mandibulary bones is rather obtuse ; the cleft
of the mouth is more than twice a.s broad as
it is deep. The mandibles leave an elongate
lanceolate space between them. The extre-
mity of the maxillary is conspicuous behind
the angle of the mouth ; the praeorbital has a .

slight notch anteriorly, and the extremity ^- ^^'t^'^-

truncated and denticulated. Nostrils close together, the posterior
being nearer to the anterior than to the orbit. There are twenty
scales between the spinous dorsal and the snout. The pectoral is
inserted somewhat above the middle of the depth of the body, and
has a very short, pointed scale in its axil ; it is shorter than the
head, the length of the snout not iucluded, and extends to the ninth
scale of the lateral line. The eleventh and the twenty-third scales
of the lateral line correspond to the origin of the dorsal fins. The
posterior dorsal and the anal are scaly, and the anterior third of the
latter falls before the origin of the former ; caudal emarginate. The
first dorsal spine stands exactly in the middle between the snout and
the base of the caudal fin.

Rivere and freshwater lakes of the Cape.

a. Adult: stuffed. From Sir A. Smith's Collection. — Type of the

species.
h. Half-grown. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

Our description has not been taken from the typical specimen,
which has suffered considerably from stuffing. We would take tliis
opportunity of observing, that all the figui-es of Mnr/il in the work
above quoted have been executed from stuffed specimens, by which

448 MUGILID^E.

their scientilic value is much lessened ; and that, in the descriptions,
verj^ little notice has been taken of those characters by which alone
the diflerent species can be distinguished.

44. Mugil troschelii.

Bleeker, Natimrk. Tijdsckr. Nederl. Ind. xvi. p. 277, and Act. Soc. Sc.
Indo-Nederl. vi., Sumatra, viii. p. 80.

D. 4 ||. A. I- L. lat. 31-32. L. transv. 10-11.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total ; the head is three-fourths as high as long ; the
diameter of the eye is contained thrice and a third in the length of
the head, and is two-thu'ds of the width of the interorbital space.
Eyelids not developed. The upper profile of the head and nape is
convex. Prseorbital scaly, slightly emarginate and indistinctly den-
ticulated ; snout shorter than the eye ; the maxillary extends beyond
the prseorbital, and its extremity is uncovered ; upper lip thin ; no
groove before the vomer. There are eighteen or nineteen scales
between the snout and the dorsal fin ; the scale in the axil is short.
The least depth of the taU is one-half of the length of the head.
The spinous dorsal fin is higher than the soft ; the spines are strong,
the first being the longest and strongest, longer than the part of the
head behind the orbit ; it is nearer to the base of the caudal than to
the end of the snout. The soft dorsal fin is entirely scaly, twice as
high as long : the anal fin is entirely scaly, a little higher and much
longer than the soft dorsal ; its anterior third is before the origin of
the soft dorsal : caudal fin emarginate, its length being contained
four times and three-fifths in the total. Pectoral shorter than the
head. Coloration uniform.

Coasts of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Ceylon.

a. Half-grown. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Half-grown. Point de GaUe. Presented by Sir A. Smith.

c. Adult. Ceylon. Presented by the Medical Officers K.A.

45. Mugil bomeensis.

Mugil bomeensis, Bleeker, Natimrk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. ii. 1851,

p. 201, and Act. Soc. Sc. Indu-Nederl. vi., Borneo, xiii. p. 55.
adustus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. v. 1853, p. 503.

D. 4 I ±. A. I". L. lat. 34-35. L. transv. 10-11.

The height of the body is contained four times and a thii-d to four
times and three-foiu'ths in the total length, the length of the head
five times to five times and two-fifths ; the diameter of the eye is
contained four times in the length of the head, and once and three-
quarters in the interorbital space. Adipose eyelid not developed ;
pr^orbital slightly emarginate anteriorly, truncated and denticulated
posteriorly. The snout is nearly as long as the eye, somewhat shorter
in immature specimens ; the extremity only of the maxUlary is visible ;

1. 3IUGIL. 449

upper lip thin ; no groove before the vomer. There arc twenty-one or
twenty-two scales between the snout and the first dorsal fin ; a short
pointed scale in the axil. The least depth of the tail is one-half, or
rather more than one-half, of the length of the head. The dorsal fins
are ncarlj' efjiial in height ; the spines are strong : the th-st is the
strongest, and longer than the part of the head behind the orbit ; it
is much nearer to the base of the caudal fin than to the extremity
of the snout. The soft dorsal fin is nearly entirely scaly, much
higher than long: the anal fin is scaly, and nearly wholly situ-
ated before the soft dorsal ; it is scarcely higher, but much longer,
than the soft dorsal : caudal fin emarginate, one-fifth of the total
length. Pectoral much longer than the part of the head behind the
orbit. Coloration unifonn, fins blackish towards the margin ; anal
generally with a whitish margin. (Bl.)
East Indian Archipelago.

46. Mugil ceramensis.

Bheher, Cevam, ii. p. 699, and Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., Borneo,
xiii. p. 48.

D. 4 1 4-. A. -2-. L. lat. 29-30. L. transv. 9-10.

The height of the body is contained four times and a fourth to four
times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four times
and two-thirds. The greatest depth of the head is two-thii'ds of its
length. Eyes without adipose membrane. Snout much shorter than
the eye ; preeoi-bital slightly notched anteriorly ; maxillary entirely
hidden ; upper lij) thin. Pectorals shorter than the head ; the second
dorsal and anal scaly, the latter being situated nearly entii'ely before
the former ; caudal emarginate. {Bl.)

East Indian Archipelago.

47. Mugil oligolepis.

? Mugil amarulus, Qiv. ^- Val. xi. p. 13.3.

Mugil dussumieri, Bkek. Contr. Ichth. Smnb. in Journ. Ind. Archip.

ii. p. 637 ; (not Natimrk. Tijdschr, Nederl. Ind. xiii. p. 339; not Ctw.

S>- Val).

macrolepis, Bkek. Borneo, \\. p. 422 ; (not Biipp. or SmitJi).

oligolepis, Bleek. Natimrk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 1858, xvi. p. 275,

and Act. Soc-. Sc. Indo-Nederl. vi., Borneo, xiii. p. 40.

D. 4 1 1. A. J. L. lat. 26. L. transv. 10-11.

The height of the body is one-fourth, the length of the head one-
fifth of the total length ; the head is not much longer than high.
Eye not covered by an adipose membrane. Snout depressed, not
convex, shorter than the eye ; the maxiUary is hidden when the
mouth is closed ; the upper lip rather thick ; prajorbital moderately
emarginate, denticulated. Pectorals nearly as long as the head;
caudal slightly emarginate. (Bl.)

Coast and rivers of Borneo and Sumbawa.

VOL. III. 2 o

450

MTTGILTD.'E.

D. 4

A.

Mugil hypselopterus.
I. L. lat. 23-26. L. transv.

The height of the bodj^ equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total ; head much longer than high. Eye without adipose
membrane. The extremity of the maxillary is conspicuous behind
and below the angle of the mouth. Pins rather elongate ; the second
dorsal is as high as the body below.

Niger.

a. Six inches long. River Mger. Prom Mr. Eraser's Collection.

Description of the specimen. — The body is subeylindrical anteriorly,
compressed posteriorly ; its greatest depth, below the anterior dorsal,
equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. The head is rather elon-
gate, its height being two-thirds of its length.
The interorbital space is somewhat convex,
its width being two-fifths of the length of the
head. The snout is of moderate breadth,
somewhat pointed, and rather longer than
the eye. The angle made by the front mar-
gins of the mandibulary bones is nearly a
right one, the cleft of the mouth being rather
more than twice as broad as it is deep. The
free space at the chin, between the two man-
dibles, is short, lanceolate. The maxillaiy is
bent downwards below and behind the angle
of the mouth, where its extremity is visible ;
the prajorbital is angularly bent, and has a rounded, denticulated ex-
tremity. The upper lip is moderately broad. The nostrils are close
together, and the posterior is nearer to the anterior than to the orbit.
The pectoral fin is inserted above the middle of the depth of the
body, and has no elongate pointed scale in its axil ; it extends to the
seventh scale of the lateral Une, and its length equals the distance
of the opercular margin from the nostril. The base of the ventral
is somewhat nearer to that of the pectoral than to the vertical from
the dorsal. There are seventeen scales between the snout and the
spinous dorsal fin. The latter commences a little nearer to the caudal
fin than to the snout, above the eighth scale of the lateral line ; the
length of its anterior spine is more than one-half of that of the head,
and if laid backwards, it extends nearly to the origin of the soft
dorsal. The soft dorsal fin is twice as high as it is long, its height
being three- fourths of the length of the head ; it has some scales
anteriorly, and if laid backwards, it extends nearly to the base of the
caudal. Larger specimens than that from which I take the description
may have these fins more remote from one another. The caudal is
deeply emarginate, and its length is not quite one-fourth of the total.
The anterior third of the anal falls before the origin of the dorsal
opposite ; it is as high as, and longer than, the last fin mentioned.

Colour greenish, shining golden ; top of the dorsal fins blackish.

M. hypselopterus.

1. MUftlL. 451

4i). Mugil compressus.

D. 4 1 i A. J. L. lat. 2S. L, transv. 10.

Adipose eyelid none ; upper lip rather thin. The greatest depth
of the body is below the spinous dorsal, where it is contained four
times and two-thirds in the total length. The extremity of the max-
illary is conspicuous behind and below the angle of the mouth. The
two anterior dorsal spines of nearly equal length and strength.

New South Wales.

a. One foot long. Presented by the Medical Officers R. A. — Two
other specimens are in the Fort Pitt Collection.

Description of the specimen. — The head is rather elongate and de-
pressed, its length being one-fifth of the total, and its depth thi-ee-
fifths of its length. The body is strongly compressed, especially on its
posterior portion ; the least depth of the free portion of the tail is one-
half of the length of the head. The interorbital space is very slightly
convex, and its width is two-fifths of the length of the head. Snout
broad, obtuse, rather longer than the eye. The angle made by the front
margins of the mandibulaiy bones is obtuse, the depth of the cleft of
the mouth being two-fifths of its width. The free space at the chin,
between the two mandibles, is short, lanceolate, as in M. Ju/pselopterus,
only rather narrower. The teeth of the upper Hp are minute, scarcely
visible ; lower labial teeth none. The maxillaiy is bent downwards
below and behind the angle of the mouth, where its extremity is
visible ; the pra;orbital is scaly, with a shallow notch anteriorly, and
with its margins very distinctly serrated ; its extremity is obliquely
truncated, so that the anterior angle is pointed and the posterior ob-
tuse. The nostrils are close together, and the posterior is nearer to
the anterior than to the orbit. A deep groove before the vomer.

The pectoral fin is inserted a little above the middle of the depth
of the body, and has no elongate pointed scale in its axil ; it extends
to the ninth scale of the lateral line, and its length equals the distance
of the opercular margin from the front nostril. The base of the
ventral is somewhat nearer to that of the pectoral than to the ver-
tical from the dorsal ; it is comparatively large, its length being equal
to the distance of the opercular margin from the front edge of the
orbit ; its spine is strong ; the pointed scale in its axil short. There
are eighteen series of scales between the snout and the spinous dorsal
fin ; the latter commences somewhat nearer to the caudal fin than
to the snout, above the eighth scale of the lateral line ; the length
of its two anterior dorsal spines is two-thirds of that of the head,
but they do not extend to the origin of the soft dorsal, if laid back-
wards. The soft dorsal and anal fins are scaly anteriorly ; the former
commences above the sixteenth scale of the lateral hne, or above the
fifth soft ray of the anal fin. The anal fin is higher than the spinous
dorsal, and much higher than long. The caudal is deeply emar-
ginate, with the lobes equal in length, not quite one-fourth of the
total. The scales are large, semielliptical, with a short longitudinal
groove in the centre, and with several others on the basal portion.

2g 2

4o2 JiroiLiD.'E.

50. Mngil melinopterus.
Cur. ^- Val xi. p. 140. pi. 814.

D. 4 U. A. 4- L. lat. 25. L. transv. 10.

The height of the hody is contained fonr times and two-thirds in
the total length, the length of the head four times and one-third.
Head much longer than high ; the upper anterior profile is curved.
Interorhital space flat, broad, its width being nearly one-half of the
length of the head. Snout broad, obtuse, depressed, as long as the
eye. The upper lip is moderately thick, forming the front margin of
the snout. The cleft of the mouth is not quite three times as broad
as it is deep ; the free space at the chin, between the mandibles, is
short, narrow, lanceolate ; the angle made by the front margins of
the mandibles is obtuse. The pra^orbital is scaly, angularly bent,
and has the extremity truncated and serrated ; extremity of the
maxillary visible behind and below the angle of the mouth. Eye
without adipose membrane. The spinous dorsal commences nearer
to the base of the caudal fin than to the snout, above the ninth
scale of the lateral line ; its fii'st spine is considerably stronger and
longer than the second, its length being two-thirds of that of the
head. The soft dorsal is lower than the spinous, and than the tail
below, and commences above the sixteenth scale, or above the middle
of the anal fin. Caudal slightly emarginate. The anal is nearly as
high as the spinous dorsal, and scaly at the base, like the soft dorsal.
The pectoral is inserted a Httle above the middle of the depth of the
bodj-, and has no pointed scale in its axU ; it is shorter than the
head, the length of the snout not included.

Vanicolo. Tonga Islands.

a, b-c. Half-gi'own and young. Tonga Islands. From the Haslar
Collection.

51. Mugil decem-radiatus.

; Mugil parsia, Sleek. Timor, p. 166 ; (not Buck. Ham.).
D. 4|-i. A.:^. L. lat. 40-45.

The height of the body is nearly equal to the length of the head,
and contained four times and a half or five times in the total leng-th.
Eye without adipose membrane ; the snout convex, obtuse, shorter
than the eye ; lips thin ; the maxiUaiy is entirely hidden when the
mouth is closed. Caudal emarginate. Pectoral with a black spot
superiorly at the base. (Bl.)

Coasts of Batavia and Timor.

52. Mugil peronii.
Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 1.38.

D. 4 I i-. A. ^. Cffic. pylor. 2.
The upper profile is straight ; snout longer than the eye ; the

M

1. Mroii,. 453

maxillary is not entirely hidden by the pra3orbital ; no pointed scale
in the axil of the pectoral fin. ( Veil.)
North-west coast of New Holland.

53. Mugil falclpinnis.

Gw. ^ Val. xi. p. 105.

D. 41-?-. A. n- Cajc. pylor. 17.

Eyes without adipose membrane. The proeorbital is not obliquely
truncated and covers entirely the maxUlai-y bone. No large scale in
the axil of the pectoral, lloot of the pectoral above the middle of
the body ; anal emarginate. ( Val.)

Senegal.

54. Mugil broussonetlL
Cuv. 8f Vol. xi. p. 117.

D. 41-!-. A.^.

• I 9 9

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. Eyes with an adipose membrane ; maxillary
hidden. The upper lip is thick, produced posteriorly into a promi-
nence which is received between the two nasal bones. Pectoral
shorter than the head ; the soft dorsal and anal scaly ; caudal emar-
ginate. {Val.)

South Sea.

55. Mugil laheo.

Sabounie (Nice).

Mugil labeo, Cuv. Reqne Anim. ; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc. ; Cuv. 4"
Val. xi. p. 55. pi. 310.

provensalis, var. A, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 346.

provenjaUs, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 391.

D. 4 I -i-. A. ~. Csec. pylor. 7.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half in the
total length, the length of the head five times. The snout is broad,
moderately depressed; the interorbital space slightly convex, its width
being nearly one-half of the length of the head. The upper Up is
very thick, the lower slightly notched before the symphysis ; the
angle made by the two mandibulary bones is very obtuse ; the prse-
orbital does not entirely cover the maxillary bone. Eyes vpithout
adipose membrane ; nostrils close together, and less distant from
each other than the posterior is from the eye. The chin is entirely
covered by the mandibularies, or they leave between them only an
exceedingly narrow strip uncovered. The length of the two an-
terior dorsal spines is contained twice and a half in that of the head.
The pectoral terminates at some distance from the vertical from the
origin of the dorsal, and its root is above the middle of the body.
Dark shining stripes along the series of scales.

Mediterranean.

454 MUGILID.Ti\

50. Mugil labiosus.

Cuv, 4f Vcii- xi. p. 125 ; Blceh. Timor, ii. p. 213, aud Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-
Nedeii. viii., Sumatra, ix. p. 6.

^■^\j- ^•^- L.lat.3G.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is one-
fifth of the total. Upper Up very thick, especially on the sides, and
with a fold, hut without fringes. The width of the interorbital space
is two-fifths of the length of the head. The snout projects beyond
the mouth ; the pra;orbital is strongly emarginate anteriorly, and
does not entirely cover the maxillary. The lower jaw has a very
distinct notch at the symphysis, but scarcely any trace of a tubercle.
The pectoral is a little longer than the head ; the posterior dorsal
and the anal fins are scaly ; caudal emarginate. A small blackish
spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.

Eed Sea. Coasts of Timor and Sumatra.

57. Mugil chelo.

Lisa (Ivica) ; Buosega (Venice) ; Cef'alo pietra (Rome) ; Scioriua

(Florence); Taiuha da Moda (Madeira).
Chelon, Rondel. Pise. i. lib. ix. c. 5. p. 266; Gesner, Aquat. iv. p. 552 ;

Wilhtf/hby, iv. c. 4 ; Ha;/, Syn. p. 84.
Midet Cihaluc, Duham. PecJies, iii. sect. 6. c. 2. p. 147.
Mugil clielo, Cup. Rh/ne Anim.; Bonap. Faun. Ital. Pesc; Cuv. 8f Val.

xi. p. 50. pi. 309 ; Jen. Man. p. 375 ; Guichen. Explor. Ahjh: Poiss.

p. 67 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 395.

provensalis, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 346; (not Eur. 3Ierid.).

labrosus, Risso, Eur. 31crid. iii. p. 389.

cephalus, var. 13, De la Roche, Ann. Mus. xiii. p. 358. tab. 21.

fig. 7.
eoiTugatus, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 184, aud Fish. 3Iadcir.

p. 155.
D. 4/9. A. -. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 15-16. Ca3c. pylor. 7.
Vert. 11/13.

The height of the body is contained four times and two-thirds or
five times in the total length, the length of the head five times and a
half. The snout is broad and depressed ;
the interorbital space slightly convex, its
width being nearly one-half of the length
of the head. The upper lip is very thick,
with three series of short broad papillae
on its inferior half. The angle made by
the two mandibularj' bones is obtuse ; the
prworbital has an indistinct longitudinal
ridge, and does not entirely cover the
maxillary bone ; its extremity is rounded,
the anterior angle being not much wider M. clielo.

than the posterior. Eyes without adi-
pose membrane : nostrils close together ; they are less distant from
each other than the posterior is from the eye. The chin is entirely

1. MUGIL. 455

covered by the raandibularies, or they leave between them only a
very narrow strip uncovered. There are twenty-eight scales between
the snout and the spinous dorsal. The two anterior dorsal spines
exceed one-half of the length of the head. The thirteenth, the
fourteenth or fifteenth, and the twenty-sixth or twenty-seventh
scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity of the pectoral
and to the origin of the two dorsal fins ; the origin of the spinous
dorsal is nearer to the caudal than to the snout. The root of the
pectoral is somewhat above the middle of the body ; the ventral is
inserted midway between the pectoral and spinous dorsal. Dark
stripes along the series of scales.

Mediterranean. Madeira. Canary Islands.

a. Adult. Lanzarote. Presented by the Rev. R. T. Lowe.

b-c. Young. Mediterranean. From Mr. Petherick's Collection. —

Young individuals of this and the following species have the

labial papillae very little developed.

58. Mugil septentrionalis.

Mugil cephalus, Schagerstr. Vet. Akad. Hcmdl. 1829, p. 90. tab. 3. iig. 1.

capito, Niks. Prodr. p. 69.

chelo, Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 207, 2nd edit. i. p. 241, 3rd edit. ii.

p. 182 (not the figure which has been copied from Bonaparte and
belongs to the true chelo) ; Thonips. Nat. Hist. Irel. iii. p. 100 ;
Parn. Went. 3Ietn. vii. p. 228, or Fishes Frith of Forth, p. 68 (pi. 28
is a copy from Ciw. <^ Val., and represents 31. chelo) ; Niks. Faun.
Skand. iv. p. 177.

D. 4 1 4-- ^- ^- L- lat. 45. L. transv. 16. Csec. pylor. 5.

I 9 9 (10) '■•'

Vert. 11/13.

The height of the body is contained four times and a half to four
times and two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head five
times or five times and a half. The
upper lip is thick, with two series of
short and obtuse papillas on its inferior
third. The extremity of the maxillary
is visible behind and below the angle of
the mouth. The prseorbital is very ob-
liquely truncated, so that its posterior
angle is pointed, whilst the anterior is
very obtuse and rounded. Mandibles
very broad, nearly entirely covering the M. septentrionalis.

chin. The tenth, the fifteenth, and

the twenty-seventh scales of the lateral line correspond to the ex-
tremity of the pectoral and to the origin of the two dorsal fins ; the
origin of the spinous dorsal is exactly on the middle between the
snout and the base of the caudal. Dark stripes along the series of
scales.

British and Scandinavian coasts.

a. Adult : stuffed. Frith of Forth.

456 MUGILIDJi.

h-(l, e. Adult, half-grown, and young. England. Purchased.

/. Half-gTown : skin. London market. From Mr. Yarrcll's Col-
lection.

ff. Preparation of the pharyngeal apparatus and of the intestines of
male and female. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther,

7i, i. Adult : skeletons. England.

Description. — The height of the body is contained four times and
a half to four times and two-thirds in the total length, the length
of the head five times to five times and a half. The head is some-
what elevated and short, the snout being obtnse. The interorbital
space is convex, and its width is one-hali" of the length of the head.
The upper lip is tliick, but thinner than in M. cheh ; its inferior
thii'd has a whitish colour, and is provided with two series of short
and flat papillaj. The angle made by the anterior margins of the
mandibles is obtuse, and the cleft of the mouth is at least thiice
as broad as it is deep. A long portion of the maxillary is visible
behind and below the angle of the mouth. The prajorbital is
much more obK(iuely truncated than in M. chelo, its hinder angle
being pointed, whilst the anterior is very obtuse and more or less
rounded ; the edge between the two angles is minutely serrated.
The mandibles are very broad, and nearly entirely cover the chin ;
but a very narrow strip of the chin always appears to remain un-
covered even in very old individuals. The nostrils are close together,
situated nearer to the orbits than to the end of the snout. Adijwse
eyelid none. There are twenty-six scales between the snout and the
spinous dorsal fin ; the latter commences exactly on the middle be-
tween the snout and the base of the caudal fm, the tail of this
species being somewhat longer than in M. chelo ; the two anterior
dorsal spines are rather stout, of equal length, and one-half as long
as the head ; pointed scales extend along the whale length of its base.
The soft dorsal fin is higher than the spinous, and commences above
the twenty-seventh scale of the lateral line, or above the first soft
ray of the anal. The caudal fin is forked, the length of each lobe
being equal to, or rather more than, that of the head. AnaJ as high
as the fin opposite. The pectoral is inserted somewhat above the
middle of the depth of the body, and has no pointed scale in its axil ;
it is considerably shorter than in M. chelo, extending only to the
tenth scale of the lateral line, whilst the origin of the spinous dorsal
corresponds to the fifteenth ; its length is nearly equal to the di-
stance of the posterior nostril from the end of the operculum. The
ventral is inserted midway between pectoral and dorsal fins.

Back greenish, lighter on the sides and silvery below ; dark green-
ish stripes along the series of scales.

Length of the largest specimen twenty-three inches.

On the anatomy, see p. 410.

This species is closely allied to M. chelo, with which it has hitherto
been confounded ; but it may be readily chstinguished by its shorter
pectoral fin, its tliinner upper lip, the different form of the pruiorbital,
and its longer tail. It has two pyloric appendages less.

1. MUGIL.

457

D. 4

59. Mugil nigro-strigatus.

A. |-. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 13-14.

The upper lip is excessively thick, without transverse fold, and
with about seven series of small flat papillas on its inferior half ; the
lower lip has a broad membranaceous margin, notched in the middle,
but not ciliated. Body with about eleven brownish-black longitu-
dinal streaks.

Hub. ?

Borneo. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E.
St. Yinccnt's. Presented by the Lords of the

a. Seven inches long.

Belcher, K.C.B.

b. Six inches long.

Admiralty.

Description. — The height of the body is contaiacd four times and
two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head five times.
The interorbital space is slightly
convex, its width being t\vice
and a fourth in the length of the
head. The snout is as long as,
or somewhat longer than, the
eye. The chin is nearly entirely
covered by the mandibles. The
prteorbital is tnmcated, not
notched, and does not cover the
extremity of the maxillary. The
pectoral is inserted nearly in the
middle of the depth of the body,
and is ■wdthout a pointed scale in
its axil ; it is not quite so long as the head, and extends to the
fourteenth scale of the lateral line. There are twenty-seven scales
between the snout and the spinous dorsal. The latter commences
midway between snout and base of the caudal, above the sixteenth
scale of the lateral line, the soft dorsal above the twenty-sixth, or
above the thii-d soft anal ray. The soft dorsal is not scaly, much
higher than long, and as liigh as the anal. Caudal emarginate.
Anal longer than the dorsal.

The black stripes are produced by a series of spots, one always be-
longing to the cuticular fold, covering the base of a scale.

I am inclined to think the statement of one of the specimens coming
from Borneo to be incorrect, and that the species is a native of the
coast of St. Vincent's, West Indies.

M. nigro-strigatiis.

60. MugU heterochiliis.

Bleeker, Bafjan, ii. p. 198, and Act. Sue. Sc. Indo-Ncdei-l. vi., Celebes,
xiii. p. 57.

D. 4

A.

L. lat. 40. L. transv. 12.

The height of the body ctjuals the length of the head, and is onc-
fiith of the total. Eyes without adipose membrane. Snout obtuse.

458 MUGILIDJ5.

not projecting beyond the mouth, shorter than the ej'c. The upper
lip is very thick, with obtuse indistinct papillae inferiorly ; the lower
without fringes, notched at the symphysis. The praeorbital is scarcely
emarginate anteriorly, and does not entirely cover the maxillary.
The pectorals are nearly as long as the head ; the soft dorsal and the
anal are scaly ; the latter commences before the dorsal. Caudal
deeply emarginate. A black spot sometimes superiorly at the base
of the pectoral. (Bl.)

Coasts and rivers of Batjan, Celebes, Coram, and Java.

61. Mugil crenilabis.

Mugil crenilabis, Forsk. Dcser. Anim. p. 73 ; Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 123 ;

(not Riipp.).
fasciatus, Cuv. fy Val. xi. p. 125.

D.4|f A.f

The height of the body is contained four times and a thii-d in the
total length, the length of the head five times. The upper lip is very
tliick, with small fleshy fringes ; the lower notched before the sym-
physis and also fringed. The maxiUary is entirely hidden by the
prajorbital; praeorbital not notched anteriorly. Eyes without adi-
pose membrane. The second dorsal and the anal are scaly ; caudal
forked.

Red Sea.

Q2. Mugil macrochilus.

Mugil, sp., Jenyns, Zool. Beacile, Fishes, p. 81.
Mugil macrocheilos, Bleek. Kokos, p. 43.

D.4|i-.

A. ^. L. lat. 41-42.

The height of the body is contained five times and one-foiu'th in
the total length, the length of the head five times and two-fifths ;
the width of the interorbital space is one-half of the latter. The
snout is obtuse, projecting beyond the mouth, and as long as the eye.
Both lips are fringed ; the upper is very thick, its fringes standing in
a single series, obtuse and denticulated. The prseorbital has no notch
anteriorly, and the maxillary is nearly entirely hidden when the
mouth is closed. Eyes without adipose membrane. The pectoral is
nearly as long as the head ; the second dorsal and the anal are scaly,
and both commence in nearly the same vertical. Caudal forked ; a
blackish spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral. (Bl.)

Coasts of Kokos Island and of Java.

63. Mugil riippellii.

Mugil crenilabris, Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 132 ; (not Cuv. 8f Vol.).
D. 4 1 4-. A. -. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 14.

I 8 9

The height of the body is contained four times and a- hiaK in the
total length, the length of the head five times. The snout is broad.

1. MUGIL. 459

short, obtuse, not depressed ; the interorbital sj^acc slightly convex,
its width being contained twice and a quarter in the length of the
head. The upper lip is very thick, and, like the lower, fringed ; the
two mandibulary bones do not leave a free space between them : the
priEorbital has a very distinct notch anteriorly ; its extremity is trun-
cated, and does not cover that of the maxillary. Eyes without adi-
pose membrane. There are twenty-one scales between the snout
and the spinous dorsal. The length of the anterior dorsal spines is
one-half of that of the head. The eleventh, the twelfth, and the
twenty-fourth scales of the lateral line correspond to the extremity
of the pectoral and to the origin of the two dorsal fins. Caudal
forked ; the second dorsal and the anal scaly.
Red Sea.

a. Stuffed. One of Dr. Riippell's typical specimens.

6 1. Mugil eirrhostoma.

Mugil cirrhostoma, (ForsL) BI. Schn. p. 121 ; Cuv. ^' Vul. xi. p. 127.
pi. 312.

D. 4 I -i. A. ^. L. lat. 30-35.

The height of the body is contained four times and three-fourths
in the total length, the length of the head nearly six times. Lips
very tliick, the upper ■with nine or ten, the lower with two series of
short fleshy fringes. The prasorbital is not notched anterioiiy, and
scarcely deuticidated. Pectoral as long as the head ; the second dorsal
and anal scaly ; the caudal forked, ( Vol.)

New Ireland.

65. Mugil proboscideus.
D. 4 1|. A. A. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 14.

The front part of the upper lip is extremely thick, conically pro-
duced ; the lower parts of both lips with a band of soft pavoment-
hke papiUaj, arranged in oblique series. Cleft of the mouth deeper
than broad.

Coasts of Nicaragua. Pacific coast of Central America.

a. Forty-five lines long. Island of Cordova. Presented by G. U.

Skiuner, Esq.
h-m. Young. Island of Cordova. Presented by G. U. Skinner, Esq.
n. Four" inches long. West coast of Central America. Collected by

Captain Dow ; presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

Description. — This species is naturally more closely aUied to Afjo-
nostoma 2^^lcatlle than to Mugil, but differs from it in having no
teeth at aU in the jaws, except that in specimen n. the band of
pajjiUse passes into a series of fine moveable teeth anteriorly in the
upper jaw. The head and especially the body and tail are com-
pressed ; the greatest depth of the body nearly equals the length of
the head, and is contained four times and a half in the total length.

460

MUGILID-E.

The upper anterior profile is nearly straight, obliquely descending.
The intcrorbital space is convex, one-half of the length of the head,
and scaly, whilst the parts before the orbits are naked. The anterior
portion of the upper lip is extremely thick, conieally protruding, and
nearly as long as the remainder of the snout. A narrow band of
soft papilla) occupies the lower parts of the Hps anteriorly and
laterally ; the papiUce are arrangecl in oblique series, having a pave-
ment-liko appearance. The lower jaws are rather narrow, and the

M. proboscideus.

cleft of the mouth is much longer than broad. The maxillary is
entirely hidden by the prssorbital, which has the extremity trimcated
and minutely serrated. The eye is much shorter than the snout, and
in the present specimen, which apparently is a young one, one-fourth
of the length of the head. There are twenty-three scales between
the snout and the spinous dorsal fin. The latter commences somewhat
nearer to the base of the caudal than to the end of the snout : the
soft dorsal and the anal have series of small scales between the rays ;
the former is higher than the spinous dorsal, and commences above
the middle of the anal fin. Caudal emarginate ; the anal is rather
higher than long, as high as the soft dorsal. The pectoral is inserted
above the middle of the depth of the body, and its length is four-fifths
of that of the head.

Silvery, upper parts greenish ; dark stripes along the series of
scales.

66. Mugil corsula.

Buch. Ham. Fish. Gang. pp. 221, 3S1. tab. 9. fig. 97; Cui\ S^ Val. xi.
p. 119; Sleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Bengal, en Hmdost,
p. 101 ; JEijd. ^ Soul. Voy. Bontte, Zool. i. p. 172. pi. 4. fig. 2.

D. 4 1 1. A. |. L. lat. 52. L. transv. 15. Csec. pylor. 2.

The snout is flat, rounded, prominent, with the upper part pro-
jecting beyond the mouth, which is entirely at the lower side of the
head. Head flat superiorly, elongate, triangular ; the eyes are rather
small and somewhat directed upwards, and the space between them
is nearly one-sixth of the length of the head ; nostrils on the side of
the snout, below the canthus rostralis. The height of the body is

2. AGONOsToir.i. 461

contained six times in the total length, the length of the head five
times and a half. Dorsal spines somewhat feeble, the anterior ones
being nearly one-third of the length of the head ; the origin of the
second dorsal fin is above the middle of the anal.
Ganges and tiibutaries.

a. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. Purchased of Sir. Bartlett.

2. AGONOSTOMA.

Agonostomus, Benn. Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. 1830, p. 1G6.
CestraBUS, Ciiv. ^- Val. xi. p. 156.
Dajaus, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 164.
Nestis, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 166.

Cleft of the mouth extending on the sides of the snout, beyond, to,
or nearly to the orbit. Small teeth at least in one of the jaws, and
sometimes on the palate. The lower lip with the margin rounded,
not shai-p. Stomach not particularly muscular.

Fresh waters of the West Indies, Central America, New Zealand,
Australia, Celebes, Mauritius, and the Comora Islands.

1. Agonostoma plicatile.

Cestraeus plicatilis, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 157. pi. 315.
D. 4 I -i-. A. |-. L. lat. 44. L. transv. 13. Ctec. pylor. 2.

Small teeth in the upper jaw ; no other teeth. The height of the
body is contained four times and a third in the total length. Eye
without adipose membrane. Upper lip very tlaick, with numerous
small papilla; ; the lower with transverse lamellae.

Fresh waters of Celebes and of Aneiteum.

a. Adult : stufied. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgillivi-ay's Collection. —
This specimen differs from that described by Valenciennes in
having the prseorbital slightly serrated, and a blackish blotch on
the top of the second dorsal fin. It belongs, perhaps, to a
different species.

2. Agonostoma oxyrhynchum.

Cestrseus oxyrhynchus, Cuv. S)- Val. xi. p. 162; Bleek. Celeb, viii. p. 307,
and Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. viii., Sumatra, ix. p. 9.

D. 4 ||. A. J. L. lat. 45. Ctec. pylor. 2.

The height of the body is contained five times and a fourth or five
times and a half in the total length. Eye without developed adipose
membrane. Lips thick ; the upper without papillfe, the lower with
inconspicuous transverse lamellae. A small patch of teeth on each
side of the vomer ; those of the upper jaw small, none in the lower.

Fresh waters of Celebes, Batjan, and Sumatra.

462

MTTGILID.E.

3. Agonostoma telfairii.

Agonostomiis telfairii, Benn. Proc. Comm. Znol. Snc. i. 18.'50, p. 100.
Nestis cyprinoides, Cuv. ^ Val. xi. p. 107. pi. 317.

D. 4 ||. A. 4. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 13.

Villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the pterygoid bones,
none on the palatines. The height of the body is one-fifth of the
total length, the length of the head nearly one-sixth. The front
part of the upper hp is rather thick, not protruding ; snout as long
as the orbit. The anterior dorsal commences somewhat nearer to
the snout than to the base of the caudal. Upper parts dark-coloured ;
a silvery band along the side.

Mauritius. Comoro Islands.

a-c. Young. Anjuan. Trom Prof. Petcrs's Collection.
d. Half-grown. Mauritius. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection. — Ty^ie
of the species.

4. Agonostoma dobuloides.

Nestis dobuloides, Cuv. S( Val. xi. p. 171.

D.4|i. A.f

Very small teeth in the upper jaw and on the vomer, none in the
lower and on the palatine bones. Upper lip thick. ( Val.)
Mauritius.

5. Agonostoma microps.

D. 4 I -i-. A. ^. L. lat. 43. L. transv. 12.

Broad bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, the pala-
tine and pterygoid bones. The height of the body is contained five
times in the total length, the length of the head four times and a
half ; the latter is more than the distance between the origins of the
two dorsal fins ; snout much longer than the eye. Upper lip thick,
protruding anteriorly. The maxillary extends to, or beyond, the
vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The interorbital space
is convex. The anterior dorsal commences midway between the
snout and the base of the caudal fin.

Probably West Indies.

Twelve inches long.

a, b. Adult and half-gro-Rai. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.

Description. — The body is moderately compressed, its greatest
depth being one -fifth of the total length ; its upper anterior profile
is very slightly convex, obliquely descending ; the length of the head
is contained four times and a half in the total. The interorbital
space is convex, its width being nearly one-third of the length of
the head. The snout is conical, twice as long as the eye, the dia-
meter of which is one-sixth of the length of the head. The upper lip
is thick, especially its front part, which projects beyond the lower
jaw. The cleft of the month is slightly oblique, and of moderate width.

2. AGONORTOMA. 463

the maxillary extending to below the anterior margin of the eye ;
it is not entirely hidden when the mouth is closed, but a narrow
stiip of its cutaneous covering remains visible. The pra^orbital
reaches downwards to the lower level of the orbit, and is not denti-
culated. There are nineteen scales between the spinous dorsal and
the crown of the head ; those on the crown are covered with skin,
and the interorbital space is entirely naked. The spinous dorsal fin
commences midway between the snout and the base of the caudal fin,
above the tenth scale of the lateral line ; its anterior spines are stout,
their length being a little less than one-half of that of the head.
The soft dorsal is a little higher than the spinous, not scaly, and
commences above the twenty-fourth scale, or above the fourth soft
anal ray. Caudal emarginate. The anal fin is somewhat higher
than the dorsal opposite, and has its anterior spine very short. The
pectoral is inserted on the middle of the depth of the body, and is as
long as the head, the length of the snout not included ; it extends
to the ninth scale.

Back greyish-green, each scale with a brown margin ; a silvery
band from above the pectoral to the base of the caudal ; lower parts
silvery.

6. Agonostoma nasutum.
D. 4 I -i-. A. |. L. lat. 42. L. transv. 12.

Eather narrow bands of villiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer
and palatine bones. The height of the body equals the length of
the head, and is one-fifth of the total. Upper lip thick. The max-
illary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The
interorbital space is convex. The anterior dorsal commences nearer
to the end of the snout than to the base of the caudal fin.

llivers of Guatemala.

a. Eight and a half inches long. Eiver of San Geronimo. From
Mr. Owen's Collection.

Description of the specimen. — The body is moderately compressed,
rather thick behind the head, its greatest depth being equal to the
length of the head, and one-fifth of the total; its upper anterior profile
is slightly convex above the opercles. The interorbital space is convex,
and its vridth is contained twice and two-thirds in the length of the
head. The snout is obtusely conical, the diameter of the eye Ijeing
two-tliirds of its extent, or one-fifth of the length of the entire head.
The upper lip is thick, especially its front part, which extends to the
upper siu'face of the head and projects beyond the lower jaw. The
cleft of the mouth is slightly oblique, of moderate width, the
maxillary extending to below the anterior margin of the eye ; the
maxillary is entirely hidden when the mouth is closed. Prajorbital
without denticulation. Narrow bands of villiform teeth in the jaws,
on the vomer and on the palatine bones. There are nineteen scales
between the spinous dorsal and the snout, the scales extending to
the level of the anterior margin of the orbits. The spinous dorsal
commences nearer to the end of the snout than to the base of the

464 MUGiLiDj;.

caudal fin, above the tenth scale of the lateral line; its anterior spines
are rather strong, their length being a little more than one-hall' of
that of the head. The soft dorsal is a little higher than the spinous,
not scaly, and commences above the twenty-fourth scale, or above the
fourth soft anal ray. Caudal fin emarginatc. The anal fin is some-
what higher than the dorsal opposite, having feeble spines, the an-
terior being quite rudimentary. The pectoral is inserted above the
middle of the depth of the body, and equal in length to the chstancc
of the nostril from the posterior margin of the opercxdum ; it extends
nearly to the tenth scale.

Back greyish-green, each scale with a brown margin; a silvery band
from the base of the pectoral to the caudal fin ; lower parts silvery ;
base of the pectoral blackish.

This species is so closely allied to Agonostoma telfaini from the
Mauritius, that it requires a minute examination to distinguish them.
Tlie snout of the American species is comparatively shorter and the
spinous dorsal fin is situated more forwards.

The fish was discovered by Mr. Owen, who, in company with
Messrs. Salvin and Godman, is at present engaged in investigating
the natural productions of Guatemala.

7. Agonostoma monticola.

Mugil monticola, {Bancroft) Griff. Anim. Kim/d. Fishes, p. .307. pi. 30.
Dajaus monticola, Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 104. pi. 316.
Mugil irretitus, Gosse, Nat. Sci/. Jamaica, p. 84.

D. 4 1 1. A. |-. L. lat. 40-42. L. transv, 12.

Small teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones.
The height of the body is contained four times and a thii-d to four
times and a half in the total length. Upper Up thin. The maxillary
extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The
interorbital space is convex. The anterior dorsal commences some-
what nearer to the snout than to the base of the caudal fin.

Fresh waters of the West Indies and of Mexico.
a. Adult. Barbadoes. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
b-e. Half-grown : skins. Jamaica. From Dr. Parnell's Collection.
/. Young. Bluefields, Jamaica. From Mr. Gosse's Collection, and

type of his Mugil irretitus.
g-h. Adult : stuffed. West Indies.
/. Half-grown, Mexico. From M. Salle's Collection.
k-n. Adult.

8, Agonostoma percoides.

D. 4 ||, A. |-. L. lat. 40-42. L. transv. 13.

Yilliform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones.
The height of the body is contained four times and a third to four
times and a half in the total length. Upper lip thin. The max-
illary extends beyond the vertical from the anterior margin of the
eye. The interorbital space is flat. The anterior dorsal commences
midway between the snout and the base of the caudal fin.

2. AGONOSTOIMA. 465

Fresh waters of San Domingo and probably of Jamaica. Nine
inches long.

a. Adult female. San Domingo. Purchased of Mr. Cuming,

b-e. Adult and half-grown : sldns, Jamaica ? From Dr. ParneU's

Collection.
/. Adult. West Indies. Presented by the Medical Officers, E.A.,

at Fort Pitt.

Description. — This species is nearly allied to A. moiiticola, from
which it may be rcachly distinguished by the characters mentioned ;
it is necessary, however, to give a more detailed description, as
probably more species will be discovered. The body is moderately
compressed, with the ujjper anterior profile considerably arched ; its
greatest depth is below the origin of the spmous dorsal, where it
is contained four times and a tliird or four times and a half in the
total length. The length of the head is nearly equal to the height
of the body, or contained three times and two-thii-ds in the total
length, the caudal fin not included. The interorbital space is quite
flat, its width being rather more than tliat of the orbit, which equals
the extent of the snout, and is one-fourth of the length of the bead.
The snoiit is compressed, with thin lips, and with the cleft of the
mouth horizontal ; the maxillary extends beyond the vertical from
the anteiior margin of the eye. The nostrils are close together, the
anterior being on the middle between the end of the snout and the
orbit. There are foiu' series of scales between the orbit and the angle
of the prfeoperculum, sixteen between the snout and the spinous
dorsal fin. The latter commences midway between the snout and
the base of the caudal, above the tenth scale of the lateral line ; the
length of its anterior spine is more than one-half of that of the head.
The soft dorsal is as high as the spinous, and commences above the
twenty-second scale, or above the third soft ray of the anal. Caudal
deeply emarginate ; anal higher than the dorsal opposite. The pec-
toral is inserted above the middle of the depth of the body, and ex-
tends to the ninth scale of the lateral line ; it is as long as the head,
the length of the snout not included ; the ventral is somewhat shorter
than the pectoral. ,

Nearly uniform greenish (in spirits) ; blackish blotches between
the dorsal spines.

Length of a mature female six inches ; the species, however, at-
tains to a larger size.

9. Agonostoma forsteri.

Mugil albida, Forst. Descr. Am»i. ed. Licht. p. 145.

forsteri, Bl. Sclm. p. 120 ; Cuv. S,- Vnl. xi. p. 141 ; Hichards. Voy.

Enb. ^- Terr. Fishes, p. 77. pi. 44. figs. 20-2(5 (young).
Dajaus diemensis, Hichards. Froc. Zoo/. Soc. 1840, p. 25, and Trans.

Zool. Soc. iii. p. 123, and Vo)/. Ereb. S,- Terr. Fishes, p. 37. pi. 26.

figs. 1-4 5 Jenyns, Zool. Beagle, Fishes, p. 82.

D. 4 1 3^. A. ^. L. lat. 55. Case, pylor. 3.
Narrow bands of viUiform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer, on the

VOL. III. 2 H

466 MTJGILIDiE.

palatine and pterygoid bones. The height of the body is contained
live times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four
times and two-thirds. luterorbital space Hat, its ■ttidth being two-
sevenths of the length of the head. Snout produced, rather longer
than the eye ; lips thin. Procorbital with the margins serrated ; the
maxillaiy extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the
orbit. The anterior dorsal spines rather slender, their length being
one-half of that of the head ; they occupj' the middle of the distance
between snout and base of the caudal. Caudal rather deeply emar-
ginate.

Coasts and fresh M'atcrs of Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand.

a-b, c, d. Advlt, half-grown, and young : bad state. From the Haslar
Collection. — Probably the tji)ical specimens of Dajaus diewensis.
e. Adult : bad state. Port Arthur. Presented by Sir J. Eichardson.
/. Adult : skin. Hobson's Bay, Port Phillip.
g. Many young and half-grown specimens. New Zealand.

The original figure of Forster agrees so well with the specimens
from the localities mentioned, that there is no occasion to distinguish
a Dajaus diemensis from Forster's species.

3. MTXUS.

(PMiigil, sp., Cuv. Sf Val. xi. p. 149.)
Cleft of the mouth extending on to the sides of the snout, but not
to the orbit. Small teeth in a single series in the upper jaw, and
sometimes in the lower and on the palate. Upper lip not particu-
larly thick ; anterior margin of the mandible sharp.

1. Myxus elongatus.

D. 4 1 _!. A. I". L. lat. 45. L. transv. 13.

A single series of fine teeth in the upper jaw, none in the lower ;
vomer with a narrow cross-band of teeth ; sometimes a very small
patch anteriorly on the palatine bones. Lips thin. Prseorbital
serrated anteriorly and inferiorly. The anterior dorsal spine slender,
its length being rather more than one-half of that of the head.

Coasts of Australia.

a. Skin : eleven inches long. Hobson's Bay. Presented by the

Earl of Derby.
h. Skin : eleven inches long. Port Jackson. Purchased of Mr.

Gould.

Although I have only two skins of this species, its characters are
so marked that it ■will be readily recognized even from the incom-
plete description which I am enabled to give. The body appears to
be more elongate than in the other species, its depth being about
one-sixth of the total length. The head is long, about one-fifth of
the total length, and flat above, the width of the interorbital space
being contained twice and two-tliirds in the length of the head.

3. MYXus. 407

Snout broad, approaching in form that of a true Magil, with the
lower lip somewhat sharp. The prteorbital has a slight notch an-
teriorly, and has the margins serrated. The maxillarj- does not ex-
tend to below the orbit. The anterior dorsal has slender spines, and
commences a little nearer to the base of the caudal than to the snout ;
the posterior dorsal commences behind the anal. Caudal deeply
emarginatc ; vertical fins not scaly. A black spot superiorly in the
axil of the pectoral fin.

2. Myxus harengus.

D. 4 I -i-. A. ■^. L. lat. 38.

A single series of small fixed teeth in the upper jaw, none in the
lower or on the vomer; lips thin. Praeorbital serrated anteriorly
and inferiorly. Anterior dorsal spines of moderate strength, half as
long as the head.

Pacific coast of Central America.

a-h. Twenty-two lines long. Collected by Captain Dow ; presented
by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

Head and body compressed, the greatest depth being about one-
fifth of the total. The cleft of the mouth is rather broader than deep,
and does not extend to the anterior margin of the orbit. Sides and
belly bright silvery, back green.

The two following species, perhaps, belong to this genus : —

3. MyxTis curvidens.

Mugil curvidens, Cuv. ^- Val. xi. p. 149. pi. 813.
D.4l|. A.f

Teeth in both the jaws rather strong, in a single series, those of
the lower ha\'ing the points dii'ected doAvnwards, like the intermax-
illary teeth. Eyes without adipose membrane ; the maxillary is
entirely hidden by the praeorbital ; vertical fins not scaly ; no elongate
Bcales in the axils of the fins. Base of the pectoral blackish. ( Val.)

Island of Ascension. Bahia.

4. Myxus ciMlabis.
Mugil ciliilabis, Cuv. 8f Val. xi. p. 151.

D.4||. A.f

This species is thus described by Valenciennes : — It has the teeth
smaller and finer than M. curvidens, to which it is closely allied ;
they are less recurved downwards, but form a series of cilia which
have a different arrangement from that in the other species of Mugil.
The back is more straight, the body more rounded, the head shorter,
and the scales smaller than in M. curvidens.

Lima.

2h2

468 opniocEPnALiD.E.

Fam. 39. OPHIOCEPHALID^.

LabjTinthici, part., Cm: Rk/ne Anim. ; J/m//. Berl. Ahhandl. 1844,

p." 201. . .. '

Labyrintliibranchii, part., OweUj Led. Comp. Anat. i. p. 49.
Opliioceplialoidei, Blcek. Enum. Spec. p. xxiv.

Body elongate, anteriorly suhcylindrical, covered with scales of
morlcrate size ; head depressed, covered with shield-Hl^e scales su-
periorly ; lateral line mth an abiiipt cm-ve, or subinteiTnpted. Cleft
of the month lateral, wide ; teeth in the jaws and on the palate.
Eye lateral. GiU-opening wide, the gill-membranes of both sides
joined below the isthmns ; four gills ; pseudobranehise none. A
cavity accessory to the gill-cavity, for the purpose of retaining water
in it, a superbranchial organ not being developed. An air-bladder.
One long dorsal and anal fin, without spines ; ventral fins absent or
thoracic, and composed of six rays, the outer of which is not branched.
Vertebrae in considerable number (52-61) ; the caudal vertebrae are
pro\'ided with ribs, the abdominal cavity being continued to below
the caudal portion.

Freshwater fishes of the East Indies : able to live and move without
the water for a short time. Feechng on small animals.

Everj^ ichthyologist will acknowledge the necessity of separating
these fishes from the Lahyrinthici, their entire external and internal
structure being -widely different. The only character by which their
position in this Order appears to be justified is the insertion and the
structure of the ventral fins ; they are composed of six rays, the
outer of which is not even a true spine, but articulated towards its
extremity.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Ventral fins present 1. OrniocEniALUS, p. 468.

Ventral fins none 2. Ch anna, p. 483.

1. OPHIOCEPHALUS*.

Opliiceplialus, Block, Ausl. Fische, viii. p. 137.

Ventral fins present. Pyloric appendages two. Fine teetli in the
jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones, sometimes intermixed
with larger ones.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

* 1. Sowara, Eit&s. pi. 163. — Opliiceplialus sowara, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 426. —
Vizagapatam.
2. Bostriclioidcs oMllatus, Lacep. iii. pp. 144, 145, ii. p'. 14. fig. 3. — Oplii-
ceplialus ocellatus, Cin'. ^- Val. vii. p. 434. — China. 3.

1. OrniOCEPHALUS.

469

St/nopsis of the S^iecies.

I. Shields on the upper siu'face of the head of moderate or large size.
No ocellated spot in the adult state.

A. 29-37 dorsal rays.

1. 0. punctatus. 2. O. affinis. 4. 0. kelaartii.

3. O. gachua.

B. 38-45 dorsal rays,
rt. L. lat. 50-58.

* Larger teeth none.

5. 0. rhodotajnia.

* Lai'ger teeth in the lower jaw only.
0. O. nijstax. 8. 0. melanopterus.

7. O. melanosoma.

9. 0. cyanospilos.
10. 0. striatus.

* Larger teetli in the lower jaw, on the \omer and the palatine
bones.

11. 0. polylepis.

b. L. lat. 60-70.
12. 0. bankanensis. 13. O. lucius.

14. 0. siamensis.

C. 50-53 dorsal rays.
IG. 0. barca. 17. 0. nigricans.

II. A black ocellus on the caudal fin.

19. O. marulius. 20. O. pseudoinarulius. 22. 0. pleurophthalmus.

21. 0. marulioides.

III. Shields on the upper surface of the head small.

23. 0. argus. 24. 0. maculatus. 25. 0. niicropeltes

(steveusii).

15. 0. obscurus.

18. O. grandinosus.

1. CpMoceplialus punctatus.

Ophicephalus punctatus, Bl. taf. 358; Bl. Sc/»i. p. 237; Cue. ^ Val, vii.

p. 404 ; Bltek. Verhaiid. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Bengal, en Hin-

dost. p. 95.

kari'ouvei, Lacep. iii. p. 552.

latus, Buck. Ilam. Fish. Gang. pp. 63, 637. tab. 34. fig. 18.

indicus, 3Ic Clell. Culc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 583.

D. 29-31. A. 20-22. L. lat. 40. L. transv. 4/9.

Three or four large teeth on each side of the lower jaw. The

3. Opliicephalus miliaris, Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 439. — China.

4. iris, Cuv. # Val. vii. p. 439.— China.

6. jovis, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 252. — Cliina.

6. theoplirasti, Val. in Jacq. Voy. Ind. Poiss. pi. 13. &g. 1.

7. leucopunctatus, St/kes in Travis. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 352. tab. 60. fig. 3.

— Dekkan.

Pliilypnoides surakartensis, BlceJc. Blenn. en Gob. p. 10, is, according to
a communication from Dr. v. Bleeker, the young of some species of
Ophiocephalus.

470 OPHIOCEPHALID^E.

height of the body is contained six times in the total length, the
length of the head three times and two-thirds, and that of the caudal
fin five times and a half ; the width of the head is three-fifths of its
length. The width of the interorbital space is more than the extent
of the snout, and contained four times and a half in the length of
the head. The maxillaiy does not quite extend to the vertical from
the posterior margin of the eye. There are five series of scales be-
tween the eye and the angle of the pra^operculum. The pectoral
extends to tlae origin of the anal fin, and its length is somewhat more
than one-half of that of the head. The length of the ventral is
nearly three-foiu'ths of that of the pectoral. Body and tail with
two series of alternate transverse blackish spots ; a blackish streak
from the eye to the scapula : these markings become indistinct with
age. The lower half of the body with scattered black dots. Fins
black or blackish ; the dorsal and anal with longitudinal series of
black spots.

Fresh waters of the East Indian Continent and of Ceylon.

a. Adult. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

6. Adult : stufied. Loodianah. From Mr. Grifiith's Collection.

c. Half-grown : skin. Dourra, Loodianah. Named Ophiocephalus

indtcus.

d. Adult : stuffed. Scharunpore. From Mr. Griffith's Collection, as

Ojpliiocephalus indicus, Griff'.
c-g, h-i. Adult, half-grown, and young. East Indies. Presented

by G. R. Waterhouse, Esq. — Types of Ophiocephahis lata, B. H.
k, l-m, n, 0, p, q, r-s, t. Adidt, hali-gi'own, and yoiuig. Ceylon.
u. Adiilt. From the Collection of the Zoological Society.

2. OpMocephalus afl&nis.

D. 30. A. 22. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 4/8.

Several teeth in the lower jaw larger than the rest ; those of the
vomer cardiform, in a narrow band ; a single series on the palatine
bones. The height of the body is contained five times and thi-ee-
fifths in the total length, the length of the head three times and
three-fifths. The length of the caudal fin equals the height of the
body. The width of the head is three-fifths of its length ; the width
of the interorbital space is more than the extent of the snout, and
contained foiu" times and a quarter in the length of the head. The
maxillary extends nearly to the vertical from the posterior margin
of the orbit. There are five scries of scales between the eye and the
angle of the praeoperculum. The pectoral extends to the origin of
the anal fin, and its length is more than one-half of that of the head ;
the length of the ventral is three-quarters of that of the pectoral.
Body with dark cross-bands, which become irregiilar and more nu-
raei-ous below the lateral line, where they are edged with silveiy ;
an indistinct dark streak from the eye to the scapula, edged with
silveiy. Lower parts without black dots. Dorsal fin anteriorly with
two, posteriorly with three, anal with four blackish longituchnal

I. OPHIOCEPHALUS. 471

lines ; caudal with transverse series of brown spots ; pectorals im-
maculate ; ventrals Avhite.
Eab. ?

a. Fine specimen, sixty-two lines long. Perhaps from the Mauritius.

Erom the Collection of the Zoological Society.

b. Adult. From the Collection of the East India Company.

This species is closely allied to 0. punctatus, but has a different
coloration.

8. OpMocephalus gachua.

Opliicepbalus gachua, Buch. Ham. Gang. Fishes, p. 68. pi. 21. iig. 21 ;

Taylor in lirewsfcr's Edinb. Journ. Sc. 1831, v. pp. 34, 36.
aurantiacus, Buch. Sam. I. c. p. 09. pi. 23. fig. 22 ; Ciu: 4'- V^al. vii.

p. 415 (? variety).
Kora-motta, Russell, ii. p. 49.
Ophicephalus limbatus, Cuv. <5" Val. vii. pi. 201 .
margiuatus, Cuv. Sf Val. vii. p. 411 ; Bkek. Verh. Bat. Gen. xxiii.,

Labyr. p. 14 ; Jacq. Voy. Ind. Poiss. pi. 13. fig. 2.

cora-mota, Cuv. 4' Val. vii. p. 414.

fuscus, Cuv. ^~ Val. v^ii. p. 414.

montanu3, MacClell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 583.

D. 34-37. A. 21-23. L. lat. 45. L. transv. 3/7.

No large teeth in the jaws, several on the vomer sUghtly enlarged.
The height of the body is contained six times in the total length, the
length of the head four times and a half, the length of the caudal
six times and two-tliirds. The width of the interorbital space is
much more than the length of the snout, and two-sevenths of that
of the head. The maxillary extends to the vertical from the poste-
rior margin of the eye. There are four seizes of scales between the
eye and the angle of the pra3operculum. The pectoral does not ex-
tend to the origin of the anal fin, and its length is two-thirds of that
of the head. The length of the ventral is less than one-half of that
of the pectoral. Bro\vnish (in spirits), with indistinct cross-bars on
the back. Dorsal and anal with a very narrow, caudal with a broader
whitish margin ; jjectoral with several transverse scries of brown
dots, more distinct on the basal portion of the fin than towards the
extremity.

Fresh waters of the East Indian Continent and Archipelago.

a-b. Fine specimens. East Indies. Presented by G. Ii. Waterhouse,

Esq. — Types of the species.
c. Half-grown. East Indies. Presented by Dr. Horsfield.
d-e. Adult and half-grown. Dukhun. From the Collection of the

East India Company.
/. Adult : stufled. Afghanistan. From the Collection of the East

India Company as Oiihiocephalus montanus, Griff.

0. aurantiacus, Buch. Ham., may prove to be a distinct species.
Although the author says that it agrees in every respect with 0. ga-
cJma except in colour, yet the figure represents a fish with consider-
ably larger scales. The tj-jncal specimen is not preserved in the Collec-
tion presented by Mr. Waterhouse ; and, in fact, the drawing is taken

472^ Ol'UIOLJIPnALlD.E.

from the Hardwicke Cullci-tion. The colour is ycIlDwish, -witli a
rosy shade on the back and an obloug rosy blotch on the gill-covers.

Var. hasalis.

A white transverse streals across the base of the pectoral ; several
others behind, alternately blackish and whitish.

(/-7i. Adnlt and young. From the Collection of the East Incha
Company.

This species lias a black ocellus edged with white on the hindmost
part of the dorsal tin when young.

». Young. East Indies. Presented by G. E. Waterhouse, Esq.

4. Ophiocephalus kelaartii.

D. 31-35. A. 22. L. lat. 38. L. transv. 4/8.

Several teeth in the lower jaw and on the vomer are somewhtit
larger than the others. The maxillary extends to the vertical from
the posterior margin of the orbit. The length of the caudal tin is
one-fifth of the total.

Ceylon.

a, h, c-l. Fine specimens. Ceylon. Purchased of Mi'. Cnming.

Description. — This species is allied to 0. gacliua, differing from it
by its longer caudal fui. The height of the body is contained seven
times in the total length, the length of the head four times. The
width of the interorbital space is much more than the length of the
snout, and two-sevenths of the length of the head. The cleft of the
month is of moderate width, the maxdlaiy extending to the vertical
from the pasterior margin of the orbit.

The teeth on the vomer and the palatine bones stand in a single
series, and several of the former and of the lower are somewhat
larger than the rest. The scales on the upper surface of the head
are large, plate-like ; there are five series of scales between the e}'e
and the angle of the prieopercninm. The pectoral extends to the
origin of the anal fin, and its length equals the distance of the eye
from the end of the operculum, and is more than twice the length of
the ventral fin. Caudal somewhat pointed. Greenish-olive (in spirits),
■\vith very indistinct small darker spots ; vertical fins Avith a whitish
margin ; pectorals dotted all over Avith greyish; ventral fins colouiiess.

Length sixty-six lines.

5. Ophiocephalus rhodotaenia.

Bleeker, Borneo, v. p. 425.

D. 41. A. 24. L. lat. 50.

No large teeth. The height of the body is one-eighth or one-
ninth of the total length, the length of the head one-fourth, the
length of the caudal two-ninths. The maxillary extends to below
the eye. The pectorals are much longer than the ventrals. Elack-

] . opuiocErnALrs. 473

ish-brown, mth a red band running from tbe eye to the caudal ;
fins blackish ; dorsal with yellowish streaks posteriorly ; ventrals
greenish. (Bleeh.)

llivers of Sambas (Borneo).

This species is founded upon a single, apparently young specimen.

6. Ophiocephalus mystax.
Blocker, Natimrk. Tijdschr. Nedo-l. Lid. 1853, v. p. 188. «

D. 38-39. A. 22. L. lat. 50.

Several larger teeth in the lower jaw. The height of the body is
contained eight times in the total length, the length of the head four
times to four times and a fourth, the length of the caudal five times
and a third. The maxillary extends to behind the orbit. The length
of the pectoral is two-thirds of tliat of the head, the length of the
ventral two-fifths. Bro"miish-grecn : head with yellow spots infe-
riorly ; a brown streak from the jaw to the interoperciilum. Fins
brownish : anal with red margin ; ventrals yellow. (BL)

Rivers of Banka.

7. Ophiocephalus melanosoma.

Ophicephalus melasonia, BIccker, Borneo, v. p. 424, and Natuurk.
Tijdschr. Nederl. Lid. v. 1853, p. 189.

D. 40-42. A. 25-26. L. lat. 54-55. L. transv. 4/11.

Several larger teeth in the lower jaw. The height of the body
is contained eight times and a half or nine times in the total length,
the length of the head fom* times or four times and a fourth, the
length of the caudal five times and two-thirds. There are nine series
of scales between the orbit and the angle of the praeoperculum. The
maxiUary extends behind the orbit. The pectorals are two-thirds of
the length of the head, the ventrals two-thirds of that of the pectoral.
Blackish-brown, fins black ; the lower parts of the head, the belly,
the ventrals, and the base of the anal whitish, with dark-brown spots.

Borneo. Banka. Nias.

a. Fine sjjecimen : seventeen inches long. Borneo.

b. Adult : stuffed. Borneo. Purchased of Mi-. Frank.

8. Ophiocephalus melanopterus.
Bleeker, Borneo, ix. p. 420.

D. 45. A. 30. L. lat. 55.

Several larger teeth on each side of the lower jaw. The height of
the body is contained seven times in the total length, the length of
the head five times, the length of the caudal fin five times and a half.
The maxillary extends behind the orbit. Ventrals half as long as
pectorals. Violet-ohve, fins darker ; the posterior half of the dorsal
and the entii-e anal with oblique blue stripes ; the basal half of the
caudal blue-dotted. {Bleelc)

River Kapuas (Borneo).

474 OPHIOCEPHALIDJi;.

9. Ophiocephalus cyanospilos.
Sleeker, Sumatra, ii. p. 256.

D. 42. A. 25. L. lat. 55.
Several largo teeth in the lower jaw. The height of the bodj' is
contained eight times in the total length, the length of the liead
tlu-ee times and three-fourths, the length of the caudal fin five times
and a half. The maxillary extends to the vertical from the posterior
margin of the orbit. The length of the ventral is two-thirds of that
of the pectoral. Greenish-brown, the lower parts clouded with
darker and dotted with blue ; fins blackish, ventrals white. (Bl.)
Rivers of Telok betoug (Sumatra).

10. Ophiocephalus striatus.

Ophiocephalus striatus, £1. tab. 359 ; Bl. Schn. p. 238 ; S/taw, Zool. iv.

p. 630 ; Cuv. ^- Val. vii. p. 417. pis. 202 & 200 ; Jerdon, 3Iadr. Journ.

XV. p. 146; Cant. Catal. p. 92; Cuv. Rbgne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 75.

fig. 2 ; BleeJi. Verli. Bat. Gen. xxiii., Lahyr. p. 13.
Opliiceplialus wralil, Lacep. iii. p. hh'2\Buch. Ham. pp. 00, 367. pi. 31.

tig. 17; MacCleU. Cole. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 575.
Bu^sell, pi. 162.

Ophiceplialus chena. Bach. Ham. pp. 02, 367.
? C)pliicepbalus planiceps, Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 424.

D. 40-45. A. 26-27. L. lat. 57. L. transv. j|=^. Vert. 53-55.

Several large teeth on the side of the lower jaw, those of the
palatine bones cardiform. The height of the body is contained nearly
seven times in the total length, the length of the head three times
and three-fourths, the length of the caudal fin six times ; the width
of tho interorbital space is rather more than the extent of the snout,
and two-ninths of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth large,
the maxiUai-y extending behind the orbit. There are eight or ten
series of scales between the orbit and the angle of the praeoperculum.
The pectoral does not extend to the origbi of the anal fin, and its length
Ls one-half of that of the head ; the length of the ventral is. three-
fourths of that of the pectoral. Brownish-grey (in spirits) on the
back and the sides, emitting vertical processes towards the belly,
which is while. Dorsal and anal fins sometimes with oblique dark
streaks ; frequently some white dots on a black ground on the hind-
most part of these fins.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

a. Large specimen : stuffed. Loodianah. From Mr. Griffith's Col-

lection.

b, c-f. Adult and young. Ganges. Presented by G. K. Waterhouse,

Esq.
(f. Many half-grown and young specimens. Bengal. From the

Collection of the East Incha Company.
li-h. Adult and half-grown : skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr.

Cantor's Collection.
/. Adult. Mackas. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

1. OPniOCEPHALTJS. 475

rji, n, 0-}). Adult and half-grown. Ceylon,
(/-r. Young. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.
s-t. Adult. Java.

tt. Young. Philippine Islands. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
v-]j. Adult : stufl'ed. East Indies.

?2. Adult. China. Presented by the East India Company. — Tlie
body is rather more elevated than in the southern specimens.

11. OpMocephalus polylepis.
Bleeker, Sumatra, i. p. 578.

D. 40. A. 30. L. lat. 58.

Large teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones. The
height of the body is contained seven times in the total length, the
length of the head three times and two-thii'ds, the length of the
caudal fin six times. There are about sixteen scales in a longitudinal
series between the eye and the gill-opening. The maxillary does
not extend to tbe vertical from the posterior margin of the eye. The
pectorals are half as long as the head, but much longer than the
ventral. Greenish, the lower part of the sides with about twelve
oblique blackish bands ; fins greenish ; dorsal and anal with two
black longitudinal bands or with two series of black spots ; the other
fins variegated with blackish. (Bhek.)

Rivers of Solok (West Sumatra).

12. OpMocephalus bankanensis.

Bleeker, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Inch iii. p. 726, and v. p. 187.
D. 40. A. 29-30. L. lat. 60-65.

Several large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and the palatine
bones. The height of the body is contained seven times and a third
to eight times in the total length, the length of the head four times
to four times and a quarter, the length of the caudal five times and
a half to six times and a half. The maxillary extends behind, and in
immature specimens to, the vertical from the posterior margin of the
eye. The length of the pectoral is contained once and three-fourths
to once and five-sixths in that of the head, the length of the ventral
twice and a half to twice and three-foiu-ths. Greenish, clouded ^ith
darker ; immature specimens Avith a light waving band along the
side. Head and lower part of the side with black dots ; opercle with
a large brownish spot ; vertical fins A-iolet, black-dotted ; pectorals
brownish, with the rays yellow-dotted ; hinder half of the ventrals
brownish. {BL)

llivers of Banka and Borneo.

13. OpMocephalus lucius.

Opliiceplialus lucius, {Kuhl S,- v. Haas.) Cm: S)- Val. vii. p. 416; Bleek.
Vcrhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii., Lahyr. p. 13.

D. 39-40. A. 28-29. L. lat. 65.

ScAcral large teeth in the lower jaw and on the palate. The

476 OPUIOCEPHALIBJE.

height of the body is one-sixth or one-seventh of the total length,
the length of the head two-sevenths. The upper profile of the
snout concave ; head with large scales superiorly. The cleft of the
mouth extends to below the ej*e. Brownish above, dotted with
black ; ligliter inferiorly, with about twelve black transverse bands ;
an interrupted blackish longitudinal band from the operculum to the
caudal fin. Two obliqiie black streaks on the side of the head.
Vertical fins bro'OTiish, with black spots ; pectorals variegated with
black.

East Indian .ii'chipelago.

14. OpMocepbalus siamensis.

D. 42. A. 27. L. lat. 65. L. trausv. 5/11.

Large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and the palatine bones.
The height of the body is contained six times and four-fifths in the
total length, the length of the head three times and two-fifths, the
length of the caudal six times. The A^idth of the intcrorbital space
is more than the extent of the snout, and two-ninths of the length
of the head. Cleft of the mouth wide, the maxillary not extending
to the vertical from the posterior margin of the eye (in old speci-
mens it probably reaches to below that margin). There are eleven
series of scales between the eye and the angle of the prajoperciilum ;
scales on the upper surface of the head of moderate size. The pec-
toral extends to the origin of the anal fin, and its length is less thaji
one-half of that of the head ; the ventral is not much shorter than
the pectoral. Greenish-olive, with darker streaks along the series of
scales ; a light longitudinal band from the eye to the middle of the
caudal fin ; two series of alternate darker blotches, one above the
light band, the other below ; side of the head with three oblique
brown bands ; dorsal and anal fins with oblique blackish stripes ;
caudal with blackish spots ; the lower side of the head blackish, with
white spots.

Siam.

a. Fine specimen : young, forty-four lines long. Siam. From M.
Mouhot's Collection.

15. Ophiocephalus obscurus.

D. 42. A. 26. L. lat. 70. L. transv. 7/14.

Several large teeth in the lower jaw ; those on the vomer and the
palatine bones cardiform, in narrow bands. The maxillaiy extends
behind the orbit. Blackish ; a series of large round black blotches
along the side.

Huh. ?

a-b. Presented by C. Swanzz, Esq.

Description. — The height of the body is nearly one-eighth of the
total length, the length of the head nearly one-fom-th ; the width of

1. oPHiocEPnALrs. 477

the interorbital space is more thau the extent of the snout, and one-
fourth of the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is ^dde,
the maxillaiy extending behind the orbit. The scales on the upper
sm-face of the head are of moderate size, those on the neck small; there
are thii-teen series of scales between the orbit and the angle of the
praeoperculum. The pectoral does not extend on to the origin of the
anal, and its length is one-half of that of the head ; the length of
the ventral is three-quarters of that of the pectoral. Caudal rounded,
its length being six times and a third in the total. Blackish, lighter
below, with dark streaks along the series of scales ; a series of black
blotches along the side ; head with two indistinct oblique dark stripes
on the side; vertical fins blackish, the dorsal -with oblique black
spots along its base. Pectoral and ventral variegated with blackish.
Chin black, with white spots.
Length seventy-seven lines.

16. OpMocephalus barca.

Buck. Ham. Fishes of the Gaiujes, p. 67. pi. 35. fig. 20, cop. in Cuv. Sf
Val. vii. p. 436.

D. 50-52. A. 35-36. L. lat. 62. L. transv. 5/11.

A row of large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and the
palatine bones. The height of the body is one-seventh of the total
length, the length of the head one-foiu'th, that of the caudal one-
fifth. The width of the interorbital space is much more than the
extent of the snout, and two-sevenths of the length of the head.
Cleft of the mouth large, the maxillary extending behind the orbit.
There are nine series of scales between the orbit and the angle of
the pricoperculiun. The pectoral does not quite extend to the origin
of the anal fin, its length being more than one-half of that of the
head ; the length of the ventral is two-fifths of that of the pectoral.
Dark violet (in spirits), dotted all over with black ; the dorsal and
anal fins with numerous short cross-stripes on the membrane between
the rays ; pectoral black-dotted, ventral violet.

Fresh waters of Bengal.

a. Adult. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von Sclila-
gintweit.

17. OpMocephalus nigricans.
Cm\ ^- Val vii. p. 431.

D. 50. A. 34.

Large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and the palatine
bones. The height of the body is one-ninth of the total length,
the length of the head two-ninths. Cleft of the mouth large.
Brownish-black, with some indistinct darker cross-bands on the
back ; dorsal and caudal black, pectoral and anal ■with numerous
transparent dots ; ventrals greyish. {Val.)

East Indies.

478 opniocEpnALTD,^.

18. Ophiocephalus grandinosus.

Ophiceplialus gTandinosus, Cuv. Sf Vol. vii. p. 434. pi. 203.
puticola, Hichards. Ichth. Chin. p. 252.

D. 53. A. 35.

Large teeth on each side of the lower jaw. The height of the body-
is one -eighth of the total length. Cleft of the month wide. Ven-
trals well developed. Brown, with indistinct darker cross-bands ;
vertical fins blackish, with white dots ; similar dots on the sides of
the body. ( Val.)

Fresh waters of China. River Maissonr.

19. Ophioceplialus marulius.

Buch. Ham. Fishes of the Ganges, p. 65. pi. 17. fig. 19 ; Cuv. 8f Val.
vii. p. 432 ; Taylor in Brewster's Edinb. Journ. Sc. 1831, v. p. 36.

D. 49-55. A. 31-36. L. lat. 60. L. transv. ^.

Several large teeth on the side of the lower jaw. The height of
the body is one-seventh of the total length, the length of the head
one-fourth, that of the caudal fin one-sixth. The width of the inter-
orbital space is more than the extent of the snout, and one-fourth of
the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth large, the maxillary
extending behind the orbit. There are ten series of scales between
the orbit and the angle of the praeoperculum. The pectoral does not
quite extend to the origin of the anal fin, its length being rather more
than one-half of that of the head ; the length of the ventral is two-
thii'ds of that of the pectoral. Brownish-olive (in spirits), with four
or five dark blotches below the lateral line ; a black ocellus edged
with white superiorly on the base of the caudal fin ; vertical fins
irregularly spotted with white. Young individuals wdth a white
band, running from the orbit to the upper part of the caudal fin,
terminating in the ocellus mentioned. In very young specimens, the
white band terminates in a white spot without black in the centre.

Fresh waters of Bengal, Hindostan, and Ceylon.

a. Adult: stuffed. Loodianah. From the Collection of the East

India Company.
b-c, d-h, i-h, I. Young. Bengal.

m-n. Fine specimen. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.
o-p. Adult : stuffed. From the Collection of the East India Company.

I observe that all the young, banded specimens have the largest
number of dorsal rays (54-55), whilst the old ones without light
baud have only 49 or 50. This may be an accidental circumstance,
which, however, deserves fui'ther investigation.

20. Ophiocephalus pseudomarulius.
D. 48. A. 33. L. lat. 64. L. transv. 6/14.
Several large teeth on the side of the lower jaw. The height of

1. opinocEPnALTrs. 479

the body is contained Ave times and four-fifths in the total length,
the length of the head three times and four-fifths. The width of
the interorbital space is more than the extent of the snout, and one-
fourth of the length of the head. Cleft of the mouth large, the
maxillary extending behind the orbit. There are ten series of scales
between the orbit and the angle of the prseoperculum. The pec-
toral does not quite extend to the origin of the anal fin, its length
being one-half of that of the head ; the length of the ventral is
nearly three-fourths of that of the pectoral. A black, white-edged
ocellus superiorly on the basal portion of the caudal fin. Ko dark
blotches are A-isiblc on the side of the single dried specimen.
East Indian continent.

a. Nine inches long : stuffed. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

This species is allied to 0. marulius, from which it may bo readily
distinguished by six longitudinal series of scales between the lateral
line and the anterior portion of the dorsal fin.

21. Ophiocephalus marulioides.

Sleeker, Borneo, v. p. 424.

D. 45. A. 30. L. lat. 55.

Several larger teeth in the lower jaw. The height of the body is
contained seven times and a half in the total length, the length of
the head four times, the length of the caudal fin nearly five times.
The maxillary extends scarcely behind the orbit. The pectorals are
much longer than the ventrals. Blackish-green, ventrals whitish ;
a black ocellus edged with red superiorly on the base of the caudal
fin. {BUeTc.)

Rivers of Sambas (Borneo).

22. Ophiocephalus pleurophthalmus.

Ophiocephalus pleurophthalmus, Bleek. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl.Ind.

i. p. 270, and Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-Nederl. iii., Sumatra, p. 37.
urophthalmus, Bleek. Sumatra, i. p. 578.

D. 40-42. A. 29-30. L. lat. 55-57.

Large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and on the palatine
bones ; two smaller ones on each side of the upper jaw. The height of
the body is contained five or six times in the total length, the length
of the head three times and a half to nearly four times, the length
of the caudal fin five times and three-fifths. The maxillary extends
to, or somewhat behind, the vertical from the posterior margin of
the orbit. The length of the ventral is four-fifths of that of the
pectoral. Olive, with five black ocelli edged with whitish along
the sides, the last on the middle of the base of the caudal fin ; head
with two oblique brownish bands running from the eye to the inter-
operculum ; inferior parts of the sides spotted with brown, each spot

480 opniocEPnALTD.n.

■with small ocelli; dorsal and anal fins with small violet ocelli at
the base.

Rivers of Bandjermassing (Borneo) and of Palcmbang (Sumatra).

a. Fine specimen. Borneo.

23. Ophiocephalus argus.

Cant. Ann. ^ Macj. Nat. Hist. 1842, ix. p. 484.

D. 49-50. A. 33. L. lat. 62. L. transv. ^.

A row of large teeth in the lower jaw, on the vomer and the pa-
latine bones. The height of the body is contained six times in the
total length, the length of the head three times and a half, the length
of the caudal six times and a half. In young specimens the body is
somewhat lower. The width of the interorbital space is nearly
equal to the extent of the snout, and one-sixth of the length of the
head. Cleft of the mouth very large, the maxUlary extending behind
the orbit. Shields on the upper surface of the head small. There
are thirteen series of scales between the orbit and the angle of the
prncopcrculum. The pectoral does not extend to the origin of the
anal fin, its length being two-fifths of that of the head ; the length
of the ventral fin is two-thirds of that of the pectoral. Greyish-olive
(in spirits), with two series of large round brown spots edged with
silvery. Similar ocellated spots on the upper surface of the head ;
a brown band edged with silvery fi-om the eye to the humeral region ;
another, which is interrupted, from the eye to the base of the pectoral.

Fresh waters of China and Chusan.

a, b, c. Adult, half-grown, and young. Chusan. From the Collec-
tion of the East India Company. — Tj-pcs of the species.
d~e, f, g, h-i, k-n. Adult, half-grown, and young. China.

24. Ophiocephalus maculatus.

Bostrychus maculatus, Lacep. iii. pp. 140, 143.

Opliicephalus maculatus, Cnv. ^ Vol. vii. p. 437; Richards. Ichth.
thin. p. 251.

D. 44-45. A. 28-29. L. lat. 56. L. transv. ^. Vert. 52.

A row of large teeth in the lower jaw and on the palatine bones.
The height of the body is contained six times in the total length,
the length of the head three times and three-quarters, the length of
the caudal six times and a half. The width of the interorbital space
is equal to the extent of the snout, and nearly one-sixth of the
length of the head. Cleft of the mouth very large, the maxillarj^
extending behind the orbit. Scales on the upper surface of the head
small. There are twelve series of scales between the orbit and the
angle of the pra^operculum. The pectoral docs not extend on to the
origin of the anal fin, its length being two-fifths of that of the head ;
the length of the ventral fin is two-thirds of that of the pectoral.

1. OPniOCEPHAT.US. 481

Grejish-olivc (in spirits), with two series of large roiind brown spots
incompletely edged with silvery. Irregular spots on the upper sur-
face of the head ; a brown band from the eye, continued into the
upper series of spots ; another, which is interrupted, from the eye to
the base of the pectoral.
Fresh waters of China.

This species is closely allied to 0. argits, but maybe readily distin-
guished by the larger scales and smaller number of fin-rays.

a, b. Adult. China. Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq. — One of these
specimens has the body lower than the others, its depth being
one-eighth of the total length.

c, d, e-f. Adult, half-grown, and young. China.

g. Adult : skeleton.

A. Intestines of specimen g.

The stomach is an oblong csecal cavity ; there are two pyloric ap-
pendages, the length of each being two-fifths of that of the intestines ;
the latter make an inferior and superior curve, and are half as long
as the fish. The liver has two notches, the left lobe being somewhat
prolonged downwards. Gall-bladder free. The air-bladder is simple,
exceedingly long, extending on between the muscles of the tail to
the end of the anal fin.

Sheleton. — The skull has some resemblance to that of a Mugil ; its
upper surface is flat and smooth, the interorbital space broad ; there
is no occipital crest, and scarcely any on the sides. The principal
frontal bones extend on to the anterior part of the orbit, where they
are continued by the tui'binal bones, which are well ossified and form
oblique sutures with the frontals. The postfrontals are narrow,
situated at the side of the principal frontals, and form a ridge pro-
jecting over the tympanic groove. Praefrontals small ; a narrow
portion of the ethmoid is visible between the turbinal bones. The
bones of the jaws are strong, elongate ; the maxillarj' slightly di-
lated posteriorly ; processes of the intermaxiUaries short. The head
of the vomer is semicii'cular ; palatines long ; infraorbital ring com-
plete, of moderate •nadth ; tympanic groove very large, with the bones
well ossified ; the limbs of the praeoperculum meet at a right angle,
and are of equal length. The epitympanic has a broad vertical
lamella interiorly, which forms a part of the cavity accessory to the
gill-cavity ; the upper and lower pharjTigeals are covered with cardi-
form teeth, and do not show any peculiarity in their form.

The system of muciferous channels is well developed, and received
into the interior of the bones ; very distinct pores indicate their
course. One of the channels commences on the turbinal bone, and
is divided into two portions, one of which rans along the infra-
orbital ling, the other along the frontals ; a transverse branch unites
the frontal portion with that of the other side. The infraorbital and
frontal portions are confluent into one branch behind the orbit, ninnuig
along the postfrontal and parietal to the upper end of the praeoper-
culum. The second chamiel commences at the symphj'sis of the

VOL. III. 2 1

482 OPHlOCEl'HziLTI)/E.

lower jaw, passes the tjitipanic, and running along the pra;opercular
limbs meets the first channel. The nnited stem of both passes over
the suprascapula into the miiciferous system of the trnnk, after having
emitted a short branch towards the supraoccipital.

The scapula is longer than the suprascapula ; ulna with a small
ovate foramen ; the radius docs not extend downwards to the sym-
physis of the humeri, and is quite flat, so that the cavity for the
pectoral muscles is very shallow ; there is a broad sHt between radius
and huments ; carpal bones very small ; the upper portion of the
coracoid broad, the lower short, thin, and narrow. The pubic bones
are elongate, triangular, and suspended from the symphysis of the
humeri.

The vertebral column is composed of fifty-two short vertebrae. We
cannot distinguish a caudal portion, as the abdominal cavity is con-
tinued on to nearly the end of the tail. Nearly all the vertebras have
ribs suspended from long parapophyses, and the interha^mals are not
in immediate connexion with the skeleton ; neurals strongly inclined
backwards, rather feeble ; one interneural always corresponds to one
neural.

25. Ophiocephalus niicropeltes.

Opliicephalus micropeltcs, {Kulili^-i: Hass.) Cuv. ^ Val. vii. p. 427 ;

Bleeh. Verhand. Batap. Genootsch. xxiii., Labyrinth, p. 12.
serpeutiuus, Cm:^- Val. vii. p. 429; Griff. Anim. Kingd. x. pi. 52.

fig. 3.

D. 44. A. 27. L. lat. 95. L. transv. 6/15. Vert. 53.

A series of large teeth in the lower jaw and on the palatine bones.
The height of the body is contained six times in the total length, the
length of the head nearly four times. The width of the interorbital
space is much more than the extent of the snout, and contained three
times and three-fourths in the length of the head. Cleft of the
mouth large, extending behind the orbit. The scales on the upper
surface of the head are small, and there are aboiit seventeen series
of scales between the orbit and the angle of the pra3opereulum. The
ventral is not much shorter than the pectoral. Back and sides brown :
two series of alternate round light spots along the side ; the spots
are sometimes confluent, forming a zigzag band. Young brown, with
lighter longitudinal stripes.

Fresh waters of Siam and of the East Indian Archipelago.

a. Eighteen inches long : stuffed. Siam. From the Collection of

the East India Company. — Type of 0. serpentinus.
h. Adult: skeleton. Piu'chased.

Dr. V. Bleeker distinguishes another species from the present one,
which he calls 0. stevenm (Borneo, \\\. p. 444), and which is said to
have the body rather more elongate, its depth being one-seventh of
the total length. There appears also to be a difference in the colo-
ration of the dorsal fin, which he describes as having a broad brown
longitiidinal band in 0. mieropeltes, whilst it is violet in 0. stevensii
with several broad oblique lighter bands.

2. CHANNA. 483

2. CHANNA.

Channa, Gronov. Zoophyl. p. Vio.

Ventral fins none. Pyloric appendages none. Fine teeth in the
jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones, intermixed with larger
ones in the lower jaw.

Fresh waters of Ceylon.

This genus, known to Gronow and Schneider, has not been recog-
nized by recent authors. The tj'pical specimen is not preserved in
Gronow's Collection.

1. Channa orientalis.

Channa, sp., Gronor. Zvmhyl. p. 135. tab. 9. fig. 1.
Chanua orientali8, Bl. Schn. p. 496. tab. 90. fig. 2.
indica, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 100.

D. 34. A. 22. L. lat. 41. L. transv. 3/8.

The height of the body is contained eight times in the total length,
the length of the head four times and a third, the length of the
caudal five times. The interorbital space is very slightly convex,
and its width is contained thrice and two-fifths in the length of the
head. Snout rather obtuse ; cleft of the mouth wide, the maxillary
extending behind the orbit. Several teeth in the lower jaw larger
than the rest ; those of the vomer and the palatine bones in a single
series. The length of the pectoral equals the distance of the end of
the operculum from the orbit. Dark greenish-olive, indistinctly
spotted vsdth blackish. Fins with blackish spots.

Ceylon.

a, h, c-e, f-h. Adult, half-grown, and young. Ceylon. Purchased
of Mr. Cuming.

The accessory respiratory organ is very little complicated : it is a
cavity, the opening of which is partly closed by a fold of the mucous
membrane of the upper pharyngeal bone, by another of the upper
portion of the first branchial arch, and finally by a lamelliform pro-
cess of the epitympanic.

2i2

484 TRICHONOTIDJE.

Fam. 40. TRICHONOTID^.

Gobioidei, part., Cuvier.

Body elongate, siibcylindrical, covered with cycloid scales of mo-
derate size. Eyes directed upwards. Teeth in ^^lliform bands.
The infraorbital ring docs not articulate with the praeoperculum.
One long dorsal fin, with articulated, not branched I'ays, and without
a distinct spinous portion ; anal long ; ventrals jugular, with one
spine and five rays. Gill-opening very wide, seven branchiostegals ;
pseudobranchiaj. No prominent papilla near the anus. Air-bladder
and pyloric appendages absent. Caudal vertebi-ae much more nu-
merous than those of the abdominal portion.

Carnivorous fishes, living near the shores of the East Indian
Archipelago and of New Zealand.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Palatine teeth 1. Trichonotus.

Palatine teeth none 2. Hemerocoetbs.

The afiSnitics of these fishes are very obscure, and one may well
doubt whether they are Acantho- or Malacopterygians, the two or
three imarticulated dorsal rays of Trichonotus scarcely entitling them
to a place among the Aeanthopterygians. The structure of the ven-
tral fin (1/5) induces me to leave them in this Order ; but, then, it
appears to be the better course to consider them as a separate family.

1. TRICHONOTUS.

Trichonotus, Bl. Schn. p. 179 ; Ckir. Sf Val. xii. p. 315.

Head depressed, pointed, trunk subcylindi-ical, tail compressed ;
cleft of the mouth wide, nearly horizontal, with the lower jaw longest ;
eyes of moderate size, directed upwards. Scales of moderate size,
cycloid ; lateral line continuous. One dorsal ; ventrals jugular, with
one spine and five rays. Gill-opening very wide, with the gill-mem-
branes scarcely united below the throat ; seven branchiostegals.
Yilliform teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones.
Air-bladder and pyloric appendages none.

Coasts of Celebes and Coram.

1. Trichonotus setigerus.

Trichonotus setigerus, lil. Schn. p. 179. taf. 39 ; Cuv. fy Val. xii.

p. 316; Bleek. Celeb, v. p. 251.
polyophthalmus, Bleek. Ceram. iii. p. 24.3 (fem.).

B. 7. D. 47-48. A. 37-38. L. lat. 57.

Vomerine teeth in an angular band. The space between the eyes

2. HEMEEOCOETES. 485

very narrow. Two or four of the anterior dorsal rays produced,
more or less filiform. Greenish, with ten large brown blotches on
the back ; head and body with numerous red, black-edged ocelli.
Coasts of Celebes and Ceram.

2. HEMEROCOETES.

Hemerocoetes, Cuv. 8f Val. xii. p. 311.

Head depressed, pointed, trunk subcylindrical, tail slightly com-
pressed ; cleft of the mouth wide, nearly hoiizontal, with the upper
jaw longest; eyes rather large, directed upwards. Scales of mode-
rate size, cycloid ; lateral line continuous. One dorsal ; all the rays
articulated, and not branched ; ventrals jugular, with one spine and
five rays. Gill-opening very wide, with the gill-membranes scarcely
united below the throat ; seven branchiostegals ; pscudobranchise.
ViUiform teeth in both the jaws, on the vomer, and on the separated
lower pharyngeal bones ; none on the palatines. Air-bladder and
pyloric appendages none.

Coasts of New Zealand.

1. Hemerocoetes acanthorhynchus.

CaUion3Tnus acanthorh^Tichiis, Forst. Descr. Anim. cur. Licht. p. 117.

monopterygius, Bl. Schn. p. 41.

Hemeroceetes acanthorhynchus, Cut\ 8c Val. xii. p. 311 ; Richards.

App. to Dieffenbach's New Zeal. p. 212, and Voy. Ereb. ^ Terr. Fish.

p. 123. pi. 54 figs. 7-12.

D. 39-41. A. 36-37. L. lat. 47. Vert. 10/37.

Vomerine teeth in two lateral groups. The maxillary bone ter-
minating anteriorly in a spine ; the space between the eyes very
narrow. Uniform reddish-olive.

Coasts of New Zealand.

a. Fine specimen. New Zealand. Presented bj' Prof. R. Oweu.

b. Adult. Cook's Straits. Presented by Sir E. Home, Bart.

c. Adult. New Zealand. Presented by His Excellency Sir G. Grey.

486

Fam. 41. CEPOLID^.

Tpenioidei, part., Ciiviei; Miiller, Owen.
Cepoloidei, Bleek. Emtm. Spec. p. xxvi.

Body very elongate, compressed, band-like, covered with small
cycloid scales ; eye lateral. Teeth of moderate size. The infra-
orbital bones do not articulate with the praeoperciilnm. One dorsal,
which, like the anal fin, is very long, and composed of soft rays.
Ventrals thoracic, composed of one spine and five rays. No pro-
minent papilla near the vent. Gill-opening wide, with the gill-
membranes scarcely united below the throat ; branchiostegals six,
pseudobranchiae and an air-bladder present ; pyloric appendages in
small number. Caudal vertebrae exceedingly numerous.

Temperate seas of Western Europe and of Eastern Asia ; one spe-
cies extending to the East Indies.

Only one genus.

1. CEPOLA*.

Cepola, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 445 ; Cuv. R^gtie Anim.

Body very elongate, compressed, covered with very small scales.
Head obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth rather wide and oblique.
Eyes lateral, large. Dorsal and anal fins very long, composed of soft
rays, more or less contiguous with the caudal ; ventral fins thoracic,
composed of one si^ine and five rays. Teeth moderate; palate smooth.
Gill-openings wide, with the gill-membranes scarcely united below
the throat; gills four; pseudobranchiae present ; branchiostegals six ;
air-bladder large. Pyloric appendages in small number.

Mediterranean. British coasts. Seas of China and Japan ; one
species extending southwards to Pinang.

1. Cepola rubescens.

The Band- fish.

Seqiens rubescens, Rondel, xiv. cap. 8. p. 410 ; Gesncr, p. 863 ;

WiUughhi, p. 118.
Myrus alter, Aldrov. iii. e. 28. p. 367 ; Jonst. tab. 5. fig. 5.
Taenia rubra, Wilhif/Jibi/, p. 117 ; Hai/, Si/?i. p. 71.
Tfenia, no. 3, Artedi, Synon. p. 115.
Cepola rubescens, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 445 ; Bl. Schn. p. 241 ; Montag.

Trans. Linn. Sue. vii. p. 291. pi. 17; Walh. Artedi, iii. p. 117; Briinn.

Ichth. Mass. p. 28; Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 153, and Eur. Mcrid. iii.

p. 294 ; Donov. Brit. Fishes, v. pi. 105 ; Turton, Brit. Faun. p. 94 ;

Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 1st edit. i. p. 195, 2nd edit. i. p. 224, 3rd edit.

ii. p. 305 ; Couch, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. p. 76 ; Cue. Sf Val. x. p. 388.

pi. 300 ; Guichen. Exp. Alger. Poiss. p. 65.

* 1. Cepola striata, BL Schn. p. 242. — Tranquebar.

f

1. CEPOIA. 487

Cepola taenia, L. Si/sL Nat. i. p. 445 ; Bl. v. p. 103. pi. 170 : £1. Sch>t

^^T- '^iT^'- "• P- ^^'^' ^^alb. Artedi, III p. m ; Risso, Ichth.
Nice, p. 153. ' '

serpentiformis, Lacep. ii. p. 529.

longicauda, Swauis. Lardn. Cycl. Fishes, ii. p. 399.

B. 6. D. 67-69. A. 60. C. 11. Vert. 15/54. Ca)c. pylor. 8.
The length of the head is one-tenth of the total (without caudal)
Pi-aeoperculum without spines. The anal fin commences in the
vertical from the ninth dorsal ray ; vertical fins slightly contiguous.
Dorsal and anal rays articulated and branched. Scales extremely
small. Reddish : a black spot hidden between the intermaxillary
and maxillary.

Mediterranean. British coasts.
a, b. Adult. English coast.

c. Half-grown. South Devonshire. Presented by G. Montagu, Esq.

d. Adult. Kingsbridge. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

e. Adult: skin. Teignmouth. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.
f-h. Adult and half-grown : skins. Great Britain.
i. Half-gro^vll. Elba. Presented by W. C. Trevclyan, Esq.
h. Adult._ Bay of Naples. Presented by S. P. Pratt, Esq., as Cepola

longicavAa, Sw.
/. HaLf-grown. Dalmatia.
m, n, 0, p, q. Adult : in spirits.
r. Adult : skeleton. Scotland. Presented by Dr. Johnston.

Sl-eleton. — The skuU is not distinguished by any striking pecu-
liarity ; it is short and compressed, all the single bones being well
ossified. The crown of the head is slightly convex, smooth, with a
feeble occipital crest posteriorly ; iuterorbital space with a longitu-
dinal groove and with a pair of wide pores anteriorly ; turbinal bones
concave, spoon-like. Maxillary elongate, triangular, much dilated
posteriorly ; intermaxillary with short posterior processes. The in-
fraorbital ring is throughout of nearly equal ^vidth, rather narrow
and firm. Bottom of the tympanic groove osseous. The Hrabs of
the prajoperculum are provided -ndth a very distinct muciferous
channel, and of ncariy equal length ; they meet at an obtuse angle.
Operculum with an internal longitudinal ridge terminating in a short
spine. _ Tlie cavity for the pectoral muscles is rather small. Fifteen
abdominal and fifty-four caudal vertebrae ; vertebrae compressed ;
apophyses and ribs feeble.

lines.

Length of the sixteenth vertebra 2

of the fiftieth vertebra 2

of the abdominal portion 25|

of the caudal portion 114

488 CEPOLID^.

2. Cepola sclilegelii.

Cepola krusensternii, Tenun. Sf Schley. Faun. Jtqjon. Poiss. pi. 81. fig. 1,

(not descr.).
schleg-elii, Bleck. Japan, p. 412, and VcrJiaud. Batav. Genootsch.

xxvi., Japan, p. 110.

D. plus quam 70. A. plus quam 60.

The length of the head is one-tenth of the total (without caudal
fin). Prseoperculum without spines. Vertical fins contiguous. Scales
extremely small (L. lat. plus quam 300). Eose-coloured : a black
spot hidden between the intermaxillary and maxillaiy. (Bl.)

Coast of Japan.

3. Cepola abbreviata.

Cuv. ^- Val. X. p. 403; Cant.,Catal. p. 178 Bleek. Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-
Nederl. iii., Sumatra, p. 38.

D. 72-74. A. 74. C. 13. Ca^c. pylor. 8.

The length of the head is one-sixth or one-seventh of the total
(without caudal fin). The lower praeopcrcular margin with five
rather strong teeth. Scales veiy small, but distinct. The anal
commences opposite the eighth dorsal ray ; vertical fins contiguous.
Dorsal and anal rays not bran(;hed, and indistinctly articulated.
Eeddish : caudal raj^s black.

Molucca Sea. Sea of Pinang. China.

a. Not good state.

b, c. Adultand half-grown: skins. Sea of Pinang. From Dr. Cantor's

Collection.

4. Cepola krusensternii.

Cepola krusensternii, Schleg. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 1.30 (part., not
fig.) : Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Nalez. Ichth. Jap. p. 39,
(not Sijnon.) ; Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. 18.54, vi. p. 411 ;
Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi., Japan, p. 108 ; Act. Soc. Sc. Indo-
Nederl. iii., Japan, tab. 2. fig. 1.

— — hungta, Richards. Ichth. Chin. p. 277.

B. 6. D. 79-89. A. 76-82. C. 14. L. lat. 150-160.

The length of the head is one-eighth or one-ninth of the total
(without caudal fin). The lower pra3opercular margin with four or
five spinous teeth. Vertical fins contiguous ; dorsal and anal rays
not branched, and indistinctly articulated. Red: anal fin vdth a
brown margin. "

Sea of Nagasaki.

a. Adult. Japan.

5. Cepola mesoprion.

Bleek. Verhand. Batav. Genootsch. xxvi., Japan, p. 109.
B. 6. D. plus quam 90. A. plus quam 90.
The length of the head is one-eleventh or one-twelfth of the total

GOBIESOCID.IC. 489

(without caudal fin). The lower prmopercular niursiu with seven or
eiglit large spinous teeth. Scales extremely small (L. lat. plus quam
300). Vertical fins contiguous. Rose-coloured. (BJ.)
Sea of Nagasaki.

6. Cepola marginata.

Kmsenstern's Reise, taf. 60. fig. 1.
Cepola marginata, Cuv. i^ Vnl. x. p. 402.

Eed, minutely dotted with black ; a small oblong black spot on
the anterior part of the dorsal fin.
Sea of Japan.

7. Cepola limbata. '*'

Krusemterri's Reise, taf. 60. fig. 2.
Cepola limbata, Cut: l^- Val. x. p. 402.

Reddish, with red spots posteriorly. An ovate black spot on the
anterior part of the dorsal fin.
Sea of Japan.

i

Fam. 42. GOBIESOCID^.

Discoboli, part., Cuv. Rit/ne Anim, ; 3Tdller, Beti. Abhandl. 1844,

p._158.
Gobiidae, part., Owen, Led. Comp. Anat. i. p. 49.
Gobiesocioidei, part., Bleek. Enum. Spec. p. xxvi.

Body rather elongate, anteriorly depressed, naked. Teeth conical
or compressed. A single dorsal fin on the tail, -without spinous por-
tion ; anal short ; ventrals widely apart from each other, with one
spine hidden in the skin and four (five) rays. A large adhesive
apparatus between them, the posterior portion of which is suspended
on the coracoid bones, which are partly free, in the axil of the pectoral
fins. Three gills or three and a half. Air-bladder absent. Intestinal
tract short, wide, without pyloric appendages. Skeleton firm ; ver-

Carnivorous fishes. Most of the species live in the seas of the
temperate regions of both hemispheres ; two are known to inhabit
seas between the tropics.

The structure of the adhesive apparatus, by which these fishes so
greatly difier from the tnie Discoboli, is described under Sicyases
sanguineus. For anatomical details see the single species, and espe-
cially Oohiesox cephalus.

490 GOBIESOOID^.

Synojjsis of the Genera.

* The posterior division of the adhesive disi: without free anterior margin.

Three gills and a half ; gill-membranes attached

to the isthmus 1. Ciiohisochismus, p. 4'JO.

Three gills ; gill-membranes free. Both jaws

with a single series of incisors 2. Sicyasks, p. 494.

Three gills; gill-membranes free. None of the

jaws with incisors 3. Cotylis, p. 497.

Tlu'ee gills ; gill-membranes free. Several series

of teeth in the upper jaw, and incisors at

least in the lower 4. Gobiesox, p. 499.

** Tlie posterior portion of the adhesive disk with a free anterior niaryin.

Three gills ; gill-menu)ranes free. Incisors in

both jaws 5. Diplocrei'is, p. 506.

Tlu'ce gills ; gill-membranes free. Very small

villiform teeth in both jaws 6. Crepidogaster, p. 507.

Three gills and a half; gill-membranes free.

Very small teeth in both jaws 7. TkacheIiOCHismus, p. 509.

Three gills and a half ; gUl-membranes attached

to the isthmus. Very small teeth in both

jaws. Dorsal and anal fins with the rays

well developed 8. Lepadogaster, p. 510.

Thi-ee gills and a half. Dorsal aud anal fins

without distinct rays 9. Leptopterygius, p. 515.

1. CHORISOCHISMUS.

Gobiesox, sp., Cuv. Hhjne Anhn.

Gobiesox, Mi'ill. i^ Trosch. Hor. lehtht/id. iii. p. 17 (not Lacep.).

Chorisocliismus, Bi-is. de Barnev. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 209.

Anterior part of the body very broad and depressed ; skin tough,
naked. Doi-sal fin short, situated on the tail ; ventrals widely apart
from each other, composed of a rudimentary spine and four (five)
rays ; posterior portion of the adhesive disk without free anterior
margin. Jaws with a series of large conical teeth in front, and
with broad bands of small ones behind this series. Gills three
and a half; pseudobranchiai ; branchiostegals five ; gill-membranes
attached to the isthmus.

Cape Seas.

1. Chorisochismus dentex.

Cyclopterus dentex, Pall. Spic.il. vii. p. 6. tab. 1 ; Luc(p. ii. p. 64.

l^epadogaster dentex, Bl. Schn. p. 2.

Gobiesox dentex, Cm\ Regne Aiu'm. ; 3Iiill. (Sf Trosch. I. c.

■ gyriniis, Valeric, in Cuv. Regne Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 108. fig. 1

(very bad).

uudus, Bris. de Barnev. I. c. p. 1 45.

Cliorisochisuius uudus, Bris. de Barnev. I. c. p. 209.

D. 10. A. 7. C. 10. V. 1/5*.

Base of the pectoral without a vertical cutaneous fold ; the

* See, on the struetm-c of the ventral finsi p. 493.

1. cHOKisocnisMrs. 491

coi'acoid does not extend to the upper margin of the pectoral.
Ited.

a. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

b. Half-grown. Table Bay. Presented by J. L. Statham, Esq.

c. Ten inches long.

d-e. Adult and half-grown : stuffed. Cape Seas.

/. Adult male : skeleton.

g. Preparation of the internal parts.

The head and the anterior part of the body are very broad and
moderately depressed ; the skin is tough, naked and smooth. The
head is not quite so broad as long, with the lateral profiles con-
vergent towards the snout, which is obtuse. The nape of the neck
is slightly convex, the upper siu-face of the head quite flat, its
profile gently sloping downwards to the snout in a straight line.
The greatest width of the interorbital space is not quite one-half of
that of the head, or twice the horizontal diameter of the eye. The
cleft of the mouth is horizontal, curved, extending to the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. The intermaxillary is shghtly
protractile, and armed with an outer series of six conical teeth on
each side, the inner of which is very strong and cui-ved ; the others
gradually diminish in size, and the hindmost is very small. There
is a triangular patch of short cardiform teeth behind the series de-
scribed, and, again, a single tooth in the middle of this patch is some-
what larger than the rest. There is a velum across the toothless
palate. The lower jaw is of moderate length, with a broad band of
short cardiform teeth and with an outer series of larger ones ; those
standing in front, ten in number, are much larger than the lateral
ones, although much smaller than those in the upper jaw. The hps
are thick, and the lower is provided with short fringes on its middle.
Tlie eye is situated immediately below the upper profile of the head ;
it is of moderate size, its horizontal diameter being one-sixth of the
length of the head, and two-thirds of the extent of the snout. Two
nostrils, close together, opposite to the upper angle of the orbit ;
their margins are slightly raised. The lower angle of the opercular
apparatus terminates posteriorly in an acute point, enveloped in skin
and directed backwards. The gill-openings are rather narrow, the
giU-mcmbranes being united Avith the isthmus. There are three
gills and a half ; the pseudobranchiae are formed by a series of short
lamellfe.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the caudal is con-
tained twice and a half in its distance fi'om the snout ; the fii'st ray
is much shorter than the others, and apparently without joints.
Caudal subtruncated, of moderate length. The origin of the anal
falls vertically below the middle of the dorsal ; it terminates nearly
opposite the extremity of the latter fin. The pectoral is short and
broad, with the posterior margin rounded and with the base smooth ;
it is slightly connected with the ventral tnferiorly.

The structure of the arUiesive apparatus is the same as in Sicyases

402 GOBIESOCID.E.

sanguineus ; it is as broad as long, and its length is one-fourth of the
entire length of the fish.

This species is uniform reddish rose-coloured, and attains to a size
of ten inches.

The internal organs are very similar to those of Oohiesox cephalus as
to structure and situation, diifering however in the following points.

The liver is divided into a right and left half, joined only by a
narrow bridge, as in the other species, but it is the right haK which
is bilobed. The omentum is reduced to a narrow fold between the
liver and intestinal tract, several strips of fat being deposited in it.
The kidneys commence in the iippermost part of the abdominal
ca\ity, being rather voluminous ; they become thin in the middle, and
both halves are united posteriorly.

There is a very singular formation in the orbita. Lacrymal organs
have never been found in the class of fishes, yet the organ which I have
observed is very similar to a saccus lacrymalis. It is a round, bhnd,
Avhite sac of the size of a pea, situated below the anterior corner of
the orbit, between the maxOlarj" bone and the muscles of the cheek,
communicating by a rather wide foramen with the orbital cavity.
The membrane by which it is formed is contiguous with that coating
the orbital cavity. It must be mentioned that the integuments of
the head are stretched over the eye without becoming much thinner,
and without making any orbital fold.

Sl-eleton. — The bones are well ossified, solid, and strong ; the crown
of the head is very broad, but short, without prominent ridges. The
principal frontal bones are much dejiressed between the orbits,
forming a broad quadi'angular gi'oove in which the intermaxillaries
move. The priefrontal occupies its usual place. The intermaxillary
has a long and comparatively slender posterior process ; its denti-
gerous portion is short, thick, trihedral : its strong anterior teeth are
replaced at certain periods by others which are developed in the
anterior and exterior portion of the bone ; they are not replaced by
teeth growing from the inside of the jaws. The maxillary is stout,
slightly dilated at its extremity, and provided with an exterior
longitudinal ridge. The mandibula is rather depressed and of mode-
rate length: there is a narrow open slit between the dentary and
articulary ; the latter portion has an impression in which the ex-
tremity of the maxillary is received. The vomer is broad and smooth,
gradually passing into the basis cranii, which is nearly flat, without
any ridges. The palatine is reduced to a small styhform bone, and
the pterygoid is quite rudimentary, half the size of the palatine.
Entopterygoid absent. Turbinal bones tiibiform and slightly curved.
Of the infraorbital bones only the prteorbital is piesent ; it is di-
rected forwards and downwards, and dilated at its extremity. The
tjTnpanic is a strong bone, with a sharp longitudinal ridge, continued
into that of the pra3opercidum ; meso- and pre-tympanic small, the
latter being received into a deep notch of the tympanic ; there is a
wide free space between the mesotympanic and the prseoperculum.
The epitympanic is large, with a strong oblique crest. The prasoper-

1. CHOIUSOCIIISMUS. 493

culum is the largest piece of the opercular apparatus ; its anterior
limb is entirely covered by the tjTnpanic, and its angular portion is
much produced backwards and pro\-ided with a strong ridge ; inter-
operculum feeble, situated at the inner side of the proeoperculum ;
suboperculum composed of thi-ee processes, the posterior of which
terminates in a hook-like spine. The basal portion of the operculum is
solid ; the margin thin, cartilaginous. Glossohyal rudimentarj' ; bones
of the branchial arches thin and rather feeble ; basibranchials absent ;
pharyngeals separated, and armed with coarse cardiform teeth.

The suprascapula and the scapula are simple styliform bones ; the
vertical portion of the humerus is as long as the horizontal ; the ulna
and radius are shorter than, and very similar to, the carpal bones.
The coracoid is well developed, and, as usual, composed of two pieces,
the upper of wliich is not suspended from the humenis, but fixed
by a ligament to the hinder margin of the carpal bones ; it is a
broad lamella dilated posteriorly into the cartilage, which is externally
visible ; the lower piece is narrower, and fixed to the extremity of the
pubic bone of its side. The pubic bones are imited by sutui'e, and
form together a heart-shaped disk, the point of which is produced
backwards. The anterior portion of the disk is concave, with a bony
longitudinal bridge and a feeble transverse ridge. The disk is fixed
to the humeral bones by the convex portions of its anterior margin,
whilst the convex portions of the lateral margins serve as base for
the ventral fins*. The latter are composed of one spiuc, which is
transformed to a broad thin and curved plate hidden below the skin,
and apparently of four rays ; but on closer examination we find that
the hidden ray has a longitudinal groove anteriorly, in which another
thinner ray lies concealed ; this ray is quite free, and not joined to
the pubic bone. We are not aware of another example of a similar
structui-e in fishes.

The vertebral column is composed of fourteen abdominal and seven-
teen caudal vertebrae, the abdominal portion being rather longer than
the caudal. The first vertebra is thrice as broad as long, with its
three conical depressions very distinct and situated in the same hori-
zontal line ; the other vertebra) become more and more compressed
posteriorly. The neural and haemal spines are of moderate length
and strength, slightly inclining backwards. The zygapophyses of the
abdominal vertebrae are more developed than is usual in this Order,
whilst the parapophyses are entirely absentt. The ribs, which are
rather broad and horizontally du-ected outwards, are joined into tlie
lateral concavity of the vertebrae, immediately below the zygapo-
physes. The epipleurals are not much less developed than the ril s
from the extremities of which they are suspended and directed back-
wards. We might also consider the ribs as long and detached par-
apophyses, and the epipleuraLs as the ribs proper. The intcrneurals
and interha3mals are very feeble.

* The structure of the ventral disk has not yet been correctly described.
Stannius, for instance (p. 91), denies the presence of the coracoid. Tlie ventral
fins have been taken for a detached portion of the pectorals, &c.

t Stannius, I.e. p. 34 {Cott/lis).

4U4 GOBIESOCID.E.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 1 1

Width of the first vertebra '. . . . 5

Length of the second vertebra 2

of the seventh vertebra 2\

of the fifteenth vertebra 2

of the twenty-seventh vertebra 1^

of the abdominal portion 27^

of the caudal portion 25|

2. SICYASES.

Sicyases, Miill fy Trosch. Wicc/m. Arch. 1843, p. 298.
Tomicodon, pt., Barnev. Rev. Zuol. 184G, p. 144.

Anterior part of the body very broad and depressed ; skin leathery.
Dorsal fin short, situated on the tail ; ventrals widely a2:)art from each
other, composed of a rudimentary spine and four (five) rays; posterior
portion of the adhesive disk without free anterior margin. Jaws
with a single series of teeth, the anterior of which are compressed
and cutting. Gills three ; pseudobranchite rudimentary ; branchio-
stegals five ; giU-membranes united under the throat, and not attached
to the isthmus.

Coast of Chile. Puerto Cabello.

1. Sicyases sanguineus.

Sicyases sanguineus, 3Iilll. Sf Trosch. Wiegm. Arch. 1843, p. 298, and

Hor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 19. taf. 3. fig. 1.
Gobiesox brevirostris, Guichen. in Gay, I. c. p. 335. lam. 9. fig. 1.

B. 5. D. 10. A. 7. C. 8.
Red.

Coasts of Chile.

a, b. Fine specimens. Valparaiso.

c. Large specimen : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society.

The head and the anterior part of the body are very broad and
much depressed ; the skin is naked, thick, leathery, rugose, with
vertical folds on the side of the body. The head is as broad as long,
with the lateral profiles convergent towards the snout, which is
obtuse. The upper siu-face of the head is quite flat, and the width
of the interorbital space is one-half of the greatest width of the head.
The cleft of the mouth is horizontal, curved, not extending to below
the eye : the lips are thick ; the lower is divided into three portions
by two deep grooves ; each of the lateral portions has a broad thin
appendage hanging downwards. The intermaxillary is verj^ little
protractile, and armed with eight or ten teeth, vertically implanted,
the two outer on each side being small and conical, whilst the others
are flat and cutting. There is a broad velum on the toothless palate.

2. SICYASES. 49.5

The lower jaw is short, anteriorly with four horizontal cutting teeth,
laterally with three small conical ones. The eye is ratlier small,
situated immediately below the upper profile of the head. Two
nostrils, close together, opposite to the upper angle of the orbit ;
tlie anterior has a short fringed tentacle. The lower angle of the
opercular apparatus (suboperculum) terminates posteriorly in an
acute point, enveloped in skin and directed backwards. The gill-
openings are somewhat narrow, in consequence of the smaU. degree
of expansibility of the gill-covers ; but the giU-membranes have the
margin quite free, being united together at the throat, and not
attached to the isthmus. There are only three gills ; the pseudo-
branchiae are quite rudimentary.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the caudal is one-
half of its distance from the snout ; its first ray is much shorter than
the others and unarticiilated ; but it can with as little reason be con-
sidered as a rudiment of a spinous portion as the same ray in Cypri-
noid and other Malacopterous fishes. The caudal fin is truncated
and of moderate length. The anal fin is shorter than the dorsal,
and situated more backwards, its origin falling in the vertical from
the eighth dorsal ray. The pectoral fin is broad and short, with the
posterior margin convex and with a large cutaneous fold anteriorly
on its base ; inferiorly it is verj- slightly connected with the ventral.

The adhesive apparatus has only an external similarity to the
organ observed in Cyclopterus and Liparis ; its structure is typically
different from it. Whilst in those genera the ventral fins occupy the
centre of the disk, forming its base, these fins are here mdely apart
from each other, as in CaUionymus, forming only a portion of the
periphery of the disk, which is completed by a cartilaginous expan-
sion of the coracoid bones. I here attempt to give the following de-
tailed description of its structui-e.

The whole disk is exceedingly large, subcireular, longer than
broad, its length being one-third of the whole length of the fish.
The central portion is formed merely by skin, which is separated
fr»m the pelvic or pubic bones by several layers of muscles. The
peripheric portion is divided into an anterior and posterior part, by
a deep notch behind the ventrals. The anterior peripheric portion
is fonned by the four ventral rays, the membrane between them, and
a broad fringe which extends anteriorly from one ventral to the
other ; this fringe is a fold of the sldn, containing on each side the
rudimentary ventral spine, but no cartilage. The posterior peri-
pheric portion is suspended on each side on the coracoid, the upper
bone of which is exceedingly broad, becoming a free, moveable plate
behind the pectoral. A broad cartilage is firmly attached to it.
The lower bone of the coracoid is of a triangular form, and supports
a very broad fold of the skin, extending from one side to the other,
and containing a cartilage which runs through the whole of that
fold. Fine processes of the cartilage are continued into the soft
striated margin in which the disk terminates posteriorly. The sur-
face of the disk is coated with thick epidermis, like the sole of the
foot of higher animals. The epidermis is divided into many poly-

49(5 GOBIESOCIIi.E.

gonal plates ; there are no such plates between the roots of the
ventral fiiis.

The intestines are not in a good state of preservation. The intes-
tinal tract appears to be nearly straight, wide, interiorly with a great
many transverse folds : I did not observe any different divisions or
pyloric appendages. The kidneys are small, elongate, situated in the
posterior part of the abdominal cavity ; urine-bladder rather small.
The ovaria are entirely separated. The vent and the porus urogeni-
talis arc very close together, immediately behind the margin of the
adhesive disk. The specimen, being a female, has no anal papilla.

SJceleton. — The skull agrees with that of Chorisochismus in all the
essential points, but differs considerably in the form of the single
bones. Its upper surface from the occiput to the anterior angles of
the orbits is exceedingly broad and quite smooth. The principal
frontal bones are as broad as long,without conca^'ity between the orbits ;
and the processes of the intermaxUlaries, the posterior extremities
of which are also dilated and depressed, move over the smooth surface
of the frontals. The prefrontal occupies its usual position. The
inteiTuaxillary has its lateral branch quite rudimentary, whilst its
anterior, dentigerous portion is swollen, and provided exteriorly -with
a groove above each incisor, in which the replacing teeth are deve-
loped ; its posterior processes are very long, flattened, moving below
the turbinal bones, which are very broad and meet anteriorly on
the middle. The maxillary is stout, of irregular form, dilated at its
middle, so that its broad diameter is placed vertically to the longitu-
dinal axis of the skull. The mandibula is very short, broad and
depressed ; on the inferior side of the bone are grooves in which the
replacing teeth are developed : the articulary portion has a lunate
notch, in which the extremity of the maxillary is received. The
vomer is exceedingly broad and smooth, with the anterior margin
somewhat prominent, forming a very obtuse angle. Palatine bone
small, trihedral ; pterygoid rudimentary ; prseorbital small. Tym-
panic large, with a very strong, sharp longitudinal ridge, which is
continued into that of the praioperculum ; meso- and pre-tjTupanic
small, the latter being received into a notch of the tympanic ; there
is a small ovate slit between mesotympanic and prajopercidum. Epi-
tympanic rather large. The praeoperculum is long, but low, vdth a
strong ridge along its lower margin, the front part of which is covered
by the tympanic, whilst the jwsterior portion is much produced back-
wards ; interoperculum very feeble, situated at the inner side of the
tympanic and anterior portion of the praeoperculum. The operculum
is as large as the praeoperculum and more than twice as long as
broad. The suboperculum is claw-shaped, and receives the lower
extremity of the operculum in a notch. Glossohyal rudimentary ;
bones of the branchial arches thin and feeble ; basibran duals absent * ;
pharyngeals small, separate, and armed with small cardiform teeth.

The structure of the humeral arch and of the pubic does not differ
from that of Chorisochismus.

* Stannius, Zool. Fische, p. 87.

3. coTYLis. 497

The vertebral column is composed of fourteen abdominal and
twenty-two candal vertobrse, the abdominal portion being somewhat
the shorter. The neural spines of the abdominal vertebrae are
somewhat stronger and shorter than in ChorisocMsmus ; otherwise
there is no essential difference between the skeletons of the two
genera.

lines.

Length of the fii'st vertebra 2

Width of the first vertebra 4|

Length of the second vertebra 2

of the seventh vertebra 2|

of the fifteenth vertebra \^

of the twenty-seventh vertebra 1|

of the abdominal portion 29

of the caudal portion 32

2. Sicyases fasciatus.

Pete)-s in 3Ionatsher. Berl. Acad. 1859, p. 412.
D. 7. A. 7.

Head and body with alternate dark-green and yellowish cross-
bands. The commencement of the dorsal is before that of the anal,
and its distance from the caudal equals the length of its base. {Pet.)

Puerto Cabello. (50 mm. long.)

3. Sicyases chilensis.

Tomicodon chilensis, Barnev. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 144.
Gobiesox chilensis, Giiichen. in Gay's Chil. Zool. ii. p. 334.

D. 7. A. 6.

Both jaws with incisors, those in the upper somewhat bent out-
wards, those in the lower subhorizontal ; one or several canine-like
teeth posteriorly on each side of the jaws. Head longer than broad.
Subopercular spine very short. Dorsal and anal fins exactly opposite
each other. (Barnev.)

Valparaiso.

3. COTYLIS.

Cotylis, pt., 311(11. ^- Trosch. Wicym. Arch. 1843, p. 297, and Hor.
Ichthyol. iii. p. 17.

Anterior part of the body very broad and depressed ; skin tough.
Dorsal fin short, situated on the tail. Posterior portion of the ad-
hesive disk ^vithout free anterior margin. Teeth of the upper jaw
small, not cutting, in several series; no incisors in the lower jaw.
GUIs three ; branchiostegals six ; gill-membranes united imder the
throat, and not attached to the isthmus.

Red Sea. Indian Ocean.

In the greater portion of the species of the genus Cotylis, Miill. &
Trosch., the teeth of the lower jaw are not conical and cardiform,

VOL. HI. 2 K

49S GOBrESOCID^.

but compressed, although narrower than in Sicyases ; those species,
therefore, agree bettor with Gobieso.v, Laccp., m. C. Jimhriata has
not been examined by myself, and, therefore, I am not justified in
removing it from CotyVis.

1. Cotylis fimbriata.

Cotylis fimbriata, 3IhU. ^- Trosch. I. c. p. 18.

B. 6. D. 11. A. 8-9. V. 1/4.

The upper and lower jaws with numerous small fringes. Teeth
of the anterior series conical, and nearly equal in size ; several other
small ones behind these, in both jaws.

Red Sea. Indian Ocean.

Tj-pical specimens in the Berlin Museum. Form of the head and
body as in Gobiesox nudus. The diameter of the eye is one-fourth
of the width of the interorbital space. The anterior nostril with a
small tentacle. The poiut in which the opercular apparatus termi-
nates is not moveable. Lateral line none. The dorsal is little
longer than the anal.

I subjoin to this genus, for the present, the following species,
known only from Steller's and Pallas's descriptions : —

a. Cydoptenis ventricosus, Pall.

Cycloptems ventricosus, Pall. Sincil. vii. p. 15. t. 2 ; Cuv. JR^gne Aniin-
Lepadogaster ventricosus, Bl. Schn. p. 3.

B. 4? D, 10. A. 8vel9.

Pallas drew up his description from the MS. left by Steller and a
dried specimen presei-ved in the St. Petersburg Museum.

The body is smooth and soft, somewhat flat superiorly and very
thick, whilst the tail is suddenly narrowed behind the vent. The
head is flat and obtuse, with the cleft of the mouth directed upwards,
and with the lower jaw longest, if the mouth is open. Jaws with
minute, rather obtuse, unequal teeth, the interior ones being the
largest in the lower jaw. Nostrils double, above the eyes. Eyes
directed upwards, but on the side of the head. The giU-opening is
reduced to a foramen, above the pectoral, covered by a cutaneous
production of the gill-cover. Branchiostegals about four. Pectorals
large, extending to below the throat, with eighteen or twenty rays.
The ventral disk is said to be ovate, entire, with six distinct rays on
each side, siuTounded by a very broad cutaneous margin. The
dorsal fin is very near the caudal, — the sixth of the rays, which are
of black colour, beiug the longest. The anal is situated opposite the
dorsal, at a considerable distance from the vent ; the rays are
simple, or very indistinctly bifid ; the fifth is the longest. The anal
papilla is nearer to the anal fin than to the ventral disk. Caudal
ten-rayed, subtruncated, the rays being branched.

Steller describes the kidneys as commencing near the skull ; double
anteriorly, tLey are united into one mass posteriorly. Two ureters

4. GOBIESOX. 499

lead into two exceedingly large uriue-bladdors, which are contracted
posteriorly and pass into a cloaca. When the fish is compressed, the
urine sponts forth with great force.

The fish examined was more than a foot in length, but is said
to attain to a much greater size. It was taken on the coast of
Kamtschatka.

b. Cyclopterus stelleri, PaU.

Cyclopterus stelleri, Pall. Zoogr. Hosso-Asiaf. iii. p. 73.

PaUas gives the following particulars from the MS. of SteUer, It
is, probably, the type of a distinct genus : —

Body ovate, smooth ; a single scries of osseous tubercles along the
middle of the back to the origin of the dorsal fin. Teeth small, un-
equal. Branch iostegals six. Gill-opening reduced to a round fora-
men. The dorsal fin commences on the middle of the back and ex-
tends nearly to the origin of the caudal fin. " Pianfe postbranchiales
[coracoids ?] pectoraUbus aliquanto altiores ; pinna pectorales aceta-
bulum utrinque ambiunt." The anal terminates in the vertical from
the extremity of the dorsal fin.

Peter and Paul's Harbour.

4. GOBIESOX.

Gobiesox, Lac6-p. ii. p. 595.

Cotylis, pt., Mull. 4" Troscli. I. c.

Gobiesox, Tomicodon, pt., et Sicyogaster, JBris. de Barnev. I. c.

Anterior part of the body very broad and depressed ; skin tough.
Snout very obtuse. Dorsal fin short, situated on the tail. Posterior
portion of the adhesive disk without free anterior margin. Distinct
incisors in the lower jaw ; those of the upper jaw are in several
series, and the anterior ones sometimes compressed. Gills three ;
pseudobranchia) rudimentary ; giU-membranes united under the
throat and not attached to the isthmus.

Caribbean Sea. Western coasts of South America.

1. Gobiesox cephalus.

Gobiesox cephalus, Zw^. ii. p. 595 ; Bris. de Barnev. I. c. pp. 145, 210.

testar, Lacep. ii. pi. 19. fig. 1.

Lepadogaster testar, Bl. Schn. pp. 4 & 545.

Cotylis stannii, ^lull. ^- Trosch. Hor. Ichthyol. iii. p. 18. taf. 3. fig. 3.

Gobiesox tudes, Richards. Voy. Sidph. Fishes, p. 103. pi. 47. fig. 1.

D. 9-10. A. 6. C. 12. P. 19-20.

A vertical fold of the skin at the base of the pectoral ; the cora-
coid is so high as to reach to the upper margin of the pectoral. A
band of short conical teeth in the upper jaw ; a single series in the
lower, the anterior ones being slightly compressed incisors, and small
like the lateral teeth, which are conical.

Caribbean Sea.

a-e, f. Adidt, half-grown, and young. From the Collection of the
Zoological Society.

2k2

500 GOBIESOCID^.

g-h. One inch long. St. Domingo. From M. Salle's Collection.

i. Half-grown. Voyage of H.M.S. Herald.

Tc. Adult male : skeleton. From the Collection of the Zoological

Society.
I. Preparation of the internal parts.

The head and the anterior part of the body are very broad and
much depressed ; the skin is tough, naked, and smooth. The head
is nearly as broad as long, with its profile scmi-cUiptical, the snotit
being very obtuse and rounded. The upper sm-face of the head is
quite flat, gently sloping downwards in a straight line from the nape
to the snout. The greatest width of the interorbital space is one-
half of that of the head, or four- times the diameter of the eye. The
cleft of the mouth is horizontal, curved, wide, extending to below
the centre of the eye ; the lips are thick, the lower being divided
into five portions by four vertical grooves, the central portion being
the smallest, the lateral ones the largest and hanging downwards.
The upper jaw is slightly protractile, and there is a broad velum
behind the teeth in both jaws. The eye is small, situated immedi-
ately below the upper profile of the head. Two nostrils, close to-
gether, opposite the upper angle of the orbit, their margins being
slightly raised. The lower angle of the opercular apparatus termi-
nates posteriorly in an obtuse moveable point enveloped in skin
. and directed backwards. The gill-openings are somewhat narrow in
consequence of the smaU degree of expansibility of the gill-covers ;
but the gill-membranes have the margin quite free, being united
together under the thi'oat, and not attached to the isthmus. There
are only three gills ; the pseudobranchia) are ipiite rudimentary, in-
dicated by two or thi'ee short lamella?.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the caudal is
nearly one -third of its distance from the snout ; its first ray is
much shorter than the others, and apparently ■\\'ithout articulations.
The caudal rounded and of moderate length ; the anal is only half
as long as the dorsal, commencing below its middle and termi-
nating in the same vertical. The pectoral is broad and short, its
lower half being longer than the upper ; it is slightly connected with
the ventral.

The adhesive apparatus is the same as in Sicyases sanguineus ; it
is as broad as long, its length being contained three times and a half
in the total. The vent and the porus urogenitalis are close together,
situated midway between the mai'gin of the ventral disk and the
anal. The anal papilla is small.

The colour is broAvu (in spirits), whitish infcriorly. The species
attains to a length of seven inches.

The internal paris are better preserved than I have found them in
Sicyases sanguineiis, and show some very remarkable pecuharities.
The whole of the intestinal tract is very short and nearly straight ;
this deficiency in extent of the surface for absorption, however, is
made up by the broad and numerous folds of the mucosa. The
single divisions of the intestinal tract are indicated externally by

4. GOBIESOX. 501

sliglit contractions, internally by broad and prominent circular folds •
The oesophagus has longitudinal and very elevated folds, some of
which are continued into the stomach ; the latter is short, globular,
and separated from the small intestine by a thick vahula pylori.
Pyloric appendages none. The numerous folds of the small intestine
are longitudinal, or oblique, and short, whilst those of the rectum are
transverse. A valvida, not so thick as that on the pylorus, at the
commencement of the rectum.

The liver is large, situated on both sides of the stomach, both
halves being united bj' a very narrow bridge over the cardia ; the
left half is bilobed. The gall-bladder is rather large, pear-shaped,
and not attached to the Uver. A very remarkable circumstance is
the presence of a broad, well- developed omentum, in which fat is de-
posited as in mammals. I am not aware that it has been observed
in other osseous fishes, except in a rudimentary state in very young
si)ecimens.

The kidneys are very slender and thin, situated along the whole
length of the abdomen on both sides of the vertebi-ae ; the ureters
lead into the hindmost extremity of the imne-bladder, which is
elongate, cuneiform. Testicles separated from each other.

Sl-eleton. — The form of the skull is intermediate between that of
Chorisochismns and Sici/ases ; its crown is broad, with some slight
ridges, and with a single posterior and a pair of lateral imi)ressions.
The principal frontal bones are somewhat concave anteriorly to
receive the posterior intermaxillary j^rocesses ; the latter are very
long, flattened, and move below the tui'binal bones, which are much
developed, crescent-shaped, and meeting with their convexities on
the middle. The intermaxdlaries are flattened, with the lateral
branches well developed. The maxillaiy is strong, of moderate
length, and very irregularly shaped. The mandibula is low, of mo-
derate length, without an open slit between the articulary and den-
tary bones. Vomer broad and smooth, with the anterior margin
concave ; palatine stylifonn. The base of the skull is veiy broad,
flat, and smooth. Tympanic and opercidar bones as in Chorisochis-
mns ; structure of the humeral arch and of the pubic as in Choriso-
chismns and Sicyases.

Both the abdominal and the caudal portions of the vertebral column
are composed of thirteen vertebra, the length of the former being to
that of the latter as 1 : 0-G6. There are no other essential differences
from the skeletons of the genera mentioned.

lines.

Length of the first vertebra 2-|

Width of the first vertebra 4|

Length of the second vertebra 2^

of the seventh vertebra 2^

of the fifteenth vertebra Ig

of the twenty -fifth vertebra Ij

of the abdominal portion 28|

of the caudal portion 19

502 GOBIESOClDiK.

2, Gobiesox macrophthalmus.

D. 8. A. 6. C. 12. P. 22.

A sliort vertical fold of the skin at the lower part of the base of
the pectoral ; the coracoid is below the level of the iipper margin of
the pectoral. A very narrow band of short conical teeth in the
upper jaw; a single series in the lower, the anterior ones being
incisors, and small like the lateral teeth, which are conical.

Hab. ?

a-h. Two inches long. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

The head and the anterior part of the body are very broad and
much depressed ; the head is as broad as long, with its profile semi-
elhptical, the snout being obtuse and rounded. The crown of the
head is quite flat, the upper profile sloping downwards in a gently
curved line from the forehead to the snout ; the width of the inter-
orbital space equals the diameter of the eye, which is two-ninths of
the length of the head. The cleft of the mouth is horizontal, curved,
of moderate width, extending behind the anterior margin of the eye.
The lower angle of the opercular apparatus terminates in a slender
acute spine. There are four short incisors on each side of the lower
jaw ; they are separated from the conical lateral teeth by a larger
canine-Hke tooth. GiU-apparatus as in the preceding species.

The distance of the origin of the dorsal fin from the caudal is two-
fifths of its distance from the snout ; caudal rounded ; the anal com-
mences below the third dorsal ray and extends a little more back-
wards than the dorsal.

Colour uniform reddish.

3. Gobiesox nigripinnis.

Cotylis nigripinnis, Peters in Berl. Monatsher. 1859, p. 412.
D. 11. A. 6. P. 22.

" Nostrils, mouth, teeth, opercular spine, and fin-rays as in Cotylis
stannii [Gobiesox cepliahis'], but dorsal fin longer. Light broA^Ti above
(minutely dotted with black, if viewed by a magnifier) ; vertical fins
black." (Peters.)

Puerto Cabello.

4. Gobiesox nudus.

? Cyclopterus nudus, L. 3Ius. Ad. Fried, tab. 27.

Cyclopterus double-epine, Lacep. ii. p. 61.

Ijepadogaster nudus, £1. ScJin. p. 2.

Cotylis nuda, llitll. 4'' Trosch. I. c. taf. 3. fig. 2 ; (not Chorisochismus

nudus, Barnev. I. c. p. 209).
Sicyogaster marmoratus, Barnev. I. c. p. 144 (without synon.).

B. 6. D. 12. A. 7. V. 1/4. P. 20.

A vertical fold of the skin at the base of the pectoral ; the cora-
coid is distinctly below the level of the upper margin of the pectoral.
Teeth of the upper jaw cardiform; the lower jaw with very narrow,

.4. GOBIESOX. 503

but compressed incisors, which arc as short as the other teeth.
Brownish, with scattered dark spots ; a black blotch anteriorly on
the dorsal fin.
West Indies.

a. Adult. West Indies. Museum Guilding.

b. Ten lines long. Island of Cordova. Presented by G. U. Skinner,

Esq.

This species is so similar to G. ceplmlus that only the following
remarks appear to be necessary. The lateral profile of the head is
nearly semicii'cular ; the head is much depressed, as long as broad,
its length being two-sevenths of the total. The width of the inter-
orbital space is somewhat less than one-half the greatest width of
the head, or three times the diameter of the eye. The cleft of the
mouth extends beyond the anterior margin of the eye. The distance
of the origin of the dorsal from the caudal is more than one-half of
its distance from the snout.

There is some confusion in the synonymy of this species. It is
scarcely possible to make out which species was examined by
Linne and named Cyclopterus nudus. Bloch and, after him, MiiUer
and-Troschel refer it to the present species, whilst Brisout de Bar-
neville considers it identical with the Cydoptcrus dentex of Pallas ;
hence the Berlin naturalists were wrong in introducing (JlwrisocMs-
miis nudus, Barnev., into the synonymy of their Cotylis nudus. We,
of course, foUow the eldest authority after Linne — Bloch. Brisout de
Barncville, to whom the researches of MiiUer and Troschel were un-
knoMTi, fell into the error of confounding the Blochian species with
Gohiesox mannoratus, Jenyns, fi'om Chile. The latter differs in the
length of the incisors of the mandibula.

The statement of MiiUer and Troschel that G. nudus is found in
the East Indies is founded on Bloch, who, however, is never to be
trusted with regard to localities. There can be no doubt that the
specimens in the Biitish Museum are specificaUy identical with that
in the Berlin ISIuseum, and it is equaUy certain that the former were
coUected in the West Indies. Thus the instances of the occurrence
of Gohie-socidce in the East Indies are reduced to the isolated species
of Cotylis fimhriata.

G. nudus does not appear to exceed a length of three inches.

5, Gobiesox pcecUophthalmus.

Gobiesox poecilophthalmos, Jcnyus, Voi/. Beagle, Fishes, p. 141. pi. 27.

fig. 2.
Cotylis poecilophtlialma, Miill. Sf Trosch. I. c.jt. 19.
Tomicodon precilophthalmos, Barnev. I. c. p. 144.

B. 6. D. 7. A. 7.
Anterior teeth in both jaws incisor-hke : smaUer teeth behind the
incisors in the upper jaw.

Galapagos Archipelago (Chatham Island).

" General form same as that of G. mannoratus, including the pro-

504 GOBIESOCIDJS.

portion of head to body. Snout equally rounded. Teeth on the
whole similar, but the upper ones in front, as weU as the lower,
incisor-like. Eyes rather larger, closer together, less than a diameter
apart*. Differs essentially from the G. marmoratus in the form of
the opercular spine, which is much sharper as weU as somewhat
longer and slenderer ; also in having no spine concealed in the bran-
chial membrane : the lower part of the opercular membrane, just
above the spine, is fringed Avith a few thread-like filaments. The
number of branchial rays is the same.

" The dorsal and anal are both shorter, and appear to have only
seven rays each : the anal reaches a httle nearer the caudal.

" Eveiywhere of a uniform very pale brown or brownish white,
without any markings whatever. The eyes were probably very
brilliant in the living fish, the irides still showing traces of what
seems to have been blue and golden-pink." (Jen.)

Length of the single specimen observed one inch ten lines.

6. Gobiesox marmoratus.

Gobiesox marmoratus, Jen. Voy. Beagle, Fishes, p. 140. pi. 27. fig. 1 ;

Giiich. in Gay, Chile, Zool. ii. p. 336.
Cotylis marmorata, 3Iiill. ^ Trosch. I. c. p. 19.
Sicyogaster marmoratus, Bariwv. I. c. p. 144.

B. 6. D. 13. A. 11.

Teeth strong and somewhat crowded in front, in the upper jaw
bluntly conical, with minute ones behind ; six subhorizontal incisors
anteriorly in the lower jaw, longer than the other teeth. Eyes
rather more than a diameter apart.

Coasts of Chile.

The following description is taken from the ' Zoology of the Voyage
of the Beagle ' : —

" Head very large, broad and much depressed, with the snout
rounded nearly in exact semicii'cle. Body compressed behind and
suddenly tapering behind the pectorals. The length and breadth of
the head are equal, each being one-third of the entire length, ex-
cluding caudal. Gape reaching nearly to beneath the anterior angle
of the eye. Teeth strong, and somewhat crowded in front ; in the
upper jaw bluntly conical or slightly curved, but of irregular size,
■with minuter ones behind ; very small at the sides of the jaw, and
apparently here but in a single row. Below, the six middle teeth
are incisor-like and project forwards ; on each side of these are two
or three similar to those iii front above, then foUow some minuter
ones at the sides. Eyes rather more than a diameter apart. Gill-
opening wide, the membrane free aU roimd, with six rays. Opercle
terminating behind in a blunt point ; there is also a kiad of double
spine concealed in the thickness of the branchial membrane, in front
of the ordinary branchial rays, the extreme end of one portion of
which projects a Httle beyond the margin.

* Probably smaller in larger specimens.

I

4. GOBIESOX. 505

" The dorsal commences a little beyond the middle of the entire
length, and leaves a space between it and the caudal ; the rays
nearly eijual, except the fii'st, which is short. The anal begins under
the foiu-th or fifth dorsal ray, and extends a tiiiie further than that
tin. Caudal shghtly rounded.

" Back and sides hght brown, reticulated with black ; the reticu-
lations have a tendency to form three or four broad fascia? across the
back. Under-parts yelloAvish."

Length of the specimens observed two and a half inches.

7. Gobiesox mseandricus.

Lepadogaster reticulatus, Girard in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1854,

p. 1.j5.
uiseaudricus, Girard in U. S. Pacif. R, R. Uxjjed. Fishes, p. 130.

D. 14. A. 13. C. 12. V. 1/4.

A vertical fold of the skin at the base of the pectoral ; the coracoid
is so high as to reach nearly to the uj^per margin of the pectoral. A
band of short conical teeth in the upper jaw, those of the outer series
being somewhat enlarged ; a series of teeth in the lower jaw, the six
anterior of which are compressed, cutting, subhorizontal, longer than
the others ; several small teeth behind the incisors. The diameter
of the eye is one-third of the width of the interorbital space.

Coasts of California.

a-d. Fine specimens. Monterey.

The general habit of this species is the same as in G. cephalus.
The head is as broad as long, with its proiile nearly semicircular, the
snout being very obtuse and rounded. The upper surface of the
head is quite fiat, gently sloping downwards from the nape to the
snout in a straight line. The greatest width of the interorbital space
is contained twice and a half in the length of the head, or equal
to three times the diameter of the eye. The cleft of the mouth is
horizontal, cui'ved, of moderate width, extending to the vertical
from the anterior margin of the eye. The lips are thick, the lower
being divided into thi-ee portions by vertical grooves ; the lateral
portions are broad, hanging downwards. The eye is rather small,
one-seventh of the length of the head : two nostrils opposite the
upper angle of the orbit ; the anterior with a small bilobed tentacle.
The lower angle of the opercular apparatus terminates posteriorly in
an obtuse moveable point enveloped in skin and directed backwards.
The gill-openings, gills, and pseudobranehia? are the same as in G.
ceplicdus.

The dorsal fin commences above the vent, and the distance of its
origin from the caudal is rather more than one-half of its distance
from the snout. Caudal rounded, of moderate length. The anal
commences vertically below the foiu-fh dorsal ray and terminates
opposite the end of the dorsal. The pectoral is broad, of moderate
length, with its margin rounded and with a broad cutaneous flap
at its base : inferiorly it is slightly connected with the ventral.

506 GOBlESOCIDiE.

which, as usual, is composed of one spine, hidden in the skin, and
of fom- rays*. The adhesive apparatus is the same as ia Si eyases
sanyidneus ; it is longer than broad, its length being contained three
times and a half in the entii'e length of the fish. The vent and
the porus urogenitalis are close together, situated midway between
the margin of the ventral disk and the anal. The anal papilla is
small.

The colour is brownish-olive, iiTegularly mottled with darker or
reticulated with black. The largest specimen observed is four
inches long. Girard found a small specimen of a Patella in its
stomach.

This species may prove to be identical with G. marmoratus.

5. DIPLOCREPIS.

Anterior part of the body moderately broad and depressed ; skin
tough ; snout somewhat pointed. Dorsal fin situated on the taU.
Posterior portion of the adliesive disk with the anterior margin free.
Both jaws with incisors, and other smaller teeth behind. Gills three ;
pseudobranchise rudimentary ; gill-membranes united imder the
throat, and not attached to the isthmus.

Coasts of New Zealand.

1. Diplocrepis puniceus,

Lepidogaster puniceus, Richards. Voy. Ereh. Sf Terr. Fishes, p. 71.
pi. 43. figs. 1-7.

D. 11. A. 5. C. 11. V. 1/4.

The posterior portion of the ventral disk has a free anterior margin.
Rose-coloured, dotted with red on the sides.
Coasts of New Zealand.

a-h. Fine specimens. New Zealand. Presented by Captain Stokes.
c. Type of the species. New Zealand. Antarctic Expedition.

The head and the anterior part of the body are less broad and less
depressed than in the other species of this family ; the skin is tough,
naked, with raised vertical folds on the sides. The head is not quite
so broad as long, with the lateral profiles slightly curved and conver-
gent, so as to make the snout somewhat pointed. The nape and the
upper siu'face of the head are somewhat convex, the profile descending
in a gentle curve from the occiput to the eye. The width of the rn-
terorbital space equals the diameter of the eye, which is of moderate
size, and contained four times and a half in the length of the head.
The snout is longer than the eye, with the upper j\iw shghtly over-
lapping the lower. The cleft of the mouth is horizontal, curved,
situated on the lower side of the snout, narrow, extending to the

* The description given by Girard of the ventral disk is erroneous. This
author takes the ventral fins for the lower portion of the pectorals ; and some
portion of the disk, " which he could not make out clearly," for the ventrals.

6. CREPIDOGASTER. 507

vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. The lips are rather
thick, and the lateral portion of the lower lip hanging downwards.
The upper jaw has ton, the lower eight small incisors, the lateral
teeth being conical ; small cardiform teeth stand behind the incisors
in both jaws. Two nostrils, close together, are situated opposite the
angle of the orbit, in a straight line Avith its upper margin ; the
anterior is pro\'idcd with a short tentacle on its posterior edge. The
lower angle of the opercular apparatus terminates posteriorly in an
acute point, overlapped by a skinny appendage and directed back-
wards. The gill-openings, gUls, and pseudobranchias are as in
Gohiesox cephalus.

The dorsal fin commences somewhat behind the vertical from the
vent, and the distance of its origin from the caudal is rather less
than one-half of its distance from the snout. Caudal rounded, of
moderate length. The anal is very short, and commences vertically
below the ninth dorsal ray. The pectoral fin is broad, of moderate
length, with the posterior margin rounded, and with a thick fold on
the lower part of its base ; the fold ascends only to the middle of the
base of the fin. The coracoid is so elevated as nearly to reach the
upper margin of the pectoral*.

The structure of the adhesive apparatus is essentially the same as
in Sicyases sanguineus, with some peculiar modifications, however,
of the posterior portion. This portion forms a complete disk by
itself, having a free anterior margin. The striated part of the hinder
half of the periphery is composed of three lamellae ; the anterior is
the shortest, the middle is composed of small broad fringes, the pos-
terior is the longest and striated. The hardened epidermis forms a
beautiful mosaic-work of veiy small polygonal plates.
■ The vent is situated immediately behind the margin of the ventral
disk, and at a great distance from the anal.

The upper parts arc beautifully rose-coloured, with dark-red dots
on the sides. The largest of the specimens is four inches long.

6. CREPIDOGASTER.

Anterior part of the body depressed; snout produced, much
depressed. Dorsal fin situated on the tail. Posterior portion of
the adhesive disk with the anterior margin free. Villiform teeth in
both jaws, without incisors. Gills three ; pseudobranchia; none or
rudimentary ; gill-membranes united under the throat, and not
attached to the isthmus.

Coasts of Australia and Van Diemen's Land.

1. Crepidogaster tasmaniensis.
B. 5. D. 10. A. 9.
Caudal fin quite free from dorsal and anal. The coracoid extends

* Sir J. Richardson erroneously takes the ventral fins for lower pectoral rays,
and the coracoid bones for the ventral fins.

508 GOBIESOCID^.

upwards somewhat beyond the middle of the base of the pectoral,
ynoiit produced, somewhat pointed, much narrower than the head.
Van Diemen's Land.

a. Presented by R. Gunn, Esq.

This species has entirely the habit of a Lcpadogaster. The
length of the head is one-third of the total, and its greatest width is
rather more than one-half of its own leng-th. It is suddenly narrowed
before the eyes and produced into a pointed snout, the length of which
is one-third of that of the head. The least width of the interorbital
space is more than the horizontal diameter of the eye. The jaws are
nearly equal in length anteriorly and armed with villiform teeth,
which form a broad patch in front and a single series on the side.
The cleft of the moiith extends to below the anterior half of the orbit.
The nostiils are situated before the upper angle of the orbit and
pro\'ided with very small tentacles. I cannot detect the slightest
trace of a foui-th gill. Pectoral and caudal fins of moderate length,
rounded. The ventrals are composed of one spine, hidden in the
skin, and four rays, the outer of which is attached to the pectoral by
a broad membrane. The disk between the ventrals is somewhat
broader than long, that between the coracoids subeircular. The vent
is situated at a great distance from the margin of the adhesive disk,
near the origin of the anal fin, which commences immediately behind
the vertical from the origin of the dorsal.

The colours have now disappeared ; they were probably a uni-
form red.

lines.

Total length 26

Length of the head 9

2. Crepidogaster spatula.
D. 6. A. 7.
Dorsal and anal fins terminatmg at some distance from the caudal.
The coracoid extends upwards to the middle of the base of the pec-
toral fin. Snout very broad and long, much depressed, scarcely
narrower than the posterior part of the head.
Mouth of the Swan River.

a. Dredged in three fathoms, sand. Gages Road. Presented by the
Earl of Derby.

This species is at once distinguished by its very broad, long snout,
which is exceedingly depressed. The posterior part of the head also
is much depressed, flat, and scarcely broader than the snout. The
body is elongate, subcylindrical to the origin of the dorsal fin, and
compressed posteriorly. The distance of the vent from the anal is
only half of that from the adhesive apparatus.

lines.

Total length 21

Length of the head 5|

7. TRACHELOCHISMUS. 509

lines.
Distance of the origin of the dorsal from the

snout 13

Distance of the origin of the dorsal from the

caudal 5

7. TRACHELOCHISMUS.
Trachelochismus, Bris. de Bamev. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 212.

Anterior part of the body broad and depressed ; skin tough,
naked. Snout depressed, produced as in Lepadogastcr. Posterior
portion of the adhesive apparatus suspended at the coracoid bones,
with the anterior margin free. Jaws with a patch of small teeth in
front and wdth a series on the sides. Incisors none. GUIs thi-ee
and a half; pseudobranchiae rudimentary; brancliiostogals five ; giU-
merabranes extending from one side to the other, not attached to
the isthmus.

Coasts of New Zealand and of the Peejce Islands.

1. Trachelochismus pinnulatus.

Cycloptenis pinnidatus, Forst. Descrqji. Anim. ed. Lichtenst. p. 301.

littoreus, Forst. I. c. p. 114; Bl. Schn. p. 199.

Lepadogaster pinnvdatus, Bl. Schn. p. 2.

Gobiesox littoreus, C'liv. Reyne Anim.

Trachelochismus pinnidatus, Bamev. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 212.

D. 8. A. 7.

Caudal free from dorsal and anal fins ; nostrils with short ten-
tacles. Snout, if viewed from above, triangidar, broader than long.
Camiine-red, with waving purplish and yellowish cross-streaks on
the occiput ; body and fins with yellowish spots.

Coasts of New Zealand.

a. Fine specimen. New Zealand. Presented by Captain Stokes.

b, e. Adult.

The body is broad and depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly,
covered with a tough and naked skin. The length of the head is
one-third of the total, and its greatest width is two-thirds of its
length ; its upper sui-face is flat, gently sloping downwards to the
snout ; the interorbital space is very broad, its width being t^dce
the horizontal diameter of the eye. The snout is much depressed,
broader than long, and nearly twice as long as the eye. The cleft
of the mouth extends to below the anterior part of the orbit ; the
jaws are equal in length anteriorly, with broad hps, the upper and
lower lip being dilated into a flap on each side. Both nostrils are
provided -with short tentacles; that of the posterior, however, is
minute. The lower angle of the giU-covers Ls produced posterioidy
into a short cutaneous flap. The pecuhar charactei's of the gill-
apparatus and of the adhesive disk have been stated in the generic
diagnosis. The ventrals, composed, as usual, of four rays and one

510 GOBIESOCIBiE.

spine hidden in the skin, are connected with the pectoral by a broad
membrane ; the disk between them is much broader than long. The
coracoids extend upwards beyond the middle of the base of the
pectoral, and the disk between them is subcii'cular. The dorsal and
anal fins are opposite each other, terminating at some distance from
the caudal ; the foiTner commences behind the vertical from the vent,
and the latter a little more backwards. The caudal is of moderate
length and rounded.

Carmine-red, with large yellowish spots on the body and fins ;
waving purpUsh and yellowish streaks cross the occiput.

Length of the specimen described 30 lines.

Forster's description of Cydopterus littore^is agrees very well with
the specimens described, except the dorsal fin, which, he says, is
four-rayed. This, however, is doubtless an error in writing.

I refer, for the present, a single specimen, thirteen lines long, from
the Feejee Islands, to this species, as it would be hazardous to esta-
blish a second species on characters taken from an apparently imma-
ture individual. It is uniform deep purple.

a. Island of Oualan. Voyage of the ' Herald.'

8. LEPADOGASTER*.

Lepadogaster, Gouan, Hist. Pkc. p. 177 ; Cuv. Migne Anim. ; Mi'ill. Sf
Trosch. Hor. IcMhyol. iii. p. 20.

Anterior part of the body broad and depressed. Snout much
depressed, more or less prominent. Posterior portion of the adhesive
disk suspended at the coracoid bones, and with the anterior margin
free. Dorsal and anal fins with the rays well developed. Jaws
with a patch of small teeth in front, and with one scries on the sides ;
incisors none. Gills three and a half ; pseudobranchise rudimentary ;
branchiostegals five ; giU-membranes attached to the isthmus.

Mediterranean, northwards to the coasts of Scandinavia.

1. Lepadogaster gouanii.

Lepadogaster gouanii, Bris. de Barncv. Rev. Zool. 1846, p. 280.
Small Suck-fish, Borlase, Corniv. p. 269. pi. 25. figs. 28, 29.
Le Barbier ou Porte-Ecuelle, Gouan, Hist. Pise. tab. 1. figs. 6, 7.
Jura-Sucker, Penn. Brit. Zool. iii. p. 120. pi. 22 ; edit. 1812, iii. p. 181.

pi. 25 ; Coueh, Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 87.
Lepadogaster rostratus, Bl. Schn. p. 1.
gouanii, Lacep. i. pi. 2-3. figs. 3, 4, ii. p. 73 ; Cur. Pt'ffne Anim. ;

Risso, lelitli. Nice, p. 72, and E^ir. Merid. iii. p. 271 ; Costa, Faun.

JVa^yol. Peso. p. 2. tab. 23. figs. 1-3 ; Cuv. Rk/ne Anim. III. Poiss.

pi. 108. fig. 2.
Cydopterus spatula, Lacep. ii. p. 68.

* 1. Lepadogaster brownii, B/sso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 272. — Nice.

2. rafinesqui, Costa, Fauna del regno di Najjoli ; Mull. Sf Trosch. I. c. —

Mediterranean.

3. latirostris, Costa, I. c.; Miill. 8f Trosch. I. c— Mediterranean.

8. LEPADOGASTER. 511

Cyclopterus ocellatus, Do)ioi\ Brit. Fishes, iv. pi. 76.

lepadog-aster, Wall. Artedi, \\i. p. 490.

coniubicus, Skate, Zool. v. p. 397.

Lepadoga.ster ciliatus, Hisso, Joiirn. Phys. xci. p. 248.

balbis, Hisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 73. pi. 4. fig. 9, aud Eur. Merid. iii.

p. 274 (D. 22, A. 11) ; Cuv. Rkjne Aiiim.
biciliatus, Hisso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 272 ; Nordm. in Dcmid. Voy.

Ettss. Merid. iii. p. 537. pi. 15. figs. 4-6.
coraubiensis, Fleni. Brit. Aniin. p. 189 ; Yurr. Brit. Fishes, 2nd

edit. ii. p. 359, 3rd edit. ii. p. 335.

zebrinus, Lowe, Proa. Zool. Soc. vii. 1839, p. 88.

webbianus, Valenc. in Wehh l<f Berthel. Iks Caiiar. Poiss. p. 85.

Skeleton: — Rosenth. Ichthyot. Taf, tab. 20. fig. 11 (Lepadogaster

balbis).

B. 5. D. 17-18, A. 9-11. V. 1/4. Yert. 14/20.

Vertical fins continuous. Anterior nostril with a tentacle ; head
broad and convex behind the eyes ; snout depressed, produced like
the bill of a duck.

MeditoiTanean. Black Sea. Northwards to the British coasts.

a. Adult. Soifth Devonshii'e. Museum Leach.

b-d, e. Adult. Falmouth. Presented by W. C. Cocks, Esq.

/. Adult. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

g-k, I, m. Adult. British specimens.

nr~q. Adult. Lundy Island. Presented by S. P. "Woodward, Esq.

r. Many specimens. Madeii'a.

s. Adult. Mediterranean, Presented by the Rev. W. Hannah,

t. Adult, South Em-ope, Presented by P, B. Webb, Esq.

The body is broad and depressed anteriorly, compressed posteriorly,
covered -wdth a tough naked skin ; there are several vertical folds on
the side of the body. The head is large, its length being contained
twice and a half in the total ; its breadth on its posterior portion
is considerable, being nearly two-thii'ds of its length ; its upper
surface is flat, gently sloping downwards to the snout ; it suddenly
becomes narrower before the eyes and is produced into a long and
depressed snout, the length of which is one-third of that of the head.
The least width of the interorbital space is somewhatPmore than the
horizontal diameter of the eye, which is one-eighth of the length of
the head. The cleft of the mouth is straight and extends to below
the centre of the eye ; its posterior angle is situated on the lower
side of the head ; the upper jaw projects a little beyond the lower ;
both jaws are armed with a series of teeth, which widens to a small
patch of very small teeth anteriorly ; the tongue is long, narrow,
and free. The nostrils are close together, situated opposite the
upper angle of the orbit ; the anterior is provided with a tentacle,
which is sometimes as long as the eye. The gill-opening is narrow,
situated before the pectoral fin, the giU-membrancs being attached
to the side of the neck and to the isthmiLS. The branchiostcgals,
five in number, are very thin ; three giUs and a half ; the pseudo-
branchiae are rudimentary, composed of two or three lamina; onlj-.

The pectorals are of moderate length and rounded ; there is a small

512 GOBrESOCID^.

fold of the skin inferiorly at their base ; they are connected by a
broad membrane with the ventral fin, which is composed of four rays
and a rudimentary si)ine hidden in the skin.

The structure of the adhesive apparatus is typically the same as
in Sicyases, Gohiesox, &c., and widely different from that of Cyclo-
ptents and Ltparis. It consists of two parts, the one being in con-
nexion wdth the ventral fins, the other with the coracoid bones.
Both parts are separated from each other, the coracoid portion having
a free anterior margin as in BlpJocrepis punieeus. The portion be-
tween the ventral fins, which are widely apart from each other, is
broader than long, anteriorly with a free cutaneous margin, which,
like the ventral rays, is coated over with small polygonal plates of
callous epidermis. The disk between the coracoid bones, also, is
broader than long, naked and smooth in the middle, callons round its
periphery, and posteriorly with a striated slightly fi'inged margin.
The coracoid is composed of two broad bones, the ujiper expanding
into a broad free cartilage, which does not extend to the upper mar-
gin of the pectoral fin.

The dorsal fin commences before the vertical from the vent, and
the distance of its origin from the caudal is less than one-half of its
distance from the snout ; it is connected with the caudal by a broad
membrane, like the anal fin. The caudal fin is rounded and of mode-
rate length. The anal commences in the vertical from the sixth
dorsal ray. Vent and urogenital openings situated immediately be-
fore the anal, and at a great distance from the ventral disk.

This species varies exceedingly in its coloration. In some the
colour is a purplish- or carmine-red ; most of these specimens have
two darker cross-bands between the posterior portion of the orbits,
edged with whitish, and produced into an angle posteriorly. Others
have two round dark-red spots on the side of the nape of the neck
{L. balbis, Hisso). Again, in others the ground-colour is blackish-
brown, hind parts of the sides with oblique blue stripes ; neck with
divergent cross-streaks, and mth a pair of pear-shaped spots of the
same colour (L. zehrinus, Lowe). Others are green, with brown or
blue spots and markings on the head and body (L. biciUatus, Risso,
Nordm.). Filially, some are green with brown dots, but without
blue marlungs {L. gouanii, liisso).

This species attains to a length of three inches.

As in all true Gobiesocidce, the intestinal tract is short, straight, and
wide, without pyloric appendages. The mine-bladder is pear-shaped,
of moderate size, terminating in a long urethra.

The skeleton docs not differ essentially from that of the other
Gohiesocidce. The crown of the head is flat and smooth ; the frontal
bones have a slight longitudinal groove for the posterior processes of
the intermaxOlaries ; the front part of the latter is dilated, and both
form a slightly concave plate similar to the biU of a duck ; their de-
scending branches are quite rudimentary. The maxillary is long,
styliform, slightly curved ; mandibula very long and low. The tur-
binal bones are narrow tubes, situated on the sides of the inter-
maxillary processes ; infraorbital bones none. There are fourteen

8. LEPADOGASTEK. 51!^

abdominal and twenty caudal vcrtehrce, the length of the former por-
tion of the vertebral column being to that of tlic latter as 1 : 0-7.
The structm-e of the humeral arch, the ribs, &c., are the same as in
the other Gobiesockhe.

2. Lepadogaster candollii.

Lepadogaster candollii, Hisso, Iclith. Nice, p. 76, and Eur. Merid. iii.

p. 275 ; Cuv. likpic Anim. ; liris. de Banwv. Itev. Zool. 1846, p. 281.
Lepadogaster cli upasangue.

olivaceus, Itisso, Ichth. Nice, p. 75, and Eur, Merid. iii. p. 274.

jussieui, Risso, Eur. Merid, iii. p. 273.

cephalus, Thomps. Aim. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 34, and Nat.

Hist. Irel. iii. p. 214; Yarr. Brit. Fishes, 3rd edit. ii. p. 341.

D. 14-16. A. 8-11, V. 1/4.

Caudal fin free from dorsal and anal. Anterior nostril with an
exceedingly small tentacle. Head broad and flat behind the eyes ;
snout broad, depressed, of moderate length.

Mediterranean, northwards to the Britisli coasts.

a, b, c. Adult and half-grown. MediteiTanean.

d. Half-grown. Falmouth, Presented by W, C, Cocks, Esq.

This species has a comparatively smaller head than L. gouanii,
and its snout is not so narrow at its base, and less distinct from the
head. The length of the head is one-third of the total, and its
greatest width two-thirds of its length ; its entire ujiper surface is
quite flat, the posterior portion being very depressed, and nearly on
the same level with the snout. The snout is as broad at its base as
it is long, and its length is one-third of that of the head. The width
of the interorbital space is at least twice the diameter of the eye,
which is one-sixth of the length of the head ; but in immatixre speci-
mens the eye is much larger, and equals the width of the interorbital
space. The cleft of the mouth is straight, and extends to below the
anterior portion of the orbit, its posterior angle being situated on the
lower side of the head. The jaws are nearly equal in length, and
armed Avith a small patch of teeth anteriorly and with a single series
laterally. The tongue is long, narrow, and free. The nostrils are
small, close together, situated opposite the upper angle of the orbit ;
the anterior has a very small tentacle. The branchial apparatus is
the same as in L. gouanii, except that the lower angle of the giU-covers
is not produced posteriorly, but trancated. The pectoral and ventral
fins are connected with each other by a broad membrane. The cora-
coids are rather small, extending upwards to half the height of the
pectoral : the disk between them is subquadrangular, narrower
anteriorly than posteriorly. The dorsal fin commences before the
vertical from the vent, and the distance of its origin from the caudal
is more than one-half of its distance from the snout ; it terminates
immediately before the caudal. The caudal fin is rounded and of
moderate length. The anal commences in the vertical from the fifth
dorsal ray and extends as far backwards as the dorsal. The vent is

VOL. III. 2 L

")14 GOBIESOCin.'E.

situated immediately before the anal, at a great distance from the
ventral disk. The skin is tough, and laid in vertical folds on the side
of the body. Colour uniform red.

This species attains to a lengtli of four inches.

3. Lepadogaster wildenovii.

Lepadogaster wildenovii, Hisso, Ichfhi/ul. Nice, p. 75. pi. 14. fig. 10.
and j^iii: Merid. iii. p. 27G; Cue. lirgne Aiiim.

D. 18. A. 14.

Vertical fins united. Nostril without tentacle. Snout short, bruad,
and rounded.
Coast of Nice.

Eisso gives the following description : — •

Body rounded anteriorly, depressed towards the tail, greenish,
minutely dotted with red and spotted with blue. Muzzle short,
rounded, as broad as the head ; mouth wide, with the jaws equal
and armed with a single series of small widely-set teeth (?). Dorsal
fin low, anal slightly elevated, pectorals large. The female is violet
at the season of propagation.

4. Lepadogaster bimacuiatus.

Cvclopterus biraaculatus, Penn. Brit. Znol. iii. p. 397. pi. 22. fig. 1 ;
"edit. 1812, iii. p. 181. pi. 25 ; Donor. Brit. Fishes, iv. pi. 78 ; Walh.

Artedi, iii. p. 490; Bl. Schi. p. 199; Tart. Brit. Fauna, p. 115;

Mont. Linn. Trans, vii. p. 29'? ; Lacep. ii. p. 07.
Gobiesox bimacuiatus, Cuv. Ithjne Anitn.
Lepadogaster bimacuiatus, Fleni. Brit. An. p. 190 ; Yarr. Brit. FUhes,

2nd edit. ii. p. 303, 3rd edit. ii. p. 339 ; Diiben en Karen, Vet. Al;ad.

Handl. 1844, p. 109. tab. 3. fig. 7 ; Burner. Rev. Zool. 184(3, p. 282 ;

Nilss. Skand. Faun. Fisk. p. 24l.

ocellatus, Risso, Ichth. Kice, p. 74.

retieulatua, Risso, Ichth. Nice, p. 77, and Eur. Blerid. iii. p. 277.

mirbeli, Risso, Journ. Phi/s. xci. p. 249, and Fur. Merid. iii. p. 277.

desfoutainii, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii. p. 275. fig. 39 (bad).

lineatus, Guichen. Ejcplor. Sc. Alyer. Poiss. p. 110. pi. 6. fig. 3.

maculatus, Guichen. I. c. fig. 4.

pimctatus, Guichen. I. c. fig. 5.

D. 5-7. A. 4-6.

The dorsal and anal fins terminate at some distance from the caudal.
Anterior nostril with a minute tentacle. Head broad, depressed,
with the snout broader than long.

Mediterranean. British coasts, northwards to the coasts of Scan-
dinavia.

a. Many fine specimens. Falmouth. Presented by W. C. Cocks, Esq.

h-c. Adult. Polperro. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

d. Adult. South Europe. Presented by R. B. Webb, Esq.

e~f, g-h. Adult.

This species is easily distinguished by the short doi'sal and anal

9. LEPTOPTERYGIUS. 515

fins aud by its companitively short snout. Tlio length of the head
is one-fourth of the total, and its greatest width is nearlj- tv\-o-thirds
of its length ; it is flat superiorly, and the width of the interorbital
space is nearly t'wice the diameter of the eye : in immatiu-e speci-
mens, however, the eye is comparatively larger. The snout, if
viewed from above, is triangular, and rather broader than long. The
cleft of the mouth extends to below the anterior margin of the eve.
The disk between the coracoids is subcii'cular, and the coracoids
themselves are low, extending up^^•ards to the middle of the base of
the pectoral. The dorsal and anal fins are opposite each other, and
commence at some distance behind the vent. The distance of the
origin of the former from the caudal is about one-third of its distance
from the snout. The caudal is of moderate length and rounded.
Light carmine-red ; sometimes with a round dark-purplish white-
edged spot on each side of the belly behind the pectoral.

This species attains to a length of two inches.

It appears to vary in coloration as much as L. gouanU, and Brisout
de Barne'ville considers the three fishes described by Guichenot
as mere varieties of L. bimacuhttus. L. maculaius is represented
as brownish, with three large reddish spots on the back; L. punc-
tatus is green, with reddish dots, and with three brown longitudinal
stripes on the snout ; L. Uneatus is green, with a pearl- coloured lon-
gitudinal band from the eye to the caudal, emitting five cross-bars
towards the back.

9. LEPTOPTERYGIUS.

Leptopterygius, Trosch. in Wiegm. Arch. 18G0, p. 205.

Anterior part of the body rather depressed ; snout obtuse, rounded,
depressed. Posterior portion of the adhesive disk suspended at the
coracoid bones, and with the anterior margin free. Dorsal and anal
fins reduced to a narrow fold, in which the rays are either rudi-
mentary or entirely absent. Jaws with cardiform teeth. Gills three
and a half ; branchiostegals four ; gill-membranes attached to the
isthmus.

Mediterranean.

1. Leptopterygius piger.

Lepadogaster piger, Nardo in Isis, xx. pp. 478, 48.3 ; Bris. de Barner.

Rn: Zool. 1846, p. 282.
Gouania piger, Bonap.
Leptopterygius coccoi, Trosch. I. c. p. 207. taf. 7.

Dorsal and anal fins rudimentary, very low, contiguous witli the
caudal. Snout short, very obtuse ; nasal tentacles short, the anterior
longer than the posterior. Posterior ventral disk of moderate size,
subovate, scarcely naiTower than the body. Eyes small. Yellowish
or brownish (in spirits), sometimes with cross-bands formed of
brown dots.

Coasts of Nice, Genoa, and Messina.

2i,2

516 PSYCHROLTITIDJE.

Fam. 43. PSYCHROLUTIDiE.

Body rather elongate, naked ; head large. Teeth small. A single
dorsal fin on the tail, without spinous portion ; anal similarly de-
veloped as the dorsal ; ventrals close together, thoracic, composed of
a few rays. Three giEs and a half ; pseudobranchise well developed.
Gill-opening of moderate width, the gill-membranes attached to the
isthmus.

West coast of North America.

The new fish for which I have created this family exhibits several
characters indicating its natural affinity to the Discoboli and Oobi-
esoces, which are Acanthopterygians as this Order is understood at
present. It is impc ssible, however, to refer it to one of these or of
the other families without giving up the chief characters on which
they are founded. It agrees —

1, with the Blenniidce in the structure of the ventral fins, but is
distinguished by the position of these fins and by the total absence
of the spinous dorsal ;

2, with the Discololi, and especially with Liparis, in the structure
of the infraorbital bone, in the integuments of the body, &c., but
differs from them in the dorsal and ventral fins ;

3, with the Gohiesoces in the structure of the dorsal fin, but having
no adhesive apparatus.

4, It differs from the Batracliidoi and Pediculati in the dorsal and
ventral fins, in the giU-apparatus, &c.

1. PSYCHROLITTES.

Characters the same as of the family.

1. Psychrolutes paradoxus.
B. 7. D. 9. A. 9. C. 12. V. 2.
Brownish-grey, with large deep-brown blotches ; caudal and pec-
toral fins dotted and spotted with black.

a. Gulf of Georgia (Vancouver Islands). Voyage of H.M.S. Plumper.

Description of the specimen. — This fish resembles in its general
habit somewhat the genus Liparis. Its head is large, not quite so
high as broad, its length being two-sevenths of the total. The snout
is obtuse, although considerably longer than the eye, rounded, with
the upper profile steeper than the lower. The cleft of the mouth is
obhque, of moderate width, with the jaws equal anteriorly ; a narrow
band of minute teeth in the jaws ; the palate appears to be smooth.
The maxiUary, which is widened at its posterior extremity, extends
to below the middle of the eye. The nostril is situated very near to

1. PSYCDROLUTES. 517

the extremity of the snout, and provided with a very short tentacle.
The eye is immediately below the upper profile ; its diameter is about
one-seventh of the length of the head, one-half of that of the snout,
and nearly one-half of the Avidth of the interorbital space. The
infraorbital emits a slender process across the cheek, which, however,
does not reach to the praeopercular margin. None of the opercles
are armed : the operculimi alone is produced into a flexible, short pos-
terior process ; the gill-opening commences above that process, and
is not continuous with that of the other side, the giU-membrane
being attached to the isthmus. The branchiostegals are exceedingly
slender, seven in number.

The body is subcyHndrical anteriorly and compressed posteriorly ;
its greatest depth, behind the head, is one-fifth of the total length ;
the skin is perfectly smooth and rather loose. Tlie pectoral is
pointed, the upper rays being the longest and extending nearly to
the dorsal ; the ventrals rather short, close together, situated below
the middle of the base of the pectoral, and composed of two rays, the
inner of which is bifid. Dorsal and anal fins opposite each other,
sitiiated far backwards on the tail, terminating at some distance
from the caiidal, and nearly entirely enveloped in skin. Caudal
slightly rounded, of moderate length. The vent is situated about
midway between the root of the ventral and the origin of the anal.

The upper parts are brownish-grey, minutely dotted with black,
and with two veiy large deep-brown blotches of irregular size. The
caudal and pectoral fins are dotted and spotted with black.

lines.

Total length 21

Length of the head 6

Height of the body 4

518 CENTUISCID,¥.

Fam. 44. CENTRISCID^.

Bouches en flute, part., Cuv. Rk/ne Aiiim.

Fistularidffi, part., 3MI. Berl. Abhandl. 1844, p. 201 ; Owen, Led.

Comp. Anat. i. p. 49.
Amphisileoidei et Ceutriscoidei, Bleek, Eiium. pp. xv & xxiii.

Form of the body compressed, oblong or elevated ; the anterior bones
of the skull are much produced, and form a long tube terminating in
a narrow mouth. Teeth none. Body either covered with a cuirass or
with non-confluent ossifications ; scales none, or small. Two dorsal
fins : the spinous short, and with one of the spines strong ; the soft
and the anal of moderate extent : ventral fins small, without spine,
or rudimentary, abdominal. Branchiostegals three or four; air-
bladder large, four gills and pseudobranchiaj. Pyloric appendages
none ; intestinal tract rather short. Vertebris in small number.

Mediterranean and north-eastern shores of the Atlantic. Eastern
coasts of Africa. Coasts of China, Japan, and Australia.

Synopsis of the Genera.

Body scaly or covered with prickles 1 . Centriscus, p. 518.

Body witliout any scales, with a bony cuirass. . . 2. Asiphisile, p. 624.

1. CENTRISCUS.

Centriscus, sp., L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 415.
Centriscus, Cuv. Regne Anim.

Body oblong or elevated, compressed, covered with small rough
scales ; lateral line none ; some bony strips on the side of the back
and on the margin of the thorax and abdomen ; the former, in one
species, are confluent and form a shield. Teeth none. Two dorsal
fins, the first with one of the spines very strong. Ycntral fins small,
abdominal, composed of five soft rays. Four branchiostegals ; gill-
opening wide, four giUs and pseudobranchia3 ; air-bladder large ;
pyloric appendages none.

From the coast of England to the west coast of Africa ; Mediter-
ranean. Seas of Japan and Austraha. (Amboyna ?)

This genus shows a remarkable similarity to Zeus and Cyttus with
regard to its geographical distribution.

1. Centriscus scolopax.

The Trumpet-fish. The Bellows-fish.

Scolopax, Hondel. De Pise. xv. cap. .5. p. 422 ; Aldrov. iii. c. 13. p. 298 ;

Jonst. I. tit. 1. cap. 1. art. 4. tab. 1. fig. 9.
Tnmipet-fish, IFi/liic/hbi/, p. 160. tab. I. 25. fig. 2; H'ly, >^yn. p. 50;

CoircJi ill Linn. Trans, xiv. p. 89.

1. CENTRISCUS. 519

Centi-iscus scolopax, L. Si/.st. Nat. i. p. 415 ; Bri'inn. Pise. Mass. p. 8 ;

BI. i. p. 55. taf. 123. %. 1 ; Bl. Schn. p. 112 ; Lucep. ii. pp. 80, 95,

i. pi. 19. tig. 3 ; Donor. Brit. Fishes, iii. pi. 03 ; Turtoii, Brit. Faun.

p. 117 ; Shaw, Nat. 3Iisc. xiv. pi. 581, aud Zool. v. p. 409. pi. 181 ;

Flcm. Brit. Anim. p. 220 ; Cur. Regne Anim. ; Jenyns, Man. p. 400;

Yarr. Brit. Fishes, i. p. 302, 2nd edit. i. p. 340, 3rd edit. ii. p. 190 ;

Guerin, leonof/r. Poiss. pi. 45. tig. 2 ; Martens, Beise nach Veneclig, ii.

p. 436 ; Gronoc. Sgst. ed. Gray, p. 138.
Solenostonms, uo. 1, Klein, Mias. Pise. iv. p. 24.
Silurus coriiutus, Forsk. p. 06.
Centriscus, sp., Gronor. Zoojihi/l. no. 395.
Macrorhampliosus corautus, Laeep. v. pp. 130, 137.
Snipe-nosed Trumpet-fisli, Penn. Brit. Zool. edit. 1812, iii. p. 190.
Solenostomus scolopax, Bisso, Ichth. Nice. p. 80.
Skeleton: Rosenthal, lehthi/ot. Taf. tab. 10. Hgs. 11, 12; (incorrect:

copied by Yarrell).

B. 4. D. 5 I 12. A. 20. P. 16. V. o. C. 6 + 4 + 5 + 7.
Vert. 8/16.

The height of the body i.s contained once and three-fourths to twice
and one-tliird in the distance of tlie operculnm from the base of the
caudal. The second dorsal spine is very strong, and serrated jjos-
teriorly, its length being contained once and two-thirds to twice and
two-thirds in the distance of the opcrcle from the caudal.

This species appears to be peculiar to the ^Mediterranean and to
the neighbouring parts of the Atlantic ; it extends northwards to the
south coast of England.

a-b. Fine specimens. Adriatic.

c. Adult.

d-g. Adult: had state. From the Haslar Collection.

h-^n. Young. From the Haslar Collection.

0, p, q, r. Adult and half-grown : stuffed.

Description. — The length of the head equals its distance from tlie
caudal fin ; it is produced into a long compressed tube, terminating
in a very small mouth ; it is rather elevated posteriorly, and strongly
compressed like the body. The cleft of the mouth is slightlj' ob-
Hque, with the extreirdty of the lower jaw somewhat prominent.
The jaw-bones are very short, the intermaxillaiy feeble and styli-
form, the maxillaiy broad and triangular. There are no teeth
whatever.

The eye is large, equal in width to tlie extent of the part of the
head behind it ; the skin of the head passes over it as in all fishes,
and that part which covers the posterior half of the iris is provided
with small ctenoid scales ; the margins of the orbit are minutely
crenulated ; the interorbital space is smooth, slightly convex, and
equal in width to one-half of the diameter of the eye. The nostrils
are close together, situated one before the other, on the side of the
head, at a smaU cUstance from the orbit. The ])raeoperculum has
the posterior margin obliquely descending forward, partly confluent
with the orbit, and minutely denticulated ; its angle is somewhat
produced backwards ; the whole space between prtcoperculum, orbit

520 CENTKISCID.E.

and nostrils Is scaly. The intcroperciilum is extremely narrow and
elongate. Operculum higher than long, obtusely rounded ; subopcr-
culum subcrcsecntic. Four slender branchiostcgals. The gill-opening
extends to below the eye, the gill-membranes being attached to the
\irohyal : the glossohyal is long, feeble, gradually lost in the mem-
brane which forms the bottom of the rostral tube. Four gills, with
a narrow slit behind the fourth ; pseudobranchiifi well developed.

The body is strongly compressed and more or less elevated ; its
greatest depth is between the ventral and dorsal fins, where it is
contained once and three-fourths to twice and one-third in the
distance of the opercidum from the caudal fin. Its upper profile
gradually ascends towards the spinous dorsal, is nearly horizontal
between the origins of the two dorsal fins, descenchng abruptly along
the base of the second dorsal, and shelving towards the caudal. The
lower i^rofile is a slight, regular curve. The whole body is covered
with small scales, which are striated, each stria terminating in a
comparatively strong spine.

Several bony strips are visible on the side of the back : one arises
from the side of the nape and proceeds towards the first dorsal spine,
where it meets its fellow of the other side. Another strip com-
mences from the scapulary region and represents a sort of lateral
line ; it is eomj)osed of three bones, each bone having a horizontal
and an oblique portion, which cross each other. The margins of the
thorax and of the abdomen are covered, with several bony plates
which have a cutting longitudinal ridge along the middle.

The pectoral fins have a short and oblique base, and are inserted
below the middle of the depth of the body : they equal in length the
distance of tlie anterior margin of the orbit from the posterior of the
operculum, and extend to above the middle of the ventral fins ; the
rays of which they are composed are simple. The ventral fins
stand as close together as in a Gobioid, and are received in one
common groove on the belly ; they are veiy shoi-t, apparently without
spine, and composed of five rays, the middle of which arc spUt nearly
to the base.

The first dorsal fin commences in the middle of the distance be-
tween the occiput and the caudal fin ; it is composed of five spines,
the first of which is very short, moveable, the three posterior being
much longer than the first, though rather feeble ; they are connected
Avith the second spine by a strong membrane. The second spine is
exceedingly strong and long, compressed, striated, grooved poste-
riorly, and strongly serrated ; it cannot be erected in a vertical line,
but alwaj's remains obliquely pointing upwards and backwards ; its
length appears to vary in difi'erent individuals : —

In a specimen 78 lines long it is 13| lines long.
5> » 57 „ „ 16
„ „ 50 „ „ 13
„ „ 46| „ „ 8i

44 „ „ 12
8 11

1. CENTEISCUS. 621

The soft dorsal fin is liighcr than long, with the rays simple, the
middle ones being the longest ; its distance from the caudal equals
the length of its base. The anal fin commences immediately behind
the vent, vertically below the fourth dorsal si:)ine, and extends a little
more backwards than the soft dorsal ; it is, like that fin, composed of
simple rays, but much lower. The caudal fin is shorter than the
pectoral, slightly emarginatc posteriorly, and composed of nine rather
compressed and undi\-ided rays, the ethers on the upper and lower
sides of its base being rudimentary.

The colour of the specimens is rose or reddish-olive on the back,
and silveiy on the sides and on the belly.

The vertebral column is composed of eight abdominal and sixteen
caudal vertebra) ; the former are distinguished by their strength and
large size, a peculiarity A^'hich is in intimate connexion with the cir-
cumstance that they form the base of other strongly developed bones ;
their parapophyses are strong, rather long, and those of the first four
vertebrae have their extremities united. The bony strips, which are
visible externally, and which we have mentioned in the description
of the outward characters, are the modified ribs with their epipleiu'als.
The neural spines of the three anterior vertebra) are strong, espe-
cially that of the third, which corresponds to the interneural of the
second dorsal spine. Tliis interneural is situated behind the third
neural, and ends in three articular processes which receive two others
of the doi'sal spine between them.

Another pecuHarity is the great breadth of the radius, this bone
forming mth its fellow a suture which is as long as the bone is high ;
there is an oval free space between the radius and the humerus.
The coracoid is very strong, straight, sabre-shaped, extending back-
wards to the pubic bones, which, however, are not fixed to it and
quite small. The bony plates forming the cutting mai-gin of the
abdomen and thorax are dermal productions, and do not belong to
the skeleton.

2. Centriscus gracilis.

Loive, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 86, and Trans. Zool. Soc. iii. p. 12.

B.4. D. 4-5 I 11. A. 18-19. P. 16. V. 5. C. 6-|-4-|-5 + 6.

The height of the body is contained twice and three-fifths to three
times in the chstance of the operculum from the base of the caudal
fin. The second dorsal spine is rather strong, not (or very indi-
stinctly) denticulated posteriorly, its length being one-fourth or two-
ninths of the distance of the opcrcle from the caudal.

Sea of Madeira. West coast of Africa. Coasts of Japan and
China.

a-c. Half-grown. Mediterranean. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
(Z. Adult. ? Mediterranean. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.
e. Adult. Madcii-a. Presented by the llev. H. H. Methucn.
/, g. Fine specimens. Sierra Leone.
h, i. Fine specimens. Japan.

522 cioNTRisciD.'i':.

Z-H. Half- grow 11. Chiuii Seas. Presented by Vice-Admiral Sir E.

Belcher, C.B.
0. Adiilt.
p, q. Adult : stuifed.

Description. — This species does not differ in any essential point
from C. scohpax, so that we can dispense with a lengthened descHp-
tion ; it will be readily distinguished by its body, which is more
elongate than in the other species, by its much shorter spine, and,
linally, by conspicuously smaller scales, which advance nearlj^ to the
middle of the length of the rostral tube.

The length of the head is somewhat less than its distance from the
caudal fin ; the skin which covers the iris is scaly nearly in its entire
circuit ; the margins of the orbit are smooth. The upper and lower
profiles of the body are very little convex. The spinous dorsal fin
commences much nearer to the occiput than to the base of the caudal
fin; the length of its second dorsal spine varies a little in different
individuals : —

In a specimen GO lines lung (Japan) it is 6i linos lung.

„ „ 57 „ (?Mediterranean) ,, 7 „

„ „ 52 „ (Japan) » ^i ,,

,, ,, 41 ,, (Sierra Leone) . . ,, 5^ ,,

„ ,, 39 „ (Sierra Leone). . ,, 5JL ,,

41 „ (Madeira) .... „ 5l

>» >> "O ,, ,, 4g ,,

,, „ 23 ,, (Mediterranean) ,, 3^ ,,
„ „ 18 „ (Mediterranean) ,, 2\ ,,
17 „ (China) „ 2|

The distance of the soft dorsal tin from the caudal is moi-e than
the length of its base. The anal commences immediately behind
the vent, or behind the vertical from the fourth dorsal spine. Caudal
emarginate. Back reddish or greenish, sides and belly silvery.

These characters will sufficiently prove the distinctness of this
species from C. scohpax. Its occurrence in the Atlantic and in
the Japanese seas is a new proof of the similarity of a part of the
fauna of the latter to that of Southern Europe. The specimens from
both seas are so similar, that we consider them as one and the
same species ; as, however, there exists a trifling difference in the
length of the dorsal spine, it being a little shorter in the Japanese
specimens, this character will be taken advantage of to separate
them specifically. We propose, to those who are inclined to do so,
the name of Ckntriscus japonicus.

3. Centriscus humerosus.

Richards. Voy. Ereh. 8,- Terr. Fishes, p. 56. pi. 34. figs. 5, 6.

D. 7 I 15. A. 17. C. 4 + 4 + 5 + 5.

The heiglit of the body is somewhat less than the distance of the
operculum from the base of the caudal. The second dorsal spine is

1. CENTKISCUS. 52;i

cxceediugly strong and long-, its length being a little more than one-
half the distance of the opercle from the caudal.
Australian Seas.

a. Adult : stuffed. Australia. — Type of the species.

Description. — The length of the head is somewhat less than its
distance from the caudal fin ; it is rather elevated posteriorly and
compressed into a shai"p ridge above. The eye is large, equal in
width to the extent of the part of the head behind it ; the skin
which covers the iris is scaly ; margin of the orbit smooth. The
nostrils are close together, situated one before the other, on the side
of the head, at a small distance from the orbit. The limbs of the
prteoperculum meet at a right angle ; the posterior descends obliquely
forward, is partly confluent with the orbit, and very indistinctly den-
ticulated. The scales advance very far on the rostral tube.

The body is strongly compressed and much elevated ; its greatest
depth is above the ventrals, where it is somewhat less than the di-
stance of the operculum from the caudal fin. Its upper profile makes
a hump on the neck, and then ascends gradually to the base of the
second dorsal spine, where it descends abruptly in a nearly vertical
line to the free portion of the tail. The lower profile is semicircular
between the throat and the end of the anal fin. The whole body is
covered with very small scales, each of which terminates in a spine
posteriorly. There are two series of bony plates on the side of the
back, each series being composed of foui' plates wliich have a centre
with horizontal and vertical stiipes radiating from it; the lower
series commences in the scapulaiy region, the upper runs in a
parallel line above it. The margin of the thorax is ciiirassed with
three series of similar plates, that of the belly with a single series ;
the edge of the thorax and that of the belly are sharp.

The pectoral fins have a short and oblique base, and are inserted
on the middle of the depth of the body ; they are rather longer than
the distance of the anterior margin of the orbit from the posterior of
the operculum, and extend to above the middle of the ventral fins.
Ventral fins very small. The distance of the very smaU first dorsal
spine from the caudal fin is tAvo-thirds of that from the occiput ; the
second spine is exceedingly strong and long, compressed, striated,
and strongly denticulated posteriorly ; the other spines behind it are
short. The soft dorsal fin is higher than long, and its distance from
the base of the caudal is more than the extent of its base. The anal
fin commences immediately behind the vent in the vertical from the
last dorsal spine, and extends a little more backwards than the soft
dorsal ; it is, like that fin, composed of simple rays, but much lower.
(The caudal fin is mutilated.)

inches, lines.

Total length 5 6

Length of the head 2 3

of the snout (from the orbit) .... 1 7

Height of the body 2 1

Length of the second dorsal spine 1 4

524 CENTKISCIl)^.

4. Centriscus velitaris.

Centiiscus velitaris, Pall. Spicil. Zuol. viii. p. 30. pi. 4. tig. 8; Bl. Sclui.
p. 113.

siimpit, Lacep. ii. p. 93.

Ampliisile velitaris, Cuv. Megne Anim.

We extract the following notes from Pallas's description : —

" D. 2 I 12 (?). A. 25.

" Pisciciilus bipollicaris, plano-compressus, oblongo-lanceolatiis,
ventre in aciem corapresso, ante pinnes vontrales triqueti'o-carinato ;
totus qnasi setulis rccumbentibns et adnatis hispidus. Dorsum an-
ticum duriiiscvilum, scuto rbombico ad aculeum dorsalcm terminate,
ot quasi loricato lineolis obliquis, circitcr quaternis. Spina in medio
dorso recumbens, minus quam aculeus nuchae in Balistis, mobilis ;
subulata acutissima, subtus canaliculata, aciebus scrrulatis. Sub
eaque spina par\'ula, in fossulam dorsalem reponenda, priori et dorso
ad basin mcmbranula adnexa. Pinna dorsi pone spinaj apiccm exilis,
radiorum circiter duodecim. Pinna3 pectorales parvaj tenora), radi-
orum circiter tredecim ; pinnaj ventrales in medio corporis ad imam
ventris carinam, fossulae recondendas, tri- vel quadri-radiataj. Pinna
ani lata, \iginti quinque radiorum. Anus proximo ad pinnam, ad
secundam tcrtiam partem longitudinis totius corporis. Acvdeus
minutus ante anum recumbens. Cauda teretiuscula ; pinna sub-
bifurca, radiorum perfectorum duodecim. Color totius argentatus,
in dorso griseo-flavescens.

poUices. line-T.

Longitudo tota 2 5

rostri usque ad orbitoe margiuem 0 6|

totius capitis 0 11^

ad ortum spinae 1 5

ad pinnas ventrales 1 3

ad anum 1 6^

Distantia pinnae dorsalis et ani a pinna caudse 0 4

Latitude pinna) ani 0 5

summa coi-poris verticalis 0 5|

" Est hie levis armatura; miles, quern Ichthyologico exercitui
Amboyna pariter misit."

We very much doubt whether this fish came from the East Indian
Archipelago, as asserted by Pallas ; it has not yet been recog-
nized ; it appears to have more affinities towards Centriscus than to
Ain^jMsUe, having the skin covered with pricldes, a moveable and
serrated dorsal spine on the back, a groove on the belly for the re-
ception of the ventral fins, &c.

2. AMPHISILE.

Amphisile, sp., Klein, Miss. Pise. iv. p. 28.
Ampliisile, Cuv. Rogue Anim.

Body elongate, strongly compressed, provided with a dorsal cuirass

2. AMPnjsiLE. 625

which is formed by portions of the skeleton ; the longitudinal axis
of the tail is not in the same line with that of the trunk. .Scales
none. Teeth none. Two dorsal fins situated on the hindmost
part of the back ; venti-al fins rudimentary, abdominal. Three or
four branchiostegals ; gill-opening of moderate width, four gills and
pseudobranchiae ; air-bladder large ; pyloric appendages none.
From the eastern coasts of Africa to the seas of China.

1. Amphisile scutata.

Talent. Amb. iii. p. 420. figs. 243 & 254; Seba, iii. p. 107. tab. 34. fig. 5;

Ruysch. Coll. Amb. tab. 3. no. 7.
Centriscus scutatiis, L. Syst. Nat. i. p. 415; Bl. i. p. 57. taf. 123. fig. 2 ;

Bl. Schn. p. 113; Lacep. ii. p. 88, i. pi. 19. fig. 2; Shaw, Zool. v.

p. 458. pi. 181.
Centriscus, sp., Gronor. Zoophyl. no. 396. tab. 7. fig. 3.
Amphisile scutata, Cuv. B^yiieAnmi. ; Guer. Iconogr. Poiss. pi. 45. fig. 3.
Centriscus scutatus, Gronov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 138.

B. 3. D. 3 I 10-12. A. 12. C. 10. P. 10. V. 3. Yert. 6/14.

The dorsal cuii'ass terminates in a long spine, to which no separate
dorsal spine is joined ; the distance of the posterior margin of the
operculum from the pectoral fin is twice its distance from the eye.
Body immaculate.

East Indian and Chinese Seas.

a. Adult. Singapore.

h. Adult. Philippine Islands. Pui'chased of Mr. Cuming.

c-i. Adult: di'ied. China.

Tc. Half-grown, From the Haslar Collection.

Description. — The body of this singular fish is so thin, that it has
the appearance as if it had been artificially compressed between two
sheets of paper ; the diameter at its thickest part is scarcely more
than the Avidth of the orbit. It is rather elongate, tapering into the
long compressed rostral tube anteriorly and terminating in a long
spine posteriorly. The greater portion of the body is transparent,
especially the rostral tube, the place occupied by the air-bladder, and
the broad membranaceous margin of the lower parts. The whole head
and back are cuirasscd with smooth bony plates, whilst the abdomen
is covered with a very tough skin ; and only the small portion of the
tail which projects below the end of the dorsal plates is naked, soft,
moveable, and the only organ of locomotion in these fishes.

The head is so joined to the trunk by a transverse suture between
the occiput and the first dorsal plate, that only a limited vertical and
horizontal motion is possible. The mouth is extremely small and
toothless. The eye is of moderate size, the length of its diameter
being one-half of the extent of the head behind it. The crown of
the head is much compressed, minutely striated and crenulatcd, and
with a longitudinal groove extending to between the orbits ; the
width of the interorbital space is rather less than that of the orbit.
The rostral tube is compressed into a cutting edge superiorly. The
nostrils are minute openings, very close together, situated one before

o2(j CENTRISCIDJS.

the other, on the side of the head and at a small distance from the
orbit. The oporciilura is ovate, nearly twice as long as high ; the
suboperculum broad anteriorly, cnrved and tapering posteriorly ; the
prse- and inter-operculum are united into one bone, the inferior por-
tion of which is extremely thin, transparent and flexible, forming a
broad membranaceous margin at the throat, which is continued by
that of the belly.

Branchiostegals three, extremely feeble ; four giUs, pseudobranchiae
well developed ; giU-opening of moderate width.

The back of the fish is cuirassed by a bony sheath, which extends
downwards nearly to the middle of the side, has a shallow notch
before and above the pectoral fin, and tapers behind into a point
projecting beyond the end of the tail. It is composed of five median
pairs of narrow bones, six lateral ones of a lamelliform shape, and,
finally, of a single long dagger-shaped bone which tenninates the
cuirass. The sutures of all these bones are deeply serrated, except
the lougituchnal sutiu'e along the vertebral line, which is simple. Tlie
long moveable spine in Avhich the cuirass terminates is e^ddently an
interneural, since, in the second species, the first spine of the dorsal
fin is joined to it ; it is situated in quite a horizontal direction, in
the same line as the upper profile of tlie body.

The humerus also contributes to the bony covering of the body :
a long horizontal portion of it extends from the operculum to the
base of the pectoral fin ; it fits into the shallow notch of the dorsal
cuirass mentioned, and is of a lanceolate shape, tapering into a point
posteriorly.

The inferior half of the side of the trunk is covered by a trans-
parent tough coveiing, which passes into a broad cutting fringe
inferiorly ; this fringe extends the whole length of the abdomen,
and the whole covering is supported by the coracoid and by seven
or eight ribs.

The vertical fins are crowded together on the short and elevated
tail : this part is covered with soft skin, moveable, propelling the
body through the water by its lateral motion ; its length, from the
point where it is free to the base of the caudal fin, is less than the
depth of the body. As the cuirass has a horizontal direction, the
tail is, as it were, obliquely pressed downwards. Three slender
dorsal spines are situated below, and nearly parallel to, the inter-
neural ; they are connected with the interneural and with one another
by a tough membrane. The second or soft dorsal fin is immediately
behind the first, and composed of ten or twelve simple rays, the
posterior of which are quite rudimentary and point obliquely down-
wards. The caudal fin is obtusely rounded, directed downwards, and
has also simple rays ; the anal fin has not an unusual position, and
tenninates, like the dorsal, closely before the caudal. The pectoral
is obliquely truncated, inserted upon the middle of the depth of the
bod}^, at a considerable distance from the head, as stated above. The
ventral fins are rudimentaiy, apparently composed of three rays ;
they are inserted upon the cutting edge of the membranaceous fringe
of the abdomen, below the third rib. at a distance from the root of

2. AMPnisiLE. o'27

the pectoral fin which equals that between the operculum and the
pectoral ; a rudimentary pubic bone is ^^8iblc within the friu<^o*.

The vent is situated verj- far backwards, immediately before the
anal fin ; its distance from the base of the caudal is less than that
between opercle and pectoral.

The coloiu" of preserved spcimens is uniform whitish.

Anatomy. — The first organ which makes its appearance after the
removal of the lateral portion of the cuirass is the air-bladder : its
position and its extent are easilj- ascertained by holding the fish
against the light, when an oblong oval spot will be visible which is
more transparent than the rest ; it commences on the same level
%vith the root of the pectoral and extends backwards to the fourth
rib. Tlie oesophagus passes gradually into the stomach, which is
situated below the air-bladder ; it does not appear to be much wider
than the intestine following ; the latter makes a single complete
circumvolution and then proceeds to the vent. Ovaria and testicles
are situated behind the air-bladder.

The structure of the vertebral column is extremely singular, and
perhaps unique among the Acanthopterygians. The abdominal
portion is more than four times as long as the caudal ; nevertheless
it is composed of only six vertebrae, whilst the latter consists of
fourteen. These abdominal vertebree are extremely slender, the
third alone being nearly as long as the whole caudal portion •; they
have a slight ridge superiorly and inferiorly and on each side ; the
whole portion lies in the uppeimost concavity of the dorsal cuirass.
The caudal vertebite are extremel}' shoi-t, and the strength of their
neural and haemal spines is in proportion to their size.

I am of opinion that the dorsal cuirass is not a dermal production,
but formed by modified parts of the endoskcleton ; its composition,
the number and position of its single parts, and, finally, the first
dorsal spine, which in A. punctulata is so singularly attached to it,
favour this opinion. The plates which occupy the vertebral line
would correspond to the nem-al spines, and the lateral plates on
which the ribs are susjiended, to tlie parapophyses. Amplnsile may
be considered as a Chelonian fonn among fishes.

2. AmpMsile punctulata.

Amphisile, sp., Klein, Miss. Pise. iv. p. 28. tab. 6. fig. 6.
? Centriscus scutatus, ForsJc. DescrijA. Anim. p. xvii.
Amphisile punctulata, Bianconi, Spec. Zool. Mos. fasc. x. 1854, p. 221.
tab. 1. fig. 2.

brevispinis, Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 259.

punctata, Kner in Sitzgsber. Wicn. Acad. 1860, xxxix. p. 534. fig. 2.

B. 4. D. 3 I 10. A. 13. C. 11. P. 12. V. 4.

The first dorsal spine is joined to, and not quite half as long as,
its internenral ;' the distance of the posterior margin of the oper-
culum from the root of the pectoral equals its distance from the

» According to Kner, tlie ventral fins are united and tlie middle rays are pro-
longed in the male sex.

528 CENTRISCIDJE.

anterior margin of the orbit. Head and body with several series of
well-defined, i-ound, deep-black dots.
Eed Sea. Coast of Mozambique.

a, h. Dried. Eed Sea. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

This is a very distinct species, which differs from A. scutata in the
following points besides those mentioned : —

1. The interorbital space is convex, striated, without longitudinal
groove.

2. The operculum is subsemicireular, not quite twice as long as
high, vrith a small prominence at its inferior convex margin.

3. The horizontal portion of the humerus which is visible exter-
nally is of moderate length, rather broad on its middle, and obliquely
truncated behind ; the coracoid, which is situated immediately below,
has its basal portion not styliform, as in A. scutata, but it is broad
like the humerus above.

4. There are ten or eleven ribs.

5. The distance of the ventral from the pectoral equals that of the
latter from the eye.

6. A series of black dots commences on the rostral tube and runs
along the edge of the cuii-ass ; a second short series is composed of
some dots disposed on the ribs ; a third series along the margin of
the belly ; a fourth along the side of the back ; and, finally, there are
some other dots on the vertebral line.

3. Amphisile strigata.

? Amphisile scutata, Bleek. Batida, i. p. 245.

D. 3 I 10. A. 12. C. 10. P. 12. V. 4.
The distance of the posterior margin of the operculum from the
root of the pectoral is somewhat less than its distance from the an-
terior margin of the orbit. A black streak runs from the snout
through the eye and base of the pectoral, along the lower edge of
the dorsal cuirass ; it is double between the eye and giU-opening,
and undulated along the side.
Java ; ? Banda.

a. Five and a half inches long. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

This species appears to be more closely allied to A.iyunttulata than
to A. scutata, having the thoracic region as short as the former, or
even shorter. It Avill be readily recognized by this character and
by the black longitudinal band. The extremity of the snout and the
fii'st dorsal spine are broken off; but the latter appears to have been
joined to the dorsal cuirass, as in A. jpunctulata. The species differs
from A. scutata and agrees with A. punctulata in all the points which
have been named in the description of the latter species, except that
the ventral fins are somewhat nearer to the pectoral. The body, how-
ever, is considerably more elongate than in A. punctidata. \Yhilst
the third and fourth lateral shields of the cuirass are not much longer
than deep in A. pimctulata, the thii-d shield is much longer than deep
in the present species, and the fourth is twice as long as deep.

1. FISTULARIA. 529

Fam. 45. FISTULARID.E.

Bouches en flute, part., Cuv. Reyne Anim.

Fistularidse, part., Miill. Berl. Ahhandl. 1844, p. 201 ; Oiven, Led.

Comp. Anat. i. p. 49.
Aulostomatoidei et Fistularoidei, Bleek. Unum, pp. xxiii & xxvi.

Fishes of greatly elongated form ; the anterior bones of the skull
are much produced, and form a long tube terminating in a narrow
mouth. Teeth small. Parts of the skeleton and dennal productions
form external mails ; scales none, or small. The spiaous dorsal fin is
either formed by feeble isolated spines or entirely absent ; the soft
dorsal and anal of moderate length ; ventral fins abdominal, composed
of six rays, without spine ; they are separate from the pubic bones,
which remain attached to the humeral arch. Branchiostegals five ;
air-bladder large ; four gUls ; pseudobranchiae. Pyloric appendages
in small number ; intestinal tract short. Vertebrae very numerous.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic and of the Indian Ocean.

Syttopsis of the Genera.

Body scaleless 1 . Fistularia, p. 529.

Body with small scales 2. Aulostoma, p. 535.

1. FISTULARIA.

Fistularia, sp., Z. S_i/sf. Nat. i. p. .51-5.
Solenostomus, sp., Klein 8f Groiior.
Fistularia, Lacep. v. p. 349.
Cannorhynchus, Cant. Catal. p. 211.

Body scaleless. Caudal fin forked, with the two middle rays pro-
duced into a filament ; no free dorsal spines. Teeth small.
Tropical parts of the Atlantic and of the Indian Ocean.

1. Fistularia tabaccaria.

Parra, p. 63. tab. 30. fig. 1 ; Marcgr. p. 148 ; Catesby, Carol, ii. p. 17.

tab. 17. fig. 2.
Fistularia tabaccaria, L. Miis. Ad. Fried, i. p. 80. tab. 26. fig. 2, and

Sijst. Nat. i. p. 515; Bl. viii. p. 126. tab. 387. fig. 1; Bl Schn. p. 114;

Cuv. B£yne Anim. ; Gueriii, leonogr. Poiss. pi. 45. fig. 1.
Solenostomus, Gronov. Mm. i. p. 11. no. 31, and Zoophyl. p. 119.

no. 365 ; Klein, Pise. Miss. iv. p. 25. nos. 4 & 5 ; Brown, Jamaica,

p. 441. no. 1.
Fistularia petimba, Lacep. v. pp. 349, 350.
Flagellaria fistularis, Gronov. !Syst. ed. Gray, p. 146.
Aulastoma marcgravii, Casteln. Anim. nouv. ou rares de I'Amer. Sud,

Poiss. p. 30. pi. 9. fig. 3.

D. 16. A. 16. P. 1.5. V. 6. C. 3 + 6 I 2 I 64-3.
Vert. 4-1-49 I 33.
The outer edge of the tube is smooth, or so indistinctly serrated as

VOL. III. 2 M

530 FisTrLAEiD.i.':.

to be scarcely visible. Greenish-olive, with blue spots and strijDes
along the npper parts of the head and bodJ^

Tropical parts of the Atlantic. Western coast of Central America.

a. Adult: had state. Bahia. Purchased of M. Parzudaki.

b. Adult : stuffed. Rio Janeiro. Presented by A. Ery, Esq.

c. Adult. West Indies. From Mr. Scrivener's Collection.

d. Adult : bad state. From the Haslar Collection.

e. Half-grown : bad state. Western coast of Central America.

Collected by Captain Dow ; presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater,
Seer. Zool. Soc.
/. A very young specimen, caught near St. Thomas's Island (Gulf of
Guinea) by the Zoologist of the Congo Expedition, proves the
occurrence of the genus on the African side of the Atlantic.
The specimen is very smaU, and probably belongs to this species.

Description.— The head is produced into a long depressed tube,
terminating in a mouth of moderate wdth. The length of the head
is one-third of the total (the caudal filament not included). The
cleft of the mouth is horizontal, extending nearly as far backwards
as the maxillary. The lower jaw is prominent, and terminates in a
fleshy knot ; upper lip very distinct, separated from the intermax-
illary by a deep groove. The intermaxillary is styliform, half as long-
as the maxillary, and not protractile ; the maxillary is rather elon-
gate, and somewhat dilated posteriorly ; the mandible has two deep
longitudinal furrows on its outer surface. The membrane which
unites the jaw-bones is very wide and lax, allowing of great dilata-
tion of the mouth ; and in a specimen in wliich the tube apparently
is not thicker than the little-finger of a man, tube and mouth can be
so expanded that the thumb can easily pass. The jaws and palatine
bones are armed with a series of small teeth ; the vomerine series is
veiy short.

The upper surface of the head is covered with a very thin skin.
The middle portion of the tube is more elevated than the lateral ones,
and formed by ridges which are confluent on the middle of the eth-
moid bone, and more divergent posteriorly than anterioi-ly , the lateral
edge of the tube is very indistinctly serrated, or rather crenulated.
The eye is elongate, ovate, much longer than high ; its horizontal
diameter is one-half the length of the portion of the head behind
the orbit ; it is protected by prominent angles of the frontal bones
anteriorly and posteriorly ; the bony bridge between the orbits is
concave and narrow, its width being less tlian the vertical diameter
of the orbit. Crown of the head flat, vn\h a bundle of longitudinal
striae on each side. The nostrils are close together, one before the
other, in front of the anterior angle of the orbit and on the upper
surface of the head. The operculum is twice as long as high, stri-
ated, and obtusely rounded behind ; the suboperculum occupies a
triangular space between the operculum and prteoperculum, and is
carried backwards along the inferior margin of the opercle. Pras-
operculum with numerous crenulated striae, and with its posterior
portion very short and occupying a nearly horizontal situation ; the

1. FISTiri-AKIA, 531

interopcrciilura is exceedingly long and narrow, hidden below the
prteoperculiim and tympcanic. The gUl-opening is wide, closed above
the operculum ; the gUl- membranes are only slightly united at the
base of the ui'ohyal. Fixe slender branchiostegals : the first (nearest
to the subopercle) is divided into two branches, so that one might
•easily take it for two branchiostegals ; they are, however, united at
the base. Four gills, with a wide slit behind the fourth ; pseudo-
branchite well-developed. The arcus branchiales have no internal
rakers; the lower pharyngeals are very narrow, provided with a
long series of viUiform teeth ; a series of three elongate patches of
similar teeth on each side of the roof of the pharynx. The glosso-
hyal is exceedingly elongate, half as long as the tube.

The bony shields which protect the anterior portion of the trunk,
and are situated immediately below the skin, will be better described
with the skeleton. This portion of the trunk has the muscles much
less develojied than the posterior ; the shields are the following: —

1. A narrow strip along the median line.

2. A pair of broader ones occupying the sides of the back.

3. A narrow one on the side.

4. The pubic bones on the belly.

The ventral fins are situated on the muscular portion of the trunk,
and a striji of bony, needle-Hke ossifications, imbedded in the skin,
runs from each fin to the pubic shield, being continued posteriorly
along the whole length of the side of the abdomen nearly to the
caudal fin. The body is much depressed, broader than liigh, and
gradually tapering posteriorly ; it is nalied ; the lateral line is marked
by pores and by small, narrow, bony shields, which are sunk in the
skin anteriorly, and become broader and more projecting on the taU,
where they form a sort of serrature. The lateral line commences in
the scapulary region, is cui'ved towards the median line of the back,
running along the whole length of the dorsal shield, and then bent
downwards, proceeding along the middle of the side. The vent is
situated immediately before the anal fin.

The pectoral tin has an obhquely curved base and a rounded mar-
gin ; it is scarcely longer than the bony orbit, and all its rays are
simple ; there is a small furamen posteriorly in its axil. The ven-
tral fin is much shorter than the pectoral, and composed of six soft
rays, the outer being the longest, simple, and articulated towards its
extremity. Both fins are widely apart from each other, and their
distance from the pectoral is one-third of that fi'om the caudal.
The dorsal fin is much higher than long, and composed of simple and
irnarticulated compressed rays, the sixth of which is the longest ;
the posterior rays decrease rapidly in length ; the fin is opposite to the
anal, and its distance from the caudal fin is one-fourth of that from
the occiput. Anal fin very similar to the dorsal. The caudal fin is
deeply forked ; its two middle rays are produced into one exceedingly
long filament ; sometimes they are disconnected from each other,
forming two filaments ; the upper and lower rays are simply forked.

The colour of the upper parts is reddish-brown, variegated with
numerous blue spots on the sides and on the back.

2m2

532 FISTULAKIDJ5.

Skeleton. — The crown of the head is flat, striated, with a large
oblique groove behind each orbit. The principal frontal bones are
rather narrow between the orbits, widened anteriorly and posteriori}',
and forming projecting corners before and behind the orbit ; they do
not extend very far forwards, and form only the basal portion of the
rostral tube. The greater part of the upper surface of the snout is
formed by the ethmoid, whilst the vomer occupies the anterior fourth
or fifth. The prefrontal is situated in front of the orbit, elongate
and triangular. There is a deep and long groove on the side of the
snout for the muscles of the jaws ; its bottom is entirely ossified, and
formed by the tympanic, praeoperculum, entopterygoid, pre- and
meso-tympanic, these bones being exceedingly long. The entoptery-
goid and pretympanic are situated immediately below the ethmoid,
and provided with a crenulated ridge which is externally visible.
The bones which in other fishes constitute the bottom of the tym-
panic cavity below the orbit, are carried forwards before the orbit
in Fistidaria ; the epitympanic appears to be absent. The inter-
maxillary is only half as long as the maxillary, and has very short
posterior processes ; maxillary dilated posteriorly ; mandibula with
a deep longitudinal exterior groove. Turbinal bone very small ;
infraorbitals none.

The process on which the humeral arch is suspended is very
long, reaching as far backwards as the operculum ; suprascapula and
scapula short, simple ; the humerus emits a process backwards for
the coracoid, another downwards for the radius or ulna, and finally
a third for its symphysis. There are three bones participating in
the symphyseal junction of the humeral arch : the nrohyal, which is
very elongate, the humeral and the pubic bones. Eachus and ulna
reduced to a single subcu'cular bone ; there are four narrow, longish
carpal bones.

The shields which protect the anterior portion of the trunk are
the following : —

1. A narrow strip along the median line of the back behind the
skull ; they are, in fact, confluent neural spines, belonging to the
anterior portion of the vertebral column, which we shall presently
describe.

2. The pair of broader lateral dorsal shields are peculiar bones —
separated processes of the occipital bone — similar to those we have
observed in Mugil, where, however, they are not separated from
the occipital, and arise more outwards than in Fistularia. These
shields are the longest, provided inferiorly with a ridge, which is
prolonged and extends far backwards between the muscles of the
back. This ridge is flexible, and does not iaterfere with the lateral
movements of the fish ; it appears to serve as a base for the attach-
ment of muscular fibres.

3. The narrow shield on the side is the coracoid, and composed of
two bones, the posterior of which is somewhat dilated and fixed to
the lateral dorsal shields.

4. The ventral shields are the pubic bones ; their posterior half is
broadest, porous inferiorly ; they are narrower before the middle,

1. FISTULAKIA. 533

leaving a free lauceolate space between them, and are again a little
widened anteriorly, where they join the humerus and urohyal.

The anterior portion of the vertehral column shows the same pecu-
liarity as in DactyJopterus : it is a long compressed tube, e%ddently
composed .of four elongate vertebrae, which are not joined, biit
perfectly anchylosed ; each of them has a pair of small foramina
for blood-vessels. The neural spines and parapophyses of this tubi-
form portion are confluent into tliin laminae, the lateral of which
are wing-like, expanded in their anterior half. There are, besides,
forty-nine abdominal and thirty-three caudal vertebrae ; each ver-
tebra has five deep impressions, and those of the abdominal portion
and a part of the caudal have long parapophyses. The neiu'al spines
are short, the interneurals long, horizontally situated, so that they
form together one continuous bony strip ; the haemals are much di-
vergent at the base, leaving space for a wide channel. Eibs none.

inches, lilies.
Length of the tubiform portion of the vertebral column 4 4

of the abdominal portion 9 8

of the caudal portion 5 6

Total length 19 6

2. Fistularia serrata.

Piko Fish Conger, Dumpier, Voy. New Holl. in Coll. Voy. iii. pi. facing

p. 184.
Fistularia tabaccaria, White, Voy. Bat. Bay, p. 296. fig. 2.

tabaccaria, var., Bl. viii. p. 130. taf. 387. figs. 2,3; Bl. Schn. p. 114.

Russell, ii. p. 58. pi. 173.

Fistularia inimaculata, Cur. Regne Anim. ; Richards. Ichth. Chin.i^. 247;

Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 320 ; Bleek. Amb. <^- Cer. p. 281, and Verhand.

Acad. Wetensch. Amsterd. i., Japan, p. 11.

serrata, Cur. Reyne Anim. (after Blo«/i).

commersonii, Rilpp. iV. IF. Fische, p. 142 ; Peters in Wiegm. Arch.

1855, p. 258.
CannorhjTichus immaculatus, Cant. Catal. p. 211.
Skeleton : Rosenth. Ichthyot. Taf. ix. figs. 8-12 (Fistularia tabacaria).

B. 7. D. 13-15. A. 14-15. Y. 6. C. 2-|-6 | 2 | 0-f2.
Vert. 47/34 {Rilpp.), 47/29 (Bosenth.).

The outer edge of the tube is very distinctly serrated. Brownish-
grey, silvery beneath ; sometimes some bluish spots on the back or
on the sides.

From the coast of Mozambique to the Seas of China and New
HoUand. — The head of this species is very distinctly figui-ed by Bloch,
and on this figure Cuvier has founded the species F. serrata.

a. Half-grown : bad state. Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

b. Half-grown. Bengal. Presented by General Hardwicke.

c. Half-grown. Singapore.

d. Half-gTown: stuffed. SeaofPinang. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
e-f. Half-grown and young. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

534 fistularidj:.

g-li, i, It, I. Adult, half-giin^n, and j'oung. Cliiua.
m. Adiilt : stuffed: Lad state. East Indies.
n, 0, p, q, r, s-u. Adult, half-grown, and young.
V, w, X. Adult and half-grown : stuffed.

Description. — The tube into which the head is produced is ex-
ceedingly long, the part of the head situated behind the orbit being
contained six times and a half in its length ; it is as high as broad
near its base, and somewhat compressed in its anterior portion ; a
vertical cut across its middle would be hexagonal. The length of
the entire head is contained twice and two-thii'ds in the total length
(the caudal fflameut not included). The form of the mouth and the
teeth are the same as in F. tahaccaria, except that the lower jaw is
somewhat more prominent, and the teeth on the vomer appear to be
quite rudimentary, if present at all.

The upper surface of the head is covered with a very thin skin ;
the middle portion of the tube is much more elevated than the lateral
ones, at least on tlie basal half of the tube, and formed by crenulatcd
ridges, the outer of which arise from the anterior angle of the orbit,
first convergent, and then keeping a parallel direction. The lateral
edge of the tube is very distinctly serrated, and provided with rather
prominent spines posteriorly. The eye is elongate, ovate, much
longer than high ; its horizontal diameter is one-half of its distance
from the base of the pectoral fin ; it is protected by prominent angles
of the frontal bones anteriorly and posteriorly ; the bony bridge
between the orbits is concave and narrow, its width being less than
the vertical diameter of the eye. Crown of the head rather convex,
with slight crenulated striae. The nostrils are close together, one
before the other, in front of the anterior angle of the orbit, on the
side of the head. The operculum is not quite twice so long as high,
and covered with a thick membrane, which is prolonged beyond the
margin of the bone aj^d fixed to the base of the pectoral fin. The
form and situation of the sub- and prse-operculum are nearly the
same as in F. tahaccaria. The gill-opening is wide, but does not
extend upwards beyond the base of the pectoral. Six slender
branchiostegals. The anterior part of the trunk is shielded by the
same number of bony lamcUas as in F. tahaccaria. The air-bladder
is situated immediately between the lateral lameUaj, and the body is
here transparent. The pubic shields cover the whole anterior portion
of the abdomen, except a small ovate spot between the pectoral fins.

The body is much depressed, nearly twice as broad as high ; it
is naked, without the dermal ossifications foimd in F. tahaccaria.
The lateral line is marked by pores and small, narrow, bony shields,
which are sunk in the skin anteriorly, becoming broader on the tail,
and armed with a compressed spine directed backwards. The spines
form together a kind of serrature. The course of the lateral line is
the same as in F. tahaccaria.

The base of the pectoral fin is obliquely curved ; the fui is some-
Avhat longer than the orbit and rounded ; there is a small foramen
posteriorly in its axil. The ventral fin is much shorter than the

2. ATJLOSTOMA. 535

pectoral and composed of six soft rajs ; both fins are widely apart
from each other, and theii- distance from the pectoral is two-sevenths
of that from the caudal. The form and position of the vertical tins
is the same as in F. tabaccaria. There is a series of feeble spines
imbedded in the skhi along the mechan line of the back and of the
abdomen : these spines do not belong to the endoskeleton ; for if the
skin is removed, these sijities follow, and are easily detached from its
outer surface. They are evidently rudiments of the spinous portion
at least of the dorsal fin, which, in Aulostoma, is more developed,
the spines being free.

Grej-ish, silvery along the lower part of the head ; sometimes a
series of blue spots along the side or the back.

The greater portion of the case formed by the bony shields behind
the head is fiUed by the air-bladder, the membrane of which is thin,
coating the interior surface of the upper and lateral sliields, and
firmly attached posteriorly to the muscular mass which commences
behind those shields. A portion of the stomach and the hver also
are enclosed in that anterior portion of the abdominal cavity. The
stomach is elongate, subcylindrical, and passes gradually into the
intestine, which is short and straight to the vent. I observe only one
short pyloric appendage, enveloped by a portion of the pancreas,
which is situated along the whole posterior side of the stomach and
encircles its pyloric portion. The spleen is elongate, ovate. The
abdominal cavity is extremely narrow from the point where the
muscular mass of the vertebral column commences. The kidneys
are thick and very long, extending along the whole abdominal cavity
upwards to the air-bladder.

A comparison of this species with Oasterosteus spinachia wUl
show the close relation of the Fistularldce and Gasterosteidce.

2. AULOSTOMA.

Fistularia, sp., L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 515. *
Solenostomus, sp., KIei?i ^- Gronov.
Aidostoma, Lacep. v. p. 357.
Poh'pterichthys, Blceh. Ternate, ii. p. 608.

Body covered with small scales. Caudal fin rhombic, without
filiform rays ; a series of isolated feeble dorsal spines. Teeth rudi-
mentary.

Tropical parts of the Atlantic and of the Indian Ocean.

The Atlantic and Indian species of this genus are so closely allied
to each other that they were confounded by Linne and the foUowtng
ichthyologists. Midler and Troschel were the first to distinguish the
Atlantic species by a separate name. These fishes have ahvays been
described as toothless, in consequence of which Dr. v. Bleeker, who
saw the patches of rudimentary teeth, describes the Indian form as
new, creating a genus, Polypterklttliys, for it.

The species of Aulostoma show the same peculiar structure of the
anterior portion of the vertebral column as Fistularia. These two
genera belong to one and the same natural family.

536 FISrULARIDiE.

1 . Aulo stoma coloratum.

Parrii, p. 05. lam. 80. tig. 2.

Fistularia chinensis, part, L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 515.

Solenostoinus, Gronuv. Zuophyl. p. 119. no. 366.

Aulostomus chinensis, part., Lacep. v. p. 357.

Aiilostoma coloratum, JSLhU. 8^- Trosch. in Schonih. Hist. Barbad. p. 673.

maculatum, Valcnc. in Cur. Regne Anini. III. Paiss. pi. 92. fig. 2.

Solenostomus chineiisis, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 147.

D. 9-10 1 23-24. A. 24-26. Y. 6. P. 15. C. 3 + 15 + 3.
Csec. pyl. 2.

The anterior rays of the soft dorsal and anal fins with a black
cross-band, parallel to, and somewhat remote from, the base of the
fins. Ventral fins immaculate.

Caribbean Sea.

a, b-c. Adult and half-grown. Cuba. From the Collection of the

Zoological Society.
d-l. Adult and half-grown : stuff'ed and skins. Caribbean Sea.
in, n, 0, p-q. Adult, half-grown, and young.
r. Adult : skin. From Gronow's Collection.

Description. — The head of this singular fish is produced into along
compressed tube, terminating in a mouth which is comparatively
small. The length of the head is somewhat less than one -third of
the total. The cleft of the mouth is slightly oblique when closed,
with the extremity of the lower jaw somewhat prominent and com-
pressed into a sort of keel. A small barbel hangs down from the
symphysis. The intermaxillary is feeble, styliform, not protractUe,
whilst the maxillaiy is broad, lamelliform, and triangular. The
upper jaw is united to the lower by a broad membrane, which renders
the cleft of the mouth much narrower than one woidd expect from
the extent of the jaw-bones.

Although Cuvier and the following authors have denied the pre-
sence of teeth, patches of minute ones are distinctly visible ; they
become more conspicuous if the head is allowed to dry. The inter-
maxillary is perfectly toothless ; the mandible has a short and narrow
band on the edge near the symphysis, and a broad rough patch on its
inner surface ; there is a similar patch on the palatine bones, whilst
the vomer is provided with a long, very narrow band of minute teeth.
The inner concave part of the branchial arches and the upper and
lower pharjTigeal bones have patches of villiform teeth.

The diameter of the eye is one-half or two-fifths of the extent of
the part of the head behind it ; the space between the orbits is flat
or a little concave, with a shght ridge on each side, both converging
anteziorly and soon meeting in a point. The eye does not appear to
be comparatively smaller in adult specimens than in young ones, as
is the case in most Teleostei. The nostrils are close together, one
before the other, in front of the orbit and on the side of the head.
The operculum is subquadi'angular, longer than high ; the suboper-
culum occupies a triangiUar space between the operculum and pra3-
operculum, and is carried backwards along the inferior margin of the

2. AULOSTOJIA. 537

ojjercle. Four slender brancliiostegals. The gill-opening extends
to below the eye, the gill-membranes being attached to the front
end of the urohyal ; the giossohyal is very long and slender. Four
gills, with a narrow slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchiaj well
developed.

A long narrow bony shield, half as long as the snout, is joined to
the occiput and extends along the neck. The body is compressed,
highest between the origin of the dorsal and anal fins, whilst the tail
behind these fins is very low ; its greatest depth is one-fifth of the
length of the head, and the least depth of the tail is only one-third
of the depth between the vertical fins. It is covered with small
ctenoid scales, which have the free margin strongly ciliated ; there
are about thirty-five in a vertical line below the anterior dorsal
spines.

The pectoral fins have a broad, slightly oblique base and are
rounded ; they are shorter than the part of the head behind the orbit.
The ventrals are one-third nearer to the anal than to the base of the
pectoral ; they are shorter than the pectorals, and have the rays of
nearly equal length, the outer ray being simple, but articulated.
The spinous dorsal fin is generally composed of nine or ten slender
spines ; they are feeble, about as long as the orbit, and remote from
one another ; each has a broad membrane behind, and can be received
in a slight groove ; if laid backwards they scarcely touch one an-
other. The soft dorsal and the anal are opposite to each other ; the
length of the base of the former is nearly equal to its distance from
the caudal, and a little less than the length of the base of the anal ;
the anterior rays are short ; the fourth is the longest, forming the
highest part of the fin : the anal is similar in shape to the dorsal.
Caudal rhombic, with the two middle rays longest.

Ground-colour brownish -olive (in spirits), with one or two series
of brown (blue) dots along each side of the back ; another rather
irregular series of round brown sjiots from the i^raeoperculum along
each side of the beUy to the anal fin. Three or fom- silvery lines
along each side of the abdomen, interrupted on the head, where they
are replaced by irregular oblique streaks ; a brown streak along the
posterior margin of the maxillarj^ ; each nostril with a brown spot.
The seven anterior dorsal and anal rays are crossed by a black streak
parallel to, and rather remote from, the base of the fins ; caudal fin
with two round black spots, one above the other, the lower being
sometimes absent.

The stomach is spacious, elongate, with thin membranes, which
become thicker towards the pylorus ; it passes without curvature or
dilatation into the intestine, which is extremely short, quite straight,
without curve or circumvolution, and rather wider at its commence-
ment than posteriorly ; two pyloric appendages of moderate size
on each side of the pyloric portion of the stomach. Aii'-bladder
large.

From the shortness and simple structure of the intestinal tract, the
inference might have been drawn that this fish is carnivorous ; and
the stomach, indeed, contained the remains of small fish.

538 FISTULARID.E.

2. Aulostoma chinense.

Valent. Lid. Amh. iii. p. 448. fig. 323, p. 502. fig. 494; Rcnard, Poiss.

3foL i. pi. 3. fig. 18 ; ? Pdker, Gazophyl. tab. 68. fig. 1.
Fistiilaria chinensis, part., L. Si/st. Nat. i. p. 515.
Aulostomus cbinensis, part., Lacep. v. p. 357.
Aiilostoma cliineu.se, Schlcq. Faun. Japon. Poiss. p. 320; Richards.

Ichth. Chin. p. 247 ; Peters in Wiegm. Arch. 1855, p. 258.
Polj-pterichtliys valeutini, Bleeh. Ternate, ii. p. 608.

D. 8-12 I 24-27. A. 27-28. V. 6.

The base of the soft dorsal and anal iins is black ; sometimes an-
other short black streak above, across the anterior rays. Ventral fin
with a round black spot at the base. Sometimes nearly uniform,
without marlvings.

From the coast of Mozambique to the Western Pacific.

This species is so closely allied to Aul. coloratum, that a detailed
description woidd agree with that given of the other species in
nearly every respect. The crown of the head is more rugose, and
the three single plates of which the nuchal shield is composed are
more distinct. The pectoral is somewhat shorter, equal in length
to the ventral fin, the outer ray of which is sometimes branched
as weU as articulated. The tail behind the vertical fins is a little
more slender, equal in length to the base of the soft dorsal fin.
Some individuals show the markings more distinctly than others.

Var. o.

Body with lighter longitudinal streaks and with indistinct darker
cross-bands. Maxillary band, ventral and two caudal spots, basal
band of the dorsal and anal fins, and a spot above the dorsal band,
very distinct and of a deep-black colour.

a. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.
h, c. Adult and half- grown.

Var. ft.

Body uniform ; maxillary band indistinct ; ventral and one supe-
rior caudal spot deep black ; basal band of the dorsal and anal fins
rather short.

d. Fine specimen. Amboyna. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Var. y.

Body uniform ; maxillary band pale ; ventral spots and anal band
absent. Only one spot on the caudal fin superiorly ; traces of the
basal band of the dorsal fin scarcely visible.

e. Eighteen inches long : jtuflfed. Aneiteum. From Mr. Macgil-

hvray's CoUoction.^ — Another specimen from the same Collection,
which has not been purchased for the British Museum, belonged
to var. ft.

1. RUYNCnOliDELLA. 539

Fam. 46. MASTACEMBELID.E.

Acantliopteroiis Eels.

Scomberoidei, pt., Cuv. Sj- Val. viii. p. 441.

Notacanthi, pt , Midi. Bed. Abhandl. 1844, p. 201 ; Owen, Led. Cotirp.

Anat. Vert. i. p. 49.
RhjTichobdeUoidei, Bleek. Einim. Spec. p. xxiii.

Body elongate, eel-like, covered with very small scales. Mandibiila
long, only sKghtly moveable. Dorsal fin very long, the anterior por-
tion composed of numerous free spines ; anal fin with spines ante-
riorly. Ventral fins none. The humeral arch is not suspended from
the skuU. Gill-opening reduced to a slit at the inferior part of the
side of the head. GiUs four, pseudobranchias none ; an air-bladder.
Eranchiostegals six. Pyloric appendages two.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.

The structure of the mouth (not of the bones of the upper jaw) and of
the gill-apparatus, the separation of the humeral arch from the skull,
the absence of ventral fins, the anatomy of the internal parts, and the
whole habit, afford ample proof that these fishes are eels, in which a
part of the dorsal fin is spinous. There is not one Scomberoid fish
to which they have any afiinity, which has been clearly shown by
MiiUor ; but he fell into much the same eiTor as Cuvier did, when he
united these fishes with NotacantJius, a genus which has no affinity
whatever to the present family. Dr. v. Bleeker groups them together
with Auhstoma and Notamntlms in one order. It is impossible to refer
Aidostoma and FisiuJaria to two diff'erent families, F. scrrata having
dorsal spines ; but they are rudimentary, and hidden in the skin.
See p. 535.

Synojjsis of the Genera.

Snout with an appendage, concave and trans-
versely striated inferiorly 1. ElIYNCHOBDELLA, p. 539.

Snout with an appendage, which is not trans-
versely striated 2. Mastacembelus, p. 540.

1. EHYNCHOBDELLA.

Ma8tacembelus, sp., Groiior. Zoophyl. p. 133.
Rhynchobdella, sp., Bl. Schn. p. 478.
RhjTichobdella, Cuv. i^- Val. viii. p. 444.

Body elongate, eel-like, covered with very small scales ; head
elongate, pointed anteriorly, the upper jaw terminating in a long
moveable appendage, which is concave and transversely striated in-
feriorly. Cleft of the mouth narrow, with the lower jaw very little
moveable. Minute teeth in the jaws and on the vomer. ProDoper-
culum not armed.

Fiesh waters of the East Inches.

540 MASTACEMBELID-E.

1. Rhynchobdella aculeata.

Pentophtlialnuis, Wilhcghh. App. tab. 10. 428.
Mastacembelus, sp., (ironov. Zoaplujl. p. 133.
Euchelyopus, sp., Klein, Pise. 3Iiss. iv. p. 58. n. 18.
Opliidiuiii aeuleatum, Bl. tab. 15',). f. 2.
Rhynchobdella orieutalis, Bl. Sclin. p. 478.

aral, Bl. Schn. p. 470. taf. 89.

Macroguathiis aculeatus, Lacep. ii. p. 284 ; Bicch. Ham. Fish. Gang.

p. 29.
Ophidium rostratum, Shaic, Zool. iv. p. 73.
Macrognathns ocellatus, Biicli. Ham. I. c. p. 29.
Rhynchobdella aral, Cttv. S,- Val. ^aii. pi. 239.
— — ocellata, Ctu: 4" Val. viii. p. 445 ; Bleek. Verh. Batav. Genootsch.

xxiii., Notac. p. 5.
Mastacembelus pentophthalmus, Gronov. Si/st. ed. Gray, p. 172.

D. (13) 18-20 I 52-54. A. 3 | 52. Vert. 32/40.
Caee. pylor. 2.
Vertical fins not contiguous ; a series of two to eight black, white-
edged ocelli along the base of the soft dorsal fin.

Fresh waters of the East Indies.
a. Adult : dried. Calcutta. From Mr. Griffith's Collection.
h. Adult. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von Schla-

gintweit.
c. Adult. Madras. Presented by T. E, J. Boileau, Esq.
d-f. Adult. Khasja. Presented by Sir W. Hooker.
g. Fine specimen. Ceram. From the Collection of Madame Ida

PfeifFer.
h, i. Adult. Moluccas.
A:-m. Adult, Borneo.

n-p, q-r, s, t. Adult and half-grown. East Indies.
u. Nine inches long. — Type of Ophidium rostratum, Shaw.

Var. siamensis : D. 13 | 55. A. 3 | 58. Five black ocelli along
the base of the dorsal fin ; a pair of confluent oceUi at the base of
the caudal. Dorsal spines very feeble. — Having only one specimen,
we do not feel that we should be justified in describing it as a sepa-
rate species.
a. Fine specimen. Pachebore. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

2. MASTACEMBELUS.

Mastacembelus, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. p. 133 (not Klein).
Mastacembelus, Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p. 452.

Body elongate, eel-hke, covered with very small scales ; head
elongate, the upper jaw terminating in a long moveable appendage,
which is not transversely striated infcriorly. Cleft of the mouth
rather narrow, with the lower jaw very Httle moveable. Minute
teeth in the jaws. Praeoperctilum with spinous teeth at the angle
(except in M. maculatiis).

Fresh waters of the East Indies, extending westwards to Syria.

2. MASTACEMBELUS. 541

1. Mastacembelus pancalus.

MacrogDathus pancalus, Biwh. Ham. Fish. Ganq. p. 80. pi. 2i!. ficr. 7.
Mastacembelus pancalus, Cuv. S( Vol. viii. p. 455 ; Bleek. Verhaml.

Batav. Genootsch. xxv., Beng. en Hindost. p. 98.
? Mastacembelus punctatus, Cuv. ^ Val. \\n. p. 463.

D. 25-26 I 35^0. A. 36-40.

The cleft of the mouth extends scarcely to the vertical from the
nostril. Vertical fins not contiguous. Eody brown, with small,
round, lighter dots ; vertical fins whitish, dotted with black.

Fresh waters of Bengal.

a-c, d. Half-grown. Ganges. Presented by G. R. Waterhouse,

Esq. — Types of the species.
e. Half-grown. Ganges. From Mr. MacClelland's Collection.
/, g, h. Half-grown. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. von

Schlagintweit.
i~k, l-p, q. Adult, half-grown, and young. Bengal.

2. Mastacembelus zebrinus.

Blyth in Joi/rn. As. Soc. Beng. 1859, p. 281.

Twenty-eight or twenty-nine dorsal spines. Tail detached from
the dorsal and anal fins. Pale brown, deeper along the back, and
marked throughout (more distinctly in the young) with dusky trans-
verse stripes, alternating with fainter stripes more or less regular,
which latter are often double or more or less divided, and are set off
by the narrow pale interspaces. Dorsal and caudal fins minutely
striated ; the anal with broad stripes, as on the sides. {BJ.)

Maulmein.

3. Mastacembelus aleppensis.

Simak-el-inglese, Ingely, Russell, Nat. Hist. Aleppo '\\.2nA edit. CLond.

1794), p. 208. pi. 6.
Mastacenibelus, sp., Gronov. Zoophyl. no. 402. tab. 8 a. figs. 1, 2.
Ophidium simak, Walb. Artedi, iii. p. 159.

mastacembelus, Shaw, Zool. iii. p. 71.

Rhynchobdella haleppeusis, Bl. Schn. p. 480.
Mastacembelus aleppensis, Cur. df Va/. viii. p. 454.

syriacus, Grouov. Syst. ed. Gray, p. 172.

? Macrognathus caudatus, MacClell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. ii. p. 586.
D. 32-34 (35) | 80. A. 3 | 80.
The maxillary extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of
the orbit. Vertical fins continuous, sometimes a notch between
them. Above blackish, vaiiegated with dark-yellow spots ; yellowish
below ; anal fin yellow near its commencement, the rest, like the
dorsal and caudal, being spotted with black.
Eiver Kowik. ? Afghanistan.

a, b, c. Types of the species : bleached. Aleppo. From A. Russell's
Collection.

d. A fourth specimen, with thirty-five dorsal spines, and of a unifonn
brownish -black colour, is not specifically diff'erent from the typi-
cal individuals ; it was received from the East India Company.

542 MASTACEMBKUDJi.

4. Mastacembelus unicolor.

Mastacombelus unicolor, (Kuld iif v. ILiss.) Cm: ^- Veil. viii. p. 453 ;
BIci'k. Verhaitd. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii., Notac. p. 5.

D. 33-34 I 80-84. A. 3 | 75-81.

The vertical iins are distinct from one another and only continuous
at the base. Brownish above, yellowish below ; sides with large ob-
long light-coloured spots ; vertical fins brownish, edged with yellow ;
pectorals with two brown cross-bands.

Java.

5. Mastacembeliis erythrotsenia.

Bleek. Vcrli. Batav. Genootsch. xxiii., N'otac. p. 6, and Borneo, i. p. 10.
D. 34-37 I 70-75. A. 3 | 71.
The maxillar}' does not extend to the vertical from the anterior
margin of the eye. Vertical fins continuous. Black or brown, with
four more or less irregular red longitudinal bands, the second of
w'hich commences at the angle of the mouth ; vertical and pectoral
fins black, ■svith red margin.
Rivers of Borneo.

a. Adult. Borneo. Named M. giganteus.
h. Adult. Borneo. Named M, pictus.

6. Mastacembelus argus.

D. 32 I 60. A. 3 I 56.

Prseoperculum with two or three si:)ines. The maxillary does not
extend to the vertical from the anterior margin of the eye. Ver-
tical fins continuoiis. BroTvnish-black, with white bands and round
white spots : a band from the occiput, along the middle of the back,
passing into the white margin of the vertical fins ; a second band
above the eye, interrupted and lost on the side of the back ; a third
from the angle of the mouth, passing into a series of spots, which is
continued to the caudal ; another series of spots along the side of the
belly ; the soft dorsal with a series of six spots. Pectoral black at
the base and near the margin.

Fresh waters of Siam.

a. Fine specimen. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.

The appendage of the snout is trilobed, and shorter than the cleft
of the mouth. No notch is visible between the vertical fins.

inches, lines.

Total length 9 0

Length of the head (with appendage) .... 1 9
Length of the tail (from vent) 3 6

7. Mastacembelus armatus.

Macrognathus armatus, Laccp. ii. p. 286 ; Buch. Ham. Finh. Gang.

pp. 28, 364. pi. 37. fig. 6.
Ehynchobdella polyacantha, Bl. Schn. p. 479.
Mastacembelus annatus, Cuv. 8f VaJ. viii. p. 456. pi. 240 ; ? Sijkes in

2. MASTACEMBELTTS. 543

Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. p. 350. tab. CO. fig. 2; Shvk. Vcrliaiul lintar.

Genoofsch. xxv., Hind, en lien;/, p. 97.
Mastacembelus pouticerianiis, Guv. 8j- Val. viii. p. 4G0.
mannoratiis, Cuv. Sf Val. viii. p. 401; Jacqii. Voy. Ltd. Poks.

pi. 14. fig. 2.
Macrognatlius imdiilatus, MacClell. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 398.

pi. 22. fig. 1.

hamiltonii, MacClell. I. c. p. 393.

? Mastacembelus venosus, Val. in Jacqu. Voy. Ind. Poiss. pi. 14. fig. 1.

D. 35-39 I 79-87. A. 3 | 79-87. Caec. pylor. 2. Vert. 39/53.

The maxillaiy extends to the vertical from the nostril. Vertical
fins continuous. Brownish-olive : a brown band from the snout
through the eye, forming irregular zigzags along the side, and emit-
ting cross-bars to the dorsal and anal fins.

Var. Head with two rather irregular longitudinal brown bands.
A series of very distinct brown spots along the base of the dorsal and
anal fins ; sides of the body with brown reticulated bands.

Fresh waters of Ceylon, Bengal, and Chusan.

a. Var. annata.
a. Adult. Calcutta. From the Collection of Messrs. v. Schlagintweit.
b-d. Half-grown. Siam. From M. Mouhot's Collection.
e-f, g. Adult. East Indies.

'p. Var. po7iticeriana.

h-i, A-, 1. Adult, half-grown, and young. Ceylon. Piu-chased of Mr.
Cuming.

in. Young. Nepal. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq. (il/rt.s<frcc)H-
belus liodfjsonii, Kaup).

n. Adult : stuffed. East Indies. From the Collection of the Zoo-
logical Society.

0. Adult : skeleton. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

y. A very old female does not show any markings, but is uniform
brown.
p. Very fine specimen : sixteen inches long. Ceylon. Purchased

of Mr. Cuming.
q. Adult : stuffed. Calcutta. From the Collection of the East India

Comjjany.

8. Mastacembelus maciilatus.

Rhynchobdella maculata, Reinw.

Mastacembelus macidatus, Cuv. 8f Val. viii. p. 461 ; Rhpie Anim. III.
Poiss. pi. 55. fig. 1 ; Bleaker, Blitong, p. 93.

D. 26-30 I 60-70. A. 3 | 59-69.

Praeoperculum without spines. Vertical fins continuous. Brown,
clouded with darker ; vertical fins with a yellow margin, dorsal ^vith
a series of blackish spots along the base.

Fresh waters of Blitong, Java, and Sumatra.

544 NOTACANTIII.

Fam. 47. NOTACANTHL

Notacanthi, pt., Miiller, Bed. Abhandl. 1844, p. 165.

Body elongate, covered with very small scales ; snout protmding
beyond the mouth. Eyes lateral, of moderate size. Dentition feeble.
Dorsal fin short, composed of short fi'ee spines, a soft portion being
either entirely absent or quite rudimentary ; anal very long, an-
teriorly with many spines ; ventrals abdominal, composed of more
than five soft and of several unarticulated rays.

Seas of the arctic and temperate regions of both hemispheres.

The fishes of this family have the spinous portion of the dorsal
fin of the Acanthopterygians, and the structiu-e and situation of the
ventral fins of the Malacopterygians. When their anatomy and the
stiiicture of their gills and pharyngeal bones are better known, they
will, no doubt, form a distinct Order. Cuvier and Valenciennes
ranged them with the Scomberoids ! Miiller formed a separate family,
for them and for Mastacemhelus.

All these fishes have been hitherto referred to one genus ; but the
species which we shaU mention as the last, is probably the type of a
second genus, for which the name proposed by Fabricius might be
used.

1. NOT ACANTHUS.

Notacanthus, Block, Ausl. Fische, xii. p. 114.
Campylodon, Fabric. Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. Kjohenh. iv. p. 22.

Characters the same as of the family.

Arctic Seas. Mediterranean. Austiahan Seas.

1. Notacanthus nasus.

Notacanthus nasus, Bl. xii. p. 114. taf. 431 ; Bl. Schn. p. 390; Cuv. S,-
Val. viii. p. 467. pi. 241 ; Cuv. Regno Anim. III. Poiss. pi. 55. fig. 2 ;
Gahmtrd, Voy. en Isl. et au Gronl. Znol. Paiss. pi. 11.
Campylodon, Fabric. Vidensk. Sel.sk. Skr.KJohenh.iy.T^. 22. pi. 10. fig. 1.
Campylodon fabrieii, Reinh. Vidensk. Selsk. naturvid. off mathem. Af-
hmidl. vii. 1838, p. 120.
B. 8. D. 9-10. A. 13-14 | 116. C. 8. P. 17. V. 3/8. L. lat. 400.
The first dorsal spine is opposite to the ventral fin.
Greenland.

The typical specimen of Bloch is in the Berlin Museum, that of
Fabricius in Copenhagen. The diflerences in the descriptions of
Fabricius and Valenciennes, as pointed out by Prof. Reinhardt, do
not appear to have originated in a specific difference of the two
specimens.

1. NOTACANTHUS. 545

2. Notacanthus bonapartii.

Misso in Wiegm. Arch. 1840, p. 376. pi. 10 (description and figure in-
correct); Filtppie Verany in Memor. Accad. Sc. Torin. Ber. 2. t. xviii.
p. 4 (sep. copy).

D. 9. A. 15 I 120.

The ventrals are completely united, so as to form but one fiji.
Palatine teeth in a double series. Tail tapering. Anal fin black.
Mediterranean.

3. Notacanthus mediterraneus.

Filippi e Verany in llemoi: Accad. Sc. Torin. ser. 2. t. xviii. p. 1 (sep.
copy).

D. 6 I 1. A. 12 I 132. V. 4/8.

Scales extremely small. The ventrals are completely united, so as
to form but one fin. A small ray in the axil of the last dorsal spine.
Palatine teeth in a single series. Uniform silvery.

Mediterranean.

4. Notacanthus sexspiuis.

Richards. Voy. Ereh. S,- Terr. Fishes, p. 54. pi. 32. figs. 4-11.
D. 6 I 1. A. 14 I ? P. 13-14. V. 2/7.

The ventrals are completely united to each other, so as to form
but one fin, its base being before the vertical from the first dorsal
spine. A small, forked, jointed ray stands in the axil of the last
dorsal spine.

King George's Sound. Australia.

5. Notacanthus rissoanus.

Filippi e Verany in Memor. Accad. Sc. Torin. ser. 2. t. xviii. p. 6 (sep.
copy).

Nasal portion produced into a proboscis. Thirty or more spinous
finlets on the back. {Fil. Sf Ver.)
Mediterranean.

2n

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

Page 4, note.

6. Gobius reticulatus, Eichw., is, according to Kessler, identical with G.

ophiocephalvs. Pall.
9. Gobius ceplialarges, Pall., has been described by Kessler, Bull. Sop. Nat
Mosc. 1859, ii. p. 237. — It is not quite evident how this fish differs from
G. sfcvenii ; its head appears to be somewhat longer — one-fourth of the
total length.
14. Gobius quadricapilhis, Pall., is diiferent from the fish described by Nord-
mann under the same name ; the latter is identical with G. jozo.

Page 5, note.
41. Bostrychus sinensis, &c., is to be erased.

Page 6, note.

45. Gobionellus hastatus, Girard, has been figiired in U. S. ^ Mcx. Bound.
Surv. Fishes, p. 25. pi. 12. figs. 7-8 ; but the figure does not agree with
the description, representing six dorsal spines, and not seven as stated
in the text.

60. Gobius lyricus, Girard, is described at p. 550.

61. Gobius wiirdemanni, Girard; another insufficient description may be

found in U. 8. cf- Mex. Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 25.
52. Gobius catulus, Girard, U. 8. ^- Mex. Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 26. pi. 12.

figs. 9, 10. — This fish appears to be closely allied to G. separator.
63. Gobius gulosus, Girard, U. S. 4' Mex. Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 26.

Page 9. Insert instead of Gobius ratan : —
2. Gobius marmoratus.

Gobius marmoratus, Pall. Zoor/r. iii. p. 161 ; Rathke, Fauna der Krym,
p. 327 ; Nordm. in Demid. Vo7/. Hiiss. 31erid. iii. p. 435, Poiss. pi. 12.
fig. 3 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nik. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 252.

semilunaris, Kessler, Beitr. Ichthyol. siid-u-cstl. Pitssl. p. 14.

D. 6 1 (16-) 18 (-20). A. (14-) 17-18*. L. lat. 44-47.

Head higher than broad, its length being contained four times and
a third in the total ; snout of moderate extent, with the jaws of
equal length. The vent is one- third nearer to the end of the snout
than to the extremity of the caudal. The cleft of the mouth does
not quite extend to below the anterior margin of the eye. Two

* See pp.51, .5.50.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 547

longish tubes above the upper lip, opposite the nostrils. The upper
portion of the operculum scaly ; eight or nine scales in a transverse
series on the end of the tail. Olive, with subquadi-angular brownish
spots ; a pair of whitish spots on the base of the caudal fin, and a
single one below the eye. All the fins, except the ventrals, with
series of brown dots, those on the second dorsal and on the anal
having an oblique direction.

Coasts of the Black Sea, entering rivers.

Page 9. Gobius ratan.

Prof. Kessler has given a more detailed description of this species,
from which it appears that it has more than fifty scales in the lateral
line, and therefore must be transferred to division B. See p. 551.

Page 9. Gobius syrman.

The figure given by Nordmann represents the scales too large.
According to the examination of Prof. Kessler, it has 61-65 in the
lateral line, and it must therefore be transferred to division B.
See p. 551.

Page 10. Gobius melanio.

This proves to be identical with G. paganellus, p. 52.

Page 11. Gobius niger.
i'. Adult. Alexandria. From Mr. Petherick's Collection.

Page 12. Gobius jozo.

Add to the synonymy : —

Gobius jozo, var. pontica, Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 255.

quadricapillus, Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Ettss. Merid. iii. p. 433,

Potss. pi. 13. fig. 3.

Page 17. Add the following species : —
22 a. Gobius leopardinu5.

Nordm. in Demid. Voi/. Hiiss. 3Ierid. iii. p. 436, Poiss. pi. 13. fig. 4;
Kessler, Bull. Hoc. Nat. IIosc. 1859, 2. p. 258.

D. 6 I i A. |. L. lat. 44.

Body elongate, roundish ; head broader than high, its length being
not quite one-fourth of the total. Diameter of the eye one-fourth
of the length of the head. Nape of the neck naked, with minute
warts. Lower jaw rather longer than the upper. The second dorsal
and the anal decrease in height posteriorly. Ventral long, one-fourth
of the total length, covering the vent. Yellowish-grey with oblong
broAvn spots along the lateral line ; a large blackish spot on the
lower jaw, another at the base of the pectoral. All the fins with
series of brown dots. (Kessl.)

Crimea.

2n2

548 ABDENDA ET COEEIGENDA.

Page 24. Add a new species : —
35 a. Gobius macrostoma.

Gobiopsis macrostomus, Steindachner in Sitzgsher. Wien. Acad. 1861,
xlii. p. 291. fig. 6.

D. 6 I 11. A. 10. L. lat. 33.

Cleft of the mouth very wide, extending behind the vertical from
the posterior margin of the orbit ; eye small, one-seventh of the
length of the head. The height of the body is contained seven times
and a half in the total length, the length of the head three times
and two-thirds to three times and three-fourths. Head depressed,
broader than high ; the width of the interorbital space is nearly equal
to that of the orbit. The teeth of the outer series are the strongest.
The soft dorsal is higher than the spinous or than the body. Caudal
rounded. Vertical fins with dark streaks, (Steind.)

Bombay.

This species is allied to Gobius gmris and viridipunctatus.

26. Add the following species : — •
38 a. Gobius coalitus.
Benn. Proceed. Comm. Zool. Soc. i. 1831, p. 166.
D. 6 I y. A. \. L. lat. 40.

Thirteen longitudinal series of scales between the origins of the
second dorsal and anal. The height of the body is contained five
times and a half in the total length, the length of the head four times
and a fourth. Head rather broader than high, its height being more
than one-half of the length of the head. Snout somewhat longer
than the eye, the diameter of which is one-fifth of the length of the
head, and equal to the width of the interorbital space, which is flat.
Cleft of the mouth oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly, and with
the maxillary scarcely extending beyond the vertical from the
anterior margin of the eye. Teeth in broad villiform bands, those
of the outer series being somewhat larger. Head naked ; scales on
the nape and on the anterior part of the back small, becoming larger
and ctenoid posteriorly. The chstance of the first dorsal fin from the
eye is more than that of the snout from the prseoperculum. The
fourth dorsal spine is the longest, shorter than the posterior soft
rays, which are higher than the tail underneath and extend beyond
the base of the caudal. Caudal rounded. The upper pectoral rays
silk-like ; the ventral docs not extend on to the vent. Greenish-
olive, irregularly marbled with darker ; series of pearl-coloured spots
run along the rows of scales. The second dorsal and the caudal with
series of whitish dots,

Mauritius.

a. Fifty-seven lines long. From the Collection of the Zoological
Society. — Type of the species.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 549

Page 26. Gobius soporator.
Gohius catulus, Girard, U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 26.
pi. 12, figs. 9, 10, appears to be closely allied to this species.
The first and second dorsal spines are the longest.

Specimen I. is from the coast of Sicily, and from Mr. Gerrard's
Collection.

Page 27. Add the following species : —
39 a. Gobius knerii.
Steindachner in Sitzgsher. Acad. Wiss. Wien. 1861, xlii. p. 287. fig. 1.
D. 6 I 10. A. 9. L. lat. 36.

The height of the body is one -sixth of the total length, the length
of the head two-ninths. Snout obtuse, shorter than the eye, the
diameter of which is one-third of the length of the head, or twice
the width of the interorbital space. Cleft of the mouth oblique, ex-
tending to below the anterior half of the orbit, with the lower jaw
rather prominent. Teeth of the outer series largest. Scales on the
anterior part of the back much smaller than those on the body.
Dorsal fins not very close together, as high as the body ; the fii-st
dorsal spine is the longest : the ventral fin terminates at some distance
from the vent. No warty stripes on the head ; cheeks naked. Body
with narrow, darker vertical streaks ; a brown spot at the base of
the caudal ; dorsal fins with brownish longitudinal lines ; the other
fins transparent, immaculate. (Steind.)

Coast of the Island of Lessina (Dalmatia).

Page 35. Gobius notacanthus.

This species is described and figured by Steindachner in Sitzgsber.
Wien. Acad. 1861, vol. xhi. p. 290. fig. 2. Steindachner has found
a small prominence above the angle of the praeoperculum, which re-
minds one of a similar peculiarity in Gobius oplopomus ; he calls the
species Ojihpomus notacanthus.

Page 43. Add a new species : —

80 ff. Gobius paradoxus.
D. 6 I 11. A. 9. L. lat. 14.
The head and the trunk are entirely naked to between the second
dorsal and the anal, the remainder is covered by ctenoid scales of
moderate size ; there are nine or ten of them in one of the anterior
transverse series. The height of the body is contained five times and
two-thirds in the total length, the length of the head four times and a
quarter. Head nearly as broad as high, its width being rather more
than one-half of its length. Eyes rather close together, of moderate
size. Snout obtuse, rounded, as long as the eye ; cleft of the mouth
shghtly oblique, with the jaws equal in length, and with the max-
illary extending to below the middle of the eye. Teeth in villiform
bands ; there are two curved canine teeth on each side of the lower

550 ADDENDA ET COREIGENDA.

jaw. The first dorsal spine is elongate, filiform, sometimes extending
to the hase of the caudal ; caudal rounded, shorter than the head ;
none of the pectoral rays silk-like ; the ventral terminates at a great
distance from the vent. Blackish (in spirits), caudal and ventral fins
black ; the dorsal filament whitish.
Western coast of Central America.

a-b. Seventeen lines long. Collected by Captain Dow ; presented
by Dr. P. L. Sclater, Seer. Zool. Soc.

Page 44. Gobius macrostoma.

During the printing of this Catalogue, I received that part of
vol. xlii. of the Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna Academy in which
Herr Steindachner has described a Gobiopsis macrostomus. As I
cannot acknowledge Goh'wpsls as a well-founded genus, but refer this
species to Gobius, I am obliged to alter the name of the new species
described at p. 44, Herr Steindachner' s description being of an earlier
date. I therefore propose to caU it Gobius microphiludmus.

Page 46. Add another species : —
87rt. Gobius lyricus.

Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 169, and U. S. ^ Mex.
Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 25. pi. 12. figs. 4, 6 (incorrect).

D. 6 I 12. A. 12.

Scales of moderate size. The height of the body is one-sixth of
the total length, the length of the head two-elevenths, that of the
caiidal one-fourth. Snout obtuse, with the anterior profile rounded ;
cleft of the mouth nearly horizontal, with the jaws subequal ante-
riorly, and with the maxillary extending to below the pupil of the
eye. The middle rays of the first dorsal filiform ; the ventral ex-
tends to the vent. Reddish-brown, with dark cross-bars. (Gii-ard.)

Brazos Santiago (Texas).

Page 51. Gobius marmoratus.

Kessler's investigations have rendered necessaiy considerable alter-
ations in our former account of the Gobies of the Black Sea, for
which we relied chiefly on Nordmann. Thus, for instance, we were
induced, by the figure quoted, to suppose that this fish belongs to
the division of smaU-scaled species ; but Kessler says that it has 44-47
scales iu-4:he lateral line. We can scarcely believe, however, that all
the specimens examined by the different autliors really belong to the
same species when we look at the number of the fin-rays ; these are —

D. 18. A. — according to Pallas.

D. 18-20. A. 18 „ Nordmann.

D. 16-19. A. 14-17 „ Kessler.

Page 56. Gobius capito.

a'. Adult. Alexandria. From Mr. Petherick's Collection.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 551

Page 51. Insert instead of Gobius marmoratus : —
98. Gobius ratan.

Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Muss. 3Ierid. iii. p. 416, Poiss. pi. 11. fig. 2;
Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. 3Iosc. 1859, 2. p. 239.

D. 6 I 17 (18). A. 14-15, L. lat. 55-58.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; the diameter of the eye is two-ninths of
the length of the head ; eyes close together ; cleft of the mouth
extending to below the anterior margin of the eye; lips thin
and narrow; the upper half of the operculum scaly. The soft
dorsal is highest behind the middle ; the ventral does not extend
on to the vent, which is one-foui'th nearer to the end of the
snout than to that of the caudal fin. Brownish-black, irregularly
spotted with lighter ; the fii'st dorsal yellow at the top, the second
with black bands.

Shores of Odessa. Bug.

Page 51. Add another species : —

98 a. Gobius syrman.

Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 419. pi. 12. fig. 1 (in-
correct) ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 238.

D. 6 I 19-20. A. 15-16. L. lat. 61-65.

The height of the body is one-fifth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fourth ; head a little broader than high ; cleft of the
mouth extending nearly to below the anterior margin of the eye ;
lips fleshy, broad ; the diameter of the eye is nearly one-fifth of the
length of the head ; the upper third of the operculum scaly ; anus a
little nearer to the end of the snout than to the end of the caudal ;
eleven or twelve longitudinal series of scales on the posterior portion
of the taU. Yellowish-brown, irregularly brown-spotted ; fins black-
ish, uniform or with more or less distinct spots. (Kessl.)

Odessa. Krym.

Page 51. Gobius batrachocephalus.

Add to the synonymy : —

Rathke, Fauna der Krym, p. 323 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859,
2. p. 232.

The crown of the head is scaleless.

Page 52. Add another species : —

100 a. Gobius fluviatiUs.

Gobius fluviatilis, Pallas, Zooyr. iii. p. 1G2 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy.
Puss. Merid. iii. p. 429 ; Steindachner, Sitzunysher. Wien. Acad. xlii.

552 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

1861, p. 288. taf. 1. fig. 3 ; Kessler, Beitr. Ichthyol. siidtcestl. Russl.
p. 7, and Nachtr. p. 7, and Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 247.
Gobiiis lacteus, Nordrn. I. c. p. 430. pi. 10. fig. 3.

D. 6 I 16-18. A. 15-16. L. lat. 60-65.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head one-fifth ; head a Httle broader than high. The dia-
meter of the eye is contained five times and a half in the length of the
head, and more than the width of the interorbital space ; snout longer
than the eye, with the lower jaw longest, and with the maxUlaiy
extending to below the front margin of the eye. Nape of the neck
scaly ; there are twenty-six scales between the forehead and the
spinous dorsal. The spinous dorsal lower than the body ; anterior
dorsal rays longer than the posterior. Brownish, upper parts irre-
gularly spotted with darker ; dorsal and caudal fins with series of
brown dots ; a brown spot superiorly at the base of the pectoral.

Rivers of Southern Eussia. Eiver Casoh near Brussa.

This Goby, which we have placed among the doubtful species
(p. 4), has lately been fully described and figured by Steindachner
(who also refers G. sordklus, Benn., to its synonymy) and by Kessler ;
the latter distinguishes a dark-coloured variety with the dorsal fins
yellow- and with the caudal white-edged; and a light variety (G.
lacteus, Nordm.).

Oohhis stevenii (p. 52) differs in having a wider mouth, the maxil-
lary extending to behind the midcUe of the orbit, and also in the
form of the soft dorsal fin, which has the posterior rays longest.

Page 52. Gobins lacteus

is a variety of O. fiiiviatilis, according to Kessler, BuU. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
1859, 2. p. 247.

Page 52. Insert instead of Gobins lacteus : —
101. Gobius gymnotrachelus.

Kessler, Nachtriiqe zur Ichthyol. cles sudicestl. Russl. p. 12, and Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 233.

D. 6 1 -^,. A. -^. L. lat. 60-70.

I 10-1/ 13-14

Head only a little broader than high ; crown of the head and nape
of the neck naked ; cleft of the mouth extending nearly to below the
anterior margin of the eye ; lower jaw not much prominent. Yel-
lowish-grey, with brown transverse bands obliquely descencUng for-
wards ; lateral line with blacldsh spots ; pectoral, dorsal, and caudal
fins -R-ith dark bands. (Kessler.)

Dnjester, Dnjeper, and Bug.

Page 52. Gobius platyrostris.

We gave the diagnosis of this species from the account of Nord-
niann ; it appears, however, from the examination of Prof. Kessler,

J

ADDENDA ET COREIGENDA. 553

that two species have been confounded under the name platyrostris,
and that the fish figured by Xordmann is specifically different from
that of Pallas : —

102. Gobius platyrostris.
Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 154 ; EafJtke, Fauna der Krym, p. 325 ; ? Nordm.
in Demid. Voij. Muss, llerid. iii. p. 410 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 235.

D-elieVr ^-liVr L.lat. 72-74.
Head large, depressed, one-fourth of the total length ; lower jaw
rather longer than the upper ; lips fleshy, very broad, the upper lip
especially dilated ; the length of the ventral fin is rather less than
one-seventh of the total. Crown of the head scaly. Brownish-
grey, spotted -svith darker ; fins (except ventral) dark grey, lighter
at the base, with blackish streaks.

102 a. Gobius kessleri.

Gobius plat_^T0stris, Nordm. I. c. pi. 24. fig. 1 ; Kessler, zur Ichthyol.
siidl. liussl. p. 11 ; (not Pall).

platvcephahis, Kessler, Nachtriige zur Ichthyol. siidtcestl. Russl.

p. 16, aud Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 234 ; (not Richards, or
Peters).

I>-6|t^; A.j^. L.lat. 65-75.
Head large, depressed, its length being contained twice and three-
fourths in the total length ; lower jaw prominent ; crown of the head
and upper portion of the operculum scaly ; the length of the ventral
fin is contained five times and a half in the total. Brownish-grey,
with dark-brown spots ; fins (except ventrals) mth dark bands.
Dnjester, Dnjeper, and Bug.

102 5. Gobius trautvetteri.

Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 244.

D. 6 I 17-19. A. 13-15. L. lat. 63-68.

Body tapeiing posteriorly ; head scarcely broader than high, its
length being one-fourth of the total. Cleft of the mouth extending
to below the anterior margin of the eye ; lower jaw projecting beyond
the upper ; Ups rather narrow ; nape of the neck and the upper por-
tion of the operculum scaly. The second dorsal is highest behind the
middle ; length of the caudal one-fifth of the total. Nine or ten longi-
tudinal series of scales on the hind part of the taU. Brownish, with
whitish dots and a lateral series of five or six brown spots. (Kessl.)

Bug. Odessa.

Page 52. Gobius paganellus.

Add to the synonymy : —

Gobius melanio, Pall. Zoogr. iii. p. 157 ; Rathke, Fauna der Krym,
p. 327 ; Nordm. in Demid. Voy. Russ. Merid. iii. p. 412, Poiss. pi. 11.
fig. 1 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 250.

554 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

Page 53. Gobius melanostoma.

Add to the synonymy : —

Rathke, Fauna der Krym, p. 325 ; Kessler, Naclitr. zur Ichthyol. sud-
westl. Russl. p. 7, and Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 249.

Page 54. Gobius opMocephalus.

• Add to the synonymy : —

Gobius ophiocephalus, Rathke, Fauna der Krym, p. 324; Kessler,
Nachtriiqe zur Ichthyol. des siidwestl. Russl. p. 11, and Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 243.

reticulatus, JEichw. Zool. Spec. iii. p. 77.

Page 55. Gobius capito.

This is O. e.vantJiematosus of Nordmann and Kessler (Bull. Soc.
Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 241) ; but it is uncertain whether the de-
scription given by Pallas under that denomination has been taken
from specimens of the same species.

Page 58. Gobius minutus.
Erase from the synonymy Gobius leopardinus, Nor dm.

Page 60. Gobius banana.

v. Fine specimen. West Indies. Presented by the Medical OiRcers,
R.A., at Fort Pitt.

Page 64. Gobius grammepomus.

Add to the synonymy : —

Gobius litturatus, (Heckel) Steindachner in Sitzunysber. Wien. Acad.
1861, xlii. p. 289. figs. 4, 5.

The only difference from G. grammepomus is that in the specimen
in the Vienna Museum the upper part of the operculum is scaly.
The specimen was from the Philippiae Islands.

Page 75. Add a new species : —

141 a. Gobius seminudus.

D. 6 I 15. A. 10.

Head and anterior portion of the trunk naked ; sides with exceed-
ingly small scales, becoming somewhat larger posteriorly. The
height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length of the
head one-fourth. Head with the cheeks swollen, depressed, broader
than high, its width being two-thirds of its length. Eyes close to-
gether, directed upwards, of moderate size ; snout obtuse, as long as

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 655

the eye ; cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, with the jaws equal
anteriorly, and with the maxillary extending to below the middle of
the eye. Teeth in viUiform bands, the anterior of the lower jaw
slightly enlarged ; there are two small curved canine teeth on each
side of the lower jaw. Dorsal fins rather low, the hind part of the
spinous dorsal being scarcely lower than the anterior ; caudal round-
ed, as long as the pectoral ; none of the pectoral rays silk-like ;
ventral rather short, terminating at a great distance from the vent.
Blackish, fins and sides of the head dotted with black ; ventrals
black.

West coast of Central America.

a~h. Collected by Captain Dow ; presented by Dr. P. L. Sclater,
Seer. Zool. Soc.

The largest of the specimens examined is two inches long. The
species has such peculiar characters that it will be readily recognized.
It has no natural affinity to the other small-scaled Gobies, which
generally have an elongate form.

Page 79. Add a new species :• —
2. Euctenogobius sagittula.

D. 6 1 13. A. 14. L. lat. 58.

Twenty longitudinal series of scales between the dorsal fin and the
anus, twelve between the anterior portion of the second dorsal and
the anal. The height of the body is one-eighth of the total length,
the length of the head five times and two-thirds. The head is as
high as broad, its width being somewhat more than one-half of its
length. Eyes very close together. Snout obtuse, shorter than the
eye, the diameter of which is one-fourth of the length of the head.
Cleft of the mouth slightly oblique, with the jaws equal anteriorly,
and with the maxillaiy not extending to below the centre of the eye.
Head naked ; scales on the nape and behind the axil very small, be-
coming larger posteriorly. The second dorsal spine is the longest,
somewhat lower than the body underneath, but higher than the soft
dorsal ; caudal rather elongate and pointed, two-ninths of the total
length. Pectoral shorter than the head ; the ventral terminates at a
great distance from the vent. Light greenish-olive, with a series of
four brown spots along the middle of the tail ; sides of the head
with some irregular blackish-violet blotches ; dorsal, caudal, and pec-
toral fins dotted with black, ventral and anal immaculate.

Western coast of Central America.

a. Thirty-one lines long. Collected by Captain Dow ; presented by
Dr. P. L. Sclatei', Seer. Zool. Soc.

This species has another series of very small teeth within the
maxillary front series ; these internal teeth do not appear to be fully
developed, but destined to replace those in function. The teeth of
the lower jaw form a very narrow band anteriorly, and stand in a
single series posteriorly.

556 ABDENDA ET COERIGENDA.

Page 80. Latrunculus albus.

The number of the fin-rays varies a little : —

"■ ^ I T^3- ^- 12-14-

All the specimens, the longest of which is 21 lines in length, have
lost the scales ; there were 25 in a longitudinal series, if the series
correspond to the dixasions of the muscles.

Gohius pellucidus of Nardo and Kessler is probably identical with
L. albus ; the only difference which I can make out, by a comparison
of Kessler's description with the Scotch specimens, is in the relative
size of the eye, which is rather larger in Q. pellucidus. Kessler's
specimens were 17 lines long.

2. Latrunculus pellucidus.

PAphya cobitis, Rondel, p. 210.

Gobius pellucidus, Nanlo, Giorn. Fis. Pavio, iii. 1824, Osservaz. etc. p. 7.

Gobius pellucidus, Kessler, Bidl. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 260.

D-5|nV3-/-i-3^- L-lat. 24-25.

The diameter of the eye is one-fourth of the length of the head
(ia L. albus one-fifth), equal to (in L. albus less than) the extent of
the snout, and more than the width of the interorbital space.
Transparent.

Adi'iatic ; Black Sea.

Page 85. The characters of Gobiosoma molestum are the following : —

1 a. Gobiosoma molestum.

Girard, Proc. Acad Nat. Sc. PhUad 1858, p. 169, and U. S. ^ Mex.
Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 27. pi. 12. fig. 14.

D. 7 I 12. A. 12.

The length of the head is one-fourth of the total. Jaws equal
anteriorly. The maxillary does not extend to below the centre of
the eye. Ventrals short. Dusky-brown, fins wdth blackish streaks.
(Girard.)

Indianola, Texas.

Page 91. Benthophilus macrocephalus.

Add to the synonymy : —

Benthophilus macrocephalus, Fichw. Fauna Casp.-Caticas. p. 210.
tab. 3. figs. 3 a-c ; Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, ii. p. 265.

Kessler has found that the number of the fin-rays is subject to
some variation : —

D. 3-4 I '-. A. -L.

I 6-9 7-9

Nordmann and Eichwald appear to have described the gill-open-
ings of too small a width ; according to Kessler, they are narrower
than in Gobius.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 557

Page 97. Periophthalmus koelreuteri.

Var. KOELREUTERI.

a'-h'. Young. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Var. PAPiLio.

i'. Thirty lines long. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Officers

of the Army Medical Department at Fort Pitt.
Tc'-T. Half-grown. Grand Popoa. Presented by J. Couch, Esq.

Page 105.

Erase 8. Eleotris somnolentus, Girard, from the list of doubtful
species.

Page 113. Add another species : —

9 a. Eleotris somnolenta.

Eleotris sunmulentus, (r/z-rtrr/, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philad. 1858, p. 169,
and U. S. i^ Mex. Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 28. pi. 12. figs. 1-3.

D. 7 I -i-. A. J^. L. lat. 35-36.

Nine series of scales between the origin of the second dorsal and
the anal. The scales on the upper surface of the head are rather
small and extend to the extremity of the snout, those on the side of
the head to the prajorbital. Scales minutely ciliated. The height
of the body is contained four times and a fifth ia the total length,
the length of the head four times and a half to four times and two-
thii'ds. Head obtuse, thick. The upper profile of the snout descend-
ing obliquely downwards in a nearly straight line. The diameter of
the eye is one-seventh of the length of the head and one-third of the
width of the interorbital space. The maxUlary extends nearly to
the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth moveable,
villiform. Caudal rounded, a little shorter than the head. Greenish-
olive ; cheek with two indistinct darker streaks ; a black spot on the
shoulder. The second dorsal and anal with series of dark spots.

Fresh waters of Central America and Demerara.

The three specimens " with shorter head and caudal fin " (p. 112)
belong to this species ; three others have since been received.
d, e-f. Adult and half-grown. Cordova.

Page 115. Add a new species: —
13 a. Eleotris potamophila.

D. 6 I -i. A. |. L. lat. 42.

PrEeoperculum without spine. Fourteen series of scales between
the origins of the second dorsal and the anal fins. The scales on
the neck are of moderate size, becoming gradually smaller anteriorly,
twenty-three between spinous dorsal and snout (the small anterior
ones included) ; they do not extend on the snout. Scales on the oper-
culum smaller than those on the body ; those on the cheek very small
and numerous. Scales ciliated. The height of the body is con-

558 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

tained six times and a half in the total length, the length of the head
three times and a thii-d. The eye occupies the third eighth of the
length of the head, and its vertical diameter is one-half of the width
of the interorbital space. Head rather broad and depressed, with
the snout of moderate length, and with the lower jaw prominent.
The maxillary extends beyond the vertical from the centre of the
eye. Teeth card-like, in broad bands. Gill-membranes not attached
to the isthmus. Vertical fins lower than the body; caudal rounded,
equal in length to the pectorals, which are three-fifths of the length
of the head. Reddish, irregularly marbled with brownish and black-
ish ; brown spots on all the fins ; the spinous dorsal black ; a pair
of brown spots on the base of the pectoral, visible interiorly and ex-
teriorly.

Yan-tse-kiang.
a. Sixty-eight lines long. Obtained 230 miles from the mouth of
the river. Presented by the Officers of the Ai'my Medical De-
partment at Fort Pitt.
I. Fine specimen. Chikiang. From Mr. Fortune's Collection. — I
formerly referred this specimen to E. obscura, to which the
present species is very closely allied ; the latter, however, may
be readily distinguished by the pair of brown spots at the root
of the pectoral fin.

Page 116. Eleotris butis.
I: Adult. Canton. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

Page 119. Eleotris dormitatrix.

Add to the synonymy : —

Philypnus dormitator, Girard in B,eport of U. S. Sf 3Iex. Boimd. Surv.
Fishes, p. 29. pi. 12. fig. 13.

Page 122. Eleotris gyrinus.

Add to the synonymy : —

Girard in Report of TJ. S. ^- Mex. Bound. Surv. Fishes, p. 28. pi. 12.
figs. 11, 12.

c-e. Half-grown and young. Caribbean Sea. Presented by the
Officers of the Army Medical Department at Fort Pitt.

Page 125. Eleotris fusca.
r'. Adult. Canton (?). From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

Page 145. CaUionymus curvicomis.
n. Adult male. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

Page 148. CaUionymus longecaudatus.
q'. Adult. From Mr. Gerrard's Collection.

ADDENDA ET COEHIGENDA. 659

Page 164. Liparis pulchellus.

Having seen the first part of the first vohime of the Proceed. Calif.
Acad. Nat. Hist., I am enabled to add the formula of the fins in this
species : Dr. AjTes, however, says that the vertical fins are so united
that it is not easy to enumerate the rays : —

D. 47. A. 40. C. 11.

Girard has given an incorrect, or at least unintelligible description
of the pectoral fins ; according to Dr. Ajtcs's account, they have the
same form as in L. vidgaris. The gOl-opening is small, equal ia
width to the diameter of the eye ; teeth tricuspid.

Page 165. Liparis mucosus.

It is evident from the short description given by Dr. Ayres that
this species is veiy distinct from L. pidcliellus ; but the characters
by which it difiers from L. calhjodon, PaU., have not been pointed
out by its discoverer : —

" The length of the head is one-fourth of the total (the caudal
excluded) ; snout rounded anteriorly, not truncated ; longitudinal
diameter of the eye nearly one-sixth of the length of the head. The
dorsal and anal fins both arise at about the same points as in L. pid-
cliellus ; they are not continuous with the caudal, but terminate at its
base, leaving that fin separate and distinct, with a rounded extremity.
The dorsal is emarginate a short distance from its origin, giving in
a degree the appearance of an anterior dorsal. Plain greenish-olive,
lighter beneath.

" In the branchial aperture, form of the operculum, teeth, nostrils,
pectoral and ventral fins, ia the loose attachment of the skin, this
species agrees well with L. pidchellus." (Ayres.)

San Francisco.

Page 166.
Erase Batrachus apiatus from the Kst of doubtful species.

Page 168. Add the following species : —

1 a. Batrachus apiatus.
Cut: i§- Val. xii. p. 477 ; Cuv. Rhgne Anim. El. Poiss. pi. 85. fig. 3.
D. 3 I 19. A. 16. V. 1 I 2.

The skia on the crown of the head, on the cheek and on the chia
is provided with reticulated folds ; a series of pores rims along the
side, and a vertical fold of the skin descends from each pore. Thb
length of the head is two-sevenths of the total ; the width of the
bony bridge between the orbits is contained five times and a half in
the length of the head, and equals the extent of the snout, which is
longer than the eye. GiU-covers with four spines directed back-
wards, two belonging to the operculum and two to the suboperculum.
Vomer and palatine bones with a series of conical teeth. Snout

560 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

broad, depressed, flat, with a few very short tentacles at the angle
of the mouth ; orbital tentacles none. The maxillary extends to
below the posterior margin of the orbit. No foramen in the axil.
Yellowish, with large irregular blackish-brown cross-bands ; fins
with spots of the same colour.
Cape of Good Hope.

a. Adult. Cape Sea. Presented by the Officers of the Army Medical
Department at Fort Pitt.

Pages 178 and 182. BRACHIONICHTHYS.
In the diagnosis read : — " and sometimes with the soft dorsal."

Page 182. Brachionichthys hirsutus.
a. Fine specimen. Tasmania. Presented by Dr. A. Giinther.

Page 199. Antennarius bigibbus,
c. Adult. Presented by the Officers of the Army Medical Depart-
ment at Fort Pitt.

Page 203. Halieutsea stellata.
Add to the synonymy : —
Sleek. Verhand. Acad. Wete?isch. Amsterd. i., Japan, p. 10.
Dr. V. Bleeker has dissected this fish : — air-bladder and pyloric
appendages absent ; intestinal tract much longer than the fish, con-
taining remainders of shells.

Page 207. Add to the Synojjsis of the Genera : —
Ventral fins. Scales large. Barbel none .. . 16. Dacttloscopus, p. 279.

Ventral fins. Scales large. A short com-
pressed barbel 16«. Myxodagnus, p. 563.

Ventral fins none. Scales small ; lateral line
none. Anal spinenone. Gill-membranes

" bj an istlunus 21 «. Anoplaechus, p. 564.

Page 212.

6. Blennius multifihs, Girard, is to be erased from the list of
doubtful species.

Page 215. Blennius tentacularis.

Add to the synonymy : —
Blennius auritus, Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 227.
Kessler has obsei-ved that the number of teeth varies according to
the size of the specimens.

ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA. 561

Page 216. Add another species : —
9 a. Blennius melanio.
Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. 3Iosc. 1859, 2. p. 230.
D.if. A. 24-25.

The height of the body is one-sixth of the total length, the length
of the head a little more than one-fifth. Anterior profile of the snout
rather abrupt ; two strong curved teeth on each side of the lower
jaw, none in the upper. Orbital tentacle short, simple, filiform.
Uniform brownish-grey ; a series of blackish spots along the margins
of the dorsal and anal. {Kessler.)

Bay of Sebastopol. — ^Twelve to eighteen lines long.

Page 21 7. Blennius vulgaris.
Add to the synonymy : —
? Ichthj'oooris varus, Gervais in Rev. Zool. 1859, p. 347.

Page 218. Blennius sanguinolentus.

Add to the sjmonymy : —

Blennius sanguinolentus, Rathke, Fauna der Krym, p. 34 ; Kessler,
Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 227.

Kessler has made a very important observation in this species,
viz. that the number of teeth increases -with age ; he found 38-40
in specimens six inches long, 26-28 in specimens two inches and a
half, 22-24 in others one inch and a half.

Page 221. Blennius pavo.

Add to the synonj'my : —

Blennius lepidus, Rathke, Fauna der Krt/m, p. 34 ; Kessler, Bull. Soc.
Nat. Mosc. 1859, 2. p. 220.

Page 222. Blennius galerita.

Add to the synonymy : —
Blennius montagui, Kessler, Bull. Soc. Nat. 3Iosc. 1859, 2. p. 229.
This species was not previously known from the Black Sea.

Page 224. Blennius crinitus.
This species appears to have a very wide geographical range, a
second specimen being from the Cape of Good Hope.

b. Adult. Cape Seas. Presented by the Officers of the Army Medical
Department at Fort Pitt.

Page 225. Blennius bifilum.
h-c. Thirty-four lines long. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the
Officers of the Army Medical Department at Fort Pitt.

VOL. III. 2 0

502 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

Page 225. Add another species : —

32 a. Blennius multifilis.

Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Fhilad. 1858, p. 169, and U. S. 8f Mex.
Bound. Sun: Fishes, p. 27. pi. 12. fig. 6.

The height of the body equals the length of the head, and is two-
niaths of the total. Snout obtuse, with the anterior profile abruptly
descending. Orbital tentacle long, with some cirrhi at the base ; a
curved tooth in both jaws ; the spinous portion of the dorsal is con-
tinuous with, but lower than, the soft. Brownish, with darker spots
on the back, dorsal and caudal fins. {Girard.)

St. Joseph's Island (Texas).

Page 228. Add another species ; —
3Grt. Elennius bufo.
Pholis bufo, Lowe, Proc. Zool. Sue. 1843, p. 87.
D.^. A. 20-21.^

Allied to B. trhjhkles, and similar in habit to B. sanguinolent'us.
No curved tooth in the upper jaw. Orbital tentacle none ; the inter-
orbital space only slightly concave. Blackish-bro-\vn, variegated with
lighter and darker, or light-brownish spotted with black. Pectoral
with transverse series of black spots.

Discovered by the Rev. E. T. Lowe at Madeira, in localities where
a slight run of fresh water enters the sea ; the species grows to a
length of 11-12 inches.

Page 248. Salarias marmoratus.

a. Type of the species. Sandwich Islands. From Mr. Gerrard's

Collection. — The space between the base of the last dorsal ray
and the caudal fin is one-tenth, not of the total length of the
fish, but of the length of the dorsal fin.

Page 251. Salarias dussumieri.
h. Adult. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by the Officers of the
Army Medical Department at Fort Pitt.

Page 269. Clinus acuminatus.

b. Adult. Cape Seas. Presented by the Officers of the Army

Medical Department at Fort Pitt.

Page 273. Cristiceps argentatus.
Var. Cristiceps antinectes.
h'. Fine specimen. Freemantle. Presented by Dr. Bowerbank.

Page 275. Cristiceps austraHs.

c. Adult. Freemantle. Presented bv Dr. Bowerbank.

ADDENDA ET COKEIGENDA. 563

Page 279. Dactyloscopus tridigitatus.

Mr. Gill has favoured me Avith a further account of specimens ex-
amined by him ; he distinguishes, now, two West Indian and one
Californian species. The two former appear to me to be very closely
allied, and identical with the specimens in the British Museum,
although they all show slight difterences fi'ora one another. Mr.
GiU distinguishes —

a. D. tridkjitatus, from Barbadoes, Cuba, and Key "West, with the
formula : D. 40. A. 34. L. lat. 45.

h. D. poeyi, from Cuba, with the formula : D. 42. A. 34. L. lat. 48.

The species from California is : —

2. Dactyloscopus pectoralis.

Dactyloscopus pectoralis, Gill.

D. 34. A. 28. L. lat. 40.

Light brownish-yellow, with dark spots arranged in lines, forming
the outlines of about six dorsal quadrangular areas, from the angles
of which other lines proceed downwards and converge towards those
departing from the angles of the adjoining areas. A transverse blotch
posteriorly between the orbits. Four rays diverge in pairs from each
orbit ; two dark spots on the crown ; behind and below the orbit ia
a whitish area, with a dark spot before and behind ; upper angle of
the operculum whitish, bordered in front by a dark line or spot.

Caudal and pectoral fins much longer than in the West Indian
species. (GiU.)

Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

Page 279. Add a new genus : —

16 a. MYXODAGNUS.

Myxodagnus, Gill.

Head rather elongate and acutely conical ; eyes large, elliptical,
very closely approximated ; frontal bones extremely narrow. Lower
jaw much projecting, with a short compressed flap or barbel in front
of the symphysis. Dorsal fin behind the vertical of the anus. In
other respects similar to Dactyloscopus, but with the membranaceous
fold between the limbs of the lower jaw much reduced.

For the knowledge of this genus also I am indebted to the kind-
ness of Professor Gill, who has sent me an abstract of the lengthened
description which he will shortly publish in the Proceedings of the
Academy of Nat. So. Philad. ; unfortunately it was received when
the printing of this volume was nearly completed.

1. Myxodagnus opercularis.
Gill, MS.

D. 36. A. 38. L. lat. 51.

The length of the head is one-sixth of the total, or four times the

2 0 2

Ofj4 ADIIENDA EX CuKHIUENDA.

diameter of the eve. light yeliowish-brown ; a margaritaeeous spot
behind and beneath the eye, another on the operculum. {Gill.)
Cape St. Lucas, Lower California.

Page 279. Dictyosoma temminckii.
Yan der Hoeven {Hundh. d. Dlerh. ii. p. 347) has proposed the
name of D. himjeri for this fish, with which name it is described by
Dr. V. Bleekerin Verhand. Acad. Wctensch. Amsterd. i., Japan, i). 9.

(7. Half-grown. Japan.

Page 281 . Add another species : —
2a. Stichseus nubilus.
Lumpenus nubilus, Hichards. Last Arcf. Vorj. Fishes, p. 13. pi. 28.
D. 63. A. 43. V. 1/4.
Vomerine and palatine teeth none. The lieight of the body is
one-eleventh of the total length. The upper jaw slightly overlap-
ping the lower. Ventrals slender, about one-tliii'd the length of the
head, composed of a short spine and two jointed rays, visible enough,
with two others, very slender and shorter, looking like a single ray,
fissured to the base. The lower pectoral rays shorter than the
middle ones ; vertical fins not continuous. Light-coloured, marbled
with darker. (Richards.)
Wellington Sound.

Page 285. Centronotus gunellus.
Add to the synonymy : —
Blennius gunelhis, Pall. Zooyr. iii. p. 173.

Page 287. Centronotus fasciatus.
Add to the synonymy : —
Gunellus fasciatus, Richards. Last Arct. Vmj. Fishes, p. 11. pi. 27.

Page 289. Centronotus crista galli.

Professor Gill has sent me a notice of a Elennioid fish which I
consider identical with 0. crista galli, although, in his description,
he does not mention the longitudinal crest on the head. As the sheet
containing my description is printed, I regret that I am not able to
adopt the specific denomination proposed in his letter. But he very
truly observes that tlie gill-openings are separated by an isthmus, the
membranes not being connected with each other as in Centronotus.
The species, therefore, would belong to a diflerent genus, named by
Mr. GiU Anojyiarchus, the other characters of which are the same as
those of Centronotus. The name of the species ^vill be Anoplarchus
cn'sta gcdli.

Page 373. Spirobranclius capensis.
d-f. Adult. Near Cape Town. Presented by the Earl of Derby.
(/. Adult : stufl'ed.

ADDENHA ET CORRIGENDA. 565

Page 373. Add a new species : —
2. Ctenopoma microlepidotum.

D.i^. A.;^. L. lat. 34. L. transv. 6/11.

Operculum with a semicircular notch posteriorly ; three or four
spinous teeth at each of the two corners of the notch ; edge of the
subopercuhim very indistinctly denticulated. A brown streak from
tlie eye to the angle of the prseoperculum.

Fresh waters of the Cape of Good Hope.

a. Six inches and a half long. Presented by the Officers of the
Army Medical Department at Fort Pitt.

Description. — This splendid species will be readily distinguished
by its small scales on the back, and by the armature of the opercles,
which is much less developed than in Ct. multispine. The height of
the body is two-sevenths of the total length (the caudal fin not in-
cluded), the length of the head one-third. The interorbital space is
flat, its ^-idth being equal to the extent of the snout, or to one-fourth
of the length of the head ; the diameter of the eye is somewhat less.
Snout obtusely conical, with the lower jaw prominent, and with the
maxiUaiy not extending to below the middle of the eye. Praeoper-
cular margin entire, Avith the angle rounded ; the operculum teiTni-
nates in two processes, each of which is proAided with three or four
spinous teeth, and which leave a semicu'cular notch between them ;
the notch is filled by a membrane of blackish colour ; the serrature
of the suboperculum is very indistinct ; interoperculum smooth. Six
branchiostegals ; the gill- membranes are united, not attached to the
isthmus ; the portion covering the isthmus is scaly. The head is
covered with scales, except the snout : the scales on its upper surface
are irregular, those on the cheek rather smaU, there being about eight
series between the orbit and the prajopercular margin ; four trans-
verse series of scales on the operculum, one along the sub- and inter-
operculum. Large pores indicate the course of the mucifcrous
channels on the head.

The teeth in the jaws form a vUliform band, those of the outer
series being enlarged ; bands of vomerine and palatine teeth narrow.

The spinous portions of the vertical fins are low, whilst the middle
of the soft dorsal and anal fins is prolonged into a filament, extending
beyond the base of the caudal. The caudal fin is subtruncated, its
length being contained four times and two-thirds in the total ; each
caudal ray is produced beyond the connecting membi'ane into a short
filament. Pectoral rounded, much longer than the ventral, which is
composed of one spine and five rays.

Scales cihated ; the lateral line is interrupted above the origin of
the anal, its two portions being nearly equal in length.

The superbranchial organ is a large round cavity on each side of
the occipital region, closed inferiorly by a membrane ; a broad, simple,
thin bony lamella.occupies the concavity of the upper portion of the
first branchial arch. Four gills ; a slit behind the fourth.

One or two other specimens of this fish are preserved in the Mu-

566 ADDENDA ET CORRIGENDA.

scum at Fort Pitt. In consequence of the discovery of a second
species of Ctenopoma, a part of the diagnosis of that genus must be
modified, as follows : some of the opercular pieces serrated ; dorsal
spines sixteen to seventeen ; anal spines eight to ten.

Page 378. Helostoma temminckii.
h-c. Adult. Java. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

Page 380. Polyacanthus signatus.
m. Half-grown. Java. Purchased of Mr. Jamrach.

Page 382. Gsphromenus olfax.

Goramy, Hardw. in Zool. Jouni, iv. p. 309.
Important paper on the habits and the viviparous nature of this
fish.

Page 483. Channa orientalis.
i. Young. Ceylon. Purchased of Mr. Cuming.

Page 499. Gobiesox cephalus.
a. Half-grown. West Indies. Presented by the Officers of the
Army Medical Department at Fort Pitt.

Page 528. AmpMsile strigata.
h. Adult. Purchased of Mr. Frank.

Page 545. Notacanthus sexspinis.
a. Adult. Tyi^e of the species.

Page 90. Omitted by inadvertence.

Srt. TEIDENTIGER.

Tridentiger, Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, 1858, December.

Body subcylindrical, covered with ctenoid scales of moderate size ;
head depressed, flat, with the snout obtuse ; cleft of the mouth sub-
horizontal, with the jaws nearly equal anteriorly. Eyes of moderate
size. Teeth in both jaws in a double series, those of the outer series
tricuspid. Two dorsal fins, the anterior with six flexible spines ;
caudal quite free ; vcntrals united, short, adherent to the beUy.

Fresh waters of Japan.

1. Tridentiger obscurus.

Sicydium obscurum, Sehler/. Faun. Japan. Poiss. p. 145. pi. 76. fig. 1.
Tridentiger obscurus. Gill, I. c.

D. 6 I 11. A. 10-11.
Anterior dorsal spines produced. Brown.
Japan.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abbreviata (Cepola), 488.
abhortani (Ampliacan-

thus), 313.
Acanthoelinidte, 297.
Acanthoclinus, 297.
Acanthogobius, 4.
acanthopomus (Eleotris),

105.
acanthorhynchns (Callio-

nymus), 485.
acantliorhynehus (Heme-

rocoetes), 485.
Acantliui'oidei, 325.
Acauthurus, 325, 345.
Acarauna, 329.
Acliarnes, 3(59.
Acharnina, 369.
achilles (Acauthurus), 340.
AcronuridiB, 325.
Acronui'us, 345.
aeuleata (Ehynchobdella),

540.
aouleatum (Ophidium),

540.
aculeatus (Clinus), 282.
aculeatus (Lumpenus),

282.
aculeatus ( Macrognathus),

540.
aculeatus (Stichwus), 282.
acuminatus (Clinus), 269,

562.
acutipinnis (Gobius), 44,

49.
acutus (^lugil), 410.
admii-abilis (Calliony-

mus), 144.
adustus (Mugil), 448.
agyptius (Acronurus),

348.
seneo-fuscus (Gobius), 61.
sequipinnis (IJlennius),

225.
aequipinms(Salarias), 253.
affinis (Atherina), 399.
affinis (C'Hnus), 285.
affinis (Gobius), 4.
affinis (Gunellus), 285.
affinis (Mugil), 433.

affinis (Ophiocephalus),

470.
afra (Atherina), 398.
Agonostoma, 461.
Agonostomus, 461.
Alauda cristata, 221.
albomaculatus (Gobius),

69.
albopunetata (Teuthis),

318.
albopunctatus (Ampha-

cauthus), 318.
albopunctatus (Gobius),

25.
albula (Mugil), 410, 465.
albumus (Atherinich-

thys), 404.
albus (Gobius), 80.
albus (Latrunculus), 80,

556.
alectrolophus (Centrono-

tus), 289.
alectrolophus (Gunellus),

289.
alepidotum (Gobiosoma),

85.
alepidotus (Gobius), 85.
aleppensis (Mastaeembe-

lus), 541.
aleppensis (Rhyncho-

bdeUa), 541.
algeriensis (Batrachus),

171.
aliala (Acanthurus), 339.
alticus (Salarias), 242.
altivelis (Acanthiu"us),

342.
altiveUs (CalHonymus),

147.
altivelis (Trachypterus),

303.
amarulus (Mugil), 449.
Amblj-opina, 133.
Amblyopus, 133.
amblyrliyncluis (Petro-

scirtes), 230.
amboinensis (Eleotris),

117.
amboinensis (Keris), 356.

amboinensis(Petroscirtes),

237.
amboinensis (Salarias),

244.
americanus (Blennius),

295.
americanus (Enchely-

opus), 295.
americanus (Lophius),181
amiciensis (Gobius), 35.
amorea (Gobius), 122.
Amphacanthus, 313.
amphibius (Blennius),242
Amphisile, 524.
Anabas, 374.
anabatoides (Betta), 389.
Anarrhichas, 208.
Anarrhiclithys, 211.
ancylodon (Petroscirtes),

235.
Andamia, 294.
anema (Petroscirtes), 236.
anginosus (Keris), 356.
anginosus (Priodon), 356.
Aiiguella, 394.
anguillaris (Amblyopus),

135.
anguillari8(Blenmiis),282,

296.
anguillaris (Clinus), 271.
anguillaris (Gobius), 74,

133.
anguillaris (Gunellus),

282.
anguillaris (Leptogunel-

lus), 282.
anguillaris (Lmnpenus),

282.
anguillaris (Stichseus),

282.
anguillaris (Zoarces), 296.
angusta (Malthea), 201.
anjerensis (Gobius), 6.
annularis (Acanthurus),

330.
annularis (Chrenogobius),

65.
annularis (Gobius), 65.
annularis (Priodon), 352.

668

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

annulatus (Jfaseus), 352.
aiunilatus (Priodon), 3o'2.
anolis (Petroscirtes), 2."58.
anolius (Blennechis), 238.
Anoplarchus, 5(J4.
Anteiiiiarius. 183.
anticolus (Blennius), 217.
antinectes (Crisficeps),

273, oG2.
Aphya, 58.
aphya (Gobius), 58.
apiatus (Batracbus), 559.
Apocvyp'.es, 80.
Apodi'chtbys, 290.
apogonius (Gobius), 28.
aporos (Eleotris), lO'.t.
apos (Gunellus), 288.
apus (Centronotus), 288.
arabicus (Gobius), 74.
aral (Ebyiicbobdella),540.
arcticns ( Chiroiiectes'), 1 8f).
arcticus ( Gy mii et rus) , 305 .
arcticus (Gymnogaster),

305.
ai'cticus (Trachypterus),

305.
arenarius (Gobius), 59.
arenatus (Salarias), 249.
argentatus (Blennius), 272.
argentatus (Clinus), 272.
argentatus (Cristiceps),

272, 562.
argentea (Teutliis), 322.
argenteus (Acanthurus),

346.
argenteus (Acronurus),

346.
argenteus (Amphacan-

thus), 322.
argenteus (Mugil), 424.
argentiiineatus (Periopb-

thalmus), 98.
argeutinensis (Atherina),

405.
argentinensis ( Atlierinich-

thys), 405.
argus (Mastacembelus),

542.
argus (Ophiocepbalus),

480.
argyrotseniata (Atherina),

392.
aristotelis (Bogmarus),

304.
armatus (Macrognathus),

542.
armatus (Mastacembelus),

542.
armiger(Acantburus),337.
artedii (Blennius). 223.
ascanii (Blenniops), 284.

ascanii (Blennius), 284.

ascanii (G3 unietrus), 31 1.

Aspidontus, 229, 231.

Aspisurus, 34s.

aspro (Platyptera), 138.

Asterropteryx, 132.

Atherina, 392, 402.

Atheriniclitlivs, 402.

Atherinida\ ;{91.

Atlierinina, 391.

Atherinoides, 402.

atherinoides (Gobius), 18.

Atherinopsis, 402.

atlantic-us (Salarias), 242.

Auclienionchus, 261.

Auohenoptorus, 275.

audifredi, 272.

Aulostoma, 535.

Aulostomatoidei, 529.

aurantiacus (Amphacan-
thus), 321.

aurantiacus (Opliiocepha-
lus), 471.

auratus (Eleotris), 11.

auratus (Gobius), 11.

auratus (Mugil), 442.

auritus (Blennius), 215,
560.

aurosplendidus (Blen-
nius), 212.

austrab's (Cristiceps), 275,
562.

australis (Teutliis), 327.

axillaris (Mugil), 444.

Axinurus, 348.

bacalaus (Gobius), 50.
Badis, 367.
badis (Labrus), 367.
badius (Euctenogobius),

79.
bahianus (Acanthurus),

325.
baikalensis (CallionA'mus),

299.
baikalensis ( Comepliorus),

299.
balbis(Lepadogaster),511.
balinense (Sicydium), 96.
Balistes, 186.
baliuroides (Gobius), 42.
baliurus (Gobius), 18.
banana (Gobius), 59, 554.
Band-fish, 486.
bankanensis (Opliioce-

phalus), 475.
bankanensis (Petroscir-
tes), 237.
bankieri (Petroscirtes),

229.
banksii (Gymnetrus), 309.

banksii (Regalecus), 309.
barbarus (Gobius), 97.
barbatulus (Antennarius),

188.
barbatulus (Cluronectes),

188.
barbatus (Liparis), 159.
barbatus (Lophius), 179.
barbatus (Petroscirtes),

238.
barbatus (Tricenophorich-

thvs), 90.
Barbero, 329.
barca (Ophiocepbalus),

477.
bariene (Acanthurus), 338.
basalis (Eleotris), 114.
basalis (Ophiocepbalus),

472.
Basilichthys, 402.
basiliscus (Blennius), 220.
bato (Apocryptes), 82.
bato (Gobius), 82.
Batrachidre, 166.
batrachocephalus (Go-
bius), 51, 551.
Batrachoides, 166.
Batracbus, 166, 175, 179.
Bedula, 367.
bejeus, 387.
belanak (Mugil), 427.
belcheri (Callionymus),

148.
Belennus, 145.
belenus (CaUionymus),

145.
Bellows-fish, 518.
bellus (Salarias), 256.
belobrancha (^Eleotris),

127.
Belobranchus, 105, 127.
belosso (Gobius), 50.
belosso(Oxyurichthys),50.
bennettii (Dactylopus),

152.
Benthopliilus, 91.
berlandieri (Mugil), 410.
Betta, 388.
biaouleatus (Monoceros),

348.
biciliatus (Lepadogaster),

511.
bicolor (Gobius), 11,52.
bicornis (Chironectes),

184.
bifilum (Blennius), 225,

561.
bigibbus (Antennarius),

199, 560.
bigibbus (Lophius), 199.
bilitonensis (Salarias),257.

ALPHABETICAL INDKX.

569

biniaculatus (Cyclojite-

rus), 514.
bimaculatus (Clobiesox),

514.
bimaculatus (Gobius), 74.
bimaculatus (Lepadogas-

ter), 514.
bimauensis (Atherina),

392.
biocellatus (Antennarius),

196.
biocellatus (Blennechis),

239.
biocellatus (Cliironectes),

196.
biocellatus (Gobius), 20.
biocellatus (Petroscirtes),

239.
bipunctatus (Aeanthurus),

331.
bipunctatus (Gobius), 76.
biseriatus (Salarias), 240.
bishopi (Gobius), 27.
bispinis (Batrachus), 166.
bitelatus (Gobius), 35.
blanrhardii (Neocliuus),

259.
bleekeri (Aeanthurus),

335.
bleekeri (Atlierina), 398.
bleekeri (Mugil), 445.
bleekeri (Plesiops), 364.
Blennecliis, 229.
Blenniid:e, 206.
Blenuioclinus, 261.
Blenuiops, 284.
Blennius, 211,284.
Blennophis, 259.
Blenny (Pui-p'e), 286.
Blenny (Smooth), 22(>.
Blenny (Spotted), 286.
blocliii (Aeanthurus), 330,

344.
blokzcyli (Gobius), 5.
boddaertii (Boleophthal-

mus), 102, 103.
boddaTtii (Eleotris), 102.
bodda;rtii (Gobius), 102.
bogmarus (Trachypterus),

305.
Boleophthalmus, 101.
bonapartii (Notacanthus),

545.
bonariensis (Atherina),

404.
bonariensis (Atherinich-

thys), 404.
bonelUi (Trachypterus),

301.
Bontali, 410.
bontah (Mugil), 427.

bontii (Gobius), 41.
Bouches en flute, 529.
borbonieus (Mugil), 410,

437, 445.
borealis (Batrachus), 170.
borneensis (Apocryptes),

borneensis (Gobius), 33.
borneensis (Mugil), 448.
borneensis (Periophthal-

mus), 100.
boscianus (Chasmodes),

229.
boseii (Atherina), 406.
boseii (Gobius), 85.
bosquianns (Blenniiis),

229.
Bostrichthys, 105, 127.
bothriocephalus (Gobius),

10.
bougainvillii (Antenna-
rius), 199.
bougainvillii (Chironec-

tes), 199.
Bouri, 417, 443.
Bouria, 417.
boyeri (Atherina), 394.
Bi-achionichthys, 182,

560.
brachycentron (Naseus),

349.
brachycephalus (Blemiio-

clinus), 264.
brachycephalus (Clinus),

264.
brachygaster (Amblyo-

pus), 134.
brachyptera (Atherina),

401.
brachypterus (Apoervp-

tes), 80, 84.
brachysoma (Amblyopus),

136.
brachysoma (Mugil), 425.
brasiliensis (Atherina),

4t)4.
brasiliensis (Atherinich-

thys), 404.
brasiliensis (Gobius), 6.
brasiliensis (Mugil), 431.
brea (Blennius), 215.
breviceps (Atherina), 395.
breviceps (Blennecliis),

234.
breviceps (Evorthodus),

85.
breviceps (Gobius), 6.
breviceps (Mugil), 410.
breviceps (Petroscirtes).

234.
brevifilis (Gobius). 4.

brevipinnis (Blennius),

226.
brevirostris (Gobiesox),

494.
brevirostris (Gobius), 41.
brevirostris (Naseus), 349.
brevirostris (Teuthis), 318.
brevis (Aeanthurus), 325.
brevispinis (Acroniu-us),

346.
brevispinis (Amphisile),

527.
britarmicus (Gobius), 11.
britannicus (Mugil), 439.
brosme (,Centronotus),284
broussonetii( Amblyopus),

136.
broussonetii (Gobioides),

136.
broussonetii (Mugil), 435.
brownii (Lepadogaster),

510.
brunneus (Gobius), 65.
buccatus (Gobius), 14.
buchanani (Badis), 367.
buchanani (Mugil), 410.
budegassa, 180.
bufo (Blennius), 562.
bufo (Lophius), 167.
bufo (PhoUs), 562.
Buliotte, 58.
Buosega, 454.
bm-geri (Dictyosoma),564.
Butis, 105.

butis (Cheilodipteru8),n6
butis (Eleotris), 116, 558.
bynoensis (Gobius), 70.

Cabot (Mulct-), 417.

calculus (Amblyopus),
133.

cseruleo-lineatus (Plesi-
ops), 363.

CcXTuleo-maculatus (Mu-
gil). 445.

ca?ruleo-punctatus (Go-
bius), 70.

caruleus (Aeanthurus),
336.

ca^ruleus (Cyclopterus),
155.

ca^rlUeus (Gobius), 5, 6.

cagnota (Blennius), 217.

calaiu'opomus (Calliony-
mus), 147.

californiensis (Atherinich-
thys), 406.

californiensis (Atherino-
psis), 406.

CallicHnus, 261.

CaKionymina, 138.

570

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Callionymus, 138, 151.
callyodon (Cycloptenis),

102.
callyodon (Liparis), 162.
Campylodon, 544.
campylostomus (Boleopli-

thalmus), 101.
canaUculata (Teutbis),316
canaliculatus (Amphacan-

thus), old.
canalicidatus (Choetodon),

316.
canariensis (Clinus), 262.
candollii (Lepadogaster),

513.
canina (Eleotris), 124.
cauinoides (Gobius), 36.
caninus (Gobius), 38.
Caimorbyncbus, 529.
cantberius (Eleotris), 115.
cautoufensis (Apocryptes),

98.
cantoris (Antennarius),

193.
cantoris (Eleotris), 107.
cantoris (Mugil), 430.
cantoris (Ospbromenus),

384.
capellei, 312.
capensis (Blennius), 268.
cajiensis (Cirrhibarbis),

269.
capensis (Clinus), 269.
capensis (Gymnetrus),308
capensis (Mugil), 443.
capensis (Spirobrancbus),

373, 564.
caperata (Eleotris), 117.
capiUatiis (Clinus), 262.
capillatus (Labrosomus),

262.
capistratus (Gobius), 36.
capito (Blennius), 215.
capito (Gobius), 55, 554.
capito (Mugil), 439, 455.
capito (Tripterygion),277.
Carida, 417.
carinatus (Acanthurus),

334.
carinatus (Mugil), 410.
Carolina (Atberina), 392.
carolinarum (Aspisurus),

354.
carolinariim (Naseus),354.
carolinus (Pbolis), 212.
cascasia (Mugil), 410.
caspia (Atberina), 392.
caspius (Gobius), 4.
castaneus (Salarias), 247.
catebus (Gobius), 21.
Cat-fish, 208.

Catopra, 368.

catidus (Gobius), 6, 549.

caudatus (Macrognatbus),

541.
caudimaculatus (Anten-
narius), 197.
caudimaculatus (Chiro-

nectes), 192, 197.
cauereusis (Gobius), 41.
Caustello, 439.
cavernosus (Blennius),240
cavernosus (Salarias), 240.
Cebidichthys, 200.
Cefalo, 417.
Cefalo pietra, 454.
celatus (Batraclius), 167.
celebicus (Acanthurus),

339.
celebicus (Gobius), 21.
celebicus (Salarias), 250.
Centriscidas, 618.
Centriscus, 518.
Ceutrogaster, 313.
Centronotus, 285.
cepedianus (Gymnetrus),

78.
cepedianus (Lophotes),

312.
cephalarges (Gobius), 4,

546.
cephalotus (Mugil), 419,

428.
cephalus (Gobiesox), 499,

566.
cephalus (Lepadogaster),

513.
cephalus (Mugil),417,439,

4.54, 455.
Cepola, 486.
Cepohdae, 486.
ceramensis (Gobiodon),88
oeramensis (Gobius), 88.
ceramensis (Mugil), 449.
ceramensis (Salarias), 246.
Ceratias, 205.
cei'vicornu (Blennius),212
Cestrivus, 461.
ceylonensis (Mugil), 446.
Chainogobius, 4.
Chftturicbthys, 3.
changua (Apocryptes), 81.
changua (Gobius), 80.
Channa, 483.
chaptaUi (Mugil), 410.
Chasmodes, 228.
Chaunax, 200.
Chauve-souris demer, 200
chelo (Mugil), 442, 454,

455.
chena (Opliiocephalus),

474.

chilensis (Conger), 294.
cliilensis(Genypterus),294
chilensis (Gobiesox), 497.
chilensis (Sicyases), 497.
chilensis (Tomicodon),497
chilo (Gobius), 4.
cliiloensis (Gobius), 5.
ehinense (Aulostoma),

538.
cliinense (Ophidium), 78.
cliinensis (Apocryptes),

chinensia (Aulostomus),
536, 538.

cliinensis (Cha;todon),379.

cliinensis (Fistularia),536.

cliinensis (Gobius), 37.

chinensis (Polyacanthus),
379.

chinensis (Solenostomus),
536.

Chironectes, 182, 183.

chironectes ( Ajitennarius\
197.

cliironeotes (Lopliiua),197

chirurgus (Aeanthm-us),
329.

chirurgus (Cliaetodon),
329.

clilorostigma (Chironec-
tes), 183.

clilorostigma (Gobius), 5.

chlorostigmatoides (Gobi-
us), 39.

chordatus (Stylophorus),
306.

Chorisochismus, 490.

chrysosoma (Acanthurus),
332.

chrysospilos (Ampliacan-
thus), 313.

chrysospilos (Periopli-
thaimus), 100.

clirysospilos (Salarias),
250.

chuna, 387.

chupasangue (Lepado-
gaster), 313.

Cievolo, 417.

ciliatus (Blennius), 296.

ciliatus (Lepadogaster),
511.

ciliilabis (Myxus), 467.

cinereus (Blennius), 268.

Cirrbibarbis, 261.

cirrhostoma (Mugil), 459.

cirrhosum (Lepisoma),
262.

cithara (CaUionymus).
144.

citrinus (Gobiodon), 87.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

571

citrinus (Gobius), 87.
Clinus, 2(51, 272.
coalitus (Gobius), 548.
cobitis (Gobius), 6.
cobojius (Cojus), 375.
coccineua (Antennarius),

191.
coccineus (Cliironectes),

191.
coccoi (Leptopterjgius),

515.
Cocliinchina Lopliius,185
cocosensis (Gobius), 230.
coecula (Cepola), 133.
coecula (Ta-iiioides), 135.
coeculus (Amblyopus),133.
Colisa, 387.

colisa (Triehopodus), 387.
colonianus (Gobius), 59.
coloratum (Aulostoma),

536.
Comephorids?, 299.
Comepliorus, 299.
commersonii (Antenna-
rius), 192.
commersonii (Cliironec-
tes), 192. _
commersonii (Fistularia),

533.
commersonii (Gobius), 6.
commersonii (Lophius),

192.
communis (Liparis), 161.
compressus (Mugil), 451.
concatenata (Teuthis),

316.
concatenatus (Amphacan-

thus, 316.
concolor (Lentipes), 96.
conspicillum (Batrachus),

171.
constantife (Mugil), 418.
constructor (Gobius), 4.
conwayii (Iloplognathus),

357.
coquillad (Blennius), 284.
corallicola (Plesiops), 364.
corallina (Teutliis), 316.
corallinus ( Amphacan-

thus), 316.
cora-mota (Ophiocepha-

lus),471.
cornifer (Blennius), 214.
corniger (Acronurus), 348.
cornubicus (Cyclopterus),

511.
cornubicus (Lophius),179.
coruubiensis (Lepadogas-

ter), .511.
cornutus (Blennius), 213,

215.

cornutus (Macrorhampho-

sus), 519.
cornutus (Silurus), 519.
coronatus (Cyclopterus),

155.
corrugatus (Mugil), 454.
corsula (Mugil), 460.
coryphsenula (Gobius),87.
Corystion, 140.
cotra, 387.

cottoides (Clinus), 269.
Cotylis, 497, 499.
couagga (Chwtodon), 327.
C'om-pata, 408.
crassilabris (Gobius), 63.
crassispina (Giuiellus),285
crenilabris (Mugil), 458.
Crepidogaster, 507.
criniger (Gobius), 29.
crinitus (Blennius), 224,

561.
crinitu.s (Clinus), 266.
crista galli (Anoplarchus),

564.
crista gaUi (Cebidichthys),

260.
crista galli (Centronotus),

289, 564.
crista galli (Gobius), 8.
cristatus (Adonis), 223.
cristatus (Blennius), 223.
cristatus (Myxodes), 2(51.
cristatus (Trachypterus),

301.
Cristiceps, 272.
cruentatus (Gobius), 54.
Cryptacanthodes, 291.
cryptocentrus(Batracbus),

166.
cryptocentrus (Gobius),71
cryptochilus (Mugil), 444.
Ctenodon, 280.
ctenodon (Acanthurus),

342.
Ctenogobius, 4.
Ctenopoma, 373, 565.
Ctenops, 384.
cubifrons (Malthe), 203.
CuUus, 105, 125.
culius (Cheilodipterus),

125.
cunnesius (Mugil), 428,

434.
cupanus (Polyacanthus),

381.
Curema, 431.
curtus (Mugil), 439.
curvicornis(CaLLionymus),

145, 558.
curvidens (Mugil), 467.
ciu'videns (Myxus), 467.

cuvieri (Salarias), 248.
cuvieri (Tetragoniu-us),

408.
cyanoclavis (Gobius), 40.
cyanomos (Gobius), 39.
cyanospilos (Opbiocepha-

lus), 474.
cyanostigma(Eleotriodes),

119.
cyanostigma(Eleotris), 119
cyanostigma(SaIarias),258
cyanotiBnia (Amphacan-

thus), 323.
cyanotajnia (Gobius), 71.
Cyologastcr, 159.
Cyclops (Salarias), 246.
Cyclopterus, 154.
cycloisterus (Gobius), 14.
cyolopus (Liparis). 1(53.
cyUndricus (Mugil), 410.
cynocepbalum(Sicydium),

94.
cynodon (Petroscirtes),

234.
cyprinoides (Blennechis),

235.
cyprinoides(Eleotris),l 18.
cyprinoides (Gobius), 8.
cyprinoides (Nestis), 462.
cyprinoides (Petroscirtes),

235.

Dactylopus, 151.
dactylopus (Callionymus),

152.
dactylopus (Vulsus), 152.
Dactyloscopus, 279, 560.
Dajaus, 461.
dama (Salarias), 241.
danius (Atherina), 105.
dario (Bades), 367.
dario (Labrus), 367.
Daurin, 442.
Deal-flsh, 305.
decem-radiatus (Mugil),

452.
decussatus (Gobius), 69.
decussatus (Salarias), 240.
deissneri (Osplu-omenus),

381.
deissneri (Polyacanthus),

381.
delalandii (Clinus), 2(54.
delalandii(Malacoctenus),

264.
delisianus (Acanthurus),

340.
dentatus (Apocryptes), 81.
dentatus (Boleophthal-

mus), 101.
dentatus (Oxuderces),165.

572

AI.PUABKTICAL INDEX.

dentex (Chorisochismus),

490.
dentex (Cyclopterus), 490.
dentex (Gobiesox), 490.
dontex(Lepadogast*r),490
denticulatus (Anarrlii-

chas), 211.
desfontainii (Lepadogas-

ter), 614.
desjardinii (Acantliurus),

344.
despicillatus (Clinus),271 .
Diablo, 200.
diadematum ( G obiosoma) ,

85.
diadematus (Gobius), 85.
Dictyosoma, 279.
didacfylus (Batraelius),

170.
diemensis (Batraelius),

169.
diemensis (Dajaus), 465.
Diplocrepis, 506.
diproctopterus (Salarias),

254.
dipus (Perioplithalmus),

98.
Discoboli, 154, 489.
dispar (Petroscirtes), 231.
dobiila (Mugil), 420.
dobuloides (Agonostoma),

462.
dobuloides (Nestis), 462.
doliata (Teuthis), 323.
doliatus (Amphaeanthus),

323.
doliatus (Siganus), 323.
dolichogaster (Blennius),

288.
dolichogaster (Centrono-

tus), 288.
dolichogaster (Gunellus),

288.
doreensis (Acanthurus),

332.
dorehensis (Antennarius),

184.
dormitator (Gobiomorus),

119.
dormitator (Philypnus),

119, 558.
dormitator (Plalycepha-

lus), 119.
dormitatrix(Eleotris), 119,

558.
dorsaUs (Amphaeanthus),

318.
dorsalis (Clinus), 271.
dorsalis (Teuthis), 318.
double-epine (Cyclopte-
rus), 502.

Dracunculus, 144.
dracmiculus (Calliony-

mus), 1.S9, 144.
Dragonet (Gemmeous),

140.
Dragonet (Sordid), 140.
dubius (Batrachus), 169.
dubius (Clinus), 272.
duodecimalis (Atherina),

400.
dussumieri (Acanthurus),

335.
dussimiieri (Batrachus),

169.
dussumieri (Blennechis),

229.
dussumieri (Boleophthal-

mus), 104.
dussumieri (Mugil), 428,

449.
dussumieri (Salarias), 251,

5(52.

Ealpout, 295.
echinocephalus (Gobius),

34.
edentulus (Blennius). 252.
edentulus (Salarias), 252.
ehrenbergii (Gobius), 19.
einthovenii (Polyacan-

thus). 378.
etstromii (Gobius), 57.
elegans (Aspisurus), 353.
elegans (Callionymus),

145.
elegans (Clinus), 261.
elegans (Gobius), 18.
Eleotriodes, 105, 130, 131.
eleotrioides (Gobius), 4.
Eleotris, 105.
elcotris (Gobius), 37.
elongatus (Acanthurus),

331.
elongatus (Chastodon),

331.
elongatus (Myxus), 466.
elongatus (Petroscirtes),

233.
emarginatus (Blennius),

224.
Enchelyopus, 295, 540.
endrachtensis (Atherina),

401.
engeli (Mugil), 430.
eoume (Prionurus), 354.
epalzeorhynchus (Sala-
rias), 240.
eparai (Acanthurus), 337.
ephippiatus (Gobius), 4.
eruptionis (Amblyopus),

133.

erythrocephalus (Blenni-
us), 215.

erythrophaios(Gobiodon),
"87.

erythrophaios (Gobius),
"87.

erythrotfenia (Mastacem-
belus), 542.

Euctenogobius, 79.

euronotus (Mugil), 443.

europ.eus (Blennius), 286.

eiu-ypterus (Lophius),179.

Evortliodus, 84.

exanthematosus (Gobius),
55, 554.

expansa (Andamia), 294.

fabricii (Campylodon),

544.
fabricii (Gunellus), 280.
fabricii (Liparis), 161.
fabricii (Lumpenus), 280.
falcipinnis (Mugil), 453.
falx (Trachypterus), 302.
fasciata (Catopra), 368.
fasciato-punctatus (Go-
bius), 22.
fasciatus (Blennechis),

231).
fasciatus (Blennius), 244.
fasciatus (Callionymus),

138.
fasciatus (Centronotus),

287, 564.
fasciatus (Clinus), 262.
fasciatus(C!tenogobius),34.
fasciatus (Gobius), 34.
fasciatus (Gimellus), 287,

564.
fasciatus (Harpurus), 327.
fasciatus (Hop'ognathus),

357.
fasciatus (Mugil), 458.
fasciatus (Petroscirtes),

239.
fasciatus (Polyacanthus),

388.
fasciatus (Sa'arias), 244.
fasciatus (Scaradon), 357.
fasciatus (Sicyases), 497.
fasciatus (Trichogaster),

387.
fasciolatoceps CBlennius),

212.
fasciolatus (Blennechis),

229.
faujas (Lophius), 203.
felis (Anarrhichas), 211.
felis (Anarrhichthys), 21 1 .
fenestratum (Triptery-

gium), 278.

I

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

573

fenestratu8 (Blennius),

278.
fergusonis (Lophius), 179.
fernandezianus (Clinus),

262.
ferrandi (Mugil), 424.
festivus (Callioiivmus),

144, 147.
filamentosus (Blennecliis),

230.
filamentosus (Calliony-

mus), 147.
filamentosus (Petroscir-

tes), 230.
filicomis (Blennius), 216.
filifer (Gobius), 73.
filosiis (Gobius), 28.
Filzetta, 443.
fimbriata (Cotylis), 498.
fimbriatus (Zoarces), 296.
firmamentum, 313.
Fishing-Prog, 197.
fissieornis (Blennius), 225.
Fistularia, 529.
Fistularidit, 518, 529.
nstularis (Fiagel'aria),

629.
flammans (Eleotris), 105.
flavescens (Acanthurus),

342.
flavescens (Platjpterus),

138.
Flaveton, 443.
flavidus (Apodichtliys),

290.
flavimanus (Acanthogo-

bius), 76.
flavimanus (Gobius), 76.
flavo-guttatus (Acanthu-
rus), 325.
flavo-umbrinus (Salarias),

241.
flavus (Gobius), 13.
fluvialilis (Gobius), 15,

551.
fontanesii (Gobius), 74.
fornasini (Eleotris), 123.
forskalii (Atherina), 397.
forsteri (Agonostoma),

465.
forsteri (Mugil), 465.
forsteri (Salarias), 252.
forsteri (Tripterygium),

278.
frat«r (Blennius), 212.
frateroulus (Acanthurus),

341.
frenatus (Gobius), 39.
frenatus (Salarias), 246.
freycineti ( Perioplif lial-

jnus). 100.

frontalis (Salarias), 245.
fronticornis (Naseus),348.
fronticornis (Naso), 348.
fronto (Pata.'cu8), 292.
fronto (Salarias), 255.
fucorum (Blennius), 217.
fuliginosus (Acanthiu-us),

330.
fuliginosus (Gobius), 4.
fureipiiis (Chironectes),

184.
fusca (Eleotris), 125, 558.
fusea (Poecilia), 125.
fuscatus (Periophthal-

mus), 96.
fuscescens (Amphacan-

thus), 318, 321.
fuscescens (Centrogaster),

321.
fuscescens (Teuthis), 321.
fuscus (AcanthocUnus),

298.
fuscus (Acanthurus), 339.
fuscus (Acronurus), 330.
ftiscus (Gobius), 26.
fuscus (Opliioceplialus),

471.
fuscus (Salarias), 245.
fusiformis (Gobius), 22.

gachua (Ophiocephalus),

471.
gahhm (Chastodon), 338.
galim (Acanthurus), 338.
Galerita, 221.
galerita (Blenniops), 284.
galerita (Blennius), 212,

222, 284, 561.
gangene (Batrachoides),

168.
gastrospilus (Gobius), 43.
gattorugine (Blennius),

212, 244.
gelatinosus (Cyclopterus),

163.
gelatinosus (Liparis), 163.
geminatus(Blennius),228.
gemmatus (Acanthurus),

343.
geniguttatus (Calliclinus),

265.
geniguttatus (Clinus), 265.
geniporus (Gobius), 55.
genivittatus (Gobius), 13.
gentilis (Blennius), 217-
Genypterus, 294.
geograpliicus (Lophius),

187.
gibbifrons (Salarias), 251.
gibbosus (Cyclopterus),

155.

gibbus (Chironectes),

187.
gibbus (Lophius), 187.
giuris (Gobius), 21, 31.
gladius (Cepola), 308.
gladius (Gymnetrus), 308.
gladius (Regalecus), 308.
glaucopareius (Acanthu-
rus), 339.
glesne, 309, 310, 311.
glesne (Opliidium), 310.
glesue (Eegalecus), 311.
glyphidodon (Apocryp-

tes), 84.
GobiesocidiB, 489.
Gobiesox, 490, 499.
Gobiidse, 1.
Gobiina, 3.
Gobio, 159.
gobio (CUnus), 267.
gobio (GobiocUnus), 267.
Gobioehnus, 261.
Gobiodon, 87.
Gobioides, 133.
gobioides (Blennius), 242.
gobioides (Eleotris), 114.
Gobionellus, 3.
Gobiosoma, 85.
Gobius, 3.

gobius (Liparis), 161.
Goby, Black, 11.
Goby, Spotted, 58.
goesii (Salarias), 253.
goldmanni (Gobius). 5.
goramensis (Acanthurus),

343.
goramensi8(Callionymus),

149.
Goramy, 382, 566.
goreensis (Blennius), 212.
Gouania, 515.
gouanii (Lepadogaster),

510.
goiirami (Osphronemus),

382.
gozo (Gobius), 11.
gracilis (Amblyopus), 134.
gracilis (Atherinichthys),

405.
gracilis (Blennius), 281.
gracilis (Centriscus), 521.
gracilis (Gobius), 54, 59,

78.
gracilis(Lepidogobius),78 .
gracilis (Lumpenus). 281.
grammepomus (Gobius),

64, 554.
grammistes (Bleunechis),

236.
grammistes (Petroscirtes),

236.

574

ALPHABETICAL INDKX.

grammoptilua (Acanthu-

rus), 335.
grandicornis (Blennius),

213.
grandinosus (Gobius), 38.
grandinosus (Oijhiocepha-

lus), 478.
grandisquama (Eleotris),

113.
grandisquamis (Mugil),

410.
grapliicus (Blennius), 221 .
grillii (Gymnetrus), 311.
grillii (Regalecus), 311.
groenlandious (Gunellus),

287, 288.
gronovii (Batrachus), 166.
gi'onovii (Zoarces), 295.
grootii (Catopra), 369.
grunniens (Batrachus),

168, 169.
grunniens (Cottus), 168.
grypliurus(Trachypterus),

301.
Guacucuja, 200.
guacucuja (Malthea), 201.
guamensis (Ampliacan-

thus), 313.
guamensis (Gobius), 5.
Guaperva, 188, 200.
Guaperva sinensis, 186.
guavina (Eleotris), 124.
Guffer, 295.

gulosus (Gobius), 6, 546.
Gunellichtliys, 280.
gunelliformis (Centrono-

tus), 288.
GuneUu8, 280, 285.
gunellus (Blennius), 285,

287, 288, 564.
guneUus (Centronotus),

285, 286, 564.
gunellus (Pholis), 2S6.
guttata(Mur;v'noides),286.
guttata (Teutliis), 320.
guttatus (Acanthurus),

329, 333.
guttatus (Amphacanthus),

318, 320.
guttatus (Cli,Ttodon). 320.
guttatus (Gobius), 3.
guttatus (Havpurus), 329.
guttatus (Luciogobius),

152.
guttatus (Salarias), 240,

250.
guttulatus (Clinus), 266.
gutiun (Gobius), 6.
gymnauchen (Gobius), 43.
gymnauchen (Sicydium),

95.

Gymnetridoe, 300.
Gymnetrus, 307.
gymnocephalus (Gobius),

75.
gymnopareius (Amplia-

canthus), 321.
gymnopomus (Eleotris),

105.
gymnopomus (Gobius),65.
gymnotrachelus (Gobius),

552.
gyrinoides (Eleotris), 123.
gyrinus (Eleotris), 122,

558.
gyrinus (Gobiesox), 490.

hfematocbilus (Mugil),

422.
Halieutrea, 203.
hamiltonii (Betula), 368.
hamUtonii (Macrogna-

thus), 543.
Harder, 423.
harengus (Myxus), 467.
Harpurus, 327.
harpiu-us (Acanthurus),

353.
hasseltii (Eleotris), 116.
hasseltii (Gobius), 94.
hasseltii (Polyacanthus),

378.
hasseltii (Salarias), 258.
hasta (Gobius), 78.
hastatus (Gobionellus), 6,

546.
hawkenii (Gymnetrus),

309.
helfricliii (Polyacanthus),

379.
Helostoma, 377.
helsdingenii (Eleotris),

131.
Hemerocoetes, 485.
hemigymnopomus (Go-
bius), 20.
hendricksii (Salarias), 252.
henlei (Apocryptes), 83.
hentzii (Blennius), 212.
Hepatus, 315, 329.
hepatus( Acanthurus), 341 .
hepatus (Teutliis), 341.
hypsetoides (Atherina),

397.
hypsetus (Atherina), 392,

393, 394, 396, 397.
hermanniana (Cej)ola),

135.
hermannianus (Amblyo-

pus), 133, 135.
hermannianus (Tseni-

oides), 135.

herminieri (Blennius),

264.
herminieri (Clinus), 264.
herminieri (Labrosomus),

264.
heterochilus (Mugil), 457.
heterodon (Clinus), 270.
heteroptera(Eleotris), 1 32.
het€ropterus(Eleotriodes),

132.
heteropterus (Salarias),

240.
heterospilos (Gobiodon),

88.
Heterostichus, 261.
hexacanthus (Naseus),355.
hexacanthus (Priodon),

355.
hexagonata (Teuthis), 320.
hexagonatus (Amphacan-

thus), 320.
hexagrammus (Stichseus),

284.
hexanema (Chseturich-

thys), 77.
hexanema (Gobius), 77.
heyligeri (Petroscirtes),

237.
hindsii (Callionymus),

146.
hirsutus (Brachionich-

thys), 182, 560.
hirsutus (Chironectes),

182.
hirsutus (Lophius), 182.
hirudo (Acanthurus), 327.
hispidus (Antennarius),

189.
hispidus (Chironectes),

189.
hispidus (Lophius), 189.
histrio (Antennarius), 188.
histrio (Chironectes), 188.
liistrio (Gobiodon), 88.
histrio (Gobius), 88.
histrio (Lophius), 186,

187, 188,190,196,201.
hoedtii (Eleotris), 110.
hoedtii (Malacanthu8),361
hoedtii (Naseus), 349.
hoevenii (Gobius), 32.
holboUi (Ceratias), 205.
Hoplegnatliidfe, 357.
Hoplegnathus, 357.
horridus (Antennarius),

193.
Hrognkelsi, 155.
huguenii (Callionymus),

145.
humboldti (Atherinich-
thys), 404.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

575

humboldt.iana (Atherina),
4<)4.

humeral is (Acanthurus),
337.

humeralis (Eleotris), 116.

humerosus (Centriscus),
522.

hungta (Cepola), 488.

hypselopterus (Acanthu-
rus), 344.

hypselopterus (Mugil),
450.

hypselopterus (Petroscir-
tes), 237.

Ichthyocoris, 561.
ignobilis (Blennius), 268.
immaculata (Fistularia),

533.
immaculatus (Cannorliyu-

chus), 533.
inaequalis (Bleunius), 211,

223.
inciUs, 4.31.
incisa (Atherina), 405.
incisa (Atherinichthys),

405.
indica (Channa), 483.
indicus (Ophiocephalus),

469, 470.
Ingely, 541.
ingens (Gunellus), 286.
interrupt us^Salarias), 250
interstinctus (Gobius), 21.
iris (Cepola), 303.
iris (Ophiocephalus), 469.
iris (Trachypterus), 303.
irretitus (Mugil), 464.
islandicus (Blennius), 281.
islandicus (Bogmarus),

305.
islandicus (Centronotus),

281.
islandicus (Gunellus), 281.
islandicus (StichEeus), 281.
islandicus (Vogmarus),

305.

jactsoniana (Atherina),
402.

jacksoniana (Atherinich-
thys), 402.

janthinopterus(Gobius),4.

japonica (Atherina), 398.

japonicus (Callionymus),
145, 148.

japonicus (Mugil), 419.

javanicus (Gobius). 33.

javus (Amphacanthus),
f 315.

javus (Teuthis), 31.5.

jovis (Ophiocephahis),

469.
jozo (Gobius), 12, 547.
Jura-sucker, 510.
jussieui (Lepadogaster),

513.

kaUopterus (Periophthal-

mus), 98.
kallosoma (Petroscirtes),

233.
kalolo (Periophthahnus),

97.
karrak( Anarrliichas), 208.
karrouvei (Ophiocepha-
lus), 469.
kelaartii (Mugil), 429.
kelaartii (Ophiocephalus),

472.
Keris, 355.

kessleri (Gobiua), 553.
ketlitzii (Acanthurus),

325.
King of the Herrings, 310.
kingii (Salarias), 240.
knerii (Gobius), 549.
Knorhaen, 168.
knutteli (Gobius), 73.
koelreuteri (Gobius), 97.
koelreuteri (Periophthal-

mus), 97, 557.
koilomatodon (E'eotris),

117.
kokius, 21, 31.
koku, 21.
kopsii (Amphacanthus),

313.
kora (Gobius), 21.
Kora-motta, 471.
Korah-motta, 21.
krusensternii (Cepola),

488.
kuhlii (Gobius), 4.
kuhlii (Poly acanthus), 378
kuhlii (Salarias), 239.
Kunnesee, 434.
kurpah (Gobius), 21.

labeo (MugU), 453.
labiosus (Mugil), 454.
Labrosomus, 261.
labrosus (Bleunius), 296.
labrosus (Mugil), 454.
labrosus (Zoarces), 296.
Labyrintliibranchii, 372,

468.
Labyrinthici, 372, 468.
labyrinthodes (Ampha-

eanthu<;), 317.
labyrinthodes (Teuthis),

317.

lacepedii (Amblyopus),

lacepedii (Antennarius),

190.
lacepedii (Gymnetrus),

302.
lacerta (Callionymus), 144
lacteus (Gobius), 552.
lacunosa (Atherina), 399,

400.
lacustris (Atherina), 394.
liBvigatus (Chironectes),

185, 187.
Isevis (Bracliionichthys),

182.
l.Bvis (Chironectes), 182.
Lievis (Lophius), 182.
liBvis (PhoUs), 226, 227.
lagocephalus (Gobius), 92.
lagocephalum (Sicydiiuu),

92, 94.
lalius (Colisa). 387.
lalius (Triehogaster), 387.
lamarrii (Acantluu-us),331
lampetrreformis (Blenni-
us), 281.
lanceolata (Eleotris), 80.
lanceolatus (Apocryptes),

80, 81.
lanceolatus (Gobius), 50.
laneeo'atus (Regalecus),

78.
laotus (Boleophthalmus),

101.
Latargus, 208.
lateralis (CaUionymus),

149.
lateralis (Eleotris), 122.
lateralis (Philypnus), 122.
laticeps (Sicydium), 93.
laticlavia (Atherina), 402.
laticlavia( Atherinichthys),

402.
laticlavius (Prionurus),

347.
latipinnis (CUnus), 267.
latipinnis (Ophthahnolo-

phus), 267.
latirostris (Lepadogaster),

510.
latovittatus (Labrus), 360.
latovittatus(Malacanthus),

360.
latovittatus (Ttenianotus),

360.
Latruncidus, 80.
Lattarina, 394.
latus (Ophiocephalus),469
lauvergnii (Mugil), 410.
Lavaronus, 393, 394.
leerii (TrichopusV 384.

576

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

leiopterus (Trachypterus),

304.
Lembus, 105.
lembus (Eleotris), 121.
lentiginosus (Gobius), 20.
Lentipes, 96.
leopardinus (Gobius),547.
leopardus (Anarrliichas),

208.
Lepadogaster, 510.
lepadogaster (C'yclopte-

rus), 511.
Lepidogobius, 4.
lepidus (Blennius), 22],

661.
lepidus (Gobius), 78.
leprosus (Antennarius),

198.
leprosus (Chironectes),

195.
Leptopterygius, 515.
lepus (Blennius), 222.
Lepus marinus, 155.
lessonii (Atherina), 402.
lessonii (Nemophis), 296.
lesueurii (Gobius), 12.
leuciscus (Eleotris), 118.
leucopunctatus (Ophioce-

phalus), 409.
leucosoma (Antennarius),

195.
leucosternon (Acanthu-

rus), 340.
leucotwnia (Pliolidich-

thys), 293.
limbata (Cepola), 489.
limbatus (Gobius), 3.
limbatus(Opliiocephalu8),

471.
lindgreeni (Antennarius),

192.
linearis (Gobius), 86.
lineata (Teuthis), 322.
lineatus (Acanthurus),

333.
lineatus (Amphacanthus),

322.
lineatus (Blennius), 212.
lineatus (Cha>todon), 333.
lineatus (Cyclopterus),159
lineatus (Gobius), 15.
lineatus (Lepadogaster),

514.
lineatus (Liparis), 159.
lineatus (Mugil), 417.
lineatus (Sacearius), 183.
lineatus (Salaries), 254.
lineolatus (Acanthurus),

336.
lineolatus (Callionvmus).

149.

liopterus (Trachypterus),

304.
Liparidina, 158.
Liparis, 158.

liparis (Cyclopterus), 159.
liparoides (Cyclopterus),

161.
littoreus (Acanthoclinus),

298.
littoreus (Blennius), 298.
littoreus (Clinus), 298.
littoi-eus (Cyclopterus),

509.
littoreus (Gobiesox), 509.
litturatus (Gobius), 554.
lituratus (Acanthurus),

353.
lituratus (Aspisurus), 354.
lituratus (Harpurus), 353.
lituratus (Naseus), 353.
Lisa, 454.

liza (Mugil), 420, 423.
longecaudatus (Calliony-

mus), 148, 558.
longeradiatiis (Gobius), 12
longeradiatus (Gvmne-

trus), 308.
longicauda (Cepola), 487.
longicornis (Naseus), 348.
longimanus (Mugil), 428.
longipinnis (Eleotris), 1 05.
longirostris (Malthea),201
Lophius, 178.
Lophotes, 312.
lophotes (Chironectes),

189.
Lophotidfe, 312.
lota (Gobius), 54.
Lotregano, 442.
Luciocephalida;, 390.
Luciocepha'us, 390.
Luciogobius, 152.
lueius (Ophiocephalus),

475.
lugens (Gobius), 4.
Lumpen, 295.
Lumpenus, 280.
lumpenus (Blennius), 280.
lumpenus (Centronotus),

281.
lumpenus (Ciinus), 280.
lumpenus (Stichieus), 280.
Lump -nicker, 155.
Lump-sucker (Unctuous),

159.
Lumpus, 155.
lumpus (Cyclopterus), 155
lunatus (Callionvmus),

14().
lupulus (Blennius), 225.
lupus (Anarrhichas), 208.

Lupus marinus, 208.
lurida (Teuthis), 321.
luridus (Amphacanthus),

321.
lyra (Callionymus), 139,

144, 145.
lyra (Uranoscopus), 140.
lyricus (Gobius), 550.

macrocephalus (Anabas),

376.
macrocephalus (Bentho-

philus), 91, 556.
macrocephalus (Chnus),

266.
macrocephalus (Culius),

126.
macrocephalus (Gobius),

91.
macrocephalus( GuneUus),

285.
macrocephalus (Hesacan-

thus), 91.
macrochilus (Mugil), 458.
macTodon (Eleotris), 129.
macrognathos (Gobioso-

ma), 86.
macrognathos (Gobius),

86.
Maerognathus, 540.
macrolepidota (Eleotris),

111.
macro" epidotdT (Sciffna),

111.
macrolepidotus (Mugil),

419, 436.
macrolepis (Apocrvptes),

83. _ ' '

macrolepis (Mugi'), 447,

449.
macrophthalma (Athe-
rina), 404.
macrophthalmus (Gobi-
esox), 502.
Macropodus, 381.
macrops (Mugil), 428.
macropterus (Gobius), 4.
macropteryx (Blennius),

224.
Macropus, 381.
macrostetholepis (Sicy-

dium), 94.
macrostoma(Gobius),548.
macrostomus (Gobiopsis),

548.
macrurus (Gobius), 48.
maculata (Eleotris), 112.
macidata (Rhynchobdel-

la), 543.
maculatum (Aulostoma),

536.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

maculatus (Anarrhichas),

208.
maculatus (Bostrychus),

480.
maculatus (Callionymus),

144.
maculatus (CHnus), 281.
maculatus (Cryptacan-

thodes), 291.
maculatus (Ctenodon),

281.
maculatus (Epidesmus) ,

303.
maculatus (Lembus), 121.
maculatus(Lepadogaster),

514.
maculatus (Mastacem-

belus), 543.
maculatus (Opliioeepha-

lus), 480.
maculatus (Pattecus), 292.
maculatus (Kegalecus),

304.
maculatus (Stichseus) , 28 1 .
maculosa (Thalasso-

phryne), 175.
maculosus (Amphacan-

thus), 321. -
maculosus (Hoplogua-

thus), 358.
madagascai'ierisis (Eleo-

tris), 111.
madeirensis (Mugil), 442.
maderensis (Gobius), 57.
madurensis (Apocryptes),

84.
maandricus (Gobiesox),

505.
mreandricus (Lepadogas-

ter), 505.
Malacanthidffi, 359.
Malacanthus, 359.
Malacoctenus, 261.
Malthe, 200.
Malthea, 200.
marcgravii (Aulastoma),

529.
margaritacea (Eleotris),

107.
margaritatus (Batrachus),

176.
margaritifera (Teuthis),

317.
margaritiferus (Ampha-

canthus), 317, 318.
margariturus (Gobius),

47.
marginata (Cepola), 489.
marginatus (Acanthurus),

333.
marginatus (Naseus), 352.
VOL. III.

marginatus (Ophioceplia-

lus), 471.
marmorata (Atherina),

393.
marmorata (Cotylis), 304.
marmorata (Eleotris), 123.
marmorata (Teuthis), 322.
marmoratus (Amphacau-

thus), 322.
marmoratus (Antenna-

rius), 185.
marmoratus (Blennius),

248.
marmoratus (Calliony-
mus), 150.
marmoratus (Cliironec-

tes), 187.
marmoratus (Gobiesox),

304.
marmoratus(Gobius),546,

550.
marmoratus (Lophius),

184.
marmoratus (Mastacem-

belus), 543.
marmoratus (Nandus),

367.
marmoratus (Salarias),

248, 562.
marmoratus (Sicyogaster) ,

502, 504.
Marsio, 58.

martensii (Gobius), 15.
martinica (Atherina), 395.
martinicus (Gobius), 60.
marulioides (Ophiocepha-

lus), 479.
marulius (Ophiocepha-

lus), 478.
MastacembeUdtE, 539.
Mastacembelus, 539, 540.
mastacembelus (Ophi-

dium), 541.
mata (Acanthurus), 331,

335.
matoides (Acanthurus),

330.
mauritianus (Eleotris),

125.
mayenna (Amblyopus),

135.
mediterraneus (Notacan-

thus), 545.
mediiun (Tripterygium),

278.
medius (C'linus), 281.
medius (Lmnpenus), 281.
medius (Stich:eus), 281.
melancranus (Mugil), 410.
melanio (Blennius), 561.
melanio (Gobius), 553.

melanocephalum (Tripte-
rygium), 277.

melauocephalus (Gobiuj),
64.

melanocephalus(Salarias),

melanochir (Mugil), 430.
melanopterus (Eleotris),

116.
melanopterus (Ophioce-

phalus), 473.
melauopus (Gobius), 0.
melanosoma (Culius),126.
melanosoma (Eleotris),

126.
melanosoma (Gobius), 42.
melanosoma (Ophioce-

phalus), 473.
melanospilos (Ainphacan-

thus), 313.
melanostigma (Eleotris),

117.
melanostigma (Gobius), 5.
melanostoma (Gobius),53,

554.
melanotopterus (Calliony-
mus), 139.
me.anm'um (Tripterygi-
um), 277. '
melanurus (Acanthiu-us),

346.
melanurus (Acronurus),

346.
melanurus (Eleotris), 105.
melanurus (Gobius), 33.
melas (Acanthurus), 345.
melas (iintennarius), 194.
melas (Plesiops), 363.
melasoma, 473.
meleagris (Salarias), 256.
melinopterus (Mugil), 452
menidia (Atherina), 406.
menidia (Atherinichthys),

406.
mentum (Trichopodus),

382.
mentzelii (Cliironectes),

184.
mertensii (Amphacan-

thus), 313.
mertensii (Gobius), 5.
mesoprion (Cepola), 488.
MeuiUe blanc, 439.
mexicanus (Gobius), 61.
microcephalum (Sicy-

dium), 95.
microcephalus (Anabas),

377.
microcephalus (Trypau-

chen), 137.
microcirrhis (Clinus\266.
2p

578

ALPHABETICAX INDEX.

microlepidota (Atherin-

ichthys), 403.
microlepidotum (Cteno-

poma), 565.
niierolepidotus (Basilich-

thys), 403.
microlepidotus (Prionu-

rus), 347.
microlepis (Eleotriodes),

132.
microlepis (Eleotris), 132.
microlepis (Gobius), 49.
microlepis (Osplirome-

nus), 385.
microlepis (Oxym-ich-

thys), 49.
micropeltes (Ophiocepha-

lus), 482.
microphthalmus (Gobius),

650.
microps (Agonostoma),

462.
micropus (Gobiodon), 89.
micropterygius (Urano-

Bcopus), 140.
microstoma (Atherina),

401.
micruriim (Sicydium), 93.
miliaris (Ophiocephalus),

469.
minor (Anarrhichas), 208.
miiiuta (Atherina), 393.
minuta (Eleotris), 58.
minutus (Blenniu.s), 215.
minutus (Cyclopterus),

155.
minutus (Gobius), 57/58,

76, 155, 554.
minutus (Lepadogaster),

155.
mirbeU (Lepadogaster),

514.
mitratus (Blennechis),

237.
mitratus (Petroscirtes) , 237
Tiiocho (Atherina), 396.
modestus (Gobius), 5.
modestus (Periophthal-

mus), 98..
mogumda (Eleotris), 111.
molestum (Gobiosoma),

556.
mollis (Batrachus), 187.
moluccensis (Ajitenna-

rius), 191.
Monoceros, 348.
monoceros (Harpurus),

348.
Monocirrhus, 371.
monophthalmus (Auche-

nopterus), 275.

iiionopterygius (Calliony-

mus), 485.
montacuti (Cyclopterus),

161.
montagui (Blennius), 222,

561.
montagui (Cyclopterus),

161.
montagui (Liparis), 161.
montanus (Ophiocepha-
lus), 471.
monticola (Agonostoma),

464.
monticola (Dajaus), 464.
monticola (Mugil), 464.
morrissonii (CalHony-

mus), 147.
mucosum (Xiphidion),

291.
mucosus (Liparis), 165,

559.
mucronatiun (Ophidium),

285.
mucronatiis (GuneUus),

285.
Mugil, 409.
MugilidiB, 409.
Mugiloidei, 409.
miillerianus (Gymnetrus).

301.
Mullet, 439.

multifilis (Blennius), 562.
multiUneatus (Mugil),

443.
multiocellatus (Antenna-

rius), 194.
multiocellatus (Chironec-

tes), 194.
multispine (Ctenopoma),

373.
mura-noides (Blennius),

286.
mursenoides (Centrono-

tus), 286.
mm'asnoides (GuneUus),

287.
muralis (Eleotriodes),

130.
muralis (Eleotris), 130.
miu-alis (Valenciennea),

130.
muricatus (Lophius), 203.
musculus (Cyclopterus),

1.59.
Musei britannici, 193.
mustela (Blennius), 268.
mustelaris (Blennius), 268
mutabilis (Clinus), 272.
mvcterizans (Blennius),

268.
mystat^inus (Gobius), 48.

mystax (Ophiocephalus),

473.
Myxodagnus, 563.
Myxodes, 260.
Myxus, 466. ■

Nandidie, 362.
Nandina, 367.
nandoides (Catopra), 368.
Nandus, 367.
nandus (Coius), 367.
Naseus, 347.
Naso, 348.

nasus (Acanthurus), 353.
nasus (Notacanthus), 544.
nasus (Tripterygion), 276.
nasuta (Malthea), 201.
nasutum (Agonostoma),

463.
nasutus (Cristiceps), 273.
nebulo-ijunctatus (Go-
bius), 25, 26.
nebulosa (Bedula), 368.
nebulosa (Teuthis), 321.
nebulosus (Amphacan-

thus), 321.
nebulosus (Centronotus),

287.
nebulosus (Clinus), 281.
nebvdosus (Gobius), 12,

29.
nebulosus (Gimellus),287.
nebulosus (Lumpenus),

281.
nebulosus (Nandus), 368.
nematopterus (Cliaus),

270.
Nemophis, 296.
NeocHnus, 559.
nepalensis (Mugil), 424.
nesogallicus (Antenna-

rius), 187.
nesogallicu8(Chironectes),

187
Nestis, 461.

newberrii (Gobius), 77.
newberrii (Lepidogobius),

77. _
nexipinnis (Apocryptes),

83.
niger (Culius), 125.
niger (Gobius), 6, 11, 57,

76, 547.
niger (Mugil), 408.
niger (Salarias), 240.
nigra (Eleotris), 125.
nigrans (Atherina), 406.
nigrans (Atherinichthys),

406.
nigrescens (Chsetodon),
336.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

579

nigri (Gobius), 27.
nigricans (Acantliurus),

829, 330, 331.
nigricans (Atberina), 403.
nigricans (Atherinich-

thys), 403.
nigricans(Ch8etodon),329,

336.
nigricans(Entomacrodus),

254.
nigricans (Grenyp terns),

294.
nigricans (Harpuru8),339.
nigricans (Ophiocepha-

lus), 477.
nigricans (Pharopteryx),

363.
nigricans (Plesiops), 363.
nigricans (Salarias), 254.
uigripinne (Triptery-

gi_um),_277.
nigripinnis (Gobiesox),

502.
nigripinnis (Gobius), 5.
nigro-fuscus (Acantliu-
rus), .331.
nigro-fuscus (Chatodon),

331.
nigroris, 332.
nigros (Acanthurus), 332.
nigro-strigatus (Mugil),

457.
nigro-vittatus (Salarias),

245.
nilssouii (Gobiosoma), 86.
nilssonii (Gobius), 86.
Niqui, 176.

niqui (Calliouymus), 166.
nitidus (Autennarius),

187.
nitidus (Salarias), 243.
niveatus (Gobius), 71.
nobilis (Ctenops), 384.
Notacanthi, 539, 544.
Notacantlius, 544.
notacanthus (Gobius), 35,

549.
notata (Atherina), 406.
notata (Atherinichthys),

406.
notata (Malthea), 201.
notatus (Porichthys), 176.
notoplithalmus (AJiten-

narius), 196.
notosticta (Teuthis), 320.
notostictus (Ajnphacan-

thus), 320.
novem-lineatus (Chasmo-

des), 229.
novem-lineatus (Pholis),
229.

novem-radiatua (Gobius),

100.
nox (Gobius), 28.
nubilus (Lumpenvis), 564.
nubilus (Sticluuus), 564.
nucbaUs(Aniphacantliue),

320.
nucbiniis (Blennius), 223.
nuehipinnis (Clinus),

262.
nuda (Cotylis), 502.
nudiceps (Gobius), 13.
nudus (Cliori80chismus\

490.
nudus (Cyclopterus), 502.
nudus (Gobiesox), 490,

502.
nudus (Lepadogaster),

502.
nummifer (Acantliurus),

338.
nummifer (Antennarius),

195.
nummifer (Chironectes),

195.

Oar-fish, 309.
oblongus (Gobius), 136.
oblongus (Sparus), 359.
obscura (Eleotris), 115.
obscurum (Sicyd.), 566.
obscurus (Gobius), 17.
obscurus (Opliioc), 476.
obscurus (Trident.), 566.
oceanicus (Blennius), 212.
ocellaris (]31ennius), 222.
ocellaris (Gobius), 64.
ocellata (Rhynchobdella),

540.
ocellatum(Opludium),288
ocellatus (Aiiarrhichthys),

211.
ocellatus (Antennarius),

196.
ocellatus (Bostrichoides).

468.
ocellatus (CaUionymus),

150.
ocellatus (Chironectes),

196.
ocellatus (Cyclopterus),

511.
oceUatus (Lepadogaster),

514.
ocellatus (Macrognathus),

540.
oceUatus (Macropodus),

379.
ocellatus (Myxodes), 260.
ocellatus(Ophiocephalus) ,

468.

oceUicauda (Philypuus),

octoradiatus (Mugil), 437.
olfax (Osplu-.), 382, 566.
oligacanthum (Helosto-

ma), 377.
oligolepis (Anabas), 376.
oUgolepis (Gobius), 14.
oligolepis (Mugil), 449.
oligospilos (Antennarius),

198.
olivaceus (Acanthurus),

336.
olivaceus (Amphacan-

thus), 313.
olivaceus (Chsetodon),

352.
olivaceus (Gobius), 4.
olivaceus (Lepadogaster),

513.
oUvaceus (Naseus), 352.
oUvaceus (Salarias), 240.
ommaturus (Gobius), 77.
Omobranehus, 229.
Oncotion, 155.
oortii (Salarias), 257.
opercularioides, 151.
opercularis (CaUiony-
mus), 151.
opercularis (Labrus), 379.
opercidaris (Myxodag-

nus), 503.
opercularis (Polyacan-

thus), 379.
ophicephalum (Gobioso-
ma), 86.
ophicephalus(Gobius),86.
Ophioblennius, 259.
Ophiocephalidse, 468.
Ophiocephaloidei, 468.
Ophiocephalus, 468.
opluocephalus (Eleotris),

107.
ophiocephalus (G«bius),

54, 554.
Ophthalmolophus, 261.
ophthalmonema(Gobius},

48.
ophthalmonema (Oxyur-

ichthys), 48.
ophthalmoporus(Gobius),

17.
ophthalmot8ema(Gobiu8),

37.
ophuysenii (Mugil), 4c}4.
Oplognathus, 357.
Oplopomus, 549.
oplopomus (Gobius), 15.
oramin (Teuthis), 318.
orbicularis (Acanthurus),
346.

2r 2

580

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

orbicularis (Acronurus),

346.
orbis (Cjclopterus), 158.
orientalis (CaUionjmus),

139.
orientalis (Charma), 483,

5fi6.
orientalis (Rhynchobdel-

In), 540.
ornatug (Blenneeliis), 239.
ornatus (Gobius), 21.
omatus (Gimellus), 287.
oryx (Salarias), 241.
Osphromenoidei, 372.
Osphromenus, 382.
onr (Mugil), 419.
ovoviviparus (Blennius),

295.
Oxnderces, 165.
OxudercidiV, 165.
oxTcephala (Eleotris),! 15.
oxycephalus (Plesiops),

364.
Oxymctopon, 153.
oxypterus (Gobius), 34.
oxyrhynclnim (Agonosto-

ma), 461.
oxyrliynchus (Cestr;rus),

461.
Oxyurichthys, 3, 48, 49

pacifica (Cobitis), 125.
pacifiei (Batrachus), 173.
padaiigensis (Gobius), 25.
paganellus (Gobius), 52,

55, 553.
pallasii (Trichopus), 384.
pallidus (Gobius), 5.
palmicornis (Blennius),

218, 284.
paludosus (Polyacanthus),

379.
paucalus, .541.
panizz.-B (Gobius), 16.
pantherinus (Anarrhi-

cbas), 208.
pantherinus (Blennius),

219.
papUio (Blennius), 222.
papiHo (Gobius), 5.
papilio (Periopbthalmus),

99.
papuensis (Gobius), 49.
paradiseus (Petroscirtes),
■ 230.

paradoxus (Gobius), 549.
paradoxus (Psycbrolutes),

516.
Parati, 423.

pardaHs( Antennarius), 1 98
pardalis(Chii'onectes), 198

parmatus (Mugil), 410.
parsia (Mugil), 426, 444,

452.
paroticus (Harpmnis), 337
parvei (Sieydium), 94.
parvicoruis (Blennius),

218.
parvidens (Pholis), 212.
parvipinnis (Atherina),

396.
parvipinnis (Lophius),

180.
pasuruensis (Gobius), 32.
Patscus, 292.
patella (Gobius), 6.
pauciradiata (Atherina),

401.
pavo (Blennius), 221,

561.
pavoninoides (Gobius), 5.
pavoninus (Adonis), 222.
pavoninus (Chironectes),

183.
pavoninus (Cyclopterus),

155.
pavoninus (Gobius), 70.
pectinifer (Clinus), 262.
pectinifer (Labrosomus),

262.
pectinirostris (Boleoph-

thalmus), 102.
pectinirostris (Gobius),

102.
pectoralis (Atherina), 399.
pectoralis(Dactyloscopus),

563.
pedaraki, 410.
Peddaraki, 410.
Pediculati, 166, 178.
peUucidus (Gobius), 556.
pellucidua (Latrunculus),

556.
pennantii (Blennius), 284.
pentazona (Acanthurus),

329.
Peutophthalmus, 540.
pentophtlialmus (Masta-

cembelus), 540.
percoides (Agonostoma),

464.
percoides (Pseudoblen-

nius), 297.
perelegans (Callionymus),

150.
periophthalmoides (Go-
bius), 21.
Periopbthalmus, 96.
periopbthalmus (Eleotri-

odes), 124.
periophthalmus(Eleotris),

124.

periophthalmus(Salarias),
251.

peronii (Mugil), 452.

personatus (Gobius), 64.

perspicillatus (Clinus),
271.

perusii (Mugil), 422.

peruvianas (Clinus), 261.

Pesce Rey, 402.

petherici"(Mugil), 441.

petimba, 529.

petrophilus (Gobius), 75.

Petroscirtes, 229.

petrosus (Mugil), 431.

pflaumii (Gobius), 45.

phaeton (CaUionymus),
147.

phaiomelas (Gobius), 42.

phaiosoma (Gobius), 21.

phaiosoma (Salarias), 245.

pliaiospilosoma (Gobius),
31.

phalffina (Gobius), 67.

Pharopteryx, 363.

Pliilypnoides, 469.

Philypnus, 105, 119.

phlebotomus (Acanthu-
rus), 330.

PhoUdichthys, 293.

Pholis, 211,226.

pholis (Adonis), 226.

pholis (Blennius),226, 229

phymatodes (Antennari-
us), 198.

pictiis (Chaunax), 200.

pictus (Chironectes), 186,
187.

pictus (Lophius), 195.

piger (Gouania), 515.

piger (Lepadogaster), 515.

piger (Leptopterygius),
515.

Pike-fish, .533.

pinguis (Atherina), 399.

pinniceps (Antennarius),
190.

pinnulatus (Cyclopterus),
509.

pinnulatus (Lepadogas-
ter), 509.

pinnulatus (Trachelochis-
mus), 509.

piscatorius (Batrachus),
179.

piscatorius (Lophius), 178,
180, 181.

piaonis (Eleotris), 122.

pisonis (Gobius), 122.

planiceps (Mugil), 428.

planiceps rOphiocepha-
lus), 474.

ALl'H A BirnC VL INDEX.

581

planifrons (Batraclius),

171.
platvcephaluB (Gobius), 5,

2i,r).'i3.
platynotus (Grobius), 66.
Platyptcra, 138.
platyrostris (Gobius), .553.
Plesiopina, 363.
Plesiop.'^. 3(i.j.
pleiu-oplithaliiius (Ojjliio-

ceplialus), 479.
pleurostigma (Gobius),43.
pL^uvotrenia (Gunellich-

tbys), 280.
plicalile (Agonostoma),

461.
plicatilis (Cestrseus), 461.
plinianus (Boleophthal-

mus), 102.
l>linianiis (Gobius), 102.
plumieri (Coryphiena),

3.')9.
plumieri (Gobius), 92.
plumieri (Malacanthus),

359.
plumieri (Mugil), 409.
jilumieri (Sicydium), 92.
plumieri (Sphynma), 409.
Pocamo, 166.
pa?eilophthalmus (Coty-

lis), 503.
poecilophthalmus (Gobi-

esox), 503.
] oeci'opbthalmus (Tomi-

codon), 503.
] oecilosoma (Gobius), 4.
l'oeyi(Daetyloscopus),563
) olaris (Blennius), 295.
j olaris (Zoarces), 295.
politus (Chironeetes), 183.
polvacantha (Rbyncho-

bdella), 542.
Poly acanthus, 378.
po'vacanthus (Monocir-

riius), 371.
polyaetocephalus (Blen-
nius), 285.
polyaetocephalus (Guuel-

liis), 285.
Polycentridee, 370.
l^olycentrus, 370.
polyeynodon (Gobius), 30.
polyleiiis(Opliiocephalus),

475.
polj'nema (Cha;turich-

thys), 46.
polynema (Gobius), 46.
polj'odon (Blennechis),

235.
polyodon (Petroscirtes),

235.

poiyophtlialmus (Aiiten-

narius). 198.
polyoplithalmus(Gobius),

73.
polyopbthalmus (Tricho-

notus), 484.
Polypterichthys, .535.
pontica (Atherina), 393.
ponticeriana (C'olisa),387.
pouticerianus (Mastacem-

belus). 543.
Porichthys, 175.
porocephaloides, 109.
poroceplialus (Eleotris),

107, 108.
porosissinius (Batrachus),

176.
porosissimus(Porichthy8),

176.
porosus (Batrachus), 177.
porosus( Porichthys), 177.
potamopliila (Eleotris),

557.
pr;vcisus (Cliirus), 283.
presbyter (Atheriua), 391,

393.
presbyteroides (Atherina),

397.
priamensis(Salarias), 244.
principis (Antennarius),

193.
principis (Chironectes),

189, 193.
Priodon, 348.
Prionurus, 347.
prismatica (Eleotris), 105.
proboscideus (Mugil),459.
provensalis (Mugil), 453,

454.
Pseudoblennius, 297-
Pseudochromides, 362.
Pseudoclinus, 297.
pseudomarulius (Ophio-

cephalus), 478.
Psyclu-olutes, 516.
Psychrolutidje, 516.
pu'ella (Teuthis), 323.
puellus (Amphacauthus),

323.
pugnax (Betta), 389.
pugnas (Macropodus),

389.
pulchellus (Cyelogaster),

164.
pidchellus (Liparis), 164,

559.
pulcher (Diplopterus),

390.
pulcher (Luciocephalus),

390.
Pimaru, 242.

punctata (Am]3liisile),527.
punctata (Atherina), 392.
punctatus (Amphacan-

thus), 320, 321.
pmictatus (Batrachus),

171.
punctatus (Blennechis),

2.30.
punctatus (Blennius), 217,

228, 2.33.
punctatus (Callionymus),

145.
punctatus (Cliironectes),

182.
punctatus (CHnus), 283.
punctatus (Gunellus), 283.
punctatus(Hoplognathus)

358.
punctatus (Lepadogaster),

514.
punctatus (Mastacembe-

lus), 541.
punctatus (Ophiocepha-

las), 469.
punctatus (Petroscirtes),

230.
punctatus (Scaradon),358.
punctatus (Stichfeus), 28.3.
punctillatus (Gobius), 25.
punctulata (Ampliisile),

527.
punctulatus (Batrachus),

171.
punctulatus (Blennius),

215, 268.
punctulatus (Calliony-
mus), 150.
punctulatus (Naseu8),347.
puniceus (Diplocrepis),

506.
puniceus (Lepad.), 506.
puntang (Gobius), 19.
puntangoides ( Gobius) , 1 9.
pusiUus (CaUionymus),

144.
puticola (Ophiocephalus),

478.
pvroferus (Acanthurus),
"337.

quadricapillus, 4, .547.
quadricornis (Salarias),

255.
quadridactylus(Blennius),

298.
quadrifasciatus (Chasmo-

des), 229.
quadrifasciatus (Pholis),

229.
quadrimaculatus(Gobius),

58.

582

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

quadi-ipinnis (Salarias),
244.

quadriporus (Gobius), 4.

quadrispinis (Batrachus),
170.

quagga (Gobius), 16.

Queriiiiau, 423.

qiiinque-ocellatus (Go-
bius), 69.

qiiinque-strigatuB (Gobi-
odon), 87.

qixinqiie-strigatus (Go-
bius), 87.

quoyi (Belobranchus),127

raaltenii (Salarias), 239.
radiata (Eleotris), 105.
rafinesqui (Lepadogaster),

510.
ramada, 439.
rammelsbergii (Mugil),

420.
Raua marina, 179.
Eana piscatris, 179.
raniniis (Antennarius),

187.
ranimis (Lophius), 187.
rasi (Acanthurus), 330.
ratan (Gobius), 647,551.
reevesii (CaUionymus),

145, 148.
Eegalecus, 307.
regia (Atherina), 402.
reichii (Gobius), 30.
remipes (GyTunetrus),31 1 .
remijjes (Regalecus), 311.
reticulatus (CaUionymus),

138.
reticulatus (Chironectes"),

199.
reticulatus (Gobius), 4, 16,

554.
reticulatus (Lepadogas-
ter), 505, 514.
Eliinogobius, 4.
rliinorhynchus (Petro-

scirtes), 230. /
rhodopterus ((^«bius), 16.
rhodotsenia (Opliiocepha-

lus), 472.
rhombeus (Acantlmrus),

342.
rliomboidaUs (Turdus),

336.
Ehynchobdella, 539.
Ehynchobdelloidei, 539.
Eibbon-fish, 309.
ricbardsonii (CaUiony-
mus), 145.
richardsonii (Gobius), 4.
richardsonii (Mugil), 440.

rictuosus (Apocryptes),82.
ripilepis (Gobius), 5.
rissoanus (Notacanthus),

545.
rissoi (Atherina), 392.
rissoi (CaUionymus), 145.
rividatus (Gobiodon), 87.
rivulatus (Gobius), 87.
rivulatus (Salarias), 244.
rividatud (Scarus), 322.
robustus (Mugil), 432.
EognkjcTkse, 155.
roseus (Ambljopus), 133.
roseus (Blennius), 290.
roseus (Centronotus), 290.
roseus (Cristicejis), 274.
roseus (GuueUus), 290.
rossii (Mugil), 436.
rostratum (Opbidium),

540.
rostratus (Amphacan-

thus), 313.
rostratus (Heterostichus),

261.
rostratus (Lepadogaster),

510.
rostratus (Lopliius), 200.
rostratus (Petroscirtes),

230.
rouxi (Blennius), 217.
ruber (Blennius), 211.
ruber (Gobioides), 137.
ruberrimus (Gunellus),

285.
rubescens (CajDola), 486.
rubicimdus (Gobioides),

135.
rubriceps (Blennius), 215.
rubro-punctatus (Aean-

thiu-us), 333.
rubro-punctatus (Sala-
rias), 249.
rubro-t;vniatus (Gobius), 6
ruficaudus (Salarias), 240.
rugosus ( Amblyopus ) , 1 33.
riippeUii (Acanthurus),

345.
riippellu (Mugil), 458.
riippeUii (Trachypterus),

304.
russellii (Amphacanthus),

313, 315.
russeUii (Gobius), 21.
russellii (Gymnetrus),

311.
russellii (Eegalecus), 311.
russus (Gobius), 72.
rutliensjjarri (Gobius), 76.

Sabounie, 453.
Saccarius, 183.

sadanundio (Gobius), 29.
sagitta (CaUionymus),

146, 147.
sagittula (Euctenogobius),

555.
Salarias, 239.
saUens (Blennius), 242.
saliens (Mugil), 443.
Sand Smelt, 392.
sanguineus (Sicyases), 494
sanguinolentus(Blennius),

218,561.
earda (Atherina), 392.
satiricus (NeocUnus), 260.
satyrus (Osplu-onemus),

382.
satyrus (Trichopus), 382.
Sauclet, 393.
scaber (Chironectes), 188,

190.
sealprum (Acanthurus),

347.
sealprum (Naseus), 347.
sealprum (Prionurus),

347.
scandens (Anabas), 375.
scandens (Lutjanus), 375.
scandens (Perea), 375.
Bcansor (Ampliiprion),

375.
Scaradon, 357.
scaroides (Amphacan-
thus), 322.
Bchaapii (CaUionymus),

148.
BcheU (Mugil), 410.
schlegelii (Cepola), 488.
scIilegeUi (Gobius), 46.
schlosseri (Gobius), 100.
schlosseri (Periophthal-

mus), 100.
schomburgkii (Polycen-

trus), 370.
schultzei (Salarias), 240.
Scisenoidei, 359.
Sciorina, 454.
Scolopax, 518.
scolopax (Centriscus),518.
scolopax (Solenostomus),

619.
Scomberoidei, 539.
scopas (Acanthurus), 342.
Scorpioides, 222.
scutata (AmphisUe), 525,

628.
scutatus (Centriscus), 625.
Sea-Bat, 200.
Sea-DevU, 179.
Sea-Snail, 169.
Sea-Toad, 170.
sebse (Salarias), 246.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

583

semicinctus (Gobius), 63.
semidoliatus (Gobiiis), 31.
semifasciatus (Bleuuius),

214.
semilunaris (Gobius), 10,

546.
seminudus (G-obius), 554.
scmipunctatus (Asterro-

pteryx), 1-32.
septem-radiatus (Perioph-

thalmus), 100.
septentrionalis (Mugil),

455.
serpentiformis (Cepola),

487.
serpentinus (Ophiocepha-

lus), 482.
serperaster (Apocryptes),

82.
serrata (Fistularia), 633.
serrato-spinosus (Callio-

njTiius), 14G.
setigerus (Lophius), 180.
setigerus (Trichouotus),

484.
setosus (Grobius), 44.
sexfilum (Salarias), 241.
sesguttata (Eleotriodes),

130.
sexguttata (EleotTi'is"), 130.
sexgattata (Valenciennea),

130.
sesspinis (Notacanthus),

545, 566.
siamensis (Eleotris), 129.
siamensis (Ophioeepha-

lus), 476.
siamensis (Osphromenus),

385.
Sicyases, 494.
Sicydium, 91.
Sicyogaster, 96, 499.
Sieyopterus, 91.
sigana (Teuthis), 322.
Siganus, 313.
siganus (Amphacanthus),

322.
siganus (Scarus), 322.
signatus (Gobius), 45.
signatus (Polyaeantiius),

379, 566.
Sild-kung, 310, 311.
sima (Eleotris), 113.
simak (Ophidium), .541.
Simak-el-inglese, 541.
similis (Rliinogobius), 5.
simplicicoriiis (Calliony-

mus), 149.
sinensis (Blennius), 219.
sinensis (Bostrychus),127.
sinensis (Eleotris), 127.

sinensis (Gobius), 127.
sinensis (Philypnus), 128.
Skulpin, 139."
smaragdns (Eleotris), 123.
smaragdus (Gobius), 5.
smithii (Mugil), 447.
smyrnensis (Blennius),

216.
smyrnensis (Gobioides),

159.
smyrnensis (Pliolis), 216.
sohal (Acanthurus), 334.
sohal (Cbaetodon), 334.
sohar (Asjjisiirus), 334.
Solenostomus, 519, 529,

535.
solorensis (Petroscirtes),

235.
somnolenta (Eleotris), 557
soporator (Gobius), 26,

549.
sordidus (Blennius), 220.
sordidus (Gobius), 53.
sota, 387.
sowara (Ophiocephalus),

468.
Spada marina, 308.
spadiceus (Blennius), 268.
spatula (Crepidogaster),

508.
spatula (Cyclopterus),

610.
speciosus (Aeharnes), 369.
SiJectabUis (Gobius), 45.
spectrum (Lophius), 188.
speigleri (MugU), 436.
sphinx (Blennius), 221.
sphinx (Grobius), 67.
spilurus (Gobius), 14.
spiuolae (Trachypterus),

300.
spinosus (Anabas), 375.
spinosus (Cyclopterus),

157.
Spirobranchus, 373.
stamineus (Gobius), 6.
stannii (Cotylis), 499.
Steenbider, -208.
•steUata (Halieutaea), 203,

560.
SteUata (Teuthis), 320.
stellatus (Amphacanthus),

320.
steUatus (Blennius), 212.
stellatus (Cha3todon), 329.
stellatus (Lopliius), 203.
stellatus (Scarus), 320.
stelleri (Cyclopterus), 499.
8tethophthalmu8(Gobius),

70.
stevenii (Gobius), 52, 552.

stevensii (Ophiocephal us) ,

482.
Stichaeus, 280.
stigmatias (Ch£eturich-

_thys), 78.
stigmatias (Gobius), 78.
stigmothonus (Gobius), 76
stimpsoni (Sicydium), 93.
stipes (Atheriiia), 400.
storeri (Atherina), 406.
striata (Cepola), 486.
striatus ( Acanthm'us),334.
striatus (Gobius), 102.
striatus (Lophius), 188.
striatus (Ophiocephalus),

474.
striatus (Osphromenus),

386.
striatus (Salarias), 249.
striatus (Trichopus), 386.
strigata (Amphisile), 528,

566.
strigata (Eleotriodes), 131.
strigata (Eleotris), 131.
strigata (Valenc), 131.
strigosus (Acanthurus ) , 342
strigosus (Anarrhichaa),

208.
striolata (Teuthis), 319.
stroemii (Gunellus), 284.
strongylocephalus (Mu-

gil),425.
stuvitzii (Grobiosoma), 86.
stuvitzii (Gobius), 86.
Stylephorus, 306.
subarmatus (Acanthurus),

327.
subbifin-catus (Pholis),

280.
subfrenatu8(Centronotu8) ,

287.
sublitus (Gobius), 24.
subvii-idis (Mugil), 423.
Suck-fish, 510.
sueurii (Callionymus),

145.
suillus (Acanthurus), 345.
sujefianus (Blennius), 220.
sulcatus (GJobius), 10.
sumatranus (Gobius), 31.
Bumatranus (Salarias),252
sumnidentus, 557.
sumpit, 524.

sundanensis (Mugil), 425.
supercUiosus (Blennius),

268.
superciUosus (Clinus),268
Buppositus (Mugil), 437.
surakartensis, 469.
eurinamensis (Batrachus),

174.

584

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

sutor (Amphacanthus),

317.
sutor (Teutliis). 317.
STrnchiropus, 138.
sjriacus (Mastacembelus),

541.
syrman, 547, 551.

tabaccaria (Fistularia),

5211, .-)33.
tade (Mugil), 410.
Taenia, 300.

tiBnia (Amblyopus), 135.
toenia (Blennius), 285.
tenia (Cepola), 487.
tfenia (Grunelliis), 285.
tn?nia (Tra<:'hypteras),302.
taniiata (Atherina), 392.
taniatiis (Aspidoutus),231
tteniatus (Malacanthus),

361.
teniatiis (Petroscirtes),

230.
tajniatiis (Trachinops),

366.
Trenioidei, 300, 312, 486.
taeaionotopterus (Eleo-

tris), 118.
ta?nioptera (Eleotris), 127.
tainiopterus (Belobran-

chus), 127.
Taiasica, 6.
tajasica (Gobius), 59.
tambakkan (Helostoma),

377.
tambiijon (Gobius), 32.
tang (Mugil), 417-
Tang-brosme, 281, 285.
tapeinosoma (Naseus),355
tepeinosoma (Petroscir-

tes), 230.
tapeinosoma (Priodon).

355.
tasmanianus (Blennius),

214.
tasmaniensis (Crepido-

gaster), 507.
tau (Batrachoides), 174.
tau (Batrachus), 167, 170.
tau (Gadus), 167, 170.
telfairii (Agonostoma),

462.
telum (Gymnetrus), 309.
telum (Regalecus), 309.
teniminckii (Atherina),

392.
temminckii (Dictyosoma),

279, 564.
temminckii (Gobius), 47.
temminckii (Helostoma),

377. 566.

temminckii (Petroscirtes),

236.
tenebrosus (Antennarius),

197.
tenebrosus (Chironectes),

197.
tennentii (Acanthurus),

337.
tontacularis (Blennius),

212, 215, 560.
tentaeularis (Gobius), 48.
tentacularis (Osyurich-

tliys), 48.
testar (Gobiesos), 499.
testar (Lepadogaster),499.
testudinarius (Clinus),

272.
testudineus (Amphipri-

on), 375.
testudineus ( Anabas), 375.
testudineus (Anthias),375.
testudineus (Sparus), 375.
testudo (Lutjanus), 375.
tetradactylus (Salarias),

242.
Tetragonurina, 407.
Tetragonurus, 407.
tatrazona (Amphacan-
thus), 323.
tetrazona (Teuthis), 323.
Teutludidre, 313.
Teuthis, 313.
Teuthyes, 313, 325.
textilis (Salarias), 248.
Thalassophryne, 174.
theophrasti (Ophiocepha-

lus), 469.
thepassii (Petroscu'tes),

238.
theuthis (Acanthurus),

341.
thyiinoides (Axiniu-us),

355.
thynnoides (Naseus), 355.
tigris (Antennarius), 189.
tigris (Chironectes), 189.
tolsoni (Eleotris), 110.
Tomicodon. 494, 499.
tonganus (Naseus), 353.
trabeatus (Eleotris), 105.
Trachelochismus, 509.
Trachinops, 366.
trachinus (Malacanthus),

359.
trachyptera (Cepola), 302.
Trachypteridte, 300.
Trachvpterus, 300.
tractus (Acanthurus), 325.
transaudeanus (Gobius),

62.
trautvetteri (Gobius), 553.

tredecim-radiatus (Go-
bius), 100.
tredecim-radiatus (Peri-

ophthalmus"), 100.
Trifenophorichthys, 89.
Tria?nophorus, 89.
triangulus (Acanthurus),

341.
Trichogaster, 387.
Trichonotidffi, 384.
Trichonotus, 484.
trichopterus ( Labrus) ,384.
trichopterus (Osplu-ome-

nus), 384.
trichopterus (Trichogas-
ter), 384.
trichopterus (Trichopus),

384.
Trichopus, 382.
tricolor(Polycentrus),371.
tridactylus (Blenn.), 242.
tridactylus (Salarias), 242.
tridens(Antennarius), 190,

191.
tridens (Chironectes), 191.
Tridentiger, 566.
tridigitatus (Dactylosco-

pus), 279, 563.
trifasciata (Betta), 388.
trifoUatus (Anabas), 375.
trigloides(Batrachus), 1 66.
trigloides (Blennius), 227.
trigloides (Callionymus),

166.
trigloides (Pholis), 227.
trigloides (Tripterrgium),

279.
trigonocephalus (Triano-

phorichthys), 89.
triostegus (Acanthurus),

327.
triostegus (Chretodon),327
tripeltes (Naseus), 349.
tripinnis (Blennius), 278.
tripteronotus (Blennius),

276.
Tripterygium, 276.
trisignatus (Chironectes),

184.
trispinosus (Bati-achus),

169.
troschelii (Mugil), 448.
Trumpet-iish, 518.
truncata (Malthea), 201.
trmicatus (Blennius), 252.
Trypauchen, 137.
Trypauchenichthys, 137.
Trypauchenina, 137.
tuber (Naseus), 353.
tuberosus (Antennarius),

199.

ALPnABETICAL INDEX.

585

tuberosus (Chironectes),

199.
tuberosus (Naseus), 353.
tuberosus (Naso), 353.
tubulosa (Teuthis), 324.
tudes (Gobiesox), 499.
tumidus (Chironectes),

186.
tumidus (Lopliius), 186.
tuniifrons (Amphacau-
■ thus), 317.

tumifrons (Eleotris), 111.
tumifrons (Teuthis), 317.
tunicata (Liparis), 161.
tylankahanensis (Go-

bius), 4.
fypus (Oxymetopon), 153.
typus (Trypauchenich-

thys), 138.

undulatus (Acanthurus),

335.
undulatus (Macrogna-

thus), 543.
unicolor (Colisa), 388.
unicolor (Gobius), 37.
unicolor(Ma8tacembelus),

542.
unicolor (Naseus), 347.
unicolor (Salarias), 259.
luiicolor (Trichogaster),

388. _
unicornis (Acanthurus),

348.
imicornis (Antennarius),

199.
unicornis ( Aspisiu-us), 348
unicornis (Chietodon), 348
unicornis (Naseus), 348.
unimaculatus(C'linus),283
unimaculatus (Sticlia;us),

283.
unipennis (Cliironectes),

182.
unipunctatus (Gobius). 58.
upsicephalus (Lophius),

181.
Uranoscopus, 140.
lU'oIepis (An]blyopus),136
urophthalmoides (Eleo-
tris), 128.
urophthalmus (Antenna-
rius), 192.
ui'ophthalmus (Eleotris),

128.
urophthalmus (Ophioce-

phalus), 479.

Vaagmar, 305.
vagina (Gobius), 137.
vagina (Trypauchen), 137.
VOL. III.

Valeneiennea, 105, 130.
valenciennesii (Atlierina),

398.
valenciennesii (Calliony-

mus), 145.
valenciennesii (Mugil),

410.
valentini (Polypterich-

thjs), 538.
variabilis (Petroscirtes),

234.
variegata (Batrachoides),

166.
variegatus (Anabas), 374.
variegatus (Batrachus),

166, 167.
variegatus (Callionymus),

148.
variegatus (Chironectes),

197.
variolatus (Salarias), 248.
variolosus (Auohenion-

chus), 265.
variolosus (Clinus), 265.
variolosus (Salarias), 247.
varium (Tripterygium),

277.
varius (Blennius), 277.
varus (Blennius), 212, 220
velifer (Acanthurus), 344,

345.
velitaris (Centriscus), 524.
venenatus (Gobius), 38.
venosus (Mastacembelus),

543.
ventralis (Gobius), 21.
ventricosus (Cyclopterus),

498.
ventricosus (Lepadogas-

ter), 498.
ventricosus (Mugil), 410.
ventrosus (Blenmus), 215.
venustus (Macropodus),

382.
veranyi (Clinus), 276.
vermiculata (Teuthis),317
verniiculatoides(Salarias),

239.
vermicidatus (Amphacan-

thus), 317.
verniiculatus (Salarias),

249.
vernullas (Batrachoides),

167.
Verzellata, 443.
vesjaertiho (Lophius), 200.
vespertilio (Malthe), 200.
violaceus (Cebidichthys),

260.
violaceus (Apodichthys),

260.

virescens (Apodichthys),

290.
virescens (Clinus), 272.
virescens (Gobius), 4.
virgata (Teuthis), 323.
virgatuB (Amphacanthus),

323.
vu-go (Gobius), 79.
viridescens (Atherina),

406.
viridi-auratus (Macropo-
dus), 381.
viridi-pallidus (Gobius),

85.
viridi-punctatus (Gobius),

24.
viridis (Eleotris), 105.
viridis (Myxodes), 260.
viridis (Salarias), 247.
vittatus (Acanthiu-us), 333
vittatus (Osphromenus),

386.
viviparus (Blennius), 295
viviparus (Enchelyopus).

295.
viviparus (Gunellus), 295.
viviparus (Lopliius), 180.
viviparus (Zoarces), 205.
vlamingii (Naseusj, 3^(3.
vogmarus (Ti-achypterus),

305.
Vogmeri, 305.
voigtii (Gobius), 72.
vomerina (Atherina), 404.
vomerinus (Lophius), 181.
vomeriuus (.';'alarias), 254.
vulgaris (Blennius), 217,

561.
vulgaris (Colisa), 387.
vulgaris (Gunellus). 286.
vulgaris (Liparis), 159.
vulpina (Teuthis), 324.
vulpinu8(Amphacanflius),

324.
Vulsus, 151.

waigiensis (Atherina), 392,

400.
waigiensis (Mugil), 435.
webbianus(Lepadogaster),

511.
webbii (Blennophis), 259.
wildenovii (Lepadogas-

ter), 514.
wolifii (Eleotris), 105.
Wolf-fish (Ea;enous),

208.
wraM (Ophiocephalus),

474.
wiu-demanni (Gobius), 6,

546.

2a

586

xanthopterus (Acantbu-

rus), 330.
xauthosoma (Clinus), 273.
xantliosoma (Cristiceps),

^73.
santhosoma (Gobiodon),

42.
xanthosoma (Grobius), 42.
xauthotcenia (Gobius), 72.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

xaiithozona (Gobius), 66.
xantburum (Sicydium),

93.
xanthurus (Acanthurus),

343.
xanthurus (Mugil), 422.
xanti, 263.
Xipbidion, 291.

yarrellii (Blennius), 284.

zebra (Acantburus), 327.

zebra (Cbretodon), 327.

zebriuus (Lepadogaster),
511.

zebrinus(Mastacembelus),
641.

Zoarces. 295.

zosterophorum (Sicy-
dium), 95.

END OF THE THIKD VOLUME.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

Y

CATALOGUE

FISHES

BRITISH MUSEUM.

BY

DR. ALBERT GUNTHER.

FIEST ORDER.
ACANTHOPTERYGII.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

1859—1861.

SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS

THE FAMILIES

ACANTHOPTERYGIAN FISHES.

The following Synopsis has been prepared for the purpose, first,
of showing my views on the natural affinities of these fishes, and,
secondly, of facilitating their determination. Technical characters,
therefore, have been combined with the natural, so far as this ap-
peared to be required for the second purpose. Those species which
do not faU within the limits of these characters, forming exceptions
to the general plan of structure of theu* relations, are named in foot-
notes.

I.

A soft dorsal and an anal fin. Vent remote from the extremity
of the tail, behind the ventral fins, if they are present.

First division : Acanth. perciformes.

Body more or less compressed, elevated or oblong, not elongate.
No prominent anal papilla ; no supcrbranchial organ. Dorsal fin or
fins occupying the greater portion of the back ; spinous dorsal weU
developed, generally with stiff spines, of moderate extent, rather

longer than, or as long as the soft' ; the soft anal similar to the
soft dorsal, of moderate extent or rather short^. Yentrals thoracic,
always present, with one spine and with five or four rays well
developed.

I. Ventral 1/5, rarely 1/4; no bony stay for the prseoperculum*. A

lateral line.

A. Lateral line uninterrupted' ; neither trenchant teeth nor mo-

lars ; no barbels at the throat. Lower pectoral rays branched.

a. Teeth on the palate*; vertical fins not scaly.

3. Peecid^e, i. p. 51.

h. Palate toothless^ ; body oblong, or, if elevated, with the ver-
tical fins scaleless .... 5. Pristipomatidjj:, i. p. 272.

e. Vertical fins scaly ; body elevated, or, if oblong, with seti-
form teeth in the jaws or villiform bands on the palate.
8. Squamipinnes, ii. p. 1.

B. Lateral line interrupted . . 33. Nandid^, iii. p. 362.

C. A pair of moveable barbels at the throat.

6. Mtjllid^, i. p. 397.

D. Either series of trenchant teeth in the jaws or molars on the

sides 7. Spaeidjs, i. p. 412.

E. Teeth of the jaws confluent into a cutting lameUa.

31. HoPLOGNATHiDiE, iii. p. 357.

F. Lower pectoral rays not branched ; neither trenchant teeth nor

molars in the jaws 9. Ciekhitid^, ii. p. 70.

II. A bony stay for the angle of the prseoperculum, which is armed,

the bone arising from the infraorbital ring.

106. ScoEP^NiNA, ii. p. 88.

III. Lateral line none ; a long spinous anal fin.

34. Polycenteid^, iii. p. 370.

IV. Ventral with an outer and inner spine (1/4/1).

29. Teuthidid^, iii. p. 313.

* I propose this name for the bone wluch in the true CatajthracU, Cut.,
reaches from the orbit to the angle of the prccoperculum, and serves to support
the spine with wliich the angle is armed.

I

' Rhypticus (i. p. 171), Centrarchus sparoides (i. p. 257), Hypei'oglyphe
(i. p. 337).

' Haplodactylus (i. p. 434), some species of Chilodactylus (ii. p. 78) ; long in
Latris (ii. p. 86).

3 Ambassis interrupta, buruensis (i. p. 22G).

^ Prionodes (i. p. 96). '" Some species of Therapon (i. p. 274).

Second division : Acanth. beryciformes.

Body compressed, oblong or elevated ; head with largo miiciferous
cavities, covered with thin skin only. Ventral fins thoracic, with
one spine and more than five soft rays, in Monocentris with only two.

One family only 2. BEETciniE, i. p. 8.

Third division : Acanth. kurtiformes.

One dorsal fin only, much shorter than the anal, which is long.
No superbranchial organ.

One fanuly only 256. Kuexidje", ii. p. 508.

Fourth division : Acanth. polynemiformes.

Two rather short dorsal fins, somewhat remote from each other ;
free filaments at the humeral arch below the pectorals ; head with
the muciferous system well developed (aspect scisenoid).

One family only 13. Polthemid.s;, ii. p. 319.

Fifth division : Acanth. scmniformes.

The soft dorsal is more, generally much more, developed than the
spinous, or than the anal. No pectoral filaments; head with the
muciferous system well developed.

One family only 12. Sclsnid^, ii. p. 265.

Sixth division : Acanth. xiphiiformes.
The upper jaw is produced into a long cuneiform weapon.
One fanuly only 18. Xiphiid^e, ii. p. 511.

Seventh division : Acanth. trichiuriformes.

Body elongate, compressed or band-like ; cleft of the mouth wide,
with several strong teeth in the jaws or on the palate. The spinous
and soft portions of the dorsal fui and the anal are of nearly equal
extent, long, many-rayed, sometimes terminating in finlets : caudal
fin foi'ked, if present.

One family only 15. TKiCHiTJBiD.i:, ii. p. 342.

" Tliis family formerly formed a group of the Carangida- (Km'tiua).

Eighth division : Acanth. cottO'SCombriformes''.

Spines develoiied in one of tlie fins at least. Dorsal fins either
continuous or close together : the spinous dorsal, if present, always
short, sometimes modified into tentacles or into a suctorial disk ; soft
dorsal always long, if the spinous is absent" ; anal similarly de-
veloped as the soft dorsal, and both generally much longer than the
spinous'', sometimes terminating in finlets. Ventrals thoracic or
jugTilar, if present, never modified into an adhesive apparatus. No
prominent anal papilla.

I. One dorsal fin, with several pungent spines anteriorly ; one or

more bony spines on each side of the tail ; teeth compressed,
truncated or lobate, closely set in a single series.

30. AceonueidjE, iii. p. 325.

II. Structure of the skeleton firm ; no bony stay for the prseoper-

culum ; teeth conical or triangular, if present.

A. The spinous portion of the dorsal present, sometimes nidi-

mentaiy. Body compressed, oblong or elevated. Vertebraj
10/14'° 17. Caeangid^, ii. p. 417.

B. Body elevated, with two distinct divisions of the dorsal fin.

Vertebra; 14^ 16c. Ctttina, ii. p. 354.

C. Dorsal fin without a distinct spinous portion ; head and body

compressed. Vertebrte ^^•

a. Toothed processes extend into the oesophagus.

YQcl. Steomateina, ii. p. 355.

h. No teeth in the oesophagus.

16 e. CoEYPHiENiNA. ii. p. 355.

D. Two dorsal fins ; sometimes finlets ; caudal forked. Scales

cycloid, of moderate size. Vertebrae ^^^j:^. "

166. NoMEiNA, ii. p. 354.

E. Two dorsal fins : either finlets, or the spinous dorsal composed

of free spines or modified into a suctorial disk, or the ventrals
jugular and composed of four rays. Scales none, or very
small 16a. Scombeina, ii. p. 354.

F. Body more or less elongate. A spinous dorsal or portion of

the dorsal generally distinct, its spines being connected by a

' The true Cottoids gradually pass into the Scombroids proper.

8 Aspidoplioroides (ii. p. 21G). ^ Some species of Agonus (ii. J>. 211).

10 Sometimes one or two more or less than tweuty-four.

11 Pliitystethus appears to belong rather to the Carangida; (ii. p. 391 ).

membrane ; finlets none ; caudal not forked ; vcntrals com-
posed of one spine and five soft ravs. Pyloric appendages
none, or in small or moderate number.

a. VertebriB '" " !°+^ 11. TRACHiNiDiE, ii. p. 225.

b. Vertebrae 10/14 32. Malacanthid.^:, iii. p. 359.

G. The spinous dorsal present, composed of a few pungent spines ;
ventrals jugular, 1/2 . . . .22. BATRACHiDiE, iii. p. 166.

H. The spinous dorsal advanced on the head, and more or less
modified into tentacles . . 23. Pediculati, iii. p. 178.

III. A bony stay for the angle of the praeoperculum, which is armed,
the bone arising from the infraorbital ring.

A. Body naked or covered with ordinary scales, or incompletely

cuirassed with single series of plate-like scales.

10 c. CoTTiNA, ii. p. 89.

B, Body completely cuirassed by bony keeled plates or scales.

10 c?. CATAPnRACTi, ii. p. 90.

IV. Skeleton soft 26. Comephoeidje, iii. p. 299.

Ninth division : Acanth. gobiiformes.

The spinous dorsal, or spinous portion of the dorsal, is always pre-
sent"^, short, either composed of flexible spines or much less developed
than the soft ; the soft dorsal and anal of equal extent. Ventrals
thoracic or jugular, if present, composed of one spine and five, rarely
four, soft rays. A prominent anal papUla'^.

I. Anal spines 0-2 ; ventral fins.

A. Ventrals entirely modified into a perfect disk adherent to the

belly 20. Discoboli, iii. p. 154.

B. Ventrals with the rays always distinct, sometimes united into

one fin 19. Gobiid^, iii. p. 1.

II. Anal spines six ; ventral fins none.

21. OxTJDEEOiD^, iii. p. 165.

Tenth division : Acanth. blenniiformes.

Body low, subcylindrical or compressed, elongate, rarely oblong as
in Patcecvs. Dorsal fin very long : the spinous portion of the dorsal, if
chstinct, is veiy long, as well developed as the soft, or much more" ;

1^ Luciogobius (iii. p. 152). ^^ Aatcrropkryx (iii. p. 132;.

'■* Zoarces (iii. p. 295).

VIU

sometimes the whole composed of spines only ; anal more or less
long ; caudal sub truncated or rounded, if present ; ventrals thoracic or
jugular, if present.

I. Body band-like ; no bony stay for the prseoperculum ; ventrals

thoracic, 1/5 41. CEPOLiDiE, iii. p. 486.

II. Ventrals jugular, 1/5 40. Teichonotid^, iii. p. 484.

III. A bony stay for the angle of the prseoperculum, the bone arising
from the infraorbital ring . .10 «. Heteeolepidina, ii. p.. 88.

IV. Ventrals jugular", composed of a few rays, if present ; a pro-
minent anal papiUa ; anal spines none, or in very small
number 24. Blenniid^, iii. p. 206.

V. Anal spines numerous 25. Acanthoclinid^, iii. p. 297.

VI. Ventrals none ; no prominent anal papilla ; body eel-like ; nu-
merous free dorsal spines . . 46. Mastacembelid^, iii. p. 339.

Eleventh division : Acanth. mugiliformes.

Two dorsal fins more or less remote from each other ; the anterior
either short, like the posterior, or composed of feeble spines ; ventral
fins well developed, 1/5, abdominal.

I. Dentition strong ; vertebrae 24.

14. Sphte^nii)^, ii. p. 334.

II. Vertebras j^ ; dentition feeble or of moderate strength.

37. Atherinid^, iii. p. 391.

III. Dentition feeble ; vertebrae 24.

38. MuGiLiD^, iii. p. 409.

Twelfth division : Acanth. g aster osteiformes.

The spinous dorsal is composed of isolated spines, if present ; the
ventrals have an abdominal position in consequence of the prolonga-
tion of the pubic bones, which are attached to the humeral arch.

I. Ventral joined to the pubic bone, with a spine and with a few

rudimentary rays 1. Gasteeosteid^, i, p. 1.

II. Ventral remote from the pubic bone, with six soft rays.

45. FisTULARiDiE, iii. p. 529.

'5 Pseudobleiuiius (iii. p. 2'J7) ; ? Aiidainia (iii. p. 294).

Thirteentli division : Acanth. centrisciformes.

Two dorsal fins, the spinous short, the soft and the anal of mode-
rate extent. Ventral fins truly abdominal, imperfectly developed.

One family only 4-i. Centeisced^, iii. p. 518.

Fourteenth, division : Acanth. gobiesociformes.

No spinous dorsal ; the soft and the anal short, or of moderate
length, situated on the tail ; ventral fins subjugular, j^, with an
adhesive apparatus between them or entirely absent. Body naked.

I. An adhesive apparatus between the ventrals.

42. GoBiEsociDJE, iii. p. 489.

II. Ventrals none 43. Psychroltjtidje, iii. p. 516.

Fifteenth division : Acanth, channiformes.

Body elongate, covered with scales of moderate size ; no spine in
any of the fins ; dorsal and anal long. No superbranchial organ,
only a bonj' prominence on the interior surface of the epitympanic
bone.

One family only 39. Ophiocephalid^, iii. p. 468.

Sixteenth division : Acanth. labyrinthibranchii.

Body compressed, oblong or elevated, with scales of moderate size.
A superbranchial organ in a cavity accessory to that of the gUls, for
the pui-pose of retaining water.

I. Dorsal or anal sj^ines present, sometimes in great number.

35. Labteinthici, iii. p. 372.

II. Neither dorsal nor anal spines.

36, LuciocEPHAxn)^, iii. p. 390.

II.
Dorsal and anal fins developed. Vent in front of the ventrals.
Only one family 4. ApnEEDOi)EEiD.a:, ii. p. 271.

III.

Body riband-shaped, with the vent near its extremity ; a short
anal behind the vent ; dorsal as long as the body.

Onlv one familv 28. Lophotid^, iii. p. 312.

IV.

Anal absent; caudal rudimentary, or not in the longitudinal axis
of the fish. Skeleton soft.

Only one family, with feeble dentition.

27. TEACHTPTEEiDiE, iii. p. 300.

V.

A soft dorsal is absent or quite rudimentary ; ventrals abdominal,
composed of several unarticulated and articulated rays.

Only one family 47. Notacanthi, iii. p. 544.

CATALOGUES

OP

THE ZOOLOGICAL COLLECTION

IN

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

I. VERTEBRATA.

^'S.^y?'"'"''"''" ^^^'••J-^-««-^^''F-RS.,F.L.S.&e. 1843.

Catalogue of the Mammalia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R S &c
P=ir 1. Cetacea 12mo, 1850. 4s., with Plates.

IZl "■ U ;• 1 ?'"'?' ^'^^?- ^'- ^'^•' ^^'*'> Woodcuts.
Fait 3. Hoofed Quadrupe.ls. Section I. (Ungulata furci-
peda). 12mo,lS52. With Plates of Genera, 12*.
Ihis work coutams the description of the genera and snecies
and hgures of the cliief characters of the genera. ^

List of Mammalia and Birds of Nepaut presented by B. H.
Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray
and G. R. Gray. 12mo. 1846. 2s.
Catalogue of IVIammalia and Birds of New Guinea. By Dr. J.
■ Wit^iT^'uics ^' ^''^"'' ^•^•^- ^™* 1858^.. ei:

List of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific. By
G. R. Gray, I'.L.S., F.Z.S. 1859. Is.Gd. ^

List of Genera and Subgenera of Birds. By G. R Gr vy F T <S
12mo, 1855. 4s. ' ' ^ •^■'^•

List of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F Z S &c

Part 1. Raptorial. Edition 1, 18-1-1; edition 2, 1848. 3*-
T, Q J^^f.eres- Section L Fissirostres. 1848. 2s
fart 3. Gallinaj, Gralla; and Anseres. 1844. '^s rOnt nf

print.) ■ ^

Part 3. Section I. Ramphastidce. 1855. 6d
Part 3. Section IL Psittacids. 1859. 12mo ">$
Part 4. Columbas. 1856. Is. 9d. ' " '

List of British Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c. 12mo. 1850 4s
List^of the Eggs of British Birds. By G.. R. Gray, F.L.S. &c.
1— mo. 1852. 25. Gd.

Catalogue of Shield Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S &c
lartl. restmlinata. 4to. 1855. ^2 : 10*. With figures
ot all the new species, and of the skulls of the
aitterent genera.

Catalogue of Reptiles. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S. &c.
Part 1. Tortoises, Crocodiles and Amphisbsenians. 1844. Is,
Part 2. Lizards. 1845. 3s. 6d.

Part 3. Snakes (Crotalidse, Viperidae, Hydridseand BoidiE;.
12mo. 1849. 2s. 6d.

Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes, and Appendix to Part 1. By
Dr. Aldert Gunther. 12mo. 1858. 4s.

Catalogue of Amphibia. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., V.P.Z.S.
Part 1. Batrachia Gradientia. 12mo, 1850. 2s. 6d. With
Plates of the Skidls and Teeth.

Catalogue of Amphibia. By Dr. A. Gunther.

Part 2. Batrachia Sahentia. 8vo. 1858. 6s. With Plates.

Catalogue of Fish. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.,F.L.S.,V.P.Z.S.
Part 1. Cartilaginous Fish. 12mo, 1851. 3s. With two
Plates.

These Catalogues of Reptiles, Amphibia, and Fish, contain
the chai'acters of all the genera and species at present known ;
the latter are illustrated with figures of the genera.

Catalogue of Acanthopterygian Fishes. By Dr. Albert
GtJNTHER. 8vo. Vol, I. 1859. 10s. Vol. II. 1860, 8s. 6d.
Vol. III.

Catalogue of Fish, collected and described by L. T. Gronow.
12mo. 1854. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish. By Dr. J. J. Kaup. 12mo.
1856. 2s. With Plates.

Catalogue of Fish. By Dr. J. J. Kaup. 8vo. With many Plates.
Part 1. Apodes, &c. 185G. 10s.

List of British Fish ; with Synonyma. By A.White, F.L.S. &e.

12mo. 1851. 3s.
List of Osteological Specimens. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.,

and G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 12mo. 1847. 2s.;

II. ANNULOSA.

Catalogue of Lepidoptera. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Part 1. Papilionida;, with coloured figures of the new spe-
cies. 4to. 1852. £1 : 5s.

List of Lepidopterous Insects. 12mo.

Parti. PapilionidfE, &c. 12mo. 2nd edit. 1856. By G. R.
Gray, F.L.S.

Part 2. Erycinida;, &c. 12mo. 1847. 9d. By E. Double-
day, F.L.S.

Part 3. Appendix to Papihonidse, Erycinidse, &c. 1848^ 9d.

List of Lcpidopterous Insects, with descriptions of new species
By Francis Walker, F.L.S.

Part 1. Lepiduptcra Heterocera. 12mo. 1854. 4s.

Part 2. 1854. 4s. 6d. Part 12. 1857. 3s. 6cl.

Pai-t 3. 1855. 3s. Part 13. 1858. 3s. 6c/.

Part 4. 1855. 3s. Part 14. 1858. 4s. 6c/.

Part 5. 1855. 4s. Part 15. 1858. 4s. 6d.

' Part 6. 1855. 3s. 6d. Part 16. 1858. 3s. wl.

Part 7. 1856. 4s. 6d. Part 17. li:59. 3s. 6d.

Part 8. 1856. 3s. 6d. Part 18. 1859. 4s.

Part 9. 1856. 4s. Part 19. 1859. 3s. 6d.

Part 10. 1857. 3^. 6d. Part 20. 1860. 4s.

Part 11. 1857. 3s. 6d.
List of British Lepidoptera; with Synonyma. By J, F. Ste-
phens, F.L.S., and H. T. Stainton, M.E.S.

Part 1. 12mo. Ed. 2. 1856. Is. 9d. Part 3. 1853. 9d.

Part 2. 1852. 2s. Part 4. 1854. 3s.

List of Hymenopterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S.

Part 1. Chalcididffl. 12mo. 1846. Is. 6d.

Part 2. Additions to Chalcididee. 1848. 2s.
Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects. By F. Smith, M.E.S.

Part 1 . Andrenida;, &c. 12mo. 1853. 6s., with Plates.

Part 2. Apidffi. 1854. 6s., with Plates.

Part 3. MutillidiE and Pompilida;. 1855. 6s., with Plates.

Part 4. CrabronidfE, &c. 1856. 6s., with Plates.

Part 5. Vespida;. 1857. 6s., with Plates.

Pai-t 6. Formicida;. 1858. 6s. > with Plates.

Pait 7. Dorylidaj and ThjTinidffi. 1859. 2s.
Catalogue of British Hymenoptera. By F. Smith, M.E.S.

Part 1. Apidse. r2mo. 1855. 6s.
Catalogue of British Formieidfe, Sphegidse, and Vespidse. By

F. Smith, V.P.E.S. 12mo. 1858. 6s.
Catalogue of British Ichneumonidse. By Thomas Desvignes,
M.E.S. 12mo. 1856. Is. 9f/,

List of British Aculeate Hymenoptera ; with Synonyma, and the
description of some new species. By F.Smith. 1851. 2s.

Catalogue of Dipterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S. 12mo.

Part 1. 1848. 3s. 6d. Part 5. Supplement I. 1854. 4s. 6d.

Part 2. 1849. 3s. 6d. Part 6. Supplement II. 1854. 3s.

Part 3. 1849. 3s. Part 7. SupplementIII.1855.3s.6d.

Part 4. 1849. 6s.
Catalogue of Homopterous Insects. By F. Walker, F.L.S.
12mo. With Plates. . ,o,:o ^

Part 1. 1850. 3s. 6d. Part 4. 1852. 4s.

Part 2. 1850, 6s. Supplement. 1858. 4s.

Part 3. 1851. 3s. 6rf.

Catalogue of Neiiropterons Insects. BvF.Walkf.r.F.L.S. 12mo,
Parti. 1852. 2s. M. 'Part 3. 1853. Is. 6d.

Part 2. 1853. lis.Gd. Part 4. 1853. Is.

Catalogue of Neuroptcroiis Insects. By Dr. Hagen. 12nio.

Part 1. Tcrmitina. 1858. Gd.
Catalogue of Hispidis. By J. S. Baly, M.E.S. 8vo. 1858. 6s.

With Plates.
Catalogue of Hemipterous Insects. By W. S. Dallas, F.L.S.&c.
With Plates, 12mo. Parti. 1851. 7s. Part 2. 1852. 4s.
The Catalogues of Hymenoptcrous, Dipterous, Ilomopferous
and Hemipterous Insects contain the description of the species in
the Museum wliich appeared to be undescribed.
Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects. By J. O. Westwood, M.A.,
F.L.'S. 4to. Plates. Part I. Phasmida. 1859. .€3.

Catalogue of British Bruchidae, Curculionidaj, &c. By John
Walton, F.L.S. 12mo. 185G.

Catalogue of Cassididx. By Professor Boiieman. 12mo.
185C. 3s.

Catalogue of Coleopterous Insects of Madeira, By T. V. Wol-
laston, F.L.S. 8vo. 1857. 3s.

Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects (with characters of new
species).

Part 1. Cetoniadai. 12mo. 1847- Is. By A. White,

F.L.S.
Part 2. Ilydrocanthari. 1347. Is. 3d. By A. White,

F.L.S.
Part 3. Buprestidffi. 1848. Is. By A. White, F.L.S.
Part 4. Clerida;. 1849. Is. 8d. By A. White, F.L.S.
Part 5. Cucujida;. 1851. 6d. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
Part 6. Passalida;. 1852. M. By F. Smith, M.E.S.
Part 7. Longicornia. By A. White, F.L.S. With Plates.

Parti. 1853. 2s. 6U Part 2. 1855. 3s. Gd.
Part 8. Cassididffi. By A. White. 185G. 3s.

ListofMyriapoda. By G.Newport, F.R.S.&c. 12mo. 1844. 4d.

Catalogue of Myriapoda. By G. Newport, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Chilopoda. 12mo. I85G. Is. 9c/.

List of British Anoplura, or Parasitic Insects; with Synonyma.

By n. Denny. 12mo. Is.
List of Crustacea ; with Synonyma. By A. White. 1847. 2s.

List of British Crustacea ; with Synonyma. By A.White, F.L.S,

12mo. 1850, 2s. Gd.
Catalogue of Crustacea. By A. White. 12mo. Part I. Leu-

cosiadas. 1855. Gd.
Catalogue of Entozoa; with Plates, By W. Baird, M.D., F.L.S.

12mo. 1853. 2s. '

III. MOLLUSCA.

Guide to the Collection of Mollusca, By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.

&e. 8vo. Part 1. I85(j. 5s.
Catalogue of the Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Part 1. Cepli.alopoda Antepedia. 12mo. 1811). 4s.
Part 2. Pteropoda. 1850. Is.
Catalogue of Bivalve Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. &c.
Parti. Placumada3 and AnomiadcB. 12mo. 1850. 4d.
Part 2. BrachiopodaAneylopoda. 1 853. i^s. Figures of genera.
Containing the characters of the recent and fossil genera, and
the descriptions of all the recent species at present known.
Catalogue of Phaneropneumona or 0|)ercurated Terrestrial Mol-
lusca. By Dr.Louis PpEiFFERandDr. J. E.Gray. 1852.5s.
Catalogue of Conchifera. By M. Desiiayes.
Part 1. Venerid^, &c. 12mo. 1853. 3s.
Part 2. Petricolidaj. (id.
List of British Mollusca and Shells; with Synonyma. By
Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.

Parti. Acephala and Brachiopoda. 12mo. 1851. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of Pulmonata. By Dr. Louis Pfeiffer and Dr.

J. E. Gray, F.R.S.

Part 1. 12nio. 1855. 2s. 6d.
Catalogue of AuricuUdcc, &c. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 12mo.

1857. Is. 9d.
List of the Shells of the Canaries, described by M. D'Orbigny.

12mo. 1854. Is.

List of the Shells of Cuba, described by M. D'Orbigny. 12rao.
1854. Is.

List of the Shells of South America, described by M. D'Or-
bigny. 12mo. 1854. 2s.

List of the Mollusca and Shells collected and described by
MM. Eydoux and Souleyet. 12mo. 1855. Sd.

Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells. By P. P. Car-
penter. 12mo. 1857. 8s.

List of Mollusca. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Part 1. Volutidm. 12mo. 1858. 6d.

Nomenclature of Mollusca. By Dr. W. Baird, F.L.S. &e.
Part 1. Cyclophorida;. 12mo. 1851. Is. 6d.

IV. RADIATA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa. By G. Busk, F.R.S.

Part 1. Chilostoma. 12mo. 1852. 17s. With Plates.

Part 2. Chilostoma. 12uio. 1854. l.'^s. With Plates.
List of British Radiata; with Synonyma. By Dr. J. E. Gr.\y,
F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. 4s.

List of British Sponges; with Synon3'ma. By Dr. J. E. Gray,

F.R.S. 12mo. 1848. lOd.
Catalogue of the Recent Echinida. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S.
Parti. Echinida ii-regularia. 12mo. 3s. 6cZ., with Plates.

V. BRITISH ZOOLOGY.

List of the British Animals ; with Synonyma and references to
figures.
>art 1. Radiata. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1848. 4s.
Part 2. Sponges. By Dr. J. E. Gray. 1848. lOrf,
Part 3. Buds. By G. R. Gray. 1850. 4s.
Part 4. Crustacea. By A. White. 1850. 2s. 6d.
Part 5. Lepidoptera. By J. F. Stephens. 1850. Ed. 2.

1856. Is. <Jd.
Part 6. Hymenoptera. By F. Smith. 1851. 2s.
Part 7. MoUusca Acephala and Brachiopoda. By Dr. J. E.

Gray. 1851. 3s. 6d.
Part 8. Fish. By A. White. 1851. 3s.
Part 9. Eggs of British Buds. By G. R. Gray. 18.'J2,

2s. 6d.
Part 10. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. Stephens.

1852. 2s.
Part 11. Anoplura or Parasiticlnsects. By H. Denny. Is.
Part 12. Lepidoptera (continued). By J. F. Stephens.

1852. 9d.

Part 13. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By F. Smith.

1853. Is. 4d.

Part 14. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By A. White.

1853. 6d.
Part 15. Nomenclature of Diptera. By A. White. 1853. Is.
Part 16. Lepidoptera (completed). By H. T. Stainton,

M.E.S. 1854. 3s. .

Part 17. Nomenclatm-e of Anoplura. By E.Denny. 1855.

12mo. 8d.

Catalogue of British Hymeuoptei-a. By F.Smith. 12mo. With

Plates. Pt. 1. Bees. 1855. 6s. Pt. 2. Formicidje, &c. 1858. 8s.

Catalogue of British Ichneumonidse. By Thomas Desvignes,

M.E.S. 12mo. 1856. Is. 9d.
Catalogue of British Bruchidse, Curcuhonidae, &c. By John
Walton, F.L.S. 12mo. 1856.

N.B. — These Catalogues can he obtained at the Seeretai-y's Office
in the British Museum; or through any Bookseller.

VI. Books illustrating or describing parts of
the Zoological Collections.

The Illustrated Natural History. By the Rev. J. G. Wood,
M.A., F.L.S. &c. New edition. 12mo. 1855.

Illiistrations of Indian Zoology, from the Collection of Maior-

Gcneral Thomas Ilardwicke. By Dr. J. E. Gray F R S

Folio. 2 vols. 1830-1835.
Zoology of the Voyage of H.JI.S. Beagle. Edited by Charles

Darwin, F.R.S. 4to. 1840-1844.
Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.SS. Erebus and Terror. Edited

by Sir John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. &c., and Dr. J E

Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1844-1845.
British Museum — Historical and Descriptive. 12mo. 1855.
Natural History of the Animal Kingdom. By W. S. Dallas

F.L.S. &c. Post 8vo. 1855.

Zoological Miscellany. By W. E. Leach, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.
3 vols.

Spicilegia Zoologica. ByDr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 4to. 1829-1830.
Zoological Miscellany. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.
Knowsley Menagerie. Part 2. Hoofed Animals. By Dr. J E

Gray, F.R.S. Folio. 1850.
A Monograph of the Macropodidsc. By John Gould, F.R.S

Folio. 1841-1844.

Mammals of Australia. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1845.
Popular History of Mammalia. By A. White, F.L.S.
Popular History of Birds. By A. White, F.L.S.
Genera of Birds. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. Illustrated by plates

by D. W. Mitchell, Sec. Z.S. Folio. 3 vols. 1844-1849.
The Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse, F.R.S. 8vo. 1847.
Illustrations of the Birds of Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse. F R S

8vo. 1849. ' • •

Monograph of Ramphastidse. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio.

Birds of Austraha. By John Gould, F.R.S. Folio. 1848.

Rejjort on the Ichthyology of the Seas of China and Japan, By
Sir John Richardson, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1846.

Fauna Boreali-Americana. The Fish. By Sir John Richard-
son, M.D., F.R.S. &c. 4to. 1836. With Plates.

Synopsis Reptilium. Part 1. Cataphracta. By Dr. J. E. Gray,
F.R.S. 8vo. 1831.

Illustrations of British Entomology. By James F. Stephens
F.L.S. 10 vols. 8vo. 1827-1835.

A Systematic Catalogue of British Insects. By J. F. Stephens,
F.L.S. 8vo. 1829.

The Nomenclature of British Insects. By J. F. Stephens,
F.L.S. 8vo. 1829 & 1833,

A Manual of Brirish Coleoptera. By J. F. Stephens, F,L.S.
12mo. 1839.

Insecta Britannica. Diptera. By F. Walker, F.L.S. 8vo.
1851-1856.

8

Monograpliia Chalciflltum. By F.Walker, F.L.S. 8vo. 1839.
Entomology of Australia. Part 1 . PhasmidiB. Bv G. R. Gray,

F.L.S. 4to.
Synopsis of Species of Phasmida;. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S. 8vo.

1835.
Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera. By Edward Doubleday,

F.L.S., and J. O. Westwood, F.L.S. Illustrated by W. C.

Hewitson. 4to. 2 vols. 1846-1850.
Monograpliia Anoplurorum Britannia;, or British species of

Parasitic Insects. By Henry Denny, F.L.S. 8vo. With

Plates.
Fauna Boreali- Americana. The Insects. By W. Kirby, F.R.S,

4to. 1837. With Coloured Plates.
Insecta Maderensia. Bv T. Vernon Wollaston, M. A., F.L.S,

4to. 1851. With Pl.ates.
Malacostraca Podophthalmia Britanniaj. By W. E. Leach,

M.D., F.R.S. 4to. 1817-1821.
A Monograph of the Subclass Cirripedia. By Charles Darwin,

F.R.S. 8vo. 2 vols. 1854.
Natural History of the British Entomostraca. By W. Baird,

M.D., F.L.S. &c. 8vo. 1850.
Figures of Molluscous Animals, for the use of Students. By

Maria Emma Gray. 5 vols. 8vo. 1850-1857.
A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain. By W. E. Leach,

M.D., F.R.S. 8vo. 1852.
Catalogue of the Land Shells of Jamaica, By C. B. Adams.

8vo. 1851.
Catalogue of Testaceous Mollusca of the North-east Atlantic

and neighbouring Seas. By R. MacAndrew, F.R.S. 8vo.

1850.
Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshhe. By John Phillips,

F.R.S. 4to. 1836.
A Monooraph of the Crag Mollusca. By Searles V. Wood,

F.G.S. 4to. 1850,
A History of British Starfishes. By Edward Forbes, F.R.S.

8vo.
A History of the British Zoophytes. By George Johnston,

M.D. 8vo. 1838.— Ed. 2. 8vo. 1847.
A History of British Sponges and Lithophytcs. By George

Johnston, M.D. 8vo. 1842.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society. Series 1 and 2.
Transactions of the Entomological Society.

December 1861.